On March 11, 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 occurred in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Japan's Tohoku region. The Great East Japan Earthquake was the first disaster ever recorded that included an earthquake, a tsunami, a nuclear power plant accident, a power supply failure, and a large-scale disruption of supply chains.
... Vea más + This report consolidates the set of 36 Knowledge Notes, research results of the joint study undertaken by the Government of Japan and the World Bank. It summarizes the lessons learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami and provides guidance to other disaster-prone countries for mainstreaming disaster risk management in their development policies. It is clear that financial resources alone are not sufficient to deal with disasters and to spur development. Technical assistance and capacity building are equally important. In Japan's case, the project learned how communities can play a critical role in preparing for and coping with natural disasters. Communities can help prevent damage from spreading, maintain social order, and provide support to the vulnerable. Only through technical cooperation can such know-how be passed on to other countries and be adapted to their local circumstances. The chapters that make up the main body of this report are built around the disciplines employed in the traditional disaster risk management cycle. Grouped into seven thematic clusters that track that cycle, the chapters treat structural measures (part 1) and nonstructural measures (part 2) as preventive options. Also covered is the emergency responses put in place after March 11 (part 3) and described the planning behind the reconstruction process (part 4). The handling of risk assessment and communication before and after the disaster are the subject of part 5. Part 6 deals with risk financing, insurance, and fiscal and financial management; part 7 with the progress of recovery and relocation.
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The objectives of the Participatory Irrigation Development Project for Philippines are as follows: 1) the technical operating performance of all national irrigation systems is optimized and close the gap between their design service areas and actual irrigated area; 2) irrigator's associations are effectively engaged to perform O&M responsibilities in accordance with appropriate public-private partnership arrangements for irrigation systems; and 3) NIA gains organizational strength and sound financial position to support its central role in public irrigation development.
... Vea más + Some of the negative impacts of the project are: loss of/damage to vegetation, disturbance or loss of wildlife due to noise and other construction activities, increase income due to generation of local labor employment, influx of workers/migrants, increase in waste generation, possible rise in medical costs due to increase in air, water, and noise pollution, and reduced potential for water contamination with agro-chemicals. Mitigation measures of the project are: limit land clearing as much as possible; provide temporary fencing to vegetation that will be retained; use of makers and fences to direct heavy equipment traffic in the construction site and avoid damage to plants; re-plant/plant indigenous tree species and ornamental plants; schedule rehabilitation works during harvesting when water is needed; priority to local workers/lAs in hiring; proper waste disposal; minimize siltation and surface water contamination by erosion control; provide ear plugs and masks to workers when warranted; schedule jobs so that rest and sleep periods of the community is not disturbed.
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Plan para los pueblos indígenas IPP314 JUN 19, 2014
In 2000, the Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (hereinafter PMGSY) with the primary objective of providing all-weather road connectivity (with necessary culverts and cross-drainage structures operable throughout the year), to eligible unconnected habitations in rural areas.
... Vea más + Currently, about 60 percent of the 170,000 eligible habitations have a road. By the end of 2010, expenditures for the program had amounted to about US$14.6 billion, and a further US$40 billion is estimated to be required to complete the program by 2020 (World Bank, 2010). The PMGSY program is a very large undertaking with the World Bank also being involved in its financing and execution all along; the most recent credit amounted to US$1.4 billion. This report summarizes findings based on data collected as part of the primary survey, coupled with findings from the qualitative survey which included focus group discussions (FGDs). It highlights findings which answer the six key questions which are relevant to decision makers as evidence to improve existing and proposed programs and for further policy dialogue. This is a short version of a separate detailed report which in addition to the key findings of the quantitative and qualitative surveys has annexes on key impacts and detailed findings by state. The detailed analysis and tables generated are part of the full statistical analysis report by international consultants and the preliminary findings report which will serve as background reports for reference as required. It is hoped that the report(s) will make a useful contribution to the process of drawing up recommendations to improve PMGSY's impact in the sphere of ascriptive distribution - in short, on its 'inclusiveness'.
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Otros estudios del sector rural AUS5487 JUN 12, 2014
The development objective of the Results-based Northern Mountains National Urban Development Program Project for Vietnam is to strengthen the capacity of participating northern mountains cities to plan, implement, and sustain urban infrastructure.
... Vea más + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) engineering design to ensure smooth connectivity, considering collection road; (2) ensuring vertical drains and drains at foot of slopes are designed for slopes; (3) using static compactors rather than vibrating compactors to avoid cracks and damages to weak roadside structures; and (4) informing affected community in advance of the disruption to existing public services such as water supply, drainage.
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The development objective of the Empowering Poor Communities and Micro-Entrepreneurs in the Georgia Tourism Sector Project for Georgia is to generate employment and increase household incomes for poor and vulnerable communities in the Kakheti and Imereti regions by supporting them to: (i) start and grow micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in the tourism sector, and (ii) implement small works for the conservation and maintenance of cultural heritage sites.
... Vea más + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) undertaking demolition of debris and spraying the area with water mist to reduce debris dust; (2) covering the engine covers of generators, air compressors, and other powered mechanical equipment during operations and placing equipment as far away from residential areas as possible; (3) establishing appropriate erosion and sediment control measures such as hay bales and or silt fences to prevent sediment from moving off site and causing excessive turbidity in nearby streams and rivers; (4) identifying waste collection and disposal pathways and sites for all major waste types expected from demolition and construction activities; (5) monitoring of new wastewater systems (before and after) the operation; (6) implementing the approved land acquisition plan and framework (if required by the project); and (7) undertaking special facilities for segregated healthcare waste from other waste disposal.
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Whether in the domains of scholarship or practice, important advances have been made in recent years in our understanding of how culture, politics, and development interact.
... Vea más + Todays leading theorists of culture and development represent a fourth distinctive perspective vis-à-vis their predecessors, one that seeks to provide an empirically grounded, mechanisms-based account of how symbols, frames, identities, and narratives are deployed as part of a broader repertoire of cultural "tools" connecting structure and agency. A central virtue of this approach is less the broad policy prescriptions to which it gives rise -- indeed, to offer such prescriptions would be something of a contradiction in terms -- than the emphasis it places on making intensive and extensive commitments to engaging with the idiosyncrasies of local contexts. Deep knowledge of contextual realities can contribute constructively to development policy by enabling careful intra-country comparisons to be made of the conditions under which variable responses to otherwise similar problems emerge. Such knowledge is also important for discerning the generalizability (or "external validity") of claims regarding the efficacy of development interventions, especially those overtly engaging with social, legal, and political issues.
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Documento de trabajo sobre investigaciones relativas a políticas WPS6939 JUN 01, 2014
This country profile aims to: 1) provide Bank task teams with an understanding of some of the historical, legal, and social issues that are involved in making a determination to apply Operational Policy (OP) 4.10 regarding Indigenous Peoples (IPs) the Russian Federation; 2) if OP 4.10 is invoked, to inform task teams of some of the key concerns of IPs and the requirements of the Russian legal context that may impact project sustainability; and 3) to define priority issues of concern to IPs in the Russian Federation that the Bank might reference as it continues to work with the Government to implement Theme 2: Expanding Human Potential of the Bank's Country Partnership Strategy for 2012-2016.
... Vea más + This profile is based on the following: a desk review of publically available English and Russian language materials; a questionnaire of recognized experts; a panel of stakeholders from government, civil society, and academia; and a working group meeting. The profile is structured as follows. Part I provides the historical context for the emergence of minority and indigenous issues in Russia, including the concept of indigeneity. Part II outlines the definition of IPs under Russian and international law, and according to World Bank policy as stated in OP 4.10. Part III discusses the legal and regulatory protections granted to IPs under Russian law and pursuant to OP 4.10. It focuses in particular on IPs' rights to participate in developmental processes, access to lands and related natural resources, commercial development of natural and cultural resources, physical relocation of IPs, and developmental assistance. Part IV outlines key developmental priorities of IPs in the Russian Federation, relying on input from the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East (RAIPON). This part also includes directions for further action that could be undertaken to support dialogue on IP rights in the Russian Federation. The annexes provide comparative data on the circumstances and locations of indigenous groups in Russia.
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This country profile aims to: 1) provide Bank task teams with an understanding of some of the historical, legal, and social issues that are involved in making a determination to apply Operational Policy (OP) 4.10 regarding Indigenous Peoples (IPs) the Russian Federation; 2) if OP 4.10 is invoked, to inform task teams of some of the key concerns of IPs and the requirements of the Russian legal context that may impact project sustainability; and 3) to define priority issues of concern to IPs in the Russian Federation that the Bank might reference as it continues to work with the Government to implement Theme 2: Expanding Human Potential of the Bank's Country Partnership Strategy for 2012-2016.
... Vea más + This profile is based on the following: a desk review of publically available English and Russian language materials; a questionnaire of recognized experts; a panel of stakeholders from government, civil society, and academia; and a working group meeting. The profile is structured as follows. Part I provides the historical context for the emergence of minority and indigenous issues in Russia, including the concept of indigeneity. Part II outlines the definition of IPs under Russian and international law, and according to World Bank policy as stated in OP 4.10. Part III discusses the legal and regulatory protections granted to IPs under Russian law and pursuant to OP 4.10. It focuses in particular on IPs' rights to participate in developmental processes, access to lands and related natural resources, commercial development of natural and cultural resources, physical relocation of IPs, and developmental assistance. Part IV outlines key developmental priorities of IPs in the Russian Federation, relying on input from the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East (RAIPON). This part also includes directions for further action that could be undertaken to support dialogue on IP rights in the Russian Federation. The annexes provide comparative data on the circumstances and locations of indigenous groups in Russia.
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This note was written at the request of the Ministry of Digital Economy, Communication and Postal Service (MENCP). It aims to make Gabon into an emerging country in less than a generation.
... Vea más + The Gabon Emergent Strategic Plan (PSGE) stresses that the implementation of a digital infrastructure will put the country at the heart of the information and communication society and thus will support the modernization of its economy. Moreover, uses of digital technology will develop the best cost for operating the potentially transformational Technologies of Information and Communication (ICT). The development of applications, services and local content, including vernacular language, is essential for Gabon to contribute to universal knowledge. This note is structured as follows: Section 1 summarizes the main reasons why multilingual content will stimulate high broadband demand and which should also be available in local languages. Section 2 recalls the linguistic context of Gabon and its policy of protection and promotion of national languages. Section 3 performs a review of international experiences with ICT and vernacular languages. Section 4 provides recommendations for the development of an action plan for ICT and languages vernacular in Gabon.
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The report draws on the conceptual framework of the world development 2012: gender equality and development, and the regional report on gender equality, opening doors: gender equality in the Middle East and North Africa.
... Vea más + The report's analytic approach is unique in threading together three bodies of evidence and analysis to shed new light on significant trends and causes underpinning the large gender disparities in the country. The report presents: i) a fresh look at available survey data on human development and socio-economic indicators in the country; ii) a brief history and in-depth analysis of the most critical legal barriers to women's and girl's full participation in Yemeni society; and iii) insights from a rich qualitative dataset collected in January 2011.The findings especially highlight the powerful roles of social norms and legal rights and entitlements in placing women and girls at a disadvantage and constraining not only faster progress on gender equality but also the country's economic development. The objectives of this report are two-fold: first, to take stock of the status of gender outcomes in Yemen and understand the forces that are driving the strong gender inequalities; and second, drawing on these insights and outcomes of the study, to highlight promising areas for policy action in this crucial transition period. The report explores how individual aspirations and opportunities in the areas of education, family formation, and labor force participation are constrained by the severe gender gaps in Yemeni society.
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El papel de la mujer en el desarrollo y estudios de género 87820 JUN 01, 2014
Ratings for the Punjab Municipal Services Improvement Project for Pakistan were as follows: outcomes were satisfactory, risk to development outcome was substantial, Bank performance was satisfactory, and Borrower performance was satisfactory.
... Vea más + Some lessons learned included: hands on capacity building for systems and process improvements, with continuous post implementation follow-up and support, can bring about sustainable institutional development. Development of service delivery indicators by tehsil municipal administration (TMA) officials led to regular data acquisition and transmission from TMAs to Punjab Municipal Development Fund Company (PMDFC) to local government (LG) department. Good procurement and contract management practices in TMAs and implementing agency (IAs) over time facilitated robust competition and efficient contract completion. Community support increases manifold when resettlement was accompanied by wider social mobilization and benefit-sharing efforts. Creating a culture of performance management is time and effort intensive. Institutions take strong ownership of institutional development activities if interventions are aligned to their mandates and assist in responding to them. Urban regeneration in historic contexts entails tackling issues on multiple fronts, and requires substantial preparatory work. It also needs to focus on both tangible and intangible heritage assets.
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Examen del Informe final de ejecución ICR3023 MAY 19, 2014
The great 21st-century migration into cities will present both a great challenge for humanity and a significant opportunity for global economic growth.
... Vea más + This paper describes the diverse patterns that define this metropolitan migration. It then lays out a framework for understanding the costs and benefits of new arrivals through migration's externalities and the challenges and policy tradeoffs that confront city stakeholders. The paper concludes by suggesting ways municipalities, by optimizing flexibility, can make migration more productive and less destructive in shaping the 'good city' and the 'smart city.' There are few paths to global economic growth that do not run through cities, and even fewer that do not depend on growing the city in population size, scale, and economic exchange. Historically, cities have grown by concentrating the economic advantages of number and density, the social potential of innovation, and the cultural possibilities of newness. By bringing together the factors of production, land, labor, capital, and enterprise, in ever more recombinant forms, cities offer the possibility of securing new economic advantages and scaling them up.
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Documento de trabajo sobre investigaciones relativas a políticas WPS6879 MAY 01, 2014
This publication updates a document on indigenous peoples prepared by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Secretariat in 2008. In recent years, the GEF has enhanced its partnership with indigenous peoples.
... Vea más + For example, it has developed the GEF Policy on Agency Minimum Standards on Environmental and Social Safeguards (which includes a safeguard policy on indigenous peoples), the Principles and Guidelines for Engagement with Indigenous Peoples, and the establishment of the GEF Indigenous Peoples Advisory Group. Moreover, GEF projects involving indigenous peoples have more than doubled during the past six years to more than 220. Engagement with indigenous peoples is crucial to the successful achievement of the GEFs mission. With increased understanding of linkages between indigenous peoples and global environmental outcomes, the GEF has adopted new standards and guidelines to help ensure appropriate and consistent engagement of indigenous peoples in GEF programs, projects and processes. Over the past two decades, the GEF has learned many lessons with respect to enhanced engagement with indigenous peoples. Those lessons learned being participation, knowledge and development management, flexible institutional and governance arrangements, recognition rights, and livelihood activities. The GEF will continue to learn and adjust actions based on these findings and incorporate them into relevant policies, processes and programs.
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The World Bank-financed Guizhou Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation Project is the first Bank-financed poverty reduction project in Guizhou Province.
... Vea más + The Project has a construction period of 5 years, and consists of restructuring of agricultural sub-sectors, public infrastructure and services support, training and capacity building, and project management and M&E. The Project covers 241villages in 63 townships, 11 counties and 3 cities in the Wuling Mountain and Wumeng Mountain contiguous destitute regions. The Project aims to increase local farmers income and improve local public services through agricultural restructuring and organizational improvement. Some of the negative impacts were first, the awareness of FPCs among minority residents is low due to inadequate project publicity and mobilization; second, minority residents can hardly have a comprehensive understanding of FPCs due to relatively low educational levels; third, their participation in FPCs may become a mere formality due to the lack of scientific perceptions. There was also the lack of mean of participations, non-adaptation of participation modes, and inadequate participation capacity. In the Project, funds will be allocated to FPCs to support the development of local advantaged industries. However, project funds may not be allocated to minority households (especially poor households) equally through FPCs, so that minority residents may be unable to benefit equally from the Project. First, some industries under the Project require substantial investment, but minority households do not have necessary funds for startup or expansion due to low income, so that investment level and ability to pay will determine their enthusiasm for participation and the economic efficiency of the Project directly. Second, minority residents have limited income sources, mainly including cultivation, stockbreeding and employment, so this will challenge their income sources and level. Finally, there is no experience for reference in FPC operation and management in the minority project area, and minority residents educational levels and overall competencies are generally low, so that minority residents may dont know how to participate in FPC operation and management after establishing or joining FPCs.
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Plan para los pueblos indígenas IPP724 MAY 01, 2014