CONNECTING THE DROPS Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ABOUT THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Launched in 2014, the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice brings together financing, knowledge, and implementation in one platform. By combining the Bank’s global knowledge with country investments, this model generates more firepower for transformational solutions to help countries grow sustainably. Please visit us at www.worldbank.org/water or follow us on Twitter at @WorldBankWater. ABOUT GWSP This publication received the support of the Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP). GWSP is a multidonor trust fund administered by the World Bank’s Water Global Practice and supported by Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Netherlands’ Ministry of Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Switzerland’s State Secretariat for Economic Affairs, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, the U.K. Department for International Development, and the U.S. Agency for International Development. Please visit us at www.worldbank.org/gwsp or follow us on Twitter #gwsp. CONNECTING THE DROPS GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2019 © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202.473.1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. 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Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org Cover and interior design: Gimga Group Photo Credits Arne Hoel/World Bank: cover, 6 Dominic Chavez/World Bank: 8, 23 Bart Verweij/World Bank: 10, 26 Pixabay: 13 Lakshman Nadaraja/World Bank: 16 Stephane Dahan/World Bank: 18 WorldFish: 19 SOIL/Monica Wise: 21 Clean Team Ghana: 22 GAMA Sanitation and Water Project: 27 Tasokwa Kakota/World Bank: 27 Peter van der Sluijs/Wikimedia: 32 Nicola Margaret/iStock: 34 Ana Cecilia Gonzales-Vigil/World Bank: 38 Johnson Goh/Pixabay: 42 Dominick Ravell de Waal/World Bank: 43 Armine Grigoryan/World Bank: 44 Marcus Wishart/World Bank: 52 Arifur Rahman Tushar/Pixabay: 53 Alex Proimos/Flickr: 54 World Bank: 36, 55, 57, 58 Sarah Farhat/World Bank: 59 Stephan Gladieu/World Bank: 60 Tom Perry/World Bank: 64 Nugroho Nurdikiawan Sunjoyo/World Bank: 68 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 2 A NOTE FROM THE PROGRAM MANAGER 3 ABBREVIATIONS 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 CHAPTER 1. ADVANCING THE GLOBAL WATER AGENDA 11 Partnerships as a Vital Resource 11 GWSP’s Role in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals 11 CHAPTER 2. DELIVERING ON THE FIVE PRIORITY THEMES 17 Sustainability 17 Expanding Services to Informal Peri-Urban Settlements in the Solomon Islands 18 Investing for the Long Term Yields Resilience and Preparedness in Malawi 19 Advancing the Urban Sanitation Agenda Through Citywide Inclusive Sanitation 20 Improving Sustainable Agriculture and Stability through Irrigation in Mali 23 Inclusion 24 Addressing WASH and Nutrition in Lao PDR 25 Increasing Gender Inclusivity in Ghana’s Sanitation Sector 26 Engaging Women in the Water Workforce 27 Taking Stock: WASH Poverty Diagnostics 28 Financing 30 Helping Improve Water Services in Luanda through Commercial Finance 31 Making Performance-Based Contracts More Accessible 31 Enabling Public-Private Partnerships for Fecal Sludge Management in Sri Lanka 32 Preparing Bankable Projects for Climate Change Adaptation in Transboundary Basins 33 Institutions 35 Strengthening Rural WSS Service Delivery and Regulatory Framework in Senegal 35 Informing Sector Reforms in Argentina 37 Integrating Reform and Finance for the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 37 Resilience 39 Achieving Better Water Resource Management through Remote Sensing Technology 40 Helping to Champion the Global Climate Change Agenda 41 Harnessing the Power of Nature in Next Generation Infrastructure 41 Improving Access to Water and Reducing Conflict in Somalia 42 CHAPTER 3. ADVANCING RESULTS 45 GWSP as an Agent of Change in Water Reforms and Investments 45 The GWSP Results Framework 46 Knowledge and Technical Assistance Supported by GWSP (Block A) 46 Shifts in Lending Portfolio and Outcomes (Block B) 50 GWSP Influence on Water GP Lending Operations in Selected Priority Countries (Block C) 52 Country Updates: The Power of Combining Knowledge and Lending 52 CHAPTER 4. GENERATING AND SHARING KNOWLEDGE 61 Knowledge into Implementation 61 Breaking through with Innovative External Communications 62 Recent Publications from the Water GP, GWSP and Partners 66 APPENDIX A. FINANCIAL UPDATE 69 GWSP Donor Contributions 69 FY19 Allocations 71 FY19 Disbursement 72 APPENDIX B. RESULTS PROGRESS 73 Block A: GWSP-Funded Knowledge and Analytics Activities 73 Block B: Water GP Outcomes 75 Block C. Country Level Baselines for Nine Priority Countries 77 FOREWORD New challenges and contexts require new approaches and ambitions. Being fit for the future means constantly questioning, learning, and adjusting. But none of this comes without risk. When we transitioned from the Water Partnership Program (WPP) and the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) to the Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) in 2017, we knew there would be risks. WPP and WSP were well established and highly regarded. The decision to launch GWSP was not taken lightly. As you will see from this report, the risk has paid off. The stories captured here illustrate how that risk has brought real rewards. GWSP is generating knowledge and delivering solutions in some of the most challenging contexts on earth, including low-income countries or areas afflicted by fragility, conflict, and violence. But knowledge on its own has limited impact. Perhaps GWSP’s biggest strength is its ability to bring knowledge into implementation. The Partnership generates a lot of its knowledge through rigorous analytical work, but much of what you will read about in this report comes from the day-to-day lessons provided by its deep engagement at the country level through lending operations. As such, GWSP is integrated and well aligned within the World Bank structure and benefits from the feedback loop between operations and knowledge. GWSP is about impact—good outcomes at both the global and the national level. This means ensuring current and future generations can benefit from universal access to water and sanitation, optimized water in agriculture, and improved resilience to shocks. All these outcomes must be achieved in ways that recognize and respond to the linkages between climate and water. This also means building capacity and strengthening partnerships. Through its regular training, tailored learning materials, and extensive networks, GWSP is both a catalyst and convener. This is particularly essential in low-income countries and contexts of fragility, conflict, and violence. The global water landscape is increasingly challenging. New problems emerge all too frequently. Just this year, the World Bank and GWSP book Quality Unknown: The Invisible Water Crisis revealed—with new detail and striking clarity— how deteriorating water quality threatens economic growth, harms public health, and imperils food security. Yet there are many reasons to be hopeful. Water is moving up the policy agenda and new solutions are emerging just as frequently as problems. For example, in partnership with the World Resources Institute through the flagship report “Integrating Green and Gray—Creating Next-Generation Infrastructure,” the World Bank and GWSP have shown how natural assets, such as mangroves and wetlands, can be harnessed to improve water security and climate resilience. Pressure on water is rising and urgent action is needed. GWSP has risen to these challenges over the past year and is poised to play an even bigger role as the profile of the water crisis continues to rise. I have every confidence this vital Partnership will continue to deliver on its important mandate. Jennifer Sara Global Director Water Global Practice, World Bank Group 2 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP A NOTE FROM THE PROGRAM MANAGER As the Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) concludes its second year of operation, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are also approaching an important milestone. The global community is now nearly one- third of the way through the SDG period, and without very significant policy changes, investments, and leadership, it is likely that many of the key deliverables in SDG 6 (the “Water SDG”) will simply not be met. What is occurring, however, is a growing appreciation of the global implications of not addressing the water challenges we face. Recently, greater media attention on events in Cape Town, Flint, and Chennai have starkly raised the profile of what urban living might be like without sustainable water supplies. In addition, recent floods, tsunamis, and typhoons in Africa, North America, and South Asia have highlighted the death and destruction water can cause, particularly among the poorest communities. And according to the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 18 of the 19 warmest years in the last 140 years have occurred in this century, causing devastating droughts across the globe and triggering health impacts that we now know can last generations. The critical question going forward is: Will this new awareness propel us to provide the leadership and resources to “ensure sustainable water and sanitation for all”? GWSP brings a unique global value proposition to this conundrum. It is a major contributor to a growing body of evidence demonstrating how the current and pending water crises are affecting economies, health, jobs, and the environment. GWSP also supports analytical work highlighting how these very significant challenges can be addressed. This body of work, in turn, has a direct impact on the policy advice provided to clients, as well as on the design and implementation of World Bank lending operations. After two years, the Partnership has worked with more than 350 local and international partners to produce cutting-edge analysis, which is shared and used by both national and subnational clients, other development partners, nongovernmental organizations, academia, and the private sector. This analysis informs government policies in client countries, fosters partnerships, and builds capacity where it is needed most. Yet GWSP is perhaps the only water-related think tank that goes beyond knowledge and directly supports implementation at scale. Once challenges are identified and analyzed, and the findings are shared with clients and the broader development community, GWSP provides the necessary resources through just-in-time technical assistance and long-term country engagements. Working with partners in some of the most challenging environments in the world, GWSP uses existing lending engagements as a channel for sharing this knowledge and advocating for policy change. GWSP is moving the knowledge generated on critical water-related issues directly into concrete, well-financed programs addressing these issues. Of course, none of this work would be possible without the very significant contributions from our donors. This year we note the additional contributions from many of our existing partners and those new partners who have recently joined GWSP. Together we are forging a unique resource and we look forward to working closely with all our partners to address the mounting crises across the entire water sector. Joel Kolker Program Manager Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership ANNUAL REPORT 2019 3 ABBREVIATIONS BDP2100 Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 (Bangladesh) BOD biochemical oxygen demand CWIS Citywide Inclusive Sanitation DINEPA National Water and Sanitation Directorate (Haiti) DLI disbursement-linked indicator FCV fragility, conflict, and violence FSM fecal sludge management FY fiscal year GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas GP Global Practice (World Bank Group) GWSP Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership ha hectare IDA International Development Association (World Bank Group) IWRM integrated water resources management KWSB Karachi Water and Sanitation Board (Pakistan) M&E monitoring and evaluation MTI Macroeconomics, Trade & Investments (Global Practice, World Bank Group) MW megawatt NGO nongovernmental organization NWSDB National Water Supply and Drainage Board (Sri Lanka) NRW nonrevenue water PPP public-private partnership SDG Sustainable Development Goal SDG 6 the “Water SDG” UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development WASH water supply, sanitation, and hygiene WASH PD WASH Poverty Diagnostic WEF Water Expertise Facility WPP Water Partnership Program WRM water resources management WSP Water and Sanitation Program All dollar amounts are US dollars unless otherwise indicated. 4 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ABOUT THIS REPORT direct link between knowledge and implementation is GWSP’s unique value proposition: Knowledge The Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership and technical assistance directly influence the (GWSP) is an international partnership launched design and implementation of client policies and in 2017 to support countries around the world in programs, as well as water sector reforms and meeting the targets related to water in the Sustainable investments supported by the World Bank and Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those of Goal its partners. 6, which calls on the global community to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and DELIVERING ON THE FIVE sanitation for all.” Administered by and housed within the World Bank’s Water Global Practice (Water GP), PRIORITY THEMES: BRIEF GWSP supports activities under five priority themes HIGHLIGHTS FROM FY19 that are critical for meeting the SDGs: sustainability, inclusion, financing, institutions, and resilience. Sustainability This report covers the 12 months from July 2018 GWSP focuses on two critical aspects of ensuring through June 2019 and describes GWSP’s results and the long-term sustainability of water investments: the the impact it has made as it concludes its second year sustainable management of water resources and the of operation. building and maintenance of infrastructure assets. For In the context of this report, the term water refers to the example, the Partnership undertook a study in fiscal full spectrum of subsectors, including water resource year 2019 (FY19) that assisted in the design of a $15 management; water supply, sanitation, and hygiene million World Bank project to improve water and (WASH); water and agriculture; and dam safety and sanitation services in Honiara, the capital of the rapidly storage, as well as water and the economy. In effect, urbanizing Solomon Islands, that will provide a model GWSP covers the entire water landscape. When for similar engagements across the Pacific. In Malawi, describing specific activities or policies that impact these GWSP supported the government of Malawi’s efforts subsectors, those specific terms are used to describe to establish a comprehensive watershed management GWSP’s support. program benefitting 446,000 people. GWSP builds on 40 years of experience through the GWSP has also supported the development of multiple earlier Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) and knowledge products and tools and conducted advocacy the Water Partnership Program (WPP). In selective in the area of citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS), instances, the report refers to work that may have begun supporting operations and country institutions in 19 under these earlier programs, but has continued under countries across Africa; Central, East, and South Asia; GWSP or through ongoing World Bank operations. and Latin America and the Caribbean, and influencing a lending portfolio in urban sanitation of almost $1.9 ADVANCING THE GLOBAL billion. In Mali, GWSP is improving the performance of existing irrigation schemes to provide sustainable WATER AGENDA livelihoods for thousands of small livestock owners. GWSP acts as the Water GP’s “think tank,” providing client countries and other development partners Inclusion with global knowledge, innovations, and country- In the last fiscal year GWSP supported knowledge and level technical support while leveraging World Bank technical assistance aimed at enhancing inclusion in Group resources and financial instruments. This the water sector. In Ghana, the Partnership produced a ANNUAL REPORT 2019 5 lessons-learned report on girls’ educational engagement, tracked under this theme show that there has been a examining the ways in which they are affected by water large increase in gender mainstreaming in World Bank supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in schools, operations in the water sector. In FY19, 81 percent with a focus on menstrual hygiene management. As a of new lending operations included specific actions to result, the World Bank’s $150 million Greater Accra address gender gaps. Metropolitan Area Sanitation and Water Project now Although GWSP’s WASH Poverty Diagnostics includes improved access to sanitation for girls in schools (WPDs) were completed by FY19, the impact of the and education on menstrual hygiene management. initiative continues and is expected to last well into In Laos, recommendations from GWSP supported the future, influencing development outcomes over analytical tools on nutrition-sensitive interventions many years. This report summarizes some of the across WASH and water have been instrumental in the major achievements, including increased knowledge design of a $25 million project benefitting children from for clients and other partners, as well as more than ethnic minorities that are severely affected by stunting. 500 million of World Bank lending approved in FY19 At the global level, GWSP produced a study examining that was influenced by the analysis. For example, the the gender gap in water-related employment and WASH Poverty Diagnostic Initiative contributed to the promoting the inclusion of women in the water prioritization of sanitation and led to a $150 million workforce; study findings have been applied to advance urban sanitation project in Mozambique which included inclusive recruitment and training in water utilities a strategy to tackle malnutrition among the poorest. around the world. For example, in Lebanon, the World In Yemen, the WASH Poverty Diagnostic findings Bank’s Greater Beirut Water Supply project supports influenced the WASH component of an emergency training for the water utility’s female employees to health and nutrition project financed with $137 million build their technical competency and management of IDA funds. skills, helping them advance their careers. Results 6 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Financing Resilience GWSP is at the forefront of efforts to assist water service Resilient water and sanitation services are better able providers in improving their financial viability allowing to adapt to shocks and stresses, such as those caused them to access additional financing to close the gap by natural disasters and climate change. In FY19 in water infrastructure. In FY19 three quarters of the GWSP provided support for technical assistance projects influenced by GWSP were aimed at improving and knowledge activities aimed at building capacity, the financial viability of the sector; many of these advancing cutting-edge knowledge, and enhancing the focused on leveraging private sector resources. link with infrastructure investments. In Luanda, Angola, GWSP support for the Bita Water GWSP is improving the capacity of countries to Supply Project enabled private sector financing of $900 monitor and analyze water availability and quality million to bring new or restored 24/7 piped water service through remote sensing technology. In Uruguay, for to almost one million residents, mainly in peri-urban example, remote sensing was used to develop a water areas. In Sri Lanka, GWSP assisted in the development quality monitoring platform that improved the safety of of a hybrid public-private partnership (PPP) model for the drinking water supply to the country’s second largest service delivery in the domestic sanitation market. This metropolitan area. This technology has also been used model is being incorporated into a new $80 million to help smallholder farmers in India determine the World Bank project on wastewater management. appropriate amount of irrigated water to apply to their GWSP also supported global knowledge products to crops through a weekly text message advisory service. guide the preparation of more financially viable projects In Somalia, GWSP helped inform a $42 million World in climate change adaptation for transboundary river Bank rural water supply project—the first large-scale basins. World Bank rural development project in Somalia Institutions for more than 30 years. GWSP’s assistance in the development of this project has already resulted in Expanding access to and improving the quality of more than 40,000 people being reached with improved services can be achieved and sustained only if the water sources. GWSP also helps the Water GP to play institutional arrangements provide the right incentives a leadership role in the rollout of the World Bank’s new and resources, and the organizations tasked with climate agenda, the Action Plan on Adaptation and service delivery have the requisite capacity. In FY19 Resilience, which includes doubling the Bank’s 5-year GWSP provided support through technical assistance investment on climate action to $200 billion, as well and analytics aimed at improving institutions, building as making key contributions to the work of the Global the capacity of client service providers, and advancing Commission on Adaptation. knowledge in this field. In Senegal, GWSP strengthened service delivery by ADVANCING RESULTS enhancing the capacity of the national agency in GWSP continues to be an agent of change in achieving charge of overseeing rural water schemes to explore measurable results on the ground. In FY19, GWSP commercial approaches in the design of rural water invested in 133 discrete activities at the global, regional, connections. In Argentina, GWSP support assisted and national levels, including knowledge, analytics and the government in undertaking a Public Expenditure technical assistance activities in 43 countries. These Review to analyze how policy priorities are effectively activities were programmed under the five GWSP implemented. Recommendations were made regarding priority themes to achieve additionality, provide how to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of opportunities to test and scale up innovations, build public spending to create better incentives for achieving country capacity where needed, influence client SDG 6 and water-related targets in other SDGs. demand, and shape World Bank and other donor ANNUAL REPORT 2019 7 lending operations. GWSP’s strategic entry points Water GP. Of the lending influenced in FY19, $1.4 include sharing cutting edge analytics and knowledge, billion is in countries affected by fragility, conflict and fostering a long-term country engagement—or “boots violence. These results demonstrate GWSP’s continued on the ground”—and just-in-time support that enables efforts in collaborations that cut across sectors and the the Partnership to optimize the use of resources and the ability to exert its influence beyond the Water GP. flexibility to tailor assistance so it can most effectively Moreover, the FY19 results illustrate how GWSP’s respond to emerging country priorities or changing analytical work has shaped water lending operations. project conditions. Eighty-two percent of the lending operations approved GWSP tracks the results of its portfolio by focusing in FY19 integrated resilience in their design, and 81 on three main components, or blocks. The first tracks percent of the lending operations were “gender tagged,” GWSP-funded knowledge and analytics and assesses the meaning that the operations included measures to degree to which they influence policies and institutions address the gender gaps identified. Specific FY19 in client countries (Block A). The second measures the outcomes from the 143 active lending operations in the degree to which new lending is influenced by the GWSP water sector, including those led by the Water GP and five priority themes and the actual results achieved by beyond, include the following: the lending portfolio (Block B). The final component  72 million people obtained access to •1 examines the impacts of both lending and non-lending improved sanitation interventions in a set of priority countries (Block C).  .9 million farmers adopted improved agricultural •2 In FY19 GWSP recorded results across all indicators technology (of which 0.6 million are women) and is on track to meet the results trajectory projected  ater risk mitigation measures established in areas •W for the activities under the five themes. Most notably, where 5 million people dwell GWSP’s knowledge and analytics in FY19 influenced $13.7 billion in water lending operations, of which  .7 million hectares of land improved with new •0 $4.8 billion consisted of lending operations beyond the or enhanced irrigation services 8 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP The final component of the Results Framework GWSP produced several flagship publications in examines the impact of the combined lending and FY19. The book Quality Unknown: The Invisible Water knowledge interventions in nine priority countries Crisis presents new evidence and data to highlight the (Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Haiti, dangers lying beneath water’s surface and the effects of Pakistan, Uganda, and Vietnam). These are countries water quality on economic growth. “Integrating Green where the Partnership invests strategically because they and Gray: Creating Next Generation Infrastructure” offer a prime opportunity to test innovative interventions was coauthored with the World Resources Institute and approaches, combined with World Bank lending and explores the power of nature to help achieve water investments, to shift the trajectory of country outcomes. security and climate resilience. It highlights the potential As agreed by the parties in the Partnership, progress in impact that green infrastructure, such as mangroves and Block C countries will be reported at mid-term (FY20) wetlands, can have in providing resilient water services. and end-term (FY22). Nevertheless, GWSP continues “Doing More with Less: Smarter Subsidies for Water to monitor progress; the summaries in Chapter 3 on Supply and Sanitation” reveals that poor design often advancing results provide an update on progress made undermines the objectives of subsidies, and they are in several of these countries in FY19. often expensive, poorly targeted, nontransparent, and distortionary. The report provides guidance for better GENERATING AND SHARING subsidy design. In FY20 and beyond GWSP will work KNOWLEDGE to bring the main lessons from these analytical pieces to clients and partners, and into World Bank operations. GWSP works with partners to identify knowledge gaps, undertake rigorous analytical work, and conduct Of course, none of the results and impact in this report thorough review processes to ensure the quality of the would be possible without the support of GWSP’s donors work. An important part of GWSP’s mandate is to and other partners. In FY19 GWSP received significant make sure that the analytical and knowledge work is new funding from several existing donors and, given the widely shared and directly reaches all key development rising profile of global water issues, other donors are partners, and the appropriate World Bank staff. The role exploring the possibility of joining the Partnership. As of communications and knowledge management is thus GWSP seeks to raise the profile of vital water issues and critical. In FY19 GWSP enhanced its communications become the premier think tank to support SDG 6, the functions to make sure that knowledge was shared with Partnership is expanding cooperation with existing and the widest possible audience. new partners. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 9 CHAPTER 1 10 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP ADVANCING THE GLOBAL WATER AGENDA PARTNERSHIPS AS A GWSP’S ROLE IN ACHIEVING VITAL RESOURCE THE SUSTAINABLE Every continent is already affected by water scarcity1 DEVELOPMENT GOALS and a growing number of cities have nearly run dry.2 GWSP is an international partnership launched High-, middle-, and low-income countries alike are in 2017 to support countries around the world in being hit by more intense and frequent floods and meeting the targets related to water and sanitation storms, and the ability of governments to manage the in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)— impact has been severely strained. As countries seek to particularly those of Goal 6, to “ensure availability and preserve their water resources, they will now also have sustainable management of water and sanitation for to consider a set of variables that is broader, deeper, and all.”3 Administered by the World Bank’s Water Global longer lasting than was required in the past. Sustaining Practice (Water GP), the Partnership supports activities our water future in this rapidly evolving new reality under five priority themes, agreed alongside partners, requires us to reimagine and redefine the value of that are critical for meeting the SDGs: Sustainability, water for people, economies, and the environment. To Inclusion, Institutions, Financing, and Resilience. maximize the impact of interventions, countries need GWSP acts as the Water GP’s “think tank,” providing now more than ever to ensure that their institutions client countries and other development partners and investments in the water sector are more resilient, with global knowledge innovations and country-level sustainable, and inclusive, and their approaches more technical support while leveraging World Bank Group holistic. To achieve this, dialogue and collaboration resources and financial instruments. GWSP-funded among stakeholders across different sectors and knowledge and technical assistance influence the design geographic boundaries are essential. With its unique and implementation of client policies and programs, as ability to produce analytical and knowledge work and well as water sector investments and reforms carried out then move the findings into implementation, the Global by governments with the support of the World Bank Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) is and other partners (see figure 1). in an exceptional position to foster and support these global relationships. 1 UN Water. 2018. “Water Scarcity Factsheet” (https://www.unwater.org/app/uploads/2018/10/WaterFacts_water-scarcity_sep2018.pdf). Cities with more than 3 million people that faced severe shortages in 2018–19 include São Paulo, Brazil; Chennai, India; and Cape Town, 2 South Africa. General Assembly resolution 70/1, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1 (25 September 3 2015)”. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E ANNUAL REPORT 2019 11 FIGURE 1: Knowledge in Implementation – How GWSP Influences the World Bank Water Global Practice and Works with Partners Aligning with the World Bank’s more holistic, addressing and strengthening the linkages Water Strategy between resources, services, and resilience in a more systematic way. The World Bank’s Water GP works with client country governments to help them design and deliver GWSP supports and complements the Water GP’s sustainable investments in water. In 2019 the Water Strategic Action Plan for Water by funding technical GP published its first Strategic Action Plan for Water, assistance, just-in-time support, and knowledge recommitting to its role as an implementation arm of all generation and dissemination in each of the three water-related SDGs and global climate commitments. pillars and across GWSP’s five priority themes (see The strategy aligns the Water GP’s investments across figure 2). This approach increases the awareness, three interrelated pillars: Sustain Water Resources; knowledge, and capacity of client government officials, Deliver Services (including water supply, sanitation, and partners, and World Bank colleagues in the design irrigation services); and Build Resilience. and implementation of institutional reforms and infrastructure investments in the water sector. The Strategic Action Plan responds to the new global reality by advocating for a “circular economy” approach How GWSP Adds Value to development. A circular economy is one in which Through technical assistance and just-in-time support assets are used efficiently, renewables are leveraged, and to World Bank operations, GWSP adds value in three where waste and pollution are “designed out” in ways ways to a significant portion of the Bank’s lending that enable the reuse of resources and the regeneration portfolio. First, GWSP leverages its global platform of natural systems. This new way of thinking about to continually shape the debate on water, bringing the water is changing the way the Water GP works with most relevant and timely evidence and solutions to clients. A water strategy with a circular economy the world stage. Second, the Partnership incorporates approach makes World Bank operational lending and good water management practices across other GWSP-supported knowledge and analytical work much 12 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP FIGURE 2: Strategic Alignment of the Water GP and GWSP sectors to help clients achieve better results in priority operating model. In fiscal year 2019 (FY19), GWSP- areas such as health, disaster preparedness, and the funded activities were implemented in collaboration environment. Third, GWSP complements the World with approximately 260 partners around the world. Bank funding model by enhancing the scale, timing, In its two years of operation, GWSP has worked with and scope of country-based lending. Whether investing close to 360 partners around the world including in new analytical work or building the evidence academia, civil society organizations, development clients need to initiate reform, GWSP resources are agencies, multilateral organizations, the private sector, continuously working to expand the impact of water recipient governments, service providers and World lending programs toward achievement of the SDGs. Bank Group (see figure 3). Collaborating with partners is fundamental to this ANNUAL REPORT 2019 13 FIGURE 3: GWSP Collaborated with 356 Partners in FY18-19 GWSP’s Entry Points technical assistance. This entry point allows the GP to invest more resources in lower-capacity countries GWSP supports World Bank task teams and clients such as those affected by fragility, conflict, and violence through three distinct entry points (see figure 4). (FCV), and leverages the project cycle as a tool for First, GWSP supplements the Water GP’s intellectual building capacity around planning, budgeting, or leadership, giving staff the time and space they need to procurement. Finally, GWSP’s just-in-time technical collaborate with global experts, develop new concepts, support modality, the Water Expertise Facility and conduct frontier research. Second, the long-term (WEF), provides rapid response to changing project country engagement model places staff in strategic conditions, or shifts a project’s trajectory toward more geographic areas to continue client dialogue between sustainable results. or in advance of operations, and to provide long-term 14 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP FIGURE 4: GWSP’s Three Entry Points Note: GP = Global Practice. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 15 CHAPTER 2 16 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP DELIVERING ON THE FIVE PRIORITY THEMES GWSP is a space for innovation. The Partnership gives and illustrates them with country-based examples. For clients the resources they need to properly assess and the purposes of comparison, a five-year average has been design holistic development interventions, and it gives calculated for each theme’s portfolio results summary. partners and World Bank task teams the incentives they However, it should be noted that results do not tend need to take smart risks that can lead to breakthroughs to be evenly distributed across the five-year period. In that improve services and enhance the sustainability addition, it is important to note that approaches to of water. GWSP is the mechanism through which engaging across the five thematic areas—sustainability, high-quality knowledge and analytics focus on the inclusion, institutions, financing, and resilience— water sector’s toughest challenges, and those findings are in the process of being established; many of the are shared with the widest possible range of decision projects detailed in this chapter are still underway, makers. In addition, World Bank water operations and some of the final results have not yet emerged. are made more inclusive, more resilient, and more While it is still too early to demonstrate the full extent of financially and institutionally sustainable. This chapter the impact of GWSP, these intermediate results suggest highlights some of the results achieved this fiscal year good progress to date. SUSTAINABILITY GWSP focuses on two critical aspects of ensuring long-term sustainability: the sustainable management PORTFOLIO SHIFTS: of water resources so that they can continue to 64% of knowledge and analytics activities • deliver benefits to future generations, and the support sustainability building and maintenance of infrastructure assets. The examples that follow highlight GWSP’s focus PORTFOLIO INFLUENCE: on sustainability, from urban water and sanitation 86% of new projects promote • in small island states, to irrigation in Mali, and to sustainable and efficient water use, sustainable water providers serving refugee and host higher than the FY22 target of 80% populations in Uganda. 100% of new rural WSS lending projects • measure “functionality of water points,” By any global metric, water resources are not higher than the FY22 target of 80% being used and managed sustainably. Already unsustainable water practices are being exacerbated PORTFOLIO RESULTS: by climate change. Unless urgent action is taken, 4,000 megawatt (MW) hydropower generation • water will become scarce in regions where it is capacity constructed/rehabilitated, higher currently abundant, such as Central Africa and than the average annual target of 1,500 MW East Asia, and scarcity will worsen in regions where 0.5 million hectares under sustainable land/ • water is already in short supply, such as the Middle water management practices, higher than the East and the Sahel in Africa. Growth rates in these average annual target of 260,000 hectares regions could decline by as much as 6 percent of ANNUAL REPORT 2019 17 GDP by 2050 due to water-related impacts on resources more sustainably. GWSP is fostering a agriculture, health, and incomes.4 GWSP is helping better understanding of new ways in which water clients better understand and document their current can be sustainably managed and stored to achieve and future water security challenges through water water security, including green and gray approaches security diagnostics, water quality diagnostics, to water management. By mainstreaming GWSP- and other analytical products. The Partnership generated knowledge into implementation through works closely with clients and World Bank staff to its water resources lending projects, the capacity of galvanize multisectoral support for more sustainable clients is being enhanced to monitor, model, and water use. It does this by assembling stakeholders manage their own water resources, for more effective across sectors to identify water resource challenges long-term management. and collectively formulate action to use their water Expanding Services to Informal live in informal urban settlements.5 While 90 percent of Peri-Urban Settlements in the the urban population has access to basic water supply Solomon Islands service, only 79 percent have access in the informal settlements, and the services there are vulnerable to Challenge: The population of the Solomon Islands interruptions and contamination, particularly during is spread out over 300 islands. However, the country’s the rainy season. Both the availability and quality of capital Honiara is expanding and is likely to triple in water are likely to deteriorate with climate change. population to 300,000 by 2050. Many of the new arrivals Approach: The World Bank is helping the national utility, Solomon Water, prepare a strategy for the expansion of service delivery in informal settlements. GWSP funded a study, completed in FY19, to inform the utility of potential service delivery models for the expansion of water and sewerage services in these areas. The study examined the scale, characteristics, and development dynamics of the settlements and identified potential obstacles to the expansion of water and sewerage services. It reviewed international best practices in the expansion of water and sanitation services in urban informal settlements and proposed a menu of options for the utility to extend services to these areas, including specific recommendations about the appropriate level of service, the billing approach, and community mobilization methodology. These recommendations were adopted into the utility’s expansion strategy, which balances the need to serve low-income areas with enhancing revenue to ensure future service sustainability. World Bank. 2016. “High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy” (https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/high- 4 and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy). Solomon Water. 2017. “30-Year Strategic Plan.” As quoted in World Bank, “Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project. Project 5 Appraisal Document (P165872),” page 8 (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/708481565847254748/pdf/Disclosable-Version-of-the- ISR-Urban-Water-Supply-and-Sanitation-Sector-Project-P165872-Sequence-No-01.pdf). 18 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Additionality: The GWSP-funded strategy informed transport. It is also an important source of urban water the World Bank’s $15 million Urban Water Supply and supply, providing for 90 percent of the needs of the city Sanitation Sector Project, through which 40,000 more of Blantyre.7 The Shire is under tremendous pressure, residents–many of whom live in informal areas–will however: Over the past 20 years extreme drought and receive access to water and sanitation services. But the flooding events caused loss of life and livelihoods, work also impacts the region more broadly. The models particularly in the lower Shire, and disrupted commerce developed in Honiara will serve as a reference for and agriculture. Deforestation, soil erosion, and countries such as Papua New Guinea and Fiji that have sedimentation are further threats to the sustainability not yet established how best to manage services to their of the ecosystem. To address these challenges, the growing populations of unserved urban dwellers. They government of Malawi requested assistance to establish will also contribute to establishing a proven service a comprehensive watershed management program for delivery model for peri-urban areas in the Pacific. the Shire River Basin. Investing for the Long Term Approach: Phase 1 of the $136 million Shire River Yields Resilience and Preparedness Basin Management Program enabled the government in Malawi of Malawi to tackle the river basin’s problems holistically through improved river basin planning Challenge: The Lake Malawi-Shire River Hydrological and management. Investments are planned for critical system is Malawi’s most important natural resource, watersheds, improvement to the flood warning system, accounting for 95 percent of the country’s hydropower and upgrade of the Kamuzu Barrage. The first phase generation and providing irrigation for both small- and of the project, completed in FY18, established inter- large-scale agriculture.6 Fisheries are an important sectoral development planning and coordination source of protein and supplemental rural income, and mechanisms while developing successful methods for the system also provides opportunities for tourism and World Bank. “Malawi: Shire River Basin Management Project (P117617). Project Information Document” (http://www.projects.worldbank.org/ 6 P117617/malawi-shire-river-basin-management-project?lang=en). Ibid. 7 ANNUAL REPORT 2019 19 protecting natural forests and wetlands to conserve March 2019. With GWSP and WPP support, a total of biodiversity. GWSP and the Water Partnership Program 3,155 households in targeted flood-prone areas are now (WPP) played a crucial foundational role by undertaking considered to be at a lower flood risk. a strategic environmental assessment for the Shire A unique contribution made by the Partnership was in Basin. This revealed high dependency of the entire mobilizing some of the world’s foremost fish migration economy on the river’s ecosystem, and significant risks experts and engineers to identify optimal solutions for to society and the environment from low flow conditions. avoiding the spread of predator fish in the design of the The Partnership also supported an assessment of main canal irrigation system, protecting fragile aquatic Malawi’s hydrological and meteorological (hydromet) ecosystems in Lake Malawi. hazard status, and a spatial analysis for watershed protection works. Advancing the Urban Sanitation In FY18 the World Bank approved a sister project, Agenda Through Citywide the $235 million Shire Valley Transformation Inclusive Sanitation Program, to increase agricultural productivity and the Challenge: Globally, as of 2017, 15 percent of urban commercialization of smallholder farmers in the Shire dwellers did not have access to basic sanitation and Valley through irrigated agriculture and to improve only 47 percent of had access to “safely managed the sustainable management and utilization of natural sanitation,” whereby their waste is managed across the resources. This program builds on the knowledge base full sanitation service chain, including containment, developed under the Shire River Basin Management conveyance, treatment, and reuse/disposal.8 At Program and maximizes economic, social, and approximately $46 billion per year, urban sanitation environmental benefits that can be sustainably built on accounts for 44 percent of the capital cost estimated to the basin’s water and natural resources. This program meet the SDG targets of providing basic water supply, will benefit 95,000 people directly, and many more sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services globally. By indirectly. GWSP and the WPP assisted in this program 2050, the United Nations estimates that 68 percent of by designing a robust irrigated agribusiness model as the global population will be urban, with the number of one of its components. city dwellers increasing from 4.2 billion to 6.7 billion, Additionality: GWSP and WPP assistance focused and with much of this growth occurring in low-and heavily on improving capacity to manage water lower-middle income countries.9 This rapid growth resources, and on participatory management activities. creates new challenges for achieving, and maintaining, This directly influenced the Bank’s investments in universal access to safely managed sanitation services in catchment and biodiversity rehabilitation, which took a a sustainable manner. livelihoods approach, involving residents and benefitting Approach: Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) aims 446,000 people. Importantly, the World Bank program to shift the paradigm of urban sanitation to focus on built the human and physical capacity needed for the delivering sanitation as a service and providing access government to be able to modify the operation of the for all, especially the poor, by promoting a range of Kamuzu Barrage to moderate the extreme flood peaks, technical solutions across the sanitation service chain— including those experienced during Cyclone Idai in UNICEF and WHO (United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organization). 2019. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation 8 and Hygiene 2000–2017. Special Focus on Inequalities. United Nations. 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. As quoted in “68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas 9 by 2050,” United Nations, May 2018 (https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization- prospects.html). 20 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP both on-site and sewered, centralized or decentralized Inclusive Sanitation Call to Action. In FY19 GWSP solutions—while integrating the financial, institutional, funds were significantly leveraged to advance the CWIS regulatory, environmental, and social dimensions of agenda through programmatic technical assistance and urban sanitation service provision. CWIS approaches a large-scale knowledge management initiative. The improve equitable sanitation access for those typically initiative is designed to build awareness in government left behind and support environmental protection and counterparts and World Bank teams regarding CWIS innovative water resource planning through appropriate principles and approaches. These vital inputs are used, waste management and reuse. in parallel with created and curated materials, to assist governments, other development partners, and Bank Additionality: The World Bank and the Bill & Melinda teams in designing and implementing CWIS projects. Gates Foundation are two of the original cohort of development partners who initiated the Citywide ANNUAL REPORT 2019 21 In FY19 GWSP supported the incorporation of piloting the use of condominial or smart sewers, which CWIS principles and practices into the design and incorporate innovative design for simpler construction implementation of a $1.9 billion urban sanitation and maintenance. lending portfolio covering 35 countries, 19 of which The Partnership also supported numerous advocacy are in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, a $500 million efforts as well as the development and roll out of CWIS-aligned project that focuses on expanding access multiple knowledge products and resource material on to urban sanitation services for 2.5 million people is key urban sanitation topics, including the CWIS Costing also significantly strengthening the relevant institutions and Planning Tool; comprehensive design guidance for sustained service delivery. In Bolivia, GWSP has for the preparation of FSM projects and components; been providing institutional support to different levels a shared, communal, and public sanitation design of government to help advance its urban sanitation and implementation guide; a global evaluation of agenda through CWIS strategic planning, including container-based sanitation; and a guide on sanitation in support to fecal sludge management (FSM), connecting cold regions. the unconnected to existing sewer networks, and 22 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Improving Sustainable Agriculture countries. The GWSP study, “Options for Improved and Stability through Irrigation Irrigation in Mali,” was completed in FY19 and aimed in Mali at identifying ways to improve the performance of existing irrigation schemes. The study was based on Challenge: Agriculture is the backbone of Mali’s a review of existing investment plans and feasibility economy, accounting for about 40 percent of the studies and of previous investment projects; field visits country’s GDP and employing about 70 percent of to the irrigation perimeters and the institutions in its workforce. A disproportionate number of the poor charge of their development and management in the rely on agriculture for subsistence. Irrigated crops country; and detailed mapping of the project location play a critical role in national food security and in to assess security risks. the diversification of food production and provide farmers with a stable source of revenue. However, Additionality: The GWSP-supported report has only 30 percent of the estimated 2.2 million hectares already had an impact, contributing to a renewed of potentially irrigable land is under irrigation.10 dialogue on water governance between the World Moreover, much of the existing irrigation infrastructure Bank and the government of Mali. The options paper is not well maintained and needs to be rehabilitated and has introduced innovative concepts related to the better managed. improvement of irrigation water use and increased awareness among development partners of the critical Approach: GWSP supported critical initial inputs water issues facing major irrigation areas in the into three irrigation project options to be financed by country. For example, a pilot project to be financed by the International Development Association (IDA), the the Netherlands’ Cooperation in Mali is based on the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest findings of the Options Paper. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Adapting irrigation to climate change. Mali. Online: http://www.fao.org/in-action/ 10  aicca/country-activities/mali/background/en/ ANNUAL REPORT 2019 23 INCLUSION Social inclusion is defined by the World Bank as “the To address these difficulties, GWSP focuses on process of improving the ability, opportunity, and filling knowledge gaps at the global and local levels, dignity of people, disadvantaged on the basis of their documenting good practices and approaches, and identity, to take part in society.”11 Ensuring inclusive providing cross-support to select investments. water investments requires making this vision a reality In FY19 GWSP supported technical assistance and for people who have been disadvantaged in accessing knowledge activities aimed at improving the inclusion water and sanitation services and benefiting from features in the capacity of client countries, advancing these services. It requires strong institutions that will applicable knowledge in this field to a wide range of hold state and service providers accountable. stakeholders, and enhancing client services and Bank Issues related to social inclusion vary across countries operations. The examples that follow illustrate how and regions; this is particularly true in the context policies and investments can be made more inclusive of water and sanitation, where inclusion efforts can by identifying and reaching the most vulnerable be affected by power relations, the political economy, individuals, groups, or communities. and challenges of too little water, too much water, or too polluted water. Likewise, the disadvantaged are often discriminated against in the form of poor or PORTFOLIO SHIFTS: limited sanitation services. A solid understanding of 51% of knowledge and analytics • the social context—of who is excluded from water support inclusion and sanitation services, and why—is a critical first PORTFOLIO INFLUENCE: step required to reach SDG 6 and deliver water 81% of FY19 World Bank projects (in the • services for all. water sector) are gender tagged, meaning that specific actions to address identified There is a need for solutions that can be adapted to gender gaps are tracked in the project’s individual contexts in the sector; “one size fits all” is results framework), higher than the FY22 rarely a good approach. However, utilities and water target of 55% organizations are asking for global experiences and best practices so they can learn from each other. 59% of FY19 World Bank projects (in the • water sector) target poor, vulnerable, or While GWSP has been instrumental in helping underserved communities or areas, close clients design more inclusive policies and investments, to the FY22 target of 60% implementation can be challenging, particularly in fragile contexts where inclusion may not be seen PORTFOLIO RESULTS: as a priority and planned actions and goals may 1 million female water users gained access • go unattained even though inclusive processes are to improved irrigation services, compared often central to addressing the underlying drivers of to 0.5 million in FY18 conflict.12 Low capacity is also a challenge in some cases, and strong cultural norms or inertia can work against shifting towards more inclusive processes. World Bank. 2013. Inclusion Matters: The Foundation for Shared Prosperity (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/ 11  Resources/244362-1265299949041/6766328-1329943729735/8460924-1381272444276/InclusionMatters_AdvanceEdition.pdf). United Nations; World Bank. 2018. Pathways for Peace : Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Conflict. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ 12  handle/10986/28337. 24 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Addressing WASH and Nutrition household resources for nutrition inputs, and a reliable in Lao PDR water supply is needed to grow food to feed families, secure livelihoods, and provide income for other Challenge: In Lao PDR, levels of chronic malnutrition nutrition inputs. and stunting remain among the highest in the world. About 33 percent of children under five are Approach: The $25 million Lao PDR Scaling up Water estimated to be stunted, 21 percent are underweight, Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Project is an important and 9 percent are wasted.13 The poor, ethnic minority pillar of the country’s multisector convergence approach groups, and people in the upland areas of the country to address childhood malnutrition. It will provide access are disproportionately affected. to improved WASH services to 192,000 people in rural areas by 2024. The project will be implemented in Improvements in WASH can have positive impacts on geographic areas where the incidence of child stunting child nutritional status, with fewer episodes of diarrheal is high and where other investments spanning health, disease; reductions in helminth and protozoa infections; nutrition, poverty reduction, and education will also and a decrease in anemia. Better WASH can also take place. Innovative features of the program include a lead to greater economic inclusion for marginalized single community-driven and participatory approach to communities, and in turn lead to improvements WASH services that incorporates child-focused hygiene in nutrition. Time and cost savings associated behavior change. with water close to home can translate into more Incorporating Nutrition-Sensitive Features into WASH, Irrigation, and Water Resource Management Interventions In FY19, GWSP supported the development of three analytical tools to inform client dialogue on nutrition-sensitive interventions across WASH and water in the agriculture and water resources management subsectors: a Water and Nutrition Framework for Action; Guidance on Nutrition-Sensitive Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene; and Guidance on Nutrition-Sensitive Irrigation and Water Management. Recommendations from these documents have been instrumental in the design of the Scaling up Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Project. These tools were developed and disseminated in collaboration with the World Bank’s Agriculture and Health Global Practices, the International Food Policy and Research Institute, the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition and Stockholm International Water Institute. World Bank. Scaling-up Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Project. Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Project Appraisal 13  Document. February 2019. Online: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/184911552874466320/pdf/LAO-PDR- PAD-02252019-636884568509975910.pdf. Definition of wasted: “There are 4 broad sub-forms of undernutrition: wasting, stunting, underweight, and deficiencies in vitamins and minerals. Low weight-for-height is known as wasting. It usually indicates recent and severe weight loss, because a person has not had enough food to eat and/or they have had an infectious disease, such as diarrhea, which has caused them to lose weight. A young child who is moderately or severely wasted has an increased risk of death, but treatment is possible.” World Health Organization. Malnutrition. Online: https://www.who.int/features/qa/malnutrition/en/ ANNUAL REPORT 2019 25 Additionality: The guidance provided by GWSP it was estimated that nearly a third of schools in the on nutrition-sensitive water investments significantly country lacked acceptable toilets.14 Lack of adequate, influenced key components of project design, including clean, and safe toilets has detrimental effects on the communications contributing to social and behavioral well-being of students and affects the safety of boys changes, and mutually linked results monitoring and and girls. For girls, the inability to safely manage their evaluation frameworks. It has also been instrumental menstruation needs is linked to higher absenteeism and in the design of $375 million in World Bank lending dropout rates. When school sanitation infrastructure operations in the WASH sector in Cambodia and is inaccessible, it also poses major obstacles for Ethiopia, and $535 million in the irrigation and water students with disabilities, who end up being unable to resources sector in Uganda and Tanzania; and has attend school. helped shape the narrative underlying the World Bank’s Approach: As part of GWSP’s support to institutional Human Capital Project. reforms in the sanitation sector in Ghana, the Partnership Increasing Gender Inclusivity in produced a lessons-learned report on girls’ educational Ghana’s Sanitation Sector engagement and examined the ways in which they are affected by WASH in schools, and menstrual hygiene Challenge: While Ghana is on track to achieve the management in particular. The report included specific SDG target for water supply, the country is significantly recommendations for the Ministry of Education, and a off track on the sanitation target; household coverage workshop was held with local school stakeholders and at a basic level or above was less than 20 percent as of the government of Ghana’s School Health Education 2017. Sanitation is lacking in many schools and in 2016 UNICEF and WHO (United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organization). 2019. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and 14  Hygiene 2000–2017. Special Focus on Inequalities. 26 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Program Unit on how to incorporate the lessons within in a sector dominated by men. These include gender their programs. Ten action plans arose from these norms, a lack of role models, harassment, or lack of a workshops and are now being implemented. women-friendly environment. Additionality: The GWSP-supported work influenced The sector is changing, however. The report shows that ongoing lending operations in Ghana, particularly there is a slow increase in the share of female workers the $150 million Greater Accra Metropolitan Area in water and sanitation utilities, and documents some (GAMA) Sanitation and Water Project and the Ghana of the many opportunities and approaches that service Output-Based Aid Sanitation Project. One of the key recommendations of the project is that World Bank water and sanitation projects include WASH in schools. Under the GAMA project, for instance, all WASH facilities include separate toilets for boys and girls, changing rooms for girls, and education on menstrual hygiene management in schools. Engaging Women in the Water Workforce The water sector is yet to fully recognize—or indeed to benefit from—women’s contributions as water managers and providers. The gender gap in water- related employment needs to be closed if the world is to reach its commitments on water and sanitation for all, according to the GWSP-supported report, “Women in Water Utilities: Breaking Barriers,” launched in FY19. The report revealed that less than one in five water workers are women: 32 percent of utilities sampled for the report have no female engineers, and 12 percent of utilities have no female managers.15 Women in all regions face particular barriers to entering and thriving World Bank. 2019. “Women in Water Utilities: Breaking Barriers” (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32319). 15  ANNUAL REPORT 2019 27 providers are already tapping into to diversify their The online knowledge repository established by GWSP workforces and create a more inclusive workplace. It means the work is available and can be actively used also provides a framework to guide utilities or agencies well beyond its initial release. in improving gender equity. Table 1 provides recent updates on select Poverty Women face obstacles and bottlenecks at all career Diagnostics and highlights major achievements, stages in water utilities; a number of recently including increased knowledge for clients and other launched programs supported by GWSP address these partners, as well as the World Bank lending that was challenges. For example, GWSP’s advocacy has ensured influenced by the analysis. This illustrates how highly that Tanzania’s Sustainable Rural Water Supply and regarded analytical work can significantly influence Sanitation Program will allocate a larger percentage of policy and implementation, continuing to advance the subsidized student loans to female students. To ensure water agenda years after the analysis is completed.17 more inclusive recruitment, GWSP has supported the The WPD Initiative yielded additional benefits in FY19. Dushanbe Water Supply and Wastewater Project to The data and insights generated have supported the guide Tajikistan’s Dushanbe Vodokanal Water and World Bank’s Human Capital Project. The collaborative Sanitation Utility to launch outreach and recruitment programs at universities and technical schools. model spanning several World Bank Global Practices piloted by the initiative has been replicated in other parts To assist in the retention of qualified women in Pakistan, of the World Bank Group. Moving forward, the WPD GWSP influence in the Karachi Water Sewerage and initiative is informing a new series of diagnostics, which Services Improvement Project will support human will be rolled out in FY20, including new diagnostics on resources training on gender equality and sexual water security. harassment prevention at the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board. Finally, in Lebanon, inputs supported by GWSP ensured that the additional financing for the Greater Beirut Water Supply project supports trainings for female employees from Lebanon’s Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water Establishment utility. Finally, to accelerate and maximize the translation of insights of this report into concrete action, GWSP is developing a The GWSP-supported WASH client-facing platform on social inclusion in water utilities with an initial focus on gender equality in the workplace. Poverty Diagnostics continue to advance the water agenda years Taking Stock: WASH Poverty Diagnostics after analyses are completed Although the WASH Poverty Diagnostics (WPDs) by influencing policy and were completed by 2018, the impact of the initiative continues and is expected to last well into the future, implementation. influencing development outcomes over many years.16 All WASH Poverty Diagnostic reports are available online (https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/wash-poverty-diagnostic). 16  This summary does not capture all other resources leveraged by other development partners or government institutions. It also does not 17  reflect the organizations and institutions, including government, donors, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), academic and private sector partners, that have contributed to, utilized, and benefited from the analysis within the WPDs. 28 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP TABLE 1: Influence and Impact of Findings from WASH Poverty Diagnostics, Selected Countries and Economies COUNTRY/ECONOMY FINDINGS INFLUENCE AND IMPACT Bangladesh 41% of water categorized as “improved” is WPD analysis contributed to IDA lending through the Dhaka Sanitation contaminated with E. coli at the source. Improvement Program of $165 million. A proposed $300 million lending project, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation for Human Capital Development, was also significantly influenced by WPD. The WPD also led to a related project, Investigating Nutrition Sensitive WASH in Bangladesh. Haiti Children in the bottom 20% of household The WPD has contributed to IDA lending under the Sustainable Rural income groups have 2.4 times the risk of and Small Towns Water and Sanitation Project for rural communes by contracting an enteric disease than children informing the planning and better targeting investments in rural areas. The in the top 20%. WPD also led to the establishment of an advisory project prioritizing the strengthening of delegated management of distribution systems in small towns, in response to the weakness of government institutions highlighted by the study. Ecuador 42% of people in the bottom 40% of the The WPD initiative trained the Bureau of Statistics to collect water quality population lack access to improved sanitation, data in its national surveys, which it is continuing to do with its own compared to only 17% of the top 60%. resources. The WPD also influenced one of the components of a new World Bank loan, approved in March 2019, from the Social Protection GP that supports interventions in child nutrition. Ethiopia Wealthier households in urban areas are 4 As a result of the WPD, a new operation financed with $300 million from times more likely to have piped water on IDA and $473 million from other partners has been designed to address premises than poorer households. some of the fundamental weaknesses in WASH interventions in small and medium cities and rural areas. Additional funding is expected from other development partners. The WPD has thus directly affected the design of what will potentially amount to $1 billion of investments in the sector over the coming six years. Mozambique Sanitation coverage has increased only The WPD contributed to the prioritization of sanitation and led to the 1 percent per year, on average, over the $115 million urban sanitation project by the Bank. The WPD informed the last 13 years, and is not keeping up with design of the project, including a strategy to tackle malnutrition from a population growth. multisectoral perspective, and targeted interventions in the provinces with the highest risk for disease and for the bottom 40 percent of the population. Nigeria Access to piped water in urban areas declined As a result of the WPD, the President declared a state of emergency from 32% in 1990 to 7% in 2015. in the water sector and made a request to the World Bank for $700 million investment in water and sanitation. The first phase, a $350 million operation, is under preparation with a focus on rural areas and small towns. The WPD also contributed to the establishment of the Clean Nigeria Campaign (to declare Nigeria Open Defecation Free). It follows the approach taken by India’s Swachh Bharat movement, influenced by a recent visit by Nigerian officials to India. Pakistan Over 30% of drinking water was found to The WPD’s findings underpinned the design of a World Bank Rural Punjab be contaminated with E. coli bacteria at Integrated Water and Sanitation Project, which aims to provide potable source and over 50% to be contaminated water and safe sanitation to thousands of villages of Punjab province. at point of use. Evidence presented in the WPD showing linkages between sanitation, water quality, and stunting has also influenced the Multi Sectoral Action for Nutrition Program to reduce stunting through sanitation improvements, and the WASH component of the enhanced response to stunting in the province of Sindh. Republic of Yemen 63% of top 20 % of household income groups The WPD helped to make the case for two rounds of IDA financing for has access to piped water, compared to 35% water and sanitation under the Emergency Health and Nutrition Project in of the poorest. the Republic of Yemen—an initial $100 million for FY18, plus an additional $37 million in FY19. The WPD catalyzed other analytical work on private water tankers, the experience of the water utility of the City of Ibb as a water utility under conflict, and citywide inclusive sanitation in selected cities. Tajikistan One in four households in Tajikistan does not The WPD provided analytical underpinnings for targeting and design have access to sufficient quantities of water decisions under the World Bank’s first Rural Water and Sanitation Project when needed. in Tajikistan. The project, which was approved in FY19, targets the geographical areas with the poorest service conditions and highest poverty density, as identified in the poverty/WASH maps developed for the WPD. Tanzania Within the first year of construction, 40% of WPD’s findings contributed to the preparation of two lending operations water points were reportedly not working. by the World Bank, both with a focus on sustainability: the $350 million Tanzania Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program, and the $200 million Investing in the Early Years Project. West Bank and Gaza Despite near universal access to piped water, As a result of WPD, the Palestinian Water Authority requested the access to uncontaminated improved sources of Bank’s support in the design of a $2.5 million National Service Provider water averages only 10% in Gaza. Improvement Program to improve the operational and financial performance of service providers. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 29 FINANCING Meeting the SDG targets related to water requires To address this challenge, GWSP has adopted a a substantial increase in financing. Two significant three-pronged approach to: (1) undertake more shifts are needed to achieve results. First, the financial robust analytical work to highlight the challenges and viability of the water sector must be improved to potential solutions; (2) create knowledge products ensure that services are delivered efficiently, public to help governments to address these foundational resources are appropriately utilized, and that issues; and (3) identify specific projects using GWSP affordable services can be provided for the poor. analytical work and technical assistance to leverage Second, leveraging commercial and nonstate sources and blend private finance through World Bank of financing must be scaled up so that the sector lending operations. Although this approach and the can better target the available public funding. The efforts documented in this chapter are significant and examples highlighted below demonstrate how in an important first step, it is clear that the financing FY19 GWSP was at the forefront of helping both challenge is beyond one institution or one set of water utilities and water resources management actors to meet. Rather, a global effort to focus on organizations tap into commercial finance. From these foundational issues is perhaps the only way that supporting utilities to move up the financial the infrastructure backlog to meet the SDG 6 goal sustainability ladder to developing bankable projects will be addressed. It is equally clear that this will for fecal sludge management and climate change require a long-term effort. adaptation, GWSP’s support is critical for changing the status quo in development finance. On the surface, the challenge related to financing PORTFOLIO SHIFTS: the water targets of the SDGs is simply to find the 32% of knowledge and analytics • public and private financial resources to close the support finance infrastructure gap. In reality, the challenge is not so PORTFOLIO INFLUENCE: much about money, but rather the sector’s inability 74% projects support reforms/actions for • to attract it. Regardless of the type of water-related improving financial viability, compared to infrastructure, the financing challenge stems from the FY22 target of 85% a lack of technically and financially viable service 11% projects have explicit focus on • providers and a clear, transparent, and robust policy, leveraging private finance, compared institutional, and regulatory environment that to the FY22 target of 14% oversees the sector. Evidence shows that there are significant private resources that could be invested PORTFOLIO RESULTS: in water projects; the challenge is that there is 28 utilities have an improved working • neither a credible pipeline of viable investments nor ratio, compared to the average annual creditworthy borrowers in many emerging markets. target of 18 30 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Helping Improve Water Services in access $910 million in private commercial loans to meet Luanda through Commercial Finance the project costs. The first phase of the project includes investments in a water treatment plant, pipelines, and Challenge: The Angolan economy, transitioning from storage and distribution systems in the districts of Bita, a dependence on oil wealth, is highly vulnerable to Cabolombo, Mundial, and Ramiros in south Luanda. external shocks. With economic growth has come rapid The Bita Project will initially bring new or improved urbanization, and the challenges it brings in service piped water service to these fast-growing unserved urban delivery, particularly in the water sector. Currently, just and peri-urban belts, with 900,000 initial beneficiaries over a third of Luanda’s 7 million people use network of new or restored 24/7 water service. water through household connections. The balance receive water from public standpipes, from unregulated GWSP continues to support the project, which will and costly private tanker truck services, from illegal increase the utility’s capacity to serve up to 2 million connections, or from untreated river sources. Although people in the coming years as the density of connections Angola has abundant water, its infrastructure needs increases. It is also expected to substantially improve strengthening to achieve reliability, capacity, and living conditions by providing reliable potable water resilience. It is estimated that the country’s water sector service to users, displacing and reducing unsafe and investment needs amount to approximately $22 billion expensive tanker truck services, and thereby reducing over the 2017 to 2022 period.18 water supply coping costs and enhancing public health. The project will also help scale up enterprise Approach: The Partnership supported the use of reform in the water sector by supporting performance GWSP commercial finance principles, public-private improvements at EPAL, Angola’s largest water utility, partnership (PPP) analytics, utility turnaround, and which is state owned. support for policies, institutions, and regulations to explore how best to address the challenges facing Making Performance-Based Angola’s largest urban center. The effort entailed looking Contracts More Accessible beyond infrastructure and bringing in international best practices on institutions, sustainability, financial viability, Challenge: A World Bank study estimates that and service delivery. This entails reviewing existing approximately 32 billion cubic meters of treated water plans, outreach to key stakeholders, and adjustments to each year are lost in pipes and meters, and that half ensure that the planned project reached the maximum of these losses occur in developing countries. The number of beneficiaries while also achieving the same study estimates that if the losses in developing broader development goals. countries could be halved, it would be enough to supply water to around 90 million people.19 A key element of Additionality: GWSP provided inputs, along with many water and sanitation infrastructure projects is to other significant resources from the Public-Private improve the service provider’s efficiency in improving Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), to the Luanda water loss reduction, reducing the amount of water that Bita Water Supply Project, which was approved by the has been treated but lost in the system through leaks, World Bank in July 2019. This project is improving nonperforming meters, and other issues. Reducing access to water services in selected areas of the capital water loss lowers overall costs, enhances revenues and city of Luanda by mobilizing commercial financing for can reduce the need for new infrastructure. Traditional the government. The project is the World Bank’s first works contracts for water loss reduction have not proved partial credit guarantee in the water sector. Financing effective because contractors are paid by unit rate for of a $500 million guarantee will help the government work done. GWSP has developed a new approach to World Bank. “Luanda Bita Water Supply Project (P163610). Project Appraisal Document” (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ 18  en/684321563588092995/pdf/Angola-Luanda-Bita-Water-Supply-Guarantee-Project.pdf). World Bank Group. Using Performance-Based Contracts to Reduce Non-Revenue Water. July 2016. 19  Online: https://library.pppknowledgelab.org/PPIAF/documents/3531 ANNUAL REPORT 2019 31 contracting that creates better incentives. This is the World Bank’s Second Tanzania Water Sector Support first hybrid performance-based contract of its kind, Project, and for Addis Ababa under the World Bank’s tailored to reflect the uncertainties and poor state Second Ethiopia Urban Water Supply and Sanitation of underground assets, such as piped networks, in Project. The contracts are intended to reduce water many countries. losses and improve efficiencies significantly, reducing the need to add additional sources and achieving Approach: GWSP supported the development of a greater operating efficiency. Clients in other countries, standard procurement document and guidelines for including Lebanon, Pakistan, and Vietnam, are also performance-based contracts for water loss reduction. examining how they can apply the approach. This standard documentation will enable clients and task teams to implement these contracts more efficiently, Enabling Public-Private Partnerships with fewer transaction costs. These tools are designed for Fecal Sludge Management in to be used along with tools that the Partnership and Sri Lanka PPIAF developed on performance-based contracting for non-revenue water. Together, they equip clients Challenge: In the past decade, Sri Lanka’s population with the tools to prepare and manage water loss has grown by almost 1 million people, the economy reduction contracts. has nearly doubled in size, and the inflow of tourists has quadrupled. A growing urban population presents Additionality: The GWSP-supported procurement significant challenges in achieving the SDG for safe document and tools have been used to develop water sanitation: Only one third of the households in Greater loss reduction contracts for Dar es Salaam under the Colombo and 12.6 percent of households in the entire 32 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP country are connected to piped sewerage.20 Most of the Additionality: GWSP support to the Access to remaining households use onsite sanitation systems such Sanitation Project was completed with financing from as septic tanks, but in many cases the septic tanks are the Global Program for Results Based Approaches not designed correctly, and untreated or undertreated (GPRBA). The project has demonstrated the concept of overflow is discharged into the nearest canal. Systems a universal sanitation service that enables households to for fecal sludge management (FSM) are needed to become legitimate customers of the utility, irrespective ensure onsite systems are emptied or desludged at of whether services are provided by piped sewers or regular intervals and the sludge is safely transported properly managed and serviced on-site systems. By the to properly designed treatment facilities. The National time the project was completed in FY19, more than Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) is the 3,500 households had signed an agreement with the institution in charge of sanitation in municipalities PPP operator and the NWSDB for annual desludging, around Colombo, in other major cities, and in rural and the project had also resulted in 5,000 households areas. Its traditional model was not proving effective connecting to a sewer, a 50 percent increase in the in ensuring safe sanitation coverage for all households number of connections in the NWSDB-managed areas in urban areas. Expanding the conventional sewer of Greater Colombo. Building on this success, the network to all areas is costly, ranging from $3,000 to government of Sri Lanka requested the Bank support $10,000 per household, and the cost of connecting to a new project on wastewater management. This $80 networks is not affordable for poorer households. million project is under design, incorporating key lessons from the Access to Sanitation Project. Approach: GWSP’s predecessor, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), supported the design of Preparing Bankable Projects for the Access to Sanitation Project, which was aimed Climate Change Adaptation in at increasing the number of sewer connections and Transboundary Basins improving on-site sanitation services for low-income households, which were often located in low-lying Challenge: Globally, there are more than 280 areas prone to flooding. It introduced new approaches transboundary river basins, which account for such as simplified sewers, Decentralized Wastewater around 60 percent of the global freshwater flow and Treatments Systems (DEWATS), and a hybrid PPP are shared by more than 150 countries. In addition, model for service delivery. The innovative PPP model around 600 transboundary aquifers, providing water consists of offering households on-site sanitation for two billion people, have been identified.21 To deal facilities improvement and annual desludging services with the complex and interlinked challenges posed by for a five-year period. Competitively selected private such shared resources, countries will need to improve operators install or improve household-level on-site their management of water resources and associated sanitation systems and provide annual desludging and services. Transboundary cooperation is an effective way transportation of fecal sludge to designated treatment to manage shared resources to promote resilience to facilities operated by NWSDB. Households bear part climate change and sustainable development. Demand of the cost, and the government pays the balance to the for assistance to address these issues accounts for a contractor as a subsidy. rapidly growing proportion of the Water GP portfolio. UNICEF and WHO (United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organization). 2019. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and 20  Hygiene 2000–2017. Special Focus on Inequalities. World Bank. 2019. “Financing Climate Change Adaptation in Transboundary Basins: Preparing Bankable Projects” 21  (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/172091548959875335/pdf/134236-WP-PUBLIC.pdf). ANNUAL REPORT 2019 33 Approach: GWSP and the governments of riparian countries, as well as provided analytical development practitioners. support for the report Additionality: The report led to the development of “Financing Climate pilot training sessions with the Niger Basin riparian Change Adaptation in countries, together with the Niger Basin Authority. Transboundary Basins: This in turn prompted the development of the Niger Preparing Bankable Strategic Climate Change Adaptation Plan, elements Projects,” which was of which have been picked up by various development finalized and published organizations for preparation of investment financing, in collaboration with including the African Development Bank and the World multiple partners and Bank. The collaboration with a group of partners in the launched at the United Nations Climate Change dissemination of this report has facilitated broad reach Conference’s Conference of the Parties in Katowice in in knowledge sharing. For example, in November 2018, December 2018. The report highlights the challenges two training workshops were organized for national and opportunities countries face in accessing financial government officials, river basin organizations, and resources for climate adaptation in transboundary river others involved in water management in the Lake Chad basins and explores the various financing mechanisms Basin in Africa and the Drin River Basin in southern that are available. It serves as a guide to the climate and southeastern Europe. Water decision makers financing landscape for adaptation financing, helping learned about the different ways to access financial institutions find financial resources for cross-boundary resources for climate change adaptation, facilitating collaboration in specific contexts, and for specific the design and implementation of future national programs or projects, and enabling them to prepare and basin-level interventions. The distribution of the bankable projects in the transboundary context. The report through the International Network of Basin report was disseminated widely through workshops, Organizations facilitates knowledge dissemination to all meetings, blogs, and social media. Dissemination basin organizations across the world. targeted representatives of river basin organizations 34 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP INSTITUTIONS Expanding access to and improving the quality of GWSP’s Policies, Institutions, and Regulation (PIR) services can be achieved and sustained only if country Global Diagnostic Tool contributes to improving institutions are provided the right incentives to deliver. the overall sector performance, and the Utilities of These incentives work when the sector framework the Future Global Diagnostic Tool contributes to properly aligns institutions, funding, policy, and improving the performance of water utilities. regulation toward the same objectives, and the organizations tasked with service delivery have the requisite capacity. In FY19 GWSP provided support PORTFOLIO SHIFTS: through technical assistance and analytics aimed 66% of new knowledge and analytics • at improving institutions, building the capacity of support institutions client countries, and advancing knowledge with clients and partners. PORTFOLIO INFLUENCE: 100% of projects support reforms/actions • A number of challenges still face countries attempting that strengthen institutional capacity, higher to strengthen their institutions to provide more reliable than the FY22 target of 90% water services. First, weak institutional frameworks impede the planning and implementation of service PORTFOLIO RESULTS: delivery. Second, there is a lack of clarity about roles 3,050 water user associations created or •  and responsibilities at the national and subnational strengthened, compared to the average levels. Third, there are inadequate incentives for annual target of 4,000 the institutions responsible for service delivery, in 21 institutions have water resources • particular concerning financing policies. Finally, management monitoring systems, compared poor service provider performance results from to the average annual target of 24 inadequate corporate governance, and issues of efficiency and capacity. Strengthening Rural WSS Service and the regulatory framework. It is aligned with the Delivery and Regulatory Framework new development vision for Senegal as set out in the in Senegal government’s Plan for an Emerging Senegal; one of the focus areas of this Plan is meeting basic social Challenge: Senegal faces many institutional and needs, which will require improving access to water and infrastructure challenges. From 2012 to 2015, WSP sanitation services. Small towns are a critical, but often assisted the government of Senegal in strengthening the overlooked, area with particular needs that need to be enabling environment for scaling up rural sanitation; addressed in order to meet these goals. supporting the reform of rural water sector; and encouraging domestic private sector participation Approach: To strengthen service delivery, GWSP in the sector. In 2016 a further program of technical assisted in the consolidation of rural water supply assistance—Enhancing Service Delivery Models and sector reform, supporting the Rural Boreholes Agency Regulatory Frameworks in Water and Sanitation (Office des Forages Ruraux [OFOR]). OFOR oversees the Services—was launched, with GWSP support, to management of assets, development of rural water assist the government of Senegal in consolidating services, delegation of the operational management sector reforms and strengthening service delivery of rural water systems to private operators, and ANNUAL REPORT 2019 35 monitoring of their performance. GWSP supported strategy for delegated management for small towns, OFOR in the design and implementation of new roles including fecal sludge treatment plants. GWSP is also for borehole users associations as advocacy groups, and supporting the Senegalese Directorate of Sanitation in the exploration of commercial finance approaches in the implementation of its action plan to accelerate as part of the design of a framework for expanding access in the rural sanitation sector by testing innovative connections in rural areas. As of today, four regional solutions in the areas of behavior change and demand private sector contracts are in place that delegate promotion. This includes the rollout of a sanitation management of rural utilities to the private sector, and marketing strategy in rural areas and the design of four more are planned. GWSP support was critical to a financial model to evaluate the feasibility of the the operationalization of the National Rural Sanitation construction of 12,750 latrines in a pilot zone by the Strategy, strengthening OFOR’s capacity to deliver on private sector using a matching grant. its mandate in Senegal’s rural sanitation sector. Additionality: GWSP-funded technical assistance GWSP also helped the government of Senegal develop informed $230 million in World Bank lending operations the National Sanitation Strategy for Small Towns, in the country, focused on rural and urban WSS which was finalized in FY19. The strategy will help the and benefiting 820,000 people in urban areas by 2021 government manage sanitation service delivery in 170 and five million people in rural areas and small towns towns across the country; it includes a framework and by 2023. 36 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Informing Sector Reforms for universal access in Argentina. The WaPER also in Argentina feeds into the Water Security Assessment for Argentina knowledge product currently under development. This Challenge: South America has 30 percent of the assessment centers on the water sector architecture and world’s freshwater resources. But water availability looks at the theme of governance, which closely ties at the regional level does not ensure water security in with the analysis conducted under the WaPER and at the local level: Argentina, for example, has among discussed in the GWSP Governance Policy Note. the highest levels of coverage at the national level, but provinces report access to formal water networks as low Integrating Reform and Finance as 60 percent.22 In general, the water and sanitation for the Urban Water Supply and deficit in South America mainly affects rural areas, Sanitation Sector dispersed communities, informal urban settlements, and indigenous populations, which are generally the Challenge: Despite some significant progress toward poorest segments of the population. reaching universal access, a number of national and subnational service providers are still grappling Approach: To assist the World Bank and the government with providing safe and affordable water supply and of Argentina in understanding and addressing these sanitation services to citizens. Unfortunately, with the issues, GWSP completed the Argentina Water and added stress of urbanization and water variability, even Sanitation Public Expenditure Review (WaPER), as countries with relatively high rates of access to water well as the Argentina Water and Sanitation Governance and sanitation services are finding it difficult to keep up Policy Note. These activities are a continuation of the with the needs of an ever-growing customer base. Institutional and Regulatory Initiative and represents the first application of this initiative in a federal Public utilities deliver water, and often sanitation, government system. The Argentina WaPER looks at services in most large cities. Utilities in low- and how policy priorities are effectively implemented in middle-income countries, like other public entities, are practice, and formulates recommendations on how often poor performers, as a result of their low levels of to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public efficiency and poor financial health. Although these spending. The recommendations are having a significant service providers have a mandate to deliver services in impact at the country level. This unique use of Public support of national water supply and sanitation targets, Expenditure Review analysis follows the money to show many often lack the expertise, resources, leadership, whether policy objectives are linked to subnational and incentives they need to reach their targets. fiscal transfers to support their implementation. The Despite these challenges, public water utilities often results shed light on gaps in the proper alignment of remain the best mechanism available to reach policies, institutions, and regulation in Argentina, and large areas of unserved populations with water and opportunities to improve sector performance through sanitation services. This is because many utilities are better alignment. well-established entities with legal mandates and, when Additionality: The two GWSP-funded analytical well-managed and operating in a transparent legal and pieces have informed the World Bank’s $125 million regulatory framework, have the potential to attract Plan Belgrano Water Supply and Sanitation Services commercial finance. Utilities can realize their full Development Additional Financing Project by providing potential as professionalized organizations that meet analytical work and a Water and Sanitation Policy Note. the demands of their customers, as has happened in These are major contributions to the future strategy places as diverse as Brazil, Cambodia, and Uganda. World Bank. 2018. “Incentives for Improving Water Supply and Sanitation Service Delivery: A South American Perspective.” Water Global 22  Practice Knowledge Brief (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/537641526369345145/pdf/126196-14-5-2018-12-2-53-WText.pdf). ANNUAL REPORT 2019 37 Approach: In 2019 Smarter Subsidies for Water Supply and Sanitation.” GWSP published This will be complemented by an anticipated global “Reform and Finance for report in FY20 looking at tariffs. the Urban Water Supply Critical for all three frameworks is the use of public and Sanitation Sector,” funding and private finance to promote the advancement a concise roadmap for and progress of the urban water sector. Maximizing the practitioners working use of public resources to crowd in private finance is on water reform in a Bank-wide priority for meeting the SDGs. GWSP urban settings. It has supported clients to identify how they can better brings together three leverage private finance, including the use of PPPs, to of GWSP’s unique expand access to services. global initiatives: Policy, Institutional, and Regulatory (PIR) Incentives, looking at Additionality: GWSP has articulated a holistic the broader sector enabling environment; Water Utility approach, which is being implemented across a Turnaround Framework (UTF), looking at utility-level spectrum of partners. For example, the $40 million reforms; and Maximizing Finance for Development (Phase 1) Shimla Development Policy Loan in India (MFD) for the water sector, looking at shifting the is an example of how sector and utility level reforms financing paradigm to reach the SDGs. By integrating are planned through medium-term milestone targets, these three lines of work—sector reform, utility reform, which act as the basis for project disbursements. In and sector finance—the synopsis promotes a holistic Peru, the principles from all three frameworks are being approach to reform, encouraging clients to consider all applied at the national level to design national water factors in planning for reform, including those related institutional reforms, as well as in a pilot utility program to the broader enabling environment and those at the in the city of Arequipa. Finally, requests for GWSP service provider level. GWSP also identified the need support for the Utility Turnaround efforts are at various for a deeper dive on the issues of efficiency, pricing, and stages of discussion or implementation in Angola, sustainability, which was addressed in the newly released Belarus, Brazil, Burkina Faso, India, Kenya, Liberia, global report on subsidies, “Doing More with Less: Paraguay, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. 38 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP RESILIENCE Countries need to be more resilient than ever: resilient by FCV, and the donors seeking to assist them, to changes in the water cycle caused by climate struggle in providing these essential services due to a change, to water-related disasters, and to political combination of lack of security, government capacity, and social factors. If water-related institutions are and financial resources. resilient, they are better able to adapt to shocks and GWSP supports comprehensive analysis, in stresses and continue delivering essential services collaboration with other relevant Global Practices to the population, even under duress. Building across the World Bank Group, to help clients improve climate resilience requires developing tools and new their flood and drought policies, identify key flood approaches to water management in order to cope and drought policy issues, and address these in a with variation beyond the historical hydrological systematic manner. With GWSP support, efforts to record and save lives and livelihoods. In FY19 actively promote the use of green infrastructure in GWSP provided support to technical assistance Bank-financed projects are being expanded. Finally, and knowledge activities aimed at building capacity, GWSP is playing a major role in the development of advancing cutting edge knowledge, and enhancing the World Bank Group’s FCV strategy, in the form the link with infrastructure investments. of sections specifically related to water. Three ongoing challenges face governments in providing water services. First, water institutions, infrastructure, and allocations have historically been PORTFOLIO SHIFTS: built around a stable climate. Yet climate change 47% of knowledge and analytics • is fundamentally altering and intensifying the support resilience hydrological cycle, creating more floods and droughts, and increasing water scarcity and compromising PORTFOLIO INFLUENCE: environmental systems. The management of water 82% of new lending projects are • resources must explicitly take this uncertainty into incorporating resilience in their design, account under a new decision-making paradigm that higher than the FY22 target of 80% puts a premium on robust but flexible and modular 52% of new lending commitments have • approaches, builds in redundancies, and prioritizes climate change co-benefits, higher than information to constantly monitor and respond to the FY22 target of 50% the changes. Second, watersheds, including wetlands, upland forests, and other crucial ecosystems, are PORTFOLIO RESULTS: under threat, compromising water security, increasing 5 million people live in areas newly covered • pollution, and raising the cost of water. Finally, fragility, by water risk mitigation measures, higher than conflict, and violence (FCV) presents a growing the average annual target of 3.2 million development challenge. Water and sanitation, much 20 basins have new management plans, •  like shelter and food, are indispensable both during compared to the average annual target of 28 and in the aftermath of crises. Countries affected ANNUAL REPORT 2019 39 Achieving Better Water Resource Management through Remote Sensing Technology Filling the Challenge: Many countries lack access to data to Biggest Data be able to monitor and understand the dynamics Gap in Water of their water resources challenges, including those Management relating to water quality and quantity. In light of climate change, this information is needed in larger GWSP continues to support the OpenET quantities over broader areas and longer time periods digital platform and applications, which than ever before. Ground-based (in situ) observation monitor evapotranspiration, a core driver of networks are fundamental, but in some cases provide the Earth’s water cycle, to help clients infrequent or sparse information over small areas and • reduce costs for fertilizer and water, at a high cost. Particularly in developing countries, such • support sustainable supply chains, hydrometeorological networks have deteriorated over • sustainably manage groundwater, and time, at present providing only limited information to •develop innovate water management those managing complex problems. programs Developing countries need innovative ways to get more information in an accurate, timely, and usable format that builds on their existing infrastructure for monitoring sensing to improve water outcomes in a range of water resources. Remote sensing data can be combined contexts, from irrigation for small farmers to urban with in situ and meteorological observations and populations in some of the world’s largest cities. analyzed using automated analytical cloud-based Additionality: In Uruguay, GWSP supported services. Remote sensing applications are powerful, low-cost, and easily accessible techniques that, when retrospective analysis and the development of a water calibrated with ground data, can offer greatly improved quality monitoring platform in Laguna del Sauce to water quantity and quality monitoring and information help increase the safety of the drinking water supply for management. to the second largest metropolitan area in the country. An operational monitoring platform in Valle de Bravo, Approach: Advances in technology are helping to close Mexico, measures changing water quality in the some of these information gaps. The wealth of remote largest reservoir providing water to Mexico City in a sensing information being produced continuously watershed with mixed sanitation coverage, increased and made freely available in near real-time, as well frequency of algal blooms, and important recreational as advances in computing power, cloud storage, and and real estate values. connectivity, have opened numerous opportunities for keeping a better eye on global water resources. In the fragile and conflict context of the Lake Chad Basin, GWSP-supported, real-time remote sensing The Global Initiative on Remote Sensing for Water complements very scarce on-the-ground observations. Resources Management was launched in 2013, funded Building on the continental-scale African Flood and initially by WPP and then by GWSP. The initiative is Drought Monitor, the Lake Chad Flood and Drought aimed at increasing monitoring and analysis capacity Monitor provides real-time monitoring and capability, with clients and in Bank projects by integrating remote short-term and seasonal forecasts, and hydrologic sensing applications. A second phase of the support predictions. To help smallholder farmers in India use demonstrates the opportunities for operational uses of the right amount of irrigation water at the right time, remote sensing technology by using it within ongoing a weekly irrigation advisory service via text message to Bank projects. A series of projects around the world individual farmers has been implemented using state- illustrate the potential for the use of innovative remote of-the-art remote sensing and weather forecast data. 40 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Helping to Champion the Global As part of its contribution to the tracking of climate co- Climate Change Agenda benefits, GWSP provides guidance to clients and task teams to ensure that project designs are climate-informed. Challenge: In 2018 the World Bank Group announced Recent project designs benefiting from GWSP support a new Action Plan on Adaptation and Resilience include a policy loan in Jordan, which was launched with (APAR), along with new climate targets for 2021 to the energy sector to encourage more efficient allocation 2025, which included doubling its five-year investment and use of water, focusing on energy efficiency of the on climate action to $200 billion. GWSP supports the water sector and contributing to reductions of greenhouse Water GP in playing a leadership role in the rollout gas emissions. In the Philippines, assistance was provided of the new climate agenda, in which it is responsible to improve flood management in selected areas of Metro for helping achieve many of the new climate targets. Manila through new construction, the modernizing of Understanding that “water is to adaptation what existing pumping stations, and improvements to solid energy is to mitigation,” GWSP helps clients leverage waste management. This project has both mitigation and opportunities for building resilience through water adaptation co-benefits. investments. The World Bank currently requires all projects to be screened for climate and disaster risks. Another recently completed effort in Ho Chi Minh City, However, to fully incorporate climate change risks Vietnam, resulted in a 50 percent reduction of water and other uncertainties into master planning and leaks in a zone serving some 1 million people, saving investments or projects, consistent and rigorous upfront about 100,000 cubic meters per day. The city intends to analysis is needed to identify the right types and levels scale up the activities to other areas. Finally, in Baghdad, of investment for a climate-uncertain world. GWSP Iraq, GWSP supports the city in addressing its water supports this effort by systematizing an approach to security issues, exploring the potential use of new water technical project design and implementation that sources away from the Tigris, such as groundwater, considers the resilience dimensions and mitigation desalination, and recycled wastewater, anticipating opportunities of a given investment. the pressure that increased severity and frequency of drought and flood events would have on the river. Approach: Four processes are being applied to new projects: climate and disaster risk screening, greenhouse Harnessing the Power of Nature in gas emissions accounting, applying the shadow price of Next Generation Infrastructure carbon, and tracking climate co-benefits. GWSP has worked with clients and task teams on these processes Challenge: There is an urgent need not only to close and has a particular role to play in improving the extent the infrastructure gap through financing, but also to to which climate change is a part of a given project, thus examine how it can be closed in a more environmentally also contributing to the tracking of climate co-benefits. sustainable manner. Nature has a key role to play. This ensures that projects are climate-informed, and Taking advantage of the potential infrastructure clients can view the mitigation and adaptation benefits of the project during the preparation process, and leverage climate finance where possible. Additionality: In FY16 the share of committed finance achieving climate co-benefits was only 18 percent. In FY18 the number reached 54 percent, touching 93 percent of all projects mapped to the Water GP. In FY19 52 percent of committed finance achieved co-benefits. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 41 solutions that nature offers is a sustainable approach that infrastructure to protect communities from coastal can deliver a triple-win for the environment, economies, erosion and flooding, while providing opportunities and communities. to boost sustainable seafood operations. In Somalia, sand dams are being used as a temporary reservoir Approach: In March 2019 the World Bank and the cover, protecting water underneath from evaporating. World Resources Institute (WRI) published “Integrating The sand dams are a low-cost alternative to Green and Gray: Creating Next Generation deep-well drilling in a water-scarce region. The Infrastructure. The report was co-funded by GWSP Bank is also supporting this approach in ongoing and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and engagements in Madagascar, Panama, Senegal, Recovery.” This report looks at how to integrate natural and the Seychelles. assets with traditional infrastructure. The report provides examples of how “green” Improving Access to Water and systems, such as forests, wetlands, and flood plains, Reducing Conflict in Somalia can be integrated with “gray” infrastructure, or built Challenge: Somalia is establishing the foundations for systems, providing innovative ways to lower costs while a new political settlement after more than two decades reducing risks. Mangroves can protect against sea of insecurity and humanitarian crises. Somalia’s GDP surge and typhoons, and wetlands can improve water per capita of $450 makes it the fifth poorest country quality, reducing the need for expensive built treatment in the world. Agriculture remains the backbone of the systems. The report was launched by senior leadership economy and accounts for about 75 percent of GDP— of the World Bank and WRI, and was featured in the among the highest share in the world, with livestock New York Times. making up a significant portion of this. Somalia is also highly vulnerable to natural disasters, having Additionality: With support from GWSP, the Water experienced at least 14 drought events since 1960.23 GP is already operationalizing the report’s approach through specific projects. In the Mekong Delta, the Approach: GWSP supported the implementation government is moving toward complementing green of the first government-managed rural water supply infrastructure with rehabilitation of existing gray project in Somalia in over 20 years, the Water for World Bank. 2019. “Implementation Completion and Results Report (ICR) Document—Water for Agropastoral Livelihoods Pilot Project 23  (P152024)” (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/983411550249837741/pdf/Implementation-Completion-and-Results-Report-ICR- Document-Water-for-Agropastoral-Livelihoods-Pilot-Project-P152024.pdf). 42 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Agro-Pastoral Livelihoods Pilot (WALP) Project. With support from the State and Peacebuilding Fund and GWSP, this effort financed the construction of low- GWSP supported the cost infrastructure in Somalia and strengthened the implementation of the first capacity of government to locate suitable sites, procure and manage construction contracts, set up community government-managed rural water management structures, and evaluate the results. supply project in Somalia in over Under challenging circumstances, this pilot succeeded 20 years, reaching an estimated in constructing its targeted eight water points in Somaliland and Puntland, including seven dams and 42,000 people with improved one traditional berkad reservoir. This infrastructure water sources. has already reached an estimated 42,000 people with improved water sources, against a target of 20,000. At least half of the beneficiaries are women, in a context World Bank Water for Agro-pastoral Productivity and where women are traditionally responsible for fetching water for the household and thus benefit significantly Resilience Project, a $42 million project to develop from water closer to home. The project also succeeded in water and agricultural services among agro-pastoralist improving the capacity of the government to implement communities in dry-land areas of Somalia. This is small-scale water interventions via the participation of the first large-scale World Bank rural development staff in knowledge exchange visits and oversight of the project in more than 30 years supporting Somalia to engineering design reviews, socioeconomic analysis, develop and/or implement a water sector transition hydrological monitoring at dam sites, and monitoring strategy. GWSP is assisting with institutional and evaluation of service delivery models. and capacity development at national, state, and community levels; the development of multiple use Additionality: The success of the GWSP-supported water sources across the country; and sustainable land pilot project opened the way for a new and much larger management and livelihoods development around the project in Somalia. Based on the results described water points developed. here, GWSP also supported the development of the ANNUAL REPORT 2019 43 CHAPTER 3 44 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP ADVANCING RESULTS Monitoring results remains an integral part of GWSP’s C) including results for some of the priority countries program management. The GWSP Results Framework and others, are presented in appendix B. was designed to track how the Partnership helps shift the World Bank’s water portfolio and achieve GWSP AS AN AGENT OF measurable results on the ground. In particular, the CHANGE IN WATER REFORMS Results Framework demonstrates the additionality of GWSP investments—the added value that could AND INVESTMENTS not be achieved with World Bank resources alone. In GWSP-supported analysis and knowledge undertaken FY19 GWSP strengthened its results monitoring effort in collaboration with clients and other key partners by improving the mechanisms for data collection, lead to reforms and improvements in the management aggregation, and reporting across the priority themes. and delivery of water services. The Partnership also This chapter presents the results highlights for FY19. supports the implementation and institutionalization Financial results are presented in appendix A. The of improvements through technical assistance for indicators, targets, and FY19 progress on the various operations and engagements with World Bank staff. components of the Results Framework (Blocks A, B, and This process is illustrated in figure 5. FIGURE 5: GWSP Knowledge into Implementation Brings about Results Across All Water Subsectors ANNUAL REPORT 2019 45 THE GWSP RESULTS activities funded by GWSP. It comprises global, regional, and country analyses, as well as technical FRAMEWORK assistance provided to World Bank country counterparts. GWSP’s Results Framework allows tracking and Monitoring under Block A also includes tracking the reporting of results using standardized indicators dollar amount of World Bank lending influenced by across the five priority themes. Indicators are grouped GWSP knowledge and technical assistance; that is, the into three components: the knowledge and technical approved and pipeline lending projects informed by assistance activities supported by GWSP (Block A), active GWSP grants in a given fiscal year. Many of these the active World Bank lending operations in the water activities are multiyear tasks and crosscutting in nature sector impacted by GWSP-supported knowledge and and therefore often contribute to results across several of technical assistance (Block B), and the influence and the five GWSP priority themes. Results manifest in the impact of knowledge and technical assistance on Water short, medium, or long term; some technical assistance GP lending operations in nine priority countries (Block may address short-term institutional bottlenecks, while C) (see box 1). policy advice may take longer to show influence. KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNICAL By the end of FY19, more than half of all the activities that were expected to contribute to results under each ASSISTANCE SUPPORTED BY of the priority themes had already reported successful GWSP (BLOCK A) contributions. As can be seen from figure 6, progress This component includes the results that are directly against the expectations for results to be achieved by achieved by the knowledge and technical assistance FY22 is good. Technical assistance and knowledge BOX 1: The Three Components of GWSP’s Results Framework BLOCK WHAT IS MEASURED Block A • Institutions/policies strengthened in support of the five priority themes. Amount (in US dollars) of World Bank lending influenced by GWSP knowledge • and technical assistance. Block B Design features of World Bank’s Water GP lending that address the • five priority themes. Access/availability of services and number of strengthened institutions across • all water subsectors, reported by active World Bank lending portfolio in the water sector. Block C Results from technical assistance and knowledge work, and lending operations • in nine countries. (Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Haiti, Pakistan, Uganda, Vietnam). Baseline data reported in FY18, and results reported at mid-term (FY20) and • end-term (FY22). Qualitative updates provided on an annual basis. 46 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP activities that are still being implemented will continue Examples of results achieved under each theme in to have influence over the coming years. Activities FY19 are included in box 2. supporting the priority themes of sustainability, A detailed breakdown of the results achieved under this institutions, and financing reported a higher level of component is included in appendix B, table A.1. successful contributions to the achievement of results. FIGURE 6: Number of Activities in FY19 Contributing to Results under each Theme ANNUAL REPORT 2019 47 BOX 2: Block A - Examples of Results Achieved in FY19, by Theme SUSTAINABILITY: 21 countries (6 more countries than in FY18) across Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Middle East and North Africa with water institutions supported to sustain water resources and build sustainable infrastructure assets INCLUSION: 4 new countries (compared to FY18) with water-related institutions trained in gender, inclusion issues, or human resources practices related to diversity and inclusion (Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, Mozambique) FINANCING: 10 countries (3 more countries than in FY18) with institutions supported to improve their financial viability and creditworthiness (Bangladesh, China, Haiti, Indonesia, Kenya, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia) INSTITUTIONS: 19 countries (3 more countries than in FY18) across Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East and North Africa with policies/strategies and/or regulatory frameworks informed to strengthen the institutional environment for improved water resource management and/or water services delivery R  ESILIENCE: 9 countries (2 more countries than in FY18) with water-related institutions supported to build resilience in water resource management, or service delivery (Angola, Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Uganda) GWSP Influence on World Bank led by other global practices, beyond the Water GP Water Lending (see figure 7, panel a).25 Nearly $11.2 billion worth of GWSP-influenced projects are in Sub-Saharan Africa GWSP’s unique position within the World Bank’s and East and South Asia, the three regions with the Water Global Practice enables the Partnership to greatest need for support to meet the SDGs. Of the influence, through knowledge and technical assistance, lending influenced in FY19, $1.4 billion is in countries the design and implementation of water sector reforms affected by fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV). and infrastructure projects financed by the World Bank Group. The Partnership monitors the results Lending influenced in FY19 is similar in terms of of this influence in two ways: first, by tracking inputs the regional breakdown (see figure 7, panel b), and to mainstreaming the five themes in water lending nearly on par with, the FY18 results ($13.8 billion). It operations; and second, via the results of ongoing is important to note that more than half the activities lending operations, most of which were influenced by in FY19 are continuing grants from FY18.26 Thus, WSP, WPP, and GWSP-funded activities. lending influenced by these was reported in FY18 and is not part of the FY19 figure. The $13.7 billion In FY19 GWSP influenced $13.7 billion of World Bank corresponds to lending projects that were reported only lending in the water sector,24 including $4.8 billion This number was calculated based on approved and pipeline lending projects that were informed by active grants in FY19 and that were not 24  previously reported in FY18. GWSP influenced lending in Global Practices beyond water, including: Agriculture, Energy, Environment, and Macroeconomics, Trade & 25  Investments (MTI). Within MTI, GWSP is influencing a $500 million development policy project in Uzbekistan led by the MTI Global Practice focused on sustaining market reforms (including reforms in the water sector). As detailed in appendix A, out of the 128 activities that received funding in FY19, 58 were newly approved activities and 70 were existing 26  activities from FY18 that received additional funding. In addition to these 128, 5 GWSP-funded activities were active during FY19 but received no additional funding. For the purpose of results reporting, all 133 activities are considered and reported on. 48 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP in FY19. It is equally important to note that for the was used in the design or implementation of a World purpose of reporting, the influence of GWSP activities Bank operation, the value of that operation is counted on a portion or percentage of the lending operations in its totality. is not determined. If GWSP-supported knowledge FIGURE 7: $13.7 Billion in World Bank Lending Was Influenced by GWSP in FY19: Breakdown by Global Practice and Region Note: GSURR = Social Urban Rural and Resilience Global Practice; MTI = Macroeconomics, Trade & Investment Global Practice. Note: AFR = Sub-Saharan Africa; EAP = East Asia and Pacific; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; MENA = Middle East and North Africa; SAR = South Asia. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 49 Figure 8 presents a regional breakdown of GWSP first tracking inputs to mainstreaming the five themes influence on World Bank water-related lending around in water lending operations, and second via the results the world in FY19. of ongoing lending operations, most of which were influenced by WSP, WPP, and GWSP-funded activities. SHIFTS IN LENDING PORTFOLIO Progress against select indicators is presented in box 3, AND OUTCOMES (BLOCK B) illustrating the type of results achieved in FY19 under In Block B, the Partnership’s influence on the results this component. A detailed breakdown of the results of World Bank lending is reported on. This is done by achieved under this block is included in appendix B. FIGURE 8: GWSP Influence on Global World Bank Water-Related Lending in FY19 by Region This map was produced by the Cartography Unit of the World Bank Group. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information show on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Source: World Bank Cartography Unit using GWSP data. 50 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP BOX 3: Block B - Examples of Results Achieved, by Theme NEWLY APPROVED PROJECTS 22 projects were approved by the World Bank Water GP in FY19.  USTAINABILITY: With GWSP’s support, all four of the new lending projects in rural water S and sanitation are designed to measure “functionality of water points,” meaning that the sustainability of the infrastructure will be monitored. INCLUSION: With GWSP’s influence, 81 percent of projects were “gender tagged,” meaning that they demonstrate a results chain by linking gender gaps identified in the analysis during the design phase to specific actions that are tracked in the Results Framework during implementation; 100 percent embedded at least one indicator of citizen engagement, with two-thirds of past projects reporting credible progress on these indicators. FINANCING: GWSP support resulted in 14 out of 18 water supply and sanitation projects, including support for reforms or actions for improving financial viability. INSTITUTIONS: GWSP assisted all projects to support reforms or actions that strengthen institutional capacity. RESILIENCE: GWSP support resulted in 82 percent of projects incorporating resilience in the design of water-related activities, meaning that projects included measures to protect against increased variability and natural events impacting water. ONGOING LENDING OPERATIONS 143 ongoing lending operations in the World Bank water portfolio reported the following results achieved in FY19 influenced by WSP-, WPP-, and GWSP-funded activities: • 172 million people with access to improved sanitation • 0.7 million hectares of land with new or improved irrigation services 2.9 million farmers adopted improved agricultural technology • (of which 0.6 million are female) • 5 million people in areas newly covered by water risk mitigation measures ANNUAL REPORT 2019 51 GWSP INFLUENCE ON WATER In anticipation of the mid-term review, a qualitative update of results achieved in Bangladesh, Haiti, GP LENDING OPERATIONS Pakistan, and Vietnam in FY19 is included in the IN SELECTED PRIORITY discussion that follows. A country update is also included COUNTRIES (BLOCK C) for Mozambique, given the strategic involvement of This portion of the Results Framework examines the World Bank, with support from GWSP, after the the combined effect of lending with knowledge and cyclones of FY19. technical assistance interventions at the country level, and the measured change in outcomes in nine priority COUNTRY UPDATES: THE countries: Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Egypt, Ethiopia, POWER OF COMBINING Haiti, Pakistan, Uganda, and Vietnam. These are KNOWLEDGE AND LENDING countries where the Partnership invests strategically As noted, GWSP’s unique value proposition is that it as they offer an ideal opportunity to test innovative links the analytical and knowledge supported by the interventions and approaches, combined with World Partnership with the World Bank Group’s lending Bank lending investments, to shift the trajectory of portfolio to support water investments. This combination country outcomes. Specific indicator matrixes have of analytics plus lending for the World Bank—the been agreed for each of the Block C countries and development bank with a global mandate—is a potent are discussed in detail in appendix B. As agreed to combination that ultimately leads to better-informed by the parties in the Partnership, progress against impacts and results. But it is not a linear process and these indicators will be reported at mid-term (FY20) often consists of stops and starts, protracted debate about and end-term (FY22). both the terms of the content and the policy reforms In support of this component of the Results Framework, being advocated, and inevitable implementation delays. in FY19 GWSP worked closely with World Bank As a result, measuring the impact of this process has country teams to strategically coordinate support. This occurred only during selective periods in GWSP’s initial support includes targeted and customized interventions life cycle, and the first comprehensive review will be that tackle particular sectoral challenges and could be provided in FY20. Nevertheless, some indicative results most impactful at the country level. GWSP also began can be highlighted. to work with the teams in preparation for the upcoming mid-term review to take place in FY20. 52 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP INFORMING WATER multisectoral policy and institutional reforms: The World Bank Group’s financing and GWSP’s convening RESOURCE MANAGEMENT power and global knowledge in complex multisectoral IN BANGLADESH water issues are valuable assets available to the government in effectively implementing BDP2100. Addressing Water Management in Based on current assessments, the WBG’s medium- to the Context of Climate Change long-term engagement in BDP2100 will likely involve policy/institutional reforms and investments in four Although the government of Bangladesh has succeeded areas: river systems improvement and management; a in providing almost universal access to improved full-area sanitation convergence approach to human drinking water, only 55 percent of the population has capital development, including health and poverty access to water considered “free from contamination.”27 aspects;30 sustainable urban water and sanitation by While the country has almost entirely eliminated open mobilizing finance for development and regional defecation, the quality of sanitation remains low, and economic development through transboundary there are unresolved equality issues, particularly related water management. to gender. Only 23 percent of the poorest quintile of the population has access to basic sanitation, compared In FY19 GWSP helped inform the World Bank’s to 75 percent of the wealthiest 20 percent of the cross-sectoral engagement in BDP2100. This support population.28 Only 5 percent of the total population is included financing for the Bangladesh Water Sector connected to sewerage,29 and comprehensive fecal sludge Public Expenditure Review, completed in September management is lacking. In addition, groundwater is 2019; analyses of the national water balance to inform threatened by saline intrusion and arsenic contamination, river basin investments; and the completion of a strategy and remains a priority issue. Ultimately, the country’s note for the Bangladesh Water Platform (to align World growth trajectory is highly dependent on how water is Bank interventions in support of the government of managed in the face of climate challenges, poverty, and Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100). GWSP also helped population density. organize a critical workshop on hydro economic modeling for the government of Bangladesh and other Applying Adaptive Delta stakeholders to assess investment options for building Management capacity to improve management of the Jamuna River. The Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 (BDP2100) identifies The workshop, held in July 2019, covered the creation “adaptive delta management” as a key vehicle for of new economic zones through land reclamation, Bangladesh to achieve upper-middle-income status and the creation of navigation channels, monsoon eliminate extreme poverty. BDP2100 offers a unique irrigation, and the combination of piloting river- opportunity for the World Bank Group to partner with training technology with river works such as revetments the government to pursue long-term, water-related, and dredging. UNICEF and WHO (United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organization). 2019. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and 27  Hygiene 2000–2017. Special Focus on Inequalities. Ibid. 28  Ibid. 29  The full area sanitation approach means covering, for a selected strategic area, both the urban and rural beneficiaries—poor and low-income 30  households—and by extension, schools and hospitals. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 53 ASSESSING GENDER consultations for each new investment, should be given equal training opportunities, and should play an active INCLUSION IN HAITI’S leadership role. The project addresses gender-based WATER SUPPLY AND violence by engaging women in “security committees” SANITATION SECTOR to give them a voice in the safe positioning of water kiosks and public toilets with shower facilities. In Access to quality water and sanitation is a significant schools, special attention is given to facilities for girls. challenge in the rural areas and small towns of Haiti. To reinforce these interventions, GWSP supported A substantial number of existing water systems are not a gender audit of DINEPA’s management and operational. Access to sanitation in rural areas and small operations. Project indicators include ratings by female towns is limited, and both urban and rural populations and youth beneficiaries in terms of their access to water rely on individual on-site sanitation solutions. Haiti’s and sanitation services. The audit found that while National Water and Sanitation Directorate (DINEPA) women are currently a primary entry point for hygiene- has initiated reforms aimed at developing the water and related behavior-change messaging and activities, men sanitation sector and improving service levels. should also be engaged in strategies to increase paid Involving Women in Project water subscriptions, among other factors. Findings also Implementation established that schools should provide trainings to girls and boys on handwashing, and on reducing infections GWSP support has given the $70 million Sustainable from unclean water. The audit helped DINEPA’s Rural and Small Towns Water and Sanitation Project directors and staff assess their capacity to address (EPARD) a significantly stronger gender component. systemic issues of both gender and disability. As a result, The project is designed, in part, to reduce gaps in DINEPA has agreed to adopt gender-disaggregated women’s participation and representation in water indicators to monitor and evaluate water and sanitation and sanitation decision-making by involving women interventions in rural areas and small towns. A gender in project implementation activities. It specifies that action plan is under development with DINEPA. The women should be engaged in project orientation and next activity will focus on implementing this plan. 54 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP PROMOTING INSTITUTIONAL approach to identifying the most pressing unmitigated risks and unexploited opportunities, and helps identify REFORMS IN PAKISTAN the factors impairing water security. While Pakistan has achieved major gains in extending water and sanitation services to a rapidly growing The findings of population, it still faces many challenges, including intermittent water supply in urban areas, limited the Pakistan Water wastewater treatment, and inconsistent water Security Diagnostic quality, leading to outbreaks of water borne diseases. GWSP has supported the government of Pakistan to were presented at help tackle them. an International Understanding Pakistan’s Institutional Water Management Conference Challenges in Pakistan in October 2018, Water security is the overarching goal of water management, both in harnessing the benefits of water and at multiple dissemination and in protecting the population, economies, and workshops with key stakeholders ecosystems from its potentially destructive impacts, from water borne diseases to droughts. The World Bank in Islamabad and Karachi in early defines it as the “availability of an acceptable quantity 2019. Water Security Diagnostics and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems, and production, coupled with an acceptable level have also been completed in of water-related risks to people, environments, and China and Vietnam, and several economies.”31 Taking into account the complexity of the issue, GWSP developed a water security diagnostic other countries are planned. framework that establishes a consistent and structured David Grey and Claudia W. Sadoff. 2007. “Sink or Swim? Water Security for Growth and Development.” Water Policy 9 (6): 545–71. As quoted 31  in Claudia W. Sardoff and David Grey, “Water Security: An Adaptation Imperative,” Environment Matters 2007, page 28 (http://siteresources. worldbank.org/INTENVMAT/64199955-1203372965627/21652259/Water_Security.pdf). ANNUAL REPORT 2019 55 The GWSP-supported Pakistan Water Security The study will conclude in the first half of FY20. All Diagnostic, which relies on this framework, was this GWSP support has directly strengthened the completed in late 2018, covering the full geographic World Bank’s $40 million Karachi Water and Sewerage extent of Pakistan, with a focus on the Indus Basin. Services Improvement Project (KWSSIP), which is part It considers important aspects of water management of a larger investment aimed at improving access to within and between the country’s provinces and takes safe water services in Karachi and increasing KWSB’s deep dives into rapidly growing urban centers to financial and operational performance. That project explore their most pressing water-related challenges. will eventually extend access to uncontaminated The Diagnostic analyzes the ways in which water drinking water to 2 million beneficiaries, specifically security supports and constrains economic development targeting the restoration of water supply and sewer in Pakistan. It describes the symptoms of water security services in selected informal settlements. Over time, considering the positive and negative outcomes it will also improve the financial sustainability of from current water management, and diagnoses the KWSB, and strengthen the institution to address key relationships between different water security outcomes, challenges, including customer accountability and actions, and capital. climate change adaptation. Delivering Water and Sanitation Modernizing Water Authorities Services to Karachi’s Poor in Punjab As one of the largest cities in the Indian subcontinent, Punjab’s Water and Sanitation Authorities (WASAs) with 16 million municipal residents,32 Karachi faces a currently operate below their optimal level, in a complex number of water-related challenges. In FY19 GWSP institutional environment. Improving their performance funding provided critical support to improve water and accountability starts with increasing their financial and sanitation services to the city. For example, the and managerial autonomy and investing in utility Partnership supported the development of a reform modernization and water and sanitation infrastructure. strategy for the Karachi Water and Sanitation Board GWSP supported a WASA modernization and reform (KWSB) focusing on service delivery, inclusion, and program to influence the design of improvement financial viability. This includes reforming financial programs in Lahore and Faisalabad. The assistance and customer management, non-revenue water, and focuses on three activities, all of which were completed services to the poor. These inputs have resulted in in FY19. The first was the development of a vision the finalization of KWSB’s priority investment plan, document to modernize the WASAs. The second which will accompany institutional reforms to improve translated the vision into a sector note delineating services and achieve inclusion, sustainability, and the phased implementation of the modernization resilience objectives. It has also provided support to program. Finally, a concept note for operationalizing the government of the province of Sindh for concrete the first phase of the Modernization Program promotes policy reform steps, which will enable and facilitate institutional reforms and investment programs for KWSB’s reform and inclusion agenda. selected WASAs by creating an enabling environment, professionalizing utilities, and promoting investments. In addition, GWSP has enabled a Water Resources These documents have influenced the design of potential Option Study for Karachi, which will provide the support to be provided to the WASAs to improve their KWSB with strategic guidance on different approaches delivery of water and sanitation services, as well as their to augmenting water supply to meet future demand. financial performance. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan. As quoted in Peter D. Ellis, Jaafar Sadok Friaa, and Jon Kaw. 2018. Transforming Karachi 32  into a Livable and Competitive Megacity: A City Diagnostic and Transformation Strategy. Directions in Development. World Bank. 56 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP STRENGTHENING GWSP is providing key complementary support in the areas of rural water and sanitation, integrated SUSTAINABLE WATER AND water resource management, and urban water. In FY SANITATION IN RURAL 19 GWSP-provided support was linked to the $225 VIETNAM million Results-based Scaling Up Rural Sanitation and Water Supply Program. GWSP increased operational Although important progress has been made in effectiveness and financial sustainability of rural water increasing access to water supply and sanitation in and sanitation service providers through the activities Vietnam, the obstacles to reaching SDG 6 remain described below. considerable. In 2017 almost 20 percent of the urban population lacked access to piped water services Sustainable Rural Water Schemes through household connections, and only 22 percent of The Partnership supported the development of a sector the rural population received this level of service. While monitoring and evaluation system for rural water supply 84 percent of the population had access to at least basic and sanitation, including water supply and sanitation sanitation services, approximately 3 percent of the facilities in schools. In addition, with GWSP support, an rural population still practiced open defecation.33 The operations and maintenance guideline was developed government of Vietnam recognizes the importance of and implemented in 134 water schemes operated under an integrated approach to water resources management, the community-based-management of 63 communes and acknowledges that achieving SDG 6 will require, in 12 provinces. As a result of these engagements, among other measures, empowering water institutions about 55,000 water connections were established or so they can better fulfill their mandates. The World rehabilitated in 2018. By the end of 2019, 60,000 more Bank is supporting the government’s water sector with water connections are expected to meet the criteria for an active lending portfolio of nearly $2 billion, covering full functionality, including water quality and continuity. urban and rural water and sanitation, irrigation, integrated water resource management, and dam safety. UNICEF and WHO (United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organization). 2019. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and 33  Hygiene 2000–2017. Special Focus on Inequalities. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 57 Scaling up Rural Sanitation Activities plans that promote sanitation and hygiene practices to households and schools. GWSP also supports the GWSP supported all 21 provinces in planning and achievement of Commune Wide Sanitation (CWS) capacity building for sanitation in rural districts and status;34 161 communes reported achieving CWS status communes. This support included mobilizing the during the 2018 implementation period. Currently 146 private sector to provide better sanitation service more communes are expected to reach CWS status by by identifying small local enterprises and providing December 2019. Preliminary verified results show that training to them in the production and sale of low-cost all of the functional water supply connection targets latrines. This effort is being supplemented with parallel are being achieved, and more than 85 percent of the actions by local governments and funding to develop communes achieved all CWS criteria. and implement behavior-change communication The Project Appraisal Document states: “CWS requires: (a) 70 percent of households have an improved latrine which hygienically separates 34  human feces from human contact; (b) 80 percent of households have dedicated (fixed) hand washing points, with soap (or soap substitute) and water available; and (c) all schools and health clinics have functional water supply, hygienic sanitation and hand washing facilities. CWS is therefore a proxy for a significant reduction in open defecation. The commune is the smallest unit of Government and supporting changes at this level builds a sustainable base for improved sanitation and hygiene in the long term.” World Bank, “Vietnam: Results-based Scaling Up Rural Sanitation and Water Supply. Project Appraisal Document,” 2015, page 10 (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ en/283471468189258537/Vietnam-Results-Based-Scaling-up-Rural-Sanitation-and-Water-Supply-Program-Project). 58 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP SUPPORTING RESILIENT World Bank’s Disaster Risk Management team design institutional support for the drainage infrastructure RECOVERY FROM THE that was installed in Beira City after the cyclone. MOZAMBIQUE CYCLONES This infrastructure benefitted more than 250,000 people, including over 70,000 people living in In March and April 2019, Mozambique was affected informal settlements. by two major cyclones that dramatically impacted the poorest provinces of the country. The first, Cyclone Idai, Supporting Institutional Resilience affected more than 1.5 million people. Total recovery GWSP provided technical assistance to the and reconstruction costs are estimated at $2.9 billion. Administration of Water and Sanitation Infrastructure The second, Cyclone Kenneth, affected nearly 290,000 (Administração de Infraestruturas de Água e Saneamento) people in Cabo Delgado. Total reconstruction needs and the National Directorate of Water Supply and are estimated at $224 million. Cyclone Idai worsened Sanitation in the design of the first comprehensive the country’s limited and highly inequitable access to set of urban sanitation investments in three provincial water and sanitation, highlighting the need for more capital cities. GWSP also supported five municipalities resilient institutions with the capacity to deliver services in building the capacity of their sanitation systems, with within the context of increased climate vulnerability. a focus on the service delivery structure at the city level. To help Mozambique recover from the impacts of GWSP’s technical assistance was also used to conduct these events and increase its resilience to floods and financial analyses and design institutional interventions cyclones, the World Bank mounted a comprehensive to improve the financial sustainability of the sanitation response package of more than $450 million that is companies in these municipalities. This assistance being implemented collaboratively across nine Global was provided under the $115 million Mozambique Practices, following “build back better” principles. As Urban Sanitation Project, part of the World Bank’s part of the World Bank’s response package, GWSP response package of urgent support to government support focused on strengthening the institutional efforts to improve public health by rehabilitating critical framework and the resilient capacity of national sanitation infrastructure and services. GWSP’s activities and local water sector institutions to manage water have highlighted the need to provide appropriate and resources and deliver services. GWSP also helped the sustainable services to the peri-urban areas where the most vulnerable people live. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 59 CHAPTER 4 60 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP GENERATING AND SHARING KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE INTO IMPLEMENTATION As a global thought leader in water, GWSP is valued for its ability to generate and disseminate quality knowledge for a multitude of partners so that it may be practically The AskWater helpdesk accesses applied to inform policies, projects, and investments. To achieve this, GWSP harnesses tools and practices a focused network of 250 subject that have a global reach and that innovate and facilitate matter experts in response a cross-pollination of ideas. The process to share this critical information is driven by a substantial knowledge to technical and operational management and communications effort within GWSP. questions and challenges. Some of the key tools to enhance knowledge and communication are highlighted next. Global Reach unforeseen circumstances or opportunities arising in a To access the best knowledge available internally and specific location or on a global scale. leverage global lessons learned, GWSP has honed WEF grants have, for example, supported the study mechanisms that connect local or global challenges to a of design options for water point insurance policies, wide range of international professionals best positioned remote-sensing applications throughout Latin America to address them. Specific implementation hurdles are and Sudan, innovative methodologies for assessments discussed by specialists in “safe space” clinics, with a for WASH behavior-change campaigns in Vietnam, roster of experts curated by GWSP. Participants can and many other just-in-time interventions requiring the also tap into vast databases of reports, lessons learned, injection of fresh knowledge. In FY19 GWSP supported and other analytical pieces to find the necessary teams across 36 countries and a wide range of technical experts and potential solutions best matched to specific challenges through the WEF program. queries or problems. GWSP has developed relationships with innovative Innovation companies and tech incubators whose solutions are Whereas the AskWater knowledge architecture helps regularly shared with World Bank staff and clients in a GWSP tap internal resources, the Water Expertise range of knowledge exchanges, ranging from flagship Facility (WEF) is the outward-facing service, helping presentations to country workshops. The Partnership operational task teams connect with resources outside has also supported a webinar series titled “The Next in of the World Bank. The fast, iterative nature of the Water: Utility of the Future,” which presents the results Facility allows GWSP to test technical approaches on a of this concerted effort to match stubborn challenges small scale, follow relevant experiences, and respond to with new and commensurate solutions. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 61 The knowledge created, distributed, or curated Improving Watershed by the Water Global Management and Launching Practice finds its way a Payment for Ecosystem into more than 50 major Services Scheme in Sri Lanka publications a year, WEF supported the study of payment for some with partners such ecosystem services in Sri Lanka, where the main as the Bill & Melinda challenge constraining dam safety and watershed Gates Foundation, management is lack of funding. One potential the United Nations, funding source is to invite users of the watershed the World Resources to pay for the sustainability of the water supply Institute (WRI), and and the operation and maintenance of dams. WaterAid. GWSP knowledge is disseminated via With WEF support through GWSP, a Payment multiple institutional channels, notably the World Bank for Ecosystem Services (PES) was created. Mini Open Knowledge Repository (https://openknowledge. hydropower companies are paying a PES tariff worldbank.org) and the GWSP website (http:// to conserve the water catchment areas. Support worldbank.org/gwsp), which features the regularly is now being provided to institutionalize and updated catalogue of Knowledge Highlights from the expand these financing systems for ecosystem Water Global Practice and GWSP (2016–19). Brief protection to other larger water users. This would descriptions of four of GWSP’s flagship publications facilitate a long-term financially sustainable this year are included at the end of this chapter. model for the protection of Sri Lanka’s most critical watersheds and river basins assets. BREAKING THROUGH WITH INNOVATIVE EXTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS Cross-Pollinating Ideas through The quality research and analytics produced by GWSP Learning and Dissemination means that the Partnership has a leading voice in shaping An extensive learning program, culminating in the the global debate on water and influences the policy annual Water Week, exposes World Bank staff, clients, environment and delivery mechanisms at the local, and other development partners to relevant learning national, regional, and global level. The magnitude and experiences from around the globe. With about 50 scale of this influence is greatly expanded by the role events taking place in FY19, nearly all included external that communication plays in raising the profile of this experts, along with a series of selective field-based study analysis. Essentially, communication brings the most tours catering to technical deep dives. GWSP helps relevant and timely evidence, presented in the most facilitate and contributes to such global dialogue with compelling ways, to help shape and drive the global realistic and practical solutions. water agenda. Communication builds key partnerships 62 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP FIGURE 9: GWSP Outreach by the Numbers with stakeholders across multiple subsectors and forums. focused on the release of specific analytical reports and Communication can also help amplify key messages to operational highlights means that GWSP’s key messages the public by using a variety of tools and techniques reach a wider, more targeted audience across the globe. ranging from securing media coverage to hosting GWSP’s bimonthly newsletter, “GWSP Digest,” brings events to producing brochures to utilizing Facebook, the latest GWSP news and views to subscribers from Twitter, Instagram, and other digital platforms—even government, think tanks, the private sector, civil society, augmented reality and virtual reality (VR). A successful and academia. In FY19 “GWSP Digest” readership communication strategy and delivery means GWSP’s more than quadrupled. work is reaching key policy makers, implementors, practitioners, policy experts, and advocates, no matter The first-ever GWSP Annual Report was launched in where they are located or what communications 2018.35 An Augmented Reality version complemented channels they use. the print report and allows readers to dig even deeper into GWSP’s knowledge. Extensive social In 2019 GWSP fully launched its distinctive visual media outreach, supported by key corporate World identity, following consultations with external actors Bank channels and partners, featured blogs by senior ranging from donors and clients to creative agencies. leadership, a podcast capturing GWSP highlights, and a GWSP’s podcast series, “WaterWorld,” is available feature story including quotes from GWSP staff working across multiple platforms. GWSP’s blog series, on vital water issues across the globe. “WaterFlows,” features insights and opinions from GWSP’s global network of experts. Tailored packages “Waters’ Edge: Rising to the Challenges of a Changing World” (https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/11/26/a-glimpse-from- 35  the-waters-edge---a-year-of-delivery-from-the-global-water-security-sanitation-partnership). ANNUAL REPORT 2019 63 In 2019 GWSP also arranged a major outreach effort themselves in GWSP-supported operations thanks to for the publication of a book demonstrating the this technology, with VR headsets transporting them importance of water quality across a range of sectors directly to projects across the world. and how its impacts cut across nearly all of the SDGs, The Cartoon Calendar is a much-loved fixture. This Quality Unknown: The Invisible Water Crisis.36 year was no different, with more than 40,000 copies VR is at the forefront of the latest wave of digital disseminated and downloaded. The calendar inspired communications. GWSP has utilized VR to tell our a video story on the World Bank’s Instagram channel stories in engaging ways. At the 2019 World Bank Water shared with its nearly half-a-million followers. Week, attendees were able to more deeply immerse Quality Unknown: The Invisible Water Crisis (https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/08/20/quality-unknown?cid=ECR_FB_ 36  worldbank_EN_EXT&fbclid=IwAR0uVsZcnlvnIL47Qm2pQhVjCYh5YiSxkJx24otnzLAgAvyyy9PhGumOMfE). 64 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP GWSP continues to be a key presence at major national, Communication efforts such as these maximize the regional, and global forums, where ideas are debated, impact of GWSP’s work with an array of partners decisions made, and policies and practices shaped. For and decision makers. The impact of communications example, at the 2019 World Water Week in Stockholm, can shape policies, raise awareness, and inspire public GWSP provided strategic interventions in around 40 action on frontier issues. Effective communication helps sessions, including the launch of the report “Doing our knowledge and analytics work “go the last mile” and More with Less: Smarter Subsidies for Water Supply deliver information into the hands of the full breadth and Sanitation,”37 which was complemented with a of GWSP’s, constituents, from community workers to feature story, press release, blog, podcast, infographic, key policy makers. Looking ahead, GWSP will strive to and social media campaign. Attendees who visited the match its top-level research and analysis work with first- World Bank and GWSP booth at SIWI also enjoyed the rate communications. tailor-made virtual reality experience. Communications Impact of Quality Unknown GWSP played a key role not only in producing Quality Unknown: The Invisible Water Crisis, but also by supporting the book launch, which secured media coverage in outlets including Agence France Presse, the BBC, Bloomberg, CNN Español, the Daily Telegraph, Devex, Die Welt, El País, The Guardian, Le Figaro, Le Monde, Thomson Reuters, and Xinhua News Agency. The book itself and the accompanying press release, podcast, feature story, video, infographics, digital assets, and social media campaign all featured GWSP and its branding and were shared by the World Bank’s corporate Twitter and Facebook accounts, and amplified by partners including the UN, WaterAid, and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). The findings were also presented to delegates at SIWI Water Week, alongside partners from the OECD, UNEP, and the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and were shared as a blogpost by the lead author on the website of the Brookings Institution. The report continues to gain traction with decision makers and thought leaders. 37 “Doing More with Less” (https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/smarter-subsidies-for-water-supply-and-sanitation). ANNUAL REPORT 2019 65 RECENT PUBLICATIONS FROM THE WATER GP, GWSP, AND PARTNERS Quality Unknown: The Invisible Water Crisis This flagship publication presents new evidence and data that call urgent attention to the hidden dangers lying beneath water’s surface. Quality Unknown examines the effects of water quality on economic growth and finds that upstream pollution lowers growth in downstream regions. It reveals that some of the most prevalent contaminants in water, such as nitrates and salt, have impacts that are more serious than has been acknowledged. It also traces the damage to crop yields and the stark implications for food security in affected regions. The book calls for a paradigm shift that emphasizes safer, and often more cost-effective remedies that prevent pollution by combining smarter policies with newer technologies. The lead author blogged about the book’s findings on the Brookings Institution’s website to bring it to the attention of their readers. Women in Water Utilities: Breaking Barriers Women are significantly underrepresented in the water workforce. Multiple barriers, ranging from social norms, to inadequate HR policies, to an unwelcoming work environment, pose challenges to female water professionals’ entering, staying and advancing in the water sector. This study explores these barriers and provides utilities with practical approaches to advance their gender diversity. It was launched at SIWI World Water Week 2019. Doing More with Less: Smarter Subsidies for Water Supply and Sanitation While subsidies of water supply and sanitation (WSS) services are generally implemented in pursuit of worthwhile objectives, poor design often undermines these objectives, rendering subsidies pervasive, expensive, poorly targeted, nontransparent, and distortionary. This report explores how scarce public resources can be used most effectively to achieve universal delivery of WSS services. It was featured on the front page of the World Bank website with bespoke data visualization to illustrate its findings. 66 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Integrating Green and Gray: Creating Next Generation Infrastructure A new generation of infrastructure projects that harness the power of nature can help achieve development goals, including water security and climate resilience. This report from the World Bank and World Resources Institute is calling for green infrastructure, such as mangroves and wetlands, to play a bigger role in traditional infrastructure planning and produce lower cost and more resilient services. The report was launched at an event at the World Bank in partnership with the World Resources Institute. Reform and Finance for the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Since 2016 the World Bank has explored a wide range of country experiences in delivering better water supply and sanitation services. The analyses led to publication of three new global frameworks for designing water reforms: Policy, Institutional, and Regulatory Incentives, which looks at the broader sector enabling environment; Water Utility Turnaround Framework, which looks at utility-level reforms; and Maximizing Finance for Development, which looks at shifting the financing paradigm to reach the Sustainable Development Goals. The three frameworks—individually and as a compendium—set forth the key principles of a more holistic approach to reform that diverges from the traditional focus on infrastructure economics to a deeper understanding of the behavior of and between sector institutions and of the people within those institutions. In addition, this summary paper puts forth two reference tools—the maturity matrix for urban water reform and the maturity ladder for the urban water sector—which show how the three frameworks can be compiled to visualize improvements over time. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 67 68 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP APPENDIX A. FINANCIAL UPDATE GWSP DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS The GWSP MDTF was launched on July 1, 2017 to build a water-secure world for all, supporting client countries in their ambitions to reach SDG 6. GWSP was designed as a $200 million, five-year program. Over the course of the past year, GWSP has been actively engaged in fundraising efforts, extending the strong support from the core donors from bilateral agencies and selective philanthropic organizations. The Partnership has made considerable progress in fundraising and is cautiously optimistic that it will be able to meet the $200 million funding target required for the five-year partnership. Moreover, as part of the administrative efforts, GWSP also approached a few existing donors that have not been able to financially contribute to the program with the view of continuing their membership or potentially exiting in line with the provisions in the Partnership’s Charter. As of June 30, 2019, GWSP had raised close to 70% of the anticipated contributions. Eight donors have contributed $129.47 million in new funding, complementing $7.93 million rolled over from WSP and WPP. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 69 DONOR US$ (MILLIONS) Netherlands - Ministry for Foreign Trade and Development 39.34 Cooperation (MFTDC) Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) 36.70 Australia-Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) 18.84 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) 18.00 Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) 10.14 Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) 5.46 United Kingdom - Department for International Development (DFID) 3.52 Rockefeller Foundation 3.00 Norway - Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) 2.37 Ireland - Ministry for Foreign Affairs / Irish Aid 0.02 Total Commitments 137.39 Note: Includes roll-over contributions from WSP and WPP. 70 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP FY19 ALLOCATIONS In FY19, GWSP allocated $27.61 million to work program activities. More than eighty percent (82%) of the allocation went to specific, multiyear, knowledge and analytics activities that are either global, regional, or country-based. The largest allocations went to global knowledge work, followed by knowledge and analytics for Africa. Through the end of FY19, GWSP funded a total of 128 knowledge and analytics activities in 44 countries and regions. Of the total 128 activities, 58 are newly approved activities and 70 are existing activities from FY18 that received additional funding. Each activity contributed to one primary priority theme38 and in many instances to other secondary themes. Since the inception of GWSP through June 30, 2019, a total of $62.89 million has been allocated. Most GWSP-financed activities are cross-cutting in nature, reflecting their comprehensive approach. For clarity of reporting and to avoid double 38  counting, activities are reported according to the leading theme associated with the respective activities. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 71 FY19 DISBURSEMENT GWSP activity disbursements reached $24.6 million in FY19, slightly above disbursements reported last fiscal year ($24.4 million). About 81 percent of disbursements supported the global and country-specific knowledge and analytics work. Management and administration disbursements comprised 6 percent of total disbursements. 72 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP APPENDIX B. RESULTS PROGRESS BLOCK A: GWSP-FUNDED KNOWLEDGE AND ANALYTICS ACTIVITIES Table A summarizes the results achieved as of June 30, 2019 reported by 133 ongoing GWSP funded activities in FY19. Table A. Knowledge and Analytics Results Indicators INDICATOR % OF ONGOING ACTIVITIES IN FY19 WITH INDICATOR Results to be achieved by FY22 Reported results achieved in FY19 Sustainability 40 Policies/strategies/regulatory frameworks informed to strengthen: a) sustainable management of water resources and/or b) built infrastructure assets. 21 Tools and monitoring systems supported to strengthen: a) the sustainable 26 management of water resources at the national, basin, and/or aquifer level 14 and/or b) built infrastructure assets. 33 Water-related institutions supported to: a) sustain water resources and/or b) built infrastructure assets. 26 33 Knowledge products generated on sustainability. 25 Inclusion 27 Policies/strategies generated or refined to enhance social inclusion in the management of water resources or service delivery. 15 16 Initiatives that develop approaches including integrated cross-sectoral approaches where relevant to address water, sanitation, and/or nutrition issues. 11 20 Water-related institutions trained in gender and/or inclusion issues and/or HR practices related to diversity and inclusion. 5 21 Knowledge products generated on inclusion. 17 Table continues next page ANNUAL REPORT 2019 73 INDICATOR % OF ONGOING ACTIVITIES IN FY19 WITH INDICATOR Institutions 40 Policies/strategies/regulatory frameworks informed to strengthen the institutional environment for improved water resource management and/or water services delivery. 22 5 FCV supported to develop and/or implement a water sector transition strategy. 2 41 Water-related institutions supported to strengthen capacity for managing water resources or service delivery. 30 23 Knowledge products generated on institutions. 18 Financing 21 Policies/strategies/regulatory frameworks developed to improve financial viability. 12 13 Institutions supported to improve their financial viability and credit worthiness. 11 17 Knowledge products generated on financing. 14 Resilience Policies/strategies/regulatory frameworks developed or implemented to strengthen 26 resilience of freshwater basins, and/or of the delivery of services for communities dependent on them. 8 15 Diagnostics conducted or implementation undertaken to promote principles of building freshwater resilience. 7 23 Water-related institutions supported to build resilience in water resource management or service delivery. 11 25 Knowledge products generated on resilience. 17 74 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP BLOCK B: WATER GP OUTCOMES Table B1: Portfolio Influence Indicators GWSP PRIORITY THEME SUSTAINABILITY INCLUSION INSTITUTIONS FINANCINGC RESILIENCE Indicator Number of % of new % of new rural WSS % of new % of new % new % projects that % projects % projects % projects Number of % of new new projects projects that lending projects projects with projects projects with support reforms/ that support with explicit incorporating Fragile and WB lending approved promote that measure gender in all that are other Social actions that reforms/ focus on resilience in Conflict- commitments with sustainable functionality of 3 dimensions gender Inclusion strengthen actions for leveraging design of water- affected climate-change & efficient water points (analysis, tagged aspectsb institutional improving private related initiatives states co-benefits water use action and capacity financial finance supported results)a viability with a resilience lensd RESULTS Baseline FY 29 69 0 59 N/A 3 72 67 6 69 5 29 15 FY 27 63 50 56 N/A 19 100 88 6 74 5 18 16 FY 27 74 25 70 N/A 11 100 81 10 74 5 31 17 Progress FY 28 75 60 100 50 50 100 77 14 75 2 54 18 FY 22 86 100 100 81 59 100 74 11 82 4 52 19 Target FY 80 80 90 55 60 90 85 14 80 15 50 FY22e 22 Note: Portfolio influence indicators are calculated based on lending projects approved by the World Bank’s Water Global Practice in the fiscal year under review. a Social Inclusion - Gender: Projects that include gender in all 3 dimensions i.e. analysis, action and results framework. The IDA gender indicator has been revised under the IDA-18 to enhance the monitoring of the gender theme. The new indicator is “Percentage of IDA-supported projects that demonstrate a results chain by linking gender gaps identified in analysis to specific actions that are tracked in the results framework.” As part of the corporate reporting, the Water GP will continue to monitor the old indicator during the transition period (FY17) and shift to the new indicator from FY18 onwards b Other Social Inclusion aspects: Projects that target the poor, vulnerable or underserved communities or areas. Excludes Citizen Engagement which the Water GP is reporting on as part of corporate monitoring. c Financing: Total % is estimated based on relevant projects only since this is not relevant for the Water Security and Integrated WRM/Dams theme. d Fragile & Conflict-affected States supported with a resilience lens: This refers to number of fragile and conflict states supported over the next five years. e ANNUAL REPORT 2019 Total targets: The total targets are estimated based on a weighted average of 45% operations in Water Supply & Sanitation; 45% operations in Water Security & Integrated WRM/Dams and 10% operations in Water for Agriculture 75 Table B.2. Sector Results Indicators BASELINE PROGRESS PROGRESS INDICATIVE TARGETS FY13-17 Yearly FY18 FY19 FY18-22 Yearly average average WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 1.1 People with access to 72 M 14 M 15.7 M 13.1 M 70 M 14 M improved water sources of which of which female: 7.9 M female: 6.6 M 1.2 People with access to 30 M 6M 11.5 M 172 Ma 80 M 16 M improved sanitation of which of which female: 5.7 M female: 86 M 1.3 BOD pollution loads removed 15,000 3,000 8,300 12,900 25,000 5,000 by treatment plants tons/yr ton/yr tons/yr tons/yr tons/yr tons/yr 1.4 People trained on hygiene 11.7 M 2.3 M 4.3 M of which 3.2 M of which 13 M 2.6 M behavior female: 2.1 M female: 1.7 M 1.5 Utilities with improved 85 17 27 28 90 18 working ratio WATER FOR AGRICULTURE 2.1 Area with new/improved 4.3 M ha 0.8 M ha 0.5 M ha 0.7 M ha 4 M ha 0.8 M ha irrigation services 2.2 Farmers adopting improved 6M 1.2 M 2 M of which 2.9 M of which 3.5 M 0.7 M agricultural technology female: 0.4M female: 0.6M 2.3 Water User Associations 17,900 3,580 4,900 3,050 20,000 4,000 created/strengthened 2.4 Water users with improved 5.6 M 1.1 M 1.8 M of which 2.2 M of which 5M 1M irrigation services female: 0.5 M female: 1 M WATER SECURITY AND INTEGRATED WRM 3.1 People in areas covered 15.3 3M 3.7 M 5M 16 M 3.2 M by water risk mitigation measures (flooding/drought) 3.2 Basins with management 85 17 22 20 140 28 plans/stakeholder engagement mechanisms 3.3 Institutions with WRM 110 22 30 21 120 24 monitoring systems 3.4 Area under sustainable land/ 1.2 M ha 0.24 M ha 0.32 M ha 0.5 M ha 1.3 M ha 0.26 M ha water management practices HYDROPOWER AND DAMS 4.1 Hydropower generation 2,100 MW 420 MW 1,400 MW 4,000 MW 7,500 MW 1,500 MW capacity constructed/ rehabilitated Note: Sector Results Indicators are calculated based on the World Bank’s active lending portfolio in the water sector, in the fiscal year under review. This includes lending projects approved by the Water Global Practice and other Global Practices. BOD = biochemical oxygen demand; ha = hectares; M = million; MW = megawatt; WRM = water resource management. a Please note that this year the India - Swachh Bharat Mission Support Performance for Results Operation (P153251, IBRD), which is reported on for the first time this fiscal year, is a significant contributor towards the sanitation results (~159 million) thus the striking number, far beyond the annual target. 76 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP BLOCK C. COUNTRY LEVEL BASELINES FOR NINE PRIORITY COUNTRIES Table C.1 Bangladesh BUSINESS LINE OUTCOME PROXY INDICATOR BASELINE TARGETS INDICATOR (JULY 2017) BY 2022 Key area 1: Human resources Number of sanitation directorate posts in project area 0 TBD Urban Sanitation and organization filled with trained staff development Number of staff trained as per approved staff training 134 350 (2020) and development program Key area 2: Accountability Number of customers in project supported areas who 0 TBD Urban Sanitation towards customers know how to raise a grievance for poor service delivery Key area 3: Monitoring and Number of pourashavas in project supported area 0 TBD Urban Sanitation evaluation adopting an interactive M&E system for reporting and informed decision making Key area 4: Operational Water Utility maturity level (score 1–5) 2 3 (2020) Urban Water effectiveness Key area 5: Inclusion-focused Number of M&E systems supported by the project 0 TBD Urban Water monitoring and that can produce disaggregated data (by gender and evaluation income) Key area 6: Leveraged funding Level of private sector investment ($) into safely 0 TBD Rural Sanitation from private managed sanitation facilities influenced by WB financial sector interventions Note: M&E = monitoring and evaluation; TBD = to be determined; WB = World Bank. Table C.2 Benin BUSINESS LINE OUTCOME PROXY INDICATOR BASELINE TARGETS INDICATOR (JULY 2017) BY 2022 Key area 1: Policy/legal framework AQUA-VIE DLIs for sector reforms: Services DLI 3a: all Rural Water provided at framework DLI 3a: framework agreements with municipalities municipal agreements DLI 3b: ongoing service performance monitoring level; weak signed service DLI4: performance-based regional contracts DLI 3b: performance publication monitoring by ANAEPMR of biannual service monitoring reports DLI 4: all contracts signed Key area 2: Accountability toward Percentage of grievances registered related to delivery of 0 80% Rural Water customers program that are addressed Key area 3: Inclusive management Number of women professionals in project areas trained in rural 0 To be Rural Water and service delivery water supply and management-related areas determined Key area 4: Financial sustainability Tariff policy for rural water supply services being applied 0 1 Rural Water of service providers: sustainable revenue sources Key area 5: Rural Investment planning National investment plan for rural sanitation prepared, including 0 1 Sanitation and delivery clear strategy for implementation Key area 6: Rural Leveraged funding Level of private sector investment ($) into safely managed 0 TBD Sanitation from private financial sanitation facilities influenced by World Bank interventions sector Note: DLI = disbursement-linked indicator; ANAEPMR is the Benin rural water utility. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 77 Table C.3 Bolivia BUSINESS LINE OUTCOME PROXY INDICATOR BASELINE TARGETS INDICATOR (JULY 2017) BY 2022 Key area 1: Policy/legal National strategy for wastewater management, 0 1 Urban Sanitation framework including decentralized sanitation, approved and implemented Key area 2: Targeted planning Number of (selected) cities covered by the project that 0 1 large Urban Sanitation and investment have implemented city wide urban sanitation planning and 3 processes including FSM intermediate cities Key area 3: Targeted planning Number of targeted communities with improved water 0 216 Rural Water and investment sources Key area 4: Inclusion-focused Number of municipalities covered by the project that 0 36 Rural Water monitoring and are collecting basic information on their communal evaluation piped water systems Key area 5: Resilient Number of improved water sources resulting from the 0 10200 Rural Water investments project intervention Key area 6: Sector planning and Number of Basin Plans including climate change 0 3 IWRM system design considerations based on sector specific guide Note: FSM = fecal sludge management; IWRM = integrated water resources management. Table C.4 Egypt BUSINESS LINE OUTCOME INDICATOR PROXY INDICATOR BASELINE TARGETS (JULY 2017) BY 2022 Key area 1: Regulation SRSSP AF: DLI 7: Strengthen capacity No Yes Rural Sanitation of the EWRA Key area 2: Monitoring and evaluation Rural Sanitation Key area 3: Management autonomy and SRSSP: DLI 3: Design and No Yes Rural Sanitation leadership implementation of the APA system for the water service providers and Key area 4: Human Resource and water service providers’ achievement Rural Sanitation organization development of the required APA threshold scores in accordance with the Program Key area 5: Rural Accountability towards Operations Manual Sanitation customers Key area 6: Inclusive management and SRSSP: DLI 1: Establishment and 10,000 167,000 Rural Sanitation service delivery functioning of new household connections to working sanitation systems in villages and satellites of which at least 10% of the connections are in satellite. Key area 7: Financial sustainability of SRSSP: DLI 4: Preparation and approval No Yes Rural Sanitation service providers of a new national tariff structure for water and sanitation services by MHUUC to allow for sustainable cost recovery. Note: AF = additional financing; APA = annual performance assessment; DLI = disbursement-linked indicator; EWRA = Egyptian Water Regulation Agency; MHUUC = Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities; SRSSP = Sustainable Rural Sanitation Services Program. 78 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Table C.5 Ethiopia BUSINESS LINE OUTCOME PROXY INDICATOR BASELINE TARGETS INDICATOR (JULY 2017) BY 2022 Key area 1: Investment planning Number of cities that have prepared and implemented 0 23 Urban Sanitation and delivery an integrated urban sanitation plan under the project (including Addis) Key area 2: Operational a) Participating utilities that have established / are 0 23 Urban Water effectiveness using NRW data management system (including and Sanitation 0 Addis) b) Improved wastewater collection, transport, and disposal capacity under the project (in M3 per day) 130,000 (including Addis) Key area 3: Operational Percentage of improved water supply schemes that are 25% 10% Rural Water effectiveness nonfunctional in the program woredas Key area 4: Targeted planning % of woredas with prepared and approved RWSS 50% 70% Rural Water and and investment programs and established WWTS Sanitation Key area 5: 1.5. Human People trained to improve hygiene behavior/sanitation 0 976,200 Rural Sanitation resources and (by end of organization 2019) development Note: NRW = nonrevenue water; RWSS = Rural Water Supply and Sanitation; WWT = wastewater treatment system. Table C.6 Haiti BUSINESS LINE OUTCOME INDICATOR PROXY INDICATOR BASELINE TARGETS (JULY 2017) BY 2022 Key area 1: Monitoring and evaluation Sector monitoring is enriched by suite of No Yes Rural Water and instruments enabling comprehensive expenditure Sanitation tracking, as well as technical and financial performance monitoring. Key area 2: Human resources and Number of POs in the South and Centre that 0 25 Rural Water organization development adopt simplified technical, commercial, and financial management instruments Key area 3: Investment planning DINEPA takes ownership of the program No Yes Rural Water and and delivery budgeting tool (BPO) and uses it to coordinate Sanitation the sector and harmonize monitoring practices across donors. The sector review takes place every year and uses the BPO to review sector achievements Key area 4: Targeted planning and DINEPA adopts a gender-based strategy for the No Yes Rural Water investment provision of rural water supply Key area 5: Financial sustainability of DINEPA increases its cost recovery by 15% per Not tracked Yes Rural Water and enabling institutions at year Sanitation national and local levels Key area 6: Financial sustainability 25 POs increase their financial viability Not tracked Yes Rural Water of service providers: sustainable revenue sources Key area 7: Sector planning and DINEPA’s capacity to operationalize its National Not tracked Yes Rural Sanitation system design Sanitation Strategy is strengthened Note: DINEPA = Direction Nationale de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assoinissement (Haiti’s national water and sanitation agency). ANNUAL REPORT 2019 79 Table C.7 Pakistan BUSINESS LINE OUTCOME INDICATOR PROXY INDICATOR BASELINE TARGETS BY (JULY 2017) 2022 Key area 1: Monitoring and evaluation Percentage of rural water 0 70% Rural Water systems in project area that are covered by MIS database Key area 2: Inclusive management and service Percentage of CBOs providing 0 50% Rural Water delivery (by actors influenced by WB) rural water systems and supported by GWP project that have structured participation from women and the poor Key area 3: Financial sustainability of service Percentage of communities 0 50% Rural Water providers: sustainable revenue sources engaging with GWP project where billing and metering system is in place for rural water systems Key area 4: Management autonomy & leadership Number of policy and 0 2 Government Urban Water legislative changes that of Sindh issues confirm the managerial and notifications; fiscal independence of urban a Sector Note water utilities and Concept Note Key area 5: Targeted planning and investment (by Number of ongoing 0 1 Urban Water actors influenced by WB investments by KWSSIP in katchi abadis (informal settlements) that have been informed by GWP assessments Key area 6: Monitoring and evaluation Percentage of key sites 0 100% IWRM across the Indus System and supported by project, covered by real-time monitoring and data analysis/sharing system Key area 7: Policy, legal and regulatory frameworks Number of provincial IWRM 0 2 (KP IWRM for sustainable water resource policy framework established and Sindh management in provinces supported by provinces) WGP; 1 Groundwater Management Act 0 in place in Punjab; Key area 8: Financial sustainability of service Percentage of O&M costs 0 40% IWRM providers: sustainable revenue sources covered by tariffs collected in project-supported areas with improved level services Key area 9: Sector planning and system design Water resource planning TBD 50% IWRM in Sindh established and incorporates resilience to climate change and population growth Note: CBOs = community-based organizations; ; GWP = Global Water Partnership; IWRM = integrated water resources management; KP = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; KWSSIP = Karachi Water and Sewerage Services Improvement Project; MIS = management information system; O&M = operations and maintenance; PAD = project/program appraisal document (World Bank); TBD = to be determined; WGP = Western Greater Peshawar. 80 GLOBAL WATER SECURITY & SANITATION PARTNERSHIP Table C.8 Uganda BUSINESS OUTCOME INDICATOR PROXY INDICATOR BASELINE TARGETS LINE (JULY 2017) BY 2022 Key area 1: Accountability towards customers % of customers satisfied with services 0 60% Urban Water delivered Key area 2: Operational effectiveness No of service areas that reduce NRW to 20% 3 6 Urban Water under the project Key area 3: Investment planning New sewerage connections 0 200 Urban and delivery Sanitation Key area 4: Operational effectiveness Selected service providers that achieve more 3 4 Rural Water than 80% in collection efficiency under the project Key area 5: Targeted planning Number of women provided with access to 0 90,000 Rural and investment improved sanitation services Sanitation Key area 6: Investment planning Number of agreed catchment and source 5 10 IWRM and delivery protection plans developed Note: IWRM = integrated water resources management; NRW = nonrevenue water Table C.9 Vietnam BUSINESS OUTCOME INDICATOR PROXY INDICATOR BASELINE TARGETS LINE (JULY 2017) BY 2022 Key area 1: Policy/legal framework A decree on O&M of rural water systems issued, 0 1 Rural Water regulating rural water services, has been adopted and is being implemented Key area 2: Operational effectiveness Rural Water Number of households with access to sustainable 0 105,000 Key area 3: Financial sustainability of water supply systems Rural Water service providers: sustainable revenue sources Key area Leveraged funding from Number of communes achieving commune-wide 0 630 4: Rural service users (households, sanitation in the participating provinces (TBC) Sanitation community groups, industrial, public administrations and other users) Key area 5: Policy, legal, and regulatory An action plan for implementation of strategic 0 1 WRM frameworks for sustainable elements of national policies related to water water resource management security (i.e., water law and law on hydraulic works) is in place Key area 7: Leveraged funding from Level of investment ($) leveraged from the private 0 TBD WRM private financial sector sector for the construction and/or operations of bulk water supply production and/or distribution systems in up to six provinces in the Mekong Delta region Key area Financial sustainability of Percentage of total operating cost of wastewater 37% 50% 6: Urban service providers: sustainable management in Ho Chi Minh City generated Sanitation revenue sources through revenue from service users Note: TBC = to be confirmed; TBD = to be determined. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 81