;?4- . 27291 Itt0 p 2 00 3 i~~ K¾; -i .: _~r'~ ' , . ,,1,* r4 -'K'' "'tt; X" ~~~~~7 4 .,*t'aX II ! rJfi- t!' (ww) BCEMIiPHbIH BANK i ... _ ... .. .. .. j UlOJIOxCeHHCe geTeH B POCCHICKOiH (De,epau4H. HTOFH COiHaJIbHO4 HOJIHTHKH 1990-X FOJOB H iiepCCieKTHBbI Russian Federation Child Welfare Outcomes During the 1990s: The Case of Russia The World Bank fUoJIoKeHHe ,AeTeH B POCCIHCKOH (DegepaUHH. 1JTOFH COiHaJIbHOIH IIOJIHTHKH 1990-x rOJOB H iiepCHeKTHBbI IH3aaHo Jus BceMupnowo 6auiKa H3AaTeAbcTBo 4Becb MHp* Mocy.Ba 2003 YJaK 369 BBK 65.272 Hoji 49 Hlod2omoegKa aoKcwaaa: Omden Co0UaJUblibix npozpaxv, Pezuon Eeponbl u Lenmpa7bnou A3uu, Bcemupnbla 6aHK HOA 49 noJIoAeHHe aeTeir B PoCCHiiCKOir cDeaepaiH4. HTOriH COLjHaJIbHOn nOniTHKH 1990-x ro0OB H HiepcieKTHBbI / Hlep. c aHrJ. - M: H3aaTeJbcTBO <KeHuu AeTeH B1990-e roAbI .... .......... 1 1 rnaBa 2. KaKHe cpaKTOpbl BnJHnH Ha nAono)KeHu AeTeA B 1990-e roAbi? .... ..... 28 2.1. HM3Kme AOXOAbl U 60nbWoe HepaBeHCTBO ........................... 28 2.2. M3MeHeHHS B qeMorpacpmH H c2opMHpoBaHMH cemeR .... ............... 30 2.3. HeaAeKBaTHbie nporpaMMbi 3ApaBooxpaHeHHq, o6pa3OBaHHsl H coLtmaJ9bHOA 3axLATbl .. 32 rnaBa 3. CoLAmahbHaq 3aLLWTa, 3ApaBooxpaHeHme U o6pa3oBaHme B 1990-e roAbi ............................ 34 3.1. CHCTeMa coLHmanbHOA 3axLIuTbl ..................................... 34 3.2. 3ApaBooxpaHeHwe .............................................. 65 3.3. 06pa3OBaHme .................................................. 67 rnaBa 4. BbIBoAbl ...................................................... 70 4IaCTbii. nono,KeHHe AeTeA, OCTaBWHXcn 6e3 none4eHHS pOAHTeneA, a TaK)Ke AeTeA-HHBaJHOB ................................................. 71 rnaBa 1. AWeTH, OCTaBWHmec 6e3 noneLieHMA pOAuTeJieHA .... ................. 73 1.1. 063Op CuTyaLtmu ................................................ 73 1.2. HanpaBAeHiq H Mepbi rocYaaPCTBeHHoA nOAHTHKH .... ................ 78 1.3. rocyAapcTBeHHaq CHCTeMa coLAHanjbHoro o6ecneqeHHSl AeTeA, OCTaBBwmXc. 6e3 none4qeHHR POATeneA .................................. 81 1.4. KKa AeTeH-WHBaAHAoB H HX cemeA .... .............. 120 2.3. O6pa3oBaHHe AeTeA c orpaHHL4eHHbIMH BO3MOWKHOCTAMM 3AOpOBbq ...... 122 ZOE£................... ''I'll'' ........ KOULHdU SZ............................. PO HHON(OLIHdU LI .............................. E HH.N(oLIHdU LOZ.............................. S HHSOIIOHdUJ LP ...............(OHHSOUHI,du 8OON39hHi3H1eiL)) t OIHH)KOLfHdU O0 ...............................ISHCI)wdloHII9Hg LE ...................... (BgeLi IJ1)1.1 M) mHHLUhGWmIdU Z ....................... lsodoVe W9HHamiAdeH ) OiHH9MlqSOU IM o4HH'eGG9o)9Dmd~9o,)A ou lqdeiW -V UpeCHCJIOBHe ]IaaHHoe HccjieaOBaHHe HOCB5IIeHO BOnpocaM 6.narococTos0nH4 ,geTeH B 1990-e roAbI, B nepexo,Hoe AeCSTHJIeTHe, KOrUa B POCCHrHCKOf4 noJIHTH4eCKO4 H COIlUHaIbHO-3KOHOMM- tIecKOH o6cTaHoBKe nPOHCXOREHJIIH KapaHHaJIbHble E3MeHeHHA. FJly6oKHHi H HpOaOJIWKI- TeJIbHbIH 3KOHOMmHieCKIA cna, H piJtpKa4KbHbIe coiUaJIbHbIe 143MeHeHH5 ocjia6HwiH cno- CO6HOCTb pOCCHHCKHX ceMel ci-ipaBJI5TbCA C p4CKaMH, a TaK)Ke B03MO)KHOCTb rocyAapcT- Ba OKa3b1BaTb JIOAAM CyIIeCTBeHHYIO nOAJUePKy. B pe3ynJbTaTe 3Toro rIojioweHHe poc- CHHCKHX IeTer yXyaIUHJIOCb. ECJIH 3TO yXyWfleHHe He 6yAeT OCTaHOBJIeHO, TO OHO rlpH- Be,AeT K noTepe -eJIoBeMecKoro KarHTaiia, pOCTy CO[LHajibHbIX H3,tep,KeK, yBejnIHeHHI0 pacXOJAOB Ha cOflHa.I4bHbIe Hy.MbI, a B KOHe'HOM c'-ieTe - K HOKa3aTe.7iAM 3KOHOMHKH, KO- TOpbIe AaJIeKO He COOTBeTCTBYIOT HOTeHLUHaJIY CTpaHbI. B riepBOHl 'aCTH HaCTOAIIero ]iIOKIiaza paccmaTp4BaIOTCq H3MeHeHHq B OJIO)KweHIH aeTee B 1990-e rozTbi, ipuMHm OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe yge.IAeTcsA o6HHiuaHHIo (eTei H poc- Ty HX yA3BHMoCTH, a TaKwKe TeH,AeH11H5M yxyi2ueHI4HS HX 3AOpOBbA, o6pa3OBaHHM H HHTa- HHS4. B ;IoKAaJ,e 3TH H13MeHeHST YBSq3aHbI C OIp0O,JDKHTe.7bHbIM 3KOHOMHmeCKHM CiiaaOM, pOCTOM HepaBeHCTBa H1 pe3KHIMH HI33MeHeHH51MH B jeMOrpacHm H CTpyKType CeMbH. B /;oKJIaae TaK-Ke yKa3aHO, 'TO COUHIJabHaS nOJI4HTHKa, HeCMOTpA Ha HO3HTHBHbIe H3Me- HeHHA5 3aKOHoaaTeJIbHOH 6a3bi H COBIpHeHCTBOBaH HUe IpHHIOB 3aWHTbI ReTCTBa, He ycneBaia peaOTBpaT4Tb BJIHIHHe HeraTHBHbIX 4aKTOpOB H yxyameHue rioJioweHHSI JaeTeH. ABTOpbI ;JoKiiaaa CTaBAT BOHIpOC 0 HeO6xOJHMOCTH KOMLiIeKCHOH CTpaTerHH TpaHC4¢OpMaUHH COuHaIbHOH HOJHT4KH B HHTepecax IeTeil, yae.uA oco6oe BHM4aHme H4HTeHCHBHOMY pa3BH4TI41O HipeBeHTH4BHbIX 4OpM pa6oTbl c CeMbAMM H aeTbMH rpyIIIIbl pH4CKa, yKpeIIIeHHIIO CeMeHHbIX 4OpM yCTpOHCTBa aeTeH H geHHCTHTyIHOHaJIH3aiHH. B tieHTpe BHHMaHH5I BO BTOpOH MaCTH IOKJIaiaa - aBe rpyHiHbI aeTeH, KOTOpbIe AB- JI5HIOTCSI oco6o yA3BHMbIMM: geTH, OCTaBiuHeCS 6e3 HonemeHHSI pOJ(HTeJIeH, H 1eTH-HHBa- JIHZbI. OTMe'-eH pOCT Micnia TaKHX aeTeA Ha 4bOHe IOCTOSHHOrO COKpaIeHHAS aTCKOrO HaceJIeHHs, a pacIIHpAIoIUaAsCA HpaKTHKa HX ZJIHTeJbHOrO cozep)KaHHS BHe CeMbH pac- CMOTpeHa KaK OQfHH H3 CaMbIX ROPOFOCTO5IIIHX H He3c1eKTHBHbIX BHAOB yCTpOHCTBa geTefl. HpOBO1HTCA alHaJIH3 HbIHe cyiiiecTByioueie rOCyaapCTBeHHOH CHCTeMbI 3a6OTbI O TaKHX zLeTAX H HX 3aLIIHTbI - yMpe)cTeHHI, opraHH3aUHiH, npoileccoB IIPHSHTHA peiiie- H4i, ripHeMOB pa6OTbI, KaapOB, 4¢HHaHCHpOBaHHI - H BbIABJISHOTCA CTHMYJIb1 H cbaKTO- pbI, OT KOTOpbIX 3aBHCH4T BbI6op THria HOJzap)KKH AeTer: B CeMbe 4IHI B CTaiHOHapHbIX y'-pe)KweHHIX. PaCCMaTpHBaS HIPOBeaeHHbIe K HaCTOMAieMy BpeMeHH peCOpMbI B o6.Ia- CTH4 3aIIIHTbI aeTeH, aBTOPbI ;IoKiia,a npeaiiaraioT H J(ajibHehimHe iaiiamim IpOLBHBKe- HHA BiHepeJa, K 3KOHOMH'eCKH 341eKTHBHOH, o6pameHHOH K pe6eHKy H OnHpaiouiefCA Ha CeMbIO H MeCTHOe coo6meCTBO CHCTeMe 3a6OTbI O zteTAX, JIHIIIeHHbIX cemei4Horo BOC- HHTaHHA, H aeT5IX-4HBajiHJax. Bbipa %ceHHe IIpH3HaTeJJbHOCTH HaCTOAUIHAIi aoKiiaa HQOaOTOBHJIH AneKcaHapa floimapaul (pyKoBoAHTeJlb rpylnfbl) H MaHcypa PaiuH 143 H3aenapTaMeHTa COfHaLJbHbIX nporpamm EBponei'CKoro H CpeaHe- a3maTCKOrO perHoHa (JICrIECP) c yMaCTHeM KOHCYJIbTaHTOB XpHCTHaHa Bo,AeBir, JIH- JIHHI OBwapOBOAI H AHHbl I4BaHOBOrI. YMaCTHe B pa6oTe Ha aOKiiaaOM HpH4HAJII: AHHeT ;HKCOH, MHxaI PYTKOBCKH, Mo- p14H JIbIOMC, AHaperl MaPKOB, AHaCTaCHA AiieKCaHApOBa H EAeHa 30TOBa (;ICrECP); 4,ZKyj1HaH ilUBaHiep, 1iHpeKTOp BceMHpHoro 6aHKa Ho PoccHH, MaiIKM KapTep, 6bIBIflH4 2aHpCKTOp BceMHpHOro 6aHKa no POCCHm, ArHeIIIKa rpya3HHbcKa, KOOp;tHaTOp npo- rpamm no POCCHm; OJIbra PeMeHell (npeacTaBHTeAbcTBo IOHHICEcD B MOCKBe); a TaKice Map'HHa ropjaeeBa H E.neHa KyHpIHAHOBa (MHHHCTePCTBO Tpyaa H COLIHajbHOrO pa3BHTHA POCCHICKOii (DeaepaIjIm). 3KcnepTbl-peIeH3eHTbI: Po3MapH MaK-KpHpH (flpeAcTaBH- TeJIbCTBO IOHHCEcID B MocKBe), IO0HTa PaAxeH6epr (npeaCTaBHTeIbCTBO IOHHCEcD B )KeHeBe), AapefiH ryT (3KcnepT no oxpaHe aeTCTBa), a TaKxce AIj>KOH 14HHeC, XbquIbTe Ce- iiepJIoq H JIyH3a (DOKC (BCeMHPHbIii 6aHK) C,AejiaJIi ueHHbIe 3ameqaHHA H npeaUiO)KeHHS. 'IaCTb I UoJJoxeHHe geTeH B PoccH4 B 1990- eoFI: TeHCeH1I:41 H33MeHeH4H H HX pe3yJIbTaTbI, OpraHIH3ai4OHHbIe cbOpMbI IIoUJAep.KH H HanpaBBJeHH5J COUHaJIbHOH IIIOJHTHKH B HHTepeCaX geTeH rJIaBa 1. HTO ripOiCXO4cIxIJO C 3aIIUIITOH JHleTe H B POCCIH B 1990-e ro0bi? 1.1. 3aLiemi HBeCTHpOBaTb B AeTeH? YpOBeHb 67iarocOCTOsHHA JeTeM 3aBHCHT OT HHBeCTHUHH B HHX. rIo4eMy ciiejyeT HHBeCTH- POBaTb B aeTei? JJOTOMy qTO OHH - 6yayiiHH 'lejioBeMecKHf KariHTaIi, KOTOpbIU y)Ke aaBHO paccMaTpIBaeTCA KaK OZLHH H3 K7moeBbIX 4)aKTopOB, OipegJenOiUHX He TOAbKO HHAIBHay- ajIbHOe 6JiarocOCTOAHiH4e, HO 14 o6IueCTBeHHO-3KOHOMiHMeCKH4i pOCT H pa3BHTHe B IleJIOM. I4HBeCTHIHH B aeTee AaOT cieeaoymi4e pe3yjibTaTbI. - Onu popMupyiom 6ouee 6b1COKY1O 9KOHoMWl6ecKyio oKynaeMoCmfb, 6.TIarozaaps 6oJIee BbICOKOf4 nPOH3BOA4TeJIbHOCTH TpyZaa, KaK IMH,uBHyaJIbHOH, TaK H o6iieH. OKa- 3bIBaeTcA, AlaKe HeCKOJIbKO JieT Ha'aIJbHOrO O6pa3OBaHH5 MOryT 3HaqITeJIbHO yBe- JI4IMHTb 3KOHOMHi4eCKyIO iieHHOCTb KBaJlA4HKauHH 'leJiOBeKa. JJ1HIA CTapelOuuHx o6- iiLeCTB Ba)KHO, 'lTO6bI KaKAbIHr MeJiOBeK roJiyqaJ B03MOCKHOCTb npHo6peTaTb KBa- JIH4{HKauH1o H ycie6IIHO BbICTyiaTb Ha pbIHKe Tpyaa. YBeji4MeHHe 3aHITOCTH H rpO3BO,RHTeJIbHOCTH, yMeHbLIaq o6mIlee HaAOrOBoe 6peMs Ha BbInIiaTy neHCIA, AIB.IeTCA BaXKHbIM Cpez6CTBOM CrJIa)KHBaHHA OTpUHaTeJlbHbIX 3KOHOMHqeCKHx pe- 3YJIbTaTOB CTapeHHA. -IlHseCmuu,uu 6 aemezl coKpau4aiom cot4uaJibHbte paCxodbl. PaciuHpeHHbie B03MOX(- HOCTH lejioBeKa yxaCTBOBaTb B 3KOHOMHMecKoiH H O6 IIeCTBeHHORi *KH3H4 MOIyT CO- KpaTHTb paCXO)TbI, CBI3aHHbIe C nOZ(pOCTKOBbIM H B3poCjibIM aHTHo6iIeCTBeHHbIM, pa3pyiuaiOuI4M JlI4'-HOCTb H rIpeCTyrHbIM IOBeAeHHeM, TeM CaMbIM yMeHbllaA Be- pO5ATHOCTb TOFO, 'TO 3TOT eJIOBeK CTaHeT Harpy3KOH Ha 6ioAKeTbI 3ApaBOOxpaHe- H1SI, o6wLeCTBeHHoiI 6e3oniaCHOCTl H COuHaSJbHbIX cAy*6. KpoMe Toro, IHBeCT4- UHH B 3AOpOBbe aeTeH Ha paHHHX CTaAHSiX coKpaiiaOTaI HX HOTpe6HOCTH B yciyrax 3JLpaBOOXpaHeHHS4 B 6yayieM. - Onu cnoco6cmeyiom 6oAbwuezi coz4uaLbHouo cnpaeeaduueocmu u cwolennocmu o6u4e- CmBa. )JOCTyn K bOpMHpOBaHH410 'eJIOBe'eCKOrO KarlHTaIia oco6eHHO BaXeH aiIA 6eAHbIX aeTeH H TaeTeH H3 He6IarOHlOJIy'qHbIX CeMeH, KOTOpbIe B HlpOTHBHOM Cjiy'ae JIHIiIiaIOTC5I iaIaHca Bbi6paTbC5l H3 HHiiieTbI, npeaOJIeTb jiHmeHH5 H OT'Iy)KZeHHe OT o6iiieCTBa. - Onu no6bluiaom ae6Cm6euUocmb omaebunbix npoepaAvd COz4UaUlbU0Z0 ceKmOpa. YCiJIieHHie )KeIiaHIHA 1H B03MOAKHOCTH4 y'l4TbCSI HapsIay C yKpenZeHIem 3JOpOBbA IH yJIynIIeHHieM HHTaHHl4 CHoco6CTByeT 6oJIee rIOJIHOMY OXBaTy yue6or-, coKpaue- HIIIO BTOpOrOaHJtH'eCTBa H 1CKJIIO'eHH1 H3 MKOJIbI H HOBbIlUeHH10 yCneBaeMOCTH, 6.IaroAapsA 'eMy HOBbIIiiiaeTC 3j4eKT4BHOCTb 3aTpaT o6IUecTBa Ha o6pa3OBaHHe H1 aeCTBeHHOCTb HHBeCTUHHr B 3JOPOBbe H HHnTaHHne AeTeH. - Onu cnoco6cmeyiom 6ozee nolmoMy eometceuuio Mamepei 6 3abi3 mbix. Ha- ae.KHbIe rIporpaMMbI 3alU1TbI aeTCTBa H peryJIApHoe rioceuieHie AeTbMH lIKOJIbI HO3BOJIAIOT )KeHI1IHHaM npoAOJDKaTb o6pawOBaHHe, npHo6peTaTb HOBbIC crelIHaJIb- HOCTII 1H BbIXOZtHTb Ha pbIHKH pa6OieH C4JIbI, TeM CaMbIM HOBbImaH 6AarococToA- HHe CBOHX ceMeHl. rnaBa 1. 4To nPoHcXOAJAo C 3aUAMTOA AeTeA B PoccHu B 1990-e roA,bi? 11 1.2. OCHOBHbIe H3MeHeHHR B nlOIIO)eHNH AeTeH B 1990-e rOAbl Ypo6eeb 6azococmosquuq Jemezi c 1990-e zoabs 6 Poccuu XialiumeAbUO ynwai 2. PoCCHii- CKHM aeTAM FpO3HT rOBbImeHHbIH pHCK 6e4HoCTH, oco6eHHo ecJIH OHH paCTYT B MHOFO- JaeTHbIX HJIH HeHOJIHbIX CeMbAX (C OaHHM H3 pOaHTejieA). HX 3aOpOBbe H HHTaHHe yxy- ImH4JIIHCb. ECTb TaK)ice HIP3HaKIH yXyameHHA KaqeCTBa H AOCTYIIHOCTH o6pa3OBaHHS, CJIO)KHbIe iipO6JIeMbI BO3HHIKa1OT B CBS3H C pa3BHTHeM pbIHOMHbIX OTHOueHHI B 3TOii cqepe. Bce B 60JIbiiieii mepe aeT5M yrpOWaeT OiaCHOCTb JIIlUHTbCSA cemeRHOrO BOCnHTa- HHA5 H OKa3aTbCA B yqe6HO-BOCHIlTaTeJbHOM yqpewaeHH4; CTaTb 6e3Ha,a3pHbIMH, 6e3- ,OMHbIMI, 6e33anwTHbIMH; CTaTb ajIKOFO.IHKaMH; COBeplIHTb IlpeCTyiIIeHHe. TaKHe H3- MeHeHHA, ecEIH He yAeJIATb HM BHHMaHHA, HIpHBeJyT, BepOATHO, K nIOTepe qeioBeqecKoro KanHTaJia, yBeJiHqeHHIO pacXOAOB Ha COLIHaJIbHbIe Hy2KZtbI, a B KOHeqHOM cqeTe - K HOKa- 3aTeJISM 3KOHOMHKH, KOTOpbIe AaneKo He COOTBeTCTBYIOT nOTeHIlIHaJIy CTpaHbI. B 3TOR rJiaBe paccmaTpHBalOTCA TeHzteHLUHH H3MeHeHHA IOJIOXKeHHA AeTeHi nO TpeM HOKa3aTejiAM, Ba)KHeHIuHM ails o6ecneqeHHsI 6jiarocOcToMHHsI AeTeiw: maTepHMbHOMY 6IaronroIyEI4IO, 3,aOPOBbIO H rIHTaHHIO, o6pa3OBaHHIO. 1.2.1. Mamepua.jbnoe 6]lazococmoqHue CfcJIaabIBaeTCA Bceo6wee MHeHHe, ITO AeTAM B POCCHH FPO3HT TOT 3Ke, ecjiH He 60nbIHl, pHCK 6eaHOCT, I'-eM HaceIieHHIO B uLeJOM (pHc. 1.1-1.7) 3. [JpHBeaeHHbdn HH)Ke aHai7IH3 IOKa3bIBaeT, 'TO 1) CeMbAM C ZeTbMH CBOHCTBeH 6o.mee BbICOKHH YPOBeHb 6eaHOCTH; 2) YPOBeHb 6etHOCTH TeM Bbiiiie, leM 6ombime aeTeA B CeMbe; 3) He6OJIHbIM ceMbAM c aeTb- MH, oCO6eHHO CO MHOFHMH TIeTbMH H pOICTBeHHHKaMm, CBOHCTBeH HaH6ojiee BbICOKHH YPOBeHb 6eaHOCTH B CTpaHe; 4) ZeTH COCTaBJIAIOT 3Hai{4TeJIbHyIO rpynHy 6eaHbIX B Poc- CHi. HenIOJIHbIe H MHOrOaeTHbie CeMbH TaK*Ke IIIHpOKO HpeACTaBjieHbI cpeiRH KpaHHe 6eA- HbIX II XpOHH'eeCKH 6eaHbIX. AaHHbIe perHOHa3JbHbIX HCCjieaOBaHHH 6eAHOCTH H pe3yNJbTaTbI Hay'-HO-HCCJ1e.TOBa- TeJIbCKIIX pa6OT B POCCHH4 HOKa3bIBaIOT, WTO JeTIM B 6etHbIX CeMbAlX 06b'IqHO TaK)Ke CBOHCTBeHHO xyAiiiee COCTOSIHHe 3ZtpOBbA, nHTaHH5I H o6pa3OBaHHS, 'TO yBe7iH'-IHBaeT AJIS HHX PHCK XpOHHIeCKOH 6eaHOCTH. TaKHIM o6pa3oM, yMeHbi1eHHMe YPOBHS1 6eaHOCTH AeTei ABJI5leTCS BaXKHbIM 3aieMeHTOM yMeHbLieHH1 YPOBHA 6eAHOCTH B POcC4I4i B UejiOM. 1) KaKue demu 6XOdsm 6 Kcameeopuio pucKca? iiIAs jeTee xapaKTepeH CaMbIA BbICOKHH YPOBeHb 6eaHOCTH cpeRH Bcex Bo3paCTHbIX rpylnn B POCCHH4 (CM. Ta6JI. 1.1-1.6 B FIPHJIO*eHHH 1, <*CTaTHCTHIeCKOM HpH4JIOKeHHHIV, a TaKxce pHC. 1.1 H 1.2 B jlomnaae) 4 . B 3-eM KBapTaiie 2000 r., no taaHHbIM FOCKOMCTaTa PoCCHH H paC'eTaM YPOBHA 6eaHOCTH, JeTIM B BO3paCTe qo 16 iieT COOTBeTCTBOBaIi ypo- BeHb 6eAHOCTH 47,8%, T.e. npHMepHO Ha 10 IIYHKTOB BbIme cpeaHero tJIAS CTpaHbI (38,1%). rIo aHHbIM RLMS, YPOBeHb 6eAHOCTH ZXJIA zTe B B03paCTe ao 14 iieT COCTaB- JIAuI 58,2%, Ha 9 IIYHKTOB BbIIIIe cpeaHero tji CTpaHbI (49,1%). 14 no TeM, H no ZFpyrHM 5 ZaaHHbIM YPOBeHb 6eaHOCTH y6bIBaI C B03paCTOM KaK 1IA MywK1IHH, TaK H AJIAI )KeHHIIHH BeAHbIe geTH 'laie )KH4ByT B ropozax. aaHHbie CBH2,eTeNJbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, ITO, XOTS ca- MbIe BbICOKHe 3Ha'eHHSA YPOBHS 6eaHocTH CBOiiCTBeHHbI ceJIy, Ha46OJIbmUee 'IcCJIO 6e,- HbIX )KHBeT B rOpOACKOH MeCTHOCTH. nloh1O>eHme AeTeA B POCCHUCKOA $eAepaLim. 12 IITorm COLHAJanbHOA nOnJHTMKW 1990-x rOAOB H nePCneKTUBbl PHCYHOK 1.1. YpoBeHb 6eAHOCTH ApI AeTeH B BO3PaCTe AO 16 neT H HaCeneHHS POCCHH B L4enOM B 1997-2000 rr.1 (B %; AaHHbIe rOCKOMCTaTa H paCIeTOB) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 1997 1998 1999 2000 0 ALeTH, AO 16 AeT * HaceneHwe B AenoM 1TpeTHU KBaPTaA 2000 r. kfCmO4HuK. rOCKOMCTaT. CM. Ta6A. 1. 1 B #CTaTHCTHLeCKOM npHJo>KeHHH>. PHCYHOK 1.2. YpoBeHb 6eAHOCTH AnJI OTAenJbHbIX KaTerOpHH HaCeOJeHHR B POC- CHH B 1998 r. (B %, nO AaHHbIM RLMS) Bcero 49,1 A,eTH 58,2 B3pocnbie 52,1 nO>KUHbie 35,7 Be3pa6oTHbie 57,1 HHBanwAbI 53,6 fcmoYIHuK. RLMS, payHg 8. CM. Ta6A. 1.2 B <KeHHH)>. FnaBa 1. 4To npOHCxOAJJnO C 3aLLkHToP AeTeH B PoccuH B 1 990-e roAbi? 13 MHoZooemHbie ceMbU. fo aaHHbIM FOCKOMCTaTa, B CeMbAX C 1-2 aeTbMH ypOBeHb 6ea- HOCTH 6ojiee ieM BZBoe npeHbIbmaeT COOTBeTCTByIOmHAH noKa3aTeJIb aJIA 6e3,aeTHbIx ce- Men (39,9 n 16,6% COOTBeTCTBeHHO) H npHMepHo Ha 8% BbIiiie, MeM B CpeaHeM aJIS HaCe- .IeHHA Bcefi CTpaHbI (31,1%). J;[J15 ceMei, COCTO5IUUIX H3 HeCKOhIbKHX HOKOjieHHI, HpH Ha- JIHiH 1-2 ,LeTeHr 3TOT noKa3aTeJIb eIIIe BbIIIIe (46,8%). B CeMb5AX C TpeMA aeTbMM H 6o- Iiee, oco6eHHo ecIiH 3TT CCMbH COCTOST H3 HeCKOJIbKiIX HOKoaIeHHfii, YPOBeHb 6eaHOCTH ,ROCTHraeT MaKCHMajIbHOH BeTi4MHHbI - OH COOTBeTCTBeHHO IO'qTH B 2 H 2,8 pa3a 60ibme cpe,lHero no cTpaHe. ,aHHbIe RLMS TaK)Ke CBHIeTeNJbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, 'ITO YPOBeHb 6eAHO- CTHI paCTeT C yBejiHMeHHeM IHcjIa aeTeA B CeMbe (CM. Ta6JI. 1.1-1.6 B < H pHC. 1.3, 1.4 H 1.5 B aaHHOM aoKAaae). Henoxnble cembu (c odnUw u3poaumeAez!). Ho oaHHbIM rOCKOMCTaTa, CeMbAIM C OaHHM pO(4TeiieM, HJIH » CeMbAM, KaK OH4 Ha3bIBaIOTCS B POCCHH, CBOHCTBeHHbI 6o- JIee BbICOKHe 3HaMeH4H YPOBHA 6eaHHoCTH no cpaBHeHHIO C CeMbAMH C J(BYMA pOALHTeJIS- MH (<Ke CocTaBe. CaMbliR BbICOKHII yPOBeHb 6eaHocTH He- flOJIHbIX cemei xapaKTepeH J,IA cemei c TpeMS H 6o.nee qeTbMH (B 2,8 pa3a Bbiie, 'eM B cpeAHem no CTpaHe) H C TpeMSI H 6o0ee aeTbMH H pOaCTBeHHHKaMH (B 3 pa3a Bbime, 'eM B cpeAHemM HO CTpaHe). 9TO nOATBepxcaaT zaHHbie RLMS (pHc. 1.3 H 1.5). ,iemu-uneaiuabi. B rocyaapCTBeHHOHi CTaTHCTHKe Tpy1IHO HaRTH CBsezAeHHI o6 ypOB- He )KI3H4 cemeii c ,eTbM4-HHBaJI4,aaMm. CeMbH, B COCTaBe KOTOpbIX HMeIOTC5 iHBaJiHJbI, H B 'aCTHOCTH AeTH-HHBaJIHAbI, He OTMelqeHbI KaK TaKOBbIe B O6cJIeZOBaHHAX aOMOXO- 3AIACTB, HpOBO1aHMbIX rOCKOMCTaTOM. EaIHHCTBeHHbIM HCTOMqHHKOM HHqPOPMaUiHH o ze- TAXx-HHBaJITi,ax cjJy.(aT raaHHbie RLMS 3a 1998 r. Cy,A Ho pe3ybTaTam 3Toro OKJIafza, cpe,an CeMeA, HMCIOWHX B CBOeM COCTaBe 4HBaji4,aOB, HaHBbICIHHe nOKa3aTejIH 6eaHocTH PHCYHOK 1.3. YpOBeHb 6eAHOCTH Ann CeMeH B POCCHH B 2000 r.1 (B %), no AaH- HbiM rOCKOMCTaTa) Bce ceMbH 31,1 rOPOA,CKwe 29,3 CeAbcKwe 36,1 napa 6e3 A1eTeA 16,6 napa, 1-2 pe6eHKa 3 9 napa, 3 U 6o0ee AeTeU 66,3 OAUH pO,UTeAb, 1-2 pe6eHKa 43,3 OA,UH POAUTenb, 3 U 6o0ee AeTeA_ 79,2 OIAHHHo4Ka pa6oTocn. Bo3pacTa 10,2 OCAWHoKa Hepa6oTocn. Bo3pacTa 8,7 1 TpeTHU KBapTaA 2000 r. HCmoqHuK. roCKOMCTaT. CM. Ta6A. 1.1 B <KeHHW)). nOnO>KeHme AeTeA B POCCUUCKOA (PeApepaLAmH. 14 HTorm coOU,anbHOU nOAHTHKM 1990-x rOAOB U nepcneKTUBbl PHCYHOK 1.4. YPOBeHb 6eAHOCTH no BHAaM cemeH B POCCHH B 1998r. (B %; nO AaHHbIM RLMS) Bce CeMbM 44,0 Be3MeTfbie 37,2 1 pe6eHOK 50,8 2 w 6onee AoeTe_ 65,0 Be3 no>KuInblX - 49,1 1 no>wnou 41,6 2 U 6onee no>Km1bIX 30,2 HcmoYHuK. RLMS, payHA 8. CM. Ta6A. 1.3 B < CTaTHCTH4eCKOM npmnO)KeHI1H*. PUCYHOK 1.5. YpoBeHb 6eAHocTH Mm1 ceMei pa3nH4Horo COCTaBa B POCCHH B 1998 r. (B %; no AaHHbIM RLMS) Bce CeMbH 44,0 napa 28,9 napa U POACTBeHHHKH 36,6 flapa u AeTH AO 18 neT 52,7 napa, AeTH AO 18 neT H poAcTBeHHHKH 52,5 napa, AeTm nocne 18 neT U POACTBeHHHKH 48,5 OAjH POAWTenb u AeTH AO 18 neT 54,5 OAUH pOAHTenb, AeTm AO 1 61,0 H POA1CTBeHHHKH 6, OAwH poAHTenb, AeTH nocne 18 AeT 51,7 P OpACTBeHHHKH IlcmoL/HuK. RLMS, payHAi 8. CM. Ta6Al. 1.5 B ((CTaTHCTWL4eCKom npHAlo)KeHHH*. FJnaBa 1. HTo nPOHCXoAHA1O C 3aW,HTOA AeTeA B Poccuu B 1 990-e roAbl? 15 PHCYHOK 1.6. OTHOCHTenbHbIH pHCK 6eAHOCTH ARJ1 pa3RH4HbIX THnOB cemeA C AeTbMH B POCCHH no CpaBHeHHIO C pHCKOM 6eAHOCTH Anf Bcex CeMeA, 1998- 2000 rr. 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 0,5 - °° Ql I 02 1 03 1 04 oI 1 02 I 03 04 I 1 02 I Q04 1998 1999 2000 * flapa/ 1-2 AeTeA flapa/ 3 A 6o0ee AeTeA OAHHO4Ka/ 1-2 AeTeU OqHHOtKa/ 3 U 6o0ee AeTeA 1cmO'IHuK. FOCKOMCTaT POcCHu. PHCYHOK 1.7. OTHOCHTenbHbIl PHCK 6eAHOCTH H OTHOCHTenbHblH PHCK KpaHHeH 6eAHOCTH AnPJ AeTeH B BO3paCTe AO 16 neT B POCCHH B 1998-2000 rr. (no cpaBHe- HHIO C PHCKOM 6eAHOCTH M pHCKOM KpaHHeA 6eAHOCTH AR HaCceneHHR B L4enOM, COOTBeTCTBeHHO) 1,6 - OTHOCHT. PACK KpaAHeA 6eAHocTH OTHOCHT. PHCK 6e1Ai-OCTH 1,3- 0,7 01 1 02 1 03 1 04 01 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 01 1 02 1 03 1 04 1998 1999 2000 H/mcmOHUK. RLMS, payHA 8. CM. Ta6J1. 1.5 B <(CTaTHCTH4eCKOM fnpHuo>KeHHH>>. nOAo>KeHme AeTee B POCCUUCKOA c1eAepaiAum. 16 HTorH coiAmanbHoA noA1TMKl 1990-x roAoB u4 nepcneKTWBbI OTHOCATC5I K CeMbAM C AeTbMH-HHBaJH1KaMH, a 3a HHMH CiizCRy1OT CeMbH C HHBaiHaaMH Tpy,aocnoco6HorO BO3paCTa. jLaHHbie RLMS HIOKa3bIBIaOT TaK)Ke, YTO CeMbAIM C HHBaJI1I- JaaMH CBOiiCTBeH ypOBeHb 6eRHOCTH 53,6%, T.e. HpMi4epHO Ha 10 IYHKTOB BbiiHe, 4eM ce- MbMM, B KOTOpbIX HHBaJIIIAOB HeT, - JIAS HHX xapaKTepeH lIpHMepHO TaKOH we ypOBeHb 6eAHOCTH1, KaK CpeAHHi HO CTpaHe (44%). CeMbil c JeTbMI4-HHBaAnHaMa m acTo MmelOT BbICOKy1O HAAHBeHqCCKYIO Harpy3Ky, TaK KaK MaTepH 3aaacTyIo BbIHyxc,AeHbI 6pocaTb pa- 6OTy, YTO6bI 3a6oTHTbCI o aeTiX. Bo rniaBe TaKHX CeMeI' MaCTO CTOHT MaTb-OJHHO4Ka. zJemu cocma6uzi7om 3HavumeAbHblu npoz4eHm 6eanbjx. rlo aaHHbIM rOCKOMCTaTa, ce- MbH C AeTbMH COCTaBJIAIOT 3HaYHTeZJbHYIO AO.7Ho cpeAH 6ejHbIX - 53,4%. [Jo AaHHbIM RLMS, 3Ta AOJIA paBHa 54,8% (Ta6A. 1.6 B -). 1.2.2. CocmowHue 3a0pO6bM u numaiuA Xopomee 3JaOPOBbe - BaXKHasA COCTaBHaq YaCTb 6iiarococTOHHI3 OT1tenJbHOi4 JIHMHOCTH H CeMbil. CyIIeCTBeHHOe BJIH3IHHie Ha 3a6OTy O aeTIX OKa3bIBaeT COCTOSHHe 3AOpOBbI 3a- 60TAIIIHXCI O HIIX B3pOCjIbIx. K TOMY )Ke xopomiiee 3,aOPOBbe BJIAeTCA Ba>KHeHimeHi npeA- HocbjIKor4 pa3BsTH5I pe6eHKa, nO3BOJ1SeT emy npHo6peTaTb HaBbIKH H 3HaHHS AJIA yc- ielHIHOrO BbICTyIJIieH5I B 6yayiueM Ha pbIHKe Tpyaa. BOJIbIHHCTBO HOKa3aTejieI COCTOAH14 3JtOPOBbA HaCeJieHHA B UejioM, TaK we, KaK H COCTOSHH4A 3AOPOBbA KeHHWHH H AeTeii, B TeYeHHe 1990-x rOaOB .ThH6o HOHH34JIOCb, nHl- 6o OCTaBaJOCb Ha npe)KHeM ypOBHe. CKa3anOCb BO3JreirCTBHe uenoro pAuaa cpaKTopOB, B TOM '4CjIe He6JiaronpHs1THbIe H3MeHeHH5A B o6pa3e KI43H4, yXyzRleHHe COCTOSH1S4 OK- pywKaioimei cpeabI, npeHe6pe)KeHHe caH4TapHo-rKrHeHH'1eCKHM4 Tpe6OBaHHAMH, nn7o- xoe rIHTaHHe, YCH4JIHBIIjaAC 3KOHOMHmeCKaS H COtIHanJbHaA HeCTa6HjIbHOCTb H CBS3aH- HbIe C 3THM CTpeCCbi H ztenpeccHH, CHHXKeHHe 344eKT4BHOCTH pa6OTbl ytpe)KeHHHE 3lApaBOOXpaHeHMIA. yXYAIuH.IOcb H nIHTaHHe - HO KaIIopiAHOCTTH, COAepAKaHHIO BHTaMH- HOB H MHKpO3JIeMeHTOB. OjHaKO KapTHHa He COBCeM 6e3HaaeAcHa: K KOHUy 1990-x roaOB oqflHuajIbHaSI CTaTHCTHKa OTMeMaeT yny"imeHHe HO HeKOTOpbIM HOKa3aTejI5IM. B pe3yib- TaTe MJIazteHYeCKaA CMepTHOCTb H CMepTHOCTb aeTei B B03paCTe Ao 5 nieT OKa3ajiHCb He- CKOJIbKO HH>Ke, a YPOBeHb BaKUHHauHH - HeCKOJIbKO Bblie, YeM B 1990 r. TaKoe CHH3H- J1IHCb iaCTOTa a6opTOB Hi CMepTHOCTb MaTepeI4, XOT5A 3TH HoKa3aTenJI BCe eine OCTaIOTCA B 'iHcJIe CaMbIX BbICOKHIX B perHOHe EBpOnIbl H ILeHTpaJIbHOi A3nHx. CMepmnocmb 6 Poccuu aocmuvta ypoe6s?, ne6bma7ozo 3 u MupXozo 6peMeHU, OKa3blt6aJ ompuz4ameJibioe 6AuRnue na 67iawcocmmmue MXOZUX cemeZ . B 1990-e FOabI B POCCHH npo- H3OiiieJI pe3KHir BCrJieCK cMepTHOCT4. C 1990 Ao 2000 r. o6Iuias CMepTHOCTb HaCeJIeHHS B ue.iOM BO3pocua C 11,2 ,ao 15,3 Ha TbICAY YqejiOBeK, T.e. IIOYlTH Ha 37%. Jo 3TOMy HOKa- 3aTeJIlo POCCIIA BXOaHT B 'iCjiO ayTcaHAepOB EBpOnbI H UeHTpaJbHoH A31m. B OTJeJib- HbIX permoHax POCCHI CHTyaLH51 OqeHb pa3Ha5: OT 4,3 B Pecny6.7IHKe 14HryLHeTHI ao 22,0 B HCKOBCKOI' 06.iaCTTH. 3TOT POCT HMMe MeCTO B ia-aAe 1990-x roZ(oB (1992-1994), KOr1a cMepTHOcTb, oco6eHHo cpeati MYAC414H pa6OTOCnoco6HOrO Bo3paCTa, AOCTHrJia HaHBbIcie- ro HOKa3aTeJii (17,8 Ha TbICA{Y 'ienOBeK MYlXCKorO HaceJIeHHA pa6oTocHoco6Horo BO3pa- CTa B 1994 r.). rloc.ne 3Toro, B 1995-1998 rr., rojioweHHe yj1yq1I4HnOCb, HO B 1999 m 2000 rr. YXYAUIIHJIOCb CHOBa. rlo pacmeTam EOHI4CE(I), «H36bITOrHasA cMepTHoCTb» 6 B POCC4HH B 1990-1999 rf. COcTaBHjia B CyMMe OKOJIO 2,6 MH 1ejioBeK, H3 KOTOpbIX 72% co- CTaBJISJIH MyncKHHbl (UNICEF, 2001). JgnA ceMeir C aeTbMI CMepTb O,HOrO 143 POZIHTeiJei B 6OJIbUI1HHCTBe cjyiaeB BbI3bIBaeT 3HaM4TenJbHoe CHiKeHHe 6IiaroCOCTOSHHS. FAaBa 1. YTo nPO"cXOJA"no C 3aLUTOH AeTeU B POCCHH B 1990-e roAbl? 1 7 Pacmyu4aRs c epmnoCmb 6 Poccuu npueeia K 3fl1iUme6jbuOMy cnuswe?uUo oauOZw U3 Haa- u6o.0nee KoMnK}eKCHbix noxa3ame7e1 6niazocoCmo0s3uH - npodoA_cumelzbHocmu npedcmo.a- u4ea micu3inu npu powcaeHuu. POCC14A BCTYHHJIa B aeCT1THJIeTHe C OKHaaemoMH HpOaOJDIK- TeJIbHOCTblO C113HH wKeHIUHH H MYWlHH B 74,3 i4 63,8 IieT COOTBeTCTBeHHO. 4jii XeHWIIH 3TOT HOKa3aTeiib 6bIJI npH6jiH3HTe.TbHO Ha YPOBHe cpejaHero no perHOHy, ,a.I1 My>KMHH - OJaHHM H3 CaMbIX H43KHX. 06a nOKa3aTeJIS pe3K0 yHia7I B HaYaiie 1990-x rozOB, cOKpa- THBHIHCb ,o 71,2 Asi >KeHIHH H ao 57,6 AJIi MyA011HH. HocICe 3Toro CHTyalHSA HeCKOJIb- KO BbinpaBH.7IaCb, HO CHOBa yxymuaiEaCb B 1999 H 2000 rr. B KOHi eaeC5THjIeTlTA owHRa- emaA rHpOaOJI)KHTeJIbHOCTb KH3HH B POCCHH cocTaBmIAia 72,2 roaa AJnsi KeHI1WHH (OayH H3 CaMbIX HH3KHX HOKa3aTejief iaAA 3Toro perHoHa) H 59 JIeT aji My;K'4HH, CaMbIH HH3KHM 7 HOKa3aTe7Ib ,AJIA perHoHa FIOJIHOH ACHOCTH B OTHOiIeHHH aOJIrOCPOMHbIX o6WeCTBeHHO-3KOHOMiiYeCKHX Ho- CJIeaCTBHH CHH)eHHA OKHKaeMOH IIPOAOJIWKHTejibHOCTH )KH3HH HOKa HeT. O0HaKO npo- BeaeHHbIe B HOCieaHee BpeMSA HayIHbIe HCCjiegOBaHHl HOKa3aJIH, ITO COCTOSIHHe 32OpO- BbM, BbIpaKeHHOe rFJaBHbIM 06pa3oM Yepe3 npeICTOAIUyIO HPOaOJAKACITeAbHOCTb KIH3H4 HI ATCKYlO H B3pOCJIYIO CMepTHOCTb, 5Bji5eTCA Ba)KHbIM H Haae>KHbIM HOKa3aTeJeM anjj HpOFHO3HpOBaHHS 6yAywero 3KOHOMmIeCKOFO pOCTa. YCTaHOBJIeHO, YTO AnJIM MHOFHX CTpaH pHpHOCT oKHnaeMoil HpozoJ>KHTejibHOCTH )KH3H4 B 1965 r. Ha 1% HpHBenI K pOC- Ty BBII Ha IyIy HaceiieHHs 6o0iee wM Ha 3% B FOa B HocjWeay1oIIuyio oeTBepTb BeK 8 M7adewuiecKaw cmepmH-ocmb ocma6aowacb abLcoKouz na npomqsimcenuu ecex 1990-x 0oaod, xom.R 60 amopou noQowuHe aecqmumwemui? 6bUlo ommetieno ee cuumce?-ue 9. DTOT HOKa3a- TeJIb, KOTOpbIi BbIpOC 3a 1990-1993 rr. (c 17,4 B 1990 r. .Zo 19,9 B 1993 r.), C TeX Hop CO- KpaTHiJCA ,o 16,9 (MyTb HH2Ke YPOBHA 1990 r.) . .aa.e npH 3TOM OH OCTaeTCA OaHHM H3 caMbIX BbICOKHX B perHOHe EBporibI H TUeHTpaAbHHOH A34H (pHC. 1.8). MJIaaeHwecKas CMepTHOCTb B POCCHH BbIIule B CenJbCKH4X paHoHax, MeM B FOpOACKHX; K TOMy AKe OHa BbI- Ime JIsA MaJIbMHKOB, YeM aJI5I aeBomeK. KpoMe TOMO, cyHeCTBYIOT 60.nbmHie KoJIe6aHHlS 3Toro HOKa3aTeJISi no perHOHaM, OT 10,7 B CaHKT-HleTep6ypre ii 12,6 B MocKBe jto 34,4 B Pecny6.jwKe HHrymeTHH H 36,2 B Pecdy6.nHKe TbIBa. Ha gonlo HOBOpO2KzteHHbIX rpH- XOQIHTCcI 60JIbIHCTBO Cjiy'aeB MJIaaeHYeCKOii cMepTHOCTH (58% B 1999 r.). OCHOBHbI- MH4 HIplqHIHaMH MjiaaeH'ecKOil cMepTHOCTHI B 2000 r. ABJIAIJHCb 3a6oJIeBaHHsI H COCTOA- HH4A, BO3HHKaiOwLHe B repHHaTa.IbHOM iepHoae, Hanpimep HeqOCTaTOqHbIi pOCT 3apo- gbIIIIa H3-3a ninioxoro HH4TaHHI MaTepH, He OTBetMIM HeO6XOAZ1MbIM Tpe6OBaHH4M yc- 7IOBI43 HpH pogax H B riociiepOLOBOM nepHoge (44%), a TaKioKe Bpo)K6eHHbie alHoMoa-m (23%) H 6o0e3HaH opraHOB bIxaHHIA (11%). I43MeHeHH5 B MJ1aaeHqeCKOfH CMepTHOCTH MOACHO o6bSACHHTb H3MeHeiHeM COUHajib- HO-3KOHOMHMeCKHX yCJIOBliH, l4HaMHKOA pO2KaaeMOCTH H CHTTyauiH4el B 3,apaBOOXpaHe- HHH. HeM meHbue pOaOB, TeM JIy-me 3a6OTa, KOTOpyIO ceKTOP 3,lpaBooxpaHeHH4 MoweT npezOCTaBHTb H3 HMCloiIIHXCA pecypCoB (UNICEF 2001). DTO TaK)Ke O3HaYaeT yMeHb- IueHHe qiHCJIa cjiy'aeB pHCKOBaHHoHl 6epeMeHHocTH. BO3MO)KHO, onpeteieHHyIo pOJIb CbIFrPMI YCHJIS4 no y.I"MuIeHH1o nepHHaTaIbHOH MemeHLHHCKOHT nOMOIII4. 1 Bce We 3TO yjiy'lmeHHe, KaK npe2jCTaBJlqeTCA, HaXOAHTCA B rIpOTHBOpeYHH C naaeHmem 3KOHOMHmec- KHX HOKa3aTejieH H COKpaiL1eHHeM o6iueCTBeHHbIX cpegCTB, KOTOpbIe BbiaeJIIJI1HCb Ha 3apaBooxpaHeHe B 1993-1998 rr. 11, ACHO, YITO rHi pa3pa6oTKe nHOJHTHKH 3,apaBooxpa- HeHHA Ha 6yayiuee HYXKHO noJIHee y'l4TbIBaTb qaKTOpbI, BbI3bIBmIone MjIazLeH'IecKyIO CMepTHOCTb. KpoMe TOrO, HeO6xOZiHMbI gaHHbIe O MJIaaeHMeCKOi4 CMepTHOCTH B pa3HbIX COn14aAbHO-3KOHOMH'ieCKHx rpyiHax (HanpHMep, KBHHTHTIbHbIX rpynHax, BbIZleJIsIeMbIX Ho roKa3aTe.JSIM paCXOaOB Ha HOTpe6jieHme), YTO HO3BOJIHT OnpeaejiHTb, HMeeTCAi 1pa3- nlono>leHwe AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU cIJeAepaLuHH. 18 HTorH coLAtianbHoH nonJTHK1 1990-x roAoB H nepcneKTHBbi PHCYHOK 1.8. MnaAeH4eCKaR CMePTHOCTb B POCCHU B 1990-1999 rr. (Ha TbiC. >KU- BO pO>KAe H H bi X) 26- 24 - 22-_g_ 20 - 18- 16 - 14 - 12 10 , . . . . . . . 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 + Bcero MaimbqHKH AeBO44KH ICmOLIHuK. rOCKOMCTaT PoccuM. JiHTiHe B MacdUITa6ax MjiageHIeCKoiA CMepTHOCTH Me,)Kzy 6eJaHbIMH H He6eHbIMH4 rpynna- MIH HaCeJIHHSI4 H HaCKOJIbKO OHO BeJIHKO. CMepmnocmb demeii 6 eo3pacme do 5 nem (na mbucquy IcueopomcdeiOnbrx) ocma6anacb 6bWCOKOU u KoWe6a7acb 6 me'ienue 1990-x ioaoc. OgHaKo, oTpawKas coKpameHHe MjiaaeHMe- CKOiH CMepTHOCTH, OHa TaKXKe nOHHE3HJIaCb K KOHLIy 3TOrO geCJITHjieTHSI H OKa3aJIaCb He- CKOJIbKO Hmwe 3HaMeHHS, OTMeMeHHOFO B 1990 r. (cM. pHc. 1.9 H 1.10). CMepTHOCTb AeTerl B B03paCTe ao 5 CMHTaeTCS Ba)KHe4iuH4M CBOgHbIM nOKa3aTejieM 6.iarocoCTosHHAI eTeR, rOCKOJIbKy OH OTpa)KaeT COCTOAHHe HHTaHH5 pe6eHKa H MaTepH H BO3MO)KHOCTb gocTyna K 6a3OBbIM COwH4abHblM yCjiyraM, B TOM 'iHcJIe K 3gpaBooxpaHCHHIO H o6pa3OBaHHIo. [nocnie B03paCTaHH3I B 1990-1993 rr. nO'qTH Ha 20%, c 22,3 go 26,4 Ha TbICA'y WHBO- pO.IJgeHHbIX, CMepTHOCTb geTei B B03paCTe go 5 ynania Ao 20,4 B 1998 r. (c o6paTHbIM pOC- TOM go 21,5 Ha TbICqMy 2KHBOpO)K,eHHbIX B 1999 r.). TaKHM o6pa3OM, B KOHue aeCITHiie- THAI OHa 6bIna Ha 3,6% HHwKe, MeM B Haqajle. He TaKaA BbICOKaA, KaK B UeHTpajibHOH A3HH, OHa BCe wKe BbIlue, MeM B 6OJIbIHHHCTBe apyrHx CTpaH perHoHa (pHc. 1.3). OCHOB- HbIMH HpHMiHaMH CMepTHOCTH4 zeTei4 B BO3paCTe aO 5 nIeT BJISIOTC riep4HaTa7ibHbie yc- JIOBH5, Bpo)KHeHHbie aHOMaJIHH H <KaH t 31,7 Ka3axcTaH 26,8 MonAoBa __ 23,9 PyMb[HHuS 22,6 POCCH.q w m w -# 21,5 rpy3H.q 19 ,5 ' ApMeHWSA 19,2 YKpawHa 17,4 B6OP MaKeAOHHq _ 15,6 Bonrapmsl 15,1 beinapyCb . * ] 14,8 J1aTBH$ WR 13,6 3CTOHHR 12,4 BOOCHHS1 1 1,4 J1HTBa ^w<- w a 11,2 nonbbwa 10,5 BeHrpmR_ 10,2 CnooaKws 7,774i lo 1 XOpBaTH 9,2 tAexm. 5,7 CnOBeHH. 5,6 I7pumeLiaHue. A,aHHbie Ha 1 TbIC. KHBOpO>K,AeHHbIX. ifCMoLHUK. nOHHCE$, 6a3a AaHHblX npoeKTa MONEE. nlono>eHUe A,eTeA B POCCHACKOA $eAepaLl*. 20 HTorHi COLAUanbHOA nOnHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB H nePCneKTHBbl PHCYHOK 1.11. noKa3aTenm BaKLAHHaL4HH AeTeH B BO3paCTe Ao 2 neT B POCCUH B 1990 H 1999 rr. 100 80 60 Ft _k - X 60 0 f -i EkJ AJ.HcpTepm1 nonmoMmenMT Kopb Ty6epKyne3 H CTOn6HqK 3 1990 * 1999 /ICmOqHUK. MMHHCTePCTBO 3ApaBooxpaHeHHq POCCHUCKOA WeAepaLAmm, 2001. BonIpeKH TeHaeHWHAM, xapaKTepn3yI0mM yaiynmeHne CHTyaiuHH, MaCT0Ta 3a6oJIeBa- HHHA H1 IHX pacrpOCTpaHeI HOCTby aeft, no ztaHHbIM MHHHCTePCTBa 3,apaBOOXpaHeHHA POCCHIICKOII (DeaepauHm (MIH3apaB Pct), pe3KO B03POCJIH (CM. Ta6.j. 1.1), 3TO KaCaeT- CAl Bcex BO3paCTHbIX rpyInn H BceX KaTeropHrl 6ojIe3Heii. 3a 1990-1999 rr. perncTpaulsi 3a6oJIeBaHHfI y geTel B B03paCTe ao 14 iieT yBeJiHHjinacb Ha 23%. fIoKa ewe He O KOHua HOHITHO aeHCTBHe cPaKTOpOB, BbI3bIBaIoHiHX CTOHKHH POCT 3a6o.7ieBaeMoCTH ,jeTeii, TaKHX, Kai 6eaHocTb, n.noxoe rIHTaHHe, 3arpA3HeHHe oKpyKaIo- iireii cpeabi, ciiiwcaioiueecA KaqeCTBO MetHIIHHCKOrO o6cjiyKHBaHHIA, pacnpocTpaHeHHe He3,aOpOBOrO o6pa3a 2KH3HH H T.ni. To >Ke camoe MO)KHO CKa3aTb IH o6 HX BJIHAHHH, HanpH- Mep, Ha nOCeiilaeMOCTb z(eTbMH mKOJIbI, ClIOC06HOCTb K o6y4eHHIO H ero ycnemHoCTb; Ha AONrOBpemeHHbIe H3MeHeHH5 B COCTOSHHH HX 3)JOpOBb5 H nociegyowyio aKTHBHOCTb Ha pbIHKe Tpyaa H KaqeCTBO pa6oTbl, a TaKice Ha HOTpe6HOCTb B yciyrax COUHaJIbHbIX Ta6nnjHa 1.1. PacnpoCTpaHeHHoCTb 6one3HeH y AeTeH B POCCHH B 1994-2000 rr. HOBOpOIKAeHHbie (Ha 10 TbIC. AeTH B BO3paCTe AO 14 neT AeTH B BO3PaCTe 15-17 AeT KmB3opoKgeHHbIX) (Ha 10 TbIC. 4en. (Ha 10 TbIC. qeA. COOTBeTCTByKOLu.erO COOTBeTCTByiOUAero HaceAeHHu) HaceAeHHR) 1994 2000 1994 2000 1994 2000 3 450 5 491 139 970 182 980 105 680 151 140 POCT: 59% POCT: 30,7% POCT: 42% HCTOqHHK. MHHHCTepCTBO 3ApaBooxpaHeHMA POCCHUCKOU $eAepaLHmm, 2001. rnaBa 1. YTO npOHCXOAHAO C 3aLMTOA AeTeA B PoccHu B 1990-e roAbl? 21 cay,ic6 B 6yz(ylleM. K TOMY AKe 4HHopMaaUHA o pacnpe,zeieHl41 3a6ojieBaeMoCTH1, o ee cIaKTopax H nOCjieaCTBHAX B pa3HbIX o6iueCTBeHHo-3KoHoMHt1eCKHx rpynnax rIojiHOCTbIo OTCyTCTByeT. BbIcoKasI 3a6oJIeBaeMOCTb H pacnpOCTpaHeHHe 6ojIe3HerI B POCCIIH yBe.JIHIIHBalOT Ha- Fpy3KY Ha y.*Ke He6oJIbimHe i4 COKpawaioiui4uec o6iuecTBeHHbIe peCypCbi, HanpaBJIsIeMbIe Ha 3,JpaBooxpaHeHHe. B POCCHEH IllHpOKO pacHIpOCTpaHIOTC c 1JHeKHMOHHbIe 3a6ojieBaHI43, KOmOpbie MOIC- no npedynpedumb: my6epKyae3, BIY/CHIHj u umceKliuu, nepeaayou4uecq noflo6blM ny- meM (Vinokur, Godinho, and Nagelkerke, 2001). OCHOBHa5 macca 3a6ojieBIIIHX 1pHXO- aHTC5I Ha jHima pa6oTocnoco6Horo Bo3paCTa. Ho poCCHHCKHM AaHHbIM, 3a6ojieBaeMOCTb B03pOCJIa OT ABYX C HIIHmHHM pa3 (Ty6epKyJIe3) RO HOqTH 60 pa3 (BeHep-iHecKKe 6oAe3- HH). B 1999 r. B PoCCHi 6bIJIO 3aperiCTP4POBaHO 18 TbIC. cJiyqaeB 3apacKeHHA B4pyCOM H4MMYHOzkeHUHTI HTIejiOBeKa, B 2000 r. - 56 TbIC., a B fiepBbie meCTb MeCqH1eB 2001 r. - 43 TbIC. 12 3TII JaHHbIe, HIO-BIlAHMOMy, 3aHiweHbI H He OTpa)KalOT HCTHHHOH OCTpOTbI npo6AeMbi H3-3a BCe BO3paCTaioWief Hec4oeKTHBHoCTH CHCTeMbI OTMeTHOCTH. CoilHajib- HbIii, BKOHOMMqeCKHfi H 'IeJIoBeqeCK4H yiiiep6 OT 3THX 3miHeMHA OrpoMeH: Ka>KbI4 roa TOJIbKO H3-3a Ty6epKyne3a OKOJIO 30 TbIC. 4eaiOBeK yMnpaeT, a ewe y 30 TbIC. BO3HHKaeT Z(OJIrOBpeMeHHaSI HHBaZIHJHOCTb Bo.ie3HH He niaaiT H aLeTeHf. Hlo (aaHHbIM rocKoMCTaTa (2000), y zeTeii B Bo3paCTe ao 14 iieT 3a6ojieBaeMoCTb Ty6epKyJIe3oM YZlBOHJaaCb H ZtOCTH1jIa 17,7 H 19,0 Ha CTO TbICAP- y MaIb'IHKOB H AeBoqeK CooTBeTCTBeHHo. Y HOAPOCTKOB B B03paCTe 15-19 JieT 3a6oJIeBa- eMOCTb BbIpocJIa 6oiee '4eM B ABa pa3a, JOCTH1rHYB 53,5 Ha CTO TbICqIM IOHOiIeH H 34,5 Ha CTO TbICSII IeByymeK (zIaHHbIe 3a 1998 r.). 3a6o.neBaeMocTb CH4¢HJIHCOM y MaJIb'iHKOB B BO3paCTe Jto 14 IieT yBeBiIWH4iaCb C 0,1 B 1991 r. ao 7,9 Ha CTO TbICWI B 1999 r. (Atlq jae- Bo'-eK - 0,1 HI 11,5 COOTBeTCTBeHHO). TaKOil Ke < 3a6oJIeBaeMoCTH 14 y HOZpOCTKOB 15-17 ieT: c 2,7 ao 93,9 H c 8,8 ,ao 300,8 Ha CTO TbICqP 1OHoIIHer H aeByIeK COOTBeTCTBeHHO. He3adpObsbU o6pa3 3CU3HlU. B POCCHH4 He3,aOpOBbIH o6pa3 *KH3HH B paBHOH CTereHIH OXBaTHJI B3pOCJIbIX, HIOApOCTKOB H ieTei. Bce ero HPOIBjIeHHS, BbI3bIBaIOmiHe HaH6OJIb- myIO TpeBOry y o6wieCTBa, - aJIKO[OJII3M, HapKOMaH5IA H KypeHHe, - yCHJ7HBaIOTCI. C'IHTaeTC3, 'ITO B nocieaHee aeCSTHJieTHe a.IKOIOJIH3M HPAMO HJIH KOCBeHHO SBHJICA Oa- HOR H3 OCHOBHbIX npHMHH rpe*KZeBpeMeHHOfI cMepTH COTeH TbICqI pOCCHHCKHX My)KMHH (AKonrAH, Xap'eHKo, MHiiIHeB, 1999), MHJIJIHOHOB HOTepSHHbIX pa6o'4X xaHeH, Heaee- cHoco6HOCTH ceMeR, ,KeCTOKOrO o6paiUeHH5 H 6e3HpaBCTBeHHoro nOBegeHEHA B CeMbAX, 6e3pa3TiiHqisi K ,aeT3M H ,AeTCKOH 6e3HaOL3opHoCTH. Ilo CBez(eHI4M M1HHCTepCTBa 3,apa- BooxpaHeHHI4 Pc), 3a nepHoa c 1994 no 2000 r. ,AOJIA JteTefi B BO3paCTe ,zo 14 JIeT, nonaB- UIHX no,L HaA3OP OpraHOB 393paBooxpaHeHlH B CBSI3H C ynoTpe6JIeHHeM aKOrOJIA, BbIpOC- iia C 12,1 Ao 20,7 Ha 100 TbIC. AoJI IIOApOCTKOB 15-17 IieT, Ha6HiOaaeMbIX B CBA3H CO 3JI0- yHoTpe6JIeHHeM HapKOTHKaMH, TaK)Ke HO'ITHI yaBoHJIaCb, OCT4THFHYB B 2000 r. 151,9 Ha 100 TbIC. B TO )Ke BPeMI cyweCTByeT MHeHHe, YTO HaJ30P OXBaTbIBaeT .lHIfb IaCTb jeTeii H4 HOZpOCTKOB, KOTOpbie Hy>KaalOTCM B IIOMOIIIH. H laaHHbiM B03, B 1997-1998 rr. B Poc- CHH 20% 15-.ieTHHX IOHOIHIIi H 14% 15-jieTHHX XaeBy1ueK, no HX CO6CTBeHHOMY HPH3Ha- 14 HHIO, KYPHJIi ew)KeAHeBHO 3aopo6be Mamepeu. OaIIH H3 Ba*HefimHX noKa3aTeJIei 3Z(OPOBbA )KeHHIHH H COCTOA- HHS4 OXPaHbI HX 3,aOpOBbA - CMepmnOCmb Mamepeu - B rocJieAHee BpeMS yJIyMIIIHJICH, CH1H3HBIH14Cb, Ho oaHHbIM rOCKOMCTaTa , B 2000 r. no 39,7 Ha 100 TbIC. *K4BopoAK2eHHbIX. TeM He MeHee, CMepTHOCTb MaTeperl OCTaeTC5I OaHOH H3 CaMbIX BbICOKHX B perHoHe, HpH 3TOM OHa BbIiHe B ce.1bCKHX pai oHax (51,6), meM B rOPOaCKHX (34,6). BbICOKaA nlolloweHwe AeTeA B POCCHACKOA PeAnepaLtHH. 22 HTorH coAmuanbHoA nonJTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTsBbI cMepTHOCTb MaTepeii ripOTHBBOpeMHT yTBepwaeHHIO, 'ITO IIpaKTHMeCKH BCe pOabI UpoXo- JL5T HOa KOHTpoJIeM rpofeccHOHaioB. OcHoBHbIe rpH'mHHbI MaTepHHCKHx cMepTeH - 3TO OCJIOWKHeHI51 6epeMeHHOCTH 14 pOaOB, a6opTbI H KpOBOTeMeHHA. OCJIOUHeHHB H3-3a a6opTOB HPHBOAIT K 24,2% MaTepHHCKHX CMepTeH, npHMem 68,8% H3 3TOrO 'iHcia CB33a- HbI c a6opTaMH, BbiHOJIHeHHbIMH BHe yIpewcAeHHii 3JtpaBooxpaHeHHIA. Bce 3TO CBHlLe- TeJIbCTByeT o nJIoXoii opraHL3auLIH npeltpOJzOBOFO, pOJaOBoro, focJIepo)oBoro o6CJIyUKCH- BaHHsM H ripepbIBaHH5I 6epeMeHHOcTH. MaJIOKpOBHe H3-3a He,DOCTaTKa ?KeJIe3a, KOTOpbIM B 2000 r. CTpa,aaI4 43,9% XCeHM11H, npepBaBLIIHx 6epeMeHHOCTb (29,2 B 1994 r.), SIBJIAeT- CA 4baKTOpOM, HOBbiuIOalloHM MaTeplHCKYIO CMepTHOCTb. JI2aHHbIe MIHHCTepCTBa 3JApaBooxpaHeHHS yKa3bIBaIOT Ha HH3KYIO CTCneHb HpHMeHe- HU4A COBpeMeHHbIX MeTOIOB KOHTpaUerUHH. fIHIUb OKOJIO 24% )KeH[lHH AeTOPOAHOFO BO3paCTa HOJIb3ylOTCH BHYTpTiMaTOMHbIMH KOHTpauerITHBaMH HuH rOpMOHa.IbHbIMH cpezLCTBaMH. OLHH4M H3 HaH6oJIee pacrpOCTpaHeHHbIX cHoco6OB KOHTpOJIS po>KJIaeMoc- THI OCTaeTC51 a6opT. OGtHaKO, no AaHHbIM MHHHCTepCTBa 3JpaBOOXpaHeHH5, KOJIHMeCTBO a6opToB CHH3HJIOCb C 235,2 B 1993 r. go 179,6 Ha 100 U(HBOPOSKAeHHbIX B 1999 r. H Bce AKe 3TOT HOKa3aTeJIb - CaMbIH BbICOKIIH B peFHOHe EBpOrIbI H UeHTpaAbHoi A3H4; Ha BTOpOM MeCTe BeuopyCclnA - C 140,7 a6OPTOB Ha 100 KHBOpOpoTeHHbIX. A6COjiIOTHOe mIIcio a6OPTOB y jeBO'IeK aO 14 iieT 3a nepHoa 1994-2000 rr. CHH3HJIOCb nOITH B ABa pa- 3a, a y HOrPOCTKOB 15-19 JieT - Ha 37%. JIAs CpaBHCHHSI ciieayeT OTMeTHTb, ITO o6mee tiHCJO a6OPTOB COKpaTH.7IOCb Ha 30%. XOTS o6iijas TeHAeHKHI yMeHbIIeHIHSI '4HCTIa a6op- TOB 6.7iaronpHl4THa, HenJb3B 3a6bIBaTb 0 TOM, YTO HIH BO3POCIfleM qiHcJIe aCTHbIX yMpeWK- IIeHH4, B03MO)KHO, He Bce CJIyMaH a6OPTOB nOnaalIOT B CTaTHICT4KY. Hlumanue. POCCHiiCKHe iHCCJIeZOBaHHSi H HpaKTH4IeCKHI4 OnIbIT CBHJeTeTJbCTBYIOT o6 yXyJiueHIIHH IHTaHHI4 B PoCcii, oco6eHHO C TOWIKH 3PeHHSI C6ajiaHCHPOBaHHOCTH pa- 16 [IHOHa. XOTA AOJIS AeTeH, powAatoW1HXCA C nOHH)KeHHbIM BeCOM , COCTaBJACT 6,6% H He ABJIAeTCA oco6eHHo BbICOKOH, a HaXOa,4TCq nplHMCPHO Ha CpeAHeM ajIA peFlUOHa ypOBHe, aTO ABjieHHe Tpe6yeT BHHMaHHS, riOCKOJIbKy OHO BbI3bIBaeT AeTCKYIO 3a6oie- BaeMOCTb H CMepTHOCTb . 1ccJIejOBaHHS4 aeTCKOrO 3,JOPOBbA H HHTaHH5I B 6eJAHbIX CeMbAX, HPOBeaeHHbIe I4HCTHTYTOM nHTaHH5I POCCIIlCKoii aKaaeMH4 HaYK (2000), no- Ka3aiiH, 'ITO B paLHOHea eTeH B BO3PaCTC ao 6 jieT, K4HBYU14X B 6eaHbIX ceMbAX, iMe- eTCA HeaOCTaTOK 3HepreTH'ieCKoH IueHHOCTH, BHTaMHHOB H MHKPO3JIeMeHTOB. DTH je- TH HejofOJIymaIOT KaJIbUH4 H wene3o, 'ITO TOPM03HT Hx pa3BHTHe. CpejtH aeTeil io- IIKOJIbHOrO H M m UaamerO IKOJIbHOrO BO3PaCTa 3-5% HCTOWeHbI. KOHeiHO, 3Ta ii-upa HeBeJIHKa, HO OHa CBH4LCTeJIbCTByeT O6 OCTpOM HejtoeqaH4H. IHOqTH In.ITaA maCTb BCeX tTeTe B CeMbAX, OTHOCAIUlHXCA K H113LHMey AelJiunO Ho aoXoJtaM, HMIelOT nPH3HaKH ztOJIrOBpeMeHHOrO HejaoeaaHHs. Oco6eHHO TpeBO)KHOf4 TeHiLeHmHeHl ABJIAeTCS iAe44IUHT HOja, CBSI3aHHbIlI C HH3KHM HOTpe6JieHmeM HOatHpOBaHHOH COJIH, Ha KOTOPYIO, HO qaHHbIM IOHHCE(D , HPHXOZLHT- C5A OKOJIO 1/4 o6iuero HOTpe6JIeHH5I COJIH (4o 1990 r. BCI COJIb HtOZkpOBaJIaCb). tIozi >KH3- HeHHO Ba)eH a.TiA pa3BHTIIS MO3raF eTeH B yTpO6e MaTepH H B CaMOM paHHeM B03paCTe. Cepbe3HbIiM ,ecHUHT iHoaa MO)KeT HIplHBOaHTb K yMCTBeHHOH OTCTajiOCTH pe6eHKa H, cie- ,4OBaTeJIbHO, K HH3KOH ycHeBsaeMOCTH B IHKOJIe H 3aMezJlieHHIO pa3BHTHsI.J pyrOft OCTPOII npO6JIeMorl sIBJIMeTCA aeI4UHlUT KceIie3a H CBA3aHHOe C HiiM MaJIOKpOBHe, oco6eHHo y 6e- pcMeHHbIX wKeHIUHH H zeTeiT. Y eTeii B pe3yJIbTaTe 3Toro pa3BHBaeTCSA BSIJOCTb, yXygiua- eTCSI BHHiMaTeJIbHOCTb, WTO B CBOIO OIepeab HeraTHBHO BJlmHeT Ha HX CHiOCo6HOCTb K o6y- MeHHIO H COCTOsAHme 3,aOPOBbA B IienoM. 3TH BOIpOCbI OTHOCSATCSI rJIaBHbIM o6pa3oM K KOMrieTeHLHH OpraHOB yHipaBJIeHH3SI 3,apaBOOXpaHeHHeM H1 MOryT 6bITb peiiieHbI 6e3 BC- [naBa 1. LTo npo"cxogm,ino C 3aU.WTOA AeTeA B POCCuH B 1990-e roAbl? 23 HOJIb3OBaHH5I JoporOCTOMI11HX CpeaCTB -HyTeM HiiOApOBaHHsI COnJI H o6oraIjIeHHI nilIe- H1-11bl )Kejie3OM. 1.2.3. 06pa306aHue: UiUpOKUu aocmyn Kc iamabbHOMy u cpeaneMy o6pa30eanulo O6pa3oBaHHe - OAHO 143 OCHOBHbIX rpaB 'ejiOBeKa, OHO HrpaeT BaXKHYIO POJIb B (fOpMH- pOBaHHH MeJIOBsMeCKorO KaHrHTalIa. POCCHA yHacJiejoBaiia CHICTeMy, KOTopaAI o6ecne-4u- BaJia IUHpOKIIH qOCTYlI K o6pa3oBaHrIO He3aBHCHMO OT 3THlimeCKOA HIpHHaajieXKHOCTH, noJia H reorpa¢HeCKoro MeCTOHaIxo?KJeHHlS, a TaKiKe Bb1COKIIf YPOBeHb yue6HbIX JOCTH- )KeHII H nOqTH 100-npoueHTHyIO rpaMOTHOCTb. C CaMOrO Ha'a:ia pejopM CeKTOP o6pa3OBaHI4A B POCCHI CTOJIKHYTICA C OFpOMHbIMH TpyAHOCThMI, cpeall KOTOpbIX 6bIO peailbHoe coKpatueHne o6n-ecTBeHHbIx 3aTpaT Ha o6pa30Bal-le, aeueHTpaJH3aumA ynpaBJIeHH4s o6pa3oBaHHem H ero 4HIHaHCHpOBaHH4I, BOIlpOCbI OCTH>KeHH4I BbICOKOrO KaleCTBa II COOTBeTCTBIlA xapaKTepa 06y"eHHS HOBbIM Tpe6OBaH-IIIM pbIHO'IHOf4 3KOHOMHKII. /i(ocmynuOCmb o6pa306a-ufw. 1MeIOIIIHecSI all-HHbIe CBiiaeTeSjbCTBY1OT 0 TOM, 'ITO B POCCtH j0o nociieaHero BpeMeHII COXpaHAeTCA EIIIpOKIIII 7OCTyn K o6pa3OBaHmIO. Ojk- HaKO OTCYTCTBIIe HaaeKHOrI CTaTHICTHKH He HO3BOJSieT TOqHO OTBeTHTb Ha BorIpoc, H3Me- HiiJIaCb JIII CHTyauI C imaaiia repexojHoro repHoga, I ecJIIIH 13MeHHIJIaCb, TO KaKOB 6biJI xapaKTep HepeMeH. ,[OCTyrIHOCTb o6pa30BaHlsi o6blItHO H3MepAeTCI npOueHTOM OXBaTa HaCeTIeHHS4 o6- pa30BaHHeM onpe4eTieHHoro YPOBHRI (IfOEIKOJIbHOrO, o6u3aTeJIbHOrO H HeO6sI3aTeJIb- HOrO, riplIqeM B lieO6A3aTeJIbliOe BXOaIHT lOJIHOe CpeJHee, HpOcleCCHOHajIbHOe H BbICiiiee o6pa3OBaHmie). 3a IICKJIio1eH4eM aOllKKOJIbHOrO o6pa3OBaHlIs, OcPHuLIajibHal pOCCHfHCKaA CTaTIlCTHKa He HPIHBO)jIT TaKoro pojta aaHHblx. TaK>Ke HeT apymHX aaHHbIX, OTHOCAMIIX- C51 K pa6OTe CHlCTeMbI o6pa3OBaHIlA, TaKIIX, KaK noceluaeMOCTb 3aHAITHI, OTCeB y-MaLLIHx- CAI, BTOpOrOgHH'eCTBO H KO3(4HiIiieHT OKOHMHBIIIHX y'-e6HbIe 3aBejeHHA. Bonee TOrO, npeaCTaBJIAeTCA, 'TO aaHHbIe o6 oxBaTe o6pa3OBaHBieM He riy6JIHKOBajIHCb H B COBeTCKoe BpeM5A (MO PCD, 2001). HTo6bl peIHHTb 3Ty ipo6IieMy, MO)KHO 14CHOJIb3OBaTb 3apy6e)K- HbIe 1CTO-HIIHKH, HO B H4X .JI7ISI OJ,HOrO H TOrO wKe YPOBHAl o6pa3OBaHlsI IPHBOQASITCS 311a- HlTeSJbHO pa3JIHIaKMlIIeCS IaHHbIe. /Jo0wKoAbHoe 6ocnumanue HimeeT 60JIbmIIOe 3Hal-leHHe He TOJIbKO ,JIsI OBJIaLeHIgHsI -ia- HSI4MH B )laJIbHef4iHeM, OHO TaKxe noHQLrOTaBJlI1BaeT ,AeTeI K KI313H4 B O6uXecTBe H aaeT B03MO)KHOCTb 1IX MaTepAIM pa6OTaTb. HecMOTpA Ha 3HwilTe.JIbHbIe pa3JI1'-111A MeeKjy ro- pO,jOM H aepeBHell -l MiteKy pa3JIHqHbIMH4 perHioHaMli, 60JIbIU0H OXBaT JOIIIKOJIbHbIM BOCnHlTaHHIcM 6bIJI OaHOil 113 OTJ14l'iTeJIbHbIX IepT POCCHICKOiH CHICTeMbI o6pa3OBaHHl4. B Te'eHile 1990-x rOaOB, Ho alIHHbIM M1HHCTePCTBa o6pa3OBaHH.A, CHTyauIH yXyaMH- JIaCb: o6mI OXBaT ae`e4 B BO3paCTe ,ao 6 neT ,AOHlKOJ1bHbIMH y'pe;K,jeHnAMH ynaSi c 66,4% B 1990 r. ao 54,9% B 2000 r. (MO PD), 2001). 3TO iaaelite o6bslCHAeTCA 3a- KpbITH4eM HCKOTOpbIX JOHIKOJIbHbIX yMpei4KaeHHi, paHee HpHHaajieiKaBJHJX npeAnpHA- TIIAM (OTMeiaeTCM, -TO B 60JIbL4HHCTBe cJIyiaeB 3aKpbITHe HPOHCXO0IHT HpH nepegawe 20) 3TIIX yipeRKaeHHff B BeeleHie MyHmUHajilHTeTOB ), a TaK>Ke CHlHellHeM y POalTen6i B03MO)KHOCTII oJI-iIiBaTb y'-e6y. OXBaT AOIUKOJIblbIM BOCHHTaHTHeM JeIKHT B Hpeae- :iax OT 8,4% B PeCny6JilIKe I4HfyII-eTlHlH 11 19,4% B PeCHy6JIH4Ke aarecTaH ao 78,7% B Pecly6JIIIKe KoMm. no,noweHme AeTeA B POCCUUCKOA WeAepaLuMM. 24 HlTorm coL,uaAbHoA nofHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTsBbI YqHTbIBaS, 'TO MepbI COUHaIIbHOH 3a[UHTbI (OTHYCK no 6epeMeHHoCTH H HO yXoay 3a pe6eHKoM, CM. rmaBy 3) COKpaiIialOT OXBaT ,AOIKOJIbHbIM BOCHHTaHHeM, IejIecoo6pa3HO paccmaTP1BaTb ero HO OTHoII1eHHIO K aeTAM cTapIIeFo BO3paCTa. HIo AaHHbIM 10H14- CEWD, o6wHiij OXBaT JROLIKOJ1bHbIM BOCHH4TaHHeM ReTei B BO3paCTe OT 3 ,ro 6 JieT B 1999 r. CoCTaBJIIji 63,1%, CHH3HBIIIMCb C 72,6% B 1990 r. (UNICEF, 2001). Ho CBe,LeHHAM rOC- KOMCTaTa (FOCKOMCTaT, 2000), OXBaT aOlIIKOJbHbIM BOCrIHTaHHiM aeTefi B B03paCTe OT 1,5 go 3 nieT 3a 1990-1999 rr. COKpaTHJICAI c 21,1 ao 17,1%, ITO MoX(eT OT'aCTH OTpaaKaTb B03- pOCmIHIH YPOBeHb 6e3pa6OTHIlbI cpeAH MOIfoabIX ,KeHIllHH. B TO *e BpeMS OXBaT geTeii B BO3paCTe 3-6 JieT yBejiHmqi4.ic c 78,2 ,o 82,1% (B iHC4ieHHOCTb B03paCTHO Frpyrnbi 3- 6 iieT BHeceHa rionpaBKa Ha 6-JIeTHHX JgeTe i, OXBsaeHHbIX Ha'ajibHbIM o6pa3OBaHHeM, H1 3THM MOrYT 06bSACHSTbCS pa3JIiHSA Me)Kay aaHHbIMH rOCKOMCTaTa 14 IOHICEct). HalawlbIioe u nenoAnioe cpeanee o6pa63oeaue. IOHIHCE(D HnPIBOJHT pac,IeTbI oxBaTa HaceIieHHS IIKOJIbHbIM o6pa3oBaHHeM (o6niHe eaHHbIe) B POCCH4 B 1990-1999 rr., B CO- OTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpbIMH OXBaT HeHOJIHbIM Cpe)IHHM o6pa3OBaHHeM (Bo3paCT 7-15 nIeT) CHH3HJ7CA c 90 ao 88,8% 21; Rjus HOJIHoro cpeaHero o6pa3OBaHHs (Bo3paCT 15-18 nieT) OH COKpaTHJICA c 74,9 io 69,7%; a RsI BbiCuerO o6pa3oBaHHA (Bo3paCT 19-24 roaa) B03pOC c 24,6 io 31,4% (UNICEF, 2001, p. 181). Ho pac'eTaM EBponeiiCKoFO cioHaa o6pa3OBa- HHS (ETF) (C OFOBOpKOH 0 HeIHOJIHOTe aaHHbIX), B 1997 r. npHMepHo 61,8% MoJioabIx .mo,aeil B BO3paCTe 14-19 nIeT nojiy'anjH o6pa3OBaHHe H4im npaKTHweCKoe o6y'eHHe (ETF, 2000, p. 17). Haia7ib,oe o6pa3o6auue. Ha HepBbIHi B3FJIAI Ka)KeTCS, 'TO COCTaBJ5IIOIIIHHI 90% 'qHC- TbIH nofKa3aTeab oxBaTa o6pa3OBaHmeM COOTBeTCTByeT LLuHpe, noJIyIeHHOH IOHHICE(ID. OQtHaKo B pac'eTax HCflOJIb3OBaHbI taaHHbIe o pa3HbIX BO3paCTHbix rpynnax. 90-npoueHT- HbIH OXBaT, no RLMS, KacaeTCS BO3paCTHOii rpynnbI OT 6,io 14 jieT, OTpa)KaA TOT (PaKT, 'TO HeKOTOpbIe ieTTI B POCCHH Ha'HHaIOT IIKOJIbHoe o6y'eHHe B 6 neT, T.e. Ha roia paHb- mIe ROCTH)KeHm5 7-neTHerO BO3paCTa, YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO 3aKOHOM. CneitoBaTe.lbHo, ecnCJH 6bI pac'eTbI 6bIjH4 ciejiaHb aJIA zteTell OT 7 ao 14 iieT, nOKa3aTeJIb 6bLTI 6bI Bbiiiie. 3To rOitTBep)KaeTCSA H o6bSCHeHmeM npH'IHH, nO KOTOpbIM AeTH He XOiAT B HIKOJy: 90,51% He OXBa'eHHbIX o6yqeHHeM , a emie 5,11% He OXBa'e- HbI o6y'eBHeM H3-3a cnIa6orO 3it0pOBbs. C "IeTOM 3Toro MO)KHO C'HTaTb, 'TO aOCTYrH K Ha'aJlbHOMY o6pa3OBaHm1o B POCCH1 HOC4T npaKTH'eCKH Bceo6UiHH xapaKTep. Bonee TOFO, KaK BHiAHO Ho pe3yjibTaTaM, npegCTaBAeHHbIM B Ta6ji. 1.2, He cyiueCTByeT 3Ha'HMbIx pa3JIH'iH Ho HOJIOBOMY HpH3HaKy HJIH Ho MeCTY npO)KHBaHHS (ropoi/ceno), XOTSI UIIH- pbI ,tai MOCKBbl H CaHKT-HleTep6ypra, a TaKK KeJIAS Frpynn C BbICOKHM YPOBHeM pacxo- AiOB HeCKOJIbKO Bblmie cpeiHHX HO CTpaHe, 'ITO rOBOpHT 0 TOM, 'ITO 3TH aeTH, B03MOJKHO, Ha'iHHaIOT Yl'HTbCS paHbiue, meM HX CBepCTHHKH. CpeaHee o6pa306aHue. )JaHBbie no cpeRHeMy o6pa3OBaHHlO ToAKe noJIo)KHTeJIbHbl: 70% ,eTeil B BO3paCTe OT 15,ao 17 IieT 6bIJIH OXBa'eHbI 06y'eH4eM. 143 TeX, KTO He y'Hji- CS B cpeRHeA mKoKie (30,28% iaHHOR BO3pacTHOH rpyHnbI), 57,72% (wiH 17,8 ripoieHT- HbIX IyIHKTOB) roJIyla'7IH o6pa3OBaHie B By3aX HITH B npOC1eCCHOHajibHbIX yIHJTHLax, 8% pa6OTanH, 4,7% He pa6oTaArn H He XOTe7iH pa6OTaTb, y 6% 6bIJio nnoxoe 3itOPOBbe wnH oco6oe ceMeAHoe no7ioweHHe (OTHyCK no 6epeMeHHOCTH HnIH yxoity 3a pe6eHKOM, Beie- HHe AomaMHero Xo35THCTBa H T.H.), a 17,45% (HiH 5,3 riOpoeHTHbIX nyHKTa) 6bTIJH 6e3pa- 60THbIMH H ICKaniH pa6oTy. B HejioM, no pe3y.7bTaTaM RLMS, OKOJIo 88% 15-17-neTHHx 6bIJIH OXBa'CHbI CHCTeMOiH 06yieHHA. 14MeIOTCS O'eHb cnia6bie pa3AjI'4HSA HO HOJIOBOMy H1pl43HaKy, _aeBYKH OXBa'eHbI 06y'eHieM MeHbine, 'eM IOHOHH. 3Ha'i4MbIx pa3wiHiH B OXBaTe o6y'IeHHeM jin rpyinnrH C pa3JIH1HHbIMH aOXOaaMH H aTIS FOPOACKOIo H ce.7bCKO- rAaBa 1. LTo nPOHCXOAHAO C 3aLLkTOA AeTeA B Poccuu B 1990-e rOAbI? 25 ro HacejieHI4A He Ha6jioz(aeTCAI. Q,aHaKo Aii MOCKBbl 1I CaHKT-JleTep6ypra xapaKTepeH 6owiee BbICOKHi OXBaT no cpaBHeH4IO c apyHMH4 rOpoQICKHMH4 H CenjbCKHMH pa4OHaMH. 3TOT pe3yJIbTaT TaKX(e CBHLeTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, tITO HipOUeHT yMamHXCA, OKOHMHBHHX CpeC,HIO1O IKOJIy, aOCTaTOMHO BbICOK. DT1 zkaHHbie rOBOpAT 0 TOM, YTO B 1lejiOM 2IOCTyHl K o65I3aTeJIbHOMy (Ha,Ia.bHOMy H HerOJIHOMY CpeaHeMy) o6pa3OBaHrno Bce ewe He ABJIAeTCA cyIyeCTBeHHoiH Hpo6ieMoH B POCCIIII. 1.2.4. Oco6ble 6UDbt pucKa Pe3KHe 3KOHOMHMCCKHe H COuHJaIbHbIe H3MeHeHH5, KOTOpbIe POCCHAI npeTepneiia B 1 990-e rox4bi, o6yCJIOBHJIH 3HatIHTeJlbHYIO Harpy3KY Ha CeMbH H OCo6eHHO HaAeTer4, BbI- 3bIBa5 pa3pyimeHie TpaHJJHOHHOH CTPYKTYPbI CeMbH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B aOHOJIHeHHe K CllCTCMHbIM pHICKaM, pOCCHHCKHle ,eTH TaKKe CTaJIKHBaIOTCH C UeJibIM pAROM B03paCTa- IOiiiHX OCO6bIX pHCKOB, B TOM HcjIEe c PHCKOM CHpOTCTBa, C pllCKOM JIHIHHITbCSI ceMeHHO- rO BOCHHTaHHI4 (T.e. noMemIeHH5 B BOCnHTaTeJlbHOe y"pewKzteHHe), C pmCKOM MCHbITaTb OTCYTCTBHe ceMeHHOH 3a6OTbI, HaCHmIie, wKeCTOKOe o6pameHHe B CeMbe, C p1CKOM CTaTb 6e3aOMHbIMH. Jluwenue podume.bcKo0o yxoaa. 3a nocJIegHHe 10 iieT 'IHCJIO ZeTeiH, OCTaBI1HXCA 6e3 norelIeHHl5 pOaHTeJIeii, B03pOCJIO B POCCHHI Ha 40,3%, JOCTHrHYB B 2000 r. 663 TbIC. 'e- JIOBeK, HJIH HOtITH 2% Bcero aLeTCKOrO HacejieHl4A. DTOT IOKa3aTenJb TaKLKe pacTeT H3 ro- ,a B ro,: B 2000 r. MHCJieHHOCTb geTeH, .iHmeHHbIX pOaHTeJIbCKOfi 3a6OTbI, 6bIIa B 2,5 pa- 3a 60JwbmIme, 'eM B 1990 r. BOJHbIIIHCTBO 3TH4X geTeR ABJIHIOTCA COIHajibHbIMm CHpOTaMH (HMe]OT no KpaAHeH mepe OaHOrO )KHBOrO pOaHTeiiq). TaKOA pOCT HpOpHCXOamT Ha fOHe pe3Koro COKpaiueHHS pOK,ZIaeMOCTH H COOTBeTCTByIOWerO COKpalWeHH5 o6IlIei MHcjIeH- HOCTH ,TeTef B POCCHH. KIucmumyzjuonu3azuAs1 - nuwuenue ceme~uozo eocnumanuA. B 2000 r. OKOJIO 400 TbIC. pOCCHiHCKHX ZLeTeH IOCTOAHHO HpO>KHBaJIlH B aeTCKHX JOMaX H aPYFHX HHTep- HaTHbIX ympew,aeHHAX B CBAI3H C CIpOTCTBOM, HHBaJIH,ZHOCTbIO HJII 6eZLHOCTbIO . XOTSI 6OJIbIHJ4HCTBO jeTeH, OCTaBIUHXCA 6e3 roreMieHlA pOAHTeierH, iOMeiiIOTCA B CeMeiHbie YCJIOBHA HnyTeM yCbIHOBjieHMA, nepee3,ja K POACTBeHHHKaM (noi oneKy HJ Hnoneq4Tenb- CTBO) HJiJ nepexo,za B npHeMHbIe CeMbH, YCTPOACTBO OKOJIO 27% CBA3aHO C HHCTHTYLIH- OHaAJbHbIMH cbopMaMm. BoAee Toro, 3a 3TO aTeCHTHJIeTHe B y"pewKeHHS C HOCTOSIHHbIM HrPO)HBaHmeM HanpaB]ISUIOCb Bce 6o0mbime ,eTeH: npfHMePHO 29% BHOBb HOCTyHHBIHHIX B 2000 r. HPOTHB 22,5% B 1990 r. Eiwe 8,6% HaXOH4JIOCb B IPHIOTaX BpeMeHHoro coaep- wKaHHS4 B oAKHizkaHIHH HaripaB7ieHHA (B 1990 r. He 6blJIO HH OaHOrO BHOBb nOCTyHH4BuierO, KOTOpbIH He 6bIJI 6bI cpa3y HarpaBjieH Ho MeCTy BOCrHTaHHSA). JOMHMO aeTe,.7 JIHIeIeH- HbIX yxo.a B POQIHbIX CeMbAX, HOBbIiIeHHbMi PHCK roiaaTaHMA B y'pe-)Kae1HHA C HOCTOSIH- HbIM HPOK4HBaHHeM yrpo)KaeT AeTAM-HHBaJIHaaM (oco6eHHO YMCTBeHHO OTCTaJIbiM) H 7eTAM H3 6eAHbIX H He6iiaroHOIyY-HibIx ceMeH. BOCIIHTaHHe B TaKHX yMpewaeHHIx, KaK J1OKa3aHO 3MHHpH4eCKH, BpeaHO He TOJIbKO aJ.I pa3BHTHSI pe6eHKa, HO H aJI ero cioco6- HOCTII K aRaaTaiUH K .WH3HeHHbIM YCIOBHAM B RaAbHeHiieM. Hacunue u mcecmoKoe o6pauNenue a CeMbe. CHCTeMaTH'IeCKOA 1HHOpMaiHm HO 3TOMY BOrpOCY HeT. CBeaeHHM 0 KOHKpeTHblX HpOqB.IeHH4AX 3aCTaBJIAHOT rpeaJtOJIO)KHTb mac- TbIe HlpO5IB.7ieHIA HaCIHJIHSA, )KeCTOKOCTHI 1H OTCYTCTBiHe 3a6OTbI 0 oeTAX, oCo6eHHO B CeMb- siX, rze OaHB H iH o6a poa4Te.7iA aJIKoroFn4HKH. HegaBHee o6cieaoBaH4e, HPOBeaeHHoe cpe,ai AHpeKTOpOB ILKOJI B HeCKOJIbKHX perHOHaX, HOZTBepwaaeT 3TOT BbIBOJz: 72,9% on- Ta6mHua 1.2. MHCTbIe YPOBHH oxBaTa O6pa3OBaHHeM B POCCHH B 1998 r. (% no COOTBeTCTBYIOIMHM B03PaCTHblM rpynnaM)) BO3paCTHble rpynnbi (eO3paCT, neT) 06LtH H o61beM MecTo AYweBbiX npo)Km- 3-6 7-10 11-15 7-15 16-17 18-24 pacxOAOB BaHHA KBHHTHnbHOM rpynnu AOWXKonbHoe HamanbHoe HenonHoe HO+ nlonHoe Bbicwee BocnHTaHHe o6pa3oBaHme cpeAHee HCO cPOAHee o6pa3osaHHe (AtB) (HO) o6pa30saHHe o6pa3oBaHHe (BO) Bcero nco BO Bcero nco BO Bcero (HCO) (nCO) HM3waRq ropoA 88,46 97,85 100,00 78,11 19,74 0,43 98,28 59,46 29,73 89,19 8,13 13,01 21,14 s Ceno 54,55 98,67 97,67 77,85 19,46 0,67 97,99 60,00 10,00 70,00 8 22 9,59 17,81 O Bcero 72,92 98,21 99,25 78,01 19,63 0,52 98,17 59,70 20,90 80,60 8,16 1,73 19,90 5 BTOpaR rOPOA 81,82 97,14 94,83 74,55 21,21 1,21 96,97 71,79 12,82 84,62 0,58 22,22 22,81 8 Ceno 45,45 94,64 100,00 74,24 22,73 0,00 96,97 56,76 13,51 70,27 1,27 8,86 10 13 S Bcero 69,70 96,03 97,09 74,41 21,89 0,67 96,97 64,47 13,16 77,63 0,80 18,00 18,80 D TpeTbR rOPOA 71,43 95,95 100,00 74,02 22,06 1,96 98,04 48,72 46,15 94,87 2,72 23,81 26,33 V O CeAO 94,12 97,78 100,00 73,50 23,93 0,85 98,99 34,38 28,13 62,50 5,00 18,33 23,33 O 0 Bcero 77,97 96,64 100,00 73,83 22,74 1,56 98,13 42,25 38,03 80,28 3,83 22,22 25,60 ' LYeTBepTaS ropoA 80,65 94,94 98,18 72,47 23,60 1,12 97,19 62,16 24,32 86,49 1,41 26,76 28,17 O Ceno 78,57 90,63 100,00 70,24 26,19 0,00 96,43 69,57 4,35 73,91 0,00 20,00 20,00 Bcero 80,00 93,69 98,82 71,76 24,43 0,76 96,95 65,00 16,67 81,67 0,99 24,75 25,74 x P BbICw]aS roPOA 85,19 100,00 96,92 81,41 14,74 2,56 98,72 70,37 25,93 96,30 4,08 32,65 36,73 5 H Ceno 100,00 100,00 100,00 67,92 28,30 1,89 98,11 60,00 30,00 90,00 2,63 13,16 15,79 _ XD Bcero 88,24 100,00 97,59 77,99 18,18 2,39 98,56 67,57 27,03 94,59 3,87 28,65 32,43 tW Bcero ropoA 80,59 97,11 98,28 76,07 20,41 1,39 97,86 62,01 27,93 89,94 3,15 23,97 27,12 O9 CeAO 68,29 96,46 99,44 73,83 23,18 0,56 97,57 54,55 15,91 70,45 3,55 13,55 17,10 X Bcero 76,59 96,86 98,67 75,25 21,41 1,09 97,76 58,84 22,83 81,67 3,27 20,87 24,13 0 z 00 w X COKpaULeHHN. AO - AOWKOAbHOe s0CnHTaHHe (B AeTCKOM caAy); HO - Ha4aAbHoe o6pa3O8aHHe (1-4 KAaCCbl); HCO - HenOHOe CpeAHee o6pa3OBaHme (5-9 Knaccbl); nco - nonHoe cpeAHee o6pa3osaHHe; BO - BblCwee o6pa3OBaHHe. X D nptMeLaHHe. Ha4anbHoe H HenOAHOe cpeAHee o6pa3OBa4He B POCCHACKOU 0eAepPa4U R^MReTCR o6R3aTeAbHbIM. YPOBHH oxBaTa y4tTbiBaKOT KaK o6Luee, TaK H -D npo4OecCMHanbHoe o6pa3oBaHme. lcmoqHuK. RLMS, 8 PaYHA, 1998 r. W rAaBa 1. LTO npowcxoAuio c 3aXLATOA AeTeA B PoccHu B 1990-e roAbl? 27 poIjeHHbIX AHpeKTOPOB coo6IIunH, 'ITO HM riHplXOHJIOCb npHHHMaTb Mepbi AIA 3aILLHTbl /aeTe1 OT 6e3pa3JIHqHOrO OTHOiieHHS K HHM poAHTeieii, a 32,2% paccKa3aniH o cjiyqaAx, KOr,aa HM IPHXOnHJIOCb 3aXlHiuaTb aeTeH OT 4PH3HqeCKOrO HaCHJIHA CO CTOpOHbI HX pOaH- TeJiell (MOP(I), 2001c, p. 143). TpYAHO orpeAeJIHTb, yBeHiHqnJICA JIH, H HaCKOJIbKO, 3TOT pHCK, nIOCKO.IbKy 3Ta TeMa 6bIjia 3aKpbITa aJIs ny6JnHqHoro o6cyT'aeHHsA . rlpo6.neMy aKTHBHO o6cyKc- AaIOT H OCBeiitaIOT cpeaCTBa MaCCOBOri HHcIopMauiHH. Be3Haa3opHbIe H 6ecnpH30pHbIe ,aeTH (KoTopbIe AKHByT H HPOBOaAT 6onbaiHyIo 'acTb BpeMeHH Ha yjiUle) - 3TO zLeTH, KO- TOpbIe He riOjiyqalOT HIOMOIIIH OT CeMbH H HaXOJ15ITCA BHe CHCTeMbI COHaAbHO-ripaBOBOH 3aIUHTbI. B CyIIHOCTH, 3TO COUHaJIbHbIe C14pOTbI, XOTH oHiujHaAbHO OH4 TaKOBbIMM He nIpI3HaIlOTCSA. Ix 'iHcieHHOCTb TO'IHO He onpeaeAeHa, oHa oIeHHBaeTCA B )iara3OHe OT 100-200 TbIC. Ao 2,5 H Raae 4 MnH geTeR. TaKHe IlHcpbI HH'leM He noATBep(aKeHbI. HIo O1IeHKaM MHHHCTePCTBa BHYTpeHHHX Jten POCCHiiCKOii c)egepaiUmi, IHcjieHHOCTb pOCCHrICKHX 6e3aOMHbIX 2eTeA H aeTerl, KOTOpbIe rIpOBOSIT 66J0lbIlyiO MaCTb BpeMeHH Ha YAHlue no pa3JIHMHbIM HPHlMHHaM (pa6oTaioniHe, y6exaBlnlle H3 2aoMa, HcKiiOMeHHbI eH3 flKOJIbIb, OCTaBuiJHCA 6e3 pOAHTeJIbCKOrO HaX3opal H T.II.), COCTaBS1AeT OKOIO 150 TbIC. 'e- JIOBeK. OaHaKO Hage*HbIe OIeHKH 'iHC.ieHHOCTH 6e3J0OMHbix AeTeiH OTCyTCTByIOT. Ycyry6JInIolIYocA npo6JieMy 6e3Ha,3opHbIx H 6ecnpH3OpHbIX aeTeE MOWKHO B nep- ByIO o'epeAb CB513aTb C OTPHLIaTeJIbHbIMH HOCJieaCTBHAMH pe3KHX 3KOHOMHMeCKHX H CO- UHaAbHbIX H3MeHeHHfi B 1990-e roitbi, KOTOpbIe cnoco6CTBOBajiH pocTy Hcjia He6iaro- IIOAyY`HbIX H pacnaBIuIxXCA ceMeri, a TaKX(e ocAa6jieHHIo H He3c"eKTHBHOCTH qJOpMaThb- HbIX H Hec¢OpMajIbHbIX MexaHH3MOB o6LIUeCTBeHHoH HIrozAepXKH H 3aIlHTbI CeMbH H ,aeT- CTBa. OaHaKO HezaBHee o6oCTpeHle 3TO npo6ieMbi H ee HarJIsAHocTb, oco6eHHo B ro- PO,aCKHX ieHTpax, MOKHO OTHeCTH 3a C'eT Toro, 'ITO HeKOTOpbIe H3MeHeHHAI BHOCHJIHCb B CHCTeMy 3aIUHTbI AeTeHi 6e3 ,aOJDKHOrO HiaHHPOBaHH5 H 6e3 4)OpMHpOBaHHS Heo6xoaH- MbIX HHCTHTyTOB. HeCKOAbKO neT Ha3aA 6bIjiH cnpaBeanHBO OTMeHeHbI IOIHOMOHIAI MHHICTePCTBa BHyTpeHHHX itea Ha noMeiLieHHe 6e3HajA3opHbIx H 6ecHpH3opHbIx AeTeA B 'Ipe*)K1eHMA BpeMeHHOrO coaepACaHHs. Ho BO MHOFHX perHoHax, B TOM 'Hcnie H B MOCKBe, 3T0 H43MeHeHHe He corpOBO)laaJIOCb HajaKIHBBaHHM em SeTenjbHOCTH CO1JH- anJbHbIX pa6OTHHKOB, UeHTPOB COUHaJIbHOii HOMOIUH H coULHaJbHoro o6CJIYKIIBaHHI5, HpHIOToB. He 6bI1IO npeayCMOTpeHO H BpeMeHHbIX peIeHHH. Bce 3TO, Hapqay C o6IHMm OTCYTCTBHeM MepoHpHSATHA nO CHH;KeHi4O PICKa H CMALMeHHIO HanIPAKAeHHSI B rOTeHUH- ajIbHO He6JiaroIIoAy'IHbIx CeMbXx, npHBeJIO K yBe7iH'qeHHIO 'IHCAeHHOCTH aeTeA, *HBy- IUIHX Ha ynjHue. rJIaBa 2. KaKiHe 4aKTOpbI BJI4LJI14 Ha rIOJIOxKeHiHe eTeH B 1990-e ro/bI? flpOaOJrDKHTeJlbHbIH 3KOHoMiMeCKHr4 cnazL H4 6blCTpbIe coUHajibHbIe H3MeHeHHS3, xapaK- TepHbi e,ajSI POCCHH B TeMeHHe 1990-x rOaOB, Bbl3BaJIl 3HaMHTejibHOe ycH.lIeHHe CHCTeM- HbIX H CHieuHcPIMeCKHX pHCKOB H B TO Ke BpeMI ocjia6H.7nIi CHOCo6HOCTb pOCCHiCKHX ce- Meil Ci-ipaBJITbCI C pHCKaMi, a TaKiKe BO3MOXKEHOCTb rocyaapcTBa OKa3bIBaTb CCMbIM Cy- iICeCTBeHHYIO H 3+teKT4BHyio nogep.AKKy. B 3Tf0i riaBe paccmaTpIBaEOTCq TPH rpynHbl 41aKTOpOB, OKa3aBlIIHX OTpHHlaTeJbHoe BO3z(efiCTBHe Ha 6JiaronoiyMqHe z(eTefl B POCC4H4 B 1990-e rOgbI: 1) coKpamieHi4e ripO43BQTjCTBa H COOTBeTCTBYIOIui4e OTpHI4uaTeJbHbIe H3- MeHeHH5I Ha PbIHKe pa6oMerI C4JIbl, KOTOpbie yXyaIIHJIi maTep aJibHoe 6jiarocOcTOHH4e MHOFHX poCCHICKHX CeMel C caeTbMH; 2) pe3KHe H3MeHeHI45I B geMorpa41HH H 41OpMHpO- BaHHH ceMefl, KOTOpbie cCoco6CTBOBaJl4 H.3MeHeHI4O COCTaBa pOCCIIHCKHX ceMelH H CHH- 34JIH B03MO)KHOCTH HX 3a6OTbl 0 CBOHX aeTsx; 3) HeaaeKBaTHbie rOzXOJIbI B CTpaXOBa- HHH1, KOTOpbie Ho 6OJIbLlleg qaCTH He HO3BOJIHJIH CHH3HTb H1IH4 CrJIa,z(iTb pa3jiHqHbie CHC- TeMHbie H crieUH41HweCKi4e pUCKH, TaK wKe KaK H HOMOMb CeMbSM CripaBTbC5 C OTpHi4a- TeTIbHbIMH rOCJie,aCTB4SIMH 41aKTHqeCKH peaJn430BaBllIuXCq pHCKOB. 2.1. HH3KHe AOXOAbI H 60nbwoe HepaBeHCTBO KEio'-eBbIMI 4eTepMHHaHTami 6IJarococTOHHI4 HaceiieHHI IBJI5OTCI ypOBeHb (OXOJaOB H xapaKTep ero pacnpelaeJIeHHI4. PoccHS mcnbITaJIia OHOBpemeHHoe CH)K4eHi4e peabHbiX JtOXO,aOB H pe3KHr pOCT HepaBeHCTBa. COOTBeTCTBeIHO, 6e,aHOCTb npH4o6peJia m1pOKoe pacnPOCTpaHe H 6OJIbIllylO riy6rnHy .,a>Ke nocJie Ha,iajia 3KOHoMi'-IeCKOrO nojbeMa B 1999-2000 rr. H CHH(KeHHS4 YPOBHS 6eaHOCTH U HepaBeHCTBa o6a aTHX rocJie,HHX no- Ka3aTejiS OCTaIOTCA BbICOKHMH no cpaBHeHHIO CO MHorHMH apyHMmH CTpaHaMH C Hepe- XO,HO4 aKOHOMHKOH (Lokshin, 2002, rOTOB4TCM K ny6JIHKauHH). 23 B nepiom C 1990 no 1998 r. pOCCHHCKoe HpOH3BOJICTBO rOCTOAHHO coKpaiiia.JiOCb OCTaHOBHBIIUJCb B 1998 r. Ha HH3meil OTMeTKe: 57,6% OT YPOBHS 1990 r. B 1999 H 2000 rr. 3KOHOMHKa BbipocJIa Ha 5,4% H 8,3%, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, nocie Mero peaJIbHbill BBrl cocTa- BHJI 65,7% OT YPOBHA 1990 r. (pHc. 1.12). lo CpaBHeHHIO C RPYF4MH CTpaHaMH perHOHa POCCHA Haxoai4JiaCb B rpynne CTpaH C HaHMeHbmiJM BBrI B 2000 r. no CpaBHeHHIO C 1990 r. (p4c. 1.13). BBH,aY BbICOKOU 6e3pa6oTHUbl (10,4% B 2000 r. 24) H Cyi1LeCTBeHHOFO CHH)KeHH5 pe- aJIbHOH 3apa6OTHOH nHiaTbl 4IaKT4eCKHeg JOXOJabi ceMel pe3KO ynanIu: B 2000 r. OHU CO- ,TaBJIIJIH4 BCerO 35,8% 25 OT YPOBHA 1990 r. XOTS 3apa6OTHas nniaTa B nocieRieHee BpeMS BO3pOCJia B pe3yJlbTaTe 3KOHOMW4eCKOrO pOCTa, OHa BCe eiie OCTaeTCH HU3KOiU. [JOMHMO CHiH)KeHH4 3apa6OTHOH WIiaTbl pa6OTHHKH B TeMeHHe 6O0nbuiefq aCTH 1990-X FOaOB HOJIy- '-ajiH ee C 3aAep,KKaMi. rHo AaHHbIM o6cAeioBaHusI, IPOBse7eHHoro RLMS B 1998 r., 59% 26 3aH51TbIX HCHblTbIBa.71H 3aaLep)KK4 3apa6OTHOH riiaTbl TaKHe 13MeHeHH4I iHa pbIHKe pa6oierl CHJIbl 3aMeTHO CKa3aIHCb Ha 6eZ(HOCT4 )eTeH. llOCKOIbKy POaHTejiH geTeH, KaK HpaB4JIO, HaXO,Z5TCM B pa6OTOCHOCO6HOM BO3paCTe, OHU yMaCTBYIOT B Tpy,OBOH 4e3qTeJIbHOCTH. Pe3yJIbTaTbi RLMS 3a 1988 r. cBHaeTeJIbCT- BYIOT 0 TOM, '-ITO CPCZ(H Bcex .imu - yiaCTHHKOB pbIHKa Tpyua 28% BJIASIOTCS rUiaBaMH ce- MeH, B KOTOPbIX eCTb ZeTI. B TO BpeMS KaK B uejiOM OXOabi 49% yqaCTHHKOB pbIHKa Tpy- ,aa 6bl7I4 Hl)KUe HpOKHTOMHOrO MHH4MyMa, Aim rnIaB ceMeH c aeTbM4 3TOT nOKa3aTen7b rnaBa 2. KaKHe cXaKTOpbl BAIIAM Ha nono>eHue AeTeu B 1990-e roAbl? 29 PHCYHOK 1.12. PeanbHble HHAeKCbi BBn B POCCHH B 1990-2000 rr. (1990 r. = 100) 120 - 100 - 80 60- 40 - 20- 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 + MHJeKC BBn ilCmOL4HUK. <. Ba3a AaHHbIX no noKa3aTeh1M MUpOBO- ro pa3BHTHq BceMHpHoro 6aHKa. 6bIJI Ha 6 rIyHKTOB 6oJIbIie. Cpe,1 Bcex 6e3pa6oTHbix 58,2% x(HJH HH)Kwe npo:KMTOHoro MHHHMyMa, B TO BpeM5I KaK cpeAH 3aHITbIX pa6otHx - TOJIbKO 44%. 3Ta pa3HH]Ua CTaHo- BHTC51 ewe pe3qe, ecJIH CpaBHHBaTb 6e3pa6oTHbIx rJIaB cemeII c geTbMii, 67% KOTOpbIX WMCJIH HHIIC IIpO>KHITO'IHOrO M4HHHMyMa, C pa6OTaiOiuiMiH raIaBaMH cemeM c aeTbMH - 52%. BeaHOCTb CHJIbHee BbIpaweHa He TOJIbKO cpeji 6e3pa6OTHbIx, OHa TaKwe 6o.blme B CeMbAIX, 'JIeHaM KOTOpbIX 3aaepWHBalOT 3apa6OTHyio rIiaTy. 0OAA cemeX cC AeTbMH, 1KH- By11IHX HHXKe rIPO.KuHTOMHoro MHHl MyMa, ec7n riaBam 3ITHX ceMeAI 3aaePEHBMZZ 3apa- 6OTHyIo nIiaTy, COCTaBJIAiia 60% B 1988 r.; ec.7iH )Ke rJIaBbI ceMeH nojiymaJIa 3apHiiaTy, TO TOJIbKO 40% (World Bank, 2001). HepaBeHCTBO 4OXOJaOB B POCCHH BejHKO HO CpaBHeHHIO C aPYFHMI CTpaHaMH 3TOFO peronHa (World Bank, 2000). B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HCTOWIHHKa zaHHbIX, K03+X1Hi4iHeHT ;JICHHH Ho pacupee.ieneHI4o J1OXOaOB B 1998 r. Iie)HT B rpejeiiax OT 0,374 (AaHHbIe FOc- KoMCTaTa) ao 0,461 (,aaHHbIe RLMS) 27. A.isi CpaBHeHH5A: B 1989 r. KoaX14HiJeHT IW4cu- HII COCTaBJIATI 0,265 (aaHHbIe rocKoMcTaTa). nloJroweHwe geTe6 B POCCHACKOU OegepaLAu. 30 IIToF1 coLHuaAbHoA non)TMKI 1990-x roAoB u nepcneKTHBbI PHCYHOK 1.13. PeanbHbIl BBn B 2000 r. no CpaBHeHMIO C 1990 r. nonbwa 143,20 CJoBeHHR = 120,09 An6aHMP F 111_20 BeHrpHs 107,99 CnoBaLAKaS Pecn. 105,08 Llexm.q 99,9i1 Y36eKHCTaH 95_74 B5P MaKeAOH1H$ 91,00 BeilapyCb * . ' 88,67 XopBaTHR. 86,8 3 3CTOHH. , 86,06 PYMbIHHR 898289 BonrapmR 82,06 TypKMeHHCTaH l 75,95 Ka3axCTaH 699, 0 JlUTBa [w {SF:- * 68,36 ApMeHM_ 67,89 KmprH3cKaq Pecn. 66,34 POCCUM _ 65,73 )1aTBIH1S 62,30 YKpawHa 43,41 TaA>KHKHCTaH 38,09 MOnAOBa 35,28 rPy3HR 22,76 4CTOLIHHK. <«World Development Indicators>. Ba3a g,aHHblx no noKa3aTenqm MUpOBO- ro pa3BHTmm BceMHpHoro 6aHKa. 2.2. I43MeHeHNSI B AeMOrpacfUHH H cjOpMHpOBaHHH cemeH B 1990-e rOzbl PoccHif npeTepneiajpamaTwfeCKHe H 3MeCHeHH B aeMorpa4ui Hf (HopMH- pOBaHHH CeMbll. HeKOTOpble Hf3 3TlfX H3MeHCH4HH OKa3aSJ1 OTpUaTeNbHoe B03J,eiCTBHe Ha 6JIarOCOCTOs3Hne aeTeH. CpejtH HHX oco6oe 3HaieHHe HMejui TaKHe 4aKTOpbI, KaK yBe- jIHMeHfHe CMCpTHOCTH1 HacejiCHHA pa60Tocnoco6Horo B03paCTa, HIOCTOAHHO BbICOKHiH ypO- BeHb Pa3BO2IOB IH paCTyiUee MHCJIO pOJOB y He3aMY)KHRX >KeHWHH. B03aefiCTByq Ha CO- CTaB CeMbHI (OalHH pOal4TeJIb - HeHOJIHHaS CeMbq), 3TH H3MeHeHHSA o6yCJIOBH4J7iH CHH.fKeHI 3apa6oTKa nI CHoco6HOCTb Nifioriix cemell 3a6oTHTbCq o geTAX (BCTaBKa 1.1). KaK 6bIlo HOKa3aHO Bblme, HeHOJIHbIM CeMb3iM B 60oIbmefi CTeneH1HH yrpoKaeT 6eaHOCTb. Pe3Kue aemo2patu4ecKue u3MeneHu5q. HeCMOTpH Ha HOJIOKHlTeJIbHYIO MHipaUHIO, c 1990 no 2000 r. HaceJieHne PoccHH coKpaTHJIOCb pHMiepHO Ha 2 MJIH Me.iOBeK (go 145,6 MJIH.). DTO lazeHHe qBHJIOCb pe3yJIbTaTOM COKpaiWeHnS pO>KAaeMOCTH Ef pOCTa CMepTHOCT14 (O KOTOpbIX rOBOp1HIOCb B HpeabiayuleH rjiaBe), TaK 'TO TeMr eCTeCTBeHHO- ro npHpOCTa HacejieHTns 28 ynaJi c 2,3 B 1990 r. ngo -6,6 B 2000 r. (npHqeM pa36poc COCTaB- JIAJI OT 12,9 B Pecny6jiHKe HHrymeTIH 1j0o -14,8 B HCKOBCKOHf o67iacT14). B 3TOM OTHHOiie- HfHH POCCIIs He 5BJIqeTCA 14CKJIiO4eHHeM B perHOHe EBporbI Hi LUeHTpajibHOHI A31HH: BO BCeX CTpaHax OTMeeaeTCAI cnaa TeMosB eCTeCTBeHHoro HpIpOCTa HacejieH4IA. FJnaBa 2. KaKwe cfaKTopbl BAMPA1 Ha nOAo>KeHHe AeTeA B 1 990-e roAnbI? 31 06li4fl KO3I4H[iHeHT po)KaeMOCTH 29 3a nepmoA 1990-1999 IT. COKpaTHjicq 6onee 4eM Ha TpeTb - C 13,4 ao 8,7. 13 POCCHfICKHX perHOHOB camas HH3KaS pO*AaeMOCTb (6,7) OTMe'-aeTCA B JleHHHrpazCKOH iH CMojieHCKOii o6JIacTAx, a caMas BbICOKaA - B Pecny6jrn- Ke )jarecTaH (17,6). fio POCCI4 B ijejiOM B 2000 r. 6b7IO nOMTH Ha MHJI.IHOH HOBopoxReH- HbIX MeHblUe, MwM B 1990 r. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, o6LIHIi KO3(j4mLIeHT bepTHMJbHOCTH 30 yiaii c 1,89 ,o 1,17 (B 1999 r.). ,a.7m cpaBHeHHI: o6IIIHH KO3I14HUHeHT 4bepTHJMbHOCTH B CTpaHax EC B 1988 r. 6biji paBeH 1,45. B LejioM a6cojiOTHoe 1iicjIo eTe i B POCCHH 3a fCeCATHJieTHe COKpaTHJIOCb 6oJlee MeM Ha 6 MJIH qeaiOBeK - c 40,2,Ao 33,7 MJIH (c 27,2 Ao 23,3% Bcero HacejieHH5I COOTBeTCTBeHHO). T4i4CjieHHOCTb geTeii B BO3paCTe ,Ao 4 JIeT CTaAa HOqTH BABOe MeHbme, COKpaTHsBUIIHCb C 11,7 Ao 6,4 MJIH ejiOBeK (c 7,9 jo 4,4% Bcero Ha- CejieHHSI COOTBeTCTBeHHO). B 3TOM OTHO1eHIHH POCCHSA He SBji3ieTCA HCKjHo'eH4eM gjqI peruloHa EBponbI H UeHTpaJIbHOH A3HH. XOTh B 1990-e FOJtbl TeMH B03pOC, COKpaIUIalOIIa- ACA1 po)KaeMOCTb B CTpaHaX EBpOnbI H1 UeHTpaJIbHOri A3H4 1) ABJIAeTCA riOpOJDKCeHMem 6o0iee paHHHX TeHaeHHr H 2) COOTBCTCTBYeT HCTOPHi4eCK4M aeMOrpa14HMeCKHM TeHaeH- IHAM, KOTOPbIe Ha6m1OgalOTCA B npOMbIIIjieHHO-pa3BHTbIX CTpaHax. Ha6nio,aaeMbIe ,aeMorpacbnHiecKle TeHzeH;HHH - BbICOKaA CMepTHOCTb, HH3KaA pO>K- IaeMOCTb H coKpamaioiiiaicsA MHCjieHHOCTb HaCeJIieHH5 - BbI3BMJIH HHTeHCHBHbie ny6- JIHMHbie Ae6aTbI B POCCHH. Mx HpHm'IHbl H OTlaTeHHbie COi4HaJIbHO-3KOHOMI4eCK4e Ho- cJIeACTBHA ewie He AO KOHUia npoaHaJl31POBaHbI H oripeLejieHbI. HITO KacaeTCs KpaTKO- CpO4HbIX H cpeaHecpOMHbIX riOCiAeCTBHH IIOBbIIeHHOH CMepTHOCTH, TO HIOMHMO nHCXO- jIorFiqeCKOFO H 3MOUHOHaJIbHOrO cTpecca yTpaTa O,AHOrO H3 pOalHTejIeH O3HataeT aIA ce- MbH coKpaItieHle HeOXOAOB 14 MONKeT HpHBeCTH4 K MaTepHa)JIbHbIM JIHlmeHH5M, pOCTy 6e,- HOCTH H 1YA3B4MOCTH geTeg. FPIH OTCYTCTBHH HeO6XOAi4MbiX aeTCKHX y'pe)KweHHH 3TO MoAKeT TaKwe rOBbIllaTb p1CK 6e3HaZ3OpHOCTH pe6eHKa. KpoMe TOrO, MoWKeT yBeaIHtHTb- cA ALaBJIeHHe Ha o6iWecTBeHHbIe pecypCbI 3a C'eT paCTyuIiei IOTpe6HOCTH B rOCyJaapCT- BeHHOH noj;epKKe noTepneBImx ceMell. Kouma poAKgaeMOCTb CHHAKaeTCA, aLaBjieH4e Ha JIHWHbie H o6iUeCTBeHHbIe peCypCbI yMeHbHiaeTCH, qTO npll HipoHx paBHbIX YCJ7OBH4IX JAOJI>KHO HP4BOAl4Tb K HOBbILeHl4Ho 6iiarococToAHu4 ,AeTei. HoCmoiHno 6-biCOKoe muCqo pa3o80a6. TIHCJIO pa3BOaOB B POCCHH B 1990-e roAMi ocTa- BanjoCb cTa6H.7IbHbIM, HO BbICOKHM. B 1999 r. nPOH301HJIo 533 TbIC. pa3BOAOB, KOTOpbIe KOCHYZJHCb 390 TbIC. AeTei. B nep4oa 1990-1998 rr. 4 660 TbIC. jeTef Hepe)KHJiH pa3BOA CBOIIX pot4Teuej 31. 06nIHhi KO3BHUiieHT pa3BO2IOB, H3MepAeMblI KaK '-IHC7IO pa3BOAOB Ha CTO BCTyHjieH1HA B 6paK, BbICOK: 59 B 1998 r., 'TO CBA3aHO C COKpaweH4eM MHCjia BCTyHIieHHHi B 6paK (3To M4CJIO ynaH7O Ha 35,7%). Pa3BoR, KaK H CMepTb pOaHTe7ieR, OT- pU4aTenJbHO BJIHSIeT Ha 6aiarococTosHHe aeTeH. KpoMe Toro, npeacTaBIAeTcsI, 'TO 'aCTO aiiHMeHTbI He BbInHia'HBaIOTCAI HJIH BbIHjIaMHBaIOTCA HeperyJIsPHO. Pomcaenue demeii 6ne 6paKa. 'i4cJIO POKJLeHHH BHe6palIHbIX I eTeii BO3POCJIO Ha 16,8%, c 290,6 TbIC. B 1990 r. jAo 339,24 TbIC. B 1999 r. rIOCKOJIbKy o6iuee i4HCjO powKze- Hllll COKpaTHJIOCb, ,Oji3i geTeH, pOSKAeHHbIX BHe 6paKa, B o6iueM 'HCjie pOKaeHHH IOIITH Y2IBOHnaCb - C 14,6 zo 27,9%. AHaO7irHFHOe YBejiHieHHi 4i4CJIa pO)K1ReHHH BHe6pa'IHbIX ,aeTei Ha6IoaaeTCA1 H B HeKOTOPbIX aPYFHX CTpaHax perHoHa (CTpaHbI HpH6a.iTHKH, BeHrpHS4, CJIOBeHHA, BoArapHq). XOTAI 27,9% - 3TO BbICOKHII HOKa3aTeJib, OH 3aMeTHO YCTyriaeT 3HaMeHHIM, KOTOpbIe perHCTpHpyIOTCA B HeKOTOpbIX ripOMbIfljieHHO pa3BHTbIX CTpaHax (HanpilMep, B UIJBeIHH H @HHJIAHaH4 OHH paBHbI 55% H 37% cOOTBeTCTBeHHO). 06a pOAHTe'IA COBMeCTHO periCTp4pyIOT B 3arce meHee HOnIOBHHbI (oKo.7lo 45%) ae- TeH, poAKaeHHbIX BHe 6paKa. DTO Hojo)KoeHHe HeMHOFO JIy'IlHe, MeM B 1990 r., KorFa 3TOT HOKa3aTenJb COCTasBJIAi 43%. COBMeCTHa5I periCTpaUHS yKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, 'TO pOaHTeAH, flo.noweHHe AeT6e B POCCUUCKOU $eAepaLAHw. 32 ITorH coLAwaAbHoA noJ1HTHKH 1990-x rOAOB H nepcneKTHBbI BCTaBKa 1.1. 0DaKTOpbl, nPHBORAUHG K POCTy 6egHOCTH H YS3BHMOCTH HHenOnHbIX CeMeA B POCCHH <#CeMeAHbIe H WHAHBI"yaybHbie XapaKTepHCTHKH HenOAHbIX ceMeM 3aCTaBn5IOT npeAnOA1O>KHTb, 'TO UX LaCTaq 6eAHOCTb B 6OJlbWOU CTenleHH OTpa>KaeT HeBbirOA- Hoe reHAepHoe nono>KeHme Ha pbIHKe TpyAa, npoqBJnI.oLLkeecq KaK B MeHbweA 3a- HPTOCTH, TaK u B 6Onee HH3KOU oniaTe Ha OCHOBHOA H AoonfOHHTenbHbIX pa6oTax. OAHaKO cyiAecTByeT HeCKOnbKO xapaKTepHcTHK, KOTOpbIe BAHoT Ha ypoBeHb 6na- roCOCTORHH5q HenOAHblXceMeu, HO He MoryTo6bscHsTbcq HeBbirOAHbIM reHAepHbIM nOAo>KeHmeM. flpH OTCYTCTBHH cynpyra 6AarocOcTORH"e pOCCHUCKOU ceMbH H3Me- HpeTc.q nOA AeACTBHeM Tpex OCHOBHbIX caKTOpOB: OTCYTCTBHe OAHOrO H3 nOTeHL4H- aAJbHbIX KOpMHJbLbeB ceMbH; COKpaLeHHe Bo3MO>KHOCTeA pa6OTaTb Ha AOMy; B CAy- 'ae pacnap,a CeMbH COKpaLLeHwe CeMeAHblX AOXOAOB A1HWb OTqaCTH KOMneHCHpy- eTcsl nOAyL4aeMbIMH aAuMeHTaMH. AononHHTeAbHbl AcaKTOp,xapaKTepHbIH AAjJ He- nOJlHblX CeMeA, - 3TO BbICOKaq 6e3pa6OTHLta: y OAHHOKHX MaTepeA ypoBeHb 6e3- pa6OTWLAbI BbIue, L4eM y MaTepe- H MY>KL4H - rAaBceMH B nOAHOM ceMekcTBe,He- CMOTP. Ha TO, YTO y PYCCKHX )KeHLLHH B LAeAOM ypOBeHb6e3pa6oTLtbI MeHbwe, qeM y My>Kt4HH>. Jeni Klugman and Alexandre Kolev, <(The Welfare Repercussions of Single- Parenthood in Russia in Transition, )> in Klugman and Motivans, eds., 2001. B03MO)KHO, )KHBYT BMeCTe UJIM 'ITO OHH o6a 6yayT COaep,,KaTb pe6eHKa. B TOU Mepe, B Ka- KOI paCTy1iias JaOJI13 BHe6paqHbIX aeTell IIPHBOaIUT K yBCeJIMeHHIO 'JHcJia HeHOJIHbIX ce- MeCI, HOTpe6yeTCs BHOCHTb I43MeHeHII B rO.7IHTHKy nOJaep)KKHi CeMbI H aeTCTBa, Hajia- >KHBaA aesTe.IbHOCTb COOTBeTCTBYIOII4X aeTCKHX yMpeWaeHH4 TaK, MTO6bi OaHHOKHI4 PO- aHTe.Ib Mor pa6oTaTb, a TaKK Ke3a CIeT ROCTaTOMHOHI MaTepHaJIbHOH rOiotep)KKH, ITO6bI ripecOOTBpaTlJTb 4CII3aHHe» CeMbH B 6ezHOCTb. B Ka'ieCTBe HOJIO*K4TeJIbHOrO 4aKTa MOWKHO OTMeTHTb, qTO MHCJIO pOKaeHHH MaTep5- 32 MH-HIO,pOCTKaMH , OCTaBaACb OJHHM H3 CaMbIX BbICOKHX B perHOHe EBpOIIbI H UeHT- paIbHOH A3H4, COKpaTHJIOCb B POCCHH 3a 1990-1999 rr. c 52,1 jo 29,2. Bonee Toro, to.nsi po)AKTeHIH MaTepAMH MojoIKe 20 IieT (B ripOueHTaX K o6wCeMy 4HCJIy 4HBOpO eHHbIX), KOTOpaS HenpepbIBHO yBeJIH'IHBajiaCb C 1989 no 1994 r. H (OCTHrjia 18,2%, c Tex nop no- CTOSHHO CH)K4aeTC14 H B 1999 F. COCTaBHjia 13,8%. OaHaKo aOJIA POKaeHHrI aeTei BHe 6paKa OT nOJIHOO nmHca zeTefl, po*KseHHbIX MaTepSMH-HOapOCTKaM4, CTa6HJIbHO pocia B TeMeHHe 1990-x rOJOB H K 1999 r. ,oCTtmia 41% (yBejiIH4BHIIcb 6o.mee IeM Ha 100% no cpaBHeHI11o C 1989 r.). B a6cOriIOTHbIX uncPpax 3T0 3HaM4T, 'TO 113 1214,7 TbIC. aeTerl, pOIHBIflHXC3I B POCCHH B 1999 r., 167 628 POAHJ7HCb y MaTepeHl HOAPOCTKOBoro BO3paCTa, B TOM qiHcJie 68 724 - BHe 6paKa. B cOii4ajIbHO-3KOHOMHlmeCKOM i-iIaHe 3TO HOTeHanHaAb- HO Hal6oJIee ySI3BHMbIe aeTH H CeMbI, OCO6eHHO ecji meTH pOaH4JHCb C BpOKzteHHbIMH rIOpOKaMH, TaK KaK B 3TOM cjiyiae OH4 BHOJIHe MOrYT OKa3aTbC5A 6poIIIHHbIMH. 2.3. HeaAeKBaTHbie nporpaMMbI 3ApaBooxpaHeHNR, o6pa3oBaHNS H Co4HanbHOA 3aL4HTbI ro mepe CHHAcHH5I YPOBHS )*CH3HII, pOCTa 6eRHOCTH H 6e3pa60THUbI IpOirpaMMbI 3ZtpaBO- OxpaHeHHSI, o6pa30BaHoI5A H COiHajIbHOHf 3anIHTbI He MOrEIlH- B CHJiy He'aOCTaTKa pecyp- COB, OrpaHH'eHHbIX H He3(bcjeKTHBHO peaH43yeMbIX peCopm - CHOCo6CTBOBaTb pemie- FnaBa 2. KaKwe cDaKTOpbi BJIMsnJM1 Ha nOAo>KeHme ADeTeH B 1990-e rOAbI? 33 HHIO Hpo6jieM 3,JOpOBbM HaceJIieHHA, oBJIaeHHIO pbIHO4HbIMH HaBbIKaMH B CHCTeMe o6- pa3OBaHMA, a,pecHOii HaHpaBIeHHOCTH ycjiyr H 6.aar COuHajibHOi 3aILIHTbI HycztaIoimHM- cA1. CjieaoBaTeaibHo, pOJIb rocyjiapcTBeHHoro BMeIIIaTejibcTBa, ero QOMOHb ceMbAIM B yH- paBJIHHIH4 pHcKaMH, T.e. B MX yMeHbiHeHHH, CrFJaKHBaHHH H 4IOpMIpOBaHHH rOTOBHOCTH BCTpeTE4Tb HX HOABJIeHie, B 1990-e rOabI 6bina orpaHwiqeHa. EcJn4 rOBOpI4Tb O COIiiHaJIbHOH 3aIUHTe, TO ee B03MOKHOCTH OKa3aTb cyUieCTBeHHYIO nOMOllb .7IHIaM H ceMbAIM, CTaJIKHBaiOIJHMCA C pHCKOM, oHpeenJIAJIHCb CJIeJRyIOHHMH xa- paKTepHCTl4KaMHi. * OTCyTCTB4e KoMniieKcHoH HauHOHaJIbHOH cTpaTerHH. * OTCyTCTBHe HaHpaBJIeHHOCTH Ha 60pb6y c 6eiaHOCTb1O H ySA3BHMOCTbIO. B)o.bIlmeiI -IaCTbIO rOHbITKH BHeaPA51Tb H nOCJIeaOBaTeJIbHO OCYMeICTBJIATb CIIeUHajibHbIe Ae- He)KHbIe BbIniiaTbI, a,ApeCHO HaipaBJIeHHbIe npOTHB 6eaHOCTH, OCTaBa.i4Cb 6e3yc- feIIeHbIMH. * rleperpy3Ka. CH4CTeMy COUHaTIbHOH HoAAepRXK4 nepeHOJIHH.IIH MHOrOMHCJIeHHbIe noco6As, HapsIrasF CKyAHbIe peCypCbI, 'TO nPIHBejiO K HH3KOMy YPOBHIO HOCO6HH H MX 'aCTO4 HeBbInJIaTe - peryJI3ipHoe 4IHHaHCH4POBaHHe HX, ,zaLce Ha HI3KOM ypOBHe, noTpe6oBaJIo 6bI BbIqe7ineHHA JLOjii BBII, 3Ha4HTeJIbHO npeBbIiiaiouxes Zo- XOAHbIe B03MO)KHOCTH 3KOHOM4KH. KpoMe Toro, pa3Hoo6pa3Hie II KOJHIM4eCTBO Hoco- 6Hfi C14JIbHO 3aTpyAHHJIH BbI6op rpHOp4TeTOB. * OTCyTCTBHe aeACTBeHHOi CTpyKTypbI. CJIHIIIKOM 6onbiiioe 3Ha'eHEHe CHCTeMa y,te- JIAia noco6HAM H JIbrOTaM, KOTOpbIe ioAAep)K4BaJI4 B pe3yJIbTaTe 6o0ee 6iarorio- JIy'IHylO 'aCTb HaceJIeHI5A. OHa qepectyp riojiaraAiacb Ha aOpOrOCTOAILue1 H nea- 4JeKT1BHbIe MexaHH3MbI 60pb6bI C piCKOM (TaK4e, KaK 1HCTHTYLHanIH3auiL45i yA3BH- MbIX JILIU) 3a c'eT 6o0iee )KeiiaTeJIbHbIX H 3KOHOMHMeCKH 314)eKTHBHbIX cnoco6OB CHH)KeHHI4 H CMSWreHHA p4CKOB (HanpiMep, COUHajibHaI pa6oTa H COUHaIbHOe o6- cJIyKWHBaH4e, a TaKwKe HanpaBJIeHHbIe Ha CeMb1O H oriHpaioHeHeCA Ha MeCTHOe coo6- IUCCTBO iHOprpaMMbI YCTpaHeHHSI PHCKOB). * OCTpas HeXBaTKa iejiOBe'eCKHX H IHHaHCOBbIX peCYPCOB Ha BCeX YPOBHAX B Te'e- HHe 6oJIbHleii 'aCTH 1990-x rOAOB. 3TO He TOJIbKO ocJia6Hjio pe3yJIbTaTlBHOCTb C4- CTeMbI coilHa.7IbHOr4 riozLep*KH, HO H B HeKOTOpbIX cJIy-IaAx OrpaHHMIJIO YC4JI4IA Ho HnOBezteIHMIlo ee peCOpMbI. * KpoMe TOFO, H3MeHeHI4A, rpOI43OIiieiZuHe B TeeHiHHe 3TOrO z(eCATHjieTHA, He fp4Be- JIM K HY)KHbIM pe3yjibTaTaM. Heo6xoaHMbIx OpraHH3aulMOHHbIX ()OpM He 6bIjiO co- 3,aaHO, ynpaBJieHie pecypcami 6bIJIO H43Ko3c1eKTHBHbIM, CaMHX pecypcoB OKa3a- JIOCb HeAOCTaTO'IHO, K TOMY *Ke CyiHeCTBOBaJIO 3HaIHTeNJbHOe COHpOTHBjieHHe OTMe- He MHOFHX YCTapeBIITIX npIHBHIeri4ir H J1IbrOT. COCTO5iHHe CHCTeMbI COUMaijbHOH nOAaep)KKH B POCCHH B 1990-e rOgbI H TO, KaK OHa pa6oTajia B 3TO BpeM5I, ioapo6HO paccmaTp1BalOTCA B ciiepy1oweH rJIaBe. TaM )Ke BeaeT- Cs o6cy>KaeHi4e HeKOTOpbIX HOBIIeCTB, IIOABHBIHXCA B CeKTOpaX 3;paBooxpaHeHHq H o6pa3OBaHl4A. rJIaBa 3. CoU4aTJbHaq 3aIHTa, 3apaBooxpaHeHme i o6pa3oBaHine B 1990-e ro,iI 3.1. CHCTeMa co4HaIIbHOH 3aLLHTbl CH4CTeMa COiIHaJIbHOH rOizaepwKKH MO)KeT 6bITb oripeaeiieHa KaK pqa rOCyaapCTBeHHbIX MepOnpHATHA, npH3BaHHbIX HOMOMb OTae.7JbHbIM JIOaSIM, _OMOX03AHCTBaM, rpynnamII o10- ,aeA B HX 60pb6e C CHlCTeMaTHieCKHMH H H4aHOCHHKpaTHweCKHMH pHCKaMH H yMeHbHJHTb 3KOHOMHIMeCKYIO H COHaSJbHYIO HeCHipaBeJIHBOCTb. rocyAapCTBO MO)KeT IIOMOMb jHIOaqM yMe1bWUUMb BepOA1THOCTb pHCKa, CBI3aHHOIO C HeHO.TiyMeHHeM Z(OXOAOB, H yBeJIlH'HTb B03MO)KHOCTb 3apa6oTaTb HOCpeaCTBOM HHBeCTHHIlH B MejOBeMeCKHH KaHHTaJI H rociie- ,aOBaTeJIbHOii nOIIOHTHKH B o6jiaCTH 4IOPMHpOBaHHS pbIHKa Tpyaa. AHamOrIHHbIM o6pa- 30M, OHO MOwKeT BBeCTH HpOrpaMMbI, nomoraiouiHe OTae1JbHbIM JIIOAAM H 4aOMOX03AHCT- BaM yMeHbIlHHTb plHCK nOTepH ceMei4Hb]X CB53eH H pacna,aa CeMbH. rOCy,aapCTBO MO>KeT CUOpMyAMpOBaTb HOJIHTHKy, KOTOpaA HO3BojiH.na 6bI OTaenbHbIM JIIO'AAM yMeHb1HaTb HO- Ao6HbIe pHCKH4, a TaK1KCe OBbICHTb HX 6JliarococToAHHe, nomoras CMAHr'aTb Ha rpOTADce- H4HH BCeH XH3HH rpO6iieMbI, CBA3aHHbie C HoTpe6JIeHHeM. HaKOHeu, CHCTeMa COLIHaJIb- HOH noaAep)KKH npeJlHa3HaqeHa aJI1 TOrO, 'lTo6bI HOMO'Ib MieIoBeKy cnpa6umbcg C B03- ,aer4CTBHeM Tex pHCKOB, KOTOpbIe rpHRHAIH HaH6ojiee OCTpbIe 4bOpMbi. [IporpaMMbI, Haile- lIeHHbIe Ha 60pb6y C pHCKOM, BKjIioqatOT MepoHplHITHA HO CHH>KeHHIO YPOBHqI 6eaHOCTH, yKpenHieHHI o6LHIeCTBeliHOf4 HHTerpaiHu, nozepcKe 14 3aniHTe OTCJ)lIbHbIX JIoaeR H ,Zo- MaIIIHH4X XO35H4CTB. CoqeTaHHe 3THX mep HO3BOJIH1T HOBbICH4Tb 6JIarocOCTOSHHe OTzCejib- HbIX mIoaeH H cemerl H CO3aaTb B o6IIIeCTBe 6oiee CnpaBeAJIHBbIe OTHoIleHI. OCHOBHbIMH cbOpMaMH rocyAapCTBeHHOr4 COIMHaJIbHOH HOJUepWKKH B POCC4H 4ABjIj- IOTC51 aeue3cubte noco6us (HanpHMep, reHCHS, iioco6He no 6e3pa6oTHue, noco6He Ha pe- 6eHKa, noco6He no 6epeMeHHOCTH4 H pOaaM), a TaKie cy6caHn H JIbrOTbI (TaKHe, KaK )KHJIH4wHbIe JIbrOTbI, TpaHCHOpTHbIe cy6c4HIH, ,OTa1JHH Ha KOMMYHaJIbHbIe ycjiyrH, cne- lHaJIbHbIe JIbFOTbl JIS OTaeNJbHbIX KaTerOpHm rpaq7LaH, HaHpHMep, AJI5 BeTepaHOB BOH- HbI H4 BOeHHbIX) H 6naza, npedocmacAMembie cucmeMou COLuaJblo4zo o6cwy7ycu6auuR JIUA He3aIHH1IIeHHbIX KaTerOpHHl rpawKaaH, B T.M. Tpe6yioLUHX AJ11HTeJIbHOA HHCTHTyUHOHaIb- HOI OrieKH4. B 3TOM pa3gJe.Ie MbI OueHHBaCM pOJIb CHCTeMbl COIHaJIbHOi4 HOaaep)KKH B pCeiiIHHM 3a,aaq HOMOWIH HeiHMyLHM H aPYrHM He3a1iHiueHHbIM KaTerOpHAM rpa,KJaaH. flp14 HaJI1- 'IHH COOTBeTCTBYlOMIHX JaHHbIX Mbi jaeM aHajiOHTHMHbIA aHaiH43 H AJIA HeHMyymHX, H 1,Jl1 He3aHIIIueHHbIX KaTeropHH gUeTeC. 3.1.1. OcHoenble mewa3euz4uu rIpewK,e qem 6o.iee ro,apo6Ho aHJaiI3HpOBaTb CHCTeMy couHaJIbHOH noJt.ep)cKH, BaXKHO ,aaTb o630p ee pa3BHTHSA, TeKyiuero yCTpO4CTBa, cIHHaHCOBbIX 3aTpaT H4 opraHH3aUHOH- HOU CTpyKTypbI. Hacweaue coijuawzu3Ja. POCCH141 yHacJIeaOBa.ia CHCTeMy COiHa.IbHOH HOJJUep>KKH, Oq)OpMjieHHyIO HJUeOjiOrnMeCKH, HHCTHTyUHOHaJbHO, a TaK)Ke o6yC.iOBaeHHyIo COUHaAb- HO-3KOHOMIIqeCKHMH Hy)aaMH ripezuecCTByIOiero rOCyzkapCTBeHHOrO CTpOA. Y CHCTe- MbI 6blJIO TpU OCHOBHbIe 3aaaqH: npeqoCTaBJieHHe JlbrOT rpal,l(JaHaM, iM4meOIUHM 3acjlyrH, FnaBa 3. CoLAmanbHaq 3aLIuTa, 3ApasooxpaHeHie u o6pa3oBaHue B 1990-e rOAbI 35 COUI4aJIbHbIe CTpaXOBbIe BbIrJIaTbI pa6OTaIOIlU4M (neHcIiH Ho CTapOCTH4 E4 nO 14HBaJIl4,aHO- CTH4) I4 rIOMOIUb Orpeae.IeHHbIM KaTCeOHpIHM HaCejieHH4I, HaripM4epa eTAM, pOZkHTejisiM- OJa4HOqKaM, MHOrOaeTHbIM ceMbAM, H4HBaJiHJaM, O7I4HOKI4M rIpeCTapejibim Wil4 JIIOJAM C XpOHi4WeCKi4MI4 3a6ojIeBaHI4HIMH4. B 3Ha1H4TenJbHOil CTeneHI4 CI4CTeMa 6bIjia HauejieHa Ha pemeieHe iepBOHl 3aJga'-I. flpe- AOCTaB7iZeH4 JIbFOT JIIOJAM, E4MCEOIiU4M 3acjiyrI, COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO COBeTCKHM IIpI4HUI4- riaM. HOaAep)KKa, OCHOBaHHaS Ha HE43KOM 3apa6oTKe, He MOrIia 6bITb onpaBzaHa H i4meiia He6OJIbInoe 3Ha,4eHH4e, TaK KaK 3apa6OTHaA nriaTa BbIriaiaq-4BaJIaCb Ho ypaH4TeIbHoMy np4Hii4riy. OHaKo nrioAep?KKa Ha OCHOBe 3acjiyr BBOai4Hia HepaBeHCTBO B C14CTeMy, KO- TOpaA aOJDKHa 6bIna cnioco6CTBOBaTb Oai4HaKOBOMY JIS BCex aOCTyny K JIbrOTaM II yCJIy- raM. HpeKHqA C14CTeMa TaKwe OTJI4MJaiaCb OTCYTCTBi4eM npO3paMHOCTH, OCO6eHHO B nHIa- He pacnpefzeJieHlsI )KI4JIbSI H1 OCTyna OT,aeJIbHbIX JliOaefI i aOMaIEHI4X XO3AI4CTB K Kaie- CTBeHHbIM yCJIyraM. KaK II MO)KHO 6bIJIO O>Ki4WaTb, C Te1eHi4eM BpeMeHI4 'I4CJIO HpHBi4jIe- rlHPOBaHHbIX KaTeropH4H BbIpOCJIO, TaK KaK 6o.nbulee Mi4CJIO rpynr Tpe6OBaJIo CBoero BKJIHOMCH5IA B <«CieiLHaZJbHbIe HIpH4Bi4JierH4pOBaHHbIe>> KaTerOplHI4. PeuleHHe BTOpOIH 3aAa- 'IH - o6ecneweHlie CTpaXOBbIX BbIrJIaT pa6oTaiomI4M - 6bIJIO npH4BezkeHO B COOTBeTCTBiHe C peaJIH43auHeH CTpaXOBbIX HuPHHI4IOB, HaCKOJIbKO 3T0 6bMJIO B03MO)KHO pi4 riiaHOBOIH 3KOHOMi4Ke, T.e. JIbFOTHbIe BbirJiiaTb lIaCTO «HpHBI3bIBaJIllCb>> K TPYAOBOMY CTa1KSy mejio- BeKa. TpeTbA 3aAaaa CI4CTeMbi - o6ecre'ieHHeaeHeACHMX IIoco6iII4 ii pAua COLi4aJIbHbIX ycJiyr rpynnam pICKa - peinaJiaCb B HocJieZ2HIOIO oMepegb. Hbuie aeiicmeyiouNa cucmeMa. CiIo>Hoe nepenaieTeHi4e HOBoro Hi CTaporo. C HaCTyn- .JIeHi4eM 3noxH pbIHOMHOr4 3KOHOM14KH4 CH4CTeMe coUi4aJbHoi ioAaep)KKH HpHXOJLHTCAS 6bI- CTpO pearIpOBaTb Ha B03paCTaIOlIi4e 14 OCTpMbI CouIHaJbHo-3KoHOMHIeCKHe Hpo6JIeMbI. IIOMi4MO Hpoiero, eHl Hnpl4XORH4TCA cipaBJISTbCAI C paCTYM1UM -IHCJIOM HelHMyLUH4x If 6e3- pa6oTHbIx, HOSIBJIeHHeM 6exKeHIneB H4 BpeMeHHbIX iepeceJIeHueB, a TaK>Ke C yBeJIi4HMeHi4eM 'i4ciia HICKJIIOieHHbiX I43 courtyMa, a 3HatIlT, MaprIlHaJIH3H4POBaHHbIX rpyrIn H OT,teJIbHbIX JI4U. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, Ha BCeX rOCy,TapCTBeHHbIX YPOBHSIX 6bIJIH pa3pa6oTaHn 14 BHeApe- Hbl HOBbe BIIIAbl COIJ4aJIbHbIX noco6HIl H JlbrOT. HaI-6oJIee Ba,?KHbM4 IH3 HHX 6bIJIH4 noco- 6H4A AJIA 6e3pa6oTHMbX H IK4JIIIMHbie JIbrOTbl. OAHaKO 60JIbIIHHCTBO ipe>KHH4X rocyaap- CTBeHHbIX o6A3aTeJIbCTB I4 HPH4HuI4nOB couI4aJIbHoHf rOJLAepNKKi4 6bIJIo coxpaHeHO. HIOM14- MO 3TOO, KaK H4 B COUJIaJI4CTiH,eCK1I4 iepi4oA, MHoriHe rperipHAsITHsI ipoAOJIDK)aJI npe- AOCTaBJISTb COUiHaIbHbIC YCJIYrH CeMbIM - MeHI4IH4HCKOe o6ecneMeHi4e, o6pa30BaHHe, 3a6oTa O eTIX, - XOTA H1 B MeHbI1I4X pa3Mepax, MeM paHbIe. OiHoBpeMeHHoe cIie,OBaHIHe HOBOIH H1 CTapOIH napai4rmam npHIBeJIO K pe3KOMY pOC- Ty niicJia JIbrOT Ho couIHaJIbHo4 3aIHTe IH YCJIOCHeHHI0o CICTeMbl yHipaBJIeHI4 Ha beAe- paJIbHOM, perlOHaHJbHOM H4 MYH4UIHHaJIbHOM ypOBHHX. Ha OaHOM TOJibKO beaepaJIbHOM YPOBHe cyIueCTByeT OKOJIO 156 pa3JIHI4HbIX COIiHaJIbHbIX BbInjiaT, .ibrOT, Cy6Ci4rLHri, Hpe- AoCTaBJIIeMbIx 236 KaTerOpHAlM HaceieHl4A (OBMapoBa, 2001), 'TO COCTaBJIAeT IpI4Mep- HO 100 MJIH meJIoBeK (no oueHKe MI4HTpyaa) (Ta6JI. .3 i4 I.4). BonpoCbl cmpyKmyp7ozo ycmpoucm6a. B yCTpOIHCTBe POCCI1CKOI4 C4CTeMbi Co0H4aJIb- HOIH rOioepAKKi4 i4MeOTCSI HeKOTOpb CTpyKTYPHbi HpO6JileMbi. Bo-riepBbX, OTCyTCTBy- eT HaipaBjieHHOCTb Ha peineHi4e Hpo6JIeMbi 6e,aHOCTH4. B CHCTeMe c,aeJiaH CJIIIIIKOM 60.Tb- IIIOHI ynop Ha Cy6ci4Hi4iH Ha OCHOBe 3acjiyr IH Ha JIbrOTbi Ho cpaBHHHIlo C aaLpeCHbIM14 HO- co6I4AMH1 no 6ea-HOCTI4. Ha peri4OHajIbHOM YPOBHe HiepHozkHMeCKi4e HOHbITKI4 BHeapI4Tb a,apeCHyIo ,aeHeAHyyio HOMOIIIb HeiHMylIIM OKa3aJIlICb He He3ae yCnemHbIMH. BO-BTOpbIX, onpejeiIeHHbIe npo6JIeMbl BO3HHlKaOT B CBsI3H C TeM, ITO a;ipecHas norioepKKa ocyute- CTBJIsieTC5I Ha YPOBHe HpO>KHlTO'HHoro MIIHI4MyMa, KOTOpbIi pacc'i4TbIBaeTCS KaK CTOH- lono>KeHUe AeTeA B POCCUIUCKOA $eA,epaLtHu. 36 IlTorN CoLtUaAbHO nOAUTHKH 1990-x rOAOB U nePCneKTHBbI Ta6JHnm4a 1.3. OCHOBHbie nPOrPaMMbI COLiHanbHOH 3aL4HTbi B POCCHH nporpaMMbl KaTeropHsi rpaNcAaH noco6Hs OCHOBHOi HCTOLiHHK cjNHaHCMpOBaHSI / YnpaBneHHe eHe)KHbie noco6ti I (MopmmpyeTCR H3 B3HOCOB. 06S- 3aTeilbHa no 43eAepanbHbIM 3a- KOHaM. LYaCTb 43HHaHcHpyeTCR H3 )KeHL4UHbl CTapwe 55 AeT, HaKonHTeAbHOA CHCTeMbI (BBeAe- neHcHsl MY>K4HHbi CTapwe 60 neT, E>KeMecR.Has Ha HeAaBHo). a)HHaHcpyeTCRq 3a (TPYAoBapq) HHBaAHAbl H 4lneHbI ceMbH, AeHe>KHaR c4eT cOLtHaJbHoro Haiora, KOTO- ocTaBewecsi 6e3 neHCHR pblA ynna4mBaeTCP Hanorosomy KOpMUAbLAa BeAoMcTBy. npeAocTaBiseTcs neHCHOHHbIM 4)OHAOM PCP) Ha BCex aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX ypoB- HSX. Ewemec.qHoe I)opmmpyeTCP He H3 B3HO- AeHe>KHoe no- COB. O6fl3aTeJlbHa no cpeAe- floco6He no OC,HUI THpbHO co6He B Teqe- panbHbIM 3aKOHaM. (DHHaH- 6e3pa6OliAe 6e3pa6oTHboe Hwe orpaHw4eH- cHpyeTCR H3 cpeAepanbHoro Horo nepHoAa 6ioA>KeTa. npeAocTasBseTcR BpeMeHM cny>K6aMl 3aHRTOCTH. E>KemeC.qLlHoe l)opMHpyeTCR H3 B3HOCOB. AeHeKHoenHoe 06R3aTenbHa no 43eAepaAb- loco6ue no Bpe- PBHe B Te n- HbIM 3aKoHaM. c1)HHaHCHpyeT- MeHHOC HeTpyAO- HeTAKoco6 ue BpHeH- CA 3a C'4eT Hanora B (DOHA cnoco6HoCTH HHHr nePHWAH COLtHaAbHOro CTpaXOBaHHR BpemeH o (co4cTpax). npeAocTaBuAeT- CR npeAnpHRTHRMH. )KeHLUHHbl cTapwe 60 AneT, MY>K4LHHbi cTapwUe 65 H HHBanH- C a He H3 B3HA- Abl (B T.4. HHBaAHAbi c Aei- COB. O6eT3aTenbHa no 4pere-| cTBa), KOTOpbIM He nonowKeHa E>KeMecR4Hoe paJbHbIM 3aKOHaM. (I3HHaH- CoLAHaAbHaR TpyAo0aq neHCHq H y KOTOpbIX AeHe>KHoe CHpyeTCA H3 c4eAepaAbHoro neHCHU HeT ApyrHx UCT04HHKOB AOxO- 6 0 IOA>KeTa. npeAOCTaBAPeTC I Aa; CHpOTbI, KOTOPbIM He nono- nocofue leHCHoHHbIM 44OHAOM PO Ha )KeHa neHcHm no cAy4aio noTe- BCex aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX pH KOpMHJ1bL4a, H AeTH-HHBaJ1H- ypOBHRX. AbI | OpMmpyeTC9 He H3 B3HOCOB. unuAWLIAHble ManoumyLi4,ue ceMbH; B 3a- 1l E>KeMecR4Ha | 06R3aTenbHa no c4eAepanbHbIM ||b BHUJHlam 3aKOHaM. C>UHaHCHpYeTCq H3 Me- J1nbroTblI11 BHCHMOCTH OT AoxoAa || cy6cHAH | CTHbIX 6iopKeToB. nlpeAoCTaBn-- eTCJq MeCTHbIMu BaCTSAMH AeTH H3 Manoo6eCne4eH- |(OpMHpyeTCR He H3 B3HOCOB. HbIX ceMeA (B 3aBHCHMOCTH 06sq3aTenbHa no cpeAepaAbHb2M - E>KeMeCR'4Hoe 3aKOHaM. (I)WHaHCHpyeTCR H3 cfe- oco6He, OT AOXOA~a: nOAYweBo 1 AO- AeHe>KHoe AepainbHoro 6,oA>KeTa. npeAoC- Ha pe6eHKa XO; B ceMbe HH>Ke perHo- noCo6e, TasA1eTCS MHHTpyAa POCCuH Ha HaAbHoro npO>KHTOL4Horo C |Cex aAMHHHCTpaTBHbIX ypOB- MHHHMyMa) HIX. FriaBa 3. CoL(HaAbHas 3a&LLTa, 3,DpaooxpaHeHme U o6pa3oBaHme B 1990-e rOA,bi 37 nporpaMMbl KaTeropHs rPa>AaH rloco6mi OCHOBHOU HCTO4HHK C_M_HaHCHp_BaHH /H YnpaBneHHe C?OpMmpyeTCR He W3 B3HOCOB. O6R3aTenbHa no 4XeAepanbHbIM noco6me 5epeMeHHble >KeHLL;HHbl 3aKOHaM. 0I4HaHCWpyeTCR (OH- >KeHLLtHHaM, (OT Haqana 6epeMeHHocTH EAHHoBpeMeH- AOM coA4NanbHoro CTpaxoBaHHq BcTaBuwM Ha yqeT AO 12 HeAenb) npuH nOCTa- Hoe AeHe>KHoe An/ pa6oTatouAwx u MecTHbIMH B paHHue CpOKH HOBKe Ha y'4eT B >KeHCKOu noco6we opraHamM BJ1aCTH1 AJR Hepa6oTa- 6epeMeHHOCTH KOHCynJbTa4LH iOtU.X )KeHLANHH. nfpeAOcTaBn ReT- Cm npeAnpHRTHqM4 u MeCTHbIMH opraHaMH COLUaAbHOH 3aUAHTbl. C1)OpMmpyeTCR He U3 B3HOCOB. O6.l3aTenbHa no c4eAepanbHbIM 3aKOHaM. C$UHaHCHpyeTCR 1OH- lloco6He npu EAHHoBpeMeH- AOM Co04aJ1bHoro CTpaxoBaHHR pO>KAeHHH HoBopo>KAeHHbie AeTH Hoe AeHe>KHoe Anq pa6oTaIouAmx H MeCTHbIMH pe6eHKa noco6ue opraHaMH BAaCTH An/J Hepa6OTa- iOLA4X >KeHLI4MH. nlpeAocTaBnReT- CR f npeAnpHRTHRMH U MeCTHbIMH opraHamu COLAHaAbHOH 3aLULTbl. |A4nF pa6OTaK:LIAHX >KeHLAMH AO l l)opMHpyeTCR 13 B3HOCOB. u nocue pOAOB: 70 KaAeHAap- 06H3aTeAbHa no cbeAepmb- floco6He no HbiX AHeA AO pOAOB U 70 (86 EmeMecqt4Hoe HbIM 3aKOHaM. (I!HHaHcmpyeT- 6epeMeHHocTH AASJ POAOB C ocAo>KHeHHRNMH, AeHe>KHoe CA 3a cveT Hanora B (DOHA CO- H poAaM 110 npu PO)KAeHMm 6onee oA- noco6ue LAHaAbHoro CTpaxoBaHH5 (coL- Horo pe6eHKa) Kan1eHAapHbIX cTpax). npeAocTaBnReTc I AHeA nocAe POAOB npeAnpHsT"slMH. $opMHpyeTCR He 143 B3HOCOB. 06R3aTenbHa no cpeAepanb- HbIM 3aKOHaM. (DMHaHCHpyeTCJq Ioco6He no MaTepRM (pa6oTaioLHM E H (13OHAOM COLHmanbHOrO CTpaXo- YXOAY6ue no 1H 6e3pa6oTHblm) AO Hc- A KBaHMARJ1 pa6OTwoTIoHX H me- | Xo 3a || nonHeHHq pe6eHKY 1,5 ro- noc>6e CTHbIMH opraHaMH BJ1aCTH AAR |e6el.iKoM || ' OCO6Aa He 6e3pa6oTHbIx KeHuAMH. npeA- OCTaBAn9eTCR npeAnpHTHqRMH H MeCTHbIMH opraHamu COiH- I abHOH 3aLI4HTbi. Pa3aJHtHbie KaTeropmu 11 1 | || 11 ~~~~~~~~PMa WUbie eAH-11qI rpawKAaH H cemeH; Ha OC- HospemeHHbIe cb)OpMHpyIOTCq He 143 B3HO- HOBe 3acnyr HAn noTpe6- 14 perynARpHbie COB. O6R3aTenbHbl Ha Bcex LIpyrHe noo6 || HOCTeu; taCTO Ha OCHOBe AeHe)KHble BbI- rOCYAaPCTBeHHbIX ypoBHRX. ABYX Tpe6oBaHWM COOT- fnliaTbl u noco6MR |DMHaHCHpyIOTCR H npeAOC- BeTCTBWSl: KaTeropH5 + B HaTypanbHOM TaBA1KOTCA permoHaAbHbIM | AOXOA (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Bbipa)KeHMM H MeCTHbIMH BA1aCTRMH. I ____________ _ || AoxoAa) 1 c Cy6cmA.m 1 nOAo>KeHme AeTeU B POCCHACKOA (DIegepaL,uu. 38 HTorm coLAHaAbHoA nOJuTHKH 1990-x rOAOB s nepcneKTHBbI Ta6nuL4a 1.3. (npogonxceHHe) nporpaMMbl KaTeropHs rpa>KAaH nfoco6mq OCHOBHOH HCTO4HHK c4HHaHCHpOBaHMR / YnpasneHHe librOTbI H Cy6cMfHH _ 06ecneqeHwe TO- Bapami H ycnyra- t|)OpMHpyIOTCq He H3 B3HO- Mm (nuTaHue, COB. O6s.3aTenbHbl H npeA- TpaHcnOpT, WH- OCTaBJA1HOTCsA Ha Bcex rocy- A1be H KOMMY- Pa3inHw4Hbie KaTeropiH HaibHbie ycnyrm, AaPCTBeHHbIX ypOBHSIX. (t)H- JlbrOTbi H rpaKa H ceme; Ha OTAbIX U pea6u- HaHCHUYIOTCS H3 4eAepanb- lOATaL4UJ 3A0PO- HblX, perHOHaAbHbIX H MecT- BbR, MeAUH4HH- HblX 6toA>KeToB, BHe6ICA- nOTpe6HOCTeA CKHe ycnyru, AO- )KeTHbIX 4OHAOB H nPeAnPH- WK0TaH0e B o6pa- RTH5qMH. npeAOCTaBnAIOTCs 30saHue H Tp.a) MeCTHbIMM BAaCTSJMH H npeA- CO CKHAKOH HuH nPHATH1MH 6ecnnaTHo [ YcnyrH _ KoHCynbTaLAHoH- Hbie yCAyrH; o6- cj1cy>KBaHHe Ha || HeO.063aeTbb H3 B3HO- CoLkHaAbHaR He3auAHweHHbie AeTH, AOMy, pea6unu- COB. O6slaTenbHbI Ha BCex pa6oTaH nOPOCTKH H X ceMbH Ta4 YxOA B Te- rOcYAapCTBeHHbX ypOBHqX. coLAmaAbHoe I3POCAbie I no 'ble 1L4eHHe AHP. npu- cIJ)HaHCHpyIOTCSq perHoHaJib- eMHHKH, ncHXo- HbIMH H MeCTHblMH BAaCTJ1MH o6cIy>KHBaHue JIOAUH COLAHaJbHaq nOA- || npeqoCTaBnsqOTCs MeCTHbl- Aep)K(Ka, IOPHA~H- mm BniaCTqMMH. CK4eCKe KOHCyib- TaLlHH H T.A. AeTH, OCTaBWHecq 6e3 c!JopmHpyeTCq He H3 B3HO- none4eHHq POAPTeAeA, HaAAMeTeAb- COB. O6.q3aTenbHbi Ha BceX Y4pe>IAeHHsq, HeHMmyLLAHe AeTH, AeTH- Hb U CpOK (B rocYAapCTBeHHblX ypOBHSIX. HHTepHaTHOro HHBaJUAbI; B3pOCnbie-HH- HeKOTOpbKX |B HaHCHpytoTCJ perHOHaAb- TUna BaniAbl H npeCTapeAble; CyqX Ha HbIMU H MeCTHbIMu BAa1CTAM | Tpe6yiouiAHe YxoA~a CTa- BCOfl1Hb peAOCTaBA1suOTCJq meCTHbI- |HKH BCO K3Hb) M aCTMH. 4cmOYHUKU. Pa3uLw4Hbie npaBOBbie aKTbI H OcPHLma.AbHbte AOKyMeHTbI. MOCTb OCHOBHbIX TOBapOB H ycJIyr HepBOR HeO6XOaHMOCTH. OaHaKO YPOBeHb rpO)KHTO11- HOrO MlHHHMyMa, HICHOJIb3yeMblH B KwMeCTBe nopOrOBOrO 3HaLeHHSI YPOBHS 6eaHoCTm, OKa3aJICA C7IHImKOM BbICOK4M - CpaBHIIMbM CO cpeo Her 3apa6oTHoH riiaTOH B HeKOTO- pbIX perH4OHax, 'TO aeniao He3aIp(eKTHBHOH aapeCHyIO HOMOUJIb HeHMyIIIHM. ;ISlq TOrO tITO6bi pCIHTb 3TY Hpo6JIeMy, B cjiy-Iae C HeKOTOPbIM1r noco6isiMH (HanpuMep, noco6H- eM Ha pe6eHKa) nopor 6bmji CHHCeH, HI BO MHOrlX perluOHax (3aKOHOcaTeJlbHO) COUHaIab- FrnaBa 3. CoLAHaubHaS 3auLHTa, WaBooxpaHeHme H O6pa3pBaHme B 1990-e roAbi 39 Ta6nHi4a 1.4. PaCXoAbI Ha COL(HalbHYIO 3aULL(TY B PoccuH no oI;eHKaM Ha 1999 r. IHcJO JlbrOT- PacxoAbl AJ,onsq OT Aons OT HUKOB (M)1H (MnpA py6.) BBI1 (%) Bcex pacxo- qeA.) AOB(%) 1) fleHCUH (TpyAoBaa, no HHBaniAHo- 37,0 244,3 5,37 79,8 CTH H B CBSq3H c noTepeM KOpMHAbLa) 2) lloco6ue no 6e3pa6oTHI.e 7,5 0,16 2,4 3) Iloco6me no BpeMeHHOH HeTPYAo- 19,6 0,43 6,4 cnoco6HOCTH 4) CoLAmanbHas neHCHII 1 1,4 5,5 0,12 1,8 5) )KmnHWbleenbroTbl 2 7,9 1,96 0,04 0,6 6) noco6me Ha pe6eHKa 3 32,0 14,5 0,32 4,7 7) noco6He npU po>KAeHMM pe6eHKa 1,1 1,5 0,03 0,5 8) noco6ue no 6epeMeHHocTH H pO- 0,8 2,4 0,05 0,8 gam 9) noco6we no yxoAy 3a pe6eHKoM 0,85 1,9 0,04 0,6 10) Apyrme noco6Hs 4 7,2 0,16 2,4 11) Bcero 306,36 6,73 100,0 12) Bcero 6e3 TpyAosom neHCHH 62,06 1,37 20,2 13) Bcero 6e3 TpyAOBOA neHCHH H noco6ms no BpeMeHHOA HeTpyAoC- 42,46 0,93 13,9 noco6HOCTH 14) Bcero5 32,8 32,3 0,71 3. CoiAman-bHaq pa6oTa H coLWaAb- HbIe yCAyrm 15) CoLtHanbHas pa6oTa H YXOA 3,8 0,08 8,6 3a AeTbMH 6 16) HHTepHaTHbie yLpe>KAeH"q Ann 0,38 20,5 0,45 46,2 geTeM 17) CoLmanAbHoe o6cny>KHBaHHe 8,7 0,19 19,4 B3pOCnblX H npecTapenibx 8 18) CTaLwoHapbl Wm1 B3pocnblX 0,21 11,3 0,25 25,5 H npeCTapeJbIx9 19) Bcero 44,3 0,97 100 BCErO (1+2+3) 382,96 8,41 IlcmoqHuKu. CocTasneHo C Hcnonb3oBaHHeM AaHHbIX pa3Jn1HHbIX Ta6nmLt H3 cneAyKo)L'Ax HCTOqHHKOB: 1) Poccuu- CKHA CTaTHCTHqeCKHU e)KerOAHHK, 2000; 2) CoLAmanbHoe no0jo>KeHHe H ypOBeHb )KH3HH HaceAeHHS Poccuu, 2000. roCKOMCTaT, MocKBa. nlpHMeqaHHR. 1. CM. HCTOqHHK (2), CTp. 230, Ta6n. 5.23. 2. )KHnHxAHbie JlbrOTbI 6bl)9H noilyieHbi 2,63 MAH cemeA (6,5% o6taero -4mcna ceMeA). LlHcno HHAHBHAyanbHblx noJy4aTeneA paccLiHTaHO, HCXOAq 13 npeAnono>KeHHP, qTO B cpeAHem ceMbq, noAyqaiouAa nbroTy, COCTOHT H3 3 ,enoiBeK; BenHL4Ha cpeAHeMecsqHoA cy6cHAmH cocTaBJIqeT 62 py6. Ha ceMbWo. 3. B 1999 r. pac4eTHoe 4ucAO AeTeA, KOTOpblM nonoN(eHo noco6ue, COCTaBHi1o 32-33 MAH qeno- BeK. O6s.3aTenbHoe e>KeMecqqHoe noco6ue coCTaBHno 58,4 py6.; AAR AeTeA H3 HenonHbIx cemeA - 116,9 py6. 3a- AOJn>KeHHOCTb no BbinnaTaM noco6Hu Ha pe6eHKa cocTaaHAa 11,5 MAPA py6. (nHWb Ha 20% MeHbwe CyMMbi, Bbinfla- L4eHHOA AeTsM). 4. BKJIKOaeT BbinlnaTbi nOCTpaAaBwHM OT aBapHH Ha 4epHo6blAbCKOH A3C, noco6HR 6eiKeHLAaM H BpeMeHHbIM nepeceneHLlaM, noco6He Ha norpe6eHHe, AeHeN(Hypo COL4AaAbHpIO nlOMOULb H T.A. 5. YHCnO nOAy4aTe- neu H o6beM 3aTpaT pacc4HTaHbl Ha OCHOBe AaHHbIx rOCKOMCTaTa, nOAy1eHHbIX no pe3ynbTaTaM o6cueAoBaHHA AO- MOX03AACTB, no AeLtl4HbHblM rpynnam nonyqaTeneA H cpeAHeu AeHe>KHOA BenHqHHe noAy4aeMbIx cy6c"AHA/nbroT. nOuo>KeHme AeTeU B POCCHACKOA cbeAepaLtHH. 40 MTorH coLtmaAbHoA nOAHTMKW 1990-x rOAOB s nepcneKTsBbI Ha5A nOMOH{b MOlKeT npeaOCTaBJIATbCS HpOHOPHHOHaJ7bHo npOwHTOWHOMY MHHHMyMy. HaKOHeU, CHCTeMaCLoIHJaIbHO nO;LUep1)KKH HHege.7iaeT aKueHTa Ha ipeBeHTHBHbIX mepax yMeHbIHleHHS pH4CKa. 11peBeHTHIBHa1 COuHa.IbHaI pa6OTa Ii COHHa7I4bHoe o6c.IyNHBaH4e Ha 6a3e CeMbl wimU MeCTHOrO coo6iueCTBa HeAOCTaTOMHO pa3BHTbl. FoCygapCTBO BO MHO- rOM noiiaraeTcs9 Ha He31XeKTHBHbIe ipOrpaMMbI, TaKHe, KaK HHCTHTYIHOHaHIH43a3HSA He- 3aJIIHHeEIHbIX rpaCKzaH, 'TO OTBJIeKaeT 3laMHTeJIbHbie pecypcbi (CM. Ta6ji. 1.4) H CTaBHT nOza yrpo3y COI1IlaIbHoe o6eciieieH4e geTeii H 1pyrFHX Ho0aBep)eHHbIX PHCKIy rpynn. I4CTO0HH4KI. COCTaBJIeHO C ICnO7JIb3OBaHHeM aaHHbIX pa3JI1'IHbIX Ta6 JIHU H3 CiieCyO- HIIHX HCTO'qHHKOB: 1) POCCHIiCKRi CTaTHCTH'ieCKHH e)KeroaHHK, 2000; 2) Colwa.ibHoe rIoJIoKeHHle H ypoBeHb >KI13HHI HacejIeHHSl POCCHIM, 2000. rOCKOMCTaT, MocKBa. qJunaHcoebie 3ampambl. CHCTeMa coIIHaibHoft roAAepXKKH CJIHlIKOM pacmiiEipeHa Ho CpaBHeHHIIO CO CBOeii AOXOAHOH 6a3Oi. BoIbiioe KOJIH'eCTBO noco6HH C HH3KOH' a,peCHOH HarpaBJIeHHOCTb1O H yHop Ha AoporoCTOsIAHle fipOrpaMMbI, HarpHMep Ha 4HcTHTyUI4OHa- J1I43aLH1o, COCTaBJIAIOT qaCTb 3TO1 HpO6iieMbI. OaHaKO HeaOCTaTOK peCypCOB B03HHKaeT npe*KAe Bcero H3-3a HeaOCTaTOqHOro 61o,.KeTHOrO q)HHaHCHPOBaHHS4 WITH H3-3a TOFO, 'TO peCypcbi, BbIe.J7IAeMbIe Ha peanii3anuio nporpaMM, HH2Ke 3anj1aHHpOBaHH0Io ypOBHS. B 1999 r. HneHCHCOHHbIe paCXO,ZtbI B COIIUHJbHOI4 ccbepe COCTaBHJIH OKOJIO 2% OT BBfl; HCXOztl4 H3 oripeaenjeHHbIX AcOnyIIeHHi, MO)KHO cztenJaTb BbIBO, 0 TOM, 'ITO OKOJIO 0,71% BBrI 6bIIo flOTpa'eHO Ha JIbrOTbI 14 cy6cHmHi (CM. HpHM. K Ta6JI. 1.4) H 1,2% Ha JaeHe)HbIe TpaHcpepTbl (Ta6ni. 1.4). ;lJ5IA rocyAapCTBeHHbIX pacXoaoB Ha coLIuaH7bHYIO cc)epy (6e3 yqeTa neHcHi4) co BpeMeHeM MeHAlniaCb. OHa BbIpocIia c 1,6% OT BBrl (1994 r.) jto 2% OT BBrI B 1997 r., a 1999 r. yna.na ao 1,2% OT BBrl. TaKHM o6pa3oM, aa- Ke IpH yBeJIH-eHHH MHcjia BbIriTaT pecypcHaA 6a3a HX (nHHaHCHPOBaHHA (B BHie ,oJIH OT BBI1) yMeHbiiiIiJIaCb (Ta6in. 1.26 «CTaTHCTHiieCKOrO ipi4jOioeHHs4»). rIaAeH1e pacxo- AOB Ha COLIa.IbHbIe nporpamMMbI rHI yBeJiH'eHHH HX ixHCJIa 03HaqajiO, '-TO MHorHe H3 HHX, KaK, HaipHMep, Hoco6H4e no 6e3pa6OTHue H meTCKHe noco6HA, B Te,IeHlHe nocIe,RHe- ro AeCATHJieTHA Bbn-JMiaHBaJII C 3aJAep.&KaMH. XOTA B nocjie,zHee BpeMA 3aAoJDKeHHOCTb COKpaTHJIaCb B pe3yiabTaTe 3KOHoMH'IeCKOIO pOCTa, OTCTaBaHHe nO BbinIiaTaM eine He JIHKBH,AHPOBaHO HOJIHOCTbIO (Ta6.i. 1.25 >). KaK HOKa3aHO B Ta6nI. I.4, 3a6OTa 0 Tex, KTO riO)KHBaeT B aOMax-HHTepHaTax, OTHHMa- eT 6OJIbIlyIO ,lOJHIO rocyzIapCTBeHHbIX paCXOJtOB Ha coLIHa.7bHy1O ccbepy. B 1999 r. Haaojiio H4HCTHTny1HOHanbHOii 3aalUHTbi 380 TbIC. AeTeH, IIHLueHHbIX pOZHTeJIbCKOr OneKH, H aeTeri- HHBaJ1HaOB HpHI1IOCb 0,45% BBII . To eCTb 3Ha'HTeJIbHaI 'IaCTb cpe,4CTB YXOaJlT Ha Ao- npHMe4aHH.s K Ta6JH4O 1.4 (npoaoAxe#fue) CM.: UCT04HUK (2), CTP. 222-223, Ta6nH4Ibl 5.15 M 5.16. 6. PaCC4HTaHO, UCXOAP U3 npeAnAoJ)KeHHRq, oT 73 TbIC. 3aHATbIX B 3TOU ccfepe nony4anu4 4LCTYIO 3apa6oTHyio nnaTy cpeAHepocc1HcKoro ypoSHR, 4TO cpeAHUU K03c4)14- L.4eHT HaAoroo6Ino*eHU14 TPYAOBblX 3aTPaT COCTaBan 1,45 u 4TO TpyAOBble 3aTpaTbl cocTaBHAm nonofHY scex 3a- TpaT. 7. PaCCLIwTaHO mCXOAP 43 Toro, 4TO B cTpaHe B y4pe>KAeHHqx pa3H4LHbIX THnOB HaXOAMTCR OKOJ1O 380 TbIC. AeTeA, OCTaBw14XCq 6e3 none4eHHq poAJTeneA, H AeTeA-HHBaAmAoB u 4TO B cpeAHem Mecq4Hoe coAep>KaHHe pe- 6eHKa o6xoAHTcR B 4,5 TbIC. py6. 3To HopMaTuBHbie 3aTpaTbi, oTcyTcTByeT HH4)opMaL4AR, KOTOpaf no3BoSAJAa 6bl oLTeH1Tb peaAbHbI1 pa3mep pacxOAOB. PaceTbl OCyUAeCTBAeHbi 6e3 y4eTa KOJIUaCTBa AeTeA, HaXOARU14mXCR B AO- Max-uHTepHaTax o6uAero Ha3HaqeHHq U AeTeA, nonaBw14x B rocyAapCTBeHHbie y4pe)KAeHHR 13 6eAHbIx HAn He6Aa- rOnOhY4HbIX ceMeU. 8. CWTyaLT4UR TaKaq me, KaK U B cny4ae C yciiyramm AAnq AeTeA; o6LLee L4Cno 3aH1Tb]X - 200 TbIC. LenoBeK. 9. CHTyaL4RP TaKam wKe, KaK H B ciiy4ae C y4pe>KAeHHFMH UHTepHaTHOrO Tfna AAA AeTeA. F.naBa 3. CoL4wanbHas 3aLLTa, 3APaBooxpaHeHme U o6pa3oBaHme B 1 990-e roAbi 41 porOCT0o11wne H, KaK yAc eOKa3aHO MHOrOMHCjieHHbIMH 3aflaaHbIMH H pOCCHACKHMH HC- cJIegOBaHHllMH, He344feKTHBHbie rocyaapCTBeHHbie rporpaMMbI COiHaJIbHOH 3aIIXHTbI. /iez4enmpaJlu3aluJq. BaiHbIM aCrieKTOM 4YHKqHOHHpOBaHH54 CI4CTeMbI COUJHJaIbHOH 3aMHTbI B POCC4HH BJIqeTC5 KtoMwBaS pOJb perHOHajibHbIX BJIaCTeH B 4 IIHaHCHpOBaHHH H peajiH3aUnHH COOTeTCTBYIOWHX nporpaMM. B ueJIoM HiporpaMMbI coIIHajibHO 3aHiiTbI 4 HHaHCHpy1OTCAI H3 HeCKOJIbKHX ICTO'HHKOB: 1) 4eaepaIbHoro 6ioA)KeTa; 2) 6iogiKeToB cy6beKToB qeaepauiiH; 3) deAepaAbHbX BHe6ioAJKeTHbIX 4oOHaOB; H 4) pe-HOHaJIbHbIX H MeCTHbIX BHe6ioa>KeTHbIX cPOHaOB (OBMapoBa, 2000). HanpiMep, B 1999 r. counaJIb- Hbie JlbrOTbI H noco6H5I HO CTaTbC < 6bIIH ripocPHHaHCHpOBaHbI 3 1H3 bejgepaAbHoro 6ioA)KeTa (53,3%) H4 H3 KOHCOJIH2AHPOBaHHbIX 6ioxiKeToB cy6'beKTOB (DeaepaIUH (46,7%). ;JeUeHTpaj4H3aIH5I yripaB7iSeHH5 B COUHMTbHOf4 cbepe BbI3bIBaeT pa33IH4ql B ¢HHaH- CHPOBaHHH H [ipe1OCTaBJieHHI11 noco6Hi B perHOHax PoccHH. B MaCTHOCTH, CyIIIeCTBYIOT 6o0JbImiie perHOHanjbHbie pai3nllAMH B 3aaOJDKeHHOCTI4 KaK nO BbIrJiaTaM, qopMHpyiO- MIMCA 3a C'IeT B3HOCOB (HaHpHMep, noco6iie no 6e3pa6oTHLe), TaK 1H no noco6H5JM B paMKax riporpaMM COuHlaJIbHOA 3aIITHTbI (HanpHMep, noco6ne no 6e3pa6oTHuIe H noco- 6He Ha pe6eHKa). DTo rOCTaBHJIO no, COMHeHHe cnoco6HOCTb Cy6beKTOB P(D o6ecne'lH- BaTb BbIriiaTy Hoco6Hf HI CTaJIO OTHOHi 113 IpHEMHIH nepeHoca 4IHHaHCHpOBaHHI AaeTCKHX Hoco6Hii H Hoco6HHi no 6e3pa6oTHue Ha beAepaJibHbIlH ypOBeHb. OAH4M H3 OCHOBHbIX CnOCO6OB BbIpaBHHBaHH4{ B ripoiieccax c¢HHaHCHpOBaHHA COUI- aJIbHOII CPepbi H OCyiieCTBJIeHH4H ApyrFlX PaCXOaLOB B periHOHax CTaJIO CO3AaHHe (tDe,je- pa.IbHOrO cBOHaa c¢HHaHCOBofl HrZioePXKKII Cy6beKTOB P(D. TpaHc¢epTbI H3 3TOrO q)OHZa B perHOHbl He HOCAIT uiejieBOrO xapaKTepa 1H He BCerZJa H14YT Ha COLHaJIbHbIe Hy)fAbI; OT- CYTCTBYeT MexaHH3M MoHlHTopIIHra, KOTOpbli cHoco6CTBOBaJi 6bI HCHOJIb3OBaHI41O 3THX Cpez,CTB Ha aCCIIrHOBaHHe npOrpaMM COuiaJIbHOHi rOMOIIIH H B nepBYIO oMepe.b - HOMO- lIIIl CaMbIM 6ejHbIM perHloHaM. rJOJABO,aA HTOF, OTMeTHM, MTO COIIHaJIbHaSA roAaePXCKa B POCC14H HeIOCTaTOMHO C(JO- KYCHPOBaHa Ha peiIeHHuI npo6JieM 6eAHOCTH, eio CjiO>KHO ynpaBJTIATb, B Hell MaSjO BHHMa- HHAs yeJIsieTCi riporpaMMaM npO4nJiaKTHKH; B 1990-x roAax oHa CTOJIKHynjaCb C He,ao- CTaTO'IHbIM ¢HHaHCHpOBaHneM, O MeM rOBOpHT Bce eie 4MeiolWlasIcI 3aAOjD)KeHHOCTb HO BbiJIiaTe COIlHJlbHbIX noco6iHiH. OHa He cMorIia cbIrpaTb pemiaiowuyio POJIb B o6ecne'e- HHH4 6.7IarocOCTOBHIIA He3a[UiueHHbIX cJIOeB O6UIeCTBa B Ue1IOM H1 JeTeri B MaCTHOCTH. J1aJiee 6oJiee HiozLpo6HO pacCKa3bIBaeTCq o6 OCHOBHbIX nporpaMMax CoLHaJbHOAi 3a- IHITbl H o6 HX pacpeaejiJlHTejibHOM BO3,aefIcTBE41. 3.1.2. JIbwombi u cy6cuauu CoqualbHbte 7b?OMbI u cy6cu3uu ocmaiomcqz ocHo6ou cuCmeMbl COIJUaJlbHOU noadep'cKu 6 POCCUU. OHII o6ecneMnBaIOT (B OCHOBHOM Ha OCHOBe 3acJiyr) ,aOCTyr K IIIHpOKOMY CHeK- Tpy 6ecn7iaTHbIX HJIH L,OTHpyeMbiX yc.7yr, B TOM iHC.Je: OTAbIX H pea6iiHTauHs 3AOpOBbS, MeAllUlHHCKie ycJIyri, HIOJb3OBaHHe ,OLHKOJIbHbIMH yMpe}KIeHIBMI4, o6pa3oBaHHe. CHC- TeMa JIbrOT/cy6CHZItH B npouecce CBoero q)yHK1HOHH1pOBaHH4A CTajiKHBaeTCA C TpeMS oc- HOBHbIMHI npo6iieMaMH: 1) no 3aKOHV CHCTeMa OXBaTbIBaeT 6o0iee 70% HaceJIeHisA; 2) npa- BITe.JIbCTBO BbInOJIH5IeT He BCe CBOi o65I3aTeJlbCTBa B aaHHOH o6iiacT; 3) BOHpeKH HPHH- IiHinaM coUlIHaJIbIlOl 3aIllTbI HpH pbIHO-IHOH 3KOHOM1Ke, CHCTeMa npeACTaBHjieT C06o01 HecrpaBe,AJIBoe 4CHOJIb3OBaHne OrpaHH'IeHHbIX pecypcOB, HOCKOJIbKy o6ecneMHHaeT 6JIaraMH aaTieKO He CaMbIX Hy)KaaOIIIHXCS, KaKOBbIMH ABJI51IOTCS CeMbH C HH3KHM AOXO- nlOAo>IeHme AeTeA B POCCUUCKOA cteAepaLu*i. 42 lITorN coi4HaAbHoH nOAHTIKH 1990-x ropos u nepcneKTsBbI AOM H KHBYLUIIe y CepTbi 6eaHOCTI. IIO3TOMY fpaBHTeJIbCTBO rPe,AAoOiKHTiO nOCTCeiHHO JIHKBHsaHposTb 6o0IbUyio IaCTb JIbrOT, a OCTaJlbHbIe HlpeBpaTHTb B aeHeC)KHbIe noco6Hiz H471H Haz(6aBKH K 3apninaTe. OaHaKo rpea o*eHHaA rOCTeneHHaS JIHKBHaaum3i .lbrOT Ha- TanIK4BaeTC5I Ha CHJIbHOe HOJIHTHiecKoe rpOTHBOaCerCTBHe H nOKa He peanj43OBaHa. Oxaam. Pea2bHblii OXBaT Cy6ciJ,LH54MH 1H JlbrOTaMH MeHbuIme, MeM o6 3TOM CBHaeTeJIb- CTBYIOT OlHimajIbHbie 1CTOMqHHKH. B 1999 r., 4CXOAsI H3 aaHHbIX o 6ioa)KeTax ceMei (CM. HpHM. K Ta6ni. 1.4), 6bU1o OKOJIo 32,8 MJIH roAy'iaTeJiei JIbrOT iH cy6cHjLHi (Ta6n. 1.4). lIajIbHeiumee CBHJi,eTenJbCTBO pa3Maxa 3TOHi HiOrPaMMbl HaXOaHM B o6cniezoBaHHH 6ioa- -KeTOB AOMOXO3ArHCTB, rIOaJOTOBJIeHHOM FOCKOMCTaTOM B 2000 r. (Ta6i. 1.22 ). Bo BTOpOM KBapTa.ie 2000 r. caMoii KpyHHOiI JlbroToii 6bIJlO noco6i4e Ha caHaTOpHO-KypOpT- Hoe .aeeMeHHC H cy6cuHAs Ha OTabiX (777 py6. B MCCqU Ha ceMbIO, noJIy-iaioIIyio TaKoe noco- 6H4e), _aaJIee uJIH cy6cH(HH Ha coztepKaHHe CeTefi B AOUIlKOIbHbIX yMpewKaeHHlAX (383 py6.) H Ha JIeKapCTBeHHbie CpeJCTBa H MieaHIHHCKOe o6cjiycKHBaHHe37 (310,7 py6.). YPOBCHb nO- co6H51 B ropo,iax 6bIJI BbIme, '4M B CeJIbCKHX pafIOHax (eciin He C'iHTaTb BbIHI7aT OT npej- HpHATHi/c¢oHAoB). Iloco6iie Ha caHaTOpHO-KYPOpTHoe 'iei-ie H Cy6ci4AIH Ha OTaZbIX CO- CTaBJI5IeT npi4MepHO 33% OT cpeuHeif 3apa6oTHoH HiTaTbI, 'ITO He TaK Y)K H MaY1O. ,LAaHHbIe o Cy6CHI4alAX Ha oniiaTy KOMMyHa.JbHbIX ycJiyr HI TOHJIHBa, B35ATbIe H3 RLMS, HIOKa3bIBaIOT, -ITO B 2000 r. B cpeCHeM Ha ceMbIo-noJIy'aTeCS npHxoIXOjiaCb cy6cHiaH5 B pa3mepe 132 py6. B MCCAL (Ta6A. 1.17 <>), 'TO COCTaB- JIAJIO oKJoI 5% pacxoaoB ceMbH (Ta6JI. 1.15 *CTaTHCTHiMeCKOFO ripHjIoxeHH1A>). B a6co- JHIOTHOM BbIpa)KeHHH pa3mep cy6c,ATHH Ha KOMMYHanJbHbIe ycjIyri H TOn.IHBO 6bUn BbIUJe AZJIm HmMyIUHx ceMei, 'CM aiSi HelHMyIIHX, HO 3Ta Cy6CHmHA COCTaBJIAlIa 6o.uee BaKHYHIO 'aCTb B HoTpe6.7ICHHH Majioo6ecneC'eHHbIx ceMeiC (12%) no cpaBHeHH1O C CeMbAMM H3 BepxHero KBHIHTHJIsI (2,3%). YpOBeHb Cy6cIaaiH 6bIJI OIeHb HH3KiHM no cpaBHeHHIO Co cpe,RHeie 3apa6OTHoH nIiaTOi (OKOJno 5%). ADpecma" noMOU4b. Cy6CHAHm H .lbrOTbI IHHHOCHT 6o.nbuie IOJIb3bI 6o0iee COCTOA- TeJIbHbIM rpaX1cAaHaM, HeCKeJIH 6ejHbIM. 4HHCJo noco6iiii H HX CyMMa Ha rioJIy'aTejIA 3TO- ro noco6HA yBeCIHlIHBalOTCS C AeUHJIAMH Aoxoaa (FoCKOMCTaT, 1999a). Oco6eHHo nTIoxo pacnpeejisiloTcsA cy6cHziiHH Ha CaHaTOpHO-KypOpTHoe JeieeHiCe, Ha ICeKapCTBeHHbIe cpe,- CTBa H MeAHUHHCKHe ycJIyrH. ;IaHHbIe RLMS 3a 1998-2000 rr. HOALTBep.AKaalOT, 'ITO Cy6CHaiH Ha oiilaTy KOMMy- HaJlbHbIX ycJIyr 1H TOHJ1HBa He aaZpeCOBaHbl HeHMyiHhM (Ta6ii. 1.11 H 1.18 « CTaTcTHm4ec- KOrO ipi4.70oxceHHI»q). B 1998 r. OKOJIO 14% TaKIX cy6ciwHaii H plHXOtHJIOCb Ha HH31HIyO KBHHTHJIbHYlO rpynny, BbIaeJCAeMyfO B COOTBeTCTBHH C gyIIueBbIMM pacxoaaMH HaceJIe- HUI, B TO BpeMA KaK HO'qTH 30% 6blJIIH HIojl'eHbI lOMOXO3AfiCTBaMH B BbICmeH KBHH- THJIbHOI4 rpynne. B 2000 r. 3(44eKTHBHOCTb alpeCHoVI nOMOWIH, CBl3aHHOiH C BbiCAjeeHH- eM cy6citaHii Ha oniiaTy KOMMYHajIbHbIX ycjiyr H TOrI7IHBa, HeCKOJIbKO HOBbICHIiaCb. Xo- TSI o6ijjas aOJIA cy6cCmHii ZJIA HH3iCerO KBHHTIIJI He H3MeHHJIaCb, OHa yBeCJHqHjiaCb avs BTOpOFO (C 12 ,ao 21%) H COKpaTIIJIiCb AJIS BbIClCerO KBHIHTHJIA (c 28 ,io 21%). OztHaKo, HeCMOTp35 Ha 3TH H3MeHeHHIA, cy6cHiaHH Ha oHIiaTy KOMMYHaJIbHbIX YCJIYF H TOHJIHBa BO MHOFOM OCTalOTCA1 COpHeHTHIpOBaHHbIMH He Ha 6erHbIX. B 3aKJIIoMeHHe oTMeTH4M,q TO CfaKTbI noKa CBHueTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, 'ITO .JIbrOTbI H1 cy6- CH,HHI OXBaTbIBalOT 311Imb OKOJIO TpCTH BCex 1oMalIIHHX XO3AH4CTB. TaKoii YPOBeHb OXBa- Ta HaMHOrO HHi)KCe o6eaHHOrO ripaBHTeCJIbCTBOM B OCHOBHOM H3-3a HeAOCTaTKa CpeaCTB, OjHaKO OHH CTO0T Ha BTOpOM MeCTe Hoc.7ie reHCHH, KOTOpbIe HMeCOT caMbI BbICOKHH ypOBeHb oxBaTa cpeCU4 ,eHe)KHbIx noco6Hii. JlbrOTbI H cy6CHalH 'aCTO nojiy'aIOT He6ea- HbIe rpynHbI HaceJIeHHIl. 3TH JIbFOTbI H Cy6CHatH B HCKOTOPbIii CJly'IaAx MOFyT 6bITb BeCbMa 3HailHTeCJbHbIMH (Ha CaHaTOpHO-KypOpTHoe JICiCeH4e, OTAbIX) no OTHoaleHHIO K o6ICeMy o6beMy HOTpe6jIeHHI IH CpeCHeCH 3aprUiaTe. nonolKHbIe ioco6HM B PoccHH, opHeHTHPOBaHHble Ha 60pb6y C 6eCHOcTbIo. feHCH4I H noco6ue no 6e3pa6oTuCe CBI3aHbl c npeCbiLayWM ypOBHeM 3apa6OTHoH nria- Tbl Ie.IoBeKa H, CieaIOBaTeCIbHO, ABHO He OpneHTHpOBaHbI Ha 60pb6y C 6eCHOCTblO . 3 O- co6ue no 6epeMeHHocTm H pogam, noco6He npuoH pO)KCeHHi pe6eHKaU noco6He MaTePAM C aeTbM4 MOJIO>Ce JtBYX IieT TO)Ke He rpeCjHa3HaMeHbI cHHnclIaAbHO ,aJI5 HeHMyIUHx. B Ta6JI. 1.4 noapo6HO HOKa3aHbI iporpaMMbI, CB5I3aHHbIe c aeHeCHbIMH TpaHc4epTaMH. CeMezuHbie u mamepuNcKue deneIcnbie noco6us u cmenenb oxaama UwMU. Hari6oJIee pacrPOCTpaHeHHOe noco6ne, nojiyqaemoe ceMbsAMH B POCCHu, - noco6ue na pe6eniKa. 3To e)KeMecq'Hoe eaHHoo6pa3Hoe noco6ue, rpe,IOCTaBJIAemoe BCeM ,LCTSIM MOJIOwKe 16 iieT (18 nieT 1JIA y'{ami4xcq) U3 ceMeCH, Meii aOXOA HH)e MHHHMajibHOFO npOuKHTOiHOFO YPOBHS1 .flo a0M4HlHCTpaTHBHbIM aaHHbIM, Ha ceHTA6pb 2001 r. 6bIJIO 3aperHCTpHIpOBa- HO 18,3 MJIH aeTe i (55% OT o6ruero 'mcjia eTeC B POCCHH), KOTOpbIM nOJIoKceHO 3TO nO- co6He 40. Ha KOHeu 2001 r. eKemecMMHoe noco6ie Ha pe6eHKa COCTaBrijio 70 py6. (Aju5 aeTe4 MaTepeC-O,aIHoMeK -140 py6.). ,iIJIm cpaBHeHH5: cpeaIHeMecSIMHbirl npIOCK4TO'IHbIH MUHHHMM Y,aJIAI leTef B TpCTbeM KBapTa.7e 2001 r. COCTaBJIAJI 1 514 py6. 3To noco6ue BbI- nLiaIu4BaeTC5 1 3 LeCaepwJbHoro 6logwKeTa. EiIe OaHO Ba,KHOe noco6ue - noco6ue no 6epemeHnocmu u poaIm 4, COUHaJIbHoe CTpaxOBoe noco6ue, C4IopMHpoBaHHoe U3 B3HOCOB, KOTopoe BbMnIja'HBaeTCA pa6OTaIo- Ifl4M MaTCp51M B TeIeHHe 140 KajieHaapHbIX aHCe (OKO.IO 20 Hea., HJH 5 Mec.): 70 HCHei ao pO,aOB H 70 ,iHer noc.iie pOJtOB; 86 ,4Heii B cJIyiae OCJIO)KHeHHH npu poaax, 110 aHe npHH poKK,aeHHI4 6o0iee O,aHOrO pe6eHKa. OHO HOJIHOCTbIO BO3MeIaeT 3apa6OTOK iao pOjOB. HO- co6He aHaJIOrl4IHO TOMy, ITO BbIraIlMHBaCTC5 B CTpaHaX 03CP. ECJIH cpaBHHBaTb CTpa- HbI C nepeXOIHoii 3KOHOMIIKOI4, TO aeKpeTHOe noco6ue B POCCHH CXOaHO C TCM, 'TO BbI- riia,BnaeTC31 Ha YKpaHHe, B ApMeHIH, BeJIopyccH H B npH6aJITHnCKHX CTpaHaX. OaHa- KO OHO 6oJAe CKpOMHOe, meM B HlOAbie, MexHi, Aki6aHIM H CTpaHaX 6bIBmCIl I0rociia- BHHI. Ho oueHKaM, B 1999 r. OKOJIO 800 TbIC. KeHIUHH HOJIyM I Hnoco6ue, KOTOpOe cfU- HaHCHpOBajiOCb 3a CteT cDOHaa couHaJlbHorO CTpaxOBaHl4A. Iloco6ue no yxoay 3a pe6ehKOM -rnoco6He, KOTOPOC BbiHiJialHBaeTCA Ha pe6eHKa 11o 11OCTiH)KeHHSI HM 1,5 JieT. OHO BbInJIa'HBaCTCA KaK pa6OTaioluHM (c rapaHTHIel HplleMa Ha npecKHee MeCTO pa6OTbI), TaK H Hepa6OTaiolIM MaTepAIM. To ecKeMeCCqSHoe noco6le paBH5AeTCAI ,aBYM MHHHMaJIbHbIM OHjiaTaM Tpyga II (BIHaHCHPyeTC CADOHHOM COaHaHbHO- ro CTpaxOBaHHS4. HIo OUeHKaM, OKO0IO 850 TbIC. weH)C HH ronyiMjin 3TO noco6He B 1999 r. Hoco6ue npu poicdeHuu pe6enKa -3To eCHHOBPeMeHHaA BbirJIaTaH a Ka)K11OrO pO*K- ILeHHOrO pe6eHKa. OHa paBHa 15-KpaTHoMy pa3mepy MHHHMaJbHOFO pa3mepa OnIaTbI Tpy11a. B 1999 r. OCYHIeCTBjieHO 1,1 MJIH rJIaTeCKeCi. HI HaKOHeLI, B 1999 r. 302 325 6epe- MeHHbIX KCeHI4HH HOJInYMJI4 OT (I)OH)a COIIIaJIbHOFO CTpaXOBaHHSI CyMMy, paBHyIO rIOJIO- FraBa 3. CoLAmanbHas 3aLLAHTa, 3ApaBooxpaHeHwe U o6pa3oBaHme B 1990-e roADbl 45 BHHe MHHHMaJIbHOrO pa3mepa oriiaTbI Tpyga, npH perIHCTpaimI4H B KeHCKOH KOHCyJIbTa- H14H Ha paHHHX CTaai5lx 6epeMeHHOcTH. O,ZHaKo ,aaHHbIe o nojiynaTeAsix 3Toro rioco6H, 4iHHaHCHpyeMoro MeCTHbIMH opraHamH COIiaJIbHOr4 3aImIHTbI, OTCyTCTByIOT. iiJ2aHHOe no- co6me HaCTOJIbKO MaJIO, 'TO MO)KHO iipeAIOJIO)cHTb, 'TO 60JIbrnHHCTBo 6epeMeHHbIX npo- CTO He o6pamaaOTCA 3a HHM - APYFHMH CJIOBaMH, OHO He HrpaeT CyI1eCTBeHHOH pOII4 HpH HP1HHMTHH pemieHlsi o6 o6paumeHHH B KCKHCKYIO KOHCyJIbTanHIo. Coz4uailbHa. nencuq adm demefi-uueqauaoe. ;jieTH, o6iaaaIoluHe CTaTYCOM <, HMelOT ipaBO Ha roJIo7yeHHe COUjaJlbHOI4 ieHCHH4 no aeTCKOi HHBaaJI4,aHOCTI. B 1999 r. 592 219 aeTel-HHBaJI4AOB rIoJIyMa.7H 3TO noco6Hie. HeT jOCTaTOMHOH HHc¢Op- MaUH ,jISi OuIeHKH BJISHAH1I4 3TOrO ioco6HiH Ha maTepaJIbHoe 6jiarococTosIHHe nolyMa- ioluefl ero CeMbH4. ECTb H1HTepeCHOe CBHgeTeJIbCTBO 0 TOM, '-ITO 3TO noco6He MBji5ITCS Ba>KHbIM IHCTOMHH4KOM aoxojta ceMeHI C zeTbMH-HHBajAHaaMH, 'TO HO6ywKaaeT CeMbH OC- TaBJI5ITb y ce6A TaKHIX aeTei H 'ITO, B CBOIO oMepeab, CH2KEaeT CHpOC Ha joporocToAuwee H He cnOcO6CTBYIOuilee Pa3BHTHIO aeTeie coiaepwaHe B omax-HHTePHaTax. CHPOTbI, 'bbHM yMePIiHM POaHTeJIAM He no7iaraJiaCb TPYZOBaSI neHCHSI, HMeEOT ripaBO Ha roJIyMeHHe coz4uablbHou neHcuu. DTO noco6ne 4HHaHCHpyeTCA H3 4eaepajibHoro 6io- JpKeTa H nPeaOCTaBJI5iCTC5I HleHCHOHHbIM 4OHaOM. KaKa5I-Jrn6o I4HHOpMaLIHSI o noJIyIa- TeiJIAx 3Toro noco6HIq OTCyTCTByeT. fJOMHMO iepeqMcJieHHbIX BbIuIe Hoco6H ripeaycMOTpeHbl n apyr4e BbIHiiaTbI, Ha- ipHMep onmamuoaelbll omnycK no yxody 3a 3a6ohe6uwuw pe6eUKOM Wum pe6eKc0oM-uuea- ]LUaOM 42 Jho6ofi H3 aByX pOat4Tejiefi HMeeT npaBo Ha 60TIbUIHHCTBO H3 npeaOCTaBJAe MbIX JIbrOT, H4KaKHX pa3JIHIIH .VI5I JiAeTefl He JaejiaeTcsA. Ewe OaHHO noco6ue, KOTOpOe HMeeT 3HaMeHHe AJIS MaTepHaJIbHoro 6.IarocOcTOAHH5I He3aIHWmeHHbIX CeMeI, - 3To Hoco6ue Co0UbalobHou nomou4u. PeaJIH3aalUI HiporpaMMbI a,apeCHo4 coLU4a7IbHoH noMoIIuH 6bIJIa HaiaTa B pOCCIHIICKHIX perUOHaX B 1995 r. Hau6o- Jiee pacrpOCTpaHeHHOiH c1OPMOa COUIaIbHOH HOMOUi 6elHbIM B POCCuu MBJISAeTCq no- MOIUTb B BHJe HaTypanJbHbIX IOCTyiJIeHHH: 6ecHJIaTHbIe o6ejbI, IpO,ZOBOJIbCTBCHHbIC nO- CbIJIKH, oaeicaa, o6yBb (61 perHOH), a TaKwe KOMrieHcaLiHH Ha oHiiaTy >KHJIbM, TOBapOB II ycjiyr (53 perHoHa). 6) (DHHaHCHpoBaHHe ,aeHeMHbIX noco6Hiu Ypo6eenb u cocmao pacxodo6. B 1999 r. aeHe)KHbie TpaHCcpepTbI (B T.M. TPYROBbIe neHC4H) COCTaBJIAJIH npHMepHO 7% OT BBFI 4. TpyROBbIe reHCIH - caMaa 60JlbIlaS KaTeropuHA CO1iHaj7bHbIX TpaHC+epTOB, OHa COCTaBJIAeT 80% OT BCeX COUHaJIbHbIX TpaHCqjepTOB rIOMHMO TpyaiOBOi neHCHH4, TpeMM caMbIMH 6OJmbmII4M KaTeropOMMl pacXO,ZOB IBJIAIOT- cAM noco6ue nO BpeMeHHOII HeTpyaOCHOCo6HOCTH (21% HeneHCHOHHbIX paCxoaOB), exe- MeCA'-Hoe noco6ue Ha pe6eHKa (15,4%), noco6ue no 6e3pa6OTHue (8%) H COIuHaJIbHbIe neHCHH (6%) (CM. Ta6ji. 1.4) ]IaHHbIe RLMS TaK)Ke nOtTBsepMaaIOT TaKoe pacnpeaejienHe noco6ui Ho ypOBHIO pacXOaOB. B 2000 r. 76% Bcex TpaHC4IepTOB (3a HCKJHOImeHHeM no- co6Hii HO BpeMeHHOII HeTpyaOcnoco6HocT1), Oi.7iyMeHHbIX aOMaUIHHMIH XO3AHICTBaMH, COCTaBlIJIH HeHCHH, 12% - noco6HAs Ha aeTeie H 2% - noco6Hs no 6e3pa6oTHue (pnc. 1.15). KaK OTMeMa.iOCb paHee, pacXoa Ha HeneHHCHOHHbIe aeHewKHbIe noco6HS COCTaBJIqJI OKOJIO 1,2% OT BBfl H4 Kojie6ajiCS B TeMeHHe 1990-x rOJAOB. Cpe,ai 3THX oco6HiI JAOJIAi ce- MerHbIX H MaTepHHCKHX Hoco6HiHl B BBrl c 1996 r. nOCTOslHHO naIaaia. B pe3yJibTaTe Hx ,OJIA B o6I6eM o6beMe HerieHCH4OHHbIX pacXOaOB yMeHbLUIHiaCb c 52% B 1994 r. zo 37% B 1999 r. (Ta6iiuia 1.26 KeHHe AeTeA B POCCHACKOU c!eAepaLlHH. 46 .Torm coLU,UaAbHOA nOI10THKH 1990-x rOAOB H nePCneKTHBbI aa Ha noco6Hii no 6epeMeHHocTH H pojgam H noco6HA Ha lAeTeii H coKpaieHHe HX jIoinH B o6IIgeM o6,beMe paCXOROB Ho cpaBHeHHIO C ZIp4MH iHioco6H5IMH OTMaCTH CBA3aHbI c na- J(eHHeM po)KzkaeMOCTH. HH3KHfi YPOBeHb Hoco6Hii Ha jeTeii (nepBOHaqaHbHO IpHBA3aH- 45 HbII K MHHHIMaIbHOii oniiaTe TpyAa , KOTOpaI ripaKTHmeCKH nIOTepAiJa CBOIO iueHHOCTb KO BTOpOI IOJIOBHHe 1990-x rOaOB) H 3aa1ojKeHHOCTb Ho BbIrTInaTe noco6H TaKKse o6b- 5ICHAIOT HIOJo6HyIO TeHAeHUHIO. 3aaonldcennocmb no obLn-zamam noco6uii 6bijIa OCHOBHOHI npo6.ieMofI, OTpawCaBmIeflCs Ha xo,ae nporpamm CoUiHaJlbHOfl 3aIIIHTbI B nociieRHee aeCATHJieTHe. B 1998 F. B pe3yjlb- TaTe 4EHHaHCOBOFO Kp13Hca nOMTH 40% BceX Ha1i4CiieHHbIX roco6H4 He 6blTIH BbIHlJlate- HbI. B 1999 r. ¢HHaHCOBaA CHTyaUHM B POCCHH HeCKOJIbKO yJiymHJilaCb, H HX 4o0InA CO- KpaT4jiaCb go 21% OT Bcex roco64H, WTO, OAHaKO, HO-npe)KHeMy ripeaCTaBJ1I0 3HaiH- TenJbHyIO cyMMy. 3aaojnKeHHOCTH 6oamme Bcero OTpa3HjiHCb Ha nporpamme Hoco6HH Ha pe6eHKa: B 1998 F. 3aq0ojneHHOCTb Ha6Ho7ajiaCb o IaByM TpeTSM roco6HH, B 1999 r. cH- TyaIHSA HeCKOJIbKO H3MeHHJIaCb - He 6blJIO BbIHIMa'eHO meHee riOJIOBHHbI noco6Hfl. aJi5i cpaBHeHHI4: rioco6H5, (HHaHCHpOBaBhmeCI H3 CIOHaa COImHalibHOI-O CTpaXOBaHiSI (roco6HM no 6epeMeHHocTH H poQaM, noco6He npH poAJaeHM14 pe6eHKa, noco6He Ha pe- 6eHKa ,o 1,5 jieT,, oco6He Ho YXOay 3a pe6eHKOM-HHBaIHnZOM), BbInHIa'HBaiiHCb pery- JIApHO HOMTH Ha BCeM npOTweCHHH 1990-x roaOB. ,aei4eHmpanu3al4UR BbiriiaT noco6Hfi4 6bmia OCHOBHOH npo6iieMoi, memlaBIImeM 3P4eK- THBHOI pean7IH3aIIHH riporpaMM couHaJIbHOH 3aiHIITbI. C cepezHHbI 2000 r. noco6me Ha pe6eHKa H - llyTb HO3,aHee - noco6He Ho 6e3pa6oTHmie CTajIIH CkHHaHCHPOBaTbCA H3 Ie- JaepanIbHbIX AZOXO,AIOB. HpH"HHa KOHCOJIH4aaUlHH q)MHaHCHpOBaHHA/BbIiJIaT Hoco6HH Ha PHCYHOK 1.15. Aon0 HeKOTOPbIX COI4HUabHblX noco6uu B o6uAeM o6beMe nOny4aeMbix noco6um (RLMS, 2000 r.) neHcwH no BO3paCTy JlbrOTbi no oniiaTe KOMMYHaAbHbIX ycCyr H TonAsBa \ loco6He no 6e3pa6OTHLte A pyrwe noco6w| CTHneHAXH - loco6HR Ha AeTeu HCmOVHUK. M. J1OKWHH (2002 r.). Ha OCHoBe gaHHbIx RLMS 3a 2000 r. rnaBa 3. CoLtmanbHaS 3auA1Ta, WaBooxpaHeHme u o6pa3oBaHme B 1990-e roA.,bi 47 4ejaepawbHOM, a He Ha peFHOHaAbHOM YPOBHe COCTOHT B TOM, MTo6bi MCKOpeHHTb 3aa0oj- wKeHHOCTH H HepaBeHCTBO B c"IHHaHCHpOBaHHH B pa3HbIX perHOHaX KaK pe3yJIbTaT eueH- TpaJIH3OBaHHOrO o6ecneHeHH5 noco6HHi. HeIcHO, cMo)KeT .IH 3Ta KOHcoJnIaiHAUH cyIueCT- BeHHO HOBJIH5ITb Ha AOCTHE)KeHHe noCTaB7ieHHOH 3aAaMH. OnbIT c noco6HeM Ha pe6eHKa HlOKa3bIBaeT, '-TO 3agoJDKeHHOCTH H HepaBeHCTBO B Cy6'beKTaX MOFYT coxpaHITbCs, ,aax-ze ecJiH noco6He BbiHianHBsaeTC H3 4beaIepajIbHOro 6iOZaweTa. YcH4 IHnIHO KOHCOJIHaawLjH Hoco6HA Ha 4beaepawbHOM YPOBHe He OTpa3H7IHCb Ha Ho- co6HAx COIHaJIbHOii roMoLuH. Bbin.iiaTa 3TIIX noco6HH onpeaenieHa 4)eaepaMbHbIM 3aKo- HOM, HO o6sI3aHHOCTb 4)HHaHCHpOBaTb HX jeIl4T Ha perFoHax 46. B KaqeCTBe OCHOBHOFO HHCTpyMeHTa, Io3BoJISHiLoiero ipeAOCTasBIATb COUHaJIbHYIO nOMOHIb Ha qeCLepanibHOM ypOBHe, 607IbIUyIO pOJIb irpaeT cDe,aepa7ilbHblii qOHa qIHaHCOBOH noHaep)KKH cy6lbeK- TOB POCCHiICKOAi (DeaepaIJHn. O0HaKO Bbiile yice OTMe'a7iOCb, 'TO 3TOT C1OH,4 He aapecy- eT TpaHc4?epTbl cneuHLIHbHo aISi COlIHaIbHbIX HyX<,a. Ha cerFORHsAIHIi4 AeHb AJIA 4c1HHaH- CHpOBaHHAI nporpaMM coIHaTIbHoHl IOMOUIIH, aapecOBaHHOI 6eAHbIM, HCInIOJb3ylOTCA 6io- ,AKeTbI cy6'beKTOB (DIeepaLuHH (41%), MeCTHbie 6ioaDeTbl (32%), 4eJLepanibHbirH 6ioa;dKeT (6%) H apyrme H4CTO'-HHKH, HarHiMpep io)epTBOBaHHA (21%). HH4HOpMamH4o o pacxojax Ha cO'IHJaIbHyIO HOMOUIb Ha ypOBHe Cy6TbeKTOB POCCHfiCKOii cPeaepauiHH nOnyJHTb Tpya- HO, TaK KaK ioco6HIA BbirjialHBalOTCA Ha MyHHLIHHaIIanbHOM YPOBHe H 'aCTO Bbi,galOTCS B HaTypaJlbHOI4 C OpMe. He,aaBHHi4 MOHHTOpHHr H-porpaMM coUHaJIbHoR HIOMO01U, HpOBeJaeHHbIH MHHHCTep- CTBOM Tpyaa H COUHanbHOFO pa3BHTH5I (1999-2000 rr.), HOKa3bIBaeT, ITO B 52 peri'OHax COLIIHlBbHaA rOMOTUb MaJIOJOXOAHbIM rpynraM HacejieHHl4 rpeaOCTasBjAeTCA peFynJIspHO, a B 12 perIoHax oHa pacnpeaeni3ieTcA B 3aBHCHIMOCTH OT HaJIMH14. cpeaCTB. B 9 peri4oHax (a HMeHHO B KaJiyAKCKOr4, KypCKOII, Pq3aHCKOII, TBepCKOii H TyJlbCKOIi 06.naCTAX, B By- pA5TCKOM aBTOHOMHOM OKpyre, KapaIaeBO-4epKeCCKOH Peciy6.nHKe, Pecny6nHKe I4Hry- mIeTHIH H Pecny6AiHKe KaJIMbIKHH1) 3TOT BH7A IOMOIflH He ripeaOCTaBJ7IAeTCA1 H3-3a HeAO- CTaTKa c?HHaHCOBbIX pecypcOB. HeiiOcpeACTBeHHa3i HOMOWb 6e,4HbIM npeJOCTaBjiseTCH TOJIbKO B 21 perIHoHe, HO JllIHllb B 17 H3 HHX OHa BbIHiiaMHBaeTCA B JeHeCHOH c?OpMe (OB- 'lapOBa, 2000). B) BIHqHHe 34(4eKTHBHOCTH pacnpeAeZeHHq 1. Oxaam Iloco6us na demeu. HoJIyqannH .H 6eaHbie ceMbH noco6HI Ha aeTeH? HCciieROBaHHe RLMS HOKa3blBaeT, 'TO B 1998 r. TOJIbKO 7,84% Bcex OMaMHHX X03AH'CTB HOJIYyMnHIH HO- Co6HS Ha zeTerl: e*emecArHbie noco6Hi Ha pe6eHKa, HOCo6HI MaTepAM c JeTbMH B B03- pacTe ,o 2 nJeT HI npoqHe Hoco6HS Ha aeTer. JDIAs CpaBHeHHIA, TOJIbKO 0,75% ,aoMaUHHX XO3ArHCTB ilojiymaAIH Hoco6He no 6e3pa6OTHile, B TO BpeMA KaK HeHCHI10 HOJInyaJH HOMTH 40% AOMalHHX XO3AHCTB 47 (Ta6ni. 1.8 <KeHme AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU teAepaLtwH. 48 1iTorm coLuMaAbHoA nOA1TMKui 1990-x roAoB u nepcneKTsBbI eHT OXBaTa aOMaIHHX Xo3sliHCTB B MOCKBe H CaHKT-HleTep6ypre 6bIn 3HaIHTeJIbHO BbI- Ime no CpaBHeHHIO c capyrFMH ropo,jaMH H oco6eHHo c ce.TbCKOHi MeCTHOCTbIo. YIyMmWIiiaCb JH KaPTHHa B 2000 r.? Ta6JIHiThi 1.8 m 1.14 <«CTaTHCTHMeCKOrO rpHJio- )KeHH5I> (CM. TaKwe pHc. 1.16 ,aHHoro ;IoKAaz[a) noKa3bIBalOT, 'ITO B 1998-2000 rr. OXBaT pacmnIplicJI B 2000 r. 12,8% Bcex lOMalHHX X03HHrCTB HOJIytanjiH roco6HS Ha geTei (,uism cpaBHeHHIST: 52,2% noIy'aJIH neHCHH H 0,7% - noco6He no 6e3pa6oTHiie). OXBaT 6e,HbIx zoMaIIHHX XO3,liHCTB TaKKe BbIPOC B 2000 r. H B a6COIlOTHOM Bbipa)KeHIH (,ao 13,9% Bcex OMaIHHX X03AACTB B HH)KHeC KBHHTHJIbHOH rpynne Ho YPOBHIO pacXoaOB), H Ho cpaBHeHHIO c 6o0nee 3a>TCHTOMHbIMH JOMaIIIHHHMH XO3Sf4CTBaMH BepxHero KBHHT4JIAS (9,8% KOTOpOrO HoJIiojaIH noco6HS Ha JaeTeH). TaKHM o6pa3oM, OXBaT ROMaIIHHX XO- 3SIHCrB B HH)KHeM KBHIHTIHJIC Ha 4 HIyHKTa lIpeBbICHJI OXBaT aOMalHHX X03ArHCTB BepXHe- ro KBHHTH1JI5. OJZHaKO, CpaBHHBaA 6eJaHbIe H He6eZtHbIe J(OMalmHHe X03HHCTBa, BH4AHM, "ITO 3Ta pa3HHIa MeHbiHe. Ko3IX(HuHeHT OXBaTa COCTaBJISIJI OKOJIO 15% Ztjin 6eAHbIx o- MaIUIHHX XO33IqCTB (B CpaBHeHHHI C 12,3% ,aJA He6eaHbIX aOMaHHHX X03,lHCTB; pHC. I.17). FIpH CpaBHeHHH OXBaTa aOMaIIlHHX XO3AHCTB C qeTbMH OKa3bIBaeTCA, 'TO ripHMepHO O,aHHHaKOBaA joasI (26-27%) 6eZ(HbIX H He6eZHbIX aOMaIHHX X03AiCTB HojiyqanjiH noco- 6H51 (pHc. 1.17). DTH pe3yJIbTaTbI HOKa3bIBaIOT, MTO 3Ha'IHTeJIbHaA aOJIAI RoMaIHHX XO- 35TIHCTB C BbICOKHM aOXOaOM yMaCTByeT B rporpaMMax nojiy4eHH5 noco6HH Ha aeTef. 3To Mo>KeT 03HaiaTb oIIH6Ky HpH BKJIiO'eHHH B rpOirpaMMy (T.e. B IIporpamme y'aCTByIOT KaTerOpHH HaCeIieHHSI, KOTOpbIM Hoco6He He nojiaraeTcs), HO 3TY ClTya1iH1O CJIO)KHO H3- MeHHTb. KaK OTMe'ajiOCb paHee, 3a H4CKHO'IiHeHnM HeKeMxCemCAHOrO rIOCo61HA Ha pe6eHKa, OCTaJIbHbIe roco6HSI Ha JLeTeri He a,zpeCOBaHbI HCKJIIO'IHTenJbHO 6ejaHbIM CJIOAM o6aIeCTBa. PHCYHOK 1.16. OXBaT AOMawHHX XO3RHCTB nOCO6HRMm B 1998 u 2000 rr., no AaHHbIM RLMS (% AOMawHHX XO3RUCTB, nony4aioiuAx noco6H.) v 60,00- \0 0 0 ° 50,00- x 40,00- 0 I-S O 20,00 x x 10,00 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 Ha oniiaTy nloco6wq floco6we nleHCHRq KOMMYHHaJ1bHbIX Ha Aee no 6e3pa6oTHI4e no CTapOCTH ycuiyr H TonlJ1Ha IICMOYHUK. M. .T1OKWHH (2002 r.); Ha OCHoBe AaHHbIX RLMS 3a 1998 w 2000 rr. FraBa 3. CoLumanbHas 3aLuLTa, 3ApaBooxpaHeHme H o6pa3oBaHme B 1990-e roAbi 49 PHCYHOK 1.17. OXBaT nOCO6mRMm Ha AeTeU B 2000 r. (RLMS) (% AOMaWHHX XO- 3SlUCTB, nOnyJaiou4Hx noco6HJR Ha AeTeu) CeMbH C AeTbMH Bce ceMbH - _ [ O He6eAiHbie * BeAHbe 0 20 40 60 80 100 kIcmoYHuK. M. J1OKWHH (2002 r.). Ha OCHOBe AaHHbIx RLMS 3a 2000 r. HTO BaWHee, pe3ynbTaTbI mCCAJeOBaHHA nOKa3blBaIoT, WTO 0oco6H51 Ha aeTer iMeOT HH3KHfl K034HLU4eHT OXBaTa 6eAHbIX aOMaiHHX X03Af4CTB. Pe3y.7bTaTbI alOT OCHOBa- HHle peznOJIO.KHTb, xiTO 6buia aonyweHa omH6Ka HeBK.IloqeHHA B rporpaMMy (T.e. 6eg- Hbil e,OMaIlHHe XO3AACTBa He 6blJIH BKJiOMeHbI B npOrpaMMy, XOTA HMeiIH Ha 3TO npaBO). DTH pe3yJIbTaTbl Tpe6ylOT RaMbHeRimerO H3yqeHHA. Adpecua, coz4uanlbaR nOMOu4b. IojiyMalOT A7 HeiM4my1e azapecHyIo co1lUajibHylo HO- MOIUb? HHTepeCHO, 'TO roJIy'aTeiiH WToro noco6HI COCTaBJIAIOT 5-6% HacenjeHHIq Ka)K- ,aoro perHoHa, ,laxKe ecJH4 ,oZIAl 6eJLHorO HaceJieHHS B 3THX perHoHax npeBbiiaeT 26% (FOCKOMCTaT, 2000). Pa3HHUy B KOJIH4'eCTBe nOTeH1Ha14bHbIX H peaJibHbIX iIo'I"aTeJieH MO)KHO o6b51CHHTb TeM, 'ITO HIOqTIT BO BCeX perHOHax HCrIOJ1b3yeTCA iepTa 6egHOCTI, yc- TaHOBjieHHaA aaMI4HHCTpaTHBHbIM MeTOaOM (50-70% OT HpOWK1TO'IHOrO ypOBHA) IH JIllllb HeKOTOpbIe rpynnbl HaCeJIeHHSI noriaaalOT B KaTerOpmio, KOTOpOfi oJlIOKeHO 3TO nOCO- 614e. flo'ITH BO BCeX perFlOHax rpaxKaaHe TpyOC0Oco6HOrO B03paCTa He noriazaIOT B 3TY KaTeropiI1o. Pe3y.7bTaTbI 3KCiHepHMeHTaJIbHoId aapeCHO riOprpaMMbl B BOJIrOrpazaCKOA o6AaCTH IIOKa3bIBaIoT, 'qTO ecJH4 Tpy,4OCHioco6HbIe rpa,-KaaHe 6yz(yT HMeTb npaBo nOJIy- 'qaTb 3TO noco6He, TO OHHI COCTaBAT 40-50% OT o6iuero qtcjia nrojiyqaTejieH (OBiapOBa, 2000). 2. AaeK6amHoCmb O'qeHb H143KaA tOIA HeneHCHOHHbIX lteHe>KHbIX noco64ii B BBrI (1,37%) 03Ha'aeT, qTO Hx aaeKBaTHOCTb (KaK ZoOsI pacxOaOB/HOTpe6iieHHS AomaImHero XO3AiCTBsa Him cpe,ZiHei 3apa6OTHOA HiiaTbl) OCTaBa.7aCb KpaHHe HH3KOii Ha IIpOTXKeHH1H 1990-x rFOOB. Iloco6uR na aemei. B cpeaHeM Ha mneHa iomaHIHero xO3Ar4CTBa, nonyiaiomero noco- 6Hn Ha aeTei, B 1998 r. IHPIXO,anJIOCb 56 py6. B MeC3ii (OKOIO 196 py6. Ha aomainHee xo- nlOAo*eHme ,eT6 B POCCHUCKOA OeAepaLAHH. 50 HTorF coLimanbHo1 nOAuTHKH 1990-x rOArOB u nepcneKTHBbl 3511iCTBO, noJIylaioH4ee roco65Ii, HCXOAA H43 cpejHero COCTaBa CeMblI B 3,5 MeJIoBeKa); B HOMIIHHJbHOM BbIpa>KeHHIHI 3Ta CyMMa yBejJIHqjiaCb ao 247 py6. B MeCAU Ha nojiyaio- wee rOMOWb IjomaIHee XO3AIHCTBO B 2000 r. (Ta6.i. 1.12 m 1.17 <>, plIC. 1.18 ,aHHoro OTMeTa). B 1998 r. Hoco6HIs Ha AeTeil COCTaBEIJIH .lIHmb 7,06% OT BCeX pacxoAOB noJy'iaalowHx noco6He ,aoMaIIIH4X XO3AiiCTB (Ta6.7i 1.9 «CTaTHCTHMeCKOrO npl4jOMoeHHSI>>). B 1998 r. HIPH HaJIHqlMH HI3KOFO royiIeBOrO YPOBHA pacXOtOB cpegii 6e,iHbIX AOJIA noco66HH B pac- xozax aOMatUHHX XO3SiHCTB camoro HI)KHerO (6eaHeilImero) KBHHTHJIq (22,05%) qyTb 6o.Jee MeM B nSITb pa3 npeBbiiiiamIa aojio Hoco6Hii B pacxo,Aax B CaMoM BbICOKOM KBHHTHI- Jie (3,52%) (Ta6ji. 1.9. <). ,a[lA Tex AOMaIIHHX XO3AH4CTB, -TO noJIy-IajiH noco6HST Ha aeTer 3TO, aeHCTBHTeJIbHO, yMeHbIIaJO YPOBeHb 6eaHOCTH (BceMHpHbili 6aHK, 2001). B 2000 r. noco6HSI Ha aeTerl ro-rpeA(HeMy COCTaBJIA1JIm 7,3% B o6IwueM o6beMe pacxo- JtOB AomaHHero XO3AiHCTBa (Ta6ji. 1.15 <). )JoJIA 3T4X noco6H4 B pacxoaax He4MyIiHX (HH3IIB1II KBHHTHJIb) -15,3% - 6biIa npHMepHO B 7 pa3 PHCYHOK 1.18. CPeAHRR CYMMa TpaHCcjePTOB Ha nonyLiamO4ee AOmawHee XO- 3AACTBO B 2000 r: AaHHie RLMS. (py6. Ha noniyiaioLuee AomawHee XO3RUCTBO B Mec LI) 1200 1000 l 800 600 Cu \6 400' 200' 0 -I OnhlaTa nloco6mR floco6we nleHCHw no KOMMYHa,nbHbIX Ha AeTeA no 6e3pa6oTHI.e Bo3paCTy yclyr H TOnAlJBa BHAbl TpaHCcPepTOB IfCmOYHUK. M. fIOKWHH (2002 r.). Ha OCHOBe AaHHbix RLMS 3a 2000 r. FnaBa 3. CoLAuaAbHaq 3aLLAHTa, 3,paBooxpaHeHme U o6pa3oBaH"e s 1 990-e roFAbl 5 1 6oNbiue,aOJIH B pacxoaax BblciierO KBIIHTHJ4SI (2,4%). H43KHH YPOBeHb roco6HI Ha je- TeH (OKO.IO 10% OT cpeaHei 3apa6OTHOH iiiaTbI B 2000 r.) H coLu4aJbHOH IOMOHfl4 (co- cTaBJISHomeIl TO.JbKO 4% OT cpeaHerO 3apa6OTKa B 2000 r.) 03HaiaeT, YTO HX BJIHiHHe Ha CTpeMJIeHHe pa6oTaTb 6bIJIO He3Ha-iHTeJIbHbIM. 3. AaCpeCHOCMb HpaBHTeJIbCTBO ripevp4HHAUIO HeKOTOpbie HOHbITKII yIy'II14Tb CHTIyamHO C aapemHoH HaripaBjiHHOCTbIO rporpaMM COLIJHaJbHOH nOMOIIJW. HoApo6HOCTH ,iajIee. Iloco6ue na pe6ercKa. rloco6He Ha pe6eHKa go 1999 r. HOCHJIO B POCCH14 Bceo6IIHi4i xa- paKTep; B JaJIbHeHIIIeM OHO CTaJIo ag7pecHbIM, OCHOBaHHbIM Ha jZoxojAe ceMbHl. IlepBoHa- '-alIbHo noco6He BbIaaBa.iOCb ceMbAM, HMeioi0iHM geTeH, C AyflleBbIM AOXOJaOM HHiKe 200% OT HPOKI4TOMHOrO MHHHMyMa; TaKHM o6pa3oM, 6OJIbHJHHCTBO jeTeH 6bLTIO BK7IioMe- HO B 3TY rpOrpaMMy. B 2000 r. AJI Toro, MTo6bI rIOBbICHITb aapeCHOCTb 3TO' HnoMomi4, no- pOrOBbIH oxoa 6bIJ HOHH)KeH o 100% OT nPOKHTOIHOrO MHHHMYMa. BbIJIII Ji paCxOabl Ha Hoco6HSI Ha pe6eHKa .OJHI(HbIM o6pa3oM Op4eHTHpOBaHbI Ha 6eZHbIe CJIOH B 1990-e rogbi? Ha 3TOT BOrIpOC HeJIb3A OTBeTHTb, lcrIOJIb3yI CyiieCTByIO- Hllwe aaHHbie, TaK KaK B aaHHbiX RLMS noco64e Ha pe6eHKa He OTeJIeHO OT aPYrFX no- co61Hi Ha AeTeii. O63Op, nO]rOTOBJIeHHblH rOCKOMCTaTOM, TaKXce He npeaocTaBJsAeT IlH- 48 ( opMauim o CyMMe noco6liii Ha pe6eHKa, nOJIy'eHHbIX AoMoaIHIMI Xo3AH4CTBaMH PaccMaTpHBaA Bce noco6isi Ha,aeTei MO>KHO CeJIaTb BbIBOA, 'TO aApeCHas HarpaBJIeH- HOCTb rpOirpaMMbi noco6HH AiS ,eTeH He 6bIuia 3q4eKTHBHO4, HO KpailHeiH mepe B 1998 r. (plc. 1.19). B COOTBseTCTBs1 c JaHHbIMI RLMS, B 1998 r. CaMbiIH 6eZHbIfi KBHH- PHCYHOK 1.19. PacnpeAeneHHe paCXOAOB Ha noco6UP B 1998 r. (RLMS) 10 Cy6cHAJm Ha OlAaTy = 80/- KoMMyHaAbHbIX yCAyr Ez /// UH TonAUBa n- foco6mq Ha geTeA 60 \0 .'/// _ noco6mg 0 no 6e3pa6oTHLte 0 r- 40 nleHcHH no BO3paCTY >: 20 < I I nUHHU paBeHCTBa o x 20 u~~ 0' 0 20 40 60 80 10 % cemeu (KyMynsqTHBHblA) /4CmO,HUK. AaHHbie RLMS 3a 1998 r. CM. Ta6Jn. 1.11 <(CTaTHCTHL4eCKOrO npmAo>KeHHJq>>. nloloweH1e geTeA B POCCUUCKOA c1egepaLi4M. 52 HToru coLI.anbHoA nonJTI.KH 1990-x rOAOB M nepcneKTMBbI TlJlb IO.yIY'HJI TOJIbKO 12,63% OT o6mero o6beMa noco6HAi Ha geTei (Ta6a. 1.11 ). H)KH*HH KB4HTHJIb HoJIIHJI 23,1% Bcero o6beMa nOCo6Hfi Ha ieTeei (noqTH B )jBa pa3a 6o0bmIe, meM B 1998 r.), a BepXHHH KBHH- THJIb HOJIyYH.U 15,3%. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B iepHo2 c 1998 no 2000 r. pacnpetejieHHe noco- 6HI Ha aeTei CaBHHYJIOCb B CTOpOHy 6onee 6eRHbIX aOMalHHX XO3AHCTB. Cozua.hbuaiI nomou4t. B 1998 F. B PoccHH 6biTI npHHAT 3aKOH O CoQlHJaIbHOH HOMO- IIIH, KOTOpbIMi BBOH4JI aeHeAKHOe noco6He aJJ KpaAHe Hy*gaoLuHXCA Ha OCHOBe OiieH- KH cpeaCTB K cyiieCTBOBaHHIo, a He Ha OCHOBe rIpHHaHie)KHOCTH K KaKOH-7n460 KaTero- PH4Hl HaCeiieHHA . Y 3aKOHa o COHajibHOA nOMOiiBH eCTb HeCKOJ1bKO Ba*HbIX 3aIeMeH- TOB: 1) OCHOBHbIMH Ho7iymaTeJHiMH coilHaIbHOHi nOMOIIH ABISAIOTCS aOMamHHRe X03AH- CTBa; 2) zoMalllHHM XO3Ar4CTBaM npeiaocTaBsIAeTcsA aeHeKHaA IOMOlb, BbIpaBHHBaio- waA pa3HHlIy me.*y perHOHaJIbHOii epTOA 6e)IHOCTH H AyneBbIM AOXOAOM aoMamHe- ro xo3AIIlCTBa; 3) ecJHl HeT ZIOCTaTOIqHbIX pecypCoB, lTo6bI OXBaTHTb BCe Hy*K,aIomiHe- C1 CeMbH, nona,aaIume roi o eiiCTBHe 3aKOHa, HIpHOpHTeTHbIM ipaBOM HOJIb3ylOTCI ,0- ManlHile X03AIHCTBa C HaH6OJIbUIHM OTCTaBaHHeM B goxoOjax. HOMHMO 3TOFO, 4aAMMHHI- CTpaTHBHaS YepTa 6eaHHoCTH>, HaxouiiwasAcs Ha onpeAeneHo HOOiueHTHOM ypOBHe, PUCYHOK 1.20. PacnpeAeneHHe pacxOAOB Ha noCo6HS B 2000 r.(RLMS) - 10 80 o r XCy6c"AMM Ha onnaTy - KOMMYHanbHbIX ycnyr _u Tonnusa ° 60 n- foco6Wu HaAeTeu 0 floco6mm no 6e3pa6oTHI.e 0 2 40 -neHCH nooaB0pac-ry 0 x I- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~JImHHI4 paBeHCTBa 0 20 0 0. 0 20 40 60 80 10 npot4eHT AOMaWHHX X03AHCTB (KyMyJnqTHBHbig) IlcmOL.HUK. M. J1OKWUHH, 2002. no P,aHHblM RLMS 3a 2000 r. CM. Ta6A. 1.18 >. rnaBa 3. CoLtmanbHaq 3aL,HTa, 3ppaBooxpaHeHme u o6pa3oBaHwe B 1990-e rOP,bi 53 HO He MeHee 50% OT perFlOHaIbHOro HpO)KXHTOMHOFO MHHHMyMa, MO)eT 6blTb yCTaHOB- nieHa B perHOHax, KOTOpbIe HCHbITbIBaIOT OCTpbIii He,OCTaTOK pecypcoB. HeCMOTpJI Ha TO, 11TO Cy[UeCTByIOIIIa3I CHCTeMa COUHajibHOH 3aiuHTbI B OCHOBHOM 6a- 3HpyeTCA Ha pacrpeaeneHInI CO1lHaJIbHOH riOMOIIH H-IO OTJeiJIbHbIM KaTeropmHM rpa-wAaH, 60JIbmIHIHCTBO perHOHOB pa3pa6OTa.Ini MexaHH3MbI agIpecHoii nOMOIIi1 B 3aBH4CIHMOCTH OT ,AOXO,aOB. HeKoTopbIe MeTOAbI 6opb6bI C 6eJtHOcTbIo - HanpIMep, B Pecny6AHKe KOMH - npe,aCTaBBJI5OT co6oii rOnbITKY BbIBeCTH YPOBeHb aOXOJaOB 6eaHoro HaCeJI eHH Ha <«MH HHMaYIbHbIHi rapaHTHPOBaHHbIi YPOBeHb»>. B zapyrHx cy6beKTax YCTaHOBJIeHo e,H4oo6- pa3HOe noco6He ,aIsi Bcex o6paiuaioiuHxcs 3a HOMOubIo. 143-3a HealOCTaTKa pecypcoB H HeBO3MO)KHOCTH} YaOBjieTBOPHTb Tpe6OBaHHS4 BCeX, KTO HIOTeHiHajibHO MOr 6bI o6pa- THTbCA 3a HOMOIIblO, 6ObJThIIHHCTBO perHOHOB BBejIO pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe MeXaH 3MbI Zaj TO- ro, 'To6bI HCKIC7IIOMTb TeX, KTO He OTHOCHTCS K Kpal4He 6e,aHbIM. B KOMH HCHOCJb3yeTCS nponieaypa KOppeKTHpOBKH aaHHbIX o aoXoAe, OCHOBaHHaSI Ha HH4OpMaUiHH o co6cTBeH- HOCTM H M4mymeCTBe aoMaIIIHIX Xo3qi!CTB, a TaKiKe 0 B03MOMKHOCTAX TpyaOyCTpOiAcTCa. B BoJIrorpaae rOTeHlHalAbHa5 nOTpe6HTeJIbcKasi cnoco6HocTb OileHIBaeTC5 Ha OCHOBe CTaTHCTHqeCKH4X OUeHOK pa3HH1bI MmeCaya OXOAOM IH pacXo,aMH AOMaIIHHX XO3dIHCTB C pa3JIllqHbIMH COI14aHJIbHbIMH H aeMorpacPHMeCKHMH xapaKTep4CTIKaml HX COCTaBa. HOBaTOpCKHI npH4eM rio OiieHKe 2kOXOaIOB OT He6OJnbIIIHX 3eMeJIbHbIX y'aCTKOB ICnOJIb- 3yeTCs1 B BopoHewe. AapecoBaHbI JIH Hoco6H5I no com4aJlbHoil IOMOHU4 HeHMyILIHM? B HeRaaBHeM ;I[oKmage, riOarOTOBjieHHOM lipaBHTeJIbCTBOM, CKa3aHO, 'TO TOJIbKO TpeTb OT O6UieH CyM- MbI paCXOaOB Ha COLIHajbHYIO HOMOIfb (BKAIIOaq JIbFOTbI/cy6cHal4H H JReHeAKHyIO no- MOLIJb) ioJiyllalOT HeiMyIuie, a ,jBe TpeTH CyMMbI H14XO,HTC5 Ha TeX, KTO MOAKeT npo- )KHTb 6e3 roaaep.cKH OT rocyaapcTBa 51. B 3TOM ;IoKJIa,ie CTaBSTCS BorpoCbI: no'eMy y nporpamM HeBepHa1 HanpaBJIeHHOCTb H KaKHe peHKHMbI atpeCHoHi IOMomII jiyqule pa- 6oTaIoT B PoccHH? Pe3yabTaTbI 3KCnepi4MeHTOB no BBeaefH0io agpeCHOA HIOMOIH JHOJIHC- HbI rIpeaCTaBJISITb HHTepeC ,JI5A HOJI1THKOB H Aim ALpyrHx perHOHOB. OZaHaKO Ha perHo- HaJIbHOM YPOBHe TaK H He IPOBOJlHJ1OCb BCeCTOpOHHerO HCCiJieOBaHHu BJIIS4HH4A COUH- aJIbHOHI HOMOIHII, '-To6bI oUeHHTb, _OXORlHT JIH 3Ta HOMOLb aO CaMbIX 6eaHbix rpynn Ha- Ce.IieHI5 - aeTefi H3 MHOrOqeTHbIX cemeM H CeMerl C OaHHM POaHTenjeM H aeTbMm. [Jo- Tpe6HoCTb B TaKoHl OUeHKe ztaBHO Ha3peJIa, MTO BbI3bIBaeT HeO6XOIHMOCTb npOBeaeHuIq ,ambHeflImHX HccjieaOBaHHH. BblpatmueaHue nompe6eneuu. Ho MHCHIIO PaBaliOHa (Ravallion, 2000), cHCTeMa co- iHaTIbHoH nOIUWep)KKH iiomoria OTaeJJbHbIM rpawKamaM CnpaBHTbCA C KpH3HCOM 1998 r. PacnpocTpaHeHHe 6ejwocTH 6bIJIo COKpawiieHO no cpaBHeHHIO C TeM, KaKHe MacmlTa6bi OHa Mor.7ia 6bI npHH5HTb, ecJIH 6bI He 6bIJIO COOTBeTCTBYIOn4HX rOCyaaPCTBeHHbIX HpO- rpaMM (iTaaKe 6e3 yqeTa neHCHi4). OQHaKo qyTb 6oJIbiimee cIHHaHCHpOBaHme noMorJo 6bI 6oJiee 3HaqlTeJIbHO CHH3HTb YPOBeHb 6eaHocTH. PHXTep (Richter, 2000) TaKXCe nHime'r, 'YTO, ecJiH 6bI coIIHaJIbHbIe TpaHcbep`bi 6bIJIH COXpaHeHbI Ha ypOBHe 1994 r., YPOBeCb 6e,HocTH COKpaTHJICA 6bI Ha 5% B 1998 r., C 60 ,o 55%, a rjIy6H4Ha 6eRHHocT4 CeMee-no- jiy'qaTeJIer4 yMeHbIiiHJIaCb. POJIb COUHJIIbHbIX TpaHCc¢epTOB no cM$Hr"eHmIo 6eaHocTH CHH3HjiaCb TaKioe H3-3a HeYBePeHHOCTH B noJIMyeHH4 roco6HA. PHXTep (Richter, 2000) nHMeT, ITO nOTpe6H- TenJbCKHe TeHaeHI1I1H 3HaMHTeJIbHO CH.JIbHee cpe,i .IILI, roJIyMalOII14X neHCII: HeHCHH paCUieHHBaIOTCS KaK bopma nOCTOSHHOrO jaoxojaa H3-3a HH3Koro YPOBHA 3aao7j)KeHHOCTH nO HHM Ho cpaBHeHHI1O C noco6HIAMH Ha e'Trer, KOTOpbIe pacuIeHHB0alOTC KaK BpeMeHHbIH4 .Zoxoza (3Ha'IHTeJIbHo 6o¶biiias 3ao.7iJKeHHOCTb). CKy(EIac (Skoufias, 2001) CqHTaeT, -TO flonoweHme AeTeA B POCCHUCKOU $eAepaL.iH. 54 ITorm cOLkmaAbHOu nOnJTIKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI pOCCH4iCKHe ,jOMaUlHHie XO3AlHCTBa CMOFJI4 BbIpOBHSITb ypOBeHb rOTpe6jieHHii rQpOaYKTOB IHHTaHHS 3a c,MeT 4CHOJIb3OBaHHA noHzco6HbIX XO35iiCTB, a TaK)Ke 3a c'ieT nOjiyteHi4A nO- ,qapKOB H Hoco6HH B HaTypaJIbHOHi (opMe (Desai and Idson,1998). fHO,aBOtAI H4TOF, MO)KHO CKa3aTb, 'TO nporpamma aeHeWHbIX rioco6Hii (couhlaAbHasA no- MOJIb/rioco6He Ha pe6eHKa) OXBaTbIBaeT lIHlllb HeMHornx cpeaim 6eAHbIX rpynf HaceJie- H5II, o6ecneMsBaeT HH3Kme noco6ws H iaileieHa Ha He6eaHbIe AoMaHUHne XO3.i4CTBa B Ka'eCTBe nojiy-aTeieii. (I)HaHCHPOBaHHe iporpaMMbI COKpaTH.IOCb 3a nocIe,AHHe rSiTb .ieT. YIPH TOM 'ITO CHCTeMa AeHe)KHbIX Hoco6HH nomornia HecKOTIbKO yMeHbUIUTb pa3max o6HHU aHHI4 (no KpaiHei mepe BO BpeMAI KPH3H4ca 1998 r.), eiwe npeaCTo0T pe- IIHTb p3I,a CTPYKTYPHbIX BOrIpOCOB, KOTOpbIe HpHBeJIiH K HH43KOMY YPOBHIO OXBaTa, He- aAeKBaTHOCTH H HeBepHOH HaripasBeHHOCTH noco6Hr. DTO Heo6xo,THMO AJIS HOBbIIIeHHH POJIH 3TOil CHCTeMbI B HOMOIUH OTaeJIbHbIM 1IHUaM H CeMbIM B HX 60pb6e C pHCKaMH H Jo- CTH,)KeHHIA crpaBeaiiHBOcTH. 3.1.4. Hpuopumembt o6Ho6neiiuq cucmeMbt npeaocmawzeHu.q noco6uui HCXOaAU H3 CKa3aHHOrO Bbiiie, MO)KHO CiiegyOiliHM o6pa3oM C4¢OpMyJIHpOBaTb OCHOBHbIe npo6AeMbI, BCTaIoLuiler nepea iipaBHTenJbCTBOM B niiaHe C03JaHHS aOCTyIHOH, XOpOIfO Cq)OKyCHpOBaHHOH, ageKBaTHO cI7HHaHCHpyeMOH H 3cloeKTHBHOH CHCTeMbI COUHIabHOi4 3aIlIHTbI: Coomeemcmeuepecypco6 63RMbiu o6a3ameAbcmeaM. OCHOBHaA npo6nieMa, BCTaIOwaA nepe,a HbIHe xaeHCTByioi1efH CHCTeMOH COHaIIAbHOH 3awHTbI, - HeCOOTBeTCTBHe rocyiiap- CTBeHHbIX o6sr3aTeJbCTB HMeIOIIjiMCS pecypcaM. 'DeaepajibHoe rpaBHTe.7bCTBO qaCTHF- HO peimiIo 3Ty Hpo6JieMy nyTeM ¢HHaHCHpOBaHHSA pazta iporpaMM (Hanpi4Mep, Hoco6HH no 6e3pa6oT4ie, noco6llii Ha ,LeTeHi) Ha cbe,epaJHbHOM YPOBHe H o6ecneMeHH5 BbIHJIaTbI 3THX Hoco6i4 H3 o6merocyAapCTBeHHbIX AOXOaOB. OaHaKO 4IHHaHCHPOBaHHe COiHaTIb- HOIl HOMOHJH rO-HpeHCHeMy AB.IAeTCAI o653aHHOCTbIO perHOHOB, KOTOpbIe HrpeAOCTaBJIsA- IOT 3TH 4oco6HS B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT co6CTBeHHbIX I¢HHaHCOBbIX BO3MO>KHOCTeHl. HeAcHo, noMo2ceT JIH BbIrinaTa Hoco6lH Ha q)ezLepaJIbHOM, a He Ha perHOHajibHOM YPOBHe yMeHbIIHTb 3a0oji)KeHHOCTb HJIM HecrpaBe n4BOCTb B 1LOCTYHe K IIOCO6H5qM B pe- rHOHax; puH sbInniiaTe noco64H Ha aeTeTi, KOTOpbIe Tenepb c¢HHaHCHpyIOTCA Ha cfeae- paJbHOM ypOBHe, Bce ewe BO3HHKalOT 3aAOjDKeHHOCTb H perHOHajibHaA HepaBHoMep- HOCTb B HX pacrpeaejieHH4. UeHTpaIH43auHA noco64H no 6e3pa6oTHue Mo)KeT He COKpa- THTb 3aao.iDKeHHOCTH nO 3TOH nporpaMMe H He yMeHbIHTb perHOHajibHOf4 HepaBHoMep- HOCTH ee pacipelejieHHAI. lO3TOMY HeO6xOmUMbIM YCJIOBHeM COKpaiieHHA per4OHajib- doro HepaBeHCTBa H o6ecneMeHHs 60oJbuieri HaAeX)HOCTH Hoco6HA (T.e. OTCYTCTBHH 3a- ltoJIKeHHOCT4) SABJIeTCA o6ecneteHHe aaeKBaTHoro 6ioaweTHnoro 4HHaHCHpOBaHHA nio npOrpaMMHbIM o6SI3aTeJIbCTBaM H HaTHqMHe ¢HHaHCOBbIX pecypcoB AnSA iCHoJIHieHMA HPOrPaMMbI B TeMeHHIe Bcero rojaa. Hww6biwuenue aapecnocmu. TIpH TOM 'TO HeaaBHee noraieH-He 3aAIOjDKeHHOCTH HOBbI- CHJIO ajtpecHyIo HaipaBjieHHOCTb H T,eHCWHbIX HepeBQZIOB, H JlbrOT/cy6cHiaHil (no Kpaii- Hell mepe cy6cHZtHi Ha Ori7laTy KOMMYHaJIbHbIX yCJIyr 1H TOHJIHBa) Ha OKa3aHHe HOMOWH 6eaHbIM CJIO10M HaceiieHHSI, 3TH npOrpaMMbI nO-npe)CHeMy KKa CaMbIX Hy>KIaioMIlHXCsA perIlOHOB H MTo6bI yMeHbuIIaTiaCb perHoHanbHoe HepaBeHCTBO B pacripeaejieH"II COUHaJIbHOII nIOMOWH. Ho0bluieHue pa3Mepa noco6uui. FlOBbiLeHHe agpeCHOCTH Hoco6HH Ha pe6eHKa H Ho- CTereHHoe ynpa3iaHeHHe JIbrOT nO3BOJIHT rOBbICHTb YPOBeHb noco6Hi COuiHaJIbHOi4 HO- MOIIIH H HOCo6ii Ha pe6eHKa, CAeJIaTb 3TH roco6HSI 6o0iee az2eKBaTHbIMH CHTyaiHu, MeM ceiiqac. HpOaCUmoUnHbIl MUHUMyM. HCnO.lb3oBaHie iepTbi 6eaHOCTH (HanplIMep, HpOAcHTOM- HOrO MHHHMyMa) aJIS aapecHO4 Hriogep)KKII HCHMYLyHX COOTBeTCTByeT iCepeJOBOMy MeAc- ayHapOAHOMY OIbITy. KaK H B piAe apyrHx CTpaH, B PoccHH ripH HajiHMHH HezIoCTaTO'HbIX peCypCOB HOCo6HAI BbirJiamHBaIOTCS, HCXOZ(I H3 oilpeajieeHHO JO.7IH HIpO>KHTOMHOrO MH- HHMyMa. OjrHaKo ecJiH peCypCOB aOCTaTOqHO, TO HipO)HTOMHblI MHHHMYM He aO.7weH OKa3aTbCSI 3aBbIHieHHbIM Ho cpaBHeHHIO C 3apa6OTHOR HJIaTOH, npeo6iiaAaiomeil B KOH- KpeTHOM perHoHe. OpHeHTaUHIA Ha HOJIHbIl HpO?IKHTOMHbIH MHHHMYM MO)eT HMeTb Hera- THBHbie q)HHaHCOBbie rocJielCTBHA, ecJIH OH 3aBbIiHeH Ho cpaBHeHHIO C c gIiueBbIM aOXO- AOM HaCeIieHHA B 3TONI perHoHe. jpyraA HnpHMlHHa, HO KOTOpOM He cHieayeT OpHeHTHpO- BaTbCSI Ha HOJIHOe o6ecnemeHwe HpOAKHTOMHbIM MHHHMYMOM 6e3OTHOcHTeJlbHO K cpeaHeperHOHaIbHOfi 3apa6OTHOA rJiaTe. [JO3TOMyaace ecJiH pecyp- COB XBaTaeT, HYTKHO TiiiaTeJIbHO B3BmH1HBaTb YPOBeHb nOCO6HIE OTHOCHTeCJbHO cpeaHeii 3a- pa6oTHoR nHJIaTbl (H YCTaHaBJIHBaTb ero, IICXOJ51 H3 orpezIegieHHOi aojiH HpO)KHTOIHOrO MHHHMyMa) aJIA TOrO, 'lTo6bI IH36ewaTb HIDKaHBeHieCTBa B 6yaylIeM. HaKOHeLI, npO)KHTOMHOMY MHHHMyMy, oipeaeneHHoMy 6e3 3JIeMeHTa HPOBePKH HyWC- gZaeMOCTH, Mo>KeT 6blTb HpOTHBOHOCTaBJIeH HpO)KH4TOqHbl4 MHH4MyM, onpeaeJIeHHbdi UC- xo,asI H3 o6cTosqTe.IbcTB BHyTpeHHerO CBORCTBa - Ha OCHOBe rOTpe6JieHHS AaOMaIlIHHM XO- 3AIICTBOM HpOaOBOJlbCTBeHHbIX H HerO,I0OBOJIbCTBeHHbIX TOBapOB, npOBe,aeHi4em 6ioa- )KeTHOrO o6c.7eaoBaHIHA JOMallIHHX XO3,IHCTB. DTo rO3BOJIHT HpOBeCTH 6o.iee CJIOKHYIO nOAo>KeHme AeTeA B POCCHACKOA OeAepaLtmH. 56 klTorm coL=HaAbHOH nOJ1MTMKu 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI OiLCHKY HpO)KHTO0HOrO MHHHMyMa ceMeH (i11 A1JI HpOZOBOJIbCTBeHHbIX, H AJIS HeHpoAo- BOJIbCTBeHHbIX TOBapOB nepBOAI Heo6XO)AHMoCTH) H B HOTeHiHmAe H36e)KaTb OQJIHTHieC- KOrO gaBjieHH3 CO CTOpOHbl perHOHOB, KOTOpbie MOryT Tpe6QBaTb IHOBbIUIeHMA YPOBHS pO)K*HTOtIHOrO MHHHMMya AAA TOrO, tTO6bi HOJIqMHTb ROHOJIHHTeNJbHbie CpeACTBa H3 be- AepaNJbHbIX peCypCOB. MonumopuH2 u ot4eNKa. YAyqnneHHe CMCTeMbw MOHHTOpHHra H OUCHKH iporpaMM CO- UHajIbHOrl HOAAep)KKH HeO6XOAHMO aJI Toro, 1To6bi HOMOMb HOJIHTHKaM CKOppeKTHpO- BaTb HJIH H3MeHHTb nOJIHTIHKY OKa3aHHA q1HHaHCOBOR nOMOiH aeTIM H ApyrHM HyHAa- IOIUHMC5I rpaKwzaHaM. YCOBepmeHCTBOBaHHS B npOrpaMMbi CoUHa.7bHOr 3aIIHTbI MoryT 6blTb BHeCeHbI TOJIbKO noc7ie Ha,aia BHeApeHHS 3THX nporpaMM; H OieHKa MO.KeT 6blTb HPOH3BseaeHa TOJIbKO rIpu HaJH'4HH xopolner CHCTeMbi MOHHTOpHHra. 3To npeAnionaraeT yKpeineHHe perHoHaJIbHbIX ckHHaHCOBbIX CHCTeM, O6ecneqeHHe npo3pa'HoCTH H AOCTyH- HOCTH HH4POpMaiHi O pe0IHOHaJIbHbIX pacxoAax Ha COIHaJIbHYIO 3aUiHTY. TO TaloKe BKJ7OHoaeT rIojiyeHme TO'HbIX aAMHHHCTpaTHBHblX zaHHbIX Ha rOJIyMaTeJIe , aKTHBH3a- UUIO o6MeHa 3THMU aaHHbIMH Meway perHOHaMH H C y'pe)KzLeHUiAMH 4)eAepaJIbHOrO ypOBHA. HaKOHeii, 3TO 03HaYaeT npOBeaeHHe HaUHOHaJIbHbIX Hi perHOHajibHbIX peinpe3eH- TaTHBHbIX 4CCJieaOBaHHH 6ioJaxeTon BOMalffHHX X03SHCTB H HaJimI4e COOTBeTCTBYIOuIHX HHCTpyMeHTOB jiA oileHKH pHCKa, He3aiuuLUeHHOCTH H 6eAHHoCTH, a TaK)Ke JIS Toro, qTO- 6bl HIOHSTb, HaCKOJIbKO XOpOInO HpOrpaMMbi COiLHaJIbHOU 3aLUHTbI AOCTHral0T He3aHuH- LLueHHbix rpynn HaceneHHH. 3.1.5. Coz4uaJzbHbie yCayzu aR yq36lUMbIX xame2opuu ce.ezu u aemeui a) COIWHanbHaS pa6oTa H COLHaabHoe o6cJIyXCHBaHHe (CPCO) AIsA ceMbuH HAeTefi Coiu4aAbHa,I pa6oTa H counaHjbHoe o6cAy)KHBaHHe - CyIIeCTBeHHaSA aCTb XOpOII1O Ha- jia)KeHHOU CHCTeMbi COUia.7bHOrO o6eCneIeHHA. rIOMoraS CeMbAM CHH3HTb pHCKU H CHpaBHTbCA C HHMH (oco6eHHo C pHCKaMH, CBA3aHHbIMH C HeBbIHOJIHeHHeM CeMbeH CBOUX 4byHKUlH uJIu ee pacnaJoM, HHBaJIHAHOCTbIO, CTapoCTbIO, npo6jieMHbIM noBeAe- HHeM IIOJPOCTKOB H T. n.), 3TH ycIyru HOBbIHalOT 6jarococTosHHe OTJkenJbHbIX uIHU H AO- MaIIIHHX X03AiiCTB H yMeHbiHalOT HoTpe6HOCTb B mepax no 6opb6e C pHCKaMH. POCCHS HCrIbITbIBaJa B HHX HeXBaTKY Ao Hamana rpeo6pa3oBaHHfl. YcAyzu u ux npedocmaomenue. HaMHHaS c 1999 r. B PoccHH 6bjiiH CO37AaHbi IHpoKas CeTb COIIHanJbHblX cJIy)K6 H UHCTUTyT COUJI4bHOg pa6OTbI . YCAyrH AIAS cemeu H AeTe npe,AOCTaBBJI5oTCA 'epe3 [ieHTpMb CoUHaJIbHoH nOMOIUH H COU1aH3bHOFOo6CJIyXKHBaHHS (CHICO), opraHH3OBaHHbIe noA naTpOHa)KeM MHHHCTePCTBa Tpyaa H COIHajibHOFO pa3- BHTHA. OAHOBpeMeHHO MHHHCTepCTBO o6pa3oBaHH5T POCCUIUCKOii (De,4epauHH BBe.7O B paMKax o6pa3oBaTeJIbHoA CHCTeMbi UeHTpbI ICHXoJIoro-CoU4ajibHol H MeAHKO-COUH- aAbHOH nOMOIIIu ,AeTAM (UrICMC). IleHTpbl CICO npeOCTasBJIAOT CneKTp YCJIYF (Ha co6CTBeHHoA 6a3e H Bbie3AHbIe) CeMbAM rpyHiirbI pHCKa, CTOJIKHYBIIIUMCA C Hpo6JIeMaMH aIKoroJI43Ma, HapKOMaHHH, zkomamlHero Hac4JIHA, 6onie3HAM4, 6eAHOCTbIO, HMIOeIUHMH lAeTeH-HHBaiiHlIOB H np. OHU4 npe1OCTaBJIASOT B OCHOBHOM KOHCYJIbTaTHBHYIO nOMOliIb, HO 3TO MOCKeT 6bITb H maTepianbHaq nOMOlUb, oneKa B TeMeHHe AHSA H BpeMeHHoe pa3Me- mieHHe AeTeH, HaXO7aAIUHHXCA B HeoripeAeieHHbIx ceMerHbIX o6CTOATeJIbCTBax, H ,ReTeu, OCTaBLIH1XCS 6e3 norieieHAs pO0IHTeieR H o>KHaaioiuHx pacnpeaejieHHS, B creilHajibHbie yVpeAKzteHHH, a TaK(Ke pea6nJIHTauHOHHbie yCJJyruH eTAM-HHBaAngaM. FraBa 3. COLtaJIbHaS 3aLLIHTa, 3 paBooxpaHeHUe U o6pa3oBaHie B 1990-e roAbi 57 UeHTpbI OpraHH3yIOTCA, yiipaBJI5IOTCA H 4lHHaHCHpyIOTCS pEFiHOHaJIbHbIMH H MeCT- HbIMII BJIacTAIMi. FIpIMepHO 87% ripHeMHHKOB 3aHnMaIOTCA MylHIIHiiaiiTeTbI. 2eAi- TeJIbHOCTb MaCTHbIX UeHTPOB jH4UeH3HpyeTCSI MHHHCTepCTBOM Tpyia H COUHajibHOFO pa3BHTH5I P(D. MHHHCTePCTBO KOHTPOJIHpyeT ueHTpbl CLICO, BbIHyCKaeT HHCTPYKLH4 H pyKOBOAHmHe yKa3aHHs4, pacnpocTpaHAeT HH(OpMaiHIO O jiyqMueM OrbITe pa6oTbI. [teHTpbI M1HHCTePCTBa o6pa3oBaHHii PD riOMOraIOT aCeTM, CTajiKHBaIomHMCq C npo- 6JIeMaMH B o6pa3OBaHHH. OCHOBHoe BHiMmaHH o6paweHO Ha geTel, KOTOpbIe 6pocaIoT y"e6y B IIKOjie, HeCOBepieHHoZeTHHX MaTepeH, geTeH, OCTaBHBIIH1X CBOH CeMbH, geTefH- 6elCeHIleB H BpeMeHHbIX repeceIeHlueB, >KePTBbI HaCHJ1HSi H T.H. B Haiaxie 2001 r. B CHICTeMe COuHaJIbHOi 3aiH4TbI 6bLTIo 2444 ueHTpa CLICO (MHHT- pyzi, 2001), KOTOpbIe OXBaTbIBaJIH CBoeii pa6oToH 20% HaceiieHHq. U4x pacnpee.7eHlne no peFHOHaM KpaiHe HepaBHoMepHO. B pamKax o6pa3oBaTeJIbHoH CHCTeMbI cyieCT.ByeT OKOJIO 500 1ieHTPOB ncHxojioro-couHaJIbHOH H MeeAJKO-cO1IHaJIbHOA noMomH aeTAM (MHHo6pa3OBaHHS, 2001). B 2000 r. iieHTpbI CfICO oKa3aJIn nOMOIb iMpHepHo 7 MJIH KJIneHTOB, B TOM qiHcJie 3,2 MJIH aeTeI4. Cnpoc Ha ycJAyrH CnCO HaMHOrO npeBbliuaeT HX BO3MOhKHOCTH. Ba>KHb!MlI IjopMaMi Hx ,AeITeJIbHOCT1 HBJISIOTCA COuHlaJIbHaA pea6HJIH- TaLIjH B rpynnax aHeBHOrO Hpe6bIBaHHA EI pa3meweHHe eTeH rpyHiribI pIICKa B ripHeM- HiKax. B 1999 r. 6bIO pa3MeCueHO OKOJIO 465 TbIC. .eTei - 143 HHX 63% B yqpeAcaeHIIXX ,aHeBHOrO rpe6bIBaHHq, OCTaJIbHbIe B rpHeMHHKaX (MHHTPYJA, 2001). BOJIbHIIHHCTBo ae- Tei1 B rHieMHHKax (68%) OCTaIOTCA TaM Be 6o0iee Tpex Mec5IIeB, 9o BO3BpaXieHH AOMOH HJIH noKa He 6yJLeT HaHzgeHa HOaXOasAIlalM cfopMa HX YCTPOI4CTBa 53. B 1999 r. 6oJIee 80% aeTeH, npoineIIIix HpHeMHHK11, 6blJIH BO3B3paellHbI B CBO0H ceMbH, 3% 6buJIH yCbIHOBJIe- HbI HJIH pa3MeiueHbI B CeMbAIX Ho OFOrOBOPY o6 oHeKe, 11% 6bIJIH HOMeIUeHbI B aOMa-4H- 54 TepHaTbI Ha HOCTOSIHHOII OCHOBe Kmo R6.7semcs: K,7ueumamu z4eumpoc CHCO? IIMeiouuecAg aHHbIe He gaIOT KOHKpeT- HO 141HH(OpMa1iHH O ripH'I4HaX, Ho KOTOpbIM CeMb IH OTTAeJbHbIe Inua o6paTHJIHCb B ieHTpbI CrICO, o6paTHwIHCb AlH OHH CaMOCTOBTeJIbHO B WTH lieHTpbI 14IH 6b1JIl5 Tyaa Ha- fipaBJIeHbI. CiieayiOWas HH41OpMauHl H3 CaMapcKoii o6jiaCTH IIpOJIIBaeT CBeT Ha TO, KTO ABBIAeTC3I HOTeHUH7aIbHbIMH K.iIHeHTaMH UeHTPOB CnICO: 1) aemu u nodpocmKu - Hc- K.7JHOMeHHbIe 143 IIIKOJIbI AeTH H TpyaHbie HIOApOCTKH, CTa.IKHBaIOWHeCA C HpO6JieMaMH B IIKOjie H HeperyIApHO IIoceIuiaioile 3aHATHA; zeTH, KOHJI1HKTYlOWHe C pOAHTeJIAMH (orieKyHaMii), yYIHTeJIAMI, CBepCTHHKaMH; AeTH, 3aperiCTpHpOBaHHbie B MeCTHbIX OTae- JIeHHIAX MH4JIHIUHH KaK HapyiuHTejiH; 2) ceMbu - pOaHTeJI1, KOTOpbIe HpOXOZ(AT npolleay- py JII4lHeHHAI IJIII OrpaHiqeHHSI POAHTejibCKHX ripaB; >KeCTOKHe pOaHTejiH H Te, KTO npe- He6peraeT pOaHTeJIbCK14MH o6A3aHHoCTAIMH; pOAHTeJii, Haxo,a5Ui4ecA no, cjIeJiCTBH4eM 1JIH11 B TIOpbMe; aJIKOFOJIIHKH, HapKOMaHbI, pOjHTejiH, Ybe MeCTOHaxoKzeH4e HeH3BeCTHO, XPOHHIeCKHi 60JIbHbIe IIIIIH HaXOAIHHeCSA B 60JIbHHiue A7JHTeNJbHOC BpeMI, HHBajiHAbI (o6a po,1HITeJIn), po,11TeJrni, KOHBcfrIHKTyIOIwHe me,-Kz(y co6oir; CeMblH Ha rpalHi pacriaza H4 COUIIaJIbHO He 3aIHIIaIeHHbIe CCMblI (c 6e3pa6OTHbIMH 4JIH Hy)wgaIoIuIMHCA 'ieeHaMH) (AAMHH4CTpauIHIl CaMapcKoii o6iiaCTH, 1997). HOMUIMO 3TOrO, K rpyHnaM, Ha KOTOpbIe HaripaBAIeHa pa6oTa LieHTpOB, OTHOCSITCSI geTH-HHBaJIHabI H HX CeMbH. (zIuHa-cupo6anue. UeHTpbI CLICO c¢HHaHCHpyIOTCq KaK H3 MeCTHbIX HajiOrOBbIX HO- CTyHJIeHHHif, TaK HI 143 HoKepTBOBaHHIff. CJIOIKHO oueHH4Tb, KaKaSI AaoA rOCyaapCTBeHHbIX pecypcoB 1I,aeT Ha npe;iOCTaBjieHHe yCJIyr, TaK KaK B 6yXraJITepCKOII JlOKyMeHTauH H He jaejiaeTcsA pa3JIHHSI Me)Kay ycJIyraMH 1H BbIniiaTaMH Hoco6Hii HO COHuHaJIbHOfi HoMoIMi. flo HpHi6JiJ31ITeJIbHbIM oueHKaM Ha 1999 r., oHa KOJIe6JIeTcA Me>cfy 140 MJIH a0jo.i. (0,08% OT BBH) ii 210 MJIH (0,12% OT BBHI) . Y'IHTbIBaqI, YTO cei4iac OKOJIO 20% Hace- nonoweHwe AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU cIeAepaLuuw. 58 ITorm coL4HanbHoA non0THKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbl JIeHH5 OXBaMeHbI pa6oTOii UeHTpOB CICO, CTOHMOCTb CHCTeMbI, KOTOpaA OXBaTHjia 6bI IOJIHOCTbIO HaceCieHHe CTpaHbI, OueHHBaeTCS B 0,4-0,6% OT BBr. Hepeuienibie 6onpocbi u npo6AeMbub6 .Hpo4HJIaKTHMeCKHe MepbI ABJIAIOTCA BaKHOfI 'laCTbIO xopouio aerCTByIOIIlefi CHCTeMbI COiHajibHOrO o6eCneIeHH5. BBegeHHe B aeHCT- Bile iieHTpOB CEICO 03HatiaeT CyiueCTBeHHbIH CABHF B HOTIHTHKe couo6ecnemeHHq OT 'lpe3MepHoii 3aBlICHMOCTH OT IHHCTHTYL1HOHaSJbHbIX cfOpM 3a6OTbI O AeTAX, HaXOJAIWHX- C51 B rpynne pHCKa, K aJIbTepHaTHBHbIM 4)opMaM, 6a3HPpyIOWHMCI Ha CCMbe H MeCTHOM CO- o6IeCTBe. BO3HHKaIoIuaSA CHCTeMa CfICO aeieHTpaZ430BaH H maeT opraHaM BJIaCTH pa3JIHMHbIX ypOBHeii B03MOKHOCTb rH6Ko nOJAXOAHTb K pa3pa6oTKe IIpHeMJeMbIX AAR HHX peiiieHHI, KOTOpbIe OTpaA)aKii 6bI pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe Hy)KabI, pa3Hbie ICTOIHHKH c¢H- HaHCHpOBaHH1, H HMeIOIH6eCAr OrpaHiMeHH54 B B03MO)KHOCTAX pa3HbIX perHOHOB. Ho 3TO Bce enije CKpOMHaA CHCTeMa, H M4HTPYA XOpOIHO OCBeAOMjIeH 0 TOM, MTO OHa HMeeT aAeK- BaTHbIII OXBaT JIHUIIb B HeCKOJIbKHX periHOHaX, CyiueCTBYIOI1He MOIJHOCTH Harpy,KeHbI AO npe,aejia, orpaHHqeHHOCTb c)HHaHCOBbIX H KazpOBbIX pecypcoB ABJISeTCS rpOMaaHbIM IIpeHSITCTBHeM, oco6eHHO B 6o.nee 6eCHbIX peiHOHax CTpaHbI. IpHHHMaS BO BHHMaHHe 3TH caepwHBaioi4e 4faKTOpbI, pacuimpeHe CHICTeMbI 6ygeT HOCTeneHHbIM. TeM He meHee 3TOMy npoileccy MorJIH 6bI CHOCo6CTBOBaTb XOpOIIIO npOayMaHHbIe HHHUHaTHBbI, 'ITO HiOMOrJIO 6bI peFHOHajibHbIM H MeCTHbIM BTiaCT.AM OCyWeCTBJISTb paCXoabI, He npeBbIUIa- IOui4He B03MOWHOCTeHi 6Ioa)KeTa. eiieucm6lu, uanpaenzeribie na czanacueanue panu'iuz4 i eoa3MoOCmocLX pezuoho6. Cy- IueCTBYIOIHiIle CTa6HJIH3aUHOHHbIe MeXaHH3MbI HeCKOJIbKO yMeHbuHaIOT EKOHOMH'eCKOe HepaBeHCTBO cpeatH perHOHOB, HO, CKopee BCerO, OHH4 He 6yayT BJ.IHSITb Ha CHCTeMaTH'ieC- KOe pacIHIpeHHe CeTIH CTICO, nOCKOJIbKy y peFHOHOB MHOFO OlpyrHx IPHOpHTeTOB. Llo- 3TOMY HMRO pa3pa6oTaTb CTpaTerHH, KOTOpbie OIITHMH3HpOBaJIH 6bI HcnOJIb3OBaHHe pe- CYPCOB AJI. HIJoep)KKH CeMbH H AeTeri. 3jaeCb MHHHCTepCTBO TpyAa H COlIHaIbHOrO Pa3- BHITH5I POCCHAiCKOii (DeepauHH urpaeT pemaioxyio pOJIb, onpejIesisA HyTH HaH6ojiee a4- 4eKTHBHOrO HCHOJIb3OBaHHA CpeJCTB, OCo6eHHO B o6iacTH ycjlyr, 6iaroaapA ipeAOcTaB- JIeHI4O KOTOpbIX aeTH CKopee Bcero OCTaHYTCA CO CBOHMH ceMbAMH, H4JH 6y;IyT B03BpalUe- HbI B CBOIO CeMblO, HiH HIOMeIImeHbI B OKpyXCeHHIe, HIoao6HOe CeMbe. DTO MO)KeT 3ajio)KHTb OCHOBy AJTIA o6MeHa jiqIHuHM OHbITOM H ero HpQOBimBHCeH1o MHHHCTepCTBOM IH peFIHOHajlb- HbIMHI BJIaCT3MIH. Pa6oma z4eumpoa CHCO. B aeqTejbHOCTH cy1eCTBYIOIJIHX ueHTpOB CIICO Ha6JHo- jtaeTcs TeHaeHLUHSA 6paTb Ha ce6s ROnOJIHHTe6JbHbIe o6a3aTeJIbCTBa, MaCTO JAA TOrO, 'TO- 6bI YIIOBjIeTBOPHTb HOTpe6HOCTH4, 3a o6ecneeHn4e KOTOpbIX OTBe'aIOT ApyrHe opraHH43a- IIHH. 3To YCJIOKHAeT pa6oTy H TaK yoKe neperpyweHHoro IIepCOHaiia, BbIHywKaeT ero npezIOCTaBJI5ITb ycjiyrH, ,i[i KOTOpbIe y pa6OTHHKOB, B03MOXCHO, HeT cneuHiajibHOiH nOZ- rOTOBKH, CTaBHT nozt yrpo3y aaeKBaTHoe npezaocTaBieeHe OCHOBHbIX ycJiyr no CIICO (KOHCyJIbTauHH H 3aiHITaA eTefl) H orpaHHMusaeT B03MOKHOCTH KOHTaKTOB C CeMbAMH. XOTA Ha nPaKTHKe 3TO MOwKeT OKa3aTbCA HeH36e)KHbIM, HO OJDKHO 6bITb BCe-TaKH Bpe- MeHHOHI MepOIH. Bo MHOrHX cjLMyasx opraHiH3aUHSI 1ieHTPOB CnCO He COnPOBowAaeTCx nOnyIeHHeM COOTBeTCTBYIOIIWX pa6oMHx H HpoUieypHbIX HHCTPYKUHHi. B HeKOTOpbIX CjyIya3iX OTCyT- CTByeT 'leTKoe rpeACTaB.ieHHe o pojim H o6A3aHHOCTAX opraHH3aHuHH Ha YPOBHe caMoii OpraHH43aLHH. 9TO HaXOJAHT CBOe OTpa>KeHHe B OTCYTCTBHH 6H3Hec-nruaHa, HioIaioiiHx- CA KOJIHieCTBeHHbIM paceTam Iejieni H 3aRawi, jinaHOB opraHH3auLLH oc~Hca HiiH noMeiue- HHS4, HH4OpMauHH ZJISA OueHKH HrpoJeiiaHHoH pa6oTbI. OT aCTH 3THM MOKHO o6bSICHHTb HpOH3BOJIbHoe HaKOHTieHHe 3aJtaHHI COTPYJaHHKaMH LieHTPOB CICO, a TaK.Ke npaKTH4Ky rAaBa 3. CoLtmaJTbHa5 3aL[IHTa, 3ApaBooxpaHeHme U o6pa3OBaHme B 1990-e rOAbI 59 yHipaB7IeHHSI, KOTOpa5 ripeaOCTaBnHeT 60JlbUJylO CBo6oAy B HIpHH5THH pelHeHHii COTpy- HHKaM, y KOTOpblX MO>KeT OTCYTCTBOBaTb CHieiHa.ibHaR nOarOTOBKa, Heo6XO2HMaAx i3 CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOH pyKOBOAiIeA ae3ITejibHOCTH. IJnanupowaHue deuucmumyz4uohaAu3az4uu. rIoMeueHHe 1LeTeii B aOMa-HHTepHaTbI - 06bIMHO HaH6ojiee oporaq qlopMa oKa3aHHSI HOMOIIJH. YcneWHbie nlpo4HJIaKTHmeCKHe Me- PbI no yJIy'IIeHHIO HOJIO)KeHIIA CeMbm H 1,eTeii AOJKHbI HOMOMb COKpaTHTb H AaeK 3aKpbITb HeKOTOpbIe y4pe)KgeHHs4, 3a CMeT nero BbICBo6O,4lATCA1 geHbrH g 6o.ee a(j4eKTHBHOrO Hc- HOJlb3OBaHH5I H Co3z(aHHA BO3MOWHOCTei ijjS a.7ibTepHaTHBHOrO HaMma cOTpyAHHKOB. 06y'ienue. rIOMHMO 4rIHaHCHpOBaHH5I, TpyaHOCTH B pa3BHTHH HPOcjHJIaKTHtecCKOH CHCTeMbl BbI3bIBaeT HeCOCTaTOK KBaAHZ41HUHpOBaHHOrO iepcoHaJia. ;IOJIWHbI 6bITb pa3- pa6oTaHbl perHOHMbHbie lporpaMMbI, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha Tpe6oBaHISIX K HaBbIKaM H yme- HM51M, COOTBeTCTBYIOI1IHM <KeHme reTeA B POCCHUCKOA (teAepat4u. 60 WTorm coLWAanbHoA nonJuTHKM 1990-x rOp,OB u nepcneKTsBbI HOCTH4 o6 oneKe B 3aMeualoiluerl CeMbe (yCbIHoBieHHe, pa3MeiueHme y PORICTBeHHHKOB, BOC- nHTaHHe B CeMbe 6e3 YCTaHOBJIeHI51 pOaCTBeHHb1X CBI3eIl), B aOMaX, OpraHH3OBaHHbIX HO HpI4HHLlry KOJIJIeKTHBHOrO HPOK4BaHHI4 Ha 6a3e MeCTHOrO coo6IuecTBa, nlpOrpaMMbi no BKAHo'-eHHIo H HHTerpaIEHH HHBaJI.71HOB B 3TO Coo6IIUeCTBO 1H T.H. B Poccuu, nao6opom, coxpaxiiemcs uucmumyzuoua7u3az4su 57 . B OT4IHmHe OT IIHaYCT- pHaIbHO pa3BBTbIX CTpaH POCCHA Bce ewe nOjlaraeTCsI Ha y'peWKaeHH14 HHTepHaTHOrO TI!- na B cJIyMalx, Tpe6yiowHsx 4OJrOcpO1HOii onemKH CHJIbHO He 3aLi4mHeHHbIX jAeTei4. BoJiee TO- ro, 'i4cJIo y'pewKaeHrii H H axoaq1RHXCA B H4X A7IHU BbIpOCJO B 1990-e rogbi, oco6eHHo 3TO KacaeTcs jReTeAi, OCTaBiiiB4xc 6e3 noieIIeHHA poal4TeJieri (yBe.nHmeHme c 1993 r. Ha 63%). Bcero B 1999 r. 6bIJIO OKOJIo 380 TbIC. aeTerl, iiHIeHHbIX pO)JHTeJIbCKOH OHeK4, H 1teTer4-4H- BaIHLAOB, nOCTOAHHO npO)KHlBaoIIIHx 6o0iee leM B 3 TbIC. CTaUHlOHapHbIX y'pe)KaeHI4IIX. Hncmumyt4uonaJ7U3anu.q neaq4texmueHa. YxKe gaBHO 6blTIO Ha HipaKTHKe AOKa3aHO, MTO nOMeiieHHe B YqPe>KJel4HHI1 HHTePHaTHOFO THna - HeB4eKTHBHbIH 14 MaJIOpe3yJIb- TaTHBHbIri cHoco6 YCTpOr4CTBa IeTefl, Tpe6yIowHx 3alu4TbI. DTO yxyalllaeT pa3BHTHe pe- 6eHKa, oco6eHHo ecJIH OH HOCTYH4JI B yqpeAcAeHie B paHHeM B03paCTe. BoJlee Toro, ,JeTH, BbIPaCTaiorHe B TaKH4X H4HTepHaTaX, HJIoxO HOArOTOBjieHbI K )KH3H4 BHe HX CTeH (o poc- CHUICKOM OHbITe MHTafTe B HCTO'-HIHKaX MllHo6pa3OBaHwI H,4p., 2001) H MaCTO CTaHO- BATCA 6peMeHeM ,J151 CHCTeMbI 3ApaBOoxpaHeH4,q, COIUHaJIbHOr4 3aIULHTbI H O6IIIeCTBeHHOH 6e3onaCHOCTH. Pe6eHOK-HHBaJIHAL, rPO)K4BaiOiWuHH B AOMe- HHTepHaTe, 'aCTO CTaHOBHTCq B3pOCJIbIM-HHBaJIHAOM, )K4By1llHM B ,OMe-HHTepHaTe, HOTOMY 'ITO 3a BpeM51 ero flpe6bI- BaHHh B TaKHX y'ipe)K,AeHHIX CeMb5I <KHbIX CeMbhX (Aji jeTeH, OCTaBluIIXCA 6e3 noneqeHHI4 POJUHTeJIei) 10% He3alui4lueHHbI XeTef4, HaxoxqiHwxcS ceii'ac B HIHTepHaTHbIX y'4pe)KJae- HASIX, MO.KeT BbICBo6OaUHTb OKOJIO 1,5 Mjipa py6., T.e. TpH ieTBepTH CTOHMOCTH 4X HHCTH- FnaBa 3. CoLp4anbHas 3awJAHTa, 3ApaBooxpaHeHme U o6pa3oBaHwe B 1990-e roAJ,bl 61 TY11HOHaJIbHOFO coaep,CKaHH5A (no,apa3yMeBaeTCsI, 'ITO OZaHa teTBepTb paCXOZTOB Ha MX CO- LeP)KaHHie B YtIpe)KaeHHH nepeaaeTCSI B Ka'eCTBe nOMOWIi ceMbSIM). IeM 6bI36aH pocm uHcmumytjuouaAu3aijuu? POCT IIHCTHTYLILHOHa.IH3aIIHH He3ajIH- IueHHbIX ReTei HPOH3OIIIeJI HeCMOTPA Ha TO, 'TO 1) H3MeHwIaCb HpaBOBaA II HHCTHITYUH- OHaJlbHas nHiaT4)OpMbI H CTpaTerHH, KOTOpbie OTAaJOT HpHOplTeT pa3MemeHHIO geTeH B CeMbe H B z(eTCKHX goMax cemeiiHoro THna, a He B JAOMaX-HHTepHaTaX; 2) CyIIIeCTBYeT paCTyInee HOHHMaHieI o6iueCTBeHHOCTbIO HeraTHIBHOrO BAIAIHHAI HHCTHTYUHOHa2ibHOrO BOCHIlTaHHM Ha AeTei; 3) MHCJIO aTefi yMieHbllHJIOCb. TeH,eHUHI K pOCTY HHCTHTYUHOHaJIH3aiuH MO)ceT 6blTb pe3y.7IbTaTOM CJIZeylOM4HX c)aKTOpOB: 1) coKpaineHlTsI Bo3Mo)KHOCTeii nO YCTPOiOCTBY pacTy11mero qICIca aaeTeA, oc- TaBHJHXCA 6e3 rore-eHliq pO,1TUTeieHi, B YCJIOBHq, 6lnH3KaKe K CeMeiiHbIM (Um1POKO pac- nPOCTPaHeHHble 3KOHOMwI4eCKHe TPYAHOCTlI yMeHbIHHIJI 'mHCJIO CeMeii, CHOCO6HbIX II VKe- JIIolUHX B35ITb C14POT); 2) ynopHoro y6egeHHIA B TOM, 'TO BOCHH4TaHHe B yqpeXcReH44 jiyqwe, 'eM B ceMbe; 3) HeZaOCTaTO4HOrO BHM4aHHSI K ipOiaraHge, pa3BHTH14O H1 roaZIep)K- Ke CeMelHbIX 4)OPM YCTPOIICTBa ZIeTeii; 4) HaniHiqiSI 6OJblHOii 3a4HTepeCOBaHHOCTH B TOM, 'To6bI 3a AefiCTByIOW14MH opraHH3auiiiMH HIHTepHaTHOrO THHna coxpaHAnaCb Ba)K- Ha51 POIb; 5) CHCTeMHbIX cJIa6oCTeH MeXaHHI3Ma 3aIIjHTbl .eTeH (OTCYTCTB4e o6 HIIeHaUH- OHaJAbHOii CTpaTerIii4 colUaIbHOFO o6ecreieH14 AeTefi, B KOTOpOIi 6biIa 6bi 'eTKO Cc)Op- MYJIHpOBaHa IIeIb jeHHCTHTyuHOHaMIH3awH4; cPyHKII4OHaJIbHaA pa3Apo6ieHHOCTb H He- 'eTKoe BHIJCHHIe aaMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX o6sA3aHHocTeii Ho OKa3aHHIO HiOMOLU14 CeMbe H Ae- TAIM; He34XKe cTana MeH5ITbCSI. flpaBOBaAI H HHCTHTYU1OHa.JbHaA OCHOBbI 6bJliH HepecMOTpeHbi. B 1995 r. 6bIji BBez(eH B AeACTB4e HOBblii CeMeriHblii KoQeKC POCCHfiCKOfi (DeaepaUHii. B HeM roa- 'LepKHBaCTCSI HOBblH HOAX0ao K o6ecne'eHi4o 6jarococTosAHIs4 CeMbHl H pe6eHKa, OCHO- BaHHblH Ha npaBax eJiOBeKa14 H HauejieHHblIH Ha o6ecne'eCHie HpHOp1TeTHOFO npaBa pe- 6eHKa Ha npoAKcBaHiHe H BOCJITaHTHe B ceMbe. CHICTeMa COUIKanbHOFO o6ecre'IeHHS ce- MbH H pe6eHKa 6blua geueHTpaJI13OBaHa, HpH 3TOM o6iuasA 3aKOHO,igaTeJIbHaA 6a3a IH no- JIHTHKa pa3pa6aTblBaJlHCb Ha 4leaepaAbHOM ypoBHe, a OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a eTajibHyio npopa6oTKy 3aKOHOB H COOTBeTCTBYIOHuIHX peryilipyioiulix aKTOB, Haa3OP 3a BHeZapeHH- eM H ripeaocTaBneHHe yc.iyr, (?EHaHCHPOBaHiw BO3JiaraJIHCb Ha perHioHajibHbie IH MeCT- Hbie BJiaCTH. bbIJnH HplHHITbI HipeBHTHBHbie Mepbl B CHCTeMe COUiHajIbHOrO o6ecneqeHH5I CeMbH II aeTeiH, BKJJIo'aA orpaHHIjeHHoe a,pecHoe noco6He no 6eaLHOCTii, COuHajIbHY1O pa6oTy H o6c7yKIHBaHHe JaeTefi H cemen rpynflbl PCKa Ha 6a3e MeCTHOrO coo6WuecTBa. 1H3MeHeHH4A, npolw3omieguiuie 3a rociie,lHie 10 AeT, 3aJIoKcHnTIH XOpOIIIlILi HHYH2TaMeHT AJHI pa3BHTIIA Ka'eCTBCHHOH H mCHCTBeHHOH CHCTeMbi COUHa.ibHoro o6ecCieqeHHI4 CeMbH II pe6eHKa, OCHOBaHHOH4 Ha co6.iio,eH1H npaB pe6eHKa, HaueJIeHHOiH Ha pe6eHKa H4 CeMblO. OzaHaKo eme MHOFO Ba>KHbIX BorpocoB, o6O3Ha'eHHbIX Janiee, OCTaIOTC5A OTKpbITbIMH: lOJAo>KeHHe AeTeA B POCCHUCKOU OeAepaLtHH. 62 HTorm coLumanbHoA nonHTMKH 1990-x rOpos u nepcneKTsBbI KoMnaeKcHaU cmpamezuA pe4opMupo6awsu? cucmeMbs coiuamnbou 3au4umbl d3eme6. C03J,aHHaH K HaCTOqweMy MOMeHTy HOpMaTHBHO-iHpaBOBas OCHOBa C03aaeT 0OCTaTOM- HylO 6a3y RJtI B4eKTHBHOrO 4YHKUHOHHPOBaHHM CHCTeMbi COU14ajibHOi4 3a1u1iTbi aeTeH. OIHaKO HOBbIe npHHUHnbI, 3ajo)KeHHbi B 3aKOHOaaTeJIbCTBO, B 60JIbIHHCTBe cjiyaeB He pem)1H3YlOTCAl Ha npaKTiHKe, YTO Bbl3bIBaeT TpeBO)KaullHe HeraTHBHb1e pe3yjibTaTbl B nO- JiOKeH"HH ;teTei. H03TOMy HMeeTCA OCTpaS Heo6XOJlHMOCTb B pa3pa6oTKe KOMH.7IeKCHOH HaUHOHaJlbHOiI CTpaTerl4m pe4COpMbi CHCTeMbi COUHa4JbHOr4 3aIIIHTb1 AeTe B COOTBeTCT- BHH C IIPHHU4HnaMH npHHHTOrO 3aKOHOAaTeJIbCTBa. ,anJwbHeuuia3z pa3pa6omKa npeenmueuo6 nonumuKu. I-Jo HeKOTOpbIM OUeHKaM, UeHT- PbI CHCO yaOBjieTBOpAIOT OKOJIO 20% noTpe6HocTei! HO COIH4ajibHOMy o6cAyoKsBaHH1o CeMbH4 11 leTefI, T.e. HX OXBaT BCe eiue HeBeJIHK. OAHaKo 6blCTpoe pacinupeHHe CHCTeMbi cepbe3HO caep)KHBaeTCs orpaHHeHHOCTblO HMeIOiiHXCq (HHaHCOBbMX peCypCOB, aAMH- HI4CTpaTHBHbIMH B03MOAKHOCTA1MH H YPOBHeM riOArOTOBKH HepCOHaJia. FIO3TOMy Heo6xo- a4HMO paCCMOTpeTb BOHPOC 0 pa3BHTH1H rapTHepCKHX OTHOHJeHHi4 C HenpaBHTejIbCTBeH- HbIMH opraHH3auHiMH (HrIO). YxKztaiOmHIXCA B rOcyaapCT- BeHHOr4 3a6OTe (HaipH4Mep, coKpaiieHeie HOTpe6HOCTH B 3ameuIaiollleii ceMbe); yBe.iHIe- HUle ,aOJI4 ceMeiHbIX cbOpM YCTpOUICTBa B o6iHeM o6ibeMe OKa3blBaeMOVI HOMOIIIII; yBeJI1- 'IeHUe elicjia ,eTeii, HOKHLZaioKux y'4pe)iaeH1i. JIAs 3TOO HY)KHO Ciiegyioiiee: 1) H3Me- rnaBa 3. CoLtuanbHaq 3a&uTa, 3,jpasooxpaHeHme u o6pa3oBaHHe B 1990-e roAbl 63 HeHHe npouecca npHHSITH3T peuIeHHH O noMeeIeHUH HaeTefi B lRoMa-HHTepHaTbl HLI MX yC- TpOiCTBe B CeMbH HiOCpeZ(CTBOM BBeaeHHA ripaKT1KH 4HHIHBH"Aya.ibHOrO noaxojAa H o6ri- 3aTeJlbHoA e>KerOLHOi iipoBepKH pellIeHHH 0 orMoeIIijeHHHa Teii B y-'pe*K,aeHHS; 2) npo- UeZ(ypbl, KOTOpbie CO3AaBaJIH 6bl aibTepHaTHBY XOTi 6bl aiSi HeKOTOpbIX aeTe, HaXOaI- Wr1HXCs B HacToAinuee BpeMA B AOMaX-HHTepHaTaX; 3) Mepbi no 3aKpbJTHIO HAM npeo6pa3o- BaHHIO y'pe)KjeHHH HHTepHaTHOrO THna; 4) cTpaTernH H MeTO)jHKH nepeBoaa Ha apyryio pa6oTy COTpyAHHKOB AOMOB-4HTepHaTOB (HanpHMep, AJIA1 IOep*KKH ajibTepHaTHBHbIX c.iyxK6). HYKHO, WTO6bi npouecc ejHHCTHTYUHoHaJIH3aUijHH COrPOBOWAaZIC5 yKpeniieHH- eM MeXaHH3MOB CeMefIHbIX 4bOpM yCTpOrCTBd aeTeH H OKa3aHHeM ripOcJHjiaKTHMeCKHX ycjiyr AJlA HyK*zaiOIIlHXCS B HOMOHIH, BKJIOMaA JAeATeJIbHOCTb UeHTpOB CUCO H fioAep- CKaHHe JAOXOAOB ceMeii, a TaK*e YCOBepiieHCTBOBaHHem AeATebHOCTH HHTepHaTHbIX y'- pexc,aLeHH J,JIA OCTaIOHjHXC5A B HHIX JeTeH. (cyrnK4uona,7buoe eduh!cmGo. CDYHKIHOHaJ7bHaA OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a 6niarococTosHHe CeMbH H pe6eHKa OCTaeTCS HOJaeZjeHHOH MewAy HeCKOJlbKHMH M4HHCTepCTBaMH, 'TO HPHBOZWT K HenOCJleAOBaTeIbHOCTH H Hea("eKTHBHOCTH B pa3BHTHH H pea7IH3aIIHH CTpaTerHH H HOnHTTH'ieCKHX penIeHHiH Ha JaKe K O'eBHZHOMy ay6jiHpOBaHI4O 3aRaa. Ba*- Hee BCerO TO, MTO pa3apO6ieHHOCTb 3aMeAjiSeT pa3pa6OTKy eaHHOR Bceo6beMjHoiLueH CTpaTeri4H HpOJIBHxceHHA K CHCTeMe coUHanJbHoFO o6ecre'eHHSA, B iueHTpe KOTOpOii ce- MbA H pe6eHoK. CorJiacOBaHHOcTb eAJCTBHi Tpex OCHOBHbIX MHHHCTepCTB (MHH3iapaBa, MHHo6pa3OBaHHI, MHHTpyaa) B pycie 3TO1 o6eii CTpaTermHH H pa3rpaHHMeHHe J17OHO- MO'IIH 5BJIAsOTCS HerpeiO*KHbIMH Tpe6OBaHHS4MH. IrOMHMO 3TOrO Heo6xoaHM CHCTeMa- THiqecKHi o6MeH HH4IopMauHeii, oco6eHHO HO OCHOBHbMM o6AacTSAM B3aHMogeiiCTBH5A. HaYaAo 3TOMy MOwCeT 6bITb Hojio*KeHO CO3,aaHHeM MeXKBeJjoMCTBeHHOii KOMHCCHH, KOTO- poii 6bu1o 6bl nopy'eHo Bbipa6OTaTb eaHHble nOZtXOabl, KOTOpbIe nocCjy,KHjiH 6bM OTTpaB- HOH TO'IKOH pe4OpMbl. B JojirocpO'HOH nepcneKTHBe ciiez(yeT iio/yMaTb 0 nepeaaqe 4YHKUHHI HO CO1HabHOMY o6ecrie'eHHIO CeMbH H pe6eHKa OIAHOMY MHHHCTepCTBy. Opeanw3atu4" u ynpaefeeue. Ha MeCTHOM YPOBHe CyiLLeCTBYIOT 3HwYmTeAbHbIe opraHH- 3auHOHHbie H aAM1HCTpaTIBHMe npo6JieMbI, KOTOpbIe OCJIOXHAIOT pa3pa6OTKy H peaniH- 3auijlO HOBbIX CTpaTerHi4. HeKOTOpbIe H3 HHX MO)KHO YCTpaHHTb iyTeM yCOBeplHeHCTBO- BaHHA1 opraHH3alLHoHHbIx H aZMHHHCTpaTHBHb1X nponeigyp. JJ2pyrHe OTpa*KalOT CHCTeM- HbIe (HI npexcae Bcero peCypcHbMe) HeJaOCTaTKH: 1) HOpMaTHBHbIe ZOKyMeHTbl, pyKOBOJACT- Ba H HHCTpyKUHHH aCTO OpHeHTHpOBaHbI Ha yxipexaeHHA HHTepHaTHOFO THnia H He OYeHb XOpOIHO nOZ(XOAAT ,AJI BHeapeHHS HOBbIX cTpaTerHd; 2) CenapTameHT COUHajibHOH 3a- IUttTbI He HMelOT 6H3Hec-iiaHOB, KOJ7H'IeCTBeHHO H3MepAeMbix ueLjeii H 3aAaq, H y HH4X He- AOCTaTO'IHO HHcPopMaUHH aJn1 OiieHKH zeATCJIbHOCTH H OpraHH3aHHH OTIeTHOCTH 3a paM- KaMH (pOpMaJIbHbIX HIpaBHJ H HHCTpyKUHH; 3) He XBaTaeT o6opyAOBaHl4A: cfaKCOBbiX an- napaTOB, KOHHpOBaJlbHbIX MaHl4HH, KOMHbIOTepOB; 4) He XBaTaeT repcOHaJIa, TO Hp1HBOAHT K ero Ype3MepHOii 3arpy)KeHHOCTH, HaBbIKH H 3HaHHA COTPYJLHHKOB yCTapeBalOT, H HM Tpe6yeTcAl HOBbIiiieHHe KBajiH4HKauHH; 'IaCTO KBajiiH+KaUHH COTpyRHHKOB HeJOCTaTOY- HO AJIA BHeapeHH51 Ha lpaKTHKe HOBOH MeTOa1HKH IHaHBHAyajibHOFO iioaXOaa. Hlpo6,eMbl deu,eumpaqu3au,uu. CTeueHTpaB3aI CUHCHCTemb CLuajibHOFO o6ecne'e- HHA CeMbH H aeTeH He o6XOJHTCA 6e3 npo6JneM. HCHOJIHHTenH ROJIKHbl o6paUnaTb BHH- MaHHe Ha ciieazyloHHe MOMeHTbI, YqTo6bi H36e*KaTb HOJ]BO,aHbIX KaMHen: a) perHOHanbHbe pa3IH'-1HA1: npEI 6OJIbIOM perHOHaIbHOM pa3Hoo6pa3HH aJAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX, Ka,ApOBbIX H 44HaHCOBbIX pecypcoB mensperHOHaAbHbe H BHYTp7IperHOH'bHbHe pa3miHA y*e HpOABHJIH4Cb B cnoco6ax rpeaOCTaBneHHA yCjiyr no COUHanJbHOMY o6ecieqeHHIO ceMeM H geTeii H 4aOCTyna K HHM; 6) peamMuHanH HOJIHTHKH: ecAIH He 6ygeT MexaHH3Ma, rapaH- nloJno>KeHwe AeTeA B POCCHUCKOA teAepaLAHH. 64 HTorF coiAmanbHoA nonHTMKH 1990-x rOAOB H nepcneKTHBbI THpyloIoIerO BepHyiO HHTepnpeTaLIHIO H peajuiaaimso o6IuerocyaapCTBeHHbbX CTpaTerlHH H HOJIHTHu-eCKHX pelIijHHi4 Ha HH)KHIX ypOBHAIX, TO HaMepeHHA5, 3aJiO)KeHHbie B 3THI CTpa- TerHm H pellJeHHIA, cKopee Bcero, 6ylyT BbIxOjiOHieHbl, oco6eHHo Ha HH)KHHX a,tMHHHCT- paTHBHbIX YPOBH5IX; B) fHyHKUlHOHaAbHOe eaiHHCTBO: 4fyHKUHOHaJIbHaq pa3M eie HOCTb o6Ma3aHHoCTeii 6yaeT H JaIbWey MeHbiuaTb ¢44eKTHBHOCTb o6lueHalHOHajIbHbIX CTpa- TermH H rOjiHTHIIeCKHX peiiieHi, TaK KaK OTCYTCTBHe eJLHHCTBa, iopo)KaeHHoe pa3Aejie- HHeM, jaeT o ce6e 3HaTb Ha Ka>KJOM a,tMHHHCTpaTHBHOM ypOBHe. AaeKaamHocmb q5unaHco0blx pecypco6. rlepe, pepopMoi CTaBHTCSI MHOrO 3aaaM, pe- CypcbI )e orpaHHMeHbI. PecypcHoe o6ecne'eHiHe He ycneBaeT 3a HHHuHaTHBaMH, 'ITO, c OaHOf4 CTOpOHbl, OTpa)KaeT cjia6ocTb MeXaHH3MOB pacrpeaejleHH4, HeCOBeplieHCTBO nJIaHHPOBaHHAs H COCTaBneHHAI 6ioa)ceTa, a c ,ApyrorA CTOpOHbI, npOCTO He,aOCTaTOK CpeJLCTB. HCXOZs H3 TOrO, MTO pacripeaeJieHiie JOonOJIHHTejibHbIX peCypCOB Ha COHaJIb- Hoe o6ecneMeHHe aeTeiA MOKeT 6bMTb orpaHHMeHHbIM, HYoKHO HCKaTb peIfeHHSI, KOTOpMbe HO3BOJIqjiH 6bI Ti1aTeJIbHee coCpeJOTOMHTb pecypcbi Ha HOBbIX npHOpllTeTax. COOTBeTCT- BYIOaII4e Mepbi MorIiH 6bM BKJIO`laTb KOHCOJIHtaaIHIO H aae YCTpaHeHie cia6o aapecHImIx JlbrOT H cy6cHiHHi, a TaK)Ke o6beglHBeHHe HJIH 3aKpMbTHie AOMOB-HHTepHaTOB, KOTOpMbe no-npeWKHeMy rpeRLCTaBJIAIOT HaHMeHee 3KOHOMH'qeCKH 3aX"eKTHBHbli! IOJAXOa K COIH- ajIbHOMY o6ecie'-eHmO aeTeH. CTOHT flOayMaTb Haa nepeja-eH HeKOTOpbIX BHaOB yCnIyr Ha ztOrOBOpHOH OCHOBe HerocyaapCTBeHHbM opraHH3ai[HM H ,ZkpyI4M rpeAnpHHTHAM, B03MO)KHO, AJ\I, Haqaaia B BHme 3KCHepHMeHTa. B uIeJIoM, HOMHMO HHCTIHTY1HOHaj7bHOr CTpaTerHH, CBA3aHHOfi C yMeHbIIeHiHeM pojnH yqpe)KzaeHi4 HHTepHaTHorO THHa, AOJDKHa cyIeCTBOBaTb nHHaHCOBaS CTpaTerlIA, KOTOpaS 6bM CTHMYJIHpOBaJia nponecc nepepac- npeJeieHHsi peCypCOB B HOJIb3y HpO"4JIaKTHIIeCKHX mep H CeMeHHbIX qOpM yCTpOllCTBa zeTei. YlipemcdeeuM uumepiamnoeo muna. CyiieCTByIoiuHe yCnIyr HaJIAS eTe14, HaxoaAMuIHX- CA Ha riOreCeHHH B yMpe)KzLeHHMX, Tpe6yIOT yCOBepiueHCTBOBaHHIq: 1) CaMH HOMeHiuHH5I Tpe6yIOT peMOHTa; 2) HY)KHO moaePH1I3HPOBaTb o6OpyaOBaHHe; 3) Heo6XOHMmo nepeHe- CTH aKUeHT Ha YMCTBeHHOe H COLHaJlbHOe 6AaroHojiyMHe pe6eHKaaJIq TOrO, lTo6bI KOM- neHCHHOBaTbcyilecTByIOmee HbIHeCTpeMjieHHe o6ecneqHTb rpeHmyeCTBeHHo 6niaro- no.Ty'iHe qH3HtiecKoe; 4) Heo6xo4HMo HOBbIIIBeHCe KBaJnIHHKaluMH COTPYjHHHKOB. Hu0opMaju,q o Kaliecme pa6ombt cucmeMbi. CyiieCTBYIOlliaS B HaCTOSIUIUH MOMeHT 6a3a,aaHHbIX He nOaXOaHT JIA aHaJaH3a nOJIHTHKH H ee peajimaan c ifeJIbIO 4OCTHwe- HHA COI1HIabHO eJIiaTeJIbHbIX pe3yJIbTaTOB no o6ecneteHHlo oieKH Haj zeTbMH rpynnbl pHcKa; OHa TaKwKe 3aMeaJAeT o6bIqHbdi npouecc ripeOCTaBjieHHHaI pa3jilWHbIX BI,aOB yc- jiyr no yxoay 3a JaeTbM4. HyACHa 4HH4opMaLiA, KOTopaqS nO3BOJIMJa 6bI opraHaM BjiaCTH jHo6oro YPOBHSI 3TOI CHCTeMbI HOCTOAHHO OTCJIe>KHBaTb H nepHIOqUMeCKH OUeHHBaTb Ka- '-eCTBO pa6OTbI CHCTeMbI - ype>KaeHIH, pyKOBOaHTeiief H COTpyaHHKOB, HMMelO"HXCS MeTOJtHK H HporpaMM H HX BO3,aeiiCTBHe Ha ceMbH H \eTeil 13 rpyrinbi pHlCKa. B CBOIO o e- pe,b RJIAS 3TOFO Tpe6yeTCS Bbipa6OTaTb o6niHe ueJIH, CTpaTerHH, CTaHztapTbI pa6OTbI, jAo- CTHMb AOfOBopeHHOCTeiH0 o OKa3aTejiqX, OTpa;aioUIHX BbIHOJIHeHHe pa6OTbI, ee ycnew- HOCTb H pe3yaJbTaTbI; aJWA 3TOrO Tpe6yeTCA oHLIHHaJibHoe BBegeHHe COOTBeTCTBYIOIIuX 4yHKUHH MOHHTOpHHFai OUeHKH HaBCeXypOBH5IX CHCTeMbi. Pacnpocmpanenue nepeaoeozo onbtma. Heo6xoaHMo HpOLBH,raTb HOBbIe nporpaMMbI, KOTOpbIe pa3pa6aTbIBaloTC5I Ha perHOHanjbHbIX ypOBHAX, rOCpeaLCTBOM CHCTeMaTHIMecKo- ro pacnpOCTpaHeHHM nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOo OnbITa Ha o6IleHail4OHajibHbIX H Hper4OHaJbHbIX KOH4¢epeHUHAX, ceMHHapax, ,epe3 6iojijeTeHH, ry6jiHKaUHi H T.A. rnaBa 3. CoLtmanbHaq 3aLIAHTa, 3gpasooxpaHeHue u o6pa3OBaHme B 1990-e rogbl 65 HnoopMaz4u.. fIpeaOCTaBjJeH1e HH4+OpMaIHH iJIIpOKOHi o6LeCTBeHHOCTHI MOAKHO yJIy'IIHTb HOCpeACTBOM C03kaHHI" o6iueCTBeHHbIX HHq)OpMaIIHOHHbIX H o6pa3oBaTeub- HbIX TipOrpaMM, Haue7ieHHbIX Ha 2bOpMHpOBaHHe COOTBeTCTByIOiUerO OTHOHIeHH5I K Ae- TSIM, HaXOaA1HMCS1 B rocyapCTBeHHbIX yMpeA)IeHwMx, H B UleJOM K AeTAM rpynnibi pHc- Ka, a TaK>KHep H HOijXoPzKKY aJIbTepHaTHBHbIX o,XOaXQzOB K yCTpOIICTBy geTeil B ceMbH. TaKHe ripOrpaMMbI MOryT peaJIH3OBbIBaTbCS Ha NOCTOAHHOH OCHOBe B CO- YeTaHHH C 1poBez(eHHem ZHeprmIqHbIX KOMnaHIHH. 3.2. 3apaeooxpanenue HeCTa6HIJIbHbie 3KOHOMHMCcKHe YCJIOBH5I H 3KOHOMHMecKHe flpO6JIeMbI OrpaHHtHBaIOT B03MOACHOCT1 4TA3S yBeXjHMqeHH rocyaapcTBeHHOIO cHaHCHpOBaHH4A 3zapaBOOxpaHeHH31. I4MeioWHec3i aaHHbIe yKa3bIBalOT Ha TO, 'ITO rOCy1apCTBeHHbIe 3aTpaTbI Ha 3apaBOO- XpaHeHHe B CpaBHeHHIII C 1990-MH roQzaMi COKpaTIIJIHCb (Ta6JI. 1.5). CorIIaCHo npe,BapH- TeJlbHOH OIUeHKe aaHHbIX 3a 2000 r., roZOBbIe rocy,apCTBeHHue pacxoabI Ha 3zpaBooxpa- HeHHCe COCTaBJIAJIH HiMpepHo 59 o0Au. Ha AyIy HaCeJIeHHIA. AaHHbIX no pa3mepam cpe,aCTB, 3aTpwaieHHbIx rocyzapCTBOM Ha ,aeTCKoe 3tpaBooxpaHeHHe, He cyIImeCTByeT. Ec- JI3 npeUIIOAO)KHTb, WTO Ha OHO ,joeTeg HpHXOJtHTCA OaHa 'eTBepTb 3aTpaT, Mbl BbIrlaeM Ha w44)py 0,8% OT BBrl (62 .0JIUI. B ro, Ha O,aHOrO pe6eHKa) 61. ,aA CpaBHeHHA OTMe- THM, YiTO CpealIHeMeCAMHbIe pacXOabI Ha coaep>KaHHe pe6eHKa B Mea1IIHHCKOM yIpeWKe- HHH nIo MeCTY >KHTeJIbCTBa OpHeHTHpOBOMHO COCTaBJIAIOT 165 aOJIJI. B MeCAU. B TO >Ke BpeMM CHCTeMa ripeaOCTaBAeHHA yCJIyF 3ltpaBooxpaHeHH5A, yHacjieAoBaHHas OT COBeTCKHX BpeMeH, ABJIAeTCA YepeCqyp rpOMO3,aKOA. CpeaH nepcOHa.ia HeonpaBaaH- HO MHOFO CneiHaHAHCTOB CJIIIIUKOM y3KOA KBa7OH44KaaHH, pa6OTaloIUHx TOJIbKO B yCJIO- BHSAX CTaUiHOHapOB; CHCTeMb )Ke i epBH'IHOH H HeOTJIO)KHOrH nOMOH OCTajOTCI caIa6bIMH. Ta6nn4a 1.5. rocyAapCTBeHHbie pacXOAbi Ha 3ApaBooxpaHeHHe B POCCHH B 1991-1999 rr. 1991 j1992 199311994 19951199611997 199811999 B npoLieHTax OT BBn_ Bcero 2,9 2,6 3,7 4,0 3,5 3,6 4,2 3,6 2,9 KOHCOnA"ApoaaHHbIA_ 6oPHpKeT 2,9 2,6 3,3 3,1 2,6 2,6 3,1 2,5 2,9 ciOHAC o6s3aTeIbHoro MeADi- He He He L,HHCKOrO CTpaXOBaHH OTH. OTH. 0 0,9 0,9 , , OTH. NHAeKC: 1991 r. = 100 Bcero I 100 | 76,6 | 99,4 93,3 |73,6 | 75,3 |92,2 78,2 100 H4cmoqLHuK. Pa3J1HLHbie ny6AWKaqw-I rOCKOMCTaTa. no paCXOgHbIM CTaTbqM KOHCOAH- gkHpoBaHHoro 6iop,+KeTa 1992-1994 rr. CM. World Bank. Fiscal Management in the Russian Federation, 1996. 1 BKu1io4aeT rocygapCTBeHHbie paCXOgbl Ha CnOpT. nfonoweHme AeTeA B POCCHACKOU c1eAepa4tlm. 66 IToru coLtmanbHOA nonHTHKM 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbl HeCMOTp5A Ha TaKOmi pa3pbIB Mm2Kay HH3KHM YPOBHeM peCypCOB H H36bITOqHOH 14Hc+paCT- pyKTypOII, HOpMbl H CTaHJIapTbl KJIHHHMeCKOH llpaKTHKH H opraHm3auH0 3,apaBOOXpaHe- HI4J MOm Ho 6bIJIO 6bI HlpHBeCTH B COOTBeTCTBHe. IOCKOJIbKy HOpMbl YCTaHaBJH4BalOTCA Ha HawHOHaJbHOM ypOBHe, OHH OCTaIOTCH nperIHTCTB4eM aji$ pe4lOpMHpOBaHHS Ha peril- OHaJIbHOM ypoBHe, MJe HeO6Xo0lMO, 1ITo6bi ce6eCTOHMOCTb yCjiyr 6bIaia 6bl HH2e, a Kaxe- CTBO Bbiiue. To we camoe cHpaBeBaJIHBO B OTHOIIeH4II ripe OCTaBAemoro roCyaapCTBOM KoMiJIeKCHoro MeAHUHHCKOrO o6cjy7ACHBaHHl4, KOTOpOe TeOpeTHHeCKH rapaHT"pyeT HOMT11 HOJIHbIii cneKTp yc.Iyr B o6JIaCTH4 3gpaBoOXpaHeiHI BCeMy HaceJIeH410. 14 HaKO- Heil, CyiIeCTByIOKleH CHCTeMOH 4)HHaHCHPOBaH4H 3apaBooxpaHeHMj He npeaycMaTp1Ba- eTCSI Heo6XoaHMoe CTHMY:IHpOBaHHie Me4llHHCKHX ympe?Jl4eHHH K rIOBbIleHHIO adoeK- THBHOCTHI 1H Ka1eCTBa pa6OTbI. Medu,u4cCKoe cmpaxoeanue. B 1991 H4 1993 rr. B PoccHi 6bIJI HpllHAIT paz 3aKoHoB, KOTOPbIMH BBO04JIOCb o6SI3aTeJIbHOe Me;tHI11HCKOe CTpaXOBaHHe (OMC), 4HHaHcHpye- Moe 3a Cw1eT o65I3aTeJIbHbIX HanIHCJIeHHIH Ha 3apa6oTHyIo HrjaTy, 'TO AOJI)KHO 6bljIo o6ec- neqI4Tb ,OrIOIHHTeJIbHbIe cpeACTBa Ha 3,MpaMooxpaHeine nomlmo rocy,aapCTBeHHbix 6io- axPeTHbix accHrHoBaHHiH. J1JIA 3Toro Tpe6oBaAIocb Co3,aa1He (cDejepaJlbHoro cPOHja o6A- 3aTeaJbHOrO Me,nHLIHHCKoro CTpaXOBaH4A ((I)OMC), KOTOpbII JaOTi)KeH 6bii o6ecHeH4Tb KOHTpOJIb 3a 4byHK4HOHHpOBaHHeM ClHCTeMbI B MaCLTa6e CTpaHbI, TeppiTOpHaibHbIX 0OH,jOB o6A3aTe.nbHOrO MeHIU4HCKO1O CTpaXOBaHHSI, nHP3BaHHbIX o6ecHIe'HBaTb 4yHK- 1UHOHHPOBaHHe CHCTeMbI Ha perl4OHaOJbHOM ypOBHe, a TaK)Ke opraHH3aljHH MeeJI4l4HHCKO- ro CTpaXOBaHEHS1 (rocyaapCTBeHHbIX H 1aCTHbIX), KOTOpbIe, HBJIAACb HpeaCTaBHT4TejiMH HoTpe64TeJIeH,H noHyaJIH 6bI OT TepplITOp14MbHbIX 4bOHaOB ijiaTewKH, HCt1HCJIAeMble Ha OCHOBe 3aTpaT, Heo6xO;tHMbIx aim OJtHOrO -ejiOBeKa, H COOTBeTCTBY1OiiHe KO.THimeCTBy HipezCTaBji5IMbIX HMH inOTpe6HTejieH; B CBOIO otepeab, Tepp1TOpHaNbHbie WOMC noKy- raTiH 6b y HpO43BOaHTeTieH Heo6xoZlHMbIe ycjiyri OT HMeHH CBOHX HOJIb3oBaTeTieH. Ocy- IHeCTBTJIeHHe npOFpaMMbI o6s13aTeJIbHoro Me4UHll4HCKOFO CTpaXOBaHuH He aaUIo oAczHaae- MbIX HIOJIO)K4TeJIbHbIX pe3yJIbTaTOB. BMeCTO yBeJImieHHA CpeaCTB Ha 3apaBooxpaHeHHe, KaK 3TO HpeanojiaraJIOCb, BBeaeHHHe CHCTeMbI o6A3aTembHOrO Mea4HHHCKOrO CTpaxOBa- HHSI HpaKTlMeCKH HpHBeZjO K pa3MbIBaHH10 MeCTHbIX 6ioxKeTHbIX aCCHrHOBaHHH Ha HyAC- )JbI 3,apaBooxpaHeHIIA, ITO yCyry6JLAUIOCb yXyiueH4eM 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH CHTyaHUH. CHC- TeMbI HMHaHCHpOBaHHS, 3aKyHOK H niaTeKeH YCJI0OKHHJIHCb C BBeaeHHeM 41OHOB MeaiH- IHHCKOFO CTpaXOBaHHS1 H opraHH3aiiH MeHIHUHHCKOFO CTpaXOBaH4M. C03,aaHHe HOBOIO 1HCTO'qHHKa ¢HHaHCHpOBaHHA, MHJIHioIerOC5 OTAejibHbIM 06beKTOM ynpaBjieHHs4, npHBe- JIO K paCHbIJleHHIIO roCyaapCTBeHHbIX peCYPCOB B o6JiaCTH 3JapaBooXpaHeHH51 H yCJIO>KH1- Jio oCyLiueCTBJIeHiHe noCie1I0BaTCJIbHbIX pecpopM Ha perHOHaZjbHOM ypOBHe. KpoMe Toro, B yCJIOBH4AX, KOrzta Ka)KJbif perHOH ciieayeT CBOeMy co6CTBeHHOMy HOaXoAy K BBeIeH410 o6sl3aTeAIbHOrO MeaiHLIHHCKOFO CTpaxOBaHH5A, B AeSTeNJbHOCTH pCFHOHOB no o6ecneieHI4O HaceJieHH51 onpeae:ieHHbIM4 MeAHIHHHCKH4MH ycjiyraml OTCYTCTBYIOT rociieAOBaTeJIb- HOCTb H rpo3pa'HocTb. He344eKTHBHOe HCnOJlb30BaHHe 4IHHaHCOBbIX peCypCOB HIHBeiJO K HOBCeMeCTHOMY pe3KOMY YXYJUUeHRIO B POCCHH COCTOAHH5 o6beKTOB 3 paBooxpaHeHA1 HMelOlUeroc5 o6opyzaoBaHHi4, K aHTHCaHHTapHH, HCIOTIb3OBaHI10 YCTapeBLIIHX 060pyR0BaHH4 H TeXHO- JIorFiH, 'aCTO Ha6JmozkaeMoi HeXBaTKe MeaiHU4HCKHX Cpe,ZCTB H MeaHKaMeHTOB nepBOii Heo6xoi4HMocTH, K Hc'e3HOBeHHIO y meAnepcoHaJia MOTHBaui4H K Tpyy14 H3-3a HH3KOH H Hepery.I5IpHO BbirIwamBaeMOH 3apa6OTHoH njiaTbI, a TaKiKe K YCJIOBHfKlM Tpyaa, B KOTO- pbiX HeB03MO)KHO pa6oTaTb. Elie oHHM CjieaCTBHeM CTa:ia pa3Huda YPOBHS MeJgHuHH- CKOF0o6cJIywKHBaHH5i B pa3JlIIMHbIX perHOHax. rAaBa 3. CoL,wanbHas 3aLi4HTa, 3ApaBooxpaHeHme H o6pa3oEaHme B 1990-e roAbl 67 3dpaeooxpaneHue. flepexog OT CHieuHIajH3H4pOBaHHOFO CTaullOHapHoro Jie4eHHq K OKa3aHIiO aM6yJIaTOpHbIX yCJIyr CTaI ileHTPOM BHHMaHHsI rpH nepeCTpoMKe ciHCTeMb 39paBooxpaHeHI3 B 1990-e rogbI, oco6eHHo Ha YPOBHe repBHMHoH rOMomoH. OTaHaKO He- CMOTpA Ha BBeACHHe B 1992 r. creaepajibHoH iejieBo nporpaMMbI < 1 OTpacJIeBOH nporpaMMbi <<06ma=i Bpae6Ha5I (ceMeiiHasl) npaKTHKa>> B 1999 r., pa- 6oTa HO COBepII1CHCTBOBaHHIO CHICTeMbI OKa3aHHIA HepBOH TiOMOm H OCyWieCTB.7i5eTCS Mea- JIeHHO, 'ITO B 60JbffHOii CTeeHlIH o6yC]oBjieHo TeM, 'TO YPOBeHb ee HHTerpauHH C OCTajib- HOII MaCTb1O CHCTeMbI 3ApaBooxpaHeHIS OCTaeTCA OweHb HH3KHM. HaKOHiieHHbIi K Ha- CTOAi11eMy BpeMeHH ripaKTHMeCKHH OribIT HOKa3bIBaeT, 'TO paCiHpeHme CHCTeMbI riep- BH4IHOH MeiHuHHCKOH riOMOiiH HeBO3MOXCHo 6e3 HpsBjieieHHIq AiSi ee COBepIueHCTBOBa- HHA5 peCypCOB, HpeZtHa3HaqeHHbIX AJIA ApyrJHX OTpacIieH CHCTCMbI 3ZtpaBooxpaHeHHM,. )TO ,ae.aaeT HeO6XOIIMMbIM 3HwmHTeAbHOe peCTpyKTYPHpOBaHie BTOpHWHOH MeaHUHHCKOH HIOMOIH4, KOTOpa51 B HaCTOAmee BpeMSA iOrjiOmaeT HerlpOHOpUHOHaJIbHO 60JIbIllyIO AOJHO pecypCOB. MHorHe 13 ripo6AieM, paCCMOTpeHHbIX BbIIIIe, BbIpaXKaiOTC51 B OKa3aHIH rOCy- zaapCTBeHHbIMH MeaHlllHHCKHMM4 yMpelKLgeHHAMH ycCAyr HacenieHHIo Ha HH3KOM ypOBHe, He COOTBeTCTBYIOiIIeM COBpeMeHHOMY YPOBH1O pa3BHITHSI MeeI"IHHbl; IHorga MeJaH]HH- CKile YCJIF4 He OKa3bIBalOTCSI B Heo6xOaHMOM o6'beMe. HpHMepaMH repe'i4HC7ieHHbIX npo6JieMHbIx o6jiacTei ABJIAIIOTC31 MezIIIHHCKOe HpOCBeiueHHe, perypIAHbie MeaiHllH- CKHle OCMOTpbl, ri7iaHHPOBaHHe ceMbH, a TaKCKe IOJIHoe ocyeCTBjieHH4e paCIuilpeHHOH pOirpaMMbI HMMyHHI3auHi. ,2tocmynuOCmb 3dEpacooxpaneHu51 u eaO Ka'ecmco ,JIsI 6oJIbllllHcTBa Hace7IneHHA CHIH- 31IZHCb. CaMbIMH BaXKHbIMH cbaKTOpaMH, onpeaejnIHoHMH mJOCTYrHOCTb 3JapaBooxpaHe- HHISI H ero KaMeCTBO, CTahIH rJlaTe)Kecroco6HOCTb 1H MeCTO HpO)K4BaHHA. O0HUHa(abHbIe HOJqTBep)KzeHHMA 3TOMY OTCyTCTByIOT. YCTHbIe CBHJaeTeSJbCTBa yKa3blBalOT Ha B03pOCiHie Tpe6OBaHH51 Heo¢HuHaJibHOii oniaTbI MeaJHI11HCKHX yCjIyr, OT KOTOpbIX, KaK nlOKa3bIBa- eT OnbIT gpyrlIx CTpaH EBPOnbI H I eHTpanbHOnI A3HH, B HlepByIO oqepeab CTpaaalOT mIO- 2iH C HH3KHMH goxoJaaMH. floxoxKe, 'ITO H3-3a HpeBpaI2eHH31 fi7aTe*Kecnoco6HOCTH 62 B OCHOBHOHi C aKTOp JaOCTYHHOCTH 3 ZpaBooxpaHeHIIA pa3pbIB B YPOBH3IX J4OCTYHHOCTH yBeJImHl4BaeTC51. 1LTO B TaKHX o6CTOSITeJIbCTBaX HpOHCXOJHT C 6eJtHbIMH CeMbAMM H C JeTbMI? AOCTO- BepHbie, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha HCCJIJeOBaHIAX JaHHbIe, HO3Boji5o11HHe HpOBeCTH MHOrOMep- HbIii aHalI13 COCTOSAHH 3AOPOBbA HI B03MO)KHOCTeii AOCTyia K MeajHUHCKHM yCJiyraM B COOTBeTCTBHII C ypOBHeM JAOXOJAOB 1H HOTpe67ieHH51 MeaIJIHHCKHX yCmiyr, OTCyTCTByIOT. lOCKOJIbKy YPOBeHb 6eaHOCTH4 B PoccHH 3aBHICHT OT YPOBHAI AOXOAOB Ho perHOHaM H no- CKOJIbKy pHCK 6eJHOCTH gi5 geTei BbICOK, a 6eaHbIe perHOHbI MOryT BbIaeJIHTb MeHbIue CpeACTB Ha rocyaapCTBeHHoe 3JzpaBOOXpaHeHHe, eCTb BepOATHOCTb TOrO, '-TO AeTH H3 6eA- HbIX ceMeI rOJiyMaT orpaHHi"eHHbIil aIOCTYlI K MeJHIUHHCKHM yCJiyraM, OCo6eHHO BbICOKO- Ka,ieCTBeHHbIM. 3.3. 06pa3oeanue C Ha'a7ia nepCXOaHoro riepH4oJa pean1bHoe COKpaILeHHe rocyaUapCTBeHHbIX pacxoaOB Ha o6pa3oBaHHe B CO'eTaHHH CO CTpeMHTe.IbHOi JIeUieHTpajn3auHeiI H MeajieHHbIMHI TeMna- Mll HPOBeaeHH5I peqfopM IIIBejiH K CHH2KeHHIO ero KaMeCTBa H noTepe OpIHeHTaLI4H4 Ha HOTpe6HOCTH pbIHKa. 06uWH,ie rocyztapCTBeHHbie 3aTpaTbl Ha o6pa3OBaHHe 3Ham-lTeJIbHO CHH3HJIHCb K cepe- alHHe 1990-x rOaOB. C 3TorO BpeMeHH OHII OCTaBajiHCb CTa6HJIbHbIMH, COCTaBJIAA 70% OT nonoweHwe AeTee B POCCHUCKOA $eAepaLAww. 68 MTorm coLuuaAbHOA nOA1HTWKH 1990-x rop,os 1 nepcneKTuBbI Ta6RLH4a 1.6. PacxoAb Ha o6pa3ouaHHe B POCCHH B 199 -2000 rr. H3 KOHConfH- AHpOBaHHOro 610A)KeTa 1992 1993 1994 |1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 nlpoLeHT OT BBnl Bcero 3,58 4,03 4,36 3,40 3,49 3,48 3,34 3,47 3,58 06uAee 2,37 3,27 3,49 2,88 3,01 2,89 2,93 2,95 2,95 npocXeccwoHanbHoe 1,21 0,76 0,87 0,52 0,48 0,59 0,41 0,52 0,63 MHAeKc: 1992 r. = 100 Bcero 100 1,02 0,96 0,68 0,69 0,72 0,69 0,75 06Lgee 100 1,26 1,17 0,87 0,90 0,91 0,91 0,97 nfpoc$eccmoHaAbHoe 100 0,57 0.57 0,31 0,36 0,36 0,25 0,33 J-CmOLJHUK. MWHHCTePCTBO o6pa3oBaHWsq (2001). YPOBHA 1992 r. B pea.lbHOM BbIpawKeHHH (Ta6ii. 1.6.). FocyaapcTBeHHbie pacxo0AbI Ha Bce- o6iuee o6pa3oBaHi4e He npeTepnejnu 3HaqITeJlbHbIX H3MeHeHHiH: B peaJlbHOM Bbipa>KeH141 HX YPOBeHb B 1999 r. J.114mb HeMHOFO YCTyna1i YPOBHIO 1992 r. HanpOT14B, acC4FrHOBaHI4S Ha npocjeccHoHaiJbHoe o6pa3OBaHHe B peaIbHOM BbIpa*KeHHi 6bI7IH pe3KO cOKpa11eHbI. CoriacHo ,aaHHbIM M1HHCTePCTBa o6pa3oBaHns4, C 1995 r. o6pa3oBaTejbHbli CeKTOP B POCCH41 CTpaaajI 143-3a 3aaepWKeK no BbInnJaTe 3apnrIaTbi, a TaK*ce H3-3a AOJIFOB KOMMy- HaiiibHbiM c.nyw6aM. B KOHme iI0o15 2001 r. 7114Mb B 39 perFoHax (44% OT o6iero 'HcAa perlIoHOB) B o6pa3oBaTe.nbHOM ceKTOpe OTCyTCTBOBa.iI1 33Zep)KKi n O BbilniaTaM 3apa- 6OTHOii nJIaTbl. B 2001 r. 3aAojJDKeHHOCTb o6pa3OBaTe.IbHOrO ceKTopa KOMMYHaJibHbIM cjiy>K6aM cocTaBjs1.7a 23 MapA py6. (npllMepHo 8 MJiPA zoni.). CHCTeMa o6iuero o6pa3o- BaHI431 (KOTopas BKAIoiaeT OlKKoJIbHoe, HenOJIHoe cpejtHee, a TaKXc HosJIHoe cpezkHee o6- pa3oBaHi4e) cTpaAania 6oJree OCTaJlbHbIX, MTO, KaK iipeICTaBJISeTCS, npOTHBopeCM4T a4Ha- MHKe rocyaLapCTBeHHbIX paCXOaOB, npezCTaBTieHHoH B Ta6.i. 1.6. OaHa 143 HIP114H H MOrF7a COCTOSTb B HCKJIIOq4HTeJlbHO MyHuHflllIabHOM qIHHaHCHpOBaH1414 o6merO o6pa3OBaHi4A HoMHHambHble cpezHHe 3aTpaTbI Ha OJHOro o6yqaeMoro pe3KO OT.7m4aIOTCq B 3aBHC14MO- CT14 OT periloHa: B 1977 r. 3TO COOTHOieHHe COCTaBIAIO 1:12,5; B 2000 r. OHO nOaHAlIOCb ao 1:15,6. XOTSi B 2000 r. cpeAHerolaoBbIe 3aTpaTbl Ha OalHoro o6y'aeMoro B ceKTope cpe,- Hero o6pa3OBaHHs COCTaB.715U14 7273 py6. (npi4MepHo 270 zon.m), cambie 6eaHbie perilo- Hbl TpaT14JIH B 2,5-2,8 pa3a MeHbuie (CM. MO PcD, 2001). B HP14HIHHCi iRtJeHTPa7I143aU151A CHCTeMbi O6pa3OBaH14$ MOeT nOBMCI4Tb B44eKTHB- HOCTb H 1pO4pa'-IHOCTb ryTeM ripeAOCTaBJICHiiA 6o0Ibmell aBTOHOMHH perHoHaM, MyH141114- na.IHTeTaM H1 InKO.iaM, a TaKwoe ryTeM rioolupeHHA OCHOBHbIX 3aHHTepecoBaHHbIx CTOpOH K paC1IHpeHBIO CBoero YaCTH5 Ha MeCTHOM YPOBie. B PoccHm, OHaKo, nepegaqa oTBeT- CTBeHHOCT11 3a o6pa3oBaHHe perHOHaM Hi MYHuLl4naJHlTTeTaM cTania oco6eHHO CHJIbHbIM C,qepwHBaiouiHM 4baKTOpOM. IYHK114H H o6si3aHHoCTH B o6pa3oBaTe.ibHor4 c4)epe HJJoxo onpeaenieHbl Ha Bcex ypoBsHx. Ha perI'OHaJIbHOM H MyHH4iHnia4bHoM YPOBHAX Ha aaMH- rnaBa 3. CoLAwanbHaq 3aLLWTa, 3JpasooxpaHeHwe u o6pa3oBaH"e B 1990-e roAbl 69 HHCTpaTOpOB 6bl7IH B03JIO(KeHbI aOIOJIHHTe.IbHbIe 3aAaqIH, K peieHHI10 KOTOpbIX OHH HC 6bIJIEI rIOaFOTOBjieHbI. KpoMe TOrO, 3ataCTYIO B perHOHax 610aKeTHbIe CpeaCTBa Ha o6pa- 3OBaHHe BbIAeTjISl4Cb MYHHIUHraIIHTeTaM H KOjiaM HIpEI OTCYTCTBHH4 HpO3paqHOCTH qEH- HaHCHpOBaHI54, B TO BpeMSI KaK HCHOJ1HeHHe 6ioxieTOB 6biTIO HeyROBJIeTBOpHTe7ibHbIM. HarlipIMep, c'eTa HIKOJI 3a KOMMyHa.IbHbIe yCjiyrI JaCTO He OnHI.7iaBalOTCA, 'iTO CTaBH4T no, yFpO3y o6ecneweHHe EIX TeCJIOM H 3jIeKTpHIIeCTBOM. He,aOCTaTOtIHOe cEHHaHCHpOBaHHe HMeeT OCo6eHHO TMKeJIbIe InOCJezCTBHA flAJI 6o- niee 6eAHbIX perHOHOB, TaK WTO AeUeHTpaEI3BaHHoe EI4HaHCHpOBaHHe o6pa3OBaHHAI Hl ylpaBJIeHHe c4Cepofi, KaK 6bIZo paCCMOTpCHO Bbime, MOAKeT HIpHBOaIiTb K yCyry6JJeHHIO Me)KperHOHaJIbHbIX pa3JnIHMHi. BHYTPEI peFHOHOB CeNJbCKHe HKOJIbI, a TaKie IKOJIbI, o6- CJIYXCHBaIOIui4e HaiHOHaJIbHbIe MCHbLIHHCTBa JIH6o eTeAI C OCo6bIMEI HOTpe6HOCTSIMH, KaK I1peICTaB.IleTCA, HaXOZ(ATCS B HaHXya1uIeM HIOZoSeH1H4 (Cunning, Moock, and Heleniak, 1999). B iejioM C1ICTeMa o6pa3OBaHHSl HIp3BaHa pa3BHIBaTb y o6y"aeMbIX HaBbIKH HI yMe- HHAI, KOTOpbIe CTaHYT OCHOBOEI rI6KOCTHI HX az(aITauLHH K HI3MeHeHHMM Ha PbIHKe TpyZa. HeztOCTaTOxrHO )IIHaHCHpyeMaSA HHepa3BT4Ta o6pa3OBaTeJIbHaA C14CTeMa HripeHTCTByeT cbOpMHpOBaHHIio xopoIIo o6pa3OBaHHbIX AIO2gefI, OBJIa,teBIIHX HOBbIMH TeXHOJIOHIFAMH H CIOCo6HbIX K 3KOHOMi-IMeCKOMy TBOp'eCTBy. IJpOBOEIHBieeCA B nocneaHee BpeMq EI3y- neHHe 3TOFO BOrnpoca noKa3ajo, MTO o6pa3oBaTeAbHaA CHCTeMa B POCCIHE, oco6eHHo C14C- TeMa npOcfeccHOHajIbHOrO o6pa3OBaHHq (CefO), HeaOCTaTOqHO rOTOBa pearEpOBaTb Ha 6blCTpO H33MeH5HOIUYlI0C KOHbIOHKTypy pbIHKa, a TaKAKAe Bcero IgeMOrpajHwMeCKHMH 1H3MeHeHHSAMH4, CO3gaeT ,JIA5 zaH- HOrO ceKTopa B03MO)KHOCTb MOepHH3MaiH CEICTeMbI, a TaK)Ke ocymeCTB7jIeHHhA Heo6xoAi- Moro HOBbIUIeHHIE 344eKTH4BHOCTH 6e3 orpaHHTJeHHII ,LOCTynHOCTHI Ka'eCTBeHHbIX ycJIyr. fJIaBa 4. BbIBo,JbJ B 1990-e roabi nono.KeHme 3Ha'HTeJlbHOii taCTH ReTeIi B POCCHIH yXyalullHOCb. Bo3poc pHCK 6eaiiCoCTH, oco6eHHO JI3Js AeTefi B MHOrOreTHbIX HJIH HerIOJHbIX CeMbSIX. YXy4UIIH- JIOCb H4X 3,OPOBbe H HHTaHHe. Ha6m1ojgalOTC5A TaKwe IIpH3HaKH CHHi)KeHS4 KaYeCTBa o6pa- 3OBaHHlB 14 CHHXeHHI ero AOCTyHHOCTH, HpH TOM MTO OQHOii H3 OCHOBHbIX npo6iieM o6- pa3OBaTeJIbHOA CHCTeMbI CTaJIO COOTBeTCTBHe CO,aep)KaHHS o6pa3oBaHI4I, Tpe6OBaHHSIM PbIHOqHbIX yCJIOBH4. Jim eTeft B03pOC pHCK Toro, -TO OHH MOryT 6bITb JIHHIeHbI BOCHIH- TaHIIA B CeMbe, rue pOUZHJIICb, nOMCeieHbI B aeTCKHr' aOM, 'ITO HM He 6yaeT yaeIji3TbCq BHHMaHiHe, OHH MOryT OKa3aTbCI 6e3iaoMHbIMH, CTpaAaTb OT )KeCTOKOrO o6paiiIeHH54, CTaTb aJIKOrOJIHKaMHI HJIHI COBeplHTb npeCTyHiieHiHe. jefHCTBHe 3THX cbaKTOpOB, eciH Hx HIrHOPHQpOBaTb BbI3bIBaeT yTpaTy MeiOBeMecKoro KaIHTaia, POCT COUHaNJbHbIX 3aTpaT H B KOHe'IHOM HTore MOwCeT IIpHBeCTHI K 3KOHOMHMeCKHM HOKa3aTejiAM, He COOTBeTCTBy- 1OIIIM HOTeHU1IaJIY CTpaHbl. Ha niioKeio e HeeTel B POCCH4 B 1990-e rOJabi oco6o OTpHiiaTeJlbHOe BJIHAHHe OKa- 3aHm cJieAiyioluie rpynIibi 4baKTOpOB: 1) coKpaiieHHe HpO0H3BOaCTBa, CBA3aHHbie C HHM HeraTHBHbIe qBJIeHHSI Ha pblHKe Tpyjai H nociieapyoilee yBeJiHMeHHe YPOBHS 6eAHHocTH; 2) pe3KHe JeeMorpa4H'meCKHe H3MeHeHH5 B CTPYKType ceMbH, OTpa3HBiHhHeCA Ha ee cno- Co6HOCTH1 HazuJieCKamH4M o6pa3OM 3a6OTHTbCS 0 CBOHX JteTqX. MepbI collHaJIbHOfi HOAH- TH1KIH He yCieBaJIIH o6ecnleMHTb 3aiHTY OT HeraTHBHbIX 4aKTOpOB H B pC3yNjbTaTe yMeHb- UTb HJIH CM5IArHTb pa3JIHMHbIe B03pOCUiHeC CHCTeMHbie HJIH CHeUHw¢HeCKHe pHCKH. HecMOTpSA Ha nO3HTHBHbIe H3MeHeHHI4 3aKOHoaaTeJIbHOfi 6a3bI H HpHHIIHHOB nOJIH- THIKH 3aIIlHTbI eTeH Ha 4beaepaJIbHOM ypOBHe, B peaAbHOA nHpaKTHKe HOKa cjia6o pa3BH- Tbi npeBeHTHBHbIe 4JOpMbI pa6oTbl C CeMbqMH H4 geTbMH rpynHbI pHCKa, aiLpeCHOCTb CO- 11HlaIbHOfi nOMOIUH HeaOCTaTO'-Ha, H OCHOBHaS iaCTb HBHaHCOBbWX H OpraHH3aUiHOHHbIX pecypCOB rocyaapCTBa HaipaBjiHeTCA Ha coaepKaHHe aeTeTi B HH3KO3("eKTHBHbIX H Ma- JIOpe3yJlbTaTHBHbIX y'pe>KIeHH5Ix HHTepHaTHOFO THHa. B AonOJIHeHle K nOJIllTHKe, KOTOpaS o6ecnei4iHia 6bl HOCTO5HHblIi 3KOHOMHqeCKHH pOCT, POCCHH HeO6xOAHMO HeYKJIOHHO BHeAPITb H 3aq4eKTHBHO OCylUeCTBJISTb CHCTeM- HbIl pe4opMbl B Eo6jiaCTAX, onpeAeIAsIoUIox 6jiaronoj¶yMHe jeTefi,- B 3,lpaBOOXpaHeHHH, o6pa3oBa-H4H H couHajibHOR 3aWHTe, - JAJI5 TOrO, 'TO6bi y aeTei pa3BHBaIHCb TBOp'eC- KHe cHoco6HOCTH, cbOpMHpOBaiHCb Heo6xOJz(Mbie HaBbIKH H 3HaHHS, KOTOpbIl ezaaji 6bI HM B03MO)KHOCTb HaH6ojiee nolnHoro yqaCTH5 B 3KOHQMHqeCKOH H COuLaHJbHO9 HH3HH CTpaHbI H4 Bcero MHipa. HHl Q C a) X. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 000 0 AaHHaA qaCTb ,oKia,za IocCBAi1eHa HaiMeHee 3aLluHfeHHo0 'aCTT4 geTCKorO HaceJieHHsI - aeTAM, OCTaBIIIHMCA 6e3 none'eHHA po,tHTejeii, H aeTSIM-HHBajTH1LaM. B Hell aaeTCA o630p HX nO.710KeHH5I Ha OCHOBe HMeloI0UXCS AaHHbIX, OIHCblBaeTCA cymeCTByIOWaA ripaKTHKa YAOBjieTBOpeHH5 MX OCo6biX noTpe6HocTefi, a TaKKe paccmaTp BalOTCA CTpa- TerHmecKHe HaripaBjieHHq ynjIyqieHHA Hx nojioKeHHA. Oco6oe BHHMaHHe y;xenieHo y-lac- THBIIIHMC5I CJIMaAM noMeweHH3I TaKHX aeTeA B aeTCKHe yMpewAeHX1 A Ha AJIHTeJIbHoe BpeMsl. B ny6incHaunHx nojiyHjiH umpoKOe If Kp1THqeCKoe OCBetueHHe, noATBepxAeH- Hoe 1OKyMeHTaJlbHbIMH CBHAeTeJIbCTBaMH, BKJIIO'a3 HayYHbie HCCJIieAoBaHIHH B POCCHH 64 iOCJieACTBH5l rpe6bIBaHHA i eTeI B AeTCKHX yMpe*aeHHXX, HeraTHBHO BJIHAIOHU4C Ha yMCTBeHHOe, 4)13HlqecKoe, 3MOUHOHaJIbHoe, ncHxojiorHMeCKoe H COIIHa.JbHoe pa3BsTHe AeTeH, oco6eHHO mjiaAiuero Bo3paCTa. rIOMHMO Toro, 'TO AeTCKHe yqpe*AeHlsA AIAs AJJI4- TeAJbHOrO npe6blBaHHq AIBJISIIOTCS HaHMeHee 344eKTHBHbIMH, OHH HpeACTaBJISIOT co6ofi HaH6ojiee aoporoCTOAIUYIO 4fopMy 3a6oTbl 0 He3aWiiHuWeHHbIX AeTAX. CpeAcTBa, BblAeJIA- eMbie Ha ceme Hoe BOCHHTaHHe H 3a6oTy o AeTIX B POCCHH, B 1990-e roabi 6bLIll KpaiiHe HeAoCTaTo4HbIMH. JIJeTCKHe y pe*ZUeHHS JAJIHn TemJbHoro npe6bIBaHHs norjiOTHJIHA 3Ha- 'HITeJIbHYIO 'laCTb HMeBIIIHXCSl B paCnOpASeHHH peCypCOB, npoAeMOHCTpHpOBaB HX He- a44eKTHBHOe HCHOJIb3OBaHHe H o6yCJIOBHB B KOHe'HOM HTore ypOBeHb 6AarocOCTOqHHu leTefi, 3Ha,4HTeJIbHO XyllHfi, meM Mor 6bl 6bITb AOCTH4HYT nIpH HCnHJIb3QBaHHI apyr4x qOpM 3a6OTbI O HHX. B aaHHOA qaCTH aoKIaaa TaK*e coAepKaTcs HOAXOAbI, KOTopbIe MoryT noMO'qb pOCCIiiCKOMy npaBHTeIbCTBy 6bIcTpee ocyxiieCTBHTb nepexo, K 6o0nee 3a(- 4beKTHBHOfi H pe3yJIbTaTHBHOr4 cpOpMe 3a6oTbl 0 He3aiiHWeHHbIX AeTAX, B OCHOBe KOTO- po01 6bLnH 6bI CeMbA1 H MeCTHOe Coo6ineCTBO. rJIaBa 1. 7IleT4, OCTaBIJ1HeC5 6e3 HlorexieHH5J pOAHTeJIie 1.1. 0630p CHTyaLAHH 1.1. 1. Onpeaeienue B COOTBeTCTBHI14 C pOCCH1iiCK14M CeMeiiHbIM KoaeKCOM noa dembMu, ocma6luwmucq 6e3 no- nelieusi poaumeaeu, flOH14Ma10TCAI 61moJIori4HeCKlle 14 COulHaIbHbIe CI4pOTbI. K 6i4oJiorwie- CKH4M CHpOTaM OTHOCATCSA aeTH, y KOTOpbIX ymepjiH MaTb 14 OTeu .1m60 OAHH H3 HIIX; K CO- uHa.IbHbIM - Te, KTO 6bi51 jimiueH noHe4eHAS 6Hojior14MeCK14X PO,RHTeJIeH B C14J1y pAZa npIPrHH: AoIroro OTCYTCTB145I pOAHTe57eA (143-3a JOIFOBpeMeHHOA rOCnHTa71H3auHH, CJIy- we6HbIX KOMHaHpOBOK, TIOpeMHOFO 3aKJIIOmeHHA, HI0)KHBaHHA B HeH3BeCTHOM MeCTe), jImeCHH1 pOHTeJier4 POaZ4TeNJbCK14X ipaB B Cyzke6HOM rIOpMAKe (H3-3a HeBbIHojiHeHAS ceMbeii CBO0X (yHKUI4i, aJIKOroJI143Ma, HpOS1BjieH14A HaCHJIHA, H36HeHHA5 eTerl, OTCyTCT- BAS yxoaa 3a H14MM 1H np.). 3a6oTa 0 TaKHx AZ1eTAX repBOHa-ajIbHO B03JiaraeTCI Ha opra- HbI OHneKH H roneM41TeJIbCTBa Ha MeCTHOM ypOBHe, a B aa1bHeiiIHeM - B 3aB14C14MOCTI4 OT BbI6paHHOrO AAA15 pe6eHKa BapHaHTa yCTpOHICTBa - Ha oneKyHa (noneM14Texis), HpHeM- HbIX pO.Rl4TeIieiH I60 i6oeTCKoe y'pewKgIeHe ,IJIHTeJIbHOFO npe6bIBaHHA. FJOHATHe > pacrpocTpaHAeTCA TOJIbKO Ha aeTeR, 3aperHCT- PHPOBaHHbIX B opraHax orieK1 H none1HTeJIbcTBa. 3a ero upeaeJlaMH OCTaI0TCA1 ,eTH4, KO- TOpbIX, B03MO)KHO, BbIFHaIH4 143 zIoMa, II4114 Te, KTO yeji 143 z1OMa no nIpHtIHHe HeHOpMajib- HbIX oTHoiiieHHf4 B ceMbe 1IIJII wKe oKa3a1Cq He OXBa'IeH C14CTeMOI roCy,aapCTBeHHOi 3a- 6oTbI o aeTAX, a TaKwKe A1eTH, nepeZaaHHbIe B geTCKHe yIpeKaeHiS1 no 6eatHocT14. 1.1.2. O&panuMlennoCmb aaHubix ,aHHbIe, Ha KOTOpbIX OCHOBbIBaeTCA1 Haiii aHaJI43, nojiyIeHbI 143 04uHImaJIbHbIX H4CTOlqHH- KOB 14 OTpa>KaIOT CH4TyaTi4IO B HauTIOHalbHOM MaCLUTa6e. B HacToAiuee BpeMS 3TT4 aaHHbIe npe,oCTaB5IAIOT 14HHOpMop 4aIO B OCHOBHOM 0 KO514,qCTBe 1eTerT4 H 14X nepeMemIeHHAIx BHYTpT4 C14CTeMbi rocyaapCTBCHHO4 oneKH, a TaKwCe o P143H4IeCKOM COCTOsIHHHg4 ,eTef4. Xo- TA 3TO H03BOJIAeT Onpe.ae5T4Tb o61llT4e TeH,Z1eHui4m H pacXOitbI BHYTP14 Ce4CTeMbI, 3TorO He- AOCTaTOqHO, Korma TIeJIb 3aK51Io0aeTCA B TOM, 'lT06bI onpeeJ1le4Tb, HaCKOJIbKO yiaiioCb 10- CTH1'b o>KHgaemoro pe3yJIbTaTa, B aaHHOM csiyqae - 4bOpMHpOBaHA45 XOpOHiO aaaIT14pO- BaHHOrO K WH3HH4 B3pOCOrO 'le51OBeKa. ,ZIJI 3TOrO HeO6xOa,4Mbi AaHHbIe, KOTOpbIe no3- BOJIAIOT a) pa3pa6oTaTb H4H,HKaTOpbl KOHTpOJIA 14 B03MO)KHOCTH4 o1eHKH4 AJIA5 KOIi4'eCT- BeHHOrO oIIpe.e5eHH4A pe3y5bTaTOB H0514T1K14 B HHTepecax aeTel,H 146) o6ecne'r4Tb cBoe- BpeMeHHoe onpez(esieHHe npo6IieM, a TaKXCe yKa3aTb Ha 14X BO3MOKHbIe pemlleHHAs, T.e. ztaTb B03MO)KHOCTb TeM, KTO pa3pa6aTbIBaeT rOIo4TH4KY 14 PYKOBO.1l4T ee peaJI43anIH4el, rpo,ayMaTb, C.Ie,ZyeT 114 OTKOppeKTpOBaTb 14114 Ka'IeCTBeHHO H43MeHH4Tb CTpaTerF414 HO- IH4TH4K14 14 cyII1eCTBY10114He rporpaMMbI. HaCTbIe c.1YMya4 HecOOTBeTCTBIHA MeK.1y pa3wiw- HbIMH4 pAaaMH .aaHHbIX CO3Aa10T gOfIO.7H14TeJ5bHbIe TpyaHOCT14; 3TO HeCOOTBeTCTBH4e B03- HH4KaeT BC1e,ZtCTBI4e 4YHKUI4OHaJIbHOrO pa31e51eHHSA o6a3aHHocTefl B ccfepe o6ecnetleHH4si 6JiarococTos0HH4A eTeHl 14 Toro, 'ITO TpeM pOCC14IHCK14M M14H14CTepCTBaM - M14Hl4CTepCTBY 3.11paBooxpaHeHH45I, MI4Hl4CTepCTBY o6pa3OBaHHSA 14 MI4HH4CTePCTBy Tpy.11a 14 COii4ajIbHOrO nlonoweHme AeTee B POCCUCKOU cIeAepauuuH. 74 MToru coL4HaAbHoA nonHTHKH 1990-x rOAnOB u nepcneKTHBbl pa3BHTTHM - Tpe6ylOTCs pa3JIH'IHbIe aHHbie. HeaOCTaTOqHOe KoJIHMeCTBO JaaHHbIX TaKWe oTpaKaeT Hx o6iuee OBOJIbHO OrpaHHi4eHHOe HCHOnJb3OBaHHe B ueTiqx npoBeaeHHA MO- HHTOpHHIraH HOIrIyqeHHiZ OIeHOK, BbIXOaqIU14X 3a ripejieIi KOHTPOJIA COOTBeTCTBIA AeA- TeJIbHOCTl B paccMaTpHBaeMOH ccfepe 4fopMawbHbIM npasBJIaM H HHCTpyKIU1H5M. 1.1.3. Cumyaz4u3 u menaernzuu 1990-e roabi xapaKTepH30BaSCb pOCTOM KOJliHieCTBaaeTeii, IHllleHHbIX pOaHTeJlbCKOi 3a6OTbI, a TaKoKe aeTeH, noMeXIaeMbIX B aeTCKHe y peweH,JTIq IJHTeJbHOrO Hpe6bI- BaH4H (Ta6Ti. II.1, puc. 11.1). B 2000 r. B PoccHH HaCIHTbIBajiOCb 662 TbIC. TaKHX aeTeH, WTO Ha 40,3% 60oJbie, teM AeCITb J1eT TOMY Ha3aa. fl0oITH JaBOe H3 KaKLabIX 100 )eTeii JiI- ueHbI 3a6oTbI KpOBHbIX pOA14TeiieH. 3To xy*e, 'eM B npOMbIllIJeHHO pa3BHTbIX CTpaHax, r,je Ha KaBKabIe 100 ,eTel IpXO,HTCA OaHH TaKOH pe6eHOK HJiH MeHee TOO 65 3To CBH- aeTeJIbCTByeT He TOJIbKO 0 3HawiHTeJlbHbIM pOCTe 3a aeC5ITb JIeT o6uiero KOjiHi4eCTBa TaKHX ,IeTeii, HO TaKwKe o e)KerORHOil TeHa1eHiIH4 K HX pOCTy. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B 2000 r. pa3aii- HbIMH qopMaMH yCTpOACTBa BaeTeA, OCTaBHluXCA 6e3 noneqeHI4, pO)jI4Te.iefl, 6bI50 o6ec- netieHo B JaBa c HOTIOBHHOA pa3a 6OJIbLme 7eTeri, 'IeM B 1990 r. B 2000 r. WTa uwLpa COCTaB- JlAlia 123 TbIC. ateTei, B TO BpeMA KaK B 1990 r. - 49 TbiC. LpH6jHi43HTeJIbHO 90-95% ,eTeri, OCTaBUIHXCA 6e3 iioieMeHHAs pORHTeJIeI4, qBJISIIOTCAI COHIaJlbHbIMH CHpOTaMH. DTOT PeHOMeH ,JIA POCCHH He HOB; OH xapaKTepeH He TOJIbKO nJIA Hee; He qBjiAeTCA OH H HeO6bIIHbIM B TOM cMbIc.ie, qTO B MacInTa6ax CTpaHbI o HeM HMeeTCA OieHb MaJIO 4HHcOpMaunH (Kadushin and Martin, 1988). ZIo nep4o,aa rinacHoc- TH4 CHTyauiLHS C COIUHaJbHbIMH CHpOTaMH He 6bIna npe,aMeTOM npoq)eccHOHaJLbHOrO o6- CyCKZIgeHHi, T.K. HX CyIeCTBOBaHHe HaXOaHJIOCb B pa3HTeajbHOM KOHTpaCTe c OcPH4iHaJAb- HOI HJ,aeonor4eH (Harwin, 1996). B PoccHu CeMetIHbIe ( OpMbI yCTpOliCTBa aeTefl npeo6JiagalOT cpeau Bcex cfOpM yCT- pOVICTBa,aeTei, OKa3aBlIH4XCS 6e3 rionieeHHA poAj'Teneil. B 2000 r. Hagl 72,8% TaKHX ae- TeHl 6bIn.a YCTaHOBJieHa oneKa JIH6o OHH 6bIjIH yCbIHOBJIeHbI. ORjHaKO OCTaJIbHbIe eTTH - 27,2%, ITO npeaCTaBnMeT co6ofi 3Hau4TenJbHYIO UH4)py, - 6bIjii HOMel1eHbI B jeTCKHe yt- pe)K,leHHS4 ,i ,aJI4HTeJIbHoro npe6bIBaHw4. BoAee TOFO, 3a H4CTeKILHee aec5IT4jieiTHe Ha6JIio- JBAOCb nOCTeneHHOe H3MeHeHHe B CTPYKType eKeroaHoro pacripeaenieHus4 eTeH; TaK, KO- JinvieCTBO JkeTeH, eKeKFOaHO nOMeuIaeMbIX B aeTCKHe y'-pe)KJeHHS4, BbIpOCJIO c 22,5% B 1990 r. ,ao 29,4% B 2000 r. KpoMe TOrO, cpe,1 Hepa3melleHHbIX JeTeH Te, KTO HaXOaH- Jl1ICb BO BpeMeHHbIX rHieMHHKax H o)KH4AaAiH pacrpe1ejieHIIA, COCTaBJIA5ll 8,6% OT BHOBb nOcTyHHlBmI4X. '-eM aoibime TaKHie IeTH SayT pacrpeaeAieHHA, TeM Bbilue BepOATHOCTb, WTO OHH 6y)IyT HarpaBjieHbIB BaeTCKHe Y"peweH(i4H JJIq AJIHTenJbHoro npe6blBaHHIq. 1.1.4. Kmo maKue demu, ocmaezuuecq 6e3 noneuenu.i poaumeiiefi, u nozeMy ux tuc.7zo pacmem? flpo6JieMa 6bICTpOrO yBejiH'eHHI KOJIlH4-eCTBa JaeTefi, OCTaBIIIHXCS 6e3 nolle'eHHM pO)jK- TeieH, oco6eHHO COiHJaAbHbIX CHpOT, nozpo6HO o6cywlaiiaCb pOCCHHCKHMH y'eHbIMH, HOJIHTHKaMH H4 CPe,ZCTBaMH MaCCOBOHI 1HHcOpMaiiUH (PH6HHCKHWi, 1997; POCCHIiCKHfi ;IeTCKH4 4)OHa, 1999; He'aeBa, 1994). XOTH CHCTeMHbIii aHaii3 o6CTOSTeJIbCTB, KOTOPbIe HPH4BOISAT K JIHIueHHIO ateTefi POalHTeJIbCKOf4 3a6OTbI H YCTPOHiCTBY HX B COOTBeTCTBHIH C BpeMeHHbMMH H HOCTOSIHHbIMH 4OpMaMmH oneoeeHwl4, euime npeZICTOI4T OCyiueCTB4Tb, AeTH, ocTaBWLmuecq 6e3 noneQeHHq po0qTeAeA 75 Ta6Rnm4a 11.1. POCCHHCKUe eTH, OCTaBWUHeCR 6e3 none4eHHq poAHTeneu, no co- CTO0HHIO Ha 1990 H 2000 rr., H Hx YCTPOICTBO 19902000 I4HAeKC 1990 2000 2000/1990 A. 06LAee KOJ1HYeCTBO geTOe (B TbIC.) 472,2 662,5 140,3 l3 HUX yCTpoeHbl: _ _ nOg oneKy _ 188,4 329,0 174,6 Ha yCbpHOBAleHTe n 141,7 j 153,5 108,3 B yt4peHKAeHHe AAHTeAbHoro npe6blBaHHJq 142,1 180,0 126,7 B. 06Lgee KoJ1H4eCTBo AeTeA = 1 00 % 100,0 100,0 He OTH.* 013 HHX yCTpoeHbI: flog oneKy 39,9 49,7 124,6 Ha yCblHOBleHHe 30,0 23,2 77,3 B yt4peKAeHP AAenTebHoro npe6bIBaHHR 30,1 27,2 90,4 B. 06u.Lee KOnmLAeCTBO B % OT HaceAeHMR 1,18 1,95 B BO3paCTe AO 18 AeT)** I r. 06Liee KOJ1"'4eCTBO eTeH Ha 100 TbIC. 1175 1954 166,3 geTCKorO HaceAeHHq** H13 HUX yCTpoeHbl: nOA oneKy 7 469 970 206,8 Ha yCblHoBJ1eHe j 353 453 128,3 B y gpen>KgeH i AATeAbHoro npe6blBaH.s1 353 531 150,4 * He OTH. - He OTHOCHTCq. ** 6blCTpblU POCT o6utero Ko)LHqecTBa AeTeA, AmLlweHHbIX pOAHTeAbCKOH 3a6oTbl, npOH30- weIn Ha C4OHe pe3Koro naAeHHq po>KAaemocTH U nocneAoBaswero 3a HMM COKpaLLteHHR AeT- cKoro HaceAeHHR Pocci*. CJieACTBHeM 3Toro qBmJ1c 6blCTpblU POCT noKa3aTeneA B M r. IlCmO'HUK. MMHHCTePCTBO o6pa3oBaHHq POCCUUCKOA c)eAepaLAuu, MMHHCTePCTBO 3Apa- BooxpaHeHHuq POCCHACKOU C$eAepaLumm H MHHHCTepCTBO Tpyga u1 coI4HAabHoro pa3BHTHR POCCUUCKOA C>egepaLAHH. oMeBHAHO, -TO HaH60ojiee aCTO o6CTOITeJIbCTBaMH TaKoro poga ABJI5IIOTCA paCTyIIaA 6e,aHOCTb, HeBbIHOJIHeHHe CeMbeH CBO0X ckYHKIIH9 H3-3a ajiKOrOJI13Ma, a TaKKe BOCnUHTa- Hiie jeTei B HeriOJIHbIX CeMbIx. K JIHiueHHIO pe6eHKa pOaHTe.7ibCKOH 3a6oTbI npHBOaHT He KaKOl-JIHn6o OAIIH H3 3TIIX caKTOpOB; HMeHHO IIX coqeTaHme H B3aHMHOC yCHIeHHe CO- 3AaIOT ClHTyaUHiHI, Korga CeMbH OKa3bIBaIOTCq HeCHiOCO6HbIMH 3a6OTHlTbCS 0 CBOHX AeTIX. EednoCmb. 3a HOCJIieHHe AeCqTb JieT pOCCH1iiCKHC CeMbH CTOJIKHYJIHCb C IhHpOKO pac- HpOCTpaHeHHOHr 6eaHOCTbmO. CpegH cemez c aeTbMI4, OCo6eHHO C MaJIeHbKHMH, ypoBeHb 6eAHOCTH CaMbIH BbICOKHH. HeIoJIHbIM H MHOrOaeTHbIM CeMbAM IpHXOAIITCS TADKe7jee Bcero: 'eM 60JIbnle leTefi, TeM 6eaHee ceMbsI. XyAKe apyrHx HojOiKeHH4e AeTeiH-HHBaJIH- gOB: cpeaH ceMeHI C TaKHMH 4eTbMH Ha6IIoaaeTcSI HaHBbICIUIIH YPOBeHb 6egHOCTH, B HHX OaHOMY H3 pOHIlTejier 'aCTO Hl4HXOHTCA OCTaBJITb pa6OTy, 'TO6bI HaXOaHTbCS c pe6eH- KOM. K TOMY Ace CeMbH c geTbMH-IHBaIH4aMH 3a'aCTyIO ABJISIOTCS HeIOJIHbIM4. nlono>eHHe AeTew B POCCUHCKOA (DeAepa4mH. 76 MTorH coLAMaAbHoA nonHTHKM 1990-x rOAOB H nePCneKTHBbI PUCYHOK 11.1. POCCHACKUe AeTH, OCTaBwHeCR 6e3 none4eHHq POAHTeneH, H HX yc- TPOHCTBO B 1990-2000 rr. L4ucAO AeTeI, nmwmBswmHXCq pOAUTeAlbCKOrO LiCfcO AeTeH B y4pe>wAemwsx none4eHms. (TbIC.) IHTepHaTHorO Tuna (TblC.) 40,3 % 66, % II662,5 180,0 47 ,142,1 1990 2000 1990 2000 DouenH HaTlSYaTH63pouebKr Oee 1990 2000 1990 2000 E>KeroAHoe 4Hcno AeTeN 6e3 none4eHHq YAenbHbIN sec AeTe, YCTpaIBaeMbIX pOANTe,neH, noMeLLAeHHbIX B y-4pe)KAeHHR B y4perKAeHUq CTaiHoHapHorO Tena, CTaLAmomapHorO THna B ewerOAHOM 4MCne AMAe, OCTaBwmXCR 6e3 none4eHHq poAwTeAet 36,2 ~~~~~22,529 1990 2000 1990 2000 XOTA yBejHnM4eHme KOJH4MeCTBa jeTei!, iiHiiieHHbIX POAllTeJIbCKHHi 3a6oTbI, He MOKeT B 60o1blIn-IHCTBe ciiyaeB o6-bACHITbCS TOJIbKO 6eaHOCTbmO, OHa IBjiqeTC3I ORHHM H3 4aK- TOPOB, ycyry6JIiAiowlHx 143Ha1ajIbHO CyWeCTByiOiuHe pHCKH, 'ITO, B CBOIO oQepeab, MOXKeT HlplBeCTH K pacna,ty ceMbl1. OCHOBHbie H13 3THX ()aKTOPOB pHcKa BKjOioalOT HaiiH1He JI111b OaHOrO 143 pOatHTejiefl, a1IKOFOJIH3M H HaPKOTH'ieCKyIO 3aBHCHMOCTb, a TaKcKe CBA- JQeTH, OCTasBwHec5 6e3 noneqeHMA poAuTeueA 77 3aHHbie C HHMEI )KeCTOKOe o6paTIeHHe C aeTbMHI H OTCYTCTBEle 3a6OTbI O HEIX; HeBepHbIe HlOaXOJabI K 3a6OTe o geTIX-HHBaJIJmax (Kajia6IlXHHa, 1999; I4C3HH, 1999) 66 He6btnomneHue ceMbeu C6oUX /yHK1tuut no nputune awuwoi0nuawa. AJIKorojiH3M aCTO paccmaTpUBaeTC3 B KaIeCTBe OaHOH EI3 OCHOBHbIX MeaHUHIHCKHX 1I COlH3IabHbIX nipo6ieM B POCCIHH. OH BKjIio0eH B riepeieHb Hai6ojiee 'aCTbIX npEHMIH yxoza aeTei EI3 AOMa, .ii- 1IeHHAS POAHTeCIbCK4X npaB H4 iepeAamlI 3a6OTbl o pe6eHKe rocyaapCTBy. KpoMe TOro, 6e3- AOMHbie HI 6eclpH3OpHble aeTR Ha3biBaOT aJIKOrOJIH3M H )eCTOKOe o6pameHHe B KaqeCT- 67 Be OCHOBHbIX 1pHlHIH yxoAa H3 ,OMa Hwaiutiue iuuub od0owo U3 podumemeilHenomnble CeMbU. KO.jIHeCTBO HelIO.IHblX CeMeIi B 1990-e rOJbI HOCTOAHHO pOCJIO, OTpaxKKe jaoporocTosuuero MeA,HLj4HCKOrO o6CJ7IYX4BaHIs4, cKopee Bcero, MaTb HHpHMeT peieHi4e OTKa3aTbC5I OT pe6eHKa, oco6eHHo HpH HaIiHqHHi y Hero CePbe3HbIX 3a6o0IeBaHHii 141.71 B TOM ciyMae, ec.IiH ee 3KOHoMHMeCKoe ro.7io>KeHie HeHaHAe)KHO . PoWceHHe ieTeI HeCO- BepIHeHHOoJIeTHHMH MaTepSMHi accoIHIHpyeTCS C laypHOf4 peHyTaLiHiefl, BcjieaCTBH4e 'ero MaTepIH CKJIOHHbI OTKa3blBaTbC1 OT CBOHX zteTe. 14 B 3aKJiOMeHiHe, MHIrpHIpylOIIHe pa6OT- HHKHI, oco6eHHo 113 ,apyrjiX rocyIRapcTB CHr MOFYT oKa3aTbCri nepea yrpO3O0I HOTepiH pa- 6OTbI (a B03MOIKHO, H BO3BpaIIIeHI$A B TO rOCyzLapCTBO, H13 KOTOPOrO OHH4 npH6bI.IH), ecIin OHH peimaT OCTaBHTb pe6eHKa y ce6A. rlo 3THM npHi'mIHaM B 60JIbIHHcTBe cJIy'laeB MaTe- pH pemualOT OTKa3aTbC5l OT pe6eHKa cpa3y noc.Ie pO)KZaeHHIA. /iJemcmaql uneahaudnocmb. ;jeTsM-IHBajIiJAaM, npeKze Bcero TeM, KTO cTpaaaeT TSDKe- JIbIMH1 YMCTBeHHbIMH HI c1H3Hi4,eCKHMH4 HeJAyraMHi, FpO3HT oco6eHHO BbICOKHII pHCK 6bITb HOKHHYTbIMH pOAHTeiSIMH He TO.IbKO cpa3y nocnie po>KJAeHHsA, HO H4 1O3,aHee. HanpllMep, 60JIbIHHHCTBO geTel, noMeeIIeHHbIX B zoMa pe6eHKa (B B03paCTe OT HYJI5A ao 3-4 AeT), HImelOT BPo0.(J1eHHbIe EI ipyrie 3a6ojieBaH1sI H4 CTpaRaIOT OT pa3JiHMHbIX BUHIOB 3aMeljIeH- nOAo)KeH"e AeTeU B POCCHUCKOU c)eAepaLAwH. 78 HTorm coLHmanbHoA nOnJTWKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI Horo pa3BHT4IA (rpaB4Te.nTbCTBO P(E), 2000). Ilpo6iieMbi, CB53aHHbIe C BOCHHTaHHeM pe- 6eHKa-HHBaAimiz,a npH OTCYTCTBHH Haaiiewaulei HOiuzep?KKH CO CTOpOHbl rOCyaapCTBa, MOFYT pIHBeCTH K TOMY, 'TO OT pe6eHKa OTKa)KyTCs, oco6eHHo ecIiH OH PO,4HJICS B HeLOJI- HOM CeMbe. Po.nb coz4uaOJlbHU 3auNumbl. He TOJIbKO CJIOXHOe COuHajIbHO-3KOHOMHMeCKOe HoJIoKe- HHe CeMeel C aeTbM4, HO H HeAOCTaTKH CHCTeMbi COHaaJbHOH 3alHHTbl CbilrpaiH H3BeCT- HYIO pOJlb B yBejiHeHlHH 'Icjia JteTeA, OCTaBuIihXc5 6e3 none4-eHHSI pO,HTejeii. HezaOcTa- TOqHO XOpOIuO pa3pa6OTaHHbie H He4HHaHCHpyeMbie riporpammbi npOc¢HjIaKTHKH H nOA- ,aep)KKH, TaKHe, KaK BbiriiaTa Hoco6HH, a TaKwCe HeCOBBeplueHCTBO COlHaIbHOri pa6oTbl H aeTTenJbHOCTH COUHaHJbHbIX c.nyw6, KOTOpbIe yKpenHIiH 6bl CeMbl, OKa3aBiLHeCS B CH- TyaLuHH p4CKa, H noMoriiH 6bl HM 3a6OTHTbCA 0 CBOHX aeTqX, 6bIJIH Ba)KHeIIhHMH laKTO- paMmI, HlpHBeluIHMH K yBen4ieHI4HO KOJi4MeCTBa aeTefi, nepeZaiHbIX Ha noneqeHHe rocy- ,aapCTBa. B tIHCJIO 4aKTOpOB, cnoco6CTBOBaBlIHX pOCTY KOJIWmeCTBa JeTeH, rOMielIeHHbIX B AeTCKHe y'pe)KeHHA, BXOJIT TaK.Ke He3c¢eKTHBHaS pa6OTa Ho H3MeHeHHIO npaBOBOH 6a3bi H1 npeO6pa3OBaHHIO CeTH COOTBeTCTBYIOIIIHX y'pe)KweHHA, cia6bie CTOpOHbI Ha- cJieACTBa, AOCTaBuieroC5 OT COBeTCKHX BpeMeH, a TaAKe HecOBnaAaioWHeHHTepecbi pa3- JlI4qHbIX OpraHH3aiLHfi, y'aCTByIOIU[4X B nponecce COUl[aJIbHOH 3aIIjTbI. 1.2. HanpaBneHHA H Mepbi roCyAapCTBeHHOHf nonHTHKH 1.2.1. C ua'qaiia 1990-x zoaoe npOU30UJU 6amxbte u3MeiHeixuL C HaYaJIa 1990-x rOAOB B OTBeT Ha HOBbIe COI4HaJlbHO-3KOHOMHYeCKHe 3IBJIeHHSl H HOBbIe 1peACTaBjieHH5I 0 pa3BHTHH, CTaBAiHHe BO riaBy yrnia H1HA1BmAa H ero npaBa, cHCTeMa co- UilHajibHOiI 3aulITbI CeMbH H ReTCTBa B PoccHH npeTeprleJia BaX(Hbie H3MeHeHMS. Hoea. 3aKonoaameAbha" ocuo6a. B 1995 r. 6blJI BBeaeH HOBbl CeMeAHblii KOaeKC, KOTOpbIlW CJIY)KHT OCHOBOMI Z(JI5 HOBOFO noaxoaa K 6AarOCOCTOsHHIO CeMbH H pe6eHKa, 6a- 3HpyIOIIerOCA Ha HX npaBax. OH oTpaKaeT KOHBeHLIIIO OOH o npaBax pe6eHKa (1989; CM. BCTaBKY 11.1) H japyrne aOKyMeHTbl OOH no 3aiuTe H o6ecne'eHHIo 6Aaronojly'HS CeMbHI I pe6eHKa. 3Ha-IHTeJIbHbie 113MeHeHHI 6blTIH BHeCeHbl B HOpMaTHBHbIe aOKyMeH- Tbi Ha )eJaepaJlbHOM, perHOHaJlbHOM H MeCTHOM ypOBHXx; npOgOJDKaIOT BHOCHTbCSA aab- Hefi4ime H3MeHeHHiu no mepe TOMO, KaK 3aKOHOaaTeJIbCTBO IIpHBOAHTCA B COOTBeTCTBHe CO CTaHTapTaMH B o6jiaCTH npaB ceMbH H4pe6eHKa, coaep*aiuxcs B mezyHapO4HbIX AoKyMeHTax, a CHCTeMa o6ecneqeHl4A 3THX npaB Ha npaKTHKe HpHCHiOCa6JlIHBaeTCS K HO- BbiM peaJiHSIM. CucmeMa coz4uaAbHou 3aU4UMbl ceMbu u pe6eUKa cmana aez4eumpaAu3o6aiofi, Ansi qe- ro Ha 4PeZepaJIbHOM YPOBHe 6biIH npHSHTbI 3aKOHoztaTenbHble H HOpMaTHBHbIe aKTbi, pe- ryjiHpyioiuHe o6iuHe HlpHHUHrbl B o6JIaCTH 3aluHTbl CeMbEH H eTCTBa, B TO BpeMA KaK OT- BeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a aeTanIH3afulHO 3aKOHoaaTeJbHoii 6a3b1 H peammui3aHlo 3aKOHOB, KOH- TpOJlb 3a Hx HCHIOJIHeHHeM H OKa3aHHe COOTBeTCTByiOiIeH nlOA)Iep)KKH, BKJIIOMSa c)HHaH- COByiO, 6bLII1 B03.IO)KeHbl Ha opraHbI perHOHaAbHoro H MeCTHOrO ynpaBjIeHHS. Ebzu pa3pa6omaUbl npeeenmueubte mepb1 noiumuKu coz4uabnuoz 3au4UMbl aAn ceueu u aemeu, BKJIIo'asI BbiH.InaTy orpaHHMeHHoro aztpecHoro Hoco6Hi4 no 6eAHocTH, a TaK*Ke opraHHU3aUnIo COUHaHJbHOi pa6OTbI H coilHaJlbHoro o6CJiyXlKHBaH5I{, HMeouHx iLenJblO 3a- 60Ty 0 aReTAX H CeMbAX rpynnbI pHCKa. AIeTH, ocCTaBwecq 6e3 none4eHMq poAHTeAeA 79 BCTaBKa 11.1 KoHBeHLIHS1 OOH o npaBax pe6eHKa KOH8eHqUJ7 o npa8axpe6eHKa (KnP) COAep>KHT nepeLieHb TeCHO CBa3aHHbIX Apyr C Apyrom H B3aHMO3aBHCHMblX npaB (KOTOpble AOA>KHbl o6ecneqMTb onpeAeAeH- HbIl ypoBeHb 3a6OTbl ceMbH 0 AeTRX) H yCAOBHH (KoTopble cAeAaIoT BO3MO>KHbIM ux nOAHoe pa3BHTme). KnP noApa3ymeBaeT o6s3aHHOCTb rocyAapcTBa He TOAbKO 3aluALLHaTb L-eJoBeKa OT HacHAHR CO CTOpOHbl Apyrwx MAOLeH, HO TaK>Ke U o6ecne- t4HBaTb eMy YCAOBHR ARS >KU3HU. HeTbIpbMsq OCHOBHbIMU npHHLHfnaMH KnlP qBAqIOT- CR: OTCYTCTBHe AHCKpHMHHaLtmH; HaH6ofee nOAHbIA ytIeT HHTepeCOB pe6eHKa; npa- BO Ha >KH3Hb, Bbl>KHBaHwe H pa3BHTHe; yBa>KeHue B3rAJAOB pe6eHKa. KOHBeHLAHeA no npaBam pe6eHKa npeAYcMaTpPHBIaOTcq nfTb h1H4Hblx npaB pe6eHKa: npaBo >KHTb H BocnlHTblBaTbCS1 B ceMbe (npaBo 3HaTb CBOHX poAMTeAeA, nOAb3OBaTbCq HX 3a60- TOA H He pa3Ay4aTbCS C HUMU, 3a MCKAioqeHHeM CAy4aeB, KorAa 3TO Heo6xOA"MO B HHTepecax pe6eHKa); npaao o6uLaTbcq c o6o0MU pOAMTeA1MH, 6a6yWKKoA H Ae- AyWKOA, CBOAHbIMH 6paTbRMH H CeCTpaMH H ApyrUMm pOACTBeHHHKaMH; npaso Ha 3aXuHTY CBOUX npaB H 3aKOHHbIX HHTepeCoB; nipaBO Ha BbIpawKeHHe cBoero MHeHHSI; H npaBO Ha AaHHbIe emy UMP H C4aMmJAHO. KOHBeHLIS1 Tpe6yeT npHHRTHq BCeX Mep, Heo6xOA"Mblx AAR Toro, L.To6bl AeTH He 6bInJ JnuweHbi npe6biBaHHR B CeMbe. Kpo- Me TOrO, AOA>KHa OCyuLeCTBJSATbCR OCO6aq 3aLLkHTa H OKa3blBaTbCq nOMOLLAb TeM Ae- TSM, KOTOpbIe y>KAeHHq paccMaTPHBaeTC$ AHWb B KateCTBe nOCAeAHero H3 AOCTynHbIX CpeACTB AAM1 pacnpeAeAeH",q AeTeA, A1weHHbIX BO3MO>KHOCTH npe- 6blBaHHR B ceMbe. B KnlP TaKwKe BKJ1oFeHbl CTaTbH o npaBe Bcex A1eTeH Ha o6pa30- BaHHe, Ha ((MaKCHMaAbHO BbICOKUU ypOBeHb MeAUL,HHCKOrO o6CAy>KHBaHHR*> H Ha <(ypoBeHb >KU3HH, Heo6xOAHMbIA AA1R cH3HL4eCKoro, yMCTBeHHoro, AyXOBHoro, HpaBCTBeHHOrO H coL,uaJbHoro pa3BHTHR)>. 1.2.2. Bonpocbl, ocmaiouuecq nepewuennxxu r1pOkI3oInez mHe 3a riociieaHHe 10 iieT H3MeHeHH5 3ajoKHJIH XOpOIIIyIo OCHOBy aJsX pa3- pa60TKmH IeCTBeHHOH H pe3yJIbTaTHBHOH CHCTeMbI o6ecneMeHH" 6.uarococTosHIuJ CeMbH i4 pe6eHKa, B OCHOBY KOTOpOH HOjiOKSeHbI IIpaBOBOH HOiaXO H OpHCHTaUMH Ha HHTepeCbl pe6eHKa HI CeMbIH. OZ(HaKO Ha HOBeCTKe JIA OCTaeTC3I MHOrO BaxcHbIX Hpo6JieM, oco6eHHO Tex, KOTOpbIe KacalOTCA 3cJeKTHBHOi peaJIM3aLH pe4¢OpMbI. 3TH BOHpOCbI H paCCMaT- pHBalOTCS HH)Ke. Pa3,aeAeHHe 4)yHKnHOHaJIbHbIX o6A3aHHOCTefl Me,KZay opraHamu rocyziapCTBeHHoro yHpaBjieHHSI. (>YHKUHOHanbHbIe o6A3aHHOCTH Ho o6ecneqeHHjo 6jiarococTosHHA ceMbH 14 pe6eHKa no-rpe*KHeMy riote.IeHbl no MeHbIIeCi mepe Me>KAZy TpeMq MHHHCTepCTBaMH - MHHHCTepCTBOM o6pa3oBaHiu1 POcCHEiCKOii cDeaepauli4H, MHIHHCTepCTBOM TpyZaa H co- IIHlabHoro pa3BHTHS1 POCCHiiCKOiA (begepaiuH H MHHHCTePCTBOM 3,paBooxpaHeHIlq PoccErnicKoii (DeaepauHHi, 'TO HIPHBORIIT K ripOTHBOpe'HqM H CHH)KeHMIO pe3yJIbTaTHB- HOCTH B peanji3aHHH CTpaTerIHIeCKHX H ipaKTH'ieCKHX 3az[a', a HHor,Aa H K HX O'eBHItHO- M yay67IHpOBaHrHO. BaxHee BcerO TO, WTO 3THM 6buia 3aTpygHeHa yr.ny6iieHHas pa3pa- 6oTKa CKOOPaHHHPOBaHHOFO nepexozta K CHICTeMe COiH7aIbHOrO o6eCne'eHHS, OpHeHTH- pOBaHHOII Ha CeMbIO H pe6eHKa. JIJji aOCTHmKeHIS4 3TOii LieJI4 HeO6XOaHMa CJa,'KeHHOCTb pa6oTbI no orpe,z4eneHM1o CTpaTeriF'eCKHX HanpaBseHJiH H o6sI3aHHOCTeA KaXKaoro H3 HIIX; He meHee BaiKHO 1H HOCTOAHHOe B3aHMOleHCTBHe, OCo6eHHO B KjiOioeBbIX o6jiaCTAX. nlohnoweHwe AeTeA B POCCUUCKOA OeAepaLkmm. 80 HTorH coLAmanbHoA nonJTMKM 1990-x ro0J10 u nepcneKTHBbI CiiIe,yeT paCCMOTpeTb (OoMpaIbHbIe Me)KMHHHCTepCKHe CBA314 Ha lpeRMeT MX CloCo6HO- CTII COAeHCTBOBaTb pa3pa6oTKe CTpaTerHH H CJY)KHTb OTHpaBHOH TOqKOH rJI5 pec+opM. B 6ojiee ,oJIFoCpo'-Hoii nepcneKT14e ciiejyeT npozLyMaTb BOnpOC 0 TOM, 'TO6bI o6-beaH- HHTb o6S3aHHOCTH no o6ecneweHnmo 6JIarocoCToRHMA pe6eHKa BHyTpI4 OAHorO BeaoMCT- Ba, KaK 3TO OCyuIIeCTBJ1eHO B psAjte jApyr4x CTpaH. /(ez4enmpaAu3az4u,u cma6um 3adatu. Co BpeMeHeM pe3yJIbTaTbI aeiLeHTPaIH33aIHH HIO3BOJIAT aOCTHqb TOrO, '-TO6bI MepOHIpH1THA no o6ecneMeHi4o 6.marococToqHH1 CeMbH H pe6eHKa HaH6oJiee nOJIHO OTBe'a7H4 MeCTHbIM HOTpe6HOCT5IM. 9TO YJIZyIUHT CHTyalHiO c o6ecneqeHHieM 6jiaroCoCTo0RHnA CeMbH1 H pe6eHKa. OAHaKO B CBR3H CO 3HwMHTeAbHOH AHlc4epeHLtHanieA pa3JIHhIHbIX pCFHOHOB H MyHHUBnajIbHbIX o6pa3oBaHHrH no aaIMmHH- CTpaTHBHbIM B03MOXCHOCTSM H Ha.TiHH4o 4IHHaHCOBbIX pecypcoB BO3HHKnH pa3AH'IHSi B AOCTyHe K nOprpaMMaM o6eCnleqeHitA 6J¶arOCOCTOsHsI CeMbH H pe6eHKa. 3TH pawml4- lqHA yKa3blBalOT Ha Heo6XOaLHMOCTb pa3pa6oTKH MexaHH3MOB no=epwKKH 6o0ee ciia6bIx H 3ai'aCTYIO MeHee o6eciieqeHHbIx B 4IHHaHCOBOM OTHOIIICHHH peFHOHOB H TeppHlTOpH- anJbHbIX eAl4HHHI B AOCTH)KeHHI Heo6xoA4MoFo rtoCTyna. KpoMe TOrO, He cyieCTByeT Me- XaHH43MOB, o6ecneimaloBaio x lpaBlBJIbHYIO 14HTepnpeTatiLo H peajiH3aul4Io HaiHoHaJIb- HOHI nO3jHTHKH no BOnpOCy 6.naroCoCTosJquHi Ha Cy6HaIIHOHajIbHOM ypOBHe. -IeM HH?Ke a,M4HHClCTpaTHBHbIfl ypOBeHb, TeM 6o0iee pa3MbITbIMH MOFYT CTaTb CTpaTernneCKe UeJII4 H HOJIHTwMeCKHe HaMepeHH5A. lIiqs peaIH3aLUHH ileiiel nOJIHTHKH, HanpaBJIeHHOii Ha ao- CTHe)KeHe COLHaNJbHOrO 6.TaroCoCTo01HsH, ipe3BbIMaAHO HOJIe3HO, 'TO6bI BJiaCTH, OTBeT- CTBeHHbie 3a COULHaJIbHOe o6eCne'eHHe Ha perHOHaJlbHOM ypOBHe, OCyi1LeCTBJIAJIH KOH- TPOJIb 3a ee npOBeaeHiHeM B WKH3Hb. )TO, B CBOIO oMepeab, noTpe6yeT HManAKHBaHHH KH- c)opMauIOHHbIX HOTOKOB, KOTOpbie nO3BO.I5T OCyiUeCTBJIATb KOHTPOJIb H OUeHKY npe1Ao- CTaBJIeHH5 ycJlyr Ha rIOCTOAHHORI OCHOBe. OepaniuM7enloCmb Junancupo6anwus. (DiHHaHCOBbIX peCypCOB aUiA a,aeKBaTHoro 4yHK- IIHOHHpOBaHH5I CHCTeMbl COmHAbHOro CTpaXOBaHH51 HeAOCTaTOMHO. LiX HeXBaTKa Ha- 6iiozAaeTCsi Ha BCeX ypOBHAlX; OHa ycyry6iiAeTCq OTCYTCTBHlM 3t4XeKTHBHOCTH, BbI3BaH- HOII He,OCTaTO'qHOHI CJIa)KeHHOCTbIO pa6oTbl CHCTeMbI, npoaHaJiH3HpOBaHHOH Bbiime. He- BeJIllKa BepOATHOCTb TOIO, 'ITO 3HamHTeJIbHaI MaCTb AOHOJIHHTeJIbHbIX 4)4HaHCOBbIX CpeZJCTB 6yqeT HanpaBJieHa B 6A1xaiuimeM 6yayMeM Ha o6ecneqeHHe 6jnaronoany-niq ce- Mbl H pe6eHKa, a 13 3TOFO BMITeKaeT Heo6XoAHMOCTb 6oJIee npaBMJ1bHOFO HCnonlb3OBa- HRUS HMeIOLUHXCA B paCnOpw)KeHHH CpezCTB - HyTeM 6o0iee COBepmeHHOii KOOPJLHaHUIH Hpe,gOCTaBJIeHH51 ycJIyr, nOBbIuieHHAS1 IPOPHTeTHOCT1 MeHee aoporoCTOAU1Hx peWiIeHHH B o6JiaCTm COluiaJIbHOrO o6ecrieqeHHiT, HaHpHMep, nyTeM inepeHoca ieHTpa TA)KeCTH C 3a- 6OTbI O aeTAX B YMpe>KeHI4X aJIJS TIJHTeNJbHOFO Hipe6blBaHHS Ha IpOc)HJIaKT1Ky H BOC- nlHTaHi4e B CeMbe, a TaK1Ke nyTeM npeBpauiieHius 6e3aapecHbix coliU4abHbIX noco6Hr H Cy6CIJaHH B aapeCHbie BbirIaTMb, npeRHa3HaeHHbe B nepBYIO oqepeAb AJIA 6eztHbIx. Omcmaeanue npesenmucmon COz4Ua,UblOeo o6ecnelienuA. BBeZteHHe HpeBeHT14BHbIX rIOprpaMM ZOJI*HO OCy1LeCTBJISTbCA 6onee 6blCTpbIMH TeMHIMam H OXBaTbIBaTb BCe perHo- HMb, MTo6bI 3TI rpOrpaMMbi MOr7111 OKa3bIBaTb BJIHqHH4e Ha HOTpe6HOCTb B opraHH3aBHH 3a- 6OTbl o0 leTqx, 3aMeuialoiueii poA14TeJ1bCKyIO, npe-AKe BcerO Ha ReHHCTH4TyUHoHajiH3auiHo. IHepec.MomppoAu demcKUxympexcaeiUuu. C nOBbIIIeHiHeM npHOpHTeTHOCTH npo04HjiaK- TH1KH M COUf1aJIbHOFO o6eCneMeHI1A B CeMbe riOTpe6HOCTb B aeTCKHX yMpemmeHH5X AOJIK- Ha CO BpeMeHeM yMeHbimaTbCA. 3To 6yzteT OnpaBabIBaTb o6cy*eHIe CTpaTerMH nporpec- C14BHbIX 1H3MeHeHHA, 3aKpbITi4e ps,Ra JaeTCKHX yqpewAeHHA, a TaK)Ke repeBoA Hx riepcoHa- .na, C COOTBseTCTBsIoULIM nepenpocHJI1HpoBaHHeM, aiam pa6oTbl no peanjiH3RaU HOBbIX nOaXOJaOB K o6eCne-eH14io 6JiarOCOCTOsHHsA zLeTeH, .7IiiieHHbIX POJ4HTenJbCKOil 3a6oTbI. JQeTH, OCTaBWHmec 6e3 none'.eHHs poAWTeAeI 81 fJpoHR,a aeCqTHJIeTHHH flyTb B HaIpaBjieHHH HpOrpeCCHBHbIX H3MeHeHHrH, pOCCHH- CKa5A CHCTeMa o6ecneqeHriH 6JiarocOCTOsHr151 .LIeTeX ro-npe),KHeMy 51BJIS1TCq MajIo3(eK- THIBHOH B aaMHHHCTpaTHBHOM OTHOieCHHH. OHa OTHqOHieHa CeTbIO I'OpH30HTaJTbHbIX 1H BepTHKaJIbHbIX CBS3efl BOBJie1eHHbIX B Hee yTMaCTHHKOB H 3a4HTepeCOBaHHbIX opraHH- 3aLIiH, KaK CTapblX, TaK H BHOBb C4JOpM1pOBaBrHHXC3I, 1lbH cPyHK4HH He BCerIa 'JeTKO on- pezLeJIeHbi, a 065A3aHHOCTHI MaCTO ay6JIHpylOTC3l. CJ0OKHOCTb H HeaOCTaTOK 'eTKOCTH Me- InaloT aj4eKTHIBHOl peajJIH3alUHH BHOBb pa3pa6oTaHHbIX npoueAyp. DTa CH4CTeMa IBJIM- eTCA AOpOFOCTOAmeH, IOCKOJIbKy HO-flpeX(HeMy CTaBHT BO riaBy yrnia nomeiijeHme aeTeu B y pe>KIAeHHAI AJIHTeJIbHOF0 Hpe6bIBaHIA. B HeM 3aaeiCTBoBaHo 60olbmoe KoJIHMe- CTBO 3aiaCTylO HeAOCTaTWIHO KBajIHcEIUHpOBaHHOro riepCOHaIia. 14 HaKoHeu, Tpe6yeMbIx eii c)HHaHCoBbIX pecypcoB HeaOCTaTOqHO. 1.3. rocyAapcTBeHHaq CHCTeMa co4uHanbHoro o6ecne4eHHu AeTeH, OCTasBWHxcq 6e3 nonefeHHS POAHTeneH 1.3.1. BxoA a 6ocy&apcm6eexyio cucmeAiy co4uanibnowo o6ecnemenuMq a) H1YTH BXOga B CHCTeMy AeTH .7IHmaIOTCS B03MO)KHOCTH Hipe6bIBaHHSI B CeMbe CBOHX KpOBHbIX pOJHTeJieH H CTa- HOBSITC5I o6beKTOM 3a6oTbI CeMbI4, 3aMeiiwaIoIleM pOJQITeJIbCKyIO, HO npHq4HaM 6no.noru- -ieCKOrO H CoriHaJIbHoro xapaKTepa. B c.iyiae 6ioAorHMecKoro CHpoTcTBa, oco6eHHo ec- IiH yMepJIiH o6a poal4TeJIA, CHTyatiiHS OTHOCHTeJIbHO 3CHa. FIoIoHKeH14e >KC COriHaJIbHbIX CHpOT 6o0iee CJIO)KHOe. OHIn BCTYialOT B CIICTCMy COUHaJIbHOrO o6eCfleIeHHM HecKOJIbKH- MH4 IIyTAIMi: a) caMH geTII MOryT IlpOCIITb HioMoIiH H 3aiiJHTbI, o6paTHBIHHCb B TeppHTO- pHaJIbHbIH [IeHTp coulHajIbHOHl HOMOII4, MeCTHbIe OpraHbl ynpaBJIeHHIA COUHaJIbHOH 3a- IIJHTOR HJIH MeCTHbHr4 OpraH OneKH H riorieMHTeJIbCTBa; 6) HX pOaznTejiH MoryT o6paTHTb- C5 C rIpOCb6oHi O rOMeIIeHH4H4 aeTef B aeTCKOe yipe)K7eHHe no HpWIHHe 6oAe3Hr, 6eAHo- CTH, TIOpeMHOrO 3aKJHo'eHHA, JIJIHTeNJbHOrO OTCyTCTBHA, .7H60 H3-3a HHBaJII4;HOCT14 4X pe6eHKa; B) OTKa3 OT pe6eHKa (B riepByIO o'epeAb, B POJHJIbHbIX aoMax cpa3y riocnie po>K- JaeHII pe6eHKa) BBOAHT B aeRCTB4e MexaHH3M o6IUeCTBeHHorO BMenlaTejIbcTBa; r) MecT- HbIH opraH OieKH H rione'IITeJIbCTBa MOAKeT OTo6paTb pe6eHKa y ero CeMbH BcJI1eaCTBHe OTCYTCTBHSI pOAHTeJIbCKOH 3a6oTbI 0 HeM, ajiKOrOJIH3Ma pOaHTejieH, HX 6oJIe3HH, TiopeM- 69 HorO 3aK7Ho'ieHHsI H rlp.; ,) B cjiy-ae JIHImIeHHsI HJiH orpaHIqeHHS4 pO,ITenJbCKHX ripaBi Pocm cuiyiae6 nuwenuuq poaume.hbcKux npae. B Te'eHH4e 1990-x roaOB Ha6JIIOMC5AaC lIOCTOSIHHbIII pOCT KOJIi'IqeCTBa CJMiyaeB jiHileHriA pOAHTeIiei POaHTejibCKHX ripaB (CM. Ta6JI. 11.2). JIHIIueHHe p0LUITeIeHI POAIHTenJbCKHIX npaB CTaIO, TaKHM o6pa3OM, OCHOBHOH IIpHI4HHOEI, 1H3-3a KOTOpOEI aeTHI BXOZSAT B C1ICTeMy rocyaapCTBeHHoro o6eCneqeHHSI HX 6iiarocOCT051HIIA. Ec.1IE B 1991 r. IHIIIeHHie pOAHTeIeHI POaIHTeJlbCKHX IlpaB IBJIqLIOCb HlpH'-IHOHi 15% cjiypaeB excero,aHoii nepegam'r JleTeRi Ha riofleqeHnie rocyaapCTBa, B 2000 r. EIX OJIAa OCTHrjia 43%. COrJIaCHO pOCCHr4CKOMy CeMeiiHOMy Ko.eKCy, pOEHTeiJIH MOryT 6bITb TIi4iMiHbI pOjEI- TeJIbCKHX HipaB B cJIy'aAx, eCJIH OHII: a) He BbIHOJIHqIOT POaHTeHJIbCKHx o6sA3aHHocTefi, BKJIIOMIaI peAHamepeHHYIO E I HOCTOAHHYIO HeBbIIIiaTy aJI4MeHTOB; 6) OTKa3bIBalOTC3I, nlo.noweHme AeTeA B POCCUHCKOH cteAepaLkm. 82 MTorm coLAHanbHoH nOJIHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI 6e3 y6eIHTeAbHbIX K 3TOMY OCHOBaHH4, 3a6paTb pe6eHKa 113 PO,HJIbH0rO F OMa 11 4apy- roro y'IpewKaLeHHA; B) 3JIoyIIOTpe6.IISOT CB01MHI PQOATeZJbCKMH HipaBaMH; r) )KeCTOKO o6pauwaIoTcA1 Co CBOHMHI TeTbMH Hi1 cynpyroM/cynpyroM H HpeaHaMepeHHo HoaBepra- IOT HX OlaCHOCTHI; A) 5BJIIOTCS XpOHHqeCKHMH ajIKOFOJIHKaMH HJIH HapKOMaHaMH. KaK pOCCHiiCKHe HpaBOBeabI, TaK H IOpHCTbI-HpaKT4KH paCCMaTpHBalOT IiHimeHHe po- at4TejieR pOJIHTeJIbCKHX tpaB B Ka'eCTBe iocIOelHeH Mepbl BMeIHaTe.YbCTBa (Ky3HeuOBa, 2000; fl'ejl4HueBa, 1999) 70, K KOTOpOf4 ciieayeT npH6eraTb .1H11b noc.7e Toro, KaK Bce japyrie IIOHbITKH COXpaHHTb CeMb1O OKOH'IHJIHCb HeyaaMeH. OAHaKO CeMeiHbIM KoaeK- COM KOHKpeTHO He peryEJI4PYOTCq <KeroaHyIO o6A3aTeJIbHyIO HpOBepKY COCTOMHHM ge- Terl, 3a6oTy 0 KOTOpbIX B3SAIO Ha ce6A o6HleCTBO, oCo6eHHO B cjIyqaAX HapaB7jeHH4A B JeTCKne yMpem,AeHSH AnIM 1aJIHTeJIbHoro npe6blBaHHA. OJIHaKO IJIA 3c14eKTHBHOfl peajnl3aumH 3THX mep Heo6xoaHMo: a) HaJMIHe MeCTHOH opraHH3ajHH oHeKH H noneiiHTeJIbCTBa, KOTOpaA cTaia 6bl 3Ha'IHTeJlbHO CHJIbHee B aaMH- HHCTpaTHBHOM H TeXHHMeCKOM OTHoHieHHH; 6) HaAH'1He oTaejieHHA/UeHTpa COIImaJbHOH HIOMOIIH H COLHanJbHOrO o6cjiy)KHBaHHM, KOTOpblH OKa3blBaji 6bl 3TOH' opraH3U3adHH no,- gepiKKy; B) BBeaeHHe 4pOHTaJIbHOrO KOHTpOJIA HO Ka*KaoMy .ejiy B KaMeCTBe K.JHo'eBOrO cnoco6a KOHTpOJIAI ae He3aJHIeHHbUX leTeH, HywaaIOiuHXCA B nozwep*Ke rOCyaapCTBa. 6) BblsBjieHHe H persHCTpauHA,eTeft, OCTaBiiiHxcA 6e3 ionefleHHS poAHTeiiefi flpaBllJ7a BbIAB7ieHHA H perHCTpauHH aeTeA, OCTa3BIIHXCA 6e3 noreIeHIA pO,HTeneii, oripe,eXeHbl B CeMei4HOM KOieKCe . OHH oAHo3HatHbI: 7no6oH, KTO 3HaeT o cymeCTBO- BaHHHI B KaKOii-jI6O ceMbe CHTyaLIHH, npeaCTaBIAioue pericK .HKJI pe6eHKa (*pe6eHoK B TA)KeJIbIX yCJIOBHAMX>), 1LOJIDeH ZOBeCTH 3TO RO CBeaeHHM MeCTHoro opraHa OneKH H HO- ne,qlTe.nbCTBa. aTOT opraH orpeaejiMeT, c7eAyeT 7111 3a6paTb pe6eHKa 113 ceMbH, H, ecinH ,aa, HpeaOCTaBnIeT emy BpeMeHHOe MeCTO ripO*KHBaHHA, O1aHOBpeMeHHO nOJgbICKHBaA ILJI pe6eHKa B03MO)KHOCTb noMeIEIeHHA Ha nOCTOAHHoe IPO)KHBaHHe B CeMbe. EcIiH 3TO He yzaeTCA OCcyLLeCTBHTb B TeMeHHe MeCAUa, perHOHanJbHbIe OpraHbI, B CBOIO O,epeRb, B Te- 4qeHHe ewe oAHoro mMCHua HPOBOaAT aHBaJIOFHMHbIH HOHCK. EcJiH H 3TH MepbI He UpriHO- CAT pe3yJlbTaTOB, pe6eHKa OdHUHaJIbHO perHCTPHPYIOT B O4¢HUHa7ibHOH 6a3e zIaHHbIX, KOTOPYIO BeAeT MHHHCTepCTBO o6pa3OBaHHM POCCHUCKOA OeAepaqwm. 3Ta 6a3a aaHHbIX 0.7OJIKHa COcaep)KaTb HOCTOAHHO o6HOBJIMeMbIe CBeaeHHA o6o Bcex pOCCHHCKHX aeTAX, JIH- lIeHHbIX pOaIHTeJibCKOH 3a6oTbI, a TaKiKe CBeaeHHA o HIuIax, CTpeMMLUHXCA K yCbIHOBjie- loJlo>KeHme AeTee B POCCUUCKOA cieAepaLtHw. 84 ViTorw coL,uaJbHoA nonHTHKH 1990-x rop,oB u nepcneKTHBbI HHIO eTeeir (BKinioqas KaHaHAaaTOB Ha meWAYHaPOAHoe yCbIHOBjieH4e), TeX, KTO XO'IeT B3STb Ha ce6s oneKyHCTBo/nonelH4Te.IbCTBO, H o HHieMHbIX CeMbAIX. Ba3a aaHHbIX npeaiHa3HaqeHa aJJiA TOM, MTO6bI CTaTb UeHTpanjbHbIM 3JieMeHTOM KOH- TpOJIA 3a CHCTeMoH o6ecneqeHns4 6jiarococTo0HHs4 aeTeH. B HeH AO.7DKHbI CoQepWaTbCA perlCTpaulHOHHbIe 3anicH o pe6eHKe, oHa AO.DKHa nOMOFaTb OTcjieKHBaTb ero HyTb HO mepe ero [lpOJABH)KeHSA B CHCTeMe H o6.ner'qaTb BO3MO)KHOCTb BO3BpaiueHI4A pe6eHKa B 6H0o.iorHMeCKyIO CeMbIO 17H nepeAaqy 3a6OTbI o HeM Apyri4M M4HIaM. 3Ta 6a3a gaHHbIX ,AO CHX nOp HeCOBepIueHHa H 3a'acTylo AB.IAeTC5L HeAoCTYHHO ,AJISI ceMef, )KeJIaiolHHx B3STb pe6eHKa. B 6oJLbIlH4HCTBe MeCTHbIX opraHOB oieKH H rollMHTeJIbCTBa OTCyTCTBy- IOT KOMIIbIOTepbI; TaM, rAe KOMrblOTepbI eCTb, OTCYTCTByeT Heo6xoJ4HMaA 3aieKTpOHHaS CBA3b C peri4OHaIbHbIMH1 6a3aMiH ZaHHbIX. Ha perHOHa3jbHOM ypOBHe, B CBOIO oqepegb, JIHIIb ABe TpeTH perHOHOB nOaxjnOMeHbI K cbeaepawbHHoH 6a3e AaHHbIX. KaK BbIACHAeTCA H3 YCTHbIX CBHJaeTe.TbCTB, B HaCTOAmee BpeMA 6a3a aaHHbIX HCnOJIb3yeTCq B OCHOBHOM AJIA Me)KAYHaPOAHOFO yCbIHOBjieHHI. CyluecTByloui4e npoiieaypbi no periCTpaU4HH pe6eHKa MOryT OKa3bIBaTb oTpuUa- TeTIbHOe BJIH.IHHe Ha ero ycTpOiHcTBO. MecTHbIe OpraHbI oreKH H foHe'IHTe.7bCTBa MmelOT B CBOeM pacnop,KceHI4H MmeCALI Ha perHCTpaUHio pe6eHKa H nomeiueHHe ero B ceMblo. Xo- TSI H He CyT1eCTByeT y6ealHTeJIbHbIX o6OCHOBaHHi AJIA KoinvieCTBa BpeMCHH, HeO6xoaiH- MOrO JAJISA yCTpOHCTBa, opraHbl oneKH H HoHeqHTeJIbCTBa C'qIHTaIOT OALHH MeCAU HeAOCTa- TOMHbIM H1 OTMeLalOT, 'TO UCJIb MO)KeT 6bITb AOCTHrHyTa I141b npH co6.noAeHH1H c.iezy- IOIUHX YC.IOBH4: 1) ecAn opraH oneKH H roneH4TeJIbCTBa yKOMHineKTOBaH KBaJiH4HUHpO- BaHHbIM HepCoHaJIOM, 3arpy3Ka KOTOpOFO HaXOaHTCR B pa3yMHbIX npeAeJiax; 2) ecJI4 cy- iUeCTBYIOT pOACTBeHHHKH, IOTOBbIe (H 'Ibl KaHAIH7\aTypbI He BbI3bIBalOT BO3paxeHHrH) B3STb Ha ce6Al oreKy Hag pe6eHKoM, HJiH ecjiH cyIIeCTByeT riepe'leHb HPOBepeHHbIX KaH- HI4AaTOB JISA IPHHATHSA pe6eHKa noa oneKy 1411.7 yCbIHOBj1eHHl4 (KOTOpbIe COriiaCHbI npH- HSTb pe6eHKa); 3) ec.nH HeO6XoAi4MbIe CyJge6HbIe npoieztypbi 6yAyT 3aBepUlIeHbI B KOpOT- KOe BpeMAl. TaKoe 6bIBaeT peJIKO. MeCA'IHbIi npeAeni 6bIJI H3HanaJIbHO YCTaHOBjieH AJIs TOMO, qTO6bI ro6yA14Tb MeCTHbIe OpraHbI oHeKH IInpe,gnpiHHTb HHTeHC4BHbIH4 HOIHCK. B IIpOTHBOHO.IO)KHOCTb 3TOMy, KaK Tenepb rpe2ACTaBJIAeTCsA, BO3MO.KHOCTb nepe,AaTb OT- BeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a pe6eHKa Ha perHoHaJlbHbIHi, a 3aTeM H Ha (CeAepaibHbIH YPOBeHb OTpH- uaTeJIbHO CKa3bIBaeTCI Ha HHHLuHaTHBax HO HHTeHCHBHOMY IOHCKY Ha MeCTHOM ypOBHe. 3To ne'-a.bHO, TaK KaK MOX(eT yMeHb1IHHTb iiiaHCbI pe6eHKa 6bITb BO3BpaiieHHbIM B CBOIO CeMbIO I4J714 Ha (jOpMy yCTpOiHCTBa, 3ameiuailoIO pOR4Te.ibCKyIO 3a6OTy, Ha 6a3e MeCT- HOFO coo6iieCTBa. Co'IeTaHne HeHOJIHOTbI 4HH4OpMaiuHH U1, B03MO)KHO, He AIBJI5H1I0 HXCA HeO6XOAi4mMbIMH o6sI3aTe.lbHbix npouejtyp yCTpOCTBa HOBbIlIIaCT BepOSTHOCTb TOFO, 'TO pe6eHOK, OCTaB- LHIII4CI 6e3 roHieleHHA pOAHTeiiefi, nomeiuaeTcA B ,aeTCKoe y"pe,KaeHi4e Ha HOCTOAIHHoe npe6blBaH4e. B yCJIOBsI4X, KOrJIa iHH4opMaiuoHHaI ceTb nOCTereHHO COBepIleHCTByeT- CAI, OAHa H3 npo6SieM CO BpeMeHeM 6yAeT pelueHa. OAHaKO TeMHbI, KOTOpbIMH 6yAyT OCY- IeCTBJISTbCA H13MeHeHHA, 'aCTHI4HO 3aBHCMT OT HMeOIUHHXCq B HaJTiH4'HH cpeACTB, rpeA- Ha3Ha,'eHHbIX ,JlJI Bjio2KHHI H CHCTeMy nHHOpMauHOHHOFO o6eCHeieHus4 H BiOCiieaCT- BHHI B ee noAUep-KaH4e. ByzteT TaK)Ke HeO6XOLi4MO nepeCMoTpeTb npoleaypHbIe acneKTbI, JAlA Hala1a CiieJyeT YCTaHOBHTb pa3yMHbIe CpOKII ,1JIA yCTpOiHCTBa pe6eHKa c ylleTOM Ka- APOBbIX ripo6.leM, HeXBaTKH 4HHcOpMauiHH H IOpHpUHiAeCKHX Tpe6OBaHH4. B 6onee oTra- JieHHOII nepCrieKTH4Be MepbI OJIHKHbI 6bITb COCpeAOTO'eHbI Ha pa3peiueHH UMeHHO 3THX npo6IieM. AJ1eTH, OCTaBwI-ecS 6e3 noneqeHWq poouATeAeA 85 B) AaMHHHCTpaTHBHble BOllpOCbI: KjlOMCeBaS pOJIb MCCTHbIX opraHOB onelKH H fOleluHTeCJbCTBa fpii nepezaae 'aCTH o6A3aHHocTefi no 3aWHTe pe6eHKa H o6ecneteHilo ero 6.narococTo- 5IHHS Ha cy6HarIHOHaJIbHbl YPOBeHb MeCTHbIe opraHbl OnHKH H iOHiMHTeNjbCTBa CTa-Ji KJIIOMeBbIM 3BeHOM B BbIIBjieHHH H yCTpOHCTBe AeTeH, OCTaBIIHXCA 6e3 Hone'eHHM pOAH- TeJleii, - 3TO ABjiAeTC5 o6A3aHHOCTbIO, KOTOpSa CTaSia HX HCKJIOMHTe7ibHOfH HpepOraTH- BOII, - a TaKcKe B KOHTpOJIe cO6jIno0eHH4 rpaB H 3aKOHHbIX HHTepeCOB geTeH. MeCTHbIe OpraHbI oieKH H HOineqlTeJIbCTBa TpauL{IHHOHHO pa6OTalOT npH opraHax o6- pa3oBaHHsA. lx ALe3TeJIbHOCTb AO CHX nop B 3HaMHTeJIbHOH mepe OTpa)KaeT coxpaHHBuie- ecsA no ceu geHbii npejrno'ITeHHe, oTz(aBaemoe y'1peAKLaeHHIAM A,msI JJIHTenJbHOrO npe6bIBa- HHAI geTeil. C ymeToM KIiOMeBO4 pOJIH MeCTHbIX opraHOB OHeKH H nIOHeMHTe7jbCTBa B o6ecneieHHHm 6JIaFococToAHHIs pe6eHKa H 3a6oTbl O AeTAX, OCTaBIIIHXCS 6e3 noneMeHHA pofztHTeiIet, oco6oe BHHMaHHle c7iezyeT y,aeJiHTb HX cHoco6HOCTHI peaIH3OBbIBaTb HOBbIe ripoueAypbi, CTaBAIHne BO rniaBy yrJia HHTepeCbI CeMbl II pe6eHKa. B MaCTHOCTH, nepeAa- Ma OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a BbInOJIHeHIHe HOBbIX rpoIeATJyp Ha MeCTHbIH YPOBeHb co3aaeT B03- MO)KHOCT4I AJII ero pyKOBOJAHTejieH OTOUTH OT Tpaz(iIUIHOHHbiX aaMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX rOJ- XOJAOB H COCpe,AOTOMHTbC5I Ha rIOHcKe pewJeHHlH, KOTOpbIe MOryT 6oAIee OJIHO OTBelaTb CyIIeCTByIOLUHM rIOTpe6HOCTAIM 74. HanpHMep, B CaMapCKOM perHoHe, OAHOM H43 jiHAe- POB pe4OpMbl cou:HJabHOrO o6ecneMeHHMi zLeTei B PocciiU, npeAZIroquIH CKOHIUeHTpHpO- BaTb BCIO pa6OTy no AOCTHCeHHI0 6JIarOCOCTOSHHRJ CeMbl iI pe6eHKa, BKjHIOIasA OleKyH- CKHme 4YHKIIHH, B KoMHTeTe no aeJiam ceMbH, MaTepHHCTBa H geTCTBa. L3ojiee TOFO, 3a C'eT nepemeineHHA [jeHTpa TA)KeCTH Ha npobuvaKTHqeCKHe MepbI, BKJHIOMaa pa3BHTHe CHCTeMbI npuema ALeTeri Ha BocrHTaHHe, nooiiipeHue H CTHMYJIHPOBaHHUe noMeIIAHSI B ceMbH AeTeiH, OCTaBfliHXCcI 6e3 noHe'eHHsI pOAHTeIeH, a TaKoKe COOTBeTCTByJoIIee pe- 4 OpMHUOBaHHe a,LMIHHHCTpaTHBHbIX npoueAyp HI BJIOKCeHH4e CpeACTB B pa3BHTHue eTeH, 3TOT pernlOH AOCTHr 3aMeMaTeJIbHbIX pe3yNJbTaTOB B CHHKEeHHH MHcJIa geTeH, noMeIllae- MbIX B ympe)KAeHAs ZLJIA AJIHTeJIbHOrO Hipe6bIBaHHI4, BIJIOTb AO 3aKpbITHS HeCKO.JbKHX Ta- KHX yqpe>KaeHHli (AAMHHHCTpaauHIv CaMapcKofi o6AacTH, 1997, 1998). rlpH noHcKe HaH6ojjee OHTHMaMbHOH agMIIHHCTpaTHBHOH CTpyKTypbI Heo6xOAHMo HPHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe psIJ qaKTOpOB, HI4Jio)KeHHbIX HH)Ke. Onepat4uouHbie npoi4edypbl. OpraHbI oneKH H roneHMTenJbCTBa cieAye' XOpOUIO HH- q)OpMHpOBaTb 0 HOBbIX CTpaTerHAX nOJH4THKHI o6ecHeMeHH5I 6JiarococTosHMl pe6eHKa, 75 H 3TO aOJI)KHO 6bITb OTpa.KeHO B HX HHCTpyKUHAIX no BegeHHIO Aeji . 14HaMe roBopA, y HHX AOJDKHbI 6bITb 'eTKHe HHCTPYKIIHH AJIA BbirOJ1HeHHM BceX ocyii1eCTBJIAeMbIx HMH 4YHKUHW. B TO >Ke BpeMA HM AOJDKHbI 6bITb OCTaBjieHbI B03MO)HOCTH AJS1 HpOSIBjieHHSI OCTOpO)KHOCTIH npu ipHmeHeHIHHH HHCTpyKUHH, 'ITO npeArojiaraeT HajiH'iHe xopomo nog- rOTOBJ1eHHOrO nepcOHaJia. KpoMe Toro, cJiejyeT meTKO OripeHleJ1ITb o6sA3aHHocTH, npoue- AypbI OTMeTHOCTH, HaA3opa (KOHTpOJIb H oueHKa), a TaKo*Ke aAeKBaTHbIe npoueAypbi arieji- JISHIIH, KOTOpbIe CJie2yeT BBeCTH B AeICCTBHe C UeiJblO OrpaHHM4eHH4 IOTeHUHaNJbHOrO npOH43BOJIa. 5e3 HHIX peKOMeHAauMHH JIn60 CTaHYT He TeplSAIIHMH4 HcKniio0eHHri rlpaB4JIa- MH, JIH6o HX crpaBeanHBoe npuMeHeHHe CTaHeT COMHHTeJIbHbIM. OpeaHu3al4uolimle acneKmbl. CTaTYC opraHa oieKH u noreqHTeJIbCTBa Hy)KgaeTCA B HepecMOTpe. C "MeTOM Toro, 'ITO emy repeCaHbI KJiiomeBbIe o6sA3aHHocTH no nepeopH- eHTaUHH CH4CTeMbI o6ecne'ieHInI 6JiaronoJIHSi aIeTefi, OCTaBIIIHXCSA 6e3 riorie'eHHA pO- A4T'reie, Ha yCTpOHCTBO HX CeMbH II yMeHbueHHe po071 HHCTHTyUHOHajiH3aUHH, HpeA- CTaBJIAeTcA, qTO nepejaaa (PYHKMIHI oneKH TOMy nogpa3AeneHHio MeCTHOH aAmMHHHcTpa- IIIUH, KOTOPOC OTBeMaeT 3a Aenia CeMblH H AeTeU, CHiOCO6CTBOBaJIa 6bI HPOBeJeHH1O pefop- nonoweHHe AeTeA B POCCUUCKOA (ceAepaLAHH. 86 MTOr4 COLIUanbHOU nOnHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB U nePCneKTHBbI BCTaBKa 11.2. npHMep: opraHbi OneKKH H none4HTenbCTBa B POCTOBCKOH o6nacTH PerHOHajlbHbIA 3aKOH 06 OpaOHu3atuu oneKu u none'umeflbcm8a B PocmoB- CKOU! o6flacmu, B COOTBeTCTBUH C COOTBeTCTBYIOLLJUM cPegePaAbHbIM 3aKOHOAa- TeJ1bCTBOM, 3aKpenAieT CpyHKLHm no oneKe H nonelLiTenJbCTBY 3a opraHamu MecT- Horo camoynpaBneHHq. OH HaAeAqeT MeCTHoe ynpaBnieHme o6pa3oBaHws nOJHO- Mo4UPSMU no ocyL,eCTBAeHWIO 4yHKL4HH oneKH B OTHoweHuu HecoBepLeHHoneTHux AeTeA, OCTaBwmXcq 6e3 nonefLeHMS poCATeneA, a TaK>Ke Apyrux AeTeA, HaxOAJ- tLLUXCPI B oco6o CAO>KHbIX CHTyatAm5x. OpraHbl oneKH TaK>e AOA>KHbi KOOpAHHHpO- BaTb AeSTeJ1bHOCTb Bcex AuLA H opraHH3aLAmA, 3aAeACTBoBaHHbIX B o6ecnet4eHHH 6uarococToqHMsq AeTe Ha MYHHLUAnanbHOM ypOBHe, BKA1OL4a;i opraHbl 3ApaBOOX- paHeHH.q, o6pa3oBaHHS H CoLAHaJ1bHOH 3aauHTbI. OpraHbi oneKI H none4MTeAbCTBa nOAqUHHKOTCR KaK rnase MeCTHOH aAMUHHCTpa- L4HU, TaK H rniaBe MeCTHOrO YnPaBAeHHU O6pa3OBaHUP. OpraHbl OneKH H nOnefLHTen)bCTBa HeAOCTaTOtHO YKOMnneKTOBaHbl KaApaMH. XOTP 3aKOHoM npeAYcmaTP"aaeTCq HaAH4He oAHoro HHcneKTOpa Ha 10 TblC. AeTCKoro HaceAeHHA (ejeAepaAbHbIM 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBOM peKomeHAyeTCq COOTHOweHHe 1:5.000), HO He MeHee Tpex HHcneKTOPOB Ha MyHHLAmnaAbHyKo eAWHHL4y, KoJ1H'-eCT- BO COTPYAHHKOB COCTaBj1qeT meHee 50% OT HOpMbl. KpoMe Toro, HOpMbi no o6ec- net4eHHIo KaApaMH He yLHTbl BaIOT HaAH4Hq Ha MyHHUAUnaAbHOM YPOBHe yLipe>KAe- HHUP AAR1 AA1TelbHoro npe6bIBaH"sq AeTeA, L.TO, B COOTBeTCTBUH C 3aKOHoAaTeJ1bCT- BOM, AOn>KHo 6bITb npeAMeTOM KOHTponq H HaA3Opa CO CTOpOHbl opraHa oneKH H noneqHTenbCTBa. nlocKonbKy HHcneKTOpbi neperpy>KeHbi CBOHMH o6s,3aHHocTq- MH, OHH He HMmeOT BpeMeHH 3aHHMaTbCq npo6JeMaMH y4pewKAeHwH AAR AAJTeAb- Horo npe6blBaHH-w AeT0 H B AeACTBHTeJbHOCTM nepejawoT HeKOTOpbIe H3 CBOHX nOAHOMOHMA AUPeKTOPaM 3THX yqpe>KAeHMA, t-TO npOTHBOpeLiHT 3aKOHy. KaK H B ApyrUx perUOHax POCCHU, nO'ATH BCe HHCneKTOpbi no AeAam AeTe6 qBA1IOTCq negaroraMm no o6pa3oBaHHIo, BcJ1eACTBHe tero OHM He o6AaAwaoT Heo6xOAu HMbIMM npOcpeCCHOHaAbHbIMH HaBbIKaMH pa60Tbl CO CJIO>KHbIMM COLAUanbHbIMH H IOpMAM- t4eCKHMH npo6AeMaMw, C KOTOpbIMH cBq13aHO 6o0AbWWHCTBO Aen HecoBepweHHO- JeTHHX AeTeA. BeuHKa Heo6xOJAMOCTb npocjeccWoHa,bHoro o6yQeHmq 6e3 OTpbl- Ba OT pa6OTbl. CnpaBo1Hbie MaTepuaAbI H C6opHHKH HHCTpyKLAW He qBAKIOTcq noAHbiMu; 6oAb- waS HX LaCTb yCTapeila. HanpwMep, B OAHOM H3 paHOHoB ropoAa PocToBa B opra- He oneKH H none'4TeJbCTBa pa6oTaeT Bcero OAUH COTpyAHHK/AeTCKHA WHCneK- TOP. OH OTBeQLaeT 3a 34 TbIC. 'e1OBeK AeTCKorO HaceAeHHJ; KpoMe Toro, OH AJo- >KeH ocyLiAeCTBA1Tb HaA3OP 3a ABYM-q AeTCKHMH AOMaMH, B KOTOpblX nPOWKHBaKOT nPHMePHO 200 AeTeA. B 1999 r. y Hero 6bIlo npm6JnH3HTenbHO 500 AeA, H3 KOTO- pbIX OAHa TpeTb AOn>KHa 6biua 6blTb nepeAaHa B CYA. flOqTH nOnOBHHa AeA 6bula cB5I3aHa C >KuHJLLAHbIMH yCAOBH5IMH (paccMoTpeHue H pa3peweHme npoAa>Km HuA o6MeHa KHunnouWaAH, Ha KOTOPOA npO>KHBaAH AeTH); BTOpyIo nonoBHHy COCTaB- n)1RnJ Aena o6 yCblHoBneHHH H nepeAaLie AeTeA, OCTaBWHXcS 6e3 noneeieHHq POAH- TeAeu, noA oneKy, Ha none-4HTeAbCTBO HuH B AeTCKHe y4pe>KAeHHq. Y Hero 6b11o TaK>Ke 36 AeA o nuHwleHH poAjTeAeA pOAHTeAbCKHx npaB. OH AOn>KeH 6bIJl CaM ro- TOBHTb BCKO AOKyMeHTaLAHio, BKAloqaSq IOPHAHLeCKHe AOKyMeHTbl AAA cyAe6HbIx cAywaHHA. no o6pa3oBaHHIo OH neAaror, a He KOPUCT. neperpy>KeHHbie MyHwCbnanbHbie cYAbi BbIHOCPT peweHHSI C 6OJbWHMH 3aAep>KKaMH. CyAeA, cneLAHaJIbHo 3aKpennfeHHbix AnW paCCMOTpeHHP Aeje, 3aTparmawoLLAHX HeCOBepweHHOfieTHHX, He CyLLueCTByeT. B iAenom no Poccuu AeTH, OCTaBwmecq 6e3 none4eHWq pojRHTeueA 87 BCTaBKa 11.2 (npo8ionceHue) Hac4HTbIBaeTCSl OLeHb MaJO cyAOB, MmeioLLtHx cyAueA, cneLAaAM3MpyfOLLtMXCq Ha AeAax HecosepweHHoAeTHux (H TOJAbKO JlHWb no ycbIHoBAeHHIo). B Poccuw OTCYTCTByeT CHCTeMa cYAonpOH3BOxCTBa AAJ HeCOBepweHHOAeTHHX. KoMnbIoTepbl H ADpyroe OCfMCHOe o6opyL,oBaHHe 5Bn)lOTCSI peAKOCTbWo. Ka-IeCTBO pa6oTbl morAa 6bl 3HaqHTeJbHo nOBbICHTb 6a3a A,aHHbIX no BCeM paCCMOTpeHHbIM AeAaM, c AOCTaTO4HbIMW pecypcamm p,nP o6MeHa MHc$opMaLHeA He TOAbKO Ha MyHH4HnaJbHOM ypOBHe, HO H Ha perHOHaAbHOM ypOBHe. CyLL.ecTByIoL4He permOHaAbHbie H cpeAepanbHbie 6a3bI AaHHbIX no AeTRM, OCTaBw"MCP 6e3 noneqeHHR POAMTeneA, a TaK>Ke no A1LtaM, )KenAIoLIHM yCbIHOBHTb AeTeH "Jim B3PTb Ha,A HHMH OneKyHCTBO/ noneqHTeJ9bcTBo, He npHHOCHT 6oAbWoA nOAb3bl, T.K. Ha MeCTaX K HeH HeT AOCTynla. CyLuecTByeT perHOHaAbHbIH opraH oneKH H noneqHTenbCTBa. OAHaKO OH He pacnoAaraeT HMKaKOH CTaTHCTHLeCKOA HHcjopMaL4meA no pa6OTe, OCyL4eCTBAlseMOA COOTBeTCTBYIOLLtHMM MyHHLUHnaAbHbIMH opraHaMH, H He OCyuLeCTBA1ReT HaA3opa 3a HX pa6OTOA B CHuy OTCYTCTBH5 JAAR5 3Toro IOPmAm4eCKOA OCHOBbI. /4aHHbIu o6o6u4eHHbI1 mamepuan no8aomodfleH no pe3ynbmamam 6ecea, npoeeaeHHblx 8 Mae 2000 a. C aemCKUMU UHCneKmOpaMU, COmpYaHUKaMU peUOHa.J7b1-1bIX U MfeCMHbIX omaeno8 o6pa3O8aHUW, 3paB0ooxpaHeHUq u coL{ua7bHou 3aU4Umbl, pyKo8oaumeIl7Amu piaa aemcKUx yLipeHcaeHuLu 8aR a.7ume7bHoeo npe6bl8aHuR, a maKJ'ce HeCKOJ7bKUX ceMeL, q&-7Rhou4uxcq oneKyHaAu/noneLume7qAfMu. (O08apo8a, 2000). MbI. 3To aaj1o 6bI aOlOJIHHTeJbHOe lpeiHMyWieCTBO 6oiee 'eTKOMy pa3geCieHH1O o6A3aH- HOCTeiH Me>2Ky BjiaCTHbIMH CTpyKTypaMH, OTBe!aIOJIIlHMH 3a C4+epbI 3IkpaBOoXpaHeHHs, o6pa3oBaHIS, TpyAa H COHaJbHO0O pa3BHTHMA. 06ecnevenue nepcoHanIoM, o6opydo6anueM, 6icdmemUbl&wu cpedcmeaMu. OpraHbl one- KM nO BCCI POCCHI HeaoyKomNJIeKTOBaHbl KaapaMM, KaapbI 3a!aCTYIO He HMelOT Heo6Xo- AHMbIX HaBbIKOB, a B03MOH(HOCTH aJI HX HpO4eCCHOHaIbHOrO o6yqeHHn HeaOCTaTOMHbI. Ha6JIio,aaeTCA HeXBaTKa o6opyAoBaHIsII H MaTepHaIOB, KOTOpble HO3BOJIHJIM 6bl nepcOHa- JIy pa6oTaTb 34XeKTHBHO, ecJiH 6bi y HHX 6bIJIM HeO6Xogi4MbIe HaBbIKH. B 60o7bTnHHCTBe ciyiaeB OTCYTCTBYIOT cjiy)K6bi rOiZLepKKH, TaKHe, KaK IUeHTpbl no nepejiaqe aeTeAi Ha BOC- HMITaHMe B ceMbH, O6Si3aHHbIe COCTaBJL71Tb H o6HOBJISTb CHHCKH ceMeii, KOTOpbIe nOTeHIIM- a.IbHO MOr[IH 6bI 3aMeHMTb pe6eHKy pOX,HTejieA. OrpaHwieHHbIEi OHbIT HeCKOJTbKMX peri- OHOB HQILCKa3bIBaeT, tTO 3TH CnyH6bi nozIfLep)KKH MOryT HrpaTb pemaiomyio pOJIb B pea- JIH3aduM CTpaTerHii, HaIIpaBJIeHHbIX Ha o6ecneqeHMe B03MO)KHOCTII JHIfleHHbIM pOa14- Te.IbCKOi4 3a6OTbI ,laeTAM BOCnHTbIBaTbCS B CeMbAX. HaKOHelI, cfHHaHCMpOBaHHe OCTaeTCSI He,aOCTaTo'qHbIM. B HeKOTOpbIX cjy-IaAx 3TO MoWKeT 6bITb, no KpaHHeiH mepe qacTHMHO, KoMieHCHPOBaHO HyTeM BK ioteHHS CJIyHC6, OTBeqaIoIIMX 3a o6ecne1eHiie 6aiarococToA- HHIA AeTeH, B MeCTHYIO CeTb COLIHajIbHOH pa6OTbI H COiiMaJbHOrO o6eCHeteHHS. Monumopuni u ow4erKa. HHKaKOrO CHCTeMaTHMtiecKoro MOHHTOpMHra, nPsOBCeaeHH5 r yHKULHOHaJ?bHOrO M3y'IeHHf7 HJIH Oi:eHKH ZiSITeJIbHOCTM opraHoB orieKMH roieM- TeJIbCTBa He ocyluecTBJIAIeTCA. B HacToAiiuee BpeMsq Ha,A30p ocy1ueCTBJIsqeTCS HpOKypaTy- pOii. OAHaKo npoKypaTypa He pacnojiaraeT (OCTaT`omHbIM IIITaTOM, neperpy,KeHa pa6o- no,noweHme AeTeU B POCCHACKOA tIeAepaL4HH. 88 lTorH COL4UanbHOA nOnJHTHK 1990-x rOAOB U nePCneKTHBbI TOH H oplIeHTHpOBaHa HipewKe Bcero Ha CnegIlOBaHHe fOpMaMIbHbIM npoue7aypaM, T.e. npo- BepKaM. XOTS TaKOii Hag30p qBjiqeTCS Heo6XoaHMbIM, ero HBeOCTaTOqHO gIAu o6ecneie- HHS KaieCTBeHHbIX pe3yJIbTaTOB. ,laJIs 3TOrO HeO6XoglHMO BHepePHHHe BYHKuHOHaJIbHOrO aHaAH3a, MTO nOCTereHHO HPHBeaeT K yJIYM1iiuHIIIO CHTyaLIHH. 1.3.2. (I)Op.Mbl yCmpoiicmea aemeii B POCCH JteT3IM, OCTaBmHMC5m 6e3 HonewieHlIA pOalHTeneH, Mo-KeT 6bITb noao6pala Ho- 6a51 143 HeCKOJIbKHX (bOpM yCTpOHCTBa: HX MOryT yCbIHOBHTb, nOMeCTHTb noA oneKy/HO- IleMI4TeCIbCTBO, HanpaBHTb B npHieMHYIO CeMblO, B CeMeHHbH JAeTCKHr JOM, B HaTpOHaT- HYIO CeMb1O 1.I7H B geTCKOe y pe)KaeHiWeSJ IJIHTeJbHOro ripe6bIBaHHI4. 3a6oTa o jeTAX HMCeT iLeNbmO o6ecBeqeHme HOCTO0IHHOrO xapaKTepa, CTa6H.JIbHOCTH H 6e3onacHocTlIg tjS JteTefl. OTcIoga ciieJyeT, MTO OHa gOjiKHa 6bITb paCCMHTaHa Ha JI4HTeJIbHYIO iepCHeKTH- By; OHa rpeiycmaTPI4aeT nepezta'y oieKYHCKHX HpaB Ha pe6eHKa (3a HCKICiomeHleM yc- TpOHICTBa B riaTpOHaTHYIO ceMbIO). YCbIHOBJIeHHie, OneKa Ht HiOHie'IHTeJIbCTBO HaH7Iy'IIHIM o6pa3oM COOTBeTCTBYIOT ueJIAM 3a6OTbI o JeTAX, 3ameluaioiien pO)HTe.IbCKyIO. ,LJeTH, OCTaBihIIeCH 6e3 noHetieHllI po,;HTejieH, AeTH, noMeuIeHHbie B AeTCKHe yipe7A- ,aCHHA, B HpHeMHbie CeMbH4 H CeMbH HOHeMlTejieA/oHeKyHOB, HMeIOT HpaBO Ha UeJIbIA pAg ,geHeWKHbIX H HaTypaJlbHbIX noco6Hti, BbInjamillBaeMbIX rocyztapCTBOM go gOCTH)KeHIIA HMH4 18-eITHero BO3paCTa (23 neeT, ecJIH OHi Y"aTC51). Cioaa BKjiOMaIOTCA 6ecrnaTHbIe HHTaHHe it oHeAcga, HOi)KHBaHHe H MeJaH1HHCKOe o6c.Iy)K4BaHHe. aonOHOIHHTeJIbHbIe npaBa CBS3aHbl C Ho.iyMeHHeM o6pa3oBaHHs Hi rpegycmaTpIlaIDT 6ecnilaTHoe o6pa3oBa- HHe 11 Heo6xoaHMytO gJI11 Hero maTepHabHYlO nogt epWKKY (BKJlIoMaAI 6oaiee BbICOKYIO CyMMy noco6HAs Ha y'Ie6HHKHI U apyrue yqe6HbIe HpHlaJie)KHOCTH), Ha.7IHMHeM HMyme- CTBeHHbIX npaB, o6ecneqeHHeM 1CHJbeM (BKJIIomaA npeocTaBeH4e MYHHUlHnaJIbHOrO 11(HJIbA B npHOpHTeTHoM ropAalKe), a TaKwoe Hojiy'eHHeM noco6H5I Ho 6eapa6oTHHe (npo- becclOHaIbHaSA HO,AFOTOBKa H nepenozrOTOBKa, nOMOUb B HOHCKe pa6oTbI H yCTpOHCTBe Ha pa6OTY, noco6He Ho 6e3pa6oTHue Ha nepHIO B 6 MeC5IAeB C MOMeHTa OKOHqaHHS yLe6- HOrO 3aBegeHHA H T.g.). FlOMHMO epe'iCiJIeHHbIX BbIfile noco6uHu, eTH, OCTaBIIHHeC5 6e3 noHe'eHHI pOgl4Te- .7e1C, MOFYT HOJIyy-aTb H jgpyrHe noco6HA, HaHpMiep B CBA3H co CMepTbIo pO1ACTBeHHHKOB, aJIHMeHTbI, a TaKx-Ke COIUHa.7bHyIO neHCHIO HO HHBaJH4gHOCTK. Iloco6HS AaeTeH, noMeiueH- HbIX B JLeTCKHe yMpe)KgeHHSl, HaKanHnHBalOTCA Ha 6aHKOBCKHX CceTax g0o MOMeHTa BbIlIy- CKa pe6eHKa. OAHaKO eTit HIOJiyMaOT HieHCHIO B yMeHbiheHHOM pa3Mepe, T.K. 'aCTb HX reHcHH YXOglHT Ha HOKPbITH4 paCXOZLOB HO HHCTHTyLHOBHaJI43aUuH. JlOrHKa 3TOrO Heec- Ha, T.K. HOiopa3yMeBaeTCS, -TO eTIH ROJI)KHbI HaXOaUTbC31 Ha HOJIHOM COAp)KaHHH rocy- 1apcTBa. CHCTeMa noco6Hu pa3BeTnjieHa n Mo)KeT HOriOWIaTb 3Ha'-IHTeJIbHoe KOJHV'eCTBO cpeitCTB. B TO wKe BpCMSI HegOCTaTO'-HO HOgTBep)KaeHO ee BJIHIHHe Ha yPOBeHb 6niaroco- CTOHHII. C y'eTOM HeXBaTKH UHHaHCOBbIX peCypCOB, OT KOTOpbIX CTpagaeT CHCTeMa o6ecHeMeHH.q 6iarococToAHHs4 ,eTef4, ciiejyeT pacCMOTpeTb uea7ecoo6pa3HocTb pa3JIH'- HbIX noco6Hil gJIA KOHlliHTpa1iHHi (HHaHCOBbIX CpeaCTB B CBA3H C BbIHjiaTOii HMeHHO Tex noco6HiH, KOTOpbIe MOryT OKa3aTb 3HaMHTenbHoe BJIH5HHe Ha 6AarococToAHHe pe6eHKa. AleTH, OCTasBwHecq 6e3 noneweHHq poguTeneu 89 A. CeMeiiHbie 4 OpMbl yCTpORCTBa geTefl, OCTaBIIHXCS 6e3 iToneqeHHu POAHTeCJeIi 1) Ycbluowzenue KaK B TeOpuHH, TaK H B ipaKTHlKe coUlHIaJbHOlM pa6oTbl yCbIHOBJIeHH4 C'IHTaeTCq HaJImy- IwJeH 4bOpMOf YCTpOfICTBa JeTeH, OCTaBBIIIXCS 6e3 HoneMeHIM A po"inTeJier. OHO o6ecne'l- BaeT rOCTOsAHCTBO CTaTyca, 6e3oniacHocTb H CTa6HJIbHOCTb HOJIOB(KeHHA pe6eHKa, a TaK>Ke 3a6OTy H JHo6OBb, Heo6xoaHMble pe6eHKy aJIs rIOJIHO11eHHOFO pa3BHTH54. KpoMe TOFO, 3TO HaHiMeHee ;oporocToAMasA bopMa yCTpOiHCTBa geTCf. B pOCCHlHCKOM CeMeiiHOM KoaeKce yCbIHOBJICHHe oHpe,IeJIsleTcAI KaK HaH6oJIee npe2ariOTIHTeJbHbll BsapHaHT yCTpOHICTBa je- Tefl, OCTaBLHxcq 6e3 riorieIeHIIA poalHTeJier. YcbIHoBJIeHie ocyiieCTBjs1eTCA1 B CyJIe6HOM HOpAAKe, HpH aTOM MeCTHbIl opraHbl oneKH H noneHMTeJIbCTBa rogrOTaB.IHBalOT aeiio K paCCMOTpeHI10 H ripeaCTaBIS1IOT HHTepeCbi pe6eHKa. BapHaHT meKayHapOaHoro ycbl- HoBjieHHs, pa3peiueHHoro c Ha,iaJia 1990-x FOaOB, paccmaTPHBaeTCA B riocJIiePHoio oqe- pegb. C aMtHHHCTpaTHBHOH TOYIKH 3peHHA BOnIpOCbl, CBS3aHHbIl C yCbIHOB7JeHHeM, OTHO- CAITCS K KOMHeTeHHHII MIIHIIcTepcTBa o6pa3oBaHHs POCCIIIICKOii cIeaepautH. B 1990-e rO,4bl POJb yCbIHOBJIeHHl B CIICTeMe YCTPOiJCTBaa JeTeii, OCTaBIHHXC4c 6e3 pO- aJTenJIbCKOrO nore1eHIlA, CH43mjiacb. B 1990 r. oJoi yCbIHOBJIeHHHI B o6IIeM i4ciie yCT- pOHICTBa TaKiX aeTeH COCTaBjiAia OKOJIO 30%; B 2000 r. 3Ta aoIA ynaiia o 23%. B no- cJiejuHee BpeMsi jOJISA yCbIHOBjieHHlf4 B eCKerOaHOi! CTpyKType yCTpOHCTBa aeTerl, OCTaB- III4XCA 6e3 HonerieeHSl4 pOJZITeJIeHI, pe3KO CHH43HJIaCb: B 2000 r. Ha yCbIHOB7ieHi4e rpH- IIIJIOCb J1IHlib 11,10% Bcex cjiHyaeB yCTpO4CTBa LeTei. B)oJiee TOrO, OKOJIO 46% ycbiHoBule- HHII 6bljio OCyiiLeCTBJIeHO HHOCTpaHHbIMH rpa),KzLaHaMi. (M4HTPYAZ, 2001). YcbIHoB.7IeH4e aeTeH-4HBaJHIHAOB Boo6me He npaKT1HKOBaJIOCb, HOKa B POCCH41 He 6blTIO pa3peUleHo yCbl- HOBj1eHIIe HOCTpaHHblMHi rpa)KZaHaMH. TJpaKTHKa yCbIHOBj1eHIIA B oMeHb 6OJIbLIOii CTe- rieHHI 3aBlICHT OT CHCTeMbi iIeHHOCTeHI, TpaHUllllH, KyJIbTypbl, o6nieCTBeHHblX B3rJISALOB EI o6umeCTBeHHoro MHeHHI4. HanplIMep, HMCIOTCA z,aHHblC H3 HeO4JHII4aJIbHbIX HCTOYHH- KOB, YTO HeKOTOpbIe 6yziymue rptieMHbie MaTepH B POCCI4I CHMyJIHPYIOT 6epeMeHHocTb BH.JIOTb .0 MOMeHTa yCbIHOBJIeHIIq. PaCKpbITHe TaHHbl yCbIHOBJIeHiSl ABjS1ATCS HpeCTyT- HbIM aeAHHeM H Mo)KeT npecJieOBaTbCA B Cyqe6HoM lOPSAAKe (B 1999 r. 6bIJIO 38 nozto6- HbIX cJiyMaeB). BOJIbI4HHCTBO geTerl yCbIHOBJlIIOTCI B MjagIeHqecKOM B03paCTe. KoJl.4e- CTBO yCbIHOBJIeHHbIX aeTef 113 aeTCKHIX CTailHOHapHbIX y4pe>K2jeHH4 KpaHHe He3Hani- TeJIbHO. CHHvKeHHe iipOIeHTa yCbIHOBJIeHHlH MOAKHO o6&bsCHH4Tb CjieyJIomiiMH4 HpHl4HHaMH. Bo-nepeblx, o6IIJHCM CHH)KeHHeM YPOBHAI 2KHI3H4, oco6eHHo nocSie Kp43Hica 1998 r., KOTO- poe B CBOIO oepe,Ab np4BejiO K OTKa3y 6e3jeTHbIX H IpOYIIX cemeX OT yCbIHOBJIeHHA. Bo- 6mOpbIX, KpHTepHH, rIO3BOJIio0IHIe oJIy-ipHTb ipaBO Ha ycbIHOBJIeHHe, B 1998 r. 6bIJIH ywKeCTOMeHbl, i cerOaHA yCbIHOBHTejIH aojciHbl o6ecneir4Tb pe6eHKy YCJIOBH14 XOTSI 6bl Ha YPOBHe rpO)KHTO'Horo MHHIMyMa, YCTaHOBJieHHOFO ,nJI5 peHoHa IIX HIpOA(4BaHHA5, a HX >KIHIHIJHHble YCJIOBHA5I OJFiKHbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb M4HHMaNJbHbIM perHOHaNbHbIM ca- HHTapHO-rFHrHeHiHIeCKHM HOpMaM. TaKHe Tpe6oBaHHSA, KOTOpbIe 3aqacTyIo He co67ioqa- IOTC51 HI! B 06b1iHbiX CeMbAX, HH B AeTCKHX jOMaX, OrpaHHqIBalOT B03MO)KHOCTH yCbIHOB- JIeHHIA. B-mpembux, JOCTYH K HH(4OpMaiHH 0 HaiHnvIiH ,eTefl, KOTOpbIe MOFYT 6blTb yCbl- HOBJieHbl, 5ABJiSIeTCA HeaOCTaTOqHbIM. HeCMOTpA Ha TO, -TO C beBpajiA 1998 r. riy6IiHKy- eTCSI e)KeMeCA1MHbli 6lojuieTeHb C HH4OpMaiHem o aeTAX, HyXeHme AeTeU B POCCHUCKOA $eAepaL4uu. 90 IITorm coLmaAbHoA nOnJTHKIH 1990-x rOAOB u nepCneKTHBbl CiieaypowHe 4)aKTOpbI TaK)Ke MOriH CbirpaTb OTpHuaTeTlJbHYIO pOib: a) aJIHTeJib- HOCTb H CJIO)KHOCTb npouecca yCbIHOBJIeHH5I; 6) HeqeTKoe pa3aaejieHie qyHKUHu H o6Mq- 3aHHOCTeil pa3H711HbIX noapa3lIeJIeHHii MeCTHoi aaMHHHCTpauHH, 3aaeriCTBOBaHHbIX B npoiLecce yCbIHOBJIeHHIA; B) HaaCCHBHbIf1 roaxoa MeCTHbIX OpraHOB BJiaCTH K yCbIHOB- JieHHIo - a HMeHHO: He ocyiueCTBJIAJICA IOHCK rIOTeHLIH1abHbIX yCbIHOBHTejIeA H OTCyT- CTBOBaJIa CHCTeMa CTHMYJIHpOBaHHA HOCJieRHHX K nojame 3aABAeHHi Ha yCbIHOBjieHHe. BoJiee TOFiO, 3a iHCKJHOeHHHeM CaMapCKOii o6laCTaTH, He CyLIIeCTByeT cjIyK6, KOTOpbie lIO)IrOTaBJIHBaiiH 6bl pOJHTeTiefi K yCbIHOBjieHHIO H OKa3blBaZjH 6bI HM COaeftCTBHe B aaJIbHeIIieM. To -Ke OTHOCHTCA K OHrKe H apyrM 4OpMaM YCTPOfiCTBa aeTer B CeMb- SIX. aJIA CTHMYJIHpOBaHHA yCbIHOBJeHH4 BHYTpH CTpaHbI Heo6XoaHM psa Mep, HanpaB- JTeHHbIX Ha peaJil43auiio 3aKOHOadTeaJbHO 3aKpenjieHHo nepBooqepeHOCT1 3ataH yCbIHOBJIeHlSI: 1) YCOBeplIeHCTBOBaHIe CIHCTeM HHcOpMHpOBaHHS3 0 ACeT5X, KOTOpbie MOFYT 6blTb yCbIHOBjieHbl, H 0 nOTeHLlMaJlbHbIX yCbIHOBBTeJTIAX, BKIIOtiasi lHHCIOpMHpO- BaHHe Ha MeCTHOM ypoBHe; 2) YCTaHOBJieHHe 6oJAee peaiJIHCTHMHbIX KpHTepHeB, KOTO- pbIM aOJICKHbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb lIpHeMHbie pOaHTeJIH; 3) HOBbIiueHHe 3afreKTHBHOCTH pa6oTbl aaMHH4CTpaTHBHbIX opraHoB HO npOH3BOJICTBY ieji o6 yCblHOBJleHI4H4; 4) yi- pe)K*eHHe noapa3geieHHA B CTpyKType MeCTHbIX opraHOB COuHaJIbHOrO o6eCfleeHHSI aiiA noHcKa H o6yMeHHA He TOJIbKO yCbIHoBHTeiieH4, HO H npHeMHbIX pOA1TejiefA B3AB- IIIHX JteTeft Ha BOCnl4TaHm 6e3 4IOpMaJibHOrO yCbIHOBJieHHIA, a TaKKe OneKyHOB, Ha30- pa 3a HHMH H oKa3aHHI HM CoAeHCTB1A; 5) npoBeAeHie o6MecTBeHHbIx 4HHopMai4oH- HbIX KaMnaHaH, KOTOpbIe cnoco6CTBOBaJIH 6bl pacpOCTpaHeHu41 B CTpaHe TaKOH fOp- MbI YCTpOH4CTBa geTeH, KaK yCbIHOBJIeHHe, BKJIOMaA yCbIHOBJINeHHe aeTeH-HHBajiHZ4OB H1 aTeH, HaXOAl14HXCA B BOcIHHTaTeJIbHbIX yMpe)KeHH5X. 2) OneKca/nonemume.7bcm6o B POCC4HH HaH6ojiee pacnpOCTpaHeHHOii 4OpMOH BOCnHTaHH4A AeTeH, OCTaBiHHXC5I 6e3 77 none'IeHH4I poAHTeaieH, BJISAeTCA oneKa/norie'ITeJIbcTBo . PaBHO KaK H ycbIHoBsIeH4e, oneKa C'IHTaeTCAI HOCTOSHHOH, CTa6HJIbHOH H 6e3onaCHor4 4bOpMOH YCTpOHCTBa JeTeH, o6ecneTHBaiomuiM pe6eHKy 6.iaronp4aTHy1o ceMefiHylo aTmocdepy 78. B 6OJIbIIIHHcTBe cJiyMaeB oneKa O+OPMJIAeTCA POACTBeHHHKaMH. C TO'K4KH 3peHHSI rOCyAaPCTBeHHbIX pac- XOJOB, orieKa/rioiieqIHTeJIbCTBO qBjiSeTCq peHTa6eJIbHOf4 qOpMOH BOCnHTaHHA AeTef, oc- TaBIIiHXC,q 6e3 HOioreIeHH5 pOAHTeJieH. B 1999 r. oneKa/ioneI-IHTeJIbcTBo COCTaBiJIa OKOJIO 52% OT BCeX ciy'aeB yCTpOHCT- Ba AeTen. B ilejioM oneKa 6bi.a O4)opMJIeHa npiiMepHO Ha HOJIOBHHY Bcex ,AeTerl, OCTaB- ImHXCS 6e3 POA14TeJIbCKOrO rore7eHHl4. Heo6xoAHMo OTMeTHTb, MTO oneKa HaA ReTbMH He Od)OpMji5ieTCAI aBTOMaTHi4eCKHI. lnOTeHwHaJlbHble OneKyHbl, 2aaKe ecJiH OHH IBJISIOTCS 6JiH3KHIMH pOZCTBeHHHKaMH, AOJI)KHbi pOHTH HipOBepKY Ha COOTBeTCTBHie pOiH oneKyHa (BCTaBKa 11.3). Ha'l4HaS c 1992 r. JnuIa, OcpOpMHBImHe oreKy/nonel4HTeJIbcTBo, nOJIy'-H- .7T ripaBO Ha rojiMyeHHe e)KeMec3v-Horo roco6HI4 Ha pe6eHKa. rloco6He aOj)KHO KOMIIeH- CHpOBaTb 3aTpaTbI Ha eAiy, ote)cAy H npo'i4e paCXOJAbI, CB5I3aHHbIe C BOCnHTaHHeM pe6eH- Ka, H aO.7DKHO BbiHJia'IHBaTbC5 U3 MeCTHOFO 6ioAKeTa. BBeAeHHe zeBexHHOH KOMneHca- LIHH 4aKTHIeCKH npH6JIH3H3JIO BOCHHTaHH4 B cfOpMe oneKH/nOneqIHTeJIbCTBa, o4)OpM.I- emoro .iiHiIaMH, He COCTOIUIHMH B pOACTBe c pe6eHKoM, K BOCnHTaHHIO B HIpHeMHbIX ce- MbSIX 6e3 4bOpMaJAbHOMO yCbIHOBJIeHHSI. BblZo 6bl Ojie3HO H3y'HTb cJieztyioiiime MoMeH- TbI: a) H3MeHHJIO JI4 1H B KaKOII CTeeHIH BBeJAeHHi 4eeHe)KHOrO Hoco6HSI no6yaHTeJIbHbIe MOTHBbI Oc)OpMmeHHI4 oeiKH, B OCO6eHHOCTH mHIaMH, He COCTOAIHMH B pOACTBe C pe- )AeTw, OcTaBU3wecS 6e3 none-e4msi poAjTeneA 91 6eHKOM, H 6) KaKOBO Mo,KeT 6bITb.BJInHHHe (ecAIi TaKOBOe 6yaeT BbIIBJIeHO) 4bOpMbl BOC- IHTaHHS1 6e3 cbopMaabHOFO yCbIHOBjieHH5 Ha HHCTHTyT oneKH. Iloco6He, BbliiOaHnaemo eKyHyo , ABJIiqeTCA eWiie OQfHHM nPHMlepOM He3aIeKTHB- Horo ¢HHaHCHPOBaHHA HJiH noco6HA, He o6ecHeqeHHOFO c¢HHaHcHpOBaHHeM. B psAe pe- F1HOHOB a) pa3Mep OCo6HS MeHblIe, ,eM OHO aOJDHO 6bLTIo 6bITb HpH ero pacqeTe no cy- iLeCTBYIOIUHM HopMaTHBaM; 6) 3TH noco6HS BbI.iilaMHBalOTCq C 3aAep)KKaMH, 'TO TIpHBO- AHT K o6pa3oBaHHlo 3HaqIJTeIbHbIX 3aaoji)KeHHOCTeH. '-aCTbIO HO 3THM npH'iHHaM, 'ac- TbIO H3-3a o6IlHX TpyAHOCTeii, B HeKOTOpbIX cjyIaAX OneKyHbI o6pauialoTCA B COOTBeT- CTByIOIuHe HHCTaHUHH C 3aABjieHIeM o6 OTK, 3e OT OreKH/iOreqHTeJIbCTBa, HIOCKOJIbKy OHH He B COCTOA5HHH rIpOaOjDKaTb 3a6OTHTbCH O aeTAX, HaXOaAIHUHXCH Ha HX nOHie'eHHH. ;oImsI ge'Terl, HaR KOTOpbIMH 6bIna o4bopMJIeHa oreKa, 3a nocJeAlHHe rogbI He yBCnH- '-HjiaCb. KaK H B ciy-ae C yCbIHOBJIeHHeM, OCHOBHa3i HpH1HHa MO)eT 6bITb B 06meM yXy;iieHHII 3KOHOMHmeCKOrO HoJoeHHH 1, KaK CjieaCTBHe, o6HHiuaHHH MHOrHX ceMeH. 3aAep>KKH C BbIHJIaTOiH Hoco6HIi oHeKyHaM, B03MOWKHO, TaK)Ke yAepwHBalOT CeMbH OT o4OpMmIeHHA OrieKH. OaHaKO B HeCKOJbKHX perHOHax HRieT aKTHBHbg IH OHCK HOTeHB1- aJIbHbIX OiieKyHOB. C OaHOH CTOpOHbI, eCTeCTBeHHbIM ABJIAeTCA CTpeMjieHHe HOpy'IHTb 3a6OTy o pe6eHKe, B nepByio o4epe,zb, ero pOAcTBeHHHKaM, TeM He MeHee uejiecoo6pa3Ho TaK)Ke HMeTb pe3epB rIOTeHlHaJbHbIX OneKyHOB. TJpHMHHbI, HO KOTOpbIM 3TO He 6bTIZO c,eAiaHo AO CHX Hop, MOryT 6bITb 'HCTO cbHHaHCOBbIMH, HO MOrYT 6bITb H pe3yJIbTaTOM OTCYTCTBHIA SICHOCTII B opraHH3aUHOHHOM nijaHe, a iHMeHHO: HIOHiM4aHHA TOrO, B lbH aA- BCTaBKa 11.2. nlpoBepKa JniHa, ocyLLjeCTBARioUAero oneKy HaA pe6eHKOM, Ha COOTBeTCTBHe 4BOe ,eTel, MaTb KOTOpbIX yMep.Ia, 2KHBYT CO CBOeC 6a6ymKoii. OTeI, KOTOpbIH pa3BeICSI c MaTepbIO H )KHBeT oTae7ibHO, Tpe6yeT YCTaHOBjieHIHH CBOefi OneKH Hazl teTbMH. Cy, OTIY OTKa3aJI Ha TOM OCHOBaHHI4, qTO OH He B COCTOSIHIH o6ec- neHMTb ,eTAM Haie,iKaiimi yxoa (OH aIKOrOjiHK, 6e3pa6oTHbIi H 6e3 IOCTOHH- HOFO MeCTa )KHTeJTbCTBa). B TO *e camoe BpeMA 6a6ymKa TaK>Ke 6bIJia HlH3HaHa HeHpHrOZlHOH Ha pOJIb oieKyHa: oHa cTapaq, cja6oro 3,aIOpOBbq, H ee aOM B HJIO- XOM COCTOSHHH («rpA3Ho H He HpH6paHO)>). Ilo pemeHuIo cyza aeTeA 3a6paJIH H3 zoMa 6a6ymIIKH, H MeCTHbIi opraH oneKH H noHie'-ITeJTbCTBa rOMiCTHJI HX B AeTCKHR aOM (Ky3HeuoBa, 1999). $3To HpMmep THnHMHOH CHTyauiH, HAIJOCT- pHpyIoHumiH KaK MexaHH3M HIPITHATIfs peuieHHA, TaK H ero HpHlHLIHIbI, HCXOasI H3 KOTOpbIX ZeIICTBYIOT iiHfla, OTBeTCTBeHHbIe 3a npHHSHTHC peLHCHHH H B pe3yjlbTa- Te peaAIn3autn KOTOpbIX z1eTH OKa3bIBalOTCS B rOCyaapCTBCHHbIX BOCHHTaTeJib- HbIX yqpe)KleHHI4X. ApyrFM BapHaHTOM pCeiHHA ABJIAeTCA CAeapyOIUee: geTeXl MOrJIH 6bI OCTaBH4Tb C 6a6ymUKOfi Ha YCJIOB5IAX OKa3aHHS COOTBeTCTByIOLueH Ho- MOIIII nO BeaeHmIO HOBce^HeBHbIX gOMaIIHHX ,zeji H HpIHCMOTpY 3a AeTbMH CO CTOPOHbI MeCTHOH COUHaJIbHOH cJIyw6bI. TaKwKe MOIKHO 6bIJIO BbIpa6OTaTb MepbI no o6ecHeqeHHIo BbIHOJIHCHIM cyzte6Horo pelieHHA, BKAIOMlaS HeO6xOgi4MbIe aeiCTBHA B ciiyae cMepTH 6a6ymKI. C yMeTOM 3aTpaT Ha rocYAapCTBeHHoe o6ecHe4eHHe ,eTeA, a TaK)ce HocjieaCTBHi4 TaKoiH 4OpMbI BOCHIHTaHIIA, npHBe- aeHHbIR BbIiie BapHaHT 6bTI 6bI 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO meHee 3aTpaTHbIM, 'eM TOT, 'TO 6bIJI H36paH. nlono>KeHwe AeTeA B POCCHACKOA OeAepaL4m. 92 MTorm coL,uaAbHoA nOAuTHKH 1990-x rOJAOB u nepcneKTHBbl MHHHCTpaTH4BHbIe o653aHHOCTH BXOa5T HO4CK, o6y'eHHe H OKa3aHHe HOMOIH yCbIHOBH- TeISiM ii oneKyHaM. MecTHbIe OpraHbI OreKHr neperpypeHbI, H,4eA opraH7H3aLuHH MeCTHbIX lIeHTpOB yCbIHOBjieHH51 H oneKH He HaHuIna CBoerO BOijiOIueHHl4, 3a pe,aKHM 4CK71OM1eHH- eM, KaK, HaripHMep, B CaMape. 14HCTHTyT OHeKH/none!-IHTeAbcTBa MmeeT Ba,KHbIe npeMYmyLeCTBa H 1ABji5eTcq npe,- HIo1THTeJibHOH cbOpMOH BOCITIHHIA e'eTeH, OCTaBIUi4XCq 6e3 POaTJTeIbCKOFO noHe'eHHA, B PoccIIH. aaHHaq ripaKTHKa HMeeT gaBHIOIO TpaHumi1o H nOBCeMeCTHO rIpH3HaHa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, 3Ta 4opMa ao0IwHa 6bITb rIpH4OpHTeTHOI4. KaK H B cIiyae C yCbIHOBJIeHleM, He- o6XO,aiHMbI HeipepbIBHbIe YCHJIHIA aJIs1 rioaep2KaHiH1, aaJIbHeiiiero pa3BHTH14 H ycHJIe- HH1I HHCTHTYTa oreKH/ioreM4TeJIbCTBa. A4JIAs AOCTHiKeHHS4 3THX uLeJIeH BawHyiO pOJIb MO- ryT cbirpaTb perypHbie H HOJIHbIe BbInIaTbl noco6Hf, noJaraoIU1XCs CeMbAM oneKy- H0B/norieHTejie9. 3) Bocnumanue 6 npUeMHbIX CeM?bqX (iocmepo6cKaq CeMbq) B CeMeiiHOM Ko,eKce 1995 r. B POCCIi nocnie nOMTH 30-iieTHero nepepbIBa 6bmji BOCCTa- HOBJIeH HHCTIHTYT BOCHlITaHH5 B HipHeMHbIX CCMb5IX 6e3 4)opMajIbHOrO yCbIHOBJIeHH41 (QjocTepoBcKasA ceMbsA) 7. BocHHTaH4e 6e3 q)opMaJIbHorO yCbIHOBjieHHAI o0opmjI5eTC31 AOFOBOPOM HO yCTpOIHCTBy He3auIuIleHHbIX aeTefi H YXO,y 3a HH4MH, KOTOpbIH 3aKJH0`la- eTCA MewKjy HpHeMHOH CeMbeII H MeCTHbIM OpraHOM OHieKH H HiOHie'4TejIbCTBa. JO1rOBOp 3aKiowiaeTC5I Ha oripejejieHHblfi nepHoa. CeMbAi, wceniaioLuasq HpHHSTb Ha BOC-HTaHme pe- 6eHKa, ZOJDKHa OTBeMaTb YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM Tpe6OBaHH5M, npeab51BJIAeMbIM K 3JaOpOBb1O mjieHOB CeMbH, CeMeliHOMy nojioKeHHIO, 3aHS3TOCTH, gOxOaaM, KHJIHHbIM yCJIOBH5AM, o6pa30BaHHI1O H T.JL. B HpHHuHHrie HpMHmia CeMbS nojiy'iaeT IOJIHyio e.KeMeCA1IHyIO KOMHeHcaUHio paCXOaOB Ha BOCHHlTaHH4KOB. KpoMe TOrO, BOCnHTaTeZJIM eweMecAIIo BbInHjaIHBaeTCA aeHeecHoe Bo3HarpawKaleH4e. Pa3MepbI B03HarpawK,AeHHIq H jibrOT 3aBHCqT OT KOJIHIjeCTBa BOCIInTaHHHKOB. Ciie,y1oLue KaTerOpiHH zeTe` MOryT 6bITb npHHSATbI Ha BOCHHTaHHe 6e3 q)OpMajibHO- ro yCbIHOBjieHHSA: 1) ,eTH, OCTaBLuIHeC 6e3 noneHMeHHS pOaHTejiei, nOCTyHaioIuuHe Ha ro- cyzapCTBeHHoe nore'eHHe jiH6o ywe COCTOAIlIUH Ha HeM, H 2) ,aeTH, POaHTe.TJI KOTOpbIX 6oJIbHbI H B CHJIY DTOFO He HMeIOT B03MO*KHOCTH yXawIfHBaTb 3a ]eTbMH. POAHTeJiH, HMe- IoHiJHe ,eTeiH-HHBaniHaOB H.I14 6OJIbHbIX aeTeH, TaKwKe MOFyT OT,aTb Hx Ha BOCHHTaHne 6e3 qJOpMaJIbHOrO yCbIHOBJIeH45I, OaHaKO Heo6xOJWMO OTMeTHTb, 'TO K 3TOMY BapHaHTY cne- JJyeT OTHOCHTbCsA OieHb OCTOpOKHO: OH npHMeHHM TOJIbKO Ha orpaHH'eHHOr4 OCHOBe Ha KOpOTKHi HnepHOa BpCMeHH H TOJIbKO B Ka'eCTBe HoJUJepwKH, OKa3bIBaeMOA PO)HOH ce- Mbe TaKOFO pe6eHKa (HaripHMep, B 4OpMe BpeMeHHoro yCTpOI4CTBa). Aj sq yCTpOHCTBa B npHcMHbIe CeMbH 6e3 yCbIHOBjieHHI5 AeTeH, noMeIIeHHbIX B rocyaapCTBeHHbie BOCrHTa- TeJIbHbIe y'IpewKeHH5A, TaK wKe, KaK B CJIyMasAX yCbIHOBJICHHA Hjui orieKH, Tpe6yeTcq CO- rniacHe 7AaHHOFO y"pewac.TeHHSI. MaKCHMaJIbHOe KOJIH'eCTBO faeTei, KOTOpbIe MOryT 6bITb Hp1HATbI Ha BOCHIHTaHHe B O,aHY CeMblO, - BOCeMb. COrFJaCHO 3aKoHy, POJaHbIl 6paTbS iH CeCTpbI AOJDKHbI riOMe1aTbCS B OaHy CeMblO. HcrIOJIHeHHe H Haa3OP 3a HipoUeCCOM BOC- HIH4TaH5II 6e3 yCbIHOBJIeHH5I ABJIAIOTCA o6A3aHHOCTbIO MeCTHbIX OpraHOB oHeKH H none- 'IHTeJIbCTBa. HecMOTps Ha TO, 'ITO MeCTHbIe OpraHbI BJIaCTH HMmeOT B03MO'KHOCTb y'Ipew- ,aaTb lieHTpbI HO nOHCKy, noJrrOTOBKe, o6yHeHI4o H Ho2UaepwKe npHeMHbIX cemeii (a TaK- Ke JLpyrHx cypporaTHbIX pOJAHTeiief), TaK4X 1IeHTPOB Co3,aaHO KpaHiHe Majio. B 6OJIbLiHH- CTBe cJiyqaeB 3TH bYHKLIIIH BbInOJIHAIOTCSI H 6e3 Toro nepeFpy>KeHHbIMII H HeaOyKOMH- IieKTOBaHHbIMII MeCTHbIMH4 opraHaMH OHneKl H none'IHTeJIbcTBa. 1,eTH, OCTasBwMecq 6e3 noneLieHMA poAoeiTefie 93 B 1999 r. B POCCHH 6blJ10 1369 IpiIeMHbIX CeMeIB, BOCnHTbIBaIOmiHX OKOiio 3 500 Ae- Terl. XOTA 3Ta uH4pa H 60JIbIIe Ha 56%, TeM B 1998 r., pa3BIHTiHe 3TOHI 4OpMbI BOCrHTa- HI5I B UeJIoM HZeT MeaJiJeHHO. Ilpl'IHIHbI MOryT 6bITb cJIeaypOi4MH: 1) KOJIHICeCTBO JIO- ,aeri, 3HaiOWHX o6 3TOH qlOpMe yCTpOHICTBa geTeH, HBeJIllKO (CHCTeMaTw-xeCKoe HH41Op- MHpOBaHHe HacenJeHH5 HO 3TOMy BOnpOCy He npOBQolUTCAS); 2) HeKOTOpbIe perHOHbl ycTa- HOBHJIH HenOMepHO )KeCTKme Tpe6oBaHH5 HO OTHOeHIHIIO K rIplICMHbIM CeMbSIM 80; 3) BO MHOriHX perliOHaX He Hrp4HHBTbl 3aKOHoaaTeTJbHbIe aKTbI, peryjlHpyiOHuHe BbIHIZaTy BO3Ha- rPaKgeHSlH ri HpHeMHbIM ceMbIM; 4) aeHeCKHoe BO3Harpa)KZaeHHe 3a coRepACaHHe BOCHH- TaHHHKOB BO MHOrlIX Hace.7IeHHbIX HYHKTaX BbIHiiaqIHBaeTCA C 3aZAep1KKOil, MTO OTTaJIKH- BaeT CeMbIl, lIOTeHLIIa.JbHO 3aIIHTePeCOBaHHbIe B HnP1HITHH geTefl Ha BOCHHTaHHe; 5) Ha MeCTHOM YPOBHe Ha6ijo2gaeTCA HeAOCTaTOK COOTBeTCTByIOIIU1X cjiy;K6 nozepuKKH, KOTO- pbie MOrJIH 6bI CKOH1ieHTpHpOBaTb CBOIO pa6OTy Ha pa3BHTHH CHCTeMbI BOCHHTaHHIA B HipiHeMHbiX CeMbAIX 6e3 yCbIHOBJIeHIIA. 4) lIampoHamUble CeMbU B HeKOTOPbIX o6.iacTTlx POCCHI 81 npH COAeHICTBHH MHHHCTepCTBa o6pa3OBaHHA yqpe,*K- zeH 1HCTHTyT iaTpOHaTHbIX ceMeHi. CHCTeMa riaTpOHaTHbIX ceMeI HCHOjib3yeTC51 AISi ne- pemeIUeHIIA JAeTeH 113 ,eTCKHX CTaUHOHapHbIX yMpe1(aeHHIH. 4aHHaA CHCTeMa pa6oTaeT Ciie,apYOmuM o6pa3oM. )JeTCKOe yqpevKaeffe 3aHHMaeTCqI HOHCKOM, noaI6opoM H o6yMe- HmeM ceMefl, )KeJIalIUlIx B351Tb pe6eHKa 113 y,lpe,12leH4IA. OHO TaK,Ke ocymIeCTBJIAeT Hag- 30p 3a 3TIHMII ceMb5lMlM H OKa3bIBaeT IIM rogUAepWcKy, nocnie Toro KaK OHH HpHHAJIH Ha BOC- nIHTaHIIe pe6eHKa (HeCKOJIbKHX geTeH). ,jeTH noMeXaOTCA1 B naTpOHaTHbIe CCMbll Ha oc- HOBe ,zorOBopa MeAcJy geTCKIIM yMpe>KzteHHeM H ceMbeH. 4orOBOP 3aKJIHoaeTCAI Ha oHpe- ZIeJIeHHbIii nepHi4O BpeMeHH, HepeAKo jqo MOMeHTa JOCT4WKeHM4 pe6eHKOM 18 jieT. FlaTpo- HaTHOHI CeMbe BbIHJI3a'-IBaeTCA ew(eMeCsAHaA geHe1HaA KOMHeHCaUHS, -TO OCyIUeCTBJIS- eTcA ,ZeTCKIIM yipe>KLeHi4eM; T.e. 'aCTb e)KeMecAiqHoro noco6HIA Ha cogep)KaHHe pe6eHKa B rocyaPCTBeHHOM y-1pe>KaeHiHH nePeHanPaBJIAeTCA B HaTPOHaTHYIO CeMbIO. AAMMHHHC- TpaIIHSI y'peKjaeHIA HnpHHHMaeT peuieHie o pa3mepe coaepACaHH51. fJo cymIecTBy, HaTPOHaTHbIe CCMbI rpeACTaBJIAIIOT Co6Oii BOCHHTaHHe B CeMb5iX 6e3 YCbIHOB7iNeHH1 Ha aOJIrOBPeMeHHOH OCHOBe. QLaHaKO, B OTJIH'-IHe OT YCTPOACTBa 2AeTelH B HpHIeMHbIe CeMblH HJIHi Ho; oHeKy, peiiieHHe no KOTOpOMy npHHHMaeTCA1 H ICHOJIHAeTCsA MeCTHbIMH OpraHaMH OHeKH II rOHereIHTeJIbCTBa, YCTPOIHCTBO B HIaTpOHaTHbie CeMbHI opra- HH13yeTCA ,aeTCKHM y'pe>K,eHHeM. KpoMe Toro, y'pe>K1aeH4e coxpaHAeT 3a co6oii ripaBo OHeKII Haa pe6eHKOM. Yq1TbIBaAI, 'TO RoJIrOCpO'-HoA 3aaaqei sIBJ7i1eTCsA 113b5ITIe e'eie 13 rocyAapCTBeH- HbIX y'-pe)KzeHHH ,aJUl51 nOMCIIeHHI HX Ha HOCTOAIHHoe Hpe6bIBaHHe B YCJIOBHS, 6JIn3KiIe K ceMeHIHbIM, TO HeNJb35A He HPH3HaTb, WTO HaTPOHaTHbIe CeMbH XOpoiIIo CrpaBJI5IOTCA C 3TOM1 3agAa'eHI. K TOMY ,Ke Ha HX nplmepe BIaHa i-Ho.Hie3HOCTb aKTHBHOrO BOB7jIeMeHLII ro- cyZaapCTBeHHbIX aeTCKHX y'pe>KzteHHfl B pa6OTy HO BHe,apeHHIO ,apyrHx 4OPM BOCnUTa- HHsI zteTeHl, OCTaBIHIIXCSI 6e3 noHiewH1I3I pOQUTe7IeA. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B03MO;AKHO, ciieayeT yzeJIHlTb 6o.nee HI-HCTaJIbHOe BHHMmaHme HpH4Bjie'eHImo nepcoHaiia rOCy,aapCTBeHHbIX JeTCKH4X y1pe>KJeHEIi K nioAAep>KKe MeCTHbIX OpraHOB OHieKH4 Hl HOHe'IITeJIbCTBa B EIX pa- 6oTe no Ho01cKy, Ho,A6opy II o6yieHI4o 0HOTeH1j1aJIbHbIX yCbIHOBHITeieHI, OrieKYHOB Hi rpHI- eMHbIX cemefl, a TaKiKe Ho Ha,A3Opy 3a HIIMEI 14 OKa3aHHlio MIM COgeHICTBHA nocJie yCTpOHI- CTBa geTel. Pa3yMeeTcs, KOHe'IHOfI IIeJlblo caieayeT C'IHTaTb C03,JaHHe OTBeTCTBeHHOEI KO- MaH,abI npo4IeCCHOHajiOB, KOTOpbIe MOrJIH 6bI OKa3bIBaTb coJaeACTB4e MeCTHbIM opraHam oneKlI 14 HoHe'lHlTeJIbCTBa B H4CnOJIHeHHIHI EIX 4IYHKIIEA. nopoweHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOA $eAepaL1wH. 94 HTorm coLAHaAbHoA nOJuTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbl (DYHKIUHOH4POBsaHHe IHCTHTyTa naTpOHaTHbIX ceMeei nOAHHMaeT TaF.)Ke H PSA npO- 6IieM. Bo-nepBbIx, YCHJIHA Ho CHHceHHIO poJTH rocyaapCTBeHHbix aeTCKHX y'pe)K,zeHHiH MOryT 6blTb CBeaeHbI Ha HeT, OaHOBpeMeHHO MoQKeT CHH3HTbCS U pOJIb HHCTHTYTa OneKH. Focy,aapCTBeHHbie JzeTCKHe y"pe)KaeHHI4 MOFYT KOBTpOJIHPOBaTb H perynipoBaTb KOJIH- qeCTBO AeTefi, IIOMeLuaeMbX B HHX H riepemeiuaembix H3 HHX, H, TaKHM o6pa3oM, acIeK- THBHO HIpOTHBOefiiCTBOBaTb Co6CTBeHHOH JIIKBHaauHi. BO-BTOpblX, B cIy'-iae coxpaHe- HWI HHCTHTYTa riaTpOHaTHbIX ceMeii, iaIA Hero cnieayeT Co3ZaaTb Ty we 3aKOHoaaTenJbHyIO H aAMHHHCTpaTHBHYIO OCHOBY, KaK H AIS npotHx 4(OpM BOCfIHTaHH5 aeTei4. B 'aCTHOC- TH, aOrOBOp JaOJAKeH 3aKJIO'qaTbCA HaTpOHaTHOH CeMbeli C opraHOM oHeKm, a He C aeT- CKHM yqlpe)KaeHmeM. B-TpeTbHx, Heo6xotHMO Bblpa6OTaTb 'IeTK4i nniaH 3aKpMbITH5I HI4 npeo6pa3OBaHIsI KOHKpeTHOrO "pewjeH43 C rpa4HKOM H yKa.3aHHeM OTBeTCTBeHHbIX IiHu. B-'-eTBepTbIX, Heo6XOaHMO YCTaHOB4Tb MeTKHl HOPAZIOK LuHHaHCHpOBaHH51. B. BHeceMeiUHbie fOpMbl yCTpOfiCTBa aeTefi: aeTCKHe CTagHOHapHbIC y'pemAeHHs 1) Focydapcmeemiaq cucmema ycmpoacmea demeiu B Haianie 1990-x rojOB B POCCHUI KOJIHeMCTBO aeTeH, OCTaBUJHXCcA 6e3 noneqeHHA pOa14- TeiJIeH H BOCnHTbIBaeMbIX B geTCK4X aOMaX, CHH31JIOCb. C 1993 r. Bo3HHKjia o6paTHaA TeHaeHUHA, H KOJIHMeCTBO TaKHX AeTeR B 2000 r. B03pOCJIO CO 114 TbIC. jO 180 TbIC., 'TO 03Ha'-aeT npHpOCT Ha 63% B TeMeHHe ceMH jieT. CJO oaeTCKHX y'pe)K&,eHHft, pa3MeIna- IOIIIHX 3THX AeTeii, BO3pOCJIO COOTBeTCTBeHHO C OKOJIO 1,5 TbIC. AO 6o0iee eM 2 TbIC. Bo- niee Toro, KpOMe aeTeii, OCTaBIUHXCA 6e3 nore'eHH4A pOAHTeiieH, B aaHHbIX y'pe)KweHHAX BOCHuHTbIBaeTCA OKoiio 30 TbIC. ae`eu H3 He6IiaroHOJIylIHbIx ceMeii. ,iaHHb4ii HP4POCT HpoH3oIfenl Ha 4OHe cniepyiouimx 4aKTOpOB: 1) H3MeHeHHe 3aKOHOaaTeJIbHO4 H IHCTH- TyUHOHa1IbHOr4 6a3bi H B03HHKHOBeHHe HOBbIX CTpaTerUYeCK4X HaipaBJIeHH B 3TOU o6- iiaCTH, KOTOpbIe HanpaBJIeHbI Ha yBeIiHqeHHe ,ojiH yCTpOACTBa aeTe B CeMbH no cpaBHe- HHIO C pa3MeUieHHeM B aLeTCKUe AOMa; H 2) BO3paCTaoIoiLaq OCBseoMAeHHOCTb o6iiueCTBa O niary6Hbx riOCJiieICTBHIlX BOCIHTaHHA LeTeii B aeTCKHX yMpewaeHHAX AJIA pa3BHTH5I HX JIH'qHOCTH. 3TU TeHeHUHH xapaKTepHbl aJIS Bcero perioHa EBponbi H ULeHTpajibHOH A3HH. B 1990-x rozaax B 6OabmIIHHCTBe 3TUX CTpaH 6bIJII 3aU4KCHpOBaHbI CXOAHbie npo- ueccbi (IOHI4CE(D, 2001). TaK 'TO we Tpo030ILJIO? qaCTH4HO HpH4'4Ha 3aKJIiioaeTCA B TOM, 'TO CyIieCTByIO- UasA CHCTeMa OKa3aAaCb neperpy;KeHHol H3-3a 6bICTpO Bo3pacTaiouIero 'nI4cJa 2eTeR, KO- TOpbIX OTHOCHJIH K KaTeropHn AeTel, OCTaBI14XCq 6e3 iore'eHHA pOaHTeiieg, H KOTO- pbie, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, He MOrJIH 6bMTb YCTpOeHbl B 6o0nee 6.IarorIpHsITHbIx yCJIOBHAx. DTOT pOCT, B CBOIO Omepeab, 6bIJI BbI3BaH HeraTHBHbIMU HPpoueccaMl B 3KOHoMH4IeCKOH H coLuajIbHO9 c4epax. CHTyamIUS ycyry6JIAiaCb HeCOBepUheHCTBOM CaMOH CICTeMbl, T.K. Heo6xo,4MbIe H3MeHeHH5 B nOjiHTHKe H aaM4HHHCTpaT4BHOH CTpyKType OTCTaBaJIH OT repeMeH, npoHCXOLIIBUIHX B 3aKOHoaaTeJIbHOH H HHCT4TY1HOHaJibHOI4 c4epax. MHorHe y4aCTHHKH CHCTeMbI He o6Aa,ianI HeO6XOqiHMbIMH pecypCaMH, HaBbIKaMH, a HHorXLa U KejiaHHeM CHHX(aTb pOJIb rocyzkapCTBeHHBbIX aeTCKHX ype)KaeHHA B cHCTeMe yCTpOiH- CTBa AeTeHi, OCTaBIIfHXCA 6e3 POaHTeJIbCKoro norieMeHIIA. 2) ,iemcKue cmaz4uouapHbte yuipemcaenwu 6 Poccuu: KpamKasu ucmopuvecKas cnpaoKa B 6bBIIueM COBeTCKOM Co0o3e KaK HO H,aeojiorMecKiHM npH'IHaM, TaK H jIAJI TOrO, 'TO- 6bM cipaBHTbCA C nepHOH1I1qeCKH BO3HHKaIoigHMH BOTIHaMH HOABj1eHH5I AteTeH-CHPOT H , OeTeC, OCTaBiHHxc5 6e3 noneHMeHAS pOQfrTeJIerl, ipaKTHKa yCTpO0CTBa JaeTer B AeTCKHe AOeTH, OCTaBwIIecq 6e3 none'eHH5 pOAuTeAeA 95 yMpec,eHA CTaiia H1OBceMeCTHOH. AeTCKHe ytpe*zaeHHq npeZHa3HaqaZiCb He TOJIbKO ,aj ieTefi, OCTaBIHXCS 6e3 HiOHiMeeHHS pOAHTeiieii, HO TaK)Ke H aiSi yCTpOACTBa aeTeH- HHBaJllOB, aeTeH-IHBajAHOB BOHHbI H MaTeper4-0nHHOqeK, AeTerl, MbH pOIjHTe6jI OT- CYTCTBOBaJIH4 H43-3a OCO6eHHOCTeHi HX pa6oTbl, aeTeR, -KHBlHHX B He3AOPOBbIX iKHAHIIjHbIX yCJIOBHSIX, H 14,eTe i, MbH POZIHTejiH 6baI¶H .IHLueHbl pOAHTeNJbCKHX ripaB. rlepBa5I MHPOBaA BOHHa H 3aTeM peBOjiOfUHA .71Hm1JIH MH7HJIJOHbI AeTeH HX ceMeH. lO HeKOTOpbIM noacqeTaM, B 1921-1922 rr. B PoccHH 6bLTIO 7,5 MJIH OCHpOTeBifiHX, 6e3- HaZt3OpHbIX, 6e3ROMHbix, 6poIueHHbIX H ro7ioaaioIHX aeTer4, 6pOHBmIIHx no BCeH cTpaHe B HOHCKax nHIIH 1 H KPOBa (HeMaeBa, 1994; XapBHH, 1996). B nepHo, Me)K Ay aBYM MM- pOBbIMH BOQHHaMH B pe3yJIbTaTe HAeonorHqecKHx penpeccHlH, MaCCOBbIX apeCTOB H KOJI- JIeKTHBH3aUlHH I1OSBHJIHCb COTHH TbICAM HOBbIX aeTefi-CHpOT, 6e3HaA3OpHbIX H 6e3AoM- HbIX AeTeH. FJpo6.leMa 6ecnlpHo3pHHKOB 6bIaa IIOCTOAHHO Ha HIOBeCTKe AHA y HOBOH BAa- CTH. BbL7IO rIpHH5TO OrpOMHoe Ko7iH4qeCTBO 3aKOHOB H npOrpaMM, yqpe*KfeHbI COOTBeTCT- ByOllOIHe a.MHHHCTpaTHBHbIe CTpyKTYPbI AJIA 6opb6bI C ZeTCKOH 6ecnpHo3pHOCTbIO H1 6e3AOMHOCTbIO. OZ(HaKO HpO6iieMa OCTaBa7iaCb BO MHOrOM HepeweHHOH. Bojiee TOFO, B pe3yJIbTaTe BenIHKOA OTeCeCTBeHHOii BOiiHbI eiue 678 TbIC. AeTei OCTa.JIiCb 6e3 pOaH- TeJIeH. CHTyamHIO yAajOCb CTa6HJIH3HpOBaTb TOJIbKO riocnie BOAHbI. JaeTCKHe y'pe)KJeHHI4 CMHTajIHCb HaiJ7yMHJHM MeCTOM AJIA BOCHHTaHHI H o6pa3oBa- HHA JAeTeH, HaMHOrO Hn1peBOCXO05WIHM CeMeHHoe BOCHHTaHHe. CHCTeMaTHMeCKaM npona- raHAa noonIpAiia yCTpOrHCTBO B HHX He TOJIbKO AeTeH, OCTaBIIHXCH 6e3 HoreqeH6H pQOLH- Te6.Iei, HO H Bcex HpoMHx. B pe3yJIbTaTe nociie BeJIHKOli OTeIeCTBeHHOii BOiHbI B ,aeT- CKHe yqpe)K,AeHHA, HiOMHMO AeTeHi-CHpOT, CTaJIH HpHHHMaTb 2IeTeH H3 o6blYHbIX ceMeiH. '-aCTHqHO 3T0 6bIAO o6yCIOBJiCeHO CTpeM7ieHMem OCBo6OYZHTb pOQHTeJIeHI AJIA TPYtOBOHi AeATeJIbHOCTH . YlOKoAeHHI4 BOcHITaTeAeiH, yMHTejieR, Bpawer H npeZtCTaBHTeJIeH .ZApyrHx cneLIHalIb- HOCTeiH, pa6oTaIomux c AeTbMH, 6bIJIH o6yMeHbI TaK, YTO CIHTaJIH AeTCKHie "pewKeHHA He3aMeHHMbIM 3JieMeHTOM B CHCTeMe co1IHaJiHCTHt6cKoro BOCHHTaHHS H o6pa3OBaHH5. JIHIIIb B KOHue 1980-x rOaOB C HaCTynHieHHeM i-naCHOCTH npo66IeMa aeTCKHX yqpeKLae- HHiI H HX HeraTHBHbJX nocjieZCTBHA aUIA pa3BHTHM JIHMHOCTH pe6eHKa cTania TeMoH llHc- KYCCHI4 B o6WeCTBe H HOJIHTHKe. fIoIHmCaHHe H paTH4HKauHI B 1990 r. KOHBeHuHH OOH o npaBax pe6eHKa H imarH, HpeAnLHPHHATbIe IpaBHTeIbCTBOM POCCHiiCKOEi (De,epaLuHH AJIAS HnP1BeaeHHA 3aKOHO,aaTeIbHOII H HHCTHTYIHOHajIbHOi 6a3bi H rocyzap- CTBeHHOH nOJIHTHKH B o6JiaCTH4 3allHTbl CeMbll H AeTCTBa B COOTBeTCTBHe C 3TOii KOHBeH- iHeii, BHeCJiH BaXKHeAwHm BKaZA B H3MeHeHHe CHTyauHH. 3) IiemcKue ympecJeHusu 8 Poccuu 6 cpa6nenuu c demcKuMu ympe3Id eusuMu a dpyeuxpa3- aumbix cmpanax THn CTaLIHOHapHOrO JReTCKOFO y'pe)KAeHH4A, Bce eiie IllHpOKO pacIpOCTpaHeHHblIi B Poc- CHH ,4IJI yCTpoiicTBa AleTeH, OCTaBIIHXCA 6e3 HoneqeHHI pOAHTeiieH, H AeTeij-HHBasanHOB, B .ApyrHx pa3BHTbIX CTpaHax yeKe He CyIieCTBYeT 82. TaKHe yMpewKLeHHS HipeKpaTHJIH CBOe CyiueCTBOBaHHe B 60JIbIJHHCTBe pa3BIHTbIX CTpaH OKOJIo 20 JIeT Ha3aa nocnie OKOH'FaHISA nepexo,aHoro nepHolaa, 3aHIBmiero HpMHepHo 25-30 JIeT, B TeYeHHe KOTOpOrO UejeHa- npasBeHHO H riocie1OBsaTenJbHO HPOBOIHJIaCb HO.7IHTHKa JIHKBHILaHHH aeTCKHX y'peKAe- Hllll CTaporO THna. MeCTO HIOao6HbIX y'pe)KJeHlH 3aHqLI1H B OCHOBHOM HIpHeMHbIe CeMbH Z(.SI yCTpOHCTBaaeTeH KaK Ha KpaTKOCpOMHOH, TaK H HaJOjrOCpOiHOr OCHOBe, HPpH-eM qopmaibHoe yCbIHOBjieHHe paCCMaTp1BaAOCb KaK HaH6ojiee rpeanO'1T4TeJIbHaq fOpMa. OJaHaKO HeO6XOIHMO OTMeTHTb, YITO, XOTA HHCTHTYT HpHeMHbIX CeMei 3HaYHTeJIbHo 6o- nloAo>KeHUe AeTeU B POCCHUCKOU OegIeepaLuuw. 96 l1iTOrM coLtmaAbHOA nOAUTHKU 1990-x roAOB U nePCneKTUBbI Iiee 3a4eKTHBeH, heM rocyaapCTBeHHbie aeTCKHe YMpeeHH4, OH BCe e He HBjiqeTCA raHafleei. KaK noKa3blBaeT orbIT CUIIA (cM. HpHuIowceHHe 7), TaKas CopMa He o6ecne- MHBaeT )jeTIM jOCTaTOMHOI CTeneHH HOCTO03HCTBa H CTa6HJIbHOCTH. KpoMe TOrO, cyweCT- ByeT BepO31THOCTb wKeCTOKOrO o6paiueHHA C aeTbMH CO CTOpOHbl HIpHeMHbiX CeMel, O heM CBH)eTeJlbCTByeT pALa cJIyqaeB. B nociieaHee BpeMqI npH 06Cy*K2eHHH aTOii npO6imeMbl npexJaraeTcA, HP14HHMaA Mepbi HO COBepui eHCTBoBaHulo HHCTIITyTa npHeMHbIX ceMel, OT,aaTb npeagnoqTeHHe yCTpOiHCTBy ZeTeiH, OcTaBIIIHxc5I 6e3 noneqeHtH pOaHTeJIeR, Hoz oneKy pOJLCTBeHHHKOB, TaK KaK HMeHHO 3Ta qopma MOweCT o6ecnehHTb TOT YPOBeHb HOCTOIHCTBa, CTa6HJIbHOCTIH I 6e3OnaCHOCTH, KOTOpblI xapaKTepeH aJI yCbIHOBJIeHHI4. ,[eTcKIue yMpeKIeHHS, Bce ewe 4byHKUHOHHpyIoWHe B apyrHx pa3BHTbIX CTpaHaX, SB- JIAIOTCA CieLUIHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIMH, HPHHHMaIOuuIMH orpaHMneHHoe KOJIH'IeCTBO aeTeH4 ,aJIA BpeMeHHOrO yCTpOiiCTBa, a TaK>ce yhpewaLeHH3IMH no yXozay H JlMeeHHIO ,OTee c rno- Be,aeHIecKHMH Hapyl ueHHAM1 (Kadushin and Martin, 1988). 4) Tunbi cmaz4uouapubLxyypeicaenuuzi aJ'i aemeiV, ocmaezuuxcq 6e3 noneijenuq poaumenieu B PoccnH CyIIeCTBYIOT TplH THna yMpewKaLeHHfH JIAII JeTefl, OCTaBlllHXCA 6e3 nonehe- HHS pOjHTeJIeH!. a. jIJoMa pe6eHKa aJIA eTerl B BO3PaCTe zJo 3 jieT (ao 4 iieT - ;JIS3 ieTeH-HHBaJIH;jIOB), KaK tJIlq jaeTeii, OCTaBmHxcS 6e3 noneqeHiu5 po,nTejieA, TaK H ,AIx 06bl1HbIX JUeTeH. 3TH4 y1pezJteHHSH HaXOqSTCA B BeaeHHH MHHHCTepCTBa 3apaBooxpaHeHHq POCCHiiCKOi dlejepaunu. 6. .1JeTCKHe JoMa H JIKOJIbl-HHTepHaTbI pa3JlH'H01O7 THnax ,JS JeTeiT B B03paCTe OT 1,5 ao 18 JieT, B OCHOBHOM OCTaBIIIHxcS 6e3 noneteHnH pOJUHTejieA; npaBJaa, TaK4e yqpe)CJUeHHS MOFYT nplIHHMaTb HI ripOiiX AeTeC Ha BpeMeHHOII OCHOBe 143-3a TACe- JIbiX ceMef4HbIX o6cTOTeJlbcTB. AJUIMIHHHCTpaTHBHO TaKHe IHIKOJIbi nofalOHHsIOTC M HHHCTePCTBy o6pa3OBaHHsI POCCHi!CKOii (Dteepaiuun. B. CneuHajnl31pOBaHHbie zteTCKie ioMa (IHTepHaTbI) AnJIs JUeTefi-HHBaTHJzOB C Ts1ie- JilbIMH HapymieHIIqMH. DTH yMpeKaeHHS rIOJUHHIOTC51 MHHICTepCTBy Tpyaa H CoIH- anIbHoro pa3B4TH$ POCCHiiCKOVI tDeJepatmHH. C 1992 r. CO3,aaHHe H 4HHaHCHPOBaHHe aeTCKHX ympe)KzaeHHH Bo3JIo)KeHbl Ha perl4o- HaJIbHbIe H MeCTHbie OpraHbl BJIaCTH (B 6o0IbllIHcTBe cjiMyaeB Ha nocjIeZtHHe). (DeJLe- PaIbHoe rpaBHTeJIbCTBO, 'epe3 COOTBeTCTByioiui4e MHHHCTepCTBa, YCTaHaBJInBaeT o6- Ille HanpaBJIeHuHA HO7IHTHKH B o6JIacTH COUHaJIbHOH 3auiHTbI CeMbH H aUeTCTBa, o6ecne- MHBaeT meTojoJornm,ecKoe pyKOBo0UCTBO, HOPMbl I I4HCTpyKUHIH HUjiq pa6oTbI yMpe2Ce- HHii. rIpaBHTeJIbCTBO TaKwKe npeJAOCTaBJIieT maCTH'qHOe cHHaHCHpOBaBHIe (B OCHOBHOM no JIHHHi npe3nHaeHTCKOA riporpaMMbI <<«IeTH PoccHnw>) H cpegJCTBaajlJ KaHHTaJIbHOIO peMOHTa H TeXHHMeCKOrO o6CJIyIKHBaHHI aeTCKHX yMpewaeHHH. 5) IomMape6eUKca ,lIoMa pe6eHxa B POCCHHi oiipeaeJI5HOTC5 KaK <KeJIbiM BpO)AceHHbIM H1IH HHbIM 3a60oIeBaHHeM. Bce ewe iHHpOKO 6bITyeT y6eiaieHHe, OTH1Ob He YHHKaJIbHoe gJ PocCHH, 'TO JgeTe C HapyieH"HMMH HeO6XO4HMo HOMeIHaTb B CHieuHaji13HpOBaHHbIII CTaillOHap. B c.iyia5x, Koraa pe6eHoK noCTynaeT B aOM pe6eH- Ka Ho eJ.7iaHHIO poaHTe.7e11, IOAHHCbIBaeTCS KOHTpaKT, B KOTOpOM PO2AHTeXjH yKa3bIBaeT CpOK, KOTOpbJiI pe6eHoK npOBeaeT B aOMe MajIOTKII. OIHaKO Hepe;IKH c.lyam, KorUa B Ha3Ha'eHHbIi CpOK POAIHTe.iH He 3a6HpalOT pe6eHKa qoMoi, TaKmM o6pa3oM ae-4aKTO OTKa3b1Ba5Cb OT Hero. B HeKOTOpOHI CTereHIH 3TO rIPOICXOQZHT H3-3a yTepi CB33H C pe6eH- KOM, KOr)ja ero OCTaBJIAIOT B AOMe pe6eHKa 113 zOMa pe6eHKa geTeii .160 BO3BpaijalOT pOaHTeJSiM, yCbIHOBH.IIOT, YCTpaHBalOT roA ofleKy 11.71 B ripHIeMHYIO CeMblO, .H60 nIepeBOqST B aeTCKHH aOM H1.71 1HTepHaT nO JIOCTHKXeHHH HMH 3 .ieT (14.711, B cjiy'ae C aeTbMf1-HHBaJ7HaaMH, B CneUHaJIbHoe y'peAT1e- HUe JATI TaKHX AeTeHI, B BO3paCTe 4 7ieT). C 1994 r. KOJIHIMeCTBO aeTe'f, HIPO)K1BaIO1HX B rocyaapCTBCHHbIX aeTCKHX yMpe1fKzte- H11A1X, B B03paCTe zio 4 .7ieT OCTerHeHHO Bo3paCTa7iO Ha 4oie o6wero CHH eHi5 Hc.eHlo- Ta6RnHLa 11.3. QeTH B pOCCHHCKHX AoMax pe6eHKa no COCTORHHIO Ha 2000 r. npa- BOBOH CTaTYC H OCHOBaHHR Anf YCTPOHCTBa npaBoBoH CTaTYC 1 nlonHbIA CHPOTa 0,54 OA.UH U3 poAuTenem ymep 3,65 PoAHTeJ1H pe6eHKa OcbHLAHaA1bHO 43,68 OTKa3aAMCb OT Hero PoAHTeA JM AweHbl POAUTeAlbCKHX npaB 17,22 BpeMeHHoe YCTpOACTBO 27,46 EbpoweHHble AeTH (poAuTenA HeH3EeCTHbl) 7,45 HeT HHcKopMaLAHH 3,92 BCEFO 100,00 OCHOBaHHRl Ann YCTPOACTBa HI.uLeTa 17,9 T,opeMHoe 3aKJ1o'4eHHe maTepu 5,4 TiopeMHoe 3aKoioqeHme oTLia 4,7 Pe6eHOK-HHBaAmAJ 25,1 fleqeHue u pea6HAHTaLAmq 5,4 Pe6eHoK MaTep"-o/AWHoLKH 21,6 MaTb B 6oAbHILAe 2,9 flpotee 17,0 BCEFO 100,0 I4CmOLiHUK. MHHHCTePCTBO 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHJq PoccH1icKoii (DeaepaUH4. nllo>KeHUe AeTeU B POCCHUCKOU OPeAnepaL4uw. 98 llTorm coL,HaJbHoH non1THKH 1990-x roAOB H nepcneKTHBbi CTII ,aHHOH B03paCTHOHl rpyrlblbI Ha 45% 3a TOT we nepLioa. B HaCTO5IIIIHH MOMeEIT B O- Max pe6eHKa co,aepw4KHTCA 19 300 aeTeHt, 'ITO COCTaBJIAeT 300 Ha KaoKabie 10 TbIC. aeTeif B B03paCTe jo 4 .JeT. aoJIs aeTeit, OCTaBluHXCA 6e3 none'eHIIs KpOBHbIX pOJkHTejefl, - 73%; OCTaBiHa5IC5A 'iaCTb - 3TO aeTI, co,IepXcaHluec5 TaM no ),eJIaHHIO poal4Teiei!. Ha ca- MOM Aeiie, o6wee MIHCJ10 AeTef MTiazteHMeCKOrO B03paCTa, HaXOaAMIIXCA B aeTCKHX y'pe>K- jeHHAX BbIuIle npLiMepHO Ha 4 TbIC. 3TIH IeTH pa3MeiueHbl B eJTCKHIX aOMaX, HaXO;IAIUIIX- CS B rI'oqHHeHHH1 MHHHICTePCTBa o6pa3oBallEA POCCllfICKOII OeaepauulH. TaKaS HpaKTH- Ka HOAIBHJIaCb HeJLaBHO, C cepeallHbI 1990-x rOaOBa eTCKHe aOMa HaqajiH ipHHHMaTb ae- Teri MmIaaeHqecKOrO B03paCTa (HO He mjiaRue 18 MeCAijeB). TaKHM o6pa3oM, Ha HaCTOA- wIUH MOMeHT B PoCC1irn KOJInqeCTBO jeTeHl, HpOK(HBalOHlHX B rOCyJIapCTBeHHbIX yMpe1Kqe- HHfAX, COCTaBJIqeT 23 TbIC., HInt 350 Ha KwKabie 10 TbIC. ZIeTeHl B BO3paCTe jo 4 JieT. jIZaHHbIe no aoMaM pe6eHKa 3a nepi4oj 1990-1999 rr., npeaCTaBJieHHbie B Ta6JI. 11.4, CBHfeTeSJbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, MTO 1) nlI4TOK JeTeHt, HOCTynHIo1llX B JtOMa pe6eHKa Hf Bbl6bI- Ta6miLla 11.4. AoMa pe6eHKa B POCCiHH 3a nepHoA 1990-2000 rr. (AaHHbie Ha KO- HeLl roAa) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 K-BO AOMOB 265 262 257 253 252 252 252 251 249 248 254 K-BO MeCT - - - - 22 087 22 237 21 951 20 192 21 976 21 504 21 984 K-BO0jeTeA 18 500 17 800 17 700 17 700 18 021 18 346 18 498 18 097 19 250 19 289 19 345 Ha 10 TbIC. AeTeA B BOaaCTe 158 158 167 181 204 224 243 255 287 292 302 A~o 4 neT KBO 4AeTeA 11730 11 301 10 624 9 759 8 841 8 192 7 585 7 091 6 749 6 633 6 410 Ao 4 neT (TblC.) Li.4pbi ewerOAHbiX noCTynJ1eHHH N Bbi6blTWH nlocTynwno 1 1 000 10 700 11 400 11 800 12 059 11 533 12 288 12 783 14 447 14 463 13 291 AeTm-CHPoTbi (Co- L4anbHblIe 6uo- 5 214 5 104 5 461 6 443 6 868 6 773 7 914 8 840 10 024 10 231 9 820 JnorHuecKKe) TomenPeHbl POAH 5786 5596 5939 535 7 5191 4760 4374 3943 4423 4232 3471 TeAS~MHII Bbi6bIno 10 700 10 400 10 500 10 700 10 876 10 349 11484 12 420 12 623 13 508 12 895 B3 qTbl poAMTeni- 3627 3630 3801 3 788 3304 3061 3132 2897 2958 3347 2871 mm YCbIHOBAeHbl 2054 2517 2856 3071 3973 3727 4899 6068 6085 67 59 6689 nepeBeAeHbi B HHTepHaT MT 3028 2288 1817 1969 1631 1323 1220 1413 1170 1261 1306 H CP nepeBeAeHbi B y'pe>KAeHme 1990 1966 2027 1873 1809 2058 1953 1945 1952 1891 1741 MOI I IICmOYHUK. Ocp"iAwanbHbie AaHHbie MHHHCTepCTBa 3ApaBOoXpaHeHIHH POCCIIICKOII (De,aepaiHni; AaHHbie rocKoMCTaTa nO AeTCKOMy HaCeneHHIO B B03paCTe AO 4 JleT. J,,eTH, ocTaBLWJIecq 6e3 noneLieHMA poxD,rTeAe>i 99 BaEoILIHx 113 HIX, B03POC Ha 32% II 26% COOTBeTCTBeHHO; 2) .LOJiA1 ,eTeH, riPeBO1UHMbIX B y pe>aeHlIsR HaxoxlqIuHecs B HOAUlHeHHI11 M14HlHCTepCTBa 3,paBooxpaHeHlIj 1 MHHII- CTePCTBa TpyLa H COWUlaJIbHOrO pa3BHTHI, nocJie npe6blBaHlIAl B ztOMe pe6eHKa COKpaTIH- JIaCb C 47% ,o 24%; 3) AOIS JaeTeCi mjiaAiue 1 roga BbpCoiia riMpHepHO qo 30%; 4) joJSA AeTei, nOMeiUeHHbIX B yqpe)KaeHHA nO IKCJIaHHI1O poAMTeIeiH, CH1I3HjiaCb ao 19%; 1 5) ao- J1i AeTeIi, nOKmiamO11IIX Aoma pe6eHKa c HOCJIeAY1OIIM yCbIHOBjieHHeM, B03pOC.1a C 19% B 1990 r. jzo 52% B 2000 r. HIIpBe,eHHaA CTaTHICTIlKa, paBHO KaK II alKTbl 113 peajIbHOH >K13H1, CBHaeTeJIbCTBy- EOT, 'ITO, HO BcefI B1I,11HMOCT1H, Bce 6onIblle eTelI 113 AOMOB pe6eHKa nocTynaeT .iH60 Ha- 3a,a B ceMblO, JIH60 B YCJIOBIIA, np16JIHIKeHHbIe K CeMelIHblM. B TO )Ke camoe BpeMA HaJIa- HO BO3PaCTaIOIIIa TeHzeHIiii5i no YXOay 3a ,IeTbMH C HapyiHeHMAMMH Pa3BIITE51 B ,OMaIm- HIIX YCJIOBIIAX. IJoMape6eHKa upa36umuepe6euKa HapannuxsmanaxWcu3un 85 HeB3Hpall Ha Te yCII- JIIIS, KOTOpbIe 6bIJIII HlpeCnpBIHATbI B nocjieZ(HHe rOZbl B POCC141, 'ITo6bi HOBbICIITb KaMe- CTBO yxoiAa 3a aeTbMIM B JOMaX pe6eHKa, CePbe3Hbie npo6ixeMbI, CBS3aHHbie C HeaOCTaTO'- HbIM YPOBBieM yxo,ga 3a aeTbMH1 MjiazeHieCKOrO II mjiajgiero BO3paCTa B rocy;lapCTBeH- HbIX y'peX,,KeH1IIAX, OCTaEOTCA HepeHJeHHbIMM. ,joMa pe6eHKa B COCTOSHI4II o6ecneMllTb J1IMIIb HeKOTOpbIe 3JieMeHTb1 yxoaia 3a pe6eH- KOM B paHHeM B03paCTe, HatHpMep Te, 'ITO CBA13aHbl c ero E4W3HIecKoHl 6e3oHaCHOCTbio 14 HIlTaHEeM. B TO -Ke camoe BpeM51, B CHIJIY CBOHIX OCO6eHHOCTeM4, OHH He MOrYT CO3JIaTb TaKY1O o6CTaHOBKy, KOTopaAs CTHMYJIMIpOBaJia 6bl B AeTAX pa3BHTMe HO3HaBaTeJIbHbIX CHO- co6HOcTeii, ABEFraTeJIbHbIX HaBbIKOB, ColIHaJIbHHOrO rOBe;jeHEA H peMIH, co3ajaBajia 6bl B03- MO>KHOCTI ,aJIAI pa3BLIBaEOImHX irp H4 B3aHMOaefICTBH51 CO B3pOCJIblMM EI apyrEiMM JAeTbMIM H o6ecneqIuBaua 6bl HeripepblBHYIO CTHMYJI5UHIO Bcex OpraHOB 'yBCTB. B LOMaX pe6eHKa ,JeTH pacnpeaesIAoTcTC nio rpyriaM, cyIueCTByeT HeM3MeHHbfIl pacHopsAio9KHA, HeCKOJIb- KO BOCnIITaTeJIie4 pa6OTaIOT riOcMeHHO, TeKy'-eCTb nepcoHaJia MOwCeT 6blTb OMeHb BbICO- KOII EI T.a. lI;a>Ke JiymIuiie 113 AOMOB He MOryT aaTb mjiageHLuy TOIl Jno6BH, rpMBSA3aHHOCTH 1H BHIIMaHiIIA, KOTOpbIe emy HeO6xOIIMbI AJIA HOpMaSJbHOrO pa3BHTHA. TaK1IM o6pa3OM, HiIKaKOrO Y,AIIBJIeH1ISI He Bbl3blBaeT TOT calaKT, 'ITO XaKe y ,ZeTefl, HOCTYHIIBHBH4X B TaKEe yqpe>KHeHI5A COBepIIneHHO 390pOBbIM14, BnOCJieaCTBIIII Ha6JHofzaeTC51 3aaepcKKa pa3BMTMSI. HeraT1IBHbue nocJ7ieACTB1IA AJ.TII maJabHefliero pa3BHTM51 pe6eHKa CMICTeMbI yxoaa, cyuxe- CTByIOLu6l B FOCyIaWPCTBeHHb1X aeTCKIIX y'peHC,KeHIIAX, rocJIy,HMJIII TOII OCHOBOEI, Ha KO- TOPOii B cepeaIuHe 1950-x ro2aOB B 3araiHbix CTpaHaX B03HMIKJO 1H Ha6paJIO CM4JIY aBI- XleHile, HarpaBJieHHOe Ha JIHKBIIgUaIiio HHCTIITYTa zteTCKM4X y'pe)1VJeHHH; B pe3yJIbTaTe LHeJOeHanpaIMeHHOII noJlElTIIKEl, OHO K Ha7aJiv 1980-x rOaOB pH4BejiO K 11c'e3HOBeHM1O 3a- BeaeHIiii, aHaJIOrlIqHb1X TeM, 'ITO PyHKLHIEIOHHIpyIOT 1lbIHe B POCCEIII. H1O-BIlIllMOMY, y CHiemIHEIHCTOB B POCCMIII CcyeCTBYIOT JIBe TOqKH 3peHM51 Ha npo6nie- MY OLOMOB pe6eHKa. CTOPOHHIIKII HepBOHI yTBepHCKaaIOT, MTO TaKHEe goMa 43ce eHie Heo6- XOAIIIMbl>», B oco6eHHOCTH AJI yCTpOfiCTBa JIeTel-CHpOT, 6OJIbHbIX JIeTeli HjIeTel, '-bMl po- llTemJIII HyA>. CTOPOHHHKM BTOPOii TO'KII 3peHMIs3 Bb1CTyraEOT 3a paaHIKanJbHOe 113MeHlHeie nOJIHTM4KM B 3TO4 ccPepe B HOJIb3Y HPOpIMjIaKTHIqeCKHIX mep E nporpaMM nO Hpl1BJIe'eHMHO OTaJCIbHbIX CeMeHI H o6- BICCTBeHHOCTHI K peuIeeHEiO JJaHHOI HpO6JIeMbl (HeiaeBa, 1994). B CaMapCKOii O6JuaCTHI HaIMHHaSI C 1993 r. HIMeHHO TaKOlH noZAxoI nIojy-MiIi pa3BHITHe. B pe3YJIbTaTe KOMHJIeKc- HbIX, THIaTeJlbHO cnJiaHHpOBaHHbIX EI HOCIieJOBaTeSJbHb1X yCHJIEIMI B o6JaCTMI yajiOCb pe- opraEH13oBaTb MeCTHYIO CI1CTeMy 3ajMHTbl CeMbll H gIeTCTBa HI CHH31HTb KOJIMIHeCTBO JIeTeMI, nlono>KeHme AeTeU B POCCWUCKOU c)eAepaL4UU. 100 HTorm COLAJanbHOA nOnHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB U nepCneKTHBbI nlOCTyrlIOlaoHX B aeTCKHe y'pe)-KieHHI4. Bonee TOFO, B o6JlaCTH 6biu 3aKpbIT OAHH H3 Ta- KHX J4OMOB (AaMHHHCTpauHs CaMapCKOii o6iiaCTH, 1998). Mepbt no daabHeezuieAy cnuucenuuo npumoKca demezu 6 aoMa pe6euKa. CAe,tylotIiHM Ba)cHbIM Luarom no yJIyMIqieHH1o nOjOiKoeHHM leTerH, OCTaBiii4XCc 6e3 noneeHuI4 pOAmTe- nefi, H meTeri-HHBajiHJ,OB AB51AeTCq CHH)KeHHe rOTOKa ,IeTeii, IIOCTynaioIIlHX B rOcygapCT- BeHHbIe yqpe.KeHHq H repenpO4MJIHpOBaHHe aOMOB pe6eHKa Ha pa6oTy HO OKa3aHHio IOMOuII MOJIOabIM ceMbqM. 3To CJIOACHeAiiiaS 3aaaMa, Tpe6yiOHiaM BHeapeHHS CKOOpaH- HHpOBaHHbiX npO43HjiaKTH4eCKHX H noIzLtepXKHBaiOIui4X CeMbIO ripOrpaMM, KOTOpbIe cno- Co6CTBOBaJIiI 6bl peitieHHIO JaaHHOH npo6TeMmb H BKjHoLIaBji pa3JIH'-qHbie aCneKTbl pa6oTbl, TaKHe, KaK oxpaHa 3JaOpOBbA, O6pa30BaHHe H COUHaNJbHaS 3BaWTa. TaKHe rOiprpaMMbi JOaI)KHbI o6ecdeqHHBaTb HenpepblBHOe COaeACTBEe H 6bITb HanpaBJIeHbI Ha aOCTH)KeHHe cjie,ayiowi4x Ueieui: a. npeaomepau4enue new3ceJamejlbnbtx 6epem.ienocmeiu: nJIaHHPOBaHHe CeMbH, HOJIOBoe BOCrHTaHHe, perynupoBaHHe pO)KJaeMOCTH; 6. cuuwcenue aepoqmuocmu poz,caenuq aemezu c qpowcCed6HbLMu u npotiuiu 3a6o0eeanuA- Mu: xHdcHaHcepH3auHS, rHrHeHa 6epemeHHocTM, ncHXojiorHMeCKa5 H coUHaJibHaS noggep>KKa H JieqeHie (,aii maTepe c ajiKOrOJIbHOH H HapKO3aB4CHMOCTbIO); B. cnuuwceuue 6epo.muocmu no.$i6eAuu3 OMKa3Ulb1X u 6pouwennbtX aemeiu: OKa3aHue 4H- HaHCOBOA H nCHXOjIIOriMeCKOH nOMOWI, KOHCYJIbTHpOBaHHe CeMeeUI, B KOTOpblX eCTb 6epeMeHHble ,eBOMK4-HOIOpOCTK4; HpeKpalieHHe CyiIeCTByioiUeIU B POaU4JIbHbIX a0- Max HpaKTHKH roowpeHuH5 He3aMy)KHHX MaTepell H MaTeper HO1apOCTKOBOrO B03paC- Ta OTKa3bIBaTbC5A OT CBOHX aeTeH; npeaOCTaBAeH H4e IOTa MaTepIM H HX HOBOpO,K- 1aeHHbIM eTSAM B nepHoi 6epeMeHHOCTH H B TeMeHHe HepBbIX MecSileB nocie pO2OB, nOMOIUb B IIOHCKe pa6OTbI, 1OCTYlI K aeTCKHM CaaaM H ACJIMM, BbilJ1iaTa COULIaMJbHbIX noco6uii H OKa3aHHe cHeneiaJIbHbIX ycCIyr CeMbAM c MaJIeHbKHMH 4,eTbMH C Hapyuie- HHAMH pa3B4THI4 (pea6HJI4TauHOHHbie iUeHTpbl, 1OnOJIHHTeJIbHa3 MaTepUHaJbHaS HOAAep)KKa, 6ecniiaTHbie iieKapcTBa H MeaIHUHHCKoe o6cAy)KlBaHHe, ncHXonorJiOMec- KaA KOHCyJIbTaUHSi, UleHTpbl BpeMeHHOrO YCTpOHCTBa H T.a.); r. o6ecnelieuue ycmpoicm6a 6 ceMbu 6powuennbix Mjtaaeuz4ee, KaK 3dOpOGbtX, maK U unea- niudos: BpemMHHoe YCTpOHCTBO B ipieMHbIX CeMbAX (He B 1aOMaX pe6eHKa); rIOCTOAH- Hoe yCTpOHCTBO B CeMbAX nOCpe6ICTBOM yCblHOBjieHH5, oneK4, ,AoJIrOBpeMeHHoro BOCnHTaHHH B ipieMHbiX CeMb5IX 6e3 (OpMaJlbHOMO yCbIHOBJIeHllA; ,A. npeKpaU.weuue npaKmUKu npuema demeiu 6 aoMa pe6eUKa aaq duazaocmuKU u jeieHuq. BOLbHbie zteTH OJI)OKHbi HpOXOJWUTb iiMeeH4e B COOTBeTCTBY1OI1HX Mea4UH4HCKIX yY- pe)K1eHHAX H OCTaBaTbCA B CBOHX ceMbAx. CeMbAM Heo6xoaHMo OKa3blBaTb Haaiie- xKaLuyio nogaIep>KKy; e. ycmpoucmso demeui, 'bU A amepu itaxod.RmcA a mecmax iuuieuu C6o6oJbl unu 6 60ob- nui4ax, 6 npueMAbte CeMbU uniu namponamnibie ceMbu; Ac. mpaucq5opMatjui aoMoe pe6enKa 6 z4,eMpbt nOMOUU ceMbe - 1OMa pe6eHKa MOryT 3a- HHMaTbC5I He TOJIbKO yCTpOACTBOM aeTerl, HO B pe3yJIbTaTe peopraHU3awUU MOryT 6blTb npeBpalueHbl B CneUHajiH3HpOBaHHbie UeHTPbI rOiolepwKiH, HpeaOCTaBJIqioMI4e 14HHOpMauuIO, ycjiyruH HOMOHb MnIaaeHuaM H Hx 64ojiorHqeCK4M unuIH HipeMHbIM pO,aHTeJI5M. KOHeIIHOfi UeJIblO ABJIAIOTCA 3HaqHTe.IbHOe CH)K6eHHe HeO6xOai4MOCTH B CTOJIb 60Jlb- IIIOM KojiHMeCTBe IIOMOB pe6eHKa H KOH11eHTpaUUA yCHJIunu Ha CeMeflHbIX (bopMax BOCHn- TaHHA ,aeTeH, OCTaBlIIUXCS 6e3 noriMeeHHs pOAHTeJieH. AeTu, OCTaaBwecq 6e3 none'-eHMA po.WTeAeu 101 6) /JemcKue doma u ytmpemcaeuuq unmepnamnozo muna AeTCKHe, aOMa H IIUKOIbl-HHTepHaTbI npeAHa3HwaaIOTCs ijSI zLeTeii B B03paCTe OT 1,5 go 18 jIeT, OCTaBun4XCqI 6e3 noriMeeHH5 poAl4TeJIeH. OHG4 TaKKe MOryT CJIYWCHTb aJI BpeMeH- HOFO pa3MeIeHHA - Ha nepnog gLo 1 roga -,geTei 14 HeH0oJIHbIX CeMeiM, ,eTeH 6e3pa6oT- HbIX, 6euKeHueB, nepemeiiieHHbIx IHu, a TaK>Ke geTefl, MbqH POgHTC4e CTaIiH >KepTBaMii CTIIXEIIIHbIX 6eCcTBIlil H He IIMeIOT onpegewieHHOrO MeCTa -KHTeJIbCTBa. POAHbIe 6paTbs H CeCTpbI He pa3jiyMalOTC5A. rIpHeM leTei ocyeIICTBJIsueTCsI no pemeHni4o COOTBeTCTByIoIIuero MeCTHOFO opraHa oreKH H rIOrIeMHTeJIbCTBa. C03gaHue H 14yHKUIIOHHpoBaHKe JZeTCKHX AOMOB H1 IIKOJI-14H- TepHaTOB HpOHCXOZgIT 3a C'eT CpeACTB perHOHaJbHibIX 6iOJPKeTOB H (B OCHOBHOM) CpeACTB opraHOB MeCTHOrO caMoynpaBjieHH4I. C agMHHHCTpaTHBHOH TO'-IKH 3peHH5I OHH HaXOgsHTCI B Be,aeHI MHHHCTepCTBa o6pa3oBaHHsl PoccHiicKoii (beAepauLHH. To'IHOi lHHopMamHH O KOjiH4eCTBe COTPYHIHKOB gaHHbIX yIpe)KffeHl HeT: Ho UpH6jIH3HTeJIb- HbIM ioztc1eTaM, o6iIee KO.7IHMeCTBO COCTaBjISIeT 70-80 TbIC. qeJIOBeK. ,/iemcKue doma 87. B 2000 r. B PoccuI HgeCTBOBaIl 1244 geTCKHX goMa (B ABa c JInm- HHM pa3a 6oJbIbue,, eM B 1990 r.). OT'aCTH 3Ta iLiupa oTpa,caeT npegHfpHH$TbIe MamI no yMeHbIueHI10 KOJIHMqCCTBO KOeK Ha OIl4H 4eTCKHH AOM JIAS yjiyiueHHI4 >KHJIHWHbIX yc- JIOBIH H KaMeCTBa yxoaa 3a geTbM4. O,iHaKo 6oJiee BaXHbIM ABjSieTCS TOT ckaKT, YTO KO- JIHtjeCTBO geTef B rOCy;IapCTBeHHbIX aeTCKHX yqpe,'KeHHAX BO3paCTaeT. [JO AaHHbIM 3a 2000 F., B geTCKfIX gOMaX HaXOgHJIOCb 72 300 aeTeH, T.e. Ha 70,2% 6oJbme, 'eM B 1990 F. 94% OT o6mero 'iHcJia aReTei - 3TO gLeTu, OCTaBIuHIeCI 6e3 HHorieHHHSA po0,4uTeieii. Oc- TaJ1bHbie aeTH 6bIJIE HpHHSITbI BpeMeHHO B CB3I3H C TSHKeJIbIMH CeMef4HbIMH o6CTO5TeJIb- CTBaMn. C OgHOH CTOpOHbI, TeHgeHUISH K yCTpOfICTBy aeTef B aeTCKHe aOMa B CBA3HI C TqWe- JIbIMEI CeMeIHbIMH4 o6CTOATeJIbCTBaMHi, 6e3yCIOBHo, OTpawCaeT nlO3H4THBHOe OTHOIeHIHe K rOCyaapCTBeHHbIM geTCKHIM yMpe)KgeHHaM; C ApyfOf4 CTOpOHbI, OHa, HO-BHgHMOMy, HMeeT H 4EHHaHCOBbIe ripHMHHbI. repCOHaJI AeTCKIIX aOMOB 3aIBJIqeT, YTO MHOFlIX cJIy'a- eB TaKOrO yCTpOrICTBa aTeie MOiKHO 6bIJio 6bI H36e)KaTb HpH YCJIOBH4 peryjiqpHoHt e)Ke- MeCAIqHOA rOMOIiiH - BbIIiiaTe geHevHHbIX Hoco6HHi CeMb51M, HaXOATUI14MCA B CTeCHeH- HbIX o6CTOATeJIbCTBaX. BMeCTO 3TOrO aeHICTByIOaA CHCTeMa OKa3bIBaeT npegIIOqTCHHe OTHOCITenJbHOgoporoCTOAIeMey coAepwKaHHIOg eTeA H3 Hy)K*lalOmHXCq CeMel B geTCKIjX y'peCAeHIIAX. B OTJIHlYHIe OT TpyrHX yIpewKaeHH4 EI31 geTefl, OCTaBLIIXCq 6e3 rone'ieeHHS4 pOOl4Te- niei!, ,eTCKHe jgoMa 1) He iipe.IOCTaBJIAloT geTSM o6pa3OBaHuIq (geTIu perynmpHo noceiua- IOT 6ianexwaume mKOJIbI), YTO o6ecrie'IuBaeT XOTA 6bl MHHHMajibHoe o6ieHHe aeTgO- MOBCKHX qeTeil C OKpywHaIOiuiM MHpOM; ii 2) AIHJI5IOTCS meHee KpynHbIMH, -eM apymie HOAo6HbIe yipeK4eHHA. BbIjiu HOHbITKH lI3MeHHITb Moge.7m BOCIIHTaHSIA H peopraHH30- BaTb euce,HeBHbIH HopsIAgoK pa6OTbl AJIasi o6ecneieHuIH HH1H4BHgIyaJbHOFO noaxoaa K pe- 6eHKy. B HeKOTOpbIX geTCKHX gOMaX C aeTbMHI HOCTOSHHO pa6OTaJIu OgHE4 H Te >Ke BOCIIl- TaTeJIi Asi o6ecneieHI4is CTa6HJIbHOCTH Ht CO3gaHHS 6oaiee TecHoro KOHTaKTa. KpoMe TO- ro, y ZLeTeHl, HaXOUAH14XCAI B geTCKHX aOMaX , HeT Heo6- XOAHMOCTH niepee3>KaTb H3 zOMa B gOM HO gOCTnvKeHH4 onpeAeneHHoFo BO3paCTa, 'TO TaK)Ke CHOCO6CTByeT (bOPMMPOBaHHIO HPHBS43aHHOCTH4 H CTa64JIbHOCT4. TOT (kaKT, YTO ,ATeTH pa3HbIX BO3paCTOB (IIByT nOA OgHOf4 KpblIelI, TaK>Ke MOHCeT HOATH HM Ha IOjIb3Y (Tolfree, 1995; Kadushin and Martin, 1988). HUKOJbI-unmepuambi rpe,gOCTaBJIA1IOT HpO>KHBaHHe H o6mee o6pa3OHaHmie geTsIM IIMKOJIbHOFO BO3paCTa (B OCHOBHOM o6Imee Ha'IabHoe o6pa3oBaHHe, a B HeKOTOPbIX cnIy- nlonoweHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU cIeAepaLt1m. 102 MTorm coLw1anbHoH nonMTHKI 1990-x rOp,oB s nepcneKTHBbl ,asix o6iuee cpeRHee o6pa3OBaHie) 88 B 2000 r. aefIcTBoBaJiin 157 IHKoJI-HIHTepHaToB, B KOTOpbIX pOKH4Bajio 26 500 ,aeTeii (Ha 9,6% MeHblHe, MeM B 1990 r.), H3 HHX 88% co- CTaBJI5UIH AeTHl, OCTaBH1leCA 6e3 none'-eHIlA pOa24TejieH. UIKOJIbl-I-HTepHaTbI - KpyHHbIe "peCwaeHH5, HMeiOwIIe Ha BOCHH4TaHHII B cpeqHeM 170 AeTel, a HeKOTOpbIe H 300. iAemcKue aoMa-ulcOJbi 9BJIAIIOTCA y-4peSAKIeHHI4, HMetomHe Ha BOcHlHTa- HHHI B Cpe,JHeM 120 jAeTei. Cnez4ua,u3upooanaHbie aoMa U UlKOIbl-unmepHambi d'oi demezu-uneawudoo, ocma6wuux- c.q 6e3 nonemenuq podumeneu. B 1999 F. AeTICTBOBaJIir 173 cneuaHJ1434pOBaHHbIx aeTCK4X AOMa C HpOoKMB3aHHeM 9800 A,eTeii H 198 creuHa.7iH3HpOBaHHbIX IHKOji-HHTepHaTOB C npO- WcHBaHieM 25 TbIC. AeTeH. BOJbThHlCTBO aeTeVl B TaKHIX 3aBeaeHIlqX HMelOT HapyIUeHIIA YMCTBeHHOrO pa3B4THAS. KpoMe TOFO, 7200 AeTeHi c HapysIeHIHSMH YMCTBeHHOrO pa3BH- THA5, JIlnIueHHbIe POAIHTeJlbCKOFO HoIeLeHHIm, COaepAcaTCR B JpyrFIX clIeUHTepHaTax aJ JaeTeH-HHBajiHAOB. jeTH YCTpaHBa1OTCA B CneUHTepHaTbl C 4 JIeT, no peKOMeHaaiiH CHew4HaTIbHOH KOMIICCHH, yMpeTAKLeHHOH B CHCTeMe o6pa3oBaHHS4. aeTH npOXOjAT cretin- aJlbHYO rIporpaMMy, KOTopaA1 He qaeT HIM B03MO?KHOCTH HlOJIyI-HTb AaAce 3JIeMeHTapHbie OCHOBbI rHpOIjeCCHOHa7IbHOFO o6pa3oBaHlIs. BbtnycK U3 demcKux aomoG U uWKol-unmepuamoG. a[CeTH Bb1HyCKalOTCS1 H3 y"peALteHsl1 Jiii6o no AOCTIH)KeHHI 18 TieT, im6o no 3aBepiuemIIii o6pa3oBaHHA - o6nieFo Ha,1a1JbHoro HimH o6wero cpeAHero. TeopeTIlecKic OHII TaKAKe MOryT BbI6bITb H3 ylpe-KZeHu4 npHH BOCCOe,ZiIeHHH C pOZHIITeTSiMii, yCbIHOBJIeHIIII HiTH ioMeHieHHHu noj oneKy. KpoMe KaK H3 JOMOB pe6eHKa, 3TO yAaeTCA HeMHOriM, TaK KaK YCTPOIICTBO B aeTCKOC y'Tpe)AKaeHHe pac- cMaTpHBaeTCs1 KaK nOCTOSHHa5 cbopMa BOCHIHTaHHI pteTei, OCTaBIIIHXCA 6e3 pOAHTeJlb- CKoro noneMeHH5A. JfIHIb HeqaBHO ligeA1 HI3bSITHSI AeTeii 113 rOCyaapCTBeHHbIX aeTCKHX y'I- peAK,JteHHf4 H roMelIIUeHHqs HX B yCJIOBIIA, 6jHI3KHe K CeMeiHbIM, CTaZia nIpeAMeTOM o6cyw- ,eHH1A H Hwiaian HrpHM4HSeTbCq Ha HpaKTlHKe. B PoccHH iLHpeKTOp rocy,lapCTBeHHOrO ,aeTCKOFO ripe)KAeHHA 1H COiHabHbIH neaaror OKa3bIBalOT HOMOLUb pe6eHKy iocJie TOFO, KaK OH HOKIIHeT y'peeKJfeHle. aeTH rOTOB.TCA K BbI6bITHIO B Te-eHHe nociieaHero rojaa HaXOwKaeHIIH B y'peAteHHlll HI BnOCJ1eaCTBIlH HO- JIy4alOT cieJypollHe BllabI HOaaep>KKII B CBOeH He3aBHCHMoH AH3HH: 1) ?KHJHIWe; 2) ¢H- HaHCOBOe o6ecne'eHiie; 3) BO3MOIKHOCTb nOJI"MeHHA nocae,ayiomiero 6ecnJlaTHoro o6pa- 3OBaHH1 H Meai4jHHHCKOrO o6CJIYKIlBaHl4A; 4) pa6OTy H 5) HcHxojiorFHeCKYIO II COUlaJIb- HYIO nOMOUJb 89. Bbi6bIBaIolUHii H3 y4peiK7aeHHIA pe6eHoK nO 3aKOHy HmeeT rapaHTHIo nO- JlyeHHS4 MYH4IHIHaJ1bHOFO KIIJIbA Ha npHlOpHTeTHOH OCHOBe. OH HMeeT npaBo Ha 6ec- nHJaTHoe ripojoJDiKeHHe o6pa3oBaHHA H rIojiyqeHHe COOTBeTCTByowIIeHi CTHHeHaIImi, a TaK- wKe Ha MeaHUHHCKOe o6cjiy*CHBaHHe. AeTsM, petUIIBUJHM He ripOAOiKaTb o6pa3oBaHIle, 90 Hpe,aOCTaBJIAeTC51 HOMOLIb B HOMCKe pa6OTbl, BKJHio-as o6yMeHHe Hi HieperIOIrOTOBKY KpoMe TOrO, B pePlHOHax pa6oToztaTe.luI noiyMaloT CTHMYJI K HPHeMy Ha pa6oTy MOJIORbIX JHO,efI H3 aeTCKHX "MpewKjeHHH, T.K. IIM HrpeOCTaB.TIA1OTCA HajiOrOBbie JlbrOTbI. TeM He Me- Hee yCTpOHICTBO Ha pa6oTy MOJIOabIX .iioaeri, Bb16bIBHlHX H3 ,eTCKIIX yMpeAKaeHHiI, CIHTalOTCq 3peJblIMII II cnoco6HbMHI Ho3a6oTHITbCqI o ce6e. B peaJIbHoCTI I1(e OHII KpaHIHe paHHMbI H Hy4cJgalOT- C51 B no;uaepxme - HepeAKo OHHI BO3BpaUaIIOTCS B CBOII yipe>geCHIIi B rOHiCKaX KpOBa IH 3amIHTbl. ,311 peLueHIIA 3TOII npo6JeMbl HCKOTOpb1e OpraHbI MeCTHOFO CaMOylHpaBJ1eHHS II HrocyHapCTBeHHbe opraHm3auIIII Ha-aTiii peaill3aaUino rOiprpaMM OKa3aHH51 MaTepH- aJIbHoro, iCHxoJIorVmHeCKoro II COUlajibHoro COJeCICTBHSA (eT3IM, Bbi6blBIUHM 113 aeTCKHX yMpe>KAemifi. TaKIIm o6pa3oM, qeTH, OCTaBIHeCSA 6e3 HoHe'eHlSI pOAIlTe7iei, HMCIOT ripaBO Ha III- pOKlIII Kpyr HporpaMM 3alIJHTbl II HQox(ep,KKH, KOTOpb1e HriomralOT EIM npoaOJIicaTb CaMo- CTO5Te.JIbHYIO )KI3Hb. TeM He MeHee, Ha fIpaKT1IKe geTH, Bbl6blBilue 113 y'pmeaeHHfH, CTaJIKIIBaIOTC31 CO 3HatlJTeJIbHbIMII TpyaHOCTAMII rlpHI a3allTaiUHH K CaMOCTO1TeJ1bHOHi AM(13HI1, BO-HepBbIX, BBIIgY TOrO -TO SKH3Hb B yHP)pewaeHHH He rOTOBHIT HX K CaMOCTOS- TeJlbHOCTII 1, BO-BTOpblX, HOCKOJIbKy aaHHble IIM npaBa iaCTO Be pealIH3ylOTCA. HanpuMep, 1Ia6JIozaaeTCA psA npo6JieM, CB513aHHblX C lIpeIOCTaBIJeHlbeM 5lIb3 (YlpaBlITe.lbCTBO POCCEIEICKOII (De!epaulHi, 2000). B 60JbU_IIIHCTBe cJly'aeB OpraHbl Me- CTHOrO caMoynpaBJIeHHls He CHiOCo6Hbl BbIHOJIHITb CBOHI o6sA3aTeJlbcTBa no npeztOcTaB3le- HHIO K(IIJIbA pe6eHKy, Bbi6blBHeMy 113 AeTCKOrO y"pesAgeHHIA. B cnyMaiax, Korga pe6enoK ABJIAseTCS B31aaenJbiieM CHJIbsI, 3aMHTa npaB ero co6CTBeHHOCTH Hepe;IKO HPOHICXO;I4T B cyje6HoM riopqzkKe, EI TaKEIe npoIeccb IHiiioraa 3aT5lFHBaIOTC11 Ha rO2abI. Cniy'aeTcs, 'ITO aeTHI BblHy)3aeHbl JejIHTb KBapTIpy c pCOIITeiSmHmi, JUaBHO JIEH1eHHbIMH pOZHITeJIbCKIIX rHpaB, ITO C03jaeT 3Ha'iHTeJIbHbie ncHIxoIorH'-eCKHe npo6IieMbl. rlpEI aTOM CHITyaiUHI B aome HepeAKo 6blBaeT ;lase xy)Ke, 'eM B MOMeHT nOMeLeHHIA pe6eHKa B yqpewqeHne ,juAu 3al-UI2Tbl ero IIHTepeCoB. IlopoEi eTHI MHOFOKpaTHO riepexOa3sT OT OHOrO pOJCTBeH- HEIKa 1I111 i apyra K IpyroMy. HeKOTOpblie H43 HIIX OCTalOTCA B YM aCHHH HJIHI BO3BpaMa- IOTC5A B HerO, TaK KaK HM npOCTO 6oJIbme iieKyia noaaTbCA. MHorlIe HipO>KHBa3OT B o6me- )KHTI1AX B O,IHO1I KOMHaTC C coceJi2MHI. B OT)IeCIbHbIX C3Myaqx xaeTII TepA1OT CBOH KBapTH4- pbl, KorI1a o6maHoM 11311i npiiiy>aeHiiei EIX BblHy.KgatOT ee <(ipoaZaTb>. B CBeTe BCerO BbILHueCKa3aHHOFO O'eBlIJHO, 'ITO JLIflUb He3Ha-IHTeJlbHblIi riOpLeHT te- TelI, Bbl6blBIIHX 113 pipeC,AeHEIfI JATIA AeTeHI, OCTaBUIIHXCS 6e3 iore'eHl4A pOall'Teiiei, yc- ielIIHo ajarITmpyeTCA K caMOCTOSTeJlbHOf iI313H1I. MHOrlIe 113 HEIX CTaHOBSTCS1 epTBaM11 Hi3,aeBaTe3IbCTB, DKCH3VyaTaIjifII H AceCTOKoro o6pameHsi, a3IKOrOJIHKaMHi H HapKoMaHaMH 31m6o CTaHOBATCq Ha HyTb npecTynrieHEllfii noraJalOT B T1OpbMy. 7) Cne4uaT7bHbie demCKue aoma-unmep-ambl ,ZjeTlI, KOTOPble HO OfleHKe nCIixoioro-MeJiIIKO-BeaarorEHIMeCKEIX KOMEICCIIHI, pa6OTaloI4ix HPII opraHax yrpaBjieHIH51 o6pa3OBaHEIeM, IlMelOT TADKe3Ibie (PH13nIIeCKHe H YMCTBeHHbie HapylleHlIsI 11 He MOryT o6Y"aTbC5A B C1i-euEaJIB13HPOBaHHbIX LHKOJIaX (ElJIEI no cnelIHaAb- HbIM fOiprpaMMaM B 06bI'4HbIX IHKoJIax), I1OMeLalOTCA B CrieuHaJlbHbIl eeTCKHEe joMa (UH- mepHambl) Jn3A ]eTei c yMCTBeHHbIMI113111 riCHXnI,ieCKHMH HapyUeHHIMMH. 2aTH y'-peKAre- HIA51 HaXOASTCA B BemeHHH MIEIHEICTePCTBa Tpyaa E COuIHaJIbHOrO pa3BH4TH5 POCCH1iICKOEI CI)ejepauimI E lJIHHaHCIIPYIOTCAI 113 PerEIOHaJnbHblX HlnI MeCTHbIX 610,aXCeTOB. B 2000 r. aefICTBOBa3IO 156 uHmepuamoc c 29 300 aeTbMII, H3 KOTOpbIX OKOJIO 5 TbIC. 6bIlnEI [lOCTOAHHo rIpIKOBaHbl K noCTeJIII. B CPaBHeHHHE C 1990 F. B 2000 r. CTBJO Ha IeTbl- pe uHmepuama MeHbule, B TO BpCM5l KaK KOJIH'HeCTBO aeTeEI, cotepicamI4XCs B HEIX, CHH4- 31SOCb Ha 19,5%. I3q uOHHMiHaH5R Ipll'IIH 3TOrO CHH3eHI5IJ Heo6xo,LHM m3y6oKHA aHa- 31113, OAHaKO MO3CHO C onpeJge31HHOHi ,OIeHi YBePeHHOCTH YTBep3(,AaTb, ITO Ha 3TO HOB3IH- 51l1l cJIeAyioiIIIe (jaKTOpbl: 1) BBe,jeHHe B jeflCTBiie pea6Hi1HITaUHOHHbIX cniyc6 ani Ae- no.noweHme jeTee B POCCUUCKOU OeAepa&uu. 104 WTorm coLmanbHoA nonHTHKM 1990-x rO,qOB u nepcneKTHBbi TeH-HHBWaInAoB; 2) npuMeHeHnie HOBOrO, meHee )KeCTKOrO ropAaKa,ajiA npH3HaHHA5 pe- 6eHKa HIHBaJI14AOM, B pe3yJbTaTe -efo B03pCO CJIOHCcO eTeH-1-HBaiiinaOB, HMelo114X ripa- BO Ha neHCI410 nO I4HBaJH41aHOCT14, TO, B CBOIO oqepeab, AaJao B03MO)KHOCTb 60o3beMy KO- .I4MeCTBy ceMeii coaepwaTb ameTei 2oMa; H 3) BHe,aIpeHHe 6ouiee COBepIlIeHHOf4 CHCTeMb1 OUieHKH cHoco6HOCTe14 pe6eHKa. B 1999 r. 15 300 AteTeii, w1n 52,2% ,aeTeI4, roMeIIeHHb1X B uHtmep?tamb1, 6b1311 zteTbMH, OCTaBlUI4M14c51 6e3 norieHeH1l4 po0,HTeJIel. OcTaBiiaqcs MaCTb 21eTerl rpo4CXoII4JIa 13 KpaHHe 6earHbIX, MaCTO MHoro,TeTHbIX, cemeil, a TaK)Ke 143 He6JIaronoiymHblx ceMefl, B KO- TOPbIX POaHTeJIH CTpa3aj3H aJIKOrOJIH3MOM 143IH YMCTBeHHb1M14 paCcTpO14CTBaMH. Hau6o.nee pacnpoCTpaHeHHbIf laHarHo3, CTaBiHli1c5 2eTqM nci4xoJIoro-Me21HKo-ne- Aaror2m0eCK14M14 KOMHCCH5MH, - 3TO o0JuIU0Jpenuu, iM4me0oaq TpH CTaai4: ae6UJlblOCmb, u.m6ewujibHoCmb II uauomu3M. (C.ieziyeT OTMeTHTb, ITO B PocciH' 3TO CTaHaapTHble Tep- M14Hbl A2iA orpe1eJIeHA aeTe , HMeioliHx IierKHe, cpemHl4 14 TAeKJIbe YMCTBeHHbie Ha- pyHIueHHR CooTBeTCTBeHHo.) B uHmepHambi TaKwKe H1HHHMalOTCq aeTH C C14HapOMOM Aa- yHa, ZLUt1 1A431 c noc3e1ACTBH4MH nojiHoMHeIiHTa. B unmepHambi nPI4HHMalOTCl 92 aeTH B B03paCTe OT 4 ,ao 18 3ieT, Hy>Kaa1IoiiHeCA B yXO- z1e, HOMOI3IH 1H MeA14UHHCKOM 06C3Ty)K14BaHH4H . jeTH nlI4HH1MaOTCq BHe 3aB14CHMOCTH OT HMJ11H14 pOHTe3ie1i, POACTBeHHHKOB Him1 OHeKyHOB. rJpHeM OCyiieCTB3I5eTCq Ha OCHOBa- H1144 3aSBjieHM COOTBeTCTBy1OiLero MeCTHOFO opraHa BJiaCTH, OTBeTCTBeHHOrO 3a CoLIH- alIbHY1O 3al4Ty. aeTH TaK*e MoryT HOCTyriaTb B 14HTepHaT HeiHOCpeaCTBeHHO U3 aOMa pe- 6eHKa; IIX BbllHCbIBalOT nO AOCTH)KeHH4H 18 .ieT. TpyaIocHoco6Hble AeT14 (no oueHKe Focy- AapCTBeHHoH Cc1y)K6bl MeaHKO-CouHaJIbHOr4 3KCHepTH3bl, BXoAqu1efi B C14CTeMy opraHOB CoHHaJIbHOii 3alUHTbl Hace3ieHH5) BO3BpaLualOTC5 PO,4HTenjIM 31H60, Hp14 Hx oTCyTcTCB14, Iojiy'alOT rIOMOIUb B HIO1lCKe pa6OTbl CO CTOpOHbl pCFHOHaJIbHbIX opraHOB COUHaJIbHOii 3a- IIIHTbl. /[eTH, HpH3HaHHbie HeTpyAoCnoCo6HbiMH, riepeBOqiTCA B 14HTepHaTbl a23 B3pOC- IbIX C YMCTBeHHbIM14 HapylueHi45IMH. (Ha ipaKTHKe 6oambmiHHcTBo TaK14X AeTeii nonaAaioT B y'pe>KACeHHl5 AIA3 B3pOCJIbIX C YMCTBeHHbIMH HapyIneH14AMH.) KHmepnambl 2115 I eTei C TsAKeJibiMH YMCTBeHHb1M1H 1 (H3HeCKHMH HapynUeHHIMH AIBJIHOTCA KpynHbIM14, 3IiH1eHHbIM14 1HH1A14BHYaybHoro noAxoaa y'lpeKAeHH5iMH, pa3Me- 11aiOHI14MH B CpeRHeM 190 AeTeiI, XOT3I HeKOTOpbIe 13 HUX CnpOeKT14pOBaHbi A21 pa3Me- IlueHH1 ARO 1 TbIC. aeTeil. B nocjieAHne ro02bi npeAnPHHHMan314Cb Mepbi A31 yn1yH11eH14,q Ka- meCTBa yxoaa 1 BHeapeHHA1 IIHAH4BH21YabHoro rioaxoaa Ha ocHoBaH1H KOHKpeTHOro 4IyHKUHOHa3IbHoro HapymeHHA. HecMOTps Ha TO, 'TO 60JbUIIHHCTBO pa6oTn14KOB UHmep- namoe qBJIAIOTCq 3a60T3114Bb1M14 H ripeHaHHbIM14 aen3y J31lO2bMH, B 3T14X yMpe)KgeHl4AX He- 1436e)KHO COXpaHAIOTCq He6iiarOHpH51THbie, BHyTpeHHe npi4cylUHe H4M MepTbl, KOTOpMbe rIP14BO15T K OTCTaBaH1I0 B pa3BHTHIIa eTeri. HeyaOB31eTBOp1TeJIbnbie MeTORbl 1 HeKa'e- CTBeHHbIII yXO21, CBOHCTBeHHbIe y3peeKztetiHAM 21i5 21eTefl, OCTaBIui4XCq 6e3 noneieHH41 po,414Te3Te1i, enue 6o0nee A1pKO HPOqBJIAIOTCq B unmepuamax: yCTapeBisHe, HeHaxieKaWa4e MeTOAbl yxoz2a; 6oJIbuhoe Ko31H'-ieCTBO 2eTeHi, C HpynnHpOBaHHbix no HPHHUHHY o6iuero ,atIarHo3a; 14303151114A OT pORHTe3iei, POACTBeHHHKOB 14 COUHaJIbHOrO OKpy)KeHHA; He OT- Bema1oini4e Tpe6oBaHH5M, nH3oXo coAepxKauiiuecA roMeiieHHA1; cepbe3HbliH He21OCTaTOK 4mHaMHC1pOBaHHs; HeaOYKOMH3TeKTOBaHHOCTb (oco6eHHo KBaji14c1HuHpOBaHHbIMH) Kag- paMH; BbICOKaAI TeKy"eCTb KaapOB, -iaCTO B pe3yj3bTaTe HH3KOH OH31aTbl Tpyaa, H T. 21. (MDRI, 1999). Heo6xoziuMo Cepbe3Ho 3az2yMaTbCA 0 B03MO)KHOCTII repenpOcJlnpOBaHIIA pOC- CHHiCKHX uumepnamoo B pea6HJIHTauOnHHble UeHTpbI, rpeaOCTaB1AiOuHe, B 60o3bmlIH- CTBe c31y-aeB, e1KKeaHeBHbie yCjiyr17 41n4 BpeMeHHOe yCTpOlHCTBO jeTeii-HHBajiHRoB. AOeTH, OCTasBWuecq 6e3 noneqeHMs poA,uTeAeu 105 UeHHbIM OHIbIT MO>KHO Ho'eprlHyTb H3 HipaKTHKH HeKOTOpbIX perHOHOB PoccIM, rje 6bIJI CcIyICTBeHHO 113MeHeH HOAXOA K YX0aY 3a AeTbMH, ilMeIOfHMII YMCTBeHHbie Hapy- IIIeHMIA, 'TO HpHBeSjO K CHH)ceHHIO YPOBH5I CTauHoHapHoro yCTpOHCTBa aeTeM. B 3THX perHoHax 1) yzajiOCb roJi'ynHTb cepbe3Hylo ro.ilMTH4eCKy1o HioalepAKKy; 2) 60.Ibme BHHMaHMSI yeJIA5JIOCb MHHOPMIPOBaHMIO Hace7ieHMi4 Ho Hpo6JieMaM HHBajiI,OB C yno- pOM Ha HeO6XOaiHMOCTb HHTerpaHIM HHBaZJIMJOB B o6WeCTBO BMeCTO MX H30JIAIMIM; 3) 6bIJI M43MeHeH IOaXOA K HHBaJIM,IHOCTH (60JIbiIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHe HOJlIyMjIl TepMHH <4(yHKUHOHaJbHbie HapyIneHMA>»; CM. cJieziyioiiyio rIiaBy) H, KaK CiiegCTBie, K HOpSAa- Ky YCTaHOBJIeHM5I 4HBaJIIn,HHOCT1 H opraHH3aij4M 3TOFO npoulecca (cpeaiM npo'Iero, nly- TeM YCOBepiueHCTBOBaHsl4 MeTOAOB, CHOCO60B H nOPMAZKa NPOBseeHM5I 3KCHepT43bI, BKJIio,iaA COOTBeTCTBylOIIee o6yieHMe iepcOHaJIa); 4) 6bIJIM BBeaeHbI B AeHCTBIMe pea- 6nJILITaIlMoHHbie UeHTpbI C MHHMBilAyaJIbHbIM HOioXOAOM K iie'eHHoH i H yXoJgy, ygeJIAIO- iuMe 6o0.7bIIoe BHHMaHMe BOBjie6eHHIO B 3TOT npoIIecc pOaHTejiei; 5) 6o.7ibme BHHMa- HMIA y,eJIAJIOCb rHpeOOCTaBseHHO riozeAKK4 CeMbSIM, HMelOIIIMM aeTef-IHBaJIMJ4OB, C TeM 'To6bI RaaTb H4M B03MOAKHOCTb BOCHHTbIBaTb TaKHXaeTefl ,zOMa. B c.ieAyioIuefi rJiaBe 6ojiee ioapo6HO paccmaTpHBaIOTCA BOHpOCbI, KacaiouHecs 3TOM KaTeropiMH AeTeM . 8) HocAeacm6wu codepmcanuw demeui 6 yvpewcdenu5lx flpoAonwKaioiieecsI coaepwaHIle TbIC3I' zeTefe B y'pe,eHI4HM5IX POCC1M1 H3 rojAa B roA OT- paiKaeT HCe3MeHHOCTb TOII TO'KH 3peHMIq, 'ITO 3Ta 4opMa ABJIIeTCI XOpOimM CHoCO6OM BOCHIMTaHM5I geTeH H o6ecne'IsBaeT MX HOJIHOUeHHOe pa3BHTHe. OaHaKO rocJineaCTBM4 Ta- KOFO BOCrIHMTaHHI AIBHO HeyAOBjieTBOpHTeJIbHbI. ;JeT4, cogepwauiCA B y'peSAceHMI4X, 'aCTO lpOABJIAIOT OTCTaBaHMe B pa3BMTHM HI B 6OJThbIUIHCTBe cJiyqaeB HIOKHJAalOT y'pexcaeHl4A rJIOXO IOarOTOBJCHHbIMM K CaMOCTO- SATeJIbHOII KIH3H11 3a HiX HpeCJiiaMIi. POCCHICKHe HayqHbie HCCjeIOBaHMS4 CB4zkeTeJIbCT- ByIOT, WTO JeTH, COAepKamiieCA B y'ipeKAMeHHX, riaCcHBHbI, y HHX HJIOXO pa3BHTbI A3bI- KOBbie HaBbIKM4, OHII CTpazIalOT He6OCTaTKOM KOHUeHTpauHH BHHMaHMSI H MOTHIBauiH H CKJIOHHbI K KOH(nJIHKTaM CO CBOIMM CBepCTHHKaMH. OTCTaBaHHe B 3MOUiOHajibHOM H4 MIHTeJiiieKTYaNJbHOM pa3BHTHT B JOIIIKOJIbHOM B03paCTe BHOCJieACTB4H memaeT 4M y'IHTbCA. rJOB3pOCJICB, JeTH CTaHOBATCA Kpa He 3aBMCHMbIMI, C TpyAOM YCTaHaBJIHBalOT HOBbie CBAI3H, CTpaaalOT HM3KOM CaMOOUeHKOH H IpO5JBJ3HIOT TeHzCHUHIO K COBCpteHHI10 rpaBOHapymieHMilu (HemaeBa, 1994; M14HHCTepCTBO o6pa3oBaHMls, 2001). AHajiH3 CBe,Tje- HMII O aeTAX, coAep>KamixcA B yqpe>KSIeHHAX H BbI6bIBUIHX 13 H4X, IOKa3aii, 'ITO 85% Ta- KHIX JeTeH rIiaHHpyIOT HOJIOY'MTb pa6OitMe ripO(eCCMM H 14JIHb 10% ayMalOT o rojjy'qeHM1 cpeAHero IM14 BbIcmiiero o6pa3OBaHM4A. B Ka'eCTBe I4JIJIHOCTpaliUI HeraTIBHOrO Bo3,aeiiCT- BMI4 coep.AKSaHHA B JeTCKIIX "peSKeHM Ha CiiOCo6HOCTH aeTCM MO)KHO HIpHBeCTM TOT 4aKT, 'ITO npHMepHo 63 TbIC. (HMiw 35%) 9 M3 180 TbIC. pOCCHfCKHX aWTeH, OCTaBmHXCA 6e3 iOH'eIeHMI pOAIlTeIieH, COJgepxaKaHM5I B y'pCeKaeHMwX H HIIpMMHHeMbie MOAeJI BOCIIHTaHMS, B oco6eHHOCTM B AeTCKHX JOMaX, HyTeM yMeHbu1eHM5A CpeAtierO KOJIH'IeCTBa JeTeM B OAHOM yppe,KJceH4H H 3aMeHbI CyIIIeCTBYIOI1IIX moaeaielI BOCHHiTaHMS Ha IHaI4BM.AyajibHbl4 H HpMH6jnICeHHblH K CeMellHOMy HOJAXO,. OaHaKO, HeCMOTp35 Ha TO 'ITO, Ho HeO(MMHajbHbIM CBegeHHMM, nepcoHaJI npe2AaH ,ieiy H eCTb MHOrOwiMCJieHHbIe HpMMepbI xopoiuero yXojLa, npiMeHAe- MbIe MeTORbI Bce eiue aeJialOT OCHOBHOV4 ynop Ha y,aOBJieTBOpeHI4 41314'ICCKMX nOTpe6- no.no>KeHme AeTeA B POCCUUCKOA cteAepaL,HH. 106 1TorH coL4HaJbHoH nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB H nepcneKTHBbl BCTaBKa 11.4. MoAenm BocnlaHTHM AeTeH MO>HO BbIAenHTb LAeAblA PPA AeACTByIOLLkWX BO BCeX AeTCKHX yP)pe?KAeHHSX c4aKTOpOB, KOTOpbIe BAHRIOT Ha pa3BHTHe nOMeL4eHHbIX B HUX AeTeA. Tolfree (1995) BblAeAlPeT TpU rpynnbl xapaKTepHblX 4epT CICTeMbI BOCnHTaH".q B AeT- CKHX yHpe>KAeHHqX H UX BePORTHOe BO3AeACTBHe Ha AeTeA. l*N3H4eCKHA yXOA. YcnoBmS npO>KHBaH"S1 AOA>KHbl COOTBeTCTBOBaTb npeo6na- Aaiow,emy B o6uAecTBe CTaHAapTy, OAHaKO 6bITb AOCTaTotIHbIMM, LlTo6bl o6ecne- tHTb XOpOWLIU YPOBeHb C4W3HLeCKoro yxoADa. BbIcoKa BepOqTHOCTb TOrO, HTO nfloXHe yCnOBuP npO>lOKBaHBH H HeHaAAe>Ka uu 4H3HeCKH yXOA oTpHLaTeeAb- HO CKa>KYTCq Ha o6uAeM CaMOL4yBCTBHH H caMooLAeHKe pe6eHKa. HHTerpHpOBaHHaR MOAenb BOCnHTaHHR pe6eHKa. 3To MOAeAu BOCnHTaHHS, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha nCHXO1ormt4eCKmx nOTpe6HOCTsX pe6eHKa, COCpeAOTot4eHHble Ha HHTeJAeKTYaJbHOM, 3MOLAHOHaAbHOM, YMCTBeHHOM H COLAHaAbHOM pa3BHTHH, B OTJ1H4Ie OT peiCUMIHOU HuH Ka3apmeHHO1) MOAeAeA, KOTOpbIe HanpaBneHbi Ha nOAAep>KaHHH nOpPAKa H B 6OJ1bWHHCTBe CAy'4aeB COCpeAOTOL4eHbI Ha yAOBA1eT- BopeHHH WI3HLeCKHx nOTpe6HocTeH U npeAOCTaBHeH o6uero Ha'aAbHoro Hun npocbeccmoHaAbHoro o6pa3oBaHHq. Y4pe>KAeHHR He B COCTOPHHH peaAu30- BaTb HaH6oJlee Ba>KHbie aCneKTbI BOCnHTaHHS pe6eHKa KaK LtenOCTHOA A1HqHOC- TH, a HMeHHO: 1) KaLiecm8o 83auMoomHotueHu0 Ale-cay pe6eHKoM U 83poc- J7blMl, T.e. Ka4eCTBO ncHXOAorFHieCKoro BOCnHTaHH5 HeyAOBAeTBOpHTeAbHO; 2) OTCyTCTByeT cmumynupytou4aq amMocqbepa, Heo6XOAHMaq AMq pa3BHTHI no- 3HaBaTeJbHbIX cnoco6HocTeA, ABHraTeubHbIX HaBbIKOB, COLAHaAbHOrO nOBeAe- HHUP H peYH; 3) HHAuHBAyaAbHbie noTpe6HocTH noAl4uHeHbi Tpe6oBaHH$M ytpe>K- AeHm. no noAAep>KaHmio nOp-qAKa, noBceAHeBHoro pacnopqAKa H eAHHOO6pa- 3HP; 4) POAlb 8pynnbl C8epCmHUKO8 B cucmeme 3ocnUmOHUR B yvpe-caeHUU BbICOKa, HO TaK)Ke B yCLpe>KAeHHX cyuLeCTByeT BbICOKaq BePOqTHOCTb B03HHK- HOBeHHUP BHYTpH rpynnbI KOHKypeHLtHH, conepHHIeCTBsa H 3KcnAyaTaLAHH, B oco- 6eHHOCTH B aTMocC4epe >KeCTKOA perAaMeHTHpOBaHHOCTH, npHcyuL'Ae y4pe>KAe- HHUM; 5) OTCYTCTByeT nfo8eomo8Ka aemeu K MICU3HU 8He yLipeJ-CaeHUJl. Y%4pe>K- AeHH. He CTpeMqTCP BOOPY>KHTb MOAOAblX nWoAeA 3HaHHRMH, yMeHHRMH, Onbi- TOM H 3MOLAHOHaJ1bHOA yCTOHqHBOCTbIO, HeO6XOAHMbIMH AJ1A HOpMaJTbHOA >KH3- HH B o6uLeCTBe. eAeTH, BOCnHTblBwoLiALeCq B KpynHbIX yt4pe>KAeHH5x, HaXOAqTCq B HaH6onee He6J1aronpHsTHbIx yCnOBHqx, B oco6eHHocTH ecAu y-4pe>KAeHHe nOAHOCTbIO aBTOHOMHO, HMeeT OTAeAeHHe AOWKOJ1bHOA nOArOTOBKH, WIKOCY H CnOpTHBHbie COOpy>KeHHS. )KeCTOKoe o6pau4eHHe C AeTbMH B y4pexCAeHIRX. B03MO>KHOCTb >KeCTOKOrO o6pauJLeHHR c AeTbMH CO CTOpOHbi nepcoHana H HHorAa CTapwHX BOcnHTaHHH- KOB OCTaeTCR peanbHOCTbWo. TaKHe ciy4aw TPYAHo nOAAaKOTCq KOA1LieCTBeHHOA OLAeHKe, nOCKOJ1bKy CBeAeHH5 0 chH3HLieCKOM, 3MOLAHOHaAbHOM H COLUHAJbHOM HacHJ1HH HaA AeTbMH B y4pe>KAeHHqX HOCPT B OCHOBHOM HeO4HLwtaAbHbIA xa- paKTep. HOCTefi ,eTef H o6pa3oBaHnH (HwIII <1CnpaBjieHHHN WebeKTOB B cjiyqae c aeTbMH-HHBa- JImJaaMH). PAA CTaTer, OiHy6iHKOBaHHbIX B pOCCHRCKHX CpeICTBaX MaCCOBOH HH4¢OpMa- UHH B 1998-1999 rr. (POCCHiiCKHf JLeTCKH1 41OHA, 1999), jaeT MHOrOMHcjieHHbie IpIMme- pbI HH3KOFO Ka'-eCTBa c1H3HMeCKOFO H iHcxojiorH'-IeCKoro yxoaa; OTCYTCTBHsi pa3BHBaIo- Luero BOCHH1TaHH5I; >KeCTKOrO pe>KHMa H HCH IIHHJrHHbI; TeHIeHUHH K H30oj151111 JeTeTI OT o6uiecTBa , po0,ATejiei'i H POaCTBeHH11KOB; ynopa Ha o6llueCTBeHHoe B HIpOTHIBOBeC iHHam- A,eTH, OCTaBwkIecS 6e3 none4eHMA po,n,TeAeA 107 BHJIyaJ7bHOMY ; He6OCTaTOqHOCTH H HH3KOrO YPOBHA HOarOTOBKH geTeR K )KH3HH BHe yMpewK,eHHA; >KeCTOKOIO o6paIIeHHS9 H T.A. KpoMe TOrO, MHOrHe y'pexcaeHHS4 HaXOJSTCA B njiaqeBHOM COCTOSHHH. HeaOCTaTOK Cpe,cCTBa .V1A HPOBegeHHA KaiHTanJbHOFO peMOHTa H TeXHH'eCKoro o6cjIyKHBaHHJ 3,aa- HHIHiI HBeB.Jl4 K HX o6BeTilHaHHIO, Ha6jIOaaeTCA KpaHHAS HexBaTKa Bcex peCypCOB, y'- pe6tCLHHA C TpyaOM o6eCieMHBaIOT YCTaHOBjieHHbie HOpMbI HHTaHHSI . B KOHue 1999 r. OKoJIo 39% OCHOBHOro q)OHqa Hy)zlaJIHCb B KarIHTaJIbHOM peMOHTe, 7% JteTCKHX aOMOB Hl IIIKOJI-HHTepHaTOB He OTBeiaJIH CaHHTapHO-rHrHeHHMecKHM Tpe6OBaHHHM H 4% 3ga- Hllll HaXOztHJIHCb B aBapHHHOM COCTOAHHH. HH3KHe 3apnIiaTbI, 'aCTO 3aAep)KHBaeMbIe, OTpHTIaTe.IbHO CKa3blBalOTCA Ha Ke7inaH4H nepcoHania BbIHOJIHqTb pa6OTy, Tpe6ylouylo qJ H3H'{eCKHX H 3MO11HOHa7ibHbIX 3aTpaT, H 'aCTO ABJIASOTCSI rIpHMHHOH YBOJbHeHHA HaH- 6o0ee ULeHHbIX pa6OTHHKoB. HeyaoBJIeTBopHiTeAbHoe COCTOHHHe y'Ipe)KATeHHH, eCTeCT- BeHHO, ABJIAeTCS CjieaCTBHeM HeaOCTaTOqHOrO c¢HHaHCHpOBaHHs BCeH CHCTeMbI, OjHaKO Heo6xo,TlHMO TaKxe HIpH3HaTb, MTO )eTCKHe BOCHIHTaTeJIbHbIe yqpewaeHH3 ABJIAIOTCH Ha- H6ojiee 3aTpaTHOr4 H HaMmeHee 3cIeKTHBHOH 4)OpMOfl yCTpOiiCTBa ,aeTeii, OCTaBIIIHXCA 6e3 noneieHHsi pOaHTejieH. 9) Mepbl no coKpauNenuo Koaunecmwa aemeui, HanpawemLibLX 6 cma4uonapHb e yupe ienus O'IeBIAHO, 'ITO CyiUeCTByeT HeO6XOaHMOCTb YJIYMIHTb pa6OTy CyLueCTBYIOUIHX AeTCKHX CTaiiHOHapHbIX y"pexK2eeHHl, 'ITo6bI IOBbICHTb IHaHCbI Ha 6AaroHpHsATHoe pa3BHTHe npo- )KHlBaoIoIlX B HIIX aeTeH, HImeIIIHx orpaHHlteHHbIe B03MOXKHOCTH yCTpOHCTBa B CeMbH. CymecTByeT TaK>ce Heo6xoaHIMocTb iepeocMbIcJIHTb oZ0,aXoA K YCTpOHCTBY AeTeH B CTa- IiHOHapHbie yMpe)KaeHHI H IIpeA,HpHHATb imari ,aJIA CHH)KeHHA pOJIH TaKHx y"pe)RMeHHr. Pe3yJIbTaTOM 3THX mep aOjDKeH CTaTb HOaXOA, HpH KOTOPOM JgeTH 6yZyT iOMe6uaTbCS B ype>)KzeHHH B HCKJIlO'IHTeJIbHbIX cjiy'a5x H TOJIbKO Ha KOpOTKOe BpeMA. YjyMIiieHHC pa6oTbl JeTCKHX yqpe,KLaeHHi He aOCT4raeTc3 rpOCTbIM yBe.iH'IeHHeM t) HaHCHpOBaHH54 H peMOHTOM 3aaHHH H COopyxceHlH. 3Ta 3aamaa Tpe6yeT H3MeHCHHS BCefI MOAeJIH BOCiHHTaHHH B ReTCKHX CTamHOHapHbIX y-ipexcaeHHAX, a MmeHHO BHeApeHH31 MeTOZOB BOCHI1TaHH4A, KOTOpbIe HaHipaBJIqIOT YCHJHS4 Ha pe6eHKa KaK Ha uejiOCTHYIO JIHM- HOCTb (BCTaBKa 11.4). FJoTpe6yeTc3I npeo6pa3oBaTb cyIUleCTByIOiHe "Mpe6KeHI4HS B He- 6oJIbmiHe Ho pa3Mepy, KOTOpbIe 6yayT B COCTOAHH1H o6ecieqHTb aJI 3TorO Heo6xoaHMyio KOHueHTpaUHIO ycHiHi4. CHHKeHHe poJIH y'pewAeHH4, B CBOIO oMepeab, ABJIneTCSI OJ- roCpoMHOH 3aTaqe'i, Tpe6yloweH BHepeHHqS HOBbIX nlOAXO)JOB, KOTOpbie H3MeHIT HaCT- pOeHHS1 B o6WeCTBe H MeTOabI, HpHMleHAeMbIe pa6OTHHKaMH CHCTeMbI, MTO o6eCilelIHT rO,U2AepxcKy aJIbTepHaTHBHbIX peimeH4iH, UIJIbIO KOTOpbIX 3IBJIAeTCS orpaHH'eiHHe H CHH- wKeHHe HOTpe6HOCTH B gaeTCKHX CTaLIHOHapHbIX yMpe)KfleHHqX. CpeAH TaKHX ajlbTepHa- THBHbIX pemieHHii - nplHHSTHe xopoiuo CKOOpA1HHHpOBaHHbIX npod)HJiaKTHMeCKHX H HoAAep>KHBaiOIHi4X CCMbIO H AeTeii Mep, HanpaBAeHHbIX Ha pemeHlIe B03HHKIIIHX npo- 6JneM. TaKas CHCTeMa JRojDKHa o6ecne'InBaTb IiIHpOKHl cieKTP ycniyr Hi HIOCTOSHHYIO HO0I- )iepxi(KY 2eTAM, OCTaBIIHMCA 6e3 pOAzHTeJIbCKOrO roHieIeHHI. OJaHaKo JIA1 CHll-KeHIIA po0.7 y'pe)K*ZeHHiHaJIA yCTpOflCTBa ,eTefl, OCTaB1fHXCA 6e3 roHieIeHHsi 6Ho.7orH'ecKHx poJtHTe7ieH, Heo6xoaHMo TaK,Kce ipe6JIHPHHATb Imarxi no co- KpaiijeHHIo KO.7IH'eCTBa 2aeTei, OCTynaiolIIUHX B rocyJapCTBCHHbI6 y'pe)KJeHHA B iieJioM, C TeM 'To6bl yMeHbI-IBHTb HaIpy3KY Ha CHCTeMy rOCy,aapCTBeHHbIX yMpe)K,ZeHHA. ],nA pe- mieHHsSI 3TOi 3aAamH BaKHO o6ecHeMHTb JaAbHeHuee pa3BHTHe rppO(HAaKTH'ieCKHX cjiy)6, 3aazaieri KOTOpbIX qBjsileTCA yKperTiieHHe BO3MO)KHOCTeHi cemeii rpynnibi pHcKa no yXOAy 3a CBOHMH AeTbMH, H, TaKHM 06pa3OM, COKpaTHTb HIOTpe6HOCTb B CHCTeMe yCTpOH- nlonoweHwe AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU c!eAepaLuu1. 108 HTorm coL,waAbHoH nOAHTHKW 1990-x roAoB u nepcneKTHBbI CTBa ateTeHi, OCTasBIHXC5I 6e3 noneqeHIn4s poAHTejIeAi. B psqay Mep, KOTOpbIe Heo6xoaiHMo npeHanpHH4HTb, - pacuiupeHHe ceTH coLiHajIbHbIX cjiyxc6 Hi HipeOCTaBJIAeMbIX HMH ycJIyr, a TaK)Ke peryJiipHasi eHe2KHaS IHOMOIUb CO1HaIJbHO He 3aLHWeHHbIM CeMbqM, B oCo6eH- HOCT14 CeMbSIM, HMeOiiHM )jeTeR. C apyFOfi CTOpOHbI, JTI5 CHKeHCHS4 pOjiH yqpeeH no YCTpOHCTBsy eTeH, OCTaB- iuIIXC,q 6e3 nOeCHMeHH$ 6HojioriecKux pOAHTeIefl, HeO6XOaHMO, B MaCTHOCTH, npHaep- )KHBaTbCS1 ciiegyiomHx pIHHUHnOB. * CTIMYJI1HpOBaHHe CeMeHHbIX 41OPM yCTpOHCTBa aeTei HyTeM HOBbieI4,HH HH4)Op- MHIpOBaHHOCTH4 o6uieCTBa B UieiOM H nOTeHiHa.7IbHbIX lpHeMHbIX CeMef B 4aCTHOC- TH, BKJiOqaSA 6o.iee COBepmeHHYIO CHCTeMy BbIABJIeHH$ H perHCTpaUHH aeTeR, OC- TaBiiiHxc,1 6e3 roreqeHH5 po,HTejeie; aKTHBHYIO nponaraHAy HaeiH CeMeHHbIX 41OpM YCTpOHCTBa cpejIu TaKHX ceMeH; cM5H'-eHHe Tpe6oBaHHH, npea'b5BJIqeMblx K HOTeHuLLaJlbHbIM yCbIHOB1ITe.JI5M, OrieKyHaM H lp1HeMHbIM pOJaHTeJi51M, a TaKxze npeaocTaBjieHie BCeCTOpOHHefl noMaep*KI4 CYPPOFaTHbIM CeMbIM. * BHeapeHHe o6uieCTBeHHbIX HH41OpMauHOHHbIX H o6pa3oBaTeJlbHblX nporpaMM, Ha- HeJIeHHbIX Ha 4IopMHpoBaHHe o66IecTBeHHOrO MHeHHS1 O nojioKeHHH ,aeTei4, cojtep- )KaIHI4XCA B yMpe.-KJeHHJqX, H B le.iOM 0 HoJiojKoeHH JaeTeR rpynnibi pCKa, a TaK*e Ha pa3BHTHe, CTH4MYJ1H4pOBaHHe H HOaUeP)KY CeMeEiHb1X 41OpM YCTpOHCTBa JeTei. * flepeCMOTp ripaBJI H OCHOBOnOiiaraioWHX HfpHlHriOB pa3MeHUeHS4 AeTeH B rocy- ,aapCTBeHHbIX yMpeAcaeHLI,X B CBeTe o6eCHOKOeHHOCTH HpO6JIeMaM4 HHCTHTy14HO- HaSJIH3aUH (HpOqBIJIqeMOH, B HaCTHOCTHI, MeCTHbIMH opraHami OneKH H roretiH- TeJIbCTBa), a TaK;Ke B03BpaHiieHHq zLeTeii B CeMbH4 (HaHpi4Mep, HOCpeRCTBOM HepHo- JaiMeCKOH OieHKH yCJIOBHH yCTpOHCTBa, CeMeAHbIX o6CTOqTe.lbCTB H BO3MO)KHOCTH yCTpOH4CTBa H o6pa3OBaHI4s 3a rpejeSaMH yMpe)KJAeH4). * BHeapeHHe CHCTeMaTHmeCKOFO Haa3opaO H OueHKH pa6OTbI C aeTbMH B yMpeCZAeHH- SIX JIAS YCTaHOBjieHiSI COOTBeTCTBH51 3TOH pa6OTbl OCHOBHbiM HpaBHi4aM H ipHHUH- naM, o6ecne'-eHHsi cTpororo co6j1uoaeHH5I nocie,aHHX, onpeaejieHAs TeHeUHH1 B COUHaJlbHOM o6eCHeMeHHH 4aeTef H HH41OpMHpOBaHSA aAjmMHHHCTpa4HH H OTBeT- CTBeHHb1X JI1II Ha BCeX YPOBHJqX gaaHHOA CHCTeMbi. BaKHOil 3alaae w, jiewaiieA B OC- HOBe TaKOrO HaZk3opa, JOJDKHa CTaTb 3aiHTepeCOBaHHOCTb B HIOBbiIHeHI4H OTTOKa Ae- Tefl 143 CTaLUHOHapHbIX y4pe,,KaeH4H. * OTCJIeKcHBaHHe TeKylIUeH HOTpe6HOCTH B yMpe.-KaIeHHlqX HO yCTpOiiCTBy aeTeH, KOH- TpOJlb 3a HX pa3yKpynHeHe H 3aKpblTHeM, pa3pa6OTKa HiiaHOB TpyaOYCTPOiICTBa BbICBo6oJt4BueroCs nepcoHania yMpe)kAeHI4A. HaKoHeU, B aOHOJIHeHHe K HOJI4TH4Ke, HH Hi riOBeeH14 KOTOPOHI 1) COKpaIInaeTCq Ilpl4TOK 2eTeH B FOcyaapCTBeHHbIe y'peSKaeHHIZ (T.e. COKpaiuaeTCs KO1JImeCTBO aTeTH, OC- TaBIHiixc, 6e3 roneIeHiHsI 6HojiorHiIeCKHX pOAHTeIiei, nyTeM HoBbIllUeHH5I B03MO)KHOC- Teii ceMbH no YXOay 3a Co6CTBeHHbIMH 4,eTbM4) 1 2) CBOaI4TCS K MHHHMYMY nOTpe6HOCTb B YCTpOrCTBe zeTeii, OCTaBu1HxcS 6e3 noriMeeHHq pO,aHTejiefi, B yqpe)KeHHA 3a C'eT poc- Ta ,jojiH ceMeAHbIX 41OpM yCTpOriCTBa TaKHX aeTeH, - ,anIi yCHerlHOf4 JI1HKBHJaauHi4 CHC- TeMbI CTaUHOHapHoro YCTPOiCTBa geTeH HeO6XoaiHMbI MeTOJJ2bI, nO3Bojiioi0WHe H31bSTb aeTer H3 CTaIIlOHapHbIX y"pe*KJeHH4r H HOMeCTHTb 4X B ceMeHHyIO o6CTaHOBKy. OnbIT 41yHKu1HOH1poBaHHs riaTPOHaTHbIX ceMeH [cM. pa3,aen 3.2.1.(4)] H1OKa3bIBaeT, 11TO H3'bS- THe 1eTe4l M3 yMpe)KaeHIH qBji5eTC5 iuejecoo6pa3HbIM. flocnie TulaTeJIbHO oiLeHKH 14 CO- OTBeTCTByiOiHie KOppeKTIIPOBKH CHCTeMy HiaTpOHaTHbIX ceMeH MO)KHO 6yaLeT nOCTeHeH- HO paCiH4SIIlTb npH YCJIOB44 CO3,aaHHA BceX MeXaHH3MOB H CTpyKTYp, Heo6xoaj1Mbix AUSI ycneiIHOrO BBeAeHIHS 3TO1 C14CTeMbl BH eHCTBMe. KpoMe TOrO, Heo6XOai4MO HpoaHaJiH314- A,eTH, OCTaBWHmec 6e3 none'4eHHA poAMTeAeH 109 pOBaTb aaHHbIe O aeTAX, B HaCTO5HWee BpeMSi coaep>KamuHxcCI B CTaIHOHapHbIX ype>KAe- H14AX, C iLeJIblO OIIeHKH HepCHeKTHB yCTpOHCTBa TaKHX z(eTeil B 3aMeIlaloi0He CeMbH HJIH BOCCoeQzHeHlH5 HX C 6HoaiorHMecKCMn pOaHTeJIAMI. Pe3yJIbTaTOM TaKoro aHa.nH3a ,AOJIKHa CTaTb BbIpa6oTKa 1HHZIBItTyanJbHOO HjiaHa yCTpOiHCTBa KaXKaoro pe6eHKa, B Ha- cTosiuee BpeMsI coaep)cawerocA B CTaUIHoHaPHOM y'pe>KaLeHHIH AJIAI eTeil, OCTaBIIIHXCAI 6e3 rone'eHHAI poaITejief (BKnjIIOias qeTeii, YCTpoeHHbIX B yMpe)KTIeHIIAI Ho pHp4HHe 6e,aHOCTH CeMbH HJIH no iiozo6HbIM rpHMi HaM). EaHHCTBeHHbIM KpHTepHeM HJIaHHpOBa- HHSI AHHaHBHayaJIbHOrO yCTpOiHCTBa pe6eHKa H nociiepyioiero IpHHSqTHA COOTBeTCTByIO- Liero peiIeHlIsI OJIDCHa 6bITb iplIOPHTeTHOCTb ero HHTepeCOB. B KOHeiHoM HTOre pe3yJIbTaTbI o6beallHeHHbIX yCHJIHH, HaipaBjieHHbIX Ha: 1) CHII- AKeHHe KOJIHIIeCTBajeTeLIf, OCTaBIJ1HXCS 6e3 Hone'-ieHHIA poHIHTeieii, 2) coKpaieHHe ycT- POHCTBa,aeTeR, HyhK,aaioLuiXCAI B coUHaJIbHOM o6ecreqeHHH, B y"pehzaeHHs, 3) OTXOa OT CH4CTeMbl CTaUIIOHaPHOrO yCTpOHCTBa aeTeH (T.e. MaKCHMajibHO B03MO.KHOe nepeMeiue- HHi eeTedi, coaep>KaMlIxCsI B CTauiHOHape, B CeMbHl), H 4) yjiyimeHHe yCJIOBHH coaepAKa- HHS3 B yqpe)KaeHH4X AXOJIAKHbI 6bITb CJIeayyIoIIHiMH: a. coKpaiiieHue KOJIHMeCTBa aeTeR, noMeiuaeMbIX B rocyaTHapCTBeHHbieaeTC yKe peAKCe- HHAI; 6. YCTpOHICTBO 60JIbIIIHHCTBa AeTerI B CyppOraTHbIe CeMbH; B. yCTpOHCTBO 60JIbiiioro KOjIHIMeCTBa aeTefi, B HacTosiUiee BpMem coaepKaInxcA B CTa- IIHOHapHbIX yupe>KzteHHAX, B raTpOHaTHbIe, oieKYHCKHe H HpHeMHbIe ceMbH jiH6o BOCCOe,alHeHHe HX c 6HojiorwIeCKIIMH pOaHTeJIAMH; r. nepecTpoRKa CHCTeMbI ,aeTCKIIX yipewa(eHH: ,aeTH, KOTOpbIe B HaCT0oAiiiee BpeMA CO- AepAKaTCS B CTaUIHOHapHbIX YipeACAeHH5X H KOTOpbIM HeBO3MOAKHO o6ecHe'HTb ycT- pOIICTBO B CeMbSIX, AIOJI)KHbI YCTpalBaTbC5I B 3HaiH4TeJlbHO MeHbIIIHe Ho pa3mepy y'- pe,KeHHIA, fYHKLl1HOHHpyioIilHe Ha 6a3e MeCTHOrO coo6IIIeCTBa; OCTaJIbHbIe CTaLiWo- HapHbIe yMpewKACeHHHI ,AOJDIKHbI 6bITb 3aKpblTbI; Zt. TpyaOyCTpOHCTBO BbICBo6oJAHBneCrOCA HepCoHaJIa: HeKOTOpbIe pa6OTHHKH MOrYT ripOHTH nepeo6y'-eHiie H 3aTeM pa6oTaTb B ueHTpax COHaAbHOH IIOMOUI4 Hl couHaJIb- HOrO o6cJIyyKLeHfHIqX, .71H60 opraHH3OBaTb iaTpOHaTHYIO HJIH rpHeMHYIO CeMblO. TaKHM o6pa3oM, JIHIHb He6oJIbImas MaCTb nepcoHaJia CTOJIKHeTCA C Heo6XoAIH- MOCTbIO HoHcKa HOBOMI pa6OTbI. 1.4. 0HuHaHCHpOBaHHe Bce BHAbI COUHaAbHOf IiOMOmiIH eTAM, OCTaBlIIIMCA 6e3 roneweH4H5 poAHTeJien (3a nc- KJIIO'CHHeM cjiyqaeB, Ha KOTOpbIe pacnpOCTpaHqIOTCq rocy apCTBeHHbIe rOirpaMMbI CO- iLHaJIbHOH 3aLUHTbI, TaKHe KaK COUHJaIbHOe CTpaXOBaHHe, HeHCHOHHOe CTpaXOBaHHe HJIH noco6He Ha pe6eHKa), BK.IiioaA KOMieCHcaHOHHbIe H4apyrHe BbIHJIaTbl oHeKyHaM, rnone- '-ITeJI5M H ripHeMHbIM poaHTeJIsM, a TaKw coepKaH4e eTe B yppe>KaeHHAX, cHHaH- CHOpylOTC3 B POCCHH H3 MeCTHbIx 6ioaAceToB. KaK OTMee4ajiOCb paHee, BBHay 1) pa3JIHqHIH B YPOBHe pa3BHTHA perHOHOB H nojiy-IaeMbIx Ioxoaax H BcjeZICTBHe 3TOrO OrPOMHbIX pa3JIHlIH4 B MHHaHCOBWIX B03MOIKHOCTAX MeCTHbIX aaM"HHCTpaw4HH; 2) HcHOJIb3OBaHHS He3a1eKTHBHbIX MeXaHH3MOB BbIpaBHHBaHHAS H 3) XpOHHMeCKO4 HeXBaTKH rocy2TapCT- BeHHbIX cpeAZCTB Ha BceX YPOBHAX (3a HCKJHOieHHCM MajIOMHCJIeHHOFO KOjiHMeCTBa ), eUeHTpaji43aUllS Mornia CTaTb baKTOpOM, BJIH0IOWHM Ha B03HHK- nOAo>KeHUe AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU (DeAepaLtmI. 1 10 MTorH COLAmanbHOA nOA1THKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepCneKTHBbI HOBeHHe pacTyiuero HepaBeHCTBa B lOJIOY`eHHH AOCTyria K CHCTeMe CoQlHajibHOH 3amHTbI H pa3JIi4HiI B YPOBHe TaKOr4 3aIIiHITbI Ha peFIFOHaTIbHOM H MeCTHOM ypOBHsIX. AaHHbIX O 6i0oaKeTHbIx aCCHrHOBaHHI4X H paCXOaOBaHH4H CpeaCTB Ha rocyaapCTBeH- HOM YPOBHe Ha Co014aNJbHYIO 3aWiHTY aeTeil, OCTaBMHHXCA 6e3 noneMeHiHH poalTejieH, He iMeeTCs. B Ta6JI. 11.5 npHB0oz5TCS HeKOTOpbIe aKCnepTHbIe ofleHKH, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha Ta6nmLa 11.5. HopMaTHBHbik pac4eT rocYAaPCTBeHHbIX pecypcoB Ann 4jHHaHcH- POBaHHR CHCTeMbI AeTCKHX y4pe)KAeHmA, oneKH/none4UTenbCTBa H COL4HanbHOrO o6cny>KHsaHHR B PocCiH 8 1999 r. PaC4eTH ble roAloBIe 3a- nloR c He H HR TpaTbI, OT BBrl MnPA py6. A.- AeTCKHe Y4pe)IKAeHHR__ Ha OCHoBe cpeAHeHopMaTHBHbIX e>KeMecRqHb[x 3aTpaT BapHaHT 1 9,35 B pa3mepe 4500 py6. Ha 1 pe6eHKa, coAepwauterocs B y4- 0,21 Pe>KAeHUU (173 200 AeTeA). _nHTaHHe: 2,4 MAPA py6. (Ha OCHOBe HOpM nHTaHHR AAq pa3JHIIHbIX BO3paCTHbIx rpynn: 0-3 rOAa.; 3-6 H 6- 17 neT)Cl)oHA 3apa6oTHoA nAaTbl: 3,9 MnpA py6. (npu cuieA. AonyLueHHRX: 150 TbIC. pa6oTHHKoB, CpeAHRR 3apn- naTa paBHa cpeAHeA 3apnnaTe no cTpaHe - 1500 py6.; BapHaHT 2 9,45 cTaBKa COLACTpaXOBaHHR H nOAoXoAHorO HaAora - 45%) 0 21 3neKTpo3HeprHR, KOMMyHaAbHbie ycniyrH, oTonhleHHe, Ae- KapCTBa, TeKyuiLee H KanHTaAbHoe Texo6cnym(HBaHHe, oAe>KAa, o6yBb, yLie6Hbie MaTepHanbl, o6opyAoBaHHe H T.A.: 3,15 MAPA py6. (HcxoAs U3 Aonyu.eHHq, qTO 3TOT BHA pacxooAB COCTaBJneT 1/3 o6LLHX 3aTpaT Ha coAep- )KaHHe y4pe)KAeHHs). Bap aT3 9,7 5 mcxOAq U3 AonyLLteHHq, 4TO 4OHA 3apa6oTHoA nAaTbI 0,21 1no BapHaHTy 2 COCTaBsiieT 40% 3aTpaT. S. AeTH nOA oneKOA/nOne4HTenbCTBOM ADeTU nOAO oneKow IHcxoA H3 Aonyu4eHHq, 4TO Ha Ka>KAoro pe6eHKa noA one- HA1H nOne4 UTeAb- 3,4 KoA/none4HTenbCTBOM (312 TbIC. AeTe) eeKmecTqHO Bbl- 0 0075 Inhla4HBaeTCA KoMneHcatUHR, paeHaqn flO)HT04IHOMY MHHH- CTBOM MyMy -908 py6. B. LAeHTPbM CO4HanbHOg nOMOULH H CO4HanbHOrO O6Cny)KHBaHHR BapHaHT 1 (6e3 y4eTa 3aTpaT Ha MCXOAR H3 AonyL4eHHSq 4TO 1) 73 TbIC. pa6OTHHKOB nony- eA,IHOBpeMeHHbie 3,9 4a,oT cpeAHioao no cTpaHe 3apnAaTy 1500 py6., CTaBKa 0 086 COL4CTPaXOBaHHR H nOAOxOAHorO Hanora paBHa 45% H 2) BbinAaTbI H HaTY- C4OHA 3apa6OTHOA nnaTbl COCTaBJ$eT 50% 3aTpaT. paAbHyiO nOMOLUAb) "CxOAR H3 AonyLueHHq, LITO: OnnaTa TpyAa: 1,9 MJAPA py6.: BaPHaHT 2 (6e3 73 TbIC. pa6oTHHKos noy'4aloT cpeAHKioi no cTpaHe 3apn- y4eTa 3aTpaT Ha AaTy 1500 py6., CTaBKa COI4CTpaXoBaHHR H noAoxoAHoro eAuHHOBpemeHHbie 3,93 14Haora paa 45%;3aTpaTbl Ha BPemeHHOe yCTpOHCTBO: 0,086 1,44, MWPA py6.; 40 TbIC. meCT, 3 000 py6./mec., 3ano.nHe- BbinAaTbI H HaTy- HHe - 100%; OKa3aHHe e)KeAHeBHbIx ycnyr: 0,2 MJlPA paJlbHyIO noMOULb) py6.: 18 TbIC. KJlHeHTOB/CyT., 800 B Mec.npo4He pacxOAbI: 10% OT o6uAeA CyMMbI. MToro: 16,55-16,95 0,36- ________________ ___________ ~~ ~~~~0,3 7 /AJeTH, OCTaBwHmec5 6e3 none4eHqs poAwHTeAeA 111 agMHHHCTpaTH4BHOii HH4opMauHH, a Tai)Ke Ha HH(pOpMaUHH, nOjiypeHHOR B npouecce riocemeHII,e jTCKHX yMpe*2aeHHH. AaHHbie OueHKH OTpWwaIOT TO, KaKHe CpeaCTBa 2lOjD- HbI 6bIHi4 6bITb BbIaejieHbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C HbIHe6IHHMH HOpMaMH, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIMH bejepajIbHbIM npaBHTeJIbCTBoM, a He TO, MTO peaIZbHO 6biio pacipeaeAeHO. InOCqHTaHO, 'ITO B 1999 r. co,tep.KaHHe 173 TbIC. -eTefl, OCTaBIIIHXCS 6e3 noreMeHH5 pozinzTeJI H4 Ha- XO5IMW4XCA B AeTCKHX yMpe*gCeHH5X, HIoTpe60BanO OKOJIO 0,2% BaJOBOrO BHyTpeHHero IpoAyKTa. B POCCHHI KawLoe H3 ,eTCKHX yipexKcaeHHfl 41HaHCHpyeTCAI HCXOQl1 H3 KOAIH'IeCTBa cogepApawiHXCA B HeM AeTeH. Y'peSIKeHHs CTpO0ITCH H YKOMH7IeKTOBbIBaiOTCA KaapaMH B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3apaHee 3aHI.iaHHpOBaHHbIM KOJIHqeCTBOM BOCrIHTaHHHKOB. ExKeMeCAI- HaSI CTOHMOCTb COepZa)KaHHI4 KaKoro pe6eHKa paCC1HTbIBaeTCH Ha OCHOBe MeCTHbIX UeH Ha CTaHaapTHbie BHabI 3aTpaT (TaKHe KaK IHTaHHe, oAewaa H T.A.). 3aTeM peCypCbI, He- o6xo4HMbIe Ha 4)HHaHCHpOBaHHe yipe)KLeHHI, 3aKiaabIBaIOTCH B MeCTHbIc 6IOx)KeTbI. C q)HHaHCHpOBaHMem CHCTeMbI CTaUlOHapHbIX yMpewKAeHHIi CBI3aHbI aBe OCHOBHbIe rpo6nIeMbi. 1) ,ZL1 uOpMa,7blO1O e13uasvecKoZo yxoda 3a dembMu, coaepwauu.Mucs e yvpe3,caeNu- izx, nem aocmamoiHowo qbuuHaUCupo06anuu. 14H¢opMaUaw,q coaep*aiuaAcA B ripaBiHTeJIbCT- BeHHbIX zOKyMeHTax (rIpaBITeJIbCTBO POCCHiiCKOi (Pe,aepaiwH, 1998, 2000), paBHo KaK H aaHHbie HeO4H4Ha.IbHbIX HCTOMHHKOB, yKa3bIBaIOT Ha HeaOCTaTO'HOe rOcyAapCTBeH- Hoe fIlHaHCHPOBaHi 2e)TCKHX yMpewKzteH0H. Bo MHorHx c7isy'aAX BbigeIeHHbIX 4fOHAOB eJBa XBaTaeT aUISI HOKpbITHIA 3aTpaT Ha M4HHMaJIbHO aOHYCTHMoe nO Ka.IOpHiHOCTH IH- TafHHl eTere H Ha oniaTy Tpyaa nepcoHaiia (HepeaKo c 3aaepKKOR, YTO HeraTHBHO CKa- 3bIBaeTC5I Ha pa6o'eM HaCTpOeHI4H 1H MOTHBalIHH nepCOHa7ia K TpyAy). Y'ipeaeHHA 'iac- TO c)HHaHCHpy1OTCq B BH7e HaTypaIbHOii iOMOmwH, HyTeM 6apTepHbIX C.eJIOK, 3aKjnoYa- eMbIX MeX,Kay opraHaMH MeCTHOFO caMoyHpaBsieHHs H Ha7IOrOHriaTeJIbLflHKaMH. BezeTcA aKTHBHbIII rOHCK 6jiarOTBOp4TeJIbHbIX nO)KepTBOBaHHHI, O,HaKO TaKHe HOrKpTBOBaHH3 ABJIAHOTCA HeperyZ2pHbIMH H HeripeCCKa3yeMbIMH. B pe3yJIbTaTe 6ioaweTHoe n7iaH4pO- BaHHe KaK Ha YPOBHe y'pe,KaeHHH, TaK H Ha YPOBHe MeCTHbIX opraHOB BJIaCTH B 7jy'ILHeM c.iy-ae OTpaxKaeT M14HiHMaJIbHbIe HOTpe6HOCTH . 2) ONenKa nompe6xocmeu 6 e unancupo6anuu yupemcaenuuf npo6odumcq ucxods U3 KOaumecm6a coaepwcauNuxcs 6 nux aemezu. TaKHIM o6pa3oM C03,aaIOTCA CH7bHbIe CTHMyjbI COXpaHeHHIO B yMpe)AK,eHHAX 60b1, YITO 3KTpyHCHMTT peaJIH- 3aUH1o IOJIHT1HKH, HaJe.ieHHOH Ha coKpaiteHHe CHCTeMbI CTauIHOHapHOrO coaep)KaHHSI. boiee Tro0, _eTCKH1e y'pe6X(ZeHHA TpaaHIHOHHO 3BJISIOTCSI KpynHbIMH MeCTHbIMH pa6o- TO,aTeJIAMi; B HeKOTOpbIX H3 HHX HepeAKO pa6OTaeT HeCKOJIbKO COTeH qeJIOBeK. IIO3TO- My coKpameHHe HJIH 3aKpbITHe y'pe)KaeHHii MeCTHbIMH B.iaCTBMH - HeierKasA 3a,1aqa, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TeX IIOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIX a(p4eKTOB C TOYKH 3peHH5I KOHeYHOrO pe3yjlb- TaTa, KOTOpbIe MOryT HnplHHCTH TaKHIe HHHIHaTHBbl. Bo BpeMqI Z4CKyCCHA O peC+OpMe B o6jiaCTH COuLHaJbHOrO o6eCieYeHSH AeTefi B POCCHH Hepe,aKO BbICKa3bIBaeTCI HpelIOJIO)eHHe, YTO HOBa35 CHCTeMa ceme Horo YCTpOACTBa ae- TeHl, T.e. CH4CTeMa, B KOTOpOII MeHbme HCHOJIb3ylOTCA CTaIIHOHapHbIe q)OpMbI, HiOTpe6yeT MeHbUI1HX pecypCOB. B KpaTKO- H cpeAHeCpO'IHOf nepcHeKTHIBe 3TI4 OC-HAaHHA MOrYT He OrpaBzkaTbC5I. AJbTepHaTHBHbie BapHaHTbI YCTpOHCTBa JeTeA, TaKHe, KaK ipHeMHbie CeMbH 103 HJIH aeTCKHe zIOMa CeMeAHOrO THHa, MOryT OKa3aTbCA CTO7b1 AKe aOpOFOCTOMAIHMH , XOTS3 H 6o0iee 31XPeKTHBHbIMH C TOUKH 3peHMS KOHeYHOrO pe3y.IbTaTa. PaclmpeHHe CHCTeMbI Hai4MeHee AOpOrOCTO5H1HX H HaH6oJee aq4eKTHBHbIX ajIbTepHaTHBHbIX (pOpM yCTpOHCTBa ,aeTeH - yCbIHOBjieHHIA H oHeKH - TaKXKe HoTpe6yeT 3Ha'IHTe.7IbHbIX peCYPCOB Ha HaYajlb- lOhAo>KeHme AeTee B POCCHUCKOU OeAepaL4Hw. 112 I'iTorm CoLmaA1bHOA n1OAUTWKH 1990-x rOAOB U nlepCnleKTHBbl HOII CTa`aH. To -Ke OTHOCHTCR H K ripO4HjiaKTHMeCKOfl pa6oTe. Pa3yMeeTCA, Ip1H 3TOM pe- 3yJIbTaTbI ,SeTeJIbHOCTH B o6JiaCTH o6ecneqeHHs 6jiarococ'rosiHHs eTef H bOpMHpOBaHHA YCJIOBeYeCKorO KanHTaiia 6yayT 3HwYHTeJIbHO Bbluie. Bno.TrHe BepOSTHO, Te IpeH4myIIeCTBa, KOTOpbIe CKa)KYTCA B )KH13HII o6weCTBa B AOArOCpO'IHOM niiaHe, 6jiaroaaps CHH)KeHIo YPOBH5 aeTCcK4X ipaBoHapylieHHi n aHTfHo6meCTBeHHoFo HoBeaeHHSI, KaK H 6o0iee 1HTeH- CHBHa3i, 6Jiaro,tapA 3a6oTe, IHTerpaLIHA eTer B o6iiieCTBo 6yAyT 3HaYHTeSjbHO Bbiu1e H3- aep)KeK, HlOHeCeHHbIX B npouecce nepeCTpOAKH cymecTBylOlieH CHCTeMbI. C apyron CTOpO- Hbl, <,pa36JIoKIHpOBaHiHe» peCypCOB, B HaCToHwee BpeMSA BJISIOILHXCS <«3ape3epBHpOBaH- HbIMH>> AJIA 4JHHaHCHpOBaHHS CTaBiHOHapHbIX y"peB*eLeHHll, CHH3HT IOTpe6HOCTb B AOnOI- HH4TCJlbHbIX CpeACTBaX, Heo6XOAHMbIX A2IA pa3pa6OTKH H BHeapeHHB ipoqHNaKTnYeCKHX nporpaMM Hi cOpM o6iueCTBeHHOrO BOCnHTaHHAa eTeA cemeuHorO THHa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, 3aTpaTbI Ha aJIbTepHaTHBHYIO CHCTeMy o6eCreIeHH5I 6jiaronoj¶yYHq eTeH MOryT 6bITb Ta- KiM4H )KC, HO pe3yJlbTaTbi ee (PYHKUHOHHpOBaHH5 6yayT 3HaYHTeJIbHO JyIlme. rIpeJ1CTaBX1eTCR MaajiOBepOTHbIM, 'YTO B 6JIHB)aRfHiH HJIH CpeRHeCpOMHblH neppHot POCCHHflCKOf CHCTeMe COUilaJbHOrO o6ecne-eHHM aeTe'e yaaCTCA rOJIHOCTbIO OTKa3aTbCq OT H4HCTHTYTa zteTCKHX CTaiHOHapHbIX yMpe CJeHiH. A.J1A 3TOFO CyILeCTBYIOT MeCTHbie 3KOHOMHIeCKHCe rpH'-IHHbI, yKa3aHHbie BbluIe. KpoMe Toro, CyiueCTBYIOT npaKTHMeCKHe cOo6pa-weHHA. JISA pa3BHTHH H 1yBeZjIHeHHS aojiH aAbTepHaTHBHbIX c)OpM yCTpOHCTBa ae're Tpe6yeTCI BpeMA. H, y'IHTbIBaq, YITO BepOSTHOCTb pa3MeiueHHI4 JAeTeH, yBCe HaXO- ,AII1HXCA B TaKHx yMBpe)KaeHHXIX (nociie ,4OMOB pe6eHKa - B YCJIOBHsI cemeriHoro THna), CpaBHHTenJbHO HeBeJIHKa, HOTpe6HOCTb B TaKHX yipe)KLaeHHi5x 6ygeT coxpaHATbCA. Ta- KHM o6pa3oM, OCHOBHOe BHiM4aHHe B HaCTO1iijee BpeMS, cKopee BCerO, caieziyeT yJteJIHTb HaH6ojiee HOJIHOMY HCenOJlb3OBaHHIO yBce HMeIIUHHXCA BO3MO)KHOCTeH, a TaK)Ke HX pac- iuHpeHHIO B COOTBeTCTBHH C yKa3aHHbIMH HpHHuHraMH. KpoMe TOrO, Heo6xoai4Mo pac- CMOTpeTb B03MO)KHOCTb Hepe7ga414 KOHTpaKTOB Ha OKa3aHHe COLIHaJIbHbIX yC.TIyr Henpa- BHTe.IbCTBeHHbIM OpraHH3aLHSIM (CM. cjieayioii4H pa3,qeai o6 y'aCTHH 'aCTHOrO ceKTopa H HeIIpaBHTeJIbCTBeHHbIX OpraHH3auLIH). O0HaKO 3TO HIOTpe6yeT oripejieJieHHorO BJIOBKe- HHA CpeaCTB H BbIpa6OTKH COOTBeTCTBYIOW1HX HOpMaTHBOB, a TaTKe HOP5AKa jiHlleH3H- pOBaHH5I TaKOM lJaeTeJlbHOCTH H MXeaHH3MOB ee cTpororo KOHTpOJIA. B HacToArnIee Bpe- MA B POCCHiH HeT OpraBOB, KOTOpbI MOrJIiH 6bl BbIIOJIHSTb 3TH I yHKUHH. HeO6xO,aHMO TaKwe o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha cXeMy BbInIiaTbl KoMrieHcaLUHa B paMKax ceMeHiHbIX 4OpM ycTpOicTBa aeTeHi, OCTaBlII[HXC5 6e3 noneieHHA pO,aHTejieH. B HpHHUH- ne JaJIA CXOaHbIX C TO'IKH 3peHHSI KaweCTBa yxoaa H o)KHaaeMbIx pe3ynIbTaTOB cPOpM yCT- pOrlCTBa ,eTei BO3Harpa)KgeHi4 eoJIKHo 6bITb paBHbIM, B OTJIlH'ie OT HbIHeIHHeH CHTya- LIHH, KOraa HaH6oJIee aC14eKTHBHaS 4)OpMa yCTpOHCTBa - OneKa, o4¢opMIAeMa5 pOaCT- BeHHH4KaMiH, - 5IBJIAIeTC51 caMOf HH33KOOrIja'IHBaeMOfl, 'ITO CHH)KaeT MOTHBaLiHiO HiH OpMpmeHJH4H POICTBeHHHKaMH OHeKH Haa JWTbMH. HeT HHKaKHX 06'beKTHBHbIX HpHIH4H, HO KOTOpbIM coAepwaHie AeTeTI B HIpHeMHbIX HJH naTpOHaTHbIX CeMbSIX JLOJDKHO orJia'IH- BaTbCA BbIuIe, YCM B OneKYHCKHX CeMbALX, npH O(OpMwieHHH oHeKH KaK pOaCTBeHHHKaMH, TaK H lepOatCTBeHHHKaMH. 1.5. YLiaCTme iacTHoro ceKTopa U HenpaBHTenbCTBeHHb XopraHH3aI4iH B Te,IeHHne nocJieaHHx 10 .ieT B POCCHHi 6bIJIH C03JaaHbI COTH4 HeiIpaBHTe IbCTBeHHbIX Op- raHH3aUiHIi (HrIO) H HpaBO3aiiilHTHbIX o6begHHeHHH, AeqTeJIbHOCTb KOTOpbIX HanpaBJIe- ,LeTk, OCTaBwHecq 6e3 noneqeHu4l poAMTeneu 113 Ha Ha .LOCTHKeHHe 6jIarococTosAHHe CeMbH it pe6eHKa. B 3aKOHo,aaTenJbCTB 3aKpenrICeHo ipaBO Ha oKa3aHHe COUIHaJIbHbIX yc7iyr 4aCTHbIM1 npe;u-pHASTHsIMH, H rIpaBHTeJIbCTBO rOJ1O)(HTe6JbHO pacueHHIBaeT compyDHuuyecmeo C HU,uU 6 COI4UaJlbHOU cckepe. YqHTbIBaA cepbe3Hbie q IHaHCOBbIe HE aaMHHHCTpaTHBHbIe orpaHHwIeHHAJ, cyIJeCTBYIOIHe B rocy- ,qapCTBeHHOM ceKTOpC, HeHpaBlITeJbCTBeHHbIe OpraHI3aHiim MOrYT CbIrpaTb KpaHlHe Ba)K- HYIO POTIb B ,zelie HIOBblIIeHHAI KaMeCTBa H iiCpacHpeH"H gtiaraOfla CO[IIHaJbHbIX ycjiyr IH coefICT135I HaceJieHlI,O, BKJI1oqIasI nOzJIep)KKy H 3aillBTy npaB H 1HHTepecoB AeTei. He- npalB3TeJIbCTBeHHbie opraHi3atuIm MOrYT BHeCTH CBOHI BKJIaa B yKperJieHie o6IjIecTBeH- HOH nOgaep>KKiCKI i Hp1BJI'3ieHHe CTOpOHHfIKOB peC~OpM B c4)epe 3aIIIHTbi AeTCTBa, HpOBO- aA 4H1pOpMaulHOHHbie KaMlH-1H1 0 HeO6XOaiiMOCTH TaKrax peC4opM H MX nponaraEiAy. HpeAOCTaBJIAA pa3BJIHIHbie yCjyrIi H CO1elICTBIIe, OHII MOrYT CH13BTb Harpy3KY Ha rocy- AapCTBCHHYIO CHCTeMy COIIHIBJIbHOrO o6c.iy>cHBaHHA H4 AOflOnHIHTb ee pa6OTy upe,Kae BcerO 3a C'eT pacmIIpeHIIA AHIHBa3OHa B03MOWKHOCTerl HOMOIUM CeMbAM. KpoMe TOFO, OHII MOrYT npeAjLo>IOTb rOCyMapCTBeHHbIM yqpewAeHAMM BbiAaBaTb KOHTpaKTbl Ha oKa3aHHe COUHa.IbHbIX ycjiyr HeHipaBlTeIbCTBeHHbIM opraHlfH3auHsIM. B HacToAi1iee BpeMA 3aKOHO- JaTeJIbHaA 6a3a OKa3aHH51 COUHajibHbIX ycjiyr MaCTHbIM ceKTOPOM ipaKTHiIeCKHI OTCyTcT- ByeT. OAHaKo ceIfNac MlIHHHCTePCTBO TpyAa II COHHa7IbHOrO pa3BHTIIH POCCHIICKOii COeaepautH pa3pa6aTbIBaeT BaKeT aoKyMeHTOB, onpe;ieaiIoIUoIx CTaHAapTbI ycjiyr B ccbe- pe COiHTaAbHOrO o6cJIyHlBaHl4A, HOPAIAOK .7nIueH3HpOBaHHAI H MeXaHIH3MbI KOHTpOJII, KOTOpbIe 6y.L{yT AZeICTBOBaTb KaK B rocyaapcTBeHHOM, TaK H B 'aCTHOM ceKTope. IIOJIHbIX AaHHbIX 0 KoJIIlIeCTBe Heripal3OTebCTBeHHbIX opraHHI3ailHiI, 3aHHMaiOmHrx- CA CO1IHanJbHOi4 pa6OTOfl H fpeAOCTaBJIA1OIUIHX cOUiiaJbHbie YCJIYFH, He HiMeeTCA. B 1998 r., HO HCKOTOpbIM paC'eTaM, B AeBSTH periiOHax pa6OTa.7H 16 AeTCKHX CTaUHOHap- HbIX yMpeAC,AeHHil, CO3AaHHbIX PYCCKOII rlpaBOCJIaBHOH L|epKOBbIO, H APYrFMH OpraHH- 3aBUItIMi4 (flpaBHTeJIbCTBO POCCHIiCKOiI CPeJLepaLIHH, 1998). 14HHOpMaaHB OTHOCHTeJIb- HO nOPSUIKa HpHIeMa B HIIX, Ka,eCTBa IH Mogeniie yxoAa, npO,AOJDKHTeJIbHOCTH rpe6biBa- HI5I B HHX feTefi, B3amMOOTHO -IeHHH C MeCTHbIMH opraHaMII OH6KH IH HOHeri{HTeJIbCTBa H T.;i. OTCYTCTByeT. 1.6. OnbiT HeKOTOpbIX pOCCUHCKHX perHOHOB B pecOpMHpOBaHNH CHCTeMbI COLAmanbHOrO o6ecneLieHHs RoeTeH B HpWHIOWKeHIIH 2 IIpIHBeAeH KpaTKHI o63Op OnbITa HeKOTOpbIX POCCHIHICKHX perFIOHOB B petOpMHIpOBaHiH CHCTeMbi o6ecneteHlIA couiafHJ1bBO1O 6.TiaronoJIyMHA AeTeii 104 He- CMOTpA Ha perlIOHabibHbIe oco6eHHOCTH, 60JIbHIHHCTBO perHOHOB CTaJIKHBBalOTCA 3aeCb CO CXOAHbIMHI npO66ieMaMH. PaBHO KaK H B03MO)KHOCTH AJIAS pemieHI4, 3TH4X HpO6jIeM MlmelOT orpalHweIlHAS OaIHaKOBOrO xapaKTepa: cJIa6aA MYHHIHHIa7IbHaA HaJIoroo6JIaraeMaA 6a3a, He,OCTaTOK KalpOB, HfeAOCTaTOK OrIbITa, OCo6eHHO B HipHMeHeHHH HOBaTOPCKHX MeTOAHK, HeCOBepHieHCTBO 3aKOHOAaTeJIbHO-HOpMaTHlBHOi 6a3bl, pa3pO3HeHHbIe aAMHHHCTpaTHB- HbI o6AI3aHHOCT14 H OTCYTCTBiHe pa3pa6OTaHHbIX PYKOBOAAIHX npIHHHHOB. OAHaKO, He- B3ipm5I Ha OCTPYIO HeXBaTKy HflHaHCHpOBaHH5, MeCTHbIM opraHaM BJIaCTH o6blPHO yra- eTCAI BbiAeJSITb orpeaeielfbie Cpe;ICTBa H pa3BHBaTb HeKOTOpbie npoqmHnaKTmqeCKHe HarpaBJIeHlIHA pa6oTbI B COIHIJIbHOHI cqtepe, rioAAepKHBaTb y'pe;KAieHuIA COuiajibHOlO o6cJIypCIIBaHHI5I, BKJIoIoaA BpeMeHHbIe ripHlOTbI H cOiHa.IbHO-pea6HJTITaUIOHHbIe IleHT- pbI AJ CeMbll H AIeTeH. Bo MHorFx peruioHax HpeAnpHHHTbl AOCTOHHbIe IOXBaJIbI npo- noflo>KeHme geTeU B POCCUUCKOU OeAepaLA1H. 114 HTorH coqmaJbHoH nonHTHKM 1990-x roAoB U nepcneKTHBbl rpaMMbl MaTeplaJibHOfI rOMOmWi Hy11CalOiuiHMCq CeMbIM - B eHeACHOHI Wil HaTypaJlb- HOII (HJIr B KOM61{Hl4pOBaHHOrI) bopMe. B TO Ke BpeMA MaCUTa6bI OKa3bIBaeMOrO coRefl- CTBI1S ABHO HeaOcTaTOMHbI, B noKa peaJIbHbIH 3jxleKT He 3aMeTeH. Bojiee TOrO, BO BCeM, MTO KaCaeTC51 yCTpOHCTBa qeTefl, OCTaBIIIXCA 6e3 noneieHHS4 pOLHITeCieH, npeo6JIaaaloT CTapbie nOaXOabI H HpenHIOMTeH5Iq, T.e. yCTpOHCTBO jeTei B CTa3IHOHapHbIe yMpe>K1ieHH4l. 14i noKa 3Ta npo6ileMa He 6yJaeT KOpeHHbIM o6pa3OM pemIeHa, Bce ycHi4HiI Ho yJIyillmeHI4O BKH3HH 60.IbIImHHCTBa ceMeIi H eTe rpyrnnH pHCKa 6yayT HCeaIeKTHBHbIMH. 1.7. Pe3WoMe H BbIBOAbl B 1990-e ro4bI Ha6JHtoaaJIcq 40,3%-fi pOCT MHcmI JaeTeH, OCTaBII1HXCqI 6e3 HoHeM,eHHi po- ,RHTeTieH H noMeWeHHbIX B aeTCKHe CTaUllOHapHbIe yMpewjeHHq. B PoccHH npaKTHMeCKH KacKbIC ,aBa pe6eHKa 143 CTa JHIHweHbI noriMeeHH5l 6HIOTorwiMeCKHIX pOAl4TeJIier. HIo cpaB- HeHI1O C CHTyauHeHi B pa3BHlTbIX CTpaHaX, r7e ,4OJIS TaKHix aeTefi COCTaBJIqeT OKOJIO H.JIH1 MeHee 1 pe6eHKa 113 CTa, B POCCHI jieJIa o6CTOAT 3HaillHTeJlbHO xyBce. OKOAO 90-95% ,ie- Teli, OCTaBII1HXC5I 6e3 noriMeHIm pOAllTeleEH, - 3TO coiiIiaJIbHbIe CHpOTbI. 1l XOTSI B 2000 r. B POCCHH CeMeHlHbIe qOpMbI yCTpOr4CTBa,aeTeHi, OCTaBUIIXCqI 6e3 noneIeHHIA p- AMHTeJieA, npeo6jiaJaaH, TeM He meHee 3HaMHTeJlbHa5 maCTb TaKHX aeTefi (27,2%) 6biJIa pa3melueHa B JIeTCKHIX CTaIIHOHapHbIX yMpe)KJIeHHI5X. HeraTHBHoe BJIHIIHHie BOCriHTaHHSI AeTeH B ReTCKHIX yqpe)KaeH4,X Ha H4X HHTejUIeK- TyaJIbHoe, (p143H4qeCKoe, 3MOUHoHaJIbHoe, nCHiXOJIOrEi4eCKOe H CO1IEHaIbHOe pa3BITHie, B oco6eHHOCTII B paHHeM B03paCTe, TII1aTeJlbHO H4 Kp4TH'IeCKH4 H3ywMHO H 3aEHKCllpOBa- HO B HayiiHOHi JHE4TepaType, BKJIo'iaS pOCCHIECKHe IiCcICe,OBaHHAl. Boziee TOrO, roMeiUe- HHie B rocyaapCTBeHHOC ylpeKaKeHHie, 6yLLy4EI HaEMeHee aIXeKTH4BHOr4 bOpMOEI yCTpOHI- CTBa He3aHui4IHeHHbIX TIHLI, s9BJiSIeTCA eXe I llaHi6oJIee 3aTpaTHOfi fopMOHi. B nepEIo, 1990-x rOaOB EIHHaHCHpOBaHlie nporpaMM 3aWHITbl ceMbHl H zEITCTBa B PoccIEI 6bIJIo KpaHIHe OrpaHWileHHbIM, H4 3Hall4TeTIbHYIO MaCTb 3THX Cpe,aCTB HOirJIOTHIJIH AeTCKH4e yM- peKcJteHl4A, rpOioeMOHCTPIHPOBaB EIX He3cI4eKTIIBHOe 4CHO.TIb3OBaHlie, H H43-3a 3Toro - ,JOCTHEweHiHe pe3yJIbTaTOB, KOTOpbIe OKa3aJIHCb H imKe BO3MO>KHbIX. Cpe,H Hala6oJIee pacHpOCTpaHCHHbIX HpHIMIH, nO KOTOpbIM ,aeTlI OKa3bIBalOTCSI JIEI- IieHHbIMH4 OieoieHIIA POJ,4ITeiefi EI nonaHalOT B zeTCKie CTaunOHapHbie yMpe>KBeeHHA, npexK,ae BcerO Ha3bIBaIOT o6HHIwaHlle HaCeJIeHHSI, pa3pylleHHie cemef4 no npHmEHe aJIKO- rOJTI3Ma H4 HeIHOJIHbIC CeMbHI. Hii OAEIl 113 THIX 4)aKTOpOB B OTqeCTIbHOCTH He SBJIIeTCA aO- MHHupyIoLuefl rpHtI-IHoHi, no KOTOpOEI aeTHI OKa3blBalOTC5l JIIIHIeHHbIM4 none'-iewHsi pO- ,aHTejiei. HO B KOM6H4HaIEIH, B3alHMHO yCHI4leHHbIe, OHH4 Co3talOT CH4TyaUIHH, Korja CeMbH OKa3bIBa1OTCSI HeCHOCo6HbIMH BoCrIHTbIBaTb co6CTBeHHbIX aeTer4. C HaaTia 1990-x FO;OB, B OTBeT Ha B03HHIKHOBeHHIe HOBbIX COUHaIJbHbIX 1 3KOHOM14- MeCKHX peaJiIIfI, a TaK)Ke HOBbIX CoiHaj1bHbIX yCTaBOBOK, KOTOpbIe Tpe6ylOT HrIpM4eHeHHE HHIHBHJ,ayaJlbHOO noiaxoaa, OCHOBaHHOrO Ha co6mloJaeHEIEI npaB pe6eHKa, CH4CTeMa COUHi- aJlbHorO o6ecHemleHlsI ceMbll H aeTCTBa npeTeprejia CepbC3Hbi 143MeHeHHSI: ee 3aKOHoAa- TeJIbHaA EI 4HCTH4TYU14OHaJIbHa5I 6a3bi 6bIjIH pe4¢opMHpOBaHbl; cama CH4CTeMa aeueHTpa- JI43OBaHa; BBe,aeHbI B efifCTBHie npO4IHJiaKTHImeCKHe COHJIaJlbHbie npOrpaMMbI nOMOmIH ceMbXM EI aeTAM. Bce 3TH H43MeHeHHI 3ajioKHIum HpO4HbIH 4fyHaaMeHT AI JIaJbHeHIIue- ro pa3BH4T5IA Ec1XeKTHBHOHI CHCTeMbI COuIHaJIbHOrO O6eCneMeHHI4 CeMbHi H pe6eHKa Ha oc- HOBe agpecHoHi nOMOiiWH H CO66IiOoeHHl EIX npaB. OAHaKO C rOBeCTKHI AHA eme He CH51TbI MHOrHe CePbe3HbIe HpO6JIeMbI, B OCO6eHHOCTHI Te, qTO KaCaIOTC51 3+4eKTHBHOCTH npOBe- JaeHEI4 pe(JOpM. A4eT., OcTaBLuMecq 6e3 noneteHMR poAHTeAeA 1 15 TIepe3 AeCSITb n7eT C Haqania pecbopm CHICTeMa coumanIbHOFO o6ecnetIeHHI4 ,eTeeI B Poc- CHHI Bce eme He34XeKTIIBHa C aAMlHl4CTpaTIHBHOil TO'-KH 3peHHsI, nOCKOJ1bKy npeACTaB- jinseT co6o0i XHTP0CHiJIeTeHi4e rOpH3OHTaJIbHO B3aHMoaelWCTBYK0MUHX 14 BePTHKaJlbHO no,- 4llHeHHbIX y4aCTHHKOB, KaK CTapblX TaK H HOBbIX, 'IbH (jYHKIUHHM He Bceraa leTKO nporH- CaHbI HI 'IbMi o6SI3aHHOCT14 -lacCTO y6jm1pyIOT jpyr apyra. YCJIOIKHeHHOCTb 14 3arnyTaHHOCTb C14CTeMbl MellalOT 3aXeKTl4BHOfI pea.TIH3aIHll HOBbIX yCTaHOBOK. CHiCTeMa BbICoKo3aT- paTHaAI, rOCKO.7IbKy OCHOBHOIH ynop Bce ewe aejiaeTcsj Ha coep)KwaHHH 4,eTef B coilHaJIb- HbIX y'IpeMczeHHSAx. B Hel 3a,aeECTBOBaHa uegiasA apMHIA nepcoHalIa, 3at'aCTYIO He o6.iama- iowero HeO6XOai4MO4 KBajIn4HKauMeII. 14 HaKOHeij, OHa Tpe6yeT rOCTO$IHHOrO )4HHaHC14- pOBaHIirI HplI XpOHnIieCKOHI HeXBaTKe CppeaCTB. B mBM HIHplllHbI pOCTa iHC4J1 a,eTefl, pa3mewIlaeMbIX B roCyaapCTBeHHbIe CTailioHap- HbIe y1pe}KqeH14,q? 3TOT pOCT BO3HHK, HCB3lIpaA Ha I43MCHeHHA B 3aKOHoaaTeJIbHO iH 14H- CTHITyIJHOHaJIbHoii 6a3ax; nHIHATne HOBbIX CTpaTerFHf, KOTOpbIe oTZaIOT ripeqritlOTeHl4e ceMeHiHbIM 4IopMaM yCTpOMCTBa aeTerI no cpaBHeHHIo C yCTpOHICTBOM B ympe,KueHI431; paCTywIyiO HH(HOPMHPOBaHHOCTb o6mecTBa 0 HeraTHBHbIX riOCJe7ieCTBI4AX TaKoro ycTpOH- CTBa AiAs JnIH'-HOCTH4 pe6eHKa 14 CHHKeHl4e o6weii 'IHCJeHHOCTH4 ,eTCKOrO HaceJIeHHAI. TeH- AeHU143I K yCHiiHHI0 ripoUecCOB HHCT14TYU10HHaJI43aiUHH SIBJISIeTCSl CJieACTBneM cJieAyio- wtix aKTOpOB: 1) COKpaiueHSIA BO3MOWKHOCTeri aJIA yCTpOHCTBa BCe yBeSjIiHl4BaioLuerocAI KOJIH'ieCTBa aeTefi, OCTaBiI4XCsA 6e3 roHeq-eHI4si pOA4Tejieii, B yCJIOBISI, 6JIl43KHe K ce- Mel4HbIM, nOCKOJIbKy rOBCeMeCTHO LICnbITbIBaeMbIe 3KOHOMn'eCKHe TpyaHOCT14 npH4BeSJi K CHH)KeHHIio 'IICiia ceMerI, KOTOpbIe MOFYT ce6e HO3BOJIHTb H )KeiJaiOT HIP4HSATb Ha BOC- H14TaHne AeTeii-CHpOT; 2) yKopeHHBLeIneroC5 MHeHH431, 'TO rocyLaapCTIeHfble y"Ipe>KAxeHHA niyqiue cripaBJIAIOTCA C 3agaael BOCHHTaHIlA aeTefl, 'BM 3TO enaioT ceMbH; 3) Mep, npe,t- npHHHHMaeMbix ,l5sA rpoHaraHJUbI, pa3BHTH1 H rIHoaJep)KKH ceMei!HbIX 4OPM yCTpOiHCTBa JUeTel, OCTaBLIIhHXCA 6e3 rore'-eHiMA poAlITenierI, HeJoCTaTo'IHo; 4) HajiH'-l4A1 BO B.7aCTHbIX CTPYKTypax Iio,Aei4, 3aIIHTepecOBaHHbIX B COXpaHeHI114 npeo6JIa,jaioWjeie po0Ii JaeTCKHX CTaiu1oHapHbLx y'Ipe>KAeHHHi; 5) HeJOCTaTKOB cHCTeMbLi: OTCYTCTBHIe rocyaapCTBeHHOHl CTpaTeriFll B o6JiaCTII COIWaJIbHOH 3aIUHITbl JeTeHi, CTaBSliUeH BO rniay yrJla JIHKBHaaiuH1o H4HCTIITYTa aeTCKIIX CTaUI4OHapHbLiX yIpe>KJaeHfIi; 6) OrpaiHHIeHHbLIX B03MOIKHOCTei, Te. He)JOCTaTO'IHOrO az(MHHIICTpaTHBHOrO pecypca AJIS KBaJIH4HUIHpOBaHHoro o6ecHe'-eHH3I peHTa6eJlbHbIX 41OpM YCTpOIICTBa aeTeH, OCTaBIUIXCAI 6e3 ioneweHHlsI pOJUHTeJaefl, B pa- 3YMHbIe CpOKH4; 7) HeCOBephlIhHHbIX HiporpaMMHblIX OKyMeHTOB H rOPIAaKa HPHHATHS4 pe- IIeHIIIl, npH4 3TOM COHPOBO1KLaeHHe Ka1KZ0OrO OTzieJlbHOrO CJIy'-asA rpaKTHIqecKH He ocyifle- CTBJISAeTCSI, II TaKoro pojLa HlOaXOA He rpeaycMoTpeH; 7) OTCYTCTB 11 HOJOT'IeTHOCTH E CH- CTeMbI KOHTpOSI. qTO HeO6XoAiiMo CaeJIaTb AJISI yJyI1iEeHI4A CIlTyauLE? Bo-fiepBbLIX, cHmiKeHHC pOJIE rOCy,aapCTBeHHbIX yIpe)K,aeHHii B CHICTeMe YCTpOE CTBa geTeIr, OCTaBHHlXCc 6e3 HoHie4eHH5S 6HoJIOrH'iecKHx pOJAHTeAeii, Tpe6yeT BHeAIPHE ri npo- rpaMM, HMeiowUHX ueJIbio o6wee coKpaiueHi4e KOJIHEeCTBa JeTeH, HyKJaaiIUoHXCSA B 3a60- Te. J;JIAs pemeHE4Sl 3TOH 3agIa'I HeO6XOai4MO JUaJIbHefiIee pa3BH4Tiie rpO14jiaKT'IfeCKI4X Mep, HaipaBJIeHHblIX Ha HOBbiwIeHIIe BO3MO)KHOCTefl ceMeIH H3 rpyHrbI p4cKa 3a6OTHlTbC5I o CBOIIX jeTSIX, 'ITO cHil>KaeT HOTpe6HOCTb B CO14aJ1bHOM YCTpOflCTBe 2leTeH!, OCTaBIIIHX- CAI 6e3 nIOne'eHIIHI po0,aTeieH. DT14 MepbI paOJI>KHbI BKJiIo0aTb pacEi4peHie CeTH COlI4a7Ib- HOFOo 06CJIyxKuBaH HI 1H rpeJIOCTaBJieH4e peryJISpHOIAaeeHe)KHoH I1OMOHUH He6JIarorOIo0yt- HbIM CeMbAIM, B rIepByio O'Iepeab CeMbSIM, uMeiOIUlHM aeTeR. BO-BTOpbIX, HeO6XOaIMO HiepeOCMbICJIH4Tb H CyIUeCTBeHHO CH43HTb pOJIb rocyaapCT- BeHHblIX y'ipesKACeHfI4 B CHICTeMe yCTpOfICTBa aeTefi, OCTaBIH4XC51 6e3 rOIIo'IeHIIA pOAH4Te- nloAo>KeHme AeTee B POCCUUCKOA OeAepaL1mu. 116 lITOrF coLAHaAbHoM nonHTMKH 1990-x roAoB U nepcneKTHBbl Jlefl. 1IAs OCTH>KeHHIA 3TOEf UejiJ HeO6XOai4MO caeJIaTb c.iieayioiuee: 1) pa3BHBaTb H yK- penfJIATb CeMeE1Hbie 4bOpMbI YCTpO14CTBa JeTeHI, OCTaBiui4XCq 6e3 nore'qIeHH4I pOQTTeJIeH; 2) pa3pa6oTaTb H BHeapLITb I1pOrpaMMbI o6yqeHH1q H E HwOpMHpOBaHH1 o6IUeCTBa, Ha- HpaBJIeHHbIe B uejiOM Ha fOpME4pOBaHHe HOBbIX CO1JHAlbHbIX YCTaHOBOK B OTHOII1eHHH JIeTeii, HaXO4AIIlHXCS B aeTCKHX y'pewaeHHI4X, H JieTCe l13 rpyrIIbi pHCKa, B oco6eHHoC- TH, Ha pa3BKTHe, rponaraHjy U HQogAepTXKy ceMeiAHbIX 4)OpM yCTpOrHCTBa aeTeA; 3) 13Me- HHTb ripaBHJIa H HOpMbI YCTpOHCTBa AeTeEl, Hy>KaaIOlllHXCS B nOMOIgH, H npaBH5Ia B03Bpa- Ta geTel B ceMbH; 4) BHezJpEITb HpaKTHKY C14CTeMaTEIYCCKOrO KOHTpOJ71A 3a aeATejbHOC- TbIO nO yCTpOACTBy aeTei! C OueHKOHI ee 3ajeKTHBHOCTH; 5) HaH6oJIee nOJIHO HcrioJIb3O- BaTb a,IMIIHHCTpaTusHble pecypcbi AlJIA peaju3aauun pa3pa6oTaHHo1 HO.7IHTHKH; 6) oTc.ie- 2K4BaTb HOTpe6HOCTb B qeTCKHX CTaUHOHapHbIX y-IpeKJeHHAX, KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb HX pa- 3YKpyrHeHiHe 14JIU ARKBHZaUHIO, pa3pa6oTaTb CTpaTerUHO TpyaOyCTpOHCTBa BbICBo6o- AuBiiierocsl nepcoHaalIa. 14 HaKOHeU, Heo6xoaHMo pa3pa6oTaTb U peanji3OBaTb npOrpaMMbI nHO HbAITI10 ReTeH, B HacToAiuee BpeMq Haxoa5iIIHXCA B 2aeTCKHX y'pe>KZaeHHAX, H HX YCTpOACTBY B CeMeeH- HbIe yCC7IOBH5. OnbIT iaTpOHaTHbIX ceme lROKa3bIBaeT iiejiecoo6pa3HOCTb TaKOro nepe- MeIueHHA. rHo 3aBepIueHuHH nepHoiaa o1eHKI H COOTBeTCTByIOIIIeE KOppeKTHPOBKH HH- CTHTYTa iaTpOHaTHbIX ceMeii MO3(HO HOCTeneHHO HapaIUHBaTb ero pOjib, npu yCj1OBHH CO3,aaHHSl HeO6XoaHMbIX aJIA ero ycnemHoro 4byHKU14OHHpOBaHH4A opraHH3alUHHHbIX MexaHu3MOB H CTpyKTyp. TaKXie cJIe,yeT HpOBOAHTb o6M3aTe.ibHbie HpOBepKH COCTOA- HHUS eTeH, HaXO2AAIUHXCS B JaeTCKHX yMpe)KJaeHHAX, TO6bI oileHHTb iepcHrKTHBbI TaKHX ,IeTeEi Ha yCTpOCTBO B ceMeHHbIe YCJIOBH5I HJ171 BOCCoe0aHeHH4e c UX KPOBHbIMH pOZHTe- JIAMH. rlo pe3ynJbTaTaM npOBepKHa Jo0jiCeH 6bITb COCTaBJieH HHIHBHlztya.ibHbIr4 rInaH J[aJIb- HeumIero YCTPO11CTBa Ka)KQoro pe6eHKa, ocTaBIuerocs 6e3 noneqeHAs poauHTejieu H Haxo- 2AAIueroCA B y'peX(KeHHH ,JH AjeTeei (BKJHoaS jeTeH, pa3MeIUeHHbIX nO npHmuHe 6eqHo- CTH pORHTeiieH Un1 no apyrHM nozto6HbIM npHMI1HaM). Ea4HCTBeHHbIM KPHTepHeM ripui COCTaBjIeHHH TaKHX HHalHBWIYaJ]bHbIX H.IiaHOB U nociieayiowem HrpHHATHH pemeH4M ZIO7D1KeH 6bITb nP1HOPITeT HHTepecOB pe6eHKa. B KOHeYHOM ITOre Bce nepeMicJieHHbie MepbI HO CHH?KeHI4O KOJiWieCTBa leTef4, OC- TaBUIIIXCA 6e3 iore'eHHS4 pORHTeJieHf, coKpaeIIeHHIO O Ccjia aeTeH, HanpaBjieHHbIX B IeT- CKHe yMpe*C,aeHHA 1, no B03MO)KHOCTH, pOCT KOJIH'eCTBa geTer, nOKHaaioIuHX TaKHe y1- pe)K,aeHHS, COHpOBOAKZ,aeMbif COOTBeTCTBy1oiLIeH peCTpyKTypl3aLllef4 CHCTeMbi rocyltap- CTBeHHOrO CTaUUlOHaPHOrO YCTpOHCTBa aeTeH, ,OJI1KHbI HpHBeCTH He TOJIbKO K C03AaHH1O peHTa6eJlbHOA U InOCHJIbHO lajiq rocyaapCTBa CHCTeMbI 3a6OTbI o aeTXX, HO TaKKe H K 60- niee BbICOKHM pe3y1IbTaTaM pa6OTbI Ho o6eciemeHrmo 6iaronoJ.lynA zIeTeii B PoCCIIH. LjIaBa 2. aeT4-1HBaI4jbl pHHSHTO C'llTaTb, 'ITO CeMbll, HMOifIfHe zLeTeH C HeaOCTaTKaMH YMCTBeHHOIO H 4)113We- CKOFO pa3BHTIIH, IaXOZLSITCSI B pAay CaMbIX COIHaJbHIO He 3a3L1H1l1eHHbIX rpynrI Hacejle- HII51 B PoccHi!. B TO BpeM51 KaK B pOCCIIICKUX 4CCjieAOBaHHIIX CeMbll, fM0mlmiHe MCieHOB 105 ceMbll-4HBaJI11ROB , He BbiAeJiIOTCS1 B OTae.7IbHyIO rpynrIy, 3Ta TO4Ka 3peHHS aKTHBHO HQoUteP)HBlaeTC51 H HeO(HTuHa.7IbHbIMH gaHHbIMH, H aaHHbIMH MeCTHb1X opraHOB COUH- a3jbHOFO o6ecneqeHIIlq no BCeiH POCCHH4. BOCHHTaHHe pe6eHKa-HHBaJiw,a - OxieHb Heripo- CTaA 3a,z2aqa, B OcO6eHHOCTHI B OKpyxceHHH, rz2e HHBa.liAHOCTb 5BJI5eTCA cBoero poga KJieIIMOM H CYIIleCTByeT TmHaeHUSI K H3OI-SIUHH HHBajIlJOB OT OCTajibHOrO o6IHeCTBa; o6WecTBeHHaI 4THHaHCOBaS HOMOIIIb IBI.VITCA He3Ha'IlTeJIbHOH H 'aCTO He BbinHa4HBa- eTCA; cjiyw6bi colo6ecnetieHHH, noggepKKH 1i pea6nhlHTaunxi Kpafle Majio'i4cCieHHbI; MaTepSM Hepe;lKo HPHXOllHTCSA 6pocaTb pa6oTy aJIsA yxozaa 3a pe6eHKOM-HHBa.nHl4aOM; a OTUbl YXOAAT 113 CeMbH BCKope noc.1e IO3BJ7ieHIIq B JOMe TaKOrO pe6eHKa, MTO B 6oZb- IllHHCTBe cJIy'aeB IPHBO1aHT K o6HtifaHH10 MaTePH II ee pe6eHKa. Oco6eHHo COU1HahbHO He 3aIume-IHHbIlMll sqBJ7lAOTCA 6polerHHbie JeTH-HHBaJIHJAbl, KOTOpbIe lamIe Bcero rOMe- IualOTCsA B CTaIHOHapHble y'pe>KLeHHIA, Hepej,Ko Ha BCIO XKH3Hb. B ,laaHHorl rniaBe paccMaTpnlBaeTcq nooJIoceiiiie ,eTeHl-HHBa'IlH,lOB B POCCHM, B qaCTHO- CTII BOllpOCbl fIX COJlepAcaHHS B CTaL[HOHapHbIX yqpe,,KleHIIAX, B OCo6eHHOCTH_, eTefi, no- JIyM'IBIHIHX CTaTYC YMCTBeHHO OTCTaJIbIX . OcoCBHoe BHHMaHHe yaensIeTcq c.neaypo- LUHM acieKTaM: 1) TeHACeHIUlSM, cyiLieCTBYIOHIH"M B aeTCKOH 4HBaJIHllHOCTH; 2) nOJIHTl- Ke rocyAapcTBa nO OKa3aHHH1O noMoIIIH JeT1M-HHBaJIHztaM H fX CeMbAIM; 3) o6yMeHInlo ,ae- Tefi-HHBaJillWOB, T.e. B CTaumOHapHbIX y'-pCefijeHfjX (Clieaia.nH3HpOBaHHbIX iIKOjiaX-IIHTepHaTaX), KaK OaHOI1 113 xapaKTepHblX pOCCHICKHX Oco6eHHOcTeii; 4) o6rH1M HarpaBIeIIIAM IIOJIIITIIKII, HaripaBJ1eHHOH Ha .OCTH>KeHlHe 6o- .7iee BbICOKIIX HI peHTa6eJlbHbIX pe3yJIbTaTOB 3a6OTbl O JzeTAX-HHBaJiHztax. flae>i-HOfi lHHPopMaUHiH O aeTAX-4HBallAax B POCCHII KpaHHe HegOCTaTO4HO: 660Sbwasi iaCTb zaHHbIX, rIpHBBeeHHbIX B 3TOH rJIaBe, B3STa 113 MaTepHaJIOB MHHHCTepCTB 14 BegOMCTB II psAa pOCCHIfICKHX HcciegOBalH1. 2.1. TeHAeHLHH, CyL4eCTBYIOUHe B AeTCKOIH HHBanJHAHOCTH B POCCHH B POCCHII1 KOJTIlIeCTBO aeTeH C HeaOCTaTKaMH YMCTBeHHOFO HI 1H3H4eCKoro pa3BHTHI B BO3paCTea o 16 nieT B HacToAiwee BpeMA (Ho oalHHbIM Ha 1999 r.) zOCTH4raeT 950 TbIC., 'ITO COCTaB.1iqeT 3,1% OT o6mero HCjia aeTeH aaHHOfl BO3paCTHOHI rpyrinbi. lo alHHbiM 3a 1990 r., TaKHX ieTefe 6blJIo 500 TbIC., HIH 1,4% OT o6mero qHCJIa. PacHeT OCHOBaH Ha 1) KOJIHieCTBe geTeH B BO3paCTea o 16 jieT, HiMe1oImHx cTaTyc aemeu-un6aJloao H HoJIy- tIHIBIIJHX npaBO Ha coUhiaIabHYIO neHCH1O HO HHBaIH.LIHOCTH 107 2) HHqopMauiH 0 KOJI4- IeCTBe ,eTefl C OrpaHH'eHHbIMH B03MO)KHOCTqMIH 3JaOpOBbS3, 3aMHIcnIeHHbIX B cHetuHaib- Hbie TIlKOJIbl HIii cne1LI1IbHbie KIiaCCbi, cyHeCTBYIOIUHe npH o6flteo6pa3OBaTeJIbHbIX mUKoniax (IlpaBHTeIbcTBo Poccn4ilcKoii (DezepauHHH, 1998, 2000). DTH aBe rpyirbi COB- najzaao .lIIITIJb IaCTHqHO, nO3TOMY pacieT 6bln CKOpPCKTHpOBaH C yMeTOM 3TOFO HeCO- BHnaRHHMS 108 HeCMOTpAI Ha TO, 'TO pac'eTHbIe z(aHHbIC CBHI4eTeJlbCTBYIOT o6 YABOeHIHH 3a rliepHi- oA 1990-x rogOB i4cJIa JeTe4-HIHBajIJROB B POCCITIH, Bb1BOqbl O CyWeCTBeHHOM yXya- nono>KeHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU ct)eAepaLAmu. 118 I1Torm coLAmanbHoH nonHTHKH 1990-x roqOB u nepcneKTHBbI II1CHHH CHTyauHn cZieAyeT JLeJIaTb C OCTOpO?KHOCTbIO (CM. TaK)Ke: IOHHCEcD, 1998). KOjI4I'eCTBO HHBaZjiHjOB B ino6oil CTpaHe onpejejiseTCq HCXOaq H3 aByX cbaKTOpOB: 1) o6iuero COCTOAHH31 3ZkOPOBbA HaceieHHiq; 2) YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX KpHTep;teB HHBajiHa- HOCT1I. Ha HPOTA>KeHUH HocJieaJHlIX 10 iieT o6a (baKTopa ripeTepnelli B POCCHII cywe- CTBeHHble H13MeHeHI5Iq, ripH-eM TaKIUe, tITO 3TO MOrJIO BbIpa3llTbC3I B pOCTe KOJIHMeCT- Ba AeTefI-HHBajiHJaOB. 3ZkOpOBbe aeTCI B uejiOM yXyIlmlIJOCb, O 'eM CBJgeTejibCTByeT HOBbiiu1eHHe 3a6oJieBaeMOCTII , a KpHTepHiH, HO3BOJIAioi e HnOJ1yqMlTb CTaTyC pe- 6eHKa-uHHBaJIuj,a, paCiupHTIHCb. Fipll 3TOM CaM roaxoa K onpeaejieHHIO HHBajiHJtHO- CTHI MeH5ICH OT TpaZLIHoHHOrO, y3KOMeATulHHCKOrO noAxoAa (KOTOpblfi OCHOBbIBa- eTCA Ha HaJWiI1HH 1H3H31eCKOFO IIHZ YMCTBeHHOFO paCCTpOHCTBa KaK eauncmoennozo nOKa3aTeJI5I HHBaJIHJIaHOCTH) K 4byHKLUHOHaJIbHOMy (KOTOpbIli OCHOBHOiI ynop aejiaeT Ha cnoco6BOCTI zLaHHOrO HHaHBIHayyMa aaeKBaTHO (PyHKUIIOHIBpOBaTb B o6meCTBe). 3TO CO BpeMeHeM aOJDHO HlpIBCCTlI K CHHi*)eHH1O KOJIHMeCTBa IeTeH, HMIeIOIIHX CTa- TYC HIHBaJI11aOB. B POCCH4H CyLUeCTByIOT ,ABe pa3HbIe riapaIi ieJlbHO ;IefICTBYIOIIIHe CHCTeMbI oHpeaJele- HHAI 4HBaJIH4aHOCTH y aeTeH, YITO HlMeeT Cepbe3Hbi HOCJiieACTBH5I AJIA JIeTef1-4HBaJIHJaOB. IepBasi CH4CTeMa npezHa3Ha4eHa ]J51 YCTaHOBjieHHA HHBaIHaHOCT4 pe6eHKa H ero npaBa Ha nojiyieHiie coHuaJ1bHOlH neHCHHt HO IIHBaJIIIaHOCTH. DTHM 3aHMMaeTCS FOCy- JaapCTBeHHasA cjiyiK6a MeliIKO-COIIIIaIbHlOHI 3KCnepCTH3b1 (Aei!CTByIOuaAi HpH MHHHCTep- CTBe Tpyaa H COUaSJIbHOrO pa3BIHTH41 POCCHIICKOii cDeaepaIiHlH). BTopax C14CTeMa onpeaejiseT CIOCo6HOCTII pe6eHKa K o6ymeHIno. DTY 3KCHePT113y npOBOJUIT HIClXOJIOrO-MeJlIKO-nleJarorlIieCKHe KOM4CCH41 (fIM17K), pa6oTaiouwe B CHCTeMe MHHHCTepCTBe o6pa3oBaHIa1 POCCHIIICKOii c)eaepauitH. Pe6eHoK, KOTOpbIH nO 3aKJIIO'eHH1O FIMJIK noJIyiaeT CTaTyC (¢H31I4CCKII HJIII YMCTBeHHO HeHOJIHOueH- HOFO HJIH HMeIOIweFO 3aZepA)KKy YMCTBeHHOrO pa3BHTIIA H HecHoco6Horo, no onpe,;e- JICH14O KOMIICCHH, K 06yieHIIIO B o6meo6pa3OBaTeAbHOII IUKOjie, HaripaBjileTCA B cne- iiiaJIbHbIiI KJiaCC npH o6iueo6pa3OBaTeJIbHOii lIIKOJie, cneuiiHaJlbHyiO mUKOJIy (BKJiioiasq cIeu am311pOBaHHYIO UKOJIy-HHTepHaT) HJHI HIHTepHaT Ja51 JeTeHCc Cepbe3HbIMH yM- CTBCHHbIMII H 1)H3HqeCKHIMH HapyileIH5IIMH (B CJIymae, eCJIH yCTaHOBJIeHO, 'ITO TaKOH pe6eHOK He MO-KeT OCBOITb JaaKce cneHC1a1HII3HPOBaHHYIO nporpaMMy CneUIlUKOJIbI H4JI cneUKTiacca). PeiIIeHIsl, nplHHHMaeMbe fiMnK, HMeIOT BaAKHeluuHe eOJ1FOCPO'HbIe HocJieRCTBHs1 Jl5A CaMHIX ]eTei, HX pQOallTejieHl, o6luICTBa B ueJioM, a TaK)Ke COCTO51HH5A 6ioq)ceToB pa3JIH'HbIX ypOBHeHI, B oco6eHHOcTII B TeX cJy'iaAX, KOrJaa peIb Hj,eT o6 YCTpOiiCTBe JaeTef Ha JIHTeJIbHbIfl CpOK B CTauIIoHapHbIe yMpe-KaeHifiA, Tpe6yiolueM 3Ha-LHTeJIbHO- ro 4HHaHCHpOBaHHAs. [loMeLueHHe pe6eHKa B cHeUHanjIH3HPOBaHHYIO IIKOJIY BO MHOFH4X cJiynaAX o6peKaeT pe6eBKa Ha MaprI4HaNJbHOe cyueCTBOBaHe B o6iieCTse, a B xyalUeM cJiy-iae - iia nOAKHl3HeHHoe npe6blBaHHe B y'IpeHCJLeHHH. HeraTHBHOe B03,aeRCTBHe BOC- HTaHHH51 B yllpeABReH41H Ha pa3BHTHe pe6eHKa ropa3,ao ClJIbHee IpO51BJI51eTC51 B aeT51X, HOJI'IHBUIIIHX CTaTyC YMCTBeHHO OTcTaJIbIx. ECJIiH FOBOPHTb o JIeTA1X, HCnbITbIBalOIIHx TpyJLHOCTH C o6yieHHeM H HMeIoUHx OTKJIOHeHH51 B HOBeZJeHH4H, fo,jaloIIuHec51 Kop- peKUHHI1 (HHbIM1 CJIOBaMll, 0 MHOFIIX H3 TeX aeTe , KOTOpbIX ceiIqac KJiaCCHiLHHHpyIOT KaK <), TO Ha;JO OTMeTHTb, 'TO Iix iuaHCbI Ha HOpMaJIbHYIO WKH3Hb pe3KO COKpalUalOTC51 B pe- 3YJIbTaTe nOMeleHHH51 B uIKOJIbl-IlllTepHaTbl CO cneUHaJbhHbIMH HOFrpaMMaMH o6y'ie- HHA51 Ja51 JeTeMi C HeaOCTaTKaMH YMCTBeHHOrO pa3BHTH51. AeTrwHH Ba lUAbI 119 Ta6nH4a 11.6. AeTH-HHBaJrHAbl B B03paCTe AO 16 neT, nony4aioLI4He neHcHlo no HH- Ban1AHOCTH B POccHH (AaHHbie Ha KOHeUL rOAa) Ha 10 TbIC. AeTeH EmeroAHbig rOA Kon-BO AeTeH B BO3paCTe AO 16 neT, npHpOCT 1990 155 151 43,1 12,5 1991 212004 59,4 36,6 1992 284717 80,9 34,3 1993 344870 99,9 20,4 1994 398943 117,5 16,4 1995 453617 136,6 13,7 1996 513 711 159,0 13,3 1997 563719 179,7 9,7 1998 597 228 197,5 5,9 1999 592 219 203,8 -0,8 2000* 675400 199,0 14,0 *AaHHbie 3a 2000 r. OTpa>KalOT pacwwpeHUe BO3PaCTHbIX paMOK H BKJ1O4alOT AeTeH B BO3paCTe gO 18 neT. HCmo4HUK. MMHHCTePCTBO 3APaBOOXPaHeHt51 POCCHiCKOA (DeIepaullH. ,/iemu, nowiytuowue cmamyc u7walUdOf6 (< (CM. Ta6JI. 11.6). B Pocciiii neHCHH rHo HHBaJIHqHOCTH CTaJIII BbIrJIaiiHBaTbCAI AeTAM HamEIHaqI c 1979 r.1 B 3TO BpeMSA 6bIJI1I pa3pa6OTaHbI >KeCTKHe Me,ILIHHCKHe KpHTepHH ,JISi oH- 112 peZeJIeHIIA HIHBaJIH.7HOCTII , IlpH 3TOM OCHOBHbIM Tpe6OBaHHeM 6bIJIa HOJIHa3H HeTpyZO ClOCo6HOCTb (I rpynria HHBa.7Il,HOCTH RJIA1 B3pOCJIbIX). B 1990 r. B 3aKOHOJLaTeJIbCTBe 113 6bIJIO pacmuHpeHo HOHATHie AeTCKOEI HHBa1HEaHOCTfI, HI CHIECOK 3a6ojieBaHHEi!, HIPEI HaJi- 'lfIH KOTOPbIX AaBaTiaCb HIHBajIH4AHOCTb, 6bIi zoHOJIHeH 114. B TO >Ke B3pMA OCHOBHOe BHH- MaHile npHI Orpe.ejieHIIII HHBaJI1AHOCTII CTajiO ygejiSTbCS 4)YHKIQIHOHaJIbHbIM Hapylle- HHSIM, H HOco6Hie aeTsM-IIHBa7IHAaM CTaJIO COuHa-IbHOf4 HeHCHeHl. (DyHKHIHOHaTIbHbIfI no,axo;i noJiyqaeT BCe 60JIbIoee paCripOCTpaHeHHie, H ceihIaC HeKOTOpbIe pOCCEIEICKHII cie- IHaJIIlCTbl yTBep>KzalOT, -TO B 3aKOHe HeweTKO oipegeisieTCA HIOHATHEe «f)yHKUI4OHaJIb- HbIe HapyHleHIIAI>, H 'TO MHOrFIe BpatIH-HerieaTpbI HpHi Onpe.eJieHHH4 npaBa pe6eHKa Ha rOJIyymeHHe COUHIaJ1bHOHi HeHCHEH HIO 14HBaJIEIHOCTH BCe eLije aKHeHTHEYIOT BHHMaHHe Ha CaMOM 3a6oJIeBaHHHi, a He Ha ero 4byHKUHiOHaJbHbIX HOCeISCTBHA1X (Ma.ieBa, BaCEHH ro- jio,eu, 1999). nojlo>KeHwe AeTee B POCCHUCKOA OeAepaL4". 120 HTorm coLtuaJ1bHoA nofHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI ,Aemu, necnoco6ubte K yceoeiuuK o6u4eo6pa3oeameibnoii npoJpaMMb1 o6yienus. iileTm, Hecnoco6Hbie, no 3aKjIoieHHIO ncH4xoforo-MealHKO-nelarorHqecKHx KOMH1CCHHI, K yC- neliIHOMy YCBOCHH10 lOprpaMMbI o6iueO6pa3OBaTeJIbHOH IIKOJIbI, HaIpaBJlqIOTCAI B cne- ULlaJbHBbe HIKOTIbl HATi CHenlHaJbHbIe KiacCbi, C4OPMHpOBaHHbIe B 06bIqHbIX IKOjiaX. B 2000 r. 6o.Iee HojIyMHJIJHo iaeTefl 6blIO 3a'i4CJIeHO B TaKIe LUKOJIbI HJIH KJIaccbI, 'TO COCTaBJiAeT 40%-e yBeHMmeHne Ho cpaBHeHnIo c 1990 r. B TO BpeMS KaK KOjIH4eCTBO Je- Tell, 3a'iHCJIeHHbIX B CneflflHabHbie HIKOJIbI, CHH3HJIOCb HnpMmpHO Ha 10%, KoJIHMeCTBO JteTei, 3a'IHCTieHHbIX B CneHaIJlbHbie KIiaccbI, B03pOCJIO nO'4T4 B teTbIpe pa3a. 0 TOM, YTO O3HaaaeT 3Ta TeHaeHilHm, U3BCCTHO O'eHb HeMHOrO. Y Hac 60ombie BOripOCOB, 'ieM OTBe- TOB. 03HamaeT Ji1l aTO C03HaTeJIbHbIii yXoR OT CHneHaAbibbIX UIKOJI HI3H OCHOBHbIM MOTH- BOM IBJIAIOTCA 4bmiaHCOBbie coo6paSeHIsA? 03Ha,4aeT J1i 3TO l3MeHeHHe KpHTeplleB OleHKHI TADKeCTH HapyCIIHH5 3,apOBbA? KaKOBbl HOCiieaCTBHA 3TOH TeHaeIHUHH C TO-IKH 3peHHU pe3yJIbTaTOB aeHCTBH5 CICTeMbI COU1aJbHOrO o6ecneqeHHs4 pe6eHKa? 2.2. 3au4HTa H noAAepWKa AeTeH-HHBanHAoB H Hx ceMeH B CHCTeMe coIHajIbHOH 3aiuliTbI H roz1Iep2KKI JAeTe-1HiBajiHaOB H Hx ceMeu B PoccuH pa3iil-IalOTcsI Co6CTBeHBO demu-uneaJlubil HlaeTH, He HOJIy'MlBIBiHe CTaTYC HHBsaiJ I5, HO, nO 3aKilO1eHiHlo HIMrIK, uiNleioluHe u3HMHeCKHe HapyiieHAsl, cTpagalomule yMCTBeH- HOU OTCTaJIOCTbIO HJIII 3aJIepCKKOl YMCTBeHHOrO pa3BlTll$ H HecHOco6HbIe K YCBOCHH10 HpOrpaMMbi o6iueO6pa3OBaTe.TbBOri HiKOjibi. Bo 1l36e)KaHile rnyTaHllIbI nepBas rpynna 6y,eT B RambHeiuieM HMeHOBaTbCS aemu-uneaawubi, a BTOpaS - demu c napyuweuuem 3adopoeb., no 3amiYomeHuio IIMHMK. BMeCTe o6e rpynnbi MOrYT 6blTb OTHCCeHbl K KaTero- pHH jeTei c HeaocmamKawu ymcmaeHnozo u Iu3umecKozo pa3wumug. 2.2.1. CucmeMa 6 cocmoqiiuu nepexoaa B CoBeTcKoe BpeMS cneiiilaJIbHbIe JlbrOTbl, ipeaocTaBJsieMbIe ReTAM C He)7OCTaTKaMH YMCTBeHHOrO H 4)H3H'-eCKOrO pa3BHTl5 H UX CeMbqM, 6blJIUl HeMHOrO'iHclIeHHbIMH. ,LJeTH, HOJIy'l4BuiiHe CTaTYC «HHBaJilaOB» HMeIiH npaBo Ha OJ]Y4eHH4e e)KemeCAHoFO Hoco6HS no ZIeTCKOH HHBajinHOCT4. IaeTH C HapyiIeHlueM 3,40POBbII HMeJiH npaBo Ha nojiyqeHHe cneUMaJAH3HPOBaHHOrO o6pa3OBaHllSi B OCHOBHOM B crieHUaJbHbIX mUKo.Tiax Wi cneuu- aSJbHbIX (<'KOppeKUU4OHHbIX>>) CTaIiHOHapHbIX yMpeAJeHIIAX (cynueCTBOBaBIUi4X BHYTpUl o6pa3OBaTeJlbHOUi CHCTeMbi UJIH B CHCTeMe COiUHajIbHOHI 3allHTbI). B Te'eHi4e 1990-x ro7OB aeTCKaA IHBaJIHJRHOCTb cTaia TeMoi o6iueCTBeHHOrO o6- CyHKaeHU4SI H 14OtRHHMmajaCb BO Bce 6o.Jee IIIHpOKIIX CjOIoX o6iueCTBa, BKAIO-aSA POaHTeXJe ,aeTeii-lHBajiHAOB. B pe3yJibTaTe nOCTerieHHO CTaiiH BBOJ\HTbCsI B (leiCTBle HOBbie CJiy)K- 6bl, TaKHe KaK c.iyw6a coumaJibHoH noMoiaH H pea6JIllTalul 116 jI AaeTei-PHlBaIIHJaOB u ileHTpbI coleiiCTB4A ceMbAM aeTeii-HHBajiH4IOB (np1IoxKeHme 3). 3TH cJlyNK6bI cO3JAa- Hbl C UeJlbIO CTHMYJIHPOBaHBHA HHTerpaiiLH IHBaJIHZIOB B WKH3Hb o6IueCTBa, a TaKoKe yK- penJieHlus BO3MO)KHOCTeri ceMeH HO BOCnHTaHHiO CBOHX aIeTeA-HHBajiHJLOB. BoJIee TOro, ,aJIA ZeTeH-HHBajillOB H HX ceMeU 6bIJiHaCO3aHa npo,ayMaHHasI CHCTeMa oKa3aHHS Je- He?KHOR H HaTypajibHOH IOMOIIU1. OaHaKO nepexo, OT HpllHHlHHa yCTpOHCTBa aeTeT C Ha- pyLmeHi4eM 3;1OPOBb5I B CTaLHOHapHbIe yqpe*lCeHUS K UX HHTerpauiHH B o6MuecTBo HJaeT MexieHHO. B pe3yilbTaTe MHOri7 eaeTH C HapyiiieH4eM 3,aOpOBbA, H B oco6eHHOCTH ZieTH C HapylIeHiieM 3,aOpOBbA, no 3aKMioieHmlo HIMHIK, OCTalOTCS B CTaUHOHapHbIX yMpe-KIAe- HHMX. CJieaIOBaTeJIbH0, npo,oJ waeTCA Heacj4eKTHBHasA TpaTa OrpaHH-eHHbIX CpeARCTB. AJ.eTW-HHBaAiAbl 121 BCTaBKa 11.5. AeTH C HeAOCTaTKaMH YMCTBeHHoro H 4H3H4IeCKoro pa3BHTHR Pe3oA,oq4U 1997/20 3KoHoMuYecKo2o U Cotua.17bHoao Co8ema OOH HHBa1AHgHOCTb He qBAqeTCR HeAeecnoco6HoCTbKo, H KpaHHe BawKHO npHHqTb 3a OCHOBy nO3HTHBHYKO TO4KY 3peHH5 Ha cnoco6HOCTH npu nAaHHPOBaHHH Mepo- npMrTHi uAs AuHLA U, B oco6eHHocTH, JeTer C HapyweHUeM 3AOpOBbS... Heo6xo- AHMO yAeJiqTb COOTBeTUBYK)uee BHMmaHHe npaBaM, OCO6blM nOTpe6HOCTqM H COL4HanJbHOMY o6ecneLeHHKo AeTeA C HapyweHiem 3AOpOBbq... AeTH C Hapy- weHHeM 3AOPOBbS AOJA>KHbl HMeTb paBHbl Co BCeMH AOCTyln K o6pa3oBaHHIo; HX o6pa3oBaHHe qBAqeTCq HeOTbeMn1eMOA taCTbKO o6ueA CHCTeMbi o6pa3oBaHHsl; Heo6XOAHMO TaKwKe o6ecnetHTb nOArOTOBHTeAlbHOe npo4eCcHOHaAbHOe o6y- LeHHe, COOTBeTCTBYFOLLAee B03MO>KHOCTSM AeTeA-HHBaAHAOB... AeTH C HeAOCTaT- KaMm YMCTBeHHOrO H cH3w4eCKOFCo pa3BHTHI HMmeOT npaBO Ha AOCTH>KeHme MaK- CHMmabHO B03MO>KHOrO YPOBH5 CkH3HLeCKoro H ncmxHqeCKorO 3AOPOBbq. 2.2.2. OcHoer,tle .Jlbombl JlbrOTbI, npezoCTaBJslembie demAi-uUH6ailuaam H Hx CeMbAM, BKJHo'IalOT COIlHa.IbHyIO reHCH40, Ha3HaiaeMyio aeTAIM HO IIHBaJHLtHOcTHI, a TaKwKe MHoronIciilHHblb e cnelHla.ib- Hbie JIbIOTbl: e>KeMec5IAHyIO KOMNeHcat-410, BbirJila,4BaeMY1O Hepa6OTalOIUHM TpyAOCHO- Co6HbiM jIHuaM, yXa>CHBaIOIUoIM 3a TaKHMH 2aeTbMI1, aOHIOJIHlTeJibHblii OflJIaqIBaeMbfIH 1H HeOHIiJa'-HBaeMbJll OTHlYCK pa6oTatowiiM POzIITeiAHM HHBaJIHAOB II 6ecnJiaaTHoe o6pa3o- BaHIIe Ha AoOMy., emu-uU6a7lUdbl MImeEOT ipaBO Ha 6ecriaTHoe noJ.yieHnIe geTCKHIX cMe- cef laASA IICKYCCTBeH HOrO BCKapMJIHBaHiii, 6ecnJi aTHoe ,(O0IIKOJIbHOe o6pa3oBaHme, nojly- qeHEie 6ecrIIiaTHbIX .IeKapCTBeHHbIX CpeztCTB, 6ecnlaTHbll i-poe3Z B rOpOaCKOM TpaHC- riOpTe, 6ecnIiaTHble HipOTe3bl HI KpeCIia-KOJIACKH, 6ecnJlaTHblii peMOHT KBapTHpbI, .IbFOTbl fipHI orJIaTe KOMMyHaJlbHbIX ycJlyr, a TaK)K ripaBO Ha MYHHIHiaJIbHOe KCHJibe, 6ecniiaT- HYIO COLIIHaJlbHYIO HOMOlJJb iH pea6tuniffauino. OHII TaKC,Ke Hme1OT ipaBO Ha nojiy-eHi4e peey]L$lprntx noco6uz7 Ha ceMb1O H eTeAe (6oJiee noApo6Hoe oHHwl-Hlie JlbrOT CM. B HpH4JIO- )KeHH4H4 5). AeTlI-H4HBa.7IHabi MOFyT 3aIHC.JIATbCq B cneUHajIHI3HPOBaHHbIC IKOJIbI 14HIH CnUIHlaJlbHbIC KJIaCCbl HplH o6weo6pa3oBaTeJbHbIx H1KOAaX JIIi6o roMeeaTbCSI B unmep- nambl Ho 3aKJIojeHHIIO FIMYK 0 HecIHOc6HOCT14 K YCBOeHiiiO o6blIMHOR o6pa3OBaTeJib- HO1 rporpaMMbl. JeTHl C HapyilieHiHeM 3,qOpOBbA, HO 3aKJIIO'eH1O rIMrK, o6yiaio1lHe- CsA B creUiHaJlbHbIX KJIaccax, a TaK>Ce 3a'iHcJieHHbie B cr ellHiaJI3HPOBaHHbie IIKOJIbI IIH11 unmepHambi AJJII zAeTeii c TH*CeJIbIMH4 HapyLIIeH4sAM4, He MImeEOT npaBa Ha roJIyMeeH-ie cne- UHlaJlbHbIX JIbrOT (KpOMe CjiyMaeB, KorFa aCTH IIMCIOT TaKKe It CTaTYC DemeU--uuea7iudoe). 3aTpaTbI Ha Bce ynOMJHYTbie JlbrOTbl C TpyAOM HOJUJaEOTCA noHkcMeTy BBHlIy OTCyTCT- B14A5 4HwOpMaUHui. B 1999 r. 3aTpaTbl Ha coU4ajIbHbIe reHCI41, BbIrinal1eHHbIe Hp4MepHO 600 TbIC. demuM-uueaHludaM, paBHAJIHCb OKOJIO 2,4 Mjipa py6., I4Hi 0,05% BBf CTpaHbl. 2.2.3. HepeweHnble 6onpOCbl CU4CTeMa yxojaa 3a aeTbMIH C He2OCTaTKaMII YMCTBCHHOrO II q1H3H4MeCKOrO pa3BHTH5I CTaIi- KHBaeTCA C TeMiI >Ke npO6JieMaMII, KOTOpbIC UperiqTCTBYIOT HOpMajIbHOII pa6oTe CHICTeMbI nlohlo,ieHwe AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU cteAepaitww. 122 MTorw coLtuanbHoA no1HTHK 1 990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI o6ecnemeHIuI A,eTef4, OCTaBlUHXCA 6e3 rionemeHHA pO,HTejeie. ,laaxce ipH HHanJHHH MHOrO- 'IHCJIeHHbIX JIbrOT, HOMOIJH ABHO HeaoCTaTOMHO. MHorHe CeMblI, HMelouile AeTeie C Ha- pylleHHeM 3AOpOBbA, ABJI5IOTCA 6eaHbIMH H He MOrYT o6eCneqIHTb aOXOZ1 H CTa6HJIb- HOCTb, Heo6xoaiHMbIe HX JteTSM. HpaBO Ha JIbrOTbl 3aqaCTYIO He yaaeTCs peaZIH3OBaTb BBHsay OTCYTCTBHI MeHe)KHbIX cpeACTB, COOTBeTCTBYIOLUHX CJIyy6 I KBaJiHqlH4U4HpoBaH- HOIO IIepCOHaAia, B pe3yNbTaTe 'lero npeaoCTaBJIqemble ycJIyrH HMeloT HH3Koe Ka'eCTBO. YpOBeHb ,OCTyHa K CO1HaNjbHOMY o6CjiyNKHBaHHI10 H pea6wUiraur BapbHpyeTCA OT pe- FHOHa K peFi4OHY B 3aBH4CHMOCTH OT MeCTHbIX q"HaHCOBbIX B03MO)KHOCTe 11 CylueCT- BYlOIIIWa CHCTeMa HlO-HpCeKHeMy BO MHOrOM orlHpaeTCs -a HaoporocTOiiHe eTCKHe CTa- IIHOHapHbie y4pe)KaeHHi4 IJIA pa3MelIUeHI4Sl, BOCnHTaHHS H o6pa30BaHHI AeTeft c Hapy- ineHHeM 3,10pOBbA. B HaCTOH14ee BpeMS B TaKHX "peaeH CHXolepKHTCA OKOJIO 198 TbIC. AeTeH. ECJIH 6bl HOJIOBlHa TaKHX AeTee moriia 6bi OCTaTbCA CO CBOHMH CeMbI- MH, C3KOHOMJIeHHYIO CYMMY - OKOJIO 90 MJIH AOJIJI. - MOKHO 6blIO 6bI HepeHanpaBITb Ha 4HiHaHCHPOBaHne pea6HJHlTaulHoHHbIx H 4pyrHX cCiy*c6, Co3,aaiomL4X YCJIOBH4A AJI5 o6y"eH4A AeTei B o6biqHbIX mUKOjiax TOMHbIX aaHHbIX o6 ZKOHOMH'-ieCKOM OJIO)KCHH4 CeMeel, MelOlulHX aeTeA C Hapyme- HHeM 3AopOBbA, He CylieCTByeT. KaK HipaBHJIO, aOJIA MaiOmMyHIHX cpeaH ceMeei, HMelo- HIIX CIeTeil C HapyiieHHeM 390pOBbI, paBHO KaK H CeMbeH, HOjYMIaO1ioHX COaHajibHbie HeHC4H, BbIHIe, 'leM zOJIA MajioHMyIiuHx cpe2H Bcero HaceJIeH4A. YMHTbIBaS BsaKHOCTb 3KOHOMH'LeCKOrO HIOJIOweHHS1 jiVI 6JiarOCOCTOsHHsi CeMbH B UieJOM H aiS o6ecne'leHH$ Haxiewawiero yxoiaa 3a HHBajH4,aMH B 4aCTHOCTI, HH4PopMauHS o6 aKOHOMII'eCKOM Ho- JIOiKeHHH ceMeul, MmeiolHx aeTee c HapylC eHHeM 3JopOBbAI, IOJnKHa 6bITb 6o0ee noapo6- HOir. 3To aaCT B03MO)KHOCTb HpOBeCTH 6o0ee rJIy6OKHr aHaiiH3 BJIHAHH4A Ha 3KOHOMH'4e- CKoe HojioKeHHe CyiIeCTByIOIKI-IX JlbrOT H o6ecHemHTb lix 6wiee 3aj4eKTHBHoe ajtpecHoe HCHo.b30BaHHe. 2.3. O6pa3oBaHHe AeTeH c OrpaHHleHHbIMN B03MO)KHOCTAMH 3AOpOBbq 2.3.1. OCnoe6bte a melenmbl cucmembL KaK OTMe'ajiOCb Bblime, nIMIK 5IBTIsIOTCS iLeHTpajIbHbIM 3BCHOM cneHIHajiH3HpOBaHHoH CHCTeMbi o6pa3OBaHHA. ToJIbKo HO H4X PeKoMCHAalHH (H c corniacHAI pOMHTejiei4) MeTH MO- ryT 6blTb lpUHHqTbI B CHCTeMy, COCTOqIulK)O H3 1) CieiHaJlbHbIX IUKOJI H HIKOJI-4HTepHaTOB, BKJnHOIa3I cneLI4aJ7H3HPOBaHHbe I UKoJIbI-4HTepHaTbI ajAS ReTejH C OrpaHHMeHHbIM4 B03- MO)KHOCTSMH 3JaOpOBb5, OCTaBUIIXCq 6e3 oneorieHHI poAIHTeieH, HuH 2) cneiiHabHbIX KjiaccOB, JI51 JeTeA C OrpaIHtMeHHbIM4 B03MO)KHOCTAMH 3,aOpOBbA, Opi-aHH3OBaHHbIX Hnp 06b'lYHbIX IKouiax. 3aaa'-a 3TIIX IHKOJI - ripeAOCTaBjieHHe o6pa3OBaHHI,q KoppeKUIIA HpO- 6uIeM pa3BHTHAI, MegHUH4HCKOe O6CJIy)KIBaH4e H co3aaflHe ycniosu iam CoUHajibHoA aaar- TaiHHi. rlpOrpaMMbI o6y'eHH5 pa3pa6aTbHBalOTCA 2IeTCKHMH y"pe)KTeHHAMH C "teTOM yM- CTBeHHOIO H 4)13HIeCKoro pa3BHTHAI H HHI HBHlayajIbHbIX cHoco6HOCTeH "a4HIHXC19 CyIHeCTByIOT TPH OCHOBHbIX BHaa CHrie1iaJbHb1X o6pa3oBaTeJlbHblX yipe.AKaeHHf iRlJ1 eTere C HapylleHHeM 3ZLOPOBbA: 1) aOIflKOJIbHbIe 3aBeaeHHA; 2) HaqajIbHbIe H cpeaHHe LHKOJIbI H LIKoJIbl-HHTepHaTbl, BKJI1OaAs YMpeAKIaeHHuS amjUeTerl, OCTaBIUHXCA1 6e3 none- M,eHHS4 pOl4uTeie, H 3) HaqajibHbie rpobeccC4OHaJIbHo-TexHHu-IeCK4e yMHjiHiua. IIKojibi KIaccC4H)uI4UpylOTCS nO THRY HiapyileHJH 3,40pOBbS. ,QeTM-WHBajlmAbl 123 JaeTH HIOCTynIlOT B RaHHbIe pe 11eHHA H3 a) aOMOB pe6eHKa (B CHlIlHaJlbHbIe IUKO- JIbI-14HTepHaTbI AIiA aeTei, OCTaBWHXCA 6e3 none'eHAs pORHTeAeH); 6) ceMei (ceMbH MoryT no Co6CTBeHHOr4 HHHLjHaTHBe YCTPOHTb pe6eHKa B ypeeHHe AJIA AHarHOCTHKH H JieqeHHA); B) o6bIMHbIX LUKOJI (4JIH4 3 CTailHOHapHbIX yqpe>KeHHii B c.Uyqae, ecnH .e- TH OCTanjiCb 6e3 noneqeHAs pOafTeneii). Bpaqii, pa6OTHHKH K OLUKOAbHbIX 3aBeaeHi4H H MKOJI, POZ(HTeiH HJIH OneKyHbI MOryT HaHipaBHTb leTefi Ha o6cneaOBaHi4e B rIMEK. 2.3.2. Ejia6uble u3meneHuuq nocwe&Hux ilem B TeqeHHe 1999/2000 y'e6Horo roa aaeHCTBOBajio 1944 CneHLHajibHbIX y-qe6HbIX 3aBeae- HMA C 06iHM MCHnoM yaiumxcA 283 900,aeTefi (146 yYa'iHXCA Ha OaHY mKOuy). BOnb- IIIHHCTBO 143 HHX (71%) 6bMIH 3aIHCJIeHbI B CleIIHaJIbHble lIIKOIbI-HHTepHaTbI. OKO.IO 20% zLeTeil 113 3TOFO Hciia - zteTH C HapymIeHHeM 3,apOBbA, OCTaB1IIHeCA 6e3 nore'eHHIq pOaZ4TeJIei. HaH6wiee MHOFO4HCJIeHHbIMH 6bIjIH lflKO7bI aAnI YMCTBeHHO OTCTajIiX ae- TeHi.B BaOHOJIHeHIe K CneHuaJIH3HpOBaHHbIM y"e6HbIM 3aBe,aeHi5M oKojio 217 700, eTeri 6bII4 3awiHCjeHbI B cnelimanlbHbIe K7iaccbI AJIASIeTefi c HapyiC eHIeM 3,LOPOBbI ripH 06brY- HbIX y'e6HbIX 3aBegeHH5X (o6bItqHbIe IlIKOJlbI H mIKOIbI-HHTepHaTbI) (Ta6n. 11.7, pHc. 11.2). B cHereHaIbHbIX IIIKOJIaX H CnieHJaIbHbIX Kxiaccax rpH O6bIqHbIX IUKOjiaX pa6OTaeT 6o0.bmoe KOJniHeCTBO nepcoHaIa. XOTA aHHbIX no o6meMy KOJIH'eCTBY nepcoHaiia B cHc- TeMe CfeIlHaIbHoro o6pa3oBaHHS He MmeeTCS, COOTHOIIeHHe BCnoMoraTelJbHoro HepCoHa- nia, npenoJaaBaTeJie4, Meal42LHHCKHX pa6oTHH4KOB H BpaYe'i K yaiaHIXHMCI HipH6jIH3HTenbHO OueHH4BaeTC5A KaK 1:1. HecMOTps Ha TO, YITO OripeeJIHTb aaeKBaTHOCTb TaKOrO COOTHOIie- HHA51 6e3 rpOBseaeHH51 o6iLHpHoro HCC.e,IeoBaHHsI AOCTaTO4HO CJIOX(HO, HoKa3aTeJIH 3aTpaT rHI BbICOKOM OTHOIueHHH 'iHCjia y'aUiHxcS K YHCJIy riepcOHaJIa AOJIDHbI CTaTb OCHOBaHH- eM Alm1 rIPOBe,geHHA1 rjiy6oKoro 143yqeHHSA B03MOXCHbIX BaplaHTOB COKpaILeHH5l paCXOAOB Ha CrIeLH4abHoe o6pa3oBaHme C O1aHOBpeMeHHbIM HOBbiiiieHHeM ero 34XleKT4BHOCTH. HH3KaS 3apa6OTHas nniaTa H 3aAonjUOKeHHOCTH no ee BbInniaTe ,leialOT npIHBjieqeHHe KBaJIH4IHUHpoBaHHoro nepcoHania CIOXcHOfi 3aJUaYefi. TOIbKO 10% npenoaaBaTe.IbcKoro COCTaBa HMeIOT cieUHLaHH3HPOBaHHOe BbICulee o6pa3OBaHHe; a B nOJIOBHHe IUKOJI HeT rpo04eccHoHaTIbHoFo HcHxoJIora. KpoMe Toro, IIIKOAbI 3aaaCTyIO HaXOZ(ATCA B HIIiaYeBHOM COCTOAHHH i I njoXo o6opyRoBaHbI BBHJRY OTCYTCTBHA CpeAICTB Ha Texo6cjiyKHBaHHe H HpHo6peTeHHe Heo6xozUHMoro o6opyaOBaH14H. OKono 45% IflKOJI Tpe6yIOT KailHTa7ib- Horo peMOHTa. JIHIUb HeMHOrHM 6o0nee roJOBHHbI HIKOJI oTBeqaIOT caHHTapHo-rHrHeHH- IeCKHM Tpe6oBaHHIqM H iOioKAlOieHbl K KOMMYHa11bHbIM CeTAM. B TaKHX o6CTOSTeJIbCT- Bax MHOrHe 113 CneHUaJIbHbIX IKOJI He o6ecne'HBaIOT Haginewammx yCJIoBHH Z(JIAS peaJIH- 3aHIHH COOTBeTCTBYIOLUIHX o6pa3oBaTenbHbIX H pea6HwHTauHOHHbIx iporpaMM. flo aaHHbIM M14HHCTePCTBa o6pa3oBaHIsr, JIHIUb 18% JeTefi c pa33IH'HbIMH HapyIlle- HHASM4 3,aOpOBbs, 3a'HcjieHHbIX B CHeUHaJIbHbIe IfKOJIbI, HMelOT CTaTYC aemeu-ulBO.Ju- do0. COBriaLeHHe Iie)KIT B aHana3OHe OT 90% B cjiymae co cJia6ocjibIujamHMH y'auiHMH- CA, 8,5% B c7iyae C YMCTBeHHO OTCTa7bIMb iHeTbMH Ha o 3% B ciyt4ae C y'aulHMHCS cne- falHaTbHbIX y"pe*KJeHHH JAa1 JAeTeH C 3aAep)KKoH YMCTBeHHOFO pa3BHTHSI. 14 XOTS He6OjIb- mIoe COBHiaaeH14e He o6A3aTeJIbHo O3Ha'aeT, 'ITO aemu-unBajiUdbi He OXBa'eHbI CHCTeMOi o6pa3oBaHHJI (HeKOTopbie 113 H4X MOFYT 6bITb 3aYI1CJieHbI B CneIHaHbHbIe KJIaCCbI, HeKo- TOpbIe o6ytaIoTcs Ha JUOMy, japyrme MOrYT nOCeIUaTb o6iueo6pa3oBaTeJIbHylo IIIKO.y), 3TOT cfaKT, 6e3yCJnoBHo, Tpe6yeT Oi1eHKH BO3MO)KHOCTeH flOjiy'-eHH31 o6pa3aBaHHA AeTb- MH-HHBaJIHJIaM 1 nonoxeHme A,eTeu B POCCHACKOU cPeAnepaLrnH. 124 MTorm coLAmanbHoA noflHTMKH 1990-x rOAOB s nepcneKTHBbi Ta6nHLta 11.7. AeeTH c HeAOCTaTKaMH YMCTBeHHoro u @pH3HLeCKoro pa3B4TuS, o6yL4a- IouAmeCR B cneLLHaJ1bHbIX WKonax (BKnRO4aR WKKOnbl-HHTepHaTbI) H B cnel4HanjbHbIX Knaccax npu o6bl4HbIX WKKonax* Y4e6Hbi;i roA I90/91| 91/92|92/93|93/94|94/95|95/96|96/97|97/98|98/99|99/00|00/01 A. 06uLee KOnH4eCTBO AeTeA B CnlOi4anbHbIX wKoIax H KnaCCaX (1) Kon-BO AeTeA, TbIC, 365,1 372,7 415,0 399,6 423,1 443,4 470,1 483,4 495,9 501,6 509,8 ECeaoa8Hbw0 npupocm - 2,1 11,3 -3,7 5,9 4,8 6,0 2,8 2,6 1,1 1,6 Ha 10Mb/C. L8emeu- H6/3pacme 9o 16e em 101 103 116 113 123 131 142 150 158 165 175 Ha 10mbIc. aemeu 6 io3pacme om 7 do 187 187 205 195 202 208 219 226 234 242 257 16nqem 5. AeTH C HeAOCTaTKaMH PYMCTBeHHOrO pa3BHTHS B Cnel4MaJbHbIX UKORaX H KJ1aCCaX (2) Kon-Bo AeTeA, TbIC. 311,6 320,9 340,9 345,6 368,5 387,3 412,5 425,8 435,7 441,3 449,8 EmCeao8Hb/0 npupocm - 3,0 6,2 1,4 6,6 5,1 6,5 3,2 2,3 1,3 1,9 Ha 10MbIcme u aemem 86 89 95 98 107 114 124 132 139 145 155 6 6o3pacme ao 16n4em _ B % K o6uLeMy KOAIBY: 85,3 86,1 82,1 86,5 87,0 87,3 87,7 88,0 88,0 88,0 88,2 (2)/(l) I B. Cne4H anbHbie WKO1bh Anu AeTeH c HapyweHleM 3ArO pOb = (3) Ko.n-BO AeTeA, TbiC. 312,1 295,3 277,4 267,4 267,6 270,9 277,2 279,6 283,5 283,9 281,1 EwceaoaHbI/ npupocm - -5,4 -6,1 -3,6 0,1 1,2 2,3 0,9 1,4 0,1 -1,0 B % K o6LWeMy KOn-By: 85,5 79,2 66,8 66,9 63,2 61,1 60,0 57,8 57,2 56,6 55,1 (3)/(1) Ha 10mb/c. aemeu l36o3pacmeom 7ao 160 148 137 169 128 127 131 131 134 137 142 16nem I I 06LueeKon-Bo3aseAe- 1817 1825 1835 1846 1848 1871 1889 1900 1922 1944 - HUUH LIJKOAbl-uHmepH/ambl Kon-BO3aBeAeHMA 1494 1493 1492 1481 1475 1473 1471 1450 1439 1442 1420 Ko,n-BO AeTeA, TbIC. 242,1 226,7 210,5 200,3 199,9 199,5 202,2 202,8 203,0 201,0 198,2 B % K o6uAeMy KoJ1-By 77,8 76,8 75,9 74,9 74,7 73,6 72,9 72,5 71,6 70,8 70,5 B cneLAwaJ1bHbIX WKoAax Cneu4uanbHble WKOAbl no munaA/ HapywueHuu_ 1) YMCTBeHHaq OTCTa- nOCTb Kon-Bo 3aaeAeHuu 1452 1454 1459 1455 1443 1447 1440 1432 1415 1416 - Kon-BoAeTeA,TbIc. 251,6 235,4 217,9 206,3 203,9 205,5 208,5 209,4 208,3 206,3 203,6 2) ANp. HapyweHHq** Kon-Bo 3aseAeHuu 365 371 376 391 405 424 449 468 507 528 | KOJi-8O AeTeA, TbIC. 61,5 59,9 59,5 61,1 63,7 65,4 68,7 70,2 75,2 77,6 77,5 JAeTH-HHBa.n"A1bl 125 Ta6Rn4a 11.7 (npo8oazwceHue) Y4e6HblA r°A |90/91 191/92192/93 |93/94|94/95|95/96|96/97|97/98|98/99199/00|I00/01 r. Cne4KInacCbl Anq AgeTeH c HapyweHHeM 3AOPOBbSa npm o6bI4HbIX o6WLeo6pa3osaTenbHblx uKonax MToro Kon-BO Kn1aCcOB, TbIC. - - - - - 15,4 16,5 17,3 18,4 18,9 - KoA-BO AeTeA, TbIC. 53,0 77,4 119,7 132,2 155,5 172,5 192,9 203,8 212,4 217,7 228,7 EYceaoaHbl1npupocm, % - 46,0 53,7 10,4 17,6 10,9 11,8 5,6 4,2 2,5 5,1 KaTerop===: YMCTBeHHO OTCTanbie geTH KoA-8O KJ1aCCOB, TbIC. - - _ _ _ 1,2 1,3 1,5 2,0 1,9 _ Ko/n-BO AeTeA, TbIC. 7,1 7,9 10,7 11,6 10,6 12,6 14,7 16,6 20,1 22,1 24,2 E>KeroAHbIA npHpocT, % - 11,3 35,4 8,4 -8,6 18,9 16,7 12,9 21,1 10,0 9,5 AeTH C 3aAep>KKOA yM- CTBeHHoro pa3BHTHR Kon-BO KnaccoB, TbIC. - - - - - 14,0 14,6 15,4 16,4 16,8 - Kon-Bo geTeU, TblC. 44,9 69,5 103,2 117,3 141,9 156,8 175,9 185,1 190,0 193,8 202,8 EIceoaoHblnunpupocm, % _ 54,6 48,5 13,7 21,0 10,5 12,2 5,2 2,6 2,0 4,6 -HeT AaHHbIX. * BKAFoqeHbl AaHHbie no cnelLtaAbHblM WKoAaM AAS AeTeA-cHpOT H AeTeA, OCTasBWuXCq 6e3 POX,HTenbCKoro none'LeHH5, C HapyweHueM 3AOpOBbs. ** Pa3JnuLHbie HeqoCTaTKH c4u3m4eCKOrO pa3BHTH5, a TaK>Ke 3aAep>KKa YMCTBeHHoro pa3- BMTH51. kiCmOYHuK. Ta6nmLAa cocTaBneHa Ha OCHOBe qaHHblx EKeroAHoro rOCYaoPCTBeHHorO AO- KAaAa o nOJO>KneHH AeTeU B POCCHACKOA $DeAepaLtuu 3a 1994, 1998 u 2000 rr. AaHHbie Ha 2000 r. PBA1IOTcq aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIMH CTaTuHCTH4eCKHMm AaHHbIMH (npegBapHTenb- Hbie paCLeTbI). 2.3.3. HpoNeccuonaJlbnoe o6yuenue aemeli c iiapyuweHueM 3a0pO6bJq 06uiiiie ripo6JIeMbi, CBI3aHHbIe C BOCTpe6oBaHHOCTbfO Ha pbIHKe TeX HaBbIKOB, KOTO- pbiM 06y'alOT B ripO4eCCHOHaJIbHbIX ymiImax, TaKKe 3HaqHMbi H ZtISI geTe rc Hapy- IemHHeM 3ZOpOBbA. TaKIle aeTIi 'aCTO HOjJMpalOT pa6o'mIe flpo4)eCCHm, Ha KOTOpbJe MO- xKeT 6blTb HH13KIHHI CnpOC Ha pb1HKe Tpyqa, OAHaKO B HeKOTOpbIX pOCC1liCKHX perHoHax 6bIJIM ripearipH5HTbI IOllbITKII CKOppeKTHpOBaTb CHCTeMy i1pO4eCCHOHaIbHOrO o6y- -ieHH4A B COOTBeTCTBIIH C HOBbIMII Tpe6OBaHIIA PbIHKa Tpyaa (JI AeTCeI c H43H4eCKII- MHl HapyleHEHAIMii 6blJ1Ii OpraHH3OBaHbl KYPCbi 6yxraJvTepCKoro y"leTa, peKJIaMHOrO xejia, MeHej>KMeHTa, Co3,aaHHAI rporpaMMHOrO o6ecne4eHHI aJISI KOMHbIOTepOB H ACY H T.JZ.). B IUKojiax-HHTepHaTax geTeH, cTpaAaioiuix YMCTBCHHbIMH pacCTPOHICTBaMii, o6yqaIOT BbInOJIHSITb pa6oTy y6opWlHKOB, aBOPHHKOB, rpy3M4KOB, HiOACo6HbIX pa6o- '-IHX ripaqe'HbIX, CyaOMOeK, ILBell, O4JHU4aHTOB II OmIIjHaHTOK. OHH TaKHCCe loJIylaiOT CeJlbCKOX03SIICTBeHHbIe HaBbIKHI. DMHlflplvHeCKi4e aaHHbie CBHaeTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, noflo>KeHme geTeA B POCCHACKOA OeAepaitww. 126 HTorF cOLkmanbHOA nOIHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB U nepCneKTWBbI PHCYHOK 11.2. JAeTH C HapyweHUeM 3AOPOBbq, o6y4aiOuLUeCn B CcneLUmanbHbIX WKKonax u Knaccax, no PoccuH Ha nePHOA 1990-1999 rr. 600- 500- 400 * 300- - 200-_ 100- o 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 4 Bcero --B cneALHaAbHbIX WKOJnax AB cneLHuanbHbIX Knaccax '-TO TeTH C HapyueHHeM 3JOpOBbq, aawe Te 113 HHX, KTO 06IaJaeT pa6oMHMH HaBbiKa- MH, BOCTpe6OBaHHbIMH1 Ha pbIHKe Tpyaa, i4Me1OT OMeHb MajiO iIaHCOB HaHTH pa6OTy. flpe,JnpIH5ITbie Mepbi no COaei!CTBHI10 TpyaOYCTPOiiCTBY TaKHX iiHU, HarHpM4ep o653a- TeJIbHbIe KBOTbI AJI HHBajiZHOB, yCTalaB H4BaembIej5i pa6OToaaTejieR, cneLiHajiH3H- POBaHHbie riporpaMMbI HO TpyaOYCTPOI4CTBY H T.A., nOKa He AaHjIH npaKTIMeCKH HHKa- KHX pe3yJlbTaTOB. 2.3.4. Hepexoa K <KAeHH5x o4eHb BeAHKa: B 1999 r. OKOAo 41 TbIC. Ta- KUX AeTeH WKHA1 B WKOA1ax-HHTepHaTax AA1A AeTeA c pa3AM4LHbIMM HapyWeHHSMH 3p,OpOBbPq, HaXOAqSULUXCq B BeAeHHH MHHHcTePCTBa o6pa3osaHHs PO), H OKOAO 15 TbIC. - B HHTepHaTax AAM AeTeA C Tq)KeAbIMM YMCTBeHHbIMH H C4W3mt4eCKHMH HapyweHHPMM, HaxOAI1LLtXCq B BeAD,eHH MHHHCTepcTBa TpyAEWa H coLuHaAbHoro pa3BHTH. P($. YLIHTblBaa, HTO B 1999 r. B y4peKEAeHHSX HaC4HTbiBaAOCb 173 900 AeTeA-cmpOT H AeTe, OCTaBWHXcSx 6e3 none4eHHs poAMTeAeA, 3T0 O3Ha4aeT, 4TO ypoaeHb MHBaAmAH0ocTH cpeAu TaKHx AeTeH cocTraBAqeT 32,4%. OcHoBbIBasqcb Ha 3Mn1pH4eCKHX AaHHbIX 3anafHbIX CTpaH H POCCHH, OCHOBHOe 4uCnO CAy4aeB, Be- pORTHO, MOWKHO o6bPCHHTb HeraTHBHbIM BhUPHHeM COAD,ep>KaHH AeTeH B y4pe>K- A,eHMSX Ha HX HHTeAAeKTyaJbHoe, 3MOLAHOHaAbHOe, coLtmaAbHoe H Cju3HeCKoe pa3BHTme. iwee pe6eHKa: KeM OH CTaHeT - HpHHOC5II1IHM HOJIb3y JlIeHOM o6IIIeCTBa IJ11 Me7jOBeKOM, KOTOpbIII npoBegeT BCIO OCTaBWYIOCA WKH3Hb B CTaiiHOHape wHi 6yaeT HOqTI nOJIHOCTbIO 3aBHCeTb OT CHICTeMbI rOCyaapCTBeHHOfi HOmep)KKH. Ha HpOTAIceHUI nocJie,aHMX 10 ieT, C pOCTOM BHHMaHHIA K npo6i1eMaM, CB5I3aH- HbIM C CoaepKaHHeM geTeR B CHeilHaJIbHbIX y pexcAeHfIAX AZJ HHBaJIHAOB, Ze3ITeJIb- HOCTb FIMnIK Bce iaiue nonaaania B rIHoIe 3peHHIA o6ieCTBa. MeTOibi OUeHKH CHO- cO6HOCTelI aeTeH, HrpMHeHAeMbIe KOMHCCHAIMH, BbI3bIBalOT BCe 6oabwyio o6ecnoKo- eHHOCTb Ho mepe Toro, KaK HPHXOZAHT HOHIHMaHHe OrpaHHMeHHOCTH y3KOMeALIIHH- cKoro noAxozla K HHBaJIHJAHOCTH. CTaHOB1TCA ACHO, Y4TO 6e3 CHCTeMbI aeHCTBeHHbIX cAep>KeK HI IIpOTHBOBeCOB, TaKHX, B 'aCTHOCTH, KaK KOHTPOJIb H oiieHKa aeATejbHOC- TH KOMH4CCHHi HIH rpoiie;lypa aneiJIAHiH4, He o6ORTHCb. CyAA Ho AZaHHbIM, ony6JiH- KOBaHHbIM B neIaTH (POCCHfiCKH4i! jeTCKHH cbOH;J, 1999), CO3jaeTC3 BneMaTIeHHe, 'ITO nOCTaHOBKa HeBepHOFO AmarH03a B npaKTHKe FJMrIK - HanpHMep, KOraa I7 Ic- JieKCHIO, KOTOpaA .ierKo noaaeTcs JIe'eHHio, npHHHMalOT 3a YMCTBeHHYIO OTCTa- JIOCTb, - OTHIORb He pe;IKOCTb. TaKHe OiuH6KH 5IBJI5IIOTCA pe3yJIbTaTOM HpHMieHAeMbIX HO,aXOAOB K HHBa.7IHAHOCTH, MCHOJIb3yeMbIx MeTOAOB, MeTO,AHK H npoile;xypbi OIIeHKH COCTOAIHS4 opraHH3Ma pe6eHKa (Me {KyHapoj,Haq opraHH3aIIUHM no npaBam JIO1Aeri C HapyieHHbIM HHTenjIeKTOM (MDRI), 1999). HanpHMep, B CaMape B aeTCKHX yM- pew,aeHH4AX 6bIjiO npOBejeHO HOBTOpHOe IepeocBHzCeTe bCTBOBaHme AeTeM CHarHO- 30M <«yMCTBeHHa5A OTCTaJIOCTb>>, KOTOpaS BbIABHJ1a 0o11H60OIHOCTb aHarHo3a B 6-24% cjiy'IaeB; UIIHpbI MeH5IJIHCb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHKpeTHOrO yqpexcaeHHI4 (AaMHHHC- TpauEHB CaMapcKoii o6JIacTH, 1997). B HeKOTOpbIX perHOHax rpeanplHPHManIHCb IIoHbITKH COBepLueHCTBOBaTb FIMrIK H YCHJIHTb KOHTpOJIb 3a IX pa6oToii. B pe3yJibTaTe 3THX HHHwIHTTHB HeKOTOpbie perHo- HanJbHbIe OT,aejbI B CHCTeMe o6pa3OBaHS4 HiaYaJIH CO3,AaBaTb AHaFHOCTHqeCKne IIeHTpbI, B KOTOpbIX Mea/HUHHCKoe OCBiCeTeebCTBOBaHKe coYeTaeTCA C c1YHKUHOHajIbHbIM aHaJi- 30M. OAHaKO Ha o6werocyAapCTBeHHoM YPOBHe BCe OCTajiOCb riO-Hpe*HeMy, HeCMOTpA Ha TO, 'ITO MHHHCTepCTBO o6pa3oBaHHA POCCdlliCKOii Degepauni pa3pa6OTajio npoeKT nolwO>KeH"e AeTeU B POCCUUCKOA $eAepaLrnH. 128 IlTorm coLAanbHoH nonJHTWKH 1990-x rOp,OB H nepcneKTWBbI HOBbIX HIHCTpyKIIHH JaJIAI FMMHK. Hell3BeCTHO, B KaKOH CTeieHH B HHX pa3pemaiOTCA ripo6JIeMbI, BbISIBJIeHHbIe B CBA3HI C eACTeJIbHOCTbIO KOMHCCHH. OnnCaHHIe lpaBH.JI pa6OTbI UMrIK HlpHBOAHTCS B npHmoxeOuHm 4. 2.3.6. OcHoebite npo6,7embt a. Pocm mucwa aemezu, o6yiaiou4uxc5 no cnet4uanU3UP06aRNbLm npozpaxAam. C ORHOA CTOpOHbI, 3a nOCJneaHHe 10 .IeT o6wee 'Icjio aeTei, noceMaioIUix cnefl1IaHJbHbIe IllKOJIbI, CHH3HJIOCb, OZtHaKO HawHHaS C 1994 r. Ha6jnoaaeTc3f nOCTOAHHbIlIr He3Ha'iH- TeJIbHbII POCT KOJTIHMeCTBa geTei' C pa3JllIt1HbIMH HapySCHIIAM1MH 3aOpOBbM B TaKHX mUKoAax. K 3TOMY cAe2iyeT HpH6aBH4Tb ieTbBpeXKpaTHoe yBelIHM6H14e qlncJia aeTeH, o6y,iaiOIIIHXCA B Cfel6HlaJIbHbIX KJiaccax. aJIs BbIpa6oTKH IerlCTBeHHbIX Mep no npo- HjiaKTHKe H peuieHEIo 3TOH npO6JleMbI Heo6XoaHMo HOHITb IplHMHIHbI B03HHKHOBe- HISI gaHHbIX TeHjeHfl4H. 6. Omcymcmaue zciiocmu t cmpamewutecKof noaxoae K npo6weme uHoa)zudnocmu u no- nIumuKe no omnoweHuIO K .hutaM c pa3Jzu'bIMu napywenuRqu 3dOpO6bq. PocciH eiwe npe,aCTOIIT ocyIueCTBHTb HpHHuHrHHa.7bHbIl nepexo, OT y3KOMeRIH1HHCKOrO K 4byHK- uH1OHaJ7bHOMy rioaxoJty npH onpezjeJieHI4i HHBMaJHaHOCT4 H pemiemnn Bcex cBAI3aH- HbIX C 3THM AIBJIeHHeM ripo6JieM. B. Upe3MepuaR polb cne4uawiuupooauubtx uwKoJ-unmepnamoo. HeB3HpaSI Ha nperiHpH- HHMaeMbIie yciJIH5I no HHTferpauiH geTeii c HapyiCeHlIeM 3JaOPOBbq B CHCTeMy 061ue- ro o6pa3OBaHHsI, B CneuHIHI3HIpOBaHHbIX IIIKoJIaX-HHTepHaTaX Bce ewlle npe6biBaeT HOMTH 200 TbIC. aeTeil. DTO OieHb 3Hal4HTeJIbHOe KojIHreCTBO. UPH3HaBaA, -TO COB- CeM OTKa3aTbCSI OT TaKHIX IHKOJI-HHTepHaTOB B HaCTOIU4HH MOMeHT HeBO3MO.KHO, B TO ?Ke BpeMAI MO)KHO H4 HYDlCHO CHHIiaTb HX POJIb B CHCTeMe o6yMeHs4. B IIKojiax--HHTep- HaTax ,eTIl 1130JI1HpOBaHbI OT CBOHX ceMeH H o6iUeCTBa. KpoMe Toro, 3TH yqpeWaeHe4s AIBJIAIEOTCAI HaiH6oJIee toporoCTOAIeiwe 1 BaHIMeHee BI4eKTIIBHOH bOpMOH o6pa3oBa- HH4AI aeTeii C HapyueHi4eM 3J,0pOBbq. HTo6bI yCneUlHO OCyiieCTBHTb OTKa3 OT CTaU4- OHapHbIX o6pa3oBaTeJlbHbIlx yipecKLeHHH, Heo6XoJLHMbI fpHHUIHnHaBJbHbIe H3MeHe- HI4A B CHCTeMHOM noaxojae K HpO6JIeMe IHHBaJIHaHOCTH. r. Kamecm6o u aKmyaiibUoCmb o6pa3oeanuu. ,aHHbie o KaMeCTBe HJIH aKTya.7bHOCTH o6- pa3oBaHHAI, roJiyqaemoro jiHUaMH c pa3JHTHbbIM1 HapyUJeHIIH MH 3AOpoBbA, OTCyTCT- ByIOT. fo iHMeiOHMCm CBeaeHHAM, o6a 3TII acIeKTa JlaieKH OT COBepineHCTBa. Oz OternKa 1apyuwenu. 3dopo6bR y demeiu. Heo6xojtHMo H3MeHHTb ripoueziypy oiieHKH COCTOAHHSI 3aOpOBbS JteTeH C pa3wIumHbIMH BiJOCTaTKaMH pa3B4TH5. HMfIK aojiW- HbI CTaTb ripOceCCcHOHaJIbHbIMH OpraHH3aUHqmnM, HeCyiHMH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Hp14HiiMaeMbIe peimeHH4AI. JIs iix ycrieuroH4 pa6oTbl Tpe6yloTCs HOBbie IIHCTPyKUHH, COBpeMeHHbIe MeTOZkHKH H HpaKTHIecCKIIe pyKOBOACTBa, nOAXOtbi H npoueAypbi oueHKm, a TaKice COOTBeTCTBeHHO o6yieHHblii nepcoHaJI. 2.4. Mepbl noyCOBepLeHCTBoBaHHIOH nOBbiweHHIO 30cIeKTHBHOCTH CHCTeMbI coLIHanbHoro o6ecne4eH H AeTeH C HapyujeHHeM 3AOpOBbq CyIUeCTByeT HeOTJIOIKHaS HeO6XOAHMOCTb YCOBepieHCTBOBaHIIq CLICTeMbI pa6oTbl C ae- TbMII C HapyIIeHiHeM 32aOpOBbA. UeJIblO TaKOH pa6oTbl ABJ1SAeTCq CHHKeHHIe IIX MicITia riy- JeTM-WHBaAJlAbl 129 121 TeM OCyWeCTBjIeHHI4, HpOrIIJiaKTIUieCKilX MepOIIpHSTIIT , HOMOWb B HHTerpaUHH Ta- KHIX aeTei B COL1HYM Ha OCHOBe nporpamMM COeiCTBH5 aeTs4M-1HBaJH14aaM H HX CeMbAM Ha 6a3e MeCTHOrO coo6mUecTBa, a TaKAce pea6HillTauIHH H o6pa3oBaHHq, nogaep)KIHBao- IHj4X zeHHCHcTHTyUHOHaiJJ3aUHIO. HpH 3TOM Heo6XOaIiMO BbIaeJ1HTb cinegyIOme KJHOloe- BbIe acneKTbI. Ot4eHKa cocmowrnuu opeauu3ma. 3,jecb CTOIHT 3agaqa HpHH14HHaH7bHO H3MeHHTb Me- TOAOJIOrHIeCKHe HORXOgbI K OUeHKe COCTOSHHA 3aOpOBb51 Ha OCHOBe 4)yHKIHOHajIbHOFO noalxo,a. 3TO MO)KeT HOTpe6OBaTb HOJIHOrO nepecMoTpa ripoueaypbi OieHKH, npeKAe BCerO CO3AaHH5I ezHHOrO HpOpoeCCHOHIajIbHOFO opraHa, KOTOpbIH 6yaeT pa6oTaTb nlo HO- BbIM HHCTpyK1IH1AM C HpMHeHCHHeM IlHbIX MeTORIIK, 11 opralH13aUH o6yMeHH5i ero nep- coHaJia HOBbIM no;lxo7aM H MeTOAaM OUeHKII. DTOT opraH ,IojnKeH 6bITb riOLOTqeTHbIM H OTBeTCTBeHHbIM 3a HPIHsITbIe peLlleH5l,X Heo6XOHMMo IpCRYCMOTpeTb MeXaHlI3MbI Ocy- UeCTBjieHIsA HefpepbIBHorO HaA3opa IH repHo1IHMeCKlIx rpOBepOK ero pa6OTbI, a TaKXce pa3pa6oTaTb npoiieAypy areJIJUiAiiH, KOTOpbIe 6y,zyT paccmaTpP4BaTbCA H-e3aB4CHMO4 HHCTaHIIHei. IHpot/uiwaKmuKa. Heo6xoaiMo pa3pa6oTaTb CHCTeMy Meponpl5ITHH no coKpaIIueHI4O '-IHcJIa ACTeA, HiOjiyqlaiOiWx CTaTYC IHHBajl4WAOB. C QLLHOA CTOpOHbI, 3TOii uejin MOrYT no- CJIYoKHTb YCOBepIMeHCTBOBaHHbie meTOAbI OUCHKH COCTOAlH1SI 330pOBbA, a c AIpyror - o6- wuee yjiy'IlleHIie COLIHaJbHO-3KOHOMi,teCKOH ClITyanimI. OaHaaKo Heo6xOaHMO HeMea- JieHHO HPernIHPHHTb HeOT.7O1KHbIC MepbI HO lOBbIIIImHHIo KaMeCTBa o6muero MeAl4IlHCKO- ro o6cJIy)KIIBaHnHs4, B OCo6eHHOCTH CHCTeMbI OXpaHbI 3,10pOBbSA MaTepI H pe6eHKa. Codeuicmue ceMb51M. Bce, 'TO nomoraeT pe6eHKy OCTaBaTbCq B ceMbe, He 6yztyI npHi 3TOM o6y3oVI, a ee nOJIHoipaBHbIM meiHoM (corHamnbHaq pa6OTa IH COUHajibHoe o6cjiyAcH- BalHie C KOHCy.ibTaUHIIMH ceMeH; aapec-bie HpOrpaMMbI COUHiaAbHOli 1OMOHliH CeMbHM, IIMeIouHM .AeTeHi C HapymIHeeM 3aOpOBbA; lIHiopMaullOHHbIe iH o6pa3oBaTe.7bHbIe npo- rpaMMbI Aii AI3MeHeHIIS HeraTIIBHOfO BOCHIPHSITH1 1-HBaJIlHOCTH B o6UIeCTBe), Tpe6yeT pa3BHTHA. Pea6uJwmaz4u.q. Heo6xoQTiMo BBeCTII HpaKTHKY paHHeHf AmarfHOCTHKHI HHBajH4IHOCTH AJIA Me,IIUIIHCKOrO BMellaTeJIbCTBa Ha paHHHX CTaAlH5X 3a6oJIeBaHHi4, BKJiio'ias pea6ii- JUIHTaUmHO. HY>KHO pa3pa6oTaTb TaKiKe ,ZIOCTIIHKHMbIe pea6H7IHTaUHOHHbie CTaHIapTbI, 4To6bI ripouecc pea64JIHTalImI MOr yCneilio POTeiKaTb (B 60oIbWIIHCTBe CJIy'aeB) 3a npe,zemami CTalIHOHapa. 06paao6anue. CJiejAyeT nO B03MO(HOCTH OTKa3aTbCA OT ripaKTHKH IIOMeIleHII pe- 6eHKa LJIA o6y,4eHIIA B CTaUHOHapHOe ypIpeSMeHHe, 'TO HlpHBOAIIT K ero H3'bATHIO H3 o6- Lueo6pa3oBaTeJlbHOII IIIKOJIbI. B CB1311 C 3TIIM Ha riepBoe MeCTO BbIXOIIT POJIb CHICTCMbI OUiCHKH 3LOPOBb3I pe6eHKa; KpOMe TOrO, BaCHOe 3Ha'eHHe 6yaeT HMeTb pa3pa6OTKa CTaH- AapTOB 06yqeHIIl, He o6sI3aTeJIbHO C yweTOM HHaJBH4aya.ibHbIX OCo6eHHOCTeH pe6eHKa, HO, CKOpee, C ripHMeHeHHeM fYHKUHOHaJIbHOFO noAxoja, Aa>Ke B TeX cjiyMaxx, B KOTOpbIX ceiiac npH6eralOT K pacripejeJieH"I4O B CHeUHJilbHbli lKOJIbI IJIBl KJIacCbI. ,ff0opMaa4UOHUble cYc6bl. Heo6xoaiMo C03JaTb IIHcPOpMauHOHHbIe CJIy>K6bl AIA MOH1HTOPHHra pa3InIINHbIX rpynn Hace.JieHIIA, iom l-HHMIIHBa7I14,OB B o6IueCTBe, B03HII- KalOHIJX TeHAeHH II HX iiOCcIeACTBHll, 'TO IIO3BOJIHT (bOpMHpOBaTb HIOJIHTHKY B 3TOH o6jiaCTII. nloJ1oweHme AeTeA B POCCHACKOA cleAepaLAwi. 130 WVToru coLiwanbHoH nfonJTWKM 1990-x roAoB u nepcneKTHBbI 2.5. 3aKRIo'0eHHe CeMbH, iHmeOmiU4m AeTeH-HHBaji4AOB, CMHTalOTCH OaHOH H3 HaHi6ojiee COuHajIbHO He 3a- HXHIeHHbIx rpynn HaceiieHHl B POCCiH. BOCHlHTaHiHe pe6eHKa-14HBaxIJAa - O,eHb He- IIpOCTaA 3a,aama, B OCo6eHHOCTH4 B OKpy)KeHI411, r,ae HHBaJIJAHOCTb AIBJIAIeTCSI CBoero pojLa KerHMOM, H CyiiLeCTByeT TeHaeHUHS K H3O0RAUHH 1HBaSH,OB OT OCHOBHOrO HaCeIieHHI; rocyaapCTBeHHaA cHHaHCOBaSi HOMOLIWb ABji5eTCA He3HaqllTeJIbHOH H MaCTO He BblnTIaqIH- BaeTCsl; COflHna.bHoe o6c.Ty,IWBaHHe, noiitep)KKa H pea6 iIHTauHA He pa3BHITbl; MaTepSM HepeAKo Ip1XOaHTCAI 6pocaTb pa6OTy aJU yxoaa 3a pe6eHKoM-HHBaJIHaOM; a OTULIb yXO- JtAT H3 CeMbH BCKOpe nocIie rIO5BjieHHA B JOMe TaKOrO pe6eHKa, 'TO B 60JIbLUIHCTBe cny- MaeB npHBOJaHT K KpatHeH 6eAHOCTH MaTepH H ee pe6eHKa. Oco6eHHo COuHajibHO He 3a- 1I4IHeHHbIM14 IBJIAIOTCA 6pOieHHbie aeTH-4HBamlgbI, KOTOpbie -ame Bcero noMemaloT- CS B CTaiHOHapHbie y'pe)KleHH31, Hepe;WO Ha BCIO )KH3Hb. HecMOTpA Ha TO, 'TO B 1990-e roabi MeamHUHCKHI4 HOAXOA K BpO6JieMe 4HBaJIHlHO- CTU HIOCTerleHHO CMeHqeTCS Ha 4IYHKUHOHa.IbHbli, Heo6xOJHMOCTb B TambHeiumX H3Me- HeHI4AX nO-rpeSLHeMy OCTaeTCs CyWeCTBeHHOH. I4MelOmaAC5 CHCTeMa OeHHKH COCTOI- HHS 3,40pOBbA J0 CHX nop o6peKaeT orpomioe KOJIHtieCTBO jeTee Ha ro)KH3HeHHoe CO- aep>KaHHe B CTaLHOHapHbIX y'4peI,KaeHMAX 4JI1 HHBaAHJOB. COUHaAbHOe o6CIy,KHBaHHe Hi pea64JI4TaSI"4 JeTeH-IIHBaJIJOB H HOMOlLb HX CeMbSIM, HanpaBNCHHbie Ha CTHMyJIH- POBaHHCe 1HTerpauIHH JeTeH-1HBaJHJOB B O6iueCTBO H npeROCTaBjieHHe CeMbAM B03MO)K- HOCTeH Ho yXo,ay 3a TaKHMHa JeTbM4, BBOaATCA B aeiicTBHe, HO OYeHb MegjieHHO. JIOCTyn K TaKHM ycaiyram oCTaeTCsA KpaHHe OrpaHH'eHHbIM H BapbHpyeTCA OT pernOHa K perHOHy B 3aBH4CHMOCTII OT perHOHaJlbHbIX H MeCTHbIX cHHaHCOBbIX B03MOKHOCTeH. KpoMe Toro, Jxi JaeTeH, O4LHuHa7ibHO iI4H3HaHHbIX , BBegeHa B aeACTBHe rpoJiyMaH- HaSI CH4CTeMa JeHe)KHOH H HaTypaJIbHOH riOMOiH. O0HaKO HeCMOTpA Ha TO, 'TO .lbrOTbI, HpeCJOCTaBJIAeMbie CeMbAM, B ripHHUlHre MHOrO'IHCjieHHbI, CeMbH nOJIy'alOT IiHlfb Maiiyio MaCTb TaKOA nOMOIIIm, a Korjta noJiymalOT, OHa OKa3bIBaeTCA MBHO HeJROCTaTO'HOl4. JjJIA yAy'-IueHCHH 6a¶arOcOcTOAHHs4 demez!-ucaAuao6 peKOMeHqyeTCA pa3pa6OTaTb o6ierocy,aapcTBeHHylO cTpaTerlmo, HarpaBIeHHYIO Ha HHTerpaIHIo IHBaJIH4AOB, BKJIIO- nasI eTeR, B o6ieCTBO. TaKas CTpaTerHs npeanO.iaraeT, B TOM i4Ciie, caeaylowine Mepbl: JIOCTH)KeHHe 6obmmero 6a.naHca Meway MeJtH1JHHCKHMH H L yHKIHOHaMbHblMH KpHTepH- AMH onpeaejieH4si 4HBaIllZ(HOCTH; KOppeKTHpOBKa 11 YCOBepReHCTBOBaHl4OpIopaKa, pe- ryrnHpyiomero npoiuecc OijeHKH COCTOSHHSI 3,t0POBbA pe6eHKa H CTeHeHH OrpaHH'4eHHSI ero WK43HeIeSeTeJIbHOCTH, MeTOAtbl H CflOCO6bl TaKOH OIeHK4, BKAIO'aA1 BHe,apeHmH npoile- ,aypbl areJIAIIIH, paccmaTpBaembX He3aB lHlMbIMH OpraHaM4; CH4KceHHe 3aBlClHMOC- TH4 o6pa3oBaHI5l JieTeR-HHBajiH,4OB OT CHCTeMbi CTaLHOHapHbIX y'peKJIeHfH; yCOBep- wIIeHCTBOBaHH4e CHCTeMbi c6opa ,aaHHbIX 0 CeMbSIX, 4MelOIllHX aIeTeH-HHBaIiHJLOB, ,Jli 6o- .iee 34XeKTHBHOH peajIM3aHui HOJI1T4KH, HaipaBjieHHOH Ha y.jy'lmeH4e HX 6JIaroco- CTOA1H541; HOBbilHeHHIe 14HHOpMHpOBaHHOCTH HaceieHI4A o6 4HBaJIHJHOCTH C ueJIb1O npe- O,OojieHHA K Hef HeraTHBHOFO OTHOuIeHHA o6meCTBa. HPHMEIAHHI 1 Pe6eHKoM C4HTaeTcq 4enoBeK B Bo3pacTe OT 0 Ao 18 neT. A,eTH COCTaBA1ROT 23,3% pOCCHHCKorO HaceAeHHR (2000 r.). 2 CTpeMRCb CBeCTH BoeAHHo cABHrH B YPOBHe >KH3HH B 1990-e rOAbI B 27 cTpaHax c nepexoAHoA 3KOHOMHKOA, pac- nOno>KeHHbIX B perwoHe EBponbl H LAeHTpaAbHoH A3uu, IOHIICECP B noCneAHeM goKAaAe o permOHaAbHOM MO- HuTOpuHre (Regional Monitoring Report) npoeoArT cpaBHeHue 1999 r. c 1989 r. no 20 noKa3aTeAlM, oTpa>KaKo- LLIHM pa3JH'Hbie acneKTbI 6narococTosHHs, B TOM 4uCAe AoxogaM, 3AOpOBbIO, o6pa3oBaHMIo H Co4HaSbHoH 3a- ULHTe AeTei. YAy4uwMB noAo>KeHue no nsiTr nOKa3aTeAlM H3 20, PoccH5q oKa3anacb BHH3y cnHcKa BMeCTe c YKpa- HHOA H BenopyccHeA. BepXHKlOl 4acTb cnHCKa 3aHHMa)OT CTpaHbl C HaH6onbwHM npoLleHTHbIM coAep*aHmem yAy4weHHH: flonbwa (74%), XopBaTHs (72%) H BeHrpmq (70%). CM. UNICEF (2001, pp. 9-13). 3 npw rpaHiiLe 6eAHocTH Ha YPOBHe 2,25 AOAA. B AeHb, noKa3aTeJb 6eAHocTH AeTeA He CHJ1bHo OTv14aeTcR OT cpeA- Hero AAs Ka>KgOA cTpaHbi (World Bank, 2000d). B oTnu4ue OT 3TOrO, B cTpaHax LleHTpaAbHOA u BOCTO4HOU EB- ponbi PHCK 6eAHOCTH AAn1 AeTeA ropa3go BbIWe cpeAHero no Poccuu (npH TOM >e npO>KHTO4HOM MHHUMyMe). 4 B 3TOM pa3Aene 3HaL4eHHq YPOBHR 6eAHocTH KaK B o6cneAoBaHHax roCKoMCTaTa POCCuII, TaK H B EwerOAHOM BbI- 6opo4HoM MCCAeAoEBaH"H AOMaWHHX Xo3RACTB B paMKax BcepocCHAcKoro MOHHTOP"Hra 3KOHoMH4eCKoro nOAo>KeHHR H 3AOpOBbq HaCeAeHHR (Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, Aanee - RLMS), KOTOpoe npoBo- AHT YHHBepCHTeT CeBepHas KaponHHa, onpeAeAeHbl B CooTBeTcTBHH c ocu4LlHaAbHbIM npfo)KTO4HbIM MHHHMy- MOM. roCKoMcTaT co6HpaeT gaHHbie 0 AOMOXO3RNCTBax u e>KeKBapTaAbHo ny6nwKyeT pe3ynbTaTbl, B TOM qHcjle o6 YPOBHe 6eAHocTH AnA pa3HbIX KaTeropUU cemeU H OTAeAbHbIX AIOAeA (CM.: Goskomstat, 2000b, 2000c). Bce CCbIJ1KH Ha RLMS OTHOCATCA K 8-My 3rany HccneAOBaHHq, COCTORBawMyCe B 1998 r. 3HaqeHHq YPOBHR 6eAHOC- TM, OCHoBSaHHbie Ha AaHHblx RLMS, paCC4MTaHbi aBTOpaMH HaCTOqugerO AOKnaAa c HcnoJb3OBaHHeM AaHHbIX o pacxoAax CeMbH H o4)wLAHaAbHbIx AaHHbiX, AHc$4epeHLlHpoBaHHbIX no perHoHaM, O npO)KHT04HOM MHH4MyMe C nonpaBKaMH AAP pac4eTa 3KOHOMUU Ha MacWTa6e npH coBMecTHoM noTpe6neHHH B ceMbe (MHHHCTePCTBO Tpy- ga u COLAHa5JbHoro pa3BHTHq POCCUUCKOA $I)eAepaiulm). 5 nO AaHHbIM roCKoMCTaTa u AaHHblM RLMS, caMbie HH3KHe 3HaLieHHR YPOBHP 6etHocTH 6bJlH CSoMCTBeHHbl pa6oTa- ou.AmM u neHCHOHepaM no CTapOCTH. KaK 6bl TO HH 6bIAo, noAyqawoioae neHcHm no HHBaAHAHOCTM u no noTepe KOPMHAbLIa OTJ1S4aJ1HCb OT neHCHOHepoB no CTaPOCTH 3HaLiHTenbHo 6onee BbICOKHM yPOBHeM 6eAHoCTM. 6 ,H36biTO4Has cMepTHOCTb* onpeAenieTcq KaK (KmAaeMoA npoAoAn>(HTeAbHOCTH NKH3HH o6bSCHqAOCb Bo3pocweu cMepTHOCTbio B B03- paCTHoU rpynne OT 25 Ao 64 neT. B Ll4eOM COKpauLeHHe npoAon*KMTeAbHocTH >KU3HU B 1990-1994 rr. 6bIlO CBq- 3aHO c cepAe4HO-Cocyy9cTbIMM 3a6oneBaHM.9MM (HHcpapKT U 6one3HH cepALa) (36%), BHeWHuMu npMHLHaMH CMePTH (29%), MHHpeK4MOHHbIMM 3a6oAeBaHHRMH (5,8%), XPOHHqeCKHMH 3a6oJeBSaHHMH neqeH H 4HPppO3OM (2,4%) H npoqMmH anKOrOAbHo-3aBicHMbIMbm npM4MHaMH (9,6%) (Notzon and others 1998). 8 Bloom, D. E., and J. D. Sachs (1998), Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997), and Bhargava, A., D. T. Jamison, L. Lau, and C. J. L. Murray (2000). LUT. no: UNICEF (2001, p. 48). 9 CMepTHOCTb HOBOPO>KAeHHbIX H cMepTHOCTb AeTeA B BO3paCTe Ao 5 AeT npHBOP.TCq Ha TbICRL4y PO>KAeHM >KHBbIX AeTeA. 10 HeKoTopble HCCAeAOBaTenm yTBep?KAalOT, qTO CBeAeHHq 0 cMepTHOCTH HoBopo>KAeHHbIX B PoccHH Bce euLe 3aHH- >KaIoTCR. W3 CTaporo, OTHocqu4erocq K coBeTCKOU 3noxe onpeAeneHHq CMepTHOCTH HOBOpO>KAeHHbIX B OCHOB- HOM HcKA)li4anHCb HeAOHoweHHbie MnaAeH4bl, ecJ1H OHM YMHPaAH B Te4eHHe ceMH AHeM c MoMeHTa pOKAeHMR. OcuwmLanbHoe onpeAeneHwe 6blAO H3MeHeHo B 1993 r. B cooTBeTcTBMH CO CTaHAapTaMH B03, HO npeAcTaBAqeT- CR, 'TO rocnOACTByeT TpaA,HLAOHHaq npaKTHKa. B pe3yAbTaTe HeKOTOpbie aBTOpbl C4MTaWOT, 4TO AaHHbie o CMepT- HOCTH HOBOpOc>KgeHHbIX B POCCHH 3aHH>KeHbi npMmepHO Ha 25% (Notzon and others, 1998; OECD, 2001 a, p. 93). 11 TO4HOCTb noKa3aTeAs pewaloLtLM o6pa3oM 3aBHCHT OT Toro, B KaKoA mepe CTaTHCTHqeCKa5 CHCTeMa cnocO6Ha pe- rHCTPHpOBaTb CO6blTHR. OAUH H3 cnoco6oB nepenpoBepKH TaKHx AaHHbIX 3aKAl04aeTCq B nepMOAM4eCKom npo- BeAeHHM MeAHLIMHCKHX H AeMorpa4cjL4eCKMX o6CAeAOaaHHH. 12 nO AaHHbIM MHHHCTepCTBa 3APaBOOxpaHeHmq POCCHUCKOA ($eAepaLlHH, B 2000 r. OT MaTepeU, HHC43HiUpOBaHHbIX B1314, poAHAOCb 300 MnaAeHLAeB. 13 Vinokur and others, ibid. nlono eleH e AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU WeAepaiu*I. 132 MTorF coLAuaAbHoA nOAuTHKH 1990-x rOo,OB u nepcneKTHBbI 14 KypeHHe qBnJeTC9 OCHOBHOA npH4HHOA paKa nerKHx. B TO Ie BpemP YAHLIbi MOCKBbi 6yKBaibHo YCTaBAeHbi npu- BAeKaTeJ1bHbIMH UHATaMH c peKAaMoA KypeHHP. OieHb MHOrHe H3 HUX aApecoBaHbi nOApOCTKaM. 15 MHHMCTepCTBO 3ApaBooxpaHeHHR POCCHUCKOA cl)eAepaL4H oTMee4aeT Ty >KAeHHe o6bRcHqeTcn 6onee nOAHOA perHcTpaLlHei MaTepHHCKOA cMepTHOCTH B MHH3Apa- se (MOH, 2001, p. 42). 16 qwcCno HOBOpO>KAeHHbIX C BeCOM MeHee 2500 rB npoLeHTaX K o6LieMy 4HcAy po>KAeHMA )KHBblX AeTeA. 17 lnoxou npeApoAoBou YXOA H HeAOCTaTOIHoe nHTaHHe MaTepeA RBJ1nRIOTCR npH4HHoA HH3KOrO Beca pe6eHKa npu po>KAeHHH, BbI3bIBa1OT npo6hneMbI cnyxa, TpyAHOCTH B o6yqeHHH, cnHHHoMO3rOBbe rpbl>KH H MO3roBbIe paCCT- pOUCTBa. AeTH, pOAHBwHeCq y MaTepeA, nony4aBewHX HeAoCTaTo4Hoe nHTaHHe, BnOCAeACTBHH npOc,.BnSoT CKAOHHOCTb K HeKOTOpblM 6one3HJiM H COCTOPHUPM, TaKHM KaK Awa6eT, cepAeqHo-coCyAHCTbie 3a6oneBaHHu H owKHpeHHe (UNICEF, 2000). 18 JIH4Hoe 06LuLeHme c pa6OTHHKaMU MOCKOBCKOro npeACTaBHTenJbCTBa IOHHCECD. 19 B PoccHH o6s3aTenbHoe o6pa3oBaHHe 3aKaHq4BaeTcJ B BO3paCTe 16 ieT, B 9-M KAacce. O6R3aTenbHoe o6pa3oBa- HUe o6bIqHO Ha4HHaeTcq B Bo3paCTe 7 neT H BKJo4aeT B ce6Pq ABa ypoBHq: HaqaJbHoe o6pa3oBaHUe (1-4-A KAac- Cbl) H HenonHOe cpeAHee o6pa3oBaHHe (5-9-A Knaccbl). 20 Bonee 80% AOWKOJ1bHbIX Y4pe>KAeHHA npHHaAne>KaT MyHHLAHnanHTeTaM H ynpaBiRqioTcq HMH. B Ha'qane 1990-x ro- AOB 3Ta AAon9 cocTaBAqna 20-25% (MHHHCTepCTBO o6pa3oBaHHs. POCCHUCKOA OeAepaL4uu, 2000). 21 CyMMapHbIA oxBaT B 88,8% A4RR AeTeA, COCTaBJIIOI1IHX B03paCTHYK) rpynny 7-15 neT o3Ha4aeT, 4TO B 1999 r. 6o- nee 2,3 MJnH. AeTeA He 6binH oxBaLieHbl Ha4aJlbHbIM o6pa3OBaHHeM. 22 B 3TO 4HCAO He BXOAPT AeT4, npoKHBaioLLAHe B o6b1NHb1X WKoJlax-HHTepHaTax, qaCTO H3-3a 6eAHoCTH HuH HeyCTpO- eHHOCTH ceMbH. 23 3a HCKJIOqeHmeM 1998 r., KorAa OHO BbIpocno Ha 0,9%. CM. World Development Indicators (.flOKa3aTenH MHpo- Boro pa3BHTHR >), ony6nHKOBaHHble BCeMHpHbiM 6aHKoM. 24 rOCKOMcTaT, onpeAeneHme MOT. B aBrycTe 2001 r. 6e3pa6oTHL4a paBHRnacb 8,2%. Pe3ynbTaTbI, nony4eHHble RLMS no 1998 r., CB"AeTeAbCTBYIOT 0 BbICOKOM YPOBHe 6e3pa6OT14bI B rpynne HaceAeH4J 17-35 neT, T.e. B B03- pacTe, KorAa o6pa3yeTcq 6OnbwHHcTBO MOflOAbIX ceMee. B 1998 r. 89,55% 3TOH Bo3paCTHou rpynnbi He 6bLno oxBaqeHo cHCTeMoA o6pa3OBaHHq; H3 3Toro qmcAa 19,63%, Hnu 17,6% Bo3paCTHoA rpynnbl, tHe pa6OTanH H Hc- KanJ pa6oTy*. 25 PaccqHTaHo no AaHHbIM, npeACTaBneHHbIM B cneAy*UA"x MaTepHailax: 4O6LLAecTBeHHo-3KoHoMm4ecKoe nono>Ke- HHe B PoccHH B 2000 r. KpaTKaq CTaTHCTwHeCKaP cnpaBKa*, rOCKOMCTaT, MOCKBa, 2001; *O6L4AeCTBeHHO-3KOHO- MwqeCKoe nOAo>KeHme H YpOBeHb )KH3HH B POCCHH KpaTKam CTaTHCT4qeCKan cnpaBKae, rOCKOMCTaT, MOCKBa, 2000. 26 AAMHHHCTpaTHBHbie AaHHble cOAep>KaT HeCKOnbKO 6onee MnrKYIO oi4eHKY 3aAepxKeK 3apa6OTHoA nnaTbl, nOKa3bI- BaP, LiTO c 4XeBpam1 no HOP6pb 1999 r. '4cJIeHHocTb pa6OTH4KOB, ucnblTblBaBwuJX 3aAeP>KKH aapa6OTHoA nnaTbl, COKpaTH14aCb c 37 Ao 27%. 27 CM.: UNICEF (2001, p. 160, Statistical Annex, Table 10.11). 28 YpoBeHb PO>KAaeMOCTH MHHyC ypOBeHb CMepTHOCTH Ha TbICqLiy qeJioBeK Hacen1eHHP, He C4HTaR H3MeHeHHI H3-3a MHrpaL4HH. 29 qtHCAO PO>KAeHHA >KHBbiX AeTeH Ha TbICRqy 4enoBeK HaceneHHP. 30 CpeAHee 4HCnO AeTeA y OAHOA >KeHL1LHHbl AeTopoAHoro Bo3pacTa. 31 C 1999 r. CTaTHCTHqeCKHe cny>K6bl He ny6nHKyWoT AaHHbIX o 4mcJ1eHHOCTH AeTeA, POAtTenJH KOTOPbIX pa3BeAl4cb. 32 YHCcno Po>KAeHHI )KHBbIX AeTeA Ha TbICqt4y >KeHU.HH B B03paCTe 15-19 neT. 33 He CqHTaq neHcHH. 34 Pac4eTbm ocyLLleCTBj1eHbi 6e3 yqeTa KOAIHqeCTBa AeTeA B o6u.Aeo6pa3oBaTenbHblx WKoJlax-HHTepHaTax, a TaK>Ke qe- Teu, HMmeOumX pOAwTeneA, HO HaXOAPqLgXCq B y4pe>KAeHMX oneKH no npHLiHHe 6eAHocTH. KaK 3TO cneAyeT H3 Ta6n. 5.3 CCTaTHCTHqeCKOrO npHno>KeHHRa, B 1999 r. o6uAee '4HcJ1O AeTee B y4pe>KAeHHqX pa3nH4Horo THna B POCCHH cocTaBHno OKOAo 490 TbIC. 4enOBeK. 35 WMeeTCA B BHAy 6cA)oKeTHoe 4fl4HaHCWpOBaHHe CoLAHanbHbIX nbrOT H noco6uU; BbInulaTbi H3 BHe6IoAK)KeTHbIx )0H- AOB He BKnO'4eHbi. nlpmMe4aHuR 133 36 AAeKBaTHOCTb nporpaMMbl noco6uU Mo>KeT 6blTb H3MepeHa KaK BejiH4HHa noCo6HR Ha AYwY HaceJ1eHHR UnU A0oJIs noco6HR a o6uAeM noTpe6nleHHU ceMbH. Ee TaK>Ke MO)KHO H3MepHTb KaK AOJniO OT npOX(HTO4HOrO MHHHMyMa (nHu qepTbi 6eAHoCTH), HuH paCCMOTpeB, HaCKonbKO AaHHOe noco6He yMeHbwaeT ypOBeHb 6eAHOCTH. KaK 6bl HH oLAe- HHBaTb aAeKBaTHocTb nporpaMMbl, oHa AOA>KHa 6blTb oLAeHeHa C TO4KH 3peHHS noJy4aeMblx 6iaroAaps eu Bo3- Mo>KHoCTeH. BoAee Toro, ecilH noco6Hs CJ1HWKOM 6OlbWUHe, OHU MOrYT CHH3HTb CTHMYA K pa6oTe, Hu nO3TOMY AO>KHbl 6blTb oLAeHeHbl B CpaBHeHHH co cpeAHeA 3apa6oTHoU nAaToA. (Ecnu COOTHOweHHe noco6Msi K cpeAHeU 3apnAaTe o4eHb BblCOKoe, 3TO BiBnqeTcR noKa3aTeAeM Toro, 4To, noKa noco6we 6yAeT OCTaBaTbCR Ha CTOAb >Ke BbICOKOM ypoeHe, OHO 6yAeT nOHH>KaTb CTHMyJnbl K pa6OTe H npHBOAHTb K HaAiOrOBblM 3aTpaTaM). C Apyrou CTO- pOHbI, ecnu noco6He CJHWKOM MaAeHbKoe no cpaBHeHHIO CO cpeAHeA 3apa6OTHoA nnaTOA, TO nporpaMMa npo- CTO He BbinOAHHT CBOKO 3aLUHTHyKO 4)yHKLAHKO. i1O3TOMy ypoBeHb noco6Hu AOJDKeH 6blTb TaKHM, 4To6bl npeAo- CTaBAmTb aAeKBaTHyIO 3au.wTy U BMecTe C TeM CBOAHTb K MHHHMYMY H>KAHBeHL4eCKH noAXOA. 37 MeAHLuHHCKHe ycnyrH noMHMo naKeTa, npeAocTaBAnemoro no MeAHLAHHCKOA CTpaxOBKe. 38 OAHaKO B 6OuWHHCrTBe CTpaH neHCHOHHbie CHCTeMbi HMieOT 6onbWHA oxBaT H 6oJbWHI4 pa3mep BblnAaT, 4TO cno- co6CTByeT COKpaULeHHKO YPOBHR 6eAHocTH. CHCTeMbI Bblfn1aT 6e3pa6oTHbIM ToKe HMmeOT TeHAeHI4AHI K yMeHbwe- HHIO YPOBHR 6eAHOcTH, HO HX BnAMHHe 3Ha4HTeJbHO cAa6ee. 39 B 1998 r., no AaHHblM RLMS, oKoflo 7,8% ceMeU noiy4aJu noco6HR Ha pe6eHKa. 40 AO 1999 r. noco6He Ha pe6eHKa BbinAaqHBaAoCb BceM, nocne 1999 r. OHO CTano BbinilaqHBaTbCR B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT AoXoAa. OAHaKo 6bin YCTaHOBAeH TaKON BbICOKHA nopor, 4To 4HCJO AeTee, Ha KOTOPbIX OHO pacnpocTpaHqAocb (oKono 32 MAH.), noITH He H3MeHHAOCb. 41 noco6He no 6epeMeHHoCTH U pogam B PoccHH 6OAbwe, qeM B eBpOneACKHX CTpaHax. HanpHMep, a repMaHHH OHO 3ameLLaeT 100% 4HCToro 3apa6OTKa (HO c orpaHH4eHHeM B nepecieTe Ha AeHb) B Te4eHHe 6 HeAeAb AO POAOB H 8 HeAeuib nocAe pOAOB; B MTanJH OHO paBHO 80 % 3apa6OTKa H BbinAaqLBiaeTcq B Te4eHHe 2 MecqLteB AO H 3 Me- CRqLeB nocAe pOAOB; BO (1paHHLuHH OHO paBHO 80% 3apa6oTKa H Bbinnaa4BaeTCR B Te4eHHe 2 MecU4eB AO H 3 Me- cR4eB nocnle pOAOB; B 5qnOHHH OHO COCTaBJSAeT 60% cpeAHeA 6a3oBoA e>KeAHeBHOA 3apa6OTHoU nAaTbI H BbinAa- LiHBaeTcR 42 AHR AO H 56 AHeA noCAe poAOB; B ABCTPHH OHO CoCTaBnAeT 100% 3apa6OTKa B Te'4eHHe 8 HeAeAb AO H 8 HeAeAb nocAe pOAOB. (CneAyeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO B CWA pa6oToAaTenH He o6.P3aHbi npeAOcTaBA1Tb onna4HBa- eMbil AeKpeTHbIH OTnyCK; no 3aKOHY )KeH4MHe rapaHTHpyeTC9 TOJlbKO 3 MecL4a HeonAa4HBaeMoro OTnyCKa.) CM. nlporpaMMbl coLuHaJ1bHoro o6ecneLeHHs Bo BCeM MHpe, 1999 r. Ha www.ssa.gov/statistics/ssptw/1999. 42 0 noco6HRx no CoLAHaAbHOH 3aLiAMTe AAni AeTeA-HHBa1nHAOB rOBOpHTC9 B 4aCTH 11 AaHHOrO OT4eTa (CM. rn. 2 B 4ac- TH i). TaK>Ke nOApo6HbIA OT4eT o noco6HRx Ansq AeTeA-HHBaAHAOB H HX ceMeA npeACTaBAeH B npHAo>KeHHH 5. 43 OLAeHKa 6a3HpyeTCq Ha aHaAH3e AaHHbIx pa3iiHLHbIX Ta6A1HL, npeACTaBAeHH B ny6AHKaLiHRx rOCKOMCTaTa (CM. HCXOAHy10 uHHcopMaLAHKo AnJ Ta6A. 1.4). OCHOBblBaRCb Ha AaHHbIx aHail3a AOMaWHHX X03RHCTB, rOCKOMCTaT oLAeHHBaeT o6uWHA o6beM coLuHaJbHblx TpaHccpepTOB 3a 1999 r. B 8,4% OT BBn. OAHaKO OH He AaeT HH4tOpMa- UHH o6 HX CTPYKType no BHAaM TpaHc4bepTOB. LleAb OL4eHKH, npeACTaBAeHHOA B Ta6n. 1.4, - crpynnHpoBaTb pac- xOAbi no THnaM noco6Hm. I1OMHMO 3TOrO, B Hee BKKIO4eHbi noco6HS, 0 KOTOpbIX HMeeTCR OTAeAbHas UHHpOpMa- L4AH,. 44 CIoAa BKA1oqeHbi neHCHH, noco6Hn/AOTaL4HH, CTHneHuHH, CTpaxOBbIe H ApyrHe AeHe*KHbie BbinAaTbl. 45 C 2000 r. noco6He Ha pe6eHKa 6onee He CBR3aHO C MHHHMaAbHOA onnaToi TpyAa. 46 B COOTBeTCTBHH C lpe3HAeHTCKHM YKa3oM NR405 eO HeOTJAON(HbIX mepax no CTa6HJ13ai4HH YPOBHR >KH3HH Hace- JneHHA POCCHUCKOH (1eAepaL4Hw B 1993 r.* OT 27 MapTa 1993 r., Cy6beKTbi POCCHUCKOA ()DeAepaL4tH OTBe4aKOT 3a npeAocTaAneHue co0LlaAbHoA nOMOULH 6eAHbIM KaTeropHRM rpa)lAaH. 47 Bce BHAbI neHCHA: TPYAOBble neHcHH (no Bo3paCTy, no HBHsaHAHOCTH H B CBR3H C noTepeA KOpMHAb4a) H coL4HaAb- Hbie neHCHH. 48 PaccMaTPHBaeTCS BKAiOieHHe BonpOCOB, KaCaioU4HXCx pa3MepoB noco6HM, B 6YAyLyHe o630pbl. 49 A,ns cpaBHeHHR, B 1998 r. noco6HS no 6e3pa6oTHLAe HMeA1 nporpeccHBHYIO HanpaBAeHHoCTb: 25,58% Bcex paCxo- AOB cocpeAOTO0H)OCb B 6eAHeAweM KBHHTHne H 11,43% B BepxHeM. EcnH 6bl B 1998 r. ppAAOMaWHHX X03.HCTB c AeTbMH He noAy4an noco6He no 6e3pa6oTHLe, TO ypOBeHb 6eAHOCTH CpeAH HHX nOBbICHA1c 6bl Ha 8 nlyHKTOB (AO 83%). PacxOAbi Ha neHCHH no CTapOCTH 6buiH HeCKOAbKO 6oJbuWe HanpaBneHbl Ha rpynnbi HaceAeHHR c 6onee BbI- COKHM AOXOAOM (Ta6A. 1.8 H 1.11 .CTaTHCTHlqecKoro npHAo>KeHHR*; HH neHCHH, HH noco6HS no 6e3pa6oTMH4e He S1BASIIOTC.q agpeCHbIMH noco6HSMH). B 2000 r. noco6HS no 6e3pa6oCTHLe coxpaHRnH nporpeccHBHYIO HanpaBAeH- HOCTb: 28% BCeX paCXOAOB 6bIln aApeCOBaHbi HeHMyL4HM H TOllbKO 16% - sepXHemy KBHHTHJIO. OAHaKO B Lie- AOM 3TO Mano nOBA1RJAO Ha nOAo>KeHHe MaAoHMyutHx, TaK KaK HX nOAy4MJbO OqeHb MaAo ceMeH (0,7%). fleHCHH llono)eHwe jDeTeu B POCCUUCKOU (Pep,epaL4uu. 134 Ig1TorH coLA1anbHoA nOAHTWKH 1990-x roALFoB U nepcneKTWBbl nO4TH paBHoMepHO pacnpeAeAnAcb MewKAy BCeMu rpynnaMM AOXOAOB, XOTS ABa HH>KHHX KBHHTH)1Sj non1y4nHuI He- CKOJAbKO MeHbwe, ieM TpU BepXHHX (Ta6Jn. 1.14 u 1.18 *CTaTHCTHqeCKoro npHno>KeHH5I). 50 CpeAM OCHOBHbIX 3aKOHOAaTeAbHbIX H perynwpypoutmu aKToB XeAepanbHbie 3aKoHbI .0 rocYAapCTBeHHOA COLA- aAbHOH noMoLuA4 H .0 npOWKTOLIHOM MUHHMyMe B POCCUUCKOU $DeAepaLAwH* Hu nonpaBKH K HHM, BBeAeHHbie a Mae 2000 r.; a TaK>Ke AMeTOAM4eCKHe peKoMeHAaLam no onpeAeneHmio noTpe6HTenbcKoA KOP3UHbI Anq OCHOB- HbIX co4HaJjbHo-AeMorpa4fll4ecKMx rpynn>, oAo6peHHbIe npaalBTeAbCTBOM B mapTe 2000 r.; noCTaHoBAeHHe npaBwTe,nbcTBa POCCHUCKOA ()eAepaLAiu .0 nopsqAKe y4eTa AOXOAOB M paCqeTa cpeAHeAyweaoro AoXoAa Ma- J1OHMyUtHx ceMeA H MaAoUMyLL4MX OAHHOKO flpo>KHBaioLLtHx rpa>KAaH AAM npeAOCTaBneHHS HM rocyAapCTBeHHoA CoL4HaAbHOU nlOMOLLAmH (OT 22 4eBpaA.R 2000 r.); H APeKOMeHAaLA4HH, pa3pa6oTaHHbie MHHHCTepCTBOM TpyAa H coLAHaJ1bHoro pa3BHTHR AAJ onpeAeAeHHq YPOBHq AOXOAOB B XoAe BHeApeHHR permoHanbHbIx nporpamm (MapT 2000 r.). 3TU peKOMeHAaL4UH 6bIlH pa3pa6OTaHbI Ha OCHOBe nlOABeAeHHbIX HToroB nlHAOTHoH nlpOrpaMMbi aApec- HOU noMoLLAH 1997 - 98 rr., HaLAeAeHHoA Ha ceMbH C HH3KUMH AoxoAaMH B Tpex pOCCUUCKUX permoHax (Pecny6- AnKe KOMH, BopoHeWcKoA H BoArorpaAcKoA o6nacTRx). 51 AoKAaA M. KaCbqHoBa rocyAapCTBeHHoA AyMe 17 Maq 2000 r. // POCCHICKaq ra3eTa. 2000. 19 MaR. 52 YKa3 npe3HAeHTa .0 Mepax no peantiw3aLu BCeMHpHOu AeKnapaLAmm o6 o6ecneqeHHH SbDKHBaHHR, 3aL4UTbI H pa3- BHTHR AeTeg B 90-e roAbI* N2 543 OT 1 HIOHJR 1992 r. YKa3 noouApqn Ae;TenbHOCTb cy6beKToB $JeAepaL4Hw 4fno noAAep>KKe CO3AaHHR H yKpenAeH.9R TeppHTOpHaJ1bHbIX ceTeA yipe.AKeHHW HOBOrO THlna CoLAHanbHOA nOMOLAH ceMbe H AeTsM Ha OCHoBe MeCTHblx noTpe6HoCTeu H MeCTHbIX 3KOHOMHqeCKHX pecypcoB>>. 3aTeM B 1995 r. 6biA H3AaH 3aKOH .06 OCHOBaX coLtHanbHoro o6cny*HeaHwR HaceAeHJHH B POCCUUCKOA (cDeAepaLjvH*. 53 HaxO>KAeHwe pe6eHKa B npmeMHHKe Aonbwe MaKCHManbHo oTBeAeHHOro CPOKa B weCTb MeCRq4eB qacTo 06bYCHq- IOT TeM, LTO eB npmeMHHKe yCJoBHR yqnLlwe, pe6eHoK XOAHT B 6nu>KauwyKo WKOny, H eMy npeAOCTaBnBl.oTCs pe- ryJn1pHbie BcTpe,LI c POAHTenfMH HuHu POACTBeHHHKaMHM H LTO .pe6eHKy 6yAeT xyKe, eCAu ero noMeCTRT B HH- TepHaT*. Y4HTbiBaSq, TO yL4peWKAeHHR, npeAOCTaB,nqoLLtue WKHAbe, OTHOCATCS K Pa3HblM BeAOMCTBaM (npHeMHH- KH K MHHTPyAa, a AoMa-HHTepHaTbl K MHHo6pa3oBaHHR), 3Ta TeHAeHLAHR oTpa>KaeT pa3i1HeLH B noAxoAaX K YCT- pOACTBY pe6eHKa, KOTOpblU Mo>KeT OCTaTbcs 6e3 none4eHHS poAHTeAeA. 3To TaK>Ke Mo>KeT OTpa>KaTb 3aaHTepe- COBaHHOCTb H conepHHLeCTBO AByX 4acTeA aAMHHHCTpaTHBHOl CHcTeMbI, 3aHHMaioLL;eAcs oneKoA HaA AeTbMH. 54 3Ta MHHOpMa4lHlq Mo>KeT BBOAHTb B 3a6Ay*KAeHHe, TaK KaK OHa OTHOCHTCq H K AeTAM, OCTaBwHMCq 6e3 none4eHHR POAHTeAe4 H noMeLLteHHbIM B npHeMHHK Ha BpeMq, nOKa HM nOAbIcKHBaeTcq noCToRHHoe MeCTO, H K AeTAM, B3R- TbIM B npreMHHK Ha pea6MHfTaLAmio umneLeHHe. KaK npaBuno, nocneAHHe AOn>KHbl Bo3BpaWL1aTbCR K CBOHM ceMb- AM. BbIAo 6bl nOJe3HO y3HaTb, KaKOBO COOTHowBeHHe AeTeA, OKa3aBwHXCq B npHeMHHKe, KOTOpblX nOTOM noMe- CTHunu B ceMbH H B cneLAHaAbHbie yLipe>KAeHHR. nloxowe, qTO 6onbwaq HX LiaCTb noMeuAaeTCq B AoMa-HHTepHaTbI. 55 CM. npHM. K Ta6A. 1.4 B Ka4ecTBe o6blcHeHHR oL4eHKH HH)KHero ypOBHR. BoAee BbICOKHA ypoBeHb BKAUoLaeT oLAeH- Ky MaTepHaJbHoA noMoLLAu, HcXOAJS H3 npeAnoAo>KeHHq, LITO OHa COcTaBA1eT OAHY TpeTb o6LLtUX 3aTpaT. 56 06cy>KAeHme KacaeTCq coLAHanbHOA pa6oTbl H coLtHanbHoro o6cny>KHBaHHR B paMKax cHCTeMbI coLlHaAbHOA 3aLLtuTbl. 57 nomeLLteHiie He3aLukLLkeHHblx AeTeA B AoMa-HHTepHaTbt nOApo6Ho ocBeLLkaeTCq B qaCTH 11 AaHHoro HccneAJoBaHHR. 58 OAA CpaBHeHHR: npHMepHO TaKaR >Ke cyMMa 6bula noTpa4eHa Ha AeTcKHe noco6HR H noco6Ha no 6epeMeHHOCTH H poaaM. 59 B oLAeHKY He BKnioLeHbI o6Lueo6pa3oBaTenbHbie WKonbl-HHTepHaTbi. 60 nly6JnHKaLAHH rocKoMcTaTa. CM. TaK>Ke: FOHHCE$, 2001, CTp. 146, .CTaTH4eCKoe npHno>KeHHes, Ta6n. 6.10. 61 HcXOAs H3 npeAnojlo>KeHHR, qTO rocyAaPCTBeHHbie pacXOAbl Ha 3ApaBooxpaHeHHe B npeAenax BanOBorO HaLtHo- HaAbHoro nPOAYKTa B 2000 r. 6bIlH TaKHMH N(e, KaK B 1999 r., a HMeHHO, 3,3%. 25% OT 3TO CyMMbI, npHXOA,- tikHeCR Ha AeTeA, CJlerKa npeBOCXOhAT TY AOAlIO, KOTOPYIO COCTaBJRiOT AeTH B o6LteA qLCAJeHHOcTH HaceJ1eHHR. ECnH )Ke B3PTb 3a OCHOBy 20% OT 3TOU CYMMbl, To nPmXOAPL4.eCq Ha AOAKlO AeTeA pacxOAbl COCTaBAT 51 AOAn. B rOA Ha OAHoro pe6eHKa. 62 CornaCHO 03CP, (200 la, p.106), B 1998 r. o6uAvHe pacXOAbI Ha 3ApaBooxpaHeHHe B POCCHH cocTaBARJ1H 8,54% OT BBn, U3 KOTOpblX 36,8% o6ecneqUBaaUHcb rOCYAaPCTBeHHbiMH accHFHOBaHHRMH, a OCTanbHaR qaCTb - 4a- CTHbIMH BbinAaTaMm. XOTP ypOBeHb pacxOAOB 6b1 6J1H30K K cpeAHemy noKa3aTenio no 03CP, UX CTPYKTypa 3Ha4MTeJ1bHO OTlHLalaaCb: B POCCHH cOOTHoweHHe rOCYAaPCTBeHHOrO H 4aCTHOrO epHHaHCHpOBaHHR COCTaBAII- no 1:2, B TO BpeMR KaK B 03CP OHO paBHRJ1OCb 3:1. 63 B Ha4aJe 1990-x rOAOB B PoccHH 6bLJ0 AeLAeHTpau1H3OBaHbl 4flIHaHCHpOBaHHe H PYKOBOACTBO o6pa3oBaTeAbHbIM CeKTopoM. B pe3yfbTaTe 3Toro B 2000 r. MyHHLHfnanbHbie 6loA>KeTbi o6ecne4mHaanH 63% cqmHaHCmpoBaHmR, pe- nlpmMeqaHHu 135 rHOHaJnbHbie - 19,2%, a cpeAepaAbHbIA 6KoA>KeT o6ecne'4Ba1 17,8% (MOE, 2001a). B HacToJuAee BpeMR o6- utee o6pa3oBaHme CMHaHCmpyeTCJq H3 MyHHL4Lna8JbHbIx 6ioA>eTOB. 64 Kadushin and Martin (1988) npeAcTaBnqioT o630p 3anaAHoA AuTepaTypbl 90 HaL4aJa 1980-x roAo0. CCbIAKH Ha 6o- nee cBe)Kue MaTepuanbl coAep>KaTcq y Hauser, Brett, and Prosser (1997). Heqaesa (1994) CCbIAaeTCR Ha HeKo- TOpbIe npoBegeHHble B POCCHu C Ha4ana 1990-x roAoB HccneAoBaHMsi, KoTOpbIe npocue>KeaKoT oTpHLuaTeAbHbie nOCAeACTBHR AoAroBpemeHHoro npe6blBaHHa B AeTCKHX y4pe*AeHHqX AA1 pa3BMTHR cOAep)KauLAXcq B HHX Ae- TeA. 65 B npHnoKeHHH 7 nP"BOAqTCq cpaBHHTe)bHbie AaHHbIe no repMaHHH, AHrMU U CoeALHeHHbIM WTaTaM AMepHKH. B HeM TaKKe coAep>KaTcs AaHHbie o6 opraHH3a5LlH 3a6oTbl 0 pe6eHKe, 3aMeL4aKOL4eU poAgTenbcKyIo. llonHoe COnOCTaBJ1eHwe 3TUX LIH4cp npOBOAHTb HeBo3MoN(Ho u3-3a pa3nlH4H B pa3HbIX CTpaHax CneAyIOuLIHx 43aKTopoB: a) TepMHHonoruU, KaTeropUm U AeHe HHHLjII-npH3HaKOB; 6) npasun OTqeTHOCTH H npaKTHKH c6opa AaHHbIX; B) no- 1HTHKH B oTHoweHuH AeTeA, Hy>KAaioL.LAXcs B 3a6OTe, 3ameuiawouAeA poAHTeAbcKyIo; r) BnJqHMHH CoLAHaJbHbIX, KyAbTypHbIX, "AeoAorH4eCKHx, pemrHHO3HbIX H 3THH4eCKHx acneKToB Ha no1HTHKY 3a6oTbl o pe6eHKe, 3aMeuta- KoL4eA pOAHTeAbCKyIO. 66 B pa6oTax aHrAuuCKux H aMepHKaHCKHx aBTopoB TaK>Ke oTMe4aeTCR CBR3b Me>Kwy 6egHocTbIo H nepeAa'4e pe6eH- Ka Ha noneqeHwe rocyAapcTBa (Barth and others, 1994; Tolfree, 1995a, 1995b), a TaK>Ke B3aHMo3aBHcHMoCTb Me)KAy 6eAHocTbIO, >KeCToKHM o6paU.eHHeM H He>KenaHueM yAenilTb AeTAM BHHMaHHe (Pelton, 1981). 67 nonbITKH HaATH pa6OTy H o6ecne4HBaTb CeMbH TaK)Ke CpIKCHpyKOTCS KaK OAHa H3 qaCTblX npM4MH, no KOTOpblM Ae- TH OCTaBJSlIOT AOM H npHe3>KaKOT B MOCKBY. 68 Bo Bpemq pa6oqwx noe3AOK HaweA rpynne noCToRHHo roBopunul, To 0 AeTJlX-MHBaJUAax qacTo 3a6oTSTcR UX (OAHHOKHe) MaTepH. EbIAlo 3aMeqeHo, 'TO OTL4bl HMeKoT TeHAeHLAMIO oCTaBAslTb ceMbIO BCKOpe nocne noqBAeHMa B AOMe pe6eHKa-MHBanAAa. 69 flHweHHe HuH orpaHuLeHme poATeAbCKMx npaB perAaMeHTupoBaHbl BO Bcex noApo6HoCTqX CeMeAHbIM KoAeKCoM POCCHACKOU $eAepaLAtM (CTaTbu 69 - 77; CM. npuno>KeHme 6), a TaK>Ke ApyrHMm COOTBeTCTBYK)oLLAMM 3aKoHaM. 70 B nloCTaHoBneHMH BepxoBHoro CyAa POCCHUCKoA (3eAepaLMM N9 10 OT 27 man 1998 r. roBOpMTCq, 'ITO eCyAbi JOAJKHbl npIHMmaTb BO BHHMaHHe TOT 4aKT, LITO nuuweHue pOgHTei1eA POAHTeAbCKHx npae RBJAeTCR KpaAHeH Me- pou>>. CM.: nocTaHoBneHMe nAeHyMa BepXoBHoro Cyga POCCHACKOA DeAepaqmm .0 npMmeHeHMM cyAamM 3aKo- HOAaTenJbCTBa npu pa3peweHHH cnopoB, CBq3aHHbIX C BocnMTaHHeM AeTeA*// Eo)OnAeTeHb BepXoBHoro CyAa POCCHACKOA 0egepaLimm. 1998. N27. 71 Bo Bpemq pa6o,4mx noe3AoK rpynna cneLlMaA1cToB BceMMpHoro 6aHKa 'acTo cnbiwana, 4TO HHcneKTOpbl no Aeiiam HecoBepweHHoJ1eTHHx, npMHHMaBwMe yqaCTme B ciiyqaax AweHWHHR H orpaHHqeH"HR POAMTeAbCKMX npaB, 6bJlM o6Sl3aHbl pa3roBapMBaTb C POAMTeAJnMH H noMoraTb HM, 4TO6bl AaTb HM BO3MO>KHOCTb oCTaBMTb y ce6R AeTeA (ny- TeM HanpaBAeHqs poAHTeAeA B COOTBeTCTBYIOLuAee MeAuHLHHCKoe yqpe>KAeHme AnR ne4eHHR OT aAtKorOA1H3Ma, OKa3aHMS, nCMXoAorHqecKoA noMoutH H KoHcynbTaBLAm, OKa3aHR HM ImnoMoU4H B noHCKe pa6oTbl, B peweHHm npo- 6JeMbl *KH1LL4HbIX yCnoBmA H np.). 72 B HaCTOAltee BpeMP npo4lecc nwweHMR POAHTeAbCKHx npaB Mo>KeT 6bITb MHHMLtmpoBaH OAHIM H3 poANTeneA, npu- eMHbIMH pOAHTenRMH, o6UIeCTBeHHblM npOKypOpOM nu60 opraHM3au4RMM uAM y4pe>KAeHHRMH, Ha KOTOpbIe B03- no>KeHa o6a3aHHocTb no 3auAMTe npaB AeTew (TaKHMu, KaK oneKYHCKMe opraHH3a4MwM, KOMHCCUU no AeAaM Heco- BepweHHOAeTHHX H 3auuMTe ux npaB, )KUMAUIHbIMM opraHm3aaL4slM, L4eHTpaMm coLAmanbHou pa6oTbl H o6ecne4e- HWA U APH ) 73 Cm.: <<06 opraHH3aL4wm I4eHTpaJ1M3OBaHHoro yLieTa AeTeA, oCTaBwHXca 6e3 noneqeHwq poAMTeAeA*, nocTaHoBAe- HHe flpaBHTeAbcTBa POCCUUCKOA $DeAepaAmm, N2. 919 OT 3 asrycTa 1996 r. (c nonpaBKaMH, BHeCeHHbIMM 14 HIO- nP 1997 r. nloCTaHoBneHHeM npaB3HTelbcTBa Ng 879). 74 EuAe OAHMM npMmepoM qBAqeTCR MbITHLLtHHCKHU paUOH MOCKOBCKOA o6nacTM, rAe OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a npo6neMbl oneKYHCTBa Bo3no>KeHa Ha YnpaBneHme no Aenam MaTepHHCTBa, geTCTBa H IoHowecTBa. B xoAe pa6oqeA noe3A- KH B MbITHLLTH rpynna 3KCnepTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa noApo6Ho o6cyAuna 4)YHKLAM, pOAb, onepaLAHoHHbie npo- LAeAypbl, a TaK>Ke opraHM3aLHOHHbie H Apyrue BonpoCbl, CBa3aHHbie C pa6oToA 3Toro opraHa. HeKoTopble MaTe- pHaAbi, noiy4eHHbie HaweA rpynnou, a TaK>Ke npo6neMbl, 3aTPOHyTbie pa6oTHMKaMw ynoMqHyToro opraHa, OT- pa>KeHbi B gaHHoA rAaBe. VIx pa6OTHHKM oTMeTHAM HanpR>KeHHbie OTHOweHHJq, CyuAeCTByIOULIe Me>KAY MeCTHbIM ynpaBAeHmem o6pa3oBaHHq H HX opraHM3aLleA B CB3M C BonpOcoM 0 cTaTyce opraHa oneKH H noneqHTeAbcTBa. B CBoe BpeMq opraH oneKM H nonefMTeAbCTBa pa6OTaJ B paMKax MeCTHoro ynpasAeHmq cO4maJbHoI4 3auAHTbI H B COCTaBe OTAeAbHoro ynpaBnieHmq no AeAam ceMbH, pe6eHKa H MonoAe>Km, a 3aTeM, C M3MeHeHweM pyKOBOA- CTBa aAMHHHCTpaL4HH, ero CHOBa BepHYAu B ynpaBAeHwe o6pa3OBaHmeM. nonoJoeHHe AeTeA B POCCUUCKOA cteA,epaLAHw. 136 MTorH coLkHaAbHoA nOA1THKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTMBbl 75 3aKoH ropoAa MOCKBbl e06 opraHH3aLH pa6oTbi no oneKe u none4HTenbCTBy B r MOcKBe* cneL4wanbHo oroBapH- BaeT, 4TO MyHHI4HnaJbHbie opraHbl oneKH A0o)KHbl COCTaBSJqTb nAaHbl pa6OTbi no BCeM AeAaM; ApyrtMm cnoBa- Mm, ,nAaH no 3aLLAHTe npasB U HTepecoB pe6eHKa, C nepe4HeM Mep, KOTOpbie noAne>KaT ocyLLteCTBAeHHio, rpa- CpHKOM H pacnpeAeneHmem OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH Me)KAY POAHTeAqMm pe6eHKa U opraHOM oneKH* (CT. 1, 5IOnJleTeHb MOCKOBCKOA rOpOACKOA AyMbi. 1997. Ng 6). TaKOH nnaH AonAeH 6bITb nOArOTOBAeH B nHCbMeHHoM BHAe npm o6R3aTenbHOM y4aCTHH npeACTaauTeAeH *y4pe)KAeHHq o6pa3oBaHHq H 3ApaBOOxpaHeHHs, opraHOB BHYTpeHHHX Aen, co4HaJbHOA 3aLL4Tbl H Apyrmx MyHHL4HnaAbHbIX cAy)6, a TaK)Ke COI4HaibHbIX opraH43aLAHA, pa6OTaiouLHx HenOCpeACTBeHHO c pe6eHKOM H HMeioLIxHx HHCOopMaLAHio, Heo6xOAHMyIO AflR pa3pa6OTKH TaKoro nAaHa* (TaM we). 3ToT nnaaH AcOKeH 6blTb yTBiepKAeH MyHH4HnanbHOA KOMHCCHeU no 3auL.HTe HHTepecoB pe6eHKa. 76 c$yHKLtHoHanbHbIA alHanH3 He cAeAyeT cMewHBaTb C npoBepKaMH. B nepBOM cny4ae 3aAa4a COCTOHT B TOM, qTO6bl ycTaHoBHTb, KaKHM o6pa3oM B paMKax cyLL4ecTByioLIAHx npasBn BbinOAHRIOTCq nOCTaBAeHHbIe 3aAa4Hw, aTaK)Ke PB- AiIoTcCR Jim npaBsnia aAeKBaTHbiMH tnpHMeHHTeAbHO K TeM npo6AeMaM, C KOTOpbIMH cTanKHBaeTcR opraHH3a4HR. Bo BTOPOM cny4ae rnaaHoe BHHMaHHe o6paLLeHo Ha TO, 4To6bl ycTaHOBHTb, co6AIOAaIOTcR AK npaBHna. 77 OneKa Od3OpMmAeTCq HaA AeTbMH, He AOCTHrwUHMH 14 neT; none4HTenbCTBO - HaA AeTbMH OT 14 AO 18 AeT. B OT- JH4He OT npaKTMKH, npeo6AaAaioLLeH B pa3BHTbIX CTpaHax, peweHme O BocnHTaHHM pe6eHKa pOAcTBeHHHKaMH, KaK npaBHAo, npHHHMmaeTc npH yqacTHH MeCTHbIx opraHoB oneKH U nonemWTeAbCTBa, a TaK>Ke Tpe6yeTCR HOTa- pmanbHoe OCOOPMAeHHe AOKYMeHTOB o6 oneKe. 78 BceCTOpOHHHA cpaBHHTTeAbHbIA aHaAH3 nocneAyioLuero pa3BHTHRJ AeTeN, BocnHTaHMe KOTOpbIX nPOXOAHA o nOA BJAHAHHeM pa3JlH4HbIX dpOpM 3a6OTbl O HHX, He npOBOAMACR. B pOCCHUCKHX HCTOHHHKax H MaTepHanax, npeAO- CTaBAeHHbix npaBHTeAbcTBOM, KOTOpbIe 6bInH H3y4eHbi B LAeAPx AaHHoro HCcAeAOBaHH4, oneKa Ha3blBaeTCS OA- HOU H3 HaM6Olee npeAnO4THTenbHbIX CpOpM YCTpOHCTBa AeTeA, OCTaBwmHXC 6e3 noneqeHii pOAHTeneg. 79 Onna4mBaemoe BocnHTaHHme AeTe B npHeMHbIX ceMbqx 6e3 c4opMaJlbHoro yCbIHOBAeHHR 6b11o BBeAeHO B POCCHH B 1928 r. H OTMeHeHO B 1968 r. C npHHRTHeM OCHOB 3aKOHOAaTelbCTBa o 6paKe H ceMbe (CM. no TeMe Harwin, 1996, c. 53-56). 80 HanpHMep, B TBepCKOA o6J1aCTH OT npeHMHbIx pOAHTTeAeA Tpe6yeTcR Haj1HiLHe neAarorH4ecKoro o6pa3oBaHHP H onpeAeuteHHoro CTaaKa pa6oTbl B 3TOU cc4epe. 81 B MOCKBe, nepMcKOA, BAaAHMmpCKOA, Ka8JHHHHrpaACKOA H POCTOBCKOH o6nacTqx, pecny6hnHKax KapenHs H Ma- pHH 3n. 82 OAHaKO B pa3BHBaioLLuAXc cTpaHax eLLe cyLLeCTBYIOT AeTCKHe y4pe)AeHm.R, nOAo6Hbie POCCUUCKUM (Tolfree, 1995). 83 CO3AaHMe u cpyHKLuOHuposaHue AOMOB pe6eHKa peryAupy*TCq HeCKOAbKHMH AOKyMeHTaMH, H3AaHHbIMH MHHHC- TePCTBOM 3ApaBOoxpaHeHHq CCCP, KyAa BXOAMT npHKa3 N2 1525 .06 yTBeP)KAeHHH CflOAo)KeHHR 0 AOMe pe- 6eHKa* H *MHCTpyKLAHM o nopP;Ke npUema AeTeU B AOM pe6eHKa H BbinHCKe H3 Hero*, a TaK>Ke Pa6o4aq HHCT- PYKLJHR AO,IR MeAHLfHHCKOrO nepCOHaiia AOMOB pe6eHKa (Bce OT 1986 r.). A,OMa pe6eHKa 6blBaIoT ABYX TmnfOB - o6uAero H cneL4HaaH3HpOBaHHoro. ALoMa o6LL4ero THna nlpHHMmaOT AeTeA Ao 3 neT, a cneLAHa8W3NpoBaHHbie go- Ma (KoTopble moryT pacnoAaraTbcJ KaK B OTAeAbHOM 3AaHHH, TaK H 3aHHMaTb 4acTb MOma o6LLero THna) npHHH- MaIoT AeTeU c pa3InH4HbIMH HapyweHH-HMH Ao 4 AeT. 84 Tolfree (1995a) CCbJiJaeTCR Ha pa6oTy, npOBeAeHHYIO ,L,aPTHHrTOHCKHM CeKTOPOM coLAHanbHbIX HCCAeAOBaHHA Be- AHKo6pHTaHHH. B HeA nOA4epKHBaeTCR npo6fleMa *oTMHpaiou4Hx cBq3eUA, T.e. KoHTaKTbi Me)KAy pe6eHKOM, Ha- XOARLIAHMCR Ha BOcnHTaHHH, H ero ceMbeA HMeiOT TeHAeH4HIO K OCJAa6JAeHHio C Te4eHHeM BpeMeHH. Bo H36eKa- HHe 3Toro 9BAeHHR HnH no KpaAHeA mepe AAP CHHt4KeHHq BepOPTHOCTU ero npORBAeHHq TaKHe KOHTaKTbi Heo6xo- AHMbI H AOAIKHbi nOOLUpRTbCq nepcoHaioM AOMa pe6eHKa, T.e. POAMTeAeA cAeAyeT o6s3aTb y4aCTBoBaTb B yXo- Ae 3a CBOHM pe6eHKoM. 85 HccneAoBaTenbCKMe AaHHbie H3 o6naCTH dpH3HoAorHH, AmeTeTHKH, 3ApaBooXpaHeHHq, CoL4oHAormH, nCHXOAorHH H o6pa3oBaHHs csBHeTeAbcTByIoT, oT0 nepBble rOAbl )KH3HH pe6eHKa RBARIOTCq peLwaKoL4HMH B npotAecce CTaHOB- JneHHq ero HHTenfieKTa, AW4HOCTH H COL4UanbHoro noBeAeHHR. WCCACeAOBaHHR nOKa3blBaIOT, 4TO ocHoBHoe pa3BH- THe HHTeAAeKTa nPOHCXOAHT Ao 7 neT. nlepBbIA roA )KU3HH RBAqeTCA Ba>KHeAwHM 3TanoM B npoLecce cpH3H4ec- Koro pa33BHTH; AeTH4, Lbe pa3BHTHe B 3TOT nepmoA npoTeKaeT B He6AaronpmqTHbIx yCjioBHRx, nOABep)KeHbl pHC- Ky BO3HHKHOBeHHq 3aAep)KH YMCTBeHHoro Pa3BHTH Hunu YMCTiBeHHOA OTCTanOcTH (Evans, Myers, and lifeld, 2000, p. 7). 86 OT4eT OOH 1951 r. 40 MaTepHHCKOM yxoAe H ncHxH'eCKOM 3AOpOBbe*, CAeAaHHbIA AWKOHOM 5oyn6H, JBSHAC no- BOpOTHbIM nyHKTOM B oTHowLeHH cneCLlanHCTOB H nOA1THKOB K npo6AeMe YCTpOACTBa AeTeH B BOCnHTaTeAIbHbIe y4pe>KAeH4q. B OT4eTe nPHBOAHTCR nOMpO6HbIA alH5aJ3 3Ha4HTenbHOrO KOJHieCTBa HaY4HbIX pa6oT, HAnIOCTpH- nlpmMeYaHWs 137 pyot14Hx HeraTuBHbie nocneACTBHSI HHcTHTyL4MoHaJ1bHbIx 40pM BocnHTaHHR Ha Pa3BHTme AeTeA (CM.: Kadushin and Martin, 1988). 87 CyLLIeCTByIoT AeTCKHe AOMa A1J OqeHb MaJ1eHbKHX AeTeA (yHpe*geHbl HeAaBHO A1A AeTeA OT 1,5 Ao 3 neT), AAn Ae- TeA AoWKoJbHoro B03paCTa (Ao 7 neT), An19 AeTeu WKo0bHoro B03paCTa M AOMa AA.9 cMewaHHbIx Bo3paCTHbIX rpynn. nocneAHMA THn qsBneTcq npeo6naaAaoul4M. 88 HHTepHaTbI AJA geTeA, OCTaB3wwxCS 6e3 POAHTenbCKoro noneqeHMR, qBAqOTCSC AIHWb 4aCTbio 6ouee KpynHoA CUc- TeMbi 4o6uteo6pa3oBaTenbHblx WKoA-HHTepHaToB>. B 1999 r. Hac4HTblBaJoCb 646 TaKHX MHTepHaTOB, rAe BOC- nuTbIBaAMcb 160,6 TbiC. AeTe. B HHHTepHaTax >UHBYT pa3J14Hbie rpynnbi AeTeA, HanpMmep AeTr KopeHHbIX Hapo- AOB KpaAHero CeBepa H Q,anbHero BocToKa. B HUX TaKNKeHHq coAep>KaTca B tl)eAepaAbHoM 3aKOHe 0 gonoAHHTeAbHbix rapaHTHqx no coLtHaAb- HOA 3atLL%Te AeTeA-cHpoT H AeTeA, OCTaBswXcq 6e3 none,4eHHq poAMTeneuA (npMHMT 4 AeKa6pa 1996 r., nonpaB- KM OT 8 43eBpans 1998 r.). 90 BonbWHHcTBo AeTeA nOAy4aioT pa6o4we npol3eccmm C HH3KHMH npocbeccHOHaAbHbIMH Tpe6oBaHMShMM. OAHaKO C4HTaeTCSh, 4TO noBbiweHHbie rapaHTHH noAyLeHmq o6pa3oBaHHa AeTbMM-CHpoTaMw H AeTbMH, OCTaBwHMcSc 6e3 nOne4eHUP poATeneiA, CTHMYJPYIOT MX weJaHHe nPOAon>KHTb o6pa3oBaHie. HanpHMep, B 1999 r. B cpaBHeHHH c 1998 r. KOJIq4eCTBo AeTeA, Bbi6blBWHX M3 yqpe>KAeHMA U npoAoA mewBWHX o6pa3oBaHMe, BO3POCJ1O Ha 8,6% (npaBeTenbcTBo POCCHACKOA c)eAepaL4um, 2000). 91 YCTPOACTBO Ha pa6OTY AeTeA, ocTaBwwXcq 6e3 noneL4eHHq pOAHTeneA, a TaKwe AeTeA-HHBaJi"AoB B coBeTCKoe BpeMR peWanocb 3Ha4HTeJbHo npo.tke: OHM HanpaBA1AJ1Cb Ha pa6OTy Ha rocygapCTBeHHble npeAnpHqTHR. 92 flpHeM AeTeA B HHTepHaTbI (paBHo KaK H BbInHCKa H3 HUX) perynApyeTcq nppKa3oM N9 35 OT anpenA 1979 r. H npfp- Ka3oM N° 122 OT Hoq6ps 1980 r. MHHHCTePCTBa coL4HanJbHOA 3atL4Tbl PC(*ICP. 93 4IHHCTPYKLAHq no MeAUHLAHCKMM nOKa3aHURM H npOTHBOnOKa3aHHqM AnS npwema B AeTCKUe HHTepHaTbl*, npmHHTa MHHHCTepCTBOM 3ApaBooxpaHeHHq CCCP (cornacoBaHa C MHHHCTePCTBOM TpyAa CCCP), N° 06-14/12/2495- MK, OT ceHTJ6pS 1988 r. 94 YLeHbie rocyAaPCTBeHHorO Hay4Horo L4eHTpa coL4maAbHOi H cyAe6HoA ncCxHaTPHH Mm. B.l. Cep6cKoro (MocKBa) npoBeni H CccAeAOBaHR nCHXoniorH4eCKoro cTaTyCa H noBeAeHHq 82 AeBo4eK-npaBoHapywHTenbHLA. n1O4TM 30% H3 HHX BbIpOCAM B yqpe>KAeHHaX KaK coLAHaJbHbie CHpOTbI. OCTaJbHbie AeBo4Km 6bilHU U3 CeMe4 C Tq>KeAbi- Mm o6cToqTenbcTBaMm (H3 He6JaronoJyL4HbIX H HenonHbIX ceMeA, ceMeA aAKoroAHKKoB). O6Hapy>KeHo, 4TO, no cpaBHeHMio C OCTaAbHbIMu mccnegyeMbIMH, geBoqKH-npaBoHapywHTeAbHHI4bl, coAepwKaBWtmeca B yMpewgeHH- ax, B 6onbweA CTeneHH H36eranH npamoro peweHun npo6neM, 6bInH MeHee YCTOAL4hBbI K CTpecCy, npfmeHMH M cKopee naccuBHbIA, LeM aKTHBHbIA, noAxoA K pa3peweHMFo pa3nH4HbIX CHTyaLIHI, cpeAu HUX 6bIn Bbiwe npoL4eHT HaPKOMaHuM H 4aLL4e uMefJ1 MeCTO camopa3pyWMTeAbHbie HaKnOHHOCTH (p,o3op4eaa, 2000). 95 npm gonyuteHMHH, 'TO noJ1oBHHa geTeA a Aomax pe6eHKa, OCTaBwHXcq 6e3 noneweHHA poAMTeAeA, SBnJeTcSq HBa- nHjuaMH, BKnO'04as AeTeA, oCTaBwMXCSx 6e3 noneL4eHHq pOAHTeneH B HHTepHaTaX. 96 AeTH 4aCTO H30A1HpyIOTCA OT BCeX BHeWHHX KOHTaKTOB U3 cTpaxa nepeA HMH4eKLIHOHHbIMH 3a6oneBaHHRMH. C APY- rou CTOpOHbl, B o6utecTBe 6bITyeT OTHoweHue HenpHMTHq coBMeCTHoro BpemqnpenpOBO>KAeH"R AeTee H3 06bl4- HbIX CeMeA H AeTeA U3 AeTCKHX y4pe)KAeHMA, 3TOMy 4aCTO MewaKoT KJ1eAMo *geTAoMoBeL4A H CBS3aHHbie C HUM npeApaccygKH. 97 B pOCCHUCKOU iiTepaType 3TO qBneeHe Ha3blBaeTCa 4Ka3apMeHHoA ncMxolorHeA* (POCCHACKUU AeTCKHA 41OHA, 1999, CTp. 86). 98 CTaTba 19 KOHBeHMLIH OOH o npaBax pe6eHKa rJacHT, 4TO KAeHMA, 35% H3 Tex AeTew, KTO y6eran H3 y4pe>KAeHHR, AenaAm 3TO H3-3a RcypoBoro pe>KmMaa (AAMHHHCTpaPLHR CaMapcKoA o6JaCTH, 1997, c. 48). B 1999 r. 5385 AeTeu y6e*anA H3 AeTCKHx AOMOB H WKoA-uHTepHaToB (nlpaBHTenbCTBo POCCHUCKOU ct3eAepaL4H, 2000, Ta6n. 38). 100 HOpMbI, KaCawOLLgeCq nHTaHHq, OAe)KAAb H T.n., onpeAeAqIOTCq B YKa3e nlpaBHTeAbCTBa PO N2 409 OT 20 HKOHR, 1992 r. << HeoTAo>KHbIx mepax no coLIHaJbHOA 3atLgTe AeTeA-cmpoT H AeTeA, OCTaBWmXcq 6e3 noneM4eHm po- flono?oeHme AeTeA B POCCHUCKOU $eAepaL(mu. 138 I4TorH coLkmanbHoA no1HTHKM 1990-x rOAOB U nepcneKTHBbI AHTeneA*. HOpMbI AeACTByIOT Ansq Bcex CTaLAHOHapHbIx AeTCKHx y4pe>KAeHHA, a TaK>Ke Aim1 npueMHbIX cemeA H oneKyHcKHx/noneqHTenbcKHx cemeA. OHH AH44epeHl4mpoBaHbl B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Bo3paCTa AeTeA. H3-3a KpaAHeA HexBaTKH pecypcoB 3TU HOPMbl co6nIoAaloTcCt peAKO, ecA.H co6JnOjawOTCSi Boo6uAe. B 6oAnbWwHcTBe cnyiaeB XHHaHCHpoBaHHs eAsa xBaTaeT Ha 3apnAaTy nepcoHaAa H nHTaHHe AeTeA. B KaLleCTBe OAHOrO H3 BbIXO- AOB H3 cflo>KHBweACq CHTyaLuHH npeAnaranacb nepeAaa4a yqpe>KAeHHqM yHaCTKOB 3eMJ1H Ans BbIpaLguBaHHH co6- CTBeHHb;X OBOL4eA U 4tpyKTOB. (npaBHTenbCTBO POCCHUCKOU DeAepaLlwH, 2000, c. 42). 101 Bo BpeMs noceuLeHIHH oAHoro yqpe>KAeHuH (uHTepHaTa) AAsA AeTel C YMCTBeHHbIMu HapytteHuHsM KOMUCCHU 3a- Aana BonpOC o 6lOA>KeTe. A,HpeKTOp HHTepHaTa OTBeTHn, LTO OH MO>KeT Ha3BaTb A106ble L1HCjpbl, HO OHH He 6y- AYT HMeTb HHKaKoro CMbicJla, TaK KaK: 1) AeHe*KHbie nOCTynAeHsHq H3 MeCTHorO 6IopKeTa RBARIOTCA MH3epHbIMH; 2) nHTaHue, oAe>KAa, HeKOTOpaq Me6eAb, HMCTwL4LeH CpeACTBsa T.A. nOCTynalOT nH60 OT 6apTepHblX CAenlOK, nu- 6o B BHAe HaTypanbHoA noMoLLuH, nO3TOMY oLAeHHTb HX CTOHMOCTb KpaHHe CJ1O>KHO; 3) c4eTa Ha KOMMyHan9bHble yCAyrH, 3IeKTPO3HeprHIO H OTOnJeHHe He onJa4HBaIOTcJ9 MecRLAaMH; 4) TexO6cnly)KHBaHUe 3AaHHR He npOBOAHT- CA, XOTS nlOMeLIteHHq HaXOARTCR B nfloXoM COCTORHHH. 102 3To WUpOKO H3BeCTHaRq qepTa CHCTeMbi AeTCKHx y4pe>KAeHHH pnHTeJlbHoro cOAep>KaHHR (Tolfree, 1995a). Ilpe- AOCTaBJs1sR BO3MO)KHOCTb yCTPOACTBa AeTeA, yQpe>KAeHHq TeM caMbIM CO3AaIOT cnpoc, B peaynbTaTe 4erO AeTeA H noMeLUaIOT B yqpe>KAeHHR. 103 ,AeTHl nOnHOCTblO HaxOAsTCR Ha o6ecne4eHHH rOcyAapCTBa, H BocnHTaTeA1RM Bbinna4HBaeTCR AeHe>KHOe B03Har- pa>KgeHHe. 104 Bonee nOApo6HblA o630p H H3J0o>KeHHe HOBbIX HHH[AHaTHB H nonO>KHTenbHoro onblTa MO>KHO HaHTH B MaTepHanaX MIHCE) (1998, 2000). 105 B POCCHH AuLia, HMeK)L4ue cHnbHO Bbipa>KeHHble HapywteHH COCTORqHHRS 3AOpOBb.9, TpaAuHI4OHHO Ha3blBaK)TCq HH- BanAAaMu. 106 a)H3HqeCKHe H YMCTBeHHbie pacCTPOuCTBa HMeIOT pa3JnH4Hbie 4OOpMbl H CHAbHO pa3rpaHHHHBaIoTcR no CTeneHH TM- >KecTH, OT 4eTKO onpeAenseMbIx COCTORHHH, TaKHx KaK L1epe6panbHbIA napanHH, AO HeHeTKHX C~OpM, TaKHX KaK 43MOLAHOHaJ1bHbie* HH uunoBeAeHHeCKme* paccTpOAcTBa. nlepcneKTHBbl AeHeHHst, KOHLAenLiHH H nOAXOAbl K HH- BaJnHAHOCTH, a TaK>Ke KpHTepHH, no KOTOpblM YCTaHaB HBaeTCq HHBa1HpAHOCTb, B pa3J1HqHbIX CTpaHaX HaCTOJbKO oTAH4aIOTCA, 4TO AeTH, KOTOPbIM B OAHOA cTpaHe nOcTaBJleH AHarHO3 yMcTBeHHOA HuH ChM3HHecKOA HenOaHa- L4eHHOCTH, MOrYT He nonaCTb B 3Ty KaTerOpHio B ApyroA (IOHM'CE¢t, 1998; Ainscow and Haile-Giorgis, 1998). 107 B 2000 r. npaBO Ha nony,eHme neHCHH no HHBaJHQHOCTH 6bLlO pacnpoCTpaHeHo Ha AeTeA BnAOTb AO 18 neT. Y4H- TbiBsaS 3TOT 43aKT, pacqeTHoe KOA1HHeCTBO AeTeA-HHBanHAOB Ha 2000 r. COCTaBA1ReT npHMepHO 1 050 TbIC., HuH 3% OT BcerO AeTCKorO HaceJ1eHHR POCCHH B BO3paCTe AO 18 AeT. 108 B KaqeCTBe AonyLgeHus 6blino npMHHTO, 4To 25% AeTeA, HMmeiL4Hx CTaTYC 4HHBanHAOB*, coBnaAaeT C rpynnoA Ae- Teu, noceLLatoux cneLAHaAbHble WLKonbl H cnefLAanbHbie KAacCbl B O6biLmHbX WKoAax. 109 B3aHMOcBR3b Me)KAy H3MeHeHHRMH B COCTORHHH 3AOPOBbR HaceAeHHt H HHBaanHAHOCTbIO B POCCHH Mano H3y4e- Ha. Amuit 6onee TOqHbIX BblBOAOB o6 YXYAtLLeHHH COCTORHMH 3AOpOBbRt pOCCHUCKHX AeTeA H pOCTa AeTCKOA HHBa- J1HAHOCTH Tpe6yeTcR npoaeAeHue TLLAaTenbHOrO aHaJu3a CHTyaL4mH. 110 nleHcHsl no HHBaJ1HAHOCTH npeAcTaBjnseT co6oA e>KeMecqHbie AeHe*KHble BbinAaTbl, paBHble MHHHMaJ1bHoA neH- CHH no B03paCTy, BKA10'4aR Bce KOMneHcaL4HH. B 2000 r. BO3paCTHble paMKH 6blnH pacwHpeHbI H BKJ1IKOL4iH Ae- TeA-HHBaJn"AOB B BO3paCTe AO 18 neT. 111 TepMHH epe6eHOK-HHBaAHA* nOsBHACs B POccHH B KOHLe 1979 r., KorAa MHHHCTepCTBO 3ApaBooxpaHeHHR CCCP H3AaAo eIMHCTPYKI4HIO O nopRqKe MeA"L1HHCKOrO OcBHAeTeJbCTBoBaHHRq AeTeA Ha npeAMeT YCTaHOBAeHHq HHBa- AHAHOCTH B BO3paCTe AO 16 neT*. 112 CBHAeTenbCTBO o6 HHBaA1HHOCTH CTano ocumLAHanbHbtM OcHoBaHHeM AAsq noiy4eHuHH e*KeMecRqHHoro noco6HR Ha AeTeA-MHBaAHAOB. 113 B 3aKOHe 06 OCHoBax coL4HaAbHoro o6ecne4eHHq HHBaAIHOB B CCCP* 6b1uO BHeceHO H3MeHeHHe B onpeAene- HHe HHBanIAHOCTH. MHBaAHA 4Hy>KAaeTCR B COLAHanbHOA nOMOLL4H H 3aL14HTe BC11eACTBHe OrpaHHHeHHbIX BO3MO)K- HOCTeu B pe3yAbTaTe 4cH3H4eCKHX Hun yMCTBeHHblX HapyweHHMa. AO 3Toro HHBaJIHAHOCTb B PoccHH onpeAeAlR- Aacb KaK ecTOAKoe HapyweHHe o6u.eA HuH npo4)eccHOHaJlbHOA TpyAocnoco6HOcTH*. neHCHH no HHBaaHAHOC- TH Ha3HaqalHMCb Ha OCHOBaHHH nOTepU TpyAOcnOcO6HOCTH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTeneHH TaKOA nlOTepH H TpyAOBO- ro CTa>Ka. CueAoBaTenbHo, AO 1990-x rAoaB nonyLeHme AeTbMH neHcHA no HHBanlJAHOCTH 6bl0o B npHHLHfne He- BO3MOWKHO. (ManeBa, BaCHH H rouoAeLl, 1999). 114 MHHHCTepCTBO 3ApaBooxpaHeHIIq M3Aaio HOByIO HHCTPYKLAHI o6 OcBHAeTeAbCTBoBaH"H AeTeA Ha npeAmeT yCTa- -RneHHR HHBsanuAHOCTH (N2. 117, OT 4 HIOAiR 1991 r.). nlpwMe4aHuw 139 115 HanpHMep, YMCTBeHHaq OTCTaJOCTb KaK TaKOBaq He C4MTaeTcq noKa3aHHeM K noJ1y.eHHIO HHBaA1HHOCTH. 116 TepMHH ,pea6HnHTaLjHs* o6o3Ha4aeT npoLlecc, LleAbO KOToporo RsB1eTcq AOCTH)KeHHe H coxpaHeHue UHBaUH- AaMm cBoero onTHMajlbHoro ypOBHa 4XH3H4eCKOA, ceHCOpHOA, HHTeAAeKTyaAbHoi, ncHxm4ecKoA H coLAHaJ1bHOA AeRTeAbHOCTH. Pea6HnHTaLAHR Mo>KeT BKAKoLwTb Mepbi no npeAOCTaBAneHHi HuH BOCCTaHOBAeHHIO CPyHKI4HH uAH KOMneHca4uHH nOTepm HAM OTCYTCTBHS (XyHKL4H Hnu c(PyHKLAHOHaJ1bHoro orpaHHqeHHJ. npoLAecc pea6HnHTaL4HH He BKAioLiaeT nepsoowepeAHyio MeA"LUHHCKyIO nOMOLLUb. OH COCTOHT H3 WHpOKOrO Ha6opa MepOnpHATHA H BHAOB BOCCTaHOBHTeAbHoA AeJTeAbHOcTH, HaL4HHaq C 3AeMeHTaPHOA U o6tieA pea6Hu1TajHw H 3aKaH4HBas LeneBbIMH MeponpH,qTH.qMH, HanpuMep npo4pecCHOHaAbHoA pea6HnHTaL4HeA (CTaHAaPTHbie npaBHna, OOH, 1993). CM. B npHAo>KeHHH 8 KpaTKoe H3Jo>0KeHHe Pe3onhoLAHH OOH, B KOTOPOA onpeAeAsWoTcA OCTaHAapTHbie npaBuna o6ecne4eH H. paBeHCTBa B03MO>KHOCTeA AAni HHBaA1AOB*. 117 no o4HLAHaAbHbiM AaHHbIM MHHHCTepCTBa TPYAa H coL4HaAbHoro pa3BHTHR, B Haqale 1999 r. B PoccHH 6b1JO 182 pea6Hu1nTaL4HoHHbIx LAeHTpa AAn1 AeTeA H nOAPOCTKOB C orpaHH4eHHbIMH BO3MO>KHOCTPMH 39OPOBbR H 206 pea- 6HJHTaLAHOHHbIX OTgeAeHHA AAJ TaKHx AeTeA npH KoMnAeKcHbIx L4eHTpax COLuHaAbHoA noMoLuJ H coLAHaAbHoro o6cny>KHsaHH.q. B LAenom no POCCHH B 1999 r. 232 600 ceMbeA, HMeioLLXX geTeA-MHsaAHo0B, o6paTHIHCb 3a no- MOLLUbIO B L4eHTpbl coL4HanbHoA nOMOU.H H coLAHaJ1bHoro o6Cjy>KHBaHHR (ycnyrH 3THX LAeHTpOB BapbHpyIOTCq Ha- 4HHaS C npeAOCTaBCeHHq pa3OBOA MaTepHanbHOA nOMOUiH, ycJiyr, OKa3blBaeMbIX Ha AOMy, H 3aKaHqUBaq ncHXo- AorHLecKoA, coLAHaAbHOA pea6HnHTaLueA H 4qb3HOTepanHeA). 118 tQaHHbie pac4eTbi cAeAaHbl HCxOA1 M3 Toro, 4TO OKOAo 2 TbIC. py6. Ha OAHoro pe6eHKa B MeCqLt MO)KHO C3KOHO- MHTb npuH npo>KHBaHHH AeTeA B ceMbe. 119 OCHOBbI CHCTeMbI o6pa3OBaHHR AeTeA C HapyweHHeM 3AOPOBbq peryAupyPoTcq 3aKoHoM .06 o6pa3oBaHHH>a POCCHACKOU (PeAepa4m C O AOnnHeHHqMH H H3MeHeHHRMH OT 13 sHBapq 1996 r. (npaBHTeAbCTBOM TaKwe nOA- roToBneH npoeKT (DeAepaAbHoro 3aKOHa .(06 o6pa3oBaHHH AlOAeA, HMeioL4HX pa3Jn1HHbie HapyweHHq 3AoPo- BbS>>). L,BeHaA4aToro mapTa 1997 r. nlpaBHTeAbCTBOM H3AaH llpHKa3 N2 288, KOTOpbIM yTBep>KAalOTCq nlpHMep- Hbie npasuna cneL4HaJlH3HpOBaHHoro yqe6Horo 3aBeAeHHS AAS ydauwuXcR, mMeIOUUHX HapyweHHHq pa3BHTHS. I1O- nowKeHH.R npHMepHbix npanBH TaK>e AeACTBYIOT AASI cneLAHaAbHbIx KnaccoB AAR AeTeA C HapyweHHeM 3AOPOBbS npu o6bl4HbIX WKOA1ax H AJ1R ApyrHx ytpeX{AeHHH. B HHX cOAep>KaTcq OCHOBHbIe npHHL4Hnbi o6pa3oBaTenbHblx H pea6HnHTa4l.OHHblx nporpaMM. 120 HH3Koe coBnageHHe MO>KeT TaK>Ke 03HaLaTb, 4TO POAHTeAH AeTeA-HHBanJgoB OTKa3blBaIOTCsl OTnpaAJBJTb CBOHX AeTeA B cneL1HaflbHbie WKOJbl (B oco6eHHocTH cneL4HanbHbie WKKOAbI-HHTepHaTbI), HTo6bi OHH TeM CaMbIM He OKa- 3aI1Cb OTpe3aHHbIMH OT HOpMaJlbHOA )KH3HH. KpoMe Toro, AeTH, CTpaAaILLtme TRN(eAbIMHM 43OpMaMH yMCTBeH- HOA OTCTaJOCTH, CHHAPOMOM ,QayHa, ayTH3MOM H Tq>KeAbIMH MHO>KeCTBeHHbIMH paCcTpOACTBaMH, MoryT nona- AaTb B KaTeropmHO AeTeA, Hecnoco6HbIx K o6yqeHHto, H TaKHM o6pa3oM BbinaAaTb H3 o6pa3oBaTenbHoA CHcTe- MbI. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, AAJ TaKHx AeTeW He pa3pa6OTaHbl MeTOAlHKH o6yqeHHs. 121 4nlpodmjiaKTHKa* O3Ha4aeT Mepbl, HanpaBAeHHbie Ha npeAOTspaLLeHme BO3HHKHOBeHHJ cbH3H4eCKHX, yMCTBeH- HbIX, nCHxHqeCKHx H ceHCOPHbIX HapyweHHM (nepBHL4HaI npOCPHnaKTHKa) HuH Ha npeAOTBpauLLeHHe T5>Kenblx no- CAeACTBHI HapyweHHA 3AOPOBbq B BHAe nOCTOS1HHbIX orpaHH4eHHA CpyHKL4HOHanbHbIX cnoco6HoCTeA HflH HHBa- 1HAHOCTH (BTOpHUHaq npOIHA1aKTHKa). CloAa OTHOCRTCsJ: npeAgpoAoBo H nocnePOA0o8o yXOA, caHHTapHOe npOcBeuLeHHe, Ha3Ha4eHHe COOTBeTCTBYIOLLAX AHeT, MacCOBaS BaKL4HHaL4H5i OT HHcIeKi4HoHbHX 3a6oAeBaHHW, 6opb6a C 3H.MUH4eCKHMH 3a6oJ1eBaHHqMH, co6AIOAeHHe Mep 6e3onacHocTH U nporpaMM npOqpHAaKTHKH Hecqa- CTHbIX cAyqaeB s pa3fl4HbIX YCJ1OBHqX, BKA1OLiaq o6opyAOBaHHe pa6o4ux MeCT C y4eTOM mep no npeAoTBpauLte- HHKO npo4)eccOHaAbHOP HHBaJ1HAHOCTH H 3a6oleBaHHW. BHER JHOPPA 1151* Ainscow, M., and M. Haile-Giorgis. 1998. The Education of Children With Special Needs: Barriers and Opportunities in Central and Eastern Europe: Barriers and Opportunities in Central and Eastern Europe. Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic and Social Policy Series, no. 67, Florence, Italy: UNICEF International Child Development Center. Barth, R., M. Courtney, J. Berrick, and V. Albert. 1994. From Child Abuse to Permanency Planning: Child Welfare Services, Pathways and Placements, New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Commander, S., A. Tolstopiatenko, and R. Yemtsov. 1997. Channels of Redistribution: Inequality and Poverty in the Russian Transition. Paper prepared for the Conference on <(Inequality and Poverty in Transition Economies,)> EBRD, London, May 23-24, 1997. Cunning, M., P. Moock, and T. Heleniak. 1999. Reforming Education in the Regions of Russia. World Bank Technical Paper No. 457, World Bank, Washington, D.C. Desai, P., and T. Idson. 1998. <(Wage Arrears, Poverty, and Family Survival Strategies in Russia.> Columbia University, New York. Duncan, 0. D. 1974. aDeveloping Social Indicators.* Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 71(12): 5096-5102. Earle, J. S., and K. Z. Sabrianova. 1998. Understanding Wage Arrears in Russia. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Transition Economies, CEPR/WDI, Prague, Czech Republic. ETF-European Training Foundation. 2000. Vocational Education and Training in the new Independent States and Mongolia, Report, Key indicators, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Evans, J. L., R. G. Myers, and E. M. lifeld. 2000. Early Childhood Counts, A Programming Guide on Early Childhood Care for Development. World Bank Institute, World Bank, Washington, D.C. Family Code of the Russian Federation No. 223-FZ of December 29, 1995 (with the Amendments and Additions of November 15, 1997, June 27, 1998, January 2, 2000). In The Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, Vol. 279, No. 10-11, March. OECD. 1998. Reviews of National Policies for Education: Russian Federation, Paris. OECD. 1999. Reviews of National Policies for Education: Tertiary Education and Research in the Russian Federation, Paris. OECD. 2001. The Social Crisis in the Russian Federation, Social Issues, Paris. OECD. 2001. SnarococToAHwe cemeu c AeTbMH B Poccuu u nepcneKTHBbI pocTa ux YPOBH. >KU3HU. MocKBa. nlpenpHHT. Ovcharova, L. 2000. <(Child Well-being in the Region of Rostov, A Case Study.)> Moscow. llpenpHHT. Pelton, L. H. 1981. < In L. H. Pelton, ed., The Social Context of Child Abuse and Neglect, pp. 23-38. New York: Human Sciences Press, Inc. Ravallion, M. 2000. ((Welfare Impacts of the 1998 Russian Financial Crisis.)> The Economics of Transition, Volume 8. Ribinskii, E. M.. 1990. The Position of Children in the USSR 1990. Dom, Lenin's Children Fund, Moscow. Richter. 2000. < Discussion Paper, 2422, Center for Economic Policy Research, London. Russian Federation. 1993. Constitution of the Russian Federation, December 12, Moscow. Skoufias, E. 2001. Consumption Smoothing in Russia: Evidence from the RLMS, IFPRI Discussion Paper. Tolfree, David. 1995a. Residential Care for Children and Alternative Approaches to Care in Developing Countries. Save the Children, Working Paper Number 11, January. Roofs and Roots: The Care of Separated Children in the Developing World. Hants, United Kingdom: Save the Children Fund, Arena, and Ashgate Publishing House. 1995. nono>tCeHHe ge`eU B POCCHUCKOU OeAepaLtHH. 142 MTorH coL,HaAbHoA nonHTHKH 1990-x roAoB , nepcneKTHBbI UNDP. 2000. Human Development Report for Russia. Moscow. Unpublished draft. UNICEF. 1998. Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Prepared for UNICEF by Rachel Hodgkin and Peter Newell. UNICEF. The State of the World's Children 2001, Early Childhood. December. 2000. UNICEF. Report on the Regional Conference on Children Deprived of Parental Care: Rights and Realities, Budapest, Hungary, October 22-24, 2000. Occasional Papers, UNICEF Regional Office for CEE, CIS and the Baltic States, Geneva, Switzerland. 2001. UNICEF International Child Development Center. 1994. Central and Eastern Europe in Transition: Crisis in Mortality, Health and Nutrition. Regional Monitoring Report No. 2, ICDC, August, Florence, Italy. UNICEF. Children at Risk in Central and Eastern Europe: Perils and Promises. Regional Monitoring Report No. 4, ICDC, February, Florence, Italy. 1997. UNICEF. Education for All? Regional Monitoring Report No. 5, ICDC, Florence, Italy. 1998. Innocenti Research Center, A Decade of Transition, Regional Monitoring Report No. 8, IRC, November, Florence, Italy. 2001. UNICEF and ISCA. 1994. Alternatives to Institutional Child Care. Report of the Workshop for Central and Eastern Europe, Riga, Latvia, January 29-February 2, 1994. Published by STAKES for UNICEF, Helsinki, Finland. United Nations. 1989. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Vinokur, A., J. Godinho, C. Dye, N. Nagelkerke. 2001. The TB and HIV/AIDS Epidemics in the Russian Federation. World Bank Technical Paper No. 510, World Bank, Washington, D.C. World Bank. 2000a. Balancing Protection and Opportunity: A Strategy for Social Protection in Transition Economies. Social Protection Team, Human Development Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region, Washington, D.C. World Bank. Making Transition Work for Everyone: Poverty and Inequality in Europe and CentralAsia. Washington, D.C. 2000. World Bank. Moving From Residential Institutions to Community-Based Social Services in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Written by David Tobis, Washington, D.C. 2000. World Bank. World Development Indicators 2000. Washington, D.C. 2000. World Bank. <(Labor Markets in Russia: From Crisis to Recovery.* Draft Report, Washington, D.C. Young, Mary Eming. 1996. Early Child Development: Investing in the Future. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 2001. AA,MHHHCTpaLHSw CaMapcKou o6nacTr. 1997. OcHoBHbIe HanpaBneHuj rocyp,apcTBeH- HOA ceMeAHoA nOAuTHKH B CaMapcKoA o6JlacTM. nloA pen. r.n. KoTenbHHKoBou u r.[. ry- capOBOA. CaMapCKHU AOM neYaTH. AKonRH A.C., Xap4eHKo B.H., MmwmeB B.r. 1999. CocTos0He 3Ap0poBbJ H cMepTHOCTb AneTeA B3pOCJb1XpenPbAyKTI8Horo 03paCTa B cOBpeMeHHOA PoccHH. MocKBa, Pocc"s. BnarococTosPHe cemeu c AeTbMH B PoccHH H nepcneKTHBbi pocTa HX YPOBHq >KH3HH. MocKBa. 2001. npenpuHT. rocKoMcTaT. 1999. CoLtmanbHoe noAo>KeHme H ypOBeHb >KH3HH HaceAeHHq PoccHH. MocKBa. FocKoMcTaT. 2000. CoL,uaJ1bHoe nono>KeHHe H ypoBeHb )KH3HH HaceueHHq PoccHu. MocKBa. Bm6nHorpacjHl 143 rOCKOMCTaT. 2000. AOXOAbi, paCXOAbl U flOTpe6JleHme AOMaWHHX XO3JIHCTB B 1999 r. (no HTOraM Bbi6opOqHoro o6cheAoBaHHR 6&oA>KeToB AOMaWHHX X035.qCTB). MOCKBa. rOCKOMCTaT. 2000. AOxOAbl, pacxOAbl H nOTpe6JleHHe AOMaWHHX XO3.HCTB B I-Il KBap- TaAax 2000 r. (no UToram Bbi6opo4Horo o6cAeAoBaH"s 6loA>KeToB AOMaWHHX XO35IHCTB). MOCKBa. rOCKOMCTaT. 2000. POCCUUCKUU CTaTHCTUqeCKUA e>KerOAHHK. MOCKBa. ,LIo3opLteBa E.r. 2000. Oco6eHHOCTH BHeceMeHHoro BOCnHTaHMq. OTAeneHHe cyAe6HoA ncHxHaTpHH nOApOCTKOB. HaL4HOHanbHbIA uccneAOLaTenbCKu LleHTp COLmaAbHOH H cyAe6- HOA ncCxXaTPHH HM. Cep6cKoro. MOCKBa. nlpenpHHT. E>KeroAHbIA rOCYAaPCTBeHHblU AoKiiaA <<0 nojo>KeHMH AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU C>eAepa- L,UU. 2000 roA>*. MOCKBa. 2000. 3aKoH <0 3aLLuATe AeTCTBa)>. 3aKoHoAaTenbcTBo POCCHUCKOU cpeAepaL4H o 03aLLAHTe npaB pe6eHKa. C6opHHK-cnpaBOt4HHK. MOCKBa. 1999. &H4OPMaLAmOHHbIA 6&oAAeTeHb flnpo6AeMbl coLuHan)bHoro CHpOTCTBa H nyTH UX pewe- HUP>>. BbinyCK TpeTHH. T. 3, MOCKBa. 1998. HC3flH PAH (H HCTHTYT coLAHaJ1bHO-3KOHOMHL4eCKoro noJ1o>KeHq HaPOAOHaceneH5 POCCUUCKOU AKaAeMHH HayK). 1999. 6e3AoMHbie AeTH, COBpeMeHHbie TeHAeHL,HH. MOCKBa. KOMHCCHR no BOnpOCaM >KeHLLJHH, CeMbH H AeMorpac4HH npu npe3HAeHTe POCCHUCKOA (teAepaL,Hm. 1998a. 3aaWTa npaB ceMbH U AeTeH B nporpamme AeACTBWH flpe3HAeHTa Poc- CUUCKOU OI)eAepaL4HH Ha 1996-2000 rr. aPoccmq: L4eAoBeK, ceMbs, o6u.kecTBo, rocyAapcT- BO)>. MaTepHanbl KOHcPepeHLAWW, MaA 1997 r. <<4OPHA"qeCKaR JuTepaTypa)>, MOCKBa. KoMHTeT no Aenam ceMbH AAMHHHCTpaLLHH BonrorpaAcKoA o6JnacTu. 1988. L4eHTpbl CO- LAmaAbHOH noMoLLu ceMbe H AeTJqM: opraHM3auLAH H coAep>KaHme pa6OTbl. BoArorpaA. KoMMeHTapHu K CeMeuHOMy KOAeKCY POCCUUCKOU $DeAepaLAmm. <(KOPHCT>, MOCKBa. 2000. Ky3HeLAoBa 1.M. 1999. CeMeuHoe npaBo. , MOCKBa. MaqynbcKas E.E. 1999. nlpaKTHKyM no npaBy coL,JanbHoro o6ecneqeHHs. <(HopMa>>, MOCKBa. MHHHCTePCTBO 3ApaBooxpaHeHMA POCCUUCKOU WeAepaLAHH. 1999. Cny>6a oxpaHbI 3AOpOBbR MaTepH H pe6eHKa B 1988 r. MOCKBa. nlpenpHHT. MHHHCTePCTBO 3ApaBooxpaHeHHq POCCUUCKOU $DeAepaLumm. 2001. Cny>K6a OXpaHbI 3AOpOBb5q MaTepH H pe6eHKa B 2000 r. MOCKBa. npenpHHT. MHHHCTePCTBO o6pa3oBaHH5l POCCUUCKOU (PeAepaL4uu. 2000. HHHOBaLAHH B poccHH- CKOM o6pa3oBaHHH: CHCTeMa npeAynpe>KAeHH coLuHaAbHoro CHpOTCTBa. 2000. MocKBa; H3A-BO MFYn. MHHHCTePCTBO o6pa3oBaHMs POCCUUCKOU OeAepaLtHH H O6&aecTBeHHbl HHCTHTyT pa3- BHTH5I WKOJ1bl. 2001a. A4eTH yAMLAbl: o6pa3oBaHHe H coLAwaJbHaS aAanTaLA"S 6e3HaA3opHbIx AeTeH. ,oKniaA. MOCKBa, CaHKT-nleTep6ypr. MHHHCTePCTBO o6pa3oBaHHsl POCCUUCKOU $eAepaLAHw H I1cnonHHTenbHas AmpeKU,Uq no npe3"AeHTCKoH nporpamme <(JAeTH PoccH">>. 2001b. 0 co6nFoAeHww npaB AeTeA B o6pa3o- BaTeAbHbIX ytIpe>KAeHHqX POCCHUCKOU OeAepau,mu. CaHKT-nleTep6ypr. MHHHCTepCTBO o6pa3oBaHMq POCCUUCKOU OegepaLwmH. 2001c. PoccHMcKoe o6pa3OBa- HHe K 2001 roAy. AHanATHqeCKHA o63Op. http: //www. ed. gov. ru. MHHHCTePCTBO o6pa3oBaHHR POCCUUCKOU OeAepaLAHm, McnoJ1HHTenbHas AMpeKLAH5I no npe3HAeHTCKoA nporpamme H I'HCTHTyT cneL,waAbHoH neAarorFKu H ncfXo- AorHH Me>KAyHapoAHoro YHHBepCHTeTa ceMbH H pe6eHKa UM. Payns BaneH6epra. 2001d. nOCTUHTepHaTHa aAanTaiu AeTeO-c"poT. CaHKT-neTep6ypr. nlo.'oweHHe geTee B POCCHACKOU ($eAepaLiHH. 144 HTorm coLtmanbHoA nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB H nepcneKTHBbI MHHHCTepCTBO TpyAa H coLAHaAbHoro pa3BHTHR POCCHUCKOU C(eAepaLAHH, A,enapTaMeHT no geAam ceMbH, >KeHLIJ,H H AeTeU. 1997. HopMaTHBHo-npaBOBble OCHOBbI npOCpHAaKTHKH H pea6HJHTaLtmH COL,UaAbHOA aAanTaL4HH AeTeA H nOApOCTKOB. LlaCTb 1, MOCKBa. MHHHCTepCTBO TPYAa H coLHaAbHoro pa3BHTHq POCCHACKOA c)eAepaLrnH. 1999. 0 noAo- >KeHHH cemeu B POCCHUCKOU OeAepaLtHH: 1994-1996. MOCKBa. MHHHCTePCTBO TpyAa H coLtwaAbHoro pa3BHTHq POCCHACKOA OeAepaL4uu. 2000. rocy- AaPCTBeHHa. ceMeAHaq noA1THKa: onbIT perHOHOB Poccuu no opraHH3a4Ltm Me>KBeAOMCT- BeHHOrO B3aHMOAekCTBHR no 3aLLtHTe npaB H HHTepeCOB AeTeA. MOCKBa. MHHHCTepCTBO TPYAa U coLtanbHoro pa3BETH5 POCCUUCKOA OeAepaL4Hu. 2000. CoL4u- anbHoe o6cny>KHBaHme ceMbH H AeTeA B POCCHH. MOCKBa. MHHHCTePCTBO TPYAa H coLiHaAbHoro pa3BHTH5 POCCHACKOA $DeAepaLtHH. 2001. 0 nono- >KeHHH AeTeA B POCCHUCKOA $)eAepaL4UU. rocyAapCTBeHHbIA AOKAiaA, 2001 roA. MOCKBa. MHHHCTePCTBO TPYAa H coLtmaAbHoro pa3BHTHS POCCHACKOA cereAepaLtHH. 2001. OnbIT perHOHOB Poccuu no BHeApeHHiO KOMnAeKCHOA pea6HnHTaLJmm AeTeA C orpaHHt4eHHbIMH B03MO>KHOCT.qMH 3AOpOBbq. MOCKBa. MHHHCTePCTBO TPYAa H coLHaAbHoro pa3BHTHR POCCHACKOA $egepaL4mH. 2001. CoLuH- aAbHoe o6cny>KHBaHme ceMbH H AeTeH B POCCHH. MOCKBa. npenpHHT. MHHHCTepCTBO TpyAa H coLAHaAbHoro pa3BHTHR POCCHACKOA $)eAepaLlH H IOHHCE$, AJenapTaMeHT no Aenam ceMbH, >KeHLLuJH H AeTeA. 1998. FocyAapcTBeHHaq nOA1THKa: onbiT perHOHOB Poccuu no coLHaAbHOH 3aLlHTe ceMb H AeTeH . MOCKBa. MypaToBa C.A. 1999. CeMeAHoe npaBo. Bonpocbl H OTBeTbI. <4OpmcnpyAeHLkHS>>. MOCKBa. He4aeBa A.M. 1994. OxpaHa AeTeA-cmpoT B PoccHm. Hay4Ho-HccneAoBaTenbcKK" HH- CTHTYT AeTcTBa PoccHAcKoro AeTcKoro c$oHAa. MOCKBa. lono>KeHme HenOAHbIX ceMeA. MOCKBa. 1999. npaBHTenbCTBO POCCHACKOA OeAepaLA"m, MHHHCTepCTBO TpyAa H co4AHaAbHoro pa3BH- THS. 1998. 0 nOAo>KeHHH AeTeA B POCCHACKOA $eAepaLtHH. E>KeroAHbIA rOcyAapCTBeHHbIH AoKnaA. 1998 r. MOCKBa. nyTH peaAH3aL4H rOcyAapCTBeHHOH ceMeAHoA nOAHTHKH B CaMapcKoA o6AacTH noA peA. r.n. KOTeubHHKOBOi H r.FH. rycapoBoA. CaMapCKHA AoM neqaTl. 1998. fl4enHHLAeBa n1.M. 1999. KoMMeHTapHu K CeMeuHOMy KOAeKCY POCCHUCKOA (DeAepa- L,UU. ((HopMa-1'1Hcppa M*, MOCKBa. POCCHACKUU AeTCKHM CPOHA. 1999a. BeAaq KHHra AeTCTBa B POCCHH. fly6nHKa4ms B npecce. MOCKBa. CHpoTTABoe AeTCTBO POCCHH: qTO AeAaTb? HayLHo-HcCneAoBaTenbcKHA UHCTHTyT AeT- CTBa POCCHACKorO AeTCKoro CpOHAa. MOCKBa. 1997 HIpHJIOmCeHHi UpuI4oKeHHe 1 (CTaTm4CTHwieciKoe llpI4JIoxeHi4e) I. Beanocmb u coiua,iblble mpaicq/epmbl Ta6nuH4a 1.1. noKa3aTenm 6eAHocTH HaceneHNH PoccHH 1997-2000 rr. (B % OT 4HCneHHOCTH HaceneHI4 COOTBeTCTBYIOLLegO CoLAHaJbHO-3KOHOMHLieCKOH H AeMorpa4m4ecKoA rpynnbl, no AaHHbiM rocKoMcTaTa) PacnonaraeMbie pecypcbl HH>Ke npO)KMTOLIHoro MHHH- HH*e 50% npoNKHToLIHoro MyMa MHHHMyMa 2000 2000 1997 1998 1999 3-HA 1997 1998 1999 3-HH KB. KB. Bce HaceneHHe: 32,1 37,8 49,5 38,1 7,8 9,8 15,5 9,1 npowmBawouAwe B rOpOACKOA MecTHOCTH 28,8 34,6 47,3 35,1 5,8 8,0 13,8 7,4 npOxKeHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU WeAepaLAHH. 148 1lTorm coL4HaAbHoH nonHTHKH 1990-x ropos H nepcneKTHBbI Ta6n iu4a 1.1. (npo89oA2ceHue) PacnonaraeMble pecypcbi HH)Ke npo)KHTo4Horo MHHH- HH>ce 50% npOWKHTo0Horo MyMa MHHHMyMa 2000 2000 1997 1998 1999 3- iH 1997 1998 1999 3-UiU KB. KB. MY)K4HHbI (nO B03PaCTHbIM rpyn- 30,2 36,2 47,3 36,4 7,0 8,9 14,2 8,3 nlam, neT)I 16-19 38,1 45,7 57,2 42,8 9,6 12,3 18,4 11,9 20-24 32,9 41,5 47,7 42,5 8,3 11,3 15,6 10,3 25-34 35,3 41,1 53,6 39,3 9,1 11,0 17,5 9,9 35-44 35,1 40,9 50,1 40,2 8,3 10,4 15,8 9,1 44-54 26,3 32,7 45,4 34,3 5,6 7,2 13,3 7,6 55-59 21,2 29,9 42,9 31,9 3,7 6,3 11,6 6,2 60-69 15,3 19,6 30,5 21,3 2,4 3,2 5,7 2,9 70-79 15,3 21,8 38,3 25,0 2,2 3,9 8,3 3,5 80 H CTapwe 13,7 20,4 40,4 34,3 2,4 3,3 9,7 7,2 )KeHUAHHbi (nO BO3paCTHbiM rpyn- 28,2 33,6 46,0 34,9 6,4 8,1 13,7 7,8 na~m, OT) 16-19 38,5 44,7 58,5 46,8 9,9 12,1 20,3 12,0 20-24 34,9 42,1 53,5 42,3 9,0 11,5 19,1 10,7 25-34 36,7 41,6 53,9 41,8 9,3 11,1 18,1 10,6 35-44 32,9 39,6 51,9 38,5 7,7 9,9 16,2 8,9 44-54 23,1 29,0 41,1 32,6 4,5 6,3 11,3 6,4 55-59 14,5 20,1 33,2 21,8 2,4 3,6 7,3 4,1 60-69 17,2 20,5 32,0 22,2 3,1 3,7 6,4 3,6 70-79 20,0 24,3 38,9 25,9 3,4 4,5 9,0 4,8 80 H CTapwe 24,6 30,7 45,0 32,8 4,4 6,8 11,6 6,6 nlpHMe4aHHe: ,AaHHbie o6cneJOBaHHq 6IOA>KeTa AOMaWHHX X03PU4CTB: paC4eTbl Ha OCHOBe pacnona- raeMbIX pecypcoB AOMaUWHHX XO3PUHCTB. HcmOYHuxC rOCKOMCTaT POCCHH: (<,OXOAbl, PaCXOAbI H nOTpe6neHHe AOMaWHHX XO3PUCTB B 1997- 98 rr.*, maA 2001 r., MOCKBa, c. 40-41 H , MaA 2001 r., MOCKBa, c. 34. npmJno>KeHMR 149 Ta6n4LAa 1.1.a. noKa3aTenH 6eAHOCTH no THnaM AOMaWHHX XO3RUCTB B POCCUU B 1997-2000 rr.1 AOMaWHHe X03HrICTBa c pacnonaraeMbIMH pecyp- CTPYKTypa 6eA- HbIX AOmaUJHHX CaMH HH)Ke _ 2 XO3RMCTB < senQH4Hbi npO)KHTO4- < 50% BenJHHHbI npo- < BenHJHHbl npo- 5KHTO4HOro MHHH- Horo MHHHMyMa NKHTo4lHoro MHHHMyMa MyMa 2000 12000 1997 1998 1999 3-H 1997 1998 1999 3-HiH 1997 1998 1999 KB. I IKB. Bce AoMawHwe x03Riq- 25,7 30,4 42,3 31,1 5,7 7,1 12,7 6,6 100 100 100 B ropOACKOA MeCTHOCTM 23,5 28,3 40,9 29,3 4,3 5,8 11,5 5,4 63,5 65,8 69,7 BceAnbcKoA MecTHOCTH 31,7 36,3 46,2 36,1 9,5 10,4 16,1 9,8 36,5 34,2 30,3 nfOHble ceMbM cynpyrw 6e3 AeTeA 11,0 14,4 25,4 16,6 1,4 1,8 4,0 1,8 7,1 7,8 9,4 cynpyrm 6e3 AeTeA C Apy- 21,9 28,5 46,4 34,5 2,8 4,2 12,7 4,7 0,5 0,7 1,0 ruMu POACTBeHHHKaM_ cynpyrm c 1-2 AeTbMH 35,2 42,0 53,9 39,9 8,1 10,2 17,8 9,0 33,9 32,5 29,3 cynpyrm c 1-2 AeTbMH_ u ApyrwuM poAcTBeHHH- 39,5 46,4 58,4 46,8 9,6 12,6 20,6 12,2 7,2 8,5 8,1 Kamm cynpyrT C 3 u 6onee Ae- 55,9 67,1 75,6 66,3 22,3 29,8 40,3 25,8 6,0 4,6 3,2 cynpyru C 3 u 6Onee AeTb- 64,3 71,4 87,5 81,2 26,8 29,7 52,6 38,2 0,8 0,7 0,6 MM H pOACTBEHHHKaM_ HenOnHble CeMbW= c 1-2 AeTbM| 37,4 41,5 56,9 43,3 8,1 10,1 19,8 10,4 10,3 8,5 7,8 c 1-2 eTbMeHHKapyrHM 47,8 53,6 71,4 57,9 11,5 15,0 28,3 14,8 4,4 5,0 5,1 p0J;CTBBHHHKaMH c 3 H 6onee AeTbMH 61,6 79,6 86,1 79,2 27,1 40,1 52,1 43,1 0,6 0,7 0,4 C 36oJneeHeTbMH 66,0 80,1 84,8 94,0 30,3 39,9 54,5 31,8 0,3 0,3 |0,3 H pO;CTBeHHHKaMH BAOBbI (BAoBSLbi) c AeTbMH 35,1 44,7 59,5 48,0 6,3 10,7 19,9 10,8 1,9 2,0 1,9 ,A,oMaWHHe xo3RMcTBa C nony4aTenqMw noco6mR 53,8 58,4 69,2 61,3 17,3 19,7 29,3 20,1 5,6 5,2 3,4 no 6e3pa6oTHLie A,OMaWHHe X03JMCTBa C Hepa6OTaioLUHMH neH- 11,7 14,5 26,7 16,1 1,5 2,0 4,5 2,1 9,5 12,5 15,1 CHOH epam H HAoHO4Ke (TpYaocnoco6- 9,4 10,0 17,5 10,2 1,6 1,7 3,2 1,4 4,7 3,6 4,2 Horo Bo3paCTa) I OAUHO4KH (HeTpyAOcno- 5,8 7,9 16,7 8,7 0,5 0,7 1,8 0,7 4,6 5,4 7,1 co6Horo B03paCTa) nlpHMeLiaHHe. 1AaHHbIe o6cAeqoBaHHs 6oA>KeTa qOMaWHHX XO3.HCTB: paC,eTbl Ha OCHOBe pacno- JlaraeMbIx pecypcoa AoMaWHHX XO39IHCTB. 2,aHHbie o COCTaBe 3a 3-UU KBapTan He npeAcTaBfieHbi. MCmOqHu,c rOCKOMCTaT Poccuu: <4AOXOAbl, paCXOAbl H noTpe6,neHUe AOMaWHuHX XO3RHCTB B 1997-98 rr.*, MaA 2001 r., MOCKBa, c. 187 H <, Mau 2001 r., MOCKBa, C. 34. nanohoeH"e AeTeU B POCCHUCKOU cteAepaLAwH. 150 I'1TorH coL,uaJ1bHoH nOnJTHKH 1990-x roA4OB H nepcneKTHBbl Ta6JlH4a 1.2. noKa3aTenm 6eAHocTH B Poccum no OTAenfbHbIM KaTerOpM5M (% OT 4UCRneHHOCTH o6CneAyeMoro HacenJeH1 R B 8-M payHAe RLMS*) 8-ok payHA* YpOBeHb (% 4mcneHHoc- KpaHHe TH HaceneHHms) KpaHie ManoHMy- 6eAHbie + He6e3HbIe Bcero 6eAHbile 2uM ManoHMy- io nono3BO3paCTHbIM xapaKTepHCTHKam Bo3pacT fnon Myw'4iHHbi 22,5 39,5 62,1 37,9 100,0 0-4 AKeHU.IHHbI 22,2 39,1 61,3 38,7 100,0 Bcero 22,4 39,3 61,7 38,3 100,0 MyL4HHbl | 23,2 30,1 53,3 46,7 100,0 5-9 )KeHLuHHbl 27,6 30,9 58,6 41,4 100,0 Bcero 25,3 30,5 55,8 44,2 100,0 My'wuHbl 22,5 34,8 57,3 42,7 100,0 10-13 XKeHWuHbl 29,3 29,9 59,2 40,8 100,0 Bcero 25,7 32,5 58,2 41,8 100,0 MyxBuHbi 19,7 32,2 51,9 48,1 100,0 14-17 )KeHLLHHbi 23,5 36,5 60,0 40,0 100,0 Bcero 21,7 34,4 56,1 43,9 100,0 My>LIHHbi 18,2 32,2 50,4 49,6 100,0 18-24 A+eHuAHHbl 20,5 32,2 52,7 47,3 100,0 Bcero 19,4 32,2 51,6 48,4 100,0 MyzuHHbi 16,0 33,2 49,2 50,8 100,0 25-29 >KeHLu4Hbi 17,1 31,2 48,3 51,7 100,0 Bcero 16,6 32,1 48,7 51,3 100,0 My>.wiHbi 20,2 31,8 52,0 48,0 100,0 30-34 'KeHBHuHbi 26,5 32,1 58,6 41,4 100,0 Bcero 23,3 32,0 55,3 44,7 100,0 My>K'*Hbl 26,6 28,1 54,7 45,3 100,0 35-39 >KeHuHbi 23,8 32,9 56,8 43,2 100,0 Bcero 25,2 30,6 55,8 44,2 100,0 My>K'.HHbi 20,6 32,3 52,9 47,1 100,0 40-44 )KeHLLAHHbi 18,2 29,0 47,2 52,8 100,0 Bcero 19,3 30,5 49,9 50,1 100,0 My>K4HHbi 17,3 28,4 45,8 54,2 100,0 45-49 )KeHu.wHbl 18,8 27,7 46,4 53,6 100,0 Bcero 18,1 28,0 46,1 53,9 100,0 nlpHAo>KeHHu 151 Ta6mn1 a 1.2 (npogonKeHwe) 8-oi payHA* YpOBeHb (% 4mCneHHOC- KpaHHe TH HaceneHHR) KpaHHe ManoHMy- 6e4Hbie + He6eAHbie3 Bcero 1 2 6eAHbie L4Lme manoHmy- My>K4HHbl 20,6 32,3 52,9 47,1 100,0 40-44 >KeHuALHbl 18,2 29,0 47,2 52,8 100,0 Bcero 19,3 30,5 49,9 50,1 100,0 My>KIoHHbl 17,3 28,4 45,8 54,2 100,0 45-49 )KeHiiuHbl 18,8 27,7 46,4 53,6 100,0 Bcero 18,1 28,0 46,1 53,9 100,0 My>K4uHbl 18,7 29,6 48,3 51,7 100,0 50-54 KeHLu.Hbl 17,5 28,5 46,0 54,0 100,0 Bcero 18,0 28,9 47,0 53,0 100,0 My>K4HHbi 14,2 28,8 42,9 57,1 100,0 55-59 XeH4IiuHbl 10,3 28,3 38,6 61,4 100,0 Bcero 12,1 28,5 40,6 59,4 100,0 My>tc4HHbi 6,4 22,9 29,2 70,8 100,0 60-64 )KeHuAHHbi 10,2 24,4 34,6 65,4 100,0 Bcero 8,8 23,8 32,6 67,4 100,0 MY,KLWIHbi 5,5 21,5 27,0 73,0 100,0 65-69 >KeHLUAHbl 13,1 23,9 37,0 63,0 100,0 Bcero 10,1 23,0 33,1 66,9 100,0 MY>K'4HHbi 9,8 23,2 33,0 67,0 100,0 70 u cTapwe KeHuAHHbl 14,9 25,8 40,7 59,3 100,0 Bcero 13,6 25,1 38,6 61,4 100,0 flo 3aH4RTOCTH H noiiy be3pa6oT- 4 non, H bie My>KHHbi 17,1 30,3 47,4 52,6 100,0 He 3aperMcT- >KeHuaHHbi 18,9 29,6 48,5 51,5 100,0 pHpOBaHHbI, Bcero 18,1 29,9 48,0 52,0 100,0 My><4HHbi 26,9 31,2 58,1 41,9 100,0 3aperHcTpH- XKeHULuHbl 23,7 32,3 56,1 43,9 100,0 pOBaHHbie Bcero 25,3 31,8 57,1 42,9 100,0 nloAo>KeHwe AeTeA B POCCHACKOA ctegepaiAww. 152 klTorH coL,aJwbHoH nonJTHKM 1990-x rogoB u nepcneKTHBbl Ta6ni4a 1.2 (npoAon>KeHHe) 8-og payHA* I I I I YpOBeHb (% L4HcJ1eHHOC- KpaHHe TM HaceneHHR) KpaHHe ManoMmy- 6eAHbie + He6eAHbie Bcero 6eAHmbe He . MaJIoHMy- no HeTPYAOcnOCO6HOCTH H nony floco6"e no HeTpyAocno- non Co6HOCTH My>K4WHbl 18,3 30,5 48,7 51,3 100,0 He COCTORT )eHU.rHbI 19,2 29,9 49,1 50,9 100,0 Ha y4eTe Bcero 18,8 30,2 48,9 51,1 100,0 MY>o4HHbi 22,2 28,5 50,6 49,4 100,0 COCTORT Ha )KeHUXHHbl 28,0 28,7 56,7 43,3 100,0 Bcero 25,0 28,6 53,6 46,4 100,0 nlo neHCHOHHOMY O6eCne 4eHHi0 H nony neHCH.9 no CTapOCTH H Ha AbroT- nfon HbIX OCHOBa- HHRX MY>KeHLL4HHbl 22,0 31,7 53,7 46,3 100,0 Ha y4eTe Bcero 21,3 31,7 53,0 47,0 100,0 MY>CLIHHbi 7,3 23,2 30,5 69,5 100,0 COCTOAT Ha >KeHuAHHbl 12,8 25,4 38,3 61,7 100,0 Bcero 11,1 24,7 35,8 64,2 100,0 flo Bo3paCTHbim rpynnam Bo3paCTHble non rpynnba MY>K4HHbl 22,8 34,3 57,1 42,9 100,0 ,AeTH )KeHULHHbl 26,8 32,8 59,5 40,5 100,0 Bcero 24,7 33,6 58,2 41,8 100,0 HaceneHUe MY>K4HHbl 19,4 30,9 50,3 49,7 100,0 TO6Hrono- >KeHU.4Hbl 20,7 31,3 52,0 48,0 100,0 co6HorO B03- pacTa Bcero 20,1 31,1 51,2 48,8 100,0 MYiowHHbl 7,3 22,6 29,8 70,2 100,0 npecTape- PbVe6 )KeHLLHHbl 12,6 25,5 38,2 61,8 100,0 Bcero 11,1 24,7 35,7 64,3 100,0 no nony MY>KeHMs 153 npHMe4aHH.q K Ta6nJ 4e 1.2 * 8-oH paYHA RLMS npOBOAuHlCq B PoccuH C OKTR6pSp 1998 r. no SHBapb 1999 r. 1 KpaHHe 6eAHbie - AoMaaWHe XO3JHCTBa C 06cUIM YPOBHeM pacxoAoB (cM. noqCHeHHe # 7) HH)Ke 50% OT BeAiqHHHbI oc¢HLHa.%bHoro permOHanlbHO AliHepeH41UpOBaHHoro (cM. nORCHe- HUe # 8) npO>KHTO4HOro MHHHMyMa c y4eTOM ypOBHJq gOXOAOB H pa3mepa AomaWHero Xo3SIH- CTBa (MHHTpyAa PoccHH). 2 ManOHMyu4He - AOMaWHHe XO3SJqCTBa C o6uLHM YPOBHeM pacxoAoB (CM. noqCHeHHe # 7) HH>Ke BeJu4WHbl o4*1LAHaAbHoro perHoHaAbHo AmcHc4epeHLAHpoBaHHoro (CM. noqCHeHHe # 8) npO>KHTOHoro MHHHMyMa C y4eTOM YPOBHq AOXOAOB H pa3mepa AoMaWHero XO3SW1CTBa (MHHT- pyAa Poccuu). 3 He6eHble - AOMaWliHHe X03RACTBa C o6LImM YPOBHeM pacxoAoB (cM. noqCHeHHe # 7) BbIWe HuH paBHoro BeJH4HHe o4uL,HanbHoro perHOHaAbHO AMH44epeHLtHpoBaHHoro (CM. noqCHeHHe # 8) npO>KHTO'4Horo MHHHMYMa C yLIeTOM YPOBHS1 gOXOAOB H pa3mepa AOmaWHero XO3AACTBa (MHHTpyAa PoccHH). 4 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHble 6e3pa6oTHbie - Te, KTO He UMeeT pa6oTbl, He noAyLaeT HHKaKHX neHCHH MuA noco6uu no HeTpyAOcnoco6HOcTH H XOTeA 6bl pa6oTaTb. 5 AeTH - B B03paCTe AO 14 neT. 6 npecTapenble - My>KqHHbl CTapwie 59 H )KeHUH4HHbi CTapwe 54 neT. 7 06uAwe pacxoAbi - o6uiHe AeHe>KHbie pacxOAbi AoMaWHero XO3RHCTBa Ha nOKynKy npOAyK- TOB H noTpe6HTeJbCKHx TOBaPOB 3a HCKJ1oBeHHeM KpynHbIx nOKynOK, nOKynKH npeAMeTOB pOC- KOWH, o6nAraLAHm/aKLAHP H c6epe>KeHmA nAlOC CTOUMOCTb nPOAYKTOB co6CTBeHHoro npoH3- BOACTBa, onpeAeAqemaq no CyLUeCTBYKOULAM pbIHOqHbIM LAeHaM. 8 PermOHanbHO AHc44ePeHLIHPoBaHHa BJenH4mHa nPO)KHTO4HOro MHHHMyMa - 8 perHo- HaAbHblX ypOBHeA 6eAHocTH, paCC4HTaHHbie KaK B3BeweHHbIA no LIHCAeHHOCTH HaceAeHJHR no- Ka3aTenb 78 O4,HL)taJbHbIX permOHaAbHbIX BOeA4HH npOKHTOLIHoro MUHHMyMa B COOTBeTCTBHH c AeAeHfleM Ha Bbi6opKU no 8 cfeAepaAbHbIM OKpyram POCCHU. Ta6nH4a 1.2a. CTPYKTypa 6eAHOCTH B POCCHH no OTAenJbHbIM KaTerOpURM (% OT 4HC1neHHOCTH HaceJ1eHHH, Y4aCTBOBaserO B 8-oM payHAe* RLMS) CTPYKTypa (% OT 4HCn1eHHOC- | paeHA* TM HaceJIelHMs) KpagHe 6eA- 2 3 cr Hble1 ManOHMyuIHe He6eAHbie Bcero no Bo3paCTHo-nonOBbIM xapaKTepHCTHKam Bo3pacT, neT fnoAI MY>KLHHbi 2,9 3,2 1,8 2,5 0-4 )eHUAHHbl 2,8 3,1 1,8 2,4 Bcero 5,7 6,3 3,7 4,9 MY>KqHHb, 4,3 3,5 3,3 3,5 5-9 KeHLHHbl 4,8 3,3 2,7 3,3 Bcero 9,1 6,9 5,9 6,8 MY>KLHHbi 4,1 4,0 2,9 3,5 10-13 >KeHWHHbl 4,9 3,1 2,5 3,1 Bcero 9,0 7,1 5,4 6,6 My>KqHHbi 3,2 3,3 2,9 3,1 14-17 )KeHUA.Hbl 4,2 4,1 2,7 3,4 Bcero 7,4 7,4 5,6 6,5 noj1o>KeHme AeTei B POCCUUCKOU ($eAepaLAu. 154 I'Tor0 coLAHanbHoA nonUTUKU 1990-x rOAOB U nepcneKTHBbl Ta6nm4a 1.2a (npoAornK)eH4e) CTPYKTypa (% OT uHcneHHOC- 8-OH paYHA TM HacenleHHSu) Kpa;iHe 6eA- 23 H ble ManoHMyLLtHe He6eAHbie Bcero My>KL4Hbi 4,6 5,1 4,7 4,8 18-24 >KeHLlAWHbl 5,8 5,8 5,0 5,4 Bcero 10,4 10,9 9,7 10,2 My>K'4HHbi 2,6 3,4 3,1 3,1 25-29 AKeHXUIHbl 3,3 3,8 3,7 3,7 Bcero 5,9 7,2 6,8 6,8 My>WKqHbi 3,4 3,4 3,0 3,2 30-34 >KeHUJ,Hbl 4,4 3,4 2,6 3,2 Bcero 7,9 6,8 5,6 6,4 MY>KLrHbi 5,7 3,8 3,6 4,0 35-39 >KeHU.IUHbl 5,3 4,6 3,6 4,2 Bcero 11,0 8,4 7,2 8,2 My9(qHHbi 4,0 4,0 3,4 3,7 40-44 )KeHu.gHHbl 4,1 4,1 4,4 4,3 Bcero 8,1 8,1 7,8 8,0 MY>KL4HHbi 2,7 2,8 3,2 3,0 45-49 >KeHLLtHHbl 3,8 3,5 4,1 3,9 Bcero 6,6 6,4 7,3 6,9 My>KI4Hbl 2,0 1,9 2,0 2,0 50-54 I+eHULMHbl 2,5 2,5 2,8 2,7 Bcero 4,4 4,5 4,9 4,7 My>KqHHbi 1,7 2,2 2,6 2,3 55-59 >KeHUJ,HHbi 1,4 2,5 3,2 2,7 Bcero 3,2 4,7 5,8 4,9 MYUwHbi 0,8 1,8 3,2 2,3 60-64 )KeHULIWHbl 2,0 3,0 4,8 3,7 Bcero 2,8 4,8 8,0 6,0 My>K<4UHbl 0,6 1,4 2,8 2,0 65-69 >KeHLLUHHbl 2,1 2,4 3,7 3,0 Bcero 2,6 3,8 6,5 4,9 MyWKLIHbl 1,1 1,7 2,9 2,2 70 H CTapwe >KeHU4LHHbl 4,8 5,2 7,0 6,0 Bcero 5,9 6,9 9,9 8,2 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Be3pa6oTHbie4 noii My>KKeHLUHHbl 48,4 47,8 49,2 48,7 pOBaHHbie , Bcero 83,7 87,1 89,7 87,8 npHno>KeHme) CTpyKTypa (% OT 4HCneHHOC- 8-OU paYHA* TH Hacen1eHHR) KpaUHe 6eA- 2 3 Hbie1 ManoHMyU4He He6eAHbie Bcero My>K4HHbi 8,6 6,3 5,0 6,1 3apermCTPHP1O- >KeHULIHbi 7,7 6,6 5,3 6,2 BaHHbIe Bcero 16,3 12,9 10,3 12,2 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 lo HeTpyAocnoco6HocTH H nony noco6me no HeTpy- nlOn Aocnoco6HocTr o My>K'4HHbi 42,1 44,1 43,9 43,6 yHeTe >KeHLLHHbl 54,0 53,0 53,3 53,3 Bcero 96,0 97,1 97,2 97,0 My>KqIHbl 1,8 1,5 1,5 1,5 yC4eTe Ha eHWUHbl 2,2 1,4 1,3 1,5 Bcero 4,0 2,9 2,8 3,0 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 fleHCHq no cTapo- CTH " Ha AlbrOT- noJl HbIX OCHOBaHWAX MY><4UHbl 41,1 40,0 35,6 38,0 yqeTe H KeHLHHbl 45,6 41,3 35,8 39,3 Bcero 86,7 81,4 71,4 77,3 MY>KqHHbi 2,8 5,6 9,9 7,2 yCOeTe T KeHUAHHbi 10,5 13,1 18,8 15,5 Bcero 13,3 18,6 28,6 22,7 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nO B03paCTHbiM rpynnam Bo3paCTHble noA rpynnbi MY>KqHHbi 11,4 10,8 8,0 9,5 J4eTH >+eHLiAHHbl 12,4 9,6 7,0 8,8 Bcero 23,8 20,4 15,0 18,3 HaceAeHHe Tpy- MY>KqHHbi 30,0 29,9 28,5 29,2 qocnoco6Horo >KeHUAHHbl 33,4 31,8 28,8 30,6 BO3paCTa Bcero 63,4 61,7 57,3 59,8 MY>K4HHbi 2,5 4,8 8,9 6,5 nfpecTapeAble6 KeHLHHbl 10,3 13,1 18,7 15,4 Bcero 12,8 17,9 27,6 21,9 Bcero 10O0,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 no nony MY>KqHHbi 43,9 45,6 45,4 45,2 )KeHLuHHbi 56,1 54,4 54,6 54,8 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 _____ npUMe4aHHe: CM. npuMeLYaHHe K Ta6nHLke 1.2. nolo>KeHme AeTee B POCCHUCKOU $PeAepaLtuu. 156 MTorm coL,uanbHoH non1THKH 1990-x rOAOB H nepcneKTHBbl Ta6nH4a 1.3. noKa3aTeNH 6eAHocTH B PoccHH no xapaKTePHCTHKaM AOMaWHHX XO3.HriCTB (% o6cneAOBaHHblx AOMaWHHX XO3RHCTB B 8-oM payHAe* RLMS) 8-og payHA* KpakHe noKa3aTenH (% OT 4HcneHHOCTi| KpaAHe ManoNmy- 6eAHble + He6eA- HaceneHI4) 6eAHbie I He2 MamnOHMy- Hble3 Bcero ULHe no pa3mepy AOmaWHero Xo3RHCTBa 1 12,1 19,5 31,6 68,4 100,0 2 12,1 23,0 35,1 64,9 100,0 3 16,5 30,7 47,2 52,8 100,0 4 24,4 31,7 56,1 43,9 100,0 5 u 6onee 4enoaeK 23,5 36,6 60,1 39,9 100,0 nO KOnH4eCTBy AeTeM S AOMaWHeM X03RHCTBe Be3 AeTeg4 13,2 24,0 37,2 62,8 100,0 1 pe6eHoK4 19,6 31,2 50,8 49,2 100,0 .4 2 ABoe H 6onee AeTem 29,1 35,9 65,0 35,0 100,0 iiO KOnH4eOCTBY npecTapenJblX B AOMaWHeM XO3RHCTBe Be3 npecTapeiblxb 5 20,5 28,6 49,1 50,9 100,0 1 npeCTapen1biM5 14,3 27,3 41,6 58,4 100,0 2 unu 6onee npecTapenblx5 8,0 22,1 30,2 69,8 100,0 flo cocTaBy ceMbH 4eTbipex TunoB Be3 AeTeH, 6e3 npecTapenbix 16,7 26,0 42,7 57,3 100,0 45 C AeTbMw, 6e3 npecTapenblx 23,7 31,0 54,7 45,3 100,0 5 66540, C npecTapenbiMm ,6e3 geTeA 10,8 22,7 33,5 66,5 100,0 4 ~~~~~5 C AeTbM4 u npecTapenblMl4 18,2 38,7 56,9 43,1 100,0 no nony rnasbl AOMaWHero xo3nHcTBa >KeHLuHHbl 15,5 25,4 40,9 59,1 100,0 My>KqHHbl 17,1 27,9 45,0 55,0 100,0 no perwoHam MeranonHcbl7 11,6 30,1 41,7 58,3 100,0 CeBepHbiu u CeBepo-3anaAHbIA 24,3 26,3 50,6 49,4 100,0 LAeHTpaI1bHbII H L[eHTpaJbHO- 14,6 24,4 39,0 61,0 100,0 HepHO3eMHblIA BoAWCKHu u Bouro-BRTcKmA 6acceuH 18,2 29,5 47,7 52,3 100,0 CeBepo-KaBKa3cKMA 9,4 23,9 33,3 66,7 100,0 Ypain 19,2 30,4 49,6 50,4 100,0 3anaAHaR Cm6Hpb 23,6 22,0 45,5 54,5 100,0 BocToqHasl Cm6mpb U LaJbHmA BoCTOK 15,6 28,7 44,3 55,7 100,0 nlpAo>KeHHJ 157 Ta6nuiia 1.3 (npoAon*eHme) 8-ou payHA* KpaiHe lnOKa3aTenm (% OT i4CneHHOCTH KpaUHe ManoHMy- 6eAHble + He6eA- HaceneHHR) 6eHble 1 Lue2 manoHmy- Hble3 Bcero Lgme nO THny pacceneHHSI O0eHb KpynHble ropoAa5 11,8 30,8 42,6 57,4 100,0 FopoAcKas MeCTHOCTb 17,0 25,3 42,2 57,8 100,0 CenbcKaR MeCTHOCTb 18,1 30,5 48,6 51,4 100,0 nO Han4'HIO 3eMnH B AOMaWHeM XO3RuCTBe HeT 20,5 25,0 45,5 54,5 100,0 Aa 14,7 28,4 43,1 56,9 100,0 nO HanH4mio nerKo3oro aBToMo6mnJ B AOMaWHeM XO3AACTBe HeT 19,1 28,9 52,0 100,0 Aa 9,2 22,2 31,5 68,5 100,0 no nflTH TnamM AOMaWHHuX X03o3RCTBS OAUHOKHe MaTepI'9 16,7 31,1 47,8 52,2 100,0 ,npyrue AomaWJHue X03.ucTsa c AeTbMu 4 22,9 32,8 55,7 44,3 100,0 OAU HOK U My>KIu Ha CTapwLero B03pacTa 5 4,4 13,2 17,6 82,4 100,0 BOA3HOKa. __KeHU__Ha CTapwero Bo3paCTaS 11,4 19,3 30,8 69,2 100,0 p,pyrme AOmaW_H_e X03__CTBa c AeTbM WX4 14,0 25,6 39,5 60,5 100,0 no CTaTyCy 3aHATOCTu LJneHOB AOMaWH1HX X03RuACTB He3apertcTpwpoBaHHble 6e3pa6OTHbie10 13,5 25,7 39,2 60,8 100,0 He 6onee oAHoro 3apermcTpHpo- 2 BaHHoro 6e3pa6OTHoro10 25,1 31,4 56,5 43,5 100,0 no CTaTYCY HHBanUAHOCTH qAeHOB AOMaWHHX X03SWICTB Be3 wHBa.nHcAoB11 16,0 27,1 43,1 56,9 100,0 He 6O0ee OAHoro tHBanlUAa11 24,9 28,7 53,6 46,4 100,0 nO KOn14eCTBy nei4cHCMooHe12 B AOmaWHem X03AACTBe Be3 ne~HCWHOHe0B 1220,8 28,7 49,5 50,5 100,0 1lneHCHOHep 12 13,9 27,2 41,1 58,9 100,0 2 H 6onee neHCHOHePOB1 8,6 22,4 31,0 69,0 100,0 Bcero 16,7 , 27,3 1 44,0 1 56,0 1 i00,0 * 8-ou payHA RLMS npOBOAHJ1Cn B Poccuu C oKTq6ps 1998 r. no qHBapb 1999 r. 1 KpaAHe 6eAHbie - AOMaWHUe XO3SIHCTBa c o6uLmM YPOBHeM pacxoAoB (CM. noqCHeHue # 13) HH>Ke 50% OT BefJHUU4Hbi o4)HmLAaAbHoro perHoHanbHo A"q#4epeHLAWpoBaHHOro (CM. noSICHeHHe # 14) npO>KHTO'4HOrO MHHUMyMya c yeTOM YPOBHJ AOXOAOB H pa3mepa AOMaWHero Xo3RHCTBa (MwHTpyga Poccuu). nouno>KeHUe AeTeA B POCCHUCKOU cIeAepaLAHH. 158 MTorH coLuHaAbHoA nOAHTIKH 1990-x ro,AoB u nepcneKTHBbl flpHMe4aHHR K Ta6JnuL4e 1.3 (npoAonKeHHe) 2 ManoHMyu4He - AOMaWHHe X03AACTBa C o6wHM YPOBHeM pacxoAoB (CM. nOqCHeHHe # 13) HH>Ke BejHlIHHbi ocjHLkHaAbHoro perH4OHaHbHO AH44epeHLAHpoBaHHoro (CM. nlOqCHeHHe # 14) npO>KHTOHoro MHHHMyMa C yLeToM pOBHq AOXOAOB H pa3mepa AomaWHero XO3.qHCTBa (MHHT- pyAa PoccHH). 3 He6eHbie - AOmaWHiie X03AACTBa c o6uAM ypOBHeM pacxoAoB (CM. nORCHeHHe # 13) BbI- we HinH paBHorO BenHqIHHe ocHLtHaAbHoro perHOHaAbHO AHc4epeHLAHpOBaHHoro (CM. noqCHe- HHe # 14) npO>KHT0O4Horo MHHHMyMa C yqeToM ypOBHR AOXOAOB H pa3mepa AoMaWHero X03RHA- CTBa (MHHTpyAa PoCcHH). 4 AeTH - AeTH B B03paCTe AO 14 AeT. 5 npeCTapenbie - MYK'4HHbl CTapwe 59 n1eT H >KeHLiHHbl CTapwe 54 neT. 6 rnaBa AOMawHerO XO3RHCTBa - cornaCHO onpeAeueHHKO UNC. 7 MeranonHcbw - MOCKBa H MOCKOBCKaq o6AacTb, CaHKT-neTep6ypr H JleHHrpaAcKas o6- AaCTb. 8 OeHb KpynHblii ropoA - MOCKBa H CaHKT-nleTep6ypr. 9 MaTePH-OAHHO4KH - KaTerOpHS, Bbi6paHHaS BMeCTO KaTerOPHH HenonHa5q ceMbq, nOCKOJbKy B Bbl6opKe 8 payHAa RLMS 6bin BbilBj1eH TOJ1bKO OAHH OAHHOKHH OTeL,. 10 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHble 6e3pa6oTHbie - Te, KTO He HMeeT pa6oTbl, He nony4aeT HHKaKHX neHCHA HnH noco6HH no HeTpyAocnoco6HoCTH H XOTeA 6bl pa6oTaTb. 1 1 I4HBanHAbI - Te, KTO nony4aeT noco6He no HHBanHAHoCTH. 12 nleHCHOHepbl - Te, KTO nouiy4aeT neHcHH no BO3paCTY H/HnH Ha JbrOTHbIX yCCoBHqx. 13 O6u4He pacxOAbl - o6utHe AeHe>KHble paCxOAbI AoMaWHero XO3RHCTBa Ha nOKynKy npOAyK- TOB H noTpe6HTeAbCKHx TOBaPOB 3a HCKuIoIeHHeM KpynHblx noKynoK, nOKynKH npeAMeTOB pOC- KOWH, o6uHraLtHA/aKI.4H H c6epe>KeHHH nnioc CTOHMOCTb nPOAYKTOB co6CTBeHHoro npOH3- BOACTBa, onpeAeAqemaq no CyLLAeCTBYIOUJHM PbIHO4HbIM L4eHaM. 14 PerHoHanbHo AH4H4cepeM4HpoBaHHaR BenHJHHa npoNCMHTO4Horo MHHHMyMa - 8 perHo- Ha.nbHblX YPOBHeH 6eAHOCTH, pacctHTaHHbie KaK B3BeweHHbl4 no LiHcneHHOCTH HaceAeH".q no- Ka3aTeAb 78 o43HLAHailbHbIX perHOHaAbHblX Be)1H-HH npO>KHTOqHOrO MHHHMyMa B COOTBeTCTBHH c AeAeHHeM Ha Bbl6opKH no 8 coeAepanbHbIM OKpyram PoCCHH. Ta6nu4a 1.3a CTPYKTypa 6eAHOCTH no xapaKTepHCTHKam AOMaWHHX XO3RHCTB B PoccHH (% o6cnleAOBaHHblx AOMaWHHX X03SMCTB B 8-oM payHAe* RLMS) 8-oi payHA* KpaHHe ManoHmy- He6eA- CTPYKTypa (% AOmaWIHHX X03HHCTB) 6eAHbie uHe2 HbIe Bcero rio pa3MePY A miaWHero Xo3RHCTBa 1 13,9 13,7 23,3 19,1 2 20,0 23,2 31,8 27,5 3 23,8 27,1 22,7 24,0 4 27,1 21,6 14,5 18,6 5 H 6oneet4euoBeK 15,2 14,5 7,7 10,8 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 riO KonHLieCTBy AeTer B AOMaWHeM X03RHCTBe Be3 AeTeH4 49,4 55,0 70,0 62,5 1 pe6eHOK4 30,7 30,0 23,0 26,2 2 ABoe H 6o0ee AeTeA 4 19,8 15,0 7,1 11,4 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nlpuno>KeHHs. 159 Ta6,nmLa 1.3a (npoAoniKeHHe) 8-oH payHA* KpaHHe ManoHMy- He6eA- CTpyKTypa ( AOmawHHx XO3RHCTB) 6eAHbie1 LjIHe2 Hbie3 Bcero riO KOnH4eCTBy npecTapeJ blX B AOMaWHeM X03RI4CTBe Be3 npecTapenblx5 67,1 57,5 49,7 54,7 1 npecUapenbl 5 25,5 29,9 31,0 29,8 2 unu 6onee npecTapeJblXb 5 7,4 12,6 19,3 15,5 Bcero 100,0 100,0 I 100,0 I 100,0 no COCTaBy CeMbH 4eTbipeX THnOB Ee3 AeTe,4 6e3 npeCTapeAb[X 25,5 24,2 26,0 25,4 C AeTbMW, 6e3 npecTapenblX5 41,7 33,3 23,7 29,3 C npecTapenblMH5, 6e3 AeTeH4 24,0 30,8 44,0 37,1 C geTbMm4 U npeCTapeJibiM 5 8,9 11,7 6,3 8,2 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 rio nony rnaBbl A omawHero X03RHCTBa )KeHULHHbi } 23,3 T 23,5 26,6 25,2 MY>K'HHbi } 76,7 T 76,5 73,4 74,8 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 rio perHoHaM Merano,i Cbl 8,6 13,7 12,9 12,4 CeBepHblu U CeBepo-3anaAHbIA 10,1 6,7 6,1 6,9 LAeHTpaJ1bHbIA H LAeHTpaJ1bHo-'HepHo3eMHbl 12,9 13,3 16,1 14,8 Bon>KCKMA H Bonro-BATCKH4 6acceUH 21,0 20,8 17,9 19,2 CeBepo-KaBKa3cKMA 6,6 10,3 14,0 11,8 Ypan 17,9 17,3 13,9 15,5 3anagHasI CH6Hpb 14,4 8,2 9,9 10,2 BOCTO0iHaSq C"6mpb H ,AaAbHHH BoCTOK 8,6 9,7 9,2 9,2 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nO Tmny pacceneHiq OqeHb KpynHbie ropoAa8 7,9 12,7 11,5 11,2 ropoAcKaR MeCTHOCTb 63,5 57,9 64,3 62,4 CenbcKasl MeCTHOCTb 28,6 29,5 24,2 26,4 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 no HanH'4H1O 3eMnH1 HeT 43,0 32,2 34,1 35,1 Aa 57,0 67,8 65,9 64,9 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nlo HanH4HIo nerKoBoro aBTOMo6i4Jnq HeT 86,4 79,9 70,0 75,4 Aa 13,6 20,1 30,0 24,6 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 llono>eHUe AeTe B POCCUUCKOU qPeAepaLAHH. 160 kITorI coL,uanbHoH nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI Ta6nH4a 1.3a (npoAon>KeHHe) 8-oi payHA* I IaKpaHHe ManoHMy- He6eA- CTpyKTypa (°/0 AOMaUWHHX XoaRHCTB) 6e1Hbie 2J,He Hbe Bcero rio nrTH THnaM AFMaWHHX X03$HCTB OAUHOKUe MaTepH 2,5 2,8 2,3 2,5 ApyrHe AOMaWHHe X03JHCTBa CJeTbM4 48,1 42,1 27,7 35,1 OAHHOKWU My>K4HHa cTapuero B03paCTa 0,5 0,9 2,8 1,9 OAMHOKas. >KeHLL;Ha cTapwero B03paCTa5 8,1 8,4 14,6 11,8 Apyrwe gOMaWH"e X03SRCTBa C AeTbMH 40,8 45,7 52,6 48,7 Bce ro 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nlo CTaTyCy 3aHATOCTH He3aperHCTPHPOBaHHble 6e3pa6OTHbie10 58,8 68,4 78,7 72,6 He 6o0iee OAHorO 3apermCTPHPOBaHHoro 6e3pa- 41,2 31,6 21,3 27,4 Bcero 100,0 1 100,0 100,0 100,0 rio CTaTYCY HHBanHAHOCTH JneHOB AOmawHero X03.IHCTBa Be3 HHBan"AOB11 87,9 91,5 93,3 91,9 He 6onee OAHoro UHBanUgAa11 12,1 8,5 6,7 8,1 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nO KOnH4eCTBy neHCHOHepOB B AOMawHeM XO3AACTBe Be3 neHCHOHepOB12 66,1 55,9 47,8 53,1 1 neHCHOHep 12 25,6 30,8 32,4 30,8 2 U 6onee neHcwoHepOB12 8,3 13,3 19,9 16,1 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 npHMe4aHHe. CM. npwMeMLaHwe K Ta6nmLAe 1.3. Ta6nu4a 1.4. noKa3aTenH 6eAHocTH no xapaKTepHCTHKam AOMawHHX XO3RiCTB B POCCHH: % OT nOAC4HTaHHOH 4HCJ1eHHOCTH HaceneHHq* (8-oH payHA** RLMS) 8-oI payHA** KpagHe nOKa3aTenH (% OT nOAcL'HTaH- KpaHHe ManoHMy- 6eAHbie + He6eA- HOH 4mCneHHOCTH HaCeneHHO*) 6eAHbie IMMe Ma2mnoHMy- HbI3 Bcero no pa3MePY AOMawHero X03MHCTBa 1 12,1 19,5 31,6 68,4 100,0 2 12,1 23,0 35,1 64,9 100,0 3 16,5 30,7 47,2 52,8 100,0 4 24,4 31,7 56,1 1 43,9 1 100,0 5 U 6onee 23,4 37,3 60,8 1 39,2 1 100,0 nlpmno>KeHH. 161 Ta6mnn.a 1.4 (npoAonKeHme) 8-oI payHA** KpaHHe nlOKa3aTe,IH (% OT nOAC4IHTaH- KpaHHe ManoHMy- 6eAHbie + He6eA- HOH 4IHcneJHHOCTH HaceneJHHR*) 6eAHbie I uHe2 MaJioHMy- Hble Bcero nO KoiH4eCTBY AeTeI B AOMaWHeM X03PHCTBe 5e3 geTeA4 14,1 26,1 40,3 59,7 100,0 1 pe6eHoK4 20,0 31,5 51,5 48,5 100,0 2 ABoe w 6onee AeTeA4 28,7 37,3 66,1 33,9 100,0 nO KonH4eCTBy npecTapenblx B AOMaWHeM XO3RHCTBe Be3 npecTapenblx5 22,3 | 30,1 | 52,3 | 47,7 100,0 1 npecTapenblA5 17,1 T 32,9 T 50,0 T 50,0 100,0 2 uni 6oiee npecrapenbix5 T 8,7 26,0 34,6 65,4 100,0 no COCTaBy CeMbH L4eTblpex THnOB 5e3 geTeA4, 6e3 npecTapeiblx5 17,1 27,4 44,5 55,5 100,0 C geTbMH4, 6e3 npecTapenblx5 25,1 31,5 56,6 43,4 100,0 C npecTapenbiMH5, 6e3 geTeA 4 11,6 25,1 36,7 63,3 100,0 C geTbMH u npeCTapeAbIMu 18,0 39,7 57,7 42,3 100,0 no nony rnaBbI AomawHero XO3AHCTBab )KeHWIAHbl 19,3 28,9 48,2 51,8 100,0 MyW4HHbl 18,9 30,4 49,3 50,7 100,0 no perHoHam MeranonHCbl 12,8 34,3 47,0 53,0 100,0 CesepHbIA u CeBepo-3anaAHbIM 30,4 27,1 57,6 42,4 100,0 LleHTpaAbHbIA u LAeHTpaAbHo-L-ep- 17,9 25,9 43,8 56,2 100,0 HO3eMHbIl Boun>KCKH u Boiiro-BsTcKHA 20,7 32,0 52,7 47,3 100,0 6acceAH CeBepo-KaBKa3cKMA 8,9 30,5 39,4 60,6 100,0 Ypan 22,7 33,0 55,7 44,3 100,0 3anaAHasl Cw6mpb 25,5 22,6 48,1 51,9 100,0 BoCTOL4HaS1 Cm6mpb H Aa,lbHHH 18,4 32,8 51,2 48,8 100,0 BOCTOK nO THny pacceneHHSI OLeHb KpynHbie ropoAa | 12,6 | 34,8 | 47,4 52,6 100,0 ropoAcKasI MeCTHOCTb 19,4 26,8 46,2 53,8 100,0 CenbcKasl MeCTHOCTb 20,3 35,8 56,1 43,9 100,0 nlo HaAH4HI1O 3eMnJH B OMmaWHem XO3RMCTBe HeT 23,9 j 26,1 50,0 50,0 100,0 Aa 16,8 31,9 48,7 51,3 100,0 riO HajH4HIO AerKoBoro aBToMo6MJnI B AoMaWHeM XO3RHCTBe HeT 22,8 31,9 54,7 45,3 100,0 ga 10,0 26,0 36,1 63,9 100,0 noJo>KeHtie AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU OeAepaLAHH. 162 I'ITorm coLAHanbHoA nonHTHKM 1990-x roposB u nepcneKTHBbl Ta6nH4a 1.4 (npoAonm*eHHe) 8-oA payHA** I KpaAHe nloKa3aTeJlM (% OT noAc4HTaH- KpaHHe ManoHMy- 6eAHbie + He6eA- HOg LmHCJeHHOCTH HaceJleHHs*) 6eAHbie Hme2 MaaloNMy- HbIe no nfTH THnaM AOMaWHHX X03PHACTB OJUHOKHe MaTepH 9 17,3 31,6 49,0 51,0 100,0 MpyrHe 4 OMaWHHB XO3PUCTBa C re 23,5 33,8 57,2 42,8 100,0 0AMH°KUU My>Kq4Ha CTapwero OBHHoK M>H 4,4 13,2 17,6 82,4 100,0 BOapaCTa OAMHOKaPq >KeHLUAHa CTapwvero 5 11,4 19,3 30,8 69,2 100,0 Bo3pacTa ApyrHie A~OmaWHHe XO33qACTBa c A~e- TbMp 4 14,5 27,0 41,6 58,4 100,0 no CTaTYCY 3aH3TOCTM qneHOB AO- mauWHero X03SHCTBa He3aperwcTpHpoBaHHble 6e3pa- 15,2 28,8 44,0 56,0 100,0 He 6onee OAHoro 3aperHcTpPO- 2 BaHHOrO 6e3pa6oTHoro10 25,6 32,6 58,2 41,8 100,0 nlo CTaTYCY HHBantHAHOCTH '4JeHOB AOmaWHero X03RHCTBa Be3 HHBaA1AOB 11 18,3 | 29,9 T 48,2 51,8 100,0 He 6onee OAHoro HHBanUAa11 26,0 32,1 58,1 41,9 100,0 nlO KOnH4eCTBy neHcHOHepoB B AOMawHeM X03&i;CTBe Be3 neHCHOHepOB12 22,6 30,1 52,7 47,3 100,0 1 neHcwoHep 12 16,5 32,3 48,8 51,2 100,0 2 H 60nee neHCHOHepOB12 9,7 26,9 36,6 63,4 100,0 Bcero 1 9,0 30,1 49,1 50,9 100,0 * nOAcL4MTaHHas L4HcneHHOCTb HaceneHH4 - B3BeweHHbiA nOKa3aTeAb no AOMaWHHM X03,qA- CTBaM pa3Horo pa3Mepa. ** 8-payHA RLMS 6bin nOBeAeH B POCCHu C oKTP6pP 1998 r. no qHBapb 1999 r. 1 KpaAHe 6eAHbie - AOMaWHHe X03RPCTBa c o6,JXwM YPOBHeM pacxOAOB (CM. noqCHeHHe # 13) HH)Ke 50% OT BefUH4MHbl ocj2LAHaAbHoro permOHanbHO A¢H4epeHLAHpOBaHHOrO (CM. noqCHeHme # 14) npO>KHTOHOrO MHHUMyMa C y4eTOM YPOBHq AOXOAOB U pa3mepa AomaWHero XO3JHCTBa (MHHTpyAa PoccHH). 2 ManoHMyuHAe - AOMaWHHe XO3RHCTBa c o6ukHM YPOBHeM pacxoAoB (CM. nOPCHeHUe # 13) Hu>Ke Ben1qHHbI ocf3HLAwabHorOc permOHaAbHO A"q4epeHLUHpOBaHHoro (CM. nOqCHeHHe # 14) npO>KHTO4Horo MHHuMyMa C yteTOM YPOBH%1 AOXOAOB H pa3mepa AomaWHero XO33HCTBa (MHHT- pyAa Poccuu). 3 He6eAHbie - AOMaUWHe X03SWCTBa C o6UpiM YPOBHeM pacXogoB (CM. nOqCHeH"e # 13) BbIwe HuH paBHoro BeJ1H4HHe ocrHLAHaAbHor perwoHanbHO ArsH4xepeHLwHpOBaHHoro (CM. lnc,ICHeHue # 14) npO>KHTO0HOrO MuHUMyMa C yLieTOM yPOBHP AOXOAOB H pa3mepa AomauWHero XO3SHCTBa (MHHTpyAa PoccHH). 4 AeTH - AeTH B BO3paCTe AO 14 AeT. 5 nlpecTapenbie - My)KYHHbi cTapwe 59 AeT H >KeHLHHbi cTapwe 54 neT. 6 rnaBa AomawHero Xo3RHCTBa - cornacHo onpeAeueHuio UNC. 7 MeranonHcbl - MOCKBa H MOCKOBCKaq o6nacTb, CaHKT-neTep6ypr H J1eHHHrpaACKas o6nacTb. nlpHno>KeHHs 163 npmMeLaHHUs K Ta6nHLje 1.4 (npoAonDKeHHe) 8 O4eHb KpynHbIH ropoA - MOCKBa U CaHKT-neTep6ypr 9 MaTePH-OAHHO0KH - KaTeropHq, Bbi6paHHaq BMeCTO KaTeropmH HenonHaq ceMb%f nOCKOnbKy B Bbi6opKe for Round 8 of RLMS 6bJn BbiqBneH TOnbKO O°AH oTeL.-oAHHoqKa 10 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHble 6e3pa6oTHbIe - Te, KTO He MmeeT pa6oTbl, He noAyLaeT HMKaKHx neH- cUU unu noco6uu no HeTpygocnoco6HOcTH H XOTen 6bl pa6oTaTb 11 lHBanHAbi - Te, KTO nony4aeT noco6ue no HHBaA1AHoCTH 12 neHcHoHepbl- Te, KTO nony4aeT neHCHH no BO3paCTY /HunH Ha nbrOTHbIX yCnOBHSX 13 O6u.He pacxoAbi - o6uwe JeHe>KHbje pacxoAbi gomaWHero xo3SHCTBa Ha nOKynKy npOAyKToB H noTpe6HTenbcKHx TOBapOB 3a HCKnJO4eHHeM KpynHbIX noKynoK, nOKynKH npegmeToB pOCKOWH, o6nHraLuHi/aKLArM H c6epe>KeHuu nnmoc CTOHMOCTb npOgYKTOB co6cTBeHHoro npoH3BoAcTBa, onpeAensemas no CyLLteCTByIOU.gHM pbIHOqHbIM L,eHaM. 14 PerHOHanbHO AHMXPepeH4HPOBaHHag BenH4HHa npO)KHTO04Horo MHHHMMma - 8 perHOHaAbHbIX ypOBHeA 6eAHocTH, pacC4HTaHHbie KaK B3BeweHHbIA no LUHCAeHHOCTH HaceAeHH. noKa3aTeib 78 ocXuLAHanbHblx pertOHanbHbIX BenuHqH HnpO>KHTOHoro MuHHmyMa B COOTBeTCTBHH C AeneHHeM Ha Bbi6opKU no 8 cIeAepajibHblM oKpyram PoccHH. Ta6,ntHLa 1.4a. CTPYKTypa 6eAHOCTH no xapaKTepHCTKa OMAmaWHHX X03PUCTB B POCCHu: % OT nOAC4HTaHHOA 4HCneHHOCTH HaCeJneHHR * (8-o0 payHA** RLMS) 8-ok payHA** COCTaB (% OT nOAC4HTaHHO;i 4HCJeHHOCTH KpaHHe I ManoHMy- I He6eA- HaceneH HR*) I 6eAHbie L4He 2 Hbie Bcero no pa3mepy AomaW Hero XO3SICTBa 1 4,3 4,4 9,1 6,8 2 12,5 14,9 24,9 19,5 22,3 26,0 26,5 25,6 4 33,9 27,7 22,7 26,3 5 u 6onee 26,9 27,0 16,8 21,8 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nO KOnH4eCTBY AeTeH B AOMaWuHeM X03RiCTBe Be3 AeTe_4 | 35,0 40,7 55,1 47,0 1 pe6eHoK4 35,1 34,8 31,7 33,3 2 ABOe H 6onee geTeA4 29,9 24,4 13,2 19,7 Bcero 100,0 ° 100,0 ° 100,0 100,0 flo KOJH4eCTBy npecTapenbIx B AOMaLWHeM XO3RHCTBe Be3 npecTapenblx5 71,2 60,5 56,8 60,6 1 npecTapeJlbI 5 22,0 26,6 23,9 24,3 2 HnH 6o0ee npecTapenblx5 6,9 13,0 19,3 15,1 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 no COCTaBy ceMbH 4eTbipeX THnOB Be3 geTeU4, 6e3 npeCTapenblX 19,4 19,5 23,4 21,5 C AeTbMH 4 6e3npeCTapenbX5 51,8 40,9 33,3 39,1 C npecTapeAbIMW5, 6e3 AeTeA4 15,6 21,2 31,7 25,5 C AeTbMU u npecTapeAbIMu 13,2 18,3 11,5 13,9 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 l00,0 nOAo>KeHHe AeTeU B POCCHACKOA OeAepa4mm. 164 P1TorH coL"aJAbHoA noAHTHKH 1990-x roAoB u nepcneKTHBbI Ta6nmLia 1.4a (npoAorn)KeHme) 8-oA payHA** COCTaB (% OT noAcI4HTaHHoH 4HCneHHOCTH KpaHHe I ManoHMy- | He6eA- | Hace,neHHM*) I 6eAHbie |U^He2 Hbie rio nony rnaBbi AOMaWHerO XO3RMCTBa )KeHLLAHbl 15,3 14,4 15,3 15,0 MY>K'4HHb 84,7 85,6 84,7 J 85,0 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 no perHOHaM MeranoinHcbl' 7,8 13,2 12,1 11,6 CeBepHbIA U CeBepo-3anaAHbIA 11,0 6,2 5,7 6,9 LAeHTpaAbHbIH H LAeHTpaAbHo-4LepHo3eMHbIA 13,0 11,8 15,1 13,7 BOADKCKHA H Bohro-BRTcKKM 6acceuH 20,5 19,9 17,4 18,7 CeBepo-KaBKa3cKMA 6,8 14,7 17,3 14,5 Ypan 18,3 16,7 13,3 15,3 3anaAHaq C"6mpb 13,7 7,7 10,4 10,2 BocTo0Has. CH6Mpb U AaAbHHH BOCTOK 8,9 9,9 8,8 9,1 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nO THny pacceneHH_ O4eHb KpynHbie roPOAa8 7,0 12,2 10,9 10,6 ropoAcKas. MeCTHOCTb 63,0 54,6 64,9 61,5 CeAlbCKas MeCTHOCTb 29,9 33,2 24,1 28,0 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nO HanH4HKO 3eMnH HeT 38,4 26,4 29,8 30,4 Aa 61,6 73,6 70,2 69,6 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nO HanH.M1 inermosoro aBTOM06HnM HeT 84,0 73,9 62,1 69,8 Aa 16,0 26,1 37,9 30,2 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nlo nRTH THnamM AOMauHHX X03SICTB OAUHOKUe MaTepw9 1,8 2,0 1,9 1,9 4 Apyrme AOMawHHe X035WICTBa C AeTbMM 63,3 57,3 43,0 51,1 OAUHH°KH My>K'41Ha cTapwero Bo3paCTa 0,2 0,3 1,1 0,7 OAWHOKaR >KeHLLtHa cTapwero BO3paCTa5 2,5 2,7 5,7 4,2 Apyrwe AoMaWHHe X03SuCTBa C AeTbMl 32,3 37,7 48,3 42,1 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 no CTaTYCY 3aHRTOCTH He3aperwCTpHpoBaHHble 6e3pa6OTHble10 51,6 61,3 70,7 64,3 He 60nee oTHoro 0 6e3pa- 48,4 38,7 29,3 35,7 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 I100, flpHAo>KeHHs 165 Ta6.nmHa 1.4a (npoAon.KeHwe) 8-oi payHA** COCTaB (% OT flORC4HTaHHOH 4NCJneHHOCTH KpaHHe ManoHMy- He6eA- B HaceneHMsl*) I 6eAHbie 14UHe 2 Hble no CTaTYCY HHBanHAHOCTH '4JeHOB AomawHero X03RHCTBa Be3 HHBan"AOB 11 88,1 90,8 92,9 91,3 He 6onee OAHoro HHBaAUAa11 11,9 9,2 7,1 8,7 Bcero 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 nlo KOnJMeCTBy neHCHOHepOB B AOMaWHeM X03RHCTBe Be3 neHCHOHePOB 12 69,6 58,3 54,3 58,4 1 neHCHOHep12 22,1 27,2 25,5 25,4 2 i 6onee neHCHOHepos12 8,3 14,5 20,2 16,2 Bcero 100,0 I 100,0 I 100,0 100,0 npHMe4aHHe: CM. npmmetaHwe K Ta6nwUe 1.4. Ta6JLH4a 1.5. noKa3aTenu 6eAHocTH no pa3nHLiHbIM KaTeropuHM AOMauHHuX X03SIUCTB B POCCHu (% OT o6cneAOBaHHbix AOMaWHHX X0311UCTB 8-OM payHAe* RLMS) 8-o;i payHA KpaHHe nOKa3aTenH (% OT AOMaWHHX XO- KpaHHe ManoMmy- 6eAHbie + He6eA- 3RHCTB) 6eAHible 1411 MaJoHMy- Hbie Bcero nO COCTaBy CeMbH -4 OAHa 6pa4Has napa 6e3 AeTeH , B3pOC- 9,2 19,7 28,9 71,1 100 -5 JlblX AeTem , npoL4x pOgCTBeHHHKOB OAHa 6paHHas napa 6e3 geTei , B3pOC- niblx 4eTeH , HO C IpO4HMH pOiCTBeH- 8,6 28,0 36,6 63,4 100 HHKaMH O4Ha 6pa'4Haanapa C AeTbMH , 6e3 21,4 31,3 52,7 47,3 100 npoqmx POACTBeHHHKOB OAHa 6paHHaq napa C AeTbMH H npoL4- 20,0 32,5 52,5 47,5 100 Mm POACTBeHHHKaMH OAHa6paHHaq napaCB3pOc3nbIMHAeTb- 14,6 33,9 48,5 51,5 100 MU5 U npoL4HMH POACTBeHHHKaMm 4 OAMHOKaS, MaTb/OTeLI C AeTbMM ,6e3 24,0 30,5 54,5 45,5 100 npoHHx pOACTBeHHHKOB 4 OJIHHOKaS, MaTb/oTeLI C 4eTbMH H nlpo- 24,8 36,2 61,0 39,0 100 L4MH pOACTBeHHHKaMH HenonHble ceMbH C B3pOCnblM" AeTbMM 21,8 29,9 51,7 48,3 100 U npOqUMm POACTBeHHHKaM2 npoqUeHeceMeUHbieAOMaWHHeXO3asM- 12,5 20,3 32,8 67,2 100 CTBa (OAHHOH KH H npwHe) I I Bcero 16,7 27,3 44,0 56,0 100 flonoo>KeHme AeT B POCCUUCKOU :PeA,epaL,uu. 166 HTorFH coL,uanbHoA nOAuTHKH 1990-x rOADOB 1u nepcneKTHBbI nlpHMe4aHH. K Ta6nHLie 1.5 (npo0oAnKeHme) * 8-oH payHA RLMS 6bi nolBeAeH B POCCHH C OKT56pS 1998 r. no qHBapb 1999 r. 1 KpaHle 6eAHbie - AOMaWHHe XO3.qCTBa c o6uAmM YPOBHeM pacxoAoB (CM. noqCHeHHe # 6) Hu>Ke 50% OT BeilLIHUHbI ocjHLmaJ1bHoro permoHaAbHo Ar.44epeHLAHpOBaHHoro (CM. noqcHe- Hue # 7) nPO>KHTO4HOrO MHHHMyMa C yMeTOM ypOBHq AOXOAOB H pa3mepa AomaWHero X0351H- CTBa (MHHTpyAa Poccuu). 2 ManoHmyL4uHe - AOMaWHHe X03HUCTBa c o6UJ,M o6beMoM pacxoAoB (cM. noqcHeHue # 6) HuKe BeA1HLHHbI o4*1LAHaAbHoro perHOHanbHO AHc44epeHLAHpOBaHHoro (CM. noqCHeHHe # 7) npO>KHTo4Horo MiHHMyMy C c y peTOM YPOBHS AOXOAOB H pa3mepa AomaWHero XO39lHCTBa (MHHT- pyAa PoccHw). 3 He6eAHbie - AOMaWHHe XO39ACTBa C 06u1UM YPOBHeM pacxoAOB (CM. noscHeHile # 6) Bbiwe uAH paBHoro BeAM4HHe ocXHLtHanbHoro perMoHanbHo Amt24epeHLAHpoBaHHorO (CM. noqCHeHHe # 7) nfPO>KHTOL4HOrO MHHHMMya c yYeTOM YPOBHRE AOXOAOB H pa3mepa AomaWHero XO39ACTBa (MHHTpyAa PoccHH). 4 AeTH - AeTH B BO3paCTe AO 18 neT. 5 B3pocibie AeTH - AeTH B BO3paCTe 18 AeT H CTapwe. 6 06uLHH o61beM pacXOAOB - o6uAwH o6beM AeHe>KHbIX pacxOAOB AomaWHero XO3SHCTBa Ha nOKynKy nPOAYKTOB H noTpe6HTeulbcKHx TOBapOB 3a HCKnKoI4eHHeM KpynHbIx nOKynOK, nOKynKH npeAMeTOB pOCKOLWH, o6nAratAHA/aKqMA H c6epe>KeHuu nnMoc CTOHMOCTb npOAyKTOB co6- CTBeHHoro npoH3BOACTBa, onpeAeAiemas no cyUieCTBYKOLUM pblHOqHbIM L,eHaM. 7 PermOHanJbHO AH44epeHL4HPOBaHHaR BenH'4HHa npOCHTO4Horo MHHHMyMa - 8 perHo- HaAbHbIX ypOBHeA 6eAHocTH, paCC-IHTaHHbie KaK B3BeweHHbl no qHCneHHOCTH HaceAeHUH no- Ka3aTeAb 78 O4UL,HaJbHbIX permOHaOlbHbIX BeJ1H4HH npO>KHTOqHOrO MHHwMyMa B COOTBeTCTBHH c AeneHHeM Ha Bbi6opKH no 8 4eAepaAbHbIM OKpyram POCCHH. Ta6nH4a 1.5a CTPYKTypa 6eAHOCTH no pa3HbIM KaTeropmaM AOMaWHHX XO3RHCTB B POCCHH (% o6CneAOBaHHblx AOMaWHHX XO3SIHCTB 8-OM payHAe* RLMS) 8-on payHA * KpaHHe ManoHMy- He6eA- CTPYKTypa (% AOMawHHX XO33RrCTB) 6eHbie1 He2 Hi3 Bcero no COCTaBy CeMbH OAHa 6pa4Has napa 6e3 AeTeA , B3pOCnblx AeTe-, 10,2 13,4 23,5 18,5 npoqMX pOACTBeHHHKOB OAHa 6paLHaq napa 6e3 AeTeP , B3POC)bIx AeTeH 1,3 2,6 2,9 2,6 HO C npo4HMH pOACTBeHHK_KaM_ OAHa 6pa4Haq napa C AeTbMM, 6e3 npoqHx poACTBeH- 31,2 28,1 20,6 24,4 HHKOB OAHa 6pa4Has napa C AeTbMH 4H nlPOHMH pOOACTBeH- 13,7 13,7 9,7 11,5 HHKaMH OAHa 6pa4Has napa C B3pOCAbIM" AeTbMH H nlpOqUMH 5,6 8 5,9 6,4 POACTBeHHHKaMH_ 4 OUHHOKaS1 MaTb/oTeLA C AeTbMH *6e3 npoLiHx POA- 6,1 4,8 3,4 4,3 CTBeHHHKOB OAUHHOKaSi MaTb/OTeLA C AeTbMH 4 llOnpqMm pOACTBeH- 8,6 7,7 5,8 HHKaMH HenOnHble CeMbH C B3POCJblM" AeTbMH U f npO4M 7,6 6,4 5 5,8 POACTBeHHHKa M npoLHe HeceMeAHbie AOMaWHHe xO3SlHCTBa (OAHHO4KH 15,5 15,4 24,8 20,7 H npoqHe) Bcero 100 100 100 100 npHMe4aHme. CM. npHMeMaHHe K Ta6nHL,e 1.5. npHAno>KeHHs 167 Ta6miLla 1.6. ConocTaBneHHe nOKa3aTene H CTPYKTypbI 6eAHOCTH RLMS (1998) H rOCKOMCTaTa (2000) (no OTHOweHHIO K BenH4HHe npO)KHTO4HOrO MHHHMyMa) RLMS rocKoMcTaT noKa3aTe,nH 6eAHocTH no XapaKTepHcTHKaM AOMawHHX X03R HCTB Bce AoMaWHHe Xo3RHCTBa 44,0 31,1 B ropOACKOU MeCTHOCTH 42,0 29,3 B cenbCKOH MeCTHOCTH 48,0 36,1 no.nHbie (ABoe poAulTeneA) ceMbH Ee3 geTeH 28,9 16,6 C AeTbMH 1 ApyrwMH pOACTBeHHHKaMH 36,6 34,5 c 1-2 geTbMH 52,7 39,9 c 1-2 AeTbMH U gpyrwMl pOqCTBeHHHKaMH 52,5 46,8 c 3 U 6onee AeTbMH 66,3 c 3 U 6onee AeTbMH U ApyrHmm POACTBeHHHKaMH 81,2 HenonHble (O9HH pOAMTenb) CeMbH c 1-2 qeTbMH 54,5 43,3 c 1-2 geTbMH H ApyrHMm pOACTBeHHHKaMH 61,0 57,9 c 3 H 6onee geTbMH 79,2 c 3 H 6onee geTbMH H ApyrHMm pOCTBeHHHKaMH 94,0 CTpyKTypa 6eAHOCTH no xapaKTepHCTHKam AOMaWHHX X03RHCTB Bce AOMaWHHe Xo35W1CTBa 100,0 100,0 B ropOACKOU MeCTHOCTH 57,9 69,7 B CeJnbCKOA MeCTHOCTH 29,5 30,3 nlowHbie (ABoe poAMTeAeA) CeMbH Be3 geTeA 9,4 3,4 C geTbMH H ApyrHMH pOACTBeHHHKaMH 1,0 2,6 c 1-2 AeTbMH 29,3 28,1 c 1-2 AeTbMH H ApyrwMH POACTBeHHHKaMH 8,1 13,7 c 3 H 6onee geTbMH 3,2 c 3 H 6onee geTbMH H gpyrHMm pOACTBeHHHKaMH 0,6 HenonHbie (OAHH pOAMTenb) CeMbH c 1-2LqeTbMW 7,8 5,8 c 1-2 geTbMH H ApyrHMm pOACTBeHHHKaMH 5,1 5,8 c 3 H 6oAee AeTbMH 0,4 c 3 H 6onee AeTbMH H ApyrUMm pOACTBeHHHKaMH 0,3 % ceMeA C qeTbMH OT o6LL,eu 4mcneHHOCTH ManoHMyULLkX 54,8 53,4 % gpyrwx cemeA (noMHMo cemeA c 1-2 AeTbMH) OT o6iieA 4HcJ1eHHOC- 25,5 25,3 TH MaAouMyuJ,ux HCmoQHUK- 06CAegOBaHHe 6ioA>KeTa AOMaWHHX XO3SWICTB FoCKOMCTaTa H MHHTpyAa. lOnOAKeHme AeTeA B POCCHACKOA $eAepaLArn. 168 IllTorl coL,uaAbHoA nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB H nepcneKTHBbl Ta6Rn4a 1.7. 061u4H o6beM AYweBbIX paCXO4OB B POCCHH (AaHHble 8-oro payHAa RLMS *) 06u4HH o6'beM 0614HH o6'beM AYweBbIX paCXOROB B MeCsiLR**, B py6nrx AYweBbIX paCXOAOB KBHHTHRbHo0 rpynnbi CpeOAHH MHHHMaJlbHbl MaKCHMaJnbHblg HH3waR 191,5 0,0 296,2 BTopaR 386,3 296,4 483,8 TpeTbsJ 596,1 484,1 727,8 HeTBepTaS 909,3 729,2 1138,9 Bbicwasl 2190,5 1140,8 26410,9 Bcero 854,6 0,0 26410,9 * 06cneAoaaHme npOBOAHnOCb C oKTq6ps 1998 r. no qHBapb 1999 r., **LAeHbi Ha Ha4anO AeKa6ps 1998 r. Ta6nu4a 1.8. YAenbHblA Bec AOMawHHX X031RCTB, nonymaoutHX TpaHCcjepTbt, no THny TpaHCc)epTOB, B POCCHH (AaHHbwe 8-oro payHAa RLMS) nO THny nO ARYweBbIM pacxOAaM2 . npoCNBBaHM KBHHTHnbHbix rpynn TH n TpaHccepTa Bce- qHib. B ro- B TMN TPaHC1~~~.PTa ro Kpynl- POA- CeJ1b- HH43- 2an 3r 4au BbaC- HbIe CKOA CKOM -s -s -s ropo- mOCT- MOCT-wawn I HOCTH HOCTH Cy6cUAUU U AOTaL4w Ha onAaTy 14,03 26,11 16,67 2,62 11,88 12,28 15,33 17,10 13,54 >KHJnbR, cy6cHAmtH Ha TonnmBo noco6ms Ha AeTem 7,84 23,40 5,66 6,39 5,66 9,10 9,53 8,00 6,91 noco6ms no 6e3pa6oTHI.e 0,75 0,99 0,80 0,52 0,97 0,83 0,97 0,83 0,14 nleHcHH no CTapOCTH 36,86 39,41 34,50 41,36 33,84 38,76 37,29 41,10 33,29 lpo4ue neHCuH 13,69 16,26 13,84 12,25 14,78 13,79 12,71 15,03 12,15 Bcero 54,67 68,23 52,63 53,72 52,62 56,83 56,08 58,90 48,90 ** 8-on payHA RLMS npOBOAHncq C oKTS6pq 1998 r. no RHBapb 1999 r. 1 OeHb KpynHbie ropoAa BKAio4an14 MOCKBY H CaHKT-nleTep6ypr. 2 AYWelObie pacxoAbi - o6LLtHu o6beM AeHe>KHbIX pacxOAOB AomaWHero XO3RHCTBa Ha noKyn- Ky nPOAYKTOB H nOTpe6HTeJ1bCKHX TOBapOB 3a HCKAio4eHHeM KpynHblx noKynoK, nOKynKH npeA- MeTOB pOCKOUJH, o6inmratHU/aKLA4H H c6epe>KeHmA nmoc CTOUMOCTb nPOAYKTOB co6CTBeHHoro npo43BoACTBa, onpeAensemas no CyLueCTBYIOUxUM pbIHOHbIM LkeHaM, noAeAeHHbIH Ha 4IcHno L4eHOB AomaWHero X03RHCTBa. npHno>KeHws 169 Ta6Jnm4a 1.9. YAeJ1bHblA BeC TpaHccjepTOB B O6Li4eM o6beMe pacxOAOB AOMaw- HHX XO3AACTB, nony4aloULHX TpaHCcpepTbl, B PoccuH (paC4eTbl OCHOBaHbl Ha AaH- HbIX 8-oro payHAa RLMS **) - nO THny nO AYweBbIM pacxoAam npO)KHBaHHM KBHHTHnbHbix rpynn Tmn TpaHccXepTa Bce- OeHb B ro- B THn TPaHcct~~~ePTa ro Kpyn- POA~- ceJlb- HM3-Bbc HbIe CKOH CKOI4 2-asi 3-s 4-aPi BbIc- ropo- MeCT- MecT- Aa HOCTM HOCTH4 CY6ClUAU uy6 AoTaH Ha onflaTy 5,33 5,02 4,96 13,58 15,64 6,67 8,07 4,79 3,26 >KHnb.q, cy6cmAHM HaTOnMUBO I I I nloco6si Ha qeTeH 7,06 3,84 8,27 11,57 22,05 13,39 8,10 7,18 3,52 noco6Hsq no 6e3pa6oTHLe 18,45 14,60* 17,93 24,16* 42,81* 22,13* 19,32* 8,75* 17,21* neHcHH no CTapOCTH 32,05 26,65 33,36 32,16 95,50 51,35 41,92 28,19 15,75 npoL4e neHCHH 22,55 20,85 22,60 23,77 62,84 36,70 29,47 21,29 11,06 Bcero 28,68 21,62 29,54 32,02 81,51 47,28 36,25 27,10 13,97 * n (pa3Mep q-ieAKH) < 10. ** 8-oi payHA RLMS npoBOqHJAC c OKTq6pR 1998 r. no qHBapb 1999 r. 1 O4eHb KpynHbIe ropoAa BKAjoLianH MOCKBY H CaHKT-nleTep6ypr. 2 AyweBbie pacxOAbl - o6LLmH o6beM geHe>KHbIX pacxoAoB AomaWHero XO3,qCTBa Ha nOKyn- Ky nPOAYKTOB H noTpe6HTeilbCKHx TOBaPOB 3a MCKUo-ieHHeM KpynHbix noKynOK, nOKynKH npeg- MeTOB pOCKOUWH, o6nHraLHu/aKL4H H c6epeweHmA nnKoc CTOUMOCTb npOqYKTOB CO6CTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTBa, onpeAenJleMa5 no CyU.eCTByMOLLM pbIHO'IHbIM LteHaM, nOAeAeHHbiH Ha qHCJ1o L4JeHOB AoMaWHero X03RHcTBa. Ta6JnmL.a 1.10. PacnpeAeneHme TpaHccj3epToB no THny npo>KHBaHBH (B ropoACKoA/cenbCKoA MecTHocTH) 14 AYWeBbIM pacXOAaM B POCCHH (pacLeTbl OCHosaHbI Ha AaHHblx 8-oro payHAa RLMS *) nO THny nO Aywel3BbM pacxoAaM2 npO)KHBaHHa KBHHTHnbHbix rpynn Bce- 04eHb B ro- B ro Kpyn- POA- ceAb- HM3- Hble CKOU CKOH 2-aP 3-Pi 4-asi Bbsc- ropo- MecT- MecT- Aa HOCTH HOCTH Cy6CUAUU H AOTaLtuH Ha OnAaTy 4,98 7,82 5,56 2,08 4,52 2,99 5,80 4,66 6,88 >KHJb%, cy6cHA"H Ha TOnAHBO floco6HR Ha AeTeH 5,69 8,97 4,94 5,92 4,47 8,15 7,20 7,74 7,80 floco6ms no 6e3pa6oTMwLe 0,88 1,07 0,83 0,88 1,40 1,04 1,51 0,89 0,62 nleHCHH no CTapOCTH 67,24 59,31 66,11 74,03 66,06 86,42 86,64 98,22 80,51 flpo4we neHCHH 21,21 22,83 22,55 17,09 23,55 23,92 24,40 32,87 27,05 Bcero 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 * 8-oA payHA RLMS npoaoginci C OKTS6pR 1998 r. no aHaapb 1999 r. 1 O4eHb KpynHbIe ropoAa BKAio4aJH MOCKBY H CaHKT-nleTep6ypr. 2 AyweBbie pacxoAbi - o6L4mA o6beM geHe)KHbIX pacxogoB nomaWHero Xo3PuCTBa Ha nOKynKy nPOAYKTOB H noTpe6HTenbcKHx ToBapoe 3a HcKJ1Io4eHHeM KpynHbIx noKynoK, nOKYnKH npeAmeToB pOCKOWH, o6Jnura- LHm/aKLAMA H c6epe>KeHmA nfloc CTOHMOCTb npOAYKTOB co6CTBeHHoro npOa3BOACTBa, onpeAeniemaq no cy- LAeCTBYIOLAHM pbIHO'IHbIM L4eHaM, noAeneHHblM Ha qHC4no 14JeHOB AomaWHero X03.IICTBa. no.noweHme AeTe B POCCHACKOU OPeA,epaLAmw. 170 1iTorM coLAwaAbHou nonHTHKM 1990-x rOADOB s nepcneKTHBbI Ta6rni4a 1.11. PacnpeAeneHHe TpaHcjepToB no YPOBHIO AYWeBbIX pacxOA0o B POCCHH (paC4eTbl OCHOBaHbl Ha AaHHbIX 8-oro payHAa RLMS *) nO AYWlOBblM pacxoAam KBHHTHnbHbix rpynn THn TpaHc-pepTa HH3 - B-i- - Bcero ~~pa~cc~~ep~~a HH3- ~2-si 3 - Bb4c- wasi wani CY6CHa T o n OTALB H Ha onnaTy )KHJbR, CY6CUAUU 14,60 11,89 23,80 22,05 27,66 100,00 11oco6UP Ha AeTeA 12,63 23,04 20,38 21,90 22,05 100,00 11oco66P no 6e3pa6oTWLAe 25,58 19,03 27,62 16,35 11,43 100,00 nleHCww no CTaPOCTH 15,81 20,68 20,73 23,51 19,27 100,00 npoMe neHcHu 17,87 18,15 18,51 24,94 20,52 100,00 Bcero 16,09 19,83 20,46 23,58 20,04 100,00 * 8-ou payHA RLMS npoBOAmncq C oKTq6pq 1998 r. no qHBapb 1999 r. 1 AyweBbie pacxOAbl - o6L4wU o6beM AeHe>KHbIX pacxOAOB AomaWHero Xo3PuCTBa Ha noKyn- Ky nPOAYKTOB U nOTpe6HTeJIbCKHX TOBapOB 3a HcKJ1Io'LeHHeM KpynHblx nOKynoK, nOKynKH npeA- MeTOB pOCKOWL, o6AmrawA4/aKLAMu H c6epe>KeHwu nnioc CTOUMOCTb npoAyKToB co6cTBeHHoro npoH3BoAcTBa, onpeAens;emaq no cyLLeCTBYoLLuHM pbIHOLIHbIM LAeHaM, noAeneHHbIM Ha 4ucno 4fleHOB AOmaWHero X03PUCTBa. Ta6nH4a 1.12. AyweBbie TpaHc4)epTbi no THnY nPO)KHBaHHR (B rOPOACKOH HnH CenbCKOH MeCTHOCTH) H nO AYwl3BblM pacxoAam 2 KBHHTHnbHb6x rpynn B POCCHH, no pe3yJ1bTaTaM o6cneAOBawHR cpeAH TeX, KTO nOny4aeT KOHKPeTHblH THn TpaHccfepTa (paC4eTbl OCHOBaHbi Ha AaHHbIX 8-oro payNAa RLMS *) no THny nO AYweBbIM pacxoAaM2 npO>KHBaHHR KBHHTHnbHbix rpynn THn TpaHccoepTa 3Bce- 04eHb B ro- B rT oT u e ro Kpyn- POA- ceJb- H 43- BbIc- HbIe CKOA CKOA u3 2-asi 3-si 4-asu ropo- eOCT- MeCT- ws a A HOCTH HOCTU Cy6cUAUU H AOTaL4HH Ha onAaTy 42,40 44,57 39,09 75,87 5,00 27,06 47,41 42,87 65,85 >KmJnbq, cy6cHAlH Ha TonAnuBO _ noco6Hsl Ha AeTeA 56,65 38,96 66,33 61,37 42,00 52,41 47,96 64,90 83,32 nloco6wR no 6e3pa6oTWI.e 100,22 137,33 85,43 127,50 84,59 85,82 109,60 81,12 567,00 nleHcHH no CTapOCTH 233,08 238,84 236,67 223,57 192,41 199,00 248,35 253,51 288,71 npo,4e neHCHM 166,29 193,01 176,20 130,40 124,24 145,13 172,25 188,16 222,07 Bcero 212,98 205,67 216,86 208,09 163,62 184,30 214,67 244,24 279,22 * 8-oH payHA RLMS npOBOAHnc% C oKTs.6ps 1998 r. no qHBapb 1999 r. 1 OeHb KpynHbie ropoAa BKnKO4anH MOCKBY H CaHKT-nleTep6ypr. 2 AYyweBbie paCXOAbl - o6U,UU o6beM AeHe?KHbIX pacxOAOB AOmawLero XO3PUCTBa Ha nOKyn- Ky nPOAYKTOB H noTpe6HTenbcKHx ToBapoa 3a MCKnio-1eHmeM KpynHbIx nOKynOK, nOKynKH npeA- MeTOB pOCKOWH, o6nmra4uu/aKLAWA H c6epe>KeHHA nfiKoc CTOUMOCTb npOAyKTOB co6CTBeHHoro npoH3BoAcTBa, onpegenseMasi no cyLLAeCTBYIOLLAHM PbIHOHbIM LAeHaM, nOAeAeHHbIA Ha 4mcno -iJeHoB AomaWHero xo03IcTBa. npAno>KeHM.9 171 Ta6nH4a 1.13. COOTHOUJeHHe Me)KAy nOKa3aTen1MH 6eAHOCTH H Pa3HbIMM THnaMH AOTaLtHI no THnY npO)KHBaHHN H PerHOHaM B POCCHH (paC4eTbl OCHOBaHb Ha AaHHbIx 8-oro payHAa RLMS **) nO THny npO)KHBaHHI4f no perHoHaM5 CooTHoweHHe MONRY COKO3THoweMH 6AHocTHA Ko3tc4HLreHT YpOBeHb Ko3c"HAHeHIT YpOBeHb KOppenOIHH 3Ha4HMOCTH Koppen1LmH 3HaIHMOCTH Cy6cmJqmm H AOTa4LAH Ha onAaTy >KHibq, cy6cAHLl 0,9996* 0,018 0,223 0,595 Ha TonAlJHBO noco6mR Ha AeTeA 0,542 0,636 0,357 0,386 noco6isi no 6e3pa6OTU4.e 0,896 0,292 0,227 0,588 nleHcHw no CTapOCTH -0,977 0,137 0,058 0,891 fnpoLre neHCHH -0,923 0,252 -0,374 0,362 * 3Ha4eHwe Ha 5% YPOBHe 3Ha4IMOCTH. ** 8-on paYHA RLMS nPOBOAHACR C OKTS6pR 1998 r. no RHBapb 1999 r. 1 noKa3aTenH 6eAHocTH paCC4HTaHbl C HCnOJb3OBaHmeM CneAyIOULHwx onpeAeneHuH 6eAHbIX H He6eAHbIX: ManoHMyuUHe - AOMaUWHUe Xo3.4CTBa C O6L[AHM o6beMoM pacXOAOB Hu>Ke BeJ1'4HHbi OCj2- LAHaAbHoro perHOHaAbHO gq44epeH4HpOBaHHoro npO>KOHTOHoro MHHHMyMa (MHHHCTepCTBO TpyAa PoccHH) H BbIWe 50% 3Toro MuHHMyMa. He6eAHble - AOMaWHHe Xo3I.ICTBa C O6LuMm o6beMoM pacxOAOB Bbiwe uAH paBHbIM BeJHiqm- He O42HL,HanbHOrO perHOHanbHO AU14xepeHtAHpOBaHHorO npO>KHTOHOrO MUHHMyMa, CKOppeK- THpOBaHHOrO B COOTBeTCTBuH C ypOBHeM AOXOAOB H pa3MepoM AomaWHero Xo3SlHCTBa (MHHUC- TepCTBO TpyAa PoccHM). 2 O6u4Hi o6ibeM pacxOAOB - o6u.AH o6beM AeHe>KHbIX pacxOAOB AoMaWHero XO3SWCTBa Ha nOKynKy nPOAYKTOB H noTpe6HTeAbcKHx TOBaPOB 3a HCKKOL4eHmeM KpynHbix nOKynOK, nOKynKH npeAMeTOB pOCKOWH, o6AuraLAmA/aKLwH H c6epe>KeHmH nAlOC CTOHMOCTb nPOAYKTOB co6- CTBeHHoro npoH3BoAcTBa, onpeAefiqemaq no CyLiAeCTBYIOLI4HM pbIHOIHbIM 4eHaM. 3 PermOHanlbHO AH44epeHL4HpOBaHHax BenJ4HHa npONCHTOLIHoro MHHHMyMa - 8 perHo- HaAbHbIX ypOBHeM 6eAHoCTM, paCCLHTaHHbie KaK B3BeweHHbIA no IMCAeHHOCTH HaceAeH".q no- Ka3aTenb 78 ocj,H4HanbHbIX permoHaAbHbIX BeJM4MH npO>KHTO4Horo MHHHMyMa B COOTBeTCTBHH C AeAeHHeM Ha Bbi6OpKU no 8 4eqepaibHbIM oKpyram PoccHH. 4 THnbi nlpO)KHBaHHR: oLieHb KpynlHbie ropoAa (MocKBa H CaHKT-nleTep6ypr); B rOpOACKOH Me- CTHOCTH (Apyrme ropoAa noMHMo MOCKBbi H CaHKT-neTep6ypra); B ceAbCKoH MecTHoCTH. 5 PeruoHbI: 1) MeranonHcbl; 2) CeBepHbIA H CeBepo-3anaAHbIA; 3) L4eHTpaAbHbIA H ULeHTpanb- Ho-LlepHo3eMHbI&; 4) npHBOn>KCKWH U BOnrO-BqTCKMH 6acceHH;5) CeBepo-KaBKa3cKMH; 6) YpaA; 7) 3anaAHaq Cw6Hpb; 8) BOCTOIHas CH6Hpb M AanbHtH BOCTOK. 6 MeranonHcbl - MocKBa H MocKoBcKaR o6AacTb, CaHKT-nleTep6ypr H J1eHHHrpaACKaR o6- AacTb. nosnoweHHe g,eTeA B POCCUUCKOA c)eAepaLtuu. 172 MTorm coLmaJbHoH nOAuTHKH 1990-x roAoB u nepcneKTHBbI Ta6nm4a 1.14. YAenbHbi Bec AOMaWHHX X03RHCTB, nony4aIOuLtHX COLtHanbHbIe TpaHc4jepTbl B POCCHH, no THny TpaHccpepTa, B 2000 r.(AaHHbie RLMS, 9-blH payHA) _ nO THny nO AYelWBblM pacxoAam n pONCHBaHHR KBHHTHnIbHbIX rpynn THn TpaHcIoepTa Bce- OeHb B ro- B ro Kpyn- POA- cenb- HbIe CKOA CKOAi 2-as. 3-s 4-as. BIC- w as. w as ropo- meCT- meCT- Aa HOCTH HOCTH rloco6uPq Ha AeTeA 12,8 31,9 10,4 15,5 14,8 13,9 13,9 11,8 9,8 neHcHw no CTapOCTH 52,2 6,1 50,0 56,1 48,3 50,8 54,2 54,4 53,4 Cy6cUAUU Ha>Kunbe H TonAsBO 19,8 35,7 24,4 5,8 14,4 19,6 20,8 23,0 21,1 nloco6H. no 6e3pa6oTHLe 0,7 0,0 0,9 0,2 0,9 1,1 0,3 0,5 0,5 nlpoque noco6t9I 1,5 1,6 1,8 0,7 1,5 2,1 1,9 1,2 0,8 CTHneH;uu 4,9 5,5 5,7 3,0 4,0 4,1 4,9 5,7 6,0 HcmCO'iHUKX J1OKWHH (2002 r.). Ta6uH4a 1.15. YAen bHbiA Bec TpaHCtpepTOB B o6u.eM o6beMe pacxOAOB AOMawHHX X03SIHCTB B POCCHH, B 2000 r. (AaHHbwe RLMS, 9-bil payHA ) nO THny nO AYweBbIM pacxoAam npo.CHBaHHs KBHHTHnbHbix rpynn THn TpaHCGepTa Bce- OeHb B ro- B ro Kpyn- POA- cenb- Hble CKOH CKOH 2-as. 3-sR 4-as. Blbc- Luas. was. ropo- MeCT- MeCT- Aa HOCTH HOCTH noco6wsi HaAeTeu 7,3 3,5 8,4 7,0 15,3 7,7 5,3 3,3 2,4 nleHcHw no CTaPOCTH 59,5 59,2 59,0 60,5 12,9 65,3 48,6 39,2 22,6 Cy6CUAUU Ha>KHJbe H TonfJHBo 5,3 5,9 5,1 6,6 12,0 6,6 4,1 3,7 2,3 noco6m. no 6e3pa6oTMte 15,8 16,9 3,1 22,7 16,2 24,3 3,1 11,4 0,0 npoque noco6"R 13,5 6,0 13,9 13,9 23,6 19,9 6,3 5,0 7,5 CTHneHAHH 5,5 7,5 5,5 5,1 7,8 7,4 6,8 4,7 2,5 HCmOYHUXC J1OKWHH (2002 r.). nlpHno>KeHHs 173 Ta6JnHL4a 1.16. PacnpeAeneHHe TpaHccpepToB no THny npOKHBaHBH H AYweBbIM pacxOAaM, B PoccHH, B 2000 r. (AaHHwbe RLMS, 9-bI payHHA) nO THny nO AYWeBbIM pacxoAam npfO KHBa HH KBHHTHJ1bHbiX rpynn Tmn TpaHccoepTa Bce- OmeHb B ro- B ro Kpyn- POA- ceJSb- H3 bC Hble CKOA4 CKOb -M as 2-as 3-si 4-ass Bwbas ropo- MeCT- MeCT- Aa HOCTH HOCTH noco6ms Ha geTeA 12,3 20 10,8 14,1 15,7 13,6 12 10,9 9,5 neHCHH no cTapoCTH 75,6 69 74,5 79,6 74,7 74,1 76 75,8 77,5 Cy6cwAim Ha >Ktllbe H TOJnnJBO 6,6 7,3 8,1 2,9 6,2 6,2 6,1 7,8 6,4 noco6wss no 6e3pa6oTHLAe 2,1 0 3,2 0 2,7 2 0 0,6 5,4 npoqYe noco6mq 0,7 0,5 0,8 0,4 0,5 1,4 0,5 0,3 0,0 CTHneHAMH 4,9 3,3 5,9 2,9 2,8 4,7 5,4 5,2 6,1 i4cmO',HUc .J1OKWMH (2002 r.). Ta6ni4a 1.17. Pa3Mep Mecs4HorO TpaHc43epTa Ha AomaWHee XO3RHCTBO- noiiy4aTeena no TIny npo>KHBuaHH H AlYweBbIM pacxoAaM KsHHTHJ1bHbix rpynn, B Poccuu, B 2000 r. (py6.; AaHHbie RLMS, 9-bIU payHAl) nO THny nO AyweBbIM pacxoAam npONKHBaHHR KBHHTHnbHbIx rpynn THn TpaHccjepTa Bce- OeHb B ro- B ro Kpyn- POA- cenb- HbiO CKOA CKOAI 2-as 3-R 4-ass BbIc- wuan wass ropo- meCT- meCT- Aa HOCTH HOCTH )KHJnbe H TonnfBO 132,4 127,0 120,1 266,3 117,2 117,7 118,9 144,9 156,1 LAeTH 247,6 162,8 292,2 204,9 214,6 244,0 247,2 241,8 309,8 neHc1sl no CTapOCTU 1077,1 1289,6 1086,7 1015,7 939,1 1024,9 1062,4 1177,8 1163,9 6e3pa6oTHLAa 561,0 600,3 110,0 372,9 516,0 1075,0 231,3 1053,3 0,0 CTHneHAHH 218,5 295,6 213,6 216,3 134,9 209,3 262,4 219,2 243,7 npoMUe noco6mq 326,7 117,6 358,5 206,9 122,3 577,6 136,8 220,3 634,8 06uLL,U o6beM noco6uu 972,4 1116,6 987,1 910,0 829,7 926,9 958,5 1056,9 1078,3 HcmOYHUwc JOKWHH (2002 r.). nlo)noweHme AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU cbeAepaL,uH. 174 MTorH co0LAaJbHoA nonJTHKH 1990-x rogoB u nepcneKTsBbi Ta6RH4a 1.18. PacnpeAeneHHe TpaHcqpepToB no AYweBbIM pacxoAam KBHHTHJnbHbix rpynn B POCCHM (AaHHbie RLMS, 9-bli payH) Bcero HM3was| 2-as | 3-si 4-a | Bblcwas B J,eTH 23,1 21,6 21,6 18,4 15,3 100,0 noco6iUq no 6e3pa6OTHLte 28,0 32,0 8,0 16,0 16,0 100,0 )KUnbe H TOnAUBO 14,6 19,8 21,0 23,3 T 21,3 100,0 nleHCwIH 18,5 19,5 20,7 20,8 20,4 100,0 CTwneHgUH; 16,1 16,7 19,9 23,1 24,2 100,0 npoqUe I 19,6 1 28,6 1 25,0 16,1 10,7 100,0 Bcero 18,8 | 19,8 20,7 20,8 20,0 100,0 HcmO'IHUK- )1OKWHH (2002 r.). Ta6nH4ia 1.19. ANHaMHKa OCHOBHblX nOKa3wTeneg YpOBHR )KH3HH B POCCHH B 1990-2000 rr.: TeHAeHLmHH 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 XI/99 XI/00 L,yweBow Ae- HeNHbIA AO- 0,215 0,466 4,0 45,2 206,3 515,4 761,9 922,8 968,6 1644 2193 xOA, TbIC. py6. B mecqQL PeaJnbHb[A AY- weBou AeHe)K- 100 116 60,9 70,4 78,8 66,1 65,8 67,6 55,1 32 35,8 HbIIA-AX~ (1990=100) CpeAHSIR HO- MHHa*nbHaSl 3a- pa6OTHa H nna- 0,303 0,548 6,0 58,7 220,4 472,4 790,2 950,2 1100,7 1704 2403 (Ka, TbIC. py6. B mecS1Lt PeanbHas Bbi- nna4eHHaui 3a- 100 96,6 64,9 65,2 60,0 43,2 49,0 51,4 44,7 27 32 Ta (1990=100) CpeAqHRR Bbi- nnfa4e~HHaS, neHCaR K e(BKH- 0,102 0,185 1,6 19,9 78,5 188,1 302,2 328,1 399,0 448,7 W4HM), TbIC. py6. B MeCqL5 PeaimbHaui Bbl- nnaL4eHHaRq 100 96,8 50,2 65,7 63,6 51,2 55,6 52,6 50,0 30,3 _ (1990= 100) npHMe%aHHe: 03HaqaeT AOXOJA C KOppeKTHPOBKOA Ha WnfL nQ OTHOwBeHiO K 1990 r. HCmOqHUKU. ((CotAmaJ1bHO-3KOHoMwqeCKoe nOnO>KeHHe U ypOBeHb >KU3HU HaceAeHHS B POCCHH. CTa- THCTHL4eCKMA C6OpHHK* roCKOMCTaT Pc), MOCKBa, 2000 r., c. 502; KeHHe B POCCHU B 2000 r., CTaTHCTHYeCKHA C6OpHHK*rOCKOMCTaT PO, MOCKBa, 2001; ((PocCUii 2000 r.: CTaTHCTHqeCKHA c6OpH1IK)> rOCKOMCTaT POCCHU, MOCKBa, 2000 r., c. 51. nlpmno>KeHHsl 175 Ta6nH4a 1.20. COOTHOweHue Me>KAY MHHNMaJbHbIM pa3MOPOM onniaTbi TpyAa H rleHCHH u BeJ1HwiHoH lpONTK4TO4HOrO MHHHMyMa 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200002 BeInLrnHa npo>KHTO4Horo MHHH- - 20,6 86,6 264,1 369,4 411,2 493,3 908 1185 MyMy B MecRLA, py6. MHHHMaJibHbIA pa3mep onAaTbl TPYAaO % OT BenH4HHbH npoC O- 33 26 18 14 17 18 15 8 10,2 T04Horo MuHHmyma TPYAocnoco6- Horo HaceneH sM CPeAHHH pa3mep onflaTbl TpyAa, % OT BenJ1 WHb; npo>KMTo4Horo 281 254 226 159 190 206 189 158 _ MHHuMyMa TpyAocnoco6Horo Hace- AeHuH _ MHHHManbHblu pa3mep neHcHw, % OT BeiH4HHbi npo)KwoLT-Horo 85 78 67 48 73 77 67 45 49,1 MHHuMyMa neHctloHepoB CpegHHM pa3mep neHcHH, % OT BeinH4HHbil npO)KHTOHoro 117 138 129 101 116 113 115 70 - MuHuMyMa neHCfOHePOB * I npHMe4aHHe. *C y4eTOM KOMneHcaLA4U. HcmoIlHUxc rocKoMcTaT PoCCHH. Ta6nu4a 1.21. Pa3Mepbi MHHHMmJabHbIX COLHaJbHbIX rapaHTHH B COOTHOWueHMH C BseH4HHo0 npO)KM4TO4Horo MUHHMyMa, Ha 1 RHBapR, % 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 MHHmMainbHbIA pa3Mep onnaTbi TpyAa 39 28 10 16 19 18 10 8 TapH4tHas cTaBKa (oKnaA) 1 pa3pHAa ETC no 41 30 19 21 18 19 10 10 onnaTe TpyAa pa6oTHMKOB 6IopKeTHoA c4pepbl MulHHManbHbIl pa3mep neHCHH (6e3 yLeTa 63 44 27 26 25 29 15 16 KoMneHcaLAHH) 1 rpynna (HBKnianm HaH6aeKy no yxoAy) 105 73 54 52 50 57 30 32 2 rpynna 63 44 27 26 25 29 15 16 3 rpynna 42 29 18 17 17 19 10 11 no cny4aio noTepl KOpMHnbLia 29 21 13 12 12 13 7 7 CoLtAajnbHble neHcHH: MHBah1MaaM c AeTCTBa: 105 73 54 52 50 57 30 32 1 rpynna . 2 rpynna 63 44 27 26 25 29 15 16 JflLAaM cTapwe 65 (60) AeT, He HMBIeiouHM 63 44 27 26 25 29 15 16 TpyAoBoro CTa>#(a E>KeMec.qHoe noco6ue Ha Ka)KAoro pe6eHKa - - - 13 15 14 7 6 a BoapacTe AO 16 neT MHHHMaAbHbIl pa3mep CT neHAuACTYAeHTam 39 28 10 16 38 36 19 16 BY30B CTyAeHTaM (y4aULHMca) y4pe>KAeHHA cpeAHero cneLAHanibHorO H Ha4anbHoro npotpeccHoHanbHO- 14 19 7 11 13 13 7 6 ro o6pa3oBaHHsl MiCmoLHuXc CTaTHCTHLeCKHA e)KmerOAHIK POccHH, 2000 r., rOCKOMCTaT (2000 r., c. 169, Ta6nHILAa 7.36). no'noweHme AeTeH B POCCUUCKOU $DeAepaLAHH. 176 MTorm coLAaJbHoH nouJ1THKW 1990-x rOAOB H nepcneKTHBbI Ta6nH4a 1.22. YAenbHblg BeC AOMaWHHX X03RIUCTB, nony4aiouANx AOTaI4HH H nbroTbl, 2-ou KBapTan 1999-2000 rr. BceAOmaTHHe 143 KOTOPbIX X03.qHcTBa B1 KBap- 11 KBap- B rOpOACKOM Me- B CenbCKOH MO- Tan Tan CTHOCTH CTHOCTH 11 KBap- 11 KBap- 11 Keap- I1 KBap- 1999 2000 Tan Tan Tan Tani 1999 2000 1999 2000 A,OMaWHHe X03AUCTBa, 4JleHbI KOTOpblX nony-La- WOT AOTaL%tM, B % OT COOTBeTCTByOLLAeA rpynnbi 32,7 36,4 36,8 40,4 21,2 25,4 AOMaWHHX XO3.HCTB noco6"si H BbinilaTbl Ha nHTaHHe 3,9 5,2 3,5 4,7 5,0 6,5 OnuaTy TpaHcnOpTHblX pacxoAoB 18,1 20,1 22,9 25,2 5,2 6,2 XKHnbe H KOMMyHanbHble ycnyru 17,5 19,2 20,3 21,8 10,1 12,3 OnnaTy OTAbIX 1,5 2,2 1,9 2,5 0,6 1,2 MeARLJHHCKoe o6cAnyi-BaHme 0,7 1,2 0,8 1,4 0,5 0,9 Co,epKaHme AeTeA B AeTCKHx AOWKonbHblx 3,1 3,4 3,5 3,9 1,9 2,1 yqpe>KAeHHMX, , , CY6CHAUU Ha npeAMeTbl nOTpe6JneHHq 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 Be3sO3Me3AHanf nOMOU.b 0,5 1,4 0,4 1,3 0,9 1,8 npeAnpwATHA /c4OHAOB Apyrme LAeAJ 3,6 4,7 3,8 5,1 2,9 3,8 Hfcmo'Hu/c roCKOMCTaT POccHH, AaHHbie o6cneAoBaHwR 6l0;>KeTa AOMaWHHX XO3,qACTB, 2-oA KBap- Tail, 2000 r. Ta6nuH4a 1.23. Pa3Mepbi noco6Hu H BbinnaT, noAy4aeMblx AoMawHHMm Xo3R9cTBaMH, 2-ou KBapTan 1999-2000 rr. Bce AOmLuJHme L3 KOTOPbIX X03RqACTBa 11 KBap- 11 KBap- B rOPOAcKOM Me- B cenbcKol Me- TaA Tan CTHOCTH CTHOCTH ii KBap- 1i KBap- II Keap- [i KBap- 1999 2000 Tan Tan Tan Tan 1999 2000 1999 2000 Pa3Mep noco6MA/BbinnaT, B cpeAHeM Ha nOny4aTensl, py6. B MeCnLl: fnHTaHHe 155,5 88,0 213,6 98,3 62,1 70,9 OnnaTa TpaHcnopTHblX paCxOAoB 56,0 80,1 57,7 83,2 32,0 39,7 XKHube H KOMMyHanlbHble ycnyrm 48,2 62,2 50,4 64,3 36,2 51,7 OnnaTa oTAbixa 658,3 777,9 688,5 835,6 403,3 396,7 MeAHi.HHCKoe O6CnyKHBaHme 144,7 310,7 148,8 308,4 125,9 192,5 CoAep>KaHme AeTeB B AeTCKHX AOWKOibHbIX 263,0 383,0 268,7 395,8 233,1 315,6 yqpe>KAeHHSX I Cy6cUAUU Ha npeAMeTbi noTpe6JneHHs 46,1 174,2 154,8 195,7 24,2 105,5 BeaBo3Me3AHasl noMOULb 95,5 108,7 83,6 93,4 108,4 136,5 nPeAnpywTe e /CpOH,D9OB Apyrwe LAeAu 33,8 36,4 34,6 33,7 30,9 46,8 flpAuo>KeHHR 177 Ta6nH4a 1.23 (npoAornKeHNe) nlpHMe4aHHe: 1/ Cy6cH/AHH Ha cogep>waHme geTeH B geTCKHX AOWlKOJlbHbIX y4pe>KgeH".HX B OCHOB- HOM BbinAalHBalOTCR npegnpHqTHRMH, Ha KOTOpblX pa6oTalOT pOgHTeAU. B HeKOTOpbIX perHoHax cy6cmgmH Ha coAep>KaHme geTeA B AeTCKHX 9OUWKOJbHbIX y4pewgeHmqx npegoCTaBJShIOTCS AeTSM 13 ManomMyL4ux CeMeU. Pa3mep cy6cHqHH He CpUKCHpoBaH H 3aBHCHT OT BO3MOWKHOCTeH npeAnpHqTHS. HiCmo'Hu,c rOCKOMCTaT POccHH, AaHHble o6cAeAoEaHms 6IoA>KeTa AOMaWHHX XO3SIHCTB, 2-oA KBap- Tan, 2000 r. Ta6RH4a 1.24. CoL4HanbHbie TpaHccjepTbl* 1992 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 CoLAanbHble TpaHcl2epTbl, Bcero, TpAH. py6 1,0 119,5 189,6 245,5 237,7 381,4 (1998: MA1H py6.) YAe,nbHbIA Bec co0LAaHJbHbIX TpaHc4epTOB, %: ,3 7,5 8,6 9,9 8,8 8,4 B BBfl B o6UteM o6beMe geHe>KHbIX gOXOAOB HaceAe- 14,3 13,1 14,0 15,0 13,6 13,7 M3MeHeHHUq paCXOAOB Ha co4LaHJbHbie TpaHC- 4epTbl**, % no OTHoWeHHIo K npeAb'AYuAemy 45,8 81,3 107,4 112,8 75,8 86,4 npHMe4aHHe. *Y4TeHbi neHCHH, noco6ms, BbinAaTbI, CTpaxoBbie BbinAaTbi H gpyrme geHe>KHbie Bbl- n,naTbi; ** C KOppeKTHPOBKOH Ha mnfL. 4cmo',Hux- <(CoL0HaAbHO-3KOHOMHL4eCKOe nOAO>KeHHe U ypOBeHb >KH3HH HaceAeH"HH B POCCHH. CTaTH- CTHLeCKHH c6opHHK.,* rocKoMCTaT POCCHH, MOCKBa, 2000, c. 214. Ta6nu4a 1.25. 3aAonrKeHHocTH no BbinnaTe e)KeMeCq4HbiX noco6Iig Ha pe6eHKa B PoccHH Ha 1 HIOA1 2000 r. (MJ1H py6.) Bcero no PoccHH 27 940 MOCKBa 0 OpeA 18 MypMaHCK 246 HPKYTCK 523 BopoHew 615 npHMOPCKHUU KpaA 840 POCTOB 913 OMCK 1066 CBepgh1OBCK 2260 HICmoIHUIC MHHHCTepCTBO Tpyaa H coLanJbHoro pa3BHTHR POCCHACKOA (DeAepaL4wH. no.noweHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU ceAepaLtwH. 178 MToru co4LaJbHoH nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB H nepcneKTHEbI Ta6nmH4a 1.26. PacxoAbl Ha BbinnaTy noCo6HH: H3MeHeHHR YPOBHR H CTpyKTypbl % oTo6u4eroo61beMaPacxoAbl Ha BbinnaTy 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 noco6HA I YAenbHbIA Bec paCxOAOB Ha BbinflaTy noco6um, %: 1,6 1,4 1,9 2,0 1,5 1,2 OT BBn1 PacxoAbi Ha BbinfJaTy noco6uu, Bcero 100 100 100 100 100 100 B TOM 4HcJle:noco6Hlq no BpeMeHHOA HeTpyAocnoco6- 38,9 32,8 34,3 33,4 36,7 35,9 HOCTH lo TpyAoebiM yBe-4bM u npoC43a6oi1esaHHaM ... 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,6 CeMeAHbie H MaTePHHCKHe noco6uP 52,4 54,4 49,6 46,5 35,3 37,3 nlo 6epeMeHHocTH u Poa m 5,2 4,2 4,0 3,7 4,8 4,5 ipm po>KAeHHH pe6eHKa 1,1 1,5 2,9 3,2 3,9 2,8 flo yxoAy 3a pe6eHKOM ao 1,5 neT 2,7 2,6 4,4 4,2 4,8 3,5 no yxOAy 3a AeTbMH-mHBa.enAaMH O,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1 EKeMec.q4Hoe noco6ue Ha Kawgoro pe6eHKa 43,4 46,0 38,2 35,3 21,6 26,4 11oco6HP H BbinnaTbl )KeHLgHHaM, npO)4HBaioLLAmM - 0,01 0,0 0,0 - - B ceJ1bCKOH MecTHOcTH OnnaTa pacxoAOB Ha npOTe3HpoBaHHe U H3rOToBne- - - 05 05 - HHe OpToneAW4eCKOA o6yBH noco6Ha H coLAHanbHaq nOM014b rpaw.AaHaM, nOA- BeprFwmcP so3AeuCTuHIO pagazLa4 BcjneAcTBse KaTa- 0,2 0,7 3,8 5,5 8,8 6,8 CTpO4bl Ha A3C B L4epHo6bile H APyrFx aBapHm; KoMneHcaLiHoHHbie BbinAaTbI TpyAocnoco6HbIM Anu- 4aM, ocyLLUeCTBJ1IOLLAHM yxoA 3a HeTpyAOcnoco6HbIMH - 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,3 0,4 rpa>KAeH- 0,02 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,03 0,02 HbIM nepeceneHLAam npoe3A, npOB03 6arawa 6e>KeHL4es H BbIHy>KAeHHbIX 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,0 0,0 0,0 nepeceneHLAeB I PHTyanbHbie noco6uP 1,6 1,8 2,6 2,8 3,5 2,7 YAenbHbIH Bec pacxOAOB Ha BbinnaTy noco6Hu, npo- 1,6 1,4 1,9 2,0 1,5 1,2 LAeHTOB : B BBnl B o6uLem o6beme AeHe*Hbix AOxOAOB HaceAeHHq 2,6 2,4 3,1 3,1 2,3 2,0 a3MeHeHH. paCxoAoB Ha BbinAaTy noco6Hu, B npoL4eH- 119,0 78,5 130,7 103,5 63,6 71,7 Tax K npeA roby ,_,,emy,o YAeAbHbIA Bec MaTepuHCKHX H ceMeuHbIx noco6Hu, 0,8 0,8 1,0 0,9 0,5 0,4 npoLAeHTOB: B BBn, Bo6uweM o6beMeAeHeKHbIx AoxogoeHaceneHHs 1,4 1,3 1,6 1,4 0,8 0,7 PI3MeHeHHe pacxoAoB Ha BbinflaTy ceMeHHbIX H MaTe- 126,4 80,8 119,3 97,0 48,2 76,1 PHHCKHX noco6uu, B npo4eHTaX K npeAblAYLLemy rogy 3aAOn>KeHHOCTb no BbinAaTe e>KeMecRqHbIx noco6Hu Ha pe6eHKa 9Ha KOHe rOAa), B npoL4eHTax OT o6Lte _ _ - _ 36,9 21,0 CYMMbl BbinJlaqeHHbIx noco6Hu Ha pe6eHKa 4cmOyHUKUr. rOCKOMCTaT POCCHH, (DOHA COLAHa8jbHOrO CTpaXOBaHH5; $eAepaAbHbIH H MeCTHbie 67OA- >KeTbl, nleHCMOHHbIA 4XOHA POCCHUCKOA cDeAepaLAmH, e,eAepaL;Hsl He3aBHcHMbix npO47COO30B, ceAe- panbHblA CjOHA 3aHqTOCTH HaceneHHs, MHHHCTepCTBo no Aenaam ceAepaLwHH, HaLtAOHanbHOA H MHr- paLHOHHoA nOAMHTHKH, (DegepanbHaq mmrpaLAHOHHaq cny>K6a POCCUIACKOA ()eAepaLAHH. nlpHno>KeHMs 179 Ta6nH4a 1.27. nonyLiaTenH OTAenbHbIX BHfAOB e)KeMecRqHbix coLtHanbHbix noco6u H KOMneHcaLIHH Ha 1 HBsapq 1999 r. (TbIC. HaceneHHs) THnbi noco6H;i, KOMneHHCaLIHi Kon1meCTBo nonyLaTene;i E>KeMecqllHoe noco6ue Ha pe6eHKa AO 16neT 31 800 E>KeMecsqLHas. KOMneHcaL,HU MaTepqm (noco6ue no yXoAy 3a pe6eH- 4600 KOM ), pa6oTaiou.LHx Ha npeAnpUPHTHqX H B y4pe>KgeHHqX E>KeMecsq4Hoe noco6He Ha pe6eHKa AO 16 neT, npo>KHBawoLLero B He- nOJnHOu ceMbe, AeTSM, pOgHTeAH KOTOpblX YKJIOHPIOTCq OT BbinlAaTbI 2340 aA1MeHToB, AeTAM BoeHHOCAy>KaXuLx noco6wsi no 6e3pa6OTHLAe 2258 E>KeMecq4Hoe noco6ue no yXoAy 3a pe6eHKOM B BO3paCTe AO 1,5 AeT 2100 lloco6ue no 6epeMeHHocTH >KeHLLAWHaM, BCTaBLUHM Ha y4eT y BpaQa Ha 600 paHHHX CTaAHqX 6epeMeHHOCTH E>KeMec.4Hbie KOMneHcauLHOHHbie BbinAaTbl >KeHLLAHHaM, HMemiAliHM Ae- TeA B Bo3paCTe AO Tpex neT, YBOneHHblM B CBq3H C AHKBHWaAHeH npeg- 300 nppHPTHH, yYpe>KAeHHH, opraHH3aI4HH Bcero 7 BHJ'OB noco6uu H KOMneHCa4LHOHHbIX BbinlAaT 43 998 HcmoIHuK- A4aHHbIe npeAocTaBneHbl JenapTaMeHToM JOXOAOB, onAaTbl TpyAa H COLHmaAbHOrO CTpa- XOBaHHR, MHHHCTepCTBO TPYAa H COLHmaAbHOrO pa3BHTHP POCCHUCKOH (D)eAepaLAHH. CneAyeT oTMe- THTb, qTO B 1998 roAy 6blo 1,2 MAH nonyqaTenee BbinnaT npm po>KAeHHH pe6eHKa. nO AaHHbIM (I)OH- Aa coLJ,HanbHoro CTpaxoBaHHP, B 1998 r. 485 MnH AHeA 6bIlO onAa'4eHo noco6HmMH no BpeMeHHOA HeTpyrqOcnoco6HocTH H 76 MAH AHeA - noco6HsIMH no 6epeMeHHocTH H pOAaM. II. 'Iucjleuiocmb u 3Dopoebe naceilenug Ta6nH4a 2.1. HaceneHHe POCCHHCKOH OPeAepaL4HH B 1990-2000 rr. (Ha Ha4ano rOAa, B MJ1H) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 My)K- HKeIH- My)K- )KeHO- My)K- MKeH- My)K- )KOH- MyNK- )KOH- My)K- NeOH- 'MHHbi U4Hbl 4HHbl U4HHbi 4HHbi 4IHIHbI 'IMbi U4HHbI 4HHbi [uHHbI 4HHbi WHHbI O6UPH 4MHCeH- 69 112 78 550 69 421 78 743 69 542 78 784 69 583 78 712 69 473 78 524 69 486 78 452 B03paCTHbwe rpynnbl, neT 0-4 5 982 5 748 5 772 5 529 5 430 5194 4 997 4 762 4 534 4 307 4 205 3 987 5 1 225 1 182 1208 1 165 1 259 1 213 1 254 1 206 1 183 1 137 1 095 1 041 6 1 253 1 213 1226 1 182 1 209 1 168 1 260 1 215 1 258 1 209 1190 1 143 7-15 9 890 9 605 10 105 9 807 10 276 9 972 10 412 10 093 10 620 10 286 10825 10 462 16 1 019 992 1047 1 021 1 066 1 038 1 095 1 064 1 082 1 054 1 107 1 076 17 1 046 1 020 1022 999 1 040 1 018 1 063 1 037 1 091 1 061 1 080 1 050 0-17 20 415 19 760 20 380 19 703 20 280 19 603 20 081 19 377 19 768 19 054 19 502 18 758 TpyAocnoco6HO- ro BO3pacTa 43 420 40 522 43 398 40 577 43 397 40 495 43 466 40 282 43 663 40 104 43 979 40 080 neHCwoHNoro Bo3pacTa 7 342 20 280 7 712 20 483 7 971 20 742 8 194 21 154 8215 21 481 8 192 21 739 roPOACKOa 50 788 57 983 51102 58 230 51 068 58 141 50 754 57 704 50 550 57 460 50 485 57 402 B03paCTHble rpynnbl, neT 0-4 4233 4061 4076 3897 3801 3626 3441 3275 3089 2930 2847 2695 5 873 841 860 827 891 857 879 841 826 793 760 723 6 897 866 876 842 860 827 885 852 880 841 829 796 7-15 7107 6 902 7 273 7 053 7 369 7141 7405 7165 7 517 7 268 7632 7364 16 756 754 764 754 774 765 789 772 777 761 794 776 17 804 832 785 809 776 793 781 785 797 794 788 787 0-17 14 670 14 256 14 634 14 182 14 471 14 009 14 180 13 690 13 886 13 387 13 650 13 141 TPYAocnoco6HO- ro 8o3pacTa 32 570 31 474 32 656 31 556 32 627 31 433 32 509 31 029 32 604 30 817 32 806 30 774 neHCHOHHoro BO3paCTa 5 108 13 839 5 361 14 055 5 520 14 257 5 635 14 542 5 634 14 811 5 611 15 050 Ce,nbCKOe 18 324 20 567 18 319 20 513 18 474 20 643 18 829 21 008 18 923 21 064 19 001 21050 HaceneHwe I I I I I I I I B03paCTHbie rpynnbl, neT 0-4 1749 1687 1696 1632 1629 1568 1556 1487 1445 1377 1358 1292 5 352 341 348 338 368 356 375 365 357 344 335 318 6 356 347 350 340 349 341 375 363 378 368 361 347 7-15 2783 2703 2832 2754 2907 2831 3007 2928 3103 3018 3193 3098 16 263 238 283 267 292 273 306 292 305 293 313 300 17 242 188 237 190 264 225 282 252 294 267 292 263 0-17 5745 5504 5746 5521 5809 5594 5901 5687 5882 5667 5852 5617 TpYAOcnoco6HO- ro Bo3pacTa 10 850 9 048 10 742 9 021 10 770 9 062 10 957 9 253 11 059 9 287 11 173 9 306 neHCwoHHoro BO3PaCTa 2 234 6 441 2 351 6 428 2 451 6 485 2 5591 6 612 2 581 6 6701 2 581 6 689 nlpHno>KeHH.q 181 Ta6nM4a 2.1 (npoAoniKeHme) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 MyQ4H- )KeH- MyNK4 H- WeQH- My)K4H- )KeH- My)K4H- )KeH- My)K4IH- )KOH- HbI 14HHbI Hbl 14HHbl HbI U4HHbI HbI U4HHbl Hbi U4HHbl 06WaFl 4mcneH- 69 289 78 320 69 029 78 108 68824 77 916 68 611 777 717 68 201 77 358 HOCTb HaceJIeHHsR B03paCTHbIe rpynnbl, neT 0-4 3 892 3 693 3 639 3 452 3 462 3 287 3 402 3 231 3 289 3121 5 1 023 969 925 881 826 782 721 682 735 698 6 1 100 1 047 1 023 971 927 883 827 783 721 683 7-15 10 926 10 553 10 900 10 509 10 804 10 396 10 551 10 138 10 112 9 694 16 1 114 1 081 1 133 1 102 1 137 1 106 1 194 1156 1 269 1232 17 1 102 1071 1 107 1076 1 133 1 103 1 136 1105 1 192 1156 0-17 19 157 18 413 18 727 17 991 18 288 17558 17 831 17 096 17 318 16 584 TpyAocnoco6Horo so3pacTa 44 049 40 160 44 051 40 286 43 992 40 794 44 000 41 548 44 027 42 303 neHCHOHHoro BO3paCTa 8 299 21 898 8 491 22 009 8 813 21 774 9 110 21335 9 317 20 859 ropoAcKoe 50 325 57 346 50 120 57 227 49 974 57 109 49 832 57 034 49 413 56 8 HaceneHi4e B03paCTHble rpynnbl, neT 0-4 2 628 2 492 2 463 2 335 2 358 2 234 2 328 2 206 2 251 2 132 5 703 664 628 596 552 523 485 459 498 472 6 764 728 703 666 629 598 553 525 484 458 7-15 7 685 7413 7 646 7 363 7 553 7 257 7 352 7 054 6 991 6 696 16 793 775 807 790 808 788 844 821 898 874 17 805 805 803 803 822 819 820 815 853 845 0-17 13 379 12 877 13 049 12 553 12 721 12 219 12382 11 880 11 975 11477 TpyAocnoco6Horo o03pacTa 32 863 30 836 32 861 30 912 32 803 31 261 32 794 31 806 32 712 32 256 neHCHOHHoro Bo3paCTa 5 682 15 213 5 819 15 355 6 079 15 236 6 320 14 984 6 477 14 684 CeAbcKoe 18 964 20 974 18 909 20 881 18 850 20 807 18 779 20 683 18 788 20 660 HaceneHme B03paCTHble rpynnbl, neT 0-4 1 264 1201 1 176 1117 1 104 1 053 1 074 1 025 1 038 989 5 320 305 297 285 274 259 236 223 237 226 6 336 319 320 305 298 285 274 258 237 225 7-15 3 241 3140 3 254 3146 3 251 3 139 3 199 3 084 3 121 2 998 16 321 306 326 312 329 318 350 335 371 358 17 297 266 304 273 311 284 316 290 339 311 0-17 5 778 5536 5 678 5 438 5 567 5 339 5 449 5 216 5 343 5107 TpyAocnoco6Horo Bo3paCTa 11 186 9324 11 190 9374 11 189 9533 11206 9742 11315 10047 neHCHOHHoro ao3pacTa 2 617 6 685 2 672 6 654 2 734 6 538 2 790 6 351 2 840 6 175 nonoweHHe AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU cteAoepaLuuw. 182 HToru coLeuanbHoH nonJHTMKI 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI Ta6nJL4a 2.1 (npoAonKeHme) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 My)K- NKeH- MyN- KeH- My)K- )KeH- My)K- 1eKH- My)K- we eH- MyNK- JKeH- _ 4HHbI U4HHbI 4HHbl LU4HHbI 4HMHbI WIHHbl 4HHbI j HHbi 4HHbI LMMHbl 4HHbI U4HHbl HOCTb HaceneHHP 100,0 100,0 100 0 100 0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100 0 Bo3paCTHble rpynnbl, neT 0-4 8,7 7,3 8,3 7,0 7,8 6,6 7,2 6,1 6,5 5,5 6,0 5,1 5 1,8 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,8 1,5 1,8 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,6 1,3 6 1,8 1,5 1,8 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,8 1,5 1,8 1,5 1,7 1,5 7-15 14,3 12,3 14,6 12,5 14,8 12,7 14,9 12,8 15,3 13,1 15,6 13,3 16 1,5 1,3 1,5 1,3 1,5 1,3 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,3 1,6 1,4 1 7 1,5 1,3 1,5 1,3 1,5 1,3 1,5 1,3 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,3 0-17 29,6 25,2 29,4 25,1 29,1 24,9 28,8 24,6 28,5 24,3 28,1 23,9 TPYAOcnoco6HO- ro B03pacTa 62,8 51,6 62,5 51,5 62,4 51,4 62,5 51,2 62,9 51,1 63,3 51,1 neHCwOHHoro Bo3pacTa 10,6 25,8 11,1 26,0 11,5 26,3 11,8 26,9 11,8 27,3 11,8 27,7 rPOAJCKoe 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 i4aceneHme I I I B03paCTHbIe rpynnbl, neT 0-4 8,3 7,0 8,0 6,7 7,5 6,2 6,8 5,7 6,1 5,1 5,6 4,7 5 1,7 1,4 1,7 1,4 1,7 1,5 1,7 1,4 1,7 1,4 1,5 1,3 6 1,8 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,7 1,4 1,7 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,7 1,4 7-15 14,0 11,9 14,2 12,1 14,4 12,3 14,6 12,4 14,9 12,6 15,1 12,8 16 1,5 1,3 1,5 1,3 1,5 1,3 1,6 1,3 1,5 1,3 1,6 1,4 17 1,6 1,4 1,5 1,4 1,5 1,4 1,5 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 0-17 28,9 24,5 28,6 24,4 28,3 24,1 27,9 23,7 27,5 23,3 27,1 23,0 TpyAocnoco6Ho- ro B03pacTa 64,1 54,3 63,9 54,2 63,9 54,1 64,1 53,8 64,5 53,6 65,0 53,6 neHCHOHHoro 8O3paCTa 10,1 23,9 10,5 24,1 10,8 24,5 11,1 25,2 11,1 25,8 11,1 26,2 CenbClcoe 00 0, 0, 00 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 00 HaceneHHe I I I I I I I B03paCTHble rpynnbl, neT 0-4 9,6 8,2 9,3 8,0 8,8 7,6 8,2 7,1 7,6 6,5 7,1 6,1 5 1,9 1,7 1,9 1,6 2,0 1,7 2,0 1,7 1,9 1,7 1,8 1,5 6 1,9 1,7 1,9 1,7 1,9 1,7 2,0 1,7 2,0 1,7 1,9 1,7 7-15 15,2 13,1 15,5 13,4 15,7 13,7 16,0 14,0 16,4 14,3 16,8 14,7 16 1,4 1,2 1,5 1,3 1,6 1,3 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1 7 1,3 0,9 1,3 0,9 1,4 1,1 1,5 1,2 1,6 1,3 1,5 1,2 0-17 31,3 26,8 31,4 26,9 31,4 27,1 31,3 27,1 31,1 26,9 30,7 26,6 TpyAocnoco6Ho- ro B03paCTa 59,2 44,0 58,6 44,0 58,3 43,9 58,2 44,0 58,5 44,1 58,8 44,2 neHCHOHHoro Bo3paCTa 12,2 31,3 12,8 31,3 13,3 31,4 13,6 31,5 13,6 31,7 13,6 31,8 lpAno>KeHH.q 183 Ta6nHLta 2.1. (npoAon*eHme) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 MymK4m- KeH- My)K4H- KeH- My)K4H- KeH- My)K4H- fKeH- My)K4H- )KeH- HbI UAHHbI HbI U4HHbl HbI U4HHbl HbI 144H6b Hbl UAHHbi 06uAa.q 14HcneH- 100,0 100,000 0 1,0,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 HOCTb HacenleHHH BO3paCTHble rpynrnbl, neT 0-4 5,6 4,7 5,3 4,4 5,0 4,2 5,0 4,2 4,8 4,0 5 1,5 1,3 1,3 1,1 1,2 1,0 1,0 0,9 1,1 0,9 6 1,6 1,3 1,5 1,2 1,4 1,1 1,2 1,0 1,1 0,9 7-15 15,7 13,5 15,8 13,5 15,7 13,4 15,4 13,0 14,8 12,5 16 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,7 1,4 1,7 1,5 1,9 1,6 17 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,7 1,4 1,7 1,5 0-17 27,6 23,6 27,1 23,0 26,6 22,5 26,0 22,0 25,4 21,4 TpyAocnoco6Horo BO3PaCTa 63,6 51,3 63,8 51,6 63,9 52,4 64,1 53,5 64,5 54,7 neHCHOHHoro BO3PaCTa 12,0 27,9 12,3 28,2 12,8 27,9 13,3 27,4 13,7 27,0 ropOACKoe 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 HaceneHHe . B03paCTHbie rpynnbl, neT= 0-4 5,2 4,3 4,9 4,1 4,7 3,9 4,7 3,9 4,6 3,8 5 1,4 1,2 1,2 1,0 1,1 0,9 1,0 0,8 1,0 0,8 6 1,5 1,3 1,4 1,2 1,3 1,1 1,1 0,9 1,0 0,8 7-15 15,3 12,9 15,3 12,9 15,1 12,7 14,7 12,3 14,1 11,8 16 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,7 1,4 1,8 1,5 17 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,7 1,5 0-17 26,6 22,5 26,0 22,0 25,4 21,4 24,8 20,7 24,2 20,2 TpyJAocnoco6Horo B03paCTa 65,3 53,8 65,6 54,0 65,6 54,7 65,8 55,8 66,2 56,9 neHCwOHHoro B03paCTa 11,3 26,5 11,6 26,8 12,2 26,7 12,7 26,3 13,1 25,9 HaCeneHHe 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 B03paCTHbie rpynnbl, neT 0-4 6,7 5,7 6,2 5,3 5,9 5,1 5,7 5,0 5,5 4,8 5 1,6 1,5 1,6 1,3 1,4 1,2 1,3 1,1 1,3 1,1 6 1,8 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,6 1,4 1,5 1,2 1,3 1,1 7-15 17,1 15,0 17,2 15,1 17,2 15,1 17,0 14,9 16,6 14,5 16 1,7 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,9 1,6 2,0 1,7 17 1,6 1,3 1,6 1,3 1,7 1,4 1,7 1,4 1,8 1,5 0-17 30,5 26,5 30,0 26,0 29,5 25,7 29,1 25,2 28,5 24,7 TpyAocnoco6Horo BO3PaCTa 59,0 44,4 59,2 44,9 59,4 45,8 59,7 47,1 60,2 48,6 neHCIOHHoro BO3paCTa 13,8 31,9 14,1 31,9 14,5 31,4 14,8 30,7 15,1 29,9 iIcmoYHuK- rOCKOMCTaT POCCHH. n1pHMe4aHHe: TpyAocnoco6HbIA BO3paCT Arnq >KweHLUH 16-54; AAA My>KiHuH 16-59. CTapwe TPYAocnoco6HorO BO3paCTa: 60 H 6onee AnIq MY>K4HH U 55 H 6onee - AnJ )KeHLLAJ4H. nonoKeHme AeTeA B POCCHUCKOA cieAepaLAww. 184 MTOrm COLJUaAbHOA nOnHTMKH 1990-x rOAOB H nepCneKTHBbl Ta6nHi.a 2.2. nlOKa3aTeRH pO)KAaeMOCTH, CMepTHOCTH H eCTeCTBeHHOrO nPHPOCTa B POCCHHCKOH 0eAepaLtHH Ha TbIC. HaCeneHHR rOA ECTeCTBeHHb6i POAHBwSHec ymepUwie npHPOCT 1990 13,4 11,2 2,2 1991 12,1 11,4 0,7 1992 10,7 12,2 -1,5 1993 9,4 14,5 -5,1 1994 9,6 15,7 -6,1 1995 9,3 15,0 -5,7 1996 8,9 14,2 -5,3 1997 8,6 13,8 -5,2 1998 8,8 13,6 -4,8 1999 8,3 14,7 -6,4 Hcmo4Hux- roCKOMCTaT POCCHU. Ta6nH4a 2.3. 06uAHe nOKa3aTenH PO)KAaeMOCTH B POCCHHCKOH 0eAepa4HH* roA 06uaR LiHcne,HHOCTb rOpOACKOe CenbCKoe HaCeneJHHe HaceneHHA HaceAeHme 1990 1,887 1,701 2,526 1991 1,732 1,540 2,384 1992 1,552 1,362 2,177 1993 1,385 1,215 1,935 1994 1,400 1,249 1,892 1995 1,344 1,207 1,788 1996 1,281 1,158 1,677 1997 1,230 1,118 1,586 1998 1,242 1,133 1,580 1999 1,171 1,072 1,479 Hcmo'iHulc rOCKOMCTaT PoccuH. *CpeAHee 4HcJO AeTeA Ha OAHY >KeHUL4HY 4)epTHnbHOrO Bo3paCTa. Ta6,nR a 2.4. 5paKH H Pa3BOAbl B POCCHACKOH CeAepaL4HH roA 1I4MCJlo, TbIC. Ha TbIC. HaceJneHHA 5paKH Pa3BOAbl BpaKH Pa3BOAbl 1990 1319,9 559,9 8,9 3,8 1991 1277,2 597,9 8,6 4,0 1992 1053,7 639,2 7,1 4,3 1993 1106,7 663,3 7,5 4,5 1994 1080,6 680,5 7,4 4,6 1995 1075,2 665,9 7,3 4,5 1996 866,7 562,4 5,9 3,8 1997 928,4 555,2 6,3 3,8 1998 848,7 501,7 5,8 3,4 1999 911,2 532,5 6,3 3,7 i4cmOLiHuK- rOCKOMCTaT PoccHu. Ilp.no>KeHHs. 185 Ta6nu4a 2.5. KonIH4eCTBo 6paKoB, 3aBepwHBWHXCR pa3BoAaMH, c AeTbMH B BO3paCTe AO 18 JeT, B POCCHiCKOU 0eAepaLmHH 06uiee Ko0H- U3 KOTOPbIX CeMbH C 4eCTBo 6pa- AeTbMM B Bo3paCTe A0 18 neT AeTeHi Ha 100 rOA KOB, 3aBep- WHBWHXCR Se3 AeTeH Pa3BOAbi C AeTbMH pa3BOA08 pa3BOAaMH 1990 559,918 214 265 345 653 466 137 135 1991 597,930 215 101 382 829 522 150 136 1992 639,248 223 578 415 670 569 117 137 1993 663,282 229 689 433 593 593 782 137 1994 680,494 230 861 449 633 613 429 136 1995 665,904 231 001 434 903 588 078 135 1996 562,373 215 016 347 357 463 527 133 1997 555,160 202 157 353 003 454 540 129 1998 501,654 193 009 308 645 389 685 126 1999 532,533 * * * * HlCmOYHuxC rOCKOMCTaT POCCHU. *C 1999 r. CTaTHCTHmLeCKme AaHHbie O pa3BOAax C AeTbMH B B03paCTe AO 18 neT OTCYTCTBYKOT. Ta6nHLAa 2.6. 4iHCnO PO4ABWHXCR >KHBbIMH OT )KeHLLHH, He COCTORL4HX B 6paKe, B POCCHHCKOU (OeAepa4IH )KHBOoP0KAeHHSl, KOR-BO YAenbHbIir BeC (%) rOA U3 KOTOPbhX: 3aperHC- OT o6lMero 4Hcna po- Bcero TPHPoBaHbI ABYMR po- AHBWHXCR AHTeJnoMH 1990 290 601 124 242 14,61 1991 287 944 118 548 16,04 1992 272 255 112 705 17,15 1993 250 714 108 545 18,18 1994 275 765 119 319 19,58 1995 288 291 124 168 21,14 1996 299 873 130 060 22,99 1997 319 163 136 828 25,33 1998 345 891 149 714 26,95 1999 339 283 151 956 27,93 McmoYHuK: FOCKOMCTaT PoccuH. III. HoKa3amefu 33OpO6b5 nacezenuq Ta6nH4a 3.1. MnaAeH4eCKas CMepTHOCTb B POCCHHCKOH 0eAepaLIHH LMIHctO AeTeA, ymepWI4X B BO3paCTe AO 1 roAa MjnaAeH4bI Ha TbIC. POAHBWHXCN )KHBbIMH Bcero Manb4HKH JjeBO4KH Bcero ManbqHKH AeBO4KH Bcero: 1990 35 088 20 691 14 397 17,4 20,2 14,7 1991 32 492 19 131 13 361 17,8 20,5 15,1 1992 29 208 17 238 1 l970 18,0 20,7 15,2 1993 27 946 16 213 11733 19,9 22,4 17,1 1994 26 141 15 394 10 747 18,6 21,3 15,8 1995 24 840 14 472 10 368 18,1 20,6 15,6 1996 22 825 13 416 9 409 17,4 19,9 14,7 1997 21735 12 738 8 997 17,2 19,5 14,6 1998 21097 12 327 8770 16,5 18,7 14,1 1999 20 731 12 020 8711 16,9 19,0 14,7 B ropOA- CKOH MeCT- HOCTH: 1990 23 902 14101 9 801 17,0 19,5 14,4 1991 21 549 12 656 8 893 17,2 19,7 14,6 1992 19097 11267 7830 17,6 20,2 14,8 1993 18 106 10 491 7 615 19,2 21,5 16,6 1994 17 131 10 092 7039 17,9 20,5 15,2 1995 16 258 9 478 6780 17,4 19,7 14,9 1996 14 842 8 752 6 090 16,4 18,8 13,9 1997 14 034 8 206 5 828 16,1 18,2 13,8 1998 13 883 8 163 5720 15,7 17,9 13,3 1999 13 657 7 957 5700 16,1 18,1 13,9 B cenbCKOH MecTHocTM: 1990 11 186 6 590 4 596 18,3 21,1 15,4 1991 10 943 6 475 4 468 19,1 22,0 16,1 1992 10l111 5971 4140 19,1 22,0 16,1 1993 9 840 5 722 4118 21,4 24,2 18,3 1994 9 010 5 302 3708 20,1 23,0 17,0 1995 8 582 4 994 3588 19,8 22,4 17,1 1996 7 983 4 664 3 319 19,4 22,1 16,6 1997 7 701 4 532 3 169 19,6 22,5 16,5 1998 7 214 4 164 3 050 18,3 20,5 15,9 1999 7 074 4 063 3 Oll 18,8 21,0 16,4 HcmOYHUc roCKOMCTaT PocCuH. nlpHno>KeHMs 187 Ta6nHI4a 3.2. MnageH4ecKaq CMepTHOCTb B permoHax POCCHUCKOU 0DeAepaLNHH 4LMcno AeTeI, yMepWHX B Ha TbIC. POAHBWIHXCR )KHBbI- PermoHbl B03pC Te A° 1 roAa Mm 1990 1995 1999 1990 1995 1999 PoccHAcKamR0eAepa4Ha 35 088 24 840 20 731 17,4 18,1 16,9 CeBepHbl; pagoH 1289 958 713 15,8 18,5 15,5 Pecny6nHKa Kapenmq 150 117 107 14,0 17,4 17,5 Pecny6nWKa KOMU 283 283 164 16,5 25,3 16,7 ApxaHrenbcKa9 o6nacTb 314 217 178 14,4 16,2 14,8 HeHeLiKMu aBTOHOMHbIA oKpyr 26 11 10 28,2 18,0 19,3 Bonoro,qcKam o6nacTb 325 203 179 17,7 17,4 17,0 MypMaHcKaq o6nacTb 217 138 85 16,1 15,9 11,3 CeBepo-3anaAHbIA pagoH 1581 871 619 16,9 14,9 11,9 r. CaHKT-nleTep6ypr 991 469 317 18,0 13,8 10,7 J1eHMHrpaAcKa1 o6nacTb 264 174 130 14,2 14,3 11,8 HoBropoAcKaq o6nacTb 171 117 71 18,3 19,8 13,3 nlcKoBcKas o6nacTb 155 ll 101 15,2 17,1 17,6 LAeHTpanbHblH pakoH 5444 3840 3237 16,0 16,6 15,3 BpqHCKaq o6nacTb 322 229 184 16,7 16,7 16,4 BnaAmMHpcKa o6JnacTb 301 196 174 14,8 15,5 15,1 MBaHoBcKa o6j1acTb 255 182 160 16,5 19,6 19,6 Kany>KcKas o6nacTb 214 153 123 16,4 17,6 16,1 KocTpoMcKa o6hnacTb 186 130 114 17,9 20,1 18,7 r. MOCKBa 1617 1067 844 16,8 15,5 12,6 MOCKOBCKa. o6nacTb 1045 767 694 15,1 16,1 15,6 OpnoEcKas o6nacTb 157 152 95 14,1 18,9 14,3 PR3aHcKaR o6nacTb 253 163 153 16,0 15,7 16,9 CMoneHcKaq o6nacTb 181 159 126 12,9 16,8 16,8 - TBepcKaq o6nacTb 375 240 205 19,3 19,3 18,1 TynbcKaq o6nacTb 286 269 215 15,0 20,1 18,6 51poc.naBcKas o6j1acTb 252 133 150 15,0 12,0 15,3 Bonro-BSTCKHA paHOM 1746 1201 1015 15,6 16,4 15,5 Pecny6nHKa MapA 3.n 197 124 95 16,3 16,8 14,4 Pecny6nHKa MOPgOBUR 213 132 103 16,4 15,2 14,6 LHyBawcKaq Pecny6nHKa 290 224 192 13,6 16,1 15,6 KmpoBcKaq o6nacTb 372 229 180 17,0 17,1 14,7 Hm>ieropoAcKas1 o6nacTb 674 492 445 15,6 16,4 16,3 LAeHTpa.nbHo-4epHo3eMHbIA paHoH 1488 1112 907 15,9 16,4 15,7 5;enropoAcKa o6JnacTb 312 203 161 17,1 14,7 14,0 BOpoHe>KcKas. o6nacTb 399 321 280 13,8 15,4 15,9 KypCKas o6nacTb 292 198 183 18,1 17,1 17,9 flHneLkKaq o6nacTb 219 176 139 14,6 16,7 15,3 TaM6oBcKab o6aacTb 266 214 144 17,0 19,4 15,5 nOno>KeHme geTeE B POCCHUCKOU $egepaL4uu. 188 IIToru coLqwanbHoA nonHTMKH 1990-x roAoB w nepcneKTWBbI Ta6nH4a 3.2 (npoAonKeHNe) 4'c,nO AeTe;, yMepLuX B Ha TbIC. POAHBWHXCR NCHBbI- PerHOHbi B03paCTe A° 1 roAa MH 1990 1995 1999 1990 1995 1999 nlp3Bon0AcK"H pa;oH 3 914 2 922 2 166 17,0 18,5 15,6 Pecny6JnHKa KanMbIKHs 103 69 58 14,9 15,8 15,9 Pecny6nuKa TaTapcTaH 947 729 502 16,6 18,5 14,2 ApxaHrenbcKas o6JnacTb 250 194 154 16,4 18,6 15,9 BoArorpaAcKaR o6nacTb 517 469 411 14,9 19,1 19,1 neH3eHcKas o6nacTb 314 190 172 16,7 14,7 15,5 CaMapcKaP o6iacTb 730 399 252 18,1 14,0 10,1 CapaToBcKas o6nacTb 668 579 406 18,2 23,6 18,9 YAbRHoBcKaR o6nacTb 385 293 211 19,1 21,8 18,7 CeBepo-KaBKa3cKHA pafoH 5266 3853 3248 19,2 19,0 18,8 Pecny6AHKa AAbireR 107 90 53 17,2 18,7 13,3 Pecny6AuKa AarecTaH 988 798 885 20,3 17,6 22,6 Pecny6inHKa MHryweTHq 925 193 222 29,0 29,2 34,4 Ka6apAWHo-5anKapcKas1 Pecny6nHKa 300 159 152 19,3 14,5 16,3 Kapa4aeBo-4epKecCKaP Pecny6.nHKa 117 94 132 16,0 16,3 28,8 Pecny6nHKa CeBepHas OceTrH-AAaHHs 141 156 125 12,7 17,8 17,2 LieL4eHcKasP Pecny6nwKa * 925 ... ... 29,0 ... ... KpacHoAapcKuA KpaA 1120 975 576 18,0 19,2 13,2 CTaBpono.nbCKMA KpaA 608 621 390 16,6 21,7 16,1 PocToBcKas o6JacTb 960 767 713 17,5 18,7 21,1 YpanbcKHA pagoH 4817 3600 3051 16,6 18,3 16,6 Pecny6nuKa BaWKopTocTaH 1066 841 662 16,4 18,3 15,8 Pecny6rnHKa YAMYPTHP 362 289 261 14,6 18,4 16,5 KypraHcKaR o6uacTb 308 230 185 19,0 22,6 18,6 OpeH6yprcKaR o6nacTb 584 454 339 17,4 19,7 16,6 nlepMCKa 0o6.aCTb, B TOM quCAe 741 527 511 17,3 18,9 18,8 KoMH-nlepMsuLKWA aBTOHOMHb[A OKpyr 40 28 34 14,9 15,6 20,1 CBepAnoecKaR o6nacTb 942 707 559 16,1 17,5 15,0 Hensq6HHcKas o6nacTb 814 552 534 16,5 16,6 17,1 3anaAHo-Cm6HpcKH4 paMoH 3887 2769 2269 18,2 19,3 16,8 Pecny6JuKa AnTaA 121 80 79 31,4 27,9 28,5 A9TaACKWA KpaA - 522 490 391 15,0 20,8 16,8 KeMepoBcKas. o6nacTb 801 539 524 19,7 19,6 20,8 HoBocH6mpcKas o6nacTb 694 374 338 18,9 15,9 15,5 OMcKa5 o6hacTb 562 365 253 17,3 16,3 14,0 ToMCKas o6AacTb 254 205 215 18,3 21,2 22,1 TioMeHCKaS. o6nacTb, B TOM 4HCIe 933 716 469 18,4 21,3 13,9 XaHTbi-MaHcuAcKMA aBTOHOMHbIA oKpyr 375 327 180 17,0 22,5 12,1 RMano-HeHe4KuH aBTOHOMHbIA oKpyr 163 136 98 20,3 21,5 16,0 nfpun owe eH sH 189 Ta6rniH.ia 3.2. (npoAonmeHHe) 4HCJ1O AeTeH, yMepwHX B Ha TbIC. POAHBWHXCR )KHBbI- PerHoHbi Bo3paCTe AO 1 roAa MH 1990 1995 1999 1990 1995 1999 BocTO0Ho-CH6HpcKHA paHOH 3113 1987 2058 20,7 19,6 22,8 Pecny6JnHKa BypsTHqs 381 187 215 19,5 15,2 18,7 Pecny6nHKa TblBa 272 172 177 33,1 28,0 36,2 Pecny6.ulKa XaKacms 164 144 116 18,6 24,6 21,7 KpacHoRpcKKM KpaA, B TOM Licne 918 609 675 20,7 19,8 24,6 TaAMbIpcKHA (AoAraHo-HeHei4Kuu) 22 15 7 25,4 27,3 15,4 3BeHKHCKuH asBTOHOMHbIA oKpyr 17 6 10 33,0 20,2 40,3 HpKyTcKas o6JnacTb 918 544 574 20,0 18,1 21,3 YCTb-OpAbIHCKMA BypPTCKmH aBT. oKpyr 78 41 56 22,8 18,5 27,8 tIHTHHcKas o6nacTb 460 331 301 19,5 20,8 21,5 ArHHCKHA 5ypqTCKHA aBT. oKpyr 29 22 14 15,3 16,3 12,0 AaRnbHeBOCT04HblHi paNoH 2357 1603 1315 18,8 20,5 20,1 Pecny6nHKa Caxa (AKyTHR) 436 308 243 19,9 19,5 18,9 EBpeAcKasI asTOHOMHaR o6naCTb 94 62 50 23,9 26,4 26,4 LIyKOTCKuH aBTOHOMHbIH oKpyr 41 32 20 18,5 34,0 26,9 nlpHMOPCKki KpaA 618 461 348 18,3 21,5 19,7 Xa6apoBcKHA KpaA 462 263 238 18,7 17,8 19,4 AMypcKasq o6nacTb 343 250 270 20,0 23,6 28,8 KaMqaTCKaS. o6uacTb 99 59 49 16,6 15,4 13,8 KopRKCKWA aBTOHOMHbl OKpyr 9 11 9 14,1 28,5 27,0 MaraAaHcKaS o6JacTb 93 32 30 17,4 14,2 15,3 CaxaAUHCKaS1 o6nacTb 171 136 67 16,7 22,7 13,2 KanWHHHrpaAcKas o6JnacTb 186 124 133 16,5 15,4 18,7 McmoqHuKu rOCKOMCTaT Poccuu. * A,o 1993 r.: He-4eHo4'HryWcKaR Pecny6rnHKa. Ta6nHI4a 3.3. CMePTHOCTb B nePHHaTanbHbIl nePHOA, B POCCHHCKOH 0PeA,epaLmHi LIeJ1oBeK Ha 1000 POAHBWItiXCR MepTBbIMH H )KHBbIMH H3 KOTOPbIX H3 KOTOpblX rOA YMepwHe YMepwHe YMepwHe YMepwHe B nepHHa- MepTBO- B TeIeHme B nlepHHa- B Te4eHHe TanbHblH ne- P eHNfl ceMM AHeH TanbHblA ne- MepTBo- ceMM AHeH POA O nocne pO)K- pHOA nocne pOwK- AeHHR AeHHR 1990 35 999 18 165 17 834 17,94 9,05 8,89 1991 31 726 15 729 15 997 17,52 8,69 8,83 1992 27 507 13 243 14 264 17,18 8,27 8,91 1993 24 169 10 825 13 344 17,39 7,79 9,60 1994 24088 11012 13076 16,97 7,76 9,21 1995 21 759 10 159 11 600 15,83 7,39 8,44 1996 20 878 10 245 10 633 15,88 7,79 8,09 1997 20 105 10 183 9922 15,83 8,02 7,81 1998 19 427 9761 9666 15,03 7,55 7,48 1999 17 429 8864 8565 14,24 7,24 7,00 i4cmoYHux. rOCKOMCTaT PoccHu. nOno>KeHmeAeTee B POCCHUCKO $eAepaLAHH. 190 1'TorH coL,uaAbHoA noJ1THKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbl Ta6nH4a 3.4. CMepTHOCTb B B03paCTe nAo nT fneT, B POCCHUCKOU OeAepaqUt rOA | mHCnO AeTe Ha 1000 POAHBWHXCR NHBbIMH 1990 44417 21,3 1991 41 636 21,8 1992 37 666 22,9 1993 36 419 24,7 1994 33 590 22,6 1995 31 870 22,5 1996 28 704 21,3 1997 27 369 21,1 1998 26 206 20,2 1999 26 157 21,0 HcmoYHux- rOCKOMCTaT POCCHu. Ta6nu4a 3.5. CMepTHOCTb cpeAH AeTeU B BO3paCTe OT 1 AO 14 neT no npHLHHaM cMepTH, B POCCHUCKOU 0eAepaLIHH 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Bcero yMepwHx OT Bcex npHH4H AeTeu 20 314 21 721 20 782 21 309 19 512 19 687 16 884 15 635 15 025 15 285 B B03paCTe OT 1 AO 14 neT HalOG 000 AeTeA B BO3paCTe 1-14 neT 63,6 68,2 65,7 68,2 63,7 65,7 57,9 55,3 55,3 58,9 B TOM 4Hcne OT: HH@eKI4HOHHbIX H napa3HTapHbIX 6oJne3HeA 929 878 797 859 936 969 675 601 514 577 Ha 100 000 geTeA B BO3paCTe 1-14 neT 2,9 2,8 2,5 2,8 3,1 3,2 2,3 2,1 1,9 2,2 OT HoBoo6pa3oBaHMM 2345 2384 2367 2146 1955 1888 1675 1583 1493 1452 Ha 100 000 AeT6 B BO3paCTe 1-14 neT 7,3 7,5 7,5 6,9 6,4 6,3 5,7 5,6 5,5 5,6 6o,ne3Heg opraHoB AblxaHHn 1833 1712 1373 1665 1416 1513 1381 1367 1154 1298 Ha 100 000 AeTe6 B BO3paCTe 1-14 neT 5,7 5,4 4,3 5,3 4,6 5,0 4,7 4,8 4,2 5,0 6one3HeA opraHoB nHL4eBapeHHq 246 218 247 245 196 233 234 167 151 202 Ha 100 000 geTeC B BO3paCTe 1-14 neT 0,8 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,6 0,8 0,8 0,6 0,6 0,8 BPON(AeHHbIX aHOManHA 1924 1892 1846 1887 1621 1605 1430 1472 1365 1368 Ha 100 000 AeTeU B BO3paCTe 1-14 AeT 6,0 5,9 5,8 6,0 5,3 5,4 4,9 5,2 5,0 5,3 Hec4acTHbIx cJly4aeB, oTpaBneHHA, 10 178 11 546 11 240 11 312 10 328 10 505 8767 8079 7979 7720 TpaBM Ha 100 000 geTCH B BO3paCTe 1-14 neT 31,9 36,2 35,5 36,2 33,7 35,1 30,0 28,6 29,4 29,7 6one3HeA HepBHoH cHcTeMbl H op- 1582 1674 1579 1663 1603 1593 1430 1223 1222 1298 raHOB 4YBCTB Ha 100 000 AeTeH B BO3paCTe 1-14 neT 5,0 5,3 5,0 5,3 5,2 5,3 4,9 4,3 4,5 5,0 HCmO4iHUK- rocKOMcTaT PoccHw. rlp,1o>KeHHR 191 Ta6uH4a 3.6. AqeTCKaR cMepTHOCTb B BO3paCTe 0-14 neT OT HeeCTeCTBeHHbIX npH4HH, B POCCHUCKOU OPeAepaLAHH (BKnio4aR MnaAeHLieCKyIO CMepTHOCTb ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Bcero yMepwux OT BCeX npH1*1H AeTea B BO3pacTe OT 0 AO 14 neT 55 402 54 213 49 990 49 255 45 653 44 527 39 709 37 370 36 122 36 016 HalOO 000 AeTeH B BO3pacTe 0-14JneT 163,1 160,7 150,1 150,6 142,4 142,0 130,1 126,5 127,1 133,5 B TOM 4HCne OT: HeC4aCTHbIX cJy4aeB, OTpaBneHHH, TpaBM 11 614 12 971 12 619 12 690 11 673 11 890 10 007 9342 9247 9087 Ha 100 000 geTeu s Bo,3paCTe 0-14 neT 34,2 38,5 37,9 38,8 36,4 37,9 32,8 31,6 32,5 33,7 13 HHX: B pe3ynbTaTe AOpO)KHO-TpaHcnOpTHbIX npoHCweCTBHH 2922 3005 2894 2787 2529 2218 1954 1747 1719 1796 Ha 100 000 AeTeB B BO3paCTe 0-14 neT 8,6 8,9 8,7 8,5 7,9 7,1 6,4 5,9 6,0 6,7 cMepTb oTyTonneHHA 2458 3239 2756 2628 2414 2720 2157 1974 2192 1807 Ha 100 000 geTeU 1 BO3paCTe 0-14 neT 7,2 9,6 8,3 8,0 7,5 8,7 7,1 6,7 7,7 6,6 HcmoiHuK- rOCKOMCTaT Poccuu. Ta6nRH4a 3.7. 4HcJno HOBOPO)iKeHHbIX C Maccou Tena MeHee 2500 r, B POCCHUCKOU 40eAepaLu H 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 HoBopo>KgeHHbie c MaccoA 110,9 100,4 92,3 85,6 86,9 83,8 78,9 77,9 79,8 79,8 Te.na 500-2.499 r (TbIC.) B npoLeHTax OT Bcex 5,7 5,7 5,9 6,1 6,2 6,2 6,2 6,3 6,3 6,6 POAHBWJUXCq >KUBblMU M ilCmOLHuK, rOCKOMCTaT PoccHH. Ta6nu14a 3.8. IHcno MnaAeHL4eB, HaXOAfLU4HXCR Ha rPYAHOM BCKapMnHBaHHM, B POCCHUCKOU 0eAepa4HH L cJ1o mJ1aAeH LAeB, HaxOAR U.IHXC$i Ha rPYAHOM BCKapmn1HBaHHH B Bo3pacTe AO Tpex MeCRqLeB B B03paCTe AO weCTH MeCS14eB roA B npoiAeHTax OT 4Hcna Mna- B npoL4eHTax OT 4Hcna Mnia- AeHLieB, AOCTHrwHX 12 MecR- AeHMLeB, AOCTHrwHX 12 MecR- LIeB B paccMaTpHBaeMbIi roA L4eB B paccmaTPHBaeMbl; roA 1991 47,9 33,3 1992 48,2 35,5 1993 45,2 32,7 1994 45,6 31,6 1995 45,1 32,5 1996 44,8 32,3 1997 43,2 32,1 1998 43,4 32,4 1999 41,9 27,6 H4cmoYHuIC MHHHCTepCTBO 39paBOOXpaHeHH5 POCCWUCKOU ()eAepaLTum. noJ1o>KeH"e AeTeU B POCCHACKOA (IeAepaLtHu. 192 MTorm coL,uaAbHoA nonHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB , nepcneKTHBbi Ta6nu4a 3.9. noKa3aTenH oxBaTa HMMyHH3aLIHeH B POCCHHCKOH ODeAepaMHH BaK4HHa4Hm PeBaK4HHa4H 1 YAenbHbir Bec MnaAeH- YAenbHbI;i Bec MnaAeH- 4es, npoweAwHx BaKLIH- 4eB, npowleAwHX BaKI4H- Bo3pacT Ha4Hmo, cpeAH AeTeH, Ha- Bo3pacT Ha4HIo, cpeAH AeTeH, Ha- XOARU4HXCc l0 nOA nOCTOAH- XOARL4HXCR noA nOCTOAH- HbIM MeAHUHHCKHM Ha- HbIM MeAHLtHHCKHM Ha- 6n1IOAeHHeM, B npo4eHTaX 6J1IOAeHHeM, B npOLIeHTaX 1995 1996 1997 199811999 199511996 1997 1998 1999 BaKL1HHaLAHio OT: Ty6epKyne3a HOBOpO>I- 91,6 93,0 93,5 95,3 95,8 AU4TepHw AeHHbie KOKA1owa (30 AHeA) 77,8 83,7 87,5 91,3 95,0 24 MecL4eB 67,7 76,3 81,8 87,1 92,3 12 MecqLAes 68,7 76,5 81,8 87,2 92,7 24 MecqLAeB 55,7 67,5 74,6 82,1 89,1 nonAomueAiTa 12 MecqI4eB 24 Mec14Aes 70,8 83,3 90,6 94,2 97,4 12 Mecqt4eB 77,0 86,9 91,4 94,3 97,1 36 MecSlLeB 72,2 83,0 89,8 84,5 97,7 KOPH _ CBHHKH (napo- 24 mecqtAem 85,4 88,5 91,1 94,2 96,9 THT) 24 MeCPL4eB 64,8 72,1 77,6 88,0 94,7 _ 1Cm'MOrHUIC MHHHCTepCTBO 3ApaBooxpaHeHUP POCCUUCKOA ()eAepaLAHH. Ta6mu4a 3.10. LlHcno BH4-HHcpHL4NpoBaHHbIx, BblJqBJReMblX e)KerOAHO, B POCCHHCKOH 40eAepaAHH *(Ha KOHeBL roAa) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Bcero 110 81 88 112 162 190 1474 4055 3647 18 230 M3 HUx AeTeu 39 21 1 15 3 4 4 1 2 44 67 99 HcmmO'IUuC MHHHCTepCTBO 3Apa3ooxpaHeHHq POCCUUCKOU WeAepaLtHw. Ta6nR 4a 3.11. LHC10O AeTeH B BO3paCTe AO 16 neT C orpaHHMieHHbIMH BO3MO)KHOCTRMH 3AOpOBbR, nOny4a1 ou4Hx neHcHH no HHBalHAHOCTM, B POCCHHCKOH 4PeAepaLli4H (Ha KOHeBL roAa) 4HCJO AeTe;i 1 Bo3paCTe A0 16 neT C OrpaHHI4eHHbIMH B03- rOA MONKHOCTAMN 3AOPOBbR 4IenoBeK Ha 10 000 AeTeM 1990 155 151 43,1 1991 212004 59,4 1992 284 717 80,9 1993 344870 99,9 1994 398 943 117,5 1995 453 619 136,6 1996 513 711 159,0 1997 563 719 179,7 1998 597 228 197,5 1999 592 219 203,8 HfcmoyHUI. MHHHCTepCTBO 3ApaBOOXpaHeHMq POCCUUCKOU W)eAepaLtHH. flpuino>KeHH. 193 Ta6nmLia 3.12. COCTOqHHe 3AOPOBR )KXeHIl4HH BO BPeMR 6epeMeHHOCTH, POAOB H nocnepoAoBof nepHoA 11990 1991 1992 1993 11994 11995 1996 11997 1998 11999 4mchlo pOAHBWHXCR 1 888 8 1 707 5 1 520 7 1342 1 1 341 1 1 292 8 1 228 6 1 188 1 1 215 1 1 150 6 B TOM Cm.cne: POwA;Jwmecm iBcpoK 1 734 6 1 567 9 1 390 8 1 220 1 1 224 3 1 118 0 1 117 6 1 082 9 1 108 7 1 046 4 nlpewsAeBpeMeHHbie poAbi 72,2 65,2 57,1 52,2 53,3 50,5 48,8 45,1 46 46,1 flpepsaHHble 6epeMeHHo- CTH B pe3yilbTaTe Hecqa- 82 74,4 72,8 69,8 63,8 64,3 62,2 60,1 60,4 58,1 CTHbIX cAyLiaeB U no Me- AMLAHHCKHM nOKa3aHMqM BepemeHHble, HaxoAq- uAme noA Ha6OAeHmeM ... ... 1476 0 1 301 1 1 304 9 1 256 5 1 200 6 1 154 7 1 182 3 1 124 5 meAnepcoHana B nlpOL4eHTax POA"BwmeC.q BCPOK 91,8 91,8 91,5 90,9 91,3 91,1 91 91 91,2 91 npewAeBpeMeHHbie POAbi 3,8 3,8 3,8 3,9 4 3,9 4 3,8 3,8 4 nlpepBaHHbie 6epemeHH-ro CTm B pl3yfbTae HecUna- 4,3 4,4 4,8 5,2 4,8 5,01 5,1 5,1 5 5 CTHbIX CJly'4aeB w no me- A"14HHCKHM nOKa3aHHSM BepeMeHHble, HaXOAR- LAwe noA Ha6A1oqeHmeM ... 97,1 96,9 97,3 97,2 97,7 97,2 97,3 97,7 meAnepcoHana 4HcJnO POAtHBwHXCc B POAAOMaX B npoLAeHTax 99,2 ... 99,1 99,1 99,1 99,1 99,1 99,1 99,1 99,1 OT BCeX POHBWUHXCS 4icuo 6epeMeHHbIX, CTpaOAaoWlX aHOeMHeH: Bcero, TbIC. '4eAlOBeK 228,1 283,9 328,6 341,8 391,4 444,3 439,6 448,5 469,1 475 B npoL4eHTax OT '4MCAeH- HOCTH )KeHUAWH, 3aKOH- 12,1 16,6 21,6 25,5 29,2 34,4 35,8 37,8 38,6 41,3 '4HBWHX 6epeMeHHocTb pog~amw C.ny4am aHeMHH, OC- )1o)KHBwHe oKoHH4a- 127,1 158,3 191,3 203,3 250,3 281,8 294,6 3,087 327,2 322,3 HHe 6epeMeHHocTH HcmCOHUK-M MHHUCTePCTBO 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA POCCUUCKOU OeAepaLAHH. nlono>KeHme AeTeU B POCCHACKOA $DeAepaLim-. 194 MTOrm COLAwaAbHOA nOAHTHKU 1990-x rOAOB U nePCneKTHBbI Ta6nu4a 3.13. MaTepNHCKaR CMePTHOCTb B POCCHUCKOU 4PeAepaLUH (4UcneHHOCTb )KeHuUHH, YMepWHX B Pe3YnbTaTe 6epeMeHHOCTH, POAOB H nOCTHaTanbHbIX OCAO)KHeHHA) rOA Bcero Ha 100 000 HOBOPOMAeHHbIX 1990 943 47,4 1991 941 52,4 1992 806 50,8 1993 712 51,6 1994 737 52,3 1995 727 53,3 1996 638 48,9 1997 633 50,2 1998 565 44,0 1999 537 44,2 0cmoLiHuK- roCKOMCTaT POCCHU. IV. iemu, ocma6uiuecst 6e3nonemenuq poaume.zezi, Poccuu Ta6nI4a 4.1. AeTH-cHpoTbi H ApyrHe AeTH, OCTasBWHec 6e3 none4eHHq POAHTene1, B POCCHH 11990 19911199211993 199411995 199611997 19981199920 Bcero,qeTeA 1472,2 492440,21460,4 496.31 533,1 572,41596, 62,13,16, 13 HHX yCTpoeHbl: noA oneKy 188,4 180,3 190,6 201,7 225,8 252,7 278,2 293,6 303,8 312,1 329,0 Ha yCbIHOBneHHe 141,7 131,3 135,6 141,3 144,4 139,7 141,4 145,0 147,0 150,9 153,5 B AeTCK_ie AOma 142,1 117,6 114,0 117,4 126,1 140,7 152,8 158,2 169,3 173,9 180,0 B npoueHTax: Bcero 1eTe0 0,0I| 100,0 100,01 100,0i 100,01 100,0 I100,01 100,0t 100,o[1 100,01 100,0 H13 HUX yCTpOeHbI: noA oneKy 39,9 42,0 43,3 43,8 45,5 47,4 48,6 49,2 49,0 49,0 49,7 Ha yCbIHOBneHme 30,0 30,6 30,8 30,7 29,1 26,2 24,7 24,3 23,7 23,7 23,2 B geTCKHe AOMa 30,1 27,4 25,9 25,5 25,4 26,4 26,7 26,5 27,3 27,3 27,2 Bcero AeTeA-cHpoT u geTeH, OCTaBWHXCq 6e3 none4eHHq poAH- 1,18 1,07 1,10 1,17 1,28 1,39 1,52 1,63 1,73 1,82 1,95 Tene,H B npoL,eHTax OT ,4cnia AeTeA B B03pac- Te 0- 17 iBeT HcJnO AeTeH-cHpOT H AeTeH, OCTaBWtHXCq 6e3 noneqeHHq pOAH- TefpHA ycTpoeHHblx B 0,35 0,29 0,29 0,30 0,32 0,37 0,41 0,43 0,47 0,50 0,53 HHTepHaTHbie y,4pe>K- , , , , , , . . . . AeHHS1 B npoL,eHTaX OT '4Hc.ia AeTeH B B03pac- Te 0-17 nieT npHMe4aHHe: AaHHbie Ha KOHeBL roga. HcmoYHuK- MH HHCTePCTBO o6pa3oBaHHq, MHHHCTePCTBO 3ApaBooxpaHeHHS H MHHHCTePCTBO TPYA H COLAHwaBbHOrO pa3BHTHM. nflo1)KeHme geTee B POCCUUCKOU cteAepaLtHH. 196 ITorH coLtaAbHou nonHTMKH 1990-x rogoB H nepcneKTHBbI Ta6nH4a 4.2. LHHcno e>Kpeo o rHCTpHpyeMblx eTe, OCTaBWHxcC 6e3 none4eHHA pOAHTeJneg, H HX YCTPOHCTBO 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 YHCnO 3aperHCTpHpo- saHHblx AeTenOCHHTaB- 49,1 59,3 67,3 81,4 102,7 113,3 113,2 105,5 110,9 113,9 123,2 wmxc.q 6e.3 none4eHMJ,q , * * pOguTeneA YcTpoeHbl B: IHTepHaTHbIe y4- 11,0 10,4 13,4 21,7 28,6 32,1 32,6 30,7 33,9 34,9 36,2 nAoneKy unu Ha 37,4 48,2 52,8 58,1 71,1 77,3 78,6 73,0 68,0 66,6 74,3 yCbIHOBJIeHe_ Y,pew4AeHHs. HaqaAb- Horon CpeAHero U BblC- 0,6 0,7 0,6 0,7 1,1 1,4 1,6 1,6 1,3 1,8 2,1 uJero npocieccmOHaAb- . Horo o6pa3oBaHwsq He ycTpoeHbl 0,0 0,0 0,5 0,8 2,0 2,6 0,5 0,2 7,7 10,6 10,6 B npoLleHTax LlJCnO 3aperHcTpHpo- 1 1 BaHHbIx AeTeA, OCTaB- 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100 0 100 0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 wHxcR 6e3 none4eHH . POAMTeAem YcTpoeHbl B: HHTepHiaTHbIe yq 22,5 17,5 19,9 26,7 27,8 28,3 28,8 29,1 30,6 30,6 29,4 pewK,AeHH.q fnloAoneKywnH Ha 76,2 81,3 78,4 71,4 69,2 68,2 69,4 69,2 61,3 58,5 60,3 yCbIHOBfieHHe Y4pe>KAeHH. Haq4anb- Horo, cpeAHero U BbIC- 1,2 1,2 0o9 0o9 | 1,2 1,4 1,5 1,2 1,6 1,7 wero npoc4eccHoHaAb- 1 1 0 0 1 Horo o6pa3o0aHUP | | He YCTpoeHbl 0,0 0,0 0,8 1,0 1,9 2,3 0,4 0,2 6, 9 9,3 8,6 YcTpoeHb; BHe AOMa 23,7 18,7 21,6 28,6 30,8 31,8 30,6 30,8 38,7| 41,5 39,7 npHMeLlaHHe: gaHHbie Ha KOHeLt roga. HCmO(HU/c MHHHCTepCTBO o6pa3oBaHHq, MHHHCTepCTBO 3ApaBooxpaHeHtS1 U MHHHCTePCTBO TpyAa H COLtuanJbHoro pa3BHTHq. rlpino>KeHH.s 197 Ta6.nHI.a 4.3. npeKpau4eHHe PO4HTenbCKHX npaB, B POCCHH 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 qLcoC AeTeA, oTAe)eeHHbiX OT CBOHX 33 800 37 668 41 589 43 188 45 258 50 018 57 126 4uCJO AeTeA, OTAeAeHHbIX OT pOAH- Teneu, nuWeHHbIX POAMTenbCKHX 27 739 31 403 34 865 37 536 41 411 46 526 53 073 npaB (no peuweHu*o cyAa) YHCJcO AeTeA, OTAeAJeHHbIX OT POAH- Teneu, He JlUweHHbIX pOAUTeJAbCKHX 6 061 6 265 6 724 5 652 3 847 3 492 4 053 npaB KOAULieCTBO Cny4aeB npeKpauAeHHq 16 997 19 846 24 359 27 640 31 790 35 454 - POAHTeAbCKHX npaB C1cmo'vHUKI MHHHCTepCTBO o6pa3oBaHws. POCCUACKOA OeAepaL,mm, MHHHCTepCTBa IOCTHL,U4U POCCHACKOA (DteAepaL4H1 U BepXoBHoro cyAa POCCHACKOA OteAepaLBMH. V. i4emu 6 uimepiam tbIx yzpeIcaenuix, 6 Poccuu Ta6HiLla 5.1. AoMa pe6eHKa B PoccuiH B 1990-2000 rr. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 4uCAO AOMOB 265 262 257 253 252 252 252 251 249 248 254 pe6eHKa LeHCAO meCT S AOmax 22 087 22 237 21 951 20 192 21 976 21 504 21 985 pe6eHKaI YHc/neHHOCTb AeTeA 18 500 17 800 17 700 17 700 18 021 18 346 18 498 18 097 19 250 19 289 19 345 B AOMax pe6eHKa M3 HHX: Bso3pacTeAo 1 roAa 3684 3822 4410 5 155 6 196 5824 5 178 B Bo3pacTe 8 826 8 750 8 731 8 218 8 898 9 807 10 505 OT 1 A~o 3 neT 3 u 6o0eeneT 5 511 5 774 5 357 4 655 4156 3 658 3 662 B3paCTHas 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 AO 1 roAa 20,4 20,8 23,8 28,5 32,2 30,2 26,7 OT 1 Ao 3 neT 49,0 47,7 47,2 45,4 46,2 50,8 54,3 3 H 6onee neT 30,6 31,5 29,0 25,7 21,6 19,0 18,9 4mHcneHHOCTb 3a roA (nocTynHBwme H Bbi6blBWme) nocTynno TeUeHme 11 000110 700 11 400 111 800112 059111 533112 288112 783114 44714 463113 291 roAa (nocTynBswwe) I I I I I I I I I I I W3 HHX: AeTH-CHpoTbi 5 214 5 104 5 461 6 443 6 868 6 773 7 914 8 840 10 024 10 231 9 820 H COL4k1afbHbie CHpOTbI I I I I OT POAllTenie 1 5 786 5 596 5 939 5 357 5 191 4 760 4 374 3 943 4 423 4 232 3 471 Bbi6blIno B TeqeH"e 10 700 10 400 10 500 10 700 10 876 10 349 111484 12 420 12 623 13 508 12 895 roAa (Bbi6blBUJe) M3 HHX: B3qTO pOAMTeAPM | 3 627 3 630 3 801 3 788 3 304 3 061 3 132 2 897 2 958 3 347 2 871 B31TO Ha 2 054 2 517 2 856 3 071 3 973 3 727 4 899 6 068 6 085 6 759 6 689 yCblHoBAeHHe nepeBeAeHO B HHTep- HaTHbie yqpe>KAeHHq 3 028 2 288 1 817 1 969 1 631 1 323 1 220 1 413 1 170 1 261 1 306 coiAmaJnbHoA 3aUL4lTbl nepeBeAeHo B o6pa3oBaTenbHbae 1 990 1 966 2 027 1 873 1 809 2 058 1 953 1 945 1 952 1 891 1 741 y4pe>KAeHRI B npoueHmax nocTynHno B Te 'eH"e |1000 1000 0100,00 100,00 100,011000 0100,00 100,00 100, 0 10000,1000 roga (noCTynmBwme) I I 1 ' I I I I npHno>ieHH5 199 Ta6nH4a 5.1. (npoAon>KeHHe) 1990 1991 1992 1 1993 11994 1995 11996 1997 1998 11999 2000 M3 HHX: AeTH-cHpoTbl 47,4 47,7 47,9 54,6 57,0 58,7 64,4 69,2 69,4 70,7 73,9 H COL4HMabHbie CHpOTbl OT poAHTeneA 52,6 52,3 52,1 45,4 43,0 41,3 35,6 30,8 30,6 29,3 26,1 Bbi6biono B TeBeHIe 1000, 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 rOA~a (Bbi6bIBWHe) M13 HHX: B3PqTO pOAMTenIMm 33,9 34,9 36,2 35,4 30,4 29,6 27,3 23,3 23,4 24,8 22,3 B3HTo Ha 19,2 24,2 27,2 28,7 36,5 36,0 42,7 48,9 48,2 50,0 51,9 nepeBeAeHo B HHTep- HaTHbie yqpe>KAeHmi 28,3 22,0 17,3 18,4 15,0 12,8 10,6 11,4 9,3 9,3 10,1 COLkmaJ1bHOA 3aUiHTbl nepeBeAeHo B o6pa3oBaTenbHble 18,6 18,9 19,3 17,5 16,6 19,9 17,0 15,7 15,5 14,0 13,5 yqpe>KAeHH5l COOTHoweHHe MewKAy nOCTynHBWHMH 102,8 102,9 108,6 110,3 110,9 111,4 107,0 102,9 114,4 107,1 103,1 H Bbi6blBWUJMH HCcno yMepwHx 827 857 711 764 671 691 642 (3a roA) M13 HUX B B03paCTe AO 1lroga 412 450 401 446 383 397 350 06u.ag CMepTHOCTb 145,9 46,7 38,4 42,2 34,9 35,8 33,2 MJnageHqecKa_q cMepTHOCTb 111,8 117,7 90,9 86,5 61,8 68,2 67,6 (0-12 mec.) AeTcKasq cMepTHOCTb 28,9 28,0 22,0 24,7 22,1 21,8 20,6 (1-3 rOAa) AeTH C HapyweHM59MM 4 621 4 591 4 817 4 921 5 503 5 488 5 260 nmLL4eBapeH_ I PaxuToM 2 358 2 18312 373 2 680 2 741 3 254 3 186 (T.q>Ke,na. cpopMa) AHeMS== 2 667 2 980 13 280 13 241 13 822 14 034 4 533 npHMe4aHHe: goMa pe6eHKa- HHTepHaTHbIe yqpe>KgeHH9 B BeAeHuH MHHHCTepCTBa 3ApaBooxpaHeHHR AnJ1 AeTeU B BO3paCTe OT 0 Ao 3 (4) neT, OCTaBWwXCq 6e3 noneqeHHR pogMTeneu. CMepTHOCTb - '4C11o yMepwHX B gOMaX pe6eHKa Ha 1000 AeTeu B AOMaX pe6eHKa. MnaAeHqecKaR CMepTHOCTb B Bo3paCTe 0-12 MecR4eB - LHcno yMepuwlx B BO3paCTe OT 0 AO 1 roAa Ha 1000 AeTeH B BO3paCTe OT 0 AO 1 roAa B AOMaX pe6eHKa. AeTCKaR CMepTHOCTb B BO3paCTe 1-3 roAa - HCJu o yMepwHX Ha 1000 AeTeA COOTBeTCTBYKOUWeO BO3paCTa B AoMax pe6eHKa. IICmOYHU/ aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbie AaHHbIe MHHHCTepCTBa 3gpaBOOXpaHeHHR POCCUUCKOU cDegepaLAHH. nofno>KeHme geTeU B POCCUUCKOU c)eAepatAIU. 200 PlTorw co4LanbHoA nOAHTHKM 1990-x roAoB u nepcneKTHBbl Ta6nH4a 5.2. 06uLasi 4HCJeHHOCTb AeTeg-cHpOT H AeTeH, OCTaBWHXCR 6e3 none4eHw.q poHTeneH, B HHTepHaTHbIX y4pe)KAeHHRx 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Bcero AeTei 128,7 117,6 114,0 117,5 126,1 140,8 153,2 158,5 169,4 173,0 180,0 k13 HHX: 3Bo P| 4,2 5,1 7,6 9,0 10,0 10,5 11,5 11,7 12,8 13,5 14,1 CTeCKTBO o6pa3OBaHHR) 37,7 35,5 35,1 37,7 43,4 50,5 56,7 61,3 61,9 62,0 67,7 B AeTCKux AOMax-WKOnax_ 6,8 9,2 9,8 (MUHUcTepCTSO o6pa3oBaHo9i) B WKoAax-MHTepHaTax AM,J1 AeTeA-cmpOT (MUHUc- 27,3 22,9 21,2 22,0 24,0 25,8 25,3 25,5 24,8 23,8 23,3 TePCTBO o6pa3OBaHHS) B WKKOAaX-UHTepHaTaX o6uAero THina (MwHHcTep- 6,0 4,9 4,0 3,9 3,3 4,3 6,3 6,7 8,4 8,7 9,1 CTBO o6pa3oBaHMq) B WKonax-HHTepHaTax wnJt AeTeH C OrpaHw4eHHbIMA 803- 38,1 34,5 32,0 31,3 32,1 34,2 37,3 38,4 39,4 41,0 40,7 MO)KHOCTftMU 3AOPOBbq (MU- HUCTePCTBO 06pa3OBaHMSl) B HHTeXHMTHHIX yAa peXEe- 15,3 14,7 14,0 13,6 13,5 15,5 16,1 14,9 15,3 15,2 15,3 nlpmMe4aHme: AeTui, ycTpo- 35 44 eHHbie B npfeMHbie ceMbH B npogeHTax Bcero AeTeA 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 B Aomax pe6eHKa (MHH- 3,3 4,3 6,7 7,7 7,9 7,5 7,5 7,4 7,6 7,8 7,8 3A~PaB) B AeTCKHx AOMax (MHHH- 29,3 30,2 30,8 32,1 34,4 35,9 37,0 38,7 36,5 35,8 37,6 CTepCTBO o6pa3oBaHHs) I B AeTcKTx Aomax-WoKnax 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,0 5,3 5,4 (MU4HUCTepCTrBO o6pa30BaHM.t) B WKonax-HHTepHaTax Atn.q qeTeA-cVpOT (MHHUc- 21,2 19,5 18,6 18,7 19,0 18,3 16,5 16,1 14,6 13,8 12,9 TePCTBO o6pa3OBaHHS) B WKonlax-IIHTepHaTax o6uAero Twna (MwHHcTep- 4,7 4,2 3,5 3,3 2,6 3,1 4,1 4,2 5,0 5,0 5,0 CTBO o6pa3oBaHHsq) B WKoJlax-IHTepHaTax jnii geTeA C OrpaHHU4eHHbtMH B03- 29,6 29,3 28,1 26,6 25,5 24,3 24,3 24,2 23,3 23,7 22,6 MO)KHOCTStMH 3AOPOBbq (MU- HHCTePCTBO 06pa30BaHVSt) B HHTepHaTHbIX yQpe>KAe- 11,9 12,5 12,3 11,6 10,7 11,0 10,5 9,4 9,0 8,8 8,5 HMAX MwHTPYA~a II I II npmMe4aHme: AaHHbie Ha KOHeuL roAa. IICmOYHUK. MHHHCTePCTBO o6pa3osaHHq, MHHHCTepCTBO 3ApaBOoxpaHeHHq, MHHHCTePCTBO TpyAa U coLAmanbHoro pa3BHTHR. npAno>KeHHsq 201 Ta6nH4a 5.3. HHTepHaTHbie y4pemAeHHN MM AeTeH, B POCCHH 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 AoMape6eHKa 265 262 257 253 25 252 252 251 249 248 254 B HUX AeTe T 18,5 17,8 17,7 17,7 18,0 18,3 18,5 18,1 19,2 19,3 19,3 AeTcKIe AoMa 564 569 T 577 606 j 676 820 j 966 1094 1122 1187 1244 8 HUX AeTeH 42,4 39,9 39,6 42,0 47,2 55,4 62,6 67,3 67,0 68,9 72,3 AeTcKHe AoMa-WKoAbi 69 86 85 B HUX AeTee _ 7,7 9,7 10,3 AoMa ceMeAHoro THna 280 329 335 348 343 347 333 379 - 44 B HHX AeTeA 1,8 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,4 2,6 - 0,3 0,5 WHmepHambl AAs AeTe C orpaHH4eHHbIMH B03MO>KHOCTRMH 160 159 158 159 158 159 157 158 154 155 156 3AOpOBbSl B TS>KeAOA cXopMe (MHHTpyAa) B HUX AeTeH 36,4 35 33,4 32,6 31,8 31,0 31,0 30,0 30,0 29,6 29,3 O6t4eo6pa3oBaTemb- 682 645 637 628 646 Hbie WKOflbl-UHTepHaTbl BHUX AeTeH 162,1 155,6 163,2 161,2 160,6 WKKO.nbi-HHTepHaTbl o6u.tero Tina AnR geTe, OCTaBWHXC5 161 150 140 143 141 151 153 158 157 155 157 6e3 noneqeHAs POAHTeAeH B HHX: aemu-cupombl u aemu, ocma6wuecR6e3 29,3 25,6 22,9 24,4 25,9 28,0 28,4 28,8 27,4 26,9 26,5 nlone,ieHu, poaumene& WKOnbi-wHTepHaTbi AAA geTeH c OrpaHHYeHHbIM&4 1494 1493 1492 1481 1475 1473 1471 1450 1439 1442 1420 B03MO>KHOCTS.MH 3AOpOBbA B HUX AeTeH 242,1 226,7 210,5 200,3 199,9 199,5 202,2 202,8 203,0 201,0 198,2 M3 HHX: aemu-cupombl u aemu, 21,7 21,2 19,8 19,9 21,0 21,8 23,0 22,9 23,4 25,0 25,9 noneYeHuR poaumeeu_ nlpHMe4aHHsI: AaHHbIe o WKonax-HHTepHaTax o6uAero Tina co6HpaIOT pa3 B ABa roAa. B o6tieo6pa- 3OBaTeAbHbIX WKoJlax-IHTepHaTax HaxOJqTCq AeTH C KpaAHero Cesepa u AanlbHero BOCTOKa, B OC- HOBHOM U3 MaAOLIHCAeHHbIX KoqeBbIx nnleMeH H HaPOAOB, TanaHTAHBbie AeTH, oAapeHHbie AeTH, a TaK- >Ke AeTH U3 MajnoMyLLuAx ceMeA U Apyrux ceMeA rpynnbl pHCKa, KOTOpbIe (He MoryT BOCnHTbIBaTb CBOUX AeTeA no o6beKTHBHblM npHqHHaM*. HcmolHuK- EKerOAHblA CTaTHCTHUeCKHH cnpaBoIH-iK PoccHu 3a 2001 r., rOCKOMCTaT Poccuu, 2001 r. VI. Coz4uaflbnaf nOMOu4b u coi4ualbnoe o6cfyYcu6aHue 6 Poccuu Ta6Rn4a 6.1. LAeHTpbl COLUHaRbHOU nlOMo4UH H COLAHanbHOrO o6CJnyWKHBaHHR B cy61beKTax POCCUUCKOU 4PeAepaqtm Ha 1/1/2000 r. Cy6beKTbl POCCHUCKOU KonHLecTBo Cy6ueKTbl POCCHUCKOU Kornl4ecTBo 4DeAepa4HH U4eHTPOB CpeAepaIHH LUeHTpOB ArHHCKHA SYPATCKWA AO - npHMOpCKiU4 KpaA 16 YeqeHcKasl Pecny6nHKa - r. CaHKT-neTep6ypr 16 Pecny6JnHKa AnTaA 1 AcTpaxaHcKaq o6JacTb 17 Pecny6JnHKa WHryweTHS 1 ToMCKaS o6nacTb 17 KapaqaeBo-6LepKeccKasq Pecny6nHKa 1 Pecny6nUKa XaKacmq 19 HeHeLkKHi AO 1 Pecny6rniKa TblBa 19 TauMbIpcKWA AO 1 Pecny6AHKa KapenAW 20 PA3aHcKas o6uacTb 1 fleHHHrpaAcKaq o6nacTb 20 EBpekCKMA AO 2 LyBawcKaq Pecny6nHKa 20 Ka6aPAH0o-a nKapcKaR 2 CTaBpononbcKMu Kpak 21 Pecny6nHKa flmnelasK o6nacTb 3 BopoHe>KcKas o6JacTb 22 enAroPoAcKaS o6nacTb 4 YAMypTCKaq Pecny6nuKa 22 KanAHHHrpaAcKaq o6AacTb 4 Pecny6rnMKa Mapmu 3n 25 KaMYaTCKaq o6nacTb 4 HoBropoAcKas o6fnaCTb 25 MaraAaHcKasq o6nacTb 4 Pecny6nHKa TaTapcTaH 26 Pecny6lnuKa BaWKOPTOCTaH 5 KypraHcKaq o6nacTb 27 KOPRKCKHH AO 5 r. MOCKBa 27 KypcKaq o6JlaCTb 5 TIOMeHCKaI o6naCTb 27 LyKOTCKHA AO 5 Pecny6nHKa MOPqOBHq 31 ApxaHrenbcKasq o6nacTb 6 neH3eHcKas o6jlacTb 35 BoAoroAcKaq o6iacTb 6 XaHTbi-MaHCHUCKKU AO 36 flMaAo-HeHeLtKMw AO 6 nCKOBCKas o6naCTb 36 3BeHKHkCKmA AO 6 OpnoBcKas o6nacTb 37 MBaHOBCKaSq o6JaCTb 7 TBepcKas o6hnacTb 38 YJnb.qHOBCKaS1 o6JnacTb 7 Hwweropo0cKas o6nacTb 39 YCTb-OpqblHCKKU E5ypqTCKMA AO 7 KmpoBcKaq o6JlacTb 40 BAaAiMHPCKas o6JnacTb 8 KocTpoMcKaq o6JnaCTb 48 Pecny6AnKa KanMbIKsq 8 MpKyTCKaS o6nacTb 52 KoMH-nlepMSU,KMA AO 8 HoBocm6mpcKa5 o6nacTb 54 TaM6oBcKas. o6nacTb 8 Pecny6AHKa KOMU 59 AMypcKas o6nacTb 9 CBepgv1OBCKaq o6.naCTb 59 KaAy>KcKa.q o6nacTb 9 CapaToBcKaq o6AacTb 60 nlpJno>KeHHu 203 Ta6In L4a 6.1. (npoAon>KeHme) Cy6-beKTbl POCCH CKOH KonH4ecTBo Cy6ieKTbi POCCHHCKOH KonH4eCTBO c1eAepa4HH L4eHTPOB 0PeAepa4HH I4eHTPOB CMoj1eHCKasq o6nacTb 9 BpqHCKaq o6JnacTb 64 Xa6apoBCKUU KpaH 9 KpacHoAapcKH1 KpaA 64 AJnTaACKHA KpaH 11 OpeH6yprcKaq o6AacTb 64 CaxanHHCKasq o6nacTb 1 1 KpacHoqpCKHM KpaH 69 51pOCnaacKaq o6nacTb 12 BonrorpaAcKas o6JlacTb 70 Pecny6AnKa tarecTaH 13 POCTOBCKaS o6nacTb 77 MypMaHcKan o6nacTb 13 Pecny6nHKa Caxa (1KyTTH5) 78 4HTHHCKaq o6nacTb 13 nepMcKas o6JaCTb 80 OMCKaSq o6AacTb 14 MOCKOBCKaS o6AacTb 82 TynbcKaR o6nacTb 14 Yens6HHcKas o6nacTb 82 Pecny6pHKa AAbires1 15 CaMapcKaq o6nacTb 95 Pecny6nHKa CeBepHas OceTHs- 15 KemepoBCKaq o6naCTb 96 AnaHH19 Pecny6pHKa BYPATHR 16 P/CmO'IHuIC agMHHHCTpaTHBHaq CTaTHCTHKa MHHTpyAa PoccHu. Ta6,ni4Ia 6.2. Y4pe)KAeHHq coL4HanbHog noMou1H H coLlHanbHoro o6cnymKHBaHHS B 1994-2000 rr. KOJ1HLieCTBO yLipe)KAeHHA Tun y4pe>KAeHHR 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 L4eHTp coLkwanbHOA noMoLu.k ceMbe " AeTRM 36 92 169 190 259 287 334 L4eHTp ncHxonoro-neAarorHqecKoA noMoWu 3 88 100 123 51 36 40 HaceAeHuEoII Tene4oH 3KCTpeHHOu nomLMOLLp 5 78 80 93 48 25 20 CoLAHaAbHo-pea6w,nHTaLHoHHbIH 4eHTp AAA 7 61 116 159 206 231 276 HecOBepweHHO,neTHHX BpeMeHHbIA npUKOT Anq AeTeH m MoAoAe>Km 22 173 311 390 388 410 412 L4eHTp noMoLLkH qeTqM, OCTaBWwMCq 6e3 no- 1 25 23 24 20 14 13 neiLeHH. poAuTeneA Pea6JnWTaLkwoHHbl LAeHTp qAn AeTeH H MO- nOAe>Km c orpaHwL4eHHbIMM B03MO>KHOCTRMH 33 94 138 151 152 174 182 3AOpOBbSI H OTCTaBaHueM B pa3BHTMH OTreneHwsq AnIiq cemeu u AeTeH B LeHTpax KoMnneKcHoro coL4HanbHoro o6cAy>KHBaHHq - 228 310 444 452 456 510 HaceneHus L4eHTpbl KOMniJeKCHoro o6cJly>KHBaHsi ASf 264 267 291 240 ceme" H AeTeH. KpH3HCHbie LAeHTpbl AAR My>KO4H 1=1 1 KpH3HcHbie LteHTpbl AAS >KeHULHH 6 6 6 10 ApyrHe LeHTpbl CO4LaAJbHOrO o6CnY>KHBaHHs - 158 174 203 230 203 202 Bcero 107 997 1,421 2,048 2,079 2,134 2,240 i4cmoqHuK- aAMHHHCTpaTHBHaq CTaTutCTHKa MHHTpyAa Poccuu. nonoweHme AeTeA B POCCHUCKOU cPeAepaLAmu. 204 MTorm COLUanbHOU nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB H nePCneKTUBbI Ta6nHL4a 6.3. 4Hcno Heco3epujeHHoJ1eTHHX, noly4IIHBWHX COLWuabHyi nomouAb u COI4maJbHOe o6cnyWHBaHHe B 1995-2000 rr. (Ha Ha4ano roAa) KO,nH4eCTBO B TblC. THn y4pexcAeH- -- 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 L4eHTp COL4HaAbHOA nOMOLUA CeMbe U AeTRM 133 326 470 729 707 904 L4eHTp ncmxonoro-neAarorU4eCKOA nOMOLU. HaceneHKio 47 149 152 67 76 108 Tene4oH 3KCTpeHHOA nOMOLU4 69 64 101 54 20 22 CoLAanbHo-pea6WAMTa4moHHblu ueHTP AAR HeCOBep- 31 38 62 58 107 125 weHHOAeTHHX BPeMeHHblU nPUKOT AAS AeTeA U monOAe>KU 10 23 28 41 43 41 LAeHTp nOmOLL4" AeTAM, OCTaBwmcq 6e3 none4eHq 1 4 2 0,9 0,9 1 POAJTeAeH Pea6HnMTaL4HOHHbIA 4eHTp AAn9 AeTeA u MOnOAe>Kti C orpaHH4eHHbIMM B03MO*KHOCT.MM 3AOPOBbq H OT- 19 41 50 75 67 116 CTaBaHHiM B pa3BHTuu OTAeneHwS1 AnJ1 cemeA U AeTeu B L;eHTpaX KoMnJ1eKc- 454 644 836 839 709 639 Horo coiAHaJTbHoro o6Cny>KmBaHVR HaceneHHq UeHTpbI KOmnneKCHoro o6cny>KHBaH"sq Ans cemeA 338 498 496 401 HAeTeA. KpH3HCHbie LAeHTPbl AJln MY>KLHH 0,08 0,1 KpH3HcHbie I4eHTpbl AAq >KeHLUAH 2 0,2 0,8 4 Apyre LAeHTpbl CoLUanbHoro o6Cny>KHBaHHs 39 96 441 265 531 181 Bcero 804 1388 2482 2627 2758 2543 1Cmo04HuK aAmMHCTpaTMBHaq CTaTHCTuKa MHHTpyAa PoccmH. nlpAo>KeHMA 205 Ta6Jnu4a 6.4. 4HcJno cemeH C AeTbMH C OrpaHUI4eHHbIMH B03MO)KHOCTRMH 3AOpOBbR, o6paTHBWHXCR B LieHTpbl COLHanJbHOH nOMOLI4H H COLlHanbHOrO o6c,nyMHBaH sM B 1996-2000 rr. qHcno cemek C AeTbMH C OrpaHH4eH- Tun Y4peNKAeHHq HbIMH B03MO)KHOCTRMH 3AOpOBbR 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 LAeHTp coL4manbHOA noMoLuL ceMbe U AeTqM 41 683 47 207 55 617 54 242 59 478 LeHTp nCHXOnoro-neAarorHqeCKOA nOMOUA" HaCeneHHIO 28 685 27 019 10 686 2557 4735 Te.necoH 3KCTpeHHOA nlOMOLU, 11 364 5852 510 503 224 CoLtwaAbHo-pea6WAHTaLAMOHHbIA LteHTP AnJ HeCOBepweHHOAeTHHX 11 832 9707 4361 3948 4287 BpemeHHbIA nPUIT A-n AeTeA U monOAe>K" 2513 11 492 3870 687 868 LteHTp noMOLH geTqM, ocTaBwHMcR 6e3 noneqeHHq pOAHTeneA 1134 665 443 2 6 Pea6HnwTaLAmoHHbIA LteHTp AAR AeTeA H MogoAe>KH C OrpaHmL4eHHbIMM 21 355 24 703 31 331 32 155 40 792 B03MO>KHOCTRMH 3AOPOBbq H OTCTaBaH"eM B pa3BHTHt OTAeneHsq AJ1 CeMeu U AeTeH B LeHTpaX KOMnneKCHoro coLAuanbHO- 52 726 72 605 62 634 50 833 61 564 ro o6cJ1y>KmwaHHsl HacejieHHq LleHTpbl KOMnAeKCHoro o6cny>KiBaHMq AAs cemeU U AeTeA. 34 408 34 493 KpH3HCHbie LAeHTpbl AAR MYW411H= KpH3HCHbie 4eHTpbl AAji >KeHL4HH 27 124 p,pyrwe LleHTpbl coLAmanbHoro o6cnyEKBaHHq 60 842 22 295 71 504 22 519 25 995 Bcero 232 134 221 545 240 956 201 881 232 566 HfcmoVHuK. aAMt HHCTpaTHBHaS CTaTHCTHKa MHHTPYAa POCCUU. nloJAo>eHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOA $)egepaLHwU. 206 MTorH co0LHaAbHou nOAuTHKHl 1990-x rOAOB H nepCneKTHBbI Ta6nm4a 6.4. Ycnyru, OKa3aHHbil LeHTpaMH COLIHaJbHOg nlOMOU4H H COL4Ha)bHOrO o6CJiy)KHBaHHS CeMb9M H AeTRM Ha 1/1/2000 r. OKa3aHHbie ycnyrm COL4H- CO4H- COLI4- CO4H- IOpHAN- CeMbR Tun y4pe)KAeHHR aJlbHo- anb- anbHo- an b- 4eCKHe ycniyru noA Ha- Bcero 3KOHO- Ho-Me- ncHxo- Ho-ne- KOH- Ha A0- 6n,°OAe- MH4ec- AH4HH- norHIe- Aarorn- CynbTa- my Hmem KHe CKHe CKHe 4eCKHGe HH LueHTp coL4HanbHoA noMo- 3 282 999 887 958 565 405 617 570 702 840 185 962 323 264 118 502 t4U CeMbe H AeTAM LteHTp nctxoAoro-neAaro- rHIecKoA noMouuH Hacene- 258 556 14 524 23919 151 108 53 394 8899 6712 2000 HHIO Tene4,oH 3KCTpeHHOu no- 95 375 187 92 963 1576 643 6 52 MOLH_ _ Co4HaAbHo-pea6MhuTaL,u- OHHbIA LAeHTP AAA HecoBep- 5 911 967 934 852 1 267 580 1 007 568 1 480 319 626 830 594 818 26 566 weHHOAeTHHX BpeMeHHbIH npHIOT ARS Ae- 3 679 034 323 377 499 989 733 828 921 565 283 708 916 567 14 355 TeA U MOJOAe>KKH LteHTp nOMOUAw AeTAM, OC- TaBWmMc. 6e3 none4eHmq 516 254 45 346 117 956 92 402 89 601 25 945 145 004 209 POAMTe.ne_ Pea6mHJTaL.moHHbIA L4eHTp AAR AeTeA H MOnOAe>Km C orpaHH4eHHbIMH B03- 2 250 993 55 273 1 508 910 190 258 351 679 21 480 123 393 22 254 MO>KHOCTRMU 3AOpOBbS H OTCTaBaHHeM B pa3BMTWW OTAeAeHR Ansq ceMeA H AeTeA B LeHTpax KOM- 2 582 867 1 502 572 213 111 168 228 288 518 140050 270 388 113 892 nfneKCHoro coLAmaAbHoro o6cny>KHBaHMs HaceAeHHs. LAeHTpbl KOMnneKCHOro o6- CJny>KHBaHHuq AAA ceMeA 2 168 490 765 884 305 978 172 841 120 377 82 282 721 128 18 205 u AeTeA.II Kpw3McHbie L.eHTpbl 1430 371 914 82 62 1 0 AAS My>K4HH KpH3HcHbie L.eHTpbl 20 277 6852 539 6751 785 2563 287 113 AAn9 >KeHIIJ,H A,pyrwe LteHTpbl coLAwaAb- 3 218 223 496 592 1 142 178 305 429 463 154 36 086 774 784 5340 Horo o6Cny>KHBaHHS I _ Bcero 23986465 5033 230 5 646123 3 539 86 4 473 890 1414 51 3 878 852 321488 M4cmoLHuIc aAmHHCTpaTHBHaq CTaTHCTHKa MHHTpyAa PoccHm. flIpHIuioeHie 2 Onbim -ieKomopblxpOCCUuVCKUX pezuono6 no peqopcupoeanuio cucmecbt cot4uaAbnofi 3aU4UMbI aemcm@a CamapcKaR o6f7acmb CaMapcKHii 3KcnepHMCHT rpeC2cTaBnSeT co6oR Hai6onee Bceo6beMiTuoiuyio, nepegoByio 1 ycneIIHyIO HIOHITKY pec+opMHpOBaHHA CHCTeMbI COufHa7bHOR 3a11HTbi aeTCTBa B Poc- CHi, Ute rpe,znoTMTHeHHe oTJAaeTCA BOCHHTaHHIO aeTeii, OCTaBIHHXCA 6e3 nonerieHHSA pO)14- TeiJier, B ceMeRHbIX yCJIoBHlx. 3To npHMep nocieROBaTenbHoro noamxoiia K BOIPOCY 3a- lUIHTbI ,eTCTBa, peieHHe KOTOPOrO C aJMHHHCTpaTHBHOH TOqKH 3peHHS KOHUeHTpHpyeT- CA B OZ(HHX pyKax - perHOHanbHoM KoMHTeTe 3aTIHTbl ceMbi4, MaTepHHCTBa H JeTCTBa. PerHnoHaJbnbie opraHbI BjiaCT4 OKa3aim BCeMepHY10 nozuzepwKKy pe4fopMe, HaMaBUeiicsA B 1993 r., iirpaA aKTHBHYIO pOJIb Ha Bcex ee 3Tanax. Ha Bcex 3Tanax pe4opma npoxoaujIna B COHPOBOwKZeHIHH HHTeHCHBHoi pa3bsCHHTeJIbHOil H HHcJopMauHOHHOlH pa6oTbl. B oTJnH-iue OT 60blllHHCTBa apyrHx perHoHoB POCCHH, CaMapcKas o6AacTb pa3pa6o- Tania MeTKYIO nO.71HTHKy B OTHOII1eHHH BOIPOCOB 6AarococTosHHs CeMbH H ,aeTCTBa. Oc- HOBHOii ynop B 3TO IIOJIHTH4Ke aeniaeTcs Ha y}Kpei-HeHHH nOTeHiLHania cemei no o6ecne- 14eHHI0 Heo6XoaHMOR 3a6oTbI O CBOIX AeTAIX (nyTeM OKa3aHHI4 coaeiiCTBHIq H nIogAepLKKH yI3BHMbIM CeMb5IM, B qaCTHOCTH, MOAOLobIM napam H ceMbAM, HmIOeioiWHxaeTeR-HHBajIH- JZOB, BHeApeHHA H pa3BHTHA CHCTeMbi colHaIabHOR pa6OTbI H COIIIa7ibHOro o6cjiy)KHBa- H1S4 H T.A.), a TaKoce Ha CoaeHCTBHH 6onee iuHpOKOMy pacnpOCTpaHeHHO CeMeHHbIX 4)OpM YCTPOACTBa aeTei, ocTaBLIHxcA 6e3 noneqeHl4A pOaHTeieri (nyTeM pa3BHTHS cy- iWeCTBYIOI[HX H HOBbIX 4fopM cemeiiHoro BOCnHTaHHSI TaKHx AeTeii). B HpHB.ieMeHHH o6- mecTBeHHoro HHTepeca K npo6iieMaM eTerl, OCTaBIIIHXCA 6e3 ioneMeHAs pOAHTeiieH, a TaKiKe B (jOpMHpOBaHHH IOJIOIKHTe.7bHOrO o6pa3a ceMbH, yCbIHOBnAoLUefi pe6eHKa, cbnrpana BaXKHY1O pOJb KpyHHoMacmIITa6Has HH4opMaUHOHHaS H no6yRHTeAbHas pa6o- Ta, KOTOpaS Bbl3Ba7ia HHTepec 2Aa.Ke B COCe,JHHX perHOHax HpH HOHCKnax rOTeHiHajibHbiX rIpH4MHbIX pOA14TeJier. Oco6oe BHHMaHIIe B CaMapcKoiI o6JiaCTHy ae1ISAIOCb BOnpOcaM yCbIHOBJIeHHA, OHIeKH H npIieMHbIX ceMeH. B pernoHe 6bmi co3RaH ueHTp yCbIHoBnjeHHA, oHeKH H HpHeMHoH ce- MbH, KOTOpbIHl BeaeT yqeT eTeii, HyaIlAa0IUHXCq B yCTpOIICTBe, a TaKwce ceMeli, ,KweiiaIuHX HpHH3ITb pe6eHKa Ha BocIHTaHHe. [jeHTp TaKwKe IHPOKO H peryJIApHO ny6jnHKyeT IHcOp- MaiJH1o o aeTmx, OCTaB1HIHXCS 6e3 noneqeHAs poAHTeJieii, npeAOCTaBeT o6y4eHHe npHeM- HbIM H4 HHbIM IM pOOHTeJIAM, wTKO KOHTpOJI4pyeT YCJIOBHA X(H3HH H BOCHHTa- H1H4 pe6eHKCa B TaKl4X ceMbAx, a TaKoce pefyIAIpHO BbinAqlHBaeT COOTBeTCTByIOuIee ioco6He. OpraH OeiKH i II nOneqHTeJIbCTBa BXOaHT B COCTaB KOMHTeTa 3aiUHTbI CeMbH, MaTe- plHHCTBa H aeTCTBa, KaK Ha perHOHaIbHOM, TaK H Ha MeCTHOM ypOBHAIX, 'TO Ho3BOJIASeT ,aefCTBeHHO KOOpAnHH1pOBaTb IOJHTHKY no BoipocaM COUlHajibHOi 3aluHTbI AeTe iiH pa- 6oTbI y-qe6HO-BOCHHTaTeJIbHbIX yTpe)KzteHHfl, o6MeHHBaTbCS HH4¢opMaIHeiH, a TaK*Ke nierKo KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb nono)KeHHe KaXKoro pe6eHKa. nloJlO?KeHme ueTeU B POCCUUCKOU tegepaLumm. 208 I-ITorr coLtmaJbHoM noiHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI Pe3yabTaTbI yCHiiHi1 Ho H4HCTHITyUIHOHajIbHOil pecfopMe CIICTeMbi COuiHajIbHOrO o6ecne- qeHiA, JeTeil H B 06.iaCTH perHOHaJIbHOI rOJIHTHKI, HaHpaBJICHHOii Ha HOBbIieHHe ypOB- iA 6SiarOCOCTOAHIIs zteTeHI, jiyqime Bcero HpOIJIJIIocTpHpoBaTb cjieayioJIlHMH 1I`(n)paMH: * Jlo 1991 r. B perFIOHe yCbIHOBJISJIOCb OKOJIO 50 IeTeH B roa, npH 3TOM HOTeHLHaJIb- HbIe yCbIHOBHTeJIH cKaaiH cBoeHI o'epeall B cpeaHem 5-7 .ieT. B cepeAHHe 1990-x r. 3Ta uwnpa Bo3pOCiia O PiMpepHo 600 ,eTefi, BKTiIOias yCbIHOBileHHe KaK pOCCHI- CKHMH4 TaK IH IHHOCTpaHHbIMH4 rpa)KAaHaMH. * AKLieHT Ha HpO1l7JIaKTHMeCKYIO pa6oTy 11 Ha yCTpOHlCTBO aeTeHl Ha BOCHIHTaHHe B ce- MbIH HplHBeJI K TaKOMY CHIH)KeHI10 KOJIHleCTBa AeTeH, YCTpa"BaeMb]X B y4e6HO-BOC- HIH4TaTeJIbHbIe y'pe-KaeHH5A, 'TO HeKOTOpbIe y4pe*KaeHHsA rpHEIIOCb 3aKpbITb HJIH nepenPOc1IIJIHPOBaTb B UeHTpbI COJHaAbHOA iHOMOi H Ht COUHa7bHOFO o6caiywicBa- HI5I. C 1990 no 1997 r. `HmCJIo aeTei! B y-ie6HO-BOCnlHTaTeJbHbIX yLpKcaLeHHAX CHH- 3HJIOCb Ha 21,3%. B caMOM ropoae CaMapa K KOHIY 1997 r. OCTaJOCb TOJIbKO OJ1HO H3 MeTbIpex y1pewKLAeHHi4 AJTVIASIeTeri AOIIIKOJIbHOrO Bo3pacTa, OCTaBIIIHxcS 6e3 noneriee- HH5L poJ1TeTiei. flpOBepKa aeTCKHX y1pe>KgeHHI, rpOBeaeHHaq perHOHaJIbHOr npo- KypaTypOiI B nepBOiH nOJIOBHHe 2000 r. nOKa3ajia, 'ITO B rITH 4,aOMaX pe6eHKa H OAHOM ROUIKOJIbHOM ypec)K)eHHH COePAKCHTCsA 230 ,eTeil B TO BpeMAI KaK OHH paCCMHTaHbI Ha 420 aeTei. TaKHM o6pa3oM, peloMellaull HPOBsepHomiHx OpFaHOB ry6epHaTopy CaMapCKOiI o6JIaCTH4 COCTOSIJIa B TOM, 'IT06bI 3aKpbITb MaCTb 3THX y'4pe)-KaeHHH H ne- peHpOIHJIH4pOBaTb OCTaIbHbIe B y'pe)KaeHHs ;i2HeBHOFO iipe6bIBaHH54. . B 1992 r. 47 % ,ReTe i, OCTaBIUIIXCAl 6e3 HoneqeHHIA pO,HTeJImil H BOCHHTbIBaiOIIHXCcA B y'IpewKzIeHH5X, nocetuaim IIIKOJIy iAns aeeTelc C H4HxHMeCKHMH paccTpOrcTBaMH, a B 1996 F. ,OJIA TaKHX IXeTell COCTaBHjia 29%. B 1996 r. c 332 z,eTeii H3 cneiiHa7iH3H- POBaHHbIX HIKOJI 6bIJI CHSIT uLarH03 <(yMCTBeHHaS OTCTaJIOCTbI (KOTOpblIi paHee 6biTI YCTaHOBJieH HcHxojioro-MeJ,4KO-regaaroriMecKOii KOMHcciei) nocrioe HOBTOpHOH4 Hpo- BepKH B HeaaBHO CO3,aaHHOM IleHTpe MegiiIUHICKOV1, nCHXOjIorFHecKoii H IIe,arorFWe- CKOHi ,aiHarHOCTHKH. L1,eHTp HpHMmH5eHT bYHKUI1OHanbHbIfi HoI,aXo K HeHOJIHOueHHOC- TH HapAly C COBpeMeHHbIMH1 MeTOaaMH 3KCnepTH3bI H HOBbIMH TeXHO.IOrHAMH. Pa6o- Ta UeHTpa B 3Ham'ITeJIbHO4 CTeneHH yHelMHbuIHii amHCiO c eTeHi, HanpaB.TiAMbIX B cne- LLHajiH3HpOBaHHbIe (KOppeKTHpyolume) o6pa3OBaTeJIbHbie yqpewaeHHI, TaK KaK Ka- 'IeCTBO ,aiarHO3a HOBbICHJIOCb. KpoMe TOrO, MHCIO cm eTeHi, He HMMeOIIHX pOZLHTejieH, COCTOHiHHe KOTOpbIX oieHHBaeTCsI KaK <KHOe 3HaMelHe, nOKa3bIBaA, ITO: 1) pe+opma CHCTe- MbI 3aIuHTbI JaeTefl H1, B qaCTHOCTH ,eHiHCTHTYIIIOHaAH3aUisI, BO3MO)KHbI H 2) oHa npHBO- AHT K 3HaIHTeJIbHOMy HIOBbIiHeHI10 YPOBHA pe3yJIbTaTOB AeATeJIbHOCTH CHCTeMbI. KpoMe TOFO, OHbIT CaMapCKoil o6jiacTH rOBOpHT O npefimyiwecTBax TaKOFO no axoAa, KOFr,a Ho- cAe,IOBaTenJbHa5A HOJI4THKa 3aIIlHTbI CeMbH H JaeTCTBa HaxOaHTCA B pyKax OJAHOrO rocyJap- CTBeHHOrO opraHa. OH TaK)Ke CBiiaeTeIbCTByeT 0 HeO6xOJaIMOCTH pa3pa6OTKH HpeBeH- npwno>KeHwR 209 TH4BHOH nOJIHTIIHKH H COOTBeTCTBYIOIIXHX Mep, 0 HeO6XOHiiMOCTHi nepeopHeHTariIII CHICTe- MbI Ha BOCrIHTaHme eTeHl, OCTaBIIXC1 6e3 nonemeHIIsA pOajTeneH, B CeMeHHbIX yCJIOBI- SIX, MTO AOJDKHO 6bITb 'eTKO OTpaWKeHO B HIOJIITHKea eHHCTHTyIJHOHaJIH3aUHIH. Boflaoapa8cKas o6nacmb BoMorOaCKas O6jiaCTb 6buia OAHOHI 113 HepBbIX B CTpaHe o6JIaCTeH, KOTOpaH rpOBeSia 3Kcrie- plIMeHT C03JtaHIAI BpeMeHHbIX HpHOTOB 42I JeTeHi. a[eTH, KOTOpbIe B CeMbe BOJJ2BepralOTCA pHCKy, HiOMeIIalOTC5A B IIpIIIOT Ha BpeMSA, BOKa ]p7HHHMalOTCA KOMIJIeKCHbIe YCHJIIIA HO OKa- 3aHHI1O CO4eHICTBHS, riojiepxKce H 034OpOBJieHHIO OTHOIIeHIIH B ceMbAX. Lii eTeH, OCTaB- muIIxc5 6e3 rHOe'eBHSI pOJAJTeJIie, aKTIIBHO HIOabICKHBaeTCh HIpHCMHaS ceMbA, 'TO 03HaMa- eT, 'ITO B yMpe,KJIeH54 3JeCb o6paIalOTCA rIpIH yCTpOHCTBe JWTeH B iOCJIieAHIOIO OqepCAb. B o6naCTlI BezJeTCA HOHICK nyTerI HOBbII1eHIIA O6BeCTBeHHOrO OCO3HaHH5l BipO6ieMbI Hi paciuiipeHiisi npaKTIIKII nOMeBIelHSI JeTeHl, OCTaBILuHXCu 6e3 noneuetiHA pOaHTeieHi, B HIHplMHbie ceMbli. B 2000 r. ry6epHaTOp H3AaJI HOCTaHOBJIeHIIe, KOTOpOe o6sA3bIBaeT op- raHbI o6pa3oBaHlIsA, 3,TpaBOOxpaHeH5I H KOMHICC411H Ho 4zeiiaM CeMbH H 4aTCTBa COBMeCTHO HlpOBOaIITb MepOnpHsTHAI, HafIpaBJIeHHbIe Ha HOBbIIHeHHie 0oHiIeTeHi, YCTpaHlBaeMbIX B ce- MbH4, II, B MaCTHOCTIH, yCbIHOBJhIeMbIX poccHiICKIIHMHi rpaXIKaHaMH. TeJIeB13HOHHaSI Hpo- rpamma <4HarmiH MOIO MaMy>> cTaia oHeHb noByJIAIpHOI. B pe3yNJbTaTe 'IHCJIO yCbIHOBJIeH- HbIX JJeTeri H JieTelI, nepeHaHHbIX roA oHeKy, 3HlUTenJIbBO B03pOCJIO: 4o 101 yCbIHOBJ1eHH41 H 1 158 cJIy'iaeB nepeaaI noH0l oieKy B 2000 r. (B 1999 r. 63 it 459, COOTBeTCTBeHHO). BoJIrorpa,cKaA O6naCTb - OIIH H3 Beayiu4IX B POCCIIII perIHOHOB, KOTOpbIe BHeapA- IOT HI pa3BHIBalOT CHlCTeMy COIJHaJIbHOH pa6OTbI H COiHa3JbHOrO o6CJIy)IIBaHHAI. 34eCb CO- 33BaHa ileiias ceTb H3 70 ueHTpOB COLiH2aUbHOII HoMoIJH II COIUaUUbHOrO o6CJyKC4BaHSA, paCHOJIO)KeHHbIX nO Bcei o6JIaCTH. CaHKm-f7emep6ypa Fopoa CaHKT-UIeTep6ypr CKOHueHTpITpOBaJI CBOe BHHMaHHe Ha 1OBbIIIIelHH rOTeHUaJIia COTpyZBHIKOB paHOHHbIX OTaeJIOB, KOTOpbIe pa6OTaIOT C CeMbIMH4 HjeTbMH. MepOrpHlTHA, KOTOpbIe HanpaBJIeHbI Ha rIOBbIHleHHe Ka'eCTBa pa6OTbI C CeMbIMH H 4eTbMIH H KOTOpbIM y4qe.IIeTCsI oco6oe BHiMmaHHe B POCCIIIH, peaZIH3yIOTC1 B pyciie CJIegy1OJIHX BporpaMM. 1) rlporpaMMa OKa3aHhI KOHCyJIbTaTHBHOHt HOMOUH CeMbAM C IHBa.7IH4aaM4, KOTOpaA peajill3yeTCs COBMeCTHO LIlBeBjCKHM areHTCTBOM CI4aA H CaHKT-HeTep6yprCKH1M HH- CTHTYTOM paHHero BMeIuaTeJIbCTBa. rlporpaMMa HOCBqiIeHa BOnpOCaM paHHero 4zHarHO- CTH1pOBaHH51 II JIMBeHIIA 4eTeH-HIHBaJIIIOB B YCJIOBHhX CeMbH C eiiebIO npeHOTBpaIeHI4A IIX 1HCTITyH1HO1aJI13aUmH. 2) HlporpaMMa o6y'eHBsI AJIA51 HpM4epHO 150 COTpyAH1KOB opraHoB COiiLaUIbHoro o6ec- He'-eHIIA II neHTPOB COUHalIbHoro o6cJIyACHBaHlIA CaHKT-IleTep6ypra, KOTOpbIe Bpeao- CTaBJIAIOT ycJIyrIH HHBaJH4AaM, BKJIIOMaSI geTem H MOJIOJAbIX JIIozeiH. lporpaMMa HanpaBJIe- Ha Ha BOBbIHIeHHSI KaMeCTBa couiHaJIbHOlH pa6OTbI H COuLHaJIbHOrO o6cJIyACHBaHIISI HyTeM o6yIeHIIBI COTpyRHHKOB COBpeMeHHbIM TeXHOOIrClAIM. AHaJIOFHlHOe o6y'eHBHe HpOXOzuIT COTpyaH4KIH paHOHHbIX OpraHOB COuIiaJIbHOrO o6eCBe'eBHSH, a TaK5Ke BeHTpOB COUHlaJbHOH BIOMOIIIH H CO1I4aJIbBOTrO o6cJIy>KHBaHI aa i JpeIeiaMm ropoaa CaHKT-FleTep6ypra. 3) [lporpaMMa OXpaHbI 3aOpOBbA MaTepH H pe6eHKa, OCyuIeCTBJIqeMaS CaHKT-HeTep- 6yprCKOHI rOCyaapCTBeHHO4 MeAHlUHBCKOH nexiaTp-IeCKOH aKaaeMHeH, B paMKaX KOTO- pOII aBaJIl311HpyIOTC5A ipO6JIeMbI OXpaHbI 34OpOBbA MaTepH H pe6eHKa, H IIYTH lIX peme- nlonoweHme AeTee B POCCUUCKOA cbeAepaitww. 210 MTorm coLtmanbHoA noJMTHKM 1990-x roAoB u nepcneKTHBbI HH4 B CaHKT-fIeTep6ypre, a TaKice pa3pa6aTbIBalOTcsA peKOMeHZaau4II nO coBeplJeHcTBo- BaHIOI1 pa6oTbI. Ho8aopoacKaw o6flacmb, Pecny6l7uKa TyBa, AA7ma1!cKut Kpa6u COBMeCTHbIii OHbIT HOBrOpOOCKOil o6jiaCTH, PecHy6jiHKH TyBa H AATaiCKOrO Kpasi npea- CTaBJIAeT co6oii HpHMep ycrIeuIHoro riapTHepCTBa C HeripaBHTeIbCTBeHHbIMH opraHr3aLH4al4- MiH no o6ecneHIe41o COLianjbHOfI nOgaep>KKH CeMbAIM H4 JeTxM. TaKOii OnbIT lIpe,ZCTaBnMeT oco6yIO Ba>KHOCTb, TaK KaK B HaCTOSIUIIIH MOMCHT COTpyaHHMeCTBO MeHAcy rOCyaapCTBeHHbI- MH OpFaHaMII H HelpaBHTeSbCTBeHHbIMII opraHH3aL[HMH B PoccHH HaXOaUTC, Ha paHHeH CTaHmH pa3BHTHSA. B HoBropogcKori o6JiacTH OKOJIO 100 HenpasuTenbCTBeHHbIX opraH43a- IIHI 6buH oTo6paHbl H npHiHiaJeIHbI V aS ymaCTH4A B MyHHl1HHllaIbHbIX H perHOHaIbHbiX rpo- i-paMMax cozeiiCTBH54 ceMbe. IIx yiacTIIe 3aKJHo'aeTCS B peaniH3auIHH ieWjeBbIX MyH4LIH- anJIbHbIX nporpaMM, KOHCyJIbTaUHIAX, 6jiaroTBopHTeJIbHor4 pa6oTe, o6y"eHHI HeCOBepmeH- HOJIeTHHX H AceHIH14H, OKa3aHHIH HOMOIUIH H ycjiyr Ho yXoIay 3a 60JbHbIMHI H ateTbMH, HaXO- ,JIAHMHMCA B He6jiaronpHsITHbIx YCJIOBHqX H T.a. BblJI C4)OpMHpOBaH COBMeCTHbIH KOOpaH- Ha1I4OHHbln COBeT, KOTOpblll OCcyeCTBJI5eT KOHTpOJIb 3KcnepiiMeHTOB H peMIH3aljIH nPO- rpaMM, Kyaa BXOSAT HpOrpaMMbI rIlHTaHHIA, HpOrpaMMbI, pea343yembie ieHTpaMH COQLajIb- Horo napTHePCTBa, a TaK>ze iieHTpamii, C03,aaHHbIMH A06pOBOJIbUaMH H T.T. HanpHMep, OaHH HX 4CHTpOB ao6pOBOJIbueB co6HpaeT TeX, KTO ,KeJiaeT OKa3bIBaTb pa3ajH'HbIe ycJ7jyrH 6OJIb- iiiiM ceMbAM (mHITbe, napIKmaxepCKHe ycJIyri H T.A.). UeHTP TeCHO COTPYaHM4aeT C Per4- OHaJbHbIM UeHTPOM MHOroaeTHbIX ceMeH - HenpaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOii opraHH3ailHeH, co3aaH- HOil B 1997 r. MaTepAMH, HMeiOiLIiMII Tpex ii 6ojiee ,AeTerl. I2eHTp npeaocTaBJIseT pawiH'-rnbie BHabI MomoIH 60JIbmIHM ceMb5IM, geJICTBeHHO HOZkKperiJIAAI aeATejbHOCTb y-peACaeHHr4 H cjiyAK6, ipeJgOCTaBJI5l0lUIIX ycJIyrll H BXOAIRII4HX B CHCTeMy CoiHaIbHOH 3aHJITbI. Eiie ABa HenpaBl4TeJbCTBeHHbIX ieHTpa - «POaHHqOK> H < ceMmi (KoTopoe HO3Boji5eT COTpy,4HIlKaM OTcjeKIXHBaTb XO, Bcex gefCCTBIH, HaHpaBBJeHlibIX Ha OKa3alHSm HOMOmII pe6eHKY); 2) o6ecne,leHHe pea6wiH- TaiiHoHHbIx yc7iyr pe6eHKy (Mle4AtlI1LHcKoii, nc4xoJoor4HMecKOf4, negarorwiecKoR nOMOUIH H T.,.) Hap51,Ay C KOHCYJIbTauLIMH1 POITaJTeiiAM H o6yYeHIeM UX MeTOaaM yxoaa H pea6HAH- Tanim (YTO HO3BOJICeT OCyIIIeCTBJISTb HHaI4BHaYaJIbHYio riPOrpaMMy nOzLzeP)KKH pe6eHKa, KOTOPYIO POIHTeiiH rpOaOjDKaIOT BbInOJnHSITb CaMH) H 3) MOHHTOPHHr CCMbEI opraHamH co- umHaIbHOrO O6eCne14eHH4A. TaKOiI HOaXOa HO3BOJIMCT OCTaBHTb qeTeH B CeMbAX H nOMOraTb IHX COiiHaJbHOHf 4HTerpaLuH. TaKHIM o6pa3oM, HHCTHTYUHOHaSH3aiHA aeTeH-HHBaAHKOB, KOTOpaA paHee 6bIJIa HeH36e)KBHOH4, Tenepb npejgoTBpamaeTcq. fIpHJ4IOXeHHe 3 Hoeble npoplmbl a]M aemeu-u6eaiuao6 1) HoBble BHAbl ycnyr HHCTHTYT couHaJIbHOM pa6OTbl H CcouHanIbHoro o6cJIyKMBaHHA, BKjlOSa pea6HJIMTaUI41O ,ReTei C HeZROCTaTKaMH4 YMCTBeHHorO H 4M431MqeCKoro pa3BHTHSI, a TaKAce ycIyr Ho OKa3a- HMIO HOMOIIIm MX CceMbAIM, 6bIn BBeaelH B POCCH4 B 1993 r. B 1994 r. MHHHCTePCTBO Tpy- ga H COUHaJIbHOIO pa3BHTHS BbIHYCTHJIO THnOBoe rIojioKeHHe o pea6MH.TaLIHOHHOM iieHTpe ,aJI jeTeA H B3pOCJIb1X HHBaMiiROB (HpHKa3 N2 249 OT 14 ,eKa6ps 1994 r.). B COOTBeTCTBHM C 3THM THIOBbIM ioj1oAKeHMem UeHTp, HpeJIOCTaBJIAIIOHIH4 yciiyr1 coUHaAbHOR pea6wHiHTaHivm JZaeTAM H B3pOCHbIM C He,JOCTaTKaMH YMCTBeHHOrO H 4H3HMe- CKOrO pa3BHTHA, a TaK*Ke HX ceMbAM, CO3,aaeTCA B paMKaX rocyyIapCTBeHHOii CHCTeMbI CO- 1ImaAbHOR4 3aIlHTbI Hace.ieHHSA. O1r4H LieHTP aoniOceH o6cjIyxHBaTb 5-10 TbIC. 4enjOBeK ,JeTCKOFO HaceJIeHHA. B OCHOBHbIe 3a,aaM UeHTpa BXO,HT CiieaIIoIIee: * BbIABjieHHe B ropo,ae 131 paHoHe Bcex aeTeH4-HHBa.7I4JOB, He ROCTHriIHX BOCeM- Ha, BoaTweTHem B03paCTa; * H3y'eHHe COBMeCTHO C KOHCyjibTaTHBHbIMH HaarHOCTHmeCKHMH cJiyw6aMH 3,apa- BOOXpaHeHHA H yMpe)KAeHHSMH CHCTeMbI o6pa3OBaHI4 ipHMMlH HHBaJIHAHOCTH pe- 6eHKa HyTeM OiieHKH YPOBHS 3ZIOPOBbA H ncHxHmeCKoro COCTOAHHS pe6eHKa H npOFHO3HPOBaHH5I B03MOX(HOCTH BOCCTaHOBAieHMS HapyIIIeHHbIX 4yHKUIHi; * pa3pa6oTKa MHHtHBHayaSJbHbIX pea6HuJI4TanoHHbIx iporpaMM H o6ecneMeHue Hx BbInOJIHeHHS1 nyTeM KOOPJIHHaiHH COBMeCTHbIX yCHJHii MeemIlHHCKHX, yMe6HbIX y'Ipe*,JeHHil, cjiyM6 coulHaYbHOr4 3ailI4TbI, a TaK)Ke CrIOpTHBHbIX 1H IIHbIX OpraHH- 3aaLiH; * OKa3aHHe nOMOiH ceMbAIM, BOCHHTbIBalOiiiHM eTeH-I-HBajiHlLOB, BKAlOaS1 pea6H- JIHTaLu4lo Ha ZOMy; H * COHalHabHaS pa6oTa C pOAMTenASMM ,eTeu-HHBaA2,aOB. AeTH MOrYT HaIpaB.7S1TbCA B ueHTP opraHaMM H Y"pewaeHHAMH COIIHabHOH 3aiLH- TbI, yMe6HbIMH1 yHpe*MeH"iM4 H opraHamH HAi y"pewaeHHAMM 3lapaBooxpaHeHMA, POAIHTenJIAMH (oneKyHaMH) Hn11H COTPYH4HHKaMH ueHTpa. KaK ripaBHJIo, ycJIyrM LIeHTpa npe,HOCTaBJIAIOTCA 6ecniiaTHo. B COCTaB ueHTpa MOIyT BXOZIMTb cneiyioiwHe oTUejieHHS: * OTaejeHHe ztHarHOCTHpOBaHHA MHBaJIH,HOCTH H pa3pa6OTKH rporpaMM MeAHUHH- CKOII H COuLHaJlbHOfi pea6HJITaUH; * OTaen1eHHe MeAIKO-CoiHaAbHOH pea6HjiHTaIMHH, KOTOpOe AO.TKHO OpraHM3OBbI- BaTb H OCyIueCTBJSITb HHAHBHayaAbHbIe iOporpaMMbI MeRa"HlHCKOH H COlmaAbHOR pea6MnIHTaimc C HpMmeHefHMem KaK TpaHIMHMOHHbIX, TaK H HOBbIX 3CB4eKTIBHbIX MeTOaOB M MOAejieH pea6mJTaLiM; HaripaBJISTb aeTeH B cnemajiHMpOBaimble Me,aHIHHCKHe ympeZCeHMS; o6ecneuHaTb pery.mpHoe nocemeHne ceMbeii, HMeIo- uIHX ,aeTeH-HHBaAHZiOB; o6y"aTb POAHTeZIe OCHOBHbIM MeTOaaM H TeXHHKe pea6H- JIMTaLHH; COaefHCTBOBaTb CeMbAM B IIOJyIYeHIM 11a1 IAeTeH npOTe3OB, HHBaiMHaHbIX lloAo>KeHwe A,eTeu B POCCHUCKOU $ eAepaLiHA. 212 MTorm cOLmAaAbHoH nOAWTHKH 1990-x rOAOB U nepcneKTHBbl KOJISICOK HI T.A. DTO OTAeJIeHHe AOJIKHO KOOPlIHHIpOBaTb CBOIO pa6oTy C y'peAcae- HHIMIH 3,apaBoOXpaHeHI1H; *OTAejieHHe HCHXOJIOrll`JeCKOR H neriaaoromecKoil pea6lIJnITaulIII H HOMOllII. aTO OTJteneIIIe H AOJDKHO COTPYZLHi"aTb C opraHaMH ynpaBjieHH5 o6pa3oBaHHeM HpH on- peAejieHHH (OpMbi o6pa3OBaHHSI AAI JkeTeH-IHBaJilOB, H iomoraTb B pa3pa6OTKe yMe6HOR riporpammbi. OHO AOJIDHO BeCTH IICHXOJIOrIH'eCKyIO pa6oTy C zeTbMH; KOHCYJIbTlHPOBaTb pO,HTeJefi HO BoHpocaM HcHXJomIOiH H HJIearorFHKH BOCHlHTa- HH14 JgeTeH-HHBa.iH,4OB, IIX JIIH'IHOCTHOrO pa3BHITHA; OpraHH3OBbIBaTb Aocyr AeTeH; OKa3bIBaTb CoAeHCTBHe II o6eCrie4lHBaTb B03MO)HOCTb TPYAOTeparHIH Aim JeTeH; nOMOraTb HM B TpyAOyCTpOflCTBe H T.A. KpoMe TOrO, 3TO OTAeJJeHHMe AOJDKHO Y,IHTb AeTeH-HHBaJIHAOB, KaK o6Cjiy,CKBaTb CaMHIX ce6A Ha 6bITOBOM ypOBHe, KaK npa- BHIJIbHO ce6A BeCTH4 JOMa H B o6meCTBeHHbIX MeCTaX, BJIaAeTb co6oil, o6iuaTbcA HI T.A. * OTAIenJeHHme HeBliorO npe6bIBaHHsi npetocTaBniseT ycjlyrH AeTAM-HHBa11HagaM B Te- ieHHIe AHA; H * OTAeJIeHHe nSATHjJHeBHbIX pea6HjiHTaIHOHHbIX ilpOrpaMM. OTAeJIeHHe aOJIKHO OT- BeliaTb 3a pea6HJHlTalIHiO AeTefl, KOTOPbIe OCTaIOTCS B IeHTpe Ha HIITb ZLHeHl B HeCte- .iio. 3jAecb C03AalOTC5 rpynnbi pea6HiHTaUiH MHCcieHHOCTblO AO ceMH iejiOB(eK. B OAHOM OTeIJICHHIH MOACeT cJOpMHPOBaTbCS MaKCIIMyM riTb TaKHIX pea6H.JIHTaIH- OHHbIX rpynn. ,IeTH lIfKO.IbHOrO BO3paCTa MOryT ripoQoi>OJaTb HOCeeIHaTb mIKOJIy HIHl 3aHiiMaTbCq B UeHTpe. OTae.ueHIIe JOJDKHO o6eciie'llBaTb YCJIOBH4I HpO>KHBa- HIm, 6JI1H3KIe K AOMaMHHM. 06bI,Ho pea6HnJIlTauHOHHbie UeHTpbI HMmIOT B CBOeM HITaTe rpynriny Bpaied pa3JIHM- HOII cneiaHlH3aiuHH (neaHaTp, OpToreZA, HeBporaTojior, ncHXOTepaieBT, o0jTailbMoJior, +IH3HOTepaneBT H T.A.), MeAHIUHCKHX CeCTep, COUHaJlbHbIX pa6OTHHKOB, coUHojiora, y'IHTe.Jier, HeAarorOB, TeXHIIMeCKHIfI IH aAMlIHHHCTpaTHBHbIl riepCOHaJI. HH4we HIpHBOAST- CAI rlipMepbI HOBbIX iporpaMM AJIAS eTefI-HHBaJiHAOB, KOTOpbIe OCyaLeCTBJIqIOTCA B HeKO- TOpbIX pOCCIHIHCKHX perHlOHax. 2) npHMepbl HOBbIX nporpamM An1R AeTeH-HHBaJnHAOB B HeKOTOpbIX pOCCHHCKHX perUOHax MocKo3cKaU o6nacmb HallHHaSI c 1993 r. B MOCKOBCKOiI 06.IaCTII OTKPbIJIHCb 16 pea6H.7IHTaiiIoHHbIx [ieHTPOB AIsA qeTefi-IIHBajiH4AOB, a TaKxce 4 MHOrOHIpO+"4JIbHbIX pea6IiJIHTaiWOHHbIX lieHTpa AiS HIHBaJI14IOB AeTCKOrO HI B3pOCJIOrO B03paCTa. 3TH UeiHTpbI peryJIApHO o6CJIyywCHBalOT OKO- n7o 5400 aeTerl. L1eHTp couHaJIbHOi pea6H.7ITaiuHII «IOHOCTbW B Hapo(OMoIHCKOM paroHe o6c.1yEH- BaeT aeTeH-HHBajIIlAOB C orpa-I'llmem e 1H31,IeCKHX H YMCTBeHHbIX B03MO)KHOCTeH. [1eHTp HPOBOAMT npOrpaMMbI cOiHaJIbHOH, KyJbTypHOH H nciixojiorHqeCKOH pea6HlJITa- IIHH ,AeTe, a TaKo*Ke opraHI3yeT HpobeccHIOHaJIbHyIO pea6H4iHTaUIHIo, BKJIOMIa npHBH4- THe HIpOCTbIX HaBbIKOB, HaHpHiMep, HiCHIOJ1b3OBaHHSI HepCOHaAbHOrO KOMHIblOTepa. OH rPOBO,HT perynjipHbie y'-e6HbIe CeMlHapbI ijiAn ceMel ACeTedi-HHBaJi4OBs H OpraHH13yeT AJIS HHX OTZtbIX. DTOT LIeHTp 6blJI repBbIM B POCCHH1, KOTOpbIii opraHH3OBai pea6HIiHTa- UII1IO AnJII HHBaJI11,1OB-KOJ5ICOMHI4KOB. nlpHAo>KeHHu 213 Pea6HwlnTallloHHbfib LieHTP <, 3aHHMEOUImaS5ICI BOHpoCaMH, CBA3aHHbIMH C ciCC.iceOBaHI3MMH B O6JIaCTH ,LHa6e- Ta, ero Ai4arHOCTHKO , JieMeHHeM H npo4unjiaKTHKo4. B ee 3a,zaqll BXOgHT o6y"ITb riafi- eHTOB C AiarHO3OM gHa6eT MeTOgaM KOHTpOJIS 3a6oJieBaHHA, HipegOTBpaiWeHHI pa3B4- THA COCY,ZHCTbIX OCJIO)KHeHHfl H I4HBaJIiHIHOCTH, a TaK)Ke HOBbiIIleHMA KaIeCTBa >KH3HH nanHeHToB. ICeHTP <Ke npaBa II O6M3aHHOCTH o6oi4X CTOPOH. POAIHTeii4 oijia4HBa0oT 50 py6niefi B MeCsAU 3a QOTtHOrO pe6eHKa, qTO CO- CTaBjsAeT HiIMHepHO OQLHY TpeTb OT e>KeMeCA-HOu HIilaTbI 3a cogepKaHie pe6eHKa B o6bIM- HOM ,OLIKOJIbHOM yt1peAC,ZeHHII. CHeUi4aJIHCTbI L|eHTpa 4OpMHpylOT rpyfllb 13 MgeTef no BO3paCTY H cieiiivHKeg i4HarHo3a. )JZAsi KaiKcoro pe6eHKa pa3pa6aTbIBaeTCsl IIH,IHBHAy- aJIbHbIl ijiaH pea6HJl4TaiUH4H, KOTOpbIil ocyiieCTB5lAeTCAI nO TIUaTeJIbHO KOHTpOJlipye- MbIM 3TaraM. H1PKymCKGR o6flacmb B IPKYTCKOii O6jiaCTH pa6OTaiOT BOCeMb pea6wlIITauIIOHHbIX HeHTPOB jLjS JeTeI4-HHBa- JIHIIOB. PernOHaRIbHbdi pea6H.JmHTanHoHHblIi ueHTp 6bIJI C03gaH HpH EleHTpe npoc)HjiaK- THKH 6oTie3Heii H 3g0POBbAI B COCHOBOI4 ropKe g1JIAI COJaeECTBH4I pa3BHTHiO, o6pa3OBaHHlO H o6y'eHHI-o gierTei C HapyiiieHEHqMH JIOKOMOTOPHOII CIICTeMbI, _UI, 6poHxiialbHorl aCT- Moil, 3HiierHCHei H 6oJIe3HIMII )KeJIyZotIHO-KHMeIIHOFO TpaKTa. B 1999 r. ILeHTp o6cny- >KHJi 663 pe6eHKa B paMKax 45-guHeBHoro pea6wulITaul[olIHoro IHKIia. nlo,KoweHme AeTee B POCCUUCKOU OeAepaLtHH. 214 IITorm co0L,anbHoA nonWTMKM 1990-x rOADOB s nepcneKTsBbi YCwlJr5I rocyaapCTBeHHbIX opraHOB HOaKpePMHIIOTCA yCrieLIHbIM COTPYAHHqeCTBOM C HerpaBHTeJIbCTBeHHbIMH opraHH3aiU4sIMH. B 1999 r. IOHOIIIeCKHi nOXoaHO-TypHCTHIe- CKUHi KJIy6 < opraH3OBan JIeTH4i4 Jiarepb Ha 6epery 03epa BaiiKani. Jlarepb IpHHHMmaeT Ha ,eTei4-HHBajiHJaOB. 3a aBa nocieiAyioiiHx ce3OHa JIarepb 2AaJ BO3MOXCHOCTb HpO14T1 pea6HJlnTaiUHoHHbie MepoHipuHT14S 150 zteTSM-HHBaHmjaM, 60JIbLIHHCTBO H3 KO- TOpbIX COCTaBJIAJIH eTH C TAweKibIMH cPH3WieCKHMH HeAOCTaTKaMH. MO)KHO BbIJaeJI1Tb TpHI OCHOBHbIX pea6wJIHTauHoHHbIx 4aKTOpa .iarepHoii pa6oTM: alanTaHHOHHbIii (aeTH agarITHPY1OTCS1 K BHelIIHHM iorOFOHbM yCJIOB451M, K *H3HH BJAMH OT pOaHTeJIerl, 60obme JLBH1raIOTCA1 H 3aHHmal4OTCI 4H3HMeCKHMH ynpax(HeHHI4M4); MeAIU14HHCKHii (z(eTI4 npoXo- ,a1T KypCbl cH3HoTepaH14H, HanpaBjieHHOH Ha HOBbIlHeHHe BO3MO*HOCT14 aBHraTbCA); co- LHaJIbHo-regarorH'lecKHI (OH4 caMH, Hap5Ay C AeTbMH 6e3 KaKHx-JIH60 HapyIfleHHIl, AOJI)KHbI CTpeMHTbC3 o6cny.K14HBaTb ce6A1). KpaCHocapCKU6 KpaU B KpacHozapcKoM Ypae cymIeCTByeT 16 pea6Hlu'iTauuoHHmIx LeHTPOB a.7IA aeTer4-HHBa- JIH1,OB B 12 ropo,ax m paiioHax. KpoMe pea6Hrn1TauiHoHHMix riporpaMM 1ieHTPbI Kpas npeauiaraioT ue.ieByIo COIHaJIbHyIO IOMOIITb z(eTAM-14HBaJIHZaM (BKjiIoqas 850 AeTerl, IIpHKOBaHHbIX K HIOCTe.I4) B paMKaX peFHOHaJlbHOA ileIieBoll npOrpaMMbi <<«eT14 Ky6a- H1>». B ,L[HI4 HHBa3jH4la ropoaa H paEoHbI HIPOBO0,AT BbICTaBKH, CHOpTHBHbie MepOHpRHTHA H1 4eCTMBaJI4 HCKyCCTB, B KOTOPbIX IIpHHHMalOT yaCTHe H 1teTH-HHBajI4AbI. B 1999 r. 1600 TaKHx AeTeHi 6biIo HaipaBjieHO B jeTHi4e .iarepA. rlepBaA cMeHa Ha aeTCKOM KypOp- Te B AHane 6bIlla OTBeJaeHa ,aeTAM HHBajlHaaM-KOJIA1COqHHKaM H COHpOBO)K1aaIOHHM HX .LIHaM. rlOMHMO npOXOK,aeH1S1 o6bitlHoro CaHaTOPHOFO jieqeHIIA ,eTH HMeJIiH B03MO)K- HOCTb O6iaTbCA CO 3JaOPOBbiMi IeTbMH. B TO Ke BpeM5i 3JJOPOBbie eTH npOI1L7IH Ba)KHbIH ypOK, IOCTHral MHoroO6pa3He o6cToqTe.lbcTB )KH3HH 'JeJIOBeKa. MOCKBa B MOCKBe o6ILIecTBeHHaS opraHHa3aUl4s <KTCeHIA «B COOTBeTCTBHH C npaBHijiaMH HHpiM1a B )aHHbIe y"peAczeHHI>A. 2. PeKoMeHayeT HanpaBjieH4e aeTerI, KOTOpbIe, KaK YCTaHOBHjia KOM14CCHA5, HMelOT cepbe3HbIe HapyiIIeHI51 3,a0pOBbq, B jiewe6HbIe "pewaeHH H YMpe)KWeH1lA COU4- anibHOiI 3aWIlTbI. 3. rlpHHHMaeT peimeHIA OTHOCHTeJIbHO repeBojia pe6eHKa H13 CieuIHaJIH3HpOBaHHOA IUIKO7Ibl B o6bIMHyIo ii o nepeBoze pe6eHKa 143 ozt1oro cneHnanjiH3HPOBaHHoro Y" peKAIeHHA B jRpyroe. 4. KoHcyibTiipyeT pOaHTejiefi H yMITejief no pa3jIH'qHbIM acneKTaM TepanIH, yxojla 11 o6pa3oBaHrI4J fleTerl C jierKO CTerieHblO HapylIeHHIA pa3BHTHS, KOTOpbIC He HoT- jie>KaT nHsIHHTHIO B cCeUlHaJIH3HPOBaHH1bIe IUKOJIbI H 14OIlKOnIbHbIe yMpe)Kz(eHl4A. B COCTaB perFiOHaJlbHOII KOMHCCHH BXOaAT CIieaYIOInI4e npeaCTaBHTeJiH: OT perilo- HaIbHOrO yripaBjieHHl4 o6pa3OBaHHIA (npeaceaaTeAb KOMH4CC4HH), OT peroIHaJlbHoro yn- paBjieHIIA 3,apaBooxpaHeHHA (3aMecTHTeAb npeaceiaTe.TiA KOMHCCHH1), OT perIHOHajibHO- ro yHipaBjieHlHs COUIHaJbHOfI 3aIHTbI H IJeHbI KOMH4CC4HH (JteTCKHii HCHXOHeBPOJIOF HII HCIXHaTp, OITaibMoJIr, OTojiapl4Hro7ior, ncixoJIor, reJLaror-Jle4beKTOJI0r, Jae4eKTonor 3 ,AOIIIKObHOro yMpe>K2eHHs4 ,jiorone,; H ceKpeTapb KOMICCHH). 'nieHbI KOMICC4HH Ha3Ha- M11aOTC5A perlOHaJIbHbIMI yHpaBjieHII51MH o6pa3OBaHIHSI H 3,apaBOOxpaHeHHSI. Pa6oTa KOMHCCIHHI HIPOBOIITCM B COOTBeTCTBHH C YTBep>ReHHbIM rOFOBbIM HiJaHOM. OHa HMeeT npaBo paccmaTP1BaTb Z1o 10 aeji B AeHb (MeHee OQHoro uaca Ha o0Horo pe6eH- Ka). KOMHCCHSI pa6oTaeT Ha 6a3e o6iacTHoII (KpaeBofI, peciy6uiHKaicKoii) 6o0mbHLIrbl, Ciel4a-JH3HpOBaHHOl lIIKOJIbI HJIH 4,OIIIKOJIbHOF0 y"ppe)K11eHH5, y KOTOpbIX eCTb Heo6xo- ,A1MbIe YCJIOBH4A JIA BceCTOPOHHero o6cjiegoBaHl4I AeTefi. Ha qeHb flPOBeJeHIIA 3aceaa- HHHX KOMHCCHH m-eHbI KOMHCCHI OCB060o>KAa10TCA OT HCHOJIHeHHA CBOHX OCHOBHbIX o6A- 3aHHOCTerl. (DopMaJIbHO eT4TH HaipaBJIAIoTCS Ha paCCMOTpeHHe KOMHCCHeH paHOHHbIMH oTge.aaMil o6pa3oBaHHA, KOTOpbIe TaK>Ke FOTOBAIT Heo6Xo2wMyio CO IpOBOp4Te1bHYIOa0- KyMeHTauHII o. CeKpeTapb KOMHCCHII, KOTOpbIH 4OpMHpyeT ejieo, Ha3HamaeT BCTpeyM C POIlTeJIAMH (IIuII OHeKyHaMH) H HpeaCTaBHTeCjiMH IIKOJbI (iOIUKOIbHOrO yqpe>Kae- nonoweHme AeTee B POCCHUCKOA cteAepaLAww. 216 MTorH coLtmanbHoA nonHTWKH 1990-x ropos u nepcneKTHBbI HHA) 1H HaripaBjiSeT HM npmriiameHie Ha 3TY BCTpe-y. Pe6eHoK o6cJIeqyeTcA KOMHCCHef4 B Il14CYTCTBIH pOJtHTeJIeR (orieKyHOB). HpH BbIaaMe peKOMeHtalIH4 KOMHCCHA pyKOBOa- CTBsYTCA H4HCTPyKunH3MH Ho rpHeMy aeTefl B creuHaZZ3HpoBaHHbie o6Weo6pa3OBaTeJIb- HbIe IIIKOJIbI (IIJIII H4HTepHaTbI) H aOIKOJIbHbIe yMpe,KfeHHS4 aJi eTerl C nICHXH'IeCKHMH 1.I1 14H3HweCKHMH HapyieHHAMH 3,apOBbI. Pe3yA7bTaTbI o6cAIeaOBaHHA KaXAZOFO pe6eHKa 3aHOCSTCA B aet3o pe6eHKa B HpOTO- KOJIbHOii 4opMe. JI14Hoe aeno pe6eHKa BMeCTe C 3aKJIioMeHHeM KOMHCCHH Hi peKOMeH- JaaIHAIM4 B OTHOueHlHH o6pa3oBaHnsI pe6eHKa H ero iieqeHHsA 3aTeM HaripaBSAOTCA B IIIKOJIy, Kyaa YCTpaHBaeTCA pe6eHOK. B TOM cTiy,Iae, ecim pe6eHOK He noaiieKHT o6yie- HHIO B cneH1iajiH3HPOBaHHbIX Knaccax Hi4H mIKOlax, aeJIO HanpaBJISeTCA B perHOHanJbHOe ynpasIneHi4e 3ATpaBooxpaHeHRS uHni COHmiabHOH 3a IHTbI Z(JIA npHH51THH aajIbHemiiero peIneHIIA (o6 yCTpOHCTBe B jleqe6Hoe yqpeAKaeHHe, un60 BbIriyileH H3 Hee HIiH nepeBeAeH 143 ciewIHajiH3HPOBaHHO- ro AOUlKOJIbHOFO y-pe)KaeHSA H.n1 IlUKOJIbI OIRHorO THia B yie6Hoe 3aBeJeHHe iapyroro THna 6e3 peiueHwI4 perHOHajIbHOH (ropoitcKori HAm paHOHHOH) nCHxOjIoro-MeeHKo-neJIea- 7rOHrMeCKOH KOMHCCHH. B Tex cjiy-IaAx, KOrAa KOMHICCHA He MO*CeT npHHTH K KaKOMy-j1H6o OKOHiaTenJbHOMY altarHO3y, oco6eHHO B OTHOIiieHuH < (T.e. no poccHH- CKOU TepMHHOJI017HH YCTaHOBHTb AHaFHO3 <> HAn ), OHa BnpaBe HanpaBHTb pe6eHKa BO BCriOMOraTenJbHYIO IIJKOJIY H4IH macc Ha onpeRejIeHHbIH CpOK, He iipeBbIuiaioiuHrl OAHOrO roata. Ecul HeO6xOaiHMO, HO OKOH'aHHI 3TOFO CpOKa pe6eHOK BHOBb MO)KeT 6blTb HarpaBjieH Ha rcixoZoro-meAHKO-neaarorHqeCKYIO KOMHCCHIOJIAS HpHHITHSI OKOHaTeJIbHOFO pemeHluA 0 THie CHeUHaA1H3HpOBaHHOH lflKOJIbI, B KOTOpyIO pe6eHoK 6yaeT HOMeIuIeH. Upi4&IoKeHHe 5 Hpaea aemei, npU3xlaHbtIX UHGafluaaMu no Kamezopuu <KAbIII 113 HpeabIqyMIIX KOJeKCOB (1918, 1926 H 1969 rr.) OT- paKe HpHOPHTeT 3alHHTbI HX nIpaB 12 HI HHTepeCOB * rapaHTIpyeTCA HpllOplITeTHa51 3aHIITa ripaB H IIHTepeCOB HeTpyaOCHOCo6HbIX jie- HOB CeMbH. * YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSA paBeHCTBO BCex rpaFKaaH B CBOHX rpaBax H o6A3aHHoCTAX BHe 3aBIHCHMOCTll OT 13bIKOBOH, pemIIHlO3HOH, COII1a4bHOVI, paCOBOH H HaijHOHajIbHOH fpHllHJaIeKHOCTH (mo6as ripAMaS H KOCBeHHaA clopMa orpaHi4HMeHH HpaB 3anpe- meHa). 3. KpaTKoe H3no>KeHHe HeKOTOpblX nonoJKeHOHH CeMeHHoro KOAeKca13 1) 17pa3a pe6eHKa 8 ceMbe HpaBO pe6eHKa MKHTb H BOCHIHTbIBaTbCS B CeMbe (CTaTEM 54) 14 Ka,cKAbdi pe6eHOK (Q1u0, He AOCTHrmee B03paCTa BOCeMHaJLIaTH jIeT) HMeeT npaBO )KHTb H BOCHIlHTbIBaTbCAI B CeMbe, HaCKOJIbKO 3TO B03MO)KHO; npaBo 3HaTb CBOHX pOAHTeJieH, )K1ITb C HHMH HI HiIOJ1yMaTb OT HIIX 3a60Ty 3a ICKJHOMwHHleM Tex CJiyIaeB, KOraa 3TO HpOTEI- Bope,mT ero HHTepeCaM. Hpll OTCYTCTBHH pOZLHTeJ1eH, IpEI .ImiHeHHIH HIX PO1HTeSJbCKH4X ripaB JIEI OrpaHH'meHHIE HIX B TaKHX rpaBax rpaBo pe6eHKa Ha HpO)HBaHHle H BOCiHHTa- HHe B CeMbe o6ecrneEIIBaeTCs OprIaHOM OHIeK H riHOiHe-IHTejibCTBa B HOpRAKe, yCTaHOBJIeH- HOM zLaHHbIM KoaeKCOM. HIpaBo pe6eHKa Ha o6iernH'e C POZAHTTeJISMH (CTaTbS 55) Pe6eHOK HiMeeT ipaBO Ha o6inelliHe c o6oHMH poJUITeji5MH, aegymKOIi H 6a6ymIIKOI, 6pa- TbAIMH I CeCTpaMI HI aPYFIIMII pOOACTBeHHIIKaMHI. PaCTOpweH1Ie 6paKa pOAHTeIeri HJIIH HPH43H1HHle ero HeLerICTBHITeJIbHbIM, pa3,aeJlbHOe HIpO>IIBaHH4e pOORl4TeJleHt He BJIHE5OT Ha npaBa pe6eHKa. B ciiyae pa3,aeJIbHoro HipOKHBIHHIII po0,RITej1efl pe6eHoK HiMeeT npaBo Ha o6umeHrie C KaXKabIM I43 HIIX BHe 3aBHC1IMOCTHI OT CTpaHbi HproKHBaHHA. Pe6eHoK, Haxo- JAUIIIHICS B 3KCTpeMajIbHOHl CHTyauHm (3agep>KaHme, apecT, 3aKjIloeHIHe no0 cTpawKy, Ha- xo)KaeHile B jieMe6HoM y-1pewaeHHHI HI T.a.) IMmeeT ripaBO Ha o6weHHe CO CBOHIMH pOl4HTe- JISIMH4 H iapyrEimH POCTBeHHIIKaMHI B HOpAAKe, YCTaHOBjieHHOM 3aKOHOM. HpaBO pe6eHKa Ha 3aII}HTY lpaB H HHTCpeCOB (CTaTbq 56) Pe6eHOK HMeeT npaBO Ha 3aIl4ITY CBOEX npaB EI 3aKOHHbIX IIHTepeCOB pOJ,RETejIAMH (uI4- UaMH, HX 3aMeIaIOwLiMHi), a B CuIy4aX, HIpegyCMOTpeHHbIX HaCTOAIM KOJeKCOM, opra- HOM OIIeKI Hi noneMHITeuIbCTBa, HIpOKypOpOM H CyaOM. Pe6eHOK uiMeeT nipaBO Ha 3aIIHTY OT 3JIOylloTpe6JieHHII CO CTOpOHbl pOzEHTeiief. pHpI HapyHeHH 4I B IpaH E 3aKOHHbIX HHTe- peCOB pe6eHKa, B TOM HiCJIie HIpEI HBbIHOJIHeHHIHI HJIII HH lelaaeaeM BbIHlOjiHeHHHE POTalHTejiS.MH o6SI3aHHOCTeii HO BOCHIHT-HH1IO HI o6pa3OBaHHIO JIII6o IpI 3JIOyriOTpe6uIe- HHHEI POAHTeCJbCKHIMH ripaBaMII, pe6eHOK IiMeeT ripaBO CaMOCTOATejibHO o6paulaTbCA B Op- raH OHrKIIEl H a no r7OCTH(eH1II Bo3paCTa ieTbIpHauaTH uieT - B CyA. flpHAo>KeHHsi 221 ,llOJIAKHOCTHbIe JIHua, opraHH3aiUii H rpaDKgaHe, KOTOPblIM CTaHeT H3BeCTHO o6 yrpo3e KH3HH HIH 3J10pOBblO pe6eHKa HiH 0 HapyiIIeHHH ero npaB H 3aKOHHbIX HHTepecOB, o61- 3aHbl Coo6WIITb o6 3TOM B MecTHbIH opraH oneKH H noreMHTeJIbcTBa, KOTOpbIH B CBOIO oqepeb ,aOJIMeH HPH4H51Tb Heo6xoilHMbIe MepbI nO 3awHTe npaB H 3aKOHHbIX HHTepeCOB pe6eHKa. HpaBo pe6eHKa BbIpa*caTb CBoe MHeHHe (CTaTbS 57) Pe6eHoK BnpaBe Bbipa>caTb CBoe MHeHHe rpEH pelueHHH B ceMbe Jno6oro Bonpoca, KOTO- pbliH 3aTpaFHBaeT ero HIHTepeCbI, a TaK)ce 6bITb 3aCJIyIuaHHbIM B xojAe JHo6oro cyae6Horo HJIH aaM"HHHCTpaTHBHOFO pa36HpaTeJIbCTBa. YieT MHeHHS pe6eHKa, jaocTHrmero B03pac- Ta ,eCATH JIeT, o6sA3aTeJIeH, 3a HCKJlIOMeHHeM cJyiaeB, KOrUaa 3TO npOTHBopeMHT ero HH- TepecaM. B o6bI'IHbIX cJIyi"aqX, npeayCMOTpeHHbIX HaCTOS1uHM KOXaeKCoM , opraH one- KHI H nIOHeiHTeJIbCTBa HJIH cyg MOceT HPHHITb peiieHine TOJIbKO c coriacH3 pe6eHKa, go- CTH1ImerO Bo3paCTa, zeCATH JIeT. HpaBo pe6eHKa Ha HMq, OTMeCTBO H IJaMmHIO (CTaTbH 58 H 59) Pe6eHoK IMmeeT npaBO Ha HMs, OTMeCTBO H baMHIHAHo. HMSq pe6eHKy aaeTcA no cor.name- HIIEO pOLHTeiieH, OTMeCTBO HPlHCBausaeTC31 Ho HmeHH OTLIa, ecJIH HHoe He rpeaycMoTpeHo 3aKOHaMH cy6beKToB PoccHiciiKol (Deepalun HJIH He OCHOBaHO Ha HauHOHa.7bHOM 06bI- Mae. (DaMHaiHs pe6eHKa onpekeaisieTcA q)aMHjiHei poaHTeiei. Hlpn pa3HbIx 4aMaImHAsx po,aHTeJIefi pe6eHKy HpiHCBaHBnaeTCA 4aMHJIHA1 OTLHa HJIH MaTepii no corJI71aleHHIo po4H- TeJIeH, eciH HIHoe He rpe.zycMOTpeHo 3aKOHaMH cy6beKTOB POCCHfiCKOii (PeaepaunH. IJpu OTCYTCTBHH4 cOr.IamieHH51 meAc;y POQIHTeJIAMn OTHOCHTeJIbHO meHHH H/HuiH baMm- JIHH pe6eHKa pa3HorjiacH5 pa3peiuaioTcsi opraHoM onHKH H roieMHTejIbcTBa. ECJIHI OT- IIOBCTBO He YCTaHOBJIeHO, HMS pe6eHKy jaeTcq ero MaTepbio, OTMeCTBo rpuHCBaHBaeTCA HO HMeHH JIHua, 3aHiHcaHHOrO B KaMeCTBe OTiia pe6eHKa, a 4)aMHIunHA - no 4paM4uHIH MaTepH. ro COBMeCTHOH HIpOCb6e pOAHTe.ieH, HCXOa51 H3 HHTepeCOB pe6eHKa, opraH oHeKH H nO- rieMHTejbCTBa HMeeT ipaBO pa3peH1HTb H3MeHHTb HMSA pe6eHKy, a TaKioe ero )aMHJH1EO Ha 4)aMHJInHo jpyroro POZHTejiA aO OCTHKeHH4A pe6eHKOM 14 aieT. HMS H/HJIH 4IaMH4InH1 pe6eHKa, ,OCTHrHyB1Liero 10 uieT, MOryT 6bITb H3MeHeHbI TOJIbKO c ero corFIaCHM. HmyIIxeCTBeHHbie npaBa pe6eHKa (CTaTbs 60) Pe6eHOK HMeeT ipaBO Ha HOJiyMeHHe COaep>KaHHA OT CBOHX poZtHTeuIeH H apyrHx MjeHOB ceMbHI. CyMMbI, npH-IH4TaiOiuHeCA pe6eHKy B Ka'eCTBe aIiHMeHTOB, rieHCiH, ioco6Hmi, no- CTynaHOT B pacHopAKeHHe poZlHTeJiefi (HJIH JIHI4, HX 3aMeIlIaiOlIx) H paCXOayEOTCH HMH Ha coaep>KaHHe, BOCHrlTaHHe H o6pa3oBaHHe pe6eHKa. Pe6eHoK HMeeT npaBo co6CTBeH- HOCTH Ha aOXOzbI, roIoI4yeHHbIe HM, a TaKiKe Ha ito6oe ztpyroe HMyiiIeCTBO, rpHo6peTeH- Hoe H4M B Ka-eCTBe nO,apKOB, HaCJieqCTBa HIIH Ha ero co6cTBeHHbIe cpe,aCTBa. I4MyLieCT- BeHHbIe npaBa pe6eHKa B OTHOIweHIHH Co6CTBeHHOCTH1, HaXOAlsiie C31 B ero pacHop5DKe- HIIHI, pery-HpyEOTCA1 FpaA,ZKaHCKHM KOJaeKCOM POCCHiCKOI4 cDeaepauiHH (CTaTbm 26-28). Pe6eHoK He HMeeT npaBa co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha Hmy1iieCTBO poa4Te7ieA, a pOAHTeiiH He HMe- IOT npaBa Co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha HMyIIeCTBO pe6eHKa. 4eTH H pOalHTejH, HpO)KHBaiouHHe COBMeCTHo, MOryT BIazkeTb H HoJIb3OBaTbCs HmyLLieCTBOM apyr aipyra HO B3aHMHOMY CO- rJIaclio. nonomeHme AeTeU B POCCHUCKOU $eAepaLk.H. 222 MTorm C0maJ1bHOH nlO)lHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB U nepcneKTHBbI 2) flpai3a u o6,q3aHHocmu po9umeeneu PaBeHCTBO npaB H o6.I3aHHOCTe* POjHTejiei (CTaTSI 61) PO,HTeJIH HMeIOT PaBHbie npaBa H HeCYT PaBHbIe o6A3aHHOCTH B OTHOIIIeHHH CBOHX ae- TeH. POalHTeJIbCKHe npaBa npeKpaLiualoTcs nO ,tOCTH)KeHHH zkeTbMH BO3paCTa BoceMHa,- 1IaTH JieT, a TaK>Ke HpH BCTynJlCHJII HeCOBepHlleHHojHeTHxI eTeHl B 6paK, HpH npHio6pe- TeHHH jeTbMH HOJIHOH aeecroco6HOCTH ,ao ZkOCTH)KeHH5A iMH coBepiueHHojieTHA B CJIY- IaAIX, yCTaHOBJICHHbIX 3aKOHOJaaTe.IbCTBOM PC). HecoBepiiieHHoJleTH4e pOqHTejIH HMe- IOT rpaBO Ha COBMeCTHOe nPO)KHBaHme C pe6eHKOM H yMaCTHe B ero BOcHHTaHHH. IHpaBa HeCOBePIIIeHHOjieTHHX POAHTejaeii, He CBq3aHHbIX 6paKoM (CTaTbA 62) HeCOBepiiieHHoJieTH4e POJ,HTeJIi, He COCTOSHIHe B 6paKe, BnpaBe CaMOCTOAlTeJIbHO OCY- IueCTBJIATb POIWTeJbCKH4e npaBa HO JAOCTH)KeHIHH HMH BO3paCTa 16 J1eT (HpH YCJIOBHH yc- TaHOBJIeHHH HX MaTePHHCTBa II OTHIOBCTBa). ,O 4OCTm-KeH1 HMH 16-JIleTHerO Bo3pacTa pe6eHKy Mo)KeT 6blTb Ha3HaMeH oreKyH, KOTOpbII 6yaeT OCyi1eCTBJIATb ero BOCHIHTaHHe COBMeCTHO C HecOBeplOHeHHoHTieTH14MH pOUTeJIAMH pe6eHKa. Pa3Horuaclsl, B03H4KalO- LHe me)Kay OneKYHOM pe6eHKa H ero HeCOBepiiieHHOJleTHuMn pO,ITeJIAMI4, pa3peIHalOT- CSI opraHaMH oHeKH H HoHeM4HTeJIbCTBa. flpaBa H o6SI3aHHOCTH POAUHTeIieiU HO BOCIHTaHHIO H o6paaoBanHlO AeTefi (CTaTbA 63) POalHTejiH HMelOT npaBO H o6A3aHbl BOCHHTbIBaTb CBOHX JeTeil. POAHTeJIH HeCyT OTBeT- CTBeHHOCTb 3a o6pa3oBaHHe H pa3BHTHe CBOHIX aeTeH. OHH o6A3aHbl 3a6oTHTbCI 0 3,OpO- Bbe g eTeH HI IIX U43HMeCKOM, yMCTBeHHOM, aYXOBHOM H HpaBCTBeHHOM pa3B4THH. POal- TeJiU HMelOT nPeHMYWeCTBeHHOe rpaBO Ha BOCHHTaHUe CBOIHX eTeH. POAHTeJIH o6sq3aHbl o6ecneMHTb Hojiy-IeHHe ,aeTbMIH OCHOBHOFO o6mero o6pa3oBaHHIA. POEHTejiH c yMeTOM MHeHHAI JteTefi HMeIOT npaBo Bbl6opa o6pa3oBaTemIbHoro Y yqpewaeHHA RO nojiy,4eHHAs ze- TbMH OCHOBHOFO o6mIero o6pa3oBaHHsi. HIpaBa H o6.q3aHHOCTH POJtHTeiieiU no 3alUHTe nPaB H HHTePeCOB Z(eTeft (CTaTbm 64) PO,j1TemI o6A3aHbI 3aXHEHaTb npaBa H HHTepeCbi CBOHX AeTeH. POJlHTeiH sABJIsIOTCS 3a- KOHHbIMH4 npeACTaBHTesJIAMH CBOHX JeTeA H BbICTyialOT B 3aIIuHTY HX npasB H HHTepeCOB B OTHOIHCeHHAX C Io6biMH 4JH3HMeCKHMH H iopHaUiU-eCKHMH jiHUaMH, B TOM qHcJIe B Cy z,ax, 6e3 cnelUHaJlbHblx HOJIHOMOMIHH. POaZHTeji4 He BrpaBe ripeaCTaBJISTb HHTepeCbI CBO- HX ,aeTeH, ecTiH opraHoM orieKI H HoHe'HTeJIbCTBa yCTaHOBJIeHO, t1TO MeACKay lHTepeCaMii PO,4HTenjeIU H aeTeTi HMeIOTCA HlpOTIIBOpeCH5A. B TaKHX cjiyiaAx opraH one4KH noHie'H- TenJbCTBa o6lA3aH Ha3Ha-IHTb npeCTaB4TejiaJIAS 3aWHTbI npasB H HTepecOB pe6eHKa. OcyuteCTBJIeHHe POZHTeCibCKHX npaB (CTaThA 65) POJaHTeJIbCKHe npaBa He MOrYT ocyliueCTBJIqTbCS B HpOTHBOpeIH4H C HHTepecaMH 2eTei. O6ecneMeHHe HHTepeCOB AJeTeii ZtOJINKHo 6bITb HpeJMeTOM OCHOBHOE 3a6OTbI UIX POl4UTe- iiefl. rlpiH ocyLIeCTBJIeHHH POaHTenJIbCKHX npaB POJJ2HTeJil He BnpaBe HHHPI4HATb Bpe, 4 H3H'IeCKOMy H ncHXHMecKOMY 3,jOpOBbIO ZJeTefi, HX HpaBCTBeHHOMY pa3BiTHIO. Cnoco- 6bl BOCHH4TaHHSI JAOJI)Hbl HCKKIOBaTb npeHe6peiulTeJIbHoe, wKeCTOKOe, rpy6oe, yHHKaIo- iwee 1ejioBemecKoe AROCTOHHCTBO o6palUeHHe,. OCKOp6jieHHe HniU 3KCnjiYaTaLHIO ioeTeH. POJtHTeJ.iH, ocyLueCTBhIIIoiLiHe poHTenJIbCKHue npaBa B ymep6 npaBam 11 HHTepecaM zIeTeCl, HeCYT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb B YCTaHOBjieHHOM 3aKOHOM nOpIAaKe. Bce BOrpOCbi, KacaloLUHe- CA BOCHHTaHHI4 H o6pa3OBaHIS aieTefl, peiualOTCSA POflTenjiMH HO HX B3aHMHOMY corJIa- nppHnoKeHHR 223 CIIIO, IICXO25 113 IIHTepeCOB aeTeil 11 C "HeTOM MHeHH5 JeTefi. flpl HaiiHiIr4m pa3HOriaCIi4 PO,aHTeTiH BripaBe o6paTHTbCq B opraH OrieKH HI HIOHeMlITeHTbCTBa HJII B Cya 3a rOMOHIbIO. FIpH pa31eSJIbHOM HrpO)HBaHHII pO;ITTeiiel MeCTO >KHTeJIbCTBa 2eTeI YCTaHaBJIHBaeTC3 coruiaimeHiIeM po2HTeJIeHi. IIpH OTCYTCTBIIII corJIiaHeHH5 cHop pa3pelaeTcsI CyJLOM, IIC- XO,aA 143 HHTepeCOB pe6eHKa H C yMeTOM ero MHeHISI, a TaK,Ke C y1eTOM HPuHBS3aHHOCTH pe6eHKa K Ka>KaOMy 143 POAlITeJii B K 6paTbsIM Ii ceCTpaM, a TaK>Ke JH4MHbIX xapaKTepH- CTIIK pOalITeiiei, OTHOiueHH4I MmeKay Ka)K2bIM POI4HTeSJeM H pe6eHKOM. Cy21 aoJIACeH CTpeMHTbCA1 CO3AaaTb OnTIIMaJIbHbIe YCJIOBIIA 2AJ11 BocnHITaHHII H pa3BHTIIq pe6eHKa (HplI- HIMiSm BO BHIIMaHlle, HaiHpHIMep, pOa aeSTeJIbHOCTH, pe)KHM pa6OTbl, maTepliaJbHoe no- JIOmKeimIe II jp.). OcyiueCTBJieHHe POaHTeAJbCICHX ripaB pOIHTeiieM, IIpOACHBaIOIXHM OTz1eNJbHO OT pe6eH- Ka (CTaTEs 66) POZLuTeJIb, HipOKHHBa1ouII1if OT2e1JbHO OT pe6eHKa, lIMeeT HpaBO Ha o6uIeH1ie C pe6eHKoM, ytaCT1Ie B erO BOCHIHTaHIHHH II peHIeHHIHl BOHpOCOB HOJIyHeHIIA pe6eHKOM o6pa3OBaHHI. Po,alITeJIb, C KOTOpbIM pe6ehloK npO)KHBaeT, He JIOJIDceH HiperITCTBOBaTb o6IIeHHilo pe- 6eHKa C apyrFIM pOA21TeiieM, eCJII TaKoe o6iueHHe He HIpHqHHSeT Bpea 41H3HiMeCKOMY 14.7111 HC-iXcxHeCKOMY 3,aOPOBbIO pe6eHKa, ero HpaBCTBeHHOMY pa3BHTHIO. PoAlITeiI7I BHipaB 3a- KJIIO'IIITb B nlICbMeHHOHI C OpMe COrJIalHeHHe o HOpqI2Ke ocyH1eCTBJIHHSII PO2aHTeJIbCKHX HpaB pOAHTejieM, HPOUlIBaIIIIIM OTAeJIbHO OT pe6eHKa. Ec.rn POaHTeCJIH He MoryT HpHHi- TII K COrFiaiueHIIEO, cHop pa3peiHaeTcsi CyaoM c pHaCT14eM opraHa orieK1 H HIoneHI4TeJIbCT- Ba. IIPM HeBbIHOJIHeH14H peIIeHIIsI cy21a K BHIHOBHOMY PO2LHTemEo HpHMeHAHOTCA Mepbi, Hipe2yCMOTpeHHbie rpa>KaaHCKIIM HpOUeCCYaJ1bHbIM 3aKOHOoIaTejIbCTBOM. fipl 3JIOCTHOM HeBbIrHojIIieHIII peieHlIsI cyaa Cya no Tpe6OBaHH1O pOA1HTeJIsIA, HPOKHIBatolero OTJteJIbHO OT pe6eHKa, MODKeT BbIHeCTH peImeHiie o nepe,tawe emy pe6eHKa, HCXO2ASI 113 HHTepeCOB pe- 6eHKa M C MeTOM MHeHIIA pe6eHKa. POJHTe.Ib, HpOAIIBaKoHIuH OTz(eSJbHO OT pe6eHKa, HiMeeT npaBO Ha noJIy'eHHie HH(jOpMaIIHH 0 CBOeM pe6eHKe 143 BOCHIlTaTeJIbHbIX, Jieme6- HbIX yMpe)KJeHlHl, yMpeCJKIeH4HA COiUlIaJIbHOHl 3aHIHTbI H 1pyrFHX aHajiOrl'IqHbIX y"peAK13H14 H 32AOPOBbS pe6eHKa CO CTOpOHbI pO,JlHTeJ.IS. OTKa3 B ripeaOCTaBJIeHl4I4 lIH4HopMaullimI Mo)KeT 6bITb ocnopeH B Cy2Le6HOM HOpqI21Ke. flpaBo Ha o6uleHHe c pe6eHK0oM aC21ylHIKH, 6a6ymKH, 6paTbeB, ceCTep H APYFH pOZO- CTBeHHHKOB (CTaTbAI 67) Jae,aymKa, 6a6ymKa, 6paTbA, CeCTpbI 14 Apyrie PoQJCTBeHH11KI4 IMmelOT npaBO Ha o6HleHHe c pe6eHKOM. ECJIII POIITeJITi (IIIH 014H H3 H1X) OTKa3bIBalOTCq OT HipeaOCTaBjieHHA 6JilI3KHM POaCTBeHHIIKaM o6uIeHlIA C HIIM, opraH oneKlIH II HoHMiTenJIbCTBa MoKeT o6A- 3aTb pOzl4Tejiec (7III OJHOrO 113 HHX) He HperIHTCTBOBaTb 3TOMY o6WeHHio. Ec.7H po02i- TeJIii4 IJIII PO2HTeNJb He HIO41M4HAIIOTCI peHieHHIO opraHa oHieKH 14 noHieIHTeJIbCTBa, 621143- KHle POaCTBeHH11K14 Him opraH oHreK1 HOHrre4TeNJbCTBa BnpaBe o6paTHTbCA B CYA C HC- KOM o6 YCTpaHeHHlM HlpeHASTCTBH14 K o6HeHIIEO C pe6eHKOM. Cyu pemaeT CnOp, HCXo0SA H3 HHTepeCOB pe6eHKa 14 C yleTOM ero MHeHHIA. B c.iy,4ae HeBbiHOjlHeHHqS peIieHHsA cy,aa K BHHOBHOMY POA1HTeiJiO HpIMeHSAIOTCSA Mepbi, PiCpeycMOTpeHHbIe rpa>KZ(aHCKHM npollec- CyaJ1bHbIM 3aKOHOaaTeJIbCTBOM. nOno>KeHme AeTeA B POCCHACKOA $eAepaLAHH. 224 MTorm coLtHaAbHoA nOAHTHKH 1990-x rop,OB u nepcneKTHBbl 3auMHTa POAHTejbCKHX npaB (CTaTbq 68) Po,lElTernE BrpaBe Tpe6oBaTb BO3BpaTa pe6eHKa OT s10o6oro iiiia, y,aepwKHIBaIouero ero y ce6si He Ha OCHOBaHHlE 3aKOHa HJIII cyJAe6Horo peuieHHAI. B ciyiae BO3HHlKHOBeH1l45 CHO- pa POZ(HTeJIH BnpaBe o6paTmlTbCA B Cya 3a 3aIUHTOHI CBOHX npaB. rIpH paCCMOTpeHHIHI 3TH4X Tpe6oBaHI4i CyA BnpaBe c yqeTOM MHeHHH pe6eHKa OTKa3aTb B yaOBJIeTBOpeHHIEI HCKa p0- JuITeJIef, ecrIi IIPHaeT K BbIBOay, 'TTO nepeiaaa pe6eHKa PORJlTei5iM He OTBe'aeT I4HTepe- caM pe6eHKa. ECJIE Cya yCTaHOBHT, 'TO HH pOAHTejIH, H14 JIHUO, y KOTOpOF0 HaXoaHITCA pe- 6eHoK, He B COCTOSHH1H o6ecne'EHTb ero Haaiiewailee BOCHIHTaHHe H pa3B4TH4e, cyA nepe- ,zaeT pe6eHKa Ha nonereHHIe opraHa oneK14 H4 rore'IHTeJIbcTBa. JHiuieHHe poaHTejibCKHx npaB (CTaTms 69) POal4TeJiH (145I14 Oal4H 143 HEIX) MOrYT 6blTb JIHllleHbl POJL14TeJlbCKHX npaB, eCJIH OHH: 1) yK- 71OHAIOTCS OT BbIITOIHeHEII o6SI3aHHOCTeIi pORlITeieHi (HarIpHIMep, B csiy'ae HaMepeHHOI 14 3JIOCTHOEI HeBbIJlaTbi aJItMeHTOB); 2) OTKa3blBalOTCI 6e3 yBa;KHTeJIbHbIX Hpi4'11H B3ATb cBoero pe6eHKa 143 POlIJHbHOrO gIoMa, 1lHOFO Jie'e6HOro y'pexcKaeHl4A, BOCH14Ta- TeJIbHrO yqpe*aeH1A, yMpe1(eHH1A ColjHanJbHOEI 3awl4Tbl HaCeIieHHI5 1411 13 ,Tpy17HX aHaJIOrI4'HbIX y-qpeAK,ieHHi4; 3) 3s7oynoTpe6sIAsoT CBOHMH pOaITej5bCKEIMHI npaBaMI4; 4) wKeCTOKO o6paualoTcs C cAeTbMH, B TOM InwCie ocylueCTBnI5IOT 4H3143HeCKoe 1i451 ncH1xCHXe- CKoe HacwEH5Ie HaJa HHMH4, HOKYLialOTCS Ha EIX HlOJ1OBYlO HeHIp4KOCHOBeHHOCTb; 5) cTpata- IOT OT XpOHEi4eCKOrO aJ5KOrO3II3Ma 14EIJI HapKOMaHI4I4; 6) COBepEE11II4 yMbiaileHHOe npe- CTynjieHHe HpOT14B ACEI3H14 H45IH 3,i0POBbA CBOHX ,teTerl 51460 HPOT14B )KH43HHI 145II 3,a0PO- BbA cyripyra. HIOps,OK 5IHiueHHSq pO2HTenjbCKHX npaB (CTaTbI 70) JhIHHIeHHe POA14TeJibCK14X npaB HPOE13BOAHTC5I B cyae6HOM nOps1^Ke. TaKHre teiia paccMa- TPH1BaIOTCA rIO 3aAsB7ieHHIO O,HOrO 113 poAI4TeiieH (14ji5 51iHU, EIX 3aMeH5IOHl14X), HpoKypo- pa, a TaK)Ke no 3aSIB5IeHHI5M opraHOB, Ha KOTOpbIe BO3J5O1CeHbI o6A3aHHOCT14 no oxpaHe npaB HecOBepiueHHoTeTHEIX AeTeeii (opraHOB OrieKH H rioreIHTeJIbCTBa, KOMICC14ri no ae- SIaM HeCOBepmueHHo51eTHH4X, y'Ipe)KAeHHl ,AJISA AeTeH-CHpoT H AeTefi, OCTaBIuiXcsI 6e3 no- ne-eHH5I poalHTe1JeH). eiia paccmaTpHBalOTC pH 'I aCTIEH npoKypopa H4 npeACTaB14Te- ieEI4 opraHa oriIKH H4 none'IHTeTIbCTBa. Cy, o6A53aH B TeieHHEe Tpex ,lLHeii CO aHA BCTynSie- HHAI B 3aKOHHYIO CHJIY peiieHlsi o Ii 511eHEl-IH POQTETeJIbCKH4X npaB yBeZOMI4Tb o6 3TOM op- raH 3aHHCH aKTOB rpa)KAIaHCKoro COCTOSAHHAI no MeCTY perEICTpaiUiHi pOAKcAeH4S pe6eHKa. lociieACTBHS JIHIuIeHHS pOAHTenibCKHX npaB (CTaTbSi 71) POAHTeC5H, 5iHlieHHbie POA14TeJIbCK14X nipaB, TepAlOT BCe ripaBa, OCHOBaHHble Ha baKTe pOACTBa C pe6eHKOM, B OTHOieHUH14 KOTOpOrO OHU 6bi51H 5U4ineHbI POZHTeJ5bCKHX nIpaB, B TOM MHC1e npaBo Ha Ho51y'eHHe coAep)KaH1S4, a TaK)Ke npaBO Ha 51brOTbl U HoC06m3i, yc- TaHOBJIeHHbie A.7iA rpawaaH, HMCIOiL4X AeTeH. JIHUJeHIIe POZI14Te1bCKHX HpaB He OCBO- 6o>KAaeT pO2HTe.e7ior OT o6A3aHHOCTH COaep>KaTb CBoero pe6eHKa. Pe6eHOK, B OTHOlIeH141 KOTOpOrO POAHTejn1 5imUleHbl POAUTe51bCKHX ripaB, COxpaHAeT npaBo Co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha )KH5oe noMemIleHHe H npaBo nO1b3OBaHHH IIM. Pe6eHOK coxpaHqeT i4MyllUCCTBeHHbie npa- Ba, OCHOBaHHbie Ha 4aKTe POACTBa C pOAHTej51mIM H ApyrFM14 pOOCTBeHH4KaMH, B TOM 'IHcJ5e npaBO Ha rojiMyeHHe Hac5eiecTBa. Bonpoc o aaJlbHeAi4eM COBMeCTHOM IpIOK4Ba- HIIU pe6eHKa Hi pOAHTeneH, HilulCHHbIX pOAHTeJ5bCKHX HpaB, pemaeTCs CYAOM B HIOpHAKe, YCTaHOB57eHHOM xHcHuIIHbIM 3aKOHoAaTeJIbCTBoM. HIpH HeBO3MOcKHOCT4 nepeztaTb pe- 6eHKa apyrOMy POIlHTe.TiO 14511 B c51yiae 51HtinHHS PoA1HTen5bCKI4X npaB o60u4x poAHTe- npMho>KeHWJq 225 Jieii, pe6eHoK nepeAaeTcAi Ha norieeHiee opraHia orieKHi i roneMllTeJbCTBa. YCbIHOBjieH1e pe6eHKa B cJAy'ae JIIueHlHS PO,lHTeJIA (poiHTeieii) POAWTeJIbCKH4X npaB ,LOIyCKaeTCA He paHee HCTeqeHMA iHeCTH MeCAiieB CO AHA BblHeCeHHIM peiueHiH5 cyaa o iiHiueHH1 pOAH- TeJIbCKHX npaB. BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIe B POZlHTejibCKHX npaBax (CTaTbJ 72) POAHTeJIl MOryT 6bITb BOCCTaHOBJIeHbI B POaHTeJIbCKHx npaBax, ecJIn OH4 (IIJII OAIIH 143 HHX) H3MeHI.7Il CBoe noBezAeHHe, o6pa3 XQM3HIl IIJIII CBOe OTHOLIueHHe K BOCnIHTaHHIO pe- 6eHKa. BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe pOJ4Te.TIbCKHX ipaB ocyIieCTBTIAeTCSA B cyAe6HOM rOpi,AKe no 3a5BJIeHHIO pOAHTeji5i, .IHIIIeHHOrO POA1HTenJbCKHX npaB. ;I[ejia 0 BOCCTaHOBjieHHHI B pOA14- TeJIbCKHX npaBax paccmaTplBaEOTCA C yMaCTHeM opraHa OHeKH IH HoHetHTeAJIbCTBa IH Hpo- Kypopa. OQHoBpeMeHHo C 3alBJIeHHieM 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH IOJHllTJIbCKIX riBpaB MOWKeT 6bITb paCCMOTpeHO Tpe6oBaHH4e O BO3BpaTe pe6eHKa pO4HTeJIAM H pOAHTeIo. CyA BHipa- Be c "IeTOM MHeHIsA pe6eHKa OTKa3aTb B Y OBSeTBopeHI1II IICKa 0 BOCCTaHOB:IeHH4 B pO- .TlHTeJIbcKHx HpaBax, ecJIII 3TO npOTHBOpeMHT IHTepecam pe6eHKa. BOCCTaHOBTIeH4e po- ,HTeJIbCKilX npaB B OTHOIIIeHIIH pe6eHKa, jAOCTI4rlerO BO3paCTa ,eCATH JIeT, B03MO)KHO TOJIbKO c ero corJIacI5A. He ,tonycKaeTcs BOCCTaHOBjieHHe B pO,HTeJIbCKIHX HpaBax, ecJi pe6eHoK yCbIHOBJIeH H yCbIHOB3IeHHe He OTMeHeHO. OrpaHHrqeHHe POAHTejibCKHX npaB (CTaTbq 73) Cya c y71eTOM HHTepeCOB pe6eHKa MoaKeT HpHH5ITb pemeHIe o6 oTo6paHHH4 pe6eHKa y po- HTeJIefi (14JII OAHOrO 143 HIIX) 6e3 JI1eHlHH5 IIX POIHTejibCKHX rpaB; 3TO Ha3bIBaeTCA or- paHw4eHi4eM POJAlTeJIbCKHX npaB. OrpaHleHmle POal4TeJbCKHX npaB lLonyCKaeTcA, ecJIlI OCTaBjieHIIe pe6eHKa c POAHTeSMHmi (OAH4M 143 HIIX) oHaCHO ,.nsI pe6eHKa no o6cTo. Te Ib- CTBaM, OT POJJ;4Tejiei! He 3aBEICSAIMm: riCHXHMeCKoe PaCCTPOUCTBO IIJI14 HIHOe XPOHHMeCKOe 3a6o.TieBaHHe, CTeqeHHe TAxKeJIbIX o6cToATeJlbcTB i ,Apyroe. OrpaH4MeHI1e POalHTeJ1bCKH4X npaB JAoHyCKaeTCA TaK>Ke B cjiyiasAx, ecIm OCTaBjieHIHe pe6eHKa C POaHTeJI1MH4 (HJIH oii- HHIM 143 HHX) BC.ieaCTBH4 HX HnOBBejeHH451 BJIAeTCA OriaCHbIM JIA pe6eHKa, HO He yCTaHOB- iieHbl JAOCTaTO'IHble OCHOBsaHHA JIS JIAIiIIeHH41 pozHTeJIeii pOJaITeJIbCKH4x HpaB. Ec.Im po- JHTejiH (O0HH 143 H4X) He 113MeHAT CBoero nOBeaeHH51, opraH OrieKH H HOneqYITeJIbCTBa HO HCTCeeHHH meCTH MeCAiieB o6A3aH HipeabqBIITb 4CK O JiHEeHHH POQLHTeJIbCKHX ripaB (B H4HTepeCaX pe6eHKa opraH OrieKIH H HorieHITeJIbCTBa BripaBe HipelbMBHITb TCK 0 iIiIIue- HHIH pOOHTeiieH pOOaHTe.7bCKHX ripaB AO HCTe'eHH51 H1eCTIMmeCA1HOrO CpOKa). 14CK o6 or- paHH'IeHHI POAlITeJIbCKHX npaB MO>KeT 6bITb HipeA'bABJieH 6jiH3KHMIl POACTBeHHHKaM1i pe6eHKa, opraHaMHI iH y'1pe>KzeHIIAMHI, Ha KOTOpbIe 3aKOHOM Bo3JIo>KeHbI o65I3aHHOCTH IIO oxpaHe HpaB pe6eHKa, JOMKOJIbHbIMH y'pewz2eHHAMH, o6meo6pa3oBaTe.nbHbIMH ympewK- aeHH31MH II ApyrHMH y4pexKKeHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU ceAepaiAHH. 228 kiTorm coL=HanbHoH non1THKH 1990-x rOAOB , nepcneKTHBbI '-IHTb yCTpOHCTBO pe6eHKa B CeMblo. Ec.7niH perIoHaOibiOMy opraHy Bj1aCTH 3TOro caetjaTb He yaaeTC51, OH HaripaBJIeT CBeqeHHA B cteaepa.IbHbIH OpraH BjiaCTH, olIpeJeZeHHbIl npaBHTeJIbCTBOM P(D, Z(ji yieTa B rocyAapCTBeHHOM 6aHKe aaHHbIX O JeTAX (rpa>KzaHax P Hl), rOCTOAHHO HipOIKIIBaOJlUHX Ha TepplHTOpHH P(W), OCTaBIUHXCSI 6e3 roneMeHMHA pOaiH- TeielI HI JSA OKa3aHH5i COaeHCTBHS B HocJIeayloHeM yCTpOHICTBe pe6eHKa Ha BOCHHTaHHe B ceMblO. UOpAaOK I(OpMHpOBaHHA H HOJIb3OBaHHS rOCyqapCTBeHHbIM 6aHKOM aaHHbIX O aeTS3x, OCTaBU1HXCSA 6e3 norieieHH5I pOJ2HTe7iei, onpeaeasIeTcs cbeJUepaJIbHbIM 3aKO- HOM . 3a HelCHOJIHeHHe o6sl3aHHocTeiI o rpeAOCTaB7ieHHH CBezIeHHIH o aeTSIX, OCTaB- IIiHXCS! 6e3 ione'IeHHsI pOaIHTeTiCe, 3a rpeaoCTaBseHiie 3aHeAoMO HeJoCTOBepHbIX cBeJUe- HIIII, a TaKiKe 3a HHbIe UeHICTBIJI, HaIpaBJICHlibIe Ha COKpbITIIC pe6eHKa OT nepe,laai1 Ha BOCnHTaHme B CeMbIO ,pyKOBOARHTemi yKa3aHHbIX yMPe;KJeHHH H JOJI)KHOCTHbIe JHua MeCTHbIX H pCrklOHaJIbHb1X HCHOJIHHTenJbHbIX opraHOB BJIaCTH IpHBJIeKalOTC31 K OTBeTCT- BeHHOCTH B ropsIlRKe, YCTaHOBJIeHHOM 3aKOHOM. Ycmpoilcm6o demeiu, ocmaewuuxcR 6e3 nonetenus podume;zeui (CmambR 123) JZeTH, OCTaBII1HMec 6e3 norieeHm{ pOaLHTeneHl, noaiie)KaT nepeJaae Ha BOCHHXTaHHje B ce- MblO CiieAzyiOIUHMH 3aKOHHbIMH HyTAM4: yCbIHOBjieHHe (yaoqepeHHe), roa oneKy (none- '-IHTeJlbcTBO) HJI1 B IptieMHyIO ceMbIO. EcJIH TaKOH B03MOKHOCTH HeT, TO B BOCIHTaTeJIb- Hoe "Jpe JIeHm SI aeTeH CIIpOT HJIH JJeTei, OCTaBiu1XCSx 6e3 none-eHH5I poalUTeiieH. I4HbIe 4OpMbI yCTpOICTBa jeTe,i, OCTaBIIIHXCA 6e3 noreMeHHAs poJHTeJIer, MOFYT 6bITb rpe,aycmOTpeHbl 3aKOHaMm Cy6-beKTOB POCCHVICKOiI (cDegepauH. rIpll YCTpOiICTBe pe6eH- Ka ,OOJ)IKHbl YMHITbIBaTbC51 ero 3THHIeCKOe rpomcxo)K)jeHie, HplHHaAUI1e)KHOCTb K oripeJUe- IieHHoiI pemJmIIH HI KYJ1bType, pOJaHOr4 3bIK, B03MO)KHOCTb o6ecreCeHHIA HpeeMCTBeHHO- CTII B BOCnIHTaHIHH H o6pa3oBaHHI4. J1o yCTpOHICTBa zUeTeHi, OCTaBIuHxcA 6e3 nore'eHHS poAJ4TeJieii, Ha BOCnlTaHTie B CeMbIO HIJII B BOCrHTaTeJIbHOe yqpeBKaeHHe, 14CHOnIHeH4e 06S!3aHHoCTeri oneKyHa (rioneriHTeJIS) JUeTef BpeMeHHO Bo3aiaraeTcA Ha opraHbl oieKH H ronIori1HTeJIbCTBa. Tha6a 19. YcblnonjzeHue (yaotepenue) demeii aeTH, B OTHOuieHHH KOTObIX JOIIYCKaeTCR yCbIHOBj1eHHe (yaoqepeHHe) (CTaTbS 124) YCbIHOBOeH4e MBBJIeTC5I nplHOplTeTHOVI 4OpMoiI yCTpOf4CTBa eTeiH, OCTaBiHHilxcA 6e3 nTO- neMeHl4SA pOJIITeIiefi. YCblHOBjieHuIe zUoryCKaeTCSA B OTHoIiieHlH ieHwi 229 HopSuzoK yCbiHOBJICHeIS pe6eHKa (CTaTbq 125) YCbIHOBJIeHiHe npOII3BOAIITCsI CyaJOM HO 3aAB.sieHHIO JIILl, KeIiaIojIIx yCbIHOBHTb pe6eH- Ka. ;IeJia o6 yCbIHOBJIeHHH JaeTeH paccmaTpl BalOTCA CYAOM C o6AI3aTejIbHbIM yIaCTHeM CaMHx yCbIHOBHTeJIell, opraHOB oHIeKII H i1OneqllTejibCTBa HI HpOKypopa. OpraH OrieKH H rore,41ITenJbCTBa AeiiaeT 3aKMHoMeHHle o6 o6OCHOBaHHOCTH1 yCbIHOBJleHIIH H O ero COOT- BeTCTBHH1 HHTepecaM pe6eHKa. flOpsZjOK nepeaiaei ZTeie yCbIHoB4TeJI5M, a M TaKice ocy- HIeCTBJieHHe KOHTpOJIA 3a YCJIOBIIMHII.>KI3HII LI BOCHHU1TaHHIA AeTeU B CeMbqIX yCbIHOBHTe- ieIH Ha TeppHlTOPI111 P(D onpeaeuiAeTcAi IlpaBHlTeJIbCTBoM P(D. Cy, o6513aH B TeIeHHe Tpex aHer CO AHA BCTYHjeHIHI B 3aKOHHYIO C47iUy peueHiiSI cyza o6 yCbIHOBjieHHH pe6eH- Ka yBeaOMHTb Oprali 3aHlUCII aKTOB rpaxKaaHCKOrO COCTOSH11I. He,aollycTHMocTb riocpeHHlqecKo TesATCJIbHoCTH 11o yCbIHOBjieHHI0 jeTei (CTaTb5I 126) floCpezLHHiiecKasA aIeA5TeJlbbOCTb HO yCbIHOBji.eHHIO CTefl, TO eCTb mo6as a CA TeJlbHOCTb ,apyrHXx JHIU B IlemAx noia6opa H nepejiaiu aeTeiI Ha yCbIHOBjieHHe OT HMeHII H B HHTepe- cax lIHU, )KeJIaIOIIIIX yCbIHOBHlTb geTefi, He aOHVCKaeTCsq. He qBJIAleTcnI nocpeRHuMeCKoiI ,aeAlTeJIbHOCTbIO HO yCbIHOBJIeHHIO JOeTer (i) AIe5TTejibHOCTb OpraHOB oneKH H noneI4TeJlb- CTBa U opraHOB ICHcroH1TeJIbHOH BJIaCTHI nO BbiriOJIHieHHIO B03JIOAceHHbIX Ha HIIX 06q3aH- HOCTeii nO BblBjieHIiio LI YCTpOHICTBY aeTefI, OCTaBmIIXCS 6e3 noriMeHHA pOAITeJIeH, a TaKcKe (ii) aeq TeJlbHOCTb creC1iHaJIbIo ynIoJiHoMOieleHIbIX LIHOCTpaHHbIMH rocyWapcTBa- Ml1 OpraHOB IIAIII OPraHH3aIIEIi B CIjiy me C,AYHaPOaHOrOaOrOBopa HUiH Ha OCHOBe HpIHH- HuHHa B3aiHMHOCTH. DTH OpraHbl H OpraHH3aIIIH He MOryT nPeCJIZetOBaTb B CBOeU zIeATeJIb- HOCTH KoMMepHeCKHe UeJjiH. ptOI,AK O 2eqTeTIJIbHOCTH OpraHOB H opraHH3aiiiHI lIHOCTpaH- HbIX rOCyI;apCTB HO yCbIHOBJ1eHHIO geTeHi Ha TepplITOPHH1U P(D IH IOPLALtOK KOHTpO.TIq 3a ee ocyWeCTBJ1eHHeM YCTaHaBJH4BaIOTC1 HlpaBITejibCTBOM PCII Ho ripeaCTaBjieHHio MHHUC- TCPCTBa IOCTIIIIIH P(t) HI M1HHlCTePCTBa LIHOCTpaHHbIXaeTi P(D. 06313aTeTjbHOe jIH'qHOe HPIICYTCTBUe JIiLJ, A KenaIOlIiX yCbIHOBHTb pe6eHKa, B npouecce yCbIHOBJIeHnSq He JllImla- eT HX npaBa iiMeTb O,HOBpeMeHHO CBoero lpe,ACTaBHITeJIi, npaBa H o6A3aHHOCTH KOTOpO-. rO YCTaHOBJICHbl rpaXKaaHCKIIM H rpaX)KLaHCKHM ipo1iecCyaAIbHbIM 3aKOHogLaTeJIbCTBOM, a TaKlCe HOIb3OBaTbC51 B Heo6xoaIHMbix cJIymasIx yCJIyraMil repeBOalliKa. JIuHa, HMejoCuHe npaBo 6blTb YCbHOBHTeJ31MH (CTaTbmi 127) YCbIHOBLITeJIMMI MOryT 6bITb jIIlIa o6oero noJia, 3a HCKJHoIeHHeM: 1) JIIIA, nPII3HaHHbIX CYaOM HeaeecnOCO6HbIMH IIIUH OrpaHHMeHHO AeeCiOcO6HbIMH; 2) CyHpyrOB, OAHH HI3 KO- TOpbIX HIpH3HaH CYAOM HeaeeCHOCO6HbIM HIJII OrpaHHIPeHHO jeecrioco6HbIM; 3) .iHU, iiH- IlIeHHbIX POaHTeJIbCKHX npaB HJIII OrpaHHIqeHHbIX B POQilITeJIbCKH4X HpaBax; 4) JIHILI, OTCT- PaHeHHbIX OT o6A3aHHOCTH OreKYHa IIHJII roHemHTeJIsI 3a HeHagjie>KaIIee BbIHOJIHeHHe BO3JIO>KeHHbIX Ha HerO 3aKOHOM o6Si3aHHOCTeW; 5) 6blBIIUB X yCbIHOBHTeJIe I, ecJIH yCbi- HOBj1eHH OTMeHeHo CyaZoM Ho HX BHHe; 6) JIHU, KOTOPbIe Ho COCTO5IHHIO 3AOPOBbsl He MO- ryT OCyiiieCTB.JIATb POAHTeJIbCKHe npaBa (nepeMeHb 3a6oJIeBaHII ,npiI HaIiH-IHH KOTOpbIX JIIIHIO He MO)KeT yCbIHOBHITb pe6eHKa, IlplH51Tb ero noa oneKy (nowe-HTeJIbcTBo), B35ITb B nPUHMHYIO CeMblO, YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCA rIPaBHTeJIbCTBOM P(D 19; 7) JI4I, KOTOPbIe He HMe- IOT ,aoxoJa, o6ecneil4Baioiuero yCbIHOBJI1SeMOMy pe6eHKy HpOAKHTOqHOrO M4HHMyMa; 8) JIHIIU, He IIMeIO1IIX rOCTOAIHHOrO MeCTa 7KIITeJIbCTBa, L1JIH '4be IH2IbC He OTBeCaeT yCTa- HOB2ieHHbIM CaHHTapHbIM H4 TeXHnI'eCKHM Tpe6OBaHHIqM; (iX) 21H14, HMelOWIIHX Cyz1llMOCTb 3a yMbIIIJIeHHOe HPeCTYrIieHiie nPOTHB )KHI3HII III 3,qOPOBbAI rpaxKaIaH. IlpH Ha.TIHq4HH HeCKO1bKHlX JI2U, wKenIaK)uIHx YCbIHOBIITb OaHOrO II TOrO >Ke pe6eHKa, npeHMymlecTBeH- nlOAo>KeHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU cteAepaLuwH. 230 MTorH coLtmaJbHou nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAnOB H nepcneKTHBbI HOe ipasBO pe,LoCTaBJIsqeTCA pOaCTBeHHHKaM pe6eHKa no pe3y.7lbTaTaM HpOBepKH yCJIO- BUlI yCbIHOBJIeHHq H COOTBeTCTBII yCblIHOBjeHIIA HHTepecaM pe6eHKa. Tpe6oBaHHe MHHHMajibHOi1 pa3HHlqbI B BO3paCTe (CTaTbM 128) Pa3HIUa B B03paCTe MewCy yCbIHOBIlTeIieM, He COCTOAHI4M B 6paKe, U yCbIHOBJI5eMbIM pe6eHKOM ,OJIWHa 6blTb He meHee ieCTHaaUaTH jieT. Ho HIpIqHHaM, HpH3HaHHbIM CyaOM yBaxiKITeJIbHbIMI, pa3HHIi B B03paCTe MOIeT 6bITb coKpauiieHa. HpH yCbIHOBjieHiH pe- 6eHKa OT-HMOM (MaMexoif) HaJIUH'e pa3HHIIbI B B03paCTe He Tpe6yeTCH. CordacHe pOZRHTeJIefi Ha yCbIHOBAeHHe pe6eHica (CTaTbs 129) ,ZJ2JI5q yCbIHOBjieHHl pe6eHKa Heo6xoztiMo coriacue ero po0alTeJieri. Cor.iaclle Ha ycbIHoB- JIeHUe zOJUOZHO 6bITb BbIpa)KeHO B HIlCbMeHHOM 3aqBjieH4H, HOTapiaJIbHO yROCTOBepeH- HOM, 3aBepeHHOM PYKOBOUIITeiieM y'pe>fQeHHq, B KOTOpOM HaXOLIITCSI pe6eHOK, OCTaB- iiiH4Icq 6e3 HoHe'eHliq pOaI4TejieH, UJIH OpraHOM OHieKH H Horle'IHTejIbCTBa. Corjjaciie TaK>*e MOweT 6bITb BbIpa)KeHO HeIIOCpeACTBeHHO Ha cyae npu HPOH3BORCTBe yCbIHoBJIe- HI14H. Coruiac4e pOQIHTejiel Ha yCbIHOBJIeHme pe6eHKa MO>KeT 6bITb aaHO TOJIbKO noc.ne ero powCaeHHA. IIpH yCbIHOBJieHH4 pe6eHKa HeCOBepweHHoTeTH4X pOa4TeJIeri, He aOCTUr- IUX iueCTHaaUaTH JIeT, Heo6xoai4Mo TaKOKe cornIacue HX pOJtHTejieH ujnu oneKyHOB (no- neM4TejieH), a npu uX OTCYTCTBH4 - corJiacHe opraHa oneKH ui none4lHTejIbCTBa. YCbIHOBCeHHe pe6eHKa 6e3 coriacHs pOaHTeief (CTaTbq 130) He Tpe6yeTcsA corJiacie poul4Teiier pe6eHKa Ha ero yCbIHOBJIeHH4 B CJIy'aAx, ecJI4 OHII: (i) HelH3BeCTHbI JIHI HrpI3HaHbI CyaOM 6e3BeCTHo OTCyTCTByIOIW4MH; (ii) lInp3HaHbI Cy- JOM Heaeecroco6HbIM4; (iii) IiiUueHbI CYjOM pOIHTeSJbCKHX lpaB H (iV) no nplIuHHaM, nP13HaHHbIM Cy,JOM HeyBa-w1HTeJIbHbIMH, 6oJIee IueCTH MecASIiB He HPO)KHBalOT COBMeCT- HO C pe6eHKOM H4 YKJIOHIIOTCH OT ero BOCnHlTaHHH H coaepwaHHA. Coraciue Ha yCbIHOBJIeHHe aeTerl oieKYHOB (noneMuTeieig), npHeMHbIX po,HTeJieH, pyKOBoLHTeiiefi yMpewaeHHi, B KOTOpbIX HaxOASTCM jCeTH, OCTaBUHleCA 6e3 ioneH'e- HHUI pORHTeAeii (CTaTsI 131) )JAAI yCbIHOBJIeHHI4 aeTeH, HaxozsI1UHXCsA no, oneKoil (none,4HTeJIbcTBoM) UJIU B HpHeM- HOU CeMbe, Heo6XoliMo coriiacue B HHCbMeHHOH 4bopMe OT OrIeKYHOB (noie'-HTejiei!) nJIH ipieMHbIX poaHTeJIei!. B cJiyqae HaXOAK,zeHHH pe6eHKa B ypIpeSKaeHHH, Heo6XoaHMo HHCbMeHHoe corJIacue PYKOBOZ,LITeJIS 3Toro y"pe.KjeHHA. Cyj BnpaBe B HHTepecax pe- 6eHKa BbIHeCTH peiueHuie o ero yCbIHOBjieHHH 6e3 coriiacHq BbIiiieyKa3aHHbIX IiHU. CoraiacHe pe6eHKa Ha yCbIHOBJ¶eHHe (CTaTbsI 132) ,aJZ7I yCbIHOBJIieHSI pe6eHKa, aocTirmero BO3paCTaa 1eCSATH JIeT, Heo6XoJtHMo ero cor.na- cue. EcJIi ao yCbIHOBJIeHI4I pe6eHOK IpO)KHBaB H CeMbe yCb1HOBHTejIS H CMHTaeT ero CBO- HM pOaHTejieM, yCbIHOBjieHUe, B IOpqaKe ICKJIHomeHH4, MOAKeT 6bITb HPOH3BseeHO 6e3 nojiMeHH5I coJImacH pe6eHKa. CornlacHe cynpyra yCbIHOBHTeCJS Ha YCbIHOBJIeHHe pe6eHica (CTaTbm 133) rIpH yCbIHOBjieHHH pe6eHKa OaHHM U3 CyHnpyrOB Tpe6yeTcI corniacue apyroro cynpyra Ha yCbIHoBJIeH4e. CoriIacue Ha yCbIHOBjieHie pe6eHKa He Tpe6yeTcsI, ecJIH CyHpyru npe- KpaT4JIH ceMeIHbIe OTHo1IIeHIHI H He RPOX(CBaIOT COBMeCTHO 6oJiee roaa. npj1o>KeHHsq 231 H4mA, OTMCCTBO H 4faMJIHSA yCblHOBjieHHOFO pe6eHica (CTaTbm 134) 3a yCbIHOBJieHHbIM pe6eHKOM MO>KeT 6blTb coxpaHeHo ero HIMA, OTICCTBO H qIaaMHJIH5A. lo ripOCb6e yCbIHOBIITeJiA pe6eHKy MOKeT 6bITb HnplCBOeHa( baMlIIIA yCbIHOBITTeJIS H1IH yKa3aHHOe IIM IIMA. OTmeCTBO yCbIHOBJIeHHOFO pe6eHKa oOpeaeHMAeTCC no iimeHH yCbIHO- BHlTeJISA, eCJIii yCbIHOBIITeJb MyXK'fHHa, a nplI yCbIHOBiSeHiH pe6eHKa >KeHlUIIHOH - rio IIMeHlI Jiiia, yKa3aHHOro elo B KamecTBe OTia yCbIHOBJieHHOIO pe6eHKa. Ec.in (aMHamii CyrIpyrOB-yCbIHOBHITeJiei pa3JIlllHbie, Ho coriaLuIeHI10o CyHipyrOB-yCbIHOBHTe7icr yCbi- HOBJieHHOMl pe6eHKy Hl4HCBailBaeTCAC 4aMlIHl5IH O,HOFO H3 HIIX. H3MeHeHIie baMIHJIH, limeHMI HI OTMeCTBa yCbIHOBjeHHOrO pe6eHKa, ;IOCTHrEierO B03paCTa zLeCATH .ieT, MOACeT 6blTb rpOII3BeaeHO TOJIbKO C ero corJIaclIA (3a HCKJlioieHileM cJIylaeB, yCTaHOB.TieHHbIX KoZLeKCOM). 06 13MeHeHI4 (aMHnIHH, HM4eHH H OTICCTBa yCbIHOBJIeHHoro pe6eHKa yKa- 3bIBaeTC5I B peIeHII1 cyjAa O ero yCbIHOBJIeHHII. JMCeHeHHe (aaTbI H MeCTa pOAKcaeHHM yCbIHOBAIHHOrO pe6eHKa (CTaTbI 135) 1j15A o6ecne'eHIIs TaHHbl yCbIHOBjieHIIS MOFYT 6bITb lI3MeHeHbl zaTa H MeCTO pO)KzteHIIS yCbIHOBJIeHHOrO pe6eHKa, HO TOJIbKO B TOM cJIy"ae, ecJIHl pe6eHKy meHee 12 MecAiueB. 143- MNeHeHHe aaTbl yCbIHOBJIeHHOFO pe6eHKa Mo>KeT rIpOI3BOAlITbCA He 6oniee MeM Ha TplI Me- csiua. 06 13MeHCHIII 1iaTbl II (HiH) MeCTa pO)KqeHHA yCbIHOBJIeHHOrO pe6eHKa yKa3bIBa- eTCA B peIleHIIH cyiaa o ero ycbIHOBJIeHIIH. 3allHCb yCbIHOBHTeIiie B KaqeCTBe pOaHTeiieH yCbHOBJICHHOrO pe6eHKa (CTaTmM 136) Ho HpOcb6e yCbIHOBHTeJieHi cya MOAKeJIaHIIO OTua, eCJIt yCbIHOBHTeJIb - )KeHMIIHa. CoxpaHeHHe 3a ycbiHOBJIeHHbIM pe6eHKOM npasa Ha neHCHIO HU oco6Hs (CTaTb 138) Pe6eHoK, HMIelOIIIH K MOMeHTY cBoero yCbIHOBJeHHA npaBO Ha neHCH1O H noco6iuA, no- uiaraiouji4ecs eMy B CBsA3H CO cMepTbIO pO01Teiiei, coxpaHsqeT 3TO HpaBO H HplH ero yCbI- HOBJIeHHIIH. TaiiHa yCbIHOBJIeHHS1 pe6eHKa (CTaTE5 139) TaHlHa yCbIHOBJICHEI pe6eHKa oxpaHseTCA 3aKOHOM. AOJIKHOCTHbIe JIeHa, npHHHMaIO- inIIe yqacTIIe B riponecce yCbIHOB.TieHSA, a TaKAKe uiiia, HlHbIM o6pa3oM OCBeaOMjieHHbIe o6 yCbIHOBICeHH4, o6s3aHbl coxpaHsATb TaHHy yCbIHOBJIeHH4I. Jhua, pa3rJIaCIHBIHHe TaiiHy nloJloeHme geTee B POCCUUCKOU OegepaL,uu. 232 IlTorm coLmanbHiou nonHTHKH 1990-x rogOB H nepcneKTHBbl yCbIHOBJieHIIA pe6eHIKa lIpOTIIB BOJH ero yCbIHOBIHTeJIeE, HplIBJeKa1OTCH K OTBeTCTBeH- HOCTH B YCTaHOBJieHHOM 3aKOHOM rOpqljKe. OTMeHa yCblHoBjieHHS (CTaTEs 140) YCbInlOB.leHiie pe6elIKa MOceT 6bITb OTMeHieio cyaOM. omaeo o6 OTMeHe yCbIHOBJIeHHA pe- 6eHKa paccmaTpiBaeTCq c yiaCTiieNI opraHa OHneKH II HOHelHTejibCTBa If fIpOKypOpa. OCHOBaHHS K OTMCHe YCbMHOBJIeHH1 pe6eHKa (CTaTmH 141) YCbIOBJileIlrne pe6eHKa MO)KeT 6bITb OTMeHeliO B cJiyiaslx, eciJH yCbIHoBIlITeJmI yKJIOHAIOT- CA OT BbIfIOJIHeHHSI o6Sl3aHHOCTefl pOallTeIel!, 3JIOyHOTpe6jiAIOT POaHTejibCKHHfi rpaBa- MHf, VKeCTOKO o6paUIiaIOTCS C yCbIHOBjieHHbIM pe6eHKOM, qBJIqIOTCS 60JIbHbIMH1 XpOHHlMe- CKfM aJIKOrOJ11H3MOM ilili HapKoMaHlIIel. CyA BlnpaBe OTMeHIHTb yCbIHOBuIeHHe pe6eHKa, IICXOAA 113 ero HHTepeCOB H c ytieTOM ero MHeIIiLq. JIlrHa, o6Aa,aaloMue ripaBOM Tpe6oBaTb OTMCHbl YCbIHOBjieHH5 pe6eHKa (CTaTbm 142) HpaBoM Tpe6oBaTb OTMCHbI yCbIHOBJICHlIsl pe6eHKa o6jiaAaioT ero poAHTeJIH, yCbIHOBHTe- JiH pe6eHKa, yCbIHOBJIeHHblif pe6eHoK, ,jOCTHrIuHiH B03paCTa MeTbIpHaauaTH .ieT, opraH oHeKH IH HOne'l4TeJIbCTBa H fipOKYPOP. locZie,gCTBHA OTMeHbI YCbMHOBjieHHS pe6eHKa (CTaTbq 143) HpfH OTMeHe CyAoM yCbIHOBjieHHA pe6eHKa B3aHMHbie ripaBa H o6A3aHHoCTH yCbIHOBJIeH- HOrO pe6eHKa H4 yCbIHOBHTeZjIef (pOJkCTBeHHHKOB) npeKpaluaiOTCq Hf BOCCTaHaBjIHBaEOTCS B3aHMHbie npaBa H o6si3aHHOCTII pe6eHKa iH ero poRtHTejieH (pOqCTBeHHHKOB), eciiH 3TO- ro Tpe6ylOT HHTepeCbl pe6eHKa. HpHf OTMeHe VCbI lOBjleHI5A pe6eHoK no pemeHEf1o cyAa riepej,aeTCA pOaHTeJiAM. IplH OTCVTCTBIHH p0,IHTeneH, a TaKiKe, ec7iH nepeaama pe6eHKa PO,liTeClJ1M HpOTI1BOpe'-IHT ero IIHTepecaMi, pe6eHoK nepegaeTcsi Ha noneieHiie opraHa OneKHI HI rOiHeqHTeJlbCTBa. He,aonYCTHMOCTb OTMeHbl YCbIHOBJIeHHAS 1O JOCTHKMeHIH YCbIHOBJIeHHbM pe6eHKOM COBepIIIeHHOjieTHA (CTaTbA 144) OTMeHa yCbIHOBJIeHHlS pe6eHKa He aoiycKaeTCA, ecCji K MOMeHTY rpeA'bABjieHH5A Tpe6o- BaHH51 o6 OTMeHe yCbIHOBJIeHIsA yCbIHOBJTeHHblfl pe6eHoK JAOCTHIr CoBepmieHHo.ieTHA, 3a HICKJlIoMeHHeM cjiy'aeB, KOI'ma Ha TaKY1O OTMeHy HMeeTCs1 B3aHMHOe coriiacHe ycbIHO- BHlTeJIS HI yCbIHOBJ1eHHOFO pe6eHKa. rna6a 20. OneKca u nonequmecboM6o nad aembmu ,aeTH, Haa KOTOpbIMH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCA oneKa HAIH nonielHTeCAbCTBO (CTaTEm 145) OneKa HiHH nOre'IHTeJibCTBO YCTaHaBJIIBalOTCh1 Hag aeTbMI4, OCTaBtiHMHCm 6e3 none'e- HII5 pO0LHTeiief, B 1ejiAx mx coaepal-HHS1, BOCHHTaHHS! H O6pa3OBaHHS, a TaKEKe AJIS 3a- IlHTbl IIX HIpaB 11 HIHTepecOB. OneKa YCTaHaBBJIHBaeTCA Hana eTbMH, He ROCTHrrUHMHI B03- paCTa 14 uieT. flOre-H4TeJlbCTBO YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCA Ha, ,eTbMH B B03paCTe OT 14 ,ao 18 7ieT. OnCKYHbl (nonelqHTeTH) ,jeTefi (CTaTEm 146) OneKyHaMii (riOnCMhITeIsAMuI) aeTel MOFYT Ha3HaiaTbCS TOJIbKO COBepiieHHoZeTHIIe ,Aeecnoco6Hbie jlImIa. fIpH Ha3HaweIIImI pe6eHKy oneKyHa (iloreuIITeuSI) y1-IHTbIBalOTCS nlpHno>eHHs. 233 HpaBCTBeHHbIe t HHbie JIH4qHbIe Ka'eCTBa OHeKyHa (rioneqrTenA), cHoco6HOCTb ero K BbI- HOJIHeHIiiO o65J3aHHOCTe4 orieKyHa (rionetlHTeJM), OTHOIIe-IH5l Meway OieKyHOM (none- 1H4TeJieM) II pe6eHKoM, OTHomHEelH K pe6eHKy el-1H0B CeMbll oneKyHa (noneqIMTeui), a TaK>Ke, ecJii 3TO B03MORCHO, XeiaaHlle caMoro pe6eHKa. He Ha3Ha'laloTC5I OCKYHaMH4 (noneqllTeJIsMH4) jimiua, 60.lIbHbIe XPOHlieCKHIM a.KOrOJHII3MOM 14Hll HapKOMaHHteH, .IH4ua, OTCTpaHeHHbie OT BbInOJIeHUHH5 063{3aHHOCTe OHneKYHOB (llonelIRTeAeUi), ur41ia OrpaHl- 4eHHbIe B pOaU4TeJIbCKix ripaBaX, 6bIB1,I4e yCbIHOBHtTeIH4, eCJI4 yCbIHOBJleHHe OTMeHeHO HO IIX BlIHe, a TaKwe .iiHia, KoTopbie HO COCTOHHIIIO 3AopOBbA He MoryT oCyWieCTBJATb o6H3aHHocTH4 Ho BocrilTaHIlO pe6eHKa. OIeKa (noielrHTeubCTBO) Hag aeTBMH, HaXOAU3HMHCA B yIpewcaeHHqX (CTaTbM 147) B OTHOlleHIIJC4H eTefl, HaxoaAItHHxcCi uia HOJIHOm rocy,apCTBeHHOM o6ecneqeHII B yl- peHVK,LeHHusX, BbIHOJIHeHue o6s13aaiocTei onelKYHOB (nonet-lTeiieii) Bo03araeTcq Ha a,- MIIHICTpauIHH ytIpe*jeHliH. OpraHbI OHreKH H rioneH4TebCTBa oCyLaeCTBJI5IOT KOHTpOb 3a yCJIOBIIMM Colep>KaHilA, BOCHHTaHlIA 4H06pa3oBaliJA2eTel4, HiXaoAUMI4XCA B y4peK- aeHI13IX. OpraHbl Ori1KH ii rore'lITeJIbCTBa TaK7Axe HeCYT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a 3a1IHTy npaB BbIrlyCKHHKOB yipetKreHHiH. IIpaBa aeTeft, HaXOzSILHXC1 fozg OneKCOu (none'rHTeJIbcTBoM) (CTaTMI 148) )LieTH, HaXOZIuH1IHeCA no.z oneKoHI (ioneHslHTeJTbCTBOM), HMeIOT npaBO Ha: 1) BOCHH4TaHHe B CeMbe OrieKyHa (nonefIIfTe.31), 3a6CTy CO CTOpOHbI orieKyHa (nore4lnTeuiA), COBMeCTHOe C HIIM Ipo)KHBaHle; 2) o6ecneMeHi4e MM yCJIOBHH II5Iq coAepKaHHj, BOCIHITaHHlq, o6pa3o- BaHH1H, BCeCTOpOHHerO pa3BHTI4H5 HI yBaceH IHX qejiOBeqeCKOrO AOCTOHHCTBa; 3) IIpHMH4- TaiOIUHeC,q IIM aJIiiMeHTbI, neHCH11, HOCC6HH Ht apyrue COUiiaJJbHbIe BbIrviaTbI; 4) coxpaHe- HHe npaBa co6CTBeHHOCT14 Ha )KHjjoe HoMeIWeHHie Him1H npaBa IIOJb3OBaHH4A IIM, a npH OT- CYTCTBH114 iuIoro riOMeIeHHHA INielOT IIpaBo Ha HojIywlHHe SKHJIrO O HOMeel-HHS1 B COOT- BeTCTBIIII C KH.TIH1lJHbIM 3aKOHoAaTeJIbCTBOM; 5) 3aWH1Ty OT 3JI0yHoTpe6jieHHfi CO CTOpO- HbI oHeKyHa (Hone'lnITexq). ilpaBa ,jeTei, OCTaBIIuHXCA 6e3 rioflCeeHHS po,aHTejieH H Haxo,alLLuHXC5 B BOCnHTaTejib- HbIX yqpCACKeHH5X (CTaTbE 149) iieTH, OCTaBLueIeCS 6e3 HorieleHIIX pOH14TejieA H HaXOiuHeC3HCH B BOCHUTaTeSJbHbIX y'I- pe>KAeHHAlX, HiMeEOT npaBO Ha cmiep-KaHHe, BOCHHlTaHHe, o6pa3OBaHi4e, BCeCTOpoHHee pa3BH14THe 14 yBaxeHeH Hx qe.7OBeweCKOro OCTOHHCTBa; HpllH4HTaEOmi4eCA HM aJIH4MeHTbI, HeHCIIH, HOCo6HI4 it zipyrFie COmAHibHbIe BbIHniaTbl; coxpaHeHrie npaBa Co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha wiiuioe rioMeImIeHe iHIH ripaBa JIOJb3OBaHHI IIM, a npuH OTCYTCTBHIH >KHJIoro foImelleHHSA HMeIOT HpaBO Ha HOJIyqeHle KlImOrO rIOMeLLeHH5 B COOTBeTCTBIIH C )K4jIHRHbIM 3aKOHO- ZJaTeJIbCTBOM; JJbFOTbl HplI TpyAOyCTpOHlCTBe, npeAycMOTpeHHbie 3aKOHoAaTeSjbCTBOM o Tpyae, rIo OKOWIIaHIIH Hpe6bIBaHSIA B y'pe>KaeHHRX. IlpaBa H o65I3aHHocTH oneiKyHa (noneqHTeas) pe6ellKa (CTaTmA 150) OreKyn (none4HTeeIb) pe6eHKa liMeeT npaBo H o6si3aH BOCHHTbIBaTb pe6eHKa, HaxoA- ujerocsi noa ero oieKoii (none-T¶TeIbcTBoM), 3a6OTH4TbCA o ero 3aopoBbe, uH3H4ecKoM, ncHxHIqeCKOM, ,TYXOBHOM H HpaBCTBeHHOM pa31HTHH. OneKyH (nonejI1TeAb) BripaBe ca- MOCTO5ATeJbHO onpeAeJsITb cnoco6bI BOCHHTaHHSq pe6eHKa, HaxoasAmerocs noa ero one- KOII (nonemlITeAbCTBoM), c yqeTOM MHeHHIA pe6eHKa it peKOMeH.aUaimI opraHa OriefK H IOHeq4TeJIbCTBa. OHeKyH (noneqHTeub) o6A3aH o6ecneqHTb nOIyI4eHHe pe6eHKoM OC- nloJ1o)lIe.7iaIOtuHMH B35ITb JaeTeVi Ha BOCHHTaHHe Ha onpeJejieHHblI nepuojR BpeMeHi). floJIoxeHIte o npHeM- HOrl CeMbe YTBep KaaeTCA IpaBlHTeJbCTBOM PCI). JIoroBop o nepegawe pe6eHKa (aeTefi) Ha BOCHHTaHUe B CeMbIO (CTaTbi 152) ,oroBop o nepejtame pe6eHKa Ha BOCHlITaHHie B CeMbIO J1ojDKeH npe4ycmaTPHBaTb yCJIO- BH4A coaepKaHlHI, BocHHTaHH4qI H o6pa3OBaHHA pe6eHKa, rpaBa U o6sA3aHHocTH ipuHMBbIx pOAtHTeiieH, o6sA3aHHocT opraHa oneKH H rioneMHTejibCTBa, a TaKiKe OCHOBaHHAI H nO- CJIe,aCTBHHA npeKpaiueHAs TaKoro aorOBopa. Pa3Mep OnIiaTbI Tpyga HHpeMHbIX pOa4TenJei 11 JlbrOTbI, HipeaOCTaBJIAeMbIe HprHeMHOH ceMbe, YCTaHaBJIIBaIOTCA 3aKOHaMH Cy6-beKTOB PcI). ;oroBop o nepeJZaaie pe6eHKa Ha BocHHTaHHe B CeMblO MO>KeT 6bITb paCTOprHyT aO- CpO'IHO no npOCb6e IIplIMHbIX pOaHTejiea IIII nHO HHuiHaTHBe opraHa OHeKHl H none'H- TeJlbCTBa. HlpHeMHbie pOAHTeiiH (CTaTbSI 153) HlpHeMHbIMH pOA1HTeJiiIMH MorYT 6bITb COBepuIeHHOJIeTHle Siiiiia o6oero noJIa, 3a HlCKJIO- HeHHeM: IiHL, HPU3HaHHbIX CYjOM HeaeecHoco6HbIMH HTiH orpaHH,IeHHO Aeecnoco6HbI- MH; JIiH, JIHIlIeHHbIX pOJAHTeJIbCKH4X npaB HJIEH orpaHHieHHbIX B POaLHTTeJbCK4X nipaBax; JIHIU, OTCTpaHeHHbIX OT O6I3aHHOcTH oneKyHa (nonemHTeCJIs) 3a HeHaaIieamee BbIHOJI- HeHHe BO3JIowBeHHbIX Ha Hero 3aKOHOM o6A3aHHOCTer4; 6bIBIIIHX yCbIHOBHITeJIeH, eCJiH yCbIHOBieHiie OTMeHeHO CyAOM no H1X BHHe; JIHI4, KOTOpbIe no COCTOIHHIIO 3JtOPOBbA He MOrYT ocyiueCTBJIATb o653aHHOcTH HO BocnHTaHIlO pe6eHKa. loja6op iipHieMHbIX pogII- TenefA OCYMIeCTBJIAeTCs opraHamH oeKHMi Uri HoHeMHTeJIbcTBa. Hlpi4eMHmbie pOHTeJiH HO OT- HOIHIeHHIO K pllHHITOMY Ha BOCHIHITaHHeI pe6eHKy o6JiaaaIOT InpaBaMH H4 o6s3aHHOCTsMH4 oneKyHa (noneqI4Te.71). Pe6eHOK (IeTH), nepelaBaembie Ha BOCIIHTaHHe B llpHeMHYIO CeMbio (CTaTbH 154) Ha BOCH4TaHi4e B HPHeMHYIO CeMbiO nepegaeTcsI pe6eHoK (zeTH), OCTaBmHH4cIiq 6e3 none- MieHH5 pORI4TeJIeH, B TOM MHcjie HaXO4LSIUIH4CA B BOCHHTaTeNJbHOM y,IpeKACeHHHI. HpeaBa- pH4TeJIbHbIH4 BbI6op aLeTeHi aJIAI nepejtamI B HpHeMHYIO CeMbIO OCyiUeCTBJIAeTCSI JIUaMmH, AKeJIaiolHMHm rP14HHHTb pe6eHKa (leTeil) Ho COrJIaCOBaHIIIO C OpraHaMH oieKI I HOrIIHre- TeJIbCTBa. Pa3abeaHHeHHe 6paTbeB H4 CeCTep He aOHIyCKaeTCM, 3a H4CKJO'IeHHleM cjiyiaeB, npHAo>KeHHR 235 KOr,a 3TO OTBeCaeT IIX 1HHTepeCaM. Pe6eHOK (aeT1I), AOCTIIHUII'H B03paCTa geCATH JIeT, MO)KeT 6blTb repeaaH B liplIeMHYIO CeMbIO TOJIbKO C ero corfiacHl. Pe6eHoK, repeaaHHbll B ceMblO, COXpaHqeT ipaBO Ha HplInHTaiOmIieCS emy aJIiMeHTbl, rieHCHHI, HIOCO6H IA Hqpy- ruie COULIa.IbHble BbiiiiaTbl; coxpaH5leT npaBo co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha wKijloe nomewueHiie HJIII rpaBo I1OJlb3OBaHHA IIM, a rlpll OTCYTCTBHII uKIIJloro rOMioeeHHl ilMeeT npaBO Ha HoJIy7Ie- HiCe xmiioro rIOMeIIeHHIA B COOTBeTCTBHIH C KHNJIIIUHbIM 3aKOHOaaTeJIbCTBOM. Co,epwaHHe pe6eHKa (aeTefi), riepeaaHHOrO B lpHeMHYIO CeMbIO (CTaTbmi 155) Ha co;ep>caHme KaKgloro pe6eHKa HpHeMHofl ceMbe e>KemecwrHo BbiniianBOaloTCA iae- HeKCHbie cpejgCTBa B nopAAKe II pa3Mepe, YCTaHOBJIeHHOM HpaBIlTe.ubCTBOM PCI. OpraH OieKII HOrie'IlTeJIbCTBa o6A3aH OKa3blBaTb HIpHeMHOII ceMbe HeO6XOAIMyIO HOMOIIb, cnoco6CTBOBaTb CO3JAaHHIO HOpMaSJbHbIX yCJIOBH4I >K3HH II BOCHIlTaHHII eTeii OH TaK- Ace o6513aH OCyLeCTBJISTb KOHTpOJIb 3a HpHeMHbIMH poJIITeJIAIMI. 4) KpamKoe u3I1oyceHue noIloYceHUu IpaGaacIHcKoao KoaeKca PO, peayj7upylou4ux 8onpOCbl oneKu u noneLlumellbcm8a (Cmambu 31-40) 20 OlIeKa H nOnOC'HTeCJbCTBO (CTaTEm 31) OneKa H nOreqlITeTIbCTBO YCTaHaBJIIBaIOTCA AJI 3aWlHTbl HpasB H HTepeCOB Hezeecno- co6HblX IIJIII He HOJIoIIOCTbIO aeecrioco6HbIX rpa>KaaH. OneKa H nonellHTeNJbCTBO HaA Heco- BePIHelHHOJ1eTHMHII YCTaHaBJIIIBaEOTCS TaKw{e B ileJIAx 4X BOCHHTaHIIA. COOTBeTCTByIowHe 3TOMY ipaBa ii o6sl3aHHuoCTul OneKYHOB H noneunTeJIeie onpejAeJIAIOTCA 3aKOHoaaTeJIbCT- BOM o 6paKe H CeMbe. OneKyHbI H HOineBllTeJIll BbICTYraEOT B 3ahIIiTy HipaB HI iIHTePeCOB CBOIIX nOaOnHMHbIX B OTHOIueHIIAX C JIo6biMH JIii4aMIi, B TOM qmcJie B cyjax, 6e3 cneuH- aJIbHOFO HOJIHOMOMIA. OieKa II HOnelIHTeJIbCTBO HaJ, HeCOBepuIIeHHOj1eTHHMH YCTaHaBJI11- BalOTCA1 npl1 OTCYTCTBIIII y HIIX pOaiITeieri, yCbIHOBHTeIieI, JiiieHIIII CYJOM pOaHTejieH PO,alITeJIbCKhIX HpaB, a TaK>Ke B cjiyaslx, Korga TaKIIe pOAITejiH yKJIOHAIOTCS OT BbIHOJIHe- HIIA CBOIIX o65q3aHHOCTeVi nO BOCIHHTaHIIIO 1fiH6O 3aiHITe lIx HpaB HI 4HTepeCOB. OneKa (CTaTbm 32) OneKa YCTaHaBJlIBaeTCA Haa MajioJIeTHlIM14, a TaKoce Haj rpawCaaHaMii, HpH3HaHHbIMH Cy,aOM HeaeecHiOco6HblMll BCj1eACTBHle nCHXHIIeCKoFo paCCTpOHCTBa. OneKyHbI ABJISHOT- CSI HpeACTaBIITeJIASMH HOaOHeqHbIX B CIJIY 3aKOHa HI COBepuiaOT OT IIX HMeHii H B HX HH- Tepecax Bce HeO6XOaHMbie cgeJIKH. HoneMlHTejbcTBo (CTaTb 33) Horie,4ITeIbCTBO YCTaHaBS1IBaeTCq Haa HeCOBepHBeHHOj1eTHHMII B B03paCTe OT 14 Ao 18 jieT, a TaKKe Haa rpaSh,VaaaMii, OrpaHHileHHblMH CYAOM B AeeCHOCo6HOCTH BCjieACTBHe 3JIOyHOTpe6JIeBIISl CriHpTHbIMH HaHllTKaMii HJIII HapKOTH-I4eCKHIIM cpeACTBaMHI. Horie'm- TeJIi AalOT corJiacHe Ha coBepIlIeHBe Tex cgeJIOK, KOTOpbIe rpa)KJAaHe, HaXOsAWUHecSA HoA rone'IlTeJIbCTBOM, He BnpaBe COBepHiaTb CaMOCTOSTeJIbHO. floneMuITe.7H OKa3bIBaIOT no- AOHe~MHblM COAefICTBIIe B OCymeCTBjeHHII HM11 CBOHX HpaB H HCHOJIHeHHHo 6A3aHHOCTeH, a TaKUCe OXpaHSIIOT IIX OT 3JIOyHIOTpe6JieHHH4 CO CTOPOHbI TpeTbHX JIIHj. noflo>KeH"e AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU ($eAepaLAHm. 236 kITorHi cO4AanbHoH nOAHTMKH 1990-x rogoB u nepcneKTHBbI OpraHbl oileKH H noneuHTeC3bCTBa (CTaTbs 34) OpraHaMH OHCeKIH H 1OrieMITeJ1bCTBa qBJIIOTCS OpraHbl MeCTHOrO camoyripalnei 21. Cyg o6A3aH B TeMeHHe Tpex R1He CO BpMeeHHI BCTYITJIeHIIA B 3aKOHHYIO C4JIy peweHIIs 0 HpUl- 3HaHHH rpa)KzLaHHHa HeaeecrCoo6HbIMf IIjIl o6 orpaHHleHHH ero Aeecnoco6HocTH coo6- IIUITb o6 aTOM opraHy OneKH H rOioe'IHTeJIbCTBa no MeCTy XKUTenJbCTBa TaKOrO rpa)KaaHHHa ,AJ1I yCTaHOBJICHIIH Ha1 HHM OrieKII Hill lOne'IlTeTIbCTBa. OpraH OrieKI H llOeMHTeNjbCTBa TaKlKe o6513aH ocymIeCTBJIMTb HaA3op 3a SeTeSJbHOCTb1O OHeKYHOB It nonemIHTeIiel. OneKyHbl H norie'HTeJIH (CTaTbs 35) OneKyH HJIi HonHeHTeCJb Ha3HaMaeTCA OpraHOI OIrIeKHI Ht noIie'IlTeJIbCTBa B TCieHHe Me- csHIma c MoMelBTa, Korja yKa3anllbIM opraHam CTaJIO 113BeCTHO 0 Heo6XOA4MOCTH yCTaHOB- JICHIIA oneKI JIH roreHllTeJIbCTBa Haa rpaYAaH4HOM. ao MOMeHTa Ha3HlmeIHHA oieKy- Ha HWIii noneil4TeJIA, opraH oieKIi H nowi4lTeAbCTBa BpeMeHHO HCnOJIHSAeT O6AI3aHHOCTH orieKyHa HiIII HOHemUHTeJIA. OnIeKyWH IH nOnIe'IlTeJIb MO)KeT 6blTb Ha3HaMeH TOJIbKO C ero cornacui. Ha3Ha'eHHne oneKyHa HuJ none-iomTeJIA Mo)KeT 6bITb o6xKa.lOBaHO B cyaIe. One- KylHaMH H nOHeuHTeJIAMII MOFYT Ha3HaqaTbCA TOJIbKO COBepieHHoZeTHUe zeeCfiOCO6HbIe rpaxK7LaHe. He MOryT 6bITb Ha3HaMeHbI oHeKyHaMH H nonemHTeJIAMH rpawKaaHe, jiHueB- HbIe POaHTeajbcKllx npaB. Hlpi HIa3flafeHil oneKyia (none-IlTeJIA) AOJIDKHbI y-lITbIBaTb- CSA ero HpaBCTBeHHbIe H 14HbIe JIH'-HbiC KaMeCTBa, CHOCo6HOCTb K BbInO0JHelHIO o653aHHo- CTeC oneKyHa HinJ nowem1TeJIA, oTHolUeHIHs, cyLueCTBY1OLuHe MmeKay HHM H JH4ULOM, HyXK- AaioW1HMCS B oneKe, a ecinu B03MO)KHO, H )KceiiaHHe nozonelqHoro. B cjiy'ae ecjin jinHlo, Hyw,aaioIueecA B oneKe HJII rIone1HTeJ1bCTBe, IIOMCemeHO B Yipe)aellHue IIOCTOSHHOFO npe6bIBaHHEl, cPYHKUHS oneKyHa HJIH noneeqlTeisI BbIHOJ1HAeTCS azLMHHHCTpaUUHefl aH- Horo yMpe)K,zteH5lI. H4cnoAIHeHHe OnleKyHaMH Ui noneMHTeJIAMH CBOHX o6X3aHHOCTerl (CTaTEs 36) 06sI3aHIocTH no orieKe II nonIeIIlTeTIbCTBY lICnOJIHIOTCA 6e3Bo3Me3zkHo, KpOMe CJIyMaeB, ripeaycMOTpeHHbIX 3aKOHOM. OneKyHbI iI HOHleqHTejiH lecOepelHWICTHUX aOJIlHbI HpO)KHBaTb COBMeCTHO CO CBO0MH4 nogoHne'HbIM14. OneKyHbI H nowMllTeAHll JOJIKHbI UH- IOpM11pOBaTb opraHbI OrieKH H roieTHTeJIbCTBa o6 H3MeHeHH n MeCTa icHTe7ibCTBa. One- KyHbI II HOineIlHTen zJoiKHbI CozeplKaTb CBOIIX HOaOHe'-IHbIX HI 3a6oTllTbCq 0 HUX, B TOM tmcJIe, peiIIaTb BOnpOCbl IIX o6pa3OBaHSl It MCalllII1HCKOrO o6CjiySK4BaHHSI, a TaKwe 3a- lIUTbI HX ipaB H HHTepeCOB. HMyLecTBo noaonelCHoro (CTaTbA 37) AOXO,LbI nojorieMHoro rpaAcaHIIIia, B TOM Hcjie aOXOabI, HIpH'IITaiOulHHeCI rIOHjoneqHO- My OT ynpaBjieHHSI ero HiMymecTBOM, 3a HCKIO'meHHeM JAOXOaOB, KOTOpbIMH HOaOneMHbIH BnpaBe pacHopq>KaTbCA caMOCTOATeIlbHO, pacXOaylOTCS OneKYHOM HUH foneImTe.7eM uc- KJIIO-IHTCTJIbHO B HHTepeCaX riHOOHeIHHOFO H C rpeABapiTeJIbHoro pa3peiueHUI opraHa orieKII H noneHlTenlbCTBa. Be3 npeaBapilTenu,ioro pa3peieHIusl opraHa OreKl H rioneMH- TeJ1bCTBa oneKyH nHuI HO0e'l4TeJIb BrpaBe pOI113BO,4ITb iieO6XOaHMbIe aJUA coJeplcaHHsA no,aone'lloro paCxoabI 3a CieT cyNiM, InpIuTatOuIIUHXCl HOJOrieMHOMY B KameCTBe ero ao- xo,aa. OneKyHbl H nonelTeCui tie HiMeIOT npaBa 3aKJHOulaTb cqenJKH 4JIHu aBaTb cornIacHe Ha 3aKJIoMeHme CaeJIKII nO OT1pKaemuHo HMyiiieCTBa fQoaorie'HOrO WhIn cjUeJIKI, BJIeKy- iJIeji yMeHbUIueHHe HMy1LeCTBa no)jonelHOrO. IIOPAIAUOK ynpaBjieHHH oieKYHOM win noine- MlHTeneM HiMymeCTBOM roJoreHlHoro onpeaeuAeTcsi 3aKOHOJaaTeJIbCTBOM. OneKyH, none- 'H1ITeTIb, Hx cyHpyriu 6.n13KHe pOACTBelillllKII lie IlMelOT npaBa COBepIIuaTb CaejiKH C no- UpH&Jio\KeHHe 7 npHno>KeHHsq 237 norelHbIM, 3a HCKJHIoIeHHeeM nepe,aamH HMyIeCTBa no,joielHOMy B KwteCTBe ,Aapa HJHI B 6e3Bo3me3,aHoe HoJIb3OBaHJ4e. OCBo6ow,aeHHe H OTCTpaHCHHe OnIeKYHOB H rOieqHTeTCieIC OT HCIIOjiHeHHI HMH CBOHX o6sl3aHHocTefi (CTaTbSI 39) OpraH OnIeKII H riOrCiHTeJbCTBa OCBO6oA)aaeT orieKyHa HJIH norie'llTeClA OT HCnoIIHeHHIU HM CBOllX o6513aHHocTeii B ciyqasIx BO3Bpa[ueHu4 HeCOBepIHIeHHoHeTHero ero POJZHTeJIiM 4JIM ero yCbIHOBJIeHHS. IlpH HMnomemeH noaoneqHoro B COOTBeTCTByIOiee yMpe)KZteH4e, opraH oeKH U roneHMHTeJIbCTBa ocBo6o>KaaeT paHee Ha3HaMeHHOFO oneKyHa HJIIHI none- qITeJIA OT IICHOJIHeHH5 MM CBOHX o6A3aHHOCTeH. IIPH HaJiHMH4 yBa?KHTenJbHbIX HnPIHH (6oJie3Hb, H3MeHeHue 4uHHaHCoBoro HoJIoCeHHS4, OTCYTCTBHe B3ai4MOnOHHMaHHI C rnIojo- nCeHibIM H T.H.) OriKYH HIm HioHeq-ITeJIb MoweT 6bITb OCBo6owaeH OT HCnOJ1HeHHA CBO- HX o6B3aHHocTeii no ero HpoCb6e. B csyiae HeHagiie)Kaiuero HCHOJIHeHH5I oieKYHOM 14unH rOine-lHTeJieM CBOIIX o6sl3aHHOCTeA, opraH OHreKH IH Hone'iTejibCTBa BnpaBe OTCTpaHHTb oreKyHa HIHi HO HUeqITeji3i OT 4CHOJIIIeHHI4 CBOHX o65I3aHHOCTei 4 IpUHXHTb Heo6XoiRH- MbIe MCepb B COOTBeTCTBIHH1 C 3aKOHOM. HpeKpalmeHHe oneIH H noneIqHTeJIbcTBa (CTaThi. 40) OneKa Haj HecoBeplIeHHoneTH1M rpa.)KaaHHHOM npeKpaiuaeTcA HO AOCTIIT)KeHHI4 rIo0O- rneHb1M 14 jieT. OneKyH HecOBepIIIeHHo.IeTHero pe6eHKa aBToMaTM4eCK4 CTaHOBH4TCq ero roreMHTenjeM 6e3 JAoHOJIHHTeCJbHOFO peeeHnsi o6 3TOM. floneMqHTeAbcTBo Hag Heco- BepIHeHHojieTHH4M npeKpaiiiaeTcsq 6e3 oco6oro peICujHHlH n0IOCTT4KeHHH HecOBepnleHHo- iieTHHM noaoneqHbIM BoceMHaztilaT ineT (a TaKioe B c.TiyMae BCTynJICHHA B 6paK H Bapy- rux cniy,iaqx npHo6peTeHHl H4M nOJIHOH Jeecrioco6HoCT 4,Z aOOCTH)KeHIA COBepIueHHO- JieTs51). IHpH4JI O-KCeHHe 7 HOlnumuUKa o6ecnenenum 6lazococmoqnuR aemezu 6 Fepmanuu, BeltuKo6pumanuu u CoeauHenntbx lUmamax AMepuKu. 0630p22 ,jaHHoe f1pLJIomKeHme BKJloMiaeT o630p [OAXOAOB K o6ecneMeHl4lO COUIHaJbHOrO 6JIaroco- CTOS,HI4HI JeTeHl. OCTaBu4lHXC5 6e3 noneieH4AS pOAl4Tejie4, AeTefH c orpaHHMeHHbIMH B03- MO)KHOCTSIMI4 3JLOPOBbA 14 HeCOBepIeHHoJIeTH4X npaBOHapyInITeIieHI, B repMaHlIw, Be- .71IKo6p4TaH44 H CoefIHHeHHbIX IITaTaX AMepHKH. O630p 3aBepiuaeT CTaTHCTH4ieCKHlH pa3JIeJI, B KOTOpOM ripe,ACTaBJleHbI AaaHHbIe 0 C0114aSbHOM O6eCHeMeHeHH leTel B KaXKJaOH H3 paccMOTpeHHbIX CTpaH. 1. 0630p 1. 1. 14emu, ocmatuwuecq 6e3 none1eHUw po9umeflet& BejIIIKO6pHTaHHA, CoeJHHeHHbIe IJTaTbI II repMaHis ripomioI JImfl rIyTb OT CHCTeMbI 3a6oTbI O zeTqX, OCHOBaHHOH Ha MaCCOBOHI HHCT1Ty1HOHaJIH3amH4, CyiIeCTBOBaBiuer BO BpemeHa HapJIb3a ZHKKeHCa, AO COBpeMeHHOL1 rlOJIHTIIKH Hi aeHCTByiOWeFO 3aKOHoAa- TeJIbCTBa B o6JIaCTIH COUHajbHOrO o6ecneMeHHs4 AeTer1. riaBHbIl HpHHuiH, KOTOpbII Jie- )KHT B OCHOBe BCeX Tpex CIICTeM, COCTO1T B TOM, 'ITO BOCHIHTaHIie pe6eHKa qBjieTCAi npe- HmyWeCTBeHHOr4 o6513aHHocTbIo 6momiorivlecKoi ceMbl. Bojiee Toro, C'IHTaeTCq, qTO pe- 6eHOK AOj,KeH pa3BHBaTbC5I H BOCHITbIBaTbC3I B YCJIOBH5IX IIOCTOSHHOrO H HIpOMHOrO KOHTaKTa C TeM, KTO 0 HeM 3a6OT4TCSA. TaKlIM o6pa3oM, o6ecne'leHIie nOCTOSHHOrO npa- BOBOrO CTaTyca 3a6OTbI O AeTSIX ABJIAeTCq KpaeyrOJIbHbIM KaMHeM COuHaJIbHOH 3aHijHTbI AeTel H HX COHaJIbHOFO o6eCHie'eHIlA BO BCeX Tpex CTpaHax. KaK OTMeiaeTCq Hime, BCe TPH4 CTpaHbI rip iWzepWHBaEOTC5 B cbepe roieMeeHH4A AeTeH B OCHOBHOM OAHHX H TeX Ke HpIHOp4TeTOB. Ilpowu)iaKmuyeCKue mepbl. Bo Bcex Tpex cTpaHax 60JIbmioe BHimaHHe yjaeaisieTcA rpoE4HJIaKTHrMeCKH4M MepaM. YcjiyraM COuIHaJIbHbIX pa6OTHIKOB, HCHIXOJIOrOB H ApyrEx CfleuEiaJIHCTOB B 3TOHI o6JIaCTH4 Ho ripeAOCTaBjieHI4O KOHcyJIbTaIIHH Ii peKOMeHAa1luHi no CeMeHIHbIM BOHpOCaM OTBOAHTCA iJeHTpaSJbHaA pOJIb B yperyZEIpOBaHHH KPH3H4CHbIX CII- TyauIIH B ceMbe, KOTOpbIe MoryT OTpa3HTbCA Ha 6JIaroHojiy'ImH pe6eHKa. B qacTHOcTII, 3TH YCJIHyr I npe,oCTaBJIAIIOTCA poAIllTeJIsM, y KOTOPbIX pe6eHoK 6bIJI OTo6paH B ueJIsix o6ecneteHwIA ero 6e3OnaCHOCTII, qTo6bI HOMOHb HM B pemeHmi npo6JieM, KOTOpbIe rIpE1- Benjl K OTo6paHHIO pe6eHKa, H HaCTOJIbKO H3MeHHITb YCJIOBHIA B CeMbe, MITo6bI pe6eHoK MOr B Hee BepHyTbCqI. gemKue npozqedypbt o6ecnemenus zocyaapcm6enH0oii 3a6ombt o demqx. B Ka>KAOfi CTpa- He ,ef4CTByIOT 4eTKH4e npoueJypbi, onpeaejueiomIe CTeHeHb BMeSiaTeJIbCTBa rocyAapCT- Ba B AeJIa ceMbl, H ycJIOB4I, npll KOTOpbIX pe6eHKa OTAeJIAIOT OT pOZ14TeJIie. npe>YAe Bcero AoJI)KeH 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeH 4IaKT HeHOCpeACTBeHHOfH yrpO3bI JIA5 6JIaronoJIy"HmI nl pmn o0KeHMH 239 i1 6e3onacHocTmI pe6eHKa, a Tamce tOJIAKHbI 6blTb Hpl11HATbI BCe Heo6xoajIMbi MepbI JtJIA ClcnpaBJI.TeHlIA rIOT*eHIIA B CeMbe, He nIIp6eras K OTaejCeHiHO pe6eHKa OT pOQHTemie. KaK rpaBuHJIo, arCHTCTBa COUHaJlbHO II nOMOUH ieTAIM IpllBJlCKaIOTCA1 K pemeHIlio TaKHX npo6.TieM 3aJzojiro aO TOFO, KaK pe6eHKa OT6HpalOT y pOaltTeJiie, c ue.1b,o HpHHAITHS npo- HnJIaKTWIeCKHIX mep H OKa3aHlIAs yCJIyr no HpOBe ellllO KOHCyjibTaUHH H1 OKa3aHmio rog- Jep)KKII CeMbe B KPll311CHbIX ClHTyaUHiXx. Bojiee Toro, pe6eHoK Mo>CeT 6bITb OTo6paH y pO- LlTeieIe TOJIbKO no peiiieHIIO cyjaa no1 CeMeHHbIM aejiaM HIm cyaa no AeTigaM HecOBep- HieHHoJICTHIIX. IloneqUmeebcmMo. B HplHHI1HHe, yCTpOHICTBO aeTefl B ripIMBeHyIO CeMblO ABJI5eTCq BpeMeHHIIOf Mepoi4, KOTOpaAI Heo6xoaiHMa aJIA TOFO, MTo6bI rOMeCTIHTb pe6eHKa B 6e3o- HaCHble yCJIOBIIA, H OKa areHTCTBO COUIIaJIbHOHI rOMOIIH rbITaeTCS1 nOMO1b B peimetum ce- MeiiHbIX npo6JieM, a 3aTeM areHTCTBO nI CyJabi pelualoT BOIpOC 0 BO3MO)KHOCTsAX BOCCoe- zimelIIs ceMblI IIiH o nepejawe pe6elfKa Ha yCbIHoBjieHHle. 01LHaKO H3-3a qeIHu11HTa yCbIHOBIITeIieH, IeXBaTKII CouIIaSJbHbIX pa60THhIKOB II Cpe2tCTB aeTH HepeaKO OCTaIOTCA B HipHeMHbIX CeMbAX IIJ1Il IIHTCpHaTHbIX y"pexAgeHIIAX HpOAOJZI0ITeNJbHOe BpeMA H MaCTO MNeHAIOT CBOIIX noHeqllTeIieH. B BejiHKo6pITaHHH HI CoeaIHeHHbIx LiTaTax 60TIbIUHHCT- BO TaKlHX JeTeHI YCTpailBaIOT B HplIeMHbIe CeMbbl, a B FepMaHIHH ropa3Jt0 iiipe HICHOJIb3y- IOTCSI IHTepHaTHbie y'pecKAeHIIA, II He B nocneaH10o0 oqepe1b H13-3a AecPHI1IITa ceMeHi, ro- TOBbIX B35LTb aeTei Ha BOCrilITaHIIe. HHTepHaTHbIe ytpe>KaeHH51 B OCHOBHOM IpHHmHMalOT JeTefi C HCriXOIOFII'IeCKIIMHI Ht ztpyrEMii HpO6jieMaMn, OKa3bIBalOT IIM CHeiLHaJI113HIpOBaH- HYIO HOMOHJb, HipeJOCTaBJSIAOT YCJIOBIIA aJIAS pOHIlBaHBIA He6OJIbHIHMH rpyrIaMHl H4 CO- pneHTHJpOBaHbI, rJiaBHbIM o6pa3OM, Ha aeTefi CTapuiero B03paCTa H HOApOCTKOB. rb B03MOAKHOCT1I, HipeJHOl'TeHuIe aOJDKHO OTgaBaTbCA .THo6bIM CeMeIHbIM ()OpMaM none4emHmSI no CpaBHCHH11O C pa3MeIUeHleM JgeTefl B IIHTepHaTHbIX yMpeAKe, 'eM B COealIHeHHbIX HITaTaX it FepMaHBIll. B AHrFJII1 c'IHTaloT, WTO JIeTell uejieCoo6pa3Hee OCTaBJIATb CO CBOHMII 6OIOForwieCKHMH pOREITeJIA1M4, a He 3a- HllMaTbC51 peLIeHIIeM HpO6JIeM HIX yCTpOHlCTBa nO, BpeMeHHYlO oneHKy Boccoedu-ienue 6uoqowunecKux ceMezi u npaeo pe6elnKa na eowpaupenue K podumeJIAM. BO Bcex Tpex CTpaHaX BOCCOe,alHlHleHe CeMbll ABJIAeTCAI HpEOpEITeTHOEI 3aaaMefI. ECJIH pe- 6eHKa OTJeJIIiIiH OT 6noJIorHieCKOII CeMbll, TO IHeO6XOjInMO iPIIHHTb BCe MepbI K TOMY, 'To6bI II3MeHIITb YCJ1OBIIA B CeMbe 1 peLIllTb HpO6JIeMbI, NOTOpbIe HpHBejill K 3TOMy, 'ITO- 6bI o6ecieql-lTb BOCCOeaHieHIIe ceMbll. AJIA BbIHOJIHeHHl5 3TOI 3aJaaMi areHTCTBa COUE- aJIbHOii HOMOIUIIH 2CTAM npexiaralOT ILIIHpOKIHI cHeKTP ycJyr rHo OKa3aHHI10 ICHXojIorHl'e- CKOH HOMOIuIH H COUIIaJIbHOiH nOaaep>KKII. KpoMe TOrO BOCCOegl4lHeHIfHO CeMblI CHOCO6CT- ByeT It HOJIO)KeHi4e O npaBe pe6eHKa Ha B03BpaIUCHlHe B CeMblO: Ha KaAzjOM 3Tane rpoiiec- ca, KOTOpbIII BeJeT K yCbIHOBJIeHIIIO, OrOBOpelbI yCJIOBSIA, HIllE KOTOpbIX pe6eHoK MO)KeT BepHyTbC5I B 6Ho.iorilIeCKyIO CeMbIO, eCTIi YCJIOBHMq B CeMbe 6yayT HlpH3HaHbI HpHemICe- MbIMlf 1 6e3oHaCHbIMH a.IA pe6eHKa. JIejio Ka)KOFO pe6eHKa, nepeaaHHorO B ripHeMHYIO CeMbIO HJIH1 B IlpEIIOT - Ha KOpOTKIIEI 1IH Ha aJIHTeTIbHbIEI CpOK, - peryIsipHo riepeCMa- TpHIBaeTCSI C TeM, 'To6bI BepHyTb pe6eHKa K 6HOmrOFImeCKHM pOtITeJSAM, eCJIi 3TO B03- MO>KHO. YcblHooAenue. BO BCeX TpeX CHlCTeMaX rOCHIOaCTByeT TO'lKa 3peHHII, '4TO ecSii pe6eHOK He MO)KeT BePHYTbCS1 K 6nOJIOrHIIeCKH4M POaIETeJIAM, TO Hanl6oJIee npe]nO'-ITHTeJIbHbIM nolnoweHme geTeU B POCCHUCKOU ceAepaLtHH. 240 HToru coLHaAbHoH nonHTHKH 1990-x rop,OB H nepcneKTHBbl BapliaHTOM AOJIFOCpO11Oii 3a6OTbl ABJI5eTCq yCbIHOBjieHlie, flOCKOJIbKy 3TO HaHjiy_mnHfl cnoco6 o6ecneqeHIIl HOCTOsIHHIOrO cTaTyca pe6eHKa. He TaK JaaBHO BejIHKo6pHTaHH3 El COeAlIHeHHbie IJTaTbI CTaXii 1IPOBOAIlTb IIOJIITIIKy, HarpaBZeHHYIO Ha yBejlWeHHe KO- JInvieCTBa yCbIHOBjieHi4, YCTaHOBHTIH CPOKH Haiaiia H 3aBepCIjeHH5 CJIyIHaHHH iRei o6 yCbIHOBji.eHHHII 11 HpHHAUIH MepbI AJIA TOFO, 'lTO6bl YCKOpI4Tb npouecc paccMOTpeHHS1 Ta- KHX zIeJl B areHTCTBaX COuHaAbHOrl riOMOLiH H cyJax. FepMaHHM, Hao6OpOT, CyaA1 no Bce- My, CKIcOHAeTCA B HOJ1b3y coAepKaHliq pe6eliKa nOJ BpeMeHHOIi OHeKOH B TeIeHHe 6oaiee 2JJIHTeNJbHOrO nep4ojla Bpemeim B HaaeJK;1e Ha BOCCOeAJHHeHHe ceMbH. lfudueudyaJlbhbte nO(}XODbI pa3HblX cmpau. HeCMOTpSI Ha TO, MTO TpHI CTpaHbI B HpHH- illTIe HpHz(ep>KHBalOTCA o6mIHX HOOAXOaOB K ClICTeme ieHHOCTeHI H IHIOJIH4THKe B o6JiaCTH COUHlaJbHOrO o6eCHie'eHHSI aeTeHi, OH14 He3Ha'liTeJIbHO paCXOJaTCA BO B3TJIAAaX Ha TO, KaKile MeTOabI ABJISIOTCJ HaH6oJiee 3aq4eKTHBHbIMH, JSIA o6ecnemeHHs riOCTOSHHOFO CTa- TyCa H rapaHTII 6e30naCHOCTII pe6eHKa. HoBasA IOJI0HTIHKa couHaTIbHlOrO o6ecneqeHIHsl aeTe`l, KOTOpylO aHFrl4E4CKOe HpaBH- TeJIbCTBO HPOBOaIHT c 2000 r., HpeaycMaTpIlBaeT BBez(eHHe HOBbIX HaIHOHaJIbHbIX CTaH- JUapTOB yCbIHOBJIeHHIA, OCHOBaHHbIX iia ripIlnH-iirax o6ecneieHIIs rOCTOSHHOrO CTaTyca I4 rapaHTIIHI 6e3oiHaCHOCTII pe6eHKa 11 H11p3HaHISq CeMbll B KaMeCTBe OCHOBH01 w-I4eKH o6uIeCTBa, cnoco6iioIi o6ecne4lITb 3TII yCJIOBIIA. Pe6eHOK iMieeT npaBO Ha BOCHH4TaHH4e B Jno6AujeiI CeMbe, KOTOpaS MOKeT yaOBJIeTBOplHTb ero HOTpe6HOCTH B ,eTCKOM H 6o0iee CTapmieM B03paCTe. Heo6xoAIMo JUeJIaTb BCe B03MO)KHOe aJI TOrO, To6bl npeIJOCTaBHTb TaKIIe B03MO)KHOCTII 6I4OHir'JeCKOEI CeMbe H HOMOIb eii o6ecne'mITb pe6eHKy HOCTOSH- HblI4 YXOA B Tex cjiyiaAx, KOraa YCJIOBH51 npe6blBaHle pe6eHKa B CeMbe ABJISIOTCSA JIS He- ro 6e3onacHbIMlH 1 ripHeMJIeMbIMH. EcJiII TaKIIe YCJIOBIIq OTCyTCTByIOT, o6HMeCTBO AOJUK- HO Hipe,OCTaBHITb pe6eHKy He meHee noZixoaAuiiuHe YCJIOBIIAI AJlA rOCTOsIHHoro fpO)KHBa- HIIA. )JeTI1, ocCTaBiiuHecsI 6e3 rone'IeeHIsI pOqlHTeJIeHi, KOTOpbIe He MOFYT BepHyTbCAIaOMOi, Hme1OT HpaBO Ha yCbIHOBJIeHIIe. OHO ZLOJDKHO npOBOaHOTbC51 B MaKCHmlMabHO KOPOTKIIe CpOKH, 'lTo6bI o6ecrie'il`Tb IIM 6e3onacHbie, CTa6HJIbHble H rOCTOsAHHbie YCJIOBH51 rpo>KiH- BaHlIA B ceMbe. PeuieHIIsI o nOCTOsAHHOM CTaTyce pe6eHKa rpHEHHMaIOTCsq C yeCTOM HHJaH- Blu,yaJIbHbIX HOTpe6HOcTefi KaXKzLOrO KOHKpeTHOFO pe6eHKa, nepeaaHHoro no, BpeMeH- HYIO OHeKy. HloJUxo, K couIHaJlbHOMY o6ecHeqIeHI1O zUeTeHl B CoeLrI4HeHHbIx ILTaTax BO MHOrOM COBInaaeT c aHrJIHHICKHM HIOJXOJOM. Pe6eHoK, 6e3yCJIoBHo, HaXOJUHTC5A B ueHTpe BHHIMa- HHII o6uUeCTBa. H4HTepecbI pOafTemJil HI apyr4HX 3aIHTepeCOBaHHbIX nII lIrpaloT BTOpO- CTeHeHHYIO pOJIb. HeCMOTP5A Ha TO, -ITO BOCIHIHTaHHe B 6HojiorFHIeCKOfI CeMbe C'IHTITaeTCA HaH46oJlee 6JIaroFpHs1THbIM AJIA1 pa3BHTH51 pe6eHKa, MOryT HCIOJIb3OBaTbC51 H aipyrve ljOpMbi rone'IeHHIA, eciii 6yJUeT yCTaHOBJieHO, 'ITO aTO OTBeiae`T HHTepecaM pe6eHKa. KaK II B AHrJIIIH, B CIIIA Bce 6OJlbIII4I4 aKUeHT JeJIaeTC5I Ha yCbIHOBJIeHHH4 KaK OCHOBHOM Me- TOJUC o6ecneweHiisi HOCTOSIHHOrO CTaTyca pe6eHKa, HpezHnpIHHi4MaOTC51 3HeprIFHHbie MepbI aJl51 yBeJII4teHH1I KOJIH'IeCTBa yCbIIIOBJIeHIiiH. HecMOTpAI Ha TO, 'ITO no-npe;*HeMy 6oJAee HpearHOMITHTeJIbHbIM BaplIaHTOM peHleHIHA HpO66IeMbI CIIHTaeTC5I BOCCOeRHHeHHHe CeMbI4, TaKHe CJIyiIaiI rI01HCXOAsIT ropa3,aO pevKe, mleM XOTeJIOCb 6bI. B CB5I3H C 3THM, a TaK)Ke 143- 3a ,Ae4IHUH`Ta HipieMHbIX ceMeiI aMepHKaHCKaI CIICTeMa COIIIJlbHOrO o6ecHe'IeHHA HC- rbITbIBaeT orpeAeAeHHbie TpyaHOCT11, KOTOpbIe CB513aHbI C TeM, 'ITO UAeTH B Te,IeHHM e;JIH- TeJIbHbIX repHlOJUOB OCTaIOTCA1 nOJ BpeMeHHOII onfeKOH B pa3HbIX (POpMaX, 'ITO MeHee Bce- ro cnoco6HO o6ecneqIHTb riOCTOIHHbIll CTaTYC pe6eHKa. B FepMaHH14 HOJI11THIKa COUIHaJIbHOrO o6ecre'IeHH51 aeTefi OCHOBaHa Ha npeTlycMOT- peHHOM KOHCTH4TYIIiefi 6aJiaHce npaB poUHTeTiert H4 Tpe6OBaHH51MH K o6ecnerieHiuo 6nia- nlpHno>KeHHsq 241 IOCOCTOAIHHII pe6eHKa. HpaBa pOAIITeJIeHl HlOJIb3yEOTCA 60JIbIIIM yBa>KeHHeM H MOryT 6bITb npeKpaIeElbI TOJIbKO B cjiy'ae cepbe3HOHl yrpO3bI JIAS 6jiarOCocTOCTH1A pe6eHKa. PemleHIe O rpeKpaiijeHIII POaUTeTIbCKHIX npaB ABJI5eTCA CaMbIM Cepbe3HbIM BMeiaTeJIb- CTBOM B aBTOHOMHIO CeMbHl H npaBa pOaITlejief, K KOTOPOMy MOieT HpH6erHyTb o6IeCT- BO B ccfepe COUHiaJbHOH HioaaepEKKH AeTeH. DTO KpalHHS Mepa, KOTopaA npiHMeHMeTCA TOJIbKO nocn1e Toro, KaK Hlcnpo6oBaH BeCb apceHa.7i iMeoIUIIXCS mep, H ecniH coxpaHAeT- CA cepbe3HaA yrpo3a 6e3OnacHocTII pe6eHKa. B FepMaHHHi 6apbepbl Ha flyTH IPHHATHM peIIeHIIA 0 npeKpaiiieHlIll POallTenJbCKIIX npaB HaMHOrO BbIlIIe, qeM B AHrFIIH It CoealH- HeHHblX LIJTaTax. TaKIM o6pa3oM, FepMaHHSI ropa3,0o IllHupe HCHOJIb3yeT CHCTeMy joJiro- CpO-HOrO rOMeiijeHI IAeTelI B npHleMHbIe CeMbH H rOTOBa paCXOJOBaTb 3HaBHTenjbHbIe cpeACTBa Ha OKa3aHHe aJeKBaTHOII COiiaJIblIOI HOMOIIIH. 1.2. ,4emu, HycJIC8alou uecq 3 cnequa7U3UpoCaHHOu nfoMou4u Bo Bcex Tpex cTpaEIax ojillTliKa B OTHOiIeHHIH leTeHI, Hy)K)IaEOLUHXCq B CreUHajiH3pO- BaHlHOHI HOMOuIH, OCHOBaHa Ha o6mHX (yHJAaMeHTa7IbHbIX HpIHLIjHnax: nPH3HaHIe paB- HbIX npaB HI BO3MOrKIHOCTeri JIoIaeH C OrpaHHIeHHbIMHI B03MO)KHOCTAMH 3,IOPOBbA H o6ec- nelleleje Iix ymaCTIlA BO BCex c4epax o6WeCTBeHHOrl K113HH. Boniee Toro, BOCHHTaHHe B CeMbe no CpaBHeHHIO C BOCHHTaHIIeM B fIHTepHaTHbIX "pe)KAeHfAX CMHTaeTCS JIyM- LIIHM YCIOBHeM pa3BHTIl5l AeTeR C orpaBiIiielIHbIMH1 B03MO)KHOCTAMH 37aOPOBbSA H HX HOa- rOTOBKII K y'IaCTHIIO B o6HIeCTBeHHOH >(H3HH1. Bce Tpl CTpaHbI AeJlaIOT BCe B03MOKHOe A3IA TOrO, IfTo6bI 6oabulIIHcTBo AeTefi, Hy)KfaiOIIUXCSA B CHelllajill3llpOBaHHOH4 HOMOmUH, MOrJIH Yt4HTbCA B o6IueO6pa3oBaTeJIbHbIX IlKOjiax, H1 paCXO2fyIOT Ha 3TO 3Ha4IHTeJlbHbIe cpe,aCTBa. KpoMe TOro jfeTI C Cepbe3HbIMH OTKJIOHeHIlSMH NMOryT nOCeIlaTb creiHaiH3BH- POBaHHbIe IIKOJIbI, KOTOpbIe HMeEOTCsA rIOBCIOAY HO MeCTy IIX >KH4TeJIbCTBa. )ieACTByOIUlHe B TpeX CTpaHax ClICTeMbI TaK)Ce oriipaEOTCA Ba HpHlHUllH paHHero BbI5BjieHHIA H Uie'eHH5I TaKH4X qeTeu, a TaKoKe Ha IllIpOKYEO CHCTerM yHPOBseeHH4I KOHCyJIbTalIII H oKa3aHH5I HOJt- AeP)KKII IIX pO;IlITeJI5AM. 1.3. Heco3epweHHoflemHue npaGoHapywume.7u B Te'ieHHe MHOrHX jieT CH4CTeMa npaBocyJIH5 B CoezfHHeHHbIx ILJTaTaX, BejiHKo6pHTaHHH H repMaHlIH inTia Ho HyTH nepexogia OT HaKa3aHHAI ZaeTerl I IOAPOCTKOB 3a aejIHHKBeHT- Hoe HOBeZfeHHe K 6oiee II11pOKOMY HCHIOJIb3OBaHHIIO BOCHllHTaTeJIbHbIX Mep H K OKa3aHHIO HOMOIII HecOBep iIeHHojeTHI MnpaBOHapy uIITensAM C TeM, 'ITO6bI OHH MorJIH BepHyTb- CA B o6ueCTBO H CTaTb 3aKOHOnOCJIYIllHbIMII rpXmcaHaMH. KpoMe TOrO, BCe 60JIbilUn aK- ileHT B pa6oTe jfeJiaeTCA Ha npOcIIJIaKTHKy HI npeayripefcAeHHie HpaBOHapyiJeHHHf Ha paHHHIX 3Tariax. DTOT HIOJXOf OCHOBaH Hia OrnbITe, KOTOpbII nOKa3bIBaeT, tfTO 6OJIbIHHCT- BO ,eTeHf, KOTOpbIe coBepiHaloT rpaBOHapyIIueHHfS, ABJISIIOTCA BbIXOZUiaMH H3 COuHaJbHO HCnPHBunerHPOBaEIHbIx rpynH HaCeJieHHAS, BOCHlHTbIBaEOTCSA B He6JiaFOIHOJIyqHbIX CeMbSfX Hi nioxo y-IaTcA B ImKo.lie. TeM He MeHee, HMCEOTCA H pa3JIIHSIH. B Coeau4HeHHbIX IlTaTax H BejiHKo6pHTaHHii no-npe;KHeMy ropaazfo 60o7bIue HecOBeplieHHojeTHHx rpaBoHapy- mH11ITe.IelI ripeziCTaeT rIepeZf CyaIOM H IproBapllBaeTCf K JIlUHeHHJO CBo6OAbI, 'leM B rep- MaHHIlH. B ,IaCTHOCTH, B COe,aHHeHHbIX lUTaTax, HeCOBepIIeHHoneTHIIX ipaBOHapyIHlTe- ieEi, He ,OCTFrSIUX 18 .ieT, 3a orpeaen eHHbie ripeCTynJeHHM AaKTH1leCKH CyAs[T HapaBHe C COBepIIelIHOJIeTHilMII rpa)KZfaHaMii H HplIFOBapHBaEOT K jfJIIITeJIbHbIM CpOKaM TiOpeM- nolnoxeHwe AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU OeAepaikmu. 242 HTorH coLAHaJ1bHOA nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTWBbl HOrO 3aKAOMoeHH5I (H RaaKe cMepTHOil Ka3HH). HanpH4Mep, TaKOrH cJlyMari npoulouIeJI He- JaaBHO C HeCKOJIbKHMH HO)jpOCTKaMH, OTKpbIBLHHMII CTpeJb6y B IKOjie. HpaBHTeJIbCTBO BejiHKo6pHTaHHIHl HejaBIlO BHCCJIO CcyIeCTBeHHbie H3MeHeHH5 B CBOIO HOJIHTH4Ky, BKJIIOqMHB B Hee UIllpOKHHi nepeCeHb Mep, iaIHpaB.IeHHbIX Ila pa6oTy c HecOBepi HeHHoOeTHHMH ipaBoHapyOIiTeJIAMII no MeCTY wKITejIbCTBa. flporpaMMbl BOC- CTaHOBjeHHS paHlOHOB TpyHio6, npejoTBpaujeHne OT4fCJIneHH4 o6y'aioLUHXCsA H3 IlUKOJIbI, HX CaMOBOJIbHOFO yxojia 113 o6pa3OBaTe.lbHblx yMpewaellHHi H paciui4peHlsi CHCTeMbl Bile- IHKOJIbHbIX ueHTPOB aocyra MOj1Oae)iCH noMoralOT MeCTHblIM coo6iueCTBaM HaXOat4Tb pe- lIeHl4A npo6ieM, KOTOpbIe MellalOT BOCHHTaHHIO MOJOJewll. 2. repMaHHS 2. 1. ,4emu, ocma8uwuecq 6e3 noneIeHuR poaume17et! a) OCHOBHbie nOHSTHS Oneca (Vonnundschaft). fipaBa H o6si3aiiHocT4 no BOCIITa-HHio pe6eHKa, KOTOpbIe BO3JIa- ralOTCA Ha Ha3Ha1eHHOe Iiiiio, YHOJIHOMOWeHHyiO OpraHFH3aUH1O HJIH OTJeji Ho zeiiam MO- j1o(ewHKr nocnie CMepTH 6HonornlecKIIx pORtHTenjeii HJiH JimuIHHAs HX POAHTeIbCKHX npaB. Honeienue (Sorgerecht). POal4nTeJlbcKHe npaBa H o6A3aHHOCTHl B OTHOIIIeHHH pe6eHKa. Had3op (Aufsicht). OcyWeCTBJAeHH4e Haa3opa 3a pe6eHKOM MO)KeT 6blTb BO3JIo)KeHO Ha OTaeJi no eJiaM MoJIoaejteH no peueiienio cyata, ecjii pe6eHKa BpeMeHHO OT6HpalOT OT ero 6HoJIorHmeeCKOf ceMbH. TOnemumelbcmMo. BpeMeHHaa (opMa yCTpOHICTBa pe6eHiKa, KOTOpbll 6blTI OTVeIeH OT CBOel 6iioJIorwiecKofi CeMbH, HO ero poRlTenjiH He rOTepASIH pOJaHTCJIbCKHX npaB. 06iue- CTBO OCymIIeCTBJIqeT KOHTPOJLb Haa none'llT-eJbCTBoM 'epe3 MyHHuLHaJIbHbIe OTJatJIbI no ]Ie.laM MOj1Oae)*H. KpaTKOCpOHliOe HOreulTeJ1bCTBO 03Ha'aeT, 'ITO pe6eHKa romeaaioT B CeMbIO HJ114H HlTepHaTHOe y'-pe*QReHHC Ha BpeMS, nOKa OT4CJ1 no jeniam MOiOoeAH Bbl- SICHSCT BOrpOC 0 TOM, BO3MO>KHO jil ero 1O3B1pameHme B 6HioFHormeCKyIO CeMblO. flociie Toro, KaK OTaeJI no zejiaM MojiogAcmH oilpe)leJiqeT, 'ITO 130P313paHelIe pe6eIlKa B CBOIO ce- MbIO B 6JiHwaAiiee BpeMSA He npHCCTaBJISeTC5I B03MO)KHbIM, B OTHOIueHHH pe6eHKa BpH- HHMiaeTC5 peullHeHe o ojirocpoCMHoM nOne'IHTeJibCTBe, B 6OJIbBIIHCTBe cjjy'aeB B pHIeM- HOII CeMbe. Ycbisnowenue. lOpHHI'IecKH obopmjieHHasi repella'a pORHTeJIbCKOH OTBeTCTBeHHOC- TH4 3a pe6eHKa B BO3paCTe , o 18 JieT OT ero 6HojiorilecKoio CeMbH japyroii ceMbe nocJle TO- ro, KaK 6HojiorwmecKHe POaLHTejiH TepqSlOT CBOII pOITenJbCKHer npaBa no pemIeHHflo cyz,a H1IH B pe3yJlbTaTe zto6pOBOJIbHOrO corJiaclIA. 6) HopMaTHBHo-npaBoBas 6a3a B CTaTbe 6 KOHCTHTYUIH1 FepMaHHHIl (Grundgesetz) 23 roBOplITCsl o6 orpoMBlOM 3Ha'IeHIHH pOJIB ceMbH H 0 TOM, 'ITO CeMbSI HaXOHTCq HOa oco6oii oxpaiiol rocyaapcTBa. B 3TOH CTa- Tbe TaKiKe oBpeJejieHbl npasa H o6A 3aHHocTH pO,alHTejiefH nO BOCHHTaHH1O CBOHX )IeTeii nOZa KOHTPOj1eM o6WeCTBa, KOTOpbIl OCyImeCTBjiSeTTC3 mepe3 OTTjeJIbl no z1eiJaM MomQi2e?cH. OCHOBHbIM HOPMaTHBHbIM JAOKYMeHTOM B o6jiaCTH o6ecreieIsq COuHajibHOrO 6Jiaro- COCTOAIHHI ,eTeTeH ABJIAeTTCSI 3aKOIi O COHaJlbHOH rogepwiKe aeTea it MoJIOle)KH, C6oPHHK 8 ctIeJepaaJbHorO 3aKOHa o coHHajIbHOM o6ecneLeHHH (Sozialgesetzbuch, 8. Buch, Kinder- undJugendhilfegesetz) , KOTOpbIIH IeHCTByeT C 1990, npHI4 A Ha CMeiy 3aKOHy o couHaib- npHAo>KeHHsI 243 HOM o6ecHeMeHHH MOJIOzeKH 1961 r. OH OnpeJeJxeT YCAOBHRS paCCMOTpeHHq H peHIeHHSA BCeX COL1HaNJbHbIX BOfIpOCOB, CBA3aHHbIX C COElHa7IbHbIM o6ecHeqeHHeM aeTeii B repMalfM. Ero HcHojiHeHHe ocyi1IeCTBJISeTCI B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHoaaTeJIbHbIMH aKTaMH, peryiM- pyIOIIIHMH4 Ae5TeNJbHOCTb ICTIHOJIIHTeJIbHbIX opraHOB BjiaCTH; BOHpOCaMH CoL[HajlbHOro o6ecneqeHs j,aeTee 3aHH4MalOTCA MyHHLHnajibHbIe OTJejibi no leJiaM MOJIOae)KH. 3aKOH o ceMbe, C60PHIK 4 (DeAepaAbHoro 3aKOHa o 'aCTHoii )KH3HH, (Buergerliches Gesetzbuch, BGB) 25 onpezteJAeT npaBa ceMbli, npaBa H o6AI3aHHOcTH pOIMTeleii H jOppH- )HqeCKH Oc¢OpMjieHHbIX OIeILyKHOB, a TaKwKe npaBnHia roHeqeHH5. OH TaKKe onpezeiisAeT ycJIOB431, ripH KOTOpbIX Cya no CeMeHHbIM aeAaM MOAeT BMeiHBaTbCS B aejia CeMbH, HI TO, KaKHM o6pa30M 3TO MOX(eT I1pOHCXOAHTb. B) YMaCTHHKH npoqeccaH HX u OJIHOMO'qHs )eSTeJIbHOCTb B cfepe o6ecne,IeHHa COflHanbHoro 6.narococToAIhHs aeTefl B fepMaHHH peryawpyeTcs HOpMaTHIBHbIMH HojioAKeHHSMH 3aKoHa o COUHa[JbHoi4 noauepwKe aeTei H MoJIOae2xH. HopMaTHBHbIe aKTbl HOCSAT o6LulH xapaKTep H He BKJnoqa1OT noapo6HbIX HHCTpyKU4iH. B HHX 'eTKO HponHcaHO, KaKHe ycjiyrH H B KaKHX cjiytaix fpeaoCTaBJIsi- IOTCAI MOjOioewH, HO peineHie KOHKpeTHbIX BOrIpOCOB HlpeAOCTaBjieHHSI 3THX ycAyr OCTa- eTC5I 3a OTAejioM ro ztenaM MojoIAeAKH. OTveni no teaiam Mojo le)KH 5IBji5IeTC1 'iaCTbIO CTpyKTypbI MYHHUHIInabHOrO opraHa ynpaBJIeHHSI, 4JHHaHCHPyeTCS H4M H KOHTpOJIHpyeT- CAI MYHH4UHHaJlbHbIM 3aKOHOaaTeJlbHbIM OpraHOM, KOTOpbIH HPOBOZIHT npOBepKH Ha OC- HOBe FOJOBOH OTYeTHOCTH. B FepMaHHH ccbopMmHposajicA eaHHbIdi HORXOJ K HIPHHUHHaM COL1HajlbHOrO o6ecneYe- HHSI, H nO BcefH cTpaHe iipeJOCTaBJIAIOTCS B OCHOBHOM O4HHaKOBbIe COUiHajbHbIe ycAyrH. B TO we BpeMS B CTpaHe npoaojioaeTCs Ao6cyweHHe OCHOBHbIX HanpaBieHnH COIHaJIb- Horo o6ecne'eHHs aeTel H MOjiOe)KwH H mep yKpejieHH InpasB H rapaHTHA 6e3onacHoc- Tll aeTefi, B KOTOpOM aKTHBHO MaCTBYIOT 4)eepaJIbHbie H per oHaJlbHbie mHHIHCTepCTBa, napnameHTCKue rpyn1bI Ha 4)e2epaMbHOM H perHOHaIbHOM ypOBHAX, HayMHO-4ccJIeZ(o- BaTeJbCKHne HHCTHTyTbl, YHHBepCHTeTCKHe HayxlHbie tLeHTpbl H caMH OTaenbI no JenaM Mojozte*KH. MyHut4unaJlbnblil omJen no aenaM Mooadewcu. Ha oTaeji Hoaeiam MoJIoAe4 BO3JIO- X(eHbl lUHpOKHm nOJIHOMOMHA H o6SI3aHHOCTH. Cc)epa ero eASITenbHOCTH BK7IIOqaeT pa6o- Ty C MOJIO)e)KblO (HanpiMep, opraHH3aluHS BHelKOJIbHOi! AOCyrOBOri H KyJIbTypHO-npO- CBeTHTeJIbCKOVI pa6OTbI C MOjiOaeKb1O), COUHaH7bHYIO roaUepKKy MOjOae)KH H 3aUiuTY npaB zteTeH H MOmIORewH. OH OKa3bIBaeT c)HHaHCOByIO HOMOIub CeMbAM, BOcnHTbIBaiO- HiHM =LeTeil, BbIHiJIauHBaeT noco6HA Ha coaep*caHne JIeTeH, Haxo,tqIU1HXCA noa oneKOH (Pflegegeld), H npeAOCTaBMeT 4)HHaHCOBy1O nozAepx*Ky jeTSAM H MOJIOAbIM jHOJZ5IM c or- paHHMeHHbIMH BO3MO)KHOCTXMH 3ZIOpOBbS. OH TaK*e OKa3bIBaeT ycnyru no npoBeZteHn4o KOHCyJIbTaUHH CHeUHaJIHCTOB H4 IOpiICTOB aSA ceMeH, HeHOJIHbIX ceMel, npHeMHbIX pOuH- Teieie, oneKyHOB, HeTeH MonoZe*Ki. B ero HOJIHOMOIHM9 H o65I3aHHOCTH BXOLHT pelne- HHe BOnpOCOB 0 B351TU 4HeTer H nOapOCTKOB nOZ( Haa3op, oCylueCTBJIeHiie oHeKH, BbIa- qa H OT3bIB pa3peineHUU Ha nepezaay JaeTe B npHeMHbIe CeMbU H BbHiLaa jIHUeH3H yM- pexcw,eHMAM COUHaJIbHOfi HOMoluH. B FepMaHHH B COOTBCTCTBHH C 3aKOHOAaTejIbCTBOM CyiueCTByeT ABa HOCTaBIUHKa CO- H1anbHbIX yc.nyr ,eT5IM/Mojiozte*c: rocyiapcTBeHHbIr OTenj Ho ZtenaM Mo.oaeWKH Hu a- CTHble y'pe;KzeHHI COunHaJbHOii IOMOIUI. rocyIapcTBeHHbIe opraHbl no aejiam Mo.iioe- mKH o6sI3aHbI COTPYaHHUaTb C IaCTHbIMH y'pewaeHHMMH, OKa3bIBaTb HM HOMOHUb B pa6o- Te H nOzLtep)KH4BaTb HpH3HaHHbie uejieCoo6pa3HbIMH MaCTHbIe iiHUHUaTHBW (KaK BCnO- fAo>oeHme geTeU B POCCUUCKOU WeAepaLtum. 244 HTorm coLuuaAbHoA nonHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbi MOraTeAJbHbie q)OpMbI). '-aCTHbie ynpeSzHIIA COiIIajibHOII nOMOIIT MO.7iOjeBCSH rpeania- ralOT BeCb CneKTp yCJIyF, OKa3bIBaeMbIX OTflejiaMH no zteJiaM mojioZge)cH, H npeJOCTaBJISi- IOT HX Hpti y'aCTHIH H HOa Haa3OpOM OTAenJIOB no aeniam MojiOzteAH. JiHila, i1oniyqaioui4e cow4aHJbHyIO HOMOIIHb, BnpaBe Bbi6iHpaTb ycJiyriH lacTHbIx HJIH rocyapCTBeHHbIX yqpe(K- ,ZIeSITeJIbHOCTb OTzeJIOB no aeJIaM MoJioaewnc periiaMeHTHpyeTCA 3aKoHoM 0 HOZL- aepKKe ,eTef II Mojio0e)KH: §28 npeaycMaTpIlBaeT KOHCYJIbTalIiH cieHJiJJaIllCTOB pa3HbIx rpoIHJiefi, KOTOpbIe OKa3bIBalOT HOMOILMb aeTAM, Mojioae>lK, P0L2HTJIASM H OnIeKyHaM B peueH1IIH ceMefiHbIx npo6jleM. §29 riiaclT, 'ITO ,eTII 6o.nee CTapIueLO B03paCTa C OTKIOHeIIHIMH1 B YMCTBeHHOM pa3- BIITIIII 11 rOBseaeH4H lImelOT ipaBO Ha HojipHeHme nOMOIIUlI OT,ejiOB Ho lejiaM MoiogeAKH, KOTOpbIe HpOBOa2T pa6OTy Ho Iix aRaalTauHH B rpynnax C apyrmlMH IeTbMI, MTO6bI Ho- MO'Ib HM CiipaBHITbCS C HpO6ieMaMHi OTCTaBaHHM B pa3BIITHH H OTKjiOHeHIIAMII B HOBeCe- H IITI . § 30 rpelycmaTpHBaeT npeaocTaB.7ieHHe ycJiyr coUiIaJlbHbIX pa6OTHHKOB no oKa3a- HIIIO nOJgep)KKH POTLHTejiqmM H HpOBe;jeHI1IO KOHCy.ibTaLHHi Ho ceMeeiHbIM BonpocaM, WTO6bI HIOMO4b pOAHTeJIAM B BOCHHTaHHH zteTerl. § 31 BBOAIIT KOHHeHHiUIO HHTeCHCBHOII, ,aJIFrOCpO'HOHi COUHa'JbHO-rieaarOrllmeCKOH nOMOIUII CeMb51M CO CTOpOHbI OTaejiOB no geiaM MOjoe>KnII, COuIHa.7bHbIe pa60THHKH KO- TOpbIX nOMOralOT POaHTejiAM B B1OCrHllTaHfII jeTefI, peielleiii rOBCeaHeBHbIX HpO6JieM H COaeIeCTBy1OT ypery7HpOBaHITI1 BHyTpHlCeMeHlHbIX KOH4IJIHKTOB. DTO MBAiAeTC5 OCHOB- HbIM MeTOaOM ripoc IjiaKTHKII, KOTOpbIII OTae.TbI no 2ejiaM Mojiozte)KII lHCnOJb3ylOT AJSI yperyJIHlpOBaHIII CeMeliIibIX KOHC?JIHKTOB Ha paHHHX CTaaHslX, 'TO B HpOTHBHOM cjiyjae MO)KeT HIIplBeCTH K OTaejieHEIIO pe6eHKa OT CBOeli CeMbll. § 32 npetycmOaTPHBaeT npoBeaeHiie MeponplIATHlH nO OKa3aHH1O rCHIXOJIOrO-ieJaro- rF'eCKOiH H CcoijnaHbHOi nOMOmII JIeTsIM B ueHTpaX aHeBHOrO Iipe6bIBaHH5, HaripaBjieH- IOii Ha CoaeVICTBHe HX pa3BITHI10, 'ITO HO3BO.7SieT pe6eHKy OCTaBaTbCA B 61loIorwliecKoii CeMbe. 3Ta mepa He npeaycmaTpIlBaeT OTgeSieiiiiA pe6eHKa OT CBOeHI CeMbH 11 nOMeiueHHe erO B pEHeMHYIO ceMblO, n peaycmOTpeHHOe rIOAoweHHIMH § 33. CoriacHo § 33, peinIeHHe o6 YCTpOHICTBe pe6eHKa B HipHeMHOHl CeMbe MOMKeT npeayc- MaTpHlBaTb ero KpaTKOCPO'HOe II jojirocpoHoe Hipe6bIBalHe B HeIl, HoKa He yperyalHpy- eTCI CIITyalH1 B ero 6Io.iorH,1ecKOii ceMbe. Hpli rpHIHSATHII peiueHHI o6 yCTpOHICTBe y'IHTbIBaIOTCA HOTpe6HOCTH aeTeH, HywaaiOIUiIXCB B cHeUiHHIH3HPOBaHHOH HOMOHIH. § 34 H § 35 BBOIST nOHSTHe nonenHITeHbCTBa Ha 6a3e HHTepHaTHoro ylpeKaeHHA KaK Moaenji rorenIeHHAI, BKJlo'iaIOluefi rOCTOSIHHOe HPO)KHBaHHe H peanjlH3aunio ripo- rpaMMbI ne,aarorHmeCKoH H MeaHUIIHCKOH HOMOIIHI, HanpaBjieHHOH Ha peweHIIe Hpo6JieM pa3BHTHIi H peielHne rCiHXOJIorHieCKHIX Hpo6JIeM pe6eHKa c TeM, ITO6bI JIH160 BepHyTb ero B 61IOJ1or1IIeCKylO CeMbIO (ecfH 3TO HIO3BOJIAIeT CliTyaUlIS), JIH6o nepeiaTb ero/ee Ha BOCHITaHHe B HpHeMHYIO ceMblo. B npOTIHBHOM ciiyIae npeAycmaTpliBaeTCA nepezata pe6eHKa B IHHTepHaTHOe yIpeKAeHHe aOMrOCpO'IHOrO ripe6bIBaHHqI C TeM, WTO6bI noiaro- TOBHTb pe6eHKa HIJIH HIOapOCTKa K CaMOCTOATeJIbHOH )KH3HH. § 42 onpezeisieT ripouiezypbI H yC.IOBHS, HpH KOTOPbIX OTaeji no aeiiam MonoaeAcIt MOACeT B3STb pe6eHKa HO, CBOii HaA30P H YCTPOHTb ero B rPiIIMHYIO CeMbIO HJIH yIpeW- ,aeHHe. Ec.nI pe6eHoK HaXOgHTCA no( Haa3OpOM, OTJeji no Aejiam Mojioae>BC 6epeT Ha ce- 6A ero maTepiiaAbHoe o6ecne'IeHHe H ripe,aocTaBjieHHe Me,UllHHCKOHi nOMOII1H. OTjejn Ho ,aeniaM MOjOZe>Kll o6sn3aH B35ITb pe6eHKa no, CBOIO oieKy, ec.iii caM pe6eHOK o6paiuaeT- npMAo>KeHH.q 245 CA 3a TaKOH HOMOWblO HiH ecjnu OTaenj no aejaM MojioaewiK CtIHTaeT, -TO cyueCTByeT yr- po3a ,asI 6e3aoIaCHOCTH pe6eHKa. AjjA TOrO qTO6bI B3ATb pe6eHKa noa CBOIO OneKy, Heo6- XO,aHMO HOJIy'IHTb peiueHne cyja o6 OripaBaaHHOCTH TaKHX aeHCTBHA. Heo6xoaHMO TaK- xce IOCTOAHHO nouep>KsaTb TeCHbie KOHTaKTbI c 64oj1orHiecK14MI POal4TeJIAM4 14 Ha,- jie-Kaiunm o6pa3oM y-IHTbIBaTb HX TOqKy 3peHHI4. Cya no ceMezfubtM den7aM. Cya no CeMer4HbIM AejiaM ABJ1AeTCA CeIl4aNJIbHbIM HOApa3- JLejieHHeM paHOHHOHO cyja, KOTOpOe BbIHOCHT pCelIeHHSI Ho CeMeHHbIM ejiaM. K ceMerl- HbIM ,ej1aM OTHOCATCA BOHIPOCbI Cyripy,4eCKHX OTHOieHHHI, ripaBa Ha noneqeHe4e B CBAI3H C pa3BOZLOM pOaHTeneH, BOIpOCbl COaep)waHHA/BbiijiaTbi ajnHMeHTOB H BOHpOCbI, CBA3aH- HbIe B pa3CSJIOM omalHHero XO3ArHCTBa. r) HlpaKTHmecKHe MepOHPHSTHS B o6JIaCTH CO1AHajibHOFO o6ecnieeieHrs 3aKOH O nori tepwKe aeTei4 H MoJoaeKi4( onpeAe.TsAeT Bce HeO6xOzJHMbIe npaBa B c4epe co- iHiajIbHOrO o6ecnemeHHsI H nOMOmi4 JleTIM. 3aKOH onpeAeJIAeT, KaKHe OpraHbI 3aHHMa- IOTCS[ BOHpOCaMIH coL1HalbHOrO o6ecreqeHI l LAeTei Ha MyHHuHnaJIbHOM ypoBHe, a TaK(Ke nHHl4HU,ayaJIbHbie npaBa H o6S3aHHOCTH. B FepMaHHH CyIWeCTBYIOT pa3HbIe 4OpMbI COMH- aj7bHOFO o6ecreqeHHslAaeTeii, KOTOpbIe ro,apo6HO paCCMOTpeHbl HH14e. KaK pauBHJ1O pe- 6eHOK HaXOAHTCA Ha HOHleMeHHH CBOHX 6H0o.iorWIecKHx pOaHTeJielC. EcJIi 3TO CMHTaeTCA HeB03MOAKHbIM H pe6eliKa OT6HpalOT OT 6Hnoj¶orHecKOi CeMbH no pel-eHHIo cyjza 1H3 co- o6paxKeHHi4 ero 6e3onacHocTH HJIH no apyri4M npHMiHHaM, HMeeTC5I pAa 'leTKUX npoUe)lyp nepe,taamI pe6eHKa noa oneKy. Pe6eHoK MoxeT 6bITb nepe,aaH no, BpeMeHHYIO oneKy pozt- CTBeHHHKaM, B MqyKyio CeMbiO HAM B HHTepHaTHoe yMpewKAeHHe, nOKa OTaeA Ho iejiam MO- JIo,eAKHi peluaeT BOIPOC 0 B03MOKHOCTH ero BO3BpaiUeHHSl B CBOIO CeMblO. ECJIH 3TO He- B03MO1CHO, pe6eHKa MoryT riepeaaTb Ha aonIroCpo0Hoe noneweHlHe JnI6O B npHeMHYIO ce- MbiO (nOCTOAHHaS oHeKa), .rH60 B HHTepHaTHOe yipeXCKaeHHe. B cAytlae HpeKpaiueHMSI pO,al4TeJlbCKHX npaB pe6eHKa MOryT YCTpOHTb rioa iopH,HIqeCKyIO oneKy (B cAy1ae Bpe- MeHHOrO HJIH HOJIHOrO JilullleHHIA POZ4TeJIbCKHX HpaB) HAM nepeaaTb Ha yCbIHOBjieHHe (B cnyIae nOJIHOrO J1HieHH5I pOAHTeJAbCKHX npaB). Pe6euoK, podumenu, CeAfb5 u o6utecm6o. Ka.cabIiA pe6eHOK HMeeT ipaBO Ha 3a6OTy, H pOAHTejiH o6513aHbl iipeaOCTaB4Tb eMy TaKYl0 3a6OTy CyiuecTByIoiasA B repMaHHM CM- CTeMa MBji5eTCA H OnbITKOlM C6aJIaHCMpOBaTb npaBa pOaIHTeJeiI H HeO6xOaI4MOCTb B o6ec- neHeHHHi 6.7iarococTosHA geTeii. IpaBa pOaHTeJiei! BbICOKO UeHATCS H MOIyT 6blTb npe- KpailieHbl (BpeMeHHO 1HJIH HOCTOSIHHO) TOJIbKO B cJIy'aAx cepbe3HOiA yrpo3bIa IsA 6e3o- HaCHOCTH H 6jiaroioHJiyMWI pe6eHKa H TOJIbKO nocJIe Toro, KaK Bce jtpyrHe Mepbi yperyJii4- pOBaHMM CHTyaLHiHH MCMepnaJIM ce6A. rOcyaapcTBo/o6aIecTBO o6ecneMHBaeT HaT-3Op H OKa3bIBaeT HoJzJep>KKy AeTAM/MOJIOCe)KH (oKa3aHne KOHCYJIbTaTHBHOH H 4)HHaHCOBOH HOMOIU4). MepoHpHHTHWI no pa6oTe C MOJIO,ae>KbIO HaipaBaeHbl Ha TO, MqTO6bI npejtOcTa- BHITb ,aeTM H HIOapOCTKaM B03MOXKHOCTb CaMHM peIIIaTb BOHIpOC 0 TOM, ABJIASOTCA JIli yc- JIOBHA HX )KH3HH HOaXOkASIIUHMH JIAS TOFO, 'TO6bl 3aiu1HTHTb HX OT OnaCHbIX BJIIlAHHiI H, B cJiy,ae Heo6xoaIHMOcTH, o6paiijaTbCs 3a IOMOlHblO. OHM MMelOT npaBo o6paIuaTbcA B OTae7iJbi no aeiaM MOAoAe)KMH HO BceM BOIpocaM HnoremeHHA1 H BOCnHTaHMS 6e3 corFia- C14S HM nawKe (ecJIH 3TO HeO6xOMiiMO) 6e3 BeaoMa pOaIHTejieA HJIn oneKyHa. Tha6ee-cmeoyou4a,q pOJlb CeMbU e o6ecnemenuu 6,qazococmosrnu demeui. CornacHo CTa- Tbe 6 cLeJaepa7IbHoro OCHOBHorO 3aKOHa, 3a6OTa o 7AeTA1X H HX BOCHMTaHHi eIBJI5ieTC5A npe- HmyiueCTBeHHOi! o6AI3aHHOcTbIO pOaHTejiei. Bce yCH4JIHsl aOJKHbi npHHiaraTbCA K TOMy, MTo6bi pe6eHOK BOCHMTblBajiCS B ceMbe. B yperyjiHpOBaHMH KpH3HCHb1X CHTyaLHA B Ce- Mbe, KOTOpbIe MOryT HeraTHBHO CKa3aTbCA Ha 6iiaronoJIyMHH pe6eHKa, UeHTPanJbHOe Me- nlonoweHwe AeTeA B POCCU4ACKOA 0eAepaL4HH. 246 ITorm coLAHaAbHoH non)THKM 1990-x roAoB u nepcneKTHBbl CTO OTBOAHTCA InpOc"HnaKTH4IeCKHM MmepOHpHSTHS B (JopMe yc.Iyr nO KoHcyJIbTHpoBa- HHio no CeMeMHbIM BonpocaM, KOTOpbIe HpOBO[STCSI COIIHaAbHbIMH pa6OTHHKaMH HAIH rCHxojioraMH. CTaTbq 6 (IDeztepaJ1bHorO OCHOBHoro 3aKoHa, a TaioKe nyHKTbI 42 H 43 3a- KOHa 0 COLHaJIbHOH iozImep*Ke aeTel H MOJOeS)KH riiaC3iT, wTO pe6eHKa MO)HO oTe- 1ITb OT ero ceMbH TOAbKO Ha OCHOBaHHH 3aKoHa, ecJiH pOZXHTeAH He BbIIIOJIHAIOT CBOH o63i3aHHocTH HAiH ecjiH aeTH HaXOqTC31 nO, yrpo30ii OCTaTbcS 6e3 Haa3opa. ECJIH pe6eH- Ka OT,ejiRIOT OT ero ceMbH H3 coo6paweHHA 6e3onacHocTH, TO HeO6XOZHMO IpHH5Tb Bce MepbI AJSI Toro, 'ITo6bI HOMO'qb H3MeHHTb YCAOBHA B CeMbe TaKHM o6pa3oM, ITo6bI pe6e- HOK Mor B Hee BepHyTbCi. PeuieHHe o6 oTVeWAeHH4 pe6eHKa OT 6H4oZorIOFWecKHx pOAHTemei H nepezRaae Ha Bpe- MeHHoe roreqeHHe IOA HaL3OpOM oTAejia ro iaejaM MonoaeKH ABAiieTCS caMoii cepbe3- HOii cfOpMOA BMeSiaTejibCTBa B aBTOHOMHIO CeMbH H rIpaBa pOmHTezeH, KOTOpyIO MOryT HCIOJ7b3OBaTb oTVeJIbI Ho le1naM Mo7iQofeAKH. 3To KpairHAsA Mepa, K KOTOpOHI upHi6eraiOT TO.IbKO nocIe Toro, KaK Hcnpo6oBaH BeCb apceHaJ ApyrHx Mep, H ecAH coxpaHAeTCS ce- pbe3HaI yrpo3a ji16e3onacHocTH pe6eHKa. ,JIl HnPHSHTHS BcexaRpyrHx HMe1oIlHXCA1 B pacOPRKAeHHH oT,ae.Ia mep (HanpHMep, KOHCyAbTHpOBaHHe) Heo6xoaHMo cornacHe pOA4Tenieri, H 3TI MepbI He IBJIAIOTCR o6AI3aTeJIbHbIM4. TaKHM o6pa3oM, MO*eT BO3HHK- HyTb cHTyaiHA, KorjAa oTaeji no JejiaM MoAoJioeH HH4POpMHpOBaH 0 He6JIaronpHsTHOA CHTyaLIHH B CeMbe pe6eHKa, HO He MOXCeT BMemiaTbCAl, IIOCKOJIbKy Cya no CeMeHHbIM re- n1aM He C'HTaeT 3Ty CHTyaIHIO AOCTaTO'1HO cepbe3HOr, 'ITo6bI HpHSTb peimieHHe o6 oTo6- paH4H pe6eHKa, a ceMbA He o6paiuaeTCs 3a HoMoigbIo. Oco6oe BHHMaHHe K oxpaHe CeMbH H riaBeHCTByIOIIIeH pOAH pOAHTeieH B BOCHHTa- HHH pe6eHKa SBJI.1eTCS pe3y.JbTaTOM ApKO Bbipa,eHHOrO HeraTHBHOrO OTHOileHHS K HC- TOpH'qeCKOMy HpOLUJIOMY 4TpeTbero PeiAxa*. B IePHOJ 1933 - 1945 rr. CeMbA B 3HaIH- TeIbHOA CTeneHH yTpaTHiia CBOII 4YHKIIHH nO BOCIHTaHHIO aeTeH, KOTOpbIe 6bmIH nepe- ,AaHbI o6iJieCTBy, B 'aCTHOCTH, rHTAepOBCKHM MOjiOAe)KHbIM OpraHH3alIHsM, 'iAeHCTBO B KOTOpbIX 6bLTIo o6A3aTeJIbHbIM. HepetKO 4)aIul4CTCKHe HAeajnbI rpOTHBope'HJIH HJea- InaM pOA4Tejeie. B TaKHX cAyqaAx JaeTer4 IOOIIIpAJIH K TOMy, 'ITO6bI 01 IIpOT4BOCTOSUIH BJ1I4H4HIO pOJ(HTeierU, 'TO HIpHBOA1HJO K HX OT'qy*KZeHHIO H YXOAY H3 CeMbH. (lopMbl nonemumeibcmea. Ecjin pe6eHKa OT6HpalOT OT CeMbH, TO ero/ee nepe,aaloT Ha riOrieIHTeJIbCTBO. rOIe'qHTejibCTBO OCyieCTBJISeTCA B AByX fOpMax: Ha nOCTOSHHOH OC- HOBe ( Vollzeitpflege, § 33 3aKoHa o coi C aOLbHoiH rozmepX(Ke aeTeI H MonoJIe)KH) H none- eHiHHe B HHTepHaTHOM yqpe*AeHHH (Heimerziehung, § 34 3aKoHa 0 COIHajibHOuH nOa- Aeep)KKe ReTe H MoAQoAe,KH). rIOCTO5HHaS cfopMa npeaycMaTpHBaeT YCTpOr4CTBO pe6eH- Ka B CeMbIO pOACTBeHHHKOB (HreaJIbHbIir BapHaHT) HJH4 B Iyy)KlO CeMbIO. Apyras 4opma ioHrieIHTenJbCTBa rpeAycmaTpHBaeT pa3MeiueHHe pe6eHKa B yqpe*;eHH1 BMeCTe C apy- rMHH z(eTbMH nO, HaA3OPOM KBaJIH4UHIIHpOBaHHbLIx COIHaJIbHbIX pa6OTHHKOB H cIIeulHa- JIHCTOB. KaK rpaBHJIO, 3Ta IopMa npeAycMaTPHBaeTCSA JUnA eTel, KOTOpbie Hy)KAaIOTCs B nOMOIH cneiHLaHJHCTOB B CBS3H C cepJb3HbIMH 3MOLIHOHaJIbHbIMH H HcHxojiorHmeCKH- MH rpo6ieMaM4, B03HHKIUHMH H3-3a He6iiaronpHJTHOH o6CTaHOBKH B CeMbe. ECJIH y pe- 6eHKa HeT HHKaKHX 3MO11HOHanJbHbIX npo6AeM, TO IpeArIO'qTeHHe OT1aeTCA yCTpOiiCTBy pe6eHKa B npHeMHYIO CeMblo, a He B HHTepHaTHoe y'pe)zeHHe. OTHOCHTeJIbHasA HeKejia- Te-IbHOCTb YCTpOHiCTBa pe6eHKa B y-pewKJeHHe OCHOBaHa Ha OnbITe, KOTOpbiA noKa3blBa- eT, -ITO ecii HeT Heo6xoaI4MOcTH B HHTeHCHBHOI rCHxojiorHiecKoii nOMOIIIH, AIeTH, OC- TaBHlHeCS1 6e3 noie'eHHA pOJaHTej1eii, nyquie pa3BHBaOTCAS B npHeMHOi ceMbe. Kpome Toro, HpOBezJeHHbIe B FepMaHHH HCccIieOBaHHA roKa3aH, 'ITO 3aTpaTbl Ha yCTpOriCTBO B HpieMHYIO CeMb1O BARBOe MeHbIle 3aTpaT Ha coAep-*aHie pe6eHKa B HHTepHaTHOM y'I- nlpmAo>KeHwR 247 pe)KgeHMH. TeM He MeHee, B 1990-e r. B repMaHMH B HHTepHaTHbIe y4pe)KwaeHH 6bIIO yc- TpOeHO 60.nbine zteTeA, 'eM B nIpieMHbIe ceMbH, MTO OTMaCTH CB53aHO C AecHI)HTOM npH- eMHbIX CeMeM. OAHaKo cyilueCTByIOT H ,ztpyrHe HpHM'HHbI. B FepMaHHH amTcKme y'peKAeHHA npexia- raloT mMpOKHRi creKTp ycnyr no OKa3aHHIo ncHxojIoro-ne/arorHMeCKOr4 H MeanmHHCKOr4 HIOMOLIM TpaBMMPOBaHHbIM H He3aIfljHIleHHbIM AReTSM, KOTOpbIe ropa3,Ao cJoIOHee oKa3bI- BaTb 2eTSM B ripHeMHbIX CeMbAX. B CBS34 C 3THM, KaK ripaBIJIO, TaKMX TpaBMHpOBaHHbIX AeTeH yCTpaMBalOT B y-lpe*zteHHq, rae OHM Io1Iy'alOT CnIe4a7I33HpOBaHHHYo rIOMOiIb B peIueHH14 CBOHX 3MO1IHOHaJIbHbIX H nCHXOnOrMqeCKHX Hpo6IeM, 'To6bi rOiAFOTOB4TbCS K BO3BpaIueHM1O B CBOIO 6HoAorHIeCKyIO CeMb1O 14.IH K Apyromy yCTpOrCTBy, ripeaycMaT- pHBaioiuemy AoJIrocpo'lHoe npe6bxBaHine. Ecrn4 3TO B03MOWKHO, TO 6i4oAorHM'ecK4e pOHM- Teim aOJIKHbl yqaCTBOBaTb B peeieHMM npo66neM pe6eHKa, )ia>Ke ecim ero noMeCTHAH B HHTepHaTHOe yqpexAqeHHe. COBpeMeHHbIe AeTCKHe yYpewaeHHA B FepMaHlM He MMelOT HHqero o6iuero c AeTCKI- MM HpHIOTaMH 3nIOXMI HKKeHCa. OHM, KaK ripaBHJO, ripeaOCTaBSHIOT pa3JIHqHbIe THIbi yc- TpOIACTBa H pa3HbIe clOpMbI IIOMOUq4, HanpHmep, B OAHOM y'pewaeHI4H4 pa6OTa1OT HHTep- HaTHbIe rpyrnnbi (betreutesJugendwohnen, § 34 H 41 3aKoHa 0 COUMajibHOA nozMepKKe AeTeii H MoAo,aewiM) H npeAOCTaB.STieTCS MHHl4BHZyaAbHaS cOIiI4aAbHO-neaarorMqeCKaq nOMOIIb (intensive sozialpaedagogische Einzelbetreuung, § 35 3aKOHa O COLI114abHOH no,- ,aepWKce jeTef H MoJoaexKH). KaK ipaBHJIO, yqpewK2eHMA 6bIBaIOT He6OIbIuMM4, c eule MeHbI1MMM rioz(pa3aeAeHMs4M4.I4HTepHaTHbIe rpynnbi o6bIqHO Hac'14TbIBaIOT Ao 20 'e,io- BeK, a MHHAHBM4yaJbHa3I rIOMOIb npeAocTaBniseTcs B rpyninax, B KOTOpbIe BXOAST He- CKOJIbKO qejiOBeK. MajiouMcjieHHOCTb rpynn o61bsCHseTCA CTpeMjIeHHeM o6ecneMHTb 34c- 4)eKTHBHyIO couHaibHO-neAarorH'eCKyIO H Me,1[HUMHCKyIO HOMOlTb AeTsM. Y aeTer eCTb OTAeJIbHble KOMHaTbI, MM nOMOralOT HH;BHYaJIbHbie KOHCyJIbTaHTbI, KOTOpbIe BHHKalOT B HX ipo6ieMbI. B OCHOBHOM TaKMe y'pexKleHMH HaXO1ATCS B Be1eHHH qaCTHbIX 6niaro- TBOp1TeJbHbIX 4)OHZtOB, 3atacTyio roZAep*KHBaIOTCS iJepKOBbIO H, KaK npaBHJIO, 'HCAeH- HOCTb pa6oTaiowerO B HX nepcoHania paBHaHcMjCy pa3MelUeHHbIX B H4X aeTeH. CoAepxKa- HHe JeTeii orIaMHBaeTCS MeCTHbIMM oTenaM1mH no0JiaM MoQoAeKH COBMeCTHOCpoC Te- jSiMH, ecJIH y pOAHTeJieH eCTb TaKasi B03MOCHOCTb. roCKO7IbKy 3aTpaTbI Ha coAep.WaHHe B y'pemAeHHAX 3Ha'4HTeJIbHO HpeBbIialOT 3aTpaTbl Ha co epaHHe eTeH B ceMbe, B fep- MaHMMH HpO1OJDKalOTCA Cno10pbI 0 TOM, KaK COKpaTHTb qiHCjIeHHOCTb AeTer4 B AeTCKHX 31- pe)K1ReHH5AX H KaKorl a7ibTepHaTHBHblIi BapHaHT cjeityeT CTHMyJ1MpOBaTb. IHpodoAzcumeAbUoCmb none'iumeJlbcmea. B OCHOBHOM npe6bIBaHHe Ha norie'eHHH AB- I5AeTCA HenHPOOJDKHTenJbHbIM H COCTaBJIAeT MeHee Tpex MecSmeB, noKa OTAeJibI 1io JenaM MojIOAe>KH peuiaIOT BOIIpOC 0 TOM, MO*eT JI pe6eHOK BepHyTbCS B CeMbIO HAMH eMy cne- zayeT noao6paTb 6o0ee aOnrOCpO'1HbIA BapHaHT yCTpOr4CTBa. (§ 36 3aKoHa o COuHanibHOi4 noAAep*KKe AeTeH H MOJIOAe)KH). 9TO KacaeTCs KaK YCTpOiiCTBa B npHeMHO1 CeMbe, TaK H pa3MeIUeHHIA B HHTepHaTHbIX ytpe)KzAeHHAx. HeKOTOpbIe MyHHIIHHMa4IMTeTbI noZt6Mpa- IOT rpyin3bI CeMelI, KOTOpbIe no repBOMY Tpe6OBaHM1O rOTOBbI npHHMaTb AeTeil noA one- KY Ha KOpOTKHiI CpOK. rOpa3AO TpyAHee HaHTH 1IpHeMHbIe CeMbM AnIA yCTpOiCTBa AeTeH Ha ZtJIHTeAbHbIir nep4oZA, oco6eHHo ecnm y pe6eHKa HeT POZACTBeHHHKOB, rOTOBbiX ero npHIOTHTb. TeM He MeHee, ecnM HMpHSHTO pemeHHe He B03BpaIIuaTb pe6eHKa B 6HoAorwqe- CKYIO CeMb1O B 6Anmailnee BpeMS1 H Heo6xoAHMO HaHTH BapHaHT jRSi ero 1AJIMTejbHO yc- TpOr4cTBa, cyiIueCTByeT npaKTHKa nozi6opa ,ASI pe6eHKa TaKoro Bap4HaHTa pa3MeIImeHSA, rAe OH MOr 6bI HaXO,MTbCSq MaKCHMajibHO ZUIMTejibHbi nepHoA BpeMeHH. CoBeplIueHHo OMeBHAHO, 'ITO 'aCTbIe riepeBOIbl H3 OAHOrO MeCTa B Apyroe BpeAHbI JAJI pe6eHKa, no- nonoweHHe AeTee B POCCHUCKOU OeAepaLAHm. 248 klTorw coLqHanbHOH noflHTHKH 1990-x rO,OB U nePCneKTHBbl CKOJIbKY 3TO meiiaeT eMy YCTaHOBHTb HlpO'HbIe KOHTaKTbl H ROBepHTejbHbIe OTHOEUeHHA c norieqHTejixMH. B TeqeHue Bcero nepno,ia HoHneqTenJbCTBa pe6eHoK Haxoa2HTC1 Hn, HaA30POM OT,e- nia no aejiaM MojiogewKn. YCTPOfiCTBO Ha rOirMeHHe OCYWeCTBJISeTCS1 B COOTBeTCTB1H C IHaHBH14yaZJbHbIM HIHJaHOM HOiojepKKH (Hilfeplan, § 36 3aKoHa o coUHajibHoH nog- laepWKKe geTee H Mojo,Je,KH). I4HHHBHiayaAbHbli nHIaH pe6eHKa COCTaBJIAeTCA zo ero yCT- pOHiCTBa HO,1a BpeMeHHYIO oHeKy: B HerO BKJ7liOaeTCA OnHCaHHe yCJIOBHrH, B KOTOPbIX OKa- 3aancsi pe6eHoK, ileieii YCTpOi4CTBa HO, BpeMeHHyIO OHeKy, ,aaHHbIe o bopMe H pa3mepax HOMOIUI4, KOTOPY10 OH 6yaeT roJInaTb (Iloco6He Ha pe6eHKa HOL BspeMeHHOV4 oneKoH - Pflegegeld), xapaKTepe y'-aCTHA oTAejia no aeTiam Mono,aexKH H YCJIOBHA1X OTHoHIeHHi MewKTIy 6HOJIorw-eCKHMH4 H HipHeMHbIMH p0,14Tei5iAMH. Pa3 B ro, HInaH iepecMaTpHBaeT- CA HpH yMaCTHH 6HojiorHiecKnx H HpHeMHbIX pOA1HTeJieii, caMoro rioaone'-Horo pe6eHKa, ipe,IcTaBHTeJiefi oTeTaia o iaeniaM MojIoae)Kn, ApyrHx y'Ipe)Ka,eHlfi, OKa3bIBaioiUHx Ho- MOlIIb ,eTAM, a TaK)e yqHTeJiefi H zpyruHX .14U, yiaCTByIOHIHX B BOCHHTaHHH pe6eHKa. ,ZemcKue z4eUmpbl dueeno2o npe6bl6aluu. OAHHM H3 BapHaHTOB, KOTOpblH HO3BOJIAeT He OTaeJjiTb pe6eHKa OT CeMbH, AB.IAeTCS OKa3aHHe HOMOIIIH B 1ueHTpaX ,THeBHOrO npe6bi- BaHHIA, npeaycMoTpeHHbIX § 32 3aKoHa o coLIHanJbHOI4 noioaepcKKe aeTefi H MojIozte)KH, KOTOpbICe HIpeOCTaBJIAIOT B03MO)KHOCTb OKa3aHH5 COiIHaJIbHOH HOrio ep)KKH aeTAM BHe CeMbll, 1TO6bI OHH CMOFJIIl OCTaTbCA1 C pOIITeJlsAMm. Ycblow0lenue. HecMOTpsI Ha TO, "ITO 3TOT BapHaHT IBJIAeTCA HaH6oJIee ripeaIIOMTH- TeJIbHbIM, ecJIiH POHTeIiH He MoryT HJIH He B COCTOAHII4 BOCHIHTbIBaTb CBoero pe6eHKa, rpo1ie,aypbi aBTOMaTHqecKoiH nepejla'H Ha yCbIHOBjieHHCe HiH Ii npeaOCTaBJIeHH4 OKOHIa- TeJIbHOFO lOpnaHqeCKOrO CTaTyca HOKa OTCyTCTByIOT. I4MeHHO HO3TOMY CTaJIO B03MOiK- HbiM npe6bIBaHi4e aeTef BO BpeMeHHbIX HIpHIOTaX B TeMeHHe aOBOJIbHO aJIHTeSjbHOFO ne- pio,aa BpeMeHH. EcJIH 61OJIorHMecKHe pO4HTeCJI He .TIHIueHbI POZHTTeJIbCKHX HpaB, TO He- o6Xo,aiMo Hx coriiacHe Ha yCbIHOBjieHHe. rlpouezIypbi yCbIHOBJIeHHA ocyweCTBJIAHOTCs OTJjenjoM no aeniam MojoIe)Kii JIn MaCTHbIMH yipeAK,ReHHsAMH COIHajibHOi HoMomH 2We- T51M, yCbIHOBJIeHHe O(OpMJIIAeTCA iOpHaiH4eCKH B COOTBeTCTBHHl C peieHl4em CyAa Ho ce- MeHHbIM ,aeJIaM. Cya MO)KeT OTMeHHTb yCbIHOBJIeHHe TOJIbKO B cjiy-Iae HapyIUeHHS1 HpO- ueztyp. Han6oAee pacrpOCTpaHeHHOii cOpMOA yCbIHOBI7eHHA ASIBJI7eTCA TaK Ha3biBaeMOe <KeT Ha3HaqlMTb 3aKOHHoro oneKyHa pe6eHKa. Cya rno ceMeRHbiM gte- niaM TaK>Ke o6inaaaeT nOJIHOMOIqHAMH HpHHHMaTb peueHi4e o nImieHHH pOZHTenjbCKHX ripaB, ecIiH pOA1HTeJIH ACHBbI, HO ycTaHoBjieHo, MTO HH OJqHH H3 HHX He MOweT O6eCHei{HTb pe6eHKy Haaiiewaiaero yxoJaa. HlpeKpaIueHHe pOHTeJIbCK14X npaB MO2KeT 6blTb BpeMeH- HbIM (§ 1674 (t)eaepa7IbHoro 3aKOHa o0 aCTHoH4 AKH3HI) IIJIH nOCTOAHHbIM (§ 1666a (te- JLepaJIbHoro 3aKOHa o MaCTHOE )KH3HH). TeM He MeHee, npeKpaiueHue PO914TeJIbCKHX HpaB, oco6eHHo nOCTOA1HHOe YHjIHeHHe npaB, s1BjiMeTC Kpai!Heii MepoiH H MO)KeT HpHMe- HMTbCSI TOJIbKO nocnie TOrO, KaK He yBeHlaH1JICb ycnexoM BCe ,apyrne HOHbITKH yCTpOliCT- Ba pe6eHKa Ha HoHe,4eHme c corjiacHS 6Ho.norH'-iecKHx po,aHTeJIeR. (§ 1666a (Deaepa.nb- HOrO 3aKOHa O 'IaCTHOH4 )H3HH). rlpi HIIplH5THH peIueHlH4 o jHIIIeHHIIH POal4TeJbCKHX HpaB Cy, no CeMerlHbIM aeJIaM, KaK H BO BCeXC pyrHX BOnpocax, CBS3aHHbIX C o6ecHeqe- HHeM 6jiarococTosHll AeTefi, PYKOBOaCTByeTCsA HHTepeCaMH pe6eHKa, HO TaK)Ke aoJI7ceH y'IHTbIBaTb oco6yio pOJIb, KOTOpa5 OTBOaHTCS pOal4TeJIAM B ero BOCHHTaHHHH (H 0 KOTO- po0I rOBOpI4TCA B KOHCTHTYLI14). npHAo>KeHHq 249 OneKa. HaA pe6eHKOM MOKeT 6bITb YCTaHOBjieHa OneKa: MaCTHOro JiHila, ynoJIHOMO- weHHOHl opraiHH3aiUiH IIJII oTaeuia Ho iaeiam MoJioIaewn(. YCTaHaBJIHBaeT oneKy Cyai no ce- MeHiHbIM aejiaM, KOTOpbII IMmeeT rpaBo aHHyJIHpOBaTb, iaCTHqHO HSH I4HO.HOCTbWO, CBOe pemieHHe (§ 1796 (I)elIepaJIbHoro 3aKOHa o qaCTHOHI )IK13HH). ECJIH pOal'ITeJuH BbI6pauIii oneKyHa CBoero pe6eHKa ao CBOeri CMepTH, HX BbI6op AOJD!KeH yMHTbIBaTbCI. OneKyH iMmeeT TaKHe >Ke rnpaBa H o6I3aHHocTH 3a6OTHlTbcA o pe6eHKe, KaK ero POaHTenjH (§ 1793 (I)ejepauIbHoro 3aKOHa o 'aCTHOil WKH3HH1). B CBOHX qeHCTBHI5X OH pyKOBOaCTByeTCq CO- o6paKeHuiAsum o6ecneMefHsI 6j.aroCoCTOArHHAI pe6eHKa. OTaeJI Ho Zoeuiam MOJIOae)K4 cIe- AHT 3a aeHCTBH5IMH OrieKyHa Hi ojOKeCH 6blTb IIHHOPMHpOBaH 0 npoijecce BOCHHTaHHA pe- 6eHKa. KpoMe TOrO, OHeKyH MO,lKeT HOjIy'aTb KOHCy.IbTaTHBHyIO HOMOIb pa6OTHHKOB oT,aeuia no gReiiam mouojAeKci. ECJIH pa6OTHHIKaMII OTaeia BbITBneHbI HeaOCTaTKH B aefi- CTBH1IX OHIeKyHa, OHHI O6S3aHbI BMeluaTbCS H riOMO'lb yJIyLMHTb CHTyailH0o. EcJH OTaeji no jeJiaNi MOjIOaeEKH C'ilTaeT, 'ITO CyWeCTByeT HerlOCpeACTBeHHaA yrpo3a 6e3onacHocTH pe6eHKa, OH o6A13aH yBeoMIlTb o6 3TOM Cyr no ceMeCHbIM AeIiaM. EciiI oneKyHoM Ha3HaqaeTcsI OTaeJi Ho Ieuiam MoJIozke)KIi HHII YIOJIHOMO4eHHaA Op- raHi3aulIA, pe6elIKa YCTpallBalOT Ha none'eHHe Ha aUIHTeJIbHbIfl neplo, BpMeeHHI nOI HaA3POM oTjejia no jeuiam MOJIOze)cKH. B rpiiHiline, aTa cxeMa HaeHTu4Ha oHHcaHHbIM Bbliue rpoueaypaM nepeqaq-i pe6eHKa Ha JoJIroCpO'Hoe onHeweHHe, c TOLl TOJIbKO pa3HH- Uea, MTO B aaHHOM ciyiae MeCTO pQllTeJIei 3aHHMaeT OTReJI Ho jeuiam MoJoae2)KH HMH opraHH3aui4sI. IHpuH.smue peuteuuz u cmenenb yliacmua. OTaea no aeuiam MoJioje)K*ii MOxKeT BMeIfl4- BaTbCA B aeuia pe6eHKa 11o peKOMeHaa1uiH4 gpyrix iiozteri (HaHpHMep, EKOuIbHbIX y"HTe- .Iefl, pOACTBeHHIIKOB HIIii Apy3efl), KOTOpbIe 3HalOT ClHTyauLHIO, B KOTOpOII OKa3aJCA pe6e- HOK, IIMIII no HpOcb6e caMoro pe6eHKa. B TaKHX clyiasAx oT)ejI no Aeuiam MoJIoJgeKH npe,- uiaraeT BeCb cHeKTP HMelOLIIIXCA B ero pacrOpA)KeHiHH yCuIyr, H pOAITe.7iH BnpaBe pemaTb, XOTAT MII OHII HMH BOCHOJIb3OBaTbCA. Ecuim yCTaHOBuieHO, 'ITO YCJIOBHIA K113HII pe6eHKa ripe,aCTaBJIsOT yrpO3y, aJSI ero 6e3onacHocTH, HIn ec.TH pe6eHoK caM o6paniaeTcAI 3a Ho- MOHjbIO, OTeJi1 no aeuiam MOJOjoje>KiiRO.I>eH HpllHSTb Mepbi, 4To6bI BpeMeHHO B3STb pe- 6eHKa oA CBOEO OHeKy 11 YCTpaHHlTb He yocppCTBeHHYEOyrpo3y AJI ero 6e3onacHOcTlI, IIHIII o6paTfITbCA B Cya no ceMeHlHbIM geuiaM c rHpOCb6oH Hpl4HATb peieH4e o6 H3MeHe- H4HH yCJIOBHH I XC113HII pe6eHKa (CM. tiHine BO3MOWKBbIe BapHaHTbl peLeHIIH). Bce peme- HIIA, KOTOpbIe npeAycmaTpllBalOT BpeMeHHOe HJH HIOCTOIHHOe H3MHeHme yCJIOBHH ACH3- HH4 Ht BOCnHlTaHHM pe6eHKa, TllIHHMalOTCS CyaOM HO HpOCb6e oTaeia no aeiam MouioAe- xul IIJIII ApyrlHX .iiHi. aeTII HI HlOjPOCTKH y'aCTByIOT B npouecce HpHHHTHAS penUeHHu H4 OJIIKHbI 6bITb HpOMHH4OpMHIpOBaHbI 0 CBOHX npaBax. ECJIH 3a pO4HTeuIAMI! cOXpaHAIOT- C51 rpaBa Ha oreKy, ripHleMHbie POIHTeJIH iImelOT npaBo IPIIHHHMaTb y"aCTHe B peHieHHH BOrIpOCOB, KacaiomUixcA HOBCeIJHeBHOHI IKH3HII pe6eHKa, HaXOjAnerOCA Ha HX none'e- Illni, a 61!oJIorliMeCKIle POAlITeSiii COXpaHAIOT 3a co6014 npaBo HpIIHIMaTb peuieHlsi Ho rI1pnHIiruiaHJIbHbIM BOHipOCaM (HaHplIMep, B KaKOHI IKKo.Ie YMHTbCq pe6eHKy). EcIui pozH- TCJIII JIHIIeHbI POHIITeJbCKIX npaB (BpeMeHHo H1H HIOCTOMHHO) 11 Ha3HaMeH 3aKOHHbIH oreKyH, KOTOpOMY rpeAOCTaB.ieHbl npaBa Ho oreKe, 3TO ripaBHJIO COOTBeTCTBeHHO pac- rpOCTpaHAIeTCh I Ha Hero. noflo>KeHme AeTeA B POCCUUCKOA $eAepaLtu. 250 l'Torm coimanbHoA nonJTMKW 1990-x rOAOB s nepcneKTHBbt ,a) DHHaHCHpOBaHHe H MaTepHaJIbHaA nOMOmb Hoco6ue na pe6enKa (Kindergeld) 27 Pa3Mep noco6Hl Ha pe6eHKa ASBJSieTCI OglIHaHKOBbIM no Bceii cTpaHe. KaKabIii, KTO *KHBeT H j1aTHlT HanorH B repMaHHH, HMeeT npaBo Ha Ho- JIy'-eHHe noco6HSI Ha cBoero pe6eHKa, yCbIHOBJ1eHHOFO pe6eHKa, npHeMHOro pe6eHKa nJH4 pe6eHKa, nepez(aHHoro Ha noriejeHle (ec.u¶ pe6eHoK HaxoJU4TCAI Ha IJiHTejibHOM rioneie- HH4H). JIoco6He Ha pe6eHKa BbIniia'HBaeTCq KaXc1OMy pe6eHKy B BO3paCTe ,o 18 JieT, HO BbInIiaTbI MOryT HPO43BOllHTbC5 H ,Ro 27 JieT, eciin pe6eHoK npogoncaeT YMHTbCsI HJI4 HaXOgHTCS Ha o6M3aTeJIbHofi BoeHHoii HJI rpaxKgaHcKOii cjiyAc6e. C 5lHBapA 2000 r. noco- 6He Ha pe6eHKa COCTaBJTiSeT 270 HeM. MapOK B MeCALI Ha niepBOrO H BTOPOFO pe6eHKa, 300 HeM. MapoK. - Ha TpeTbero pe6eHKa, H 350 HeM. MapOK - Ha Ka,KAoro nocnieazyioluero pe- 6eHKa ('iTO COCTaBJIAeT COOTBeTCTBeHHO 10, 11 1H 13% OT cpejHefl 3apa6OTHoA ILlIaTbI). MeauZu4ucKoe cmpaxo6anue (Krankenkassen). MegHIUHHCKas HlOMOlUb eTAM Oniia'4H- BaeTcA no MeAHIfHHcKOR CTpaXOBKe pOgHTejeie HJIH oneKyHa (iopHgiH'iecKoro HJIH MaCT- Horo JiHUa). rlogZore-HbIR pe6eHoK HMeeT ipaBO Ha nojiy'eHHe MegHIUHHCKOfi HOMOIIIH '-epe3 oT,eni no geiam MoJIoAeJKH, ecIiH TaKasA nOMOIllb He oHJIAMHIaeTCS Ho Me HIH- CKOHI CTpaXOBKe (§40 3aKoHa o noiutepxcKe a1eTeii H MoJo,ge)-KH). Hloco6uii no yxody 3a pe6eniKoM (Erziehungsgeld) 28, Pa3Mepbi aeTCKHX noco6HAi 3aBH- CAT OT pa3mepa aOXOzOB CeMbH H COCTaBJIAIOT He 6o0nee 600 HeM. MapOK B MeCAU (22% OT cpeaHei 3apa6OTHOH nnIaTbI B 1998 r.). fIoco6He BblnHaJMHBaeTCS Ha KaAKJoro pe6eHKa B B03paCTe O AOByX IeT. Pa3Mep noco6lwA MoweT 6bITb yBeniMeH go 900 HeM. MapOK (33% OT CpegHeR 3apa6OTHO1 nHiaTbI B 1998 r.), ecJH nepHoR BbInHIaTbl coKpaieHg o roga. Ho- co6He noiaraeTcA BceM, B TOM HCjie 6H0JIorH'eCKHM pOgHTeJlAM, yCbIHOBHTeJIAM H HpH- eMHbIM pOgHTeJIAM. 17oco6ue no epeMeuuou oneKe pe6ernca (Pflegegeld). Pa3Mep noco6Hs no BpeMeHHOHl oneKe pe6eHKa onpegeTiAeT MyHHULiHnaIIbHblH oTjeji no aeJiam MoAoaewi(. OHO BbiniiaMH- BaeTCA npHeMHbIM POAHTeJISiM Ha Kawaoro pe6eHKa B BO3paCTe gAo 18 JIeT, Haxo,gAMerocA Ha HX noreieHHH. O6uieCTBO no BbIrIiaTe noco6Hu HO BpeMeHHOii oneKe,aeTeii e)erogL- HO FOTOBHT peKOMeHlaiIHH, KOTOpbIe HCHOJIb3ylOTCS B KaMeCTBe pyKOBOJ1CTBa npH onpe- enIeHHH pa3MepOB noco6Hii. B 2000 r. 6biJIH ripeaCTaBjieHbl ciieiyioiUHe peKOMeHgam4H: 1.122 HeM. MapOK B MeCSII Ha pe6eHKa B BO3paCTe Ao 7 .ieT, 1.231 HeM. MapOK Ha pe6eHKa B BO3paCTe OT 8 ao 14 JeIT, 1.418 HeM. MapOK Ha pe6eHKa B B03paCTe OT 15 ,ro 18 .7eT (qTO COCTaBJIseT COOTBeTCTBeHHo 41, 45 H 52% OT peaJIbHOii cpeZgHeii 3apa6OTHoH HJIaTbI B 1998 r.). flpe6blBaHHe B HHTepHaTHbIX "lpeX)KzeHH5 onIa'iHBaeTcSA OTJgejMiaH Ho oejiam MoJIoae.AKH COBMeCTHO C pOAHTeJIsMH, eciiH y HHX eCTb TaKaI B03MOAKHOCTb. llpe6blBaHHe B ytpewKgeHHH o6XoQZHTC i np-mepHo B 200 HeM. MapOK B geHb, MTO zeSiaeC 3Ty c43OpMy oieKH4 6oee ,iOpOrOCTOsheH, 'eM YCTpOIICTBO B HpiHeMHbIX ceMbSIX. 2.2. ,l4emu, HyYcaaUou(uecR 8 cnequaj7U3Upo8aHHou noAiouwu a) HopMaTHBHO-npaBOBaq 6a3a cDe,epaAbHb1Ir OCHOBHOU 3aKOH rIacHT, '-TO KaxKoe aiiuo HMeeT ipaBO Ha CBo6oaHOe pa3BHTH4e CBoeHl JIIHIHOCTH H HIpaBO Ha W1H3Hb It JIHiHYIO HeHpHKOCHOBeHHOCTb. Bce IIO- xLH paBHbI nepe, 3aKOHOM, H HHKOMY He MO)KeT 6bITb HHpl4'HHeH yiuep6 BcAe,ZCTBHe ero/ee OrpaHHi4mHHbIX BO3MO)KHOCTelH 3AOpOBbI. 9TII HOiOKSeHHSI orpeaeJIAHOT ipaBO- BbIe paMKH, B KOTOPbIX o6ecHe,iHBaeTCA npaBO ioZger, HywgaioiUHXCs B cneuiHajiH3HpO- BaHHOH nOMOIIn1, Ha ioTIyyieHHIe Bcex HMelOHIIHXCA cpec7iCB H yCjiOBH9j1iAi HOPMaibHOH )KH13HH H y'aCTIIH BO Bcex c4lepax o6WeCTBeHHoH )KH3HH, eCJIH 3TO BO3MO)KHO. npw.no>KeHH. 251 OKa3aHHe ycJIyr JIIOaAM, HyJKzkaioIIHMCS B cneHianIH3MPOBaHHOR nOMOIu, 6yaeT pe- FYJIHpOBaTbCAI HOBbIM <)eaepaNbHbIM 3aKOHOM 0 COIIIaAbHOH riOMOiIH, C60PHHK 9 (Sozialgesetzbuch, 9. Buch) 29, KOTOpbII B HaCTOAIIIlee BpeMS HaXOIHTCS Ha paCCMOTpeHHH HH)KHeHl 1I BepXHeI HariaT iap1iameHTa H B KOTOPOM 6yayT CBe)IeHbI BOeaZIHO BCe no.0o- )KeHHAs 4eatepanbHbIX 3aKOHOB o JIiHax c orpaHC HeHHbIMII B03MO)KHOCTIMH 3IOpoBbA, paHee pa36pocaHHbIe HO HeCKOJIbKHM 4CeZepaAbHbIM 3aKOHaM. OH BCTyHHT B CHJiy AeTOM 2001 r. KpoMe TOrO, cyuIeCTByeT IHHPOKHII nepeqeHb 3aKOHOB, KOTOpbIe 3aTparHBalOT BO- IIpOCbI, CB5I3aHHbIe C rIpaBaMH .iIHi C orpaHHqeHHbMH B03MO)HOCTIMH 3A0pOBbA, HanpIl- Mep, IOJIOKeHHA51 0 IIKO.7bHOM 06pa3OBaHHIHI, MeaHUUHHCKOM o6CJIy)KHBaHHH H CHeUHaJib- HbIX )KHJIHIMHbIX yCJIOBHIAX. 6) HOBbIir CDeaepaaxbHbI* 3aKOH 0 COAHajibHOi HOMOUH, C60PHHK 9 3a,aatia no o6ecneteHrlo npaB mnoadeii C OrpaHi,eHHbIMH BO3MO)KHOCTsAMH 3ZIOPOBbA Ha y-acTHe B o6lIecTBeHHoii )IKI3HH 3aHMiaeT ueHTpajIbHoe MeCTO B HOBOM 3aKOHe H rO7iH- THKe B OTHoIIIeHHH TIHii C orpaHH,eHHbIMH B03MO-KHOCTSMH 32aOpOBbA. B 3aKOHe onpeate- jieHo npaso aeTeH, HyAc,aaioI1HXC B ceLIeHaiH3HPOBsaHHoH roMomoH, Ha nOJIyMeHHe npo- H.i4aKTHiteCKHMX H pea64JIHTalHOHHbIX yCJIyF, npoBeieHHe aHaFHOCTHKH B paHHeM B03- paCTe, a TaKice r0oniyxeHHe MeHULIHHCKO4, couHaAbHO-Mei4ljIHHCKOr, IcCHxoJIorHIeCKor4 H coflHaJbHo-ICHXOJIOrH4IecKO4 [IOMOIHI; npeOcTaBjieHHe KOHCyJIbTaiHi H peKoMeHa- UH4 PQZ(LHTejiAM H oneKyHaM; ipaBO Ha pea6i4iHTauIIio H o6pa3oBaHMe, nO3BO.I7IOIUHe H4M y-MaCTBOBaTb B o6IIeCTBeHHOi4 )KH3HH H pa6oTaTb/3apa6aTbIBaTb Ha WKH3Hb; npaBo Ha jao- lIIKOJIbHOe BOCHHTaHiHe 1H 4HHaHCOByIO HOMOIIb. 3aKOH paCMHpAeT aOCTYH K HIOMOIJUH H KOHCyJIbTHlpOBaHHI10. B) YqaCTHHKH npogecca H HX HOJIHOMOxHq IJeHmpbl KoMnelKCHOzo o6cAymcu6ausu, opeatiu30eanlbie nocmaou4uKamu ycAyz. JhozaH' C orpaHHmeHHbIMH 4.7ii4 O)KWIzaeMbIMH OrpaHHMeHHbIMH B03MO)KHOCTSMIM 3gOPOBbA B nep- BylO oMepeZb MoryT o6paWaTbCs B ILeHTPbI KOMHJIeKCHOrO o6CJIy)KHBaHHSI. 3TH UeHTpbI ,a1oT peKOmeH,aauHi OTHOC1TenJbHO npeauiaraemoro cneKTpa yCJyr, KPHTepHeB HX nOn7y- MeHHA, npouecca JIeleHHS4 H B03MOAKHbIX HIOCTaB1UHKOB yCnIyr. Hlocma6NuuKu meautuHCKxou nomou4u u ycAye. Pea6HAnHTaiuxoHHbIe H Me,14HUHHCK4e yc- .TiyrH HpeaZoCTaBJIASOTCS1 Bpa'aaMH HAlH ceLiHluabHbIMH nOCTaB1lUHKaMH ycJiyr Ho npelHIH- caHH1O Bpa'eil H MeAJJHIH4HCKoro nepCOHaia, rO, IOCTOAHHbIM Ha6JmogeHHeM KOTOpbIX Haxo,qlITCA pe6eHoK. OKa3aHHe ycJIyr KOOpAHHHpyIOT iLeHTpbl KOMnneKCHoro o66CJIycK- BaHIIS . lUKOAbuibie cocembi. PerFlOHaJAbHbIe IHKOJIbHbIe COBeTbI, KOTOpbIe ABJiAiOTCS limpa3- aeJneHHMAmI rOCy)aPCTBeHHbIX aeapTameHTOBo6pa3OBaHHS, OTBealOT 3a o6yIeH4e ae- TCU IIKOJIbHOrO B03paCTa B CBOCM perHOHe. 3TH COBeTbI KOHTPOJIHPYIOT pa6OTy IIKOJI H yrpaBJIAIoT rOCyaapCTBeHHbIMH CpeACTBaMH, BbIaeJieHHbIMH Ha o6pa3OBaHHe (Ha aeT- CKHe CaatbI H Ha'IaJbHyIO mIKOjiy, cpe,AHee H BbICulee o6pa3oBaHHe). Ha COBeTbI TaKAKe BO3- 7owKeHbl 4fYHKIIHH Ho nJIaHHpoBaHHIo npoiuecca o6yMeHHA, KOHTPOJIA 3a HcHOJiHeHHeM 3aKOHOB, KaCaIoHI4XCA AeSTCJIbHOCTH UIIKO.I, H peaniHa3UtI nHHJ7OTHbIX npoeKTOB. COBe- TbI, KOTOpbIe OCy11eCCTB7S1IOT Haa3Op H aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIH KOHTpOJIb 3a pa6oToH cneIuI- auH3HpOBaHHbIX HIKOJI n ApyrHx yqpeKaeHHru cneHuHaAH3HpoBaHHOH HOMOILUH, He puH- HHMalOT HenOCpeaCTBeHHOFO yHaCTHSI B paCCMOTpeHHH KOHKpCTHbIX CJIyqaeB aeTeH, Hyw)KaIOiUHXCA B CneijUaiH43HpOBaHHOH IOMOIU4. nlo)loeHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU cteAepaLRm. 252 HTorm coLkmaJbHoH nOAuTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI r) HlpaKTHUqeCKal HIOMOIltb XjeTRM C OrpaHH'IeHHbIMH B03MO*HOCTSMH 3ltOpOBb31 Meauu4uHcxue ycAyeu u nlOMOU4b. JleleHIIe H HOMOlUb Ha 2IAOMY MBJIAIOTCA 6o.iee npejtno- MITHTeJibHbIMH1, 'leM HOMOlUb, KOTOPaA OKa3bIBaeTCA B MeaUHIHHCKmX yipewzJeHHAX. B ie- JIOM CMHTaeTCsA, '-TO pe6eHOK toJIKceH OCTaBaTbCA B CBoeHi ceMbe, r,je, HaCKOJIbKO 3TO B03- MO)KHO, emy 6yAeT o6ecre'ieHbI YCJIOBHI AaI5I HopMajIbHOH >KI3HH. 3TO TaK)Ke oTpaoKaeT MHeHHe o HpHOplHTeTHOH pOJIU ceMblH B BOCHll4TaHHii pe6eHKa, He3aBHCHMO OT TOrO, HaleT JIH petb 0 3,aoPOBOM pe6eHKe iIIIn pe6eHKe C orpaHHiLeHHbIMH BO3MO)KHOCTSMH 3,tOpO- BbA. Pe6eHOK H ero po.HTeJIH HJIH OfieKYH H4MelOT npaBo HPLIHHMaTb y"-acTHe B peIIIeHHH Bonpoca 0 TOM, KaKIIe ycJiyrll 6yaieT roJy'iaTb pe6eHoK. YcJIyrH no pea6HiJIHTau II MeamlIUIICKOI I IOMOIUII, KOTOpbIe OKa3bIBaIOTCA JH0,IAM C orpaHH'IeHHbIMH BO3MO)KlloCTAIMII 3J90pOBbA, BKTlHoalOT npoBe,zeHiie paliHeii giHarHOC- THKII H jiew-eHIIA, OKa3aHHe MeaiHuHiHCKoil HOMOIuH, npegOCTasneHie iieKapCTBeHHbIX H MeAUH11IHCKHX HpenlapaTOB, rIpOBeaeHlle MeHUnIHHCKO0, (I1131lwCKOi 11 iOrOrieJ4H'-eC- KOU Teparini, rcXOTepariHH H CHXoTepaneBTH'IecKoro JIe'eHIA; HOMOIb no aKTHIBH3a- UHII B03MOrHOCTelI CaMOHiOMOIIi, Ho roarOTOBKe K HOBCeJlHeBHO4 A113HH II HpeAOCTaB- .lIeHH4e HHHAHBHJyaJIbHbIX KOHCyJIbTaUUH H KOHCyJIbTaiiiii AJIA pOOlHTeJIei HIm OrieKyHOB. 06pa306anue. aeTHT Hy,KqaioiueCA B CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHOiI iOMOiuH, pacnpeaejsi- IOTCAI no leTbipeM rpyinaM B 3aBIICHMOCTH OT HX HOTpe6HOCTeH B CHeUHajIH3HPOBaHHOM o6Y"eHIH4. AeTH, KOTOpbIC OTHOCSTCS K 1-3-eu rpynHaM, MOFYT y'lHTbCA B o6iieo6pa3O- BaTeJIbHoii IlKoTie, a JgeTH qleTBepTOHi rpynnbi, KaK rpaBH4JIO, Hy)*QaaEOTCSI B creIliHaJIH43H- POBaHEIOM 06y'ieHHll C yHeTOM IIX H1tRHBIIqyaJIbHbIX HiOTpe6HOCTeH B CHiem4ajiH3HpOBaH- HbIX IIKoJiax (Sonderschulen). B rCpMaHIHH4 B CIICTeMe IIIKOJIbHOrO o6pa30BaHSIA ZejiaeT- CA BCe BO3MO>KHOe aiA TOFO, 'lTo6bI aeTII C OTKJ1OHleHIIAMII B YMCTBeHHOM pa3BHTHH MOF- JIH HOCeWaTb o6lueO6pa3OBaTeJIbHyIO HIKOJIy. Yl-lTe.lb o6meO6pa30BaTejIbHOii IEKOJIbI BegeT rIOJIHIHTeJIbElylO pa6OTy Cc AeTbMH C He3HaHllHTelbHbIMI HJHI BpeMeHHbIMH Hapy- HeH1IsHMMI 3,ZaOpOBbM, 'To6bI OHII He OTCTaBaJii OT JpyrFHX yIeHHIKOB, ygeAss 6O0Ibme BHH- MaHHI iIX AOMalIHIIM pa6OTaM H ioUiepKHKl4Bas HOCTOsAHHblH KOHTaKT C pO,aHITeJIAMH, MTo6bI OHII Mori'H MaKCiMmaJbHO 3a4eKTIIBHO 3aHHMaTbCA CO CBOHIMIH eTbM4. K aeTAM c 6oJiee cepbe3HbIMH OTKJIOHeHHIMAHI, KaK npaBH.JIO, npHKpefJLIAIOT cneIlHaJIbHOrO Heaa- rora, KOTOpbIII OKa3bIBaeT aeTAM AOrOJIHITeJIbHYIO HOMOIIMb B KJiacce IIJIH4 HpOBOAIIT 3a- HAITHA B He6OJIbIlIHx rpynnax B TeMeHneH aCTH yie6HOrO aHSA. KaK npaBHJIO, TaKHX y1H4- TeJleii npripIiaEuaiOT 113 paHIOHHbIX cneiH4a.JIHI3HPOBaHHbIX IIIKOJI. EcJiH yIHITeJIb HIJIH PORTeTjiH 3aMeqalOT y pe6eHKa 6o0ee Cepbe3HbIe OTKJIOHeHHIA, ero IarIpaBJIAIOT Ha TeCTHPOBaHlHC K cHellHaH7bHOMY nejarory Pe3yJIbTaTbI TeCTHPOBaHH5 o6cyw,aaloTcs HpHi y'-aCTHHI cnemIHaIbHOFO nerAarora, KIiaCCHOFO PYKOBOLHTeJIA H4 poCIH- TeJIeli C TeM, '-To6bI 3aTeM HpEIEHSTb peineHEIe o nepeBoae pe6eHKa B creuHajiH3HpOBaH- HYIO U1KOJIY (T.e. B -leTBepTy1O rpynny) HJIm HpO.JHoeHHH 06y'leHHs4 B o6Weo6pa3OBa- TeIbHoIH miKojie (1-3-sA rpynlbl). ECJIH pe6eHKa OCTaBJIAIOT B 06b'lnHOR mKOJIe, peiuaeTCs BOnPOC 0 TOM, KaKYIO HOMOmb emy cJie,AyeT roJIyylaTb. PemueHrie o nepeBo,ie pe6eHKa B CHrieCaH431HPOBaHHYIO IIKOTIY He MO>KeT 6bITb HPuHHITo HPOTHB BOJIII pO0IHTeJIei. 1IeTH c OrpaHHeEHHbIMH4 B03MO)KHOCTIMH cI1H3iiqeCKomO 3,OpOBbs,Y KaK npaBHJIO, y'aTCSI B o6uleo6pa30BaTeJAbHOEI UiKOJIe, eCJIII RJIA TOrO eCTb COOTBeTCTByiOi1IHe ycjio- BHSI. UIKOJIbHOe 3,aaHHea ,OJDIKHO 6bITb o6OpyaOBatio cneHlJIbbHbIM1 nOlIbe3ztaMII JI. ,1Ae- TeEI B H4HBaJIIIAHbIX KOTIACKaX; B KTiacce He AOJI1HO 6bITb CJIHIIKOM MHOrO y'IeHHKOB (T.e. He 6o0iee 20 AeTeHI) H aoJTieH 6bITb cneUHaJIbHbIH neJaror, KOTOpbIE noMoraeT TaKOMY pe6eHKy. C.ieno-rjiyxlle jeTiI, a TaK)Ke 1eTII C Cepbe3HbIMH iCiXIxHleCKIIMH paCCTpOfICT- BaMiH yqaTCA B CHCIU1iaIII311pOBaHHbIX HIKOjiaX. npWAo>KeHH.S 253 Bo Bcex 3TIX cJIyMaAx cnelUHaJlbHoe o6y-MeHHe rPOBOALUTCAI B He6on1bmI1x rpynniax, MTo6bI ,eTH MOriiH ao6HTbCA MaKCHMaJIbHO BO3MO)KHOFO yciexa. CuiehlajrnMpoBaimble IHKOJ5bI - 3TO B OCHOBHOM rOCyAapCTBeHHbIe yMpe)KAeHM51, KOTOpbIe 4HHaHCI4pyIOTCA H3 rOCy,aapCTBeHHOrO 61ioafeTa, KaK 11 o6lueo6pa3oBaTeJIbHbIe mKOo1bi. B repMaHH'n npH CHreul1wIIH314pOBaHHbIX 1IUKOJIaX HpaKT1elCK14 HeT MHTepHaTOB. JeTI4 C OrpaH14,eHHbIMM B03MO)KHOCTAM14 3AOpOBbA B BO3paCTe 16 IieT MOrYT B TeCeH14 eaByX IieT yIM4TbCM B rpyn- nax ripOjeCCcHOHajIbHOH nOgrOTOBKM (Behindertenwerkstaetten), rae OHM MOrYT OB.J7aeTb npoq)eccHefl, KOTOpaAS IIO3BO51HT MM 3apa6aTbIBaTb ce6e Ha WH3Hb. Pia 3eMe51b HezaBHO BbICTYnHJIH H51 riaHlIpyHOT BbICTYnH1Tb C HHHiMHaTHBOA HpOBe- aeHIsI nHIIJOTHbIX npoeKTOB, HaipaBjieHHbIX Ha 6o7iee iuIpoKoe BKJHoeHMHlea eTeH, Hy)K- J;aiOIIlXCA B CneeUHa11iM3HpOBaHHOii HOMOMH, B CHCTeMy o6yMeHH5I B Ha'MIbHOIi 111KO51e. B pamKax 3THX ripOeKTOB PO1MTe.TIAM aeTeH 113 4eTBepTOH FpylnHbI IlpeROCTaBjSeTCA B03- MO)KHOCTb CaeJIaTb CBOH BbI6Op H BMeCTO CHeUimaJn3MPOBaHHOH IlKO5IbI HaNpaBBTb CBO- ero pe6eHKa B o6Iueo6pa3oBaTeJIbHylO IllKOJIy, npeaOCTaBjjqlOinylO AOrIO5HHTe5IbHbie yc- siyrH. B Ka>KaoM MyHnHwnaHjiMTeTe 6y,aeT Ho ORHOH 06bIYHo01 Hat1a51bHOr4 IuKO51e, BpeAo- CTaB57AOiuefi TaKHIe yCJIyrIl. DTII yCJyI'r BKAioialoT nOMOUlb aorojiHHTeJIbHbix neraro- rOB (o6bIM-Hblii Y'l4TeJlb H CrieIUiaJIbHbIe neaaroFm), COKpaHneHMe 14ciia y"aIIuIHXcs B KJIaCCe, YTo6bI o65ier1mTb npouecc a,aaHTauini, 11 o6ecnemeHnie 6osiee HpMCTaJIbHOrO Ha- 6JoIeHHAs 11 KOHTpOJIA 3a yMe6oA pe6eHKa. OjHaKo TaKHe HMHuM4aTMBbi nOOBM1MnCb He- JaaBHO 11 HoKa He riojiyHM Ji2OCTaTOMHO IIJIpOKOrO pacHpOCTpaHeHHA1. e) DHHaHCHpoBaHHe B repMaHIrn LIKOJIbHOe o6pa3oBaHlte ABJIT1ITCAI 6ecIiJIaTHbIM, 11 3TOT rHUMHIMI paCHpOCT- paHSleTCAI H1 Ha CneUl4aJII13MPOBaHHOe o6y"eHle JIeTei C OrpaHi'-IeHHbIMM BO3MO-KHOCTA- Mll 3,apOBbA. MeaLUWHHCKOe o6C51y3CMBaHHe M pea61151MTalIMOHHbie ycayru or5naIIMBaIOT- CSI 113 CpeACTB rocyaapCTBeHHOFO 11I1 aCTHOrO q)OHaa MegHU1HHCKOrO CTpaxOBaHHA. BHCIIKOJIbHaA COuMa3jbHaA 11 HnCHXOJIOF111MecKa HOMOWIb ori7iaHBYaeTCS 1 HiperJOCTaB.JIA- eTCA ympe,)KaeHHAMM COIjMaJIbHOrO o6eciexeHHA1 LeTef (MyHHMij4naJbHbIe OTJe1ibi no ge- SIaM MOJIOge>KiC 115111 MaCTHbie opraHM3aiMM) 115111 4MHaHCHpyeTCS B paMKaX COIjI1aIIbHOH noMoluH. KpoMe Toro, ycjIyriM coUma1ibHoro CTpaXOBaH1SI rpeHgOCTaB5IAIOTCA 5IO,51M, Hy)KaaoIiiMMCH B cHieui4aIM 3MPOBaHHOM rOMomwi4, TaK ,Ke, KaK II JIIOZLqM, KOTOpbIe B Ta- KOHI HOMOWiHu He HywCgalOTCc. 2.3. Heco8eptueHHoflemHue npa3oHapywuumef7u a) qTO TaKOe ilpaBOHapyweHHq HeCOBepuieHHoJIeTHHX? fJpaBoHapymieHHs HeCOBepiHeHHo51eTHMX BmKioialOT rpeCTyBI1eHl4S, coBepmUeHHbie JAe- TbMH H4 MOJIOZ3bIMH 51IOabMM B B03paCTe ao 21 roaa. HCHO51b3ylOTCq ciieapowHe onpeae- IieHHSI: pe6eHOK - 3TO J111UO B B03paCTe ao 14 5ieT, KOTOpoe He HeceT yFOJIOBHOH OTBeTcT- BeHHOCTH4 3a CBOHEI eACTBHIA. HeCOBepieHHo51eTHHM - 3TO 5111110 B B03paCTe 14-17 51eT, KOTopoe HeCeT orpaHMYeHHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a CBOII ,eHCTBHA B COOTBeTCTBMH C 3a- KOHOM O npaBOHapyiIeHHAX HeCOBepMIeHHOJIeTHIIX. JIIORIM B B03paCTe OT 18 zo 21 rota AIBJISIOTCSI COBepIHCHHOJIeTHMIM H HeCYT ipaKTti1eCKM nOJIHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a CBOH2IqetCTBHA. nlonoweHwe AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU $eAepaLAHw. 254 MTorH coLAHanbHoA non/THKM 1990-x rOAOB H nepcneKTHBbI 6) HopMaTHBHo-npaBoBaa OCHOBa B FepMaHIn4 B OTHOIueHEH1 HeCOBepuieHHoeTHHX InpaBOHapyIHTeieM np4HMeH5IOTCS ceie,yioiue 3aKOHbI: cDeaepambHbIfi 3aKOH O ipaBoHapyiueHI4.X HecoBepIIieHHoSeTHHX (Jugendstrafrecht), KOTOpbIH qBjsneTCA 'aCTbIO (DeaepajIbHoro 3aKOHa o ipasBOCyAIH HO 2aejiaM HecOBepmeHHoneTHHX (JugendgerichtsgesetZ) 30; H $I)eaepajibHbIi4 3aKOH O COLiH- anIbHOii rOMOiLiU, C60PHHK 8 3aKoHa o nOCaep)KKe ,aeTe H MojioaeACH (Sozialgesetzbuch, 8. Buch, Kinder- undJugendhilfegesetz), KOTOpbIi yCTaHaBJIHBaeT, npEI KaKHX o6CToA- TenJbCTBaX H KaK 4CHOJIb3ylOTCA y"pe)K,teH5uI COUHaJIbHOH nOMOiuiH 4eTAM H Mojoioe)KH. B) IHpaBOHapyiueHHs HeCOBepiueHHOjieTHHX H MepbI Bo3kefiCTBH3I 3aKOHo,aTeJlbCTBO repMaHHH ripegycmaTpBaeT LUHpOKHii HepeqeHb Mep B OTHOiIJeHHH HeCOBepaieHHojeTHHx npaBOHapyIflHTeJiei, HaMHHaSI C HpO4WjIaKTHMeCKHX mep B paM- Kax COuHaJIbHOH riOMOluH JeTIM H MoAozke)H H KOH'qSa YrOJIOBHbIM npecnegOBaHi4em B COOTBeTCTBIHHi C yFOJIOBHbIM KOaeKCOM AJIA HecOBepieHHoneTH4X npaBOHapynHTeJIeH. B nociieaHHe MeCAILIbI nocTynania HH4opMaaiSi 0 TOM, YTO cbezepanbHoe H periOHmbHbie ripaBITeJbCTBa Co6HpaIOTCS HOBbICHTb npaBOBYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb HeCOBepIneHHOJieT- HHX 3a npaBOHapyuIIeHHA, CBA3aHHbIe, B iaCTHOCTH, C ipeCTyrHOH r4eATeJIbHOCTbIO HeO- 4bamHCTCKOrO TOJIKa. lpOc¢HjiaKTHKa H paHHee BbIMB.ieHHe HOTeHuHa7IbHbIX npaBOHapyIHHTeeiie IBIHOT- CA OCHOBHbIMH npHHuHnamH HeMeUKoro norxoaa K 60pb6e c IIO,pOCTKOBOA HpeCTyHHO- CTbIO. rIOTeH[iHaJIbHbIe npaBOHapyimHTeJIH, KaK HpaBHJIO, OTJIH'-IalOTCq ZteBHaHTHbIM nO- BezeHHeM, CKaKeM, B LUKojie. B TaKHX c.iyia3ix yYHTeJIS MoryT o6paTHTbCH B OTaeji no zte- IiaM MoTioaewKi, pa6OTHHKH KOTOpOFO 3aTeM CBM3bIBaIOTCA C pOZlTJTeiiMH yweHHKa, YTO- 6bI BbIAICHIITb CHITyaUII1O B ceMbe. Ecnii Bo3HHKaeT HOTpe6HOCTb HuH HeO6XOaHMOCTb BO BMeimaTeJIbCTBe, OTAeji npeAOCTaBnseT KOHCy.IbTaTHBHyIO H COUlHajibHY1o HOMOHb. B ce- pbe3HbIX c.ny'aix pe6eHKa MOryT OTaeJIHTb OT CeMbH H riOMeCTHTb B rpynniy noa Ha6Jno- a1eHHe HCHXOJIOIOB H COlXHaJIbHbIX pa6OTHH4KOB. KpoMe TOMO, B YFOJIOBHOM 3aKOHoaaTeJlbCTBe O ripaBOHapyieHqXX HeCOBepmeHHO- JIeTHHX OCO6bIII ynop aenaeTCA Ha Heo6xoAHMOCTH BOCnHTbIBaTb HecOBepIIeHHojieTHHX npaBOHapyiilHTeJiie HI HCHOJb3OBaTb TaKHe MeTOAbI B03,aeHCTBH5, KOTOpbIe nO3BOJIHJIH 6bI 1436e)KaTb HiX aajbHef4ffeH KpHMHHajiH3auLHH. 3aKOH ilpeaycmaTp1BaeT IHpOKHi He- pe'IeHb Mep, HaYlHHaS C npiueHMA 0 HpeKpameHHH cyzke6Horo npeciie,OBaHHS H KOH'ISa peHleHHeM 0 Hajio(KeHHIH mITpacba H .YIIleHHH CBo6oabI. TeM He MeHee, Bce HMeioiHHeCSC MepbI HanpaBjieHbI Ha TO, 'To6bI 3aCTaBHTb lpaBOHapyuiIITeiS OCO3HaTb, YTO OH COBep- HJIH npeCTYHHoea JeAHHie H BbI3BaTb y Hero 'YBCTBO BHHbI H paCKaAHHA B COlAeqHHOM. He3aBHCHMO OT peIneHHI4 cyzaa, Heo6xoai4MO HPHHATb BCe MepbI ,SI TOrO, YTo6bI nOMO'Tb HecoBepIIeHHoneTHeMy nipaBOHapymllTeiiIO BepHyTbCH K HOpMaJlbHOH )KH3HH H npezo- CTaBHITb eMy B03MO)KHOCTIH 15JIA BblHOJIHeHHS 3TOFO HaMepeHH5I C nOMOHhblO KOHCyJIbTa- IjHfl, iicHxojIorH'ecKofi noaAep)KKH HimH rpynnoBoir coUHan7bHOH pa6OTbl. npm)no>KeHH.s 255 3. BenHKo6pHTaHHJq 3. 1. ,4emu, ocmatuwuecq 6e3 none4eHUR poaumeleci a) OnpeaeAeHHe OCHOBHbIX IIOH5THUi Ilomo.%rnbul cmamyc. Be3orlacHbie, CTa6HJIbHbIe ycjiOBHAS ioneMeHH pe6eHKa, B KOTO- PbIX OH BOCnHTbIBaeTCq H YCTaHaBNUBaeT 9OBepHTeJIbHbie, HpOMHbI OTHOiueHHA C BOC- nHTbIBaioIiHM ero oneKyHoM/noneHeTejieM. YcbIlo6Aenue. lOpZHRHecKH o04opMjieHHaS repeaama PORHTeJIbCK4x ripaB Ha pe6eHKa B B03paCTe ao 18 nieT OT ero 6HoAorHecKoii CeMbH Apyrom ceMbe. HonetumeAbCmeo. BpeMeHHaS oneKa Ha, pe6eHKoM, KOTOPOFO OTaeJIHJii OT 6onIoru- ,qeCKOi ceMbH, He Ju7iHaA pOaJ4TeiieH Hx poau4TeJIbCK4x npaB. rloreMllTeJIbCTBo HaxoaHT- CSA io rOCy1apCTBeHHbIM Haa3OpOM, KOTOpbIU OCcyIueCTB.75IeTCA COuHaIbHbIMH pa6OTHH- KaMH MYHH11UH4HabHbIX COBeTOB. OneKyncm6o c OepaHUtieHbLMU q5yHUK4URfU. OplHpHzieCKH O¢OpMmneHHbie nOCTOSH- HbIe OTHOieHHAS Me)K1y OHeKyHOM, HaAeJIeHHbIM orpaHHU-IeHHbIM4 (yHKUUHsMH, H pe6eH- KOM B BO3paCTe aO 18 iieT, npH KOTOpbIX COXpaH5IOTCq OCHOBHbie IHpaBOBbIe OTHOlHeHHS M eKay pe6eHKoM H ero 6HoIorH'ecKoii ceMbeH. 3TOT CTaTyC o6ecneMHuBaeT HOCTOSHHble nIpaBOBbIC OTHoimeHH51, HO He ripeaycmaTpHBaeT IIOZHOO IOpHaHUeCKH Oc1opMIeHHoro pa3pbIBa c 6HojIOrHI,ieCKHIMH pOOaTeJliMH (KaK 3TO HPO0CXOJ1T B cjyqae yCbIHOBJeHuI). 6) HopMaTHBHO-npaBOBaS 6a3a B BeJIHKO6plHTaHHIH eSeTeJIbHOCTb B c4epe counaJIbHOFO o6ecneMeHHs geTej B OC- HOBHOM peryEiHpyeTCsi ;XBYMA 3aKOHOIaTenJbHbIMH aKTaMH - 3aKOHOM o6 yCbIHOBJIeHuH 1976 r. 31 H 3aKOHOM o AeTAx1989 r. 32B HaCTOqIue BpeMSq 3TH 3aKOHbI nOABepraiOTCs TmaTeWIbHOMy iepecMOTpy B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOBOII HOJIHTHKOH ripaBHTeJbCTBa B OTHO- iueHHlH yCbIHoBjieHHS, pa3pa6oTaHHou nocnie Hy6JiHKauHH B aeKa6pe 2000 r. BenoR KHH- rH (CM. HH)Ke), KOTOpaS npeaze Bcero Haiueiea Ha cBeaeHne BoeaHHo rHojioKeHHi JBYX 3aKOHOaaTenJbHbIX aKTOB. B) OCHOBHbIe yqaCTH4KH npoitecca H Hx iOJIHOMOmH5 MynuuunwlbnbUbte opeanbl ynpaemeHuu u cooembi. OTaejibI coiLHanjbHOrO o6ecneMeHHA ae- TeiC B MYHUHHajIlbHbIX COBeTaX nIpe,OCTaBJISIOT KOHCYJIbTaTHBHbIe ycjiyrH H OKa3bIBalOT ioNzep)KKY 'epe3 CBOIIX COUHaJIbHblX pa6OTHHKOB aeTIM H CeMbAM, KOTOpbIe Hy*LaIOT- C5I B 3KCTpeHHOI IIOMOIUH B ypeYJIHPOBaHHH Kp1H3HCHbIX CHTyauHii. EcnIH pe6eHoK no peimeHHo cyla OTo6paH y CBOeH CeMbH B HHTepecax o6ecneMeHHsH ero 6narococTosAHsA, Ha oT,aeji COLjanJbHOFo o6ecneqeHHs rpHI MYH1UHHajibHOM COBeTe Bo3iaraeTcsq aCTb ripaB H o6A3aHHOCTeH no oneKe Ha, pe6eHKoM. B OTCYTCTBiie peIeHI4I cyza (T.e. ecuH MYHHuHJuuabHbIe opraHbi 6epyT pe6eHKa noa CBOIO oneKy no HpOCb6e pOaHTeJieH), MyHH- 1iHHaTIbHbIII COBeT alOji)KeH KOHCy.IbTHpOBaTbCSI C pOTH4TeJIAIMH OTHOC4TenJbHO niiaHHpO- BaHHSI j aJbHerheiie )KI3HH pe6eHKa. Ha COBeT TaKAKe BO3jiaralOTC5 4byHKLIHH nO OT6opy H Ha3Ha4eHHIO BpeMeHHbIX BocnHTaTeJleA/noneqHTejieii H Haa3OPy 3a ioreMHTeJISMH, KOTOpbIU OCyIueCTBJISeTCAI C IOMOUbIO peYZJISpHbIX HOCeleHHii H HpOBepOK. Aenmcmeo no ycbinooienuio. YcayrH HO yCbIHOB.ieH41o MooKeT npeaOCTaBSITb KaK COBeT, TaK H 6naroTBop1TeJIbHoe areHTCTBo. I3jiarOTBOpHTeCjbHoe arcHTCTBO HO yCbIHOB- iieHHIO IBJI5ieTCq HeKOMMepqeCKOji opraHH3auLHei, KOTopa5 noniymHia pa3peuieHHe MH- HHCTepCTBa 3,apaBooxpaHeHHA Ha oKa3aHHe ycjiyr no yCbIHOBjieHHIO. 3TH ycIyrH MOryT noinoweHHe ueTeU B POCCHUCKOU cIeA,epaLumm. 256 MTorH coLAHanbHoA nonITHKH 1990-x rOp,OB u nepcneKTHBbl BKJHIo,iaTb nozt6op, BbI6op 1H Ha3Ha'eHHe yCbIHOBHTeJieH, a TaK)KCe npeOCTaBneHe KOH- cyjibTaTHBHbIX ycJIyr. Cyd. 3aKOH o zteTAX HnpOBo3rnaimaeT npHHIIHH <KaoM 3Tane ipouecca, Be,ayiiero K yCbIHOBJIeHHIIO, HipezyCMaTPHBaiOTCS IIOeIO)KeHH5I, KOTOpbie ripeaOCTaBJIAIOT B03MO)KHOCTb pe6eHKy BCpHyTbCA B ero 6no7iorH- meCKyIO CeMblO (ripaBO Ha B03pameHHe B CBOIO ceMblO). KpoMe Toro, corSiaCHO B03paCTY H rIOHMmaHHIO pe6eHKa, C HHM Heo6XOzHMO Bceura KOHCYJIbTlHpOBaTbCH nO BceM BOnpO- CaM, CB53aHHbIM C ero YCTpOHCTBOM, a TaKAKe Heo6xoai4Mo HH(IOpMHPOBaTb ero o ero gaJIbHeflHjeH cyab6e. ;I[eJiaMH o6 yCbIHOBJ1eHIH 3a1iM1malOTCA CYZ(bi MarHCTpaToB, CyJLbl rpa4CTB H BbICOKlii Cya. PaccMoTpeHlHe AeJIa MOACHO HaBaTb B cyAe JIio66o 113 3THX IIH- CTaHA4ii. floc.ie Bo36yXcKeHH5 Jte.a ero paccmOTpeHHe KaK rpaHJlio, nepezaeTcsA B CYA COOTBeTCTBYIO1ell HHCTaHUHHU B 3aBHCH1MOCTH OT CJIONKHOCTH KaKa(OrO KOHKpeTHOrO Cny- 'laA. CyAbH, KOTOpbIe 3aHHMialOTCA BOnpOCaMHI 3aIijHTbl AeTCTBa, cneuHa.iIH3HpyIOTCA Ha ceMeHHbIX Aenax H aeJiax o6 yCbIHOBJieHI1HH. r) IHpaKTHqecKHe MepOHPHuSTHS B o6JiaCTH COLUHaHbHOFO o6ecuemeHUs AeTeii Pe6euoK, podume}iu, ceMbq u o6u4ecm6o. B OCHOBe 3aKoHa o ALeTAX 1989 r. IieKHT roJio)Ke- HHe 0 TOM, 'ITO .ny'ime Bcero Mo)KeT 3a6OTllTbCA o pe6eHKe ero 6HnoJIOrnecKas ceMbA, Korjaa o6a pOIHTeJISi IOJIHOCTbiO 6epyT Ha ce6sA BOCHHTaHHe pe6eHKa U HerocpeaCTBeHHO oTBe'IalOT 3a Hero. O6ecneieHHe 6JIaronoJIyql4H H 6e3onaCHOCTH pe6eHKa AIBIAeTCA1 3aaa- 'eil nepBooqepeaHof Ba)KHOCTH. 3aKOH 0 AZIeTAX BKJlIomaeT KOHijeIn-uHo PO,HTenJbCKHX o6A3aTeJabcTB, KOTopaAl A1BJAeTCA i-ipoJoDn1eHHeM HuAeH 0 TOM, "ITO pOZHTejuH HMeiOT «o6A3aTeIbCTBa»> nepeja pe6eHKoM. CorFAaCHO onpeAeTieHino 3TOrO TepMHHa, 3TO KeHH.q 257 3aKoHa o jZeTSIX 1989 r.), COIIHanbHbIe pa6OTHHKH AOJHIKHbI rOibITaTbCSI YjyMIUIHTb CMTy- aiUI4O B ceMbe HaCTOJIbKO, MTo6bi pe6eHOK MOF BepHyTbCA K pOaIHTeCA5M. IJpHOpHlTeTHbIM BapHaHTOM AIBZAseTCAI BO3paIIIeHHe pe6eHKa K ceMbe. 3aKoH 6bIa HanpanBeH Ha TO, 'To6bi cnoco6cTBoBaTb MCHOCIb3OBaHI4O BpeMeHHOrO yCTpOHCTBa pe6eHKa BHe CeMbM KaK B03- MOAKHOCTH aJIAI OKa3aH3HI rO2Uzep>KKH CeMbe. KpoMe TOFO, ecCJI pe6eHKy HP4XOaHTCS AKHTb BHe aOMa, MYHH4lnaJIbHbIe OpraHbI 06bIMHO flbITaIOTCA cae7iaTb BCe BO3MOAKHoe, 'ITo6bI nOAIY'HTb ao6pOBOJIbHoe coriacHe pOallTeJIei!. C'HTaeTCq, FiTO ecAi pOaHTeJIH AaJIH CBoe cor.IacHe Ha BpeMeHHoe yCTpOHICTBO pe6eHKa B ztpyrom MecTe, nOKa pemaloT- cA1 npo6JieMbI B ero 6HoJIorMi4ecKoii ceMbe, IuaHCbI Ha B03BpaieHie pe6eHKa K CeMbe no- BbIImaIOTCAl. Ecniu peineHine o riepeRaae pe6eHKa Ha roieMHTeJbCTBO pHHHmHMaeTCq CyZOM, 3a6OTy o pe6eHKe 6epyT Ha ce6A MyHmuHHIiabHbIe OpraHbI. B Pa3aene 23 3aKoHa o JeTAX 1989 r. rOBOplITCAI 0 TOM, YTO ecJIH MYHHLIHIIIabHbIe opraHbI 3a6OTITCI o pe6eHKe, TO OHM HaOA)K- HbI o6ecne'lrTb ero MeCTOM HIpO)KHBaHM4A. OHM MO[YT YCTpOM4Tb pe6eHKa B npHeMHOiH ce- Mbe, y pOQaCTBeHHHKa HAM y mno6oro apyroro no)xoaAmIero oneKyHa JHJI pa3MeCTMTb ero B rOCyaapCTBeHHOM rIpHIOTe, 6JiarOTBOpHTeIbHOM rIpHIOTe HAM B 3aper"CTpHpOBaHHOM 'iaCTHOM aeTCKOM ROMe. MHi, eCAM B03pau[eHHe K CeMbe HeBO3MO)KHO H POl4TejiH 1AaIOT CBoe coriacHe, pe6eHKa MOFYT nepeaaTb Ha yCbIHOBAieHHe H4m noa oneKy C OrpaHH'eH- HbIMH c1yHKIjIIAMfI. B aHFrAHliicKOM 3aKOHo0aTe.TbCTBe o COui4aAlbHOri HOMOIfiH HeTSM yKa3aHO HeCKOJIbKO pa3HbIX TlIIIOB aeTCKHX y"peC4QeHMH. HpHIOT MO)KeT HaXOaHTbCS B Be4LeHMM H Ha o6ecne- '-eHIMH MyHHUiHHrAnbHbIX OpraHOB H Mo)KeT 6bITb npeaOCTaBJIeH 11JI MYHMLIInaJIbHbIM OpraHOM, 11AM 6AarOTBOp1ITeAIbHOHl OpraH113ai4ei, ,aeiCTByIOWeHi COBMeCTHO C MyHMI4I- ranJbHbIMM opraHaMM H Hroa MX KOHTpOJITM (Pa3,aeA 53ff, 3aKoH o aeTAX). MIaCTHbIe HMi 6aIarOTBOpHTeJIbHbIe HpTHIOTbI HaXOaATCq B co6CTBeHHOCTH HJH BezeHHM MaCTHbIX A1U H opraHH3auili H 6AarOTBOpMTeJlbHbIX y"pewKaeHMH (Pa3geAI 59ff). ,eTCKMiM JOM, KaK ipaBMJIO 11 B OCHOBHOM, paCC'HTaH Ha O,AHOBpeMeHHOe npe6bIBaHMe He MeHee TpeX aeTeHi (Pa3teJaIbI 63ff), OH MeHbIlue, weM rocyLapCTBeHHbIll IpHIOT, H HOCUT ceMeiiHbiM xapaKTep. T.acTHoMy roioe'HTeAbCTBy nOCBAIIIeHbI Pa3aeTibI 66ff. Hpuopumembl. MyHMLurnaAbHbIe COBeTbI B pa3HbIX paiioHax AHrAHu npOBOaAT pa3- HbIe rpaKTHmeCKHe MeponplMS1TH B o6AaCTM COU4a7IbHOrO o6ecne'-eHHuI JeTeHi. TeM He MeHee 60JIbIIIHHCTBO 13 HUX B TOM HAIII EIHOU CTeneHIH aeiCTByeT B COOTBeTCTBHH C onpe- JejieHHbIMH npHOpHTeTaMH. B KawaOM cJIy'ae Hp4MCHACTCAIHIHatBmlyaAbHbl 4O.LXOa, H Hnp Heo6XOaI4MOCTH HPHOP1TeTbI MOFYT MeHATbCS. flocie BbIHeCeHHM peIIIeHHIU cy,a o nepe,Aa'e pe6eHKa Ha noneqeHie HAM no, HaZ(3OP COBeTa, COBeT goA)KeH HaHTH MeCTO ,aJI KpaTKOBpeMeHHoro npe6bIBaHlnl pe6eHKa, HOKa peimaeTcs BOrpOC o ero 7oAIroBpe- MeHHOM yCTpOiHCTBe. HlepBbIM marom COUiMaJIbHbIX pa6OTHMKOB COBeTa 06bIQHO IBjjIOT- CA IIOHIbITKI YCTPOHTb pe6eHKa K pOZ(CTBeHHHKaM, B ripHeMHYEO CeMbIO HAM K HOaXOaS- HieMy oreKyHy HAM rOMeCTHTb ero B rOCyaapCTBeHHbIH HpHIOT, 6AarOTBOpmTeAbHbIl lPIpEIOT 1H.M1I B CeMeiHbIH 5eTCK4H AOM. OaHaKO HeCMOTpS Ha TO, 'ITO HpaKTMKa pa3MeHUe- HHAI ,aeTei B HpHeMHbIX CeMbAX HMII BH OMalHHX HPHIOTaX KpaHHe HeOaHOpOAHa B pa3- HbIX MyHHuHnaAHTeTaX, yCTpOHICTBO aeTeH B yqpe)KgeHIIA CMHTaeTCA KpaHHeni MepoMi H OCyiLueCTB5IAeTC5A TOJIbKO B peAKMX cjAyiasAX. KpoMe Toro, cMHTaeTC5, 'TO pa3MeHleHHe B HHTepHaTHbIX ympeKaeHMiiX 60Abiile HOaXOaIUT AIA HOrOpOCTKOB H B MeHbHeiC CTeeHUH ,R IA,aeTei! mna,aiuero Bo3paCTa. 3aTeM HpHHHMaEOTCAI MepbI A5i noHcKa zonroBpemeEHoro pelueHSA, ripeAKe Bcero 3a CieT yAiy'IHeHUIA CHTyaUlHH B 6iO4OioriH-eCKOlI CeMbe, MTo6bI pe6eHOK MOr BepHyTbCS nlonoweHHe AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU $eAepaLtw. 258 I1Torm coLAIanbHoA nOA1MTHKH 1990-x roAoB uf nepcneKTsBbI K pOaHTeJiiM. BOJ1bIUHHCTBO 4eTei!, rIOMelueHHbIX BO BpeMeHHbIe nlpHIOTbl, B03BpaWaeT- CSI B CBOH 6HonorHuecKHe ceMbIl. ECJIH Bo3pawIeHHe HeBo3Mo)KHo, OTaeji COLIHaJIbHOH nO- MOWH MYHHUIHna1IHTeTa HaXOaHT BapHaHT AJIA AO nCOBpemeHHOrO YCTPOiiCTBa pe6eHKa. H1pHOPHTeTHbIM CtlHTaeTCS nepezaaa pe6eHKa Ha HoneqeHHe pOACTBeHHHKOB Ha aiiH- TeJIbHbIH nepHog. EcJIH 3TO HeBO3MOKHO, paCCMaTpHBaeTCS B03MOKHOCTb nepeRaan pe- 6eHKa Ha ycbIHoBJieHHe, o6ecneMIBaiomee pe6eHKy IOCTOSHHbIHi cTaTyc. Bo BpeMA nonc- Ka yCbIHOBHTeJieii npejIROtITeHH4 OTJaaeTc5A pO,CTBeHHHKaM pe6eHKa mnH npHeMHbIM po- AHTeiiAM, KOTOpbIX HIOOIAI{5IOT K TOMy, MTO6bI OHH noztaBaiH 3aABjieHHS1 Ha ycbIHOBjie- HHle. HyTb 6oAblue IOJIOBHHbl BCeX yCbIHOBjieHHbIX zeTen T o yCbIHOBIeHHM HaXOaHJiHCb Ha BpeMeHHOM roreMeHHH, a 6OJbIlbylO MaCTb OCTajibHbIX 11eTeHA yCbIHOBJIASOT np4HeMHbie pO1AHTe.iH HJIH pO11CTBeHHHKH. rlo aaHHbIM onpoca, IpoBejaeHHoro BPHTaHCKHM areHTcT- BOM yCbIHOBjiHH5IA H nepezaa4 B iipHeMHbIe CeMbH, B 1998 r. OKOJIO 16% Haxoa11HBIXCA Ha BpeMeHHOM iore,MeHHH 1aeTei 6bInO yCbIHOBneHO HX npileMHbIMH pO11HTeJIMMH. AOJIrOcpOMHoe npe6bIBaHHe B npHeMHOr ceMbe TaKKe 'aCTO HCHOJIb3yeTCI 1anJA yCT- pO4CTBa ,aeTel 6owiee CTaplierO B03paCTa, KOTOpbIe HpE4Bq3aHbI K CBOHM 6H4onorH'eCKHM ceMbSIM. 14 B 3TOM c.iyMae yCTpOHiCTBO pe6eHKa B KOJIJleKTHBHbIe epHIOTbI cemeIHOro TH- na 5AB.AIeTCA KpaIlHeil MepOii, pIHrO11HOfi B OCHOBHOM JLJA KpaiiHe TpaBMHpOBaHHbIX nJIH TPY,RHbIX aeTeH H HeO6XOaHMOH, 'ITO6bI OHH MoriiHi nOJIy'IHTb rcHxojioriHMeCKYIO IOa- Aep)KKy H HH1HBHAYa1AbHOe ie'IeHHe. ,) Be.iaA KHHra 2000 r. no BonpoCaM yCbIHOBjieHH: 4YCbIHOBJeHHe - HOBbI.i 11noX(o* B aleKa6pe 2000 r. UpaBHTeJIbCTBo BeJiHKo6pHTaHH ony6.mHKosBanIo Beieylo KHHry o6 33 yCbIHOBjieHllH , ueJblO KOTOpOH 6bIJIO HHHLHHpOBaTb fIpOBezleHHe TiLaTeJlbHOFO nepe- CMOTpa CHCTeMbi yCbIHOBjieHHI H BpeMeHHOH OriKH )IeTef, ITO6bI yBeJIHM4Tb MuHCJO yCbIHOBjieHHbIX AeTef. B Be.noii KH4re oTMeMaeTCA HeyaOBjieTBOP4TenjbHoe cOcTO5HHe, B KOTOpOM HaXOaIHTCS CHCTeMa COIHaJlbHOrO o6eCHeMeHHS aeTef B BeJIHKO6pHTaHHI. B '4aCTHOCTH, o6painaeTCH BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'TO IIpaKTHKa yCTpOHCTBa aeTeiI B IpHeMHbie CeMbHI He o6eCietIHBaeT HM nOCTOAHHbIII CTaTyC, HOCKOJIbKy MHOrIHM aeTIM IIPHXOaHTCA HO HeCKOJTbKO pa3MeHAITb CBOIHX OrieIHTeJIerI. HO zaHHbIM o6CIeieOBaHHS, KOTOpbIe npH- BOAATCS B BeJiOH KHHre, y yCbIHOB7ieHHbIX eTeH nOKa3aTeniH YPOBHS o6pa3oBaHHS H HH- AHBHAYaAbHOFO pa3BHTHSI 3Ha'HTeJIbHO BbIIie, MeM y jfeTeH, KOTOpbIe 6ombmyjo 'aCTb CBoero AeTCTBa HaXOaHJiHCb B BeAeHHH iOne'IHTeJIbCKOH CHCTeMbI. 0 Hey11OBjiCTBOPHTeJIbHOM COCTOSHHH CHCTeMbi COiiHaZjbHOFO o6eCrieIeHHI aeTeH B BeJIiHKO6plTaHHIH, KaK OTMe-aeTCq B Benio KHHre, CBi11eTeJIbCTBYIOT cieziyioinHe CTa- THCTH,MeCKHe iaHHbIe. B HacTosAiiee BpeM3I B BejiHKO6p4TaHIHH noa oneKOH COBeTOB Ha- XO,4HTCA 58 000 AeTeei. ExcerOAHO OKOJIO 40% AeTeii, HaxoA15H1XXXcS rOi BpeMeHHOH one- KOB, IOKHJzaIOT npHIOTbI MeHee eleM 'epe3 BoceMb He;zenJb, H 60nee 50% - nocie IfleCTH MecAueB. TeM He MeHee, no aaHHbIM 3a ro, Ha 31 mapTa 1999 r., 6o0ee 28 000 ,aeTerl oc- TaBaJiHCb no, oneKofi 6o0ee ZIBYX iieT. MHOrHe 11eTH CTOJIKHYJIHCb C nOCTOAHHO MeHAIO- IHMH4CA YCJIOBHAMH oneKHI - TOJIbKO 51% AeTeri, KOTOpbIe HaXOa1H4HCb noA oneKOM 6o- nmee 4 JIeT, HMe.I7H HOCTOAIHHOe MeCTO yCTpOllCTBa B TeMeHHe RBYX IeT. B 1999 r. TOJIbKO 4,7% noIOrie'HbIX iAeTerH nojiy'HJIH B03MO)KHOCTb YCTpOHTbCA B HOCTOAHHYIO CeMblO. Ji[aaKe B TeX ciyiaAix, re HCHOJIb3yeTCS ycbIHOBjieHHe, npoilecc I,aeT KpafiHe MeRiIeHHO. Hoebie Haz4uounabubLe cmandapmbl ycblloeBienu.. OcHoenble npunz4unbL. HoBaS noJIH- THKa npe2ycMaTpIHBaeT BBeAZLeHe HOBbIX HalHOHaJIbHbIX CTaH1aPTOB ycbIHOBjieHHS, B OCHOBe KOTOPbIX .iewKaT cieAyioiHe pHPHHUHHbI H CHCTeMa fleHHOcTeHi. aeTH HMelOT npaBO Ha 3a6OTy H BOCHIHTaHiie B J.o6AiLieH CeMbe, KOTOpaA MO)KeT o6ecnie'HTb yaOB.7e- npAnoKeHwl 259 TBOpeHiie HX HOTpe6HOCTeH B aeTCTBe H B 6o0iee CTapmeM BO3pacTe. Heo6xogHMo npH- HHMaTb Bce pa3yMHbIe MepbI AJIS TOFO, xITO nlpeOCTaBHTb B03MO)KHOCTH H OKa3aTb noA- ,aep'KKy 6HoJIorxieCKOr CeMbe B o6ecnle'eHHH pe6eHKa InOCTOSHHbIM zOMOM, eCJIH B HeM cyWieCTBYIOT 6e3onacHbie H npHeMAeMbie YCJIOBHSA ,J BOCnHTaHHA pe6eHKa. EcAIH 3TH YCJIOBHIA OTCyTCTByIOT, o6IlUeCTBO JOA)KHO HpeAOCTaBHTb pe6eHKy He meHee ipHeMjieMbie YCJIOBHAI AJIAS HOCTOAHHOFO npe6blBaHHA. HaxoaAsIlI4ecA roa oneKOi jeTI, KOTOpbie He MOIyT BepHyTbCS JIOMOR, HMeIOT npaBO Ha yCbIHOBJIeHHe, KOTOpOe ABjISeTCA CpeaCTBOM o6ecnetleHH5l pe6eHKa 6e3oniaCHbIM, CTa6HJIbHbIM H IIOCTOAHHbIM aOMOM. PemeHHA 0 H O- CTOSHHOM yCTpOHCTBe pe6eHKa IIpHHHMaIOTCq C "MeTOM HHAHBHAYaJIbHbIX HIOTpe6HOC- TeA Ka cZXoro noaoneqHoro pe6eHKa. Hoeble cmpozue npaeuia 6 omnouwenuu CpOKOB ycbiuooJienuii. Benias KHHra BBOAHT HO- Bbie CTpOrUHe TpaBH.ia B OTHOIIIeHHH CpOKa, B TeeHiHHe KOTOpOrO OJIDKHbI 6bITb rIpHHSTbI KOHKpeTHbIe pelUeHIIA o6 yCbIHOBneHHH. MeponpHsATIl nO IOHCKy HOCTOSHHOrO MeCTa npe6blBaHs3 1,OJIDKHbl niiaHHPOBaTbcA B Te'eHHe meCTH MeCAileB C MoMeHTa nocTynJe- HHA pe6eHKa Ha AoJIroCpo'qHoe norieqeHie. Ecnim cy, jAaeT cor.macHe Ha ycblHoBnIeHHe, no,aXOAiJiiHe yCbIHOB4TeJH4 aOIDKHbl 6blTb onpeaeneHbI B Te,IeHie IlleCTH MeCuLLeB nocie pemieHHI4 cyjia. ECJIH POalHTejiH aloT ao6poBoJIbHoe corniacHe Ha nepe,aay cBoero pe- 6eHKa Ha yCbIHOBJIeH4e, IOCTOIHHoe MeCTO ajiS ero yCTpOiiCTBa IAO.7KHO 6blTb orpeRejie- HO B TeMeHHe Tpex MeCAHueB. YcKopeHHe npoueayp yCbIHOBJIeHHA 03Ha'aeT, 'ITO roaorie'HOMy pe6eHKy He HpH- aeTCA .AKaaTb HeonpeAejieHHoe KOn14meCTBO BpeMeHHl, HOKa 6yaeT Haii,AeHa <<6e3yHpe'- HasI)> CeMbA, cnoco6HaS YAOB7ieTBOp4Tb Bce ero HOTpe6HOcTH. PaHbmIe HOHCKH <<6e3y- rpe'IHoib> CeMbil, OTBe'aiolierI BceX 3aipocaM H IO.WenJIaHHAM pe6eHKa nPIBOIIH7I4 K TO- My, 'TO rOJoOHnexHbIM aeTAM HpHXO)U4.7IOCb ,lAaTb, CMeHAS HeCKOJ1bKO MeCT BpeMeHHOrO npe6bIBaHH4, BMeCTO Toro, 'To6bi XCHTb B HOpMajIbHbIX H CTa6H.JIbHbIX YCJIOBH5IX B CeMbe Ha OCHOBe IOPHaHIeCKH 04)OpMJIeHHbIX OTHouieHHlH. 14 Bce Ke MHeHHie pe6eHKa BbI,CHS- eTCS, HpOTOKOJIHpyeTCS I y'H TbIBaeTCS Ha Ka)K,OM 3Tane npoIuecca yCbIHOBjieHHS, H Ka)KXoea erCTBHe aOJIOKHo 6blTb o6OCHOBaHo. K Ka-KzOMy pe6eHKy AonKeH 6bITb HpH- KpeniieH cneiHLanIbHO Ha3Ha'eHHbIill coiLaJIbHbHi pa6OTHI4K, KOTOpblr4 BblACHAeT ero no- Tpe6HOCTH H noLep)KHBaeT C HUM KOHTaKT B Te'eHHe Bcero rpoLtecca. BMeCTe C TeM, npoueztypbi yCbIHOB7ineHHIu ripeycMaTPHBalOT B03MO)KHOCTb anAn B03- BpaIleHHsI pe6eHKa B 6Ho.iorwIMecKyIo CeMbIO Ha jIo6oM 3TaHe ripouecca pl4 yCJIOBH4H, xITO CHTyanLLH B ceMbe yniyqmuHiacb H cya y6eaHjics B TOM, 'TO B03BpameHi e K pOat4Te- JIAM oTBe'aeT HHTepecaM pe6eHKa. Iteau ycbluocienusu. B Benioii KHHre onpeaneieHa HOBaA 3aaaqa - K 2004-2005 rr. Ha 40-50% yBeiii,l4Tb KOnJiHeCTBO yCbIHOBjieHHH roaonewHbiX xeTeH. KpoMe Toro, BBOAHT- cs PeecTp yCbIHOBjieHH5 anI5 AHrn4HH H Y3Ibca, 'ITo6bi nOMOib aeTSAM B HOHCKax ycbiHO- BHTe7ief B iapyrHx perHoHax CTpaHbl B TeX cjiy'aAX, Korz(a HeBO3MOWKHO HaiTH Ho,AXO,4S- uIyio CeMbIO Ho MeCTy UX WK1TeJIbCTBa. HOBbIii noIIxot TaKwe HaUieIeH Ha yBejH4'eH4e HOMOIIH yCbIHOBHTenAM HyTeM OKa3aHH5I HM ycjiyr nocnie 3aBeplIIeHIH npoueiayp yCbi- HOBJIeHU4i, B TOM 'IcHCie KOHcy.ibTaTHBHOHi H )1JHaHCOBOi4 HOMOIUII (a TaK)Ke nepecmoTp nporpaMMbi noco6HR Ha yCbIHOBjieHHe). CreilHaJbHaA KOMHCCII5I HO BOrpOCaM yCbIHOB- nieHHA H rOCTOAHHOFO YCTPOiICTBa ZeTef4 6yaeT 3aHiMmaTbCA BHeapeHlHeM HaH6oJIee pa- UHOHa3JbHbIX MeTO2OB pa6OTbI MYHHiHinajIbHbIX COBeTOB H nOMOraTb He34XIJeKTHBHO 4)yHKLIHOHHPYIOIIIHM COBeTaM yJIy'ImITb CBOIO aesTeJIbHOCTb. HOBbie npOrpaMMbI o6y- 'eHHA HanpaB.ieHbI Ha rOBbIHieHHe KBaiHI3HKauIHH COiiH4abHbIX pa6OTHHKOB. nOJo>KeHme AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU OeeepaLuu. 260 HTorH coL,uaAbHoA nOAlITHKH 1990-x roAnoB u nepcneKTHBbl ,JIAT TOrO 'qTo6bI COKpaTIHTb cyae6Hbie pa36HpaTeJIbCTBa B npouecce yCbIHOBJIeHHA, B . esioii KHHre npelycMaTpHBaeTcA yBeBjiHieffH MHcjia cyaefi, cHieuHajn13mpyIowHXCA Ha ceMeflHbIX aesiax, H 6oJAee 3X1eKTHBHoe HCHOJIb3OBaHHe cy,eii H MarHcTpaTOB, npouIezR- IIUIX KYPC IOJaFOTOBKH Ho ioejaM JReTeil H nO BOnpOCaM yCbIHOBJieHHq. IIMeIoLmiHCA OUbIT Heo6xO,aHMo yCOBCpHieHCTBOBaTb C HOMOIbIO nporpaMM HOBbI1eCHiSI KBajIlI(¢HKauHH. OneKa c oepanuleflnblMU (/ylKIJUiRMU. Ha CerOaHA1HIHI aeHb BO3MO2KHOCTH aJIA IOpiZaHMeCKH O¢OpMoIeHHOFO HOCTOAHHOFO YCTpOHCTBa geTell Ha yC5iOBHSX oreKH KpaH- He orpaHHieHbI. YCbIHOB.ieHHe o6ecne'rnBaeT IOpHmanwCKH O4OPMJIeHHbIli HOCTOAHHbIH CTaTyC, HO Tpe6yeT HOJIHOrO npeKpaIteHIeI iOpUHaHeCKHX OTHOIueHUH Mme,Kay pe6eHKOM H ero 6Ho00orH1ecKOii ceMbe, C apyrolI CTOpOHbl, ,oO.IroCpoMHoe npe6bIBaHHe no, one- KOEI He HIpHBOJUHT K HOJIHOMY pa3pbIBY 3T4X OTHOineHIH, HO He ABji3ieTCA Haae1KHbIM C IopHa meCKOi TOqKH 3peHH5l. ,aojiroCpOh1HaA oneKa MO)KeT 6bITb npeKpaIueia Ho HHH- jHlaTHBe COBeTa HwiH 6Ho.lorwiecKKHx poallTeJIefl no pelileHHIO cyJaa. CTaTHCTMCeCKH4e JaaHHbIe CB1aeTeJlbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, MTO Ha CerOaHAI1HHIi AeHb H3MeHeHII3 yCJIOBHII OHieKH IPOHCXOAST ,aOBOJIbHO MaCTO - TOJIbKO OKOJIO nOJIOBHHbI csiyaeB HOCAT aojlrOBpCMeH- HbIM xapaKTep (T.e. YCJIOBHA5 coxpaHsIOTCA1 HeH3MeHHbIMii 6osiee 4eTbipex jieT). Hego- CTaTKOM BJIASeTCA OTCYTCTBHe IOpHJaUqeCKH OZPOpMJieHHOrO CTaTyca nOCTO5AHHOrO npe- 6bIBaHnIA, KOTOpbIfi He ipegycmaTPHBa.7 6bI HoJIHoro pa3pbIBa iOpHJIzMeCKIIX OTHOluIe- HII, Heo6xoaHMoro IA51 yCbIHOBjieHHSI. HOBbie nojioKeHIIAl <>, HpezLyCMOTpeHHbie B BesiOII KHIIre, ABJIAIOTCS OTpaXKeHHeM MHeHH51 O TOM, 'ITO yCbIHOBjieHHe He Bcerja AIBJIeTCS iJzteaLJbHbIM BapiaHTOM AJIA pe6eHKa, KOTO- pbII He MO)KeT BepHyTbCq K 6ilOAOrwiieCKHM pOJHTejiAM. HanpHMep, HeKOTOpbIe aeTH He XOTCJII 6bI, MTO6bl MX OTAejieHiIe OT jpyrux pOACTBeHHHKOB 6bIJlO OqOoMJIeHO iopmiMMe- CKII. KpoMe TOrO, y HeKOTOpbIX 3THiH'eCKMIX MeHbU11HCTB MOryT CyIeCTBOBaTb pejiMrH- 03Hbie EIJIII KYJIbTypHble TpaajJHH, npenHTCTBYIOmi4e tOpiHiMeCKOMy OqOoMmjiHmIO OT- ,JeJIeH1SI pe6eHKa. OneKa C OrpaHiM4eHHbIMM q)yHKIIM4AMH 6yjeT HplMmeHSATbCA TOJIbKO JIA TOrO, qTO6bi Hipe)OCTaB4Tb HlOCTOSHHblf IOPM14,HIeCKH Oq)OpMjieHHblH CTaTYC TeM JeTAM, jl,L KOTO- PbIX yCbIHOBjieHMie He IOZtXOJtHT, 11 B Tex CJIy'aAX, Kora Cya peluaeT, 'ITO 3TO HalI6o0Iee HOJIHO OTBeiaeT HHTepeCaM pe6eHKa. OneKa c OrpaHHMeHHbIMH (jYHKIHIMM HO3BOJ1IeT CO3z(aTb HpO`IHyIO OCHOBy aJu CbOPMHpOBaH4A aOJIFOBpeMeHHbIX OTHOIIIeHHli Me>Ky pe- 6eHKOM II ero onHKYHOM H BO35iaraeT Ha oHeKyHa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Bce aCHeKTbI pa3- BHTHIA H BOCIHTaHHI pe6eHKa. TaKOi noaxoa rapaHT1'pyeT-eTKIH4 HpaBOBOH CTaTyC, OC- Bo60o)KaeT COBeT OT Haa3opa 3a pe6eHKOM H Hllp 3TOM HO3BO5I5eT COXpaHMTb 4bOpMaJIb- HYIO CBA3b MewKay pe6eHKOM H ero 6HosiorqecKIMM pOaHTeJIAMH. 9Ty clOpMy, HaHpM- Mep, MO)KHO IlCHIOJIb3OBaTb JuA TOFO, '4TO ripHaaTb IOpHawHeCKHH CTaTYC OTHO1JeHHSIM npH nepeJla'e pe6eHKa Ha roneHeHlie pOJqCTBeHHHKOB. KaK 11 B cIiy'ae yCbIHOBJIeHHAS, OrIeKYH C OrpaHwieHHbIMH 4YHKU14AMH MMeeT ripaBO Ha HoIoyieHMe ,MHaHCOBOH H KOH- CyJibTaTH4BHOfI HOMOIUII. e) (IDHHaHCOBaS iolzgepmKKa H7oco6ue Ha pe6euKa. Hloco6Ee Ha pe6eHKa BbiriIialaMBaeTCA Ha KaXMoro pe6eHKa B B03pa- cTe ,o 16 JIeT (5HJim eTA1M B B03paCTe AO 19 sieT, HaXOJAI1HMCA Ha OMHOM o6yMeHHH nO nporpamme CpeaHei HIKOJIbI Ha HOBbi11eHHOM ypOBHe, no HauHoHaAbHoii nporpamMe i1po4)eccHOHaJIbHoro o6y-ieHlIA TpeTbero ypOBHA1 111 no zLpyrilIM paBHO3HaMHbIM npO- rpaMMaM, H1 JeTAM B B03paCTe JO 18 5ieT, 3aper"CTp4pOBaHHbIM B 6i0pO npo4eccHOHaIb- HOHI riOqrOTOBKH MOwOieHKnII Ho nporpamme o6y"eHI5A no MeCTY pa6oTbl). Pa3Mep noco- npHno>KeHHu 261 61s4 COCTaBJIMeT 15 tIyHTOB CTepjiHHrOB B HeJe.IHO Ha camoro cTapiero pe6eHKa u 10 qYHTOB CTep"JI1HrOB Ha Ka.Moro cieApyowero pe6eHKa. Hoco6ue no oneKe. Hloco6me no oneKe Mo)KeT BbirInMaHBaTbCsA oreKyHy/BOcnr4TaTeJIIO pe6eHKa B cnyiae cMepTI o6oHx poAI1TeJIeR HI4H O0AHOrO poj0HTeJIS, Kor;a OaAH4 H3 poAu- Te.ieR COCTO14T B pa3Boae, OTCYTCTByeT 14JI14 HaXOA4TCA B MeCTaX JIlleH1S1 CBo6oAbI. Hlo- .iy,iaTeJ1b rioco61l4 He J1oji)KeH iMeTb iOp11LHaMeCKIIA CTaTyC oreKyHa, 'ITo6bI rOJIyIaTb noco64e. Pa3Mep noco6Hsi COCTaBJIAeT 11,35 4YHTOB CTepHJIIHrOB B Heaejl.O Ha camoro cTapmero pe6eHKa H 9,85 4)YHTOB CTePJIHHrOB Ha KaXKzoro cie'ayloiuero pe6eHKa. Hoco6ue no ycbto6,7enuio. Hloco6me no yCbIHOBJiSeH1o Mo)KeT BbInJ1aq11BaTbCI yCbI- HOBJieHHOMy pe6eHKy B BO3paCTe 2o 18 JieT AO Tex nop, HOKa OH HaXOAI1TCA B CeMbe CBO- Hx npHieMHbIX P0Al4TeJIeii (H1i11 JzO 21 roaa, eciu OH 3aM11cJ1eH B OMHoe yqe6Hoe 3aBelle- Hue i4n1 noaiyqaeT o6pa3oBaH4e no MeCTy pa6oTbI). OHO CJInYKHT KoMieHcaU11eH ,Zo1ojI- Hl1TeJIbHbIX 3aTpaT Ha BOCH11TaH11e pe6eHKa, KOTOpbIII He 6b1.I 6bI yCbIHOBJIeH 6e3 HOCO- 6HO1 no ycbIHOBTieHI4Io. Hloco6He yCTaHaB.TIHBaeTcq Ho pe3yJIbTaTaM npOBepK11 Hy)KAaeMo- CTII H1 BbIHJIa'4HBaeTCA COBeTOM, KOTOpbI InepeiaeT pe6eHKa Ha yCbIHOB.7eH14e. Ha3HaMe- Hue roco6HKI 3aBH4C11T OT HOTpe6HOCTeil pe6eHKa, AOXOIOB H c6epeweH4flHIpi4eMHbIX pO- AHTeJIeH, c6epe>eHuI pe6eHKa H OT pemeHusi CoBeTa. Pa3Mep 0oco6m5 onpeaeniAeTcA KawK,abIM COBeTOM, HO He MO)KeT HpeBbIIIfaTb pa3mepa Hoco6HA no oneKe. FocyaapcmeennaA cliyIc6a 3dpa6ooxpaueiiuq. Ka>cKAbIii rpa,KaHui BehBe1Ko6puTaH111 IIMeeT npaBo Ha 6ecnriiaTHyIo Mezt4U1IHCKYIO nOMOIb FOcyAapCTBeHHOi ciy)K6bI 3JapaBO- OXpaHeHI4SI, KOTOpa5A +HHaHCmpyeTCA 13 1rocyAapCTBeHHOro 6610aeTa. 3.2. ,4emu, HyYc8aIoLquecq 8 cneiuaI7U3UpO8aHHou nomouwu a) HopMaTHBHo-ilpaBoBas 6a3a C114TaeTCSI, 'TO pe6eHOK Hy>KaaeTCI B CHeUHajII3HpoBaHHOH HIOMOHH B o6yieHHH, ecni 3TOT pe6eHoK B BO3paCTeA o 19 iieT uMeeT TPYJAHOCT11 npm o6yieHu4, AIAi npeoAoaieHu4A KOTOpbIX HeO6XO;tIIMa crieimajiH3HpOBaHHaA nOMOIllb. B Be.7I1Ko6p11TaHu41 oKoJo 20% ,aeTefi HywKJ1AalOTCA B cie1umaj113HPOBaHHO14 HOMOWII B TOII I1.I14 11HOi (fopMe. HeCMOTpA Ha TO, ITO HiOTpe6HOCTH 60JIbm11HCTBa AeTeH YX4OBJIeTBOPAIOTCI B o6Ueo6pa3OBaTe.7Ib- HbIX IHIKoJIax, npMepHo 3% AeTeH HMeIOT Cepbe3HbIe OTKJIOHeHHS 14 Hy,KaalOTCA B cne- [jiiaji113HpoBaHHoH HOMOwiH MeCTHbIX OpraHOB ynpaBieHus o6pa3OBaHHeM. HIOMOIb ,1eTAIM C OrpaHHi4eHHbIMH B03MOXKHOCTAIM1 3,AOpOBbA1, peryni4pyeTci cjIe,y- IOII14MH HOpMaTHBHbIMII aoKyMeHTaMH. lenIb 3aKoHa 0 3anpeTe Ha A14CKP4Ml4HaH4L1o nEIII C OrpaHHMeHHbIM11 B03MO)KHOCTSM4 3IOpOBb5I (1995 r.) 3"-n _O.IO)KHTb KOHeU I,zC- Kp4MHHa1im1, C KOTOpOH CTa.TIKHBalOTCI JI1OAH C orpaHi1'-eHHbIM4 B03MO>KHOCTSAMH 310- pOBbSA, H flPH3HaTb Hx HOTpe6HOCTH B o6y'eHHiH, a TaK,ce noJy-eH4u 6oaiee HOJIHOM HH- POpMaiuH POJAUITe.7i3MIm i yMaIfMHCSA. CouIacHo ero nojio;KeH14AM, IIKOJIbI O613aHbI pa3bsICHAITb AeHICTByIOILIHe npaBunia npmema geTeHl c OrpaHHIeHHbIM4 B03MOWKHOCTSMI4 3AOpOBbsA, a TaK)Ke TO, KaK OH4 6yAyT nOMOraTb o6ecre'-4BaTb AZOCTYH TaK11X yIeH14KOB B IlIKOIy II TO, 'TO 6ya ceaHio .eiaisH o6ecneieHuus4 cnpaBeniuIBoro noaxoaa K TaKI1M e- TsAM. DTH nonioKeHus4 He zto6aBsIAIoT HHKaKHX HOBbIX npaB JIIOISAM C OrpaHHMeHHbIMH B03MO>KHOCTSIMH 3JA0pOBbAI, rOCKOJIbKy aHaTIOrFIlHbIe nojIoKCeHH5I y)Ke 14MelOTCS AJIS Ae- TelI, HyXKZLamuflIXCsI B cneLXHa.II3HpOBaHHOiH rMoIIIH. B HacToqrnee BpeMq HaeT npoiiecc o6HOB7eHIIe I 11 Aopa6OTKI 3aKoHa. 06pa3oBaHue AeTeHi, HywAaiOIJ114XCq B CrHaI47iH314pOBaHHOI4 HOMOIHM, pery.7I4pyeT- cSI 3aKoHoM o6 o6pa3oBauuu 1996 r. 3, KOTOpbIHI onpeAe.TsieT npaBuJia ionyMeH1 flonOAKeHme AeTeA B POCCHACKOA ceAepaLAHw. 262 MTorm coLtuanbHoA nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKT4BbI IIIKOJIbHOrO o6pa3OBaHHIA aeTbMH, HyaailOWtiMHCq B CHeI4HaJIH3HpOBaHHOii nOMOLH. B 4aCTb 3THIX iojioweHHii, a Taro*e B HOJIOKeHHi1 3aKoHa O LHCKPHMiHaiHlH .iloIeii c or- paHHIeHHbIMH B03MO)KHOCTSMH 3AOPOBb3I (1995 r.) 6yRyT BHeceHbl HoHBpaBKH H HMeHe- HHAI B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOnIpOeKTOM 2000 r. <«0 JHORxX C OrpaHHMeHHbIMH B03MO*- 36 HOCTAMH 3AOPOBbA H JeTAX, Hy)KAalOIIHXCA B cneiHajiH3HpOBaHHOH HiOMOlHI , KOTO- pblIi B HaCTOsiiiee BpeMA paccmaTplIBaeTCA B flapjiaMeHTe. 3aKOHonpoeKT IIpeAyCMaTpH- BaeT yKpeniieHiHe npaBa pe6eHKa, Hy*aiouerocCA B cneLiHaTIH3HpOBaHHOi4 nOM01UH, Ha nonyqeHi4e o6pa3OBaHHq B o6bIMHOrl H[KOTie H BHOCHT H3MeHeHH5 B KOHCYJIbTaTHBHbIe PyHKIHH MeCTHbIX opraHOB yipaBjieHHs o6pa3OBaHHeM. 6) YqaCTHHKH npoIeccau H HX HOJIHOMO'qH5 Mecmubse opeambi ynpamenuu o6pa3o6aHuem. MecTHbIe opraHbi yHnpaBjieHHA o6pa3oBa- HHeM - MYHHUIHHabHbIe opraHbI, KOTOpbIe OTBealIOT 3a o6pa3OBaHHe aeTeA IIKOJIbHOIO B03paCTa B CBOeM MyHHLIHHaJIHTeTe, a TaK*oe 3a ,OMKOJIbHoe o6pa3oBaHHe, o6cjiyxKHBa- HHe MojioAeQKH ii o6ymeHiHe B3pOCnbIx. B Hx o65I3aHHOCTH BXOalHT rpeaoCTaBneHHe 34- beKTIBHOrO HaMaJlbHOFO 1i cpeaHero o6paaoBaHHM H o6ecneMeHxIe Heo6xoalHMoro n4cJIa MeCT B HaMaJIbHbIX H CpeAHHX LuKo7Iax, OCHaiUeHHbIX B COOTBeTCTBHH C IBOTpe6HOCTHMH y"aIIHxCs, npO)KHBaioMIHX B aaHHOM pa4OHe. Ha MeCTHbIe opraHbI ynpaHB7jeHSA o6pa3O- BaHHeM BO3JIoKeHO MHoro ApyrHx o63q3aHHoCTeH, B TOM MHce coIepA(aHle H peMOHT IUKOJI; AOCTynHOCTb o6yqeHHII (BKjiioLaA alAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIii KOHTPoJIb 3a HaJiHtIHeM MeCT H HipHeMOM ytaIIlHXC5 B IIKOJibI); npeaOCTaB.leH4e cHeuHaJIH3HPOBaHHOii TIOMOWH B o6ymeHH1 14 aM1MHHHCTpaTHBHOe ynpaB7ieHHe HIKOJIaMH (BKJIIoras IiaHHpOBaHHe, c¢H- HaHCHpOBaHHie H ayAHTOpCKHe HOBepKH). Ha HHIX TaKAKe B03JIOAKeHa o65A3aHHOCTb no o6ecneieHHIo 74OCTYIHOCTH o6yMeHHS ,aim ,ereTei, Hy)K1aaiOIIlHXCA B CneuHajiH3HpOBaHHOH HOMOWH (o6beKTHBHaS OueHKa co- CTOSHHSA pe6eHKa H HIOaWOTOBKa 3aKmlIOqeHHS 0 HOTpe6HOCT5IX B CHelHaJIH3HpOBaHHOH HOMOLIIH B o6yqeHHH1). liKOJbi. JiiA ae'eTef, HyAXZaaiOiijHXCA B CHeuHaJI13HpOBaHHOH HOMOWUH B o6y4eHHH, CylIIeCTBYIOT IUKOJIbI ABYX THiiOB (rocyaapCTBeHHbIe H qaCTHbIe). Ba3oBas iKojia - a3TO o6bIqHaSI o6iueo6pa3oBaTeJnbHas IKOJIa, B KOTOpOH y'"TCS He6oJIbmoe KOnHMeCTBO ae- Tefi, Hy)KaaiOWHXCA B CHeUHajiH3HpOBaHHOH HOMO0W. 3TH IIKOJIbl He MOryT HipiHHMaTb 6oJIbmee 1IlCJIO TaKHX yMeHlHKOB H3 pacqeTa Ha KOJIHqeCTBO yMqIaulXC5A B KaWKaOM KJIacce. B CleLHaZji3HPpOBaHHYIO IIIKOJy pllpHH4MaOTC5 TOJIbKO JaeTH, HyAC,alaOiuHeCA B cneiH- aJlbHOr4 HOMOIIH4. Pa3MepbI TaKHX IIIKOJI BapbHPYIOTCR H 3aBHCSAT OT TOrO, cnelIHaIiH3Hpy- eTCsI JIH lIKOjia Ha KaKOM-TO KOHKpeTHOM THie HapyIIeHHH 3,t0POBbA Hn.7iH npeaHa3HaMe- HaaJmIA 6o.7ee lHHPOKOrO KOHTHHreHTa H ABJSAeTCA .71H OHa MKOOJIO RHeBHOFO npe6bIBa- HIIA HJIH mlKOJIO4-HIHTepHaTOM. OtHH cneuaoJH3IPOBaHHbie IKOnbI, KOTOPbIe HPHKpeH- .IeHbI K MeaHUHHCKHM H.7Hapym y"pewaeHHAM, HPHHHMalOT He 6oAee 40 yqaiuHXCA, ,apyrHe 60iee KpylHbie IIIKOJIbI MmelOT ao 200 MeCT. Ane,vu,nuouubdi cyd no aemami demeui, nymcdaiouuxcqsi a cnetuwzw3upoeanuozi nomou4u 6 o6yweiuu. Cya 11o zaejiam eTeii, HyAcaaLouIXCsA B cneiUHajH3HpOBaHHOHi HOMoLIH B o6yqeHIH, Ha He3aBHCHMOH OCHOBe paccmaTpHBaeT )KaAo6bI pOaHTejieA Ha peIIeHH5I MeCTHbIX OpraHOB ynpaBjieHHS1 o6pa3OBaHH4eM. KaK ipaBHJIo, MeCTHbIe OpraHbI H pOaH- TeIIH MoryT ypery7HPOBaTb CBOH pa3HornacHs4, He npH6eraA K nOMOIIIH cyiaa. TeM He Me- Hee 3TO He BcerAa B03MONKHO, H CYA 3aflUHaeT HHTepeCbI TeX pOA1HTeJiei, KOTOpbie XOTAIT, qTo6bl BCe cfaKTbl H BCe MHeHHA 6bIJH TWiaTeJbHO B3BeiueHbI H yMTeHbl. npuAo>KeHHsq 263 B) HpaKTHiecKHe MepOnPH31TH5 1o OKa3aHHIO IIOMOII[H aeTM C orpaHHUeHHbIMH B03- MOXCHOCTS1MH 390pOBbA Oz4enKa nompe6uocmeii pe6eHca 6 cne4uarnU3upo06ariozu nomouU 6 o6y enuu. rIpe*cle 'eM o6paluaTbCA B ApyrHe 14HCTaHLjHH BHe IHKO.7bl, pOAHTe.7i5M Heo6XOiHMO CHaMajia CB- 3aTbCSI CO IIJKO.7IbHbIM KOOPAHHaTOPOM nO BOnpocaM ceieuIHaJH3HpOBaHHOrO o6yqeHHSA, KOTOpblll CJInYIIT CB5I3yIOI1HM 3BeHOM Me*KAy y"HTe6jiMH H POJ4TeCjiMH HeTe, KOTOpbIe H1OTeHIHaBJbHO MOryT Hy>JKaTbCA B TaKOH CIIeUHa1TH3HpOBaHHOR IIOMOLH. KoopaHHaTOp COBMeCTHO C y'HTeJIMMH H PO2THTCJIAMH rOTOBHT H.7iaH HHAHBW4YajibHOrO o6yqeHI4, B KOTOpOM yKa3bIBaeTCI, KaKHC AOnOJIHHTe6JbHbIe ycjiyrH 6yayT IpeROCTasBjeHbI pe6eH- Ky. IJpH HeO6XOaIHMOCTH K nOarOTOBKe niaHa MO>KeT 6bITb HplBjIeweH HCHXxonor HJEIH cneLuHajIbHbIHf neJaror. Ec7H aOnOn7HHTe6JbHbie yCJIyFH, KOTOpMbI riojly'aeT pe6eHoK, He z(alOT pe6eHKy BO3MO)KHOCTH ao6HTbCA o*KHaaeMbix pe3yJIbTaTOB, KOOpZ(HHaTOp MO- *CeT o6paTHTbcA 3a HOMOIIIbIO B MeCTHbIe opraHbl ynpaBjeHH5 o6pa3oBaHHeM. B MeCTHbIC opraHbI ynpaBneHBI o O6pa3OBaHHeM geTeii, KOTOpbie MoryT Hy?KaaTbC5 1HJIH ABHO Hy)K,aalOTCAI B cHeiuXanIH3HpOBaHHOR HOMOWH, MOryT nIpHBeCTH pOaHTejIH 145n HaripaBHTb iKojia. EcsnI MCCTHbie opraHbI ynpaBJeHH5 o6pa3OBaHHeM C'HTaIOT, 'TO pe- 6eHOK Hy*K,IaeTC5 B cHeLU4aJIH3HPOBaHHOA IOMOHIH B o6y"eHH1H 1' 1,1 3TorO Heo6xo1H- MbI CieLI1aJIbHbIe yC.IOBH4, MOKeT 6bITb npHHqTO peiueHie o npOBseeHHH OCBHJeTCJIb- CTBOBaHH51 pe6eHKa. jl[IA IPOB6eeHHM OCBHz(eTejibCTBOBaHHii1aeTeHl B BO3paCTe5O0BYX nieT Heo6xo51HMo coriiacHe pO51HTejiei, XOTAI, KaK npaB4JIO, 3a CeLelHaJIH3HpOBaHHOf4 HO- MOHbIO o6pawUaloTCA B OpraHbI o6pa3OBaHHII CaMH pO,4HTeJiH. B xoqe o6ibeKTHBHOii OeICHKH COCTOAIHHAI pe6eHKa onpelte.niIoTCq HOTpe6HOCTH pe6eHKa B CreLiHaJIH34pOBaH- HOI rIOMOIIIM B ripoiuecce 06y'eHIIA, H MOKeT 6blTb COCTaBJIeHO COOTBeTCTByIoiIee 3a- KJIIoqeHHe, KOTOpOe BKJHio'aeT BbIBOabI TWaTeJIbHOFO O6cjieaOBaHHSl, nposBe5eHHoro pa3- HbIMII CneHa7IHCTaMH C LCeJIb1O BbIABlICHHSI KOHKpeTHbIX HOTpe6HOCTeH pe6eHKa B cne- iHanIH31POBaHHOiA noMoIIIH. B 3aKAioqeHHe BXOZ(AT OT'eTbI, flOaFOTOBJ1CHHbIe HKOJIOIi HJIH KOOpZ5HHaTOpOM Ho pa6OTe C Z(eTbMH, Hy*5aaiomHMHC5 B cHeUHaMH3IpoBaHHoA no- MOIIH, IflKOJIbHOFO nCHxOJIora, Bpa'a H 51pyrmx pa6OTHH4KOB 35apaBooxpaHeHHsI, KOTOpbIe Ha6Iio,JLalOT pe6eHKa (HaHpiHMep, raTpOHaA(HOiH ceCTpbI HJII TepaneBTa), I po,n'eineif. 3aK7iIotieHHe, KaK rpaBHJIO, cogep 4HT nepeqeHb npensiaraembix ycsiyr, KOTOpbIe MO- ryT 6bITb rpeeOCTaBjieHbl mIKOJIOii H411 opraHamH ynpaBieHHS o6pa3OBaHHeM, 1.114 HMH H4 IUKO.IOI; KOJIHMeCTBO MaCOB aOIIOJIHHTeJIbHOii HOMOLIIH, BKI7ioaSA CrieulIHaH31pOBaH- HYIO rIOMOIUb; nepeMeHb CieilHaJIbHOIO o6OpyZ(OBaHHS, KOTOpOe Heo6XotHMo pe6eHKy; alHarHo3, npeaycMaTpHBaIoI[IH cneHuHaBJbHoe jieMeHHe (HanpHMep, .noroneaH1wecKoe nie- 'leHHe); B HeM yKa3aHbI LeJIH o6yMeHHA, KOTOpbIe 6yayT nepecMOTpeHbI lqepe3 roA, a TaK- we JIIo6bie H3MeHeHH4A, KOTOpbIe 6yRyT BHeCeHbI B HanHoHa.nbHyl nporpaMMy o6yqe- HHA5. B MCCTHbIX opraHax yilpaBJIeHH o6pa3oBaHHeM pO51 JITeiH nonyqalOT peKOMeH51a- LLH4 H KOHCyJIbTalHH. KpoMe TOrO, B 3aKJiio'eHHH yKa3bIBaCTCA1 aMHJ1I1 He3aBHCHMOrO CneUHaJIHCTa, KOTOpbIXi 6yAeT KOHCYJIbTHpOBaTb pOZ(HTeJIeH H ripezOCTaBJIATb HM HH- cbOpMaLHio. Hnmezpupoeauuepe6eHica, uymcdaou4ezocR 6 cnez4uaAu3upo6arHoz! nOMOU4u, 6 npou,ecc o6ylieuusI 6 o6uNeo6pa3o6ame.hbHoii UwKoAe. MecTHbIe opraHbI ynpaBjieHiS o6pa3OBaHHeM o6sA3aHbI HOMeCTHTb pe6eHKa, Hy)KzIaioiierocA B CHeI4HanH3HpOBaHHOH IIOMOLUH B o6yqe- HHH1, B o6iiieo6pa3oBaTesIbHylo mKOJIy, ecjn 3TO 11O3BOJIHT Ha51CewaiiiHM o6pa3oM yaOB- .ieTBOPHTb HoTpe6HOcTH pe6eHKa, He 6yaeT HeraTHBHO cKa3bIBaTbCq Ha nponecce o6y'Ie- HISI 5AIpyrHx,IeTefl, HO3BOJIHT aj4eKTHBHO MCIOIb3OBaTb pecypcbI H B TOM cjiyMae, ecJiH POZHTI5e1 z1alOT Ha 3TO CBoe coriiacHe. lOAo>KeHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOA cteAepaLtHw. 264 MTorm coLAmanbHoA nonJTHKA 1990-x rOAOB , nepcn1eKTHBbl B o6ineo6pa3oBaTeJIbHofi H1KoJIea eTH, Hy;KaaiolwHeCA B CHieuHaJIH3HPOBaHHOH nO- MOIItu, yMaTcS no crHeu[ia.IbHofi riporpaMMe, HO 6oJIbMJIIO HaCTb y"e6Horo BpeMeHIH npO- BO,aIT B Kiaccax C OCTaJIbHbIMH yMaIuHMHCI. B 06bF-HbIX Kiaccax OHH MOrYT HojiyMaTb HOMOlUb ,rIOJIHHTeJIbHoro neaarora JImH aCClCTeHTa Ho o6ymeHilo. leJib nojaxoaa - HHTerpHPOBaTb 6oJIbiyio MaCTb aeTeH, HywRaaoIIlXCS B crCeUHaA3HPOBaHHOHi HOMOLU4, B npoiuecc o6y-ieHs4 B o6bIMMHOfi mKOjie, a B CneHUUaji3HpOBaHHbie HIKOJIbI HanpaBJIATb AeTeH C Cepbe3HbIMH OTKJIOHeHHAMH4, KOTOpbIe He HIO3BOJIAHOT HM a0o6HBaTbCA ycneXOB B o6y'eHHH B o6bIMHbIX HIKOJIax. r) 3aKoHonpoeKT 2000 r. 40 JIIO5AiX C orpaHHqeHHblMH B03MOCHOCTAMH 3AOpOBbb H AeTAX, HyKaLaUOIIHXCS B CrieUaIIH3HPOBaHHHOi HOMOIUiH 3aKOHOnpoeKT < ABJIAIeTCS nOIbITKO iipaBHTeHbCTBa Be- JIHKo6pHTaHHH1 o6eceIeMTb paBHbIe ripaBa mogqM C OrpaH MeHHbIMH B03MO KHOCTIMH 3JOPOBbsI H pacLiuHpHTb npaBa gIeTeH. r.IaBHaS HeJIb 3aKOHOnpOeKTa -3aKpenTb 3a ,e- TbMH C orpaHHmeHHbIMH B03MO>KHOCTSMH 3,aOpOBbAI ipaBO Ha o6y"eHHe B o6ueo6pa3o- BaTeJIbHbIX IUKOjiax, eCJIH 3TO B03MO)KHO, H B TO )Ke BpCMAI nOaTBePAITb BaXKHYIO pOJIb cneLlllaJIH3HPOBaHHbIX IIKOJI. MecTHbIe opraHbI ynpaBJIeH5IA o6pa3OBaHHeM o6SI3aHbI HHc¢OpMHpOBaTb H KOHCYJIbTHIpOBaTb POj,HTeJIei H aeTei a TaK)Ke Hpe,aOCTaBJATb B03- MOWHOCTH AsJIA yperYJIIpOBaHl4 KOH(PJIHKTHbIX CHTyaiUHu B cjlyiiae HX BO3HHKHOBeHHI4. MeCTHbIe opraHbI ynpaBJIeHllSn o6pa3oBaHHeM TaKwKe ,qOJHKHbI 6yaLyT HHc¢OpMHpO- *BaTb pOaZtTeJIeH o no.arOTOBKe CneHLIHJIbHbIX peKOMeHaaIiHfi no o6yMeHHIo pe6eHKa H npeaOCTaBJISTb IlKOJIaM npaBo HanpaBJITb pe6eHKa Ha o6'beKTHBHOe o6cIieaOBaH4e c 1ieJIbloonpeAe ieHuœ creluHaJIbHbIX HOTpe6HOCTei yqaIUerocA c OrpaHHMeHHbIMH B03- MOWKHOCTSMII 3AOpOBbA, B TOM qHII2e TaKHX CneuHaJIbHbIX peKOMeHaauHfU, KaK TpyJLOTe- parHH (T.e. TCpariA C HOMOIUblO TpyaOBOri1 HJIH TBopIeCKO ReeATeJIbHOCT4, Ha3HaieHHaAI a5IA YCKOpeHHS npouecca JIeMeHHI4 HJIH pea6wlIHTaluII). MecTHbIe opraHbl ynpaBJIeH HA o6pa3OBaHHeM TaK)Ke JZOJDHbI 6yayT B YCTaHOBHJIeHbIe CpOKH BbIHOIIHSTb peIHeHHS Are.jIUiHqnoHHoro cyzAa no aejiam aeTefl, HywK,aaiOMXCAH B cCeUHajiH3pOBaHHOH HIOMO- IU4 B o6yMeH44. 3aKOHOHpOeKT COCTOHT H3 ABYX aacTei. B nepBOi iaCTii rpe,aCTaBJIeHbI IpegJIo)Ke- HH5I, coatepKaluIecsI B 3e.ueHOii KHure 1997 r. > . OH BHOCUT H3MeHeHHA, B OCHOBHOM, B 3aKoH o6 o6pa3oHaHuH 1996 r., 3aKpenisIi npaBo eTeH, HYKatoIWUHXCA B cneUHaJII431pOBaH- Hoil rOMoujH, Ha nojiMeHHe o6pa3oBaHHsA B o6uleo6pa3oBaTeJlbHblx IKo.max H COBep- iHeHCTByS npe,aOCTaBneH4e 1HHcOpMaIl4OHHbIX H KOHcyjibTaTHBHbIX yC.71yr pOaHTeJIsM. BTopas MaCTb HOCBAsIjeHa paBHbIM npaBam rpa,,KzaH c orpaHHeMHHbIMH B03MO)KHOCTAM4 3AOPOHbSI Ha nojiyqeHHe Ha,4aAbHoro H BbIcIuero o6pa3OHaHHAS H npo4)ecc4OHa7ibHoe o6yqeHHe B COOTBeTCTBIHHH C peKOMeHAauiHMMl aOKjiaaa «OT HPHUHHna HCKJIIOIeHHA K IPHHIHfly HHTerpHpOBaH4IA>, HoArOTOBjieHHOFO B 1999 r. CneLuHanbHoii KOMHccHei! no HpaBaM rpa-KJaH C orpaHH4MeHHbIMH B03MO)KHOCTHM4 3,aOpObM 38. B aTOH -iaCTH rOBO- PHTCS 0 HOBbIX o6M3aHHOCTSIX, BO3JIoKeHHbIX Ha MeCTHbIe OpraHbI yHipanjieHHI o6pa3o- BaHHeM, IIKOjibI H1, B TOM 'IHcjie, 4aCTHbIe yMpe>KJaeHH4A, a TaKwKe BbIciHHe yIe6HbIe 3aBe- aeHHIA. 3TH o6si3aHHocTH BKJIioMalOT o6ecHeMeH4e yMaWHMCA C orpaHHI4eHHbIMH B03- MO)KHOCTAIMH 3aOPOHbSI yCnOBIIHI, KOTOpbIe He 6bIjiH 6bI MeHee 6JIaronplHITHbIMH, BHeCe- HHe ripeMJIeMbIX lH3MeHeHIrI, qTo6bI yHamiHec5 C OrpaHHMeHHbIMH B03MOAKeHHs. 265 OKa3aJIHICb B CyIIIeCTBeHHO meHee BbIrOaHOM rIIOO)KweHH, 'CeM zpyrHe yMaiuHeCS, a TaK)Ke yJiyiumeHie 1H3HMneCKoro AOCTyHa B EKOJIbHbIe 3ZaaHHA H HoMeXIeHHA LIKOJI H J1OCTyH- HOCTH yCe6HOii nlpOrpaMMbI. j) cDHHaHCHpOBaHHe Iloco6ue xa pe6ewKa. Hloco6ue Ha pe6eHKa BbIHiaulHBaeTCSA H Ha aeTeH, Hy11KaaIoWHXCAT B CieCuHaJIH3HpOBaHHO riOMOmIoH (noapo6Hee CM. BbIlle). Ioco6HS AaeTAIM C OrpaFHHMeHHbIMH BO3MO2KHOCTAMH 3,aOpOBbA. 9TH 0oco6HA BbIHiia- -IHBaIOTCSI PO,AlITeJIAM H1II OrIeKyHaM aLeTerl B BO3paCTea o 16 sieT C (1H3HmeCKHMH 14JIH rHcXHmieCKH4MH He,aOCTaTKaMH H5Im OrpaHHMeHHbIMH B03MO)KHOCTSAMH 3)JOpOBbSI, KOTO- pbie HyAwCIaIOTCsI B aoriOTIHHTeJIbHOR HOMOLI1H. Pa3MepbI Hoco6HiH 3aBHICAT OT HHalHB4,y- aJIbHbIX o6cToATesIbcTB B KaXKLoM KOHKpeTHOM cJiyiae. MHHHCTePCTBOM COLijaJIbHOrO o6ecneqeHHsi ony6siHKOBaHbI csie,ayonmie peKOMeHJLaiI4H: JLeTH, KOTOpbIe Hy)KaaIOTCA B rpH1cMOTpe, MOryT, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT o6CTOATejibCTB, paCCHHTbIBaTb Ha Hojiy'leH4e 53,55 (yHTOB CTepnJIHrOB (MaKCHMasIbHblii pa3Mep), 35,80 4fyHTOB CTepjiHHrOB (cpeA- HHI ypOBeHb) H4JIHI 14,20 qYHTOB CTep.7IH4HrOB (M4HHMaJbHbIrI pa3Mep) B HeaeJiO. AeTH, KOTOpbIM Heo6xoaiHMa rOMOIb npII repeaBHHceHmI1, HoJIy-aIOT 37,40 q)yHTOB cTepJIHH- rOB (maKciimaJmbHbnii pa3Mep) HJIH 14,20 bYHTOB CTep.TiHrOB (MHHHMajibHbIl pa3Mep) B HeaeJIIO. floco6He He BbIijia'HBaeTCS, ecJIH pe6eHOK Haxo)jHTCA B 6OJIbHHIie HIH4 B 14H- TepHaTHOM y"peKC2weHHH. 17oco6ue no yxody 3a uu6amuaom. OiieKyHbI, KOTOpbie rIIOJMyIOT HocO6HSI Ha jeTeei C OrpaHHiueHHbIMH B03MOAKHOCTSMH cpeaHero 1151H MHHHMaJIbHOrO pa3Mepa, MOryT HMeTb npaBO Ha roTiyeHHie ioco6HSI no yXozay 3a HHBaJIIUIOM. '-To6bI HO5Iy'HTb npaBo Ha no- co6He no YXOay 3a HHBajHIH,OM, BpeMS, KOTOpOe OIneKYH TpaTHIT Ha yXOq 3a HHBaJIH4OM, JJOJDKHO COCTaBJIATb He MeHee 35 MacOB B HezeJIiO, BKJIIMoaI sno6oe BpeMq CyTOK. OrieKy- HbI He )IO5I)KHbl HIOCTOAHHO rpO)KHBaTb C rOiaOrieMHbIM, KOTOpbIH HywKaaeTCA B yxoge, HO, KaK ripaBHJIO, 5IBJIAIOTC5A ero pOZtHTeJIsIH-. B 3aBH4CHMOCTH OT o6CTOATeJIbCTB, Hoco6He no yXoz4y 3a HHBaJIHjaOM MO)KeT COCTaB5IATb 40,40 bYHTOB CTep5iHHrOB B HeJejIlO. Eecnmamuoe Mo.'oKo. POPZHTesiH pe6eHKa B B03paCTe OT 5 ,zgo 16 iieT, KOTOPbI}I He MO- -KeT roceIIaTb I1IKOJIY H3-3a OTCTaBaHHIA B (}IH3HMeCKOM H1H YMCTBeHHOM pa3BHTHH, MO- ryT 6ecruIaTHO HOJIyIaTb Ha pe6eHKa MOSIOKO. Iocyaapcm6euua,s cqywc6a 3apa60oxpaueHuuq. JIHUa C OrpaHHMeHHbIMH B03MO)KHOCTA- MH 3AOpOBbA TaK>Ke HIMeIOT ipaBO Ha 6ecnruaTHOe MeaHIHHCKoe o6c5TyEHBaH4e (H npe- AOCTaBJIeHHe TaKHX BCriOMOraTeJbHbIX CpeJCgTB, KaK HHBHAHH1ASI KO.ISCKa) B y"peAc,e- H154X rOCyjapCTBeHHOii CTy1K6bI 3apaBooxpaHeH Iteumpbi epemennozo npowcueanue uwu dne6Hozo npe6bi6anwu. EC.IH MeCTHbIii COBeT CO- iIHiJIbHOrO o6cJIy11KHBaHH5I HPieaOCTaB5TMeT BO3MO)KHOCTb zasA pa3MemeHHA HOriLOreMHOFO B yMpe)KTKeHHH BpeMeHHOIO HpOKHBaHHI4 H 11H AHeBHoro ripe6bIBaHHA, pa3Mepbl rocy)Jap- CTBeHHOH C HHaHCOBOH noHjAeP11KKH OrPeaeJiASOTCA B 3aBHCHMOCT14 OT AOXOAOB CeMbH. 3.3 Heco83epwueHHo.nemHue npa8oHapyuwume17u 'Imo maKoe npa6ouapyuenuu necoeepuwenuo}emnux? DTO nipaBOHapyIIIeHH4s, COBep- IuaeMbie JIHiaMH B BO3paCTe Ao 17 5ieT, 3a KOTOPbIe B BesiHKo6pHTaHHIIH nPeYCMOTPeHbI CieIIIIaJIbHbIe HaKa3aHHIA. YrOJIOBHaAI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb B AHrJIHHi H Y3nbce HaCTYnaeT ,5Si rpa1K1aaH, 5OCTIIF1hHX AeCAITH SIeT, 'TO AIB5SIeTCS CaMbIM HH3KHM BO3paCTHbIM IUeH3OM B EBPOne. nOAlo>KeHme AeTeH B POCCUUCKOA OeAepaLumH. 266 HTorm coLAHaAbHoA nonJTHKM 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbl Hopmamu6uo-npaeoea. 6a3a. rIpo4HjiaKTHMecKHe Mepbi H cyile6Hoe npecJReaosaHue HecOBeplleHHo.1eTHHX npaBOHapyiHHTeJiefi B AHrJ¶HH OCcylleCTB.7JIIOTC31 B COOTBeTCTBHH c 3aKOHOM o6 yrohIOBHbIX ripeCTyeHJIX H HapyiiieHHXx o6IuecTBeHHoro iops,aKa 1998 r.17 3TOT 3aKOH oiipeae7ieT i Oe1HTHKY B o6JiaCTH HpO(+HjIaKTHKH llpaBOHapyme- HHHl, a TaKoKe Mepbi HaKa3aHHq 3a COBepIueHHbie npeCTyniieHHA H yztejiqeT oco6e BHHMa- HHe peclopMaM B CHCTeMe yrOjiOBHOrO CyaOHIpOH3BOaCTBa. [IpHHSITHe B 1999 r. 3aKoHa o CY,AOHPOH3BOtCTBe H aoKa3aTenbCTBax no yrojiOBHbiM aejIaM HecoBepIIIeHHoJIeTHHxl8 1B.JISIeTCS qaCTbIO ripaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOii nporpaMMbI no yriopSqaOMHBaHHIo npoileRyp B CH- cTeMe CyAOnpoH3Bo)CTBa Ho AejiaM HeCOBepIIIeHHoJIeTHHX. HoBbIii HOJaXOZ, KOTOpbIii npeayCMaTPHBalOT 3TH HeaaBHO IpHHHATbie 3aKOHbI, OCHO- BaH Ha pHH3HaH4HH TOrO, 'TO B IXj4eKTHBHOH 60pb6e C IIOapOCTKOBOR iIpeCTYlIHOCTbIO aOJIWHbI HpHHHMaTb yMaCTHe KaK pa3Hbie rlpaBHTeNbCTBeHHbie BeaOMCTBa, TaK H HelIpa- BHTe.IbCTBeHHbie areHTCTBa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, ynop aejiaeTcq Ha COBMeCTHb1X YCHAH3IX B o6JlaCTTH COUHJIbHOFO o6ecneleHMs, perHOHMbHOrO pa3BHTHS, o6pa3OBaHHS H B CHC- TeMe CyaOHpOH3BOACTBa. a) IHpeCTyIIeHHSI HeCOBepiueHHoQIeTHHX H Mepbl B03,efiCTBH.R HfpoOu,vaKmuKa u pa3eumue Mecmubtx coo6uqecme. HeCMOTpS Ha TO, 'TO aO nocneAHero BpeMeHH nOJIHTHKa 60pb6bi C lpeCTYIIHOCTbIO Cpe/H HeCOBepllleHHo CTHHx 6biJla B OC- HOBHOM HaripaBJieHa Ha IIpHHITHe Mep B OTHOiIeHHH yKe COBepueeHHbIX npeCTynHieHHii, B He1aBHO lpHHSATbIX pe¢opmax npOc+HwiaKTH'ieCKHM mepam OTBOaHTCq pOjib BaKHOrO KOMnOHeHTa JHo6oH CTpaTerHH 60pb6bI C npaBOHapylieHHqMH cpeaH MoJIoAeAK4. rlpaBH- TeJIbCTBeHHa3I CTpaTerHA CHHAKeHHA ripecTynIHOCTH Ha 2000 r. 41 onpeteniJiia MHOrO HO- BbIX HIPHOPHTeTOB H Mep, HIpeayCMOTpeHHbiX 3aKOHOM o6 YIOAOBHbIX ripeCTynIgeHHAX H Hapy ieH.Xx o6IIueCTBeHHOrO nopsAaKa 1998 r. ii 3aKoHoM 0 CyZOnPOH3BoRCTBse H Ao- Ka3aTeJIbCTBax Ho yrOjiOBHbIM aeAaM HeCOBepiIeHHOjieTHHX, HPHHSTOM B 1999 r. OCHOBOI HipOd)HAaKTH'4eCKHX mep ABji5eTCA HOJIHTHKa, HanpaBjieHHaS Ha yjiyq'ie- HHle no1oKeHHS B He6iiaroIOJIy'qHbix 6eaHbIX pafioHax H aKTHBHYIO pa6oTy B MeCTHbIX coo6iueCTBax, OTHOCAIIUHXCS K rpynine pHCKa. [IOnHTHKa HoBoro o6wecTBeHHoro nopsA- Ka npe,rioAaraeT HOJIHoe BOCCTaHOBjieHHe He6OJlblmIHX palHOHOB H ioN,epWKKY COBMeCT- HbIX OiprpaMM C y'aCTHeM MeCTHbIX coo6uLIeCTB, 6JIarOTBOpHTeJlbHbIX OpraHH3aiHH, Me- CTHOII aAMHHHCTpaiLHH H npeanpHHHMaTejieA, rpOrpaMM, HaipaBjieHHbIX Ha peLueHue iipo6AieM 3aHAITOCTH HaCe.7ieHMS, HlOJIy'eHHH JIIOabMH O6pa3OBaHHSI H yjiy'iUeHHA 3Japa- BOOxpaHeHHH. TaK, HaHipHMep, UeHTpaJhbHOe MeCTO B nporpammaX BOCCTaHOBjieHHS He- 67iaroIOJyiHbIX paHlOHOB OTBORHTCA COBepiHeHCTBOBaHHIO pa6OTbI KyAbTypHO-HpOCBe- THTeJIbCKHX HI ZOCYFOBbIX y'pe>K)IeHHH laJA MOjioReKH. IlpoeKT <KeHHsq 267 HbIX npecTynniieHAsx H HapyIIueHHAX o6IIeCTBeHHOrO nopsAaKa 1998 r. npez(ocTaBsIAeT no- nimim npaBo 3azep)KHBaTb IpOrJ1blllHKOB B o6iWeCTBeHHbIX MeCTaX HI BO3BpallaTb HIX B RITKOJIbI. Boiee TOrO, MariCTpaTbI MOryT BbI3BaTb pOAHTejieA B Cyg, nOZ4BeprHyTb HX ape- CTy KHJ InTpa4y, eciiH Hx eTH nporyniHBalOT 3aHATHA B UIKOjie. B HeKOTOpbIX MyHuLwHU a- JIHTeTaX MeCTHbIe Bj1aCTH OpraHH30BaJHcI CiieLHaJbHbIe OTPSAbI Ho 6opb6e c nporynbLLm- KaMH, KOTOpube rioMoralOT mIKOjiaM, CTaJIKHBsaiolHMCA C TaKOiH npo6ieMoHi, yjiy'ImaTb no- ceuIaeMOCTb. KpoMe TOrO, B ile.iIAx o6ecneqeHHi o6WiecTBeHHoro nopAIaKa, coraiacHo 3aKo- Hy, MeCTHaS a,AMHHHCTpaUHAS MoXKeT BBeCTH ZtsI AeTeA. Cucmema cydonpou36oacmea no deAaw neco6epwuenHonwemnux. Il.ena 6o.7IbljHHcTBa He- COBepiLeHHojieTHHX rpaBoHapyiuHTeieii paccMaTpIBa1OTCq cygLaMH no aejiaM HecOBep- iIeHHOJieTHHX (cieuHa.HIbHblii CyJ MarHCTpaTa), B KOTOpbIX OaHHM H3 MarHCTpaTOB l,OJnKHa 6bITb w(eHIHHHa. rlpecca H o6LiIeCTBeHHOCTb He AOnYCKaIOTCA B 3an1 3aceaaHHrH cyzLa, HMSA rpaOHapyml4Teni He Coo6uIlaeTCA H He He cHOJb3yeTCS TepMHH (npaBoHapyilnuTe.nb TOJIbKO <<(pH3HaeTcS BHHOBHbIM»). rIpH3HaHHbIii BHHOBHbIM npaBoHapyI MO)KeT 6blTb nepexaaH Ha HOPYKH pO,HTeJISAM HiiH oneKy- Hy, 1IOa HaA30p MeCTHblIX opraHOB HJIH nOA Haa3op COTPYAHHKa CJIyK6bI rpo6aIIH4, eCJ1H pe6eHoK He aOCTi4r 16 jieT. B KaMeCTBe aJIbTepHaTHBbi ripaBOHapyIllTeJIb Mo0KeT 6bITb OILUTpa4IOBaH, HO IHTpa4 3a npaBOHapyul4TenS B BO3paCTej iO 16 nieT HiiiaTAT ero poai4Te- Ji i4im oneKyH. B nocnieZkH4e iBa roata ipaBHBTenJbCTBo BeJIHKo6pHTaHH4, HOMUMO NPOBseeHHAs npe- BeHTHBHbIX Mep, BbICTyHHJIO C HOBbIMH 1HH4LtHaTLH BaMi HO COBeplIeHCTBOBaH410 pa6OTbI C AeTbMH H HIOapOCTKaMH, KOTOpbIe COBepuiH7H H1pOTHBOrlpaBHbIe ieSAHHS. 3TH HH4itma- THBbI BKjH0o1aIOT BbIHeceHi4e HiocnieaHero npeAynpexKceHHA, peimeHne o KoMHneHcaiJH Ha- HeceHHOrO yIuep6a (Koraa HeCoBepmUeHHo7ieTHHirH npaBOHapylIlD4TeK7baomKeH B3sATb Ha ce- 6A OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a coBepinieHHoe npecTynnieHHe H ero nociieiLCTBHIq) H pelmeHl4e o6 aKTHBHbIX mepax B03,aeACTBHA, rpeanoiarawomee peaIH3anHIO KOpOTKOH HHTeHCHBHOH riporpaMMbi aKTHBHbIX mep no meCTy)K4Te.IbCTBa (BK1noMaA HaKa3aHaie, pea6rnuTaurno H KOMHeHcaitH1o yiuep6a). PeimeHi4e 0 POaIHTeJIbCKOM Haa3ope HpH3BaHO HOMOMb pOZtHTe- JIAM B3STb HOa KOHTpO7Ib nOBeaeHie pe6eHKa, a HOCTaHOBJIeHHe 0 3aep.)iKaH4H H HanpaB- nieHHH Ha nepeBOCnHTaHHCe npeaycMaTPHBaeT coiaep*amIe HpaoHapytI4Tenx no, apec- TOM H HarIpaBJleHHe ero Ha repeBocnHTaHHe, a 3aTem nepeeaay no, CTpOFHH HaHa3Op. Me)KBeitoMCTBeHHbie, opraHH3OBaHHbie no Tepp1Top1anbHoMy HPHHUHHy Cne1ui- anjbHbIe rpynribI 1o 6opb6e C HeCOBepi HeHHOJleTH4MII npaBOHapylHHTeJIA4MH, B COCTaB KO- TOPbIX BXOqST nOJiHLeHCKHe, COTPYaHHKH CJIyw6bi npo6aiHH, coui4aHJbHbIe pa6OTHHKH, pa6OTHH4KH4 o6pa3OBaHwA H 3itpaBOOxpaHeHHs, 1IpOBOAST pa6oTy c MOJOiobiMH npaBOHa- pylIHTenJIS1M Ha MeCTax, peiuaA IIX npo6JieMbI BO BCeX c4)epax, BKJlo'aS ceMblo, o6yqe- HHeH 3lAOpOBbe. I4x LeATenJbHOCTb KOOPLHHHpyeT YnpaBeneHHe 1no enaM HecOBepmieH- HOJIeTHHX, KOTOpOe 6bIZO OpraHH43OBaHO B COOTBeTCTBH4 C 3aKOHOM o6 yroJIOBHbIX npe- CTynIieHHAIX 14 Hapy1IeHHHo 6IIieCTBeHHOrO nOpIAiKa, MTo6bI C03aaTb o6leHauHOHa7ib- HYIO CTPYKTYPY ARJIAI HPHHSTHS 4ApelHTeJbHblX mep no 6opb6e C npeCTYHHOCTb1O Ha MeC- Tax. Ha HerO B03JIOCKeHbI cPyHKLLH1 no ocyWeCTBjieHI4O Haa3opa 3a BceMH o6JIaCTSAMi e- ATenJbHOCTH CHCTeMb1 Cy1LOHpOH3BO1LCTBa HoaeniaM HeCOBepuieHHoeTHHX H HP"HHATHIO HeO6xOAiHMbIx Mep. OHO aaeT peKOMeHaaiHH npaB4TenbCTBy Ho pa3pa6OTKe HauHOHanb- HbIX CTaHaapTOB H BbIABJ1AeT HeiOCTaTKH B CHCTeMe, KOTOpbIe 3aTH'HBalOT Cyie6HbIe pa36HpaTenbcTBa no teniam HeCOBepIUeHHo.ieTHHX HpaBOHapyIIHTeIiei. Pe4opMHpOBaH4e cyale6HORi CHCTeMb1 Ho ae.7iaM HecOBepiiieHHonIeTHHX npaBOHapy- UT'reJiell ABJIS1eTCA iaCTbIO HOBOH HIpOrpaMMbi HpaBHTeJIbCTBa, HaHpaBjieHHOH Ha CH4- flAohoeHme AeTeA B POCCHUCKOU OPeA.LepaL,uu. 268 HTOrH coLAwaAbHoA nOAHTHKI 1990-x rOJOB u nepcneKTHBbI >KeHHe IOapOCTKOBO4i npecTyHHOcTH. 3aKOH 0 CyaOIpOH3BOQaCTBe H 1OKa3aTenbCTBax no yrOJIOBHbIM .iejiaM HecoBeplIUeHHo1eTHix, HpHIHSTbliH B 1999 r., BKJHiOiaeT noilo.KeHI4 o TOM, 'ITO Aejia HeCOBepmieHHoj1eTHHX HpaBOHapy1lHTeJieii, KOTOpbIe npeaCTajH4 nepez Cy,aOM B flepBbIHI pa3, rHP3Ha14 ce6A BHHOBHbIMH H He rojiMHJnI HaKa3aHHSI, CBS3aHHO- ro C jIniHuHHeM CBo6oLLbI, cieayeT HanpaB.ISITb B cre4HaTIbHbll, HaXOAU1LIHlC51A Ho MeCTY *K4TeCJbCTBa Cya P1HC5DKHbIX Ho ioejiM HeCOBepimeHHOjieTHHX. Cy, 1P1HCADKHbIX COBMe- CTHO C rpyiiHoi no 6opb6e C HeCOBeplIeHHoJTiTH4MH npaBOHapyul4TeJIAM1 BbIABJISleT IpHHl4HbI, nOBjieKIIIHe 3a co6oiH npOTHBOnpaBHbIc eeHCTB1sA, npH MylaCTH14 CaMHX npa- BOHapylnTeiie H HX pOLAHTeIieH HPHHiM4aeT HHJHB14HyajibHbie Mepbl B OTHOIIIeHHH HX HIOBeIeHHI1. TaKHM o6pa3oM, aTO HO3BO31BeT npliHHTb HipeBeHTIIBHbie Mepbi cpa3y rocJ1e COBepIueHHSA repBoro rpaBOHapyuieHHAI. 4. CoeAH HeHHbie WTaTbi AMepHKH 4. 1 ,47emu, ocma8wuecq 6e3 noneqeHuR poaumeiiei a) OnpejaeAeHHs OCHOBHbIX IIOHSITHii IoCmoaibllu cmamyc. Be3oriaCHbie, CTa6lIJIbHbIe yCJIOBIIA, B KOTOpbIX pe6eHOK IKHBeT, BOCnHTbIBaeTC5 1H yCTaHaBJIIIBaeT HpOWIHbIe, ,OBepHTeZJbHbie OTHOHleHHS C 3a6OTAInIHMCS O HeM JIiHiUOM, ripeiO'ITHTeJIbHO B 6HonfornIeCKOil CeMbe. HpeKpauNenue poaume.7bcKux npaa. HOCTaHOB3leHne cyja o HpeKpalleHHH pOaIHTeJIb- CKHX rpaB 6HOJIOrFiMeCKHX pOjT4TeJIeR. Ycbu-tow7euiue. rlOJIHaSI repelaTa Bcex POAUTITeAbCKH1X o6sA3aHHocTer 61loJlorwm-ecKnx pOAHTeJIeH Hipi4MHbIM pOZIHTeJIAM. IOpuduwecKasi oneKa. IOpHJUPWeCKII O(pOpMIeHHbIe rOCTOSHHbIe H caMoroaAepwKnBa- IOWHeCS OTHoHIeHIl4 Me>Kay pe6eHKOM H OHeKyHOM, KOTOpOMy nepegIaHbl (pYHKLIHH no 3aIIwTe pe6eHKa, ero o6yqeHrnO, 3a6oTe o HeM, Haa3Opy, BOCHllTaHI10 H HpHHSATHIO Heo6- XOJ,HMbIX peiueHHH. Bocnumanue y poacmeeenuKo0. floJIoaKeH4e, KOrFa 6a6ymllKa H aeiymlKa n431 jpyrne PO,aCTBeHHHKH 3aHMlalOTCA BOCH4TaHHnM pe6eHKa, 6Hojior-IecKHe POal4Te3iH KOTOpOFO He MOFYT 14JI14 He XOTST 3a6oTmTbC1 0 HeM. IloneyumeAbcmoo. BpeMeHHaA oneKa Haa pe6eHKOM, KOTOpbIII 6bIJI OTo6paH y CBOeH 6nojiorwiecKOR CeMbll, HOKa areHTCTBO CoIHaJIbHoro o6ecreieHH aeTeH peluaeT BOnpOC 0 TOM, MO)KHO J114 BepHyTb pe6eHKa CeMbe 1i1i14 ero c31e,1yeT repeIaaTb Ha yCbIHoB37eHne. HaJI3Op 3a HoneH4TenJbCTBOM ocyIIueCTBJI51eT areHTCTBO COUHanjbHOFO o6ecneieHI AaeTei!. 6) HopMaTHBHo-npaBoBaA 6a3a KOHiierIIHS IHOCTOSHHOFO HpaBOBOrO CTaTyca HOAB4jiaCb B COeRIHHeHHbIX IJTaTaX B 1980 r., Koraa B pe3yJlbTaTe Cepbe3HbIX HI3MeHeHHI B HIOJIIITH4Ke 3aKOH o6 oxpaHe aeT- CTBa H CogeQCTBHH B yCbIHOB3IeHIH CTail 3aKOHOAaTeZJbHbIM aKTOM. Ec3iu npe,zKe none- 'IHTeJIbCTBO paCCMaTPHBaj3OCb KaK «i B c(cepe COuIajIbHOH HOMOLII JeTAM, TO HOBaS HO1HTHKa HaripaBjeHa Ha rIpHHATHe BCeX mep K TOMy, 'TO6bI pe6eHOK MOr OCTaTbCA1 B CBOeil CeMbe IIJ143 BepHyTbCA K 6IHo3orneCKeKHM pOaHTe3IAM, KaK TO31bKO aTO H1O3BO31HT CHTyauHI. TeM He MeHee, pa3BHTiHe HCTOpIInI aMeplKaHCKOFO 3aKOHoaaTeSbCTBa B ccbepe coIIH- aJIbHOFO o6ecrieHIeLIsI eTeT iiij10 no HyTH npeo6pa3OBaHHlH OT HpIPOpHTeTHOCTH BOCCOe- npm.no>KeHH. 269 JtHeHHA CeMbH B 1980-e rr. K 60JIbIbuOMy aKUeHTY Ha yCbIHOBjieHHe B KOHUe 1990-x rr. 9TO CB513aHO C TeM 4IaKTOM, -ITO BCe 6o.nbme aeTerl noraJga1OT roa OHneKy H BCe MeHb1He geTef MOrYT BepHyTbCA B 63aronOaIyMHyIO H HOCTOSHHYIO CeMblO. rporpaMMa HOloaep)K- KH4 H COXpaHeHHA1 CeMbH, KOTOpaSI 6bIjIa pa3pa6oTaHa B 1993 r. B CBA3H C yBejIHMeHHeM ii4cJia ,aeTefl, riepeqaHHbIX Ha roneMeHHe, npe,ycmaTPHBana BbIetJieHHe fZonOJIHHTeJib- HbIX Cpe,lCTB Ha ripoq)HJIaKTHIeCKyIO H 3KCTpeHHYIO HOMOIHIb AleTAM H CeMbAM rpyniibl pHCKa. KpoMe TOrO, 6bLYIH IIpHHATbI 3aKoH o6 yCTpOflCTBe AeTe 1H3 pa3HbIX 3THHMeCKHX rpynn (1994 r.) H 3aKoH 0 MecX3THH'eCKOM noaxoae K YCTPOiiCTBy jeTeii (1996 r.), KO- TOpbIe 6bIIH HanpaBjieHbI Ha 6Opb6y HpOTHB npeAOCTaBJIeH"4 npeHlMyIIeCTB no paCOBO- My npH3HaKy HpH YCTPOiiCTBe AeTei, a TaKxce npOTHB AJIHTenJbHOrO npe6bIBaHHS no, BpeMeHHOfi oHeKoHi H He6IiaroHpH5ITHbIx nocJIezCTBHHi TaKoro no,axoAZa aIs ,AeTe H3 Ha- flHOHaJIbHbIX MeHbUI1JHCTB. OJaHaKO HMCHHo 3aKOH o6 yKpeIJieHHH ceMbH H yCbIBOBJIeHH4 1997 r. 42 o6ecneM4i4I KOMnHieKCHblH HOJaXoa K peiII4HHIO BOnpOCa O HOCTOSIHHOM iOpiaHMeCKOM CTaTyCe. Kpo- Me TOrO, OH AIBHJICSI OTpaKeHHeM H3MeHeHHr B CBA34 C nepexo,oM K yCbIHOBJIeHHIO KaK OCHOBHOMy cnoco6y o6ecne'ieHHA rOCTOAHHoro cTaTyca pe6eHKa (nocI7e BOccoeR4HeHHAs ceMbu) U CTaJI CTHMYJIOM aJlH yBeJii4eH5lluiic.7JIa yCbIHoBjieHHH B mITaTax. B TO ,Ke Bpe- MA rIpHHHMal1TCS Mepbi HO COBepIIIeHCTBOBaHHIO pa6OTbl IIpOcUjIaKTHUeCK4X cJIy)K6 B paMKax rlpOrpaMMbi rozLgep)KKH 6jarono.7y'HbIx H KpeIKHX ceMeH, npoBeaeHHe KOTO- pOi sABJIAeTCA MaCTbio 3aKoHa o6 yKpeiHj1eHH CeMbH H yCbIHOBJIeHHH. B) Y1aCTHHIKH npoi,ecca H HX IIOJIHOMOqHqS CoiiHaJIbHaA nOMOlUb U 3aIlIHTa aeTeH, HOMHMO m PezaepaibHorO 4bHHaHCHpOBaHHS CHCTe- Mbl COuma.JIbHOrO o6ecre'eHHuA, peryJIHPYIOTCA 3aKOHOaaTenjbCTBOM Ka,-AKoro 1UTaTa. DTO 03Ha,iaeT, 'ITO HIOJITHKa, yMaCTHHKH npouecca U HX HOJIHOMOMIu4 MoryT MeHATbCS B 3a- BHCHMOCTH OT IITaTa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, HH)e HIPHBOa5TCH HaH6ojiee pacrIpOCTpaHeHHbie o6iiine rIOJIOKCKHH4I B CHCTeMe COuHaJIbHOFO o6eCHe'IeHHM aeTeR B COeaHHeHHbIX [iTa- TaX, KOTOpbIC He BKJIIOiaIOT no,apo6Horo paCCMOTpeHHS oco6eHHOCTeri pa6OTbI OpFaHOB COUHajIbHOrO o6ecneMeHHI4 pa3HbIX IIJTaTOB. Aieimcm6a co4ua,7UbHoo o6ecnemeruul aemeii u cyd. rocyaapCTBeHHbIe areHTCTBa co- UHajIbHOrO o6eCe'IeHHAS AeTeH OCcyiueCTBJI71AOT CBOIO AeqTeSJbHOCTb Ha MyHiuHnaAbHOM YPOBHe nO, KOHTpOJIeM AeIiapTameHTOB COIUaIbHOR HOMOHUIU Ho6CJIy>KXBaHSI B aAMH- HHCTpaIUHH Ka)K(OrO IHITaTa. AreHTCTBa npeaLOCTaBJI51OT IHI4pOKii CreKTp ycJIyr, HaM4- HaA OT no,t6opa HpHeMHOH CCMbH H yCbIHOBHTeJieH H JHU:eH3HPOBaHH5 rpHIOTOB ceMei- HorO THna U KOH'aA HaA3POM 3a BCeMH THHnaMH yCTpOHCTBa AeTeH. OHU TaK)Ke pacnpe- AeJIAHOT 4)HHaHCOByio rOMO1b aeTAM, riepetaHHbIM Ha roneqeHHe, u HpOBOAAT KOHCyJIb- TajiH AJIAA eTeH, po0LITeJIeH, HpuHMHbIX pOALHTeJIie, yCbIHOBHlTeiieH HU pyrHX ITuu, KO- TOpbIe 3a60T5ATCAo 0eTAX. AreHTCTBa CO1IHanjbHOrO o6ecneMeHHlI MOryT 6bITb KaK rOCyaapCTBeHHbIMI, TaK H 4a- CTHbIMU 4y,pewKeHIsAMI npu COXpaHeHHH OnpeAeJieHHbIX IOJIHOMOMHlU TOJIbKO 3a rocy- AapCTBeHHbIMm areHTCTBaMl. TaK, HarpiMep, eCJIH 3a6oTy o jeTAx 6epeT Ha ce6s 'IaCT- Hoe areHTCTBO COHHaJIbHOH nOMOiUH, ,aTH HaXO,ATCA ioA rocyAapCTBCHHbIM HaA3OpOM, T.e. HOA HaI3OpOM AenapTameHTa COUaJbHOrO o6cJIyK(4BaHHSA MYH4IHIanJIbHbIX opra- HOB lIHTaTa, KOTOpbIU COBMeCTHO C MaCTHbIM areHTCTBOM HOAOT4eTeH CYAY B BOrpOCaX yCbIHOBjIeHHA1 HJIU nOCTOAHHOrO 1OpHAHMeCKOFO CTaTyCa. TeM He MeHee, 'laCTHbIe opra- H43auiH COHHaJbHOFO O6ecHeMeHI4A BbICTyHialOT B KaqeCTBe riiaBHbIX iiapTHepOB rocy- 2apCTBeHHbIX areHTCTB COuHaHIbHOIO o6ecneMeHHS AeTeH H AenapTameHTOB COlHaJIbHO- flOnOAKeHme AeTeU B POCCHACKOU OeAepaLmu. 270 lITorw coLuuaAbHoA nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAoB u nepcneKTHBbI ro o6CJIyWHBaHH1A MyHH4iiHrIabHbIX opraHOB BjiaCTH B n peOCTaBJIeHHH KOHcyAbTaTHB- HbIX ycJIyr, opraHH3aimHH pa6OTbI roneiHTenJbCKHX yqpe)KleHHiH HAn HeceHHe oTBeTCT- BeHHOCTH 3a npouleAypbi yCbIHOBjieHHA. THaCTHbIe areHTCTBa, KaK npaBHJIO, OCyllueCTBJIs3- IOT CBOIO Ae5ITe.bHOCTb Ha OCHOBaHHH .iueH3HH, BbIaaHHO4 IeriapTameHTOM COiHajib- Horo o6CJIyH(HBaHH5 IIITaTa. B paMKax pa3JIH'HbIX accoUHatHrl u o6'beZtHHeHHr4 YaCTHbIe areHTCTBa KOOpAHHHpyIOT CBOIO AeATenJbHOCTb o BOHnpocaM ripe ocTaseHH3 H CoBep- IfleHCTBOBaHHS yciyr i4 o6MeHHBaIOTCA OIlbITOM C areHTCTBaMH COiiHajbHOrO o6ecneqe- HH3I /eTeR H CenapTameHTam O COHU7bHOrO O6Cjiy*HBaHHSI. Bce peieHI4s o6 43MeHeHHH yCJIOBHr ipOX(HIBaHHSI pe6eHKa IPHHHMaIOTCS CylaoM, B rnepBYIO otepeZb nO HHHUHaTHBe areHTCTBa COUIaIbHoro o6ecieqeHHAI. OHaKO B pa3- HbIX lflTaTaX CyuIeCTBYIOT pa3HbIe npoueAypbi paCCMOTpeHHA jeni H pa3HbIe CPOKH fIpH- HATHS pemeHHH. 3To CJIaYHT HOBOjOM AJIA KPHTHMeCKHX BbICTynJIeHlHi C IpH3bIBaMH HPHHHTb MepbI K rapMOHH3aumHH 3aKOHOB IITaTOB H COBepLueHCTBOBaHHIO HpaBHJI H nlpo- ue,ayp, 'ITO6bI YCKOpHTb npouecc npHSTHS1 cyAe6HbIX peieHHll. ODedepawnb1ube aienmcmea cotiuawbuozo o6ecneve?iuw demeui. Ha (peaepan¶bHOM YPOBHe pa60TY B 06J¶aCTH COjHBAJbHOrO o6eCHeMeHHA JieTeA H MOnOJaeWKH OCyIIUeCTBJUIOT 'eTbIpe 6iopo. OH4 ABASIOTCS rioepa3JeneHAM4 ()ezepaAbHOrl aAMHHHCTpauLHH Ho ae7iam ae- Tell, MOj1Oeie)KH H CeMb4, KOTOPalS BXOJ1HT COCTaBHOr4 'aCTblO B A.MHHHCTpaUHIO no are- iiaM ,aeTei H MOjiOJge)KH B M1HHCTePCTBe 3apaBooxpaHeHM4 H COUHa1ibHbIX Cjiyw6. rFaB- HaA 3aAa'Ia 610pO COCTOHT B TOM, MTo6bI HanpaBJIATb 4beztepaJIbHbIe CpeaCTBa Ha rocyAap- CTBeHHbie HpOirpaMMbI coHHaJbHOFO o6ecneqeHHS AeTeA, Bbipa6aTbIBaTb peKOMeHaaimH H ytaCTBOBaTb B peaniH3aUuH iporpaMM. rSITb peFHOHanJbHbIX OTaeneHHA AaMHHHCTpa- UHH Ho ztejiam JaeTeii H CeMbI cjiyxcaT OCHOBHbIMH UeHTPaMH ripeZOCTaBhieHHS4 HH47OpMa- UIIHH H4 OMOJIjH HITaTaM H IIleMeHHbIM o6LIliHaM, B KOTOpbIX HIPOBOAITCS HpOrpaMMbI CO- UHaIAbHOrO o6eCieMeHHS =CTeH. OH4 TaK)Ke KOHTpOJIpyIOT npOrpaMMbi, HPOBOaHMbIe MYHHIIUHHnIbHbIMH4 OpraHaMH. nlozpo6Hee o Ilporpammax 4HHaHCHpOBaHHS CM. HHwe. Biopo no Aeniam aeTeiH, KOTOpbIe ABJISIOTCS rniaBHbIMH ytaCTHHKaMH npoiecca nepe- ,Jawm AReTeiH Ha none'IeHHe H yCbIHOBJIeHHe, COBMeCTHO C areHTCTBaMH IHTaTOB H MyHH4L4- HanJbHbIMH CJIy)K6aM4 3aHHMmaOTCA pa3pa6OTKOA psAaa rporpaMM, KOTOpbie HanpaB7ieHbI Ha npe OTBpaieHHe KeCTOKOrO o6paliueHHS C eTbMH B He6JIaroHOJIyqHbIX CeMbAX, Ha BOCCTaHOBjieHHe cemen HJI4 HOCK MeCTaJIA IOCTOSHHOrO yCTpOHCTBa Tex AeTell, KO- TOpbIe He MOrYT BepHyTbC5A B CBOII CeMbH. BIOpO 3aIIHTbI aeTCTBa pacnpeiejAieT MexKay IlHTaTaMH, TeppHTOp14AMH H pe3epBaIIHOHHbIMH4 o6IUHlHaMHi qpeJepajlbHbIe CpeACTBa, ipeAHa3Ha'1eHHbIe AJIA OKa3aHH5 HOMOIUH MaAoo6ecneMeHHbIM ceMbAM, ripeHOCTaBJIAA HM JLOCTYIH K Ka'eCTBeHHbIM yciyraM B ccfepe 3al1UHTbI z(eTCTBa B TOM cJIyae, eCJIH pOJ14- TenIH pa6oTaloT, rHonIyMalOT o6pa3OBaHHe HJIH HOBbiilialOT KBaAH4HKaUmio. Biopo COLiH- aJIbHOH4 iOMOIiiH Mo.7ioz(e*i H ceMbe 3aHHMaeTCq Hpo6JieMaMH Moj1oaewH H OKa3bIBaeT HOMOIUb qaCTHbIM mIUaM H1 OpraHH3aUl51M B rpeJgOCTaB.7ieH4H ycCiyr MoJoJAbIM JZIOAAM H HX CeMbA1M B KPH3HCHbIX C4TyaUlHAX. fporpaMMa HaijenIeHa Ha HPOBeAeHHe pa6oTbl iO npo4H7iaKTHKe aeTCKO4 npecTynHOCTH H npo474naKTHKe o6iuero yxyaLeHIH5 YCJIOBHHf )KH3HH rIyTeM BbiejiZeHH4A CpeACTB H OKa3aHH5 rOiAAepHKH MeCTHbIM Coo6IWeCTBaM B Op- raHH3aium COUHanJbHOrO o6CJIy)KH4BaHHA1 H COUfHabHorl HoMoflHu MojioaeKH, oco6eHHO 6e3Ha1A30pHbIM H 6e3AOMHbIM CeTqM H HOapOCTKaM. EiUe OLHO 610pO PYKOBOaIHT H1pOBe- LeHHeM riporpaMMbI «YCHeIfHbIH CTapT> JIA51eTeiJiOMKOnbHOrO Bo3paCTan 13 MaJIoo6e- creqeHHbIX ceMerl. B paMKax 3TOA ipOprpaMMbI HPOBOaATCA MepOHIpH4TH1A, KOTOpbIe Ha- ripaBJeHbI Ha yMCTBeHHOe, 3MOU14OHaJIbHOe, CoLHanJIbHoe H c)143H'1eCKoe pa3BHTHe aeTeR. HporpaMMa npeycmaTP4BaeT ripeOCTaBjieHHe yClyr, HanpaBjieHHbIX Ha couHaflbHoe npAno>KeHHuq 271 H KOMrIieKCHoe pa3BHTHle AeTeA B BO3paCTe Ao nISTH IieT H oKa3aHHe HOMOHJJ HX pOJHTe- ISiM. FpaHTbI Ha IIPOBeAeHme nporpamm <,YCneIUHbIA CTapT» npHcyC*aaIOTCA MyHHUH- nanbHbIM rocyAapCTBeHHbIM HJI HerOCyJIaPCTBeHHbIM HeKOMmepHeCK4m opraHH3alIHsIM. r) HIpaKTHqeCKHe mepOnpHSTHR B o6JIacTH CORHaBbHoro o6ecnemeHHs AeTeik Pe6e?oiK, poaumeAu, ceMb% u o6u4ecm6o. riaBHaS ueJIb HOAHTHKH COIHajibHOrO o6eciieqe- HH15 AeTCe B CILA COCTOHT B CO3AaHHH ARS Kamioro pe6eHKa TaKHX yCIoBHr, KOTOpbIe o6ecnenBa.7ian 6bI emy 6e3onacHocTb, nOCTOSHHbIl CTaTYC H 6AaronoAyMlle. TaKHM o6pa- 30M, pe6eHoK, 6e3yCIoBHO, 3aHHMaeT UeHTPanJbHOe MeCTO B cbepe o6iiieCTBeHHbIX HHTe- peCOB. I4HTepecaM pOlHTeieiI H apyrHx yqaCTHHKOB npoiiecca OTBO1aHTCS BTOpOCTeneH- HaA pOJIb. HecMOTpA Ha TO, WTO 6HoAorH'ieCKaA ceMbA paccmaTPHBaeTCA KaK HaH6ojiee noAxoAAniuaA cpeaa A.nsi pa3BHTHSA H BOCHHTaHHA pe6eHKa, MoryT 6bITb onpeae.neHbI Z(py- rHe (OpMbI roneqeHHA, eCJIH 3TO B IoJHOii mepe oTBe'IaeT HHTepecaM pe6eHKa. C rOMo- MbIO areHTCTB COLHaIAbHOrO o6ecneIeHeH5 AleTeiH o6IiieCTBO KOHTpOJIHpyeT zeiCTBH5 p0- ,asITejieA H 3a6OTHTTCl o 6Jiarono.TyIrnH pe6eHKa. Ko6wen4u.q nocmoznnozo cmamyca. B COeAHHeHHbIX ilTaTax OCo6bfl4 aKLeHT B nO- .IIHTHKe COLIHaAbHOrO o6ecne'IeHHA aeTeHi tejiaeTC5 Ha KOHeieHUlHH HOCTO5AHHOrO CTaTyca. B OCHOBe 3TOrO rozxoJla jeIfCHT IIOHHMaHHe TOrO, 'TO TOJIbKO IIOCTOSHHbIe OTHOIleHHI c roneqHTe.TeM MOryT o6ecne'HTb pe6eHKy 6e3onacHocTb H 6iiarono.7y'i"e. 3aKoH o6 yK- peiiieHHH CeMbH H yCbIHOBjieHHH BK.IHOMaeT pAA noAo*eHHr4, KOTOpbIe HaipaBAeHbI Ha YCKOpeHme npouecca nepe,aau pe6eHKa H3-rioa BpeMeHHOfI oneKH Ha roHieleHHe B nO- CTOAHHOe MeCTO Hpe6bIBaHHA. CyiiueCTByeT HeCKOJIbKO cHoco6OB o6ecieMeHI4A nOCTOS1HHOFO 1OpH,4H'eCKOrO CTaTy- ca. HaH6ojiee HpearioxITHTenJbHbIM OcTaeTCS 3a6OTa H BOCHHTaHHe B YCJIOBHAIX 6narono- JIy`HO 14IH CTa6HJIbHoii 6HoJIorH'IeCKO4 CeMbH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B CJIyiae B03HHKHOBeHHA npo6.neM, areHTCTBa coHaHJIbHOrO o6ecnexieHHSI OKa3bIBaIOT npo4UH4jaKTHMecKyjo rio- MOlllb C LlenblO coxpaHeHHA ceMbH HJIH npl4HHmIIOT 3c14eKTHBHOe yHaCTHe B ripouecce Boccoe,LHHeHHA CeMbH. EcIiH BOCCOe,HHeHHe CeMbH He OTBeYaeT HHTepeCaM pe6eHKa, B KpaTqair4He CpOKH HeO6xOAHMO HaTH 4apyroe pemeHHe o ero ycTpollcTBe. PeIIeHHiA O ripeaOCTaBj eHH nOCTOSHHOFO CTaTyca BKiioxialOT yCbIHOBJIeHHe, IOpHatH4,eCKYIO oneKy H, B Ka'eCTBe aJAbTepHaTHBbI, nepegamy Ha AonrocpoMHoe roreqeHHe, rpHmeM caMbIH no- cJieAHIA Bapi4aHT CM4TaeTCA HaHMeHee npeAnO'ITHTeJIbHbIM H HCHO7Ib3yeTCS TOJbKO B oco6bix cAy'IaAx nepe,Aan J,aeTer Ha none'eHme pOlACTBeHHHKOB. J4eTH MOryT 6bITb He- pe,aaHbI Ha yCbIHOBjieHHe pOACTBeHHHKaM, apy3bAM CeMbH 1H1 paHee HeH3BeCTHbIM UpH- eMHbIM POaT4TeZA5M, HaHieHHbIM areHTCTBOM coijHanjbHoro o6ecHeMeHHS4. YCbIHOBjieHHe, HecoMHeHHO, C'IHTaeTCA HaH6ojiee HpeAJIO'ITHTeJIbHbIM BapHaHTOM, OaHaKO B 3aKoHe o6 yKpeniiieHHH ceMbH H yCbIHOBnIeHHH rOBOPHTCA 0 TOM, 'iTO KaXabIR cjiyHaii oco6eHHbIH H Tpe6yeT AHW4epeHIH1POBaHHoro noAxojAa: peiueHlll nplHHHHMaIOTCS Ha OCHOBe HHRH- BHI1,ayMbHOrO noaxojaa K Ka*KaOMy ciyIaIo. TaKHM o6pa3oM, TaKHe aJIbTepHaTHBHbie Ba- pHaHTbI, KaK iopHaH'eCKH ocopMwieHHaA oneKa HAlI nepe,Aa a Ha xaonrocpo Hoe nonexie- HHe MOFyT HCHOAb3OBaTbCS, KorAa yCbIHOBAeHHe He Hpe,ACTaBnAeTCSA BO3MOICHbIM (Ha- npHMep, B TaKHX OCo6bIX cjiy'aqx, Korja y ateTeii 6o0ee cTapmIIero BO3paCTa coxpaHAIOT- CA 6ria3KHe OTHoIueHHA C 6HoAorH'eCKHMH pOA14TeIAsMH). KpoMe Toro, B nocneAHHe ro- JabI 3Ha'IHTeJbHO B03pOCJO qHcH7O ieTeH, repeRaHHbIX Ha noneqeH4e gpyri4M 'ieHaM ce- MbH 6e3 I0PHaqecHiCKH o4IopMAeHHoro pa3peimeHHA HAIH HOpy'HTeAbCTBa (noneIeHI4e pO,aCTBeHHHKOB). MTo6bi ripiZaaTb iopHi4'meCKIA CTaTYC 3THM OTHOIfeHHSM, HOOIIpAeT- CA oc opMAeHme oneKH HAm Rae YCbIHOBieHHe pOACTBeHHHKaMH. fnOAoweHme geTee B POCCHACKOA WeAepaLAwH. 272 klTorm coLAHaAbHoA nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI IlpeKpau4euue poaumeAbcKux npae. HeCMOTPA Ha TO, 'ITO POZLHTeNJbCKHe ripaBa 3amH- meHbl KOHCTHTyUHeii, B CHCTeMe UeHHOCTeH aMepHKaHCKOrO 3aKOHoaaTeZbCTBa 6.maroco- CTOqHi4e pe6eHKa CTOHT BbIIIIC POITeJIbCKHX ipaB Ha pe6eHKa. EcjIH CTaHOBHTCq ACHO, 'ITO 6Ho7iorilIeCKHe POJHTJIIH pe6eHKa He MOryT o6ecHeIMHTb Heo6xOaHMbIe yCjiOBH5 x7iA 6e3onacHocTH, HOCTOSHHOrO cTaTyca H 6jiarococToaHrn pe6eHKa, POgmeTeiHu MoryT 6bITb J.HIHueHbI PO,HTeJIbCKHX npaB, a pe6eHOK nepejaaH Ha yCbIHOBjiHHee. JIiqs o4opMjie- HH5I HIOJHOH nepegaMn Bcex POaHTejibCKHX npaB iHieMHbIM pOAHTeJIAM, Heo6xoaHMo, 'ITo6bI 6bIJII npeKpaueHbI Bce npaBa 6HOTIOrHMeCKHX POaHTenjei pe6eHKa. KaK TOJIbKO Cy,a HpHHHMaeT peIUeH4e O npeKpaIIIeHHu pO,l4Te.JIbCKHX ipaB H repejatie pe6eHKa Ha yCbIHOBJIeHHH, 3TO peiueHHe ABjSieTCA OKOHiaTeJIbHbIM H OTBe'-aeT HHTepeCaM pe6eHKa C TO'qKH 3peffHl rapaHTH14 ero yCTpOiiCTBa Ha IIOCTOSHHOe MeCTO )KITeJIbCTBa. 3aKoH o6 yKpelJICHH4 CeMbl H yCbIHOBJIeHHH riJIacHT, 'ITO jejio o nOCTOAHHOM CTaTy- ce AOJDKHO paccmaTpHBaTbC3 B Te4eHHe 12 MeCALeB C MoMeHTa nepegaqH pe6eHKa Ha no- ne'IeH4e. ,Zejio JIHIIjeHI4H POaHTenJbCKHx npaB Mo)KeT 6bITb BO36y)KaeHO, ecnjI pe6eHoK Haxo,aHTCA Ha nonereHHe rocyaapcTBa 15 HI3 Hiociie,HHx 22 MecAi5eB H eCJIH OH He HaXO- JaITCI Ha nlOlle'eHHH pOACTBeHH4KOB. 3aKOH o6 yKpenieHIHH ceMbH H yCbIHOBJIeH4H TaK- we rpeaycmaTpHBaeT 6e3OTAaraTeAbHoe Bo36ypKaeHL e aejia o JIIHieHHH aOJ HT JIbCKHX npaB, eciiH pe'-b ,aeT o 6pOIiieHHOM pe6eHKe H ecIiH OaHH H3 pORHTeiieH COBepnIjHi y6HH- CTBO, yMbILIJIeHHOe y6HiICTBO HnJIH Hara,teHHe c iie3iblO COBepIIIITb npeCTyHiieHHe B OT- HOIueHI4HH KOrO-JIH60 H13 CBOHX zpyrHx aeTeH. BMeCTe C TeM POITe.7IbCKHer npaBa MOryT 6bITb ipeKpaleIIHbI go6pOBOJIbHO Ha OCHOBaHHH O()HUHa7ibHOrO OTKa3a pOaHTeJIeH OT CBOIIX rpaB. B Tex ciyiaqx, Kor,a OaHH 113 pOAI4Tenieil TSAKejio 6ojieH nIiH Mo>KeT yMe- peTb, OH MOwKeT, He OTKa3bIBaACb OT CBO0X POAHTeJIbCKHX lipaB, Ha3Ha'-HTb 6yaymero oHeKyHa, KOTOpbIM MO>KeT 6bITb OaZ4H H3 pOaCTBeHHHKOB. Kpu3uc cucmembi nepeaatiu Ha nonelie-ue. rlepe,aa'a Ha noneneffe lsIBjsiqeTCA JIHIfIb BpeMeHHbIM yCTpOiICTBOM pe6eHKa, HOKa pemiaeTcA BOHPOC 0 ero HOCTOAIHHOM IOpH14,He- CKOM CTaTyce (B c)OpMe BOCCOewHHeHHS C CeMbeH, yCbIHOBJIeHHSI H T.H.). B CoeaWHeHHbIX UJiTaTax CyiILeCTByeT HeCKOJIbKO pa3HbIX 41OpM nepeztaqH Ha rore'eHHe: pe6eHKa MoryT fOMeCTHTb K POACTBeHHHKaM (none'IeHHe pO1aCTBeHH1KOB), B -iyHKyIo (ripHeMHylo) ce- MbIO HJI4 B HHTepHaTHOe y'IpexwaeHHe. HaH6onee pacnPOCTpaHeHHOHi OPMOA ABJI5IeTCA yCTpOHCTBO B rHpeMHYIO ceMblo. Ha Cero;IHMAMHHi ,eHb CYIIJeCTBYeT IHlpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHoe MHeHHe 0 TOM, 'ITO ,aerHCTByiOIUaSI CHCTeMa riepeqaqll Ha rorie'eHHe He ,gaeT yaOBneTBOpHTeIbHblx pe3yIbTa- TOB. 1H3Ha-ajIbHO CH4CTeMa nepejAaan Ha noneIeHi4e 6bIJIa 3agymaHa KaK BpeMeHHoe pa3Me- iueHHe pe6eHKa, KOTOpbIEi, B KOHe'IHOM c'eTe, BOCCOegHHHTCS CO CBOHMH pOaHTenjjIMH wHJ 6y;eT yCbIHOBJieH. OaHaKO aJIA MHOr4X aeTef B CoeIIHeHHbIx UIJTaTax npe6bIBaHHe Ha rorieieH4H CTanJIO OCTOAHHbIM CTaTyCOM, rOCKOJIbKy aIA HIIX HeBO3MO)KHO HII Bo3pa- IIIeHHe K 6HOJIOrHIeCKHM pOZtlITejSiM, HH yCbIHOBJIeHH4e. TaK, HaIipHMep, B HacToAIIIee BpeMA 80% cJynIaeB -KeCTOKOFO o6paIneH4A HH eBbIHOJIHeHHq o6A3aHHOCTefi B OTHoIle- HHH JJeTeil CBA3aHO CO 3JIOyHOTpe6jieHHeM HapKOTHKaMH, H XOTAI 3TI npo6JIeMbi MorJIH 6bI pelnaTb CrinUHaJIbHbIe CO1LHaJIbHbIe CpyXw6bi, TaKHX cjiyH6 He XBaTaeT. KpoMe TOrO, ,aaKe ec.7H HpenrIPHHMaIOTCA 1OHMbITKH 60pOTbCsl CO 3JIOynOTpe6JieHHeM HapKOTHKaMH pOZL1- TeJiiMH, 'ITo6bI pe6eHoK Mor BepHyTbCS B ceMbIo, 3atacTyIo OHH OKa3bIBalOTCA 6e3ycneiu- HbIM4, H pe6eHoK B CeMbIO He BO3BpaLuaeTCA. owIee TOrO, eTe1i 13 TaKoH coiiHanbHOii Cpe,abI, KOTOpbIe, KaK rpaBHJIO, HMelOT Cepbe3HbIe rcHxojiorFHeCKHe HpO66ieMbI, TpyaHO nepe,aaTb Ha yCbIHOBJIeHHe. DTO TaKKe OTHOCHTCS K eTAM 6o0iee cTapLuero Bo3pacTa, He- 6ejibIM zeTAIM H ,AeTAM C OrpaHHIIeHHbIMH4 B03MO)KHOCTAMM 3,aOpOBbS. npHAo>KeHHsI 273 H4cXo,ajq H3 3TOrO, ,TteACTByioWaSA C14CTeMa rorie'eHHsI, B03MO)KHO, nomoraeT TaeTS1M, KOTOpbIe MOrYT BepHyTbCAI K POjHTeIsAM nociie H3MeHeHH51 CHTyaulHH B CeMbe, aeTAM, HywKaoIolHUMC5I B KpaTKOBpemeHHOM HpHIOTe, H JaeTAM, KOTOpbIX MOKHO nepeRaTb Ha yCbIHOBJIeHHe. OaHaKO aeTH, He OTHOCAiuHieCA K 3THM KaTerOpHAM, BbIHnJaaIOT H3 3TO1 CI4CTeMbI, 'JaCTO MeHAIOT MeCTO OreKH, 'TO MeHbie BCerO CHOCO6CTByeT o6eCHe'eHI4O HX HIOCTOHHHOrO CTaTyCa. Ka)RAbIf pe6eHoK, KOTOpbIH 6bIJi nepejzaH Ha yCbIHOBJIeHHe nocsie npe6bIBaHrIs Ha noretIeH44, B cpeIHeM HaxoflHACSC Ha rore'eHHH He MeHee Tpex jieT, 43 a OKOJIO 20% OCTalOTCSI Ha HOiiMeeHIH IlIITb 11 6o0ee lIeT ge-jutium flpUeMubtX ceMe6. rjiaBHbIMH HpHmHHaMH HeyJ1OBJIeTBOPHTeCJbHOirO COCTO- 51H115A ClICTCMbI HOHe'eHIISI AIBJI5eTCS AeIM4UHT ripHeMHbIX ceMef H 3aTADKHOA xapaKTep npoIIecca yCbIHOBJIeHIHA. B TO BpeMS KaK 3a nociie)lHHe 15 JIeT 14Co loeTei, HOCTyrIUB- IUHX Ha noneqeHHe, pe3KO B03pOcJTO, MHCJIO rHieMHbIX ceMeii He yBejI4HJI.IOCb. rl oaH- HbIM AMepHKaHcKoii 51m 60pb6bI 3a coLIuaJIbHoe o6ecneMeneHe ReTerl, 3a riepiO,( B 1986 no 1995 r. 'u4CJIeHHOCTb aeTeH, KOTOpbIe BocnITbIBa1OTC5 BHe CBOef4 CeMbI, BO3pocJIa Ha 44%. BMeCTe C TeM HcJIo Hpi1eMHbIX ceMeH COKpaT4JIOCb C 147 000 B 1985 r. Ha 276.000 aeTeH, nepezaHHbIX Ha ionewH1H, go 142 000 B 1995 Ha 486 000 aeTeii 44 . K TOMY we Ha ceFoIH51InIHHH JVIeHb cyILueCTByeT 7Lei4HUT He TOJIbKO HpHieMHbIX ceMe14, HO H, B '-aCTHOC- TH4, ceMei4, KOTOpbIe OTBeaIOT oripezkeZeHHbIM Tpe6OBaHH5IM, COOTBeTCTBYIOLuHM o6pa- 30M nOarOTOBjieHbI 14 XOTST B3STb JeTeH, KOTOpbIX TpyAHO yCTpOITb. YBeJInMeHme 'i4cJIa ,eTeH, riepeaaHHbIX Ha roneMeHHe, 14 IPOAOJI)K4TeJIbHOCTH repH- oaa Hx npe6bIBaH51 Ha noHemeHHH BbI3BaJIO HOBbIe CIOpbI 0 HeaOCTaTKaxate1CTByioLueA CHCTeMbI: OAHa CTOpOHa CqHTaeT, 'TO JzeTer CJII41KOM 'laCTO OTaeJAIOT OT HX 6HoJiorHie- CKHX ceMeH TOJIbKO no flpHluHHe 6eaHOcTH, a apyras CTOPOHa Tpe6yeT BBeReHH4A HOBbIX ljOpM rOieMeHHH B COBpeMeHHbiX repeO6OpylaOBaHHbIX HHTepHaTHbIX y'pe)KzeHHlAX. Po.'zb unmepHamnbtX ylipemcaenuui. B HaCTOSniIee BpeMA 11HTepHaTHbIe y-Ipe)KzeHH5 [irpaIOT KparIHe He3Haw4TeCJbHyIO pOJIb B aMepl1KaHCKOii CHCTeMe COU1HajibHOFO o6ecne- '1eH11A ,eTeH: B y"peAKceHHAX HaxoJtHTCA ropa3,ao MeHbii 'eeTBepToi IaCTH IeTei, nepe- JaaHHbIX Ha HOnewIeHHe. 3TO ABJIAeTCH OTpa)KeHHeM yKpenHBiierOCs MHeH115 0 TOM, 'TO npeArIOliTeHHe C51eAyeT OTAaBaTb HHAIHBMlbHOMY BOCIIHTaHH1o pe6eHKa B HplpeMHO11 ceMbe, a He CHCTeMe, KoTopaA, no o6WeMy HP143HaHHIO aBHO ycTapeiia H ABJIAeTCTCS nepe- )KHITKOM JIHKKeHCOBCKHX BpeMeH. DTHM o6bACHHeTCA H TOT (baKT, 'TO 1mHOpMau1O II AaHHbIe O po0511 HHTepHaTHbIX yqpeHCJeHHl TpyAHO HOJIOY'HTb H OUeHKa 3TOH 1)OpMbI rOioreeHHI4 He HIPOBOAHTCS1 B MacIITa6aX BCeiH CTpaHbI. TeM He MeHee, Y-lHTbIBaA nipO6iieMbI CIICTeMbI rOirIIeeHSA aeTeH, 0 KOTOpbIX rOBOpH- JIOCb BbIIIe, HIPH43bIBbI K yKperiJIieH11O CHCTeMbI KOJlJIeKTH4BHbIX y'pe)KaeH11H pa3Jta1OTCA 45 C pa3HbIX CTOpOH H OTpa>KafOT HO3HU1HH Ha pa3HbIX KOHlaX noJIHTH'eCKOrO cneKTpa CTOPOHH4KH 3TOrO roAxo,fa, TeM He MeHee, I4MeIOT B BHay yqpe.AKTeHHS1, CO3AaaHHbIe Ho MoAeJIi AeTCK4X ALepeBHeiH SOS - COBpeMeHHbIX CH4pOTCKH4X IplHIOTOB, COCTOAIIU4X H3 HeCKOJIbKHX <eT ceMbH H BeJeHHe jomaHHero xO3A1HcTBa. Eu noMoraeT accHCTeHT 145711 BOCIHTaTeJlb, KOTOpbIii 3aMeHAeT ee, Korjaa OHa 6epeT OTnYCK H BbIXOaHbIe. KpoMe Toro, HyAHCfiaOoIfHMC5 B nOMOIuiH ,eTAM OKa3bIBaeTCSI ncHxojiorI4'ieCKaAs H KOHCYJIbTaIlHOHHaAs nozLzep)KKa. nOJo>KeHme AeTeA B POCCUUCKOA cIeAepaL4uu. 274 kTorm coLHjanbHoA noAiuTHKH 1990-x roAoB u nepcneKTHBbI OZaHaKO CHOpbl BOKpyr CHCTeMbl KOUjieKTHBHOrO BOCHHTaHHSA Hpoaon7KalOTC51, H, cy- ,A no BceMy, ee CTOpOHHHKH OCTalOTCA B MeHbHIHHCTBe. 3TO OTMaCTH o6bSACHAeTCs BbICO- KHMH 3aTpaTaMH4 Ha HHTepHaTHbie yMpewaeHHS ceMejiHorO THra H TeM cmaKTOM, -TO B COeaIHHeHHbMX [lTaTax eiiie cyLeCTBYIOT HHTepHaTHbie y-{pe)KZIeHHS, KOTOpbie He HMe- IOT HHnero o6iuero c MoaeJIblo aeTCKHX aepeBeHb SOS H npeaoCTasB3IJloT He OTBe'aIoWMe COBpeMeHHbIM Tpe6OBaHHAM ycJIyrH. 1l0-BHIHMOMy, B03paieHHe K KOJIJIeKTHBHOMY BOC- HHTaHHIO AOnxcHO CTaTb 'aCTbio 60iee IUHpOKOIi H KOMHIieKCHOII pe4OpMbI CHCTeMbi oneKH. Ha cerOZaHAmHHA JeHb HHHiHaTHBbI B o6jiaCTH POBezteHH5 pec)OpM B 6o0Jbmeii CTereHH Har paBeHbI Ha yBen}HMeHHe MHcjia yCbIHOBJIeHHIii, B TOM lcmne, H 4TPYAHbIX AnSI pa3MeiueHH5I> AeTerl, KaK cpeaCTBa CHMK&eHHS 'IcJIeHHOCTH AeTeH, HaXOASlLAIIXCS Ha none'4eHHH, H COKpaIeHHS nepHoAa Hx npe6brBaHHl noA oreKOH. PoAb noneenusq 6 ceMbe podcm6eHHuKo6. HpHHHMaS BO BHHMaHHe TpyAHOCTH, C KO- TOpbIMH CTaAKHBaeTCS CHCTeMa roneHCeHH3I AeTeH, nepeLaaa AeTetH Ha BOCHHTaHHe pol- CTBeHHHKaM (,ioJIrOBpeMeHHoe H KpaTKOBpeMeHHOe) BCe 60JIbIne paccmaTplBaeTCA KaK aAbTepHaTHBHaA c)opMa yCTpOriCTBa aeTeA, OCO6eHHO B cjly'aAx AUIHTenJbHoro npe6blBa- HHAS eTeii IOA BpeMeHHOii oneKOH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, nepeaqa iAeTee Ha uoneqeHHe poi- CTBeHHHKOB CTaHOBHTCH Bce 6o0iee pacnpOCTpaHeHHOii fOpMOA OneKH B COeaHHeHHbIX ELITaTax. 3To o61bAcHAeTcs pe3KHM COKpaiueHHeM McJIa HpHeMHbIX ceMell, yBeJIHtIeHH- eM MHcJIa aeTeH, HyaaliotIIHXCA B nOleqeHHH BHe CBOef 6Ho0OrMHeCKOfl CeMbH, HOBOrO rOiAXOAa K pOIH POACTBeHHHKOB KaK HaH6ojiee noAxoaqnueii cpeAbi AnsI BOCHHTaHHI4 pe- 6eHKa, I yjiyquieHHS4 CHCTeMbi maTepHaNbH0OO CTHMYJIHpOBaHHS nOreeMHTeieri, B3ABIIIHX no, oneKy AeTeii CBOHX pOACTBeHHHKOB. HO 3aKOHy POACTBeHHHKH He o6A3aHbl CTaHO- BHTCS OrieKyHaMH AeTer, HO HMeHHO OHH CKOpee BcerO B03bMYT K ce6eReTeH CBOHX pOA- CTBeHHHKOB. B HeKOTOpbIX HITaTax opraHbl coiiHanjbHoro o6ecie'eHHA /AeTerl npH3HaloT POACTBeHHHKOB OieKyHaMH TOJIbKO B TOM cJIyMae, ecn7H OHH HIpOXOAIT KYPC CrleIHaAb- HO1I OriorOTOBKH H rIOJiy-aIOT JIHUeH3HH B YCTaHOBJAeHHOM llOp5UKe, KaK H npHeMHbie ce- MbH. B APYFHX mTaTax npeimyiueCTBa, KOTOpbIe nojiyqalOT pOlACTBeHHHK4, 3aKpenAeHbI B HOpMaTHBHbiX aKTax. B 6OJIblnHHCTBe ciyiaeB IOpItAHieCKHe ripaBa Ha oneKy OCTalOT- CA 3a HITaTOM, aKe eciiH inorIMTHTeM imBJIneTCA 6jiH3KHR pOaCTBeHHHK, T.e. OH HojiyMa- eT npaBo Ha noreqeHHe, a He Ha nOCTOAHHYIO IOpHqHeCKH O0opMj1eHHYIO oneKy. HecMOTps Ha TO, '-TO pa3Hbie iTaTbI HlpOBOAIT pa3HY1O IOJIHTHKY B OTHOI1eHHH rie- peAa,q MeTef Ha noneqeHi4e pOaCTBeHHHKOB, Bce 6o0iee mHpoKoe HPHBjieqeHHe pOACT- BeHHHKOB K BOCIIHTaH11O AeTeH, OCTaBLUHXCA 6e3 none'eHHA pOj14Tejiei, CBHReTeJIbcT- ByeT 0 3HM4HTenJbHbIX H3MeHeHHIX B HpaKTHKe COlIHalbHoro o6ecre,-eHHS AeTen. rIone- lqHTejiH, B3ABIuHe Ha BOCIHTaHie AeTei4 CBO0X pOACTBeHHHKOB - 3TO, KaK npaBHJIO, JI1O- ,H 6o0iee cTapinero BO3paCTa, 'aine Bcero OZtMHOKMe, B OCHOBHOM akpo-aMepHKaHInbl, Me- Hee o6ecne'eHHbie H meHee o6pa3OBaHHbie, 'eM npHeMHbie pOARHTeJiH, He HMeIOIHe poA- CTBeHHbIX CBI3eA C AeTbMH. BOJbHAMHCTBO OieKYHOB - 6a6ymKH H TeTH. TeM He MeHee, HeCMOTpS Ha HeKOTOpbie OTHOCHTeSJbHbie HeAOCTaTKH 3TOHi rpynHnbi nonellHTejjerl C TOq- KH 3peHH5 BO3paCTa H lAOXOAlOB, pOAlCTBeHHHKH, B3SABIHHe Ha BOCIHTaHHe AeTeil, o6blMHO CO3zalOT AJIA pe6eHKa HOpManJbHbie YCJIOBHAllJIAS )KH3H4 H pa3BHT4IA. Lix 6AH3K4e KOH- TaKTbI c pe6eHKoM H ero 6HoAorH'IecKor4 CeMbeii cHoco6cTByIOT yKpeHJIeHHIO ceMelHbIx y3. OAHaKo HMeHHO H3-3a 3THX OTHOIleHHII MHOrHe OHeKyHbI, B3ABiIHe Ha BOCIIHTaHHe ,aeTeii CBOHX POACTBeHHHKOB, HeOXOTHO HAYT Ha yCbIHOBjieHHe. POaCTBeHH4KOB rIOOHx- p5IOT K TOMy, WoTO6bI OHM iopHAlH'eCKH O4IOpMJIAL7H oneKy Hae pe6eHKOM wni 6paJIH ero Ha yCbIHOBJieHHe, HO aAMUHHHCTpaTHBHbIe IH bUHaHCOBbie HipeHOHbl ABJIAIOTCA eiie OllHOH npHMHHOR HeKweiaHMA POACTBeHHIIKOB Ao6HBaTbCH 3TOrO. 3aKoH o6 yKpeniieHHH ceMbH nllpmo>KeHHS 275 14 yCbIHOBJIeH1l4 A1BX51HeTC5A nOnbITKO4 ilCHcpaBHTb no5o0XeH14e nyTeM yBeJI4MHeHHA IeJIeBO- ro c¢HHaHCHpOBaH14S H (¢HHaHCOBOfl HOIAep)KKH nOrieqHTeieH, B3SBIIHX Ha BOCHI1TaHHe ZeTer4 CBOHX pOaCTBeHHHKOB, a TaKoe nyTeM ripe1OCTaBneHI4 HM ycAyr nO KOHCy5IbT14- pOBaHiilo. 3aKOH TaKCe 3aKpen7ISieT 3a POaCTBeHHI4KaMi4 npaBo ronioca npi4 paccMOTpe- H14H Ae51 o nepe,iaqe pe6eHKa Ha yCbIHoBs1eHi4e n14 rioA orieKy, OHH4 1BJ5IAIOTC5I rJIaBHbIMH4 ,aH aTamH Ha O()OpM51eHHe yCbIHoBs1eHHA 5H oneKH4. <> JteTeR4. 4.2. femu, HyYc8aaou4uecq B cnet4uaI7u3upo8aHHoU nokioucu a) HopMaTHBHo-npaBOBasl 6a3a Pa6oTa c aeTbM4, Hy?cKLaiol4MCA B cHeiIHaJIH3HpOBaHHOf4 rOMomoIH, BKjHOIoa MeeIH4UlI4H- CKYIO HOMOIUb Hu4nT pea6&uwmTaiuro H ioJiy'eHHe o6pa3oBaHHA, peryJIHpyeTCSI 3aKoHoM o noJyImeHHH o6pa3oBaHH4A JlJO,ZbMH C orpaHH4'eHHbIMH B03MO)KHOCTAMH 3LAOpOBbA (IDEA) 48, KOTOpbIU BKAiO'EaeT cHeIiH4aIbHyio rporpaMMy AAAB eTer4 B BO3paCTe ,Lo 2 jieT, - HpOrpaMMy BMeuIIaTe.IbCTBa Ha paHHHX 3TaHax pa3BH4TH4A pe6eHKa AIAA aeTeii B MjiaZaeH'IeCKOM H paHHeM BO3paCTe. npHno>KeHHR 277 6) 3aKoH 0 HoJIyqeHHH o6pa3OBaHHf JIIOAbMH C orpaHHqeHHbIMH B03MOACHOCTSIMH 3tO- pOBb5 (IDEA) B COOTBeTCTB4HH c 3aKOHOM o r HOJiyieHH4 o6pa3aBaHIIH IIOAbMIl C orpaHH4-IeHHbIM4 B03- MOMKHOCTAIM1 3,OpOBbA (IDEA), Bce IlTaTbI H TCppHTOpHH o6ecrie'HaIOT aOCTYH K Ho- JJyICHHI4O o6pa3OBaHH5I B rOCyAapCTBeHHbIX IIIKoJIax zeTAM C orpaHIWWeHHbIMH4 B03MO>K- HOCTsIMH 3AOPOBbsI B BO3paCTe OT 3 jieTa o 21 roAa, HC3aBHCHIMO OT CTerieHH orpaHiH'e- HHfl. OcHoBHbIe npaBa BKJlnomaloT: ipaBO Ha 6ecnJiaTHoe o6pa3oBaHHe B rocyaapCTBeH- HbIX y-e6HbIx 3aBeateHH5AX; ipaBO Ha HaipaBjieHHe Ha o6yMeHHe B 3aBHICHMOCTH OT OLleH- KH HHAlIB1lyaHJbHbIX noTpe6HoCTeH Ka-wAoro pe6eHKa; npaBo pe6eHKa c orpaHHMeHHbI- MH BO3MOAKHOCT51MH 3,aOpOBbq Ha o6yqeHHe HJIH rOirOTOBKy, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIyIo ero no- Tpe6HOCTSAM, no 14HHZIBHzya.7bHoii nporpamme o6yMeHHr; ipaBO Ha noJIyeHiHHe ioJIHoro nepeMHI YCJIyr (KoHcyJIbTaLUHH, yCnIyrH TpaHcnOpTa, ieqeeHHe HapylmeHHll peMil, TpyaO- BaA/4M31HOTepaHr5I); II HpaBO pOaJHTeJieH H OneKYHOB IplHHHMaTb "'aCTHe B HpHHAITH4 peniIeHIInl 1 ocnapHBaTb peiiieHuA, KacaioluiecCA mx JeTeil. KpoMe Toro, 3aKoH O rOJIyime- HHH o6pa3OBaHHIA J1IObMH C OrpaHWieHHbIMH B03MO)KHOCTAMH 3ZaOPOBbA Tpe6yeT, 'TO- 6bI TaKIHM aCTSM C03zIaBaJlICb < 'JI5 o6yqeHHA, T.e. HeO6XOx4Mo o6ecrieiHBaTb HX MaKC1MaNJbHO B03MO)KHOe yqaCT4e B npouecce o6yIeHHH BMeCTe C ApyrHMH AeTbMIl. B) YqaCTHHKH ipogecca H HX lOJlH0M0lqH3 Ka>KgjbIfi HITaT CaM OnpeAelAseT, KaKOe H3 ero BeaoMCTB 6yaeT BbIHOJIHSATb cbyHKMHH rJIaBHoro areHTCTBa H OTBeMaTb 3a OKa3aHCe rOMoIH ZieTAM B paHHeM B03paCTe. PoaIHTe- Jlll aeTefl, KOTOpbIe Hy)KaaIOTCI B CHiTeCUa2H3HPOBaHHOIi HOMOUH, MOrYT CBS3aTbCI c Biopo HO BbIABJeHHlO JeTeH, HyEaKOaioHXCA B CneuHaAH3HpOBaHHOH HOMOIH1, CjiyAK- 6oi0, KOTOpaA HaXOAHTCH B BeJeHHH aerapTameHTa o6pa3OBaHHsi KaiKAOO ro TaTa HJIH rJiaBHoro areHTCTBa HI 3aHHMaeTCAI BbI5IBJIeHHeM H JLHarHOCTHKOH aeTeR c orpaHHIeHHbI- MHl BO3MOACHOCTSIMH 3,apOBbA, KOTOpbIC He IojIy'aIOT HOMOilm, HJIH CO CreuiHaaiCTOM no pa6oTe c aeTbMHI paHHero Bo3paCTa. B COOTBeTCTBHH4 C npaBHiJIaMii H HopMaTHBHbIMH aKTaMIH KaAaOFO UITaTa o6c7iCeaOBa- HHC Hi OueHKa COCTOSHHS pe6eHKa HPOBOaIHTCA rpyIlHoH cHeIIHaIiHCTOB, B KOTOpyiO MO- IYT BXOjIHTb ICHXOJIOr, cneHuHaHHCT Ho pa6OTe C AeTbMH B paHHeM B03paCTC H cjJH3HOTe- paHeBT. Ycjiyrii HO OKa3aHHIo riOMOullH zeTM B paHHeM B03paCTe B OCHOBHOM npegOCTaB- JIAIOT MaCTHbIe areHTCTBa, KOTOpbIe CriUeHa4H3HpylOTCA B pa3JIHqHbIX 06iaCTAX B COOT- BeTCTBHH1 C HOTpe6HOCTAIMH pe6eHKa. K Ka<,ZKOMy pe6eHKy nplKpeflIAIOT KOOpalHHaTOpa, KOTOpbIII, KaK HpaBHlJ10, SIBJISACTC5A pa6OTHHKOM areHTCTBa riOMOHi4 ,eTIM B paHHeM B03- pacTe H4 KOOpAIIHHpyeT npoliecc o6y'eHHq H OKa3aHHSI MezHUIHHCKOrH HOMOMUH COBMeCT- HO C CCMbelI II HOCTaBIUHKaMHi CHiIlHaSJbHbIX HporpaMM. O6pa3oBaTe.lbHbIe iOiprpaMMbI ansu AeTeje B BO3paCTe cTapiiie 3 .ieT, KOTOpbIe Hy>KztalOTCA B cie[HaJIH3HpOBaHHoH HOMO- IU1H, KaK ripaBlJIO, HaXOjITCS B BegeHHH jenapTameHTa o6pa3oBaHHI4 IITaTa, KOTOpbIH OCyHeCTBJIAeT CBOIO aCSeATeJbHOCTb 'lepe3 MeCTHbIe opraHbl yHipaBjieHHS o6pa3OBaHHeM. no.u1oweHme AeTeA B POCCUUCKOU c1eAepai4uu. 278 ITorm coLt)anbHoA nonuHTHKH 1990-x roaoB u nepcneKTHBbI r) HlpaKTHqecKHe MepOH5PHTH5 no oKa3aHHIO IOMOUMH AeTSIM c orpaHHqeHHbIMH B03- MO)CHOCTSMH 3A0pOBbS 06c)zeao6auue u ouierKa. rIporpaMMa BMemUaTeJibCTBa H noMoUHl Ha paHHHX 3Tanax pa3- BUTHAI pe6eHKa Ai JeTeii MjiaaeHqeCKorO H paHHerO B03paCTa C OrpaHHqeHHb1MH B03- MOACHOCTSIMH 3JaOPOBbA HaflejieHa Ha AeTeH B B03paCTe jo 2 jieT, KOTOpbIe HywaalOTCA BO BMemIaTejTbCTBe cHeLtHaHIHCTOB Ha paHHHX aWanax pa3BHTH5 ((H3HMecKoro, YMCTBeHHO- ro, COLIHaJbHOrO/3MoUHOHaJibHOrO H a)IaHTaLLHoHHoro). CorJiaCHO YCJIOBHIAM nporpaM- MbI, OIeIHKa COCTOSHHS pe6eHKa H MeAHUHHCKOe o6CjiyXKHBaHHe IpeaOCTaBJ511OTCSA epe3 rocyAapCTBeHHoe HIiH tlaCTHoe areHTCTBO B aOMaX pe6eHKa, KJIHHHKax, paHOHHblX UeHT- pax ,HeBHOrO ipe6bIBaHHM HJiH Hepe3 MeCTHOe ynpaBCeHHe 3,qpaBooxpaHeHHs. 06cAe- tOBaHHe H OueHKa COCTOHHqS 3laOPOBbq pe6eHKa npOBOaqTCA 6ecrilaTHo. KpoMe TOrO, COCTaBjSieTCS njiaH 1IHAHBEiayaAbioro o6cAy)KHBaHH4A CeMbH, B KOTOpOM ,IalOTCS onHCa- HHie YPOBHS pa3BHlTHIA pe6eHKa, 1IHHOpMaUHAI 0 pOQHTeJIAX, OCHOBHbIe OKHJ,aeiMbe pe- 3yJIbTaTbI, riepeqeHb ycJIyr, KOTOpbIe 6yaeT noyjIaTb pe6eHoK 4 YC7IOBHIq HX npeaOCTaB- JIeHHA. B ljiaHe TaK*e yKa3bIBaeTCA KOOPAIHHaTOp no o6cjiyKHBaHHIo pe6eHKa. H7pozpaxmb1 dnu aemeu dowuKmnbozo 6o3pacma. B COOTBeTCTBHH IporpaMMOEI HHALH- BH,ayanAbHOrO o6y1IeHHIq B Ka.KaoM IIITaTe IPOBOASITCSA CHeLIIaibHbI enpOrpaMMbI o6y'e- HHAI, T.e. ipOrpaMMbI, KOTOpbIe BKJIiOqatOT ycIyrFI HiiH CneLIHaIibHOe o6yqeHHe teTeHI B Bo3,paCTe OT 3 zo 5 JIeT, HyA7aaoEIIIHXCS B cHeuHaAiH3HpOBaHHOAI IOMOWH H4 HMeIoEIIHx ipaBO Ha ee nonymeHHlie, a TaKxce MCTOZjbI 06y-4eHHIH H y'e6Hbie riOCo6HI. 3TH yCJiyrH ipeAOCTaBJIS11oTCS 6ecnriaTHO. Hatanwbioe u cpeanee o6pa3o6auue. B COOTBeTCTBHH C IIOJIO)CeHHIAMi 3aKOHa O noJIy- YCeHHH o6pa3OBaHHI JIIOAbMHI C OrpaHHMeHHbIMH B03MOX(HOCTSIMH 3,aOpOBbq pe6eHOK JaojnKeH 6blTb noMeiIIeH B yMe6Hoe 3aBeaeHHie C <,HaHmeHee OrpaHHMeHHbIMH yCjIOBHR- MH* AJIA o6y4eHHs4, COOTBeTCTBYIOiiXerO rOTpe6HoCTSIM pe6eHKa. Pe6eHKa noMeiIaloT B o6bIMHbIA KIacc, rFJe OH nojiy-iaeT OIOJIHHTejibHYIO IOMOXlb B TOM cJlyae, eciiH cne- LiHaLIHCTbI fporpaMMbi HHAHBHayallbHoro 06y'eHHSA He aalOT 3aKJIOioeHHS 0 TOM, qTO pe6eHoK He CMOXKCT Zao6HTbCs yCnexOB, jaawe ecni 6yaeT rojy-MaTb cneuHaAIbHYIO J,onoTi- HHTeJIbHYIO HOMOljb H YCJInyrE. rlporpaMMa HIHHBHJRUyajibHOrO o6yleHHIA 1aOnJKHa 6blTb CB513aHa c o6iuerI nporpaMMorl, no KOTOpOEI yqaTcs AeTH B 06ujeO6pa3oBaTeCxbHbMX IKO- niax. BMeCTe C TeM, 3Ta nporpamma JaOJIKHa 6bITb paccEHTaHa Ha o6yqeHHe pe6eHlKa c ytle- TOM ero 14HHHBHJIyaAbHbIX nOTpe6HOCTeil. I4cxoaqs H3 3TOrO, B pa3pa60TKe fpOrpaMMbI IIH1LHBHJyaJlbHOFO o6yleHHSI npIHHHMalOT yqacTHe y'IHTeJIS 06bIHbIX IlUKOJI. KpoMe TO- ro, o6bIe KOjijieKTHBHbIe pelUeHEIA 0 TOM, KaKHIe ycIyrH H rae 6yaeT rionyaMTb HX pe6e- HOK, HpHHHmIalOTCS npHH yMaCT4HH pOEHTeJIeA. Kax npaBHJIo, npe,jziaraeTcsi HeCKOJIbKO BapEaHTOB 06y"eHH1I pe6eHKa, Hy*alowe- rocs B CHeiUaJIaH3H4pOBaHHOii nOMOII0H, B 3aBH4CHMOCTH OT ero HHZtiiBHEIyaibHbIX B03MO)K- HOCTeEl. CaMbIi OlITHMaJlIbHbIEI BapEiaHT- pe6eHOK noceiaeT 3aHSqTA B o6ieo6pa3OBa- TeJIbHOI4 HIKOjie, nojiyHas nOMOIIIb KOCBeHHbIM o6pa3OM qepe3 y'IHTeJni. HIOMOHb y'IHTe- JIM MoAceT BK.IHoMaTb KOHcyjibTauiHH H3IH pa3bSCHeHHe MaTep4aJia. B KaqecTBe ajibTepHa- THBbI, pe6eHoK MO)KeT nOCeIiiaTb 3aHSTITA B o6uIeo6pa3OBaTeAbHOii IliKolie nOJIHOCTbIO HJIH 'IaCTHEqHO, H4 IlKO.IbHblIH yIHTeJIb COBMeCTHO CO CneHJIHabHbIM neaarorom COCTaBJIS- IOT CielHanJIbHbIe HpOrpaMMbI ero 06yieHHI. B COOTBeTCTBHH C zpyroii MOAeJlbIO pe6e- HOK noceluIaeT 3aHSTITH B o6mIeo6pa3oBaTeAnbHOfi InKojie, a TaK>Ke CileU1HaIJbHbIe 3aHSITH4I CO CieCIHeaIbHbIM neaaroroM, KOTOpbIe npOBOJUTCS B oT,TteIbHoI ay,EHTOPHH B TeqeHHe ,qaCTH y'e6Horo JAHA. B KaqCCTBe a.ibTCpHaTHBbI pe6eHOK MoKeT 3aHHMaTbCSq B creuui- aJbHOM Kniacce 6OAbmyIo -IMaCTb AHEI HnOCeCIaTb 3aHSITHI no o6iuefi nporpamme BMeCTe nlpwno>KeHu. 279 c ztpyrHMH ymaluHMHcS, KorIa 3TO B03MOXCHO (HanpHMep, 3aHATHA nO HCKYCCTBY). EC7IH pe6eHOK He MO*KeT rOCeIHaTb o6iueo6pa3oBaTeabHylO IlKOJIY, OH Mo-weT rOiny1aTb o6pa- 3oBaHHe B OTAeJIbHOr4 IoKoie Aim AeTei C OCo6eHHOCTSMH pa3BHTHS1 HA Z1OMa, HAIH B Ae- 'le6HoM yCqpewzeHH c noMoiibio cneuHajibHoro neAarora (,RsI 3Toro Heo6xoZHMo MezH- UIHHCKOC 3aKJHoMeHHe 0 TOM, qTO pe6eHOK He MoeT noceIjaTb o6bIQHyIO mKOJIy). He3a- BHCH4MO OT BbI6opa BapHaHTa o6y'eHHq HO HH;lHBHAyanJbHOH nporpamme pe6eHOK, HyK- AaiolUHrICsI B CHieUHaAH3HpOBaHHOA nOMOiuiH, MOweT HOAiyIaTb TaKHe ClieUHaNjbHbIe yc- JIyrH, KaK yCJIyrH TpaHCnOpTa, noroneAHqeCKHe 3aHSTHS, cnH3HOTepariq, aAanTaIuHOH- HbIe 3aHITHS q)H3KyIbTypOA 111TH KOHCyAbTaIIH4. R) (DHHaHCHpOBaHHe /JaeTH B CoeJAlHeHHbIX lilTaTax HMelOT npaBO Ha noAyMeHHe 6ecnnaTHoro o6pa3OBaHHS B rOCyAaPCTBeHHbIX yMe6HbIX 3aBeaeHBH5X, H 3TO npaBO pacpOCTpaHAeTCA Ha AeTeU, HyS)KAaIoIwlXCA B cneiHHajiH3HPOBaHHOH rOMoWm . KpoMe Toro, HPOBOAqTCA KOMnILeKC- HbIe HiporpaMMbi MeLHUHHCKOH H rieaarorHqecKoA rOMomoiH aeTSM, HyxaalIHMCS B cHieuHanbHoH nOMOI11H, KOTOpbie MOryT (bHaHCHpOBaTbCs 13 CpeztCTB C)eJepaAbHbIX rpaHTOB, H3 CpeACTB MeAHUHHCKOrO CTpaXOBaHHS HAH no nporpamme 4MeXHK3H4* H1IH 113 6ioAeTa mTaTa. 4.3. Heco8epweHHoflemHue npa8OHapytUume.17u a) 11TO TaKoe IIpaBOHapyuieHHAI HecoBepIuIeHHoAeTHHX? flpaBOHapyeeHsA HeCOBepiIeHHOAeTHHX - 3TO HIpOTHBOiipaBHbIe AeHCTBHUs, COBepmeH- HbIe AeTbMH H MOAOAbIMH JIIOAbMH B BO3paCTe ,ao 21 roAa. OAHaKO B pa3HbIX IflTaTax AeH- CTBYIOT COBepIHeHHO pa3Hbie npanBHa B OTHOIIIeHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH MOAO,lAbIX AlOJRet nepe, 3aKOHOM. B uejioM K JIIOAIM 3TOR B03paCTHO rpyrinbi HpHmeHMHIOTCA HHbie Mepbi BO3AeriCTBHS, 'eM K iHijaM, AOCTHrtuHM COBepiiieHHOjieTHA, HO B HeKOTOpbIX IITaTaX 3a OTAeJIbHbie BHAbI rpaBOHapyiieHHl ASI (eTeH H MojioAbIx AIoAeH, HaMHHaS C ceMH JieT, rpe,ycmaTpHBaIOTCA TaKHe wKe MepbI BO3z(eHCTBHA, KaK H JIA COBepIIleHHOAeTH4X. 6) IHpecTynieHHs HeCOBepIIeHHOjieTHHX H MePbli BO3AefiCTBHS XOTA B COealHHeHHbIX ITaTaX Ha ipaKTHKe CyIIueCTByeT TeHAeHIIHS K BbIHeCeHHIO CYPO- BbIX npITrOBOpOB B OTHOiuICHRM HecOBepiIeHHO eTHHX ipaBOHapyiiiHTeieHi, MHHHCTePCT- BO IOCTHHU1H CElIA O4HuHa.UbHO BbICTyIaeT 3a 6o0iee npOayMaHHbIA rioaxoa. (HjiocO4HSI amepHKaHCKOrO noAxoAa K rpaBOHapyiueHHAM HecoBepiIeHHoZeTHHX H3jiOKeHa B <(KOM- nAeKCHOH CTpaTermH 60pb6bI C TADKKHMH npeCTyHiieHHAMH, HaCHJIbCTBeHHbIMH aeHCTBH- SMH H CHCTeMaTHBeCKH COBepIIaemMbIMH npaBOHapyieHHAMH HeCOBepIiIeHHOAeTHHX>, pa3pa6OTaHHOAi OTie1oM no /eWaM HeCOBepIueHHoneTHHX H pO4HnAaKT4Ke HOApOcTKO- BOri rpeCTynHOCTH. 06iunii HpHHUHH 3aKIo'laeTCS B o6ecne4eHH paiUHOHaTibHOrO H npoAyMaHHOFO roJAxoAa K HeCOBepIeHHOAeTHHM IpaBOHapyIlHTeASAM C yteTOM TAwKec- TH ipeCTyniieHHA. B 1AOKyMeHTe onpeAeneHbi THrbI HpOTHBonpaBHbIX ,AeiiCTBHii HecoBep- iIjeHHOjieTHHX: AeBHaHTHOe roBeAeHHe, aHTHo6WUeCTBeHHOe IOBeAeHHe, Ae21HKBeHTHOe HOBeAeH4e, TADKKHe HaCHIAbCTBeHHbie AeHCTBHS H CHCTeMaTH'eCKHe npaBoHapyIeHHA. MeTOThbl 60pb6bi C HOApOCTKOBOA npeCTYHHOCTblO BKJIlOMalOT KaK HlpOBeaeHHe HIpOH- AaKTH'JeCKHX mep (OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIX Ha MOAOAe)Kb rpynnbi pHCKa), TaK H rpHMeHeHHe mep HaKa3aHH5 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TSAKeCTH npeCTYnIAeHHA (B OTHouIeHHH HeCOBepmIeHHO- nlonO>KeHme AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU (teAepaLAHH. 280 1/iTorm coL4maJbHoM nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI JieTHHX rpaBOHapyuIHTeJeiC). OTJIeJI Ho zejiaM HecoBepIUCHHoneTH14X TaK,Ke npeAycMaT- pHBaeT npoBeAeHHe cJIeapyioniHx Mep: * [IOBbII1eHHe pOJIH1 CeMblH B BOCHllTaHHII H1 (OPMHpOBaHHH CHCTeMbI ueHHOCTeH pe- 6eHKa KaK HIepBOii HIHCTaHUIHII B ripouecce bOpMHpOBaHHA JIHqHOCTH pe6eHKa; * Hoaaep)KKa TaKHX OCHOBHbIX COUJlaSbHbIX HHCTHTyTOB, KaK HIKOjia, iLepKOBb H o6- meCTBeHHbIe opraH43aHiiiii, H H4X YCHlIHfi, HanpaBjieHHbIX Ha CHH>KeHHe 4JaKTOpOB p1HCKa H OKa3aHme nOMOuH aeTAM B pa3BHTHH CBOHIX CroCo6HocTeH; * npOBe;IeHHe npO(HjiaKTnIeCKHX Mep, HaipaBjieHHbIX Ha nOBbilieHIIe pOjiH MeTO- AOB ripeayripewaeHMA 11 CHHAeHHIA BO3teiiCTBHIq 4aKTOpOB pEICKa Ha MOJIOae*Kb rpynnbi pHcKa; * OriepaTHBHOe Hi a14eKTHBHOe BMeiiaTeJIbCTBO B cTiyMae nepsBOFO paBoHapyme- HHlS, HCHIOJb3OBaHme UIHPOKOrO crieKTpa CaHK[IHH, YCTaHaBJIHBalOlHlX OTBeTCT- BCHHOCTb Hi o6ecne'HBaIoUiix HCHOJIHeHHe HaKa3aHHq; * BblSBJIeHHe 4 YCTaHOBjieHHe Haa3opa 3a jiHuaMH, COBepE1H4BUIIIMH HacUJIbCTBeH- HbIe HpeCTyHJIeHl4B, H4 Bo36yK,aeHHe yrOjiOBHOFO flpeCJIegOBaHHA 3a HaH6oJIee TADKKHe HpeCTyHlJeHHA; H * CO3,aaHHe CIICTCMLA Jall44epeH1LIpOBaHHOFO nojaxozka K ipiHMmeHeHHIO CaHKUH1H4, HpeIycMaTPHBaioiuHx HpHBjie'eHBie HeCOBepieHHOSITHHX npaBOHapyUElTeZer K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH1, H1 npOBeaCeHHe HporpaMM, KOTOpbIe CHOCo6CTByIOT HCnOJIHe- HIIIO BbIHCCeHHbIX mep HaKa3aHH5I. HaiiHOHaIbHa5I nporpamNa aelCTBHlH rpOTIIB rOpOCTKOBOHi HpecTyrHocT4, pa3pa6o- TaHHaSI B 1996 r. KoopaLIHHaiUHoHHbIM COBeTOM no JeJiaM HeCOBepEiieHHojleTH4X H rpOcEH- JiaKTHKe HOApOCTKOBOHl ipeCTynHOCTH Ho HpOCb6e FeHepaJlbHoro rpoiypopa CIlIA, cTa- BIIT cJiejiyionxHe 3aaaMH no 6opb6e C nOaIpoCTKoBOil rpeCTyrHOCTbiO: onepaTHBHoe BMe- IuaTeJlbCTBO H HpHHSHTHe HeO6XOai4MbiX CaHKUHiH H Mep B OTHOuieHHH HeCOBepiueHHOjieT- HHX HpeCTyrIHH4KOB; paccMOTpCHHe B yrOJIOBHOM cyjae AeJI HecOBepIIeHHoJIeTHuX, coBep- EIHBIUI4X TSAKKHe, HaCHJIbCTBCHHbIelI HeOaHOKpaTHbIC ripaBOHapyieHB4HI; CHH)KeHHEe HOa- pOCTKOBOrI HpeCTyiHOCTH, CBq3aHHOiH C HCrIOJIb3OBaHHeM OpyAH5I, HapKOTHKaMH4 H4 ymac- THeM B ripeCTYHHbIX rpyHlHIHpOBKaX; C03JaHH1e 6jiaronpImTHbIX yCJIOBHUJ Ai51 pa3BHTHAI Jte- TeIH H H40,apOCTKOB; pa3pymieHIe HOpOMHOrO Kpyra HaCHTIHAI HIYTCM peIeCHIH flpO6JIeM BHKTHMH3aUH4H, )KeCTOKOrO o6paiueHHB C AeTbMH H HeBbinojiHeHHSI pOaI4Te.7IAMHo 65l3aH- HOCTeI B OTHOIIIeHI4H4 geTe; OpraHH3aUIHE H aKTIHBH3aUI5I pa6oTbl Ha YPOBHe MeCTHbIX CO- o6nueCTB; CTHIMYJIIIpOBaHHe pa3pa6OTKI4 HIHHOBaUI40HHbIX OIOAXOJZOB K rIpOBeJeHHIO IIC- CJIeCjOBaHHfi I4 aHlaHlH3a oJIoAKeHI4.q; npoBeaeHne KaMnaHHHEH no rpHBJIeleHH4lO o6EUeCT- BeHHOCTII K pa3pa6OTKe 3a4eKTHBHOH1 CTpaTeri4I4 60pb6bI C HOapOCTKOBbIM HaCHjIHeM. 5. CTaTHCTtLieCKHe AaHHbie no CTpaHaM B 3TOM pa3,aeie npeZtCTaBJIeHbI CTaTIHCTHiiMeCKHe ,aHHbie o nOne'IeHIIH H yCbIHOBJIeHH4H4 jeTef4 B FepMaHHH, Beji4Ko6pwiTaHHII H COealHHeHHbiX IJTaTaX, a TaK)Ke HeKOTopble aH- HbIeO CTpyKType COLaJlbHOrO o6ecHeieHHq JaeTei B 3THX Tpex CTpaHaX. aaHHbIe BKJIO- MalOT CBeeHHI510 oIHCJieHHOCTHq eTef, nepejaHHbIX Ha HOneMeHile, H THIIraX HX yCTpOACT- Ba, npOAOJIDKH4TeJIbHOCTiH rpe6blBaHH no, oneKOlI H KOJIEHeCTBe yCbIHOBJIeHHIE4. IlpuMemanue. fHpe,aCTaBjieHHbie AaaHHbie i1meEOT Cepbe3Hble He,AOCTaTKH. ,daHHble no CIIIA BKJIIOMiaOT TOJlbKO ipH6JIH3HTeJIbHbie paCieTbl, 'ITO CB5A3aHO C OTCYTCTB4eM CTaTH- flpHno>KeHus1 281 cTIIwecKtx ,aHHbIX HO BCeM IUITaTaM (B pa3HbIX JJTaTaX HCHIOJb3yfOTC5 pa3HbIe orpeae- iIeHiHBq IjOpM oHeKH H roreHeHIIH). KpoMe TOrO, 113-3a OTCYTCTBHA lHHijOpMauHl 3a no- cjie,iHee BpeMAI, npe.ACTaBJIeHbI aaHHbIe 3a 1998 r. II ,aae 3a 1994 F. OHHI nO3BOJIIIOT C4OPMIIPOBaTb .lIlUb nOBePXHOCTHOe npeaCTaBJIefHII o6 OTHOCHiTeJIbHOii BWaKHOCTH pa3- HbIX qOpM rOinewHiIq H HX oco6eHHOCTAX. CiieAyeT KpallHe OCTOpO)KHO HO1,XOHTb K CO- rOCTaBjieHHIo 0aHHbIX no pa3HbIM CTpaHaM. ,daHHble 0 CHCTeMe couHHaAbHoro o6ecneqe- HH4I B repMaHHIH KpaiiHe OrpaH4MeHbI H BK.7IO-alOT TO.IbKO CTaTHCTH'eCKHe aaHHbIe O no- HreeHHH HI yCbIHOBjeHIIII, a TaK)Ke HH4JOpMatHjO o6 OTHOCHTeJIbHOH Ba,KHOCTH pa3JIHM- HbIX ycJIyr, rIpeOCTaBJIAeMbIX OTgeJIMaH Ho Ieiiam MOjOo)IeKH. OTCYTCTBYIOT ,IaHHbIe H1 OUeHKH npOJZO0JKHTeSJbHOCTH Hpe6bHBaHHSI aeTerH Ha rorieqeHHH H HpHIHHax nepeAaM l .AeTeii iia ioneqeH'He. rlo BejillKo6pHTaHlIH rpeaCTaBneHbl HaH6oJJee noapo6Hbie aaH- HbIe. OHII 6bIJIH rOji"eHbI B pe3yTIbTaTe o6ciegOBaHIAI, npOBe)IeHHOrO MHHHCTepCTBOM 3,apaBooxpaHeHHA B 1999 r. [aHHbie TaK>Ke MOCKHO HOCMOTpeTb Ha caHTax Ho ciiegylmOuM agpecaM: repMaHHM: http://www.akj-stat.fb 12.uni-dortmund.de/StandardTabelle.htm BeJIHKo6pHTaHHnI: http://www.doh.gov.uk/adoption/links.htm COeJWHeHHbie ilTaTbI AmepHH: http://www.acf .dhhs.gov/programs/cb/publications/afcars/arO400.pdf http.//www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/cb/dis/vcis/maintoc.htm 5. 1 FepMaHUl OcHoBHbie ,aHHbie: 061uaA 4HcJIeHHOCTb AIeTefl B BO3paCTe ao 18 JIeT B 1999 r. 15,687 MJIH. O6Iasi IHCJIeHHOCTb HaceJieffHII: 82,178 MJIH. Ta6nHL4a 1. YCTPOHCTBO geTeg BO BPeMeHHOM npHIOTe THn ycTpoAcTBa 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Bcero geTeA 115010 117072 125 842 132 553 137 658 119 414 128 088 132 649 138 849 YCTPOHCTBO 43 947 48 017 52 124 54 481 56 076 48 021 50 696 52 134 54020 B CeMbe HHTepHaTHbie 64 332 68 190 72 685 76 824 80 077 69 969 75 543 78 212 82 051 y4pe>KeHH.q Flo.noweHwe AeTeU B POCCMUCKOU cteAepaLAHw. 282 MTOrF coL,uaJbHoH nonJTHKH 1990-x rOAOB u nepcneKTHBbI Ta6Jnu4a 2. YcbiHoBneHHR THn yCTpOHCTBa 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Bcero AeTeA 7 142 8 403 8 687 8 449 7 969 7 420 7 173 7 119 POACTBeHHHKH/ npweMHbie 4082 4291 4 480 4 600 4 332 4 198 3 911 3 670 PO°ATe.nm BHe ceMbH 2 329 3140 3 393 3 161 2 923 2 580 2 562 2 672 Me>.AyHapoAHoe 731 972 814 688 714 642 700 777 Ta6nHL4a 3. OTAeneHHe AeTeH OT 6HonorN4ecKoA CeMbH Ha nepHOA CBbIWe roAa B39To noA oneKy OTAena 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 no Aenam MOnOAeRONI BcerO AeTeA 23 271 27 822 31 564 31 277 no npocb6e pe6eHKa 1 7 882 9 630 11 448 11029 M3 coo6paKeHMA 6e3onacHoCTH 2 15 389 18 192 20 116 20 248 OTAeneH"e OT CeMbU 161 230 243 138 npwMe4aHMe. 1CornacHo § 42 3aKoHa o noAAep>KKe AeTeA U MooAAe>KH: pe6eHoK noA HaA3POM OTAena no Ae- f1aM Mo1oAe>Km. 2 CornaCHO § 42 3aKoHa o noAAep>KKe AeTeU U MonoAe>Km: pe6eHoK noA HaA30pOM oTAena no Ae- AaM Mof1oAe>K". 3 CorAlaCHO § 43 3aKOHa o noAAep>KKe AeTeA U MOJAOAe>Km. Ta6nm4a 4. Ycnyrm oTAena no Aenam MOnOAe>KH BHAbl ycnyr 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Bcero 1 29 161 33 281 35 235 36 726 38 340 41 998 47 189 51 139 KoHcyhlbTaLAm MAD pOAMTeJeA 2 8 426 9 137 8 802 9 374 9 086 8 948 9 643 9 859 KoHcynbTaAH AsMA AeTem 2 118 3 269 3 275 2 887 3 691 3 599 3 668 3 807 Pa6oTa B rpynne 4 1 778 1 792 2 471 2 919 3 454 3 651 4791 5 076 noAAep>KKa ceMbU 9 089 9 968 10 547 9 951 11 246 12 484 13 876 15 268 AHeBHoe npe6blBaHme 6 7 747 9 115 10 140 11 595 10 863 13 316 15 211 17 129 nlpHno>KeHUsq 283 npHMe4aHHR K Ta6JnHLAe 4: 1 Bcero cnyqaeB BMeuwaTenbCTBa oTAeAa no genam Monoqe>KH 6e3 oTAeAeHHR pe6eHKa OT ceMbM. 2lOMOAb POAHTeA1M B BocnfTaHHH pe6eHKa, 4To6bl pe6eHoK Mor npeoAoAeTb Bo3paCTHble npo6- AeMbi, He MeHMq mecTa npO>KHBaHHs. 3HHAHBHgyaAbHaq nlOMOLb H KOHCYAIbTaLH AAJ1A AeTeA, 14TO6bi nOMO'ib mM npeOAOA1eTb B03paCTHbie npo6neMbl. 4 CowaAbHaa pa6OTa B rpynne: qAq AeTeA 6Onee cTapwero Bo3paCTa H MoAoAe>KH, LTo6bi noMOLAb npeoAoAeTb B03paCTHbIe H noBeAeHqecKue npo6AeMbl. 5MHTeHCHBHaq noAAep>KKa CeMbH B peweHHH nOBCeAHeBHbIX npo6neM H yperynWpoBaHlI KOHCpAHK- TOB H KpH3UCHbIX CHTyaL,UU, Aoflrocpo4Has nporpaMMa. 6LeHTpbl AHeBHOrO npe6biBaHmq nocne WKOQlbi: B03MO>KHOCTH Qnq coLAanbHo-negarorHLecKo no- MOLgU AeT.9M BHe ceMbH npH npOON(BaH"PU AeTeA AoMa. 5.2 Be.7UKo6pumaHUR OCHOBHbie JaaHHbIe: 06uiasA -IICJIeHHOCTb jeTefl B BO3paCTe zO 16 JICT B 1999 r: 10,074 MJH. 06miasA nIIcIeHHOCTb HaceIieHIIA: 49,997 MJIH. Ta6nHLa 1. AleTH, HaxoAquAie Ha none4eHHe/noA oneKOH Ha 31 MapTa, no Bo3paCTY H nony, 1989-1999 rr. Bo3pacT Ha 31 mapTa 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Bce AeTH 1 62 148 60 532 59 834 55 500 51 600 49 100 49 500 50 500 51 000 53 300 55 300 floKa3aTeAM Ha 10 000 57 56 55 51 47 45 45 45 45 47 49 MaAbq'AKH 33 730 32 506 31 955 29 300 27 300 26 200 26 500 27 300 27 900 29 200 30 200 Ao 1 roja 884 889 884 770 680 790 830 890 900 940 1 100 1-4 neT 4 660 4 791 4864 4 300 3 700 3 300 3 600 3 900 4 300 4 600 4 900 5-9 6 275 6 428 6 776 6 400 5900 5 600 5 600 5800 6 000 6 500 6 700 10-15 13 375 12 885 12 552 11 700 11 500 11 500 11 700 11 900 12 000 12 400 12 700 16 neT H CTapwe 8 536 7 513 6 879 6 220 5 580 4 900 4 800 4 800 4 700 4 800 4 800 A,eBOqKH 28 418 28 026 27 879 26 100 24 300 23 000 23 000 23 200 23 100 24 200 25 200 go 1 roAa 827 763 770 650 630 660 770 760 830 870 1 060 1-4 4 057 4 197 4 289 3 800 3 100 3 100 3 200 3 400 3 800 4 200 4 400 5-9 5 534 5 726 5 907 5500 5000 4600 4 500 4 700 4 900 5 300 5 900 10-15 10 958 10 763 10 599 10 200 9 900 9 700 9 900 9 700 9 400 9 600 9 700 16 neT tlcTapwe 7 042 6 577 6 314 6 020 5 590 4 900 4 600 4 500 4 300 4 200 4 200 npHMe4aHwe: AeTH B B03paCTe qo 18 AeT. nfOnoweHme AeTeU B POCCHUCKOU cteAepaiAww. 284 MTorH coLAHaJbHoH nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB H unepcneKTsBbI Ta6nu4a 2. PacnpegeneHHe AeTeu, HaXOALIAHxcq Ha none4eHNH/BocnHTaHHH Ha 31 MapTa, no npaBoBoMy cTaTycy, 1989-99 rr. npaBOuOH CTaTyC 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Bcero AeTe& 62 148 60 532 59 834 55 500 51 600 49 100 49 500 50 500 51 100 53 300 55 300 Cyge6Hbie peLweHUP 37 357 37 112 37 015 37 500 31 800 28 900 28 500 28 900 30 000 32 100 34 100 o noneq4HTenbCTse_ nocTynm.no nOA oneKy B COOTBeTCTBHH C Pa3- 2 3aKTBa C ox- 23 707 22 435 21 715 . AenoM 3aio,-a o6 ox- paHe AeTcTBa 1980 r. Pa3Ae.n 20 3aKoHa o AeTAX 1989 r. (Aco6- . . . 17 100 18 500 18 800 19 500 19 900 19 200 19 100 18 900 POBO,nbHoe cornacue) 2 nOA CI1eACTBHeM, nOA cyAoM HAn noA cTpa- 615 572 581 390 430 410 420 470 480 540 530 apyC 3 469 413 523 490 930 1000 1 100 1200 1400 1600 1800 CTaTYC npHMe4aHHe: InpeAcTaBneHHbie B Ta6AmLAe AaHHbie 0 AeTRX, HaXOAqU,HXCq Ha noneLieHHH, He BKJlO'4alOT P-Abl 20 TunaM KpaTKOBpeMeHHoro YCTPOCTBa. POAWTen", AaBWIle cornacue Ha nepeAa'4y pe6eHKa Ha none4eHHe BHe AoMa. BKKOL4alOT peweHHU, npHHPTbie B CBq3H C qpe3BbiqakHbIMH ycnOBH5MH, U peweHIlq o nepegaa-e Ha ycbIHoBneHme. Pa36HBKy AaHHblX 3a 1999 r. CM. B Ta6JnmLte 11. Ta6mu4a 3. PacnpeAeneHme AeTeu *, HaXOASILLIHXCR Ha noneLieHuu/BocnHTaHHH Ha 31 mapTa, no so3paCTY Hu nony, 1989-99 rr., B% Bo3pacT Ha 31 mapTa 1989 | 1990 1991 | 1992 1993 i 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Bcero AeTe AO 1 roAa 2,8 2,7 2,8 2,6 2,5 2,9 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,4 3,9 1-4 14 14,8 15,3 14,6 13,2 13,1 13,6 14,5 15,9 16,4 16,7 5-9 19 20,1 21,2 21,5 21,1 20,8 20,4 20,9 21,2 22,1 22,7 10-15 39,2 39,1 38,7 39,4 41,5 43,3 43,7 42,8 41,8 41,2 40,5 16 H cTapwe 25,1 23,3 22 21,9 21,6 19,8 18,9 18,4 17,5 16,3 15,7 MabTLIHKH 54,3 53,7 53,4 52,9 52,9 53,3 53,5 54,1 54,7 54,7 54,5 AeB04KH 45,7 46,3 46,6 47,1 47,1 46,7 46,5 45,9 45,3 45,3 45,5 npHMe4aHHe: nlpeACTaBneHHble B Ta6nmt4e AaHHbIe o AeTRX, HaXOAPULLAXCq Ha no,neqeHw, He BKJKO- LaloT pPAbi no TUnaM KpaTKOBpeMeHHoro yCTpoACTBa. noKa3aTen CKpaTKBpemeHHOycTpOucTBa B OCHOBHOM BKJoI4aIOT AaHHbie o KpaTKOBpeMeHHoU noAAep>KKe ceMbH, HanpuMep, KorAa poAUTe- Jn15M Heo6xoAHMo CTaLoHapHoe JeLieHme. OHU lMieOT cneWyioutme xapaKTepUCTHKH: o6u.AaP npo- AOA>KHTe,nbHOCTb YCTPOUCTBa He npeBbIWaeT OAHoro roAa, nPOAOA>KHTeAbHOCTb OAHOrO yCTpOACTBa He npefBbiwaeT 4eTbipeX HeAeflb H o6uLaq npOAOA>KHTenbHOCTb YCTpOACTBa He npesBbiwaeT 90 AHeA. *AeTH B BO3paCTe Ao 18 iieT. nlp mn oweH sM 285 Ta6nH4a 4. PacnpegeneHHe AeTeH, HaxOAU4IHXCR Ha none4eHHH/BocnHTaHHH Ha 31 MapTa, no THny YCTPOuCTBa, 1989-99 rr. Tun 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 yCTpOHCTBa Bcero AeTeA 62148 60532 59834 55500 51600 49100 49500 50500 51100 53300 55300 YCTPOACTBO Ha noneqe- 34160 34548 34766 32400 31400 31300 32000 33000 33400 35000 36200 HUe B naHcHoHax u B npeAoc- 2003 1733 1719 2100 2000 1500 1400 1400 1200 1100 1100 TaBAeHHbIX KBapTupax FocyrAapcTBe 11014 10507 9710 7700 6800 6000 5700 5300 5100 4900 4800 HHbil npfKOT BnaroTBopH- Te.nbHbie 980 943 854 760 700 600 570 480 480 460 480 pUHIOTbI H HHTepHaTbI UJKonbl H HH- TepHaTbI AAA qeTeH, Hy>K- awoiimxc. 1231 1174 1050 870 850 790 910 960 980 1000 1000 B cneLtHanu- 3HpoBaHHOU lepeAaHbi Ha yCbIHoB- 1561 1583 1885 2800 2500 2200 2200 2200 2400 2400 2900 AleHHe nog HaA30poM 8797 7740 7297 - - - - - - - - H KOHTponemM YCTpOCTBO - - - 6400 5100 4400 4300 4700 5100 5700 6200 Y POAuTeneH YCTpOCTBO B ApyrHx 2402 2304 2553 2420 2320 2300 2400 2500 2400 2700 2600 MeCTax npHMe4aHNe: nlpeACTaBA1eHHbie B Ta6JULke gaHHbie 0 AeTR5X, HaXOARLL4XCA Ha noneL4eHHH, He BK1Fot4awOT PsqAbi no TunaM KpaTKoBpemeHHoro ycTpocTBa. nloJioweHme AeT6e B POCCHUCKOU OegepaLAmH. 286 HTorm couyLaAbHoA nOAHTHKH 1990-x ropoB H nepcneKTHBbl Ta6nm4a 5. AeTH, nepeAaHHbie Ha BocnHTaHHe B 1995-99 rr. (pacnpeAeneHHe no npaBOBOMY CTaTYCY Ha HCXOAHbli MoMeHT)1, 4HCneHHOCTb H % 4HC,neHHOCTb 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Bcero AeTeH 2 32500 32300 29900 29700 28400 100 100 100 100 100 flOCTaHOBJleHme 740 700 590 910 940 2 2 2 3 3 o nonHOA oneKe nlocTaHoBneHwe 2100 2400 2600 3300 3400 7 7 9 11 12 o BpeMeHHoA oneKe nOA CAeACTBHeM, nog CyAOM HuU noA 1400 1400 1400 1500 1400 4 4 5 5 5 CTpa>Kem nOCTaHoBneHHe o 3aLLAHTe B 4pe3Bbl- LiaHHbIX yCnOBHSqX 2700 2700 2900 3100 3300 8 8 10 11 12 HAM 0 noAHLAeHCKoA Ao6pOBOAbHoe co- rnacue (Pa3Aen 20 3aKoHa O AeTrX 25300 25000 22200 20500 19000 78 77 74 69 67 1989 r.) (eAutHCTBeH- Hoe yCTpOHCTBO) ,4pyroA nlpaBOBOH 200 190 170 280 350 1 1 1 1 1 CTaTYC I_II_II_II_ 1 YIHTbiBaeTCq TOAbKO nepBblw cAyLaA, Korga pe6eHoK 6b1J nepegaH Ha none'-eHHe. 2lpeAcTaBheHHbie B Ta6nHLe AaHHbIe o AeT0X, HaXOqsqUUHXCq Ha none4eHMm, He BKniOL4qaOT pAbi no THnaM KpaTKOBpemeHHoro ycTpoHcTBa. Ta6nlii4a 6. A1eTH, nepeAaHHbie Ha BocnHTaHHe s 1995-99 rr. (pacnpeAeneHHe no npfH4HaM nepeAa4H noA oneKy)1, 4HCneHHOCTb H % 4HC,neHHOCTb 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Bcero AeTeA 2 32500 32300 29900 29700 28400 100 100 100 100 100 nocTaHoBneHHe 740 700 590 910 940 2 2 2 3 3 o nOAHOA oneKe nocTaHoBneHHe 2100 2400 2600 3300 3400 7 7 9 11 12 0 BpeMeHHOA oneKe flOA cAeACTBHeM, nog CyAOM HunU nog 1400 1400 1400 1500 1400 4 4 5 5 5 CTpa>KeII npHno>KeHHsq 287 Ta6ulmL.a 6 (npoAonweHme) q HCJneHHOCTb % 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 nocTaHoBneHue o 3aLLAHTe s qpe3Bbl- 4aHHbX yCJ1OBHqX 2700 2700 2900 3100 3300 8 8 10 11 12 HAM 0 noA1Ht;eHcKO 3aLLHTe Jo6pOBOnbHoe CO- rnacue (Pa3Aen 20 3aKoHa o AeTrX 25300 25000 22200 20500 19000 78 77 74 69 67 1989 r.) (eAHHCTBeH- Hoe ycTpokcTBo) IaJpyroHnpaBoBo 200 190 170 280 350 1 1 1 1 1 CTaTYC Y14iTbeBaeTCi TOAbKO nepBbIA cAy4aA, KorAa pe6eHoK 6bui nepeAaH Ha none4eHme. 2lpeqcTaBneHHbie B Ta6uHL4e AaHHbIe o AeTqX, HaXoALU.;HXCq Ha noneqeHHH, He BKKO'4aIOT pqqbi no THnaM KpaTKOBpemeHHoro yCTpOACTBa. Ta6nHL4a 7. AeTH B BO3paCTe 16 neT H cTapwe, oneKa HaA KOTOpblMU 6bina npeKpaLiLeHa B 1995-99 rr. L4HcneHHOCTb u % q HCneHHOCTb % 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1995 1996 11997 1998 11999 Bcero 8700 8700 2 8300 7700 7100 1 100 100 100 - 100 non MaAb4MKH | 4500 14500 4400 4200 4000 | 51 53 | 53 55 | 56 AeBO4KH 42001 4100 3900 3500 3100 49 48 45 Bo3pacT Ha MOMeHT npeKpaueHHq oneKH 16 3400 J 3600 3400 3500 3400 38 41 41 45 47 17 1400 1500 1500 1400 1400 16 17 18 17 20 18B-neTHle 3800 3500 3300 2800 2200 43 41 40 36 31 CTapwe18 AeT 150 [90 100 140 80 2 1 1 2 1 OKOH4aTenbHoe yCTpOHCTBO YCTpOACTBo nloA 3600 3600 3700 3600 3300 41 42 45 46 47 oneKy JQeTCKHe Aoma - 2100 2100 1800 1800 1500 24 24 22 23 21 )K+ByUiAHe 4 1900 1700 1600 1300 1300 21 20 19 16 18 CaMOCTOJqTeAbHO nlepeAaHbi 480 470 440 490 420 5 5 5 6 6 Apyroe 740 760 700 600 650 8 9 8 8 9 nOho>KeHwe AeTee B POCCUUCKOU $eAepaLAHH. 288 MTorm coLHaJbHoH noAHTKuiK 1990-x ropOB s nepcneKTHBbI Ta6nH4Aa 7 (npoRoAn*eHHe) UIIce H HOCTb 1995 I 1996 1 997 1 998 1 999 1995 1996 1:997 1998 1999 npoAorn*uTeJnbHocTb nocneAHero nepHoa oneK S === MeHee 6 MecsueB 2300 2300 2100 2000 1800 26 27 26 26 26 OT 6 MecLueBs AO 910 950 860 750 640 10 1 1 10 10 9 1 rOAa___ OT 1 roAa Ao 2 neT 1400 1400 1300 1100 1000 16 16 16 14 14 2 roAa H 6onee 4200 4000 3900 3900 3700 48 46 48 50 51 1 YIHTbiBaeTcq TOJ1bKO nepBblH cAy'4aH, KorAa pe6eHoK 6biA nepeAaH Ha noneqeHHe. 2npeAcTaBAeHHbie B Ta6nHLAe AaHHbie o AeTRX, HaXOALUAHXCR Ha noneqeHHH, He BKAiO-aIOT pP.Abl no THnaM KpaTKOBpemeHHoro ycTpoHcTBa. 3B TOM LIHCAe rocYAapCTBeHHble npHOTbl, 6haroTBopHTenbHble nplHOTbi H HHTepHaTbI, 3aperHCTpH- pOBaHHbie LaCTHbIe AeTcKHe AOMa. 4B TOM 1HCJe npo>Kt)HBwoLLAHe B naHCHOHaX, >KHByU.LHe CaMOCTOqTeAbHO H B KBapTHpax, npeAOcTaB- JneHHblx no MeCTY pa6OTbl. <KeT BKA1oiaTb 6o- uee oAHoro ycTpoAcTBa. Ta6nHL a 8. AeTH, HaxOAHBWUHecR nOA oneKOH H nepeAaHHbie Ha yCbIHOBJneHeI B 1995-99 rr., 4HcneHHOCTb H % I 4HCcneHHOCTb % 11995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1995 1996 11997 11998 1999 Bcero AeTeA 2 2000 1900 1900 2100 2200 100 100 100 100 100 non ManbqHKH |1000 980 |920 1100 1100 50 | 51 50 51 48 AeBOqKH | 1000 930 940 1000 1100 50 49 50 49 52 Bo3pacT yCblHOBneOHH A~o 1rOAa 200 150 140 140 200 10 8 8 7 9 OT 1 Ao 4 AeT 810 860 890 1110 1300 40 45 48 53 57 OT 5 AO 9 neT 690 610 580 660 580 34 32 31 31 26 OT 10 AO 15 AeT 290 260 220 170 150 14 14 12 8 7 OT 16 H CTapwe 30 30 30 20 10 2 1 2 1 | CpeAHMA BO3PaCT 5:9 5:6 5:5 4:11 4:4 (neT: mecsftAeB) OKOHLaTenbHoe yCTPOHCTBO nlepeAaHoHa 11300 1300 1200 11500 1600 63 1 66 65 72 75 yCblHOBfAeHH j I I BnpHieMHbe eMb T 690 610 600 570 510 34 32 32 27 23 JApyroe 50 40 50 20 50 3 21 3 1 2 npWAo>KeHWs 289 Ta6nH4a 8 (npoAonKeHHe) 15 qHCneHHOCTb | 1 9 1995 1996 f 1997 11998 11999 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 OKoHLiaTeunbHblA npaBoBOH CTaTYC FOTOBbI 520 560 590 690 720 26 30 31 33 33 K yCbIHOBJeHHio CYAe6Hoe peweHHe 1000 960 940 1100 1000 52 50 51 51 47 o6 oneKe Ao6pOBOnbHoe cornacue 460 380 330 330 430 23 20 18 16 20 (Pa3Aen 20) A~PyroA npaB3OBOA CTaTYC nlpOA0onKHTe,nbHOCTb nocneANero nepHoAa o0neKH AO 1 rOAa 230 190 180 170 250 11 10 10 9 11 OT 1 rOAa Ao 2 AeT 360 400 390 450 560 18 21 21 21 26 OT 2JneTAO 3 heT 380 410 490 600 600 19 21 26 28 27 3 U 6onee neT 100 I 900 810 890 780 52 47 44 42 36 1,1eTH, oneKa Hag KOTOpblMU npeKpaLLeHa: rge <(yCbIHOBAeHHe)> yKa3aHO, KaK OKOH4aTe)lbHbIA HC- XOA. 2lpegcTaBneHHbie B Ta6A1Lte AaHHbie 0 AeTqX, HaxOAqUAHXCq Ha none'4eHHHl He BKJoqakOT PqAbi no THnaM KpaTKOBpemeHHoro ycTpoAcTBa. - AA1TeAbHbIH nepHoA npe6blBaHHs noA oneKOW, KOTOpblU Mo>KeT BK1OKaTb 6o- nee ojHoro yCTpOHCTBa H CBq3aH C nony4eHHeM pa3Hblx npaBOBbIX CTaTycoB. Ta6J1HL4a 9. PacnpeAeReHme AeTeH, HaxOAHBWHXCR Ha none4eHHH Ha 31 mapTa 1999r., no Bo3paCTY H nPOAOJDKHTeAbHOCTH nocneAHero nepHoAa npe6biBaHHs noA oneKOu1 BO3paCT Ha 31 MapTa 1999 r. Bce 16 neT n poAon>KHTehnbHOCTb B03pa- AO 1 1-4 5-9 10-15 H CTH ble rpynnbi CTapwe Bcero AeTeu 55300 2200 9200 12500 22400 9000 Ao 2 HeAeAb 1000 150 210 160 430 70 OT 2 HeAenb AO 8 HeAeAb 2300 310 400 470 940 200 OT 8 Hegenb Ao 6 MeqtAeB 5900 930 1100 1200 2300 440 OT 6 Mecq4eB AO 1 roAa 6900 770 1600 1500 2400 660 OT 1 roga AO 2 neT 10400 - 3100 2600 3300 1300 OT 2 AeT Ao 3 ueT 7500 1800 2100 2500 1100 OT 3 neT Ao 5 heT 9300 990 3000 3900 1500 OT 5 AeTA 010 AeT 9100 1600 5300 2300 10 U 6oneelneT 2800 - 1300 1500 1fnepwoA oneKH>> - AAHTeAbHbIH nepHog npe6blBaHHS nOA oneKoA, KOTOpblU Mo>KeT BKn)O4aTb 6o- nee oAHoro YCTPOACTBa H CBR3aH C noAyqeHHeM pa3Hblx npaBOBbIX cTaTycoB. 2npeqcTasneHHbie B Ta6AwLte aHHbie o geTRX, HaXoqDLLAHXCq Ha noneqeHHH, He BKAjO1IoT pqgbl no THnaM KpaTKoBpeMeHHoro yCTpo0cTBa. nloAo>KeHHe geTeU B POCCHUCKOU qteAepaLtH. 290 kTorM COrm aAbHOU nOAHTHKH 1990-x rOAOB U nePCneKTUBbl Ta6nm4a 10. AeTH, HaXOAHBWmeCR nlOA OnleKOU B Te4eHwe rOAa, BKJllO4af AaHHbie no OAHOMY PRAY KpaTKOCPO4Horo YCTPOUCTBa B 1995-99 rr., 4HcneHHOCTb H % IiHCneHHOCTb % 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 1999 19951199611997 1-1998 1999 Bcero geTeA 1 10400 1060011100011140011700 100 100 100 100 [ 100 non MaAbqHKM 16100 | 6300 6600 6900| 7100 59 159 601 60 60 AeBO4KW 4300 4300 4400 4500 4600 4 1 41 40 40[40 Bo3pacT' go 1 roAa 190 150 160 140 130 2 1 1 1 1 OT1rogaAo4neT 1500 1500 1300 1100 900 15 14 12 10 8 OT5 go 9 ueT 3200 3300 3300 3400 3100 31 31 30 30 26 OT 10 0 15JneT 4300 4400 4800 5100 5600 41 42 44 45 48 16wCTapwe 1200 1300 1500 1700 1900 11 12 14 15 17 CpeAHWU Bo3pacT 10:5 10:7 10:8 10:10 11:1 (neT: MecPLUeB) YCTPOUiCTBO3 YCTPOACTBO Ha 5800 5900 6200 6300 6200 63 66 65 72 1 75 none4eH"e . I feTCKHe AoMa4 3700 3800 4000 4500 4900 34 32 32 27 23 Apyroe 910 880 900 630 620 3 2 3 1 2 npH4HHbi nepega4H Ha none4eHlHe PoAHTeAm/ceMbH, Hy>Krawolu ec.q B nOMOLL H - pe6eHoK C orpa- HH4eHHbIMH BO3MO>K- 5000 5400 5700 6200 6700 48 51 51 54 57 HOCTPMU 3AOPOBb | - Apyroe 3300 3200 3300 3200 3100 31 30 30 28 27 CocTosHHe 3j0PoBbSP 730 750 680 610 560 7 7 6 5 5 POAHTe.neA 5enaroCOCTOsHle 420 320 350 350 320 4 3 3 3 3 pe6eH Ra L1Apyroe 950 1 930 1 10301 1090 1 000 9 9 10 8 1Bce AeTH, KOTOpbie HaxoAtnHCb noA oneKOA OgHH HuH 6onee pa3 Ha yCnOBHqX KpaTKOCpo4Horo yC- TpOACTBa B ino6oA nepHoA B TeqeHHe roga, OKaH'4HBawoUAeroCq 31 MapTa. HeKoTopbie H3 HUX B Teqe- Hue roAaTaK>Ke HaxogAJHCb nOA oneKoA B COOTBeTCTBHH C gpyrHMH npaBOBbIMH CTaTyCaMH H 6bIlH BKAiOLieHbI B Apyrme Ta6WtlAbl AaHHOA ny6nHKaiAHH. 2 Bo3pacT Ha MoMeHT OKOH-IaHHq nocneAHero nepHoga oneKH unu Ha 31 MapTa, ecnu CTaTyC pe6eH- Ka coxpaHReTCR B COOTBeTCTBHH C goroBopoM. 3YCTPOUCTBO H nPHY4HHa nepeAaqu nOA oneKy B nocneAHem CAy-ae nepegaqU nOA oneKy 3a roA. 4B TOM Lmcne rOCyAapCTBeHHbie npHKoTbl, 6naroTBopHTenbHbie npfKOTbI U 3aperHCTpupoBaHHbie 4a- CTHbi eAeTCKHe gOMa. npmno>KeHH.q 291 Ta6muLAa 11. KonH4ecTBo AHeH npe6blBaHHs nOA oneKoM, no npaBoBOMY CTaTYCY H ycTpoHcTBy B 1995-99 rr. TbIC. rOA, 3aKaH4HBaIOl1UHAcs 31 MapTa 1995 1996 1997 1998 J 1999 Bcero AeTeu 1 17 830 18 210 18 430 18 920 19 960 npaBoBou CTaTyC nocTaHoBAeHH%lo6 oneKe 10 400 10 470 10 690 11 490 12 350 lloA cAeACTB"em, noA cYAOM HA" nog cpa>eu 150 160 170 160 160 nog cnegcTBHeM U nog cygoM 140 150 160 160 150 flog CTpaKeU 3 8 7 7 5 10 nocTaHoBneHHe 0 3aLLAHTe B qpe3BbiYaHHbIX 19 18 19 21 21 YCAOBH.qX HuH o nOA1LAeHCKO 3aLUHTe FOTOBbI K yCbIHOBuIeHHFO 300 350 390 420 470 Ao6poBonbHoe corAacue cornacHo Pa3Aeny 20 3aKOHa O AeTqx 1989 (oAHoYCTpocTBO)4 6890 7150 7100 6770 6900 Apyrou npaBOBou cTaTyC 60 64 62 50 66 YCTPOACTBO flone4eHme 11 400 11 780 12020 12 480 13 170 ,eTCKHe goMa 2610 2500 2370 2230 2260 lepeAaHbi Ha yCbIHoBBeHwe 790 810 840 860 950 fnepeAaHbIpoAMTenAlM 1580 1660 1780 2030 2230 Apyroe 1450 1460 1420 1320 1360 1lpeAcTaBneHHbie B Ta6nAHLe AaHHbie 0 AeTsx, Haxog5LLuHXcq Ha noneLieHHH, He BKAio0wOT prAbi no THnaM KpaTKOBpemeHHoro ycTpokcTBa. 2 B TOM YHCJe geTH, KOTOpbie noAAe>KaT o6sl3aTenbHoA nepeAa'4 nog oneKy cornacHo Pa3Aeny 53 3aKOHa o geTqX H MOnOge>KH 1933 r. 3 p,eTH, 3agep>KaHHbie MyHHW4lnanbHbIMH opraHamt corAaCHo pa3AeAy 38(6) 3aKoHa o ga4e noKa3a- HHU B nonulL4HH H no yrOAOBHOMy Aeny 1984 r. 4POAHTeuw, AaBW&1e corAacme Ha nepeAaay geTe6 Ha none-IeHHe BHe AOMa. nloJ1oweHHe AeTeU B POCCHUCKOA cteg,epaL,ww. 292 MTOH coLrHaJbHafol no1HTHKH 1990-x rO,qOB u nepcneKTHBbi Ta6nHI4a 12. PacnpeAeneHHe AeTeH, HaxOAHBwtixcR nOA oneKOu Ha 31 mapTa 1999r., no npaBOBOMY CTaTYCY H BO3PaCTY Bo3paCT Ha 31 mapTa 1999 r. npaBOBOU CTaTYC Bce 1Ao 1-4 5-9 10-15 16 H 6o- AeTH 1 roAa ieeneT Bcero AeTeA 1 55 300 2200 9200 12 500 22 400 9000 nOCTaHOBneHHq o6 oneKe 34 100 1300 6700 9100 12 900 4100 nOA CAeACTBUem, nOA cYAOm UAll n°A 5327 20 ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~530 - - - 270 270 CTpa)Kem nlOA CneACTBmeM U nOA CYAOM 500 - 260 250 noA cTpa>KeU 30 - 10 20 nOCTaHOBneHme O 3aUaWTe B i4pe3Bbl- qaAHbIx YCJIOBV5qX unu o nomuneA- 280 70 90 90 40 - CKOA 3aXuLTe nlo.nmeACKas 3aLUJTa 50 20 20 20 - nocTaHoBAeHe.e o 3aaUJ,Te B 4pe3Bbl- 230 50 70 70 40 - qaAHbIX yCnOBHqX LeTH, noAne>KaLLAHe yCbIH0BJIeHHIO 1300 40 550 450 160 50 Ao6poBonbHoe cornacue cornacHo Pa3Aeny 20 3aKOHY O AeTAX 1989 18 900 700 2000 2900 9300 4000 (OAHO yCTpOUCTBO) Apyroe 220 10 20 10 120 50 1 nlpeACTaBneHHbie B Ta6JnLme AaHHble 0 AeTSX, HaXO0,5LUHXC Ha nOneqeHHH, He BKnKoqa- KOT PSAI1,bl no T1naM KpaTKOBpeMeHHoro yCTpOACTBa. Ta6nHI4a 13. PacnpeAeneHwe AeTeu, HaxOAmi3wHxcq noA oneKou Ha 31 mapTa 1999r., no Tilny yCTpOICTBa H BO3PaCTY Bce AO ~~~~~~~~16 YCTPOUCTBO Bce /°O 1-4 5-9 10-15 U 6onee ROTH 1 roAa e neT BcerO AeTeA 1 55 300 2200 9200 12 500 22 400 9000 YCTpoACTBo noA oneKy 36 200 1600 6200 9100 14 700 4600 K pOACTseHHuKy unu Apyry ceMbH B paUOHe npo>KwBaHws 4400 120 830 1200 1800 520 BHe paAoHa npo>mBaHHs 1200 30 220 350 500 150 YwKmBaHHq 150 T - T 40 1 50 |30 |30 p,pyrOe B paUOHe npowwEiaHHq 24 200 1200 4100 6100 980 3000 BHe paUoHa npo)KmBaHHq 5600 230 860 1300 12400 1840 npHno>KeHHu 293 Ta6nHLAa 13 (npoAon>KeHHe) Bce Ao ~~~~~~~~16 YCTPOHCTBO Bce Aa 1-4 5-9 10-15 H 6o0ee AUTH 1 roAa neT JApyrieTHunbl ycTpOAcTBa B yqpe>KAeHHSX 10 200 330 3000 2700 2400 1700 B naHc oHe, caMOCTOqTeAbHO HuA B npeAOCTaB- 1100 - - - 60 1100 neHHOH KBapTHpe YCTPOACTBO y poAMTeAeA 6000 170 1400 1800 2100 550 p,pyrme THnbi YCTPOACTBa 140 10 30 20 50 30 nepeAaHbl HaycbIHoaneHHe 2900 160 1600 920 170 30 rocyAapcTBeHHbie npHoTbl 4800 - 20 310 3300 1200 Y4e6Hbie 3aBeAeHHq noAAep)KKa Hnu KOHTpOAb 570 30 420 120 nlOMOub 120 10 80 30 ,Lpyrme npwiOTbl, noAy,4aioauAe noAAep>)iKy B yqpe>KgeHHq Ha6moaeHHq uo6neAoBaHtls | 530 | - - 40 350 140 AAnq AeTeA C orpaHu4eHHbIMH B03MO>KHOCTSMM 320 40 180 90 3AOpOBbfi flpeAocTaBneH"e MeCTa B HHTepHaTe 120 30 90 npo4we - npowiKmBaHme 6onee 12 geTe1 390 10 310 70 LApyrwe y4pe>KAeHwq, nony4uwmwe nOMOLikb B y4pe>KAeHHq Ha6nIoAeHHRu o6cneAoBaHHq 40 30 10 Aj1JU geTew C orpaHH4eHHbIMM B03MO>KHOCTqMH 60 30 30 3AOPOBbH- nlpeAocTaBAeH"e MeCTa B HHTepHaTe 30 _ 30 npoLlme -npo)$(HBaHHe He 6ouee 12 AeTeA 200 - 10 20 140 30 - .ipo>KWBaHHe 6ouee 12 AeTei 120 | 30 60 20 BAarOTBOpHTeAbHbie npH?OTbl H HHTepHaTbl 480 | 40 190 240 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHble 4aCTHbie AeTCKHe AoMa 950 - 10 90 660 190 WKOnbI C nPHIOTaMH H HHTepHaTaMH 1000 - _ | 90 | 700 | 230 WJKOJ1bl AJ1R AeTeH, Hy>KAaKiOUAHXCq B cnelLHaAH3HpOBaHHoA nOMOLLAH -cneq4aAbHbie WKonbl noAyaiaoutue noA- 150 - T T 20 100 1 20 Aep)KKy I . j _ _ I _ - He3aBHCWMbie cnefLHanbHbIe WKOAbl 550 - T 60 370 [ 120 p,pyrme He3aBHCHMbie WKOn1bl - 3aperuCTpupoBaHHble B CooTBeTCTBHH c 3a- 130 T- 90 40 KOHOM o6 o6pa3oBaHMM 1944 r. - C ABOAHOH perHCTpaL4HeM B COOTBeTCTBHH c 3aKoHoM o6 o6pa3oBaHHH 1944 r. H 3aKoHoM 90 | | - 80 10 o geTAX 1989 r. npIoTbI (3aKoH o npuIoTax 1984 r.) 100 - | 10 50 40 tApyrme y4pe>KAeHR.9 1700 140 180 190 690 450 MonoAe>KHble LteHTpbl 40 - - - 30 10 CeMeAHbie qeHTpbl 110 30 20 10 40 10 AoMa MaTepH u pe6eHKa 130 60 30 10 10 20 nOno>KeHUe AeTeU B POCCUUCKOU $DeAepaLtHm. 294 MTorm cmLtmaAbHoM nOAHTHKH 1990-x roAOB u nepcneKTHBbI Ta6nm4a 13 (npoAon>KeHHe) Bce AO ~~~~~~~~16 YCTPOiACTBO BAeT 1 OA 1-4 5-9 10-15 H 6oRee 4~~~TH 1 rosa Jl~~~~~.eT MeAtltAHHCKa f nOMOtLb U4 nOMOLib no yxoAy 100 20 10 10 40 20 Y4pe>KAeH1l lAS HecoBepJeHHoneTHux npaBo- 170 - - - 60 110 HapywMTenek unu TlOpbMa OTCYTCTBoBaJ1H B YCTaHoBneHHOM mecTe 180 10 10 70 90 yCTpOACTBa pJpyrme Twnbl yCTpOACTBa 920 30 110 150 440 190 1 npeACTaBneHHbie B Ta6fnu4Le AaHHbie 0 AeTRX, HaXOJULIAHXCP Ha noneLleHHH, He BKAKOqaiOT pqAbI no TunaM KpaTKOBpeMeHHoro ycTpoAcTBa. 5.3 CoeauHeHHble LLImambI OCHOBHble TIaHHbie: IHCJIeHHOCTb ,AeTeHl: 80,297 MJIH. 06wasA mCjieHHOCTb HacejieHtI: 281,55 MJIH. Ta6nJ1LIa 1. PacnpeAeneHHe AeTeH, KHBYLLHX BHe AOma, no THny ycTpoHcTBa B 1998 @HHaHCOBOM roAy 1 YCTPOHCTBO npeAnono>KHTenbHaR oLIeHKa B % Bcero AeTe& 560 000 100 YCTPOACTBO B ceMbe 161 179 29 pOACTBeHHHKOB He B ceMbe pOACTBeHHHKOB 268 225 48 B npHK*Tax B oW"AaHHH 15 489 3 yCblHOB.neHHq CeMeUHbIl nPHUOT 2 42 412 8 Yqpew,geHHs 3 46 532 8 CaMOCTOPqTenbHoe npo?KHBaHme 3731 1 nOp HaA30pOM C6e>KaBW"e 5202 1 MHcneKLIUOHHbie nPOBePKH 17 231 3 Ha AOMY 11998 43HHaHCOBbWA rOA: C 1 OKTP6pP 1997 r. no 30 CeHTP6pq 1998 r. 2 MeHee weCTH AeTeu B npHI0Te. 3B OCHOBHOM yLpew.AeHHq AAR AeTeA C OTKnOHeHHUMH B noi3eAeHMM H YMCTBeHHOM pa3BHTHM, a TaK- >e HecoBepweHHoAeTHue npaBOHapywHTeAU. Yqpe>KAeHH1 pa3Hbie no pa3mepy (rqo 700 '-eJlOBeK) H CTaTYCY (B BeAeHHH LBTaTa unu 'aCTHOrO areHTCTBa). npHno>KeHHs, 295 Ta6nHI4a 2. PacnpeAeneHHe AeTeu, )KHByU4X BHe AoMa, no nPOAOnJKHTenbHOCTH npe6blBaHHR B 1998 coHHaHCOBOM roAy n POAOJn>KHTeJn bHOCTb npeAno>'1o TenbHaR oLieHKa B % npe6blBaHHHa Bcero 560 000 100 MeHee 1 mecrLAa 20 806 4 OT 1 go S MecqLAeB 85 328 15 OT 6 Ao 1 1 Mecu4eB 84 690 15 OT 12 go 17 Meci4eB 62 568 11 OT 18 go 23 MecsLieB 48 056 9 OT 24 go 29 MeiLteB 40 514 7 OT30 Ao 35 MeCqLAeB 30 496 5 OT 3 Ao 4fneT 88 183 16 Boniee 5 neT 99 359 18 Ta6n Hi.a 3. PacnpeAeneHme AeTeu, )KHBYLLAX BHe AoMa, no npH4HHaM nocTynneHmq B 1994 r. npH4mHa nlpeAnonO)KHTenbHam oLteHKa B % Bcero 262 937 100 3aLULHTa 157 134 60 HapyweHHu cTaTyca 12 464 5 Le.nHKBeHTHOe nOBeAeHUe 25 425 10 cDm3mqeCKme OTKJ1OHeHHU 9874 4 OTCYTCTBHe poAHTenei 43 789 17 OTKa3 OT pOAHTenbCKl.x npaB 1688 1 JApyroe 11 429 4 HeT AaHHbIX 1135 0 nloAo>KeHme AeT6e B POCCHACKOA (DegepaL;HH. 296 iTorm coLAmanbHoA non1TWKW 1990-x FOqOB H nepCneKTHBbl Ta6Rn4a 4. PacnpeAeneHme AeTeu, HaXOAqU4MXCR Ha none4eHHI, no THny paccmaTPHBaeMblx Aen o6 onpeAeiieHHH Hx cTaTyca B 1998 C@HHaHcoBoM roAy CTaTyC npeAnonO4HTeHbHaR B % oLIeHKa Bcero 560 000 100 BoccoeAMHeHHe 221 839 40 YCTPOACTBO y POACTBeHHHKOB 19 561 3 YCbIHOBAeHHe 109 638 20 OneKa 37 161 7 AonrocpoL4Hoe none-eHHe 30 246 5 BblxoA W3-nOA pOAHTeAbCKOA oneKH 14 657 3 CTaTyc noKa He onpeAeheH 126 899 23 Ta6nmL4a 5. PacnpeAeneHHe AeTeg, nocTynuHBWHX Ha none4eHIe, no B03paCTY B 1998 c)HHaHcoBoM roAy Bo3pacT rlpeAnono)KHTenbHa| B % oLAeHKa Bcero 214 488 100 B 8o3pacTe AO 1 roAa 37 574 13 B BO3paCTe OT 1 Ao 5 AeT 72 740 25 B Bo3pacTe OT 6 go 10 AeT 61 981 22 Bo3paCTeOT1 AO15 AeT 82440 29 B Bo3pacTe oT 16 AO 18 neT 31 013 11 B Bo3pacTe 19 neT u cTapwe 252 0 Ta6nH4a 6. PacnpeAeneHHe AeTeg, Bbi6blBlwUX M3-nOA oneKH, no B03paCTY B 1998 c4)HaHCOBOM rOAy Bo3pacT npeAnonoeKMTenbHasi B npoiAeHTax OL4eHKa Bcero 186 779 100 B Bo3paCTe Ao 1 roAa 9942 4 B Bo3pacTe OT 1 Ao 5 AeT 64 610 26 B 8o3pacTe OT 6 AO 10 ieT 56 352 23 B BO3paCTe OT 11 AO 15 neT 60 503 24 B BO3paCTe OT 16 Ao 18 AeT 50 442 20 B BO3paCTe 19 neT H cTapwe 6151 2 nfpHnoweHwM 297 Ta6nHLia 7. PacnpeAeneHHe 4HcneHHOCTH AeTeu, HaxoARLL%HxcR BHe AoMa, no CTaTYCY POAHTelbCKNX npaB B 1994 r. CTaTYC POAUTenJbCKHX npaB |npeRnonloHTehbHas O4OeHKa| B % Bcero 465 820 100 J1WBeHHe pOgHTeJibCKwX npaB 38 168 8 OTKa3 OT pOLHTefIbCKHX npaB 22 359 5 OTCyTCTBHe cTaTyca 398 397 86 Apyrou CTaTyc 6377 1 HeH3BeCTHO/HeT AaHHbIX 520 0 Ta6mq4a 8. PacnpeAeneHHe AeTeH, HaxOA4LLuHXCR BHe AoMa, no KOJ1HiIeCTBy MeCT YCTPOUCTBa B 1994 r. KO,IM4eCTBO MeCT yCTpOHCTBa |lpeAnOnOWMTen6bHaA oL4eHKa B % Bcero 465 820 100 1 MeCTO YCTPOkCTBa 228 232 49 2 MecTa ycTpoAcTBa 113 113 24 OT 3 Ao 5 MeCT YCTpOkCTBa 98 594 21 6 unu 6onee MeCT YCTpOHCTBa 25 698 6 HeM3BeCTHO/HeT AaHHbIx 182 0 Ta6RH4a 9. Bo3pacT AeTeH, O>KmAaiol-xHxyCbIHOBneHu , Ha MoMeHT nOCTynneHHR Ha nOnle4eHme, B 1998 CIuHaHCOBOM roAy B03paCT nlpeAnonoKMHTenbHaR oLIeHKa B % Bcero 122 000 100 B BO3paCTe AO 1 roAa 37 050 30 B Bo3pacTe OT 1 Ao 5 ueT 50 778 42 B B03paCTe OT 6 AO 10 neT 27 137 22 B 8o3pacTe OT 11 go 15 neT 6780 6 B B03pacTe OT 16 AO 18 neT 255 0 1 AeTH, OWK"AaOLule yCblHOBBneHHS, 3TO AeTH KOTOpbIe nepegaHbi Ha yCbIHOBAeHHie H/Hnu AeTH, y KOTOPbIX POAMTenH nmJweHbi POAHTeAbCKHX npaB. JQeTH B Bo3pacTe 16 neT H cTapwe, KOTOpbIe xo- TAT BbIkTH M3-nog oneKR, He BKJO'qeHbI B gaHHbie omeHKH. nlonoweHme AeTO B POCCHACKOA cteAepaLAHm. 298 MTorrH CoL,HanbHoH nOAHTHKH 1990-x FOAOB H nePCneKTHBbl Ta6nHI4a 10. Bo3pacT AeTeH, o>KHgwalouAHx yCblHoBneHHq, Ha 30 ceHTs6ps 1998 r. Bo3paCT nlpeAnonoxKHTenbHaR oLAeHKa B % Bcero 122000 100 B Bo3paCTe Ao 1 roAa 3489 3 B Bo3paCTe OT 1 Ao 5 AeT 42 565 35 B Bo3pacTe OT 6 AO 10 neT 44 747 37 B so3paCTe OT 11 AO 15 AeT 27 380 22 B Bo3paCTe OT 16 Ao 18 neT 3 818 3 Ta6RnmL4a 11. PacnpeAeAeHHe AeTeH, O)KHAaioLu4x yCblHoBneHHq, Ha 30 ceHTR6pq 1998 r. no nPOAOnWKHTeAbHOCTM npe6blBaHI4A B O>KHAaHMH noA BpeMeHHoH oneKoM BpemRq O)(HAaHHq BO fnpeAnonO)KHTenbHaR OL4eHKa B % BpeMeHHoM nlpHIOTe Bcero 122000 100 MeHee 1 mecqLa 790 1 OT 1 Ao 5 MeCqLteB 4920 4 OT 6 AO 11 MecswieB 8074 7 OT12 AO 17 Mec LteB 9996 8 OT 18 Ao 23 MeqLAeB 11 141 9 OT 24 go 29 MecqeB 11 714 10 OT 30 Ao 35 MePA.eB 9651 8 OT 36 AO 59 MeciLAeB 32 548 27 60 u.nu 6o0ee MecqLAeB 33 165 27 Ta6nuH4a 12. THn YCTPOHCTBa AeTeU, O>KHAalOu4HX yCbIHOBneHmq, Ha 31 mapTa 1998 r. THn YCTPOHCTBa nPeAO4no KHTenbHlaa B % oL4eHKa Bcero 120 879 100 nOA oneKOA POACTBeHHIKOB 28 925 24 He nOA oneKOU poAcTBeHHHKOB 70 054 57 B nplIoTe gmq AeTeH, O>KAaaiouAwx yCbIHOB1neHH 13 539 11 FpynnOBOA npHIOT 3546 3 Y4pe>KAeHme 3647 4 CaMOCTOsTenbHoe nPO>KmBaH"e nOg Hag3OPOM 73 0 C6e>KaBWHe 366 0 HHcneKLAHOHHbie npoBePKH Ha AOMY 729 1 nlpMno>KeHMA 299 Ta6hlH4a 13. nPpoAoneIHTenbHocTb nepHoAa c MoMeHTa npeKpauAeHHR POAHTenJbCKHX npaB AO YCbIHOBneHHU AeTeH, nepeAaHHbIX Ha yCbIHOBneHHe, B 1998 cjpiHaHCOBOM rOAY nlPOAOrncHTenbHocTb flnpeAnonoWHTenbHas oL4eHKa B % nePHoAa Bcero 36 000 100 MeHee 1 mecqLAa 956 3 OT 1 AO 5 MecqL4eB 5636 16 OT 6 AO 1 1 MecqLJeB 10 629 30 OT 12 AO 17 MeqLAeB 7125 20 OT 18 Ao 23 MecR5ieB 4248 12 OT 24 AO 29 mecq4eB 2526 7 OT30 AO 35 MecqLeB 1510 4 OT 3 go 4 neT 2474 7 BoAee 5 neT 896 2 Ta6nRH4a 14. B03paCT AeTei, yCbIHOBneHHbIX H3 BpeMeHHoro npHIOTa B 1998 @HHaHCOBOM roAy BO3paCT 04eHKa B % Bcero 36000 100 go 1 roga 577 2 OT 1 Ao 5 neT 16 387 46 OT 6 gO 10 neT 13 177 37 OT 1 1 AO 15 neT 5145 14 OT 16 go 18 neT 714 2 HpHJrnKCeHie 8 Cmaniaapmible npa6una o6ecneyenuM pa6eecmea 603M0dc7iocmeu 3iau ueautuaWo Pe30nioL4H reHepanbHoIu AccaM6neH OOH 48/96 OT 20 AeKa6pR 1993 r. I4HBanH2bI MmeIOT npaBO Ha Te Ke BO3MO)KHOCTH, MTO H npoMHe rpaaalaHe, II Ha paBeHCT- BO C HHMH B TOM, 'TO KaCaeTCq rIOBbilIeHH31 YPOBHA yCJIOBHH ACH3HH B pe3yNJbTaTC 3KO- HOM'IMeCKOrO H COUHaJIbHOrO pa3BHTHB. 06ecne'enuepaoeucm6a ao3moxcHocmeu 03HaMa- eT npouecc, B xoAe KOTOpOrO pa3JIIHqHbIe CHlCTeMHble KOMrOHeHTbI 06iueCTBa H BiellIHeH cpeabI, TaKHe, KaK yCJIyFH, MepoipHSTITI, lHHOpMaUaSI H ZtOKymeHTaUIHA, CTaHOB5ITCS JOCTYIHHbIMH BCeM H B TOM mHcjie IHBajHJAnaM. UeJIb 1lpaBHIJI COCTOHT B TOM, 'lTo6bI o6ecnie'HTb 11HBaJiiHaaM - aeTAM, )KelHWHHaM H My)K`IHHaM - Te ce ripaBa H o6A3aHHoCTH, KaKHMH o6JIagialoT ,tpyrue Jflnoa. 4HlBaintabI - uieHbI o6IUeCTBa IH HMCIOT HpaBO Ha 'ICl3Hb B cpez.e HpoqMlx inAoeil. OHH J,OJIKHbI lOjiyqaTb Heo6XoztHMyio MM nozlCpMKKY epe3 o6biqHbIe CTpyKTYPbl o6- pa3OBaHHM, 3apaBooXpaHeHHM, 3aHATOCTH H CO4HaBAbHOe o6cJyzHBaHHe. rocyz(apCTBa ,OJIWHbI IlpHHSTb MepbI HO OCo3HaHMIO o6IieCTBOM BonpOCOB, CBs3aH- HbIX C HHBaJInJaaMH, HX HpaBaMH, HyAKaaMn, HOTeH1IHajiOM H BKJiaaOM B pa3BHTHe. focyaapCTBa JaOJHHbI o6ecrienHTb JefiCTBeHHOe MCeHAHHCKOe o6CJyIYHBaHMe HH- BaJI1IROB. OHH JaOJVI(HbI pa6oTaTb Haa C03aalHMem MHOrOnpO4HJIbHbIX nporpamm paHHe- ro BbIS3BjieHISA, 3KCiepTH3bI H Tie-ieHl5I HapyLUeHHH 3JaOpOBbA. rOcy,apCTBa aOJDKHbI o6ecne,4HBaTb yCJyrF pea6HJIMTagHHM AJIA 4HBaIHaJOB, HanpaB- iieHHbie Ha JOCTH)KeHHe H noJaepKalte HMm OHITHMaJIbHOO roJI HHX YPOBHS CaMOCTO0- TeJIbHOCT1I H aKTH4BHOCTH. 3TII ycIyrI 4tOJIKHbI BKJIIO'aTb LHMpOKH41 CHeKTp MeporpHA- TIIA, B TOM 'i4ciie o6y"ellHe 6a3OBbIM HaBbIKaM aJJA yjiyqlMHeHHS cPYHKulll opraHI43ma 4HJIHI KOMneHCaUHlH HapyIIIeHHOt 4byHK1I.4, KOHCyJIbTaiuHH aJA IIHBa.J14,aOB H HX ceMeH, pa3BHTHe caMoo6cJiy)KIBaHHl4H 14 npeaoCTaBjieHHe OTAeJIbHbIX ycJIyr, TaK4X, KaK 3KCrep- TH3a Hi noMonb. Bce ycjiyrii Ho pea6wIHTaJJH ,4OJTIKHbI 6bITb o6ecneeHbIl Ha MeCTHOM ypOBHe, TaM, rae HIHBaJIHt HpON(HBaeT. OaHaKO B HeKOTOpbIX ciyiaAx 7ZJIA TOrO, MT06bI peUIHTb onpeae.jeHHyIO 3agaay o6yieIIIs, MO)KHO OpraHH3OBbIBaTb OrpaHiiMeHHbIe Bpe- MeHHbIMMH paMKaMH CtHiuHablibIe KYPCbI pea6HJI1TaHu4H B apyrix MecTax. rocygapCTBa ,OJUKHbI o6ecre,mIBaTb pa3BHTHe H npeaOCTaBjelHHe IHBaiiHaaM rOio- AePICHBaiouLMHx ycJIyr, BKJIIOMqa rpeaOCTaBZeHHe BCI1OMOraTe.JbHbIX yCTpO CTB, KOTO- pbie HOMOraIOT H4HBaJIIIaaM IHOBbICHTb YPOBeHb CBOeHl CaMOCTOATeCjbHOCTH B HOBCeaHeB- HOI AQK13HH1 H4 HOJIb3OBaTbC5 CBOIIMH HpaBaMi. rocy,apCTBa JOJDKHbI rIHp13HaTb HIPHHIIIH paBeHCTBa o6pa3oBaTCJIbHbIX B03MOAKHO- CTeii ipi nOJIy1eH4H HalajlbHOrO, BTOpHlMlIOrO EI TpeT4IqHOorO o6pa30BaHIIa aIsI J9eTell, npHno>KeHHs. 301 MOjiO,aeKH H B3pOCJIbIX 14HBaJII4OB B HHTeFp1pOBaHHbiX yCJIOBH43X. OHH ,aOJIKHbI o6ec- neqHTb BCe Heo6xoAHMoe, nTo6bI o6pa3oBaHHe HHBaJIHJAOB CTaJIO HeOT-beMTieMoHl taCTblO o6pa3oBaTeJIbHOVI CHICTeMbI. ]I.TIH BKJHio'-CHHM o6pa3OBaHH5I HHBaTIHaOB B OCHOBHYIO o6pa3oBaTe.IbHyIO CHCTeMy rocynapcTBa ,OaJDKHbI: (1) IlMeTb 1CTKO o6o3HaweHHylo HOJIHTHKy, HOHHMaeMyto H npH- HHMaeMpIo Ha YPOBHe lIuojibi, a TaKiKe 6oaiee IIHpOKOf4 o6iUeCTBeHHOCTbIO; (2) npeayc- MOTpeTb rH6KocTb yqe6Hofl iporpaMMbI, B03MO)KHOCTb ee paciCllpeHSI4H HI Heo6XOJJtHMOH ajIanTaLuml; (3) o6ecne'iHTb KaMeCTBeHHbIe MaTepHajibi, nOCTOqHHoe o6yqeHme C ynuTe- JieM H noar,aep)KKY yIlTeiief. 1iHTerpHpoBaHHoe o6yHieHHe H npOrpaMMbI Ha MeCTHOM YPOBHe ,OJIhcHbI paCcMaT- pHBaTbCS1 KaK B3aHMOaOrOJIH3HOIwHIe rOioXOJabI K o6ecreMHHI4O a(1peKT4BHOrO C TOMKH 3peHHJI 3aTpaT o6pa3OBaHHI H o6y'eHuHI HHBajiH,ZOB. HauHOHa.7bHbIe rporpaMMbi, npe,- Ha3Ha'IeHHbIe JaUi peaJIH3laH Ha MeCTHOM ypOBHe, ,aOJDKHbI CTHMYJ1HpOBaTb MeCTHOe coo6LuecTBo K HCHOJI1b3OB1aHo H pa3BHTH1O co6CTBeHHbIX pecypcoB .nsi o6ecne'ieHHIq o6pa3oBaHIHus IIHBaJilHJOB Ha MeCTax. B CHTyawUH, KorAa CHCTCMa o6iuero o6pa3oBaHHI ewe He B ZtOCTaTOHHOf4 CTeHeHHI y,OBjieTBOPSIeT HOTpe6HOCTH BCeX HHBaJIHAHOB, MOXKHO paCCMOTpeTb BOnPOC O CieInaJIMHOM o6pa30BaHHH. OHO ALOJDKHO 6bITb HanpaBJIeHO Ha rioarOTOBKY yqeHHKOB K noneymnHo o6pa3OBaHIS B o6Weo6pa3oBaTe.ibHor4 mKojie. Ka- -eCTBO TaKOrO o6pa3OBaHHsl JqaOJI)KHO COOTBeTCTBOBaTb TeM cKe CTaHAapTamM H He.TIAM, MTO H o6pa3oBalme B o6weo6pa3oBaTeJIbHoi [UKOJie, Ht 6bITb TeCHO C HllM CBS3aHHbIM. KaK MHHHMyM, yeleH1KH-11HBaJHaIbl )IOJI)KHbI 6bITb o6ecneHeHbI TaKOii wKe aojieg o6pa3oBa- TeJIbHbIX peCypCOB, 'ITO iH MeHHIKH 6e3 HapymeHH4. rocyaapcTBa aOJIHbI CTpeM4TbCq K nOCTereHHOMY CJI1S4HIIIO cneiHaJIbHoro o6pa3OBaHHlA C OCHOBHOI CHCTeMolH o6pa3OBa- HISI. B TO -Ke BpeMAI B HeKOTOpbIX cJiymaSix CnHeHaJIbHOe o6pa3OBaHHe MoDKeT pacCMaT- pHBaTbC51 KaK HaH6oJIee noatxoqslwa3i bopma o6pa3OBaHHJI Ai5 y"eHHKOB-1HBaJIHAOB. rocy,apCTBa JOJIHCHbl rIpH3HaTb, WTO 1HBaJI1H4bl HMelOT B03MOiKHOCTb fIOJb30BaTbCA CBOHMIH npaBamii MeJIOBeKa B o6jiaCTH 3aHATOCTH. KaK B CCJIbCKOH, TaK H B rOpOJICKOH MeCTHOCTH OHII 0OHJDKHbI lIMTb paBHbie ripaBa Ha HIpOH3BOJIlTeJIbHbIA H OHrIaYBaeMbIH TPYA Ha pbIHKe Tpyaa. roCyaapCTBa HecyT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a o6ecneCeHBe colWaHibHori 3avUHTbl H nog- JaepwKaHHe aOXOJOHl HHBaJIHaOB. rocyjLapcTBa qOJKHbI o6eCrie'iHTb COOTBeTCTBYIOIlYIO nOJUaep)KKY JOXOAOB Tex IIHBaJIHJOB, y KOTOpbIX B CB313H C HHBaJIHAHOCTbIO HWIH C qaKTO- paMHi, CBA3aHHbIMH C Her4, BpeMeHHO yTpaIeHa TPyJIOCIIOCo6HOCTb JIiH yMeHbLllHJICA AO- xo,a, Htu AKe KOTOpbIM 6bIJIO OTKa3aHO B B03MOMKHOCTH 3aH5ATOCTH4. roCyaapCTBOaOJIDOKHO y"IHTbIBaTb rpHI HOJzjep)KKe HHBaJIIIOB 3aTpaTbI, KOTOpbIe OHH H IIX CeMbH HeCyT B pe- 3YJIbTaTe llHBaJIHaIHOCTH. rocy,aapCTBa JOIKHbI HpOHnaraHaHpOBaTb HaH6ojiee IIOJIHOe yiaCTHe HHBaJIH4aOB B )1H3H1H CeMbll. CeMbAM, B COCTaB KOTOPbIX BXOAIHT HHBaJIHJ, aOJDKHbI 6bITb npeJOCTaB- JieHbI YCJIyrl BspeMeHHOrO xapaKTepa H ycJIyri COHIpOBO1)KJeHti. rocyJIapCTBa zJOjlACHbI YCTpaHHTb JIno6bIe HeO6oCHOBaHHbIe ripeIIATCTBHqI aJi JIU, wejiaioIHX B35ITb Ha BOCIIH- TaHIe HJIH yCbIHOBHTb pe6eHKa-HHBajnH,aa. Hpumetanux K pa3aewly <> 1 MHHTpyA PoccuuH np cogCH npeCTaTenbCTBa FOHCE B MOCKBe HeAaBHO ony6iiKOBaAo KHury, paccKa- 3blBawoLLAyK o6 onbiTe weCTH pOCCHACKHX permoHoB (HoBocm6HpcKas, MOCKOBCKa.S, qeuAe6wHcKas, BopoHew- cKam, CapaToBcKas H CaMapCKas o6nacTH) no pa3BHTHIO KOMnAeKCHbIX pea6mAHTaL4HoHHblx nporpamm AAni Ae- TeA-HHBaAMAoB (2001). 2 flpHKa3, BbinyL4eHHbIA MHHHCTePCTBoM HapoAHoro o6pa3oBaHHs. CCCP U oAo6peHHbIA MHHHCTepCTBOM 3ApaBoo- xpaHeHHsl CCCP 21 Hos6pq 1974 r. (N2102-M). 3 Aoe4eKTonor (4cneLjHaJ1cT, 3aHHMaIoLL4mHc oco6eHHocTRMH pa3BHTHP AeTeH C HeAOCTaTKaMm 4i13w4ecKoro U ncr- xH4eCKoro pa3BHTH>sI) - npocfeccms, cyuAeCTBoBaBwaq s 6blBweM CoseTcKoM CoKI3e H B HeKOTOpblX ApyrUx cTpaHax 6blBwero coLwancTCT4ecKoro nareps. 3Ta npocpeccmq CBSi3aHa C CpOpMmpOBaHweM Ae4,eKToAorHH KaK AHci4mnAluHbl, B03HHKweA H3 TeopHH Ae9eeKTOnorHH, pa3pa6oTaHHoP pOCCHACKHM yLieHbIM JA.C.BbirOTCKHM B Ha- qaAe XX B. ,AlaHHal Teopmq (HuH 6onee TOqHO - ee TonKoBaHue) oKa3aAa OrpOMHoe BAMRHHe Ha nOAXOAbi K HH- BanA;HocTH B 6blBweM CoBeTCKOM Co0a3e, oco6eHHO B o6nacTH cneLuanm3mpoBaHHoro o6pa3OBaHHR. KpaTKHe CBeAeH9HR o6 opHrHHanbHOA TeopHH fl.C.BbiroTcKoro H ee nocAeAPyoLLAx TOAKOBaHHqX H npHMeHeHHH Ha npaK- THKe npfBeAeHbI B pa6oTe 3AHcKay U Xeun-A,[Op>KHc (Ainscow and Haile-Giorgis, 1998, pp. 16-19). 4 B -4uCAO conPOBOAHTeAbHOA AOKyMeHTa5LAH BXOAHT: Aeno pe6eHKa, cOAepwau4ee nogpo6Hbie CBeAeHHJ o ero o6- pa3oBaHHH, a xoAe o6y4eHHq H TPYAHOCTAX B WKoAe, ycnexax B y4e6e, o noBeAeHHH H Mepax, npuHHTbIX AAIJ HC- npaBAeHHR noBeAeHHJ H yL4e6bl; cBegeHHR 0 TOM, KaK pe6eHoK ycneBaeT B uWKOAe (Ans AeTeA WKoAbHoro BO3pa- CTa); MeAHLtHHCKaS KaPTOLKa pe6eHKa, nognHcaHHas rAaBHbIM Bpa'4oM AeTCKOA noAIKJ1HHHKH C nOApo6HOA HH- 4COpMmAmeU o ero pa3BHTHH H COCTOPHUU 3/OpOBbq, BKAK1IO4aq Ha6AIOAeHHs H 3aKAow4eHHR neAuaTpa, ncHXOHe- BpoAora, OTOAapHHrAoJra, OaCTaAbMoAora H opTOneAa; cBHAeTeAbCTBO o pOO>KeHHH pe6eHKa. ARn AeTeA go- WKOonbHoro BO3paCTa Tpe6yeTcR cnpaSKa H3 AOWKoAbHoro yLpe>KAeHHq. 5 3aKAnioeHme KOMHCCHH o6a3aTeAbHO AAR HCnOAHeHHil POAHTenAMH (HuH oneKyHaMu) - H B 6onbWHHcTBe cfiyqaeB OKOH4aTeAbHO. 6 oLeHKa nporpaMMbi neHCHA AAR AeTeA-HHBaAJHOB H noiy4aTeneA 3THX neHCHA, BKnioqai BAAHHHe 3TO nporpaMMbl Ha peweHue ceMbH OCTaBHTb pe6eHKa B ceMbe HuH OTAaTb Ha BocnHTaHHe B cneL4HaAM3HpoBaHHoe y4pe>KAeHHe, MorAna 6bI CbirpaTb Ba>KHyIO POAb AAR AaAbHeAweA pa3pa6OTKH cHCTeMbI COLAiaAbHoA 3auAHTbi ceMe4, MmeloLLUAx geTeA-HHBaAJAOB B PoccHH. ECnH pe6eHoK-HHBaAHp noMeLLtaeTCq B y4e6Ho-BocnHTaTenbHoe y4pe*KAeHHe, nonJo- BHHa ero neHCHHl nepeBOAHTCil Ha C4eT y4pe>KAeHHq (80 % geTeA-HHBaJHAoB c cepbe3HbIMH HapyLwLeHHMH noMe- L4aIOTCJq B uHTepHaTbI CHCTeMbl MHHTPYAa PoccHH), a OCTanbHoe - Ha c6eperaTeAbHbIA cqeT pe6eHKa. 7 3aKOH POCCHACKOA (DeAepaLAm <, rOcYa pCTBeHHblx neHcHix*>. 8 $eAepanbHbIA 3aKOH <<06 H3MeHeHHix H AonOAHeHHiX K TPYAOBOMY KOAeKCY POCCHACKOU $DeAepaL4Amw (N2 84 OT 30 anpeuii 1999 r.). M13Aep>KKH AonOAHHTenbHbIX onAaqHBaeMbIx AHeA HeceT pa6oToAaTenAb. nlpHHMaq BO BHH- MaHHe, 4TO 3TO yBeAM4HBaeT CTOHMOCTb HaAMa pa6OTHMKa, POAHTeAH AeTe-HHBaanHAoB MOryT oKa3aTbci B He- BbirOAHoM noAo>KeHHH, T.e. pa6OToAaTenH MoryT nblTaTbCJq H36eraTb HaAMa TaKHX pa6oTHHKOB HAM ype3aTb HX 3apa6OTHylo nAaTy. 9 AO MaP 1999 r. TOJbKO MaTepH MMeA1 npaBo nOAb3oBaTbcq TaKHMH AbroTaMH. B Ha4aie 2001 r. npaKTH4eCKH Bce nOAo>KeHHil 0 fbrOTax 6bIJM pacnpoCTpaHeHbl Ha geTe6-HHBaAHaOB B BO3paCTe Aa 18 neT. 10 B YCAOBHPX pbIHOqHOU 3KOHOMHKH 3To noAO>KeHHe ycyry6nAeT HerH6KOCTb PbIHKa TPYAOBbIX peCYPCOB H B KOHe4- HOM HTore Mo>KeT CKa3aTbCq Ha HH3KOA 3aHilTOCTM pOArTeAeA geTeA-HHBSaA1HOB. 11 KoAeKc BCTynHA B CHuY 1 MapTa 1996 r. 12 3TOT npHHLHfn OTpa>KaeT nOAo>KeHHe CTaTbM 38 KOHCTHTYL4HM POCCHUCKOA $DeAepaLA4H, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpOA e3a6OTa o AeTiX iBAieTCR B paBHOu CTeneHw npaEBoM H o6i3aHHOCTbIO poAHTeAeM). Pe6eHOK B ceMbe qBnqeTCi He3aBHCHMbIM cy6beKToM npaBa, a He 3aBHcHMbIM o6beKTOM BAacTH pOAMTeAeA. HHTepeCbl pe6eHKa iBAlIOTCi OCHOBHbIM KPHTepmeM npu np[HHiTHH peweHuu no cnopHbIM BonpocaM, KacawoLLtHMcq ero >KM3HM H BocnHTaHHil. CeMeAHbl KOAeKC B nepBbIA pa3 B PoccuH peryAHpyeT npaBa pe6eHKa (rAaBa 1 1), BKnKIO4ai npaBO >KHTb H pac- TH B ceMbe; 3HaTb CBOHX pOaMTeAeA; nOAyJiaTb 3a6OTy OT POAHTeAJeA H BOCnlHTbIBaTbCR HMH; npaBO Ha 3aLLtHTY CBoero 'eJOBe4eCKorO AocTOHHCTBa, BbIpa>KeHHu1 CBoero MHeHHi; npaBO Ha rapaHTHIO H 3aLLAHTY CBOHX npaB H HHTepeCOB H T.A- 13 CeMeuHbWA KOAeKC POCCHUCKOU qpegepaLwmH. (ceAepaflbHblH 3aKOH OT 29 AeKa6pi 1995 r. Ns. 223-$3 C H3MeHe- HilMH U gOnlOAHeHHUqMH OT 15 Hoa6pq 1997 r., 27 HIOHM 1998 r. H 2 qHBsapq 2000 r. Ba3a AaHHbIX <,rapaHT*, MOCKBa, 2000. 14 nlpaBo npO>HBaTb H BOCnMTbIBaTbCq B CeMbe qBAieTCq OQHHM H3 HaM6onee Ba)KHblX npaB pe6eHKa, nOCKOAbKy BOC- nHTaHHe B cpeAe mo6siLLueA H 3a6oTnJHBO CeMbH 4pe3Bbi4aAHO BaKHO Anp ero pa3BHTHi. 3a MCKAIoqeHHeM cAy- qaeB, orOBOpeHHbIX B 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBe, HH OAHH rocyAapCTBeHHbIH opraH He MmeeT npaBa pa3AeAlTb pe6eHKa H ero poAMTeAeA. TaKMM o6pa3aM, pe6eHKa MO)KHO nOMeCTMTb Ha BOCnHTaHMe B APYrylo CeMbWO HAH yqpe>KAe- HUe npOTHB BOAH pOAHTeneH TOAbKO B cAyLae JuweHMil UX POAMTeAbCKHx npaB HuH HX orpaHH4eHHi B COOTBeT- CTBHM C peweHHeM cyAa a TOM, 4TO ganbHeHwee npowKHBaHHe B ceMbe npeAcTaBuiqeT yrp03y >KH3HH pe6eHKa. Ae- TM, A1weHHbie oneKM pOApTefeU (HanpmMep, AeTH, KOTOpbie nOTepuAH B03MO>KHOCTb npO>KHBaHHUl CO cBOeA ce- MbeH) no Aio6oA npHLiHHe, HaXOAiTCi noA oneKoA opraHa oneKH H noneLHTeAbcTBa no MeCTy npo>KOUBaHHi pe- 6eHKa, KOTOpblA H <(npHHMmaeT peweHme o ero cyAb6e,> (Ky3HeLAoBa, 1999 r.). CeMeOHblu KOAeKC OTAaeT npH- npHno>KeHHs1 303 OP1TeT ycTpokcTBy AeTeA, JnuweHHbIX POAMTe8)bCKOA oneKu, B ceMbH. iTonbKo B Tex cflyiasx, KorAa ycTpoAcT- BO B CeMbWO HeBo3Mo)KHo, pe6eHKa MO>KHO noMeCTUTb B yL4pe*KAeHwe)* (Ky3HeUoBa, 1999 r.). 15 CTaTbH 59, 72, 132, 134, 136, 143 U 154. 16 Pa3Aen VI perynmpyeT BonpoCbl, cBq3aHHble c cjopMaMm BocnHTaHM.9 AeTeA, OCTaBw14xcq 6e3 noneq4eHHq pOATe- ueu. B Pa3Aene qeTbipe rnaBbl: rnaBa 18 (CTaTbu 121-123) 4BblslBeHme u yCTpO1CTBO AeTeA, OcTaBiwHxcq 6e3 none4eHH.s pOAHTej1eH*; rnaBa 19 (CTaTbu 124-144) eYCblHoB,neHme*; rnaBa 20 (CTaTbH 145-150) tGneKa u no- neqHTeJlbCTBo)> U naBa 21 (CTaTbu 151-155) <(npmeMHaq ceMbq*. 17 CM. nOpqAOK opraHH3aijMH LteHTpanH3oBaHHOA per1cTpaL4Hu AeTeA, OCTaBwmXCq 6e3 none4eHHe poAMTeueA, yT- BeP>KAeHHbI4 peweeHmem npaBHTenbcTBa POCCUUCKOU (PeAepa14u N° 919 OT 3 aBrycTa 1996 r. 18 EcAue PYKOBOATeAU yqpe>KAeHus, KyAa noMeLLUaOTcsi AeTU, ocTaBW14ecq 6e3 none4eHMJw poaMTeJ1eA, y3HaIoT, 4TO pe6eHoK, npo)K1BawOLLtHI y HUX, MO)KeT 6blTb yCTpOeH B CeMblO, OH11 o6R3aHbi npOUHCpOpMm4poBaTb o6 3TOM Op- raH oneKM u noneqHTenbcTBa B ceM14AHeBHblH CpOK. 19 nepeqeHb 3a6oneBaHm4, npu HaJ1141H1 KOTOpblX n140 He Mo>KeT yCbIHOBHTb pe6eHKa, CTaTb ero oneKYHOM (none- L4MTeAeM) unu1 B3IlTb B npmeMHYIO ceMbo, 6bLn YTBeP>KAeH peweH"em nlpaB13TenbcTBa P0 N9 542 OT 1 man 1996 r. nlopqAoK MeAL4AHHCKoro o6cAeAoBaHM4 f1411, >KenaiOutAmx yCbIHOBuTb pe6eHKa, CTaTb ero oneKYHOM (noneqwTe- AeM) )n1 npmeMHbIMu poAMTe-nqMm, ycTaHaBAWBaeTcq nlpHKa3oM M1HHcTepcTBa 3ApaBooxpaHeHHe PC) No332 OT 10 ceHTI6ps 1996 r. 20 rpa>KWAaHCKMM U CeMeUHbIM KO- AeKcaM1 PCI 3HaL4TeibHbIMM nOHOM041RM14. OH" AOn>KHbl mrpaTb Ba>KHyK0 POAb B 3aUt1`Te npaB ceMb1 u OT- Aen)bHblX rpa>KAaH, BKnK)OasI AeTeA, u B o6ecneqeHMM ux nOAAep>KKOA. B CooTBeTCTBuu c CeMeAHbIM KOAeKCOM PRA CnOpOB, KaCaiOLLtXCSq BoCnHTaHHP AeTe6, ux o6pa3oBaH4s, npfCBOeHqS U mM MM8U u 4paMmnmw U T.A., AOn>K- HbI paccMaTpHBaTbCS c y4aCTmeM MeCTHbIx opraHoB oneK1 u noneLiMTeibcTBa. np1cyTCTB1e npeACTaB14TeAeA 3TO- ro opraHa B cyAe qBnSeTCS o6S3aTenbHbIM B CAy4aeX, KaCaio0LiXcel psqAa ceMeAHbIx AeA U Ae1e, CBe3aHHbIX c Ae- TbMU, a TaK>Ke B CAyqa3ex paccMOTpeH"4e AeA o6 oTo6paHMM pe6eHKa 13 ero ceMbM. 22 nloArOToBAeH XPHCTu4aHOM 6OAeBmroM, KOHCYAbTaHTOM BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, noA PYKOBOACTBoM AneKcaHApa rlowapaLia, PYKOBOAMTe)1 rpynnbl. 23 TeKCT 3aKoHa Ha aHrn A3. CM. Ha cakTe: http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/gmOOOO0 .html. 24 TeKCT 3aKoHa. CM. Ha CakTe: http://www.bmfsfj.de/download/2922/SGB_VIII.pdf (in German). 25 TeKCT 3aKoHa. CM. Ha caATe: http://www.buergerliches-gesetzbuch.de (in German). 26 noApo6Hee CM. Ha caHTe: http://www.bff-online.de/Kige/kgmb200l.pdf (Ha HeM. 53.). 27 nOApo6Hee CM. Ha caNTe: http://www.bmfsfj.de/downloads/Erziehungsgeldgesetz.pdf (in German). 28 CM. Heop424LianbHbII pa6oa4m BsapUaHT Ha cakTe: http://home.t-online.de/home/johannes.gutenberg/refe26-10.html (in German). 29 CM. noApo6Hee Ha caHTe: http://www.gesetze.2me.net/jgg_/ (Ha HeMeuLKOM p3blKe). 30 nonpaBK1 K 3aKoHy MC. Ha caHTe: http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk. 31 CM. HacaNTe: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1989/Ukpga_19890041_en_ 1.htm. 32 CM. noApo6Hee Ha caMTe: http://www.doh.gov.uk/adoption/whitepaper/whitepaper.pdf. 33 noApo6Hee CM. caMT: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/actsl995/1995050.htm. 34n loApo6Hee CM. Ha caITe: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts 1 996/1996056.htm. 35 nOAPo6Hee CM. Ha calTe: http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld20000 1/ldbills/003/2001003.htm. 36 nOApo6Hee CM. Ha cawTe: http://www.dfee.gov.uk/sengp/. 37 floAPo6Hee CM. Ha ca)Te: http://www.disability.gov.uk/drtf/index2.html. 38 noApo6Hee CM. Ha cawTe: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980037.htm. 39 nOApo6Hee CM. Ha caMTe: http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/actsl999/19990023.htm. 40 floApo6Hee CM. Ha caMTe: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crimprev/crimstral.pdf. 41 nOApo6Hee CM. Ha CaUTe: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname= 105 cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ89. 1 05.pdf. 42 JleAHep (2000 r.; flonHblA nepeqeHb CHOCOK CM. B B146fuorpac4uu), noApo6Hee CM. Ha caNTe: http://www.brook- ings.edu/comm/childrensroundtable/issue4/issue4.pdf. 43 CM. AMepHKaHCKaS nAra 6opb6bl 3a coL4tanbHoe o6ecneLieHme AeTe6: AaHHbie 0 COCTOAHMM CHCTeMbi noneLeHMJq, 1HBsapb 1998 r., noApo6Hee CM. Ha caHTe: http://www.cwla.org/programs/fostercare/factsheet.htm. 44 nOAPo6Hee O AOBOgaX CM.: JleHAHep (2000r.) . 45 <KHYHapOAHblX opraHH3aLtpi lojlO)KEHIE AETER B POCCHUCKOA OEAEPAI4UU UTOrF COLMAnbHOA nOlTUKH o 1990-X rOAOB M nEPCnEKTIIBbI nogroToBKa K nef4aTM pycCKoro 3AaHHR - OTgef1 Mee>KAyHapOJHbIX M3gaHMH M3AaTeJbCTBa