48361 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH, NUTRITION, AND POPULATION WITHIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AN OVERVIEW Davidson R. Gwatkin, Shea Rutstein, Kiersten Johnson, Eldaw Suliman, Adam Wagstaff, and Agbessi Amouzou Produced by the World Bank in collaboration with the Government of the Netherlands and the Swedish International Development CooperationAgency TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword I Socio-Economic Differences in Health, 1 Nutrition, and Population (HNP) within Developing Countries Overview Tables 17 A. HNP Status 19 B. HNP Service Use 73 C. HNP-Related Behavior 159 D. Underlying Determinants of HNP Status 207 Annexes 265 A. Indicator Definitions 267 B. Alphabetical Listing of Indicators 281 C. Sources of Additional Information 285 D. About the Authors 287 LIST OF TABLES Childhood Illness and Mortality Infant Mortality Rate 21 Under-Five Mortality Rate 23 Prevalence of Fever 25 Prevalence of Diarrhea 27 Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection 29 Fertility Total Fertility Rate 31 Adolescent Fertility Rate 33 Nutritional Status Children Moderate Stunting 35 Severe Stunting 37 Moderate Underweight 39 Severe Underweight 41 Mild Anemia 43 Moderate Anemia 45 Severe Anemia 47 Women Malnutrition 49 Mild Anemia 51 Moderate Anemia 53 Severe Anemia 55 Female Circumcision Prevalence of Circumcision Girls 57 Women 59 Prevalence of Occlusion Girls 61 Women 63 Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevalence of Genital Discharge Women 65 Men 67 Prevalence of Genital Ulcer Women 69 Men 71 Childhood Immunization BCG Coverage 75 Measles Coverage 77 DPT Coverage 79 Full Basic Coverage 81 No Basic Coverage 83 Hepatitis B Coverage 85 Yellow Fever Coverage 87 Treatment of Childhood Illnesses Treatment of Fever Medical Treatment of Fever 89 Treatment in a Public Facility 91 Treatment in a Private Facility 93 Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infection Medical Treatment of ARI 95 Treatment in a Public Facility 97 Treatment in a Private Facility 99 Treatment of Diarrhea Use of Oral Rehydration Therapy 101 Medical Treatment of Diarrhea 103 Treatment in a Public Facility 105 Treatment in a Private Facility 107 Antenatal and Delivery Care Antenatal Care Visits To a Medically-Trained Person 109 To a Doctor 111 To a Nurse or Trained Midwife 113 Multiple Visits to a Medically-Trained Person 115 Antenatal Care Content Tetanus Toxoid 117 Prophylactic Antimalarial Treatment 119 Iron Supplementation 121 Delivery Attendance By a Medically-Trained Person 123 By a Doctor 125 By a Nurse or Trained Midwife 127 In a Public Facility 129 In a Private Facility 131 At Home 133 Contraceptive Services Contraceptive Prevalence Women 135 Men 137 Source of Contraception - Public Sector Women 139 Men 141 Source of Contraception - Private Sector Women 143 Men 145 Treatment of Adult Illnesses Treatment of Genital Discharge, Ulcer, Sore Women 147 Men 149 Treatment of Genital Discharge, Ulcer, Sore In Public Facilities Women 151 Men 153 Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV/AIDS Women 155 Men 157 Hygienic Practices Disposal of Children's Stools Sanitary Disposal 161 Handwashing Wash Hands prior to Preparing Food 163 Handwashing Facilities in Household 165 Bednet Ownership and Use Bednet Ownership Bednet Ownership 167 Treated Bednet Ownership 169 Bednet Use By Children 171 By Pregnant Women 173 Breastfeeding Exclusive Breastfeeding 175 Timely Complementary Feeding 177 Bottle-Feeding 179 Micronutrient Consumption Iodized Salt Availability of Iodized Salt in Household 181 Vitamin A Children 183 Women 185 Tobacco and Alcohol Use Tobacco Women 187 Men 189 Alcohol Women 191 Men 193 Sexual Practices Non-Regular Sexual Partnerships Women 195 Men 197 Condom Usage with Non-Regular Partner Women 199 Men 201 Domestic Violence Ever Experienced Violence 203 Experienced Violence in Past Year 205 Education School Completion Women 209 Men 211 School Participation Girls 213 Boys 215 Exposure to Mass Media Newspaper Readership Women 217 Men 219 Radio Listenership Women 221 Men 223 Television Viewership Women 225 Men 227 Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS Knowledge about Sexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS Women 229 Men 231 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission Of HIV/AIDS Women 233 Men 235 Attitudes toward HIV/AIDS Women 237 Men 239 Status of Women Household Decisionmaking Can Seek Own Health Care 241 Can Seek Children's Health Care 243 Can Make Daily Household Purchases 245 Can Make Large Household Purchases 247 Can Make Meal-Related Decisions 249 Freedom of Movement Can Travel to Visit Family, Relatives 251 Other Decisionmaking, Attitudes Can Decide How to Spend Own Money 253 Can Decide Whether to Have Sex 255 Justifies Domestic Violence 257 Orphanhood Paternal Orphan Prevalence 259 Maternal Orphan Prevalence 261 Double Orphan Prevalence 263 FOREWORD The World Bank shares the desire of its member states and client countries to ensure that the poor partake fully in the health gains that the countries achieve. To assist in this, the Bank, in collaboration with the Dutch and Swedish Governments, has sponsored this report in order to promote basic information about health inequalities within countries. The information shows clearly that disparities in both health conditions and health service use are unacceptably large. As countries and the Bank work to reduce important inequalities among regions and countries, there is a clear need for equally vigorous efforts to lessen the inequity represented by intra-country differences among socio-economic groups. My colleagues and I hope that all concerned with equity in health will find this information useful in making the case for effective actions to improve the health of the poor, and in designing programs to achieve this crucial objective. Joy Phumaphi Vice President Human Development Network The World Bank I SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH, NUTRITION, AND POPULATION WITHIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES I. INTRODUCTION The contents of this volume summarize the large body of data produced by a project dealing with socio-economic inequalities in health, nutrition, and population (hnp) within fifty-six developing countries. The data are intended to serve as a source of basic information for use in preparing analyses and developing initiatives to benefit poor people. At the volume's core are the overview tables in the following section. Each overview table provides figures dealing with inequalities across economically-defined quintiles of the population for a single hnp indicator for all of the fifty-six countries covered. The 120 indicators presented are in four categories: health status (such as infant and child mortality, child nutritional level, and fertility); use of basic health services (immunization, treatment of common childhood illnesses, antenatal care, and assisted delivery); health-related behaviors (e.g., smoking and alcohol use and sexual practices); and other health-status determinants (like education). By pulling together data on a single indicator in all countries, the overview tables are intended to facilitate cross-country comparisons for particular indicators. They complement the tables featured in a companion set of reports that present this (and much more) information for all indicators in a single country. The purpose of this opening chapter is to explain how data appearing in the overview tables and in the individual country reports came into being, and how they can be used to help shape policies and programs. To this end, it deals with four topics. The first is the rationale for the tables' focus on the economic dimension of health inequalities. The second is the source of the data and the methods used to produce the tables. Third comes illustrations of how the information presented in the tables can be used to facilitate health policy and program development. The fourth shows how the techniques used in producing the information can be used to monitor how well or poorly programs or policies have reached the poor. II. EXAMINING ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH Why Focus on Economic Inequalities? By including tables on female-male and rural-urban inequalities in its country reports, the project covered by this volume pays adequate attention to two of health inequity's many important non- economic dimensions to justify the use "socio-economic" rather than just "economic" in the title. However, the focus is on health inequity's economic dimension. The justification for this focus lies not in the greater importance of health inequality's economic dimension than of its many other, equally important manifestations. Rather, it results from two other factors. The first is the earlier neglect of the economic dimension, relative to such further important aspects as gender, because of measurement difficulties. The second is the recent discovery that these difficulties can be overcome by using wealth or assets to measure economic - 1 - status. This has made it possible to begin redressing that earlier relative neglect, which is the purpose of this volume and the country reports that underlie it. The Earlier Reliance on Proxies, and on Consumption/Expenditures Previously, assessment of economic inequalities in health had been hindered by the well-known difficulty of measuring income, traditionally the preferred indicator of economic status. While the gender and perhaps the race of an individual are usually rather obvious, her or his income can be much more difficult to assess. Further, (s)he may often be more reluctant to reveal his or her income than, say, his/her religion or occupation. The resulting problem usually had been addressed by using a proxy for income, such as occupation or educational level. However, such proxies have all had widely-recognized limitations. For example, neither occupation nor educational level is purely economic. In many, perhaps all, societies, occupation conveys a degree of social status in and of itself; and to the extent that it does, ordering of occupations reflects more the society's outlook and prejudices than it does empirically-verifiable economic status. The educated person is often respected for her or his erudition, regardless of whether that erudition is accompanied by higher income. Beyond this is a technical difficulty that limits the value of findings expressed in terms of such proxies. The problem is that such proxies often divide the population into groups of very different size, which can complicate interpretation. This is especially the case in comparing countries where the distributions of people across the categories available can differ widely, or in comparing the status of a given population group at different points in time within the same country. For example, the percentage of adults without any education almost inevitably declines as a country develops, and the proportion who has secondary and tertiary education rises. As a result, an inter-temporal comparison showing, say, no change in the health status of uneducated or well-educated people would be incomplete because of its failure to show the potentially- significant improvement represented by the decline of the former group and the rise of the latter as a percentage of the population. To some degree, such difficulties have been overcome by turning to consumption or expenditures rather than income as indicators of economic status. These successfully avoid the main problems of proxy indicators just noted. Since people are usually less reluctant to talk about consumption/expenditures than about income, they also largely circumvent the sensitivity problems associated with the collection of income data. But consumption and expenditure measures have problems of their own. The principal one is the large amount of time, effort, and expense to gather acceptably reliable data. The issue is that people often fail to keep track of their consumption or expenditures; and, in low-income countries, many of these entail difficult-to-value, in-kind transactions not involving cash. Experience gained over the past two or three decades has led to the development of observational techniques and survey questions capable of dealing with this issue. But they usually require a great deal of time to administer, and are thus expensive. For example, the core module of the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS), a leading global consumption/expenditure program, typically takes over an hour to complete. A module of such length cannot practically be added to a survey dealing with some other issue like health, whose core questionnaires already approach the maximum feasible length. The Shift to Wealth and Assets The resulting impasse was broken in the late 1990s, with the finding that information about readily-observable household characteristics like type of roof and floor and possessions such as bicycles and radios could substitute reasonably well for consumption data. Experimentation with household survey data sets containing information about both consumption/expenditures and household characteristics and possessions found that an index constructed from the different - 2 - housing characteristics and possessions generally produced about the same results as the consumption or expenditure measures.1 It thus became possible to think of using such an index of household characteristics, now commonly known as a wealth or asset index, as an acceptably reliable proxy for consumption and thus for economic status more generally.2 This finding has permitted assessment of health status, service use, and related factors by economic level using the voluminous data collected over the years through a wide range of health surveys that also contain information about household characteristics but not about consumption or expenditures. In addition, it made possible the measurement of economic disparities through future household surveys on health. Previously, the hour or more needed to collect acceptably reliable consumption or expenditure information, when added to the time needed to gather information on health topics of primary interest, pushed the total survey instrument length far over the upper limit of practicality. But the typical asset questions can be asked and answered in less than five minutes, which can be added much more easily. Further, many of the items covered in the asset questionnaire, such as houses' construction material and household members' physical possessions, can be independently verified through investigators' independent observation, thereby increasing reliability. The overall outcome has been a sharp increase in the potential for examining economic disparities in health, both through reanalysis of data collected by previous health surveys and through the improved design of future surveys. Thus far, a significant beginning has been made toward realizing this potential,3 but much more still remains to be done. III. PRODUCING THE DATA PRESENTED IN THIS VOLUME4 The Data and Methods Used The tables in this volume have been derived through the former of the two approaches just noted: that is, through a reanalysis of data collected in previous health surveys. Specifically, the tables result from applying the asset or wealth approach for measuring economic status to household data collected by the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program. 1See, for example, Deon Filmer and Lant H. Pritchett, "Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure ­ or Tears: An Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India," Demography 38 (February 2001): 115-32; Shea Rutstein and Kiersten Johnson, The DHS Wealth Index, DHS Comparative Reports No. 6 (Calverton, Maryland, USA: ORC Macro, August 2004): esp. 10-14; Adam Wagstaff and Naoko Watanabe, "What Difference Does the Choice of SES Make in Health Inequality Measurement?" Health Economics 12 (2003): 885-90. 2 Also accompanying this finding was the realization that wealth in itself might be considered as valid a measure of economic status as income or consumption/expenditures. This has some practical advantages, since wealth measured in terms of items like those typically included in a wealth or asset index tends to be much more stable over time than income and possibly expenditures as well. But it also raises awkward questions of which items should be included in an index of wealth per se. These would not necessarily be those appearing in the data sets thus far collected through the DHS or other health surveys, since those items were included primarily for other reasons and found to be related to consumption only after the fact. But just what they should be remains far from clear, in part because the determination depends heavily on the conceptual issue of what one means by wealth. For example, is wealth to be simply an economic definition, or a broader one that includes such things as a circle of loving family and friends and other factors that contribute to a satisfying life? In the absence of agreement on questions like this one, a wealth or asset index is more safely viewed as a proxy for income, consumption, or expenditures than as a measure of wealth in itself. 3See, for example, the references in annex C to sources of additional information on economic inequalities in health available for DHS surveys, UNICEF MICS surveys, and the WHO World Health Survey. 4The material presented in this section summarizes the contents of the chapters in the country reports that outline the data and methods used and that discuss the many nuances involved in using them. Readers wishing fuller detail are invited to consult those chapters, which can be found immediately following the basic tables in any country report. (The individual country reports are available at: www.worldbank.org/povertyandhealth/countrydata.) - 3 - The DHS program, undertaken by Macro International with support from the U.S. Agency for International Development and other organizations, has conducted surveys in approximately seventy-five countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and the former Soviet Union. The surveys have typically covered between five- and twenty-thousand households. In many countries, there have been several surveys at different points in time. A similar questionnaire has been used in all the surveys. Its focus has been on fertility and on maternal and child health. It does not normally collect information about income or about consumption/expenditures. However, it does include at least 25-30 (and often many more) questions about household characteristics and possessions: materials used for house floors, walls, and roofs; source of water like a stream, open well, or piped system; and presence of durable possessions like a fan, radio, radio receiver, watch, bicycle, or automobile; and other attributes related to economic status. Responses to questions like these served as the basis for constructing a single, consolidated index of living standards, using principal components analysis (PCA) to generate a weight for each item covered by the questions. A wealth index score was calculated for each household by weighting the response with respect to each item pertaining to that household by the coefficient of the first principal component, and summing the outcomes. The resulting household scores were standardized in relation to a standard normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. All individuals usually present in each household were assigned the household's standardized wealth index score, and all individuals in the sample population were ranked according to that score. The sample population was then divided into quintiles of individuals, with all individuals in a single household being assigned to the same quintile. Nuances Affecting the Interpretation of Findings As is inevitably the case with rather complex computational procedures, those just described involve a number of difficult decisions introducing nuances that need to be appreciated in interpreting the figures presented. Among the more noteworthy are the selection of items to include in the wealth index, and the presentation of findings in terms of quintiles. The approach taken to selecting items for inclusion in the wealth index was pragmatic rather than conceptual. It involved including all items in each DHS household questionnaire that related to household goods, dwelling construction, and access to services and resources like electricity, water, and sanitation. The principal advantage of including so many indicators is that use of a large number of assets increases the degree of variation across household wealth scores and facilitates a more regular distribution of individuals across quintiles. It also reduces the possibility of subjectivity in selecting only some of the variables a priori; and it may increase the wealth index's accuracy as a proxy for consumption. However, such a rather opportunistic approach is far from satisfying conceptually. For instance, it involves the use of information collected by the DHS for purposes other than that of wealth measurement; and it includes access to publicly-provided services like electricity, water, and sanitation that some might argue do not belong in an index that purports to measure private household wealth. The findings have been presented in terms of quintiles in line with a long tradition of economic inequality research where the measure of choice is deciles, with quintiles as an acceptable substitute, when needed to produce statistically significant outcomes in cases where the number of observations is inadequate for expression in deciles. Use of this measure introduces several nuances. One concerns the expression of findings in terms of groups of equal size; the other is the choice of individuals as the basis for these groups. - 4 - Reliance on groups of equal size ­ whether, deciles, quintiles, or some other number ­ implicitly incorporates a relative concept of poverty. This differs from an absolute concept, under which the population would be divided into groups of different sizes according to some absolute standard (such as people earning less than one dollar a day, between one and two dollars a day, and more than two dollars a day). The difference has implications for cross-country and inter- temporal comparisons. When comparing values of an indicator among people in a given quintile across countries, the comparison is between groups of people whose economic status can be quite different. The lowest quintile of a Latin American population, for example, will usually be considerably better off than the lowest quintile of an African country. The same issue arises when comparing the health status of any given quintile within a particular country over time. For instance, when a country is progressing economically, the wealth of households in the population will tend to increase, and the average asset score in most, possibly all, population quintiles will rise. As a result, the living standard enjoyed by individuals in any quintile covered by a recent survey is likely to be higher than that of individuals in the same quintile as measured in a prior survey. Presentation of findings in terms of groups ­ specifically, quintiles ­ of individuals means that the figures presented will differ from those expressed in terms of, say, quintiles of households or quintiles of people "at risk."5 Because fertility is normally higher in lower economic households than among better-off ones, the number of individuals per household will frequently be larger among the poor than among higher-income groups. In such cases, the number of households will vary systematically across quintiles, with larger numbers in the higher than in the lower quintiles of individuals. Also the proportion of individuals at risk is likely to vary across quintiles of individuals. For instance, where fertility is higher among poor people, a higher-than-average proportion of poor quintiles will consist of newborns at risk for infant mortality, young people subject to malnutrition, and pregnant women for whom antenatal care is relevant.6 A Final Caveat Finally, at the risk of stating the obvious, it is important to be aware that the results presented are no more than descriptive, and cannot legitimately be taken to imply a direct causal relationship between wealth and health for several reasons. One is the possibility that it is not wealth or asset possession per se that determines a person's health condition. Rather, the determining factors could be other characteristics, such as education or ethnic background, that are simultaneously associated with both asset ownership and health. It is also possible that the health-poverty relationships are driven by particular items included in the index (e.g., water and sanitation). Should this be the case, improvements in the health conditions among the poor might be more effectively brought about by focusing on changing those particular components of the wealth index rather than by a general effort to increase economic status as measured by the index as a whole. 5i.e., Quintiles of people subject to a particular condition, eligible for a particular service, or capable of behaving in a particular way ­ quintiles of children born alive for infant and under-five mortality, of example; or quintiles of adult men and women for condom use. 6To facilitate the work of any investigators wishing to undertake calculations based on people at risk, the number of such people in each quintile of individuals is shown in each country report. (These appear in section III.A in country reports covering only one survey; in sections IV.A and V.A in reports dealing with two surveys; and in sections V.A, VI.A, and VII.A in reports covering three surveys. The reports can be found at www.worldbank.org/povertyandhealth/ countrydata.) - 5 - IV. USING THE DATA TO INFORM POLICY AND PROGRAM DESIGN In their present form, the figures appearing in this volume constitute no more than raw material. Their significance for any particular country, issue, or program will require a much more careful review than is possible here: The purpose of this volume is to enable and inspire readers to undertake such reviews on their own, in order to assess and call attention to the figures' implications for their particular situations. It is, however, possible and perhaps useful to provide a few general illustrations to show how the figures can be applied. Thus, what follows will feature three illustrative cases. Two concern the present (or, more accurately, the recent past); the third deals with the future. The Poor Fare Worse The first illustration is a broad generalization that constitutes the main message of this volume: The poor fare worse than the better-off almost everywhere and with respect to nearly every indicator covered. The degree of inequality varies, sometimes widely, from country to country and from indicator to indicator; but the direction of the trend across economic groups is almost always clear. Figures one and two illustrate the point by presenting the data of seven typical indicators, three of hnp status, and four of hnp determinants (two of health service use, two of indirect determinants). For each indicator, the figures presented are the unweighted averages for as many of the fifty-six countries covered as had data available.7 For ease of comparison and understanding, the findings have all been expressed in relative terms, with the level prevailing in the poorest quintile set at 1.0 and the rates in the other quintiles stated as a fraction or multiple of that. Figure 1. Economic Inequalities with Respect to Selected Indicators of HNP Status 1.2 1.0 Infant and Child 0.8 Mortality Malnutrition 0.6 0.4 Fertility 0.2 0.0 Poorest 20% Middle 20% Best-Off 20% 7Fifty-six countries for infant and child mortality, fertility, and antenatal care; fifty-five countries for immunization, radio listenership, and school participation; and, fifty countries for malnutrition. - 6 - Figure 2. Economic Inequalities with Respect to Selected Indicators of HNP Status Determinants 2.0 1.9 1.8 Antenatal Care 1.7 Immunization 1.6 School 1.5 Participation 1.4 Radio Listernship 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 Poorest 20% Middle 20% Best-Off 20% Two related conclusions emerge: · The health of the poor is notably worse than that of the better-off. All three indicators of poor hnp status (under-five mortality, malnutrition, and fertility8) in figure one decline steadily across economic quintiles. On average, they are roughly half as high in the best- off 20 percent of the population as in the poorest 20 percent, indicating that the poor suffer around twice as much as the best-off in each case. This basic pattern of lower hnp status among the poor than among the better-off is found in all countries for malnutrition and fertility, and all but one country for under-five mortality. · The poor use health services less, have less adequate health-related behaviors, and are disadvantaged with respect to other determinants of health status. All four determinants of hnp status covered in figure two (antenatal care, immunization, school participation, and radio listenership9) rise steadily across the economic quintiles. The levels range from around one and a half to nearly two times as high among the best-off 20 percent of the population as in the poorest 20 percent. (An important exception: breastfeeding, where rates among the poorest 20 percent are usually at least as high as among the highest 20 percent, and often higher.10) 8Figures for infant and child mortality refer to the under-five mortality rate; for malnutrition, they are based on data for moderate plus severe stunting; the total fertility rate is the indicator of fertility employed. (See annex A for fuller definitions.) 9 Antenatal care figures are based on data for one or more visits to any trained medical person (other than trained traditional midwives); immunization figures refer to full basic coverage; radio listenership figures are averages for males and females; school participation refers to primary school attendance by boys and girls of the appropriate age. (Fuller definitions appear in annex A.) 10 For instance, exclusive breastfeeding of infants up to three months of age is substantially higher among lower economic groups than among higher ones in all regions except Sub-Saharan Africa, where the rates are approximately equal across economic classes. (In contrast, bottle-feeding of infants is notably higher among economic groups in almost all countries, including those of Sub-Saharan Africa.) - 7 - At one level, these findings are hardly surprising. To many readers of this volume, it will seem obvious that conditions are worse among the poor than among the better-off. But those readers will almost surely constitute an unrepresentative sample of the global health policy community, a sample self-selected on the basis on their greater-than-average concern for health inequalities and health equity. It is to be hoped that the findings and data provided will prove useful to them as hitherto-unavailable basic information that can be used to raise awareness of health inequalities, especially among opinion leaders and policymakers in a position to alleviate them. The Poor Gain Less from Primary Care Than Do the Better-Off The second illustration concerns the coverage of basic health services among the poor and better- off. Such basic services as immunization, antenatal care, and treatment of simple illnesses by community health workers have long been at the core of the primary health care approach, espoused since the late 1970s and early 1980s by WHO's high-profile "health for all" movement and UNICEF's equally prominent "child survival revolution." Both these initiatives were strongly committed to reaching disadvantaged population groups, and relied centrally on primary care in large part because of the potential it was thought to have for overcoming the limitations that higher-level care programs suffered in this regard. The data presented in this volume, collected mostly some 20-25 years after the launch of the two initiatives, provide a sense of how well primary care has lived up to the expectations of its sponsors. A summary of the record, in the form of data for coverage among the poorest and best- off 20 percent of the population, appears in figure three. Figure 3. Coverage Rates among the Poorest and Best-Off 20 Percent of the Population In Low- and Middle-Income Countries 100 90 Poorest 20% of Population 80 70 Best-Off 20% of Population 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Antenatal Care Oral Rehydration Immunization Med. Treatment of Att. Delivery Med. Treatment of Contraceptive Use Thereapy Ac. Res. Inf. Fever The data are provided for the seven representative basic maternal and health services for which information is available: antenatal care; use of oral rehydration therapy; immunization; medical treatment for childhood acute respiratory infection and fever; contraceptive use; and attended deliveries.11 11 Antenatal care figures are based on data for one or more visits to any trained medical person (other than trained traditional midwives); figures for oral rehydration therapy immunization include all liquids; immunization figures refer to full basic coverage; figures for medical treatment of fever and acute respiratory infection include visits to any type of - 8 - The overall picture is sobering. For each of these basic services, coverage among the poor is notably lower than that among the better-off. The range is between oral rehydration, where the differences are relatively modest (on the order of just under 15 percentage points or around 25 percent), and attended deliveries, for which the disparities are far larger (by almost 50 percentage points, so that the rate among the best-off is well over twice that among the poorest). More careful assessment, based in statistical indices that include all five population quintiles, rather than simply the bottom and top ones, confirms this overall picture.12 There is, to be sure, considerable variation among countries with regard to any particular service; and in some ways, this variation can be as interesting as is the overall picture. For instance, with regard to each service there is at least one country with (slightly) higher coverage among the poorest 20 percent than among the best-off 20 percent; and for one service ­ oral rehydration ­ six of the fifty-six countries recorded higher use among the poor. Antenatal care is noteworthy for the relatively high overall level of coverage achieved among the poorest (62 percent), which is attributable in part to the far higher coverage among the poorest achieved in Sub-Saharan Africa (64 percent) than in some of the other regions, such as South Asia (27 percent). For most services, economic disparities across economic groups are smaller in the countries of the former Soviet Union than elsewhere. This is particularly true with respect to attended deliveries. Oral rehydration therapy is also of interest because of the high level of coverage achieved among the poorest 20 percent of the countries' population: over 55 percent on average. In almost all major parts of the developing world, around one-half of all cases of diarrhea among children in the poorest 20 percent of the population is being treated with some kind of oral liquid regime. Given the difficulty of reaching such poor groups, this is a noteworthy achievement for a technology that had existed for only around 20-25 years at the time the data were collected. Yet even in this case of a technology developed with the needs of the poor particularly in mind, the uptake has been greater among the upper classes. And while the poor have been served, half have not; and given the slow rate of recent increase in overall rehydration coverage,13 there is little indication that they will be in the foreseeable future. All in all, the basic services portrayed in figure three appear to have reached the poor at least somewhat better than the higher-level services that they were intended to replace. For example, in the seven countries cited in a recent World Bank study,14 an average of about 12 percent of benefits from primary care went to the poorest 20 percent of the population, compared with around 29 percent going to the best-off 20 percent, a ratio of 0.41. In comparison, the low-high ratio for hospital expenditures in those countries was on the order of 0.24 (with just under 10 percent of benefits accruing to the poorest 20 percent of the population, compared with about 41 percent going to the best-off 20 percent). An earlier study from Africa produced similar results.15 medical facility or provider; attended delivery data are based on services provided by any trained medical person (excluding trained traditional midwives); contraceptive use refers to use of modern contraceptive methods by women. (Fuller definitions are available in annex A.) Data are available from fifty-six countries for antenatal care, oral rehydration therapy, attended delivery, and contraceptive use; fifty-five countries for immunization; and fifty-three countries for the medical treatment of fever and acute respiratory infection. 12For instance, the value of the concentration index is positive for almost all services and countries, indicating an inequality in favor of the better-off. 13Birger Carl Forsberg et al., "Diarrhea Case Management in Low- and Middle-Income Countries ­ An Unfinished Agenda," Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85 (January 2007): 42-49. 14Deon Filmer, "Who Benefits from Public Spending: Patterns from Static Expenditure Analysis," Paper presented to the Global Conference on Reaching the Poor, Washington, D.C., February 2004. 15Florencia Castro-Leal, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra, "Public Spending on Health Care in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?," Bulletin of the World Health Organization 87 (January 2000): 66-74. - 9 - However, the low coverage rates among the poorest 20 percent for most services covered in figure three, and the notably smaller benefit accruing to this poor group relative to the better-off, make it clear that any gains among the poor have been much less than anticipated. Country governments and donor agencies alike will have do far better if they are serious about their stated goal of overcoming health inequalities. The Poor Will Not Necessarily Share Fully in Future Health Improvements The two examples provided thus far illustrate how the data in this volume can be used in their present form to assess health policies and programs. This third illustration shows how the data can serve as the basis for further calculations to help judge and design additional health initiatives. The illustration concerns the degree of benefit that the poor might derive from efforts to accelerate the pace of health improvement over the years ahead. The focus is on the case of the Millennium Development Goals' (MDGs) principal child health objective, which calls for a two- thirds reduction in the under-five mortality rate by 2015. That objective is stated in terms of an average of all economic groups. This leaves open the possibility that groups might move at different paces toward it; and that, upon the goal's attainment, the degree of improvement experienced by the different groups might vary greatly. Calculations based on the data presented here can show just how large this variation might be, and the resulting implications for the poor of adopting different MDG attainment strategies. The starting point is the mid-1990s distribution of under-five mortality for all fifty-six countries covered, as shown in the set of bars on the left side of figure four. As can be seen there, the under-five mortality rate among the poorest 20 percent was 135.4 per 1000 live births. From there, it descended regularly across economic groups, reaching a level of around 73.5, roughly half as high, among the best-off 20 percent. The average was 115.2. Figure 4. Under-Five Mortality Rates among Different Quintiles of the Population In 56 Low- and Middle-Income Countries 160 140 120 Poorest 20% 100 Second 20% 80 Middle 20% Fourth 20% 60 Best-Off 20% 40 20 0 Mid-1990s Upon MDG Attainment - 10 - Meeting the MDGs' child health objective would require a decline in that average by two-thirds, to 38.4. Were all groups to benefit equally in progress toward this goal, the under-five rate in each economic quintile would record the same two-thirds reduction as the overall average. The result of such a scenario is shown through the set of bars on the right side of figure four. From those bars, it can be seen that the under-five mortality rate among the poorest 20 percent of the population would end up at 45.1. However, this is not preordained, for many other distributional outcomes are possible, with differing implications for the poor. Figure five presents outcomes for the poorest 20 percent of the population according to five different scenarios. All the scenarios are consistent with achieving the MDG target of a two-thirds reduction in the under-five mortality rate in the population as a whole, and attainment of an overall population rate of 38.4. The scenarios are: · Equal (percentage) decline in all groups, referred to above. · Faster decline among the better-off. This assumes that under-five mortality falls by 90 percent among the best-off quintile, 85 percent among the next quintile, 80 percent among the middle quintile, and 75 percent among the next-poorest quintile. The under-five mortality in the poorest quintile is then calculated as the residual ­ that is, the level that would produce an overall population average the same as the 38.4 attained in the population as a whole upon achievement of the MDG. · Faster decline among the poor. This is the mirror image of the scenario just presented: Under it, under-five mortality would decline by 90 percent among the poorest 20 percent of the population, by 85 percent for the next-poorest 20 percent of the population, and so on. The rate among the best-off 20 percent is the residual. · Much faster decline among the better-off. Here, the assumption is that under-five mortality among the top quintile would fall to the lowest possible attainable level, set at 7 per 1000 live births, the same as achieved in the most advanced countries. After that, the second- highest quintile would decline to that same level, then the middle quintile, and so on. Only after the other quintiles had fallen as far as possible is the level among the poorest quintiles calculated, as the residual consistent with a population average rate of 38.4. · Much faster decline among the poor. This is the opposite of the preceding scenario: The under-five mortality rate among the poorest, rather than among the best-off, would decline first, by the maximum possible amount to 7 per 1000 live births. Then the next-poorest quintile would experience the largest possible decline, followed by the middle quintile. The rates among the highest quintiles are then established at the levels consistent with the 38.4 population average rate. The range of possible outcomes for the poorest 20 percent of the population produced by these scenarios, as displayed in figure five is clearly very broad. Although the average under-five mortality level (38.4) is the same according to all five scenarios shown, the height of the bars representing conditions among the poorest 20 percent declines sharply from left to right, from the scenario that is least favorable to them to the one that is most favorable. The least favorable scenario produces an outcome (135.4). This is the same as the baseline level among the poorest 20 percent, pointing to the possibility of achieving the child mortality MDG without any improvement at all among members of this group. It is also over 100 points and nearly twenty times as large as the outcome resulting from the most favorable scenario (7.0). - 11 - Figure 5. Under-Five Mortality Rates among the Poorest Quintile of the Population Upon Attaining the Millenium Development Goal Of Two-Thirds Overall Reduction Under Alternative Distributional Scenarios 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Much Faster Decline Faster Decline Equal Decline in All Faster Decline Much Faster Decline among Better-Off among Better-Off Groups among Poor among Poor To be sure, the range of differences in the "real world" may well be less dramatic than that suggested in figure five.16 Yet even if the range of plausible outcomes is only, say, a third to a half of that shown in figure five, it is still very large. Further, there are several reasons for believing that, in the absence of more effective concern about health conditions among disadvantaged groups, an outcome toward the end of the range unfavorable to the poor is considerably more likely than a result favoring them. One is that the focus on goals expressed in terms of societal averages, which gives an incentive to health policymakers and program administrators to concentrate on the better-off, who are usually much easier to reach than the poor. Other reasons include the difficulty thus far experienced in reaching the poor with basic health services, as shown in the two preceding illustrations. The widespread lack of awareness concerning these difficulties provides little basis for optimism that there will soon be vigorous efforts to overcome them. More generally, the difficulties suggest the validity of the "inverse equity hypothesis," which posits that programs tend to reach primarily upper-income groups until such time as they have gained the maximum feasible benefit, and only then spread to the poor.17 In brief, this illustration demonstrates that the standard practice of stating health goals in terms of population-wide average rates provides little assurance that the poor will share fully in progress toward them. The poor stand to benefit more from progress toward objectives set in distributional terms ­ say, a specified degree of improvement among the poorest 20 percent of the population, or a specified amount of reduction in the disparity between the lowest and highest population groups. 16However, the range is not nearly the widest possible one. With the most extreme scenarios presented in table five, the worst that happens to any group is stagnation at its starting level. At least in principle, overall progress could occur with rises in some groups, offset by larger-than-shown declines in others. 17 Cesar G. Victora et al., "Explaining Trends in Inequities: Evidence from Brazilian Child Health Studies," The Lancet 356 (2000): 1093-98. - 12 - V. USING THE APPROACH AND DATA TO MONITOR PROGRAM PROGRESS The three illustrations just provided are admittedly rather general. More specific ones can be developed by using the data for individual regions or countries; but there are significant limits to the degree of specificity that can be achieved. In particular, the figures presented here are only rarely capable of addressing an issue frequently of special interest to policymakers and program administrators: the distribution of benefits from the specific programs or projects for which they are responsible. However, it is possible to build upon the approach used in this volume to examine how well specific activities reach the poor. To be sure, thorough evaluations can require considerable time and effort, as will be discussed further below. But much simpler, less rigorous monitoring techniques exist that can often provide potentially useful information quickly and at low cost. Here are two examples: Basic Monitoring of Nationwide Facility-Based Programs The economic distribution of patients in a nationwide, facility-based program (say, a network of rural health posts, antenatal care clinics, emergency obstetric facilities, or hospitals) in a given country can be determined through an exit survey, using the asset/wealth questionnaire and quintile cut-off points provided in annex B of each country report.18 The questionnaire can be employed to measure the respondents' economic status. The set of cut-off points can serve to compare the distribution of the respondents' economic status with that of the nationally- representative sample of people interviewed by the DHS survey on which the country reports and this overview volume are based. The first step in such a monitoring exercise is to use the questionnaire in interviewing an adequately-large sample of patients attending the facility-based services of interest. The asset/wealth score for each patient can then be calculated by multiplying the response to each question by the item scores also provided on the questionnaire, and summing the results. After this has been done, the quintile cut-off points can be used to place each individual in the economic quintile to which (s)he belongs. The number of patients and percentage of total patients in each quintile can then be calculated. Since each quintile defined by the cut-off points contains 20 percent of the individuals in the nationally-representative DHS sample, the patients belonging to any such quintile containing significantly more (or less) than 20 percent of the total are over- (under-) represented relative to the national population. When the percentage of patients in each of the five quintiles is viewed as a whole, the result is a frequency distribution that indicates the spread of service beneficiaries across economic classes of individuals.19 For example: · A service that favors the poorest people would have substantially more than 20 percent of its patients in each of the lowest economic quintiles; considerably less than 20 percent of its patients in each of the highest quintiles. · A service that reaches all economic classes equally would draw roughly the same proportion of total patients from the lower and upper quintiles. · A service that favors the least poor population groups would have well over 20 percent of its patients in each of the highest one or two quintiles, considerably less than 20 percent of its patients in each of the lowest quintiles. 18As indicated earlier, all country reports may be accessed at: www.worldbank.org/povertyandhealth/countrydata. 19That is, across economic classes of all individuals in the sample population. Estimates pertaining to quintiles of only those individuals needing services require adjusting the results of the procedure described here through application of the relevant quintile-specific, sample-size figures appearing in the report on the country concerned. - 13 - Fuller Monitoring of Facility-Based and Other Programs While capable of providing far more information than currently exists about the distribution of a program's beneficiaries, the approach just described cannot deal with all situations. For example, it is unable to deal with the many important types of health programs that do not deliver services primarily through facilities, such as mass media health education, household visits by health workers, and many social marketing initiatives. It is also limited in its ability to assess programs working only in certain areas within a country: It can compare the economic status of the programs' beneficiaries with that of the national population, but not with that of the specific sub- national areas where the programs are active. Further, it focuses primarily on only one of the two important dimensions of monitoring the distribution of program beneficiaries: that is, incidence or focus ­ the percentage of program benefits that flow to the poor. It cannot deal nearly so well with the second dimension, which concerns coverage, or the percentage of the poor that the program reaches. These limitations can be overcome by a modified version of the approach described above that relies on a household rather than facility-based survey. A household survey can generate a set of data containing the full range of information needed to produce an equity assessment by collecting two types of data: first, about the household's wealth or assets, using the questions in the left-hand column of the questionnaire shown in annex B of each country report;20 and second, about the household members' use of or exposure to the services provided by the program(s) of interest. The collected data can be analyzed in either (or both) of two ways, depending on the type of information desired: · One way would be to use only data from the household survey. The procedure would be analogous to that for a DHS survey employed in this report: ­ Asset information from the survey-generated data set would be used as the basis for the construction of an asset/wealth index, weighting the individual items using some method like principal components analysis. ­ The individuals in the sample would be ranked in order of the index values for their households, then divided into groups like quintiles. ­ The coverage rates in each quintile for the service of interest would be calculated. · Alternatively, the weights for each item appearing in the questionnaire of a country report in this series can be used to determine the wealth of each individual, instead of calculating the weights from the new household data set. Once the individuals' wealth is determined, the individuals would be ranked, divided into quintiles, and the coverage rate in each quintile would be calculated. In the case of programs undertaken in only one region of the country, it would provide a comparison of the economic status of the people served with that of the entire country rather than of only the region where the programs are active;21 in the case of nationwide as well as smaller area activities, it would permit a comparison with the other service programs covered in this report. 20Or, if one is willing to forego the benefits of the second analytical approach described here, using any of several other asset questionnaires that exist. Examples include the INDEPTH health equity survey tool (available at: www.indepth-network.org/core_documents/indepthtools.htm) or the model questionnaire developed by M. Mahood Khan and David Hotchkiss of the PHR Plus project (which can be found at: www.phrplus.org). 21This additional perspective could be particularly helpful in an assessment of a program seeking to reach the poor by focusing on especially backward districts. A report presenting only a finding that the program was reaching the better- off people in those districts could produce an impression that it had failed to reach its intended beneficiaries. But a comparison between the economic status of the program's beneficiaries with that of the national population might well reveal that most of the beneficiaries were poor by national standards and that the program was thus considerably more successful than otherwise thought. - 14 - Limitations The methods just described have been carefully referred to as monitoring techniques, rather than as approaches to evaluation. This is because the information provided through the techniques' application is inadequate to permit a full assessment of a program's performance. There are two reasons for this. The first is that the techniques described provide only what has been called a "snapshot" of the program's record: a look at the program by itself, at one point of time. Far better would be an examination over time, or a comparative view of what happened in areas that the program did not serve as well as those that it did. Better yet would be a review incorporating both the temporal and spatial dimensions, in order to permit a "differences in differences" assessment that would compare the change over time in areas covered by the program with the change in places that it did not reach.22 The second reason is that the techniques in question can tell only how well programs are reaching the poor, not how much the health of the poor has been improved as a result. In other words, they deal only with what the evaluation literature refers to as the incidence of health programs, not with what is termed the programs' impact. There are many reasons why simply reaching poor people might not be enough to produce a marked improvement in their condition. One obvious reason concerns service quality: If clinic personnel are poorly trained and lack the necessary drugs and other supplies, for example, then a poor person's visit to a clinic is unlikely to produce much health benefit. Another reason is lack of adequate knowledge on the part of poor patients: For instance, if the poor are inadequately aware how important it is to complete the full course of, say, antibiotic or anti-tuberculosis therapy, then the therapy is unlikely to do much good and might instead cause harm. However, while the information produced by the techniques outlined here is less than ideally complete, it is also far easier and less expensive to execute than the more sophisticated approaches required to produce fuller assessments. Thus, this is one of the many cases where the ideal is a clear enemy of the good. If compared not with the ideal but with the present situation marked by almost complete lack of knowledge about how well health programs reach the poor, application of the equity monitoring techniques outlined above would constitute a major advance. VI. IN CLOSING In brief, the copious data presented in this volume provide basic background information on economic inequalities in health made possible by recent developments in the measurement of households' economic status. The authors hope that readers will find them helpful in calling attention to the widespread inequalities documented by the data, in advocating more effective actions to lessen these inequalities, and in shaping health programs and policies that can do so. The authors also hope that readers will be inspired to take advantage of the recently-developed techniques employed here in undertaking further health inequality analyses of their own. As indicated earlier, a promising beginning in these directions has been made; but it is no more than a beginning. Much more will be needed if the global health community is to move beyond platitudes about improving the health of the poor to effective action that can do so. 22For more on this see: Adam Wagstaff and Hugh Waters. "How Were the Reaching the Poor Studies Done?" in Reaching the Poor with Health, Nutrition, and Population Services: What Works, What Doesn't, and Why, ed. Davidson R. Gwatkin, Adam Wagstaff, and Abdo S. Yazbeck (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2005), 27-46. - 15 - OVERVIEW TABLES Notes: ­ Full definitions of all indicators covered in the tables are provided in annex A. ­ Figures in the tables shown within parentheses indicate the absence of adequate observations to produce acceptably reliable values. Asterisks appear when the number of observations was too small to justify presentation even of figures within parentheses. (For further information, see the "Methods and Data" section of any country reports.) ­ "na" appears in the table cells when data are not available, usually because the DHS concerned did not collect information about the indicator(s) in question. ­ "na" is also found on table lines presenting regional or all-country averages when data for the indicator in question is unavailable for half or more countries within the region concerned, or of all countries. ­ Where they appear, regional average quintile rates are the unweighted means of all countries within the region concerned that have adequate data, as defined in the preceding note. The all-country averages are the unweighted means for as many of the fifty-six countries covered with sufficient data. ­ Regional and all-country average low-high ratios and differences have been calculated on the basis of the average quintile rates appearing in the lines to which they refer. Regional/all-country average concentration index values and standard errors are the unweighted averages for all countries with sufficient data in the region concerned (regional averages) or for as many of the fifty-six countries covered that have adequate data (all-country averages). ­ The accuracy of point estimates can be assessed with reference to the standard error figures provided in the individual country reports. Readers are encouraged to - 17 - consult these figures when comparing point estimates, since not all differences are statistically significant. ­ Readers finding apparent errors are encouraged to report them to the World Bank's health advisory service at healthpop@worldbank.org, in order to help improve the accuracy of future reports. - 18 - A. HEALTH, NUTRITION, POPULATION STATUS Childhood Illness and Mortality 21 Infant Mortality Rate Under-Five Mortality Rate Prevalence of Fever Prevalence of Diarrhea Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection Fertility 31 Total Fertility Rate Adolescent Fertility Rate Nutritional Status 35 Children Moderate Stunting Severe Stunting Moderate Underweight Severe Underweight Mild Anemia Moderate Anemia Severe Anemia Women Malnutrition Mild Anemia Moderate Anemia Severe Anemia Female Circumcision 57 Prevalence of Circumcision Girls Women Prevalence of Occlusion Girls Women - 19 - Sexually Transmitted Disease 65 Prevalence of Genital Discharge Women Men Prevalence of Genital Ulcer Women Men - 20 - Part I: HNP Status Childhood Illness and Mortality INFANT MORTALITY RATE Region/Country Quintile Rates (per 1,000 live births) Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 62.9 54.6 44.4 40.6 25.2 47.6 2.500 37.751 -0.16589 0.02554 Cambodia 2000 109.7 108.2 88.2 88.7 50.3 92.7 2.181 59.400 -0.10515 0.00090 Indonesia 1997 78.1 57.3 51.4 39.4 23.3 52.2 3.352 54.800 -0.19544 0.00077 Indonesia 2002/03 60.6 50.3 44.0 36.4 17.1 43.0 3.554 43.579 -0.18722 0.07300 Philippines 1998 48.8 39.2 33.7 24.9 20.9 36.0 2.335 27.900 -0.15659 0.00085 Philippines 2003 42.0 32.2 25.8 22.2 19.5 30.0 2.157 22.523 -0.15380 0.02569 Vietnam 1997 42.8 43.2 35.2 27.2 16.9 34.8 2.533 25.900 -0.14272 0.00188 Vietnam 2002 39.3 27.7 19.7 15.2 13.8 24.8 2.848 25.500 -0.21740 0.00259 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 69.2 60.3 52.7 44.2 41.6 54.8 1.664 27.617 -0.10080 0.00197 Armenia 2000 52.3 50.0 36.8 49.6 27.3 44.1 1.916 25.000 -0.09061 0.00253 Kazakhstan 1995 39.2 43.1 36.6 48.9 35.1 40.7 1.117 4.100 0.00351 0.00280 Kazakhstan 1999 67.6 65.3 65.8 27.3 42.3 54.9 1.598 25.300 -0.08479 0.00200 Kyrgyzstan 1997 83.3 73.3 67.5 49.6 45.8 66.2 1.819 37.500 -0.11881 0.00172 Turkey 1993 99.9 72.7 72.1 54.4 25.4 68.3 3.933 74.500 -0.18849 0.00199 Turkey 1998 68.3 54.6 42.1 37.5 29.8 48.4 2.292 38.500 -0.15829 0.00132 Turkmenistan 2000 89.3 78.6 68.2 62.4 58.4 71.6 1.529 30.900 na na Uzbekistan 1996 54.4 39.8 36.0 39.0 45.9 43.5 1.185 8.500 -0.05153 0.00226 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 62.9 49.0 45.5 36.4 30.8 47.3 2.040 32.072 -0.14720 0.01557 Bolivia 1998 106.5 85.0 75.5 38.6 25.5 73.5 4.176 81.000 -0.21073 0.00156 Bolivia 2003 87.3 82.0 63.3 50.9 32.3 67.8 2.703 55.018 -0.15046 0.05333 Brazil 1996 83.2 46.7 32.9 24.7 28.6 48.1 2.909 54.600 -0.25125 0.00091 Colombia 1995 40.8 31.4 27.0 31.5 16.2 30.8 2.519 24.600 -0.12046 0.00153 Colombia 2000 32.0 31.6 22.0 11.9 17.6 24.4 1.818 14.400 -0.16024 0.00135 Colombia 2005 32.0 23.8 20.9 14.2 14.4 22.1 2.225 17.642 -0.16460 0.03389 Dominican Republic 1996 66.7 54.5 52.3 33.5 23.4 48.6 2.850 43.300 -0.16907 0.00162 Dominican Republic 2002 50.2 37.1 35.6 24.3 20.0 34.6 2.510 30.184 -0.16337 0.04503 Guatemala 1995 56.9 79.7 55.7 46.7 35.0 57.2 1.626 21.900 -0.08179 0.00108 Guatemala 1998/99 58.0 50.8 52.1 39.6 39.2 49.1 1.480 18.800 -0.07858 0.00173 Haiti 1994/95 93.7 93.6 85.6 81.7 74.3 87.1 1.261 19.400 -0.04306 0.00083 Haiti 2000 99.5 70.0 93.4 88.4 97.2 89.4 1.024 2.300 0.00684 0.00088 Nicaragua 1997/98 50.7 53.7 45.7 40.2 25.8 45.2 1.965 24.900 -0.09431 0.00100 Nicaragua 2001 49.6 40.6 32.2 25.7 16.3 35.3 3.043 33.300 -0.18253 0.00116 Paraguay 1990 42.9 36.5 46.1 33.5 15.7 35.9 2.732 27.200 -0.11423 0.00219 Peru 1996 78.3 53.6 34.4 36.0 19.5 49.9 4.015 58.800 -0.22243 0.00069 Peru 2000 63.5 53.9 32.6 26.5 13.9 43.2 4.568 49.600 -0.22660 0.00102 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 70.4 62.0 52.4 46.0 34.3 54.3 2.055 36.153 -0.12796 0.01003 Egypt 1995 109.7 88.7 64.6 50.6 31.8 72.9 3.450 77.900 -0.21609 0.00084 Egypt 2000 75.6 63.9 53.9 43.9 29.6 54.7 2.554 46.000 -0.16266 0.00073 Jordan 1997 35.4 28.8 30.1 25.9 23.4 29.0 1.513 12.000 -0.07201 0.00089 Morocco 1992 79.7 67.7 62.4 58.5 35.1 63.1 2.271 44.600 -0.11659 0.00122 Morocco 2003/04 62.2 53.1 36.8 33.4 24.0 44.0 2.585 38.114 -0.17514 0.03796 Yemen 1997 108.5 102.0 88.9 80.9 60.0 89.5 1.808 48.500 -0.10202 0.00053 E. SOUTH ASIA 90.1 85.8 84.3 70.7 54.6 79.1 1.649 35.463 -0.07771 0.00702 Bangladesh 1996/97 96.5 98.8 96.7 88.8 56.6 89.6 1.705 39.900 -0.06703 0.00101 Bangladesh 1999/2000 92.9 93.6 78.1 62.8 57.9 79.7 1.604 35.000 -0.09663 0.00059 Bangladesh 2004 89.7 65.9 75.1 59.1 64.8 72.4 1.385 24.953 -0.06962 0.02592 India 1992/93 109.2 106.3 89.7 65.6 44.0 86.3 2.482 65.200 -0.14880 0.05530 India 1998/99 96.5 80.7 76.3 55.3 38.1 73.0 2.533 58.400 -0.11780 0.00028 Nepal 1996 96.3 107.2 103.6 84.7 63.9 93.0 1.507 32.400 -0.06020 0.00087 Nepal 2001 85.5 87.7 76.6 72.8 53.2 77.2 1.607 32.300 -0.07241 0.00076 Pakistan 1990/91 88.7 108.7 109.3 95.7 62.5 94.0 1.419 26.200 -0.05100 0.00112 - 21 - Part I: HNP Status Childhood Illness and Mortality INFANT MORTALITY RATE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates (per 1,000 live births) Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 99.4 99.0 95.9 83.6 62.8 89.8 1.584 36.655 -0.07218 0.01010 Benin 1996 119.4 111.1 105.8 103.8 63.3 103.5 1.886 56.100 -0.07999 0.00118 Benin 2001 111.5 108.2 106.3 78.1 50.0 94.8 2.230 61.500 -0.11209 0.00136 Burkina Faso 1992/93 112.5 119.5 120.8 99.7 80.9 107.6 1.390 31.556 -0.05841 0.03273 Burkina Faso 1998/99 106.2 118.5 118.0 116.5 76.7 108.6 1.385 29.500 -0.03108 0.00101 Burkina Faso 2003 97.1 108.4 81.9 94.1 77.9 92.1 1.246 19.152 -0.04306 0.01952 Cameroon 1991 103.9 101.0 78.8 65.1 51.2 80.3 2.029 52.700 -0.14046 0.00109 Cameroon 1998 108.4 86.3 72.6 58.7 55.8 79.8 1.943 52.600 -0.14262 0.00081 Cameroon 2004 100.5 90.3 82.9 64.2 52.0 81.3 1.934 48.558 -0.11688 0.03581 Central African Republic 1994/95 132.3 116.8 99.2 97.6 53.7 101.8 2.464 78.600 -0.13742 0.00138 Chad 1996/97 79.8 136.7 120.2 115.0 89.3 109.8 0.894 9.500 -0.00122 0.00127 Chad 2004 109.2 122.5 117.4 122.4 100.9 115.2 1.082 8.298 -0.01038 0.02443 Comoros 1996 87.2 108.5 83.7 62.6 64.6 83.7 1.350 22.600 -0.07847 0.00176 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 117.2 97.3 88.9 78.8 63.3 91.3 1.852 53.900 -0.10757 0.00066 Eritrea 1995 74.0 66.2 87.0 85.8 67.5 75.6 1.096 6.500 0.01420 0.00094 Ethiopia 2000 92.8 114.9 141.5 118.1 95.1 112.9 0.976 2.300 0.01745 0.00072 Gabon 2000 57.0 68.1 66.6 72.7 35.9 61.1 1.588 21.100 -0.03738 0.00198 Ghana 1993 77.5 94.6 82.8 64.2 45.8 74.7 1.692 31.700 -0.09289 0.00159 Ghana 1998 72.7 58.0 82.1 52.5 26.0 61.2 2.796 46.700 -0.10845 0.00250 Ghana 2003 61.5 63.8 73.5 66.0 57.7 64.7 1.065 3.758 0.00286 0.02313 Guinea 1999 118.9 127.9 113.5 91.4 70.2 106.6 1.694 48.700 -0.09207 0.00089 Kenya 1993 90.0 79.3 52.7 39.1 43.3 62.5 2.081 46.756 -0.17573 0.01842 Kenya 1998 95.8 82.9 58.5 61.0 40.2 70.7 2.383 55.600 -0.15329 0.00103 Kenya 2003 95.8 75.2 81.9 53.1 62.2 75.5 1.540 33.582 -0.09794 0.02652 Madagascar 1997 119.1 118.3 103.2 76.2 57.5 99.3 2.071 61.600 -0.12211 0.00106 Malawi 1992 141.2 133.7 154.1 139.2 106.1 136.1 1.331 35.100 -0.03439 0.00092 Malawi 2000 131.5 110.7 117.4 109.1 86.4 112.5 1.522 45.100 -0.04368 0.00059 Mali 1995/96 151.4 146.9 138.9 129.0 93.2 133.5 1.624 58.200 -0.07526 0.00059 Mali 2001 137.2 125.2 140.6 128.7 89.9 126.2 1.526 47.300 -0.04922 0.00059 Mauritania 2000/01 60.8 59.4 78.0 72.8 62.3 66.8 0.976 1.500 0.02324 0.00093 Mozambique 1997 187.7 136.2 144.3 134.2 94.7 147.4 1.982 93.000 -0.11552 0.00085 Mozambique 2003 142.5 147.1 128.2 106.1 71.1 123.6 2.003 71.377 -0.10612 0.05125 Namibia 1992 63.6 63.0 48.4 72.2 57.3 61.5 1.110 6.300 -0.00278 0.00105 Namibia 2000 35.8 63.2 39.7 37.3 22.7 39.8 1.577 13.100 -0.09742 0.00227 Niger 1998 131.1 152.3 157.2 142.0 85.8 135.8 1.528 45.300 -0.05034 0.00110 Nigeria 1990 102.2 102.3 93.1 85.8 68.6 91.6 1.490 33.600 -0.07024 0.00058 Nigeria 2003 133.0 139.7 110.0 86.8 52.1 109.3 2.554 80.923 -0.14475 0.06225 Rwanda 2000 138.7 120.2 123.4 118.9 87.9 117.4 1.578 50.800 -0.06043 0.00068 Senegal 1997 84.5 81.6 69.6 58.8 44.9 69.4 1.882 39.600 -0.11254 0.00077 South Africa 1998 61.6 51.6 35.8 34.0 17.0 42.2 3.624 44.600 -0.19631 0.00155 Tanzania 1996 87.3 118.0 95.6 102.1 64.8 94.1 1.347 22.500 -0.04028 0.00115 Tanzania 1999 114.8 107.5 115.4 106.8 91.9 107.8 1.249 22.900 -0.03234 0.00101 Tanzania 2004 88.0 97.1 87.8 69.8 64.2 82.5 1.370 23.760 -0.06740 0.02675 Togo 1998 84.1 81.7 90.0 73.9 65.8 80.3 1.278 18.300 -0.03547 0.00063 Uganda 1995 109.0 79.5 90.4 84.5 63.2 86.1 1.725 45.800 -0.08126 0.00083 Uganda 2000/01 105.7 98.3 94.5 81.0 60.2 89.4 1.756 45.500 -0.09190 0.00077 Zambia 1996 123.6 131.5 105.1 104.1 69.8 107.7 1.771 53.800 -0.09519 0.00087 Zambia 2001 115.2 93.1 113.8 80.8 56.7 93.9 2.032 58.500 -0.10397 0.00112 Zimbabwe 1994 52.0 49.5 47.4 64.2 41.6 51.2 1.250 10.400 -0.00672 0.00128 Zimbabwe 1999 59.1 63.9 67.1 63.1 44.3 59.7 1.334 14.800 -0.03605 0.00144 G. ALL COUNTRIES 85.0 80.1 75.6 65.1 50.1 72.9 1.697 34.908 -0.09833 0.01115 - 22 - Part I: HNP Status Childhood Illness and Mortality UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY RATE Region/Country Quintile Rates (per 1,000 live births) Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 87.7 71.6 56.5 51.6 30.5 62.6 2.878 57.225 -0.19299 0.02826 Cambodia 2000 154.8 136.5 115.3 113.3 63.6 121.6 2.434 91.200 -0.12345 0.00089 Indonesia 1997 109.0 76.5 69.5 51.6 29.2 70.6 3.733 79.800 -0.21034 0.00081 Indonesia 2002/03 76.8 64.4 55.7 45.1 21.9 54.4 3.513 54.943 -0.18925 0.07137 Philippines 1998 79.8 60.5 49.7 33.4 29.2 54.9 2.733 50.600 -0.19098 0.00090 Philippines 2003 66.3 47.1 31.6 25.8 20.6 41.6 3.213 45.658 -0.22754 0.03866 Vietnam 1997 63.3 51.8 41.8 38.2 23.0 45.9 2.752 40.300 -0.15934 0.00160 Vietnam 2002 52.9 38.4 23.5 22.1 15.8 32.9 3.348 37.100 -0.23171 0.00211 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 83.3 69.4 64.1 54.7 46.1 65.0 1.808 37.250 -0.10765 0.00190 Armenia 2000 60.9 53.5 40.1 49.6 29.6 48.0 2.057 31.300 -0.11207 0.00233 Kazakhstan 1995 48.0 46.7 (49.3) 55.2 39.6 47.9 1.212 8.400 -0.00488 0.00255 Kazakhstan 1999 81.9 73.1 72.3 35.7 44.8 63.0 1.828 37.100 -0.08639 0.00202 Kyrgyzstan 1997 96.4 79.4 77.5 64.0 49.3 75.8 1.955 47.100 -0.11519 0.00180 Turkey 1993 124.7 84.0 83.2 61.8 27.1 80.5 4.601 97.600 -0.21033 0.00204 Turkey 1998 85.0 67.4 53.3 47.2 32.6 59.7 2.607 52.400 -0.16801 0.00142 Turkmenistan 2000 105.5 99.0 85.8 80.0 69.8 88.3 1.511 35.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 70.3 43.8 55.4 51.7 50.4 55.2 1.395 19.900 -0.05659 0.00192 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 86.5 70.8 61.3 46.3 34.8 63.6 2.484 51.667 -0.17225 0.01812 Bolivia 1998 146.5 114.9 104.0 47.8 32.0 99.1 4.578 114.500 -0.22183 0.00168 Bolivia 2003 119.2 114.8 87.2 70.7 37.1 92.7 3.209 82.062 -0.15810 0.06559 Brazil 1996 98.9 56.0 39.2 26.7 33.3 56.7 2.970 65.600 -0.25889 0.00093 Colombia 1995 52.1 37.1 30.7 34.9 23.6 37.4 2.208 28.500 -0.13087 0.00119 Colombia 2000 39.1 34.7 24.1 14.2 20.2 28.0 1.936 18.900 -0.17102 0.00120 Colombia 2005 39.1 27.3 24.0 15.9 15.9 25.7 2.466 23.244 -0.18280 0.03791 Dominican Republic 1996 89.9 73.0 60.1 37.3 26.6 61.0 3.380 63.300 -0.20799 0.00163 Dominican Republic 2002 65.6 46.3 43.3 30.7 22.2 43.2 2.955 43.400 -0.18334 0.05194 Guatemala 1995 89.1 102.9 82.0 60.7 37.9 79.2 2.351 51.200 -0.11873 0.00118 Guatemala 1998/99 77.6 71.4 75.9 46.9 39.3 64.6 1.975 38.300 -0.11455 0.00178 Haiti 1994/95 163.3 150.1 137.1 130.6 105.6 140.6 1.546 57.700 -0.07090 0.00087 Haiti 2000 163.9 143.6 140.6 119.7 108.7 137.7 1.508 55.200 -0.07579 0.00055 Nicaragua 1997/98 68.8 66.6 52.5 48.5 29.7 56.0 2.316 39.100 -0.12406 0.00096 Nicaragua 2001 64.3 52.2 38.6 32.4 19.2 44.6 3.349 45.100 -0.19608 0.00118 Paraguay 1990 57.2 50.0 59.0 39.4 20.1 46.6 2.846 37.100 -0.13337 0.00212 Peru 1996 110.0 76.2 48.0 44.1 22.1 68.4 4.977 87.900 -0.24504 0.00080 Peru 2000 92.6 75.5 43.9 34.5 17.6 60.4 5.261 75.000 -0.24730 0.00107 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 95.2 79.4 65.7 57.6 39.5 69.4 2.410 55.683 -0.14760 0.01254 Egypt 1995 147.2 118.7 85.4 62.0 39.1 95.9 3.765 108.100 -0.23096 0.00089 Egypt 2000 97.9 80.3 70.5 53.5 33.7 69.2 2.905 64.200 -0.17834 0.00084 Jordan 1997 42.1 34.1 33.7 32.7 25.2 34.0 1.671 16.900 -0.07941 0.00095 Morocco 1992 111.6 96.9 79.4 71.3 39.2 83.9 2.847 72.400 -0.15357 0.00135 Morocco 2003/04 77.6 65.5 46.7 37.3 26.1 53.6 2.976 51.531 -0.19513 0.04778 Yemen 1997 163.1 137.8 111.7 106.9 73.0 121.0 2.234 90.100 -0.13753 0.00059 E. SOUTH ASIA 129.2 121.9 109.2 90.8 64.6 106.7 1.999 64.576 -0.11125 0.00670 Bangladesh 1996/97 141.3 146.9 134.9 122.3 76.1 127.8 1.857 65.200 -0.08406 0.00104 Bangladesh 1999/2000 139.7 126.7 105.5 85.1 72.4 110.0 1.930 67.300 -0.12541 0.00064 Bangladesh 2004 121.1 97.8 96.8 80.9 71.5 96.6 1.694 49.605 -0.09819 0.02459 India 1992/93 154.7 152.9 119.5 86.9 54.3 118.8 2.849 100.400 -0.16940 0.06160 India 1998/99 141.3 117.8 101.3 69.9 45.5 101.3 3.105 95.800 -0.15884 0.00031 Nepal 1996 156.3 163.8 154.8 118.4 82.7 139.2 1.890 73.600 -0.09595 0.00101 Nepal 2001 129.9 125.1 103.8 97.0 67.7 108.4 1.919 62.200 -0.10420 0.00079 Pakistan 1990/91 124.5 146.9 134.9 115.4 73.8 120.4 1.687 50.700 -0.08378 0.00109 - 23 - Part I: HNP Status Childhood Illness and Mortality UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY RATE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates (per 1,000 live births) Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 174.3 175.1 168.0 144.7 103.0 156.4 1.692 71.304 -0.08503 0.01222 Benin 1996 208.3 201.7 196.7 178.4 110.1 183.9 1.892 98.200 -0.08143 0.00119 Benin 2001 198.2 176.1 181.1 132.2 93.1 162.7 2.129 105.100 -0.11185 0.00115 Burkina Faso 1992/93 199.1 226.0 230.3 201.9 156.9 204.5 1.269 42.196 -0.03902 0.03761 Burkina Faso 1998/99 239.2 250.1 220.1 232.2 154.5 224.1 1.548 84.700 -0.05736 0.00086 Burkina Faso 2003 206.3 213.1 195.7 192.5 144.1 193.2 1.432 62.202 -0.05105 0.03083 Cameroon 1991 200.7 171.1 142.2 120.3 81.7 144.0 2.457 119.000 -0.15937 0.00135 Cameroon 1998 199.2 161.7 135.7 117.4 86.8 146.3 2.295 112.400 -0.15237 0.00099 Cameroon 2004 188.5 161.6 150.0 116.0 88.2 147.7 2.138 100.354 -0.12970 0.04063 Central African Republic 1994/95 192.9 182.8 157.5 149.8 98.3 158.6 1.962 94.600 -0.11029 0.00105 Chad 1996/97 170.6 227.8 224.5 203.5 172.0 201.1 0.992 1.400 -0.00684 0.00082 Chad 2004 176.0 208.2 211.5 225.0 186.5 202.5 0.944 10.537 0.01573 0.02863 Comoros 1996 128.9 135.8 112.4 80.9 (86.6) 112.6 1.488 215.500 -0.09547 0.00140 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 189.5 167.4 147.9 128.3 96.5 149.9 1.964 93.000 -0.11451 0.00071 Eritrea 1995 152.2 152.9 182.5 167.8 103.5 152.5 1.471 48.700 -0.02392 0.00140 Ethiopia 2000 159.2 194.9 227.0 206.4 147.1 187.8 1.082 12.100 0.00825 0.00077 Gabon 2000 93.1 107.8 97.4 95.5 55.4 91.4 1.681 37.700 -0.06754 0.00160 Ghana 1993 156.2 172.9 138.7 104.2 75.0 132.8 2.083 81.200 -0.13287 0.00144 Ghana 1998 138.8 112.8 125.1 94.3 52.2 110.4 2.659 86.600 -0.12691 0.00195 Ghana 2003 127.5 104.9 110.6 107.9 88.4 109.7 1.442 39.115 -0.05371 0.02482 Guinea 1999 229.9 230.1 198.0 161.9 133.0 195.1 1.729 96.900 -0.10282 0.0007 Kenya 1993 129.3 120.2 81.2 61.5 61.9 93.2 2.090 67.445 -0.16837 0.0205 Kenya 1998 136.2 130.4 92.3 84.9 60.7 105.2 2.244 75.500 -0.14862 0.00096 Kenya 2003 148.9 109.5 120.9 77.3 91.1 112.7 1.634 57.773 -0.11008 0.02993 Madagascar 1997 195.0 186.1 175.0 129.6 101.4 163.9 1.923 93.600 -0.10946 0.00094 Malawi 1992 253.1 248.3 257.9 256.3 172.4 239.7 1.468 80.700 -0.04588 0.00105 Malawi 2000 230.8 206.7 218.5 194.8 149.0 202.7 1.549 81.800 -0.05373 0.00049 Mali 1995/96 297.9 283.6 251.8 241.1 169.1 252.2 1.762 128.800 -0.09015 0.00059 Mali 2001 247.8 264.1 262.0 244.4 148.1 238.2 1.673 99.700 -0.06185 0.00076 Mauritania 2000/01 98.1 102.0 130.7 98.0 78.5 102.1 1.250 19.600 -0.02777 0.00115 Mozambique 1997 277.5 213.7 215.8 187.0 144.6 218.7 1.919 132.900 -0.11836 0.00072 Mozambique 2003 196.2 199.8 203.3 154.6 108.1 178.2 1.816 88.168 -0.08405 0.05323 Namibia 1992 110.3 91.5 81.4 98.5 75.5 91.8 1.461 34.800 -0.05332 0.00107 Namibia 2000 55.4 95.1 58.9 59.5 31.4 60.2 1.764 24.000 -0.10233 0.00230 Niger 1998 281.8 354.9 348.3 314.9 183.7 302.6 1.534 98.100 -0.05371 0.00120 Nigeria 1990 239.6 229.7 188.0 159.2 119.8 191.3 2.000 119.800 -0.12757 0.00071 Nigeria 2003 257.0 293.1 215.1 178.7 79.3 217.1 3.241 177.686 -0.15670 0.08283 Rwanda 2000 246.4 216.9 210.2 207.4 154.1 206.7 1.599 92.300 -0.06591 0.00062 Senegal 1997 181.0 179.9 145.3 102.9 69.6 139.4 2.601 111.400 -0.16365 0.00110 South Africa 1998 87.4 71.0 48.6 39.8 21.9 56.9 3.991 65.500 -0.22289 0.00150 Tanzania 1996 140.1 179.8 148.0 152.8 97.5 144.8 1.437 42.600 -0.05126 0.00108 Tanzania 1999 160.0 159.3 192.7 155.0 135.2 161.1 1.183 24.800 -0.02205 0.00104 Tanzania 2004 137.3 156.0 146.8 117.4 93.3 132.2 1.471 43.957 -0.06728 0.04049 Togo 1998 167.7 157.8 153.6 122.2 97.0 143.8 1.729 70.700 -0.08863 0.00076 Uganda 1995 192.2 150.9 163.2 155.0 113.4 156.2 1.695 78.800 -0.07854 0.00076 Uganda 2000/01 191.8 173.0 163.5 136.2 106.4 156.5 1.803 85.400 -0.10217 0.00068 Zambia 1996 212.3 225.9 191.1 191.1 135.6 192.1 1.566 76.700 -0.07325 0.00075 Zambia 2001 191.7 182.5 196.1 163.2 92.4 167.9 2.075 99.300 -0.09365 0.00129 Zimbabwe 1994 84.5 84.8 62.4 87.9 56.3 75.9 1.501 28.200 -0.05368 0.00119 Zimbabwe 1999 99.5 93.2 102.2 91.0 62.2 90.3 1.600 37.300 -0.06500 0.00138 G. ALL COUNTRIES 135.4 129.0 120.2 102.5 73.5 115.2 1.842 61.898 -0.11566 0.01303 - 24 - Part I: HNP Status Childhood Illness and Mortality PREVALENCE OF FEVER Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 29.3 29.1 27.9 29.3 23.2 27.9 1.263 6.101 -0.03885 0.01361 Cambodia 2000 33.9 35.2 33.7 39.0 36.3 35.4 0.934 2.400 0.00724 0.00900 Indonesia 1997 26.6 25.5 25.0 28.1 23.4 25.8 1.137 3.200 0.00214 0.00733 Indonesia 2002/03 24.6 30.4 26.4 27.6 20.5 25.9 1.200 4.103 -0.03402 0.00749 Philippines 1998 26.4 28.4 27.6 24.9 19.4 25.9 1.361 7.000 -0.01821 0.01112 Philippines 2003 28.0 25.6 22.8 21.4 17.8 23.8 1.575 10.199 -0.07839 0.01283 Vietnam 1997 20.7 19.9 26.6 23.4 15.1 21.1 1.371 5.600 -0.00786 0.02604 Vietnam 2002 30.9 25.3 28.9 29.0 18.4 26.6 1.679 12.500 -0.05021 0.02511 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 10.7 9.3 11.1 12.5 10.3 10.8 1.043 0.440 0.05018 0.04352 Armenia 2000 15.8 14.9 15.5 22.9 14.0 16.5 1.129 1.800 0.03428 0.03238 Kazakhstan 1995 9.1 12.0 5.8 16.4 16.8 11.4 0.542 7.700 0.13771 0.05600 Kazakhstan 1999 14.5 8.7 13.3 14.1 9.5 12.3 1.526 5.000 0.00253 0.04167 Kyrgyzstan 1997 14.8 11.8 13.7 12.5 11.5 13.1 1.287 3.300 0.01775 0.04057 Turkey 1993 37.9 29.2 27.7 26.4 26.0 29.9 1.458 11.900 -0.06449 0.01581 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 2.3 3.3 4.6 3.7 6.0 4.0 0.383 3.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 6.2 7.9 8.3 9.5 10.4 8.2 0.596 4.200 0.14617 0.05947 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 32.0 30.7 28.5 25.4 22.1 28.4 1.448 9.899 -0.05455 0.01150 Bolivia 1998 33.6 32.8 30.4 30.8 29.3 31.7 1.147 4.300 -0.03346 0.01058 Bolivia 2003 30.1 28.2 31.1 30.2 25.6 29.4 1.177 4.529 -0.01665 0.00969 Brazil 1996 29.6 26.4 25.2 21.2 21.6 25.6 1.370 8.000 -0.04758 0.01500 Colombia 1995 27.6 28.4 28.0 29.1 25.9 27.9 1.066 1.700 -0.00019 0.01352 Colombia 2000 23.9 25.8 25.2 26.4 26.8 25.5 0.892 2.900 0.02164 0.01503 Colombia 2005 27.1 25.3 22.5 23.4 22.3 24.4 1.216 4.821 -0.05071 0.00916 Dominican Republic 1996 29.8 31.4 28.9 30.5 21.5 28.8 1.386 8.300 -0.00846 0.01431 Dominican Republic 2002 30.2 27.3 27.0 26.5 19.4 26.5 1.560 10.837 -0.05045 0.00987 Guatemala 1995 31.6 29.8 27.0 28.9 20.6 28.4 1.534 11.000 -0.06531 0.01021 Guatemala 1998/99 29.6 29.9 27.0 23.6 20.7 26.8 1.430 8.900 -0.04279 0.01519 Haiti 1994/95 46.2 43.6 35.6 39.0 29.9 39.8 1.545 16.300 -0.06586 0.01244 Haiti 2000 47.8 47.6 39.3 35.9 28.2 40.6 1.695 19.600 -0.07151 0.00920 Nicaragua 1997/98 26.1 23.1 24.2 22.4 16.6 23.2 1.572 9.500 -0.07284 0.01196 Nicaragua 2001 26.2 28.0 24.8 22.4 21.1 24.9 1.242 5.100 -0.05045 0.01284 Paraguay 1990 36.4 35.3 33.8 25.2 22.2 31.2 1.640 14.200 -0.08959 0.01357 Peru 1996 34.1 29.4 27.2 23.7 17.6 27.9 1.938 16.500 -0.10467 0.00733 Peru 2000 30.9 28.2 25.8 20.4 17.8 25.9 1.736 13.100 -0.07121 0.00894 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 27.4 28.5 26.0 25.9 22.5 26.2 1.213 4.810 -0.03200 0.01144 Egypt 1995 38.8 38.9 41.8 39.8 42.0 40.2 0.924 3.200 0.01373 0.00685 Egypt 2000 19.0 18.7 18.4 18.7 13.3 17.7 1.429 5.700 -0.06003 0.01211 Jordan 1997 20.8 22.4 18.2 19.4 19.5 20.2 1.067 1.300 -0.02820 0.01440 Morocco 1992 28.6 25.4 27.2 27.9 25.1 26.9 1.139 3.500 -0.01670 0.01403 Morocco 2003/04 24.3 27.8 30.0 28.8 24.5 27.1 0.994 0.158 0.02676 0.01226 Yemen 1997 45.3 45.1 37.5 36.6 32.9 39.7 1.377 12.400 -0.06653 0.00701 E. SOUTH ASIA 34.0 33.0 33.4 32.5 30.2 32.8 1.127 3.846 -0.02462 0.00912 Bangladesh 1996/97 31.6 33.8 29.1 29.4 30.0 31.0 1.053 1.600 -0.03058 0.01170 Bangladesh 1999/2000 39.7 36.9 35.2 37.7 35.3 37.2 1.125 4.400 -0.02369 0.00954 Bangladesh 2004 42.6 42.5 40.2 36.5 37.7 40.2 1.130 4.884 -0.02948 0.00873 India 1992/93 20.9 21.5 19.6 19.5 17.9 20.0 1.168 3.000 -0.03468 0.00553 India 1998/99 30.1 28.6 29.7 29.3 26.5 29.0 1.136 3.600 -0.01638 0.00523 Nepal 1996 40.9 37.3 39.8 39.8 38.3 39.4 1.068 2.600 -0.00348 0.01099 Nepal 2001 31.9 32.3 33.3 32.6 28.9 32.0 1.104 3.000 -0.01458 0.01049 Pakistan 1990/91 31.5 28.5 30.4 31.4 27.6 29.9 1.141 3.900 -0.03803 0.01204 - 25 - Part I: HNP Status Childhood Illness and Mortality PREVALENCE OF FEVER (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 35.0 35.8 35.6 34.5 30.3 34.4 1.154 4.682 -0.02281 0.01201 Benin 1996 55.4 59.0 56.6 51.6 43.5 54.0 1.274 11.900 -0.04131 0.01039 Benin 2001 45.4 43.7 44.3 39.5 29.6 41.2 1.534 15.800 -0.06370 0.01002 Burkina Faso 1992/93 33.3 35.3 36.2 36.6 31.9 34.8 1.044 1.389 -0.02305 0.01044 Burkina Faso 1998/99 35.0 38.1 36.5 35.4 33.6 35.8 1.042 1.400 -0.01795 0.01037 Burkina Faso 2003 37.3 36.5 39.6 37.7 30.1 36.7 1.237 7.155 -0.00659 0.00785 Cameroon 1991 17.2 24.6 19.2 25.4 24.9 22.6 0.691 7.700 0.05319 0.01881 Cameroon 1998 25.0 35.5 33.0 33.4 25.1 30.1 0.996 0.100 -0.00154 0.01834 Cameroon 2004 19.1 24.6 24.9 27.1 24.9 23.8 0.766 5.822 0.05667 0.01250 Central African Republic 1994/95 31.7 36.1 32.3 37.6 36.1 34.8 0.878 4.400 0.02003 0.01530 Chad 1996/97 29.5 32.1 30.7 35.3 32.9 32.1 0.897 3.400 0.02193 0.01031 Chad 2004 26.5 38.8 32.8 37.7 34.0 34.3 0.778 7.543 -0.00082 0.01034 Comoros 1996 44.2 48.7 49.0 48.4 48.7 47.6 0.908 4.500 0.01240 0.01956 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 45.9 45.9 43.9 43.4 35.9 43.5 1.279 10.000 -0.04186 0.01104 Eritrea 1995 47.6 45.4 39.0 38.7 31.5 41.5 1.511 16.100 -0.07948 0.01424 Ethiopia 2000 26.4 28.5 31.1 28.7 26.9 28.4 0.981 0.500 -0.00581 0.00930 Gabon 2000 28.0 27.1 33.1 28.6 28.2 29.1 0.993 0.200 0.00480 0.01473 Ghana 1993 29.6 30.6 33.8 22.1 19.9 27.5 1.487 9.700 -0.07332 0.02015 Ghana 1998 31.1 26.0 26.4 21.8 27.0 26.8 1.152 4.100 -0.04398 0.01739 Ghana 2003 21.5 19.0 22.1 23.3 20.9 21.3 1.030 0.626 0.00710 0.01838 Guinea 1999 44.4 40.6 40.9 41.2 42.1 41.9 1.055 2.300 -0.01036 0.00991 Kenya 1993 44.2 44.7 40.1 39.2 39.4 41.7 1.123 4.827 -0.03242 0.00947 Kenya 1998 45.5 43.3 42.7 40.7 38.0 42.3 1.197 7.500 -0.03067 0.01210 Kenya 2003 37.6 43.7 42.1 41.1 39.4 40.7 0.955 1.759 0.01464 0.00945 Madagascar 1997 33.1 32.0 34.8 29.7 30.0 32.2 1.103 3.100 -0.03254 0.01425 Malawi 1992 40.0 38.9 43.5 38.8 38.4 40.0 1.042 1.600 -0.01943 0.01135 Malawi 2000 43.5 42.6 44.6 41.7 34.3 41.6 1.268 9.200 -0.04141 0.00668 Mali 1995/96 41.9 41.4 40.2 38.8 30.3 38.7 1.383 11.600 -0.04615 0.01037 Mali 2001 29.5 26.9 28.1 25.0 24.1 26.8 1.224 5.400 -0.03848 0.00962 Mauritania 2000/01 30.6 32.7 33.4 29.8 28.3 31.1 1.081 2.300 -0.02814 0.01326 Mozambique 1997 43.8 47.0 46.9 42.0 41.6 44.0 1.053 2.200 -0.00729 0.01065 Mozambique 2003 25.2 27.4 28.0 29.1 24.2 26.7 1.044 1.062 -0.00442 0.00997 Namibia 1992 39.5 43.2 33.4 25.7 29.0 34.0 1.362 10.500 -0.11082 0.01392 Namibia 2000 19.7 17.9 17.7 22.7 18.7 19.4 1.053 1.000 0.00642 0.01966 Niger 1998 49.1 50.6 51.1 49.1 40.4 48.3 1.215 8.700 -0.03644 0.00883 Nigeria 1990 32.8 35.3 37.6 31.6 24.0 32.3 1.367 8.800 -0.08152 0.00923 Nigeria 2003 33.1 35.2 34.2 30.6 21.8 31.2 1.520 11.322 -0.07245 0.01219 Rwanda 2000 39.9 33.2 35.1 32.2 25.9 32.7 1.541 14.000 -0.06182 0.00959 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 29.2 28.2 31.7 34.0 28.1 30.3 1.039 1.100 0.00996 0.01155 Tanzania 1999 35.4 38.2 31.4 37.1 33.4 35.1 1.060 2.000 -0.04515 0.01373 Tanzania 2004 25.8 25.7 23.5 24.2 22.5 24.5 1.146 3.278 -0.02521 0.01221 Togo 1998 37.6 40.1 35.8 36.7 35.4 37.3 1.062 2.200 -0.02689 0.01237 Uganda 1995 54.3 45.0 46.8 46.1 38.2 46.3 1.421 16.100 -0.06516 0.00860 Uganda 2000/01 47.9 48.4 40.5 44.2 36.7 43.9 1.305 11.200 -0.05185 0.00797 Zambia 1996 43.4 41.2 40.4 41.6 32.6 40.1 1.331 10.800 -0.04281 0.00933 Zambia 2001 48.3 46.9 49.6 38.8 26.4 43.1 1.830 21.900 -0.07714 0.00872 Zimbabwe 1994 43.7 39.9 38.9 40.2 34.1 39.7 1.282 9.600 -0.05073 0.01467 Zimbabwe 1999 25.8 28.1 30.5 23.8 21.3 25.8 1.211 4.500 -0.03240 0.01620 G. ALL COUNTRIES 31.1 31.2 30.6 29.7 25.9 29.9 1.202 5.221 -0.02477 0.01420 - 26 - Part I: HNP Status Childhood Illness and Mortality PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 15.2 14.2 13.0 12.0 9.4 13.0 1.622 5.825 -0.09368 0.02182 Cambodia 2000 19.5 20.1 18.1 19.6 16.0 18.9 1.219 3.500 -0.04881 0.01378 Indonesia 1997 12.6 10.8 10.0 10.1 7.7 10.4 1.636 4.900 -0.08153 0.01203 Indonesia 2002/03 10.0 13.0 12.4 11.9 8.2 11.1 1.211 1.742 -0.03243 0.01181 Philippines 1998 8.8 7.7 7.7 6.2 4.9 7.4 1.796 3.900 -0.08388 0.02322 Philippines 2003 13.1 11.2 9.4 9.2 9.4 10.8 1.388 3.658 -0.08026 0.02110 Vietnam 1997 10.1 11.2 12.0 9.5 6.2 10.1 1.629 3.900 -0.09085 0.03956 Vietnam 2002 18.2 12.4 12.1 7.3 3.8 11.3 4.789 14.400 -0.21323 0.04059 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 14.7 13.0 13.7 11.1 10.6 12.8 1.379 4.033 0.01156 0.04288 Armenia 2000 9.1 6.7 8.8 7.7 7.0 7.8 1.300 2.100 -0.01276 0.05122 Kazakhstan 1995 19.2 14.0 13.8 17.9 12.3 15.7 1.561 6.900 -0.02493 0.04430 Kazakhstan 1999 14.0 11.4 15.5 13.1 12.5 13.4 1.120 1.500 -0.00261 0.03894 Kyrgyzstan 1997 20.6 19.7 17.2 14.5 13.6 17.6 1.515 7.000 -0.03486 0.03650 Turkey 1993 31.2 27.1 23.5 19.7 19.4 24.7 1.608 11.800 -0.09761 0.01736 Turkey 1998 37.8 33.6 32.0 23.3 16.7 29.7 2.263 21.100 -0.13523 0.01573 Turkmenistan 2000 2.6 3.5 2.3 2.7 5.1 3.2 0.510 2.500 na na Uzbekistan 1996 3.9 3.2 6.3 5.3 8.9 5.2 0.438 5.000 0.24326 0.07201 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 18.2 16.6 16.2 13.6 10.3 15.5 1.763 7.880 -0.09781 0.01746 Bolivia 1998 21.8 19.8 20.5 17.9 11.7 19.2 1.863 10.100 -0.06790 0.01418 Bolivia 2003 25.2 23.2 22.7 23.0 15.3 22.6 1.640 9.826 -0.06882 0.01133 Brazil 1996 18.3 12.9 12.7 9.3 7.4 13.1 2.473 10.900 -0.16141 0.02282 Colombia 1995 18.4 19.8 16.8 14.9 10.0 16.7 1.840 8.400 -0.08795 0.01788 Colombia 2000 17.5 15.9 12.9 10.4 10.2 13.9 1.716 7.300 -0.11996 0.02149 Colombia 2005 17.5 17.1 13.3 11.4 9.0 14.4 1.952 8.542 -0.13900 0.01262 Dominican Republic 1996 17.9 16.4 17.8 14.1 10.1 15.7 1.772 7.800 -0.08729 0.02059 Dominican Republic 2002 18.1 16.4 14.9 10.8 8.7 14.2 2.074 9.357 -0.13663 0.01418 Guatemala 1995 22.8 21.5 23.3 17.7 16.0 20.9 1.425 6.800 -0.04274 0.01206 Guatemala 1998/99 13.9 15.2 13.4 11.5 11.8 13.3 1.178 2.100 -0.04216 0.02275 Haiti 1994/95 30.9 27.1 24.4 31.6 20.4 27.4 1.515 10.500 -0.04298 0.01683 Haiti 2000 27.0 24.4 29.9 26.1 20.2 25.7 1.337 6.800 -0.03185 0.01274 Nicaragua 1997/98 16.1 14.0 14.2 14.4 8.7 14.0 1.851 7.400 -0.09883 0.01612 Nicaragua 2001 15.4 14.0 13.5 11.8 8.2 13.1 1.878 7.200 -0.08842 0.01871 Paraguay 1990 9.8 8.5 9.2 7.4 4.6 8.1 2.130 5.200 -0.11562 0.02980 Peru 1996 21.4 20.3 18.6 14.1 9.3 17.9 2.301 12.100 -0.11129 0.00955 Peru 2000 18.7 17.9 16.2 11.2 7.7 15.4 2.429 11.000 -0.09643 0.01223 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 18.1 18.2 16.1 14.2 13.5 16.2 1.335 4.532 -0.07924 0.01780 Egypt 1995 15.9 15.5 17.0 17.3 13.8 15.9 1.152 2.100 -0.01866 0.01254 Egypt 2000 8.6 7.2 7.8 6.6 5.1 7.1 1.686 3.500 -0.08197 0.01994 Jordan 1997 18.9 20.9 15.5 16.5 17.7 18.0 1.068 1.200 -0.09615 0.02185 Morocco 1992 15.0 13.5 12.6 10.6 9.6 12.6 1.563 5.400 -0.08598 0.02176 Morocco 2003/04 12.7 12.6 13.5 10.0 10.6 12.0 1.191 2.026 -0.04406 0.02049 Yemen 1997 32.1 32.0 27.8 23.6 20.7 27.5 1.551 11.400 -0.09478 0.00892 E. SOUTH ASIA 16.9 15.1 15.7 15.2 12.9 15.3 1.305 3.943 -0.05197 0.01624 Bangladesh 1996/97 8.8 7.4 7.6 7.4 6.4 7.6 1.375 2.400 -0.05884 0.02673 Bangladesh 1999/2000 6.3 6.4 5.6 5.8 6.4 6.1 0.984 0.100 -0.02852 0.02859 Bangladesh 2004 8.7 7.5 7.5 7.1 6.1 7.5 1.440 2.673 -0.09386 0.02532 India 1992/93 10.2 10.4 10.2 10.1 8.5 9.9 1.200 1.700 -0.01050 0.00834 India 1998/99 20.4 18.8 20.3 17.9 16.4 18.9 1.244 4.000 -0.02641 0.00696 Nepal 1996 32.2 27.3 26.8 27.0 20.7 27.5 1.556 11.500 -0.07114 0.01449 Nepal 2001 21.9 21.6 22.1 19.0 15.4 20.4 1.422 6.500 -0.05713 0.01401 Pakistan 1990/91 16.4 12.5 12.8 16.8 13.8 14.5 1.188 2.600 -0.03050 0.01867 - 27 - Part I: HNP Status Childhood Illness and Mortality PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 21.0 20.7 19.6 19.5 16.5 19.7 1.270 4.461 -0.04908 0.01744 Benin 1996 28.4 30.4 25.5 24.8 18.4 26.1 1.543 10.000 -0.07328 0.01897 Benin 2001 15.2 15.3 13.1 12.6 9.7 13.4 1.567 5.500 -0.08091 0.02134 Burkina Faso 1992/93 13.8 10.8 12.5 11.9 11.0 12.0 1.253 2.783 -0.02685 0.02095 Burkina Faso 1998/99 17.8 19.1 20.4 21.5 22.0 20.0 0.809 4.200 0.03421 0.01540 Burkina Faso 2003 20.7 22.1 21.2 19.8 21.5 21.1 0.962 0.814 -0.00916 0.01146 Cameroon 1991 21.9 20.6 18.4 15.0 12.8 17.6 1.711 9.100 -0.12013 0.02139 Cameroon 1998 22.2 25.3 15.9 15.1 14.2 18.9 1.563 8.000 -0.11094 0.02535 Cameroon 2004 21.1 20.7 16.3 13.3 10.6 17.0 1.987 10.499 -0.12059 0.01546 Central African Republic 1994/95 28.1 22.5 19.5 23.5 18.7 22.6 1.503 9.400 -0.07452 0.02199 Chad 1996/97 18.9 21.4 21.7 24.2 21.4 21.5 0.883 2.500 0.02042 0.01297 Chad 2004 19.6 31.9 27.8 26.4 27.3 26.9 0.720 7.625 0.02035 0.01195 Comoros 1996 24.9 25.4 21.5 19.7 23.4 23.1 1.064 1.500 -0.05449 0.03331 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 21.2 20.4 18.8 24.6 24.1 21.6 0.880 2.900 0.01511 0.01809 Eritrea 1995 26.0 26.7 22.6 22.7 16.8 23.6 1.548 9.200 -0.09079 0.02114 Ethiopia 2000 23.0 25.6 24.8 24.2 19.6 23.6 1.173 3.400 -0.03051 0.01008 Gabon 2000 15.9 15.8 15.7 15.9 15.4 15.7 1.032 0.500 -0.02108 0.02112 Ghana 1993 21.5 23.1 21.0 19.2 14.2 20.0 1.514 7.300 -0.06371 0.02410 Ghana 1998 23.4 17.5 18.6 15.0 11.0 17.9 2.127 12.400 -0.11269 0.02130 Ghana 2003 20.0 14.5 14.1 15.7 11.4 15.6 1.762 8.653 -0.11460 0.02376 Guinea 1999 23.4 22.2 20.7 19.9 19.0 21.2 1.232 4.400 -0.04402 0.01602 Kenya 1993 8.2 10.7 8.7 8.0 6.8 8.6 1.206 1.405 -0.04699 0.02446 Kenya 1998 19.4 18.7 17.8 15.4 13.1 17.1 1.481 6.300 -0.07476 0.02221 Kenya 2003 18.5 17.7 15.2 13.3 16.2 16.4 1.140 2.272 -0.05515 0.01759 Madagascar 1997 29.2 21.8 26.1 31.3 26.2 27.1 1.115 3.000 0.00899 0.01635 Malawi 1992 23.7 20.7 23.4 19.3 21.0 21.7 1.129 2.700 -0.03332 0.01736 Malawi 2000 18.8 19.0 18.4 17.3 13.8 17.6 1.362 5.000 -0.06708 0.01188 Mali 1995/96 29.0 26.8 27.8 25.7 16.2 25.3 1.790 12.800 -0.07881 0.01345 Mali 2001 20.8 20.5 20.7 16.9 13.0 18.6 1.600 7.800 -0.07245 0.01171 Mauritania 2000/01 16.7 19.6 19.2 17.0 19.1 18.3 0.874 2.400 -0.00757 0.01919 Mozambique 1997 20.9 26.5 19.4 20.7 18.4 20.7 1.136 2.500 -0.00660 0.01914 Mozambique 2003 15.0 13.3 14.7 13.8 15.5 14.5 0.965 0.543 0.01101 0.01489 Namibia 1992 27.0 27.5 22.9 15.2 10.6 20.5 2.547 16.400 -0.20530 0.01899 Namibia 2000 13.9 11.1 9.2 15.5 9.5 12.0 1.463 4.400 -0.04234 0.02618 Niger 1998 36.9 37.0 41.1 41.5 32.4 37.8 1.139 4.500 -0.01835 0.01085 Nigeria 1990 19.9 20.5 19.9 16.7 10.8 17.7 1.843 9.100 -0.13558 0.01305 Nigeria 2003 22.3 24.2 20.0 19.4 9.1 19.2 2.457 13.221 -0.12480 0.01586 Rwanda 2000 18.2 18.2 18.3 17.3 12.8 16.9 1.422 5.400 -0.07533 0.01452 Senegal 1997 15.3 17.1 14.4 14.7 13.7 15.1 1.117 1.600 -0.03890 0.01709 South Africa 1998 16.5 14.7 14.7 9.4 8.7 13.2 1.897 7.800 -0.11065 0.02041 Tanzania 1996 13.7 11.7 14.8 15.4 12.3 13.7 1.114 1.400 0.00591 0.01833 Tanzania 1999 11.7 12.2 14.1 15.2 8.5 12.4 1.376 3.200 -0.03006 0.02585 Tanzania 2004 13.3 14.2 12.1 13.2 9.4 12.6 1.414 3.894 -0.04871 0.01737 Togo 1998 32.6 32.6 31.0 35.5 21.4 31.1 1.523 11.200 -0.02859 0.01377 Uganda 1995 29.9 22.0 22.7 24.9 17.0 23.5 1.759 12.900 -0.08221 0.01398 Uganda 2000/01 25.3 22.8 17.2 16.3 14.4 19.6 1.757 10.900 -0.09537 0.01424 Zambia 1996 24.5 23.9 22.1 26.8 19.4 23.5 1.263 5.100 -0.02645 0.01390 Zambia 2001 22.9 21.2 21.8 22.4 16.2 21.2 1.414 6.700 -0.02658 0.01477 Zimbabwe 1994 28.9 23.5 25.0 21.0 17.3 23.5 1.671 11.600 -0.09625 0.02156 Zimbabwe 1999 13.7 13.6 17.4 13.8 10.8 13.9 1.269 2.900 -0.02633 0.02343 G. ALL COUNTRIES 19.0 18.2 17.4 16.5 13.9 17.2 1.361 5.030 -0.05719 0.02001 - 28 - Part I: HNP Status Childhood Illness and Mortality PREVALENCE OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 16.2 15.3 13.9 13.5 11.1 14.3 1.461 5.122 -0.08117 0.02086 Cambodia 2000 18.3 20.4 19.5 21.6 19.4 19.8 0.943 1.100 0.00927 0.01317 Indonesia 1997 10.4 9.6 8.2 9.2 6.8 9.0 1.529 3.600 -0.05457 0.01366 Indonesia 2002/03 8.3 8.6 7.6 7.9 5.2 7.6 1.597 3.096 -0.08191 0.01633 Philippines 1998 15.3 13.4 13.6 12.6 9.1 13.3 1.681 6.200 -0.07338 0.01744 Philippines 2003 14.6 11.0 9.0 7.6 5.8 10.2 2.503 8.793 -0.17451 0.02171 Vietnam 1997 14.0 18.1 15.9 9.8 10.1 14.2 1.386 3.900 -0.05695 0.03189 Vietnam 2002 23.7 21.4 19.6 16.9 14.0 19.5 1.693 9.700 -0.07753 0.03223 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 4.0 4.2 3.6 4.9 4.1 4.2 0.976 0.100 0.14863 0.10149 Armenia 2000 10.2 11.2 10.4 14.6 11.0 11.4 0.927 0.800 0.02175 0.04190 Kazakhstan 1995 5.1 2.9 1.7 11.2 5.3 5.1 0.962 0.200 0.15869 0.10587 Kazakhstan 1999 2.7 3.9 2.8 3.9 1.1 3.0 2.455 1.600 -0.03829 0.08697 Kyrgyzstan 1997 6.2 4.6 2.9 4.5 2.6 4.4 2.385 3.600 -0.05915 0.06232 Turkey 1993 15.5 14.8 13.0 9.4 6.6 12.3 2.348 8.900 -0.12873 0.02634 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.7 1.5 0.8 0.400 0.900 na na Uzbekistan 1996 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.7 4.3 1.2 0.070 4.000 0.67020 0.21476 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 24.2 24.3 23.1 20.8 18.1 22.4 1.334 6.043 -0.04325 0.01386 Bolivia 1998 26.5 26.7 20.3 24.4 21.7 24.2 1.221 4.800 -0.04708 0.01281 Bolivia 2003 21.3 20.3 22.6 25.9 21.2 22.2 1.002 0.043 0.01050 0.01191 Brazil 1996 25.3 26.7 23.0 20.6 20.5 23.7 1.234 4.800 -0.03603 0.01528 Colombia 1995 27.4 22.4 22.0 23.4 26.3 24.3 1.042 1.100 -0.02794 0.01536 Colombia 2000 16.5 17.8 14.5 14.5 13.3 15.6 1.241 3.200 -0.05553 0.02001 Colombia 2005 10.2 9.5 8.9 10.3 9.2 9.6 1.111 1.019 -0.04518 0.01602 Dominican Republic 1996 27.7 26.3 25.6 24.4 16.6 24.7 1.669 11.100 -0.06650 0.01607 Dominican Republic 2002 22.7 20.9 20.5 18.1 14.0 19.7 1.624 8.726 -0.06249 0.01184 Guatemala 1995 23.1 21.0 22.2 23.3 18.5 21.9 1.249 4.600 -0.03627 0.01205 Guatemala 1998/99 18.9 21.9 23.1 14.3 16.5 19.2 1.145 2.400 -0.04242 0.01872 Haiti 1994/95 20.6 21.7 20.2 21.1 15.3 20.2 1.346 5.300 -0.04247 0.01992 Haiti 2000 46.7 44.9 37.9 36.0 27.4 39.3 1.704 19.300 -0.09101 0.00959 Nicaragua 1997/98 29.1 27.4 24.6 27.1 20.8 26.4 1.399 8.300 -0.06088 0.01111 Nicaragua 2001 34.5 34.4 31.2 26.8 23.4 30.9 1.474 11.100 -0.06641 0.01113 Paraguay 1990 16.8 19.1 20.0 17.1 12.7 17.2 1.323 4.100 -0.02672 0.01986 Peru 1996 24.9 21.6 18.3 18.9 13.4 20.4 1.858 11.500 -0.10160 0.00906 Peru 2000 21.0 21.4 20.6 17.9 18.1 20.2 1.160 2.900 -0.02949 0.01041 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 15.2 14.8 13.6 13.0 11.4 13.7 1.333 3.789 -0.05446 0.01601 Egypt 1995 21.5 23.7 25.0 24.9 21.1 23.2 1.019 0.400 0.00395 0.01007 Egypt 2000 11.8 10.9 9.5 8.2 6.9 9.5 1.710 4.900 -0.10499 0.01731 Jordan 1997 11.1 11.3 9.2 9.9 9.0 10.2 1.233 2.100 na na Morocco 1992 18.8 14.6 15.9 14.7 9.9 15.2 1.899 8.900 -0.09493 0.01984 Morocco 2003/04 11.8 12.4 12.4 10.8 10.4 11.6 1.141 1.458 -0.01548 0.02051 Yemen 1997 26.0 24.7 23.4 23.2 19.3 23.4 1.347 6.700 -0.04292 0.01022 E. SOUTH ASIA 20.3 20.7 21.0 17.9 15.5 19.2 1.304 4.730 -0.06190 0.01318 Bangladesh 1996/97 12.7 14.8 13.8 11.3 10.6 12.8 1.198 2.100 -0.05401 0.01922 Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 21.4 22.3 20.7 16.1 14.1 19.3 1.520 7.322 -0.08791 0.01447 India 1992/93 7.0 7.2 7.3 5.7 4.2 6.4 1.667 2.800 -0.08621 0.01042 India 1998/99 21.5 20.6 20.3 17.6 13.9 19.1 1.547 7.600 -0.07551 0.00672 Nepal 1996 34.9 32.8 34.1 37.3 29.9 34.1 1.167 5.000 0.00619 0.01232 Nepal 2001 21.5 23.7 24.6 21.8 22.3 22.8 0.964 0.800 0.00121 0.01337 Pakistan 1990/91 16.7 16.0 18.5 16.0 11.9 15.8 1.403 4.800 -0.08538 0.01814 - 29 - Part I: HNP Status Childhood Illness and Mortality PREVALENCE OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 16.8 17.1 16.5 16.0 14.2 16.2 1.180 2.560 -0.01953 0.02008 Benin 1996 17.1 18.8 15.0 12.3 14.2 15.7 1.204 2.900 -0.07008 0.02645 Benin 2001 12.0 11.5 11.6 13.3 11.3 12.0 1.062 0.700 0.00356 0.02347 Burkina Faso 1992/93 4.0 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.5 0.862 0.633 0.03751 0.03627 Burkina Faso 1998/99 14.2 15.6 13.5 12.1 11.3 13.5 1.257 2.900 -0.05793 0.01974 Burkina Faso 2003 8.2 8.8 9.1 8.8 7.5 8.6 1.099 0.743 0.00257 0.01964 Cameroon 1991 7.7 12.3 6.2 8.2 8.4 8.7 0.917 0.700 -0.05248 0.03373 Cameroon 1998 16.7 21.8 21.7 22.7 16.3 19.7 1.025 0.400 0.00006 0.02424 Cameroon 2004 10.7 12.1 9.7 11.0 11.7 11.0 0.915 0.994 0.01999 0.01983 Central African Republic 1994/95 27.0 29.2 28.1 29.0 27.6 28.2 0.978 0.600 0.00803 0.01802 Chad 1996/97 10.0 12.4 14.0 13.7 13.7 12.7 0.730 3.700 0.04108 0.01838 Chad 2004 7.4 10.7 8.0 9.5 10.1 9.2 0.738 2.645 -0.00330 0.02413 Comoros 1996 26.1 23.7 20.0 20.2 19.6 22.3 1.332 6.500 -0.06618 0.03494 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 11.5 15.2 10.6 13.8 19.1 13.7 0.602 7.600 0.04569 0.02507 Eritrea 1995 25.8 25.0 20.2 24.2 16.8 23.0 1.536 9.000 -0.07173 0.02204 Ethiopia 2000 22.3 24.3 29.0 25.0 20.8 24.4 1.072 1.500 -0.03590 0.00981 Gabon 2000 13.2 12.0 14.8 12.5 12.6 13.0 1.048 0.600 -0.01933 0.02431 Ghana 1993 13.0 12.2 9.8 6.5 8.8 10.1 1.477 4.200 -0.11246 0.03892 Ghana 1998 14.4 15.6 14.6 11.3 11.5 13.8 1.252 2.900 -0.06257 0.02509 Ghana 2003 11.4 9.9 10.4 10.3 7.3 10.1 1.557 4.079 -0.01936 0.02765 Guinea 1999 18.3 15.2 14.8 16.4 14.4 15.9 1.271 3.900 -0.03356 0.01895 Kenya 1993 5.8 7.0 5.9 8.2 6.2 6.6 0.935 0.403 0.01660 0.02895 Kenya 1998 23.1 21.0 19.4 20.6 15.2 20.1 1.520 7.900 -0.06179 0.01999 Kenya 2003 18.1 22.9 17.5 17.5 15.7 18.4 1.150 2.365 -0.03474 0.01607 Madagascar 1997 27.3 25.6 25.0 21.4 16.0 23.9 1.706 11.300 -0.09705 0.01676 Malawi 1992 16.8 14.4 13.8 13.6 13.3 14.4 1.263 3.500 -0.03648 0.02287 Malawi 2000 29.1 26.8 30.9 26.1 19.0 26.7 1.532 10.100 -0.05372 0.00910 Mali 1995/96 15.4 16.6 15.0 15.3 13.9 15.3 1.108 1.500 -0.01832 0.01908 Mali 2001 10.4 9.0 10.8 8.4 10.9 9.9 0.954 0.500 0.04363 0.01843 Mauritania 2000/01 8.4 7.2 9.9 13.5 10.9 9.9 0.771 2.500 0.10482 0.02799 Mozambique 1997 11.7 11.2 10.4 10.2 16.0 11.8 0.731 4.300 0.03627 0.02733 Mozambique 2003 7.8 11.3 7.7 10.1 14.0 9.8 0.557 6.208 0.11788 0.01949 Namibia 1992 26.2 22.9 19.2 11.0 11.1 17.9 2.360 15.100 -0.20680 0.02170 Namibia 2000 17.0 24.4 21.1 14.0 12.1 17.7 1.405 4.900 -0.08143 0.01923 Niger 1998 13.3 14.7 15.7 13.7 13.3 14.2 1.000 0.000 0.00760 0.02097 Nigeria 1990 6.7 8.9 5.8 6.3 5.1 6.7 1.314 1.600 -0.12265 0.02395 Nigeria 2003 11.1 12.4 12.1 9.2 6.2 10.3 1.784 4.879 -0.09801 0.02305 Rwanda 2000 26.0 23.1 20.8 22.1 15.4 21.2 1.688 10.600 -0.07698 0.01258 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 19.6 19.1 19.7 16.9 21.2 19.3 0.925 1.600 -0.00087 0.01679 Tanzania 1996 11.6 12.9 14.2 13.9 12.3 13.0 0.943 0.700 0.00135 0.01898 Tanzania 1999 13.6 12.9 11.5 18.8 13.1 13.9 1.038 0.500 -0.02018 0.02536 Tanzania 2004 8.9 7.5 8.3 8.3 7.3 8.1 1.226 1.652 -0.01963 0.02293 Togo 1998 21.9 19.6 19.5 21.4 18.1 20.2 1.210 3.800 -0.01342 0.01845 Uganda 1995 32.0 28.8 27.2 28.1 18.6 27.1 1.720 13.400 -0.10236 0.01292 Uganda 2000/01 23.4 25.1 21.0 23.3 18.8 22.5 1.245 4.600 -0.04721 0.01306 Zambia 1996 12.9 13.0 11.3 15.5 10.3 12.7 1.252 2.600 -0.02897 0.02051 Zambia 2001 15.5 14.8 17.3 14.5 9.0 14.6 1.722 6.500 -0.04526 0.01823 Zimbabwe 1994 34.9 28.4 25.0 20.3 16.0 25.4 2.181 18.900 -0.13772 0.02001 Zimbabwe 1999 18.2 18.3 18.0 13.5 11.6 15.8 1.569 6.600 -0.08295 0.02136 G. ALL COUNTRIES 16.9 17.1 16.3 15.5 13.6 16.0 1.245 3.336 -0.02072 0.02456 - 30 - Part I: HNP Status Fertility TOTAL FERTILITY RATE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 3.9 3.4 3.0 2.7 1.9 3.0 2.035 2.003 -0.12119 0.01496 Cambodia 2000 4.7 4.4 3.9 3.9 2.2 3.8 2.136 2.500 -0.12734 0.00060 Indonesia 1997 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.8 1.650 1.300 -0.09552 0.00019 Indonesia 2002/03 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.6 1.384 0.828 -0.05681 0.01823 Philippines 1998 6.5 4.7 3.6 2.9 2.1 3.7 3.095 4.400 -0.22212 0.00052 Philippines 2003 5.9 4.6 3.5 2.8 2.0 3.5 2.954 3.884 -0.21021 0.04072 Vietnam 1997 3.1 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.6 2.3 1.938 1.500 -0.14135 0.00038 Vietnam 2002 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.571 0.800 -0.09038 0.00028 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 3.7 3.0 2.7 2.4 1.8 2.7 2.056 1.900 -0.13159 0.00082 Armenia 2000 2.5 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.563 0.900 -0.09182 0.00091 Kazakhstan 1995 3.3 2.9 3.0 2.2 1.4 2.5 2.357 1.900 -0.16006 0.00117 Kazakhstan 1999 3.4 2.5 2.1 1.6 1.2 2.0 2.833 2.200 -0.12309 0.00072 Kyrgyzstan 1997 4.6 3.6 3.6 3.3 2.0 3.4 2.300 2.600 -0.14119 0.00113 Turkey 1993 3.7 2.9 2.5 2.0 1.5 2.5 2.467 2.200 -0.12293 0.00039 Turkey 1998 3.9 3.1 2.7 2.0 1.7 2.6 2.294 2.200 -0.18475 0.00053 Turkmenistan 2000 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.1 2.9 1.619 1.300 na na Uzbekistan 1996 4.4 3.7 3.2 3.2 2.2 3.3 2.000 2.200 -0.11707 0.00082 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 5.9 4.5 3.5 2.9 2.1 3.6 2.788 3.809 -0.19886 0.01446 Bolivia 1998 7.4 5.8 4.4 3.0 2.1 4.2 3.524 5.300 -0.24288 0.00057 Bolivia 2003 6.7 5.0 4.0 2.9 2.0 3.8 3.448 4.779 -0.23305 0.04890 Brazil 1996 4.8 2.7 2.1 1.9 1.7 2.5 2.824 3.100 -0.20237 0.00075 Colombia 1995 5.2 3.7 2.8 2.3 1.7 3.0 3.059 3.500 -0.20999 0.00062 Colombia 2000 4.4 3.3 2.4 1.9 1.8 2.6 2.444 2.600 -0.18440 0.00048 Colombia 2005 4.1 2.8 2.4 1.8 1.4 2.4 2.919 2.672 -0.20043 0.04581 Dominican Republic 1996 5.1 3.6 3.3 2.5 2.1 3.2 2.429 3.000 -0.17064 0.00061 Dominican Republic 2002 4.5 3.5 2.9 2.4 2.1 3.0 2.092 2.327 -0.14274 0.03175 Guatemala 1995 8.0 6.9 5.6 3.9 2.4 5.1 3.333 5.600 -0.22487 0.00066 Guatemala 1998/99 7.6 6.8 5.1 4.1 2.9 5.0 2.621 4.700 -0.19280 0.00068 Haiti 1994/95 7.0 6.2 5.5 4.0 2.3 4.8 3.043 4.700 -0.21016 0.00432 Haiti 2000 6.8 6.0 5.0 4.4 2.7 4.7 2.519 4.100 -0.17012 0.00060 Nicaragua 1997/98 6.6 4.6 3.5 2.7 1.9 3.6 3.474 4.700 -0.23476 0.00055 Nicaragua 2001 5.6 3.9 3.1 2.4 2.1 3.2 2.667 3.500 -0.19719 0.00054 Paraguay 1990 7.9 6.3 4.3 3.9 2.7 4.7 2.926 5.200 -0.21024 0.00071 Peru 1996 6.6 4.6 3.4 2.6 1.7 3.5 3.882 4.900 -0.25255 0.00040 Peru 2000 5.5 3.7 2.6 2.0 1.6 2.8 3.438 3.900 -0.24080 0.00039 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 5.0 4.6 4.3 3.7 3.2 4.2 1.567 1.793 -0.08460 0.00330 Egypt 1995 4.4 3.8 3.4 3.1 2.7 3.6 1.630 1.700 -0.09840 0.00019 Egypt 2000 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.5 1.379 1.100 -0.05936 0.00018 Jordan 1997 5.2 5.0 4.3 3.5 3.1 4.4 1.677 2.100 -0.10797 0.00027 Morocco 1992 6.7 5.2 4.2 2.8 2.3 4.0 2.913 4.400 -0.21287 0.00054 Morocco 2003/04 3.3 3.1 2.5 1.8 1.9 2.5 1.704 1.370 -0.12564 0.01250 Yemen 1997 7.3 7.0 7.3 6.4 4.7 6.5 1.553 2.600 -0.04545 0.00025 E. SOUTH ASIA 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.4 2.6 3.7 1.732 1.892 -0.10435 0.00725 Bangladesh 1996/97 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.1 2.2 3.3 1.727 1.600 -0.09245 0.00056 Bangladesh 1999/2000 4.6 3.7 3.3 2.8 2.2 3.3 2.091 2.400 -0.13861 0.00039 Bangladesh 2004 4.1 3.2 3.2 2.5 2.2 3.0 1.833 1.866 -0.11591 0.02785 India 1992/93 4.1 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.1 3.4 1.952 2.000 -0.12441 0.00012 India 1998/99 3.4 3.1 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.8 1.889 1.600 -0.12051 0.00011 Nepal 1996 6.2 5.0 4.7 4.4 2.9 4.6 2.138 3.300 -0.12690 0.00060 Nepal 2001 5.3 4.8 4.7 3.8 2.3 4.1 2.304 3.000 -0.14027 0.00071 Pakistan 1990/91 5.1 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.0 4.9 1.275 1.100 -0.04071 0.00032 - 31 - Part I: HNP Status Fertility TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.6 6.2 5.8 5.1 3.8 5.4 1.769 2.885 -0.10882 0.01120 Benin 1996 7.3 6.9 6.8 5.4 3.8 6.0 1.921 3.500 -0.11679 0.00075 Benin 2001 7.2 6.6 6.5 5.0 3.5 5.6 2.057 3.700 -0.13500 0.00071 Burkina Faso 1992/93 7.5 6.6 7.1 7.1 4.6 6.5 1.627 2.904 -0.06908 0.04301 Burkina Faso 1998/99 7.2 6.9 6.8 7.0 4.5 6.4 1.600 2.700 -0.06996 0.00075 Burkina Faso 2003 6.6 6.8 6.4 6.5 3.6 5.9 1.844 3.023 -0.09726 0.05786 Cameroon 1991 6.2 6.8 6.1 5.3 4.8 5.8 1.292 1.400 -0.06208 0.00040 Cameroon 1998 5.9 5.7 5.0 4.3 3.6 4.8 1.639 2.300 -0.10401 0.00045 Cameroon 2004 6.5 6.0 5.6 4.3 3.2 5.0 2.034 3.311 -0.14043 0.03328 Central African Republic 1994/95 5.1 5.2 4.8 5.3 4.9 5.1 1.041 0.200 -0.00354 0.00023 Chad 1996/97 7.1 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.4 1.145 0.900 -0.01822 0.00029 Chad 2004 5.1 6.6 6.9 7.2 6.0 6.3 0.858 0.854 0.02956 0.03626 Comoros 1996 6.4 5.5 4.5 4.1 3.0 4.6 2.133 3.400 -0.14055 0.00090 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 6.4 6.1 5.7 4.9 3.7 5.3 1.730 2.700 -0.10420 0.00051 Eritrea 1995 8.0 7.2 6.4 5.9 3.7 6.1 2.162 4.300 -0.13763 0.00086 Ethiopia 2000 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.8 3.6 5.5 1.750 2.700 -0.09158 0.00053 Gabon 2000 6.3 5.0 4.1 3.5 3.0 4.2 2.100 3.300 -0.14040 0.00056 Ghana 1993 6.7 6.0 5.6 4.7 3.4 5.2 1.971 3.300 -0.12255 0.00070 Ghana 1998 6.3 5.1 5.0 3.9 2.4 4.4 2.625 3.900 -0.17152 0.00102 Ghana 2003 6.4 5.9 4.9 3.3 2.8 4.4 2.324 3.648 -0.17939 0.02715 Guinea 1999 5.8 6.5 6.3 5.4 4.0 5.5 1.450 1.800 -0.06823 0.00067 Kenya 1993 7.2 6.2 5.6 5.3 3.3 5.4 2.171 3.907 -0.13507 0.04444 Kenya 1998 6.5 5.6 4.7 4.2 3.0 4.7 2.167 3.500 -0.15138 0.00056 Kenya 2003 7.6 5.8 5.1 4.0 3.1 4.9 2.443 4.496 -0.17409 0.03610 Madagascar 1997 8.1 6.3 6.8 5.7 3.4 6.0 2.382 4.700 -0.14232 0.00086 Malawi 1992 7.2 7.0 6.9 6.4 6.1 6.7 1.180 1.100 -0.03356 0.00026 Malawi 2000 7.1 7.0 6.4 6.2 4.8 6.3 1.479 2.300 -0.06493 0.00021 Mali 1995/96 6.9 7.3 7.4 7.1 5.1 6.7 1.353 1.800 -0.05120 0.00052 Mali 2001 7.3 7.5 7.3 6.8 5.3 6.8 1.377 2.000 -0.05905 0.00034 Mauritania 2000/01 5.4 4.8 4.9 4.1 3.5 4.5 1.543 1.900 -0.08055 0.00036 Mozambique 1997 5.2 5.0 5.4 5.9 4.4 5.2 1.182 0.800 -0.01131 0.00046 Mozambique 2003 6.3 6.1 6.3 5.2 3.8 5.5 1.687 2.582 -0.09318 0.04017 Namibia 1992 6.9 7.2 5.9 4.8 3.6 5.4 1.917 3.300 -0.13966 0.00057 Namibia 2000 6.0 5.2 4.6 3.6 2.7 4.2 2.222 3.300 -0.15729 0.00059 Niger 1998 8.4 7.3 7.8 7.2 5.7 7.2 1.474 2.700 -0.05768 0.00045 Nigeria 1990 6.6 6.5 5.9 6.3 4.7 6.0 1.404 1.900 -0.05496 0.00044 Nigeria 2003 6.5 6.3 5.7 5.9 4.2 5.7 1.550 2.314 -0.07507 0.03118 Rwanda 2000 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.4 5.8 1.111 0.600 -0.01527 0.00018 Senegal 1997 7.4 6.8 6.2 5.2 3.6 5.7 2.056 3.800 -0.13544 0.00058 South Africa 1998 4.8 3.6 2.7 2.2 1.9 2.9 2.526 2.900 -0.18401 0.00046 Tanzania 1996 7.8 6.0 6.4 5.4 3.9 5.8 2.000 3.900 -0.11895 0.00061 Tanzania 1999 7.8 6.4 6.1 5.0 3.4 5.6 2.294 4.400 -0.15181 0.00098 Tanzania 2004 7.3 6.7 6.6 5.3 3.3 5.7 2.234 4.054 -0.14352 0.05115 Togo 1998 7.3 6.6 6.0 4.1 2.9 5.2 2.517 4.400 -0.18316 0.00064 Uganda 1995 7.5 7.2 7.3 6.9 5.4 6.9 1.389 2.100 -0.05537 0.00043 Uganda 2000/01 8.5 8.2 7.5 6.3 4.1 6.9 2.073 4.400 -0.13064 0.00073 Zambia 1996 7.4 6.7 6.4 5.7 4.4 6.1 1.682 3.000 -0.10057 0.00044 Zambia 2001 7.3 7.2 6.8 5.1 3.6 5.9 2.028 3.700 -0.13305 0.00067 Zimbabwe 1994 6.2 4.8 4.3 3.9 2.8 4.3 2.214 3.400 -0.14672 0.00066 Zimbabwe 1999 4.9 4.6 4.5 3.9 2.6 4.0 1.885 2.300 -0.11792 0.00073 G. ALL COUNTRIES 5.7 5.1 4.7 4.1 3.0 4.4 1.897 2.716 -0.12444 0.01020 - 32 - Part I: HNP Status Fertility ADOLESCENT FERTILITY RATE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 75.6 54.4 46.1 35.2 17.6 42.4 4.290 57.950 -0.24535 0.03493 Cambodia 2000 50.0 48.0 56.0 51.0 25.0 44.0 2.000 25.000 -0.11160 0.00174 Indonesia 1997 75.0 63.0 55.0 41.0 15.0 62.0 5.000 60.000 -0.25346 0.00125 Indonesia 2002/03 79.5 58.6 53.6 46.4 23.6 50.9 3.365 55.905 -0.15725 0.06145 Philippines 1998 130.0 90.0 32.0 29.0 12.0 46.0 10.833 118.000 -0.44261 0.00179 Philippines 2003 133.7 84.1 51.7 32.3 15.8 52.5 8.452 117.895 -0.39022 0.07255 Vietnam 1997 51.0 41.0 27.0 18.0 11.0 32.0 4.636 40.000 -0.26233 0.00373 Vietnam 2002 39.0 27.0 23.0 11.0 6.0 22.0 6.500 33.000 -0.32235 0.00399 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 73.0 53.3 51.0 56.2 31.3 52.7 2.330 41.667 -0.17704 0.00401 Armenia 2000 107.0 61.0 27.0 35.0 32.0 50.0 3.344 75.000 -0.25620 0.00341 Kazakhstan 1995 104.0 55.0 91.0 45.0 28.0 64.0 3.714 76.000 -0.21580 0.00522 Kazakhstan 1999 46.0 35.0 46.0 50.0 21.0 40.0 2.190 25.000 -0.22984 0.00499 Kyrgyzstan 1997 120.0 81.0 61.0 91.0 29.0 75.0 4.138 91.000 -0.18031 0.00546 Turkey 1993 56.0 66.0 64.0 43.0 32.0 55.0 1.750 24.000 -0.03557 0.00096 Turkey 1998 81.0 63.0 65.0 56.0 28.0 60.0 2.893 53.000 -0.21264 0.00322 Turkmenistan 2000 28.0 26.0 30.0 35.0 33.0 30.0 0.848 5.000 na na Uzbekistan 1996 56.0 54.0 77.0 70.0 45.0 61.0 1.244 11.000 -0.00623 0.00299 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 169.5 130.2 97.1 75.9 39.2 95.7 4.324 130.331 -0.26161 0.02411 Bolivia 1998 168.0 126.0 100.0 68.0 27.0 84.0 6.222 141.000 -0.30929 0.00233 Bolivia 2003 160.5 127.9 81.2 73.1 38.2 84.0 4.200 122.282 -0.25584 0.06072 Brazil 1996 176.0 109.0 70.0 57.0 28.0 86.0 6.286 148.000 -0.31361 0.00203 Colombia 1995 180.0 126.0 93.0 65.0 24.0 89.0 7.500 156.000 -0.31963 0.00266 Colombia 2000 155.0 133.0 90.0 45.0 34.0 85.0 4.559 121.000 -0.29987 0.00162 Colombia 2005 155.0 118.2 96.9 60.5 37.4 90.4 4.141 117.548 -0.25128 0.06309 Dominican Republic 1996 234.0 153.0 130.0 65.0 30.0 112.0 7.800 204.000 -0.34908 0.00280 Dominican Republic 2002 214.4 161.6 116.8 86.7 36.3 116.2 5.914 178.149 -0.28850 0.08043 Guatemala 1995 203.0 173.0 141.0 108.0 54.0 126.0 3.759 149.000 -0.23115 0.00173 Guatemala 1998/99 182.0 182.0 116.0 113.0 32.0 117.0 5.688 150.000 -0.26628 0.00389 Haiti 1994/95 105.0 99.0 92.0 93.0 25.0 76.0 4.200 80.000 -0.20190 0.00107 Haiti 2000 101.0 95.0 120.0 91.0 54.0 86.0 1.870 47.000 -0.12270 0.00172 Nicaragua 1997/98 213.0 176.0 147.0 90.0 58.0 130.0 3.672 155.000 -0.24193 0.00138 Nicaragua 2001 193.0 150.0 122.0 94.0 70.0 119.0 2.757 123.000 -0.19126 0.00106 Paraguay 1990 181.0 130.0 95.0 70.0 34.0 97.0 5.324 147.000 -0.29801 0.00283 Peru 1996 169.0 126.0 77.0 45.0 18.0 75.0 9.389 151.000 -0.38249 0.00143 Peru 2000 163.0 98.0 56.0 38.0 23.0 66.0 7.087 140.000 -0.36702 0.00120 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 68.2 66.7 65.8 47.8 35.1 57.8 1.941 33.052 -0.13073 0.02213 Egypt 1995 93.0 73.0 69.0 37.0 25.0 61.0 3.720 68.000 -0.22625 0.00133 Egypt 2000 57.0 71.0 55.0 44.0 16.0 51.0 3.563 41.000 -0.17843 0.00184 Jordan 1997 44.0 60.0 43.0 25.0 30.0 43.0 1.467 14.000 -0.12622 0.00164 Morocco 1992 52.0 51.0 48.0 30.0 21.0 40.0 2.476 31.000 -0.17090 0.00198 Morocco 2003/04 50.7 35.7 44.3 21.0 12.5 32.4 4.050 38.207 -0.22823 0.08463 Yemen 1997 121.0 100.0 121.0 101.0 82.0 105.0 1.476 39.000 0.00996 0.00042 E. SOUTH ASIA 142.0 123.6 114.4 97.6 57.9 107.0 2.454 84.106 -0.14657 0.01245 Bangladesh 1996/97 187.0 171.0 170.0 133.0 91.0 147.0 2.055 96.000 -0.11861 0.00165 Bangladesh 1999/2000 207.0 177.0 160.0 112.0 78.0 144.0 2.654 129.000 -0.18343 0.00111 Bangladesh 2004 189.9 157.6 153.5 121.3 85.4 137.1 2.222 104.422 -0.12445 0.04567 India 1992/93 135.0 140.0 116.0 84.0 45.0 116.0 3.000 90.000 -0.19504 0.00051 India 1998/99 134.0 130.0 102.0 78.0 36.0 107.0 3.722 98.000 -0.21269 0.00079 Nepal 1996 143.0 149.0 132.0 128.0 90.0 127.0 1.589 53.000 -0.08416 0.00111 Nepal 2001 156.0 120.0 136.0 115.0 66.0 110.0 2.364 90.000 -0.13250 0.00171 Pakistan 1990/91 88.0 87.0 66.0 76.0 44.0 74.0 2.000 44.000 -0.11665 0.00164 - 33 - Part I: HNP Status Fertility ADOLESCENT FERTILITY RATE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 168.1 159.1 150.1 125.7 75.4 129.7 2.231 92.741 -0.15386 0.01839 Benin 1996 178.0 175.0 143.0 113.0 33.0 119.0 5.394 145.000 -0.25183 0.00422 Benin 2001 176.0 151.0 155.0 90.0 35.0 109.0 5.029 141.000 -0.27568 0.00349 Burkina Faso 1992/93 186.1 139.2 173.7 191.5 97.4 148.9 1.912 88.757 -0.08760 0.06388 Burkina Faso 1998/99 168.0 129.0 148.0 148.0 90.0 131.0 1.867 78.000 -0.09258 0.00194 Burkina Faso 2003 142.3 161.9 138.7 132.6 61.1 119.2 2.328 81.164 -0.15814 0.07297 Cameroon 1991 208.0 207.0 184.0 150.0 101.0 164.0 2.059 107.000 -0.13871 0.00212 Cameroon 1998 202.0 198.0 162.0 100.0 63.0 137.0 3.206 139.000 -0.22666 0.00215 Cameroon 2004 203.8 190.4 158.4 114.6 70.3 137.7 2.898 133.512 -0.20329 0.04947 Central African Republic 1994/95 155.0 144.0 158.0 179.0 138.0 155.0 1.123 17.000 -0.00345 0.00123 Chad 1996/97 178.0 177.0 191.0 201.0 205.0 190.0 0.868 27.000 0.03331 0.00054 Chad 2004 138.8 220.2 223.5 191.9 164.1 187.3 0.846 25.288 0.00752 0.05671 Comoros 1996 65.0 102.0 69.0 42.0 25.0 59.0 2.600 40.000 -0.20741 0.00472 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 191.0 192.0 159.0 134.0 72.0 140.0 2.653 119.000 -0.18180 0.00182 Eritrea 1995 226.0 128.0 181.0 140.0 40.0 125.0 5.650 186.000 -0.25845 0.00458 Ethiopia 2000 84.0 113.0 131.0 119.0 67.0 100.0 1.254 17.000 -0.05675 0.00175 Gabon 2000 205.0 194.0 147.0 135.0 71.0 142.0 2.887 134.000 -0.19005 0.00205 Ghana 1993 149.0 149.0 119.0 115.0 72.0 116.0 2.069 77.000 -0.13217 0.00235 Ghana 1998 129.0 105.0 125.0 87.0 24.0 88.0 5.375 105.000 -0.23081 0.00512 Ghana 2003 132.7 113.4 113.2 50.1 16.3 73.7 8.158 116.431 -0.34044 0.11245 Guinea 1999 210.0 207.0 214.0 167.0 93.0 168.0 2.258 117.000 -0.15391 0.00218 Kenya 1993 156.5 109.6 120.3 122.1 66.8 110.4 2.343 89.692 -0.11731 0.06409 Kenya 1998 163.0 143.0 108.0 103.0 63.0 111.0 2.587 100.000 -0.17796 0.00162 Kenya 2003 173.5 141.2 111.3 93.7 80.8 114.2 2.148 92.723 -0.15325 0.02741 Madagascar 1997 271.0 215.0 206.0 141.0 78.0 180.0 3.474 193.000 -0.21105 0.00232 Malawi 1992 143.0 171.0 196.0 162.0 131.0 161.0 1.092 12.000 -0.01925 0.00195 Malawi 2000 192.0 170.0 176.0 186.0 140.0 172.0 1.371 52.000 -0.02502 0.00043 Mali 1995/96 198.0 219.0 210.0 217.0 122.0 187.0 1.623 76.000 -0.08744 0.00174 Mali 2001 200.0 246.0 225.0 203.0 108.0 185.0 1.852 92.000 -0.12953 0.00163 Mauritania 2000/01 85.0 106.0 95.0 67.0 52.0 80.0 1.635 33.000 -0.11085 0.00186 Mozambique 1997 191.0 144.0 178.0 208.0 126.0 171.0 1.516 65.000 -0.04844 0.00177 Mozambique 2003 234.1 196.8 207.7 188.0 110.5 178.7 2.118 123.566 -0.13893 0.04649 Namibia 1992 105.0 119.0 106.0 118.0 99.0 109.0 1.061 6.000 -0.01307 0.00132 Namibia 2000 102.0 92.0 101.0 82.0 64.0 88.0 1.594 38.000 -0.07744 0.00166 Niger 1998 260.0 231.0 229.0 246.0 148.0 218.0 1.757 112.000 -0.07877 0.00160 Nigeria 1990 194.0 213.0 116.0 151.0 66.0 146.0 2.939 128.000 -0.18304 0.00226 Nigeria 2003 183.9 161.8 152.4 97.8 57.7 126.3 3.186 126.190 -0.20084 0.06232 Rwanda 2000 51.0 49.0 60.0 53.0 49.0 52.0 1.041 2.000 -0.00572 0.00047 Senegal 1997 189.0 147.0 109.0 83.0 36.0 103.0 5.250 153.000 -0.28480 0.00234 South Africa 1998 108.0 109.0 66.0 68.0 22.0 76.0 4.909 86.000 -0.21252 0.00251 Tanzania 1996 151.0 130.0 165.0 160.0 93.0 135.0 1.624 58.000 -0.07161 0.00180 Tanzania 1999 196.0 141.0 178.0 117.0 81.0 138.0 2.420 115.000 -0.15197 0.00301 Tanzania 2004 172.5 159.2 163.8 129.2 71.4 132.5 2.418 101.179 -0.15966 0.06114 Togo 1998 142.0 129.0 114.0 79.0 35.0 89.0 4.057 107.000 -0.25975 0.00237 Uganda 1995 222.0 206.0 223.0 208.0 171.0 204.0 1.298 51.000 -0.04309 0.00090 Uganda 2000/01 225.0 226.0 204.0 149.0 112.0 178.0 2.009 113.000 -0.14489 0.00130 Zambia 1996 210.0 172.0 179.0 161.0 86.0 158.0 2.442 124.000 -0.14472 0.00183 Zambia 2001 194.0 209.0 180.0 154.0 94.0 160.0 2.064 100.000 -0.13770 0.00163 Zimbabwe 1994 144.0 126.0 83.0 112.0 59.0 99.0 2.441 85.000 -0.15333 0.00214 Zimbabwe 1999 162.0 108.0 106.0 130.0 74.0 112.0 2.189 88.000 -0.10945 0.00233 G. ALL COUNTRIES 142.5 126.5 115.0 96.2 56.6 103.0 2.519 85.944 -0.17804 0.01906 - 34 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MODERATE STUNTING AMONG CHILDREN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 26.9 26.4 23.1 26.1 13.5 24.1 1.993 13.400 -0.05696 0.01674 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 18.0 14.6 11.7 9.7 9.0 13.1 2.007 9.033 -0.18622 0.05003 Armenia 2000 15.7 11.2 10.1 6.2 7.9 10.5 1.987 7.800 -0.16522 0.04448 Kazakhstan 1995 24.4 9.6 11.5 9.6 3.0 12.6 8.133 21.400 -0.24924 0.05127 Kazakhstan 1999 13.2 6.3 4.4 4.1 3.7 7.3 3.568 9.500 -0.26477 0.09242 Kyrgyzstan 1997 27.9 22.2 13.8 13.1 11.6 18.8 2.405 16.300 -0.18164 0.03672 Turkey 1993 21.6 18.2 15.1 7.4 3.9 14.1 5.538 17.700 -0.25761 0.02359 Turkey 1998 14.8 14.0 8.8 6.1 3.2 9.9 4.625 11.600 -0.26470 0.03462 Turkmenistan 2000 16.9 17.5 14.6 13.1 11.4 15.0 1.482 5.500 na na Uzbekistan 1996 19.5 16.1 18.3 15.4 16.0 17.3 1.219 3.500 -0.05476 0.04194 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 20.7 16.7 13.3 8.4 3.9 13.9 5.368 16.881 -0.25716 0.01968 Bolivia 1998 25.4 21.5 18.1 8.7 3.9 17.4 6.513 21.500 -0.21477 0.01556 Bolivia 2003 27.2 24.3 16.6 11.3 4.5 18.6 6.037 22.731 -0.21621 0.01211 Brazil 1996 16.8 6.6 4.5 3.4 2.0 7.9 8.400 14.800 -0.41257 0.03273 Colombia 1995 16.7 13.0 11.2 6.6 4.5 11.5 3.711 12.200 -0.22718 0.02349 Colombia 2000 17.3 12.6 9.0 5.6 4.6 10.7 3.761 12.700 -0.26165 0.02666 Colombia 2005 15.4 10.1 9.0 5.4 2.2 9.5 6.952 13.160 -0.28708 0.01653 Dominican Republic 1996 14.2 8.5 6.5 4.8 1.7 7.9 8.353 12.500 -0.35851 0.03592 Dominican Republic 2002 10.6 8.0 5.2 4.4 2.5 6.6 4.313 8.138 -0.26194 0.02478 Guatemala 1995 29.4 31.0 29.5 22.3 10.1 26.2 2.911 19.300 -0.07064 0.01089 Guatemala 1998/99 30.0 29.1 30.7 21.8 7.2 25.2 4.167 22.800 -0.13280 0.01603 Haiti 1994/95 20.1 15.9 19.9 16.2 8.4 16.9 2.393 11.700 -0.08751 0.02392 Haiti 2000 18.2 16.5 17.3 12.3 5.1 14.5 3.569 13.100 -0.16514 0.01849 Nicaragua 1997/98 22.6 19.2 15.0 8.6 5.6 15.7 4.036 17.000 -0.21348 0.01590 Nicaragua 2001 22.4 18.4 12.3 5.4 4.1 13.9 5.463 18.300 -0.27979 0.01891 Paraguay 1990 16.7 14.3 10.7 5.7 3.0 10.9 5.567 13.700 -0.26373 0.02645 Peru 1996 28.2 21.6 14.8 8.6 4.5 17.8 6.267 23.700 -0.27257 0.00971 Peru 2000 29.4 22.7 13.2 6.2 4.2 17.8 7.000 25.200 -0.29523 0.01114 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 17.6 15.1 13.3 11.8 10.3 13.8 1.708 7.304 -0.13235 0.01694 Egypt 1995 18.6 19.4 17.0 15.1 10.6 16.4 1.750 7.971 -0.10175 0.01257 Egypt 2000 16.4 15.0 12.4 10.3 7.9 12.4 2.076 8.500 -0.14032 0.01470 Jordan 1997 10.5 7.0 4.3 3.5 4.5 6.2 2.333 6.000 -0.18467 0.02021 Morocco 1992 23.3 16.3 15.1 11.2 6.6 15.5 3.530 16.700 -0.20351 0.01964 Morocco 2003/04 17.2 12.4 11.6 7.8 6.9 11.7 2.498 10.317 -0.16995 0.02138 Yemen 1997 26.4 26.1 25.0 25.7 22.0 25.0 1.200 4.400 -0.03446 0.01145 E. SOUTH ASIA 28.0 25.5 23.5 24.7 19.4 24.5 1.444 8.608 -0.05573 0.01235 Bangladesh 1996/97 28.1 27.8 26.9 27.5 21.7 26.6 1.295 6.400 -0.03154 0.01366 Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 29.0 28.0 27.3 26.9 18.7 26.4 1.553 10.331 -0.07787 0.01194 India 1992/93 23.5 23.2 24.2 23.7 20.3 23.1 1.158 3.200 -0.03171 0.00635 India 1998/99 25.0 23.6 22.8 22.1 17.4 22.5 1.437 7.600 -0.05661 0.00662 Nepal 1996 33.6 29.6 28.7 25.0 20.0 28.2 1.680 13.600 -0.07878 0.01491 Nepal 2001 32.7 30.6 26.8 28.8 24.6 29.2 1.329 8.100 -0.04615 0.01128 Pakistan 1990/91 25.2 19.9 17.1 21.0 16.8 19.8 1.500 8.400 -0.04229 0.01954 - 35 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MODERATE STUNTING AMONG CHILDREN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 22.5 21.2 21.2 19.2 14.7 20.0 1.530 7.795 -0.07830 0.01855 Benin 1996 17.0 20.1 17.7 17.6 12.1 17.2 1.405 4.900 -0.04812 0.02630 Benin 2001 21.9 22.5 20.1 18.7 14.3 19.7 1.531 7.600 -0.07023 0.01846 Burkina Faso 1992/93 20.1 22.1 22.9 21.0 14.6 20.3 1.374 5.462 -0.08957 0.01671 Burkina Faso 1998/99 20.9 21.1 20.1 23.2 15.0 20.2 1.393 5.900 -0.04762 0.01792 Burkina Faso 2003 19.5 20.2 20.4 20.5 13.5 19.2 1.444 6.009 -0.03747 0.01246 Cameroon 1991 18.9 19.6 22.4 15.2 7.9 16.4 2.392 11.000 -0.18743 0.02409 Cameroon 1998 20.5 21.2 20.2 19.1 10.1 18.6 2.030 10.400 -0.10056 0.02740 Cameroon 2004 21.4 21.0 21.8 15.4 9.9 18.6 2.160 11.502 -0.11892 0.02067 Central African Republic 1994/95 22.1 17.4 20.7 21.2 15.4 19.4 1.435 6.700 -0.05025 0.02364 Chad 1996/97 23.0 20.7 19.9 15.5 18.4 19.6 1.250 4.600 -0.05702 0.01518 Chad 2004 19.7 15.3 19.7 18.1 16.6 17.8 1.191 3.160 -0.03844 0.01701 Comoros 1996 23.4 21.4 19.4 19.1 17.8 20.4 1.315 5.600 -0.06904 0.03752 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 20.9 18.0 17.4 11.7 10.3 16.1 2.029 10.600 -0.12931 0.02264 Eritrea 1995 22.7 21.4 17.5 22.2 14.6 20.1 1.555 8.100 -0.07683 0.02442 Ethiopia 2000 25.7 25.9 25.0 26.1 23.3 25.3 1.103 2.400 -0.03364 0.01010 Gabon 2000 20.7 18.3 13.5 6.3 8.8 14.0 2.352 11.900 -0.20453 0.02424 Ghana 1993 21.9 20.1 16.1 15.6 9.2 16.8 2.380 12.700 -0.13890 0.02854 Ghana 1998 20.3 20.5 18.2 10.5 9.1 16.6 2.231 11.200 -0.13048 0.02348 Ghana 2003 25.4 19.1 20.4 15.8 8.9 18.9 2.859 16.546 -0.15489 0.01981 Guinea 1999 18.8 15.2 16.6 17.4 11.6 16.0 1.621 7.200 -0.06710 0.02412 Kenya 1993 23.1 23.6 20.3 22.4 12.1 20.7 1.907 10.979 -0.08285 0.01603 Kenya 1998 26.7 21.5 19.1 20.8 10.5 20.3 2.543 16.200 -0.11586 0.01712 Kenya 2003 24.8 21.4 19.1 17.8 13.4 19.8 1.850 11.377 -0.09665 0.01555 Madagascar 1997 24.7 26.4 31.0 26.5 25.2 26.7 0.980 0.500 0.00842 0.01694 Malawi 1992 25.7 28.7 27.4 26.2 21.7 26.0 1.184 4.000 -0.03981 0.01656 Malawi 2000 25.8 24.8 24.2 25.2 22.6 24.6 1.142 3.200 -0.02512 0.01056 Mali 1995/96 14.2 17.5 16.6 17.0 12.1 15.6 1.174 2.100 -0.02696 0.01889 Mali 2001 19.7 22.4 19.0 18.4 12.2 18.5 1.615 7.500 -0.08876 0.01223 Mauritania 2000/01 18.1 22.0 18.2 16.7 14.7 18.0 1.231 3.400 -0.04897 0.02181 Mozambique 1997 22.4 23.1 20.3 22.2 14.4 20.2 1.556 8.000 -0.07086 0.02003 Mozambique 2003 25.2 26.0 25.2 21.2 13.4 22.8 1.877 11.764 -0.09119 0.01156 Namibia 1992 23.5 22.6 20.5 20.1 13.5 20.1 1.741 10.000 -0.07868 0.02310 Namibia 2000 18.4 17.4 16.5 14.0 9.1 15.5 2.022 9.300 -0.11949 0.02353 Niger 1998 21.2 20.6 22.8 22.9 20.9 21.6 1.014 0.300 -0.01333 0.01681 Nigeria 1990 22.2 19.7 21.0 21.8 19.2 20.8 1.156 3.000 -0.02379 0.01381 Nigeria 2003 22.7 20.7 21.8 16.0 13.1 18.9 1.741 9.674 -0.09792 0.01782 Rwanda 2000 27.0 26.0 27.1 23.5 15.7 23.7 1.720 11.300 -0.10209 0.01215 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 27.8 26.6 27.6 25.1 19.6 25.6 1.418 8.200 -0.07095 0.01334 Tanzania 1999 28.5 30.6 27.9 24.6 16.3 26.2 1.748 12.200 -0.10223 0.01678 Tanzania 2004 27.7 26.9 27.3 26.5 11.4 24.8 2.429 16.319 -0.09544 0.01128 Togo 1998 19.0 14.8 14.1 13.6 10.1 14.8 1.881 8.900 -0.12171 0.02438 Uganda 1995 24.2 26.6 25.3 23.2 16.4 23.3 1.476 7.800 -0.08737 0.01443 Uganda 2000/01 25.1 24.3 25.7 24.2 18.0 23.8 1.394 7.100 -0.05499 0.01362 Zambia 1996 27.0 26.2 26.2 24.7 19.4 24.8 1.392 7.600 -0.05784 0.01378 Zambia 2001 26.9 26.3 25.3 24.0 19.5 24.7 1.379 7.400 -0.04844 0.01408 Zimbabwe 1994 17.4 18.7 16.8 14.7 8.0 15.3 2.175 9.400 -0.11789 0.02834 Zimbabwe 1999 19.2 16.2 21.4 15.1 13.1 17.0 1.466 6.100 -0.06774 0.02353 G. ALL COUNTRIES 21.8 19.6 18.3 16.2 12.1 18.1 1.798 9.679 -0.12338 0.02124 - 36 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status SEVERE STUNTING AMONG CHILDREN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 25.7 22.0 19.5 15.4 14.0 20.2 1.836 11.700 -0.10459 0.01985 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 8.9 6.8 6.2 4.5 4.8 6.4 1.867 4.133 -0.16688 0.07728 Armenia 2000 3.3 4.3 1.8 1.2 1.4 2.5 2.357 1.900 -0.14299 0.08502 Kazakhstan 1995 3.5 5.8 2.6 2.0 1.2 3.1 2.917 2.300 -0.19318 0.10635 Kazakhstan 1999 2.1 1.4 3.9 2.0 3.8 2.5 0.553 1.700 -0.02309 0.14060 Kyrgyzstan 1997 6.0 8.0 6.8 5.5 2.7 6.0 2.222 3.300 -0.13716 0.06830 Turkey 1993 14.7 8.1 3.6 2.0 0.5 6.3 29.400 14.200 -0.45626 0.04274 Turkey 1998 13.7 6.4 4.6 3.0 0.5 6.1 27.400 13.200 -0.43767 0.04778 Turkmenistan 2000 8.2 7.1 8.9 6.4 5.7 7.4 1.439 2.500 na na Uzbekistan 1996 20.1 13.4 11.2 9.1 14.5 14.0 1.386 5.600 -0.09351 0.04470 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 12.7 8.6 5.2 2.1 0.7 6.7 19.446 12.040 -0.40700 0.03618 Bolivia 1998 18.0 9.8 6.7 4.8 2.1 9.4 8.571 15.900 -0.33367 0.02341 Bolivia 2003 14.5 11.1 4.8 2.6 1.1 7.8 13.070 13.426 -0.35121 0.02137 Brazil 1996 6.3 2.1 0.5 0.5 0.4 2.5 15.750 5.900 -0.57537 0.06879 Colombia 1995 6.9 3.7 2.2 1.1 1.4 3.5 4.929 5.500 -0.34539 0.04837 Colombia 2000 4.6 3.8 2.4 1.5 0.5 2.8 9.200 4.100 -0.28761 0.05231 Colombia 2005 4.4 2.4 0.8 0.7 0.6 2.1 7.327 3.757 -0.51563 0.04586 Dominican Republic 1996 7.3 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.8 2.8 9.125 6.500 -0.61372 0.07137 Dominican Republic 2002 4.9 2.0 2.2 0.8 0.5 2.3 10.566 4.478 -0.34021 0.04156 Guatemala 1995 35.2 30.6 24.0 11.2 2.0 23.5 17.600 33.200 -0.25962 0.01135 Guatemala 1998/99 35.3 30.4 22.8 6.5 0.3 21.2 117.667 35.000 -0.22899 0.01671 Haiti 1994/95 25.4 17.1 12.4 9.0 4.3 14.9 5.907 21.100 -0.27512 0.02644 Haiti 2000 12.6 9.3 7.3 3.7 2.3 7.5 5.478 10.300 -0.27972 0.02729 Nicaragua 1997/98 15.5 9.9 7.7 4.4 2.7 9.2 5.741 12.800 -0.28103 0.02289 Nicaragua 2001 12.8 7.4 3.3 3.0 0.4 6.2 32.000 12.400 -0.40694 0.03109 Paraguay 1990 5.8 4.7 1.7 0.6 0.0 3.0 - 5.800 -0.46996 0.05335 Peru 1996 17.4 9.2 4.0 1.4 0.7 8.0 24.857 16.700 -0.50474 0.01716 Peru 2000 17.6 7.9 3.5 0.9 0.3 7.7 58.667 17.300 -0.49495 0.01960 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 14.2 11.7 11.0 9.0 5.0 10.3 2.853 9.237 -0.21286 0.02509 Egypt 1995 19.8 14.4 11.7 10.1 9.6 13.4 2.066 10.201 -0.14516 0.01447 Egypt 2000 10.1 6.5 6.3 4.8 3.1 6.2 3.258 7.000 -0.20477 0.02296 Jordan 1997 3.4 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.6 6.800 2.900 -0.22578 0.03686 Morocco 1992 15.9 12.1 6.5 2.5 1.4 8.7 11.357 14.500 -0.37357 0.02788 Morocco 2003/04 12.1 7.0 4.6 3.4 3.4 6.5 3.518 8.648 -0.26650 0.03026 Yemen 1997 31.3 31.7 31.4 27.1 12.9 26.7 2.426 18.400 -0.15440 0.01030 E. SOUTH ASIA 30.8 27.2 23.7 18.6 10.7 22.7 2.866 20.051 -0.19400 0.01260 Bangladesh 1996/97 33.0 35.1 31.1 23.9 13.1 28.1 2.519 19.900 -0.14184 0.01274 Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 25.4 19.0 15.2 12.8 6.4 16.7 3.975 19.002 -0.22918 0.01596 India 1992/93 36.7 35.6 30.2 24.1 14.0 28.8 2.621 22.700 -0.16591 0.00519 India 1998/99 33.1 28.5 24.1 16.3 9.3 23.0 3.559 23.800 -0.21131 0.00651 Nepal 1996 25.5 22.1 19.4 18.1 11.8 20.2 2.161 13.700 -0.12432 0.01806 Nepal 2001 28.8 23.1 20.2 17.8 11.2 21.3 2.571 17.600 -0.15782 0.01362 Pakistan 1990/91 35.9 38.1 35.3 27.4 16.1 29.8 2.230 19.800 -0.17768 0.01432 - 37 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status SEVERE STUNTING AMONG CHILDREN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20.1 17.9 15.9 13.2 7.6 15.4 2.630 12.462 -0.17737 0.02309 Benin 1996 10.0 9.9 6.5 6.6 4.7 7.8 2.128 5.300 -0.14301 0.04314 Benin 2001 13.5 14.4 10.1 10.3 3.9 10.7 3.462 9.600 -0.16461 0.02489 Burkina Faso 1992/93 15.5 15.2 14.3 12.6 7.1 13.0 2.199 8.456 -0.16719 0.02129 Burkina Faso 1998/99 20.9 18.3 16.1 16.2 11.2 16.6 1.866 9.700 -0.11825 0.01989 Burkina Faso 2003 26.5 21.5 21.0 17.5 7.1 19.4 3.751 19.412 -0.16119 0.01257 Cameroon 1991 15.9 13.9 13.7 5.3 2.5 9.6 6.360 13.400 -0.32680 0.03497 Cameroon 1998 15.9 11.0 11.7 6.9 5.2 10.7 3.058 10.700 -0.21179 0.03842 Cameroon 2004 19.6 15.1 14.8 8.0 2.5 13.0 7.774 17.070 -0.26206 0.02621 Central African Republic 1994/95 20.2 17.3 12.0 11.6 9.6 14.3 2.104 10.600 -0.17556 0.02955 Chad 1996/97 24.2 22.1 21.5 21.0 12.3 20.4 1.967 11.900 -0.10970 0.01399 Chad 2004 31.0 23.7 25.0 21.1 15.1 23.2 2.047 15.847 -0.12327 0.01397 Comoros 1996 21.4 19.4 9.4 8.0 5.5 13.4 3.891 15.900 -0.28475 0.05082 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 12.9 10.5 8.4 5.6 2.5 8.4 5.160 10.400 -0.24213 0.03229 Eritrea 1995 24.8 21.5 16.9 13.9 9.0 18.3 2.756 15.800 -0.17900 0.02562 Ethiopia 2000 27.2 27.2 29.6 24.3 19.9 25.9 1.367 7.300 -0.08670 0.00954 Gabon 2000 12.1 9.2 5.1 2.8 2.7 6.7 4.481 9.400 -0.32728 0.03606 Ghana 1993 13.3 9.0 12.4 6.5 3.5 9.1 3.800 9.800 -0.19161 0.04061 Ghana 1998 14.5 9.9 9.8 7.1 1.1 9.3 13.182 13.400 -0.28593 0.03312 Ghana 2003 15.4 12.4 9.5 6.6 4.9 10.5 3.139 10.487 -0.19457 0.02898 Guinea 1999 13.6 15.1 10.5 7.8 4.1 10.1 3.317 9.500 -0.22311 0.03013 Kenya 1993 18.3 13.2 10.8 12.4 6.2 12.5 2.933 12.055 -0.15362 0.02180 Kenya 1998 17.4 16.0 11.1 9.7 6.6 12.7 2.636 10.800 -0.18805 0.02403 Kenya 2003 13.8 11.2 11.1 10.3 6.1 10.8 2.256 7.664 -0.16284 0.02264 Madagascar 1997 24.6 19.2 21.1 23.6 17.3 21.6 1.422 7.300 -0.05775 0.01899 Malawi 1992 28.8 26.7 23.4 22.0 14.0 23.2 2.057 14.800 -0.14057 0.01664 Malawi 2000 32.0 26.9 27.1 21.6 10.9 24.4 2.936 21.100 -0.14468 0.00979 Mali 1995/96 18.0 17.7 15.1 13.8 7.2 14.5 2.500 10.800 -0.13600 0.01973 Mali 2001 25.1 23.8 21.4 15.7 7.5 19.1 3.347 17.600 -0.16810 0.01168 Mauritania 2000/01 20.6 18.5 16.9 17.6 8.7 16.5 2.368 11.900 -0.12723 0.02214 Mozambique 1997 25.4 18.5 14.7 13.9 7.4 15.7 3.432 18.000 -0.21865 0.02342 Mozambique 2003 24.3 21.0 20.3 12.7 5.8 17.9 4.174 18.505 -0.19237 0.01275 Namibia 1992 13.8 8.9 9.8 5.8 3.6 8.4 3.833 10.200 -0.22663 0.03839 Namibia 2000 8.3 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.2 7.2 1.339 2.100 -0.14861 0.03697 Niger 1998 20.7 22.7 19.4 21.3 11.4 19.5 1.816 9.300 -0.10688 0.01698 Nigeria 1990 26.3 25.5 26.2 18.7 12.9 21.9 2.039 13.400 -0.15322 0.01310 Nigeria 2003 26.9 27.2 22.9 15.2 5.3 19.6 5.108 21.610 -0.22362 0.01712 Rwanda 2000 22.4 21.5 19.5 19.5 11.2 18.7 2.000 11.200 -0.13243 0.01407 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 22.6 20.3 19.2 16.1 9.3 17.8 2.430 13.300 -0.12999 0.01670 Tanzania 1999 21.0 21.9 17.1 12.0 7.1 16.5 2.958 13.900 -0.18550 0.02148 Tanzania 2004 17.2 14.7 12.5 10.3 3.7 12.3 4.704 13.574 -0.21505 0.01779 Togo 1998 10.0 10.1 5.5 5.8 0.9 7.0 11.111 9.100 -0.27069 0.03489 Uganda 1995 18.2 18.8 13.2 14.7 9.3 15.0 1.957 8.900 -0.14231 0.01868 Uganda 2000/01 18.2 15.8 16.9 13.4 7.1 14.8 2.563 11.100 -0.15722 0.01796 Zambia 1996 25.8 21.8 19.4 12.4 6.0 17.5 4.300 19.800 -0.21082 0.01614 Zambia 2001 27.2 26.1 24.2 16.7 12.1 22.1 2.248 15.100 -0.13959 0.01481 Zimbabwe 1994 6.3 7.0 6.0 6.6 4.3 6.1 1.465 2.000 -0.08284 0.04890 Zimbabwe 1999 13.5 9.8 10.2 7.4 5.5 9.4 2.455 8.000 -0.11769 0.03418 G. ALL COUNTRIES 18.0 15.3 13.1 10.3 6.2 13.0 2.883 11.735 -0.22037 0.03012 - 38 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MODERATE UNDERWEIGHT AMONG CHILDREN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 35.3 35.6 30.1 30.8 28.0 32.5 1.261 7.300 -0.05162 0.01374 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 9.7 9.6 7.2 5.2 6.2 7.8 1.577 3.550 -0.15305 0.06912 Armenia 2000 2.9 2.6 4.1 1.2 1.1 2.4 2.636 1.800 -0.13083 0.08613 Kazakhstan 1995 9.8 7.8 9.1 2.8 2.3 6.8 4.261 7.500 -0.16497 0.07305 Kazakhstan 1999 5.1 3.7 2.1 3.0 6.1 3.8 0.836 1.000 -0.06951 0.12182 Kyrgyzstan 1997 9.9 11.5 12.0 5.1 7.1 9.4 1.394 2.800 -0.04243 0.04982 Turkey 1993 15.9 10.0 6.8 4.1 3.0 8.5 5.300 12.900 -0.29194 0.03488 Turkey 1998 13.4 7.9 5.2 3.2 2.7 6.9 4.963 10.700 -0.38403 0.04546 Turkmenistan 2000 11.6 11.4 8.0 10.3 9.8 10.3 1.184 1.800 na na Uzbekistan 1996 15.3 20.6 11.7 8.2 10.1 13.8 1.515 5.200 -0.13843 0.04239 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 12.7 9.2 7.3 4.4 3.1 8.0 4.111 9.619 -0.29299 0.02913 Bolivia 1998 11.7 6.9 5.1 3.0 2.2 6.5 5.318 9.500 -0.29872 0.02769 Bolivia 2003 10.3 8.6 4.0 3.3 1.3 6.2 7.891 9.013 -0.29688 0.02428 Brazil 1996 10.3 4.9 2.3 1.2 2.7 5.0 3.815 7.600 -0.38048 0.04466 Colombia 1995 12.7 8.7 5.9 3.1 2.7 7.5 4.704 10.000 -0.29436 0.03059 Colombia 2000 7.8 8.4 4.7 4.1 2.8 6.0 2.786 5.000 -0.20626 0.03657 Colombia 2005 10.6 6.0 5.5 3.6 3.0 6.3 3.568 7.653 -0.29505 0.02262 Dominican Republic 1996 10.9 5.3 2.8 1.4 1.0 4.9 10.900 9.900 -0.24900 0.11488 Dominican Republic 2002 8.8 5.0 3.2 2.9 1.1 4.6 7.776 7.707 -0.33060 0.03035 Guatemala 1995 26.7 24.6 22.5 14.1 6.5 20.7 4.108 20.200 -0.15588 0.01257 Guatemala 1998/99 25.7 25.3 21.4 10.2 9.9 19.4 2.596 15.800 -0.13764 0.01849 Haiti 1994/95 25.6 21.3 19.1 16.7 8.6 19.4 2.977 17.000 -0.13567 0.02224 Haiti 2000 17.7 13.5 15.4 10.9 6.4 13.3 2.766 11.300 -0.16809 0.02017 Nicaragua 1997/98 15.0 12.1 9.9 5.6 3.4 10.3 4.412 11.600 -0.22740 0.01994 Nicaragua 2001 12.8 9.5 7.2 4.0 2.2 7.9 5.818 10.600 -0.24969 0.02575 Paraguay 1990 5.1 3.9 3.2 1.7 0.5 3.2 10.200 4.600 -0.35471 0.05320 Peru 1996 14.1 6.8 4.2 1.8 0.9 6.7 15.667 13.200 -0.44485 0.01935 Peru 2000 13.0 6.5 3.2 2.1 0.7 6.2 18.571 12.300 -0.42375 0.02265 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 15.4 12.9 11.5 11.5 7.9 12.0 1.954 7.536 -0.15518 0.02434 Egypt 1995 13.2 11.0 8.7 8.3 6.9 9.8 1.902 6.259 -0.14780 0.01859 Egypt 2000 5.4 4.0 3.2 2.7 2.2 3.5 2.455 3.200 -0.18810 0.03020 Jordan 1997 7.3 5.4 3.1 3.5 2.5 4.6 2.920 4.800 -0.14218 0.03044 Morocco 1992 13.2 8.9 6.9 2.9 1.7 7.5 7.765 11.500 -0.33083 0.03064 Morocco 2003/04 13.2 8.3 7.7 6.9 2.9 8.2 4.569 10.343 -0.21604 0.02699 Yemen 1997 35.8 34.0 31.9 33.0 24.0 31.6 1.492 11.800 -0.07440 0.00973 E. SOUTH ASIA 36.7 33.9 32.2 30.3 22.5 31.5 1.630 14.192 -0.08527 0.01021 Bangladesh 1996/97 40.7 35.9 38.0 34.5 27.7 35.7 1.469 13.000 -0.06493 0.01104 Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 41.3 38.6 32.7 33.0 24.0 34.7 1.719 17.267 -0.09752 0.00985 India 1992/93 31.6 33.5 35.1 32.0 25.2 31.7 1.254 6.400 -0.04891 0.00505 India 1998/99 32.5 31.7 30.8 26.9 21.1 29.0 1.540 11.400 -0.08080 0.00565 Nepal 1996 33.2 32.5 32.5 29.2 23.9 30.8 1.389 9.300 -0.05909 0.01375 Nepal 2001 40.1 36.9 37.5 33.7 26.4 35.7 1.519 13.700 -0.06514 0.00960 Pakistan 1990/91 33.0 28.2 27.7 27.4 18.6 26.6 1.774 14.400 -0.09762 0.01576 - 39 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MODERATE UNDERWEIGHT AMONG CHILDREN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 23.2 22.3 20.5 18.1 13.1 19.8 1.775 10.144 -0.11485 0.01893 Benin 1996 25.5 27.7 20.1 18.7 14.3 21.8 1.783 11.200 -0.11219 0.02269 Benin 2001 21.5 22.3 18.3 16.7 9.0 17.9 2.389 12.500 -0.13327 0.01924 Burkina Faso 1992/93 26.1 24.3 23.7 24.8 17.9 23.5 1.453 8.136 -0.08089 0.01530 Burkina Faso 1998/99 23.0 24.7 23.6 22.3 18.8 22.6 1.222 4.174 -0.04426 0.01679 Burkina Faso 2003 25.9 25.1 25.5 24.9 16.0 24.0 1.614 9.847 -0.06204 0.01103 Cameroon 1991 17.3 12.6 14.5 11.0 4.3 11.3 4.023 13.000 -0.23152 0.03090 Cameroon 1998 25.4 19.7 15.5 13.7 7.6 17.4 3.342 17.800 -0.21083 0.02913 Cameroon 2004 21.9 17.5 14.7 8.2 4.5 14.4 4.848 17.392 -0.22866 0.02505 Central African Republic 1994/95 25.0 19.8 19.8 19.6 14.6 19.8 1.712 10.400 -0.10492 0.02404 Chad 1996/97 28.1 24.8 26.5 23.0 21.8 24.9 1.289 6.300 -0.04385 0.01272 Chad 2004 27.5 23.0 22.9 21.3 19.2 22.7 1.429 8.245 -0.06098 0.01467 Comoros 1996 22.4 22.3 13.3 15.4 14.4 17.9 1.556 8.000 -0.11910 0.04086 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 21.3 19.6 19.1 15.1 10.2 17.5 2.088 11.100 -0.12268 0.02100 Eritrea 1995 26.7 32.6 26.4 26.5 19.1 26.8 1.398 7.600 -0.06408 0.01980 Ethiopia 2000 32.1 32.0 32.8 29.1 28.8 31.1 1.115 3.300 -0.06776 0.00891 Gabon 2000 14.5 12.8 9.1 4.1 7.3 9.8 1.986 7.200 -0.21858 0.02999 Ghana 1993 22.8 22.4 21.0 18.9 10.8 19.4 2.111 12.000 -0.11322 0.02709 Ghana 1998 23.6 22.8 19.3 17.3 11.0 19.6 2.145 12.600 -0.11649 0.02155 Ghana 2003 22.2 19.0 18.0 13.1 9.8 17.3 2.271 12.436 -0.13276 0.02135 Guinea 1999 22.3 20.6 18.0 16.6 13.3 18.1 1.677 9.000 -0.09942 0.02210 Kenya 1993 19.7 18.2 16.0 17.9 11.0 16.8 1.790 8.684 -0.08765 0.01841 Kenya 1998 24.5 20.5 16.2 13.7 8.2 17.3 2.988 16.300 -0.16745 0.01873 Kenya 2003 21.6 17.2 15.2 14.7 7.5 15.8 2.887 14.145 -0.18583 0.01809 Madagascar 1997 29.1 27.2 26.5 27.5 23.6 27.2 1.233 5.500 -0.03645 0.01717 Malawi 1992 21.7 25.1 21.0 17.6 13.4 19.9 1.619 8.300 -0.10845 0.01889 Malawi 2000 23.9 21.9 20.9 18.5 10.5 19.6 2.276 13.400 -0.11828 0.01169 Mali 1995/96 25.9 27.4 23.0 21.3 19.6 23.5 1.321 6.300 -0.06175 0.01506 Mali 2001 26.0 27.3 24.4 20.4 12.8 22.5 2.031 13.200 -0.11387 0.01080 Mauritania 2000/01 23.2 25.1 23.7 22.8 15.2 22.1 1.526 8.000 -0.09640 0.01834 Mozambique 1997 21.6 23.3 19.6 14.5 9.7 17.1 2.227 11.900 -0.19271 0.02221 Mozambique 2003 21.2 20.7 20.2 14.7 6.6 17.5 3.238 14.676 -0.14049 0.01302 Namibia 1992 26.8 22.3 23.4 17.8 11.8 20.4 2.271 15.000 -0.12632 0.02201 Namibia 2000 21.8 22.6 21.9 11.9 10.2 18.2 2.137 11.600 -0.15977 0.02159 Niger 1998 29.6 30.0 29.7 31.5 25.7 29.4 1.152 3.900 -0.02771 0.01388 Nigeria 1990 23.8 22.8 28.5 25.8 17.3 23.5 1.376 6.500 -0.06322 0.01272 Nigeria 2003 23.7 24.7 20.7 18.7 9.9 19.6 2.393 13.821 -0.10462 0.01766 Rwanda 2000 19.2 23.6 22.5 18.6 11.6 19.2 1.655 7.600 -0.11124 0.01388 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 28.2 25.4 23.1 20.6 15.4 22.9 1.831 12.800 -0.10046 0.01433 Tanzania 1999 23.6 27.9 23.5 18.3 17.7 22.5 1.333 5.900 -0.09132 0.01834 Tanzania 2004 20.3 20.8 18.5 16.8 10.9 17.9 1.862 9.420 -0.10060 0.01456 Togo 1998 23.2 19.5 18.0 18.2 10.2 18.4 2.275 13.000 -0.12707 0.02061 Uganda 1995 22.1 21.7 18.8 18.5 12.3 18.9 1.797 9.800 -0.11845 0.01649 Uganda 2000/01 21.4 19.5 19.7 15.0 9.8 17.6 2.184 11.600 -0.13181 0.01629 Zambia 1996 22.9 21.7 18.6 15.2 11.1 18.1 2.063 11.800 -0.13847 0.01667 Zambia 2001 23.8 22.2 21.3 19.1 16.9 21.0 1.408 6.900 -0.07055 0.01557 Zimbabwe 1994 15.8 16.8 9.4 11.6 7.7 12.5 2.052 8.100 -0.15989 0.03296 Zimbabwe 1999 15.8 12.7 13.4 9.0 5.7 11.4 2.772 10.100 -0.16207 0.02987 G. ALL COUNTRIES 20.5 18.9 17.0 14.8 11.1 16.9 1.838 9.333 -0.15033 0.02542 - 40 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status SEVERE UNDERWEIGHT AMONG CHILDREN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 16.7 12.3 11.9 12.3 5.6 12.5 2.982 11.100 -0.13218 0.02540 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 3.0 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.0 1.7 3.017 1.983 -0.22171 0.22298 Armenia 2000 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 1.250 0.100 -0.28525 0.43430 Kazakhstan 1995 1.3 2.6 0.3 2.4 0.8 1.5 1.625 0.500 -0.11634 0.15064 Kazakhstan 1999 0.0 0.3 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 - 0.000 na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 3.0 1.0 1.8 0.8 1.0 1.7 3.000 2.000 -0.25796 0.14020 Turkey 1993 6.1 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.0 1.9 - 6.100 -0.51751 0.08604 Turkey 1998 3.1 1.8 1.2 0.3 0.0 1.4 - 3.100 -0.21541 0.23050 Turkmenistan 2000 1.4 1.4 1.5 2.4 1.7 1.7 0.824 0.300 na na Uzbekistan 1996 9.8 3.1 1.0 6.8 2.8 5.0 3.500 7.000 -0.12820 0.08694 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 2.9 1.9 1.4 0.6 0.3 1.6 9.673 2.631 -0.36907 0.08250 Bolivia 1998 2.2 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.7 1.1 3.143 1.500 -0.32572 0.07579 Bolivia 2003 2.6 1.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 1.2 - 2.560 -0.36941 0.05503 Brazil 1996 1.2 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.6 4.000 0.900 -0.28829 0.13720 Colombia 1995 2.0 0.7 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.9 6.667 1.700 -0.39933 0.10211 Colombia 2000 1.5 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.8 7.500 1.300 -0.34370 0.11010 Colombia 2005 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 7.802 0.888 -0.49778 0.09010 Dominican Republic 1996 2.0 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.9 - 2.000 -0.41560 0.20450 Dominican Republic 2002 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.5 6.256 0.928 -0.35679 0.09288 Guatemala 1995 8.5 8.6 6.0 2.2 0.9 5.9 9.444 7.600 -0.25890 0.02542 Guatemala 1998/99 8.5 6.4 5.9 0.5 0.0 4.7 - 8.500 -0.25450 0.03703 Haiti 1994/95 13.3 8.4 7.8 5.5 1.6 8.1 8.313 11.700 -0.26034 0.03718 Haiti 2000 5.9 3.8 3.6 2.1 1.3 3.5 4.538 4.600 -0.26180 0.04333 Nicaragua 1997/98 3.4 2.1 1.5 0.9 0.5 1.9 6.800 2.900 -0.28722 0.09202 Nicaragua 2001 3.2 2.0 1.0 1.2 0.5 1.8 6.400 2.700 -0.37141 0.06257 Paraguay 1990 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.5 2.333 0.400 -0.29491 0.15512 Peru 1996 2.5 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.1 5.000 2.000 -0.59107 0.05658 Peru 2000 2.2 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 - 2.200 -0.62673 0.06927 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 6.6 5.6 4.3 3.5 1.9 4.4 3.477 4.684 -0.25806 0.06273 Egypt 1995 4.2 3.2 2.1 1.8 1.4 2.6 2.951 2.775 -0.24167 0.03802 Egypt 2000 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 12.000 1.100 -0.36166 0.08492 Jordan 1997 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.5 14.000 1.300 -0.14645 0.08832 Morocco 1992 4.1 3.0 0.9 0.3 0.4 2.0 10.250 3.700 -0.44802 0.06771 Morocco 2003/04 3.9 2.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 2.0 3.662 2.836 -0.32870 0.06257 Yemen 1997 19.8 19.4 15.4 12.4 6.3 14.5 3.143 13.500 -0.19544 0.01512 E. SOUTH ASIA 20.9 17.7 14.5 10.5 5.9 14.3 3.549 15.037 -0.21171 0.01711 Bangladesh 1996/97 24.5 26.2 22.0 17.7 9.9 20.7 2.475 14.600 -0.14361 0.01517 Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 18.0 14.6 12.2 10.3 6.0 12.8 3.010 12.050 -0.20136 0.01883 India 1992/93 29.4 27.1 21.9 16.5 10.4 21.5 2.827 19.000 -0.19352 0.00624 India 1998/99 28.2 22.3 18.4 12.0 5.3 18.0 5.321 22.900 -0.25506 0.00764 Nepal 1996 20.1 19.6 17.6 14.1 4.4 16.1 4.568 15.700 -0.15413 0.02008 Nepal 2001 16.7 15.5 11.9 10.4 5.0 12.7 3.340 11.700 -0.17109 0.01802 Pakistan 1990/91 20.8 18.3 15.6 9.4 7.3 13.6 2.849 13.500 -0.21934 0.02393 - 41 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status SEVERE UNDERWEIGHT AMONG CHILDREN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 11.0 9.5 8.1 6.6 3.6 8.0 3.059 7.372 -0.21689 0.03612 Benin 1996 11.9 8.0 6.9 4.6 4.5 7.4 2.644 7.400 -0.21508 0.04401 Benin 2001 7.5 8.0 4.5 3.0 1.2 5.0 6.250 6.300 -0.25924 0.03906 Burkina Faso 1992/93 9.2 10.8 10.5 10.9 4.0 9.3 2.273 5.151 -0.14478 0.02353 Burkina Faso 1998/99 15.6 13.5 12.1 11.1 5.8 11.8 2.680 9.751 -0.16271 0.02445 Burkina Faso 2003 16.4 14.9 15.0 13.6 6.3 13.7 2.608 10.137 -0.11702 0.01531 Cameroon 1991 7.5 4.8 4.6 1.8 2.0 3.8 3.750 5.500 -0.30120 0.05806 Cameroon 1998 7.2 6.1 5.0 2.9 1.5 4.8 4.800 5.700 -0.24431 0.05581 Cameroon 2004 6.4 6.1 4.3 1.2 0.2 4.1 27.772 6.167 -0.34513 0.04879 Central African Republic 1994/95 11.5 7.3 8.7 4.5 5.0 7.5 2.300 6.500 -0.19929 0.04335 Chad 1996/97 21.4 14.5 13.5 12.0 7.0 13.9 3.057 14.400 -0.18529 0.01833 Chad 2004 20.8 11.9 14.5 14.4 9.3 14.0 2.242 11.534 -0.13928 0.01965 Comoros 1996 13.4 11.2 5.6 4.3 3.4 7.9 3.941 10.000 -0.29300 0.06548 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 9.4 7.7 7.0 3.2 2.8 6.3 3.357 6.600 -0.23037 0.03820 Eritrea 1995 24.0 21.9 13.2 13.7 6.3 17.0 3.810 17.700 -0.21957 0.02806 Ethiopia 2000 17.3 19.0 18.0 15.6 8.2 16.0 2.110 9.100 -0.12232 0.01255 Gabon 2000 4.4 1.8 2.6 0.4 0.7 2.1 6.286 3.700 -0.39412 0.06738 Ghana 1993 10.4 10.1 12.4 3.8 1.9 7.9 5.474 8.500 -0.23198 0.04189 Ghana 1998 9.0 5.2 5.3 3.1 0.7 5.2 12.857 8.300 -0.29569 0.04655 Ghana 2003 8.2 4.8 3.0 3.1 1.7 4.6 4.890 6.520 -0.30774 0.04906 Guinea 1999 6.2 6.9 5.9 3.2 3.6 5.1 1.722 2.600 -0.15415 0.04500 Kenya 1993 9.9 6.4 5.1 3.6 2.8 5.8 3.486 7.074 -0.22175 0.03592 Kenya 1998 7.1 6.2 3.8 3.4 2.1 4.8 3.381 5.000 -0.21487 0.03966 Kenya 2003 7.6 3.1 3.6 2.8 1.8 4.0 4.119 5.766 -0.32337 0.04331 Madagascar 1997 16.0 12.9 12.6 11.6 8.2 12.8 1.951 7.800 -0.11790 0.02634 Malawi 1992 12.4 7.5 7.6 6.5 4.0 7.7 3.100 8.400 -0.18083 0.03331 Malawi 2000 8.7 7.4 5.7 4.0 2.3 5.9 3.783 6.400 -0.21338 0.02284 Mali 1995/96 21.3 18.3 16.5 16.8 8.5 16.5 2.506 12.800 -0.13216 0.01848 Mali 2001 13.2 14.1 12.3 9.3 3.9 10.8 3.385 9.300 -0.15294 0.01635 Mauritania 2000/01 14.2 12.5 10.9 7.6 3.1 9.8 4.581 11.100 -0.22055 0.02997 Mozambique 1997 15.3 10.9 7.6 7.8 4.5 9.1 3.400 10.800 -0.23398 0.03221 Mozambique 2003 9.8 7.3 5.8 4.6 1.9 6.3 5.243 7.922 -0.25246 0.02376 Namibia 1992 8.9 7.5 7.2 4.4 0.8 5.8 11.125 8.100 -0.24765 0.04496 Namibia 2000 8.0 5.9 3.7 4.5 1.4 4.9 5.714 6.600 -0.23236 0.04622 Niger 1998 22.5 23.0 22.3 20.0 11.2 20.2 2.009 11.300 -0.12284 0.01645 Nigeria 1990 16.4 16.2 10.6 10.1 4.9 11.8 3.347 11.500 -0.20616 0.01869 Nigeria 2003 11.5 12.4 10.3 8.2 3.4 9.1 3.409 8.094 -0.16979 0.02684 Rwanda 2000 7.3 6.4 5.2 5.3 2.7 5.3 2.704 4.600 -0.16244 0.03003 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 11.6 8.0 8.5 6.6 2.8 7.8 4.143 8.800 -0.20022 0.02751 Tanzania 1999 8.6 7.2 5.3 5.6 4.0 6.3 2.150 4.600 -0.15721 0.03864 Tanzania 2004 5.0 5.0 3.9 2.9 0.6 3.7 8.092 4.404 -0.24663 0.03362 Togo 1998 8.8 10.3 5.0 5.1 1.9 6.7 4.632 6.900 -0.22341 0.03629 Uganda 1995 8.9 8.7 6.5 5.4 3.3 6.7 2.697 5.600 -0.18890 0.02919 Uganda 2000/01 6.0 6.6 4.9 3.9 1.9 4.9 3.158 4.100 -0.21949 0.03222 Zambia 1996 8.7 6.6 5.2 3.3 1.8 5.3 4.833 6.900 -0.23747 0.03165 Zambia 2001 9.5 6.9 8.3 6.8 3.0 7.2 3.167 6.500 -0.13726 0.02746 Zimbabwe 1994 2.8 3.3 4.4 3.2 1.5 3.0 1.867 1.300 -0.13321 0.06630 Zimbabwe 1999 2.1 2.3 1.2 1.2 0.7 1.5 3.000 1.400 -0.27997 0.09161 G. ALL COUNTRIES 9.2 7.6 6.4 5.1 2.8 6.4 3.285 6.365 -0.24644 0.06029 - 42 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MILD ANEMIA AMONG CHILDREN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 31.0 33.4 29.1 26.9 29.5 30.3 1.051 1.500 -0.01113 0.02202 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 23.0 21.3 21.6 23.1 21.2 21.9 1.085 1.800 -0.02591 0.03827 Armenia 2000 19.8 15.7 12.1 12.1 8.7 14.0 2.276 11.100 -0.13813 0.03787 Kazakhstan 1995 29.9 36.6 31.1 28.2 28.1 31.0 1.064 1.800 -0.01873 0.03057 Kazakhstan 1999 19.6 16.8 15.0 18.5 22.0 18.0 0.891 2.400 0.06942 0.05767 Kyrgyzstan 1997 26.6 26.9 22.8 22.9 23.4 24.8 1.137 3.200 -0.06971 0.03275 Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 20.5 14.5 22.3 23.1 18.0 19.6 1.139 2.500 na na Uzbekistan 1996 28.5 32.4 35.7 38.8 33.9 33.3 0.841 5.400 0.03479 0.02480 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 21.7 21.3 17.0 20.5 17.2 19.8 1.262 4.500 -0.03678 0.02746 Bolivia 2003 26.9 27.4 25.0 18.9 20.3 24.5 1.320 6.517 -0.06417 0.01985 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 30.6 31.2 27.3 29.5 28.2 29.6 1.085 2.400 0.01407 0.01854 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na -0.03338 0.03247 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 22.6 21.2 21.7 15.5 13.1 18.9 1.725 9.500 -0.10538 0.01647 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 23.3 22.6 21.9 22.4 23.8 22.8 0.979 0.500 0.00744 0.00748 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 43 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MILD ANEMIA AMONG CHILDREN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 18.1 22.0 27.3 21.1 20.5 21.7 0.883 2.400 0.02669 0.02377 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 20.6 16.4 16.2 19.0 21.6 18.3 0.954 0.989 0.02160 0.02474 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 24.1 23.0 21.5 20.1 25.4 22.8 0.951 1.240 -0.00915 0.02135 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 19.0 21.9 23.8 22.9 28.0 22.6 0.678 9.024 0.06931 0.01984 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 18.5 19.4 22.4 23.4 23.0 21.0 0.804 4.500 0.06143 0.02395 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 16.1 19.0 15.7 20.1 21.6 18.2 0.745 5.500 0.03289 0.02476 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 22.0 25.4 22.8 26.7 27.2 24.6 0.811 5.145 0.04589 0.01273 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 22.1 19.5 19.1 20.5 20.5 20.3 1.078 1.600 -0.00859 0.01623 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 44 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MODERATE ANEMIA AMONG CHILDREN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 34.1 30.5 33.3 34.3 17.5 31.2 1.949 16.600 -0.06396 0.02086 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 22.6 20.1 18.0 16.9 14.6 19.0 1.541 7.920 -0.13199 0.04057 Armenia 2000 17.0 12.2 6.6 2.5 7.0 9.6 2.429 10.000 -0.22943 0.04714 Kazakhstan 1995 36.9 37.5 29.0 31.3 26.1 32.8 1.414 10.800 -0.05765 0.03070 Kazakhstan 1999 25.1 15.9 19.0 13.7 11.9 18.1 2.109 13.200 -0.17543 0.05179 Kyrgyzstan 1997 25.1 33.6 27.2 20.7 20.1 25.8 1.249 5.000 -0.03959 0.03123 Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 15.8 12.8 14.4 19.3 16.4 15.7 0.963 0.600 na na Uzbekistan 1996 29.8 26.0 22.9 28.1 17.8 25.8 1.674 12.000 -0.08350 0.03213 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 38.6 32.8 37.7 23.1 18.7 32.4 2.064 19.900 -0.08340 0.01929 Bolivia 2003 26.8 26.2 22.4 22.0 18.8 24.0 1.429 8.048 -0.07738 0.01984 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 31.0 35.3 41.3 36.7 26.9 34.5 1.152 4.100 0.01375 0.01584 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na -0.01823 0.02776 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 14.5 12.8 12.1 11.3 6.0 11.4 2.417 8.500 -0.15562 0.02343 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 49.6 50.5 47.4 44.3 36.4 46.2 1.363 13.200 -0.05171 0.00432 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 45 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MODERATE ANEMIA AMONG CHILDREN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 58.9 51.4 51.3 51.9 39.5 51.6 1.491 19.400 -0.05284 0.01260 Burkina Faso 1992/933 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 61.5 63.8 62.2 57.8 51.5 60.1 1.195 10.043 -0.03489 0.00933 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 43.6 43.6 43.9 38.5 30.8 41.0 1.416 12.806 -0.05996 0.01341 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 56.5 51.9 50.7 40.8 31.9 48.1 1.771 24.595 -0.09739 0.01093 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 46.6 51.1 48.0 39.9 36.7 45.2 1.270 9.900 -0.04863 0.01362 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 56.7 52.2 57.7 51.2 44.5 53.0 1.274 12.200 -0.03436 0.01113 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 50.0 44.4 44.5 37.3 32.6 42.5 1.532 17.342 -0.06394 0.00822 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 39.4 40.2 39.1 38.4 30.4 38.0 1.296 9.000 -0.04025 0.01039 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 46 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status SEVERE ANEMIA AMONG CHILDREN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 3.1 2.6 0.7 1.9 0.7 2.0 4.429 2.400 -0.35651 0.11849 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 1.4 1.0 1.4 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.972 0.700 -0.19396 0.22747 Armenia 2000 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.4 4.000 0.600 -0.18442 0.30210 Kazakhstan 1995 7.5 5.5 8.3 5.6 0.9 6.1 8.333 6.600 -0.11792 0.07912 Kazakhstan 1999 3.9 0.3 0.0 0.6 1.6 1.4 2.438 2.300 -0.47832 0.29786 Kyrgyzstan 1997 1.5 2.0 2.8 0.8 0.7 1.6 2.143 0.800 -0.11713 0.15009 Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 0.3 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.6 - 0.300 na na Uzbekistan 1996 0.6 1.9 2.1 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.545 0.500 0.00403 0.15981 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 4.5 2.4 4.1 3.8 0.7 3.4 6.429 3.800 -0.02447 0.06663 Bolivia 2003 1.5 1.6 1.9 3.1 0.3 1.8 4.447 1.160 0.06471 0.08460 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 1.2 0.7 2.3 3.6 1.0 1.7 1.200 0.200 0.07421 0.07868 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na -0.30616 0.17248 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 - 0.500 -0.35792 0.20215 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.6 3.7 5.5 1.595 2.200 -0.08641 0.01627 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 47 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status SEVERE ANEMIA AMONG CHILDREN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 10.2 13.1 7.8 6.4 5.1 8.8 2.000 5.100 -0.15125 0.03918 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 10.7 14.6 14.2 17.2 7.2 13.2 1.480 3.465 0.00713 0.02687 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 5.6 5.6 5.1 4.6 1.8 4.8 3.134 3.803 -0.14084 0.04808 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 7.5 7.5 6.1 4.4 2.3 5.9 3.182 5.114 -0.12120 0.03885 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 10.7 8.4 6.9 6.5 3.4 7.7 3.147 7.300 -0.18144 0.04273 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 14.1 11.2 13.8 11.9 4.3 11.5 3.279 9.800 -0.13573 0.03198 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 5.3 5.0 4.3 2.6 2.4 4.0 2.240 2.915 -0.16677 0.03096 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 7.8 9.9 6.9 5.4 2.2 6.8 3.545 5.600 -0.17991 0.02782 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 48 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MALNUTRITION AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 24.3 21.4 20.9 20.7 16.8 20.7 1.446 7.500 -0.06919 0.01405 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 7.0 7.0 6.1 7.1 6.6 6.8 1.064 0.417 0.00566 0.04442 Armenia 2000 2.5 3.1 3.6 4.2 3.9 3.5 0.641 1.400 0.07284 0.03932 Kazakhstan 1995 10.7 8.3 7.4 6.7 7.3 7.9 1.466 3.400 -0.08172 0.03339 Kazakhstan 1999 7.1 8.1 5.4 6.9 9.1 7.4 0.780 2.000 0.04701 0.04495 Kyrgyzstan 1997 7.3 6.3 6.0 7.9 7.0 6.9 1.043 0.300 -0.00224 0.03521 Turkey 1993 2.7 1.1 2.0 4.4 3.2 2.6 0.844 0.500 0.13585 0.07273 Turkey 1998 1.5 2.7 2.7 4.0 1.5 2.5 1.000 0.000 0.01610 0.07647 Turkmenistan 2000 11.1 10.2 9.1 9.0 9.9 9.9 1.121 1.200 na na Uzbekistan 1996 12.3 11.4 9.5 10.8 7.9 10.3 1.557 4.400 -0.10543 0.02615 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 6.0 4.3 4.8 4.0 3.8 4.5 1.585 2.219 0.00764 0.04139 Bolivia 1998 0.5 0.2 0.9 1.0 2.2 0.9 0.227 1.700 0.29763 0.10738 Bolivia 2003 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.5 1.8 0.710 0.714 0.15842 0.03443 Brazil 1996 8.8 4.6 6.8 5.3 5.4 6.3 1.630 3.400 -0.14384 0.04350 Colombia 1995 5.9 4.0 3.7 3.6 1.2 3.8 4.917 4.700 -0.17755 0.05086 Colombia 2000 3.2 4.2 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.2 1.067 0.200 -0.12095 0.05724 Colombia 2005 5.9 5.8 5.3 5.3 4.4 5.3 1.353 1.549 -0.03278 0.01381 Dominican Republic 1996 10.4 7.7 7.2 7.2 6.1 7.5 1.705 4.300 -0.14014 0.02430 Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 4.2 4.4 3.3 4.4 2.0 3.7 2.100 2.200 -0.09562 0.04334 Guatemala 1998/99 3.7 2.3 2.3 0.9 0.5 2.0 7.400 3.200 -0.06531 0.09070 Haiti 1994/95 24.9 23.6 18.7 15.1 9.3 18.7 2.677 15.600 -0.16168 0.02619 Haiti 2000 17.3 12.6 13.4 9.6 8.1 11.5 2.136 9.200 na na Nicaragua 1997/98 4.1 4.2 4.0 5.1 4.2 4.4 0.976 0.100 0.02834 0.02477 Nicaragua 2001 3.4 2.4 3.8 3.5 4.0 3.5 0.850 0.600 0.01790 0.02880 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 1.3 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.182 0.200 -0.00637 0.05794 Peru 2000 1.2 0.9 0.7 1.7 1.7 1.3 0.706 0.500 0.11143 0.03711 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 12.9 10.8 8.3 6.4 5.3 8.8 2.443 7.603 -0.23632 0.03481 Egypt 1995 2.6 1.9 1.7 0.4 0.4 1.4 6.585 2.179 -0.36587 0.06015 Egypt 2000 1.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.6 14.000 1.300 -0.44855 0.07568 Jordan 1997 3.3 2.5 2.2 1.0 2.2 2.3 1.500 1.100 na na Morocco 1992 6.2 2.9 4.9 3.3 1.8 3.9 3.444 4.400 -0.19357 0.05400 Morocco 2003/04 7.8 7.9 7.1 6.9 5.7 7.0 1.372 2.112 -0.06160 0.01595 Yemen 1997 39.0 32.1 23.5 17.2 13.1 25.2 2.977 25.900 -0.19883 0.01280 E. SOUTH ASIA 41.1 38.6 36.2 29.8 15.4 32.0 2.674 25.726 -0.15558 0.00665 Bangladesh 1996/97 64.5 57.4 53.3 48.3 32.6 52.0 1.979 31.900 -0.11286 0.00838 Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 46.1 39.1 34.4 29.9 16.7 33.2 2.758 29.377 -0.18434 0.00707 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 50.4 46.5 41.0 30.3 14.5 36.2 3.476 35.900 -0.20284 0.00254 Nepal 1996 25.7 28.3 35.1 30.1 21.4 28.3 1.201 4.300 0.00331 0.01533 Nepal 2001 26.8 30.1 33.1 29.1 14.9 26.7 1.799 11.900 -0.07957 0.01034 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 49 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MALNUTRITION AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 17.5 15.8 14.2 12.9 9.0 13.8 1.946 8.507 -0.13246 0.02367 Benin 1996 21.0 16.7 14.1 12.2 7.0 15.0 3.000 14.000 -0.17623 0.02888 Benin 2001 16.3 12.8 12.2 9.1 5.9 10.7 2.763 10.400 -0.19187 0.02285 Burkina Faso 1992/93 13.2 15.1 15.3 14.2 9.4 13.6 1.414 3.879 -0.07685 0.01941 Burkina Faso 1998/99 15.6 15.5 14.1 11.0 9.2 13.3 1.696 6.400 -0.11188 0.02479 Burkina Faso 2003 24.3 23.4 23.2 19.4 8.9 19.5 2.739 15.442 -0.14348 0.01021 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 12.4 9.8 6.4 3.9 4.3 7.9 2.884 8.100 -0.24570 0.04893 Cameroon 2004 8.7 11.2 4.6 5.0 3.6 6.3 2.430 5.124 -0.16821 0.03254 Central African Republic 1994/95 16.3 16.7 15.0 16.6 11.2 15.3 1.455 5.100 -0.05967 0.03028 Chad 1996/97 27.5 19.4 19.0 18.5 21.0 21.1 1.310 6.500 -0.03067 0.01877 Chad 2004 29.9 17.8 20.2 18.0 14.7 20.0 2.031 15.184 -0.13536 0.01702 Comoros 1996 7.4 11.3 11.3 12.8 8.6 10.3 0.860 1.200 0.02650 0.06179 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 11.0 9.2 7.8 5.4 5.7 8.0 1.930 5.300 -0.16170 0.03786 Eritrea 1995 44.7 50.7 41.3 39.1 21.0 40.6 2.129 23.700 -0.13575 0.01643 Ethiopia 2000 31.8 32.3 32.6 31.4 24.6 30.1 1.293 7.200 -0.10416 0.00711 Gabon 2000 9.0 6.9 6.8 5.8 4.0 6.6 2.250 5.000 -0.15564 0.04357 Ghana 1993 11.6 14.6 14.2 11.6 7.2 12.1 1.611 4.400 -0.07197 0.03526 Ghana 1998 17.6 13.3 9.8 7.2 4.8 11.3 3.667 12.800 -0.20444 0.03336 Ghana 2003 14.5 11.4 10.4 6.6 4.4 9.0 3.289 10.114 -0.23976 0.02470 Guinea 1999 16.7 11.7 10.5 10.0 9.0 11.8 1.856 7.700 -0.12058 0.02880 Kenya 1993 13.2 10.5 9.4 7.8 5.0 9.3 2.640 8.175 -0.15493 0.02880 Kenya 1998 17.6 15.5 11.5 8.1 5.5 11.9 3.200 12.100 -0.17577 0.02802 Kenya 2003 21.4 15.8 11.9 9.3 4.6 11.8 4.644 16.769 -0.28151 0.01756 Madagascar 1997 24.3 22.8 18.4 18.9 15.1 20.6 1.609 9.200 -0.09077 0.02135 Malawi 1992 14.1 11.3 8.1 8.9 6.0 9.7 2.350 8.100 -0.13888 0.03759 Malawi 2000 10.4 9.5 10.2 8.1 6.0 8.8 1.733 4.400 -0.11082 0.01787 Mali 1995/96 15.9 18.3 16.1 18.1 12.2 16.2 1.303 3.700 -0.04816 0.02055 Mali 2001 13.0 13.7 13.5 13.3 10.2 12.6 1.275 2.800 -0.05788 0.01487 Mauritania 2000/01 17.3 14.6 16.1 10.3 8.5 13.0 2.035 8.800 -0.12590 0.01758 Mozambique 1997 17.2 13.8 11.4 6.1 4.2 10.9 4.095 13.000 -0.13469 0.02795 Mozambique 2003 9.7 10.3 8.9 7.0 4.7 8.1 2.043 4.934 -0.13490 0.01735 Namibia 1992 19.3 17.3 15.8 13.7 5.3 13.7 3.642 14.000 -0.20407 0.02971 Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 26.7 20.8 19.4 23.0 12.8 20.7 2.086 13.900 -0.10312 0.01848 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 20.0 16.2 14.4 12.3 8.6 14.0 2.319 11.376 -0.13913 0.01665 Rwanda 2000 11.7 8.8 9.8 8.8 7.1 9.0 1.648 4.600 -0.09054 0.01840 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 12.2 7.7 9.3 9.1 7.1 9.2 1.718 5.100 -0.11289 0.03115 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 11.3 10.8 10.0 8.7 7.2 9.4 1.573 4.132 -0.08298 0.01953 Togo 1998 13.3 12.2 9.8 9.9 7.9 10.9 1.684 5.400 -0.11718 0.02962 Uganda 1995 12.7 11.8 10.2 9.3 5.8 10.1 2.190 6.900 -0.15921 0.02939 Uganda 2000/01 15.4 14.6 9.2 9.1 4.9 10.4 3.143 10.500 -0.19705 0.02111 Zambia 1996 10.2 10.2 10.1 7.4 7.9 9.1 1.291 2.300 -0.08297 0.03080 Zambia 2001 21.3 19.1 15.9 10.7 10.4 15.0 2.048 10.900 -0.18175 0.01754 Zimbabwe 1994 5.7 7.8 5.6 5.0 1.2 5.1 4.750 4.500 -0.18142 0.05510 Zimbabwe 1999 8.5 5.5 5.4 6.1 4.1 5.8 2.073 4.400 -0.14078 0.03438 G. ALL COUNTRIES 15.7 14.1 12.8 11.5 8.2 12.4 1.924 7.538 -0.10488 0.02783 - 50 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MILD ANEMIA AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 44.8 45.0 41.1 45.9 42.3 43.8 1.059 2.500 -0.01207 0.01089 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 30.8 30.4 31.7 29.1 26.4 29.5 1.166 4.380 -0.04890 0.01631 Armenia 2000 14.4 12.7 11.2 7.9 6.1 10.2 2.361 8.300 -0.12418 0.02124 Kazakhstan 1995 39.3 37.9 37.6 35.5 36.2 37.1 1.086 3.100 -0.03666 0.01186 Kazakhstan 1999 30.3 25.8 26.7 27.0 24.2 26.6 1.252 6.100 -0.06780 0.02022 Kyrgyzstan 1997 28.3 26.4 32.1 29.5 23.0 27.7 1.230 5.300 -0.00658 0.01415 Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 38.7 38.2 41.0 37.6 34.0 37.8 1.138 4.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 42.1 48.9 47.3 43.5 44.6 45.3 0.944 2.500 0.00296 0.00965 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 25.3 23.7 23.7 19.4 13.8 20.6 1.833 11.500 -0.12117 0.01837 Bolivia 2003 11.7 10.2 8.0 7.7 5.0 8.1 2.328 6.673 -0.13577 0.02508 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 36.0 34.3 35.8 39.4 35.6 36.3 1.011 0.400 0.00160 0.01120 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na -0.07805 0.02067 Peru 2000 29.6 30.2 23.9 23.1 22.9 25.4 1.293 6.700 -0.07146 0.01323 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 25.6 22.2 24.4 22.9 19.3 22.7 1.326 6.300 -0.04760 0.01212 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 40.3 38.2 34.8 32.5 30.3 35.2 1.330 10.000 -0.05940 0.00275 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 51 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MILD ANEMIA AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 40.5 38.5 40.5 41.0 42.5 40.7 0.953 2.000 0.01685 0.01262 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 17.8 14.9 16.1 17.3 14.7 16.0 1.209 3.085 -0.01533 0.02026 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 11.0 12.9 13.7 13.6 14.9 13.3 0.743 3.823 0.04880 0.02196 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 17.4 14.9 15.0 12.2 12.1 14.1 1.441 5.332 -0.08481 0.01876 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 33.6 33.6 32.6 28.2 16.9 30.1 1.988 16.700 -0.08674 0.01486 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 42.8 41.0 38.1 40.3 33.3 39.1 1.285 9.500 -0.02485 0.01202 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 36.5 35.5 31.8 28.4 29.6 32.1 1.234 6.908 -0.02762 0.00875 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 24.9 24.0 23.0 23.5 15.9 22.1 1.566 9.000 -0.08627 0.01262 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 52 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MODERATE ANEMIA AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 19.1 15.5 13.2 10.8 5.3 12.7 3.604 13.800 -0.22565 0.02456 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 9.2 9.2 8.5 8.2 6.4 8.3 1.429 2.760 -0.08984 0.03591 Armenia 2000 2.4 2.9 1.6 1.9 1.4 2.0 1.714 1.000 -0.09535 0.05327 Kazakhstan 1995 14.0 13.8 8.5 10.6 7.9 10.6 1.772 6.100 -0.08609 0.02698 Kazakhstan 1999 8.3 8.9 7.5 7.1 7.2 7.7 1.153 1.100 -0.08645 0.04239 Kyrgyzstan 1997 10.5 10.8 10.1 6.9 7.1 9.0 1.479 3.400 -0.09126 0.02673 Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 7.7 8.5 9.7 10.4 5.8 8.4 1.328 1.900 na na Uzbekistan 1996 17.1 14.9 13.8 14.7 10.7 14.2 1.598 6.400 -0.08628 0.02127 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 11.4 5.3 5.7 4.1 3.1 5.5 3.677 8.300 -0.20524 0.03827 Bolivia 2003 7.7 7.0 7.4 4.4 4.2 5.9 1.831 3.495 -0.15454 0.02977 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 13.6 17.8 13.4 17.4 16.1 15.8 0.845 2.500 0.01206 0.01865 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na -0.10047 0.04387 Peru 2000 8.5 4.8 6.3 5.9 4.5 5.9 1.889 4.000 -0.12467 0.02964 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 5.2 5.5 4.8 4.8 3.0 4.6 1.733 2.200 -0.11545 0.02847 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 19.8 16.8 14.5 13.3 10.2 14.9 1.941 9.600 -0.13832 0.00484 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 53 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status MODERATE ANEMIA AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 21.2 21.4 21.8 18.9 25.0 21.8 0.848 3.800 0.02026 0.02010 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 15.4 15.1 14.5 17.8 12.0 14.7 1.274 3.305 -0.01182 0.02094 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 10.9 11.9 11.7 11.4 11.1 11.4 0.985 0.171 -0.00977 0.02303 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 11.1 10.1 9.7 8.4 6.8 9.0 1.617 4.221 -0.05472 0.02360 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 11.4 13.3 11.6 11.3 6.3 11.1 1.810 5.100 -0.09420 0.02687 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 21.9 24.6 25.2 20.7 13.4 20.8 1.634 8.500 -0.10443 0.01799 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 14.0 14.2 13.3 12.6 15.3 14.0 0.914 1.315 0.00282 0.01425 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 7.8 9.7 7.1 8.1 5.0 7.5 1.560 2.800 -0.09321 0.02375 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 54 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status SEVERE ANEMIA AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.2 0.4 1.3 4.000 1.200 -0.26333 0.08586 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 1.1 1.5 0.7 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.667 0.440 -0.14274 0.10631 Armenia 2000 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 1.500 0.100 -0.13917 0.16110 Kazakhstan 1995 1.9 2.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.900 0.900 -0.09735 0.09056 Kazakhstan 1999 0.4 2.7 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.2 0.444 0.500 -0.07986 0.11196 Kyrgyzstan 1997 2.6 2.2 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.5 3.250 1.800 -0.16795 0.07013 Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.300 0.300 na na Uzbekistan 1996 0.9 1.1 0.7 1.4 0.4 0.9 2.250 0.500 -0.18398 0.08204 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 1.1 1.4 1.3 0.3 0.4 0.9 2.750 0.700 -0.15017 0.08246 Bolivia 2003 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.031 0.009 0.02188 0.11135 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 3.0 2.6 2.8 3.6 3.0 3.0 1.000 0.000 0.02233 0.04373 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na -0.00777 0.14725 Peru 2000 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.500 0.100 -0.11701 0.13370 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 4.500 0.700 -0.45638 0.16076 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 2.6 2.1 2.2 1.6 1.1 1.9 2.364 1.500 -0.14633 0.01330 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 55 - Part I: HNP Status Nutritional Status SEVERE ANEMIA AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 1.5 3.1 1.7 2.2 1.0 1.8 1.500 0.500 -0.07694 0.06654 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 1.7 0.7 1.3 1.5 0.6 1.1 2.989 1.133 -0.12707 0.08120 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 1.1 1.1 0.4 1.2 0.6 0.8 1.774 0.458 -0.04694 0.09092 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.5 1.2 0.8 0.414 0.698 0.05828 0.07589 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 1.3 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.625 0.500 -0.14633 0.12052 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 2.7 4.2 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.8 1.227 0.500 -0.11953 0.05887 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.6 1.2 1.1 1.319 0.384 -0.06589 0.05810 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.600 0.300 -0.16026 0.07492 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 56 - Part I: HNP Status Female Circumcision PREVALENCE OF CIRCUMCISION AMONG GIRLS Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 39.2 39.9 39.9 39.6 26.1 36.6 1.502 13.100 -0.04643 0.00617 Egypt 2000 57.3 57.6 53.9 46.3 33.9 49.5 1.690 23.400 -0.09487 0.00540 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 24.8 17.8 11.2 11.8 18.9 16.9 1.312 5.900 -0.04052 0.01508 E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 57 - Part I: HNP Status Female Circumcision PREVALENCE OF CIRCUMCISION AMONG GIRLS (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 15.4 12.8 11.2 4.2 0.4 8.7 38.500 15.000 -0.34621 0.03459 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 28.2 26.6 24.8 23.7 20.2 24.7 1.396 8.000 -0.08653 0.01170 Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 47.4 25.4 14.3 13.0 18.1 24.6 2.614 29.244 -0.19894 0.01740 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 68.7 70.9 71.9 73.7 74.3 71.6 0.925 5.600 0.00835 0.00689 Ethiopia 2000 58.0 53.1 50.9 52.2 44.9 51.9 1.292 13.100 -0.04460 0.00629 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 53.9 57.7 55.7 55.8 54.7 55.5 0.985 0.800 0.00511 0.00819 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 16.0 15.4 16.3 10.3 6.8 13.0 2.353 9.200 -0.12411 0.02258 Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 67.6 74.1 76.5 78.9 79.1 75.2 0.855 11.500 0.02211 0.00480 Mali 2001 76.3 73.3 66.0 67.9 79.2 72.4 0.963 2.900 -0.02529 0.00394 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 17.5 23.1 17.8 17.2 4.7 14.9 3.723 12.800 -0.26152 0.03329 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 19.0 15.8 18.2 16.9 21.2 18.5 0.894 2.239 -0.04871 0.02832 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 11.6 5.7 7.8 6.5 2.4 6.8 4.833 9.200 -0.25069 0.03200 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 10.8 9.3 5.9 4.0 1.1 5.7 10.284 9.763 -0.40958 0.03704 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 58 - Part I: HNP Status Female Circumcision PREVALENCE OF CIRCUMCISION AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 99.3 99.6 99.6 98.8 88.9 97.0 1.117 10.400 -0.00531 0.00160 Egypt 2000 98.0 99.1 99.2 98.7 92.2 97.3 1.063 5.800 -0.00562 0.00136 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 31.3 22.8 14.7 17.2 26.5 22.6 1.181 4.800 -0.00705 0.01197 E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 59 - Part I: HNP Status Female Circumcision PREVALENCE OF CIRCUMCISION AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 25.7 25.5 22.0 13.1 3.3 16.8 7.788 22.400 -0.28738 0.01557 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 64.9 69.4 70.6 72.3 80.3 71.6 0.808 15.400 0.03422 0.00468 Burkina Faso 2003 77.3 80.1 80.6 81.7 76.9 79.2 1.005 0.401 0.00123 0.00299 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 9.3 13.8 14.5 26.4 44.3 23.3 0.209 35.052 0.33531 0.01459 Central African Republic 1994/95 49.3 46.8 50.4 40.7 29.3 43.4 1.683 20.000 -0.09596 0.00900 Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 88.1 58.6 34.2 31.6 43.8 53.1 2.012 44.305 -0.14678 0.00661 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 60.8 36.3 44.8 44.7 29.8 42.7 2.040 31.000 -0.09584 0.00812 Eritrea 1995 96.1 96.3 94.5 94.4 92.0 94.5 1.045 4.100 -0.01473 0.00231 Ethiopia 2000 82.9 78.7 76.7 81.8 79.5 79.9 1.043 3.400 0.01260 0.00239 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 98.5 99.6 98.6 97.9 98.4 98.6 1.001 0.100 -0.00176 0.00094 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 45.4 42.9 44.4 35.5 24.1 37.6 1.884 21.300 -0.10931 0.00866 Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 88.0 95.7 96.5 95.8 92.8 93.7 0.948 4.800 0.00045 0.00264 Mali 2001 95.9 93.8 89.7 88.4 90.6 91.6 1.058 5.300 -0.02023 0.00158 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 4.9 6.3 4.6 4.0 2.3 4.5 2.130 2.600 -0.16824 0.03060 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 11.7 11.5 13.4 22.4 33.1 19.0 0.352 21.442 0.18224 0.01563 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 31.7 16.0 17.4 15.6 10.6 17.7 2.991 21.100 -0.16659 0.01472 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 20.5 18.4 16.3 12.8 7.8 14.6 2.625 12.676 -0.21633 0.01431 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 60 - Part I: HNP Status Female Circumcision PREVALENCE OF OCCLUSION AMONG GIRLS Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Indonesia 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 * * * * * * - - na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Vietnam 2002 * * * * * * - - na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Kazakhstan 1995 * * * * * * - - na na Kazakhstan 1999 * * * * * * - - na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 * * * * * * - - na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * * * - - na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 * * * * * * - - na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 * * * * * * - - na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 * * * * * * - - na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 * * * * * * - - na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 * * * * * * - - na na Paraguay 1990 * * * * * * - - na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 * * * * * * - - na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 1.4 2.6 2.8 1.6 3.4 2.3 0.412 2.000 0.08728 0.04500 Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Morocco 1992 * * * * * * - - na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 * * * * * * - - na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 * * * * * * - - na na India 1998/99 * * * * * * - - na na Nepal 1996 * * * * * * - - na na Nepal 2001 * * * * * * - - na na Pakistan 1990/91 * * * * * * - - na na - 61 - Part I: HNP Status Female Circumcision PREVALENCE OF OCCLUSION AMONG GIRLS (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 1.2 4.6 4.7 * * 3.8 - - 0.28573 0.19462 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.000 na na Burkina Faso 2003 3.8 3.3 5.6 2.3 2.1 3.6 1.800 1.708 -0.07119 0.05480 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 4.5 3.9 0.9 7.0 3.7 4.1 1.199 0.738 0.09553 0.09290 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 1.6 2.9 6.0 4.2 2.3 3.3 0.696 0.700 -0.71200 0.09577 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 8.6 4.5 4.0 5.2 1.8 5.0 4.778 6.800 -0.18591 0.05259 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.000 na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 3.4 3.7 5.8 4.7 5.2 4.5 0.654 1.800 -0.02793 0.03738 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 3.1 3.5 7.9 3.0 2.1 3.6 1.459 0.981 -0.59804 0.17453 Rwanda 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 * * * * * * - - na na Tanzania 2004 1.6 0.0 (5.4) 0.0 * 2.4 - - 0.17434 0.24674 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 * * * * * * - - na na Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 62 - Part I: HNP Status Female Circumcision PREVALENCE OF OCCLUSION AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Indonesia 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 * * * * * * - - na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Vietnam 2002 * * * * * * - - na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Kazakhstan 1995 * * * * * * - - na na Kazakhstan 1999 * * * * * * - - na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 * * * * * * - - na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * * * - - na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 * * * * * * - - na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 * * * * * * - - na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 * * * * * * - - na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 * * * * * * - - na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 * * * * * * - - na na Paraguay 1990 * * * * * * - - na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 * * * * * * - - na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.300 0.700 0.21709 0.05325 Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Morocco 1992 * * * * * * - - na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 * * * * * * - - na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 * * * * * * - - na na India 1998/99 * * * * * * - - na na Nepal 1996 * * * * * * - - na na Nepal 2001 * * * * * * - - na na Pakistan 1990/91 * * * * * * - - na na - 63 - Part I: HNP Status Female Circumcision PREVALENCE OF OCCLUSION AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 2.4 2.7 4.9 4.0 (4.5) 3.5 0.533 6.900 -0.21009 0.08073 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.167 0.500 0.34979 0.18130 Burkina Faso 2003 2.1 2.7 2.0 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.248 0.415 -0.07287 0.03948 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 1.0 1.8 1.8 2.5 5.7 2.3 0.182 4.698 0.56438 0.08772 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 60.3 57.3 32.0 23.8 5.8 34.0 10.397 54.500 -0.47698 0.01119 Ethiopia 2000 2.1 2.7 4.4 3.6 2.4 3.0 0.875 0.300 -0.66463 0.05950 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 8.3 7.5 7.9 6.6 3.6 6.7 2.306 4.700 -0.12738 0.02537 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Mali 1995/96 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.400 0.300 0.02011 0.07736 Mali 2001 1.3 1.4 2.0 1.9 2.6 1.9 0.500 1.300 0.08356 0.04203 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Niger 1998 2.9 1.3 1.4 2.0 9.3 2.6 0.312 6.400 0.09470 0.24376 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 2.6 4.2 4.7 4.1 4.0 4.0 0.646 1.404 0.01989 0.07437 Rwanda 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 8.7 3.2 6.4 3.1 1.9 5.3 4.579 6.800 -0.40735 0.07891 Tanzania 1999 * * * * * * - - na na Tanzania 2004 1.0 1.2 1.8 1.8 5.4 2.0 0.188 4.389 0.21595 0.11430 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 * * * * * * - - na na Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 64 - Part I: HNP Status Sexually Transmitted Disease PREVALENCE OF GENITAL DISCHARGE AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 28.1 25.0 21.2 22.0 17.5 22.6 1.606 10.600 -0.07675 0.01581 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.3 - 0.200 0.21100 0.14319 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 - 0.300 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 9.1 9.3 9.7 9.3 7.6 9.0 1.190 1.445 -0.09167 0.03361 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 4.000 0.300 -0.31524 0.12665 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 25.3 29.2 29.9 27.9 23.6 27.2 1.072 1.700 -0.01012 0.00968 Colombia 2005 5.5 4.9 5.3 4.6 3.9 4.8 1.431 1.667 -0.06970 0.01368 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na 0.07088 0.40304 Dominican Republic 2002 8.9 7.9 6.5 6.6 4.3 6.6 2.066 4.605 -0.11996 0.01491 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.8 2.6 1.5 0.308 1.800 0.25465 0.07442 Haiti 2000 7.7 7.0 6.6 7.8 6.4 7.1 1.203 1.300 -0.03008 0.02352 Nicaragua 1997/98 12.6 11.3 11.4 9.4 9.1 10.7 1.385 3.500 -0.07293 0.01658 Nicaragua 2001 13.8 12.9 12.9 11.9 10.3 12.2 1.340 3.500 -0.08383 0.01540 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.000 0.14466 0.15003 Peru 2000 18.0 22.8 26.7 25.0 20.7 22.9 0.870 2.700 0.06878 0.00750 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 32.1 34.9 32.6 32.4 28.7 32.1 1.118 3.400 -0.02544 0.00805 Bangladesh 2004 20.4 19.3 19.6 20.2 18.5 19.6 1.106 1.963 -0.03037 0.01069 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 65 - Part I: HNP Status Sexually Transmitted Disease PREVALENCE OF GENITAL DISCHARGE AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4.4 4.5 4.4 5.4 6.3 5.0 0.701 1.883 0.08173 0.05236 Benin 1996 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.667 0.100 0.09480 0.25836 Benin 2001 1.0 1.2 0.8 2.6 4.9 2.3 0.204 3.900 0.39768 0.05943 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 - 0.600 0.77768 0.24706 Burkina Faso 2003 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.1 9.1 3.4 0.130 7.886 0.46090 0.03274 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.583 0.500 0.13483 0.07978 Cameroon 2004 3.8 6.9 9.7 10.0 11.2 8.6 0.343 7.361 0.13801 0.01876 Central African Republic 1994/95 4.6 5.1 3.6 6.6 4.6 4.9 1.000 0.000 0.01970 0.03442 Chad 1996/97 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.333 0.400 0.26177 0.11348 Chad 2004 4.0 4.8 2.1 3.8 7.5 4.5 0.539 3.449 0.18468 0.03452 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 16.5 17.1 15.4 16.5 15.0 16.1 1.100 1.500 -0.03011 0.01717 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 5.1 5.8 5.1 5.1 6.6 5.6 0.768 1.523 0.05050 0.03147 Guinea 1999 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 - 0.500 -0.10748 0.13216 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.4 1.1 1.000 0.000 -0.07278 0.07107 Kenya 2003 2.9 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.6 1.137 0.349 0.03515 0.03671 Madagascar 1997 1.6 1.7 1.9 0.8 0.8 1.3 2.000 0.800 -0.13372 0.05837 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.2 3.5 4.8 1.429 1.500 -0.00874 0.02200 Mali 1995/96 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.500 0.100 0.05412 0.10682 Mali 2001 20.4 17.8 18.6 20.1 29.9 21.5 0.682 9.500 0.08064 0.01096 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 4.9 5.7 4.0 6.9 9.5 6.3 0.512 4.647 0.19174 0.02203 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.000 0.100 -0.19808 0.23476 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 2.3 2.2 2.5 1.4 2.9 2.3 0.800 0.577 0.01436 0.04530 Rwanda 2000 1.9 1.5 1.5 2.1 3.5 2.1 0.543 1.600 0.27095 0.05190 Senegal 1997 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.154 1.100 0.22760 0.07665 South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 2.2 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.467 0.700 -0.05896 0.05256 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 3.3 2.6 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.3 0.861 0.530 -0.01837 0.02942 Togo 1998 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 3.000 0.200 0.08491 0.10746 Uganda 1995 0.9 0.3 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.7 2.250 0.500 -0.05195 0.08960 Uganda 2000/01 7.9 9.6 9.9 13.6 13.2 10.9 0.598 5.300 0.08201 0.01938 Zambia 1996 1.3 1.4 1.8 1.4 0.7 1.3 1.857 0.600 -0.08770 0.05784 Zambia 2001 3.1 2.4 2.0 3.8 2.5 2.8 1.240 0.600 0.03235 0.04426 Zimbabwe 1994 1.3 1.7 2.1 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.300 0.300 -0.02636 0.05993 Zimbabwe 1999 6.6 4.4 5.4 8.2 6.2 6.3 1.065 0.400 0.02338 0.03198 G. ALL COUNTRIES 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.8 6.9 6.5 0.909 0.628 0.04361 0.04914 - 66 - Part I: HNP Status Sexually Transmitted Disease PREVALENCE OF GENITAL DISCHARGE AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 2.684 0.759 -0.19553 0.09582 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.800 0.400 -0.12186 0.30349 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 - 0.200 0.59225 0.34072 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 1.1 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.908 0.115 -0.02845 0.06215 Brazil 1996 1.6 2.1 2.5 1.7 2.0 2.0 0.800 0.400 -0.02620 0.08018 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 0.3 2.1 0.7 1.9 0.0 1.0 - 0.300 -0.07340 0.08411 Dominican Republic 2002 0.4 0.5 2.3 0.4 0.1 0.7 3.629 0.280 0.00910 0.09201 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 2.3 6.1 9.8 7.9 5.7 6.6 0.404 3.400 0.06561 0.05088 Haiti 2000 5.6 10.3 9.1 5.5 2.7 6.6 2.074 2.900 -0.06662 0.03914 Nicaragua 1997/98 2.1 2.2 3.1 1.5 1.0 2.0 2.100 1.100 -0.18411 0.07635 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.8 0.667 0.500 0.16112 0.17774 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 4.8 3.7 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.9 2.400 2.800 -0.17876 0.06588 Bangladesh 2004 3.3 2.9 1.7 2.5 2.1 2.5 1.620 1.278 -0.11561 0.05377 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 67 - Part I: HNP Status Sexually Transmitted Disease PREVALENCE OF GENITAL DISCHARGE AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.6 3.2 3.2 0.986 0.045 0.01413 0.08218 Benin 1996 4.1 3.4 4.1 5.1 2.5 3.8 1.640 1.600 -0.01143 0.05686 Benin 2001 1.9 1.1 2.1 3.3 3.9 2.5 0.487 2.000 0.19400 0.07731 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.0 1.7 2.0 1.5 3.4 1.9 - 3.400 0.31258 0.09058 Burkina Faso 2003 1.4 0.4 1.6 2.5 2.0 1.6 0.675 0.665 0.16394 0.07216 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 4.2 6.9 11.7 11.0 10.2 9.2 0.412 6.000 0.10972 0.03577 Cameroon 2004 2.8 2.7 4.0 4.2 5.3 4.0 0.536 2.442 0.12354 0.04120 Central African Republic 1994/95 13.3 9.4 10.2 16.4 8.8 11.4 1.511 4.500 -0.01806 0.04090 Chad 1996/97 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.8 4.2 2.4 0.548 1.900 0.19807 0.08728 Chad 2004 2.3 0.9 2.0 1.6 2.1 1.8 1.106 0.223 0.17416 0.10403 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.6 - 0.600 0.03671 0.27844 Ethiopia 2000 2.3 1.0 4.3 0.0 3.1 2.2 0.742 0.800 -0.07162 0.08003 Gabon 2000 6.2 8.3 7.7 7.1 4.9 6.9 1.265 1.300 -0.06428 0.04721 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 2.4 2.5 1.6 2.8 1.2 2.1 1.903 1.124 -0.06619 0.05402 Guinea 1999 6.0 5.8 4.6 6.2 5.8 5.7 1.034 0.200 -0.01572 0.06059 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 4.0 5.9 5.5 5.2 3.0 4.6 1.333 1.000 -0.02445 0.04653 Kenya 2003 2.6 2.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.615 0.978 -0.07433 0.06652 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 3.9 4.2 2.8 2.8 5.5 4.0 0.709 1.600 0.00614 0.05601 Mali 1995/96 2.1 1.5 2.9 2.3 2.3 2.2 0.913 0.200 0.12395 0.08761 Mali 2001 4.3 5.5 5.5 4.3 4.1 4.7 1.049 0.200 -0.02848 0.04762 Mauritania 2000/01 2.5 3.3 1.5 2.8 4.1 3.0 0.610 1.600 0.13912 0.10318 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 2.8 2.2 2.2 4.7 6.5 3.9 0.437 3.666 0.14143 0.05292 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 1.4 0.9 1.4 0.9 0.4 0.9 3.500 1.000 -0.29285 0.13897 Niger 1998 2.5 1.8 1.6 1.4 2.7 2.0 0.926 0.200 0.13122 0.08327 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 3.0 2.7 2.8 1.6 1.3 2.2 2.334 1.731 -0.12645 0.07117 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.06168 0.13420 Senegal 1997 1.0 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.429 0.300 -0.10868 0.09831 South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 5.7 7.8 8.6 6.3 6.8 7.1 0.838 1.100 -0.01894 0.04698 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 1.7 2.8 1.5 3.8 0.8 2.1 1.977 0.828 -0.09177 0.06713 Togo 1998 1.8 1.6 2.6 3.9 4.1 2.9 0.439 2.300 0.17640 0.05220 Uganda 1995 2.6 1.3 1.9 2.9 2.8 2.3 0.929 0.200 0.04209 0.07899 Uganda 2000/01 1.0 2.2 0.3 2.1 1.2 1.4 0.833 0.200 -0.02550 0.10426 Zambia 1996 4.9 5.5 6.4 6.9 4.1 5.5 1.195 0.800 -0.03382 0.05426 Zambia 2001 2.3 1.8 3.7 9.2 3.4 4.2 0.676 1.100 0.16667 0.05891 Zimbabwe 1994 2.6 5.1 6.8 5.3 5.5 5.2 0.473 2.900 0.07609 0.05652 Zimbabwe 1999 5.7 3.8 6.2 3.1 2.0 3.8 2.850 3.700 -0.17787 0.06405 G. ALL COUNTRIES 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.8 1.045 0.119 0.01213 0.09460 - 68 - Part I: HNP Status Sexually Transmitted Disease PREVALENCE OF GENITAL ULCER AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 2.8 2.4 2.9 2.4 3.9 2.9 0.718 1.100 0.07208 0.03120 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 9.5 10.3 7.6 9.2 7.5 8.8 1.267 2.000 -0.03460 0.02806 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 - 0.000 -0.15622 0.22715 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.190 0.251 -0.06679 0.06140 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.500 0.100 -0.13061 0.15787 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.125 0.100 -0.03985 0.05428 Colombia 2005 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.811 0.135 0.00452 0.03799 Dominican Republic 1996 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.250 0.300 0.06270 0.11801 Dominican Republic 2002 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.274 0.142 -0.09118 0.06434 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 - 0.000 0.40674 0.40693 Haiti 2000 2.8 2.3 2.5 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.647 1.100 -0.09028 0.04610 Nicaragua 1997/98 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.2 1.7 1.750 0.900 -0.11989 0.04240 Nicaragua 2001 2.9 2.4 2.5 1.3 1.1 1.9 2.636 1.800 -0.21485 0.04142 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.000 0.48717 0.61979 Peru 2000 2.4 2.4 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.4 0.649 1.300 0.12165 0.02069 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 6.8 7.4 6.3 6.1 5.6 6.4 1.214 1.200 -0.05638 0.02137 Bangladesh 2004 8.3 6.6 7.3 5.3 5.3 6.5 1.554 2.943 -0.12542 0.02013 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 69 - Part I: HNP Status Sexually Transmitted Disease PREVALENCE OF GENITAL ULCER AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.5 2.8 2.6 3.3 3.4 2.9 0.753 0.837 0.11100 0.08315 Benin 1996 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 - 0.200 0.75107 0.53472 Benin 2001 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.263 1.400 0.25195 0.09147 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 - 0.100 1.46664 1.03804 Burkina Faso 2003 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 2.5 0.9 0.086 2.280 0.54494 0.06877 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.600 0.200 0.01132 0.09973 Cameroon 2004 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.6 3.6 2.9 0.493 1.845 0.10163 0.03358 Central African Republic 1994/95 1.9 2.9 2.9 2.3 1.8 2.3 1.056 0.100 -0.03190 0.04560 Chad 1996/97 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.500 0.100 0.41750 0.36663 Chad 2004 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.5 1.5 0.9 0.680 0.475 0.06485 0.07473 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 4.2 6.2 5.8 5.1 7.1 5.8 0.592 2.900 0.04439 0.03037 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 1.6 2.0 1.7 2.6 2.4 2.1 0.657 0.822 0.08455 0.05012 Guinea 1999 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.750 0.200 0.00756 0.09263 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.600 0.200 0.05451 0.07549 Kenya 2003 2.6 2.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.379 0.712 -0.06333 0.04080 Madagascar 1997 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.727 0.300 0.08766 0.07299 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 7.2 8.9 8.7 9.3 6.4 8.1 1.125 0.800 0.02658 0.01676 Mali 1995/96 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.000 0.000 0.05448 0.13475 Mali 2001 8.2 9.0 8.0 9.1 9.9 8.8 0.828 1.700 0.01579 0.01771 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 1.7 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.3 1.9 0.750 0.569 0.09218 0.03683 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.000 0.000 -0.02839 0.10590 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 2.8 2.6 2.6 1.9 2.5 2.5 1.094 0.238 -0.05850 0.04017 Rwanda 2000 1.6 0.9 0.8 1.0 2.3 1.3 0.696 0.700 0.18246 0.06884 Senegal 1997 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.500 0.100 0.15655 0.18173 South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.7 2.200 0.600 -0.19328 0.08562 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.239 0.369 -0.08787 0.03997 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na 0.88111 0.62290 Uganda 1995 1.9 1.4 3.3 2.8 3.9 2.6 0.487 2.000 0.15888 0.04276 Uganda 2000/01 6.4 7.8 7.3 12.9 14.7 10.0 0.435 8.300 0.14485 0.02049 Zambia 1996 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.7 1.0 1.1 0.700 0.300 0.08094 0.05883 Zambia 2001 3.2 3.2 3.3 5.4 3.6 3.8 0.889 0.400 0.07268 0.03559 Zimbabwe 1994 0.4 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.667 0.200 0.00532 0.07804 Zimbabwe 1999 5.1 3.0 2.8 5.1 2.9 3.8 1.759 2.200 -0.04785 0.04137 G. ALL COUNTRIES 2.7 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.1 2.9 0.872 0.394 0.05616 0.07826 - 70 - Part I: HNP Status Sexually Transmitted Disease PREVALENCE OF GENITAL ULCER AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 0.5 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.6 2.417 0.306 -0.16175 0.09198 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.1 0.3 - 1.100 0.46293 0.26798 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.682 0.357 0.06238 0.06750 Brazil 1996 0.6 0.8 0.0 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.545 0.500 0.18479 0.14111 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 1.8 0.5 0.4 0.2 1.4 0.9 1.286 0.400 -0.01970 0.11624 Dominican Republic 2002 0.1 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 - 0.122 -0.00186 0.11586 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 1.1 1.7 1.6 2.5 2.1 1.8 0.524 1.000 0.10633 0.11555 Haiti 2000 6.4 6.1 4.4 1.6 1.3 4.0 4.923 5.100 -0.12829 0.05268 Nicaragua 1997/98 1.6 0.6 1.1 0.3 0.9 0.9 1.778 0.700 -0.05461 0.12496 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.1 3.3 1.6 0.273 2.400 0.18490 0.08586 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 5.9 6.2 3.7 6.2 3.6 5.1 1.639 2.300 -0.10514 0.04955 Bangladesh 2004 8.6 7.8 6.9 8.6 4.9 7.2 1.747 3.661 -0.11253 0.02765 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 71 - Part I: HNP Status Sexually Transmitted Disease PREVALENCE OF GENITAL ULCER AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.1 0.833 0.383 0.07969 0.12310 Benin 1996 1.8 0.6 2.1 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.385 0.500 0.02482 0.08774 Benin 2001 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.4 0.556 0.800 0.11367 0.10755 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.9 0.7 - 1.900 0.67753 0.18981 Burkina Faso 2003 0.5 1.1 0.8 1.6 1.7 1.2 0.288 1.203 0.09700 0.07987 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 1.1 1.7 3.5 3.6 4.4 3.0 0.250 3.300 0.21533 0.06268 Cameroon 2004 0.6 1.5 2.6 2.6 3.2 2.3 0.187 2.593 0.19468 0.05075 Central African Republic 1994/95 3.3 1.5 0.6 3.2 4.4 2.5 0.750 1.100 0.14519 0.10425 Chad 1996/97 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.6 1.7 1.1 0.353 1.100 0.20768 0.14567 Chad 2004 0.7 0.9 0.9 2.3 1.1 1.2 0.615 0.429 0.12558 0.12181 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 - 0.300 0.84535 0.84604 Ethiopia 2000 0.8 0.7 3.1 0.1 2.5 1.5 0.320 1.700 -0.00299 0.09426 Gabon 2000 4.3 2.9 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.7 1.075 0.300 -0.00556 0.06966 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 1.3 1.2 1.0 2.7 0.9 1.4 1.456 0.400 0.05129 0.06054 Guinea 1999 2.4 4.5 4.1 3.1 2.7 3.3 0.889 0.300 -0.03255 0.07056 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 3.2 4.1 3.7 3.2 1.5 2.9 2.133 1.700 -0.08482 0.05512 Kenya 2003 1.7 1.4 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.452 0.523 -0.04134 0.08908 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 3.6 3.8 4.5 5.0 5.4 4.4 0.667 1.800 0.05903 0.05107 Mali 1995/96 1.9 3.1 0.6 3.2 0.8 1.9 2.375 1.100 -0.10521 0.08198 Mali 2001 2.9 3.6 1.1 1.7 1.3 2.0 2.231 1.600 -0.14192 0.08013 Mauritania 2000/01 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.357 0.500 -0.00378 0.14647 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 2.6 1.8 3.7 2.1 3.6 2.8 0.717 1.017 0.09256 0.06425 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 0.2 0.8 2.0 1.1 0.5 1.0 0.400 0.300 -0.02787 0.09627 Niger 1998 0.7 1.5 0.4 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.000 0.000 0.04718 0.10641 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 1.1 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.7 4.319 0.846 -0.08719 0.14124 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.02108 0.15303 Senegal 1997 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 - 0.000 0.29278 0.23523 South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 2.5 6.0 4.2 3.7 2.7 3.8 0.926 0.200 -0.10133 0.06236 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 1.8 2.4 4.7 4.2 1.2 2.8 1.574 0.674 -0.04760 0.05009 Togo 1998 0.8 1.6 0.6 2.9 4.3 2.2 0.186 3.500 0.25592 0.06657 Uganda 1995 4.6 5.8 6.3 4.9 6.9 5.7 0.667 2.300 0.07677 0.05246 Uganda 2000/01 3.3 1.7 2.1 2.8 5.4 3.1 0.611 2.100 0.09163 0.07546 Zambia 1996 2.9 3.4 3.5 4.3 5.0 3.9 0.580 2.100 0.09479 0.07317 Zambia 2001 4.4 3.2 4.6 9.3 3.9 5.2 1.128 0.500 0.08459 0.05387 Zimbabwe 1994 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.3 3.8 2.8 0.553 1.700 0.09121 0.08690 Zimbabwe 1999 6.1 4.3 3.3 3.9 3.5 4.1 1.743 2.600 -0.09230 0.06308 G. ALL COUNTRIES 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.1 0.970 0.063 0.07181 0.12007 - 72 - B. HEALTH, NUTRITION, POPULATION SERVICE USE Childhood Immunization 75 BCG Coverage Measles Coverage DPT Coverage Full Basic Coverage No Basic Coverage Hepatitis B Coverage Yellow Fever Coverage Treatment of Childhood Illnesses 89 Treatment of Fever Medical Treatment of Fever Treatment in a Public Facility Treatment in a Private Facility Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infection Medical Treatment of ARI Treatment in a Public Facility Treatment in a Private Facility Treatment of Diarrhea Use of Oral Rehydration Therapy Medical Treatment of Diarrhea Treatment in a Public Facility Treatment in a Private Facility Antenatal and Delivery Care 109 Antenatal Care Visits To a Medically-Trained Person To a Doctor To a Nurse or Trained Midwife Multiple Visits to a Medically-Trained Person Antenatal Care Content Tetanus Toxoid Prophylactic Antimalarial Treatment Iron Supplementation - 73 - Delivery Attendance By a Medically-Trained Person By a Doctor By a Nurse or Trained Midwife In a Public Facility In a Private Facility At Home Contraceptive Services 135 Contraceptive Prevalence Women Men Source of Contraception - Public Sector Women Men Source of Contraception - Private Sector Women Men Treatment of Adult Illnesses 147 Treatment of Genital Discharge, Ulcer, Sore Women Men Treatment of Genital Discharge, Ulcer, Sore in a Public Facility Women Men Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV/AIDS Women Men - 74 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization BCG COVERAGE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 75.4 81.6 85.9 89.1 95.7 84.5 0.788 20.325 0.04585 0.00691 Cambodia 2000 65.8 62.9 73.0 76.1 89.2 71.4 0.738 23.400 0.05251 0.01004 Indonesia 1997 70.6 81.8 85.9 92.0 96.1 84.9 0.735 25.500 0.04963 0.00370 Indonesia 2002/03 69.9 75.9 82.9 89.0 96.5 82.5 0.724 26.651 0.05945 0.00419 Philippines 1998 81.2 90.6 94.4 96.5 98.0 90.8 0.829 16.800 0.04631 0.00486 Philippines 2003 82.2 92.2 94.0 93.1 97.1 90.8 0.847 14.847 0.03728 0.00552 Vietnam 1997 81.1 84.1 95.9 96.6 96.8 89.5 0.838 15.700 0.04547 0.00854 Vietnam 2002 83.6 95.4 93.8 98.1 100.0 93.4 0.836 16.400 0.03417 0.00789 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 91.5 93.9 93.0 93.8 93.5 93.0 0.978 2.050 0.00849 0.00749 Armenia 2000 89.6 90.9 89.4 95.1 (88.1) 90.6 1.017 177.700 -0.00262 0.01098 Kazakhstan 1995 97.7 95.2 95.5 97.4 (98.6) 96.8 0.991 196.300 -0.00090 0.00459 Kazakhstan 1999 90.3 (92.8) (89.1) 88.8 (87.9) 89.9 1.027 178.200 -0.01190 0.01166 Kyrgyzstan 1997 98.6 97.4 97.8 97.2 98.9 98.0 0.997 0.300 -0.00325 0.00368 Turkey 1993 70.7 91.5 95.0 94.8 99.0 89.1 0.714 28.300 0.05243 0.00811 Turkey 1998 74.8 84.8 93.7 93.9 100.0 88.5 0.748 25.200 0.05930 0.00805 Turkmenistan 2000 98.7 97.2 93.7 89.8 86.2 93.3 1.145 12.500 na na Uzbekistan 1996 96.8 100.0 94.0 97.8 100.0 97.5 0.968 3.200 0.00089 0.00308 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 81.0 86.6 91.1 94.2 95.4 88.8 0.849 14.399 0.04534 0.00556 Bolivia 1998 78.1 83.5 88.7 95.4 99.6 87.4 0.784 21.500 0.04535 0.00550 Bolivia 2003 91.1 90.0 92.8 97.9 99.1 93.5 0.919 8.008 0.01527 0.00310 Brazil 1996 83.5 93.6 97.9 97.9 97.0 92.6 0.861 13.500 0.04381 0.00638 Colombia 1995 88.9 92.8 95.9 96.0 93.1 93.1 0.955 4.200 0.02024 0.00550 Colombia 2000 89.0 96.0 98.0 97.1 93.6 94.5 0.951 4.600 0.01553 0.00542 Colombia 2005 93.1 98.4 98.8 98.7 99.8 97.3 0.932 6.761 0.01390 0.00238 Dominican Republic 1996 82.6 85.4 95.4 91.8 92.8 89.3 0.890 10.200 0.02863 0.00693 Dominican Republic 2002 89.5 91.7 96.3 96.6 93.9 93.4 0.953 4.421 0.02008 0.00394 Guatemala 1995 73.4 77.5 78.7 79.6 84.3 77.8 0.871 10.900 0.03754 0.00778 Guatemala 1998/99 88.5 92.7 90.5 94.8 95.9 92.0 0.923 7.400 0.01965 0.00565 Haiti 1994/95 56.4 65.1 76.4 84.8 90.6 73.4 0.623 34.200 0.09711 0.01250 Haiti 2000 55.4 64.5 75.1 78.6 85.5 71.0 0.648 30.100 0.09062 0.01007 Nicaragua 1997/98 91.0 96.1 95.8 99.7 94.7 95.0 0.961 3.700 0.01812 0.00375 Nicaragua 2001 92.0 95.3 96.6 97.8 98.7 95.5 0.932 6.700 0.01595 0.00322 Paraguay 1990 44.2 56.8 75.2 86.8 89.2 67.3 0.496 45.000 0.17137 0.01264 Peru 1996 86.6 96.6 97.8 98.9 95.6 94.3 0.906 9.000 0.02814 0.00287 Peru 2000 92.1 96.7 97.0 98.5 99.8 96.2 0.923 7.700 0.01737 0.00265 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 61.8 66.1 68.3 72.9 76.1 68.9 0.812 14.321 0.06536 0.01117 Egypt 1995 89.0 93.7 95.5 97.3 98.8 94.7 0.901 9.800 0.03166 0.00370 Egypt 2000 98.2 99.4 99.6 99.4 100.0 99.3 0.982 1.800 0.00402 0.00126 Jordan 1997 23.3 27.3 23.8 24.1 20.9 24.1 1.115 2.400 0.02742 0.03126 Morocco 1992 81.6 95.7 97.0 99.4 99.3 93.4 0.822 17.700 0.04044 0.00572 Morocco 2003/04 96.8 98.1 99.6 99.3 98.5 98.4 0.983 1.683 0.00476 0.00230 Yemen 1997 28.9 39.7 50.1 68.8 85.1 53.8 0.340 56.200 0.22524 0.00985 E. SOUTH ASIA 65.9 75.4 80.9 87.2 93.7 79.9 0.703 27.801 0.08167 0.00636 Bangladesh 1996/97 79.8 82.6 85.4 93.9 94.8 86.3 0.842 15.000 0.03593 0.00653 Bangladesh 1999/2000 84.2 91.1 93.2 93.4 96.5 91.0 0.873 12.300 0.02510 0.00508 Bangladesh 2004 87.2 96.8 94.9 94.2 97.9 93.7 0.891 10.705 0.01946 0.00429 India 1992/93 41.5 50.6 63.7 75.6 88.3 62.2 0.470 46.800 0.16569 0.00379 India 1998/99 50.9 61.9 74.5 85.7 94.2 71.6 0.540 43.300 0.13867 0.00321 Nepal 1996 63.9 75.8 77.5 78.7 93.6 76.0 0.683 29.700 0.06425 0.00836 Nepal 2001 74.9 81.5 89.2 90.7 92.6 84.5 0.809 17.700 0.05163 0.00684 Pakistan 1990/91 50.6 61.4 65.2 78.0 90.1 69.7 0.562 39.500 0.11694 0.01108 - 75 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization BCG COVERAGE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 66.7 72.8 77.1 84.2 92.8 78.0 0.719 26.113 0.08447 0.00862 Benin 1996 69.9 81.6 93.3 93.2 95.7 85.4 0.730 25.800 0.06796 0.00848 Benin 2001 80.6 86.7 90.2 97.2 96.1 89.9 0.839 15.500 0.03939 0.00659 Burkina Faso 1992/93 77.3 84.2 82.1 86.5 97.4 85.4 0.794 20.097 0.04536 0.00677 Burkina Faso 1998/99 61.1 72.5 67.4 73.6 90.5 72.3 0.675 29.400 0.07430 0.01009 Burkina Faso 2003 71.6 77.1 79.8 84.6 94.3 80.9 0.759 22.752 0.04853 0.00556 Cameroon 1991 64.3 58.9 70.8 84.5 94.9 75.5 0.678 30.600 0.09849 0.01206 Cameroon 1998 58.6 59.3 82.3 90.4 92.3 74.8 0.635 33.700 0.10649 0.01179 Cameroon 2004 71.1 79.6 86.7 92.8 97.4 84.3 0.730 26.294 0.06480 0.00870 Central African Republic 1994/95 59.7 70.5 76.8 83.3 95.2 77.2 0.627 35.500 0.09231 0.01011 Chad 1996/97 17.3 32.4 30.0 47.1 72.2 38.8 0.240 54.900 0.29211 0.01791 Chad 2004 13.8 34.2 41.8 43.3 67.8 40.2 0.203 54.012 0.27436 0.01873 Comoros 1996 85.2 83.2 94.5 98.8 98.0 90.8 0.869 12.800 0.03897 0.00878 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 48.8 64.3 74.6 90.1 95.5 73.8 0.511 46.700 0.13681 0.00907 Eritrea 1995 48.3 33.7 57.7 78.1 96.6 60.7 0.500 48.300 0.20801 0.01544 Ethiopia 2000 38.9 36.6 40.0 46.5 71.2 45.6 0.546 32.300 0.16643 0.01364 Gabon 2000 74.9 89.9 93.2 94.2 95.0 89.1 0.788 20.100 0.04852 0.00742 Ghana 1993 66.9 79.8 88.3 86.6 95.0 83.1 0.704 28.100 0.06083 0.01045 Ghana 1998 79.2 84.3 92.5 92.5 95.0 87.8 0.834 15.800 0.02900 0.00780 Ghana 2003 86.6 90.2 90.1 96.6 93.9 91.0 0.923 7.239 0.01835 0.00695 Guinea 1999 55.9 68.5 77.4 84.6 96.1 75.8 0.582 40.200 0.10106 0.00959 Kenya 1993 93.3 94.6 95.7 99.1 99.1 96.2 0.942 5.774 0.01196 0.00312 Kenya 1998 93.5 92.7 98.3 97.4 99.0 95.9 0.944 5.500 0.01286 0.00353 Kenya 2003 70.0 88.7 92.9 96.4 96.0 87.3 0.730 25.929 0.06477 0.00710 Madagascar 1997 47.5 60.0 62.0 82.3 92.5 66.0 0.514 45.000 0.14600 0.01037 Malawi 1992 92.3 96.3 98.0 99.0 98.8 97.0 0.934 6.500 0.01005 0.00394 Malawi 2000 92.6 90.2 91.6 91.1 97.1 92.4 0.954 4.500 0.01204 0.00320 Mali 1995/96 56.5 70.7 76.2 83.5 94.7 76.3 0.597 38.200 0.09077 0.00749 Mali 2001 58.1 60.4 59.6 77.6 92.1 69.0 0.631 34.000 0.09949 0.00805 Mauritania 2000/01 56.8 64.1 81.2 81.6 93.7 74.7 0.606 36.900 0.08560 0.01122 Mozambique 1997 57.3 72.6 73.6 94.2 98.1 78.1 0.584 40.800 0.09249 0.00754 Mozambique 2003 74.5 85.9 88.7 95.9 99.8 87.4 0.746 25.340 0.05058 0.00480 Namibia 1992 88.4 90.5 92.9 91.2 93.2 91.2 0.948 4.800 0.01085 0.00644 Namibia 2000 85.7 86.9 88.1 95.0 95.4 90.0 0.898 9.700 0.02582 0.00687 Niger 1998 27.6 38.6 31.7 52.4 87.4 47.3 0.316 59.800 0.24887 0.01342 Nigeria 1990 50.7 44.1 62.7 68.3 84.4 60.6 0.601 33.700 0.14850 0.01131 Nigeria 2003 22.6 30.1 43.2 59.9 91.9 48.4 0.246 69.312 0.25657 0.01738 Rwanda 2000 96.7 95.3 96.9 97.2 98.8 97.0 0.979 2.100 0.00273 0.00273 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 95.5 97.2 96.1 97.8 98.1 96.8 0.973 2.600 0.00488 0.00339 Tanzania 1996 91.3 96.4 95.7 98.9 99.6 96.2 0.917 8.300 0.01748 0.00348 Tanzania 1999 88.8 96.9 87.3 93.7 99.9 92.7 0.889 11.100 0.01635 0.00532 Tanzania 2004 86.7 90.4 91.2 93.7 96.8 91.2 0.895 10.177 0.02066 0.00418 Togo 1998 60.2 76.3 78.5 80.5 91.9 75.7 0.655 31.700 0.06963 0.00931 Uganda 1995 79.6 78.2 84.4 85.0 92.4 83.6 0.861 12.800 0.03706 0.00618 Uganda 2000/01 73.8 77.6 76.5 82.7 85.3 78.7 0.865 11.500 0.03185 0.00749 Zambia 1996 94.7 97.7 96.1 99.7 100.0 97.4 0.947 5.300 0.00996 0.00246 Zambia 2001 93.8 93.2 91.9 98.2 92.9 94.0 1.010 0.900 0.00709 0.00424 Zimbabwe 1994 95.4 93.4 95.2 98.3 95.5 95.7 0.999 0.100 0.00180 0.00427 Zimbabwe 1999 90.5 87.9 84.5 86.0 92.3 88.1 0.980 1.800 0.00101 0.00702 G. ALL COUNTRIES 72.0 77.7 81.4 86.6 92.4 81.3 0.779 20.415 0.06643 0.00790 - 76 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization MEASLES COVERAGE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 59.4 69.9 74.8 77.4 88.5 72.5 0.671 29.095 0.06793 0.00996 Cambodia 2000 43.9 51.2 55.1 59.7 81.8 55.4 0.537 37.900 0.07908 0.01323 Indonesia 1997 59.0 65.6 72.3 74.6 85.1 70.9 0.693 26.100 0.06408 0.00552 Indonesia 2002/03 59.5 64.8 71.7 78.9 84.9 71.6 0.701 25.407 0.06937 0.00602 Philippines 1998 67.6 77.1 83.4 84.3 92.2 78.9 0.733 24.600 0.05966 0.00733 Philippines 2003 69.7 81.6 83.4 80.2 89.4 79.7 0.780 19.675 0.05220 0.00798 Vietnam 1997 64.3 73.9 82.4 86.9 87.8 77.1 0.732 23.500 0.07273 0.01189 Vietnam 2002 64.4 82.1 89.1 90.7 97.8 83.2 0.658 33.400 0.07107 0.01263 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 79.0 82.8 84.8 84.9 82.0 82.4 0.964 2.950 0.01773 0.01447 Armenia 2000 67.8 72.5 78.4 81.3 (74.1) 74.3 0.915 141.900 0.02911 0.02042 Kazakhstan 1995 60.9 58.6 80.5 66.3 (69.2) 66.9 0.880 130.100 0.02719 0.02302 Kazakhstan 1999 73.8 (82.7) (81.5) 81.4 (75.7) 78.5 0.975 149.500 0.00351 0.01922 Kyrgyzstan 1997 81.9 86.3 87.8 85.4 80.7 84.4 1.015 1.200 0.00038 0.01270 Turkey 1993 64.4 72.8 81.6 91.0 85.1 77.9 0.757 20.700 0.05883 0.01135 Turkey 1998 63.9 72.8 79.5 93.6 88.9 78.5 0.719 25.000 0.07418 0.01112 Turkmenistan 2000 90.9 93.5 88.7 83.4 79.7 87.5 1.141 11.200 na na Uzbekistan 1996 95.8 89.1 93.1 84.0 92.7 91.4 1.033 3.100 -0.01856 0.00890 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 69.0 75.5 78.7 80.6 84.3 76.6 0.819 15.303 0.04750 0.00863 Bolivia 1998 45.1 45.5 48.9 57.8 66.1 50.8 0.682 21.000 0.05464 0.01515 Bolivia 2003 62.2 57.5 61.5 70.6 74.4 64.1 0.837 12.157 0.03436 0.00953 Brazil 1996 77.9 86.8 96.0 91.3 90.2 87.2 0.864 12.300 0.04905 0.00755 Colombia 1995 81.7 87.4 89.6 93.4 96.5 88.6 0.847 14.800 0.03402 0.00653 Colombia 2000 74.2 80.7 85.4 93.1 85.3 82.7 0.870 11.100 0.03659 0.00875 Colombia 2005 70.3 83.9 87.2 89.0 90.8 82.7 0.775 20.460 0.05020 0.00526 Dominican Republic 1996 79.1 74.2 84.4 91.9 90.2 83.5 0.877 11.100 0.03534 0.00815 Dominican Republic 2002 83.5 89.1 89.1 88.3 94.5 88.6 0.883 11.006 0.02814 0.00457 Guatemala 1995 77.7 81.4 77.1 82.7 87.1 80.3 0.892 9.400 0.02181 0.00707 Guatemala 1998/99 79.5 82.0 85.2 87.8 91.1 84.4 0.873 11.600 0.02713 0.00763 Haiti 1994/95 40.1 38.8 49.2 53.6 64.7 47.9 0.620 24.600 0.10969 0.02338 Haiti 2000 42.9 49.1 58.4 58.6 63.3 53.9 0.678 20.400 0.08823 0.01530 Nicaragua 1997/98 77.6 86.9 87.8 91.7 90.4 85.7 0.858 12.800 0.04370 0.00631 Nicaragua 2001 76.2 90.8 91.3 85.9 93.8 86.4 0.812 17.600 0.03973 0.00649 Paraguay 1990 48.0 58.3 56.6 64.9 68.7 58.1 0.699 20.700 0.08397 0.01658 Peru 1996 78.1 87.2 86.3 91.9 91.8 85.8 0.851 13.700 0.03665 0.00421 Peru 2000 80.8 82.1 83.4 88.8 92.3 84.4 0.875 11.500 0.02668 0.00476 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 70.9 76.0 79.5 85.0 90.5 80.0 0.784 19.555 0.08258 0.00631 Egypt 1995 79.9 82.6 91.7 94.3 99.5 89.2 0.803 19.600 0.05802 0.00448 Egypt 2000 95.0 96.1 97.2 97.4 99.0 96.9 0.960 4.000 0.00900 0.00248 Jordan 1997 89.9 89.3 88.8 89.6 92.5 89.9 0.972 2.600 0.01150 0.00512 Morocco 1992 62.4 73.9 87.4 92.9 95.2 79.8 0.655 32.800 0.09253 0.00889 Morocco 2003/04 83.1 87.2 91.3 96.7 97.5 90.5 0.852 14.420 0.03325 0.00542 Yemen 1997 15.7 31.5 40.9 56.3 72.9 42.8 0.215 57.200 0.27655 0.01223 E. SOUTH ASIA 44.3 56.5 62.9 69.3 82.4 61.8 0.537 38.171 0.13786 0.00955 Bangladesh 1996/97 62.4 59.9 74.1 78.5 82.6 70.1 0.755 20.200 0.06773 0.01128 Bangladesh 1999/2000 59.1 67.0 72.6 76.6 85.9 70.8 0.688 26.800 0.07465 0.00956 Bangladesh 2004 59.6 80.2 76.3 80.5 90.5 75.9 0.659 30.884 0.07598 0.00805 India 1992/93 22.8 28.7 42.4 55.5 71.0 42.2 0.321 48.200 0.26043 0.00582 India 1998/99 28.4 38.7 52.2 64.5 81.2 50.7 0.350 52.800 0.23147 0.00482 Nepal 1996 45.4 52.4 55.9 62.0 78.3 56.6 0.580 32.900 0.10104 0.01295 Nepal 2001 61.1 67.5 69.1 79.9 83.2 70.6 0.734 22.100 0.07144 0.00980 Pakistan 1990/91 27.9 39.7 54.1 52.4 74.8 50.2 0.373 46.900 0.17256 0.01553 - 77 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization MEASLES COVERAGE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 48.9 54.6 60.0 66.0 78.7 60.7 0.621 29.795 0.12064 0.01437 Benin 1996 48.7 59.8 71.2 70.1 79.9 64.3 0.610 31.200 0.09212 0.01394 Benin 2001 56.9 61.8 65.5 75.7 83.1 68.0 0.685 26.200 0.07985 0.01249 Burkina Faso 1992/93 46.0 61.4 54.4 60.9 75.3 59.6 0.611 29.329 0.10409 0.01367 Burkina Faso 1998/99 33.2 41.7 42.6 47.8 69.3 45.8 0.479 36.100 0.15566 0.01847 Burkina Faso 2003 48.0 54.6 53.9 54.9 70.9 55.8 0.677 22.915 0.06576 0.01170 Cameroon 1991 46.8 43.4 46.0 61.5 77.6 56.0 0.603 30.800 0.14421 0.01882 Cameroon 1998 36.6 36.8 60.8 69.2 78.2 54.2 0.468 41.600 0.17024 0.01874 Cameroon 2004 56.6 59.0 65.9 66.4 86.2 65.4 0.657 29.514 0.08324 0.01418 Central African Republic 1994/95 31.3 46.5 41.3 61.2 79.8 52.4 0.392 48.500 0.17990 0.01715 Chad 1996/97 12.0 18.0 16.4 32.1 38.5 22.8 0.312 26.500 0.27168 0.03001 Chad 2004 8.2 16.3 28.2 23.6 38.1 22.8 0.214 29.946 0.28433 0.03150 Comoros 1996 51.1 55.8 65.5 70.4 86.0 63.4 0.594 34.900 0.10328 0.02067 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 30.8 45.2 51.9 63.8 78.6 53.1 0.392 47.800 0.17170 0.01408 Eritrea 1995 36.6 23.4 50.4 66.2 91.6 51.0 0.400 55.000 0.27326 0.01861 Ethiopia 2000 18.2 15.9 22.4 29.8 52.2 26.6 0.349 34.000 0.28763 0.02384 Gabon 2000 34.1 52.6 57.2 62.9 71.3 54.8 0.478 37.200 0.12012 0.01709 Ghana 1993 47.8 63.7 59.9 64.2 89.2 64.4 0.536 41.400 0.10315 0.01579 Ghana 1998 60.5 60.7 75.5 86.8 87.2 72.6 0.694 26.700 0.07791 0.01258 Ghana 2003 74.0 82.4 86.3 85.1 88.4 82.4 0.837 14.449 0.03992 0.01000 Guinea 1999 33.1 42.8 55.1 59.5 73.0 52.1 0.453 39.900 0.14567 0.01718 Kenya 1993 69.7 88.5 82.6 90.4 89.8 83.8 0.776 20.125 0.03919 0.00783 Kenya 1998 64.3 79.6 84.7 83.8 88.7 79.2 0.725 24.400 0.06319 0.00887 Kenya 2003 54.0 67.9 80.0 80.6 87.6 72.3 0.616 33.609 0.10253 0.00990 Madagascar 1997 32.1 34.4 38.7 60.8 78.9 46.0 0.407 46.800 0.19865 0.01684 Malawi 1992 77.2 84.0 83.8 90.6 93.2 85.9 0.828 16.000 0.03427 0.00814 Malawi 2000 79.8 80.1 83.0 84.7 90.4 83.2 0.883 10.600 0.02433 0.00522 Mali 1995/96 34.2 41.3 48.8 52.3 79.7 50.8 0.429 45.500 0.15636 0.01346 Mali 2001 39.7 39.3 38.3 52.8 76.5 48.7 0.519 36.800 0.13961 0.01334 Mauritania 2000/01 42.0 52.1 64.6 70.6 86.2 62.0 0.487 44.200 0.12075 0.01404 Mozambique 1997 33.0 41.3 45.6 77.3 93.5 57.5 0.353 60.500 0.19802 0.01177 Mozambique 2003 60.7 67.4 78.2 91.3 96.3 76.7 0.630 35.581 0.08809 0.00675 Namibia 1992 69.0 78.1 80.2 72.6 78.8 75.6 0.876 9.800 0.02056 0.01192 Namibia 2000 76.2 76.7 78.3 85.6 85.7 80.4 0.889 9.500 0.03897 0.01070 Niger 1998 23.0 26.2 24.7 36.8 65.8 34.9 0.350 42.800 0.25447 0.01992 Nigeria 1990 34.7 36.4 39.8 51.7 70.2 45.6 0.494 35.500 0.19992 0.01516 Nigeria 2003 15.7 22.8 31.6 41.9 70.7 35.7 0.222 55.006 0.27120 0.02398 Rwanda 2000 83.8 86.4 85.3 88.6 88.8 86.9 0.944 5.000 0.01050 0.00620 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 73.5 83.1 85.8 86.3 84.5 82.2 0.870 11.000 0.04100 0.00891 Tanzania 1996 66.9 79.9 76.4 89.0 94.9 80.9 0.705 28.000 0.05853 0.00792 Tanzania 1999 63.4 84.2 72.2 88.4 89.0 78.1 0.712 25.600 0.06139 0.01166 Tanzania 2004 64.6 78.7 81.1 89.6 90.8 79.7 0.712 26.140 0.05880 0.00709 Togo 1998 34.5 37.1 45.7 40.5 63.2 42.6 0.546 28.700 0.11137 0.01953 Uganda 1995 47.5 53.3 59.6 63.1 77.7 59.6 0.611 30.200 0.10080 0.01196 Uganda 2000/01 49.1 58.0 57.6 57.2 64.5 56.8 0.761 15.400 0.05163 0.01293 Zambia 1996 81.0 85.1 89.3 88.1 91.5 86.5 0.885 10.500 0.02629 0.00642 Zambia 2001 81.2 83.7 83.0 87.4 88.4 84.4 0.919 7.200 0.02199 0.00700 Zimbabwe 1994 84.1 84.5 89.2 84.5 89.8 86.3 0.937 5.700 0.00983 0.00840 Zimbabwe 1999 80.2 77.9 79.2 73.8 85.8 79.1 0.935 5.600 0.00930 0.01164 G. ALL COUNTRIES 57.5 63.9 68.5 72.9 81.8 68.0 0.703 24.308 0.09347 0.01214 - 78 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization DPT COVERAGE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 49.4 59.0 68.7 71.3 83.1 64.5 0.594 33.720 0.09814 0.01169 Cambodia 2000 39.0 41.7 47.9 53.8 74.7 48.5 0.522 35.700 0.10362 0.01549 Indonesia 1997 52.4 56.1 67.2 65.8 82.3 64.1 0.637 29.900 0.08812 0.00646 Indonesia 2002/03 41.8 50.9 63.5 65.3 72.3 58.3 0.578 30.502 0.12022 0.00795 Philippines 1998 66.8 80.3 84.2 91.2 92.7 80.9 0.721 25.900 0.07147 0.00690 Philippines 2003 64.0 77.9 84.9 84.9 92.0 78.9 0.696 27.979 0.07602 0.00814 Vietnam 1997 55.2 69.2 64.0 66.5 81.3 65.9 0.679 26.100 0.05875 0.01613 Vietnam 2002 52.8 65.6 78.4 81.4 93.5 72.4 0.565 40.700 0.09271 0.01517 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 82.1 84.4 83.3 83.8 83.6 83.3 0.983 1.450 0.01332 0.01289 Armenia 2000 89.3 93.0 86.9 95.5 (83.5) 89.7 1.069 172.800 -0.00689 0.01204 Kazakhstan 1995 39.7 33.3 37.9 47.5 (55.7) 41.7 0.713 95.400 0.02333 0.03955 Kazakhstan 1999 89.5 (92.8) (89.1) 87.9 (82.3) 88.7 1.087 171.800 -0.01923 0.01111 Kyrgyzstan 1997 82.3 81.8 80.6 79.5 86.9 82.0 0.947 4.600 -0.01344 0.01260 Turkey 1993 55.9 72.5 82.9 93.1 92.8 77.6 0.602 36.900 0.08862 0.01123 Turkey 1998 45.2 48.0 62.7 64.4 81.4 58.7 0.555 36.200 0.12116 0.01814 Turkmenistan 2000 97.1 98.1 92.4 86.6 85.6 92.2 1.134 11.500 na na Uzbekistan 1996 89.4 92.5 88.3 88.6 81.8 88.7 1.093 7.600 -0.01499 0.01057 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 60.6 68.4 74.2 73.9 78.0 69.9 0.777 17.383 0.06803 0.01059 Bolivia 1998 36.2 41.8 46.0 63.7 70.0 48.6 0.517 33.800 0.12148 0.01510 Bolivia 2003 63.8 71.0 66.2 80.3 85.4 71.7 0.746 21.666 0.04522 0.00782 Brazil 1996 65.6 83.9 90.4 91.3 81.9 80.8 0.801 16.300 0.07256 0.01010 Colombia 1995 66.3 80.2 75.7 87.5 89.5 78.1 0.741 23.200 0.06582 0.00932 Colombia 2000 72.9 76.8 85.0 87.9 86.6 80.7 0.842 13.700 0.04823 0.01017 Colombia 2005 72.8 80.5 89.5 84.2 90.8 82.3 0.802 17.940 0.04785 0.00565 Dominican Republic 1996 48.5 51.1 62.5 65.2 72.7 59.0 0.667 24.200 0.01112 0.00228 Dominican Republic 2002 45.6 51.9 64.4 63.5 66.0 57.6 0.690 20.444 0.09080 0.01073 Guatemala 1995 61.5 63.3 60.2 72.6 74.1 64.9 0.830 12.600 0.04068 0.01029 Guatemala 1998/99 74.3 72.9 79.9 63.9 75.8 73.4 0.980 1.500 0.02957 0.01162 Haiti 1994/95 29.4 29.8 44.3 53.4 56.2 41.4 0.523 26.800 0.14503 0.02700 Haiti 2000 31.1 36.8 48.3 44.9 57.6 42.9 0.540 26.500 0.12950 0.01922 Nicaragua 1997/98 69.2 81.7 85.1 89.5 77.7 79.7 0.891 8.500 0.05448 0.00819 Nicaragua 2001 76.5 86.0 85.2 85.7 82.9 82.7 0.923 6.400 0.03315 0.00743 Paraguay 1990 39.8 48.8 56.1 60.9 68.7 53.0 0.579 28.900 0.12144 0.01761 Peru 1996 68.2 75.7 79.0 85.4 84.7 77.0 0.805 16.500 0.05232 0.00540 Peru 2000 76.2 83.9 87.5 90.4 93.0 84.7 0.819 16.800 0.04218 0.00513 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 73.7 77.6 80.7 86.2 88.6 81.2 0.832 14.925 0.08427 0.00624 Egypt 1995 70.7 78.1 84.8 90.3 93.7 83.0 0.755 23.000 0.06907 0.00568 Egypt 2000 93.6 94.3 94.3 95.1 92.6 94.0 1.011 1.000 0.00220 0.00361 Jordan 1997 97.6 95.2 96.5 96.8 92.5 95.9 1.055 5.100 0.00892 0.00377 Morocco 1992 57.6 73.5 87.9 94.9 98.6 79.4 0.584 41.000 0.11414 0.00895 Morocco 2003/04 89.0 94.9 96.7 97.1 98.1 94.9 0.907 9.100 0.01898 0.00454 Yemen 1997 14.4 26.2 35.2 55.7 71.1 39.8 0.203 56.700 0.30697 0.01304 E. SOUTH ASIA 48.4 56.2 63.5 72.5 81.3 63.3 0.596 32.868 0.13199 0.01001 Bangladesh 1996/97 60.7 60.8 73.3 76.4 83.2 69.4 0.730 22.500 0.06739 0.01126 Bangladesh 1999/2000 62.1 69.5 73.2 76.6 85.2 72.1 0.729 23.100 0.06434 0.00957 Bangladesh 2004 70.8 81.9 82.4 84.9 91.1 81.2 0.778 20.248 0.05067 0.00716 India 1992/93 30.8 36.4 52.7 65.8 83.2 51.7 0.370 52.400 0.22307 0.00468 India 1998/99 36.3 43.3 58.8 72.3 85.0 57.2 0.427 48.725 0.20140 0.00442 Nepal 1996 40.5 46.5 51.8 61.1 81.6 53.5 0.496 41.100 0.13638 0.01368 Nepal 2001 62.1 68.9 72.3 80.2 85.4 72.1 0.727 23.300 0.07593 0.00972 Pakistan 1990/91 24.4 30.8 40.3 52.6 63.6 42.7 0.384 39.200 0.19995 0.01875 - 79 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization DPT COVERAGE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 42.5 48.1 53.6 61.8 73.7 54.9 0.576 31.202 0.15978 0.01719 Benin 1996 46.5 63.5 74.2 72.8 87.9 66.9 0.529 41.400 0.11324 0.01283 Benin 2001 63.0 65.1 71.9 76.9 88.8 72.5 0.709 25.800 0.07327 0.01090 Burkina Faso 1992/93 22.2 36.3 33.5 46.0 66.1 40.6 0.336 43.908 0.23645 0.01939 Burkina Faso 1998/99 28.3 38.4 33.9 44.3 64.9 41.0 0.435 36.641 0.17782 0.02046 Burkina Faso 2003 45.4 50.6 57.5 61.3 73.0 57.0 0.622 27.594 0.09711 0.01111 Cameroon 1991 38.0 33.3 36.0 53.6 71.0 47.4 0.535 33.000 0.17797 0.02269 Cameroon 1998 34.0 34.5 52.1 67.8 74.4 50.5 0.457 40.400 0.19077 0.01918 Cameroon 2004 55.4 62.4 60.9 75.2 86.3 66.4 0.641 30.965 0.08658 0.01427 Central African Republic 1994/95 26.5 36.4 41.6 55.8 76.1 47.5 0.348 49.600 0.21225 0.01939 Chad 1996/97 8.5 13.5 9.6 25.3 43.6 19.5 0.195 35.100 0.39117 0.03473 Chad 2004 4.7 14.2 17.3 22.4 42.3 20.1 0.112 37.576 0.41226 0.03342 Comoros 1996 58.0 60.0 67.3 75.3 92.0 68.3 0.630 34.000 0.09808 0.01853 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 26.0 34.3 40.6 64.1 73.9 46.8 0.352 47.900 0.21685 0.01623 Eritrea 1995 29.6 23.6 45.6 69.8 89.1 48.8 0.332 59.500 0.30131 0.01883 Ethiopia 2000 14.3 11.7 15.0 24.9 42.5 20.7 0.336 28.200 0.35028 0.02997 Gabon 2000 17.8 31.6 44.0 41.5 49.1 36.0 0.363 31.300 0.16065 0.02408 Ghana 1993 43.4 62.1 57.7 67.9 83.3 62.4 0.521 39.900 0.11547 0.01677 Ghana 1998 60.2 66.1 73.8 77.8 92.4 72.2 0.652 32.200 0.07722 0.01310 Ghana 2003 64.3 79.7 85.6 86.0 86.9 79.0 0.740 22.611 0.06447 0.01173 Guinea 1999 29.6 32.3 47.4 55.4 69.3 46.2 0.427 39.700 0.17183 0.01954 Kenya 1993 76.7 86.2 86.4 92.8 93.6 86.8 0.820 16.860 0.03022 0.00684 Kenya 1998 67.4 78.2 85.9 84.0 84.1 79.2 0.801 16.700 0.04177 0.00949 Kenya 2003 56.3 71.0 85.7 81.3 72.7 72.2 0.775 16.360 0.07533 0.01117 Madagascar 1997 32.3 37.7 41.4 65.3 81.1 48.4 0.398 48.800 0.20517 0.01556 Malawi 1992 78.7 87.5 90.7 91.2 93.8 88.6 0.839 15.100 0.02918 0.00711 Malawi 2000 79.4 81.0 81.8 88.0 93.3 84.2 0.851 13.900 na na Mali 1995/96 17.4 31.2 31.2 42.4 67.3 37.5 0.259 49.900 0.24808 0.01735 Mali 2001 28.1 28.7 28.6 45.7 70.7 39.6 0.397 42.600 0.20956 0.01562 Mauritania 2000/01 18.3 31.3 44.8 48.9 60.6 39.9 0.302 42.300 0.20121 0.02151 Mozambique 1997 32.2 52.9 49.6 78.5 93.8 59.6 0.343 61.600 0.19406 0.01113 Mozambique 2003 52.3 63.7 72.3 86.3 95.8 71.6 0.546 43.466 0.11434 0.00760 Namibia 1992 68.8 72.8 62.6 70.0 73.5 69.5 0.936 4.700 0.01664 0.01427 Namibia 2000/01 75.8 72.9 80.8 84.3 82.7 79.3 0.917 6.900 0.02845 0.01062 Niger 1998 8.9 12.8 12.2 26.1 67.9 25.0 0.131 59.000 0.49555 0.02548 Nigeria 1990 17.5 22.5 27.1 39.5 63.5 32.9 0.276 46.000 0.29876 0.01988 Nigeria 2003 7.1 7.7 13.5 22.3 60.5 21.4 0.117 53.479 0.38716 0.03927 Rwanda 2000 80.0 86.6 84.2 87.8 88.9 86.0 0.900 8.900 0.00398 0.00651 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 63.9 76.0 79.0 84.0 84.8 76.4 0.754 20.900 0.05075 0.01014 Tanzania 1996 74.6 84.6 83.2 91.4 94.3 85.2 0.791 19.700 0.04240 0.00648 Tanzania 1999 66.2 86.1 78.5 91.1 88.7 81.0 0.746 22.500 0.06039 0.01099 Tanzania 2004 33.6 35.2 33.9 36.9 36.5 35.1 0.920 2.904 -0.01763 0.01909 Togo 1998 28.9 34.3 43.9 48.3 67.6 42.0 0.428 38.700 0.16646 0.01923 Uganda 1995 46.8 58.1 59.5 63.2 81.4 61.1 0.575 34.600 0.10725 0.01146 Uganda 2000/01 34.9 45.2 51.4 47.7 55.1 46.1 0.633 20.200 0.09309 0.01613 Zambia 1996 79.8 83.6 86.7 85.2 95.7 85.7 0.834 15.900 0.03124 0.00619 Zambia 2001 73.6 76.7 75.3 90.0 89.1 80.0 0.826 15.500 0.04758 0.00779 Zimbabwe 1994 77.5 83.3 87.4 87.5 90.5 85.2 0.856 13.000 0.02489 0.00914 Zimbabwe 1999 80.7 83.2 78.2 77.9 85.7 80.9 0.942 5.000 0.00819 0.01030 G. ALL COUNTRIES 53.0 58.9 64.0 69.4 77.8 63.7 0.681 24.816 0.11794 0.01388 - 80 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization FULL BASIC COVERAGE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 41.4 52.9 59.8 63.1 76.9 56.9 0.538 35.532 0.11381 0.01363 Cambodia 2000 28.6 34.7 38.4 45.4 67.7 39.9 0.422 39.100 0.12895 0.01780 Indonesia 1997 42.9 47.2 56.5 58.0 72.1 54.8 0.595 29.200 0.10419 0.00813 Indonesia 2002/03 37.1 46.6 52.5 58.1 64.7 51.4 0.574 27.594 0.12733 0.00942 Philippines 1998 59.8 72.5 76.3 79.6 86.5 72.8 0.691 26.700 0.07122 0.00870 Philippines 2003 55.5 69.3 77.8 72.4 83.0 69.8 0.669 27.435 0.08139 0.00988 Vietnam 1997 42.2 50.7 48.2 56.3 60.0 50.2 0.703 17.800 0.06484 0.02290 Vietnam 2002 44.3 61.0 70.7 76.3 92.3 66.7 0.480 48.000 0.11756 0.01745 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 66.3 69.8 73.3 73.7 71.4 70.6 0.929 5.050 0.03801 0.02031 Armenia 2000 66.2 70.6 72.8 81.3 (68.0) 71.4 0.974 134.200 0.02240 0.02188 Kazakhstan 1995 21.3 19.0 21.6 25.6 (34.1) 23.4 0.625 55.400 0.08745 0.06594 Kazakhstan 1999 68.7 (77.4) (79.3) 78.4 (62.3) 73.1 1.103 131.000 0.00800 0.02349 Kyrgyzstan 1997 69.3 64.7 73.4 69.4 73.1 69.7 0.948 3.800 0.00065 0.01898 Turkey 1993 40.7 59.4 66.3 82.9 81.9 64.2 0.497 41.200 0.12651 0.01512 Turkey 1998 27.7 36.9 48.5 54.9 69.7 45.7 0.397 42.000 0.17137 0.02292 Turkmenistan 2000 85.0 92.3 86.4 81.2 77.5 84.8 1.097 7.500 na na Uzbekistan 1996 80.9 76.8 79.4 77.2 77.5 78.7 1.044 3.400 -0.01238 0.01428 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 46.0 53.3 58.7 57.9 60.7 54.2 0.757 14.733 0.08349 0.01501 Bolivia 1998 21.8 24.9 21.0 33.4 30.6 25.5 0.712 8.800 0.06075 0.02720 Bolivia 2003 47.5 49.4 43.8 59.2 57.9 50.6 0.821 10.352 0.04122 0.01310 Brazil 1996 56.6 74.0 84.9 83.1 73.8 72.5 0.767 17.200 0.09321 0.01226 Colombia 1995 57.7 69.7 68.8 75.2 77.3 68.3 0.746 19.600 0.06769 0.01248 Colombia 2000 50.0 59.7 69.7 72.8 65.4 62.2 0.765 15.400 0.07834 0.01473 Colombia 2005 48.2 56.0 66.8 61.8 73.5 59.3 0.655 25.361 0.06297 0.00928 Dominican Republic 1996 34.4 26.1 46.6 43.2 46.5 39.0 0.740 12.100 0.10963 0.02408 Dominican Republic 2002 28.2 33.1 41.5 42.4 37.9 36.3 0.744 9.685 0.10733 0.01682 Guatemala 1995 48.6 47.0 44.8 46.9 45.5 46.8 1.068 3.100 0.01059 0.01531 Guatemala 1998/99 66.3 66.3 67.7 58.4 56.0 63.8 1.184 10.300 0.00828 0.01435 Haiti 1994/95 18.8 20.1 35.3 37.9 44.1 30.2 0.426 25.300 0.17949 0.03620 Haiti 2000 25.4 30.3 41.1 31.7 42.3 33.5 0.600 16.900 0.11565 0.02437 Nicaragua 1997/98 61.0 74.6 75.3 85.7 73.1 72.6 0.834 12.100 0.07360 0.00936 Nicaragua 2001 63.6 77.2 78.0 71.4 71.0 71.6 0.896 7.400 0.04391 0.00996 Paraguay 1990 20.2 30.8 36.4 40.7 53.0 34.2 0.381 32.800 0.20225 0.02674 Peru 1996 55.3 63.8 63.5 71.7 66.0 63.0 0.838 10.700 0.05449 0.00764 Peru 2000 57.9 62.5 68.1 72.4 81.1 66.3 0.714 23.200 0.07663 0.00822 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 50.2 54.4 56.3 62.6 65.5 57.6 0.767 15.297 0.10749 0.01553 Egypt 1995 65.1 72.8 81.0 86.6 92.5 79.1 0.704 27.400 0.08189 0.00640 Egypt 2000 91.2 91.9 91.8 94.0 92.0 92.2 0.991 0.800 0.00515 0.00398 Jordan 1997 21.3 21.9 20.2 20.9 17.1 20.5 1.246 4.200 0.02759 0.03376 Morocco 1992 53.7 69.1 83.8 92.9 95.2 75.7 0.564 41.500 0.12240 0.00948 Morocco 2003/04 80.7 85.7 90.6 95.6 97.3 89.3 0.829 16.689 0.03556 0.00625 Yemen 1997 7.8 18.0 22.8 40.1 55.7 28.3 0.140 47.900 0.36167 0.01811 E. SOUTH ASIA 38.9 48.3 52.5 61.7 71.7 53.3 0.542 32.829 0.15835 0.01231 Bangladesh 1996/97 47.4 43.8 60.8 58.8 66.6 54.2 0.712 19.200 0.07616 0.01632 Bangladesh 1999/2000 50.3 55.0 60.8 68.1 74.9 60.4 0.672 24.600 0.08515 0.01187 Bangladesh 2004 57.5 77.0 74.1 78.7 86.7 73.3 0.663 29.217 0.07957 0.00856 India 1992/93 17.1 21.7 34.7 48.2 65.0 35.4 0.263 47.900 0.30612 0.00685 India 1998/99 21.3 28.2 41.0 52.2 63.8 39.4 0.334 42.500 0.25456 0.00635 Nepal 1996 32.4 34.6 40.8 51.0 71.1 43.3 0.456 38.700 0.15944 0.01692 Nepal 2001 54.2 62.4 64.5 74.7 81.6 65.6 0.664 27.400 0.09290 0.01107 Pakistan 1990/91 22.5 25.6 30.2 41.1 54.7 35.1 0.411 32.200 0.20638 0.02326 - 81 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization FULL BASIC COVERAGE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 32.4 37.7 42.5 48.7 60.2 43.4 0.537 27.879 0.17524 0.02259 Benin 1996 37.8 53.4 62.7 59.2 73.6 55.6 0.514 35.800 0.11361 0.01709 Benin 2001 52.6 57.2 59.9 67.9 79.5 62.8 0.662 26.895 0.08786 0.01424 Burkina Faso 1992/93 17.2 32.2 27.7 38.5 58.4 34.6 0.294 41.200 0.26457 0.02263 Burkina Faso 1998/99 21.4 24.3 21.7 32.1 52.1 29.3 0.411 30.700 0.21374 0.02776 Burkina Faso 2003 33.4 41.1 41.5 45.9 61.4 43.9 0.544 27.991 0.10289 0.01512 Cameroon 1991 27.4 27.3 29.9 46.5 63.5 40.0 0.431 36.100 0.22229 0.02790 Cameroon 1998 23.5 24.0 37.5 45.6 56.9 35.8 0.413 33.400 0.20711 0.02794 Cameroon 2004 39.4 45.5 46.9 51.7 66.3 48.6 0.594 26.903 0.10303 0.02073 Central African Republic 1994/95 18.1 25.3 28.9 45.0 64.0 36.6 0.283 45.900 0.25873 0.02512 Chad 1996/97 4.0 8.5 5.7 17.1 23.0 11.3 0.174 19.000 0.39042 0.04661 Chad 2004 1.1 7.1 12.4 12.4 23.6 11.3 0.045 22.520 0.39444 0.04793 Comoros 1996 39.8 49.5 52.7 60.5 82.0 54.5 0.485 42.200 0.12586 0.02419 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 15.7 27.1 32.7 52.6 64.2 37.4 0.245 48.500 0.26026 0.01992 Eritrea 1995 25.0 15.5 44.0 53.4 83.8 41.4 0.298 58.800 0.33564 0.02316 Ethiopia 2000 7.0 8.8 9.1 17.1 33.5 14.3 0.209 26.500 0.43044 0.03967 Gabon 2000 5.5 9.4 18.3 19.6 23.5 14.6 0.234 18.000 0.21052 0.04215 Ghana 1993 37.5 56.5 48.2 56.0 79.2 54.8 0.473 41.700 0.12643 0.01882 Ghana 1998 49.6 54.0 63.3 72.7 79.3 62.0 0.625 29.700 0.08675 0.01589 Ghana 2003 53.0 70.3 73.1 73.9 78.3 68.3 0.676 25.365 0.07548 0.01373 Guinea 1999 17.2 22.5 32.9 39.5 51.8 32.2 0.332 34.600 0.20721 0.02640 Kenya 1993 64.8 78.0 77.1 86.7 86.4 78.2 0.750 21.586 0.04870 0.00899 Kenya 1998 48.1 57.6 71.0 64.6 59.9 59.5 0.803 11.800 0.05775 0.01475 Kenya 2003 37.8 50.2 62.3 56.6 59.5 52.1 0.636 21.677 0.11143 0.01592 Madagascar 1997 22.0 25.2 27.1 54.7 66.0 36.2 0.333 44.000 0.24615 0.02049 Malawi 1992 73.0 78.8 80.3 87.1 89.3 81.8 0.817 16.300 0.03914 0.00920 Malawi 2000 65.4 65.0 69.1 72.5 81.4 70.1 0.803 16.000 0.04734 0.00800 Mali 1995/96 15.8 26.2 26.9 34.6 55.6 31.5 0.284 39.800 0.23803 0.02032 Mali 2001 19.5 20.2 18.7 31.9 56.0 28.7 0.348 36.500 0.22501 0.02101 Mauritania 2000/01 15.6 26.1 36.8 38.3 45.3 31.9 0.344 29.700 0.17006 0.02680 Mozambique 1997 19.7 30.8 35.6 69.5 85.3 47.3 0.231 65.600 0.25068 0.01489 Mozambique 2003 45.0 53.5 61.5 79.3 90.5 63.4 0.497 45.499 0.13988 0.00882 Namibia 1992 53.9 58.6 57.2 56.9 63.1 57.8 0.854 9.200 0.03640 0.01728 Namibia 2000 59.5 58.7 64.7 73.0 68.2 64.8 0.872 8.700 0.05431 0.01533 Niger 1998 4.6 9.7 9.0 19.8 50.9 18.4 0.090 46.300 0.53079 0.03308 Nigeria 1990 13.9 19.7 23.4 35.3 58.1 29.0 0.239 44.200 0.32663 0.02196 Nigeria 2003 3.4 3.9 9.0 10.9 40.2 13.0 0.084 36.789 0.42556 0.05472 Rwanda 2000 71.3 73.8 74.9 79.0 78.8 76.0 0.905 7.500 0.00951 0.00896 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 51.3 61.1 69.1 70.4 70.2 63.4 0.731 18.900 0.06158 0.01349 Tanzania 1996 57.3 68.8 66.9 79.3 82.5 70.5 0.695 25.200 0.06136 0.01068 Tanzania 1999 53.1 74.3 61.7 80.8 78.4 68.3 0.677 25.300 0.07866 0.01479 Tanzania 2004 26.6 30.3 29.6 31.7 29.3 29.4 0.909 2.678 -0.00493 0.02131 Togo 1998 22.2 26.0 32.2 30.3 52.0 30.8 0.427 29.800 0.16123 0.02578 Uganda 1995 34.2 46.0 49.3 47.0 63.1 47.4 0.542 28.900 0.10846 0.01519 Uganda 2000/01 26.5 38.0 39.6 39.5 42.6 36.7 0.622 16.100 0.08982 0.01904 Zambia 1996 71.3 77.3 80.0 79.8 86.4 78.3 0.825 15.100 0.03661 0.00853 Zambia 2001 63.9 65.7 66.2 78.8 80.0 70.0 0.799 16.100 0.05593 0.01066 Zimbabwe 1994 71.8 77.8 84.6 81.4 85.7 80.1 0.838 13.900 0.03061 0.01098 Zimbabwe 1999 63.9 69.2 67.9 56.6 64.1 64.0 0.997 0.200 -0.00927 0.01670 G. ALL COUNTRIES 40.7 46.8 51.5 55.9 64.0 50.9 0.637 23.239 0.13642 0.01917 - 82 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization NO BASIC COVERAGE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 19.3 12.8 8.1 7.3 2.9 11.0 6.614 16.381 -0.37069 0.06846 Cambodia 2000 28.2 28.7 20.1 16.1 7.6 21.9 3.711 20.600 -0.17111 0.03120 Indonesia 1997 11.6 7.2 3.4 3.8 0.9 5.6 12.889 10.700 -0.36833 0.03901 Indonesia 2002/03 20.0 13.5 6.2 7.3 1.8 10.1 10.890 18.146 -0.36089 0.02961 Philippines 1998 16.4 8.7 3.6 2.4 1.0 7.7 16.400 15.400 -0.48301 0.05355 Philippines 2003 15.1 5.9 5.0 3.9 2.2 7.3 6.760 12.879 -0.42232 0.06462 Vietnam 1997 7.3 5.3 0.8 0.8 0.4 3.5 18.250 6.900 -0.49583 0.14163 Vietnam 2002 13.9 3.2 1.3 1.9 0.0 4.7 - 13.900 -0.52844 0.14841 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 5.2 3.0 4.8 5.2 6.4 4.9 0.813 1.200 -0.33847 0.34509 Armenia 2000 7.3 1.4 6.1 4.5 (9.0) 5.7 0.811 16.300 0.08606 0.15813 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 8.8 (7.2) (10.9) 11.2 (9.8) 9.5 0.898 18.600 0.11402 0.09309 Kyrgyzstan 1997 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 - 0.000 -0.99282 1.00200 Turkey 1993 7.7 2.8 1.5 1.0 1.0 3.1 7.700 6.700 -0.33789 0.12584 Turkey 1998 8.6 5.1 1.5 1.2 0.0 3.6 - 8.600 -0.56115 0.12714 Turkmenistan 2000 1.3 1.1 5.5 9.1 13.2 5.8 0.098 11.900 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 8.2 5.8 3.2 2.1 2.0 4.6 4.124 6.202 -0.40230 0.10847 Bolivia 1998 15.5 12.3 6.6 2.4 0.0 8.6 - 15.500 -0.34070 0.04694 Bolivia 2003 4.0 4.7 3.4 1.2 0.2 3.0 20.310 3.781 -0.19357 0.06343 Brazil 1996 6.4 2.6 0.4 1.3 3.0 3.1 2.133 3.400 -0.45241 0.12937 Colombia 1995 3.5 2.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.5 - 3.500 -0.59411 0.17431 Colombia 2000 1.8 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.9 - 1.800 -0.37437 0.21943 Colombia 2005 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.7 40.705 2.148 -0.77279 0.21159 Dominican Republic 1996 3.4 5.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.0 2.267 1.900 -0.40376 0.13577 Dominican Republic 2002 2.8 0.6 0.7 1.0 2.2 1.4 1.302 0.652 -0.42087 0.14523 Guatemala 1995 9.3 7.7 9.7 4.0 2.4 7.4 3.875 6.900 -0.18319 0.05262 Guatemala 1998/99 8.7 2.9 2.8 1.1 0.0 3.6 - 8.700 -0.36987 0.11521 Haiti 1994/95 31.3 29.2 18.1 9.1 4.2 19.6 7.452 27.100 -0.29536 0.04186 Haiti 2000 25.8 24.5 13.7 8.7 7.4 16.7 3.507 18.432 -0.23478 0.03309 Nicaragua 1997/98 5.5 1.7 0.3 0.0 2.8 2.3 1.964 2.700 -0.48950 0.12395 Nicaragua 2001 4.3 2.2 0.6 1.0 1.3 2.2 3.308 3.000 -0.39739 0.11455 Paraguay 1990 15.3 13.9 5.7 2.6 3.6 9.1 4.250 11.700 -0.39747 0.06602 Peru 1996 5.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.1 1.8 54.000 5.300 -0.54973 0.08636 Peru 2000 4.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.2 1.8 21.000 4.000 -0.38152 0.09777 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 5.1 4.3 3.1 3.2 1.6 3.5 3.257 3.500 -0.37617 0.17556 Egypt 1995 5.5 4.0 0.6 1.7 0.3 2.5 18.333 5.200 -0.74341 0.10396 Egypt 2000 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 - 0.800 -0.72124 0.38891 Jordan 1997 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.2 - 0.700 -0.30536 0.11610 Morocco 1992 17.3 4.3 2.5 0.6 0.7 6.2 24.714 16.600 -0.57514 0.08182 Morocco 2003/04 2.8 1.9 0.4 0.7 0.7 1.4 3.982 2.099 -0.29952 0.16396 Yemen 1997 16.6 15.0 12.0 11.8 4.8 12.2 3.458 11.800 -0.17854 0.03329 E. SOUTH ASIA 20.1 15.1 11.1 8.1 2.9 11.6 6.880 17.185 -0.20326 0.07126 Bangladesh 1996/97 17.9 14.5 12.4 5.4 4.9 11.9 3.653 13.000 -0.22859 0.04699 Bangladesh 1999/2000 14.2 8.1 6.2 6.0 2.5 8.0 5.680 11.700 -0.25586 0.05410 Bangladesh 2004 5.7 2.1 1.9 3.9 0.6 3.0 9.703 5.141 -0.26853 0.09325 India 1992/93 48.4 40.8 27.5 18.0 7.9 30.0 6.127 40.500 -0.28756 0.00723 India 1998/99 25.4 20.3 12.2 6.9 2.2 14.4 11.545 23.200 -0.38695 0.01423 Nepal 1996 33.0 20.6 15.7 17.2 5.8 20.2 5.690 27.200 -0.23062 0.03020 Nepal 2001 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.8 0.7 0.9 1.000 0.000 0.12576 0.15059 Pakistan 1990/91 48.6 37.4 29.9 19.8 8.2 28.2 5.927 40.400 -0.28331 0.02695 - 83 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization NO BASIC COVERAGE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20.6 16.3 14.0 9.1 3.9 13.3 5.283 16.691 -0.23702 0.05828 Benin 1996 27.8 16.9 6.7 6.3 4.3 13.6 6.465 23.500 -0.38171 0.04972 Benin 2001 18.1 10.5 6.4 1.7 2.5 8.1 7.200 15.592 -0.42193 0.06975 Burkina Faso 1992/93 20.6 14.0 17.3 10.9 2.1 13.1 9.835 18.504 -0.27743 0.04330 Burkina Faso 1998/99 17.1 16.5 11.7 10.9 2.2 12.3 7.773 14.900 -0.24833 0.04254 Burkina Faso 2003 10.7 12.3 12.1 4.6 4.4 9.2 2.452 6.324 -0.20131 0.03709 Cameroon 1991 30.7 35.6 24.9 15.5 4.7 21.6 6.532 26.000 -0.29185 0.03905 Cameroon 1998 23.7 20.7 7.4 2.9 3.9 12.8 6.077 19.800 -0.38268 0.05415 Cameroon 2004 8.1 5.7 6.0 2.6 0.6 5.0 13.063 7.479 -0.31957 0.09279 Central African Republic 1994/95 38.1 21.2 16.8 13.4 2.2 18.4 17.318 35.900 -0.36634 0.04164 Chad 1996/97 65.4 50.8 48.9 33.0 18.7 44.5 3.497 46.700 -0.21415 0.01631 Chad 2004 29.9 20.4 18.0 18.7 13.0 19.9 2.298 16.897 -0.14907 0.03354 Comoros 1996 13.6 14.7 5.5 0.0 2.0 8.1 6.800 11.600 -0.41173 0.08778 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 35.8 22.6 17.2 6.4 1.4 17.3 25.571 34.400 -0.40579 0.03447 Eritrea 1995 50.1 65.4 42.0 18.9 1.3 37.7 38.538 48.800 -0.33792 0.02566 Ethiopia 2000 19.4 21.1 17.0 18.6 5.5 16.8 3.527 13.900 -0.19432 0.02683 Gabon 2000 10.1 2.1 2.4 1.5 4.6 4.1 2.196 5.500 -0.32572 0.10656 Ghana 1993 30.9 16.9 10.2 13.4 3.3 15.2 9.364 27.600 -0.30878 0.05574 Ghana 1998 12.9 9.2 4.2 4.7 1.1 7.1 11.727 11.800 -0.24192 0.07160 Ghana 2003 7.4 6.5 3.1 2.5 4.6 5.2 1.617 2.843 -0.17390 0.10043 Guinea 1999 38.5 29.0 18.0 11.4 2.8 20.5 13.750 35.700 -0.35297 0.03368 Kenya 1993 6.2 3.7 4.3 0.9 0.9 3.3 6.666 5.230 -0.28725 0.08700 Kenya 1998 4.8 3.0 1.1 2.6 1.0 2.7 4.800 3.800 -0.27910 0.10790 Kenya 2003 19.7 5.3 4.1 1.1 3.1 7.6 6.450 16.673 -0.53213 0.07367 Madagascar 1997 29.5 26.2 24.5 8.4 3.6 20.1 8.194 25.900 -0.29635 0.03104 Malawi 1992 6.6 3.7 1.1 1.0 0.7 2.5 9.429 5.900 -0.36218 0.13984 Malawi 2000 3.0 4.2 2.9 2.5 0.9 2.8 3.333 2.100 -0.16387 0.06477 Mali 1995/96 42.5 29.3 22.8 14.5 4.9 22.8 8.673 37.600 -0.30482 0.02479 Mali 2001 29.4 25.8 27.7 17.6 6.1 21.7 4.820 23.300 -0.19243 0.02261 Mauritania 2000/01 26.3 15.0 12.4 14.8 5.1 15.0 5.157 21.200 -0.19665 0.04863 Mozambique 1997 36.1 26.9 26.1 5.2 1.2 19.7 30.083 34.900 -0.34698 0.03003 Mozambique 2003 20.0 8.5 7.2 2.1 0.2 8.8 113.021 19.794 -0.38923 0.04354 Namibia 1992 6.3 4.1 3.1 4.6 6.0 4.8 1.050 0.300 -0.05361 0.09770 Namibia 2000 6.4 8.2 6.4 2.9 1.8 5.2 3.556 4.600 -0.09711 0.07972 Niger 1998 57.1 44.5 53.8 36.6 7.9 40.0 7.228 49.200 -0.23374 0.01548 Nigeria 1990 45.3 49.4 35.4 30.5 12.8 35.9 3.539 32.500 -0.23367 0.01891 Nigeria 2003 37.0 34.5 31.9 22.3 4.4 26.6 8.502 32.661 -0.21465 0.03012 Rwanda 2000 2.2 2.0 0.9 2.5 0.8 1.7 2.750 1.400 0.03654 0.12754 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 2.3 1.7 3.3 2.2 1.4 2.2 1.643 0.900 -0.08911 0.12277 Tanzania 1996 6.9 3.6 4.3 0.6 0.4 3.3 17.250 6.500 -0.46841 0.09581 Tanzania 1999 9.1 2.6 8.1 4.4 0.1 5.3 91.000 9.000 -0.19653 0.08154 Tanzania 2004 7.7 5.1 3.8 2.3 2.4 4.5 3.198 5.279 -0.23091 0.06563 Togo 1998 27.9 16.4 15.7 11.4 2.3 16.3 12.130 25.600 -0.26565 0.03679 Uganda 1995 17.9 19.8 13.8 13.1 6.1 14.4 2.934 11.800 -0.21098 0.03350 Uganda 2000/01 15.3 11.8 14.2 12.7 11.0 13.1 1.391 4.300 -0.06717 0.03819 Zambia 1996 3.9 1.7 2.8 0.3 0.0 1.9 - 3.900 -0.39175 0.10871 Zambia 2001 3.3 4.1 3.5 0.7 5.6 3.4 0.589 2.300 -0.03158 0.08791 Zimbabwe 1994 3.7 6.6 4.8 1.7 4.5 4.1 0.822 0.800 -0.01553 0.09772 Zimbabwe 1999 9.5 11.3 15.5 13.4 7.7 11.6 1.234 1.800 -0.01206 0.05328 G. ALL COUNTRIES 15.8 12.1 9.9 6.9 3.5 10.0 4.529 12.323 -0.29079 0.09905 - 84 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization HEPATITIS B COVERAGE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 29.9 39.7 46.9 50.6 62.2 45.3 0.481 32.254 0.16590 0.01048 Philippines 1998 48.1 51.0 51.3 66.7 67.5 55.1 0.713 19.400 0.07372 0.01297 Philippines 2003 30.6 43.7 51.9 49.5 60.5 45.3 0.506 29.849 0.13964 0.01582 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 7.5 3.7 0.0 4.9 (2.4) 4.0 3.125 9.900 -0.16028 0.13930 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 67.9 75.4 80.5 92.8 84.5 78.7 0.804 16.600 0.05733 0.01038 Colombia 2005 67.7 71.4 82.0 72.3 84.2 74.4 0.804 16.497 0.03797 0.00679 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 22.2 29.7 32.2 36.6 47.3 32.8 0.469 25.134 0.15148 0.01782 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 1.4 0.4 1.3 2.0 8.4 2.3 0.167 7.000 0.28773 0.11955 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 47.5 53.2 53.9 63.2 69.9 57.0 0.680 22.400 0.09842 0.01011 Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 56.2 56.0 53.0 55.9 50.6 54.6 1.111 5.600 na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 85 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization HEPATITIS B COVERAGE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.000 na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 62.7 74.4 76.5 81.7 80.0 74.2 0.784 17.300 0.05157 0.01076 Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 86 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization YELLOW FEVER COVERAGE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 52.4 63.4 59.5 64.6 53.1 58.8 0.987 0.675 0.02625 0.00932 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 87 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Childhood Immunization YELLOW FEVER COVERAGE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 23.1 31.6 30.8 37.6 59.7 35.4 0.387 36.600 0.20137 0.02440 Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 2.5 2.6 1.1 0.9 4.3 2.3 0.581 1.800 0.16107 0.18005 Cameroon 1998 3.7 0.6 8.6 8.3 9.9 5.9 0.374 6.200 0.27786 0.08866 Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 23.9 34.0 26.4 45.4 63.0 38.9 0.379 39.100 0.18647 0.02557 Chad 1996/97 12.0 18.9 20.0 33.8 42.8 24.7 0.280 30.800 0.29522 0.02834 Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 15.3 24.0 24.9 23.8 34.1 24.0 0.449 18.800 0.10252 0.03328 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 49.1 47.0 64.7 68.0 75.6 59.6 0.649 26.500 0.09287 0.01705 Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 4.2 6.7 8.2 10.9 10.1 7.9 0.416 5.900 0.16577 0.06506 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 0.5 1.3 3.1 8.0 27.1 7.6 0.018 26.600 0.61362 0.06038 Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 2.9 6.0 5.6 8.9 19.8 8.5 0.146 16.900 0.43667 0.05557 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 88 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses MEDICAL TREATMENT OF FEVER Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 39.4 45.0 47.0 47.6 59.6 46.6 0.662 20.111 0.06496 0.01732 Cambodia 2000 29.0 29.6 34.6 36.4 46.2 34.1 0.628 17.200 0.09798 0.01572 Indonesia 1997 51.5 59.4 65.2 71.1 76.2 63.8 0.676 24.700 0.06242 0.00625 Indonesia 2002/03 39.1 52.5 63.1 66.4 70.9 57.2 0.551 31.805 0.13451 0.00717 Philippines 1998 32.4 37.6 44.6 51.6 41.7 40.3 0.777 9.300 0.07402 0.01652 Philippines 2003 44.9 42.0 50.0 45.3 55.4 46.3 0.810 10.540 0.04722 0.01636 Vietnam 1997 37.5 50.0 39.9 37.1 48.8 42.2 0.768 11.300 0.03044 0.03384 Vietnam 2002 44.8 55.9 40.1 42.4 65.7 48.6 0.682 20.900 -0.01985 0.03001 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na 26.7 na na 27.3 na na 0.15823 0.09401 Armenia 2000 16.9 20.3 (32.5) 26.6 (36.4) 25.7 0.464 53.300 0.10464 0.06275 Kazakhstan 1995 * * * (23.3) * 23.8 - - 0.07437 0.10885 Kazakhstan 1999 (22.9) * (20.6) (18.8) * 20.8 - - -0.04845 0.09392 Kyrgyzstan 1997 (15.2) * * * * 23.6 - - 0.01787 0.08612 Turkey 1993 22.5 40.7 44.5 45.2 43.7 37.3 0.515 21.200 0.11282 0.02435 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * (38.6) * (55.3) 53.9 - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * (15.2) * (41.8) 12.6 - - 0.55885 0.13323 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 37.2 45.3 49.3 52.1 58.7 46.2 0.634 21.508 0.09534 0.01501 Bolivia 1998 21.8 27.5 29.3 44.2 52.1 32.0 0.418 30.300 0.15630 0.01860 Bolivia 2003 40.9 49.9 45.2 49.8 52.8 46.8 0.775 11.864 0.03672 0.01241 Brazil 1996 21.9 35.9 37.3 44.7 50.5 34.5 0.434 28.600 0.16691 0.02171 Colombia 1995 22.6 29.5 31.8 35.3 54.2 32.3 0.417 31.600 0.14170 0.02313 Colombia 2000 31.2 40.1 48.7 55.1 59.1 45.4 0.528 27.900 0.13559 0.01799 Colombia 2005 41.3 47.2 44.9 40.4 34.9 42.6 1.184 6.420 0.00081 0.01251 Dominican Republic 1996 32.4 35.0 32.8 36.0 42.5 34.9 0.762 10.100 0.05481 0.02237 Dominican Republic 2002 60.3 63.2 63.3 67.9 60.4 63.1 1.000 0.028 0.02147 0.00922 Guatemala 1995 17.0 20.9 35.9 37.7 53.8 28.7 0.316 36.800 0.16939 0.01818 Guatemala 1998/99 16.4 28.7 27.6 32.2 40.4 26.9 0.406 24.000 0.12507 0.02677 Haiti 1994/95 16.3 22.1 23.8 33.4 35.3 24.3 0.462 19.000 0.15704 0.02878 Haiti 2000 32.1 35.2 44.5 43.7 57.6 40.2 0.557 25.500 0.11484 0.01430 Nicaragua 1997/98 37.4 48.1 50.6 52.3 54.2 46.6 0.690 16.800 0.08853 0.01541 Nicaragua 2001 49.2 65.8 68.7 59.5 72.7 61.5 0.677 23.500 0.07745 0.01249 Paraguay 1990 25.4 33.8 56.3 65.8 82.4 46.1 0.308 57.000 0.23888 0.01628 Peru 1996 24.7 34.3 35.0 42.2 38.4 32.7 0.643 13.700 0.09560 0.01172 Peru 2000 47.3 48.3 55.6 65.2 76.8 54.0 0.616 29.500 0.07590 0.00937 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 24.6 29.4 29.4 36.3 39.9 31.2 0.617 15.294 0.10180 0.01606 Egypt 1995 33.8 42.8 48.3 55.3 61.6 47.6 0.549 27.800 0.10761 0.00888 Egypt 2000 29.8 35.4 35.3 36.9 39.8 35.1 0.749 10.000 0.07701 0.01728 Jordan 1997 36.1 32.1 31.6 38.6 37.7 34.9 0.958 1.600 -0.00434 0.01005 Morocco 1992 9.3 11.5 16.8 26.5 34.9 18.0 0.266 25.600 0.27704 0.03618 Morocco 2003/04 18.7 33.4 31.6 42.9 50.8 34.3 0.367 32.177 0.14863 0.01841 Yemen 1997 13.9 16.5 19.2 26.8 31.3 20.5 0.444 17.400 0.18591 0.01851 E. SOUTH ASIA 28.4 36.7 39.5 44.0 53.0 39.4 0.535 24.681 0.15323 0.01608 Bangladesh 1996/97 15.0 17.9 15.1 23.0 26.1 18.9 0.575 11.100 0.11759 0.02938 Bangladesh 1999/2000 17.0 18.7 21.3 26.2 44.1 23.8 0.385 27.100 0.19970 0.02227 Bangladesh 2004 8.9 12.4 17.4 21.2 39.1 18.0 0.227 30.224 0.31367 0.02579 India 1992/93 57.9 61.1 69.0 79.9 81.1 68.5 0.714 23.200 0.08173 0.00415 India 1998/99 40.5 46.9 55.1 55.7 56.8 50.2 0.713 16.300 0.07852 0.00600 Nepal 1996 9.9 12.5 14.4 19.2 22.3 14.9 0.444 12.400 0.20143 0.03547 Nepal 2001 18.8 22.5 27.8 28.0 32.7 25.0 0.575 13.900 0.10998 0.02216 Pakistan 1990/91 45.3 65.0 57.9 71.1 83.6 64.6 0.542 38.300 0.11075 0.01035 - 89 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses MEDICAL TREATMENT OF FEVER (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 28.1 30.7 33.7 39.0 49.5 35.2 0.568 21.376 0.14090 0.02256 Benin 1996 9.6 12.0 11.0 11.6 24.7 12.6 0.389 15.100 0.12569 0.04284 Benin 2001 24.2 29.8 31.4 37.7 43.2 31.8 0.560 19.000 0.10887 0.01984 Burkina Faso 1992/93 13.7 14.7 21.4 19.8 29.4 19.3 0.468 15.625 0.19272 0.02781 Burkina Faso 1998/99 8.9 8.8 14.7 11.8 31.8 14.0 0.280 22.900 0.29244 0.03655 Burkina Faso 2003 23.5 24.2 33.9 35.0 57.1 33.0 0.412 33.545 0.17049 0.01437 Cameroon 1991 25.3 30.5 38.8 49.1 53.3 40.8 0.475 28.000 0.13801 0.02536 Cameroon 1998 12.6 14.0 16.0 30.5 32.3 20.2 0.390 19.700 0.23316 0.04773 Cameroon 2004 32.5 34.6 41.5 45.7 52.6 41.0 0.618 20.089 0.09714 0.01802 Central African Republic 1994/95 20.1 21.1 32.7 39.3 44.3 31.8 0.454 24.200 0.17709 0.02859 Chad 1996/97 1.7 6.2 6.8 10.4 15.7 8.2 0.108 14.000 0.35413 0.04309 Chad 2004 7.6 16.8 21.7 20.8 39.0 21.5 0.195 31.434 0.27000 0.02283 Comoros 1996 26.4 28.7 30.6 28.2 39.0 30.0 0.677 12.600 0.05541 0.04113 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 19.2 30.3 33.9 44.9 56.6 34.7 0.339 37.400 0.20100 0.01951 Eritrea 1995 16.5 15.7 20.1 38.1 37.0 22.9 0.446 20.500 0.20911 0.03398 Ethiopia 2000 13.6 13.8 14.9 12.7 41.3 18.0 0.329 27.700 0.32854 0.02642 Gabon 2000 38.6 51.3 48.6 60.9 61.7 51.7 0.626 23.100 0.07972 0.01652 Ghana 1993 36.4 40.6 47.6 58.7 64.3 47.3 0.566 27.900 0.11975 0.02566 Ghana 1998 33.2 36.4 42.5 50.7 57.0 41.6 0.582 23.800 0.09948 0.02363 Ghana 2003 41.4 33.5 42.5 54.3 70.1 46.8 0.590 28.729 0.10336 0.02331 Guinea 1999 15.5 10.8 17.2 27.2 35.0 20.4 0.443 19.500 0.21000 0.02550 Kenya 1993 37.8 47.3 42.1 55.1 58.4 47.3 0.647 20.600 0.10816 0.01244 Kenya 1998 54.8 60.8 61.7 62.3 73.3 61.7 0.748 18.500 0.06360 0.01256 Kenya 2003 41.6 42.2 45.8 49.5 54.6 46.3 0.761 13.032 0.06879 0.01350 Madagascar 1997 23.7 24.4 23.8 25.9 34.8 25.6 0.681 11.100 0.04198 0.03093 Malawi 1992 49.0 47.6 46.7 48.8 64.2 50.7 0.763 15.200 0.05739 0.01413 Malawi 2000 10.3 10.7 12.1 13.0 18.7 12.4 0.551 8.400 0.11559 0.02525 Mali 1995/96 7.6 8.3 14.7 15.3 36.0 14.9 0.213 28.336 0.33170 0.03356 Mali 2001 18.4 18.9 25.4 29.2 61.1 28.9 0.301 42.700 0.26487 0.01665 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 12.4 19.6 18.7 22.8 36.9 21.1 0.336 24.500 0.20116 0.03114 Mozambique 2003 41.4 42.7 49.6 62.9 68.1 51.4 0.607 26.735 0.09256 0.01039 Namibia 1992 62.2 65.7 63.3 62.4 71.3 64.9 0.872 9.100 0.00748 0.01217 Namibia 2000 49.0 57.7 53.1 49.8 65.5 54.3 0.748 16.500 0.03917 0.01903 Niger 1998 7.2 5.0 7.2 10.7 22.0 9.4 0.327 14.800 0.33111 0.04607 Nigeria 1990 21.8 25.1 31.7 37.6 56.1 32.4 0.389 34.300 0.18725 0.01713 Nigeria 2003 20.3 21.0 31.8 45.5 54.4 32.1 0.373 34.119 0.19968 0.02164 Rwanda 2000 14.3 12.6 19.3 22.7 26.5 18.9 0.540 12.200 0.17510 0.02505 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 32.2 40.0 39.7 41.6 45.3 39.4 0.711 13.100 0.06070 0.01640 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 51.0 59.5 53.4 54.2 76.3 57.6 0.668 25.305 0.06823 0.01171 Togo 1998 10.7 10.3 11.6 23.3 30.0 15.5 0.357 19.300 0.18088 0.03679 Uganda 1995 33.4 41.1 39.8 45.5 44.4 40.2 0.752 11.000 0.04939 0.01469 Uganda 2000/01 56.4 67.6 66.6 70.8 80.1 67.1 0.704 23.700 0.06144 0.00772 Zambia 1996 64.3 69.0 67.8 71.8 78.8 69.5 0.816 14.500 0.03717 0.00795 Zambia 2001 60.5 65.0 64.9 69.1 68.5 64.8 0.883 8.000 0.02787 0.00879 Zimbabwe 1994 35.6 35.3 32.6 41.5 51.8 38.8 0.687 16.200 0.07134 0.02626 Zimbabwe 1999 47.9 50.8 41.9 41.8 50.0 46.2 0.958 2.100 -0.01449 0.02304 G. ALL COUNTRIES 29.8 34.8 37.1 41.6 51.2 37.2 0.583 21.364 0.12617 0.02540 - 90 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF FEVER IN A PUBLIC FACILITY Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 28.0 28.2 26.8 19.0 17.9 25.2 1.562 10.086 -0.04531 0.02865 Cambodia 2000 10.8 11.4 10.5 11.2 18.1 12.0 0.597 7.300 0.05846 0.03010 Indonesia 1997 30.4 33.6 34.1 27.8 20.0 29.6 1.520 10.400 -0.08718 0.01322 Indonesia 2002/03 32.0 40.6 38.9 32.5 22.8 34.1 1.407 9.253 0.00896 0.01240 Philippines 1998 25.6 26.9 21.9 15.5 5.4 21.5 4.741 20.200 -0.12442 0.02339 Philippines 2003 38.7 34.3 37.6 16.3 11.6 31.1 3.336 27.090 -0.13486 0.02139 Vietnam 1997 19.6 35.2 20.3 25.7 26.8 25.2 0.731 7.200 0.00981 0.04561 Vietnam 2002 30.6 26.6 20.1 15.9 19.3 23.6 1.585 11.300 -0.11381 0.05071 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na 26.1 na na 26.7 na na 0.15664 0.10043 Armenia 2000 15.2 20.3 (29.8) 22.4 (36.4) 23.9 0.418 51.600 0.09492 0.06846 Kazakhstan 1995 * * * (23.3) * 23.8 - - 0.07173 0.10854 Kazakhstan 1999 (20.2) * (20.6) (18.8) * 20.0 - - -0.01498 0.09665 Kyrgyzstan 1997 (15.2) * * * * 23.6 - - 0.02198 0.07857 Turkey 1993 18.7 29.5 32.6 32.7 22.2 26.5 0.842 3.500 0.05947 0.03090 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * (38.6) * (55.3) 53.9 - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * (15.2) * (39.2) 12.1 - - 0.52464 0.15805 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 32.7 39.5 38.1 35.5 28.1 35.2 1.162 4.563 0.01583 0.01954 Bolivia 1998 21.2 24.4 24.6 27.9 28.0 24.6 0.757 6.800 0.06144 0.02252 Bolivia 2003 35.6 45.7 42.3 40.1 33.8 40.0 1.055 1.843 0.00073 0.01437 Brazil 1996 20.5 31.2 25.5 30.1 18.5 24.9 1.108 2.000 0.04579 0.02795 Colombia 1995 13.9 17.7 21.2 20.8 14.4 17.7 0.965 0.500 0.05513 0.03144 Colombia 2000 24.4 27.6 29.5 23.7 20.6 25.6 1.184 3.800 -0.00254 0.02744 Colombia 2005 38.3 44.2 38.7 27.9 25.7 36.7 1.492 12.616 -0.04940 0.01395 Dominican Republic 1996 27.7 25.4 20.1 15.3 9.6 21.2 2.885 18.100 -0.13928 0.03077 Dominican Republic 2002 55.4 50.7 49.9 42.3 23.8 47.2 2.329 31.610 -0.10444 0.01213 Guatemala 1995 13.4 13.7 23.0 13.2 10.0 15.0 1.340 3.400 0.02730 0.02695 Guatemala 1998/99 14.7 23.5 21.5 15.8 13.3 18.3 1.105 1.400 0.00707 0.03204 Haiti 1994/95 3.8 7.9 10.7 11.3 9.7 8.2 0.392 5.900 0.19747 0.05059 Haiti 2000 21.6 27.5 26.7 29.5 37.3 27.2 0.579 15.700 0.08660 0.01971 Nicaragua 1997/98 34.5 44.8 40.4 36.3 23.9 37.3 1.444 10.600 0.02170 0.01875 Nicaragua 2001 46.2 59.3 54.4 46.4 35.9 49.6 1.287 10.300 -0.00060 0.01656 Paraguay 1990 16.1 27.0 34.8 30.9 18.8 24.7 0.856 2.700 0.12375 0.02839 Peru 1996 24.0 32.0 30.7 34.0 20.2 28.5 1.188 3.800 0.04396 0.01289 Peru 2000 45.6 46.3 49.2 56.3 45.9 47.9 0.993 0.300 0.03299 0.01079 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 17.8 19.7 19.3 19.8 13.0 18.2 1.365 4.764 -0.00637 0.02330 Egypt 1995 12.6 13.5 13.7 11.1 8.6 12.0 1.465 4.000 -0.04106 0.02235 Egypt 2000 16.0 16.2 14.2 10.0 3.6 12.6 4.444 12.400 -0.12402 0.03171 Jordan 1997 27.1 20.1 21.5 18.1 10.0 20.2 2.710 17.100 -0.08813 0.01677 Morocco 1992 8.4 8.6 13.5 15.5 17.7 12.1 0.475 9.300 0.15806 0.04544 Morocco 2003/04 17.0 30.2 27.6 33.0 22.3 26.1 0.761 5.346 0.06022 0.02252 Yemen 1997 11.1 12.2 13.9 18.0 16.2 13.9 0.685 5.100 0.12646 0.02219 E. SOUTH ASIA 9.7 13.4 13.7 14.9 11.4 12.6 0.855 1.654 0.07988 0.03268 Bangladesh 1996/97 4.4 5.2 4.6 8.2 5.7 5.5 0.772 1.300 0.05527 0.05662 Bangladesh 1999/2000 4.5 4.6 5.0 4.4 3.8 4.5 1.184 0.700 -0.04956 0.05509 Bangladesh 2004 2.4 3.2 5.5 6.2 7.3 4.6 0.326 4.917 0.26714 0.05479 India 1992/93 17.6 16.3 19.7 19.6 11.6 17.2 1.517 6.000 -0.00692 0.01356 India 1998/99 8.1 10.9 10.5 10.6 8.8 9.8 0.920 0.700 0.04470 0.01784 Nepal 1996 9.3 10.1 11.2 15.8 12.5 11.6 0.744 3.200 0.13235 0.03807 Nepal 2001 17.1 20.4 20.7 23.2 17.7 19.8 0.966 0.600 0.03125 0.02589 Pakistan 1990/91 11.4 19.1 18.2 19.6 11.8 16.3 0.966 0.400 -0.02356 0.03221 - 91 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF FEVER IN A PUBLIC FACILITY (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 23.0 24.6 26.9 30.8 35.6 27.6 0.644 12.684 0.12635 0.02697 Benin 1996 8.2 10.3 9.4 8.1 11.4 9.3 0.719 3.200 0.02725 0.04751 Benin 2001 20.2 23.5 24.1 27.2 18.6 23.0 1.086 1.600 0.03051 0.02395 Burkina Faso 1992/93 13.7 14.4 20.5 19.7 27.5 18.7 0.500 13.735 0.17522 0.02791 Burkina Faso 1998/99 8.3 8.8 14.4 11.6 30.8 13.6 0.269 22.500 0.29312 0.03716 Burkina Faso 2003 22.3 22.9 33.3 34.1 54.4 31.8 0.410 32.078 0.17148 0.01452 Cameroon 1991 15.2 20.0 23.9 32.2 35.0 26.4 0.434 19.800 0.15367 0.03469 Cameroon 1998 9.2 9.1 11.1 17.3 22.0 13.1 0.418 12.800 0.19060 0.06235 Cameroon 2004 26.9 26.6 33.7 26.0 33.3 29.2 0.808 6.396 0.03306 0.02355 Central African Republic 1994/95 19.0 17.6 30.9 31.7 41.5 28.3 0.458 22.500 0.17713 0.02985 Chad 1996/97 0.2 3.0 0.8 5.1 12.1 4.4 0.017 11.900 0.60581 0.07144 Chad 2004 1.8 4.3 5.6 7.9 29.6 9.7 0.062 27.732 0.52896 0.04264 Comoros 1996 21.8 24.3 23.5 23.3 29.9 24.3 0.729 8.100 0.04665 0.04801 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 17.6 28.4 32.1 43.1 53.4 32.7 0.330 35.800 0.20595 0.02027 Eritrea 1995 16.4 14.9 18.6 37.0 33.6 21.9 0.488 17.200 0.19406 0.03660 Ethiopia 2000 11.3 10.2 11.1 9.8 30.2 13.6 0.374 18.900 0.29850 0.03267 Gabon 2000 36.1 48.1 44.2 58.0 50.2 47.1 0.719 14.100 0.07020 0.01783 Ghana 1993 27.3 33.3 40.7 46.7 51.4 38.3 0.531 24.100 0.13177 0.03011 Ghana 1998 8.2 5.6 12.4 9.9 12.6 9.3 0.651 4.400 0.06783 0.06277 Ghana 2003 38.6 28.0 36.1 45.0 56.4 39.9 0.685 17.798 0.06111 0.02763 Guinea 1999 14.0 9.6 15.2 27.0 32.4 18.9 0.432 18.400 0.21768 0.02708 Kenya 1993 26.8 34.9 28.3 42.8 31.4 32.6 0.851 4.682 0.07777 0.01754 Kenya 1998 39.3 33.9 37.8 35.1 34.2 36.3 1.149 5.100 0.00164 0.01997 Kenya 2003 27.3 27.9 31.0 34.1 25.7 29.0 1.060 1.553 0.00715 0.01920 Madagascar 1997 16.9 16.2 19.5 21.3 19.3 18.4 0.876 2.400 0.00033 0.03607 Malawi 1992 35.1 37.8 35.1 34.7 45.2 37.2 0.777 10.100 0.03192 0.01890 Malawi 2000 8.0 7.7 8.7 8.6 9.5 8.4 0.842 1.500 0.06138 0.03132 Mali 1995/96 4.7 4.9 6.8 10.1 18.5 8.3 0.254 13.806 0.28390 0.04816 Mali 2001 6.5 7.1 11.4 14.2 43.4 15.1 0.150 36.900 0.41355 0.02839 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 12.1 19.3 18.7 22.6 36.8 20.9 0.329 24.700 0.20130 0.03109 Mozambique 2003 40.2 42.7 48.7 62.2 65.0 50.3 0.619 24.804 0.08478 0.01089 Namibia 1992 62.2 65.7 62.9 62.4 63.3 63.4 0.983 1.100 -0.00468 0.01257 Namibia 2000 47.1 54.6 52.5 46.2 53.0 50.2 0.889 5.900 -0.00933 0.02063 Niger 1998 5.9 4.8 7.0 10.4 20.9 8.9 0.282 15.000 0.35374 0.04717 Nigeria 1990 21.7 23.7 30.2 36.4 49.0 30.6 0.443 27.300 0.15073 0.01816 Nigeria 2003 14.4 17.4 25.9 38.5 34.7 24.7 0.417 20.219 0.16839 0.02589 Rwanda 2000 14.3 12.6 18.4 21.2 21.9 17.6 0.653 7.600 0.11593 0.02482 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 29.5 35.9 36.6 36.9 39.1 35.4 0.754 9.600 0.04974 0.01767 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 46.9 53.9 44.9 46.2 54.2 48.9 0.865 7.298 0.02170 0.01470 Togo 1998 10.5 10.0 10.2 18.6 21.6 13.2 0.486 11.100 0.12555 0.03997 Uganda 1995 16.7 14.4 15.4 19.4 14.8 16.2 1.128 1.900 -0.01037 0.02767 Uganda 2000/01 21.8 27.3 21.2 20.7 18.4 22.3 1.185 3.400 -0.04601 0.02000 Zambia 1996 55.0 57.3 58.5 61.3 51.0 56.8 1.078 4.000 0.00809 0.01076 Zambia 2001 51.3 49.3 55.2 59.3 47.5 52.9 1.080 3.800 0.02870 0.01119 Zimbabwe 1994 32.8 27.4 25.8 35.8 37.7 32.0 0.870 4.900 0.03568 0.03010 Zimbabwe 1999 39.5 49.4 37.3 29.0 27.9 36.9 1.416 11.600 -0.07604 0.02642 G. ALL COUNTRIES 23.3 26.3 27.2 28.1 29.6 26.8 0.786 6.324 0.08170 0.03171 - 92 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF FEVER IN A PRIVATE FACILITY Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 10.7 15.7 19.7 28.0 40.6 20.6 0.264 29.872 0.23436 0.03168 Cambodia 2000 18.1 17.9 22.9 24.2 27.3 21.4 0.663 9.200 0.12436 0.02156 Indonesia 1997 19.6 24.6 29.9 41.9 54.3 32.7 0.361 34.700 0.19581 0.01136 Indonesia 2002/03 7.1 11.8 24.2 33.9 48.1 23.1 0.147 41.058 0.31989 0.01577 Philippines 1998 6.5 10.0 21.2 34.4 36.0 17.9 0.181 29.500 0.31611 0.02769 Philippines 2003 6.2 7.7 12.4 29.0 43.8 15.3 0.142 37.630 0.41831 0.03777 Vietnam 1997 16.1 14.9 18.8 10.2 21.2 16.0 0.759 5.100 0.06541 0.07133 Vietnam 2002 11.5 25.4 19.2 24.9 43.1 22.5 0.267 31.600 0.07487 0.05163 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na 0.30820 0.79883 Armenia 2000 0.0 0.0 (2.7) 4.1 0.0 1.5 - 0.000 0.05977 0.22656 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 (2.7) * 0.0 0.0 * 0.8 - - -0.67729 0.64998 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 3.8 9.7 10.2 12.1 20.8 10.0 0.183 17.000 0.25016 0.05534 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * 0.0 * (2.6) 0.4 - - 1.54212 1.51996 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 4.4 5.5 10.8 16.2 30.3 10.7 0.147 25.838 0.36091 0.04327 Bolivia 1998 0.7 2.5 3.7 15.1 23.6 6.8 0.030 22.900 0.50310 0.05111 Bolivia 2003 5.3 4.2 3.0 9.6 19.0 6.8 0.279 13.707 0.24893 0.04976 Brazil 1996 1.4 4.7 11.8 13.6 32.1 9.4 0.044 30.700 0.49232 0.05454 Colombia 1995 8.7 11.6 10.6 14.5 38.9 14.5 0.224 30.200 0.25228 0.04180 Colombia 2000 6.8 12.2 19.2 30.9 38.5 19.6 0.177 31.700 0.31186 0.03332 Colombia 2005 3.0 3.1 6.3 12.5 9.2 5.9 0.327 6.197 0.31264 0.04306 Dominican Republic 1996 4.7 8.9 12.2 20.7 32.9 13.5 0.143 28.200 0.35869 0.04097 Dominican Republic 2002 5.0 12.4 13.4 25.6 36.6 15.9 0.135 31.637 0.39597 0.02815 Guatemala 1995 3.1 6.9 12.8 24.2 43.8 13.4 0.071 40.700 0.33184 0.03090 Guatemala 1998/99 1.7 5.0 6.1 14.0 27.1 8.2 0.063 25.400 0.38779 0.05893 Haiti 1994/95 3.2 4.0 4.1 7.6 21.1 6.2 0.152 17.900 0.37654 0.08021 Haiti 2000 10.0 6.0 17.5 14.2 19.9 12.2 0.503 9.900 0.16716 0.03107 Nicaragua 1997/98 2.9 3.3 10.2 15.8 25.6 8.8 0.113 22.700 0.38594 0.04947 Nicaragua 2001 3.0 6.4 12.1 13.2 36.3 11.4 0.083 33.300 0.41829 0.04487 Paraguay 1990 9.1 6.0 20.9 34.9 62.6 20.8 0.145 53.500 0.37509 0.03331 Peru 1996 0.6 2.1 4.3 8.1 16.9 4.0 0.036 16.300 0.47620 0.04540 Peru 2000 1.5 1.9 5.8 8.2 29.7 5.7 0.051 28.200 0.45000 0.04576 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 6.3 9.2 9.6 16.0 25.6 12.3 0.244 19.383 0.27475 0.03520 Egypt 1995 20.8 28.3 34.0 43.4 51.9 34.8 0.401 31.100 0.16087 0.01117 Egypt 2000 13.0 18.1 20.8 26.5 34.9 21.7 0.372 21.900 0.19276 0.02418 Jordan 1997 7.6 11.5 8.8 20.5 25.6 13.7 0.297 18.000 0.13719 0.02623 Morocco 1992 0.6 2.9 2.9 10.0 16.7 5.5 0.036 16.100 0.52626 0.07183 Morocco 2003/04 1.7 3.3 4.0 9.9 28.5 8.1 0.058 26.831 0.43641 0.05239 Yemen 1997 2.8 3.9 4.9 6.9 13.6 5.8 0.206 10.800 0.33262 0.03801 E. SOUTH ASIA 18.3 22.7 25.2 28.3 41.1 26.3 0.446 22.777 0.24844 0.02857 Bangladesh 1996/97 10.6 12.8 10.5 14.8 20.4 13.4 0.520 9.800 0.14152 0.03823 Bangladesh 1999/2000 12.1 13.9 16.2 21.4 39.8 19.0 0.304 27.700 0.25990 0.02565 Bangladesh 2004 6.5 9.2 11.8 15.0 31.8 13.4 0.204 25.307 0.32927 0.03176 India 1992/93 39.6 43.8 47.9 58.7 68.5 50.1 0.578 28.900 0.11401 0.00591 India 1998/99 31.5 34.8 42.7 43.6 46.6 39.1 0.676 15.100 0.08797 0.00711 Nepal 1996 0.6 2.1 2.7 2.5 9.5 2.9 0.063 8.900 0.47485 0.10036 Nepal 2001 1.7 2.0 7.1 4.9 14.6 5.2 0.116 12.900 0.41902 0.06095 Pakistan 1990/91 33.7 44.7 39.1 49.8 71.5 47.5 0.471 37.800 0.15750 0.01445 - 93 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF FEVER IN A PRIVATE FACILITY (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4.9 5.5 5.9 7.5 13.3 7.0 0.366 8.447 0.30493 0.09465 Benin 1996 1.2 1.2 1.6 3.1 12.4 2.9 0.097 11.200 0.41265 0.10788 Benin 2001 3.7 5.5 7.1 10.3 23.5 8.3 0.157 19.800 0.31676 0.04986 Burkina Faso 1992/93 0.0 0.3 0.9 0.1 1.9 0.6 - 1.890 0.73901 0.22670 Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.556 0.400 0.37136 0.25886 Burkina Faso 2003 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.9 2.7 1.2 0.464 1.467 0.17030 0.11458 Cameroon 1991 10.1 9.0 13.7 11.3 11.9 11.1 0.849 1.800 0.05941 0.05483 Cameroon 1998 2.6 4.9 4.8 13.2 10.3 6.9 0.252 7.700 0.29707 0.08361 Cameroon 2004 5.5 8.0 7.8 19.7 19.2 11.8 0.288 13.693 0.25566 0.04258 Central African Republic 1994/95 1.1 3.5 1.7 7.0 2.8 3.4 0.393 1.700 0.18520 0.09123 Chad 1996/97 1.5 3.2 6.0 5.3 3.3 3.8 0.455 1.800 0.08341 0.05482 Chad 2004 1.3 0.6 1.4 1.3 4.7 1.8 0.277 3.407 0.71180 0.12708 Comoros 1996 4.5 4.3 6.1 4.9 7.8 5.4 0.577 3.300 0.13079 0.10912 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 0.9 2.0 1.8 1.4 2.4 1.6 0.375 1.500 0.08146 0.09890 Eritrea 1995 0.1 0.8 1.5 1.1 3.4 1.1 0.029 3.300 0.51397 0.21443 Ethiopia 2000 2.3 3.3 3.7 2.3 10.9 4.1 0.211 8.600 0.47783 0.06442 Gabon 2000 1.7 3.2 3.0 2.0 10.5 3.8 0.162 8.800 0.18384 0.09236 Ghana 1993 9.1 7.2 6.2 12.0 12.9 8.8 0.705 3.800 0.07153 0.08723 Ghana 1998 0.3 1.2 0.8 4.6 6.2 2.0 0.048 5.900 0.46703 0.15175 Ghana 2003 2.7 5.5 6.4 9.3 13.7 6.9 0.200 10.930 0.34740 0.08560 Guinea 1999 1.4 1.3 2.0 0.2 2.7 1.5 0.519 1.300 0.10723 0.10856 Kenya 1993 11.0 12.4 13.8 12.3 26.9 14.7 0.409 15.918 0.17611 0.03146 Kenya 1998 13.6 22.6 21.7 24.3 35.8 22.5 0.380 22.200 0.16856 0.02766 Kenya 2003 14.3 14.3 14.8 15.4 28.9 17.3 0.496 14.585 0.17259 0.02969 Madagascar 1997 6.8 7.6 4.2 4.6 15.5 7.1 0.439 8.700 0.13930 0.07398 Malawi 1992 13.4 8.6 10.8 14.2 18.0 12.8 0.744 4.600 0.12716 0.03881 Malawi 2000 2.0 2.9 3.3 4.2 9.0 3.9 0.222 7.000 0.22869 0.04670 Mali 1995/96 2.9 3.4 7.9 5.2 17.5 6.6 0.169 14.530 0.39143 0.05420 Mali 2001 11.7 11.8 13.6 14.8 17.3 13.6 0.676 5.600 0.09832 0.02716 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 - 0.300 0.27099 0.62180 Mozambique 2003 1.1 0.0 1.0 0.7 3.1 1.1 0.369 1.931 0.46920 0.15632 Namibia 1992 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 6.3 1.2 - 6.300 0.68691 0.18834 Namibia 2000 1.9 2.0 0.6 3.6 12.0 3.8 0.158 10.100 0.67226 0.13865 Niger 1998 1.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.5 1.182 0.200 -0.02531 0.25041 Nigeria 1990 0.1 1.4 1.5 1.2 7.1 1.9 0.014 7.000 0.79035 0.13025 Nigeria 2003 5.9 3.6 5.9 7.0 19.8 7.3 0.297 13.901 0.30499 0.06511 Rwanda 2000 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.2 3.1 0.9 - 3.100 1.11920 0.18226 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 1.8 3.0 2.0 4.4 5.5 3.2 0.327 3.700 0.13473 0.06771 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 4.0 5.6 8.6 8.1 22.1 8.7 0.183 18.006 0.33055 0.05131 Togo 1998 0.2 0.3 1.0 3.9 8.4 2.1 0.024 8.200 0.51569 0.11210 Uganda 1995 16.7 25.8 22.7 26.0 29.0 23.4 0.576 12.300 0.09086 0.02140 Uganda 2000/01 33.6 39.2 43.8 49.2 61.0 43.7 0.551 27.400 0.11861 0.01234 Zambia 1996 4.4 6.7 5.0 5.4 22.8 7.9 0.193 18.400 0.29160 0.04557 Zambia 2001 8.8 15.1 9.2 9.0 20.4 11.4 0.431 11.600 0.02690 0.03334 Zimbabwe 1994 2.8 7.9 6.8 5.7 12.8 6.6 0.219 10.000 0.25169 0.07983 Zimbabwe 1999 8.4 1.4 4.6 12.1 20.3 8.8 0.414 11.900 0.27504 0.08280 G. ALL COUNTRIES 6.3 8.0 9.4 12.9 21.4 10.3 0.296 15.106 0.30262 0.11257 - 94 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses MEDICAL TREATMENT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 49.0 55.2 54.5 60.2 70.4 56.0 0.696 21.359 0.08807 0.01931 Cambodia 2000 31.7 30.0 33.1 42.9 52.3 36.6 0.606 20.600 0.11531 0.02071 Indonesia 1997 52.2 67.9 73.6 78.8 80.5 68.7 0.648 28.300 0.07273 0.00934 Indonesia 2002/03 48.3 63.6 58.8 69.7 73.8 61.3 0.655 25.471 0.13008 0.01302 Philippines 1998 47.3 55.0 62.9 67.5 74.2 57.9 0.637 26.900 0.07353 0.01587 Philippines 2003 50.2 49.0 58.7 61.0 75.2 54.8 0.667 25.066 0.09026 0.02036 Vietnam 1997 55.7 69.9 (72.1) (77.5) (82.7) 68.9 0.674 138.400 0.07849 0.02412 Vietnam 2002 65.8 78.2 (67.5) (67.4) (80.1) 71.3 0.821 145.900 0.01663 0.02314 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na 52.3 na na 0.10085 0.08057 Armenia 2000 (20.2) (27.7) (30.5) (35.1) (16.4) 26.2 1.232 3.800 0.02099 0.06982 Kazakhstan 1995 * * * * * (47.7) - - -0.06522 0.09100 Kazakhstan 1999 * * * * * (48.0) - - 0.14689 0.09082 Kyrgyzstan 1997 * * * * * (48.0) - - 0.08576 0.07376 Turkey 1993 25.3 33.0 39.3 56.2 (54.4) 37.3 0.465 79.700 0.14934 0.03758 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * * (87.1) - - 0.14977 0.08788 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 42.6 51.2 54.1 55.2 61.3 51.2 0.695 18.699 0.09772 0.01533 Bolivia 1998 27.6 37.3 41.1 58.4 69.5 42.5 0.397 41.900 0.18700 0.01659 Bolivia 2003 39.7 53.5 49.0 46.8 55.5 48.0 0.716 15.773 0.03024 0.01401 Brazil 1996 33.4 47.4 47.6 52.6 65.1 46.1 0.513 31.700 0.12574 0.01877 Colombia 1995 34.3 50.5 49.4 53.7 68.0 48.7 0.504 33.700 0.11586 0.01693 Colombia 2000 * * * * * * - - 0.15901 0.02232 Colombia 2005 48.9 63.0 62.7 70.2 71.6 61.6 0.683 22.690 0.08086 0.01302 Dominican Republic 1996 38.8 49.2 52.6 46.9 60.2 47.8 0.645 21.400 0.08573 0.01804 Dominican Republic 2002 66.0 60.9 69.3 64.4 50.0 63.5 1.322 16.075 0.00043 0.01022 Guatemala 1995 30.9 34.4 50.5 51.6 75.2 44.3 0.411 44.300 0.15911 0.01524 Guatemala 1998/99 28.5 38.9 38.0 40.5 (47.8) 37.4 0.596 76.300 0.11709 0.02469 Haiti 1994/95 17.7 26.8 23.8 35.7 40.4 27.2 0.438 22.700 0.15232 0.03842 Haiti 2000 31.7 34.5 42.5 38.5 47.4 37.4 0.669 15.700 0.09868 0.01577 Nicaragua 1997/98 45.2 56.2 62.6 67.1 73.9 57.8 0.612 28.700 0.09249 0.01128 Nicaragua 2001 45.0 61.1 62.6 59.2 74.5 57.7 0.604 29.500 0.09556 0.01202 Paraguay 1990 * * * * * * - - 0.23437 0.01945 Peru 1996 35.8 44.6 51.5 56.2 56.4 45.7 0.635 20.600 0.09526 0.01048 Peru 2000 47.9 50.6 61.3 69.2 78.9 57.9 0.607 31.000 0.09645 0.00998 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 42.3 50.4 52.3 62.8 64.2 53.1 0.659 21.854 0.14163 0.01934 Egypt 1995 47.9 55.7 62.6 69.4 77.8 61.7 0.616 29.900 0.09646 0.00879 Egypt 2000 52.5 63.7 66.8 81.2 74.0 66.0 0.709 21.500 0.08972 0.01279 Jordan 1997 75.5 77.4 74.2 77.8 76.4 76.3 0.988 0.900 na na Morocco 1992 8.4 14.4 18.1 26.1 35.5 17.4 0.237 27.100 0.27055 0.04971 Morocco 2003/04 19.2 34.1 37.0 52.9 58.1 37.8 0.330 38.914 0.17354 0.02802 Yemen 1997 22.1 26.6 31.4 39.4 48.2 32.2 0.459 26.100 0.16163 0.01720 E. SOUTH ASIA 34.1 41.5 45.0 50.1 62.2 44.7 0.548 28.088 0.14240 0.01998 Bangladesh 1996/97 23.0 29.1 31.8 38.5 51.3 32.9 0.448 28.300 0.14493 0.03130 Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 10.7 15.2 18.2 27.8 44.1 20.0 0.243 33.351 0.28894 0.03541 India 1992/93 63.8 60.6 67.4 77.7 85.5 68.6 0.746 21.700 0.07242 0.00694 India 1998/99 53.3 60.6 71.2 78.4 82.2 66.6 0.648 28.900 0.10070 0.00516 Nepal 1996 11.6 16.6 18.6 22.4 26.6 18.2 0.436 15.000 0.17854 0.03282 Nepal 2001 23.0 23.5 26.3 24.7 37.1 26.1 0.620 14.100 0.08032 0.02542 Pakistan 1990/91 49.4 66.8 64.5 69.6 85.4 66.3 0.578 36.000 0.09963 0.01393 - 95 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses MEDICAL TREATMENT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 32.8 35.8 40.3 46.2 58.2 41.3 0.563 25.474 0.14755 0.02866 Benin 1996 23.8 27.3 28.4 31.4 (62.4) 31.7 0.381 86.200 0.16346 0.03933 Benin 2001 26.3 33.1 35.5 36.1 49.3 35.1 0.533 23.000 0.10959 0.03480 Burkina Faso 1992/93 (6.8) 15.5 20.0 11.2 (39.8) 18.3 0.171 32.959 0.28528 0.07873 Burkina Faso 1998/99 13.8 12.5 23.0 24.9 49.7 21.9 0.278 35.900 0.31735 0.04531 Burkina Faso 2003 24.8 23.2 35.4 35.3 73.4 35.9 0.338 48.567 0.20876 0.02685 Cameroon 1991 (19.2) 41.4 (48.7) 65.4 54.1 46.4 0.355 73.300 0.14749 0.03757 Cameroon 1998 25.4 21.6 30.6 44.2 52.4 33.6 0.485 27.000 0.19468 0.03738 Cameroon 2004 30.9 27.4 51.5 47.3 53.4 40.7 0.578 22.505 0.12488 0.02544 Central African Republic 1994/95 30.1 29.1 45.3 46.6 56.1 41.2 0.537 26.000 0.13807 0.02543 Chad 1996/97 4.5 15.5 19.0 18.6 35.5 19.2 0.127 31.000 0.32295 0.03922 Chad 2004 7.4 4.9 6.4 9.4 20.3 9.6 0.367 12.871 0.38415 0.07940 Comoros 1996 41.5 64.3 (62.5) (44.2) (58.1) 53.2 0.714 99.600 0.04335 0.03669 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 15.4 33.2 36.5 43.6 63.6 38.9 0.242 48.200 0.23121 0.03048 Eritrea 1995 24.4 28.3 33.5 57.1 60.9 37.1 0.401 36.500 0.19948 0.03267 Ethiopia 2000 8.6 12.9 16.8 14.2 30.9 15.8 0.278 22.300 0.30688 0.03318 Gabon 2000 31.8 42.6 48.3 68.9 48.7 47.7 0.653 16.900 0.11899 0.02695 Ghana 1993 22.6 38.2 (59.5) (51.9) (54.8) 42.8 0.412 77.400 0.17744 0.04717 Ghana 1998 24.3 18.7 23.3 29.9 (46.7) 26.2 0.520 71.000 0.07132 0.05031 Ghana 2003 31.1 40.0 47.2 50.8 (68.9) 44.0 0.451 100.036 0.11884 0.03457 Guinea 1999 27.6 23.6 37.0 54.0 64.7 39.4 0.427 37.100 0.20644 0.02491 Kenya 1993 45.1 64.9 43.2 61.9 58.0 55.3 0.777 12.907 0.05700 0.02912 Kenya 1998 54.9 53.6 51.6 55.1 78.5 57.3 0.699 23.600 0.04734 0.02099 Kenya 2003 43.7 41.5 46.1 57.4 63.8 49.1 0.686 20.044 0.08710 0.01903 Madagascar 1997 35.1 33.5 32.1 36.9 59.3 36.6 0.592 24.200 0.05921 0.02810 Malawi 1992 49.2 54.7 53.4 49.0 65.1 53.7 0.756 15.900 0.04729 0.02300 Malawi 2000 17.9 25.7 23.2 32.0 45.4 26.7 0.394 27.500 0.16085 0.01881 Mali 1995/96 18.2 19.3 28.2 35.7 68.2 32.3 0.267 49.951 0.27376 0.02920 Mali 2001 21.6 28.9 26.7 33.6 69.7 35.6 0.310 48.100 0.25100 0.02321 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 17.3 31.9 45.8 56.5 46.1 38.5 0.375 28.800 0.18164 0.03454 Mozambique 2003 42.2 53.8 53.2 65.9 62.5 55.4 0.675 20.335 0.07259 0.01781 Namibia 1992 63.4 68.7 65.7 68.1 74.4 67.2 0.852 11.000 0.01438 0.01492 Namibia 2000 49.9 37.6 58.5 59.2 71.8 53.1 0.695 21.900 0.06675 0.02040 Niger 1998 20.5 14.6 15.2 29.1 58.0 25.5 0.353 37.500 0.29685 0.04231 Nigeria 1990 32.6 33.2 34.6 40.1 51.6 37.2 0.632 19.000 0.06891 0.03461 Nigeria 2003 18.4 25.4 33.2 45.2 60.5 32.8 0.304 42.149 0.17154 0.03522 Rwanda 2000 10.1 9.2 13.7 16.5 30.1 15.1 0.336 20.000 0.29643 0.03744 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 75.7 73.6 75.1 76.9 75.7 75.3 1.000 0.000 0.00403 0.01249 Tanzania 1996 61.8 65.0 74.8 69.7 77.0 69.6 0.803 15.200 0.04686 0.01346 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 52.3 61.0 65.2 55.3 67.1 59.4 0.779 14.812 0.05429 0.01890 Togo 1998 18.0 18.3 22.9 36.3 48.2 26.2 0.373 30.200 0.19509 0.03765 Uganda 1995 48.9 58.1 64.3 69.3 74.9 61.4 0.653 26.000 0.06631 0.01263 Uganda 2000/01 61.3 68.7 55.9 68.5 83.0 66.5 0.739 21.700 0.04498 0.01111 Zambia 1996 71.0 77.2 81.7 82.8 88.9 79.5 0.799 17.900 0.04022 0.01047 Zambia 2001 63.0 66.8 70.6 75.4 73.2 69.1 0.861 10.200 0.04279 0.01329 Zimbabwe 1994 44.2 47.4 54.7 64.5 62.1 52.2 0.712 17.900 0.08809 0.02270 Zimbabwe 1999 55.1 46.2 40.7 53.0 55.9 49.8 0.986 0.800 -0.01031 0.02677 G. ALL COUNTRIES 36.4 41.5 45.0 50.4 59.7 46.1 0.610 23.308 0.12968 0.02842 - 96 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION IN A PUBLIC FACILITY Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 36.3 34.0 28.4 24.0 19.9 30.6 1.827 16.431 -0.03158 0.03403 Cambodia 2000 12.1 13.7 12.3 13.3 22.3 14.1 0.543 10.200 0.08107 0.03559 Indonesia 1997 32.2 44.1 38.6 26.3 28.3 34.4 1.138 3.900 -0.06741 0.01889 Indonesia 2002/03 39.8 43.7 29.5 27.3 19.6 33.6 2.037 20.289 -0.03535 0.02544 Philippines 1998 37.4 37.7 31.1 18.9 11.9 30.9 3.143 25.500 -0.12402 0.02520 Philippines 2003 42.8 39.4 39.7 30.7 14.6 37.6 2.940 28.235 -0.06472 0.02972 Vietnam 1997 29.7 47.5 (32.9) (52.2) (53.2) 41.0 0.558 82.900 0.07070 0.04070 Vietnam 2002 50.5 39.1 (32.3) (24.9) (23.1) 37.1 2.186 73.600 -0.10731 0.04538 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na 51.2 na na 0.08419 0.08831 Armenia 2000 (20.2) (27.7) (26.5) (31.8) (16.4) 24.9 1.232 3.800 0.00827 0.07021 Kazakhstan 1995 * * * * * (46.3) - - -0.08028 0.09520 Kazakhstan 1999 * * * * * (48.0) - - 0.14689 0.09082 Kyrgyzstan 1997 * * * * * (48.0) - - 0.08576 0.07376 Turkey 1993 22.0 26.1 30.9 37.7 (31.0) 28.1 0.710 53.000 0.10079 0.04569 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * * (83.9) - - 0.09582 0.11846 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 38.2 45.6 43.1 40.7 34.8 41.0 1.096 3.345 0.00852 0.01871 Bolivia 1998 26.8 33.0 33.2 39.7 32.2 32.4 0.832 5.400 0.09068 0.02166 Bolivia 2003 33.4 50.1 46.6 36.9 32.5 40.4 1.030 0.958 -0.01555 0.01656 Brazil 1996 31.1 42.4 32.0 36.8 27.0 34.4 1.152 4.100 0.01913 0.02489 Colombia 1995 21.8 30.7 28.8 29.0 12.6 24.9 1.730 9.200 -0.01611 0.02788 Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 45.2 59.9 57.2 56.3 64.8 55.5 0.698 19.562 0.05760 0.01478 Dominican Republic 1996 33.1 37.9 35.8 22.1 15.5 31.0 2.135 17.600 -0.07052 0.02513 Dominican Republic 2002 59.7 49.5 52.6 45.9 19.7 49.0 3.038 40.066 -0.10750 0.01357 Guatemala 1995 21.9 21.4 30.4 21.8 18.3 23.2 1.197 3.600 0.01819 0.02377 Guatemala 1998/99 25.1 32.7 25.5 17.1 (25.8) 26.1 0.973 50.900 -0.01216 0.03193 Haiti 1994/95 4.3 8.5 10.2 13.8 9.8 9.1 0.439 5.500 0.18823 0.06913 Haiti 2000 21.5 26.2 28.2 27.6 28.4 25.9 0.757 6.900 0.07572 0.02059 Nicaragua 1997/98 42.1 51.0 54.6 49.8 37.7 47.4 1.117 4.400 0.02946 0.01456 Nicaragua 2001 42.4 55.8 47.9 43.6 33.6 45.8 1.262 8.800 0.00164 0.01555 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 34.8 40.6 44.3 44.1 32.2 39.3 1.081 2.600 0.04263 0.01226 Peru 2000 46.9 48.0 55.1 61.0 46.9 50.9 1.000 0.000 0.04929 0.01181 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 30.7 29.8 33.3 29.5 20.6 29.5 1.489 10.086 0.03112 0.02960 Egypt 1995 19.2 18.6 17.6 15.3 13.5 17.1 1.422 5.700 -0.04688 0.02368 Egypt 2000 28.7 27.5 22.0 21.0 9.4 23.1 3.053 19.300 -0.08923 0.03157 Jordan 1997 59.6 45.9 53.5 39.3 18.9 46.0 3.153 40.700 na na Morocco 1992 7.1 10.6 16.3 16.5 21.1 12.8 0.336 14.000 0.19680 0.05840 Morocco 2003/04 17.3 27.0 33.4 31.7 28.5 27.1 0.608 11.157 0.06597 0.03568 Yemen 1997 17.2 19.0 24.2 26.0 25.7 22.0 0.669 8.500 0.11661 0.02156 E. SOUTH ASIA 11.5 15.0 15.8 15.6 14.3 14.3 0.805 2.774 0.11514 0.04019 Bangladesh 1996/97 7.4 10.3 12.2 14.4 14.4 11.3 0.514 7.000 0.10005 0.06082 Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 2.4 4.0 6.4 9.4 10.2 5.6 0.238 7.797 0.32440 0.06915 India 1992/93 18.3 18.3 20.4 19.4 13.6 18.5 1.346 4.700 0.01122 0.02223 India 1998/99 11.5 14.1 14.6 16.0 14.0 13.9 0.821 2.500 0.10434 0.01869 Nepal 1996 10.7 14.4 13.4 18.6 17.1 14.5 0.626 6.400 0.12974 0.03707 Nepal 2001 21.2 20.7 19.2 19.8 18.6 20.0 1.140 2.600 -0.02213 0.03097 Pakistan 1990/91 10.8 21.3 23.1 17.0 14.2 17.7 0.761 3.400 0.05395 0.04193 - 97 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION IN A PUBLIC FACILITY (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 26.9 28.5 32.9 37.4 41.2 32.7 0.653 14.303 0.13275 0.03547 Benin 1996 18.5 24.3 24.2 20.5 (24.2) 22.2 0.764 42.700 0.07276 0.04839 Benin 2001 20.6 25.8 24.9 33.0 23.7 25.7 0.869 3.100 0.06704 0.04251 Burkina Faso 1992/93 (3.4) 15.5 20.0 9.3 (36.4) 16.8 0.094 33.038 0.27220 0.07762 Burkina Faso 1998/99 13.2 12.5 22.0 24.2 46.2 21.0 0.286 33.000 0.30840 0.04628 Burkina Faso 2003 24.2 19.6 34.5 33.2 66.3 33.4 0.364 42.167 0.19896 0.03003 Cameroon 1991 (3.2) 21.9 (38.3) 25.0 33.8 24.4 0.095 37.000 0.19963 0.05866 Cameroon 1998 20.3 13.5 24.9 27.6 38.1 23.9 0.533 17.800 0.15910 0.05064 Cameroon 2004 27.0 18.9 39.4 31.9 30.7 29.0 0.878 3.736 0.04489 0.03463 Central African Republic 1994/95 26.8 21.5 41.0 37.4 50.6 35.2 0.530 23.800 0.14813 0.02939 Chad 1996/97 0.5 7.2 6.6 12.4 28.3 11.5 0.018 27.800 0.53797 0.05598 Chad 2004 1.8 2.3 1.1 1.8 17.5 5.0 0.105 15.682 0.61162 0.13458 Comoros 1996 33.8 48.2 (50.0) (32.6) (41.9) 40.9 0.807 75.700 0.03269 0.04715 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 14.2 30.2 32.0 43.6 61.3 36.8 0.232 47.100 0.24462 0.03169 Eritrea 1995 24.4 26.8 30.5 53.9 52.1 34.7 0.468 27.700 0.17847 0.03535 Ethiopia 2000 7.4 10.3 14.3 11.4 25.2 13.0 0.294 17.800 0.26127 0.03611 Gabon 2000 30.7 37.9 45.3 58.9 41.1 42.6 0.747 10.400 0.10469 0.02893 Ghana 1993 15.1 30.9 (50.0) (44.4) (45.2) 34.6 0.334 60.300 0.21408 0.05227 Ghana 1998 28.4 25.5 25.6 25.1 (41.0) 28.1 0.693 69.400 0.02309 0.04477 Ghana 2003 27.0 31.4 44.3 48.7 (55.6) 38.4 0.485 82.624 0.10880 0.03909 Guinea 1999 24.0 20.9 30.4 53.4 58.5 35.6 0.410 34.500 0.22424 0.02644 Kenya 1993 31.1 45.5 31.7 52.8 40.5 41.3 0.768 9.399 0.06792 0.03868 Kenya 1998 37.9 30.6 34.0 37.4 41.2 35.9 0.920 3.300 0.01626 0.03353 Kenya 2003 31.7 27.0 31.0 38.4 33.6 31.7 0.945 1.847 0.02557 0.02752 Madagascar 1997 26.4 25.4 25.7 32.3 36.8 28.0 0.717 10.400 0.03343 0.03239 Malawi 1992 31.2 39.0 32.7 39.4 43.0 36.5 0.726 11.800 0.07142 0.03331 Malawi 2000 14.5 17.0 16.4 21.2 25.0 18.0 0.580 10.500 0.12625 0.02488 Mali 1995/96 13.0 11.2 12.4 23.4 43.5 19.6 0.298 30.537 0.24517 0.04409 Mali 2001 8.9 9.6 13.0 22.3 49.6 20.3 0.179 40.700 0.41265 0.03783 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 17.3 30.8 45.8 55.7 45.9 38.2 0.377 28.600 0.18107 0.03463 Mozambique 2003 41.2 53.8 53.2 65.0 59.8 54.4 0.689 18.582 0.06559 0.01862 Namibia 1992 63.0 68.7 65.7 68.1 61.0 65.4 1.033 2.000 0.00368 0.01614 Namibia 2000 47.7 36.3 57.9 54.9 60.6 50.1 0.787 12.900 0.03089 0.02279 Niger 1998 17.6 14.1 15.2 27.2 56.8 24.3 0.310 39.200 0.32126 0.04241 Nigeria 1990 32.6 31.8 34.6 38.6 43.1 35.3 0.756 10.500 0.04066 0.03578 Nigeria 2003 12.2 22.5 26.0 40.6 35.4 25.5 0.344 23.235 0.14537 0.03939 Rwanda 2000 9.1 9.2 13.7 15.9 23.1 13.8 0.394 14.000 0.22125 0.03709 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 67.5 56.0 52.5 46.1 15.4 49.8 4.383 52.100 -0.14216 0.01890 Tanzania 1996 54.6 61.8 66.8 61.3 67.7 62.3 0.806 13.100 0.04371 0.01555 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 45.6 60.1 55.9 49.7 50.6 52.1 0.901 5.006 0.02876 0.02259 Togo 1998 18.0 18.3 19.9 28.2 32.2 22.1 0.559 14.200 0.13026 0.04254 Uganda 1995 22.0 21.6 24.3 24.5 26.7 23.5 0.824 4.700 0.02100 0.02854 Uganda 2000/01 25.0 29.5 20.2 24.9 15.8 23.9 1.582 9.200 -0.04844 0.02597 Zambia 1996 57.9 56.3 65.4 70.1 50.3 60.8 1.151 7.600 0.01274 0.01733 Zambia 2001 52.9 54.4 62.7 67.0 58.7 59.0 0.901 5.800 0.05661 0.01652 Zimbabwe 1994 38.0 38.8 45.3 56.4 41.8 43.0 0.909 3.800 0.06779 0.02965 Zimbabwe 1999 45.2 41.3 36.2 37.0 33.6 39.2 1.345 11.600 -0.04842 0.03226 G. ALL COUNTRIES 28.4 30.7 32.7 34.2 33.9 33.6 0.840 5.430 0.08834 0.03692 - 98 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION IN A PRIVATE FACILITY Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 12.1 20.0 25.3 35.0 49.7 24.5 0.244 37.590 0.26539 0.03866 Cambodia 2000 19.6 16.0 18.8 28.8 29.4 21.7 0.667 9.800 0.14335 0.03000 Indonesia 1997 17.6 20.5 33.2 51.1 51.1 32.2 0.344 33.500 0.20170 0.01944 Indonesia 2002/03 8.5 19.9 29.3 42.4 54.2 27.7 0.156 45.759 0.33034 0.02523 Philippines 1998 9.4 15.7 28.9 45.0 60.8 25.1 0.155 51.400 0.32921 0.02990 Philippines 2003 7.4 9.6 19.0 30.3 60.7 17.2 0.121 53.300 0.42817 0.05164 Vietnam 1997 24.8 22.5 (37.7) (21.6) (28.4) 26.8 0.873 53.200 0.10289 0.06084 Vietnam 2002 13.1 34.4 (34.0) (38.4) (54.6) 31.3 0.240 67.700 0.15972 0.04776 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 0.0 0.0 (4.0) (3.2) 0.0 1.4 - 0.000 0.25315 0.23200 Kazakhstan 1995 * * * * * (1.4) - - 0.35339 0.43017 Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 3.2 6.3 6.7 15.3 (23.5) 8.2 0.136 26.700 0.33109 0.10137 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * * (3.2) - - 1.09685 1.00399 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 4.3 5.3 10.5 13.4 26.0 9.8 0.167 21.644 0.36620 0.04914 Bolivia 1998 0.6 3.6 6.4 17.7 36.7 9.4 0.016 36.100 0.52535 0.05033 Bolivia 2003 6.3 3.4 2.4 9.8 23.0 7.5 0.274 16.731 0.27645 0.05414 Brazil 1996 2.2 5.0 15.6 14.8 38.1 11.6 0.058 35.900 0.45136 0.05287 Colombia 1995 12.6 19.5 20.0 24.7 54.1 23.4 0.233 41.500 0.26724 0.03253 Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 3.7 3.1 5.5 13.9 6.9 6.1 0.544 3.128 0.29131 0.06229 Dominican Republic 1996 5.8 10.4 16.3 24.9 44.8 16.5 0.129 39.000 0.37864 0.03910 Dominican Republic 2002 6.3 11.3 16.7 18.5 30.3 14.5 0.208 23.991 0.36559 0.03445 Guatemala 1995 4.3 8.3 15.6 25.3 53.3 16.6 0.081 49.000 0.36794 0.03180 Guatemala 1998/99 3.4 5.8 12.5 19.4 (22.0) 10.7 0.155 25.400 0.42950 0.05850 Haiti 1994/95 4.3 6.0 3.5 8.3 26.4 7.6 0.163 22.100 0.35499 0.09905 Haiti 2000 9.5 6.5 14.1 10.9 18.6 10.9 0.511 9.100 0.14078 0.03488 Nicaragua 1997/98 3.1 5.2 8.0 16.9 32.5 10.0 0.095 29.400 0.40380 0.04233 Nicaragua 2001 2.5 5.0 12.0 13.6 40.6 11.0 0.062 38.100 0.47933 0.04294 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 0.9 3.7 6.7 11.6 21.7 5.9 0.041 20.800 0.46077 0.04300 Peru 2000 0.7 2.5 5.4 6.3 28.3 6.0 0.025 27.600 0.49528 0.05303 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 10.4 19.4 18.4 32.0 41.1 22.2 0.254 30.639 0.30991 0.04294 Egypt 1995 28.0 35.3 44.1 53.4 62.7 43.5 0.447 34.700 0.15427 0.01215 Egypt 2000 23.0 34.4 44.4 58.7 61.7 41.5 0.373 38.700 0.19325 0.02018 Jordan 1997 12.0 29.3 19.2 37.8 53.0 27.8 0.226 41.000 na na Morocco 1992 0.9 3.8 1.3 8.7 14.5 4.2 0.062 13.600 0.46028 0.11429 Morocco 2003/04 1.9 7.1 3.6 21.2 29.6 10.7 0.063 27.757 0.45776 0.07116 Yemen 1997 4.9 6.7 6.5 10.4 20.0 8.9 0.245 15.100 0.27873 0.03750 E. SOUTH ASIA 22.3 26.0 28.3 33.6 46.8 29.7 0.476 24.539 0.23428 0.03393 Bangladesh 1996/97 15.6 18.6 19.6 24.2 35.8 21.4 0.436 20.200 0.17469 0.04518 Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 8.3 11.2 11.8 18.4 33.8 14.3 0.245 25.555 0.27505 0.04373 India 1992/93 44.3 41.3 45.2 56.8 68.8 48.6 0.644 24.500 0.10092 0.01033 India 1998/99 41.0 45.2 54.1 60.3 65.7 51.0 0.624 24.700 0.10219 0.00701 Nepal 1996 0.7 1.8 4.6 2.9 9.2 3.2 0.076 8.500 0.37651 0.09141 Nepal 2001 1.8 2.9 7.1 4.9 17.4 5.9 0.103 15.600 0.44088 0.06400 Pakistan 1990/91 38.1 44.6 40.2 51.0 70.4 47.6 0.541 32.300 0.11898 0.02099 - 99 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION IN A PRIVATE FACILITY (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5.7 7.1 6.9 8.4 16.3 8.2 0.352 10.577 0.28052 0.12262 Benin 1996 3.9 2.3 4.2 9.4 (29.4) 7.6 0.133 33.300 0.42105 0.10435 Benin 2001 5.7 7.3 9.9 3.1 24.2 9.0 0.236 18.500 0.24527 0.08571 Burkina Faso 1992/93 (3.4) 0.0 0.0 1.9 (3.3) 1.5 1.024 0.079 0.43776 0.44073 Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.7 0.0 1.0 0.6 1.8 0.7 0.389 1.100 0.84558 0.36374 Burkina Faso 2003 0.6 3.6 0.9 2.1 7.0 2.5 0.089 6.401 0.35113 0.14970 Cameroon 1991 (16.0) 18.0 (10.4) 24.9 15.6 17.5 1.026 31.600 0.06408 0.06695 Cameroon 1998 5.2 8.0 5.7 15.3 14.3 9.4 0.364 9.100 0.28677 0.09065 Cameroon 2004 3.9 8.5 12.1 15.4 22.7 11.7 0.172 18.770 0.32318 0.05947 Central African Republic 1994/95 3.3 7.0 4.2 8.5 4.8 5.7 0.688 1.500 0.09900 0.07970 Chad 1996/97 4.0 8.2 12.4 6.1 5.9 7.4 0.678 1.900 0.03048 0.06612 Chad 2004 4.6 0.0 0.0 2.4 1.4 1.5 3.291 3.237 0.39066 0.22734 Comoros 1996 7.7 16.1 (12.5) (11.6) (12.9) 11.9 0.597 20.600 0.11023 0.09615 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 1.3 3.0 4.5 0.0 2.3 2.2 0.565 1.000 0.00587 0.16060 Eritrea 1995 0.0 1.5 3.0 3.1 6.3 2.1 0.000 6.300 0.62971 0.17434 Ethiopia 2000 1.2 2.3 2.5 2.1 5.6 2.5 0.214 4.400 0.59159 0.10957 Gabon 2000 0.4 4.7 1.5 9.9 5.3 4.1 0.075 4.900 0.25735 0.10221 Ghana 1993 7.5 7.3 (7.1) (7.4) (9.7) 7.7 0.773 17.200 0.02870 0.13088 Ghana 1998 3.3 2.8 8.3 12.7 (12.2) 6.7 0.270 15.500 0.34063 0.11052 Ghana 2003 4.1 8.6 2.9 2.2 (13.3) 5.5 0.309 17.412 0.19268 0.11191 Guinea 1999 3.6 2.7 6.7 0.6 5.4 3.7 0.667 1.800 0.06155 0.11402 Kenya 1993 14.0 19.4 11.5 9.1 17.5 14.1 0.799 3.508 0.02271 0.08503 Kenya 1998 16.0 22.4 17.7 17.7 35.2 20.6 0.455 19.200 0.10735 0.04939 Kenya 2003 12.0 14.5 15.2 19.1 30.2 17.3 0.398 18.197 0.19994 0.04173 Madagascar 1997 8.7 8.1 6.4 4.5 22.5 8.6 0.387 13.800 0.14239 0.08376 Malawi 1992 16.8 15.8 19.3 9.6 20.8 16.4 0.808 4.000 -0.00067 0.05355 Malawi 2000 2.9 8.7 6.3 10.3 19.4 8.3 0.149 16.500 0.23563 0.03725 Mali 1995/96 5.3 8.1 15.8 12.3 24.7 12.7 0.213 19.414 0.31777 0.05422 Mali 2001 12.5 19.3 12.8 11.3 19.3 14.9 0.648 6.800 0.03290 0.04393 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.1 - 0.000 0.56839 0.76000 Mozambique 2003 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.7 1.0 0.345 1.753 0.56413 0.32644 Namibia 1992 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.9 1.2 0.056 8.400 0.62887 0.25497 Namibia 2000 2.2 0.5 0.5 4.3 11.2 2.8 0.196 9.000 0.65637 0.19044 Niger 1998 2.9 0.5 0.0 1.9 1.2 1.2 2.417 1.700 -0.16154 0.35310 Nigeria 1990 0.0 1.4 0.0 1.5 8.5 1.9 - 8.500 0.65162 0.23841 Nigeria 2003 6.2 2.9 7.2 4.6 25.1 7.4 0.246 18.914 0.26178 0.11462 Rwanda 2000 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 6.9 1.3 0.145 5.900 1.02019 0.22785 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 8.0 17.6 22.6 30.1 58.4 25.0 0.137 50.400 0.31101 0.03327 Tanzania 1996 6.2 2.1 4.1 8.4 7.1 5.6 0.873 0.900 0.07827 0.07586 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 6.7 0.9 9.2 5.6 16.5 7.3 0.407 9.806 0.23647 0.09335 Togo 1998 0.0 0.0 2.2 6.6 14.4 3.5 - 14.400 0.60065 0.12537 Uganda 1995 26.5 35.1 37.6 44.1 46.2 36.6 0.574 19.700 0.09667 0.02120 Uganda 2000/01 35.2 37.4 32.6 42.7 65.5 40.9 0.537 30.300 0.10317 0.01803 Zambia 1996 4.6 9.0 8.3 3.3 31.1 9.7 0.148 26.500 0.28491 0.07690 Zambia 2001 9.2 12.4 6.9 7.7 14.5 9.5 0.634 5.300 -0.03632 0.05956 Zimbabwe 1994 6.2 8.6 9.4 8.1 17.6 8.9 0.352 11.400 0.19808 0.08580 Zimbabwe 1999 10.0 4.8 4.5 16.0 21.5 10.5 0.465 11.500 0.14904 0.09125 G. ALL COUNTRIES 7.7 10.4 11.7 15.4 25.0 12.5 0.308 17.288 0.30796 0.11164 - 100 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses USE OF ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY TO TREAT DIARRHEA Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 66.8 66.2 70.9 68.4 73.7 69.1 0.906 6.895 0.01876 0.01548 Cambodia 2000 60.3 64.1 59.1 64.1 70.4 62.9 0.857 10.100 0.02296 0.01141 Indonesia 1997 75.2 71.3 68.7 80.4 79.2 74.6 0.949 4.000 0.01325 0.00737 Indonesia 2002/03 62.3 54.1 62.8 60.4 65.8 60.6 0.947 3.468 -0.00083 0.00989 Philippines 1998 74.7 64.4 78.8 77.4 (77.1) 73.7 0.969 151.800 0.00262 0.01403 Philippines 2003 73.0 81.7 82.6 80.8 84.8 79.3 0.861 11.749 0.02288 0.01122 Vietnam 1997 (66.8) (67.9) (64.2) (84.2) * 72.1 - - 0.06063 0.02567 Vietnam 2002 71.4 (65.0) (79.0) * * 73.6 - - 0.03002 0.02940 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 56.1 72.5 na na 76.2 71.3 0.736 20.150 0.03095 0.02513 Armenia 2000 (38.1) (69.2) * * * 59.7 - - 0.13644 0.03649 Kazakhstan 1995 (50.4) * * (36.9) * 53.3 - - -0.07675 0.04833 Kazakhstan 1999 (45.6) (75.6) (69.1) (61.0) (70.8) 62.6 0.644 25.200 0.06769 0.03219 Kyrgyzstan 1997 73.3 (81.6) (72.3) (64.0) (72.9) 73.5 1.005 146.200 -0.04225 0.02339 Turkey 1993 50.1 53.9 71.6 66.9 67.4 60.0 0.743 17.300 0.06976 0.01717 Turkey 1998 67.3 63.7 73.5 70.5 76.7 69.2 0.877 9.400 0.03141 0.01276 Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * 75.9 - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * (84.5) 86.8 - - -0.03855 0.02079 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 59.4 62.3 65.9 67.6 68.6 63.7 0.866 9.206 0.03698 0.01439 Bolivia 1998 70.5 73.9 79.9 83.8 83.5 76.7 0.844 13.000 0.04374 0.00906 Bolivia 2003 60.8 64.5 66.1 73.2 76.2 66.4 0.798 15.409 0.03744 0.00884 Brazil 1996 73.1 73.6 76.9 74.3 (65.8) 73.4 1.111 138.900 0.01791 0.01454 Colombia 1995 58.1 66.4 72.1 80.8 70.8 67.9 0.821 12.700 0.06072 0.01421 Colombia 2000 52.7 60.5 65.0 59.0 78.1 60.8 0.675 25.400 0.04753 0.01847 Colombia 2005 65.0 70.8 70.5 78.5 71.4 70.1 0.911 6.379 0.03990 0.00931 Dominican Republic 1996 17.8 30.1 18.4 18.7 15.6 20.6 1.141 2.200 -0.02931 0.05015 Dominican Republic 2002 58.5 52.3 51.4 65.2 45.6 55.0 1.281 12.839 -0.00047 0.01482 Guatemala 1995 45.4 48.3 47.9 63.1 66.5 51.3 0.683 21.100 0.08667 0.01373 Guatemala 1998/99 53.4 49.5 65.4 63.7 (70.6) 58.6 0.756 124.000 0.03693 0.02001 Haiti 1994/95 42.7 53.1 63.4 66.7 71.6 57.2 0.596 28.900 0.10256 0.01614 Haiti 2000 49.1 48.7 56.6 57.4 68.8 54.9 0.714 19.700 0.05068 0.01371 Nicaragua 1997/98 68.8 71.7 74.1 69.5 71.1 70.8 0.968 2.300 0.02147 0.01212 Nicaragua 2001 61.4 71.3 67.2 70.6 77.0 67.7 0.797 15.600 0.04325 0.01430 Paraguay 1990 48.9 60.3 63.2 (64.8) (64.1) 58.4 0.763 113.000 0.07430 0.02538 Peru 1996 57.2 69.3 71.7 76.5 68.4 66.8 0.836 11.200 0.06284 0.00724 Peru 2000 64.8 69.6 75.7 60.3 78.3 68.7 0.828 13.500 0.03291 0.00857 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 57.1 61.9 64.0 60.1 63.5 61.0 0.899 6.397 0.00000 0.01919 Egypt 1995 69.1 66.1 67.1 68.1 62.6 66.9 1.104 6.500 -0.00202 0.00978 Egypt 2000 52.8 51.3 49.8 35.1 44.7 47.3 1.181 8.100 -0.05769 0.02091 Jordan 1997 74.9 80.3 80.0 74.7 79.9 78.0 0.937 5.000 -0.05303 0.02735 Morocco 1992 55.6 54.1 44.9 55.4 61.6 53.7 0.903 6.000 -0.00153 0.02193 Morocco 2003/04 43.1 55.2 59.1 59.4 57.1 54.0 0.753 14.089 0.05413 0.02027 Yemen 1997 57.6 60.8 66.9 71.4 72.2 64.6 0.798 14.600 0.05658 0.00821 E. SOUTH ASIA 45.3 49.9 52.0 62.5 68.2 54.5 0.664 22.933 0.09991 0.01532 Bangladesh 1996/97 76.1 66.2 77.4 80.9 73.0 74.6 1.042 3.100 0.00857 0.01660 Bangladesh 1999/2000 78.9 82.7 76.4 87.7 80.4 81.0 0.981 1.500 0.01053 0.01302 Bangladesh 2004 74.9 82.0 83.9 90.7 94.4 83.4 0.793 19.513 0.04296 0.01191 India 1992/93 29.0 29.8 37.5 40.7 48.3 36.0 0.600 19.300 0.13033 0.01121 India 1998/99 36.6 37.9 42.0 48.1 54.9 42.7 0.668 18.221 0.12215 0.00891 Nepal 1996 41.3 48.6 52.6 49.7 63.8 49.0 0.647 22.500 0.07019 0.01710 Nepal 2001 41.8 41.4 45.2 51.5 64.3 46.5 0.650 22.500 0.09155 0.01713 Pakistan 1990/91 27.8 38.5 36.7 59.7 59.3 45.3 0.469 31.500 0.14300 0.02333 - 101 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses USE OF ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY TO TREAT DIARRHEA (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 55.2 58.6 61.9 64.9 71.6 61.4 0.772 16.347 0.05290 0.01533 Benin 1996 53.1 57.0 61.9 57.3 74.7 58.8 0.711 21.600 0.04434 0.01674 Benin 2001 53.5 44.3 62.1 62.7 56.7 55.1 0.944 3.200 0.04343 0.02174 Burkina Faso 1992/93 28.9 28.5 34.9 39.0 64.6 37.8 0.448 35.661 0.19317 0.02716 Burkina Faso 1998/99 44.8 39.3 40.3 46.1 60.5 46.0 0.740 15.743 0.07369 0.02543 Burkina Faso 2003 56.9 58.0 64.0 64.6 72.7 62.8 0.784 15.727 0.04448 0.01020 Cameroon 1991 54.1 60.3 67.1 71.8 82.7 65.9 0.654 28.600 0.09048 0.01779 Cameroon 1998 68.4 69.7 75.2 79.0 81.5 73.1 0.839 13.100 0.04118 0.01800 Cameroon 2004 46.1 55.3 61.9 64.4 74.1 56.9 0.622 27.988 0.08782 0.01464 Central African Republic 1994/95 66.2 78.8 82.6 82.3 91.1 78.9 0.727 24.900 0.05116 0.01214 Chad 1996/97 56.3 62.2 66.1 73.6 78.3 67.3 0.719 22.000 0.06579 0.01005 Chad 2004 14.9 40.1 32.2 42.5 49.5 37.5 0.301 34.624 0.13833 0.01767 Comoros 1996 74.2 66.7 (83.7) (78.6) (86.5) 76.6 0.858 160.700 0.03752 0.01918 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 43.0 44.6 54.2 61.6 56.2 51.9 0.765 13.200 0.06442 0.01961 Eritrea 1995 49.2 53.5 44.8 68.7 83.4 56.4 0.590 34.200 0.10571 0.02039 Ethiopia 2000 44.5 38.9 45.0 44.1 56.7 44.9 0.785 12.200 0.05793 0.01395 Gabon 2000 64.1 67.8 72.6 79.9 74.7 71.6 0.858 10.600 0.02814 0.01524 Ghana 1993 40.9 35.6 43.3 56.3 62.0 45.6 0.660 21.100 0.08728 0.03187 Ghana 1998 62.1 64.8 70.4 76.2 (78.9) 67.9 0.787 141.000 0.03808 0.01678 Ghana 2003 59.6 61.3 66.6 60.1 78.3 63.3 0.761 18.736 0.03159 0.01925 Guinea 1999 64.6 66.0 71.5 71.1 77.4 69.3 0.835 12.800 0.04192 0.01156 Kenya 1993 49.8 45.8 40.8 66.4 50.1 50.0 0.993 0.336 0.03446 0.02827 Kenya 1998 78.1 84.3 79.2 85.0 86.7 82.0 0.901 8.600 0.01664 0.01119 Kenya 2003 46.6 48.0 53.1 50.2 57.8 50.6 0.807 11.160 0.04230 0.01916 Madagascar 1997 60.2 61.0 59.5 66.7 92.7 65.7 0.649 32.500 0.08038 0.01244 Malawi 1992 65.5 67.7 71.7 77.4 86.9 73.3 0.754 21.400 0.04955 0.01132 Malawi 2000 57.4 60.7 62.0 67.1 67.4 62.1 0.852 10.000 0.04894 0.01074 Mali 1995/96 38.4 43.6 38.6 48.6 67.0 45.0 0.573 28.600 0.09120 0.01704 Mali 2001 64.4 63.7 60.6 66.9 79.8 65.7 0.807 15.400 0.01443 0.00936 Mauritania 2000/01 43.1 47.3 53.4 49.6 44.6 47.7 0.966 1.500 0.00846 0.02265 Mozambique 1997 42.4 54.0 70.2 68.7 83.4 62.0 0.508 41.000 0.10956 0.01528 Mozambique 2003 60.9 63.3 68.1 79.1 88.0 70.5 0.691 27.183 0.07637 0.00975 Namibia 1992 66.8 68.0 75.1 56.5 63.0 66.8 1.060 3.800 -0.01355 0.01454 Namibia 2000 57.1 61.9 60.4 73.6 76.3 65.8 0.748 19.200 0.03764 0.01952 Niger 1998 62.1 64.1 65.3 69.1 77.2 67.0 0.804 15.100 0.04928 0.00997 Nigeria 1990 22.4 27.2 38.0 38.9 55.6 33.5 0.403 33.200 0.15723 0.02323 Nigeria 2003 29.5 31.2 48.1 48.6 60.8 40.2 0.484 31.342 0.14103 0.02140 Rwanda 2000 28.5 26.8 26.9 30.3 41.7 30.2 0.683 13.200 0.11414 0.02634 Senegal 1997 61.6 65.6 71.8 65.3 64.5 65.7 0.955 2.900 0.02002 0.01351 South Africa 1998 85.6 93.2 90.6 90.9 82.5 89.1 1.038 3.100 -0.00017 0.00876 Tanzania 1996 69.0 71.2 70.7 76.2 83.9 73.7 0.822 14.900 0.03783 0.01206 Tanzania 1999 58.0 69.1 70.3 72.0 71.5 67.8 0.811 13.500 0.00671 0.02075 Tanzania 2004 65.6 70.6 71.4 67.5 80.1 70.0 0.820 14.424 0.01408 0.01267 Togo 1998 58.4 70.9 67.2 70.9 70.1 66.8 0.833 11.700 0.02883 0.01249 Uganda 1995 63.2 62.1 67.4 73.3 77.5 67.8 0.815 14.300 0.04781 0.01134 Uganda 2000/01 49.5 51.5 49.5 54.5 68.5 53.1 0.723 19.000 0.04553 0.01559 Zambia 1996 68.9 74.7 75.3 74.9 88.4 75.4 0.779 19.500 0.03972 0.00860 Zambia 2001 57.6 63.8 69.0 74.5 74.8 66.9 0.770 17.179 0.05252 0.01166 Zimbabwe 1994 81.5 81.3 84.9 93.3 95.9 86.3 0.850 14.400 0.02964 0.00930 Zimbabwe 1999 76.7 80.0 77.7 76.2 91.6 79.7 0.837 14.900 0.02796 0.01309 G. ALL COUNTRIES 56.2 60.4 63.2 65.0 70.7 62.9 0.796 14.434 0.04539 0.01636 - 102 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses MEDICAL TREATMENT OF DIARRHEA Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 35.5 38.6 42.2 42.2 44.4 41.1 0.799 8.955 0.08381 0.02809 Cambodia 2000 20.5 15.7 20.6 24.3 33.8 21.6 0.607 13.300 0.11746 0.02967 Indonesia 1997 53.4 53.6 48.5 55.5 64.0 54.2 0.834 10.600 0.02701 0.01215 Indonesia 2002/03 43.5 41.7 47.6 66.5 59.0 50.8 0.737 15.547 0.08802 0.01195 Philippines 1998 43.0 37.9 48.8 55.4 (33.4) 43.9 1.287 76.400 0.03310 0.02816 Philippines 2003 28.0 29.7 35.6 35.9 40.5 32.4 0.691 12.529 0.08330 0.03132 Vietnam 1997 (41.0) (59.7) (49.4) (70.3) * 50.4 - - 0.01594 0.04331 Vietnam 2002 50.0 (67.2) (65.0) * * 59.6 - - 0.04645 0.03941 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 31.8 33.5 na na 47.8 33.1 0.666 15.950 0.00791 0.06386 Armenia 2000 (19.1) (47.1) * * * 26.5 - - -0.01623 0.07676 Kazakhstan 1995 (37.9) * * (26.5) * 25.8 - - -0.06659 0.09509 Kazakhstan 1999 (33.5) (21.6) (24.8) (7.6) (44.6) 25.8 0.751 11.100 -0.10814 0.07264 Kyrgyzstan 1997 44.6 (33.1) (27.4) (29.6) (53.7) 37.1 0.831 98.300 -0.09935 0.05522 Turkey 1993 16.8 24.6 28.1 30.6 30.6 24.6 0.549 13.800 0.11372 0.03562 Turkey 1998 30.1 32.2 44.2 38.9 46.0 36.5 0.654 15.900 0.08347 0.02409 Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * 38.5 - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * (46.8) 34.0 - - 0.17977 0.09059 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 28.7 32.9 35.3 34.9 43.5 33.4 0.659 14.840 0.07641 0.02742 Bolivia 1998 29.6 31.8 36.8 47.2 46.0 36.0 0.643 16.400 0.09204 0.02277 Bolivia 2003 29.0 37.6 33.7 35.1 42.0 34.2 0.691 12.982 0.03744 0.01839 Brazil 1996 27.5 26.7 38.9 32.8 (51.8) 32.0 0.531 79.300 0.10855 0.03352 Colombia 1995 22.4 32.8 37.2 45.5 39.0 33.3 0.574 16.600 0.13461 0.02734 Colombia 2000 24.3 22.7 36.8 31.1 39.3 28.8 0.618 15.000 0.10145 0.03610 Colombia 2005 29.7 34.1 30.2 26.2 26.8 30.4 1.108 2.898 0.02217 0.02133 Dominican Republic 1996 11.6 15.6 9.1 13.9 8.9 12.0 1.303 2.700 0.01181 0.05796 Dominican Republic 2002 40.7 33.0 27.9 42.8 36.5 35.7 1.116 4.227 0.00014 0.02275 Guatemala 1995 22.4 26.0 27.1 39.9 48.5 29.4 0.462 26.100 0.14530 0.02190 Guatemala 1998/99 22.8 36.3 36.2 27.7 (40.2) 31.8 0.567 63.000 0.08661 0.03339 Haiti 1994/95 16.0 16.5 26.2 30.2 43.2 23.9 0.370 27.200 0.18843 0.03545 Haiti 2000 18.4 18.6 25.2 28.1 35.2 24.1 0.523 16.800 0.11822 0.02780 Nicaragua 1997/98 39.8 46.3 45.9 42.9 50.7 43.9 0.785 10.900 0.05118 0.02091 Nicaragua 2001 37.6 49.2 51.8 41.6 41.9 44.1 0.897 4.300 0.04900 0.02340 Paraguay 1990 17.1 22.6 35.1 (41.5) (59.8) 30.1 0.286 76.900 0.22190 0.04953 Peru 1996 28.8 30.6 28.4 34.5 33.5 30.2 0.860 4.700 0.02947 0.01572 Peru 2000 35.1 38.0 39.0 38.3 57.3 38.5 0.613 22.200 0.04367 0.01669 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 31.9 33.9 37.3 41.7 41.0 36.5 0.778 9.117 0.07933 0.02588 Egypt 1995 42.6 45.3 51.6 49.4 49.6 47.5 0.859 7.000 0.03573 0.01431 Egypt 2000 42.7 42.5 47.0 52.6 48.3 46.3 0.884 5.600 0.06876 0.02217 Jordan 1997 51.0 50.4 46.6 50.5 49.0 49.7 1.041 2.000 -0.04907 0.02352 Morocco 1992 6.7 10.8 7.9 16.9 13.7 10.1 0.489 7.000 0.14442 0.06915 Morocco 2003/04 14.5 19.6 25.6 28.3 27.4 22.1 0.530 12.869 0.13956 0.04041 Yemen 1997 19.5 23.2 30.1 35.4 39.5 28.0 0.494 20.000 0.15805 0.01743 E. SOUTH ASIA 28.3 35.3 35.6 42.0 50.1 37.5 0.565 21.790 0.15357 0.02921 Bangladesh 1996/97 22.4 17.7 21.2 28.1 23.8 22.4 0.941 1.400 0.06697 0.05433 Bangladesh 1999/2000 16.4 12.6 29.0 30.5 41.3 24.2 0.397 24.900 0.23463 0.05199 Bangladesh 2004 6.9 17.2 17.8 14.8 30.6 15.7 0.226 23.660 0.29893 0.06028 India 1992/93 51.8 56.6 60.7 69.1 73.1 61.2 0.709 21.300 0.06875 0.00658 India 1998/99 54.6 57.3 67.4 74.1 81.5 65.2 0.670 26.900 0.08804 0.00530 Nepal 1996 9.5 14.9 14.3 16.6 18.3 13.8 0.519 8.800 0.10370 0.04156 Nepal 2001 15.0 25.3 23.4 22.0 21.8 21.2 0.688 6.800 0.07387 0.02987 Pakistan 1990/91 36.6 41.5 33.7 57.2 66.4 47.8 0.551 29.800 0.15343 0.02140 - 103 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses MEDICAL TREATMENT OF DIARRHEA (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 24.9 27.1 29.9 33.1 41.0 30.1 0.607 16.079 0.11965 0.03223 Benin 1996 24.4 20.3 23.0 23.2 42.0 24.6 0.581 17.600 0.07005 0.04076 Benin 2001 23.1 21.1 25.8 24.7 23.7 23.5 0.975 0.600 0.03908 0.04209 Burkina Faso 1992/93 13.8 16.4 14.5 10.2 27.8 15.9 0.497 14.002 0.16681 0.05722 Burkina Faso 1998/99 14.7 12.8 19.4 16.2 34.2 18.9 0.430 19.500 0.20065 0.04011 Burkina Faso 2003 8.8 15.0 19.3 12.9 31.4 17.2 0.282 22.565 0.20435 0.02846 Cameroon 1991 15.0 17.8 22.2 21.9 25.7 20.1 0.584 10.700 0.10781 0.05639 Cameroon 1998 23.2 20.7 39.3 37.3 31.3 28.2 0.741 8.100 0.11123 0.04335 Cameroon 2004 17.5 17.7 22.6 32.0 26.2 21.5 0.666 8.762 0.11051 0.03323 Central African Republic 1994/95 23.8 22.4 34.0 33.3 40.7 30.0 0.585 16.900 0.11045 0.03701 Chad 1996/97 8.7 18.6 14.8 21.3 32.6 19.5 0.267 23.900 0.22692 0.03108 Chad 2004 1.2 10.2 14.5 18.5 35.2 16.3 0.034 33.966 0.40179 0.03133 Comoros 1996 22.6 23.3 (30.2) (42.9) (43.2) 30.7 0.523 65.800 0.17202 0.05915 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 14.0 19.2 19.0 29.4 37.6 23.5 0.372 23.600 0.19679 0.03720 Eritrea 1995 15.6 25.8 28.9 36.7 55.9 28.4 0.279 40.300 0.24097 0.03851 Ethiopia 2000 12.6 8.5 10.1 10.1 32.8 13.3 0.384 20.200 0.28655 0.03864 Gabon 2000 21.7 30.7 32.6 33.9 46.9 32.6 0.463 25.200 0.10824 0.03590 Ghana 1993 17.0 20.2 24.4 31.3 32.0 24.0 0.531 15.000 0.13466 0.05068 Ghana 1998 26.2 20.7 26.2 31.7 (32.3) 26.4 0.811 58.500 0.00904 0.04454 Ghana 2003 21.0 23.8 24.3 27.3 41.6 25.5 0.506 20.542 0.04935 0.05216 Guinea 1999 25.8 24.8 43.0 43.0 52.0 36.0 0.496 26.200 0.16124 0.02338 Kenya 1993 31.6 50.4 47.4 46.2 40.8 43.7 0.774 9.234 0.02509 0.02986 Kenya 1998 41.4 50.2 37.1 45.9 48.5 44.3 0.854 7.100 0.04339 0.02919 Kenya 2003 29.7 25.0 25.2 32.7 37.8 29.7 0.787 8.040 0.05713 0.03284 Madagascar 1997 38.9 35.4 31.9 40.7 55.7 39.5 0.698 16.800 0.07257 0.02376 Malawi 1992 46.7 40.1 48.5 49.4 61.6 49.0 0.758 14.900 0.04280 0.01973 Malawi 2000 25.0 26.8 26.6 34.7 31.5 28.3 0.794 6.500 0.04886 0.02149 Mali 1995/96 8.5 19.3 17.6 21.6 35.1 18.8 0.241 26.675 0.22487 0.03331 Mali 2001 12.3 11.7 12.2 16.6 42.5 16.8 0.289 30.200 0.21198 0.03098 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 25.2 28.1 35.3 34.8 54.3 34.5 0.464 29.100 0.09528 0.02967 Mozambique 2003 41.6 45.0 60.0 52.0 48.1 48.9 0.865 6.495 0.04507 0.01605 Namibia 1992 66.4 68.8 73.4 63.5 66.1 68.0 1.005 0.300 0.00036 0.01398 Namibia 2000 48.9 53.2 46.0 47.7 62.0 50.7 0.789 13.100 0.00186 0.02611 Niger 1998 13.0 14.0 11.8 18.3 35.3 17.5 0.368 22.300 0.23236 0.03425 Nigeria 1990 20.5 24.5 24.2 31.1 42.8 26.8 0.479 22.300 0.15701 0.02792 Nigeria 2003 10.3 13.1 22.5 39.2 36.8 21.5 0.281 26.484 0.19368 0.03369 Rwanda 2000 12.1 8.2 9.4 18.9 18.6 13.3 0.651 6.500 0.19230 0.04380 Senegal 1997 29.4 30.9 37.2 35.7 33.7 33.1 0.872 4.300 0.06911 0.02701 South Africa 1998 60.5 53.2 55.6 72.5 62.0 59.2 0.976 1.500 0.00427 0.01839 Tanzania 1996 44.3 60.6 56.0 59.0 66.1 56.3 0.670 21.800 0.05884 0.01763 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 45.3 52.8 47.8 37.1 54.9 47.0 0.826 9.546 -0.00553 0.01970 Togo 1998 16.4 15.5 20.4 16.8 30.2 18.5 0.543 13.800 0.06988 0.03903 Uganda 1995 52.0 51.2 50.9 60.7 64.9 55.1 0.801 12.900 0.03377 0.01568 Uganda 2000/01 33.0 46.5 48.6 49.5 57.7 44.9 0.572 24.700 0.09859 0.01788 Zambia 1996 42.0 43.7 42.0 47.7 44.3 44.0 0.948 2.300 0.00721 0.01865 Zambia 2001 38.5 44.5 46.4 42.0 43.0 42.8 0.895 4.500 0.01421 0.02007 Zimbabwe 1994 26.4 27.3 32.1 31.4 34.8 29.7 0.759 8.400 0.04399 0.04015 Zimbabwe 1999 33.9 39.8 30.4 27.6 29.9 32.1 1.134 4.000 -0.03734 0.04028 G. ALL COUNTRIES 27.6 30.6 32.9 34.9 42.8 32.8 0.645 15.196 0.09897 0.03336 - 104 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF DIARRHEA IN A PUBLIC FACILITY Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 23.7 22.1 17.6 13.8 13.9 20.8 1.705 9.816 0.00347 0.04551 Cambodia 2000 6.6 4.8 4.5 6.1 14.9 6.6 0.443 8.300 0.10612 0.05717 Indonesia 1997 31.9 31.7 25.7 21.3 14.6 26.5 2.185 17.300 -0.11589 0.02224 Indonesia 2002/03 27.6 19.1 16.1 21.7 15.4 20.2 1.795 12.244 -0.01768 0.02447 Philippines 1998 35.8 27.3 24.4 13.3 (3.4) 25.4 10.529 39.200 -0.16874 0.03902 Philippines 2003 22.6 23.8 22.0 13.5 11.4 20.1 1.973 11.134 -0.08639 0.04147 Vietnam 1997 (24.0) (35.7) (23.7) (33.2) * 27.2 - - -0.00599 0.06977 Vietnam 2002 38.1 (40.8) (27.9) * * 36.1 - - 0.01183 0.05892 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 28.0 31.1 na na 40.1 30.0 0.698 12.100 0.00649 0.06896 Armenia 2000 (19.1) (47.1) * * * 26.5 - - -0.01288 0.08486 Kazakhstan 1995 (37.9) * * (26.5) * 25.8 - - -0.06638 0.09508 Kazakhstan 1999 (30.7) (21.6) (21.6) (7.6) (44.6) 24.3 0.688 13.900 -0.08985 0.07901 Kyrgyzstan 1997 44.6 (33.1) (27.4) (29.6) (53.7) 37.1 0.831 98.300 -0.09941 0.05555 Turkey 1993 13.3 20.1 22.9 22.3 13.3 18.2 1.000 0.000 0.05024 0.04100 Turkey 1998 17.7 22.6 26.8 19.5 18.5 21.3 0.957 0.800 0.05608 0.03345 Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * 38.5 - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * (43.7) 32.5 - - 0.17853 0.09194 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 25.8 29.0 28.5 21.7 21.2 26.1 1.219 4.645 -0.00648 0.03355 Bolivia 1998 28.0 28.4 31.7 28.4 20.3 28.5 1.379 7.700 -0.00273 0.02701 Bolivia 2003 26.3 36.4 31.4 29.0 31.9 30.7 0.825 5.596 0.01172 0.01988 Brazil 1996 23.6 23.8 30.8 14.6 (25.3) 24.0 0.933 48.900 -0.00448 0.03935 Colombia 1995 12.6 18.2 22.6 22.4 18.0 18.2 0.700 5.400 0.12285 0.04147 Colombia 2000 20.2 16.1 25.7 12.4 13.7 18.5 1.474 6.500 -0.03192 0.04391 Colombia 2005 28.1 32.6 24.3 19.3 16.1 26.5 1.742 11.981 -0.03103 0.02317 Dominican Republic 1996 10.4 11.1 8.3 9.0 2.4 9.0 4.333 8.000 -0.10245 0.06158 Dominican Republic 2002 37.2 27.6 22.4 23.3 16.5 27.5 2.256 20.722 -0.12920 0.02711 Guatemala 1995 17.4 15.1 14.2 13.7 4.4 14.4 3.955 13.000 -0.03624 0.03243 Guatemala 1998/99 19.8 33.0 27.8 11.9 (6.9) 21.8 2.870 26.700 -0.08650 0.04098 Haiti 1994/95 4.3 7.6 9.2 13.4 13.1 8.9 0.328 8.800 0.21558 0.06253 Haiti 2000 13.5 13.0 20.6 19.1 18.6 16.8 0.726 5.100 0.07232 0.03308 Nicaragua 1997/98 38.5 41.4 38.1 27.4 22.1 35.8 1.742 16.400 -0.05229 0.02469 Nicaragua 2001 36.9 44.5 39.7 29.1 22.0 36.6 1.677 14.900 -0.03946 0.02642 Paraguay 1990 12.3 13.6 26.0 (17.1) (17.8) 16.6 0.691 30.100 0.15105 0.07413 Peru 1996 28.7 28.3 26.2 28.8 22.8 27.7 1.259 5.900 -0.00850 0.01653 Peru 2000 34.6 36.1 33.8 31.8 35.4 34.6 0.977 0.800 -0.00273 0.01787 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 22.8 21.0 21.3 20.4 13.3 20.3 1.715 9.499 -0.02604 0.03852 Egypt 1995 16.5 15.0 17.1 12.4 4.3 13.7 3.837 12.200 -0.14457 0.03153 Egypt 2000 21.7 18.2 13.2 13.4 7.1 15.6 3.056 14.600 -0.11796 0.05009 Jordan 1997 39.2 31.6 25.1 23.1 10.0 27.6 3.920 29.200 -0.15464 0.03643 Morocco 1992 5.6 9.5 7.9 10.8 8.2 8.0 0.683 2.600 0.06815 0.07766 Morocco 2003/04 13.9 16.1 24.6 21.8 15.3 18.2 0.908 1.403 0.07016 0.04659 Yemen 1997 16.3 18.2 22.4 23.5 20.7 19.9 0.787 4.400 0.09828 0.02095 E. SOUTH ASIA 9.9 13.5 10.6 12.3 11.1 11.5 0.894 1.176 0.06588 0.06215 Bangladesh 1996/97 10.7 5.7 6.8 11.8 16.1 9.7 0.665 5.400 0.13076 0.09077 Bangladesh 1999/2000 5.9 2.1 11.6 5.7 9.6 6.6 0.615 3.700 0.09002 0.11192 Bangladesh 2004 1.4 4.1 3.7 1.0 7.5 3.2 0.187 6.104 0.19935 0.13379 India 1992/93 16.2 14.4 20.2 16.6 12.9 16.3 1.256 3.300 -0.02370 0.01838 India 1998/99 12.8 13.0 14.9 16.2 12.2 13.9 1.049 0.600 0.05035 0.01802 Nepal 1996 9.2 12.2 12.2 13.5 13.1 11.6 0.702 3.900 0.05136 0.04442 Nepal 2001 14.2 23.1 18.9 18.4 13.2 17.9 1.076 1.000 0.00765 0.03310 Pakistan 1990/91 11.2 13.7 5.0 13.7 11.4 11.2 0.982 0.200 0.00617 0.06368 - 105 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF DIARRHEA IN A PUBLIC FACILITY (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 21.1 22.4 24.9 26.6 28.2 24.2 0.749 7.059 0.10172 0.03750 Benin 1996 20.1 17.7 19.7 16.7 26.1 19.4 0.770 6.000 0.02228 0.04336 Benin 2001 19.4 17.8 18.8 16.5 11.0 17.4 1.764 8.400 -0.03742 0.04804 Burkina Faso 1992/93 11.8 15.4 14.5 9.5 24.1 14.6 0.492 12.219 0.14035 0.05706 Burkina Faso 1998/99 13.2 11.8 19.4 16.2 33.2 18.2 0.398 20.000 0.21317 0.04045 Burkina Faso 2003 8.1 14.3 19.3 12.1 29.4 16.4 0.275 21.343 0.19820 0.02962 Cameroon 1991 12.7 13.8 16.4 16.2 17.9 15.2 0.709 5.200 0.08335 0.06516 Cameroon 1998 17.4 12.6 21.9 33.7 17.6 19.4 0.989 0.200 0.09924 0.05631 Cameroon 2004 13.2 14.4 19.0 21.9 13.4 15.9 0.981 0.249 0.05616 0.03714 Central African Republic 1994/95 20.1 20.0 33.2 27.4 29.3 25.2 0.686 9.200 0.07757 0.04147 Chad 1996/97 3.7 7.3 5.4 10.0 26.5 10.6 0.140 22.800 0.44288 0.04994 Chad 2004 1.2 4.5 11.1 5.8 28.7 10.2 0.041 27.557 0.54946 0.04645 Comoros 1996 17.7 18.3 (23.3) (35.7) (24.3) 23.0 0.728 42.000 0.15501 0.06749 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 11.9 17.9 17.4 27.2 36.5 21.8 0.326 24.600 0.21889 0.04005 Eritrea 1995 15.3 24.4 24.4 33.2 46.9 25.6 0.326 31.600 0.21955 0.04026 Ethiopia 2000 10.2 7.3 7.7 7.3 23.8 10.2 0.429 13.600 0.27433 0.04686 Gabon 2000 21.7 29.3 32.0 32.3 35.0 29.8 0.620 13.300 0.07632 0.03804 Ghana 1993 14.8 13.5 16.7 23.8 26.0 18.0 0.569 11.200 0.12915 0.06349 Ghana 1998 23.6 16.6 20.7 23.4 (20.9) 21.3 1.129 44.500 -0.05715 0.04928 Ghana 2003 20.4 19.8 22.3 23.9 26.9 21.9 0.757 6.546 -0.03019 0.05715 Guinea 1999 23.9 23.0 39.4 41.6 50.2 33.8 0.476 26.300 0.16995 0.02498 Kenya 1993 21.1 38.8 27.5 40.9 24.6 31.2 0.859 3.469 0.02971 0.03789 Kenya 1998 26.3 29.6 24.8 30.5 24.0 27.1 1.096 2.300 0.01993 0.04197 Kenya 2003 22.2 19.0 19.8 24.0 16.0 20.2 1.385 6.167 -0.02691 0.03899 Madagascar 1997 27.0 21.2 23.7 31.8 24.2 26.1 1.116 2.800 0.01690 0.03065 Malawi 1992 36.1 28.1 34.1 33.8 41.6 34.7 0.868 5.500 0.01276 0.02736 Malawi 2000 19.2 20.9 19.7 26.4 17.7 20.7 1.085 1.500 0.00853 0.02646 Mali 1995/96 4.2 11.9 10.2 13.3 19.9 11.0 0.211 15.722 0.23060 0.04731 Mali 2001 2.9 2.8 4.3 9.3 27.5 7.5 0.105 24.600 0.42756 0.05357 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 25.2 28.1 29.4 34.8 52.9 33.0 0.476 27.700 0.09130 0.03048 Mozambique 2003 40.6 43.9 58.7 52.0 46.5 47.9 0.874 5.854 0.04405 0.01643 Namibia 1992 65.9 68.8 73.4 62.5 61.4 67.2 1.073 4.500 -0.00380 0.01421 Namibia 2000 47.6 52.8 43.4 46.7 51.5 48.1 0.924 3.900 -0.02870 0.02731 Niger 1998 13.0 12.3 11.5 16.8 33.5 16.4 0.388 20.500 0.23188 0.03594 Nigeria 1990 19.7 23.3 23.1 30.7 36.5 25.3 0.540 16.800 0.15161 0.02773 Nigeria 2003 7.1 11.1 20.7 34.9 27.9 18.1 0.254 20.780 0.18388 0.03718 Rwanda 2000 12.1 8.2 8.9 18.0 17.1 12.7 0.708 5.000 0.16227 0.04529 Senegal 1997 26.3 27.6 33.3 28.8 26.5 28.5 0.992 0.200 0.04988 0.02986 South Africa 1998 53.5 37.9 40.5 47.5 24.8 42.9 2.157 28.700 -0.05741 0.02518 Tanzania 1996 41.4 51.0 51.4 55.2 52.9 50.1 0.783 11.500 0.04359 0.01983 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 40.7 47.8 37.9 31.2 34.7 39.2 1.173 6.011 -0.04588 0.02259 Togo 1998 15.5 12.6 18.5 16.5 23.5 16.4 0.660 8.000 0.06470 0.04190 Uganda 1995 25.7 24.8 18.6 21.2 20.8 22.6 1.236 4.900 -0.08128 0.03087 Uganda 2000/01 18.1 22.9 21.2 17.5 12.9 19.1 1.403 5.200 -0.03849 0.03209 Zambia 1996 41.8 42.9 42.0 45.2 32.4 41.4 1.290 9.400 -0.02843 0.01958 Zambia 2001 33.2 35.3 39.8 37.5 30.4 35.7 1.092 2.800 0.01222 0.02343 Zimbabwe 1994 25.3 20.0 26.3 27.6 19.0 24.1 1.332 6.300 -0.01013 0.04496 Zimbabwe 1999 28.7 39.8 27.6 22.3 18.2 27.4 1.577 10.500 -0.08412 0.04565 G. ALL COUNTRIES 21.9 23.4 23.6 22.9 24.6 23.7 0.891 2.686 0.05547 0.04225 - 106 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF DIARRHEA IN A PRIVATE FACILITY Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 11.4 15.6 22.2 28.5 30.2 19.5 0.377 18.812 0.18777 0.04920 Cambodia 2000 13.9 10.7 14.6 18.2 17.9 14.6 0.777 4.000 0.12513 0.03693 Indonesia 1997 19.8 20.1 21.7 32.6 48.1 26.2 0.412 28.300 0.16668 0.02136 Indonesia 2002/03 15.8 22.6 31.5 44.8 43.6 30.6 0.363 27.790 0.15801 0.01756 Philippines 1998 6.9 9.6 23.8 38.9 (27.7) 17.3 0.249 34.600 0.33941 0.05355 Philippines 2003 5.4 5.9 13.6 22.4 29.1 12.4 0.186 23.663 0.35853 0.06071 Vietnam 1997 (17.0) (22.2) (25.7) (36.3) * 22.0 - - 0.07361 0.07051 Vietnam 2002 10.4 (23.2) (29.2) * * 20.6 - - 0.10940 0.08162 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na -0.00117 0.42258 Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 (2.8) 0.0 (3.2) 0.0 0.0 1.5 - 2.800 -0.33497 0.30342 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 3.5 4.1 5.1 8.3 15.1 6.1 0.232 11.600 0.32505 0.08615 Turkey 1998 11.3 7.5 16.1 18.4 27.5 14.0 0.411 16.200 0.11735 0.04652 Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * (3.1) 1.5 - - 0.21413 0.91781 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 2.8 3.9 6.6 12.8 22.0 7.2 0.128 19.152 0.39770 0.07708 Bolivia 1998 1.6 3.3 5.1 18.4 25.7 7.4 0.062 24.100 0.45913 0.06772 Bolivia 2003 2.7 1.2 2.3 6.0 10.1 3.5 0.269 7.387 0.26222 0.08063 Brazil 1996 3.8 2.9 8.1 18.3 (26.5) 7.9 0.143 30.300 0.45617 0.08985 Colombia 1995 9.8 14.6 13.6 23.1 21.0 14.9 0.467 11.200 0.15056 0.04644 Colombia 2000 4.2 6.6 11.1 18.7 25.6 10.3 0.164 21.400 0.33894 0.07346 Colombia 2005 1.6 1.5 5.9 6.9 10.7 3.9 0.148 9.083 0.38790 0.07635 Dominican Republic 1996 1.3 3.7 0.8 4.9 6.4 2.8 0.203 5.100 0.36829 0.14683 Dominican Republic 2002 3.5 5.4 5.6 19.4 20.0 8.2 0.174 16.495 0.43161 0.05920 Guatemala 1995 2.3 8.9 7.1 18.2 41.0 11.0 0.056 38.700 0.38011 0.04157 Guatemala 1998/99 3.0 3.3 8.3 15.7 (33.3) 9.9 0.090 36.300 0.46660 0.07969 Haiti 1994/95 2.4 2.6 3.2 5.8 19.9 5.1 0.121 17.500 0.44452 0.10996 Haiti 2000 4.9 4.9 4.6 9.1 16.6 7.2 0.295 11.700 0.22135 0.06199 Nicaragua 1997/98 0.9 4.1 7.7 15.5 28.5 7.8 0.032 27.600 0.49389 0.07685 Nicaragua 2001 0.7 4.8 11.0 11.6 19.9 7.2 0.035 19.200 0.52444 0.07899 Paraguay 1990 4.8 9.0 9.1 (22.4) (42.0) 13.1 0.114 46.800 0.33040 0.08975 Peru 1996 0.1 2.2 2.1 5.3 10.8 2.4 0.009 10.700 0.47653 0.06838 Peru 2000 0.4 1.9 4.8 5.9 18.7 3.5 0.021 18.300 0.49861 0.07724 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 9.0 12.5 14.8 20.1 27.5 15.6 0.326 18.542 0.26044 0.05733 Egypt 1995 25.6 29.1 33.4 36.7 45.3 33.2 0.565 19.700 0.10947 0.01814 Egypt 2000 21.1 23.7 32.6 37.5 41.2 30.0 0.512 20.100 0.17134 0.03004 Jordan 1997 10.9 18.4 19.6 26.0 38.7 21.1 0.282 27.800 0.09240 0.04514 Morocco 1992 0.6 1.4 0.0 4.8 5.5 1.8 0.109 4.900 0.38108 0.19334 Morocco 2003/04 0.6 3.6 1.1 6.6 12.1 4.0 0.050 11.466 0.45782 0.11392 Yemen 1997 3.2 4.5 5.8 10.4 18.0 7.3 0.178 14.800 0.32022 0.04020 E. SOUTH ASIA 18.1 21.2 24.0 28.2 37.7 25.1 0.480 19.614 0.27330 0.05193 Bangladesh 1996/97 11.7 12.0 14.4 16.4 7.7 12.6 1.519 4.000 0.02069 0.07214 Bangladesh 1999/2000 10.5 10.5 17.4 24.8 30.3 17.3 0.347 19.800 0.29822 0.06339 Bangladesh 2004 5.5 13.1 14.1 13.8 23.1 12.5 0.239 17.556 0.32469 0.07380 India 1992/93 34.7 41.0 38.7 50.0 58.7 43.3 0.591 24.000 0.10524 0.00910 India 1998/99 40.7 42.8 50.3 54.9 66.2 49.3 0.615 25.500 0.10233 0.00707 Nepal 1996 0.3 2.5 2.1 2.6 5.2 2.1 0.058 4.900 0.41208 0.12170 Nepal 2001 0.8 2.2 4.5 3.6 7.8 3.2 0.103 7.000 0.46123 0.09870 Pakistan 1990/91 25.4 26.9 27.2 40.7 53.8 35.2 0.472 28.400 0.20494 0.02814 - 107 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Childhood Illnesses TREATMENT OF DIARRHEA IN A PRIVATE FACILITY (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3.6 4.3 4.5 5.7 12.0 5.4 0.301 8.408 0.30261 0.12789 Benin 1996 3.0 1.0 2.4 5.0 14.2 3.8 0.211 11.200 0.24872 0.11184 Benin 2001 3.8 3.4 7.0 7.3 11.2 5.8 0.339 7.400 0.30013 0.10285 Burkina Faso 1992/93 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.7 3.8 1.4 0.525 1.783 0.44917 0.27536 Burkina Faso 1998/99 1.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.6 1.100 0.100 -0.26979 0.26402 Burkina Faso 2003 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.8 2.0 0.7 0.384 1.221 0.36187 0.18796 Cameroon 1991 2.3 4.0 4.6 3.8 7.2 4.2 0.319 4.900 0.16005 0.12088 Cameroon 1998 5.8 8.0 16.1 3.6 13.8 8.7 0.420 8.000 0.14295 0.09048 Cameroon 2004 4.3 3.3 3.6 10.1 12.8 5.6 0.333 8.513 0.26661 0.07696 Central African Republic 1994/95 3.7 2.4 0.9 5.9 10.3 4.6 0.359 6.600 0.31792 0.11933 Chad 1996/97 5.0 11.3 9.4 11.3 5.9 8.9 0.847 0.900 -0.02581 0.04358 Chad 2004 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.5 3.5 1.1 - 3.531 0.78977 0.19365 Comoros 1996 4.8 5.0 (2.3) (7.1) (13.5) 6.1 0.356 18.300 0.29348 0.14345 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 2.1 1.2 1.6 2.2 1.1 1.7 1.909 1.000 -0.08899 0.13802 Eritrea 1995 0.2 1.4 4.5 3.5 7.7 2.7 0.026 7.500 0.48104 0.17405 Ethiopia 2000 1.9 1.2 2.4 2.5 8.9 2.9 0.213 7.000 0.35627 0.08357 Gabon 2000 0.0 1.4 0.6 1.6 11.9 2.7 - 11.900 0.47201 0.16919 Ghana 1993 2.3 6.7 7.8 7.5 6.0 6.1 0.383 3.700 0.15134 0.10215 Ghana 1998 2.6 3.1 5.4 6.7 (11.4) 4.7 0.228 14.000 0.31536 0.10932 Ghana 2003 0.6 4.0 2.0 3.4 14.6 3.6 0.044 13.995 0.53645 0.17125 Guinea 1999 1.9 1.8 3.2 1.4 1.8 2.0 1.056 0.100 0.02523 0.11344 Kenya 1993 10.4 11.6 19.9 5.3 16.2 12.5 0.644 5.766 0.01484 0.07355 Kenya 1998 15.1 20.6 11.6 15.4 22.0 16.7 0.686 6.900 0.10228 0.06242 Kenya 2003 7.6 6.0 5.5 8.7 21.8 9.5 0.347 14.207 0.23513 0.07287 Madagascar 1997 11.9 13.4 8.1 8.8 30.5 13.1 0.390 18.600 0.18210 0.05825 Malawi 1992 10.6 11.3 14.0 15.1 19.5 13.9 0.544 8.900 0.11885 0.04900 Malawi 2000 5.3 4.9 6.6 7.7 13.6 7.0 0.390 8.300 0.15100 0.04811 Mali 1995/96 4.3 7.4 7.4 8.3 15.2 7.8 0.280 10.953 0.21650 0.05673 Mali 2001 9.3 8.8 7.9 7.4 15.0 9.2 0.620 5.700 0.03027 0.03994 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.0 1.4 1.4 - 1.400 0.18134 0.12977 Mozambique 2003 1.0 1.1 1.4 0.0 1.6 1.0 0.602 0.641 0.04634 0.18039 Namibia 1992 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.1 0.6 0.129 2.700 0.49507 0.31556 Namibia 2000 1.3 0.4 0.4 1.1 10.4 2.2 0.125 9.100 0.57599 0.21876 Niger 1998 0.0 1.7 0.4 1.5 1.5 1.1 - 1.500 0.26208 0.14141 Nigeria 1990 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.5 3.8 0.9 0.079 3.500 0.41453 0.17608 Nigeria 2003 3.3 2.0 1.9 4.3 9.0 3.3 0.364 5.704 0.24678 0.12716 Rwanda 2000 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.9 1.1 0.5 - 1.100 1.24878 0.43116 Senegal 1997 2.7 2.3 2.5 5.2 7.2 3.7 0.375 4.500 0.17821 0.09033 South Africa 1998 6.3 13.3 15.1 24.1 33.5 15.0 0.188 27.200 0.19065 0.05314 Tanzania 1996 2.1 7.7 4.3 2.9 10.0 4.9 0.210 7.900 0.23658 0.08273 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 3.1 3.7 9.3 3.7 20.2 6.6 0.152 17.111 0.27240 0.07348 Togo 1998 0.9 2.9 1.9 0.3 4.7 1.9 0.191 3.800 0.18702 0.13332 Uganda 1995 24.9 25.7 30.6 39.0 42.9 31.4 0.580 18.000 0.11265 0.02461 Uganda 2000/01 14.5 23.5 26.4 31.3 43.0 25.1 0.337 28.500 0.20815 0.02779 Zambia 1996 0.2 0.7 0.0 2.5 11.3 2.5 0.018 11.100 0.61279 0.12056 Zambia 2001 5.1 9.2 6.6 3.9 12.7 7.0 0.402 7.600 0.01335 0.06355 Zimbabwe 1994 1.1 7.2 5.8 3.8 15.9 5.6 0.069 14.800 0.27718 0.10270 Zimbabwe 1999 5.2 0.0 2.8 2.6 11.8 4.1 0.441 6.600 0.33301 0.14761 G. ALL COUNTRIES 5.8 7.1 8.8 11.4 18.0 9.1 0.321 12.195 0.28721 0.11877 - 108 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care ANTENATAL CARE VISITS TO A MEDICALLY-TRAINED PERSON Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 59.9 73.3 77.9 82.7 93.7 75.9 0.639 33.823 0.10468 0.00526 Cambodia 2000 21.9 28.3 32.9 43.2 79.6 37.7 0.275 57.700 0.23062 0.00891 Indonesia 1997 76.6 89.9 94.3 97.0 99.3 91.0 0.771 22.700 0.05117 0.00170 Indonesia 2002/03 77.6 90.7 94.4 98.0 99.1 91.5 0.783 21.527 0.05042 0.00155 Philippines 1998 73.1 85.5 94.0 95.6 97.8 87.7 0.747 24.700 0.07011 0.00341 Philippines 2003 72.3 88.1 90.8 96.2 96.6 87.6 0.749 24.264 0.06492 0.00330 Vietnam 1997 50.4 73.1 74.0 82.4 92.3 71.8 0.546 41.900 0.11531 0.00850 Vietnam 2002 67.7 86.1 93.6 93.4 99.5 86.8 0.680 31.800 0.07277 0.00727 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 84.6 89.4 93.4 94.9 96.0 91.5 0.882 11.350 0.03924 0.00477 Armenia 2000 84.6 90.3 95.4 96.6 96.8 92.4 0.874 12.200 0.03238 0.00515 Kazakhstan 1995 91.0 96.1 88.0 94.5 98.5 93.0 0.924 7.500 0.00511 0.00534 Kazakhstan 1999 97.2 96.2 94.8 92.0 90.8 94.4 1.070 6.400 -0.01630 0.00571 Kyrgyzstan 1997 96.4 97.3 98.0 97.1 98.5 97.3 0.979 2.100 0.00331 0.00264 Turkey 1993 36.8 54.7 70.5 85.0 92.3 67.0 0.399 55.500 0.16183 0.00690 Turkey 1998 38.3 59.9 80.3 87.8 96.2 71.8 0.398 57.900 0.16842 0.00649 Turkmenistan 2000 98.3 97.8 98.8 98.4 97.2 98.1 1.011 1.100 na na Uzbekistan 1996 93.0 95.0 93.1 97.2 96.4 94.7 0.965 3.400 0.00838 0.00386 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 66.6 76.6 82.4 89.1 94.6 80.9 0.704 27.987 0.07498 0.00390 Bolivia 1998 43.6 61.6 74.8 90.7 96.1 71.0 0.454 52.500 0.15744 0.00463 Bolivia 2003 62.0 71.5 80.6 90.3 98.2 79.0 0.631 36.223 0.07782 0.00308 Brazil 1996 72.2 89.1 95.0 97.9 98.1 89.0 0.736 25.900 0.07039 0.00393 Colombia 1995 65.7 83.3 90.9 95.8 97.7 85.8 0.672 32.000 0.07888 0.00402 Colombia 2000 80.1 88.2 94.4 97.7 96.5 90.8 0.830 16.400 0.04190 0.00336 Colombia 2005 83.7 92.7 96.9 97.5 99.1 93.5 0.845 15.397 0.04292 0.00181 Dominican Republic 1996 96.4 98.7 99.2 99.1 100.0 98.6 0.964 3.600 0.00539 0.00278 Dominican Republic 2002 96.7 98.2 98.7 98.9 98.9 98.3 0.977 2.265 0.00642 0.00094 Guatemala 1995 35.7 41.2 51.2 75.3 92.5 56.0 0.386 56.800 0.19451 0.00636 Guatemala 1998/99 36.8 52.6 65.5 80.5 97.0 64.8 0.379 60.200 0.19061 0.00700 Haiti 1994/95 45.9 60.0 73.7 84.0 92.0 69.6 0.499 46.100 0.13264 0.00761 Haiti 2000 65.4 74.4 82.4 89.2 90.7 80.3 0.721 25.300 0.07015 0.00428 Nicaragua 1997/98 70.2 83.7 88.8 91.7 96.1 84.9 0.730 25.900 0.06353 0.00326 Nicaragua 2001 68.8 85.2 90.8 94.6 96.6 86.2 0.712 27.800 0.06677 0.00378 Paraguay 1990 72.5 83.0 87.6 94.9 98.1 86.9 0.739 25.600 0.06696 0.00434 Peru 1996 41.6 66.8 80.9 88.6 96.5 71.7 0.431 54.900 0.16261 0.00300 Peru 2000 41.1 42.7 43.7 58.4 74.3 49.7 0.553 33.200 0.08273 0.00590 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 45.1 54.3 63.7 74.1 85.7 64.0 0.527 40.520 0.17402 0.00561 Egypt 1995 18.9 24.3 40.1 53.1 80.9 42.5 0.234 62.000 0.27034 0.00650 Egypt 2000 31.1 41.3 52.4 68.1 84.4 55.7 0.368 53.300 0.20281 0.00497 Jordan 1997 92.5 95.3 97.8 97.0 97.3 95.9 0.951 4.800 0.05136 0.00432 Morocco 1992 9.6 20.1 35.2 57.3 76.7 37.3 0.125 67.100 0.36526 0.01040 Morocco 2003/04 39.7 56.4 70.6 86.8 93.1 67.8 0.427 53.381 0.15347 0.00516 Yemen 1997 17.2 24.2 33.8 44.3 67.8 36.7 0.254 50.600 0.28843 0.00800 E. SOUTH ASIA 26.9 35.6 45.5 57.8 81.4 47.4 0.330 54.509 0.26636 0.00795 Bangladesh 1996/97 16.0 17.1 23.6 34.1 62.3 29.0 0.257 46.300 0.29105 0.01337 Bangladesh 1999/2000 19.4 21.4 27.8 39.5 69.8 33.4 0.278 50.400 0.29711 0.01045 Bangladesh 2004 24.9 38.6 48.8 60.6 81.1 48.8 0.307 56.238 0.24013 0.00653 India 1992/93 25.8 35.0 47.8 66.6 89.6 50.3 0.288 63.800 0.26427 0.00264 India 1998/99 44.1 55.3 68.6 80.3 92.8 65.7 0.475 48.700 0.15355 0.00230 Nepal 1996 21.4 35.7 36.1 43.5 68.0 38.2 0.315 46.600 0.21927 0.01103 Nepal 2001 30.4 37.9 50.8 57.5 79.5 48.6 0.382 49.100 0.18929 0.00810 Pakistan 1990/91 8.1 10.5 13.9 32.6 72.1 26.6 0.112 64.000 0.48247 0.01488 - 109 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care ANTENATAL CARE VISITS TO A MEDICALLY-TRAINED PERSON (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 63.6 70.9 77.2 84.9 93.6 77.2 0.680 29.906 0.10253 0.00502 Benin 1996 59.0 74.1 87.9 93.9 98.6 80.5 0.598 39.600 0.10452 0.00536 Benin 2001 73.0 82.7 90.1 95.6 99.5 87.4 0.734 26.500 0.06364 0.00373 Burkina Faso 1992/93 42.6 48.3 48.9 69.0 94.2 60.0 0.452 51.585 0.19298 0.00633 Burkina Faso 1998/99 50.0 55.1 58.8 67.6 89.7 63.0 0.557 39.700 0.11642 0.00794 Burkina Faso 2003 56.3 62.2 72.9 81.0 95.8 72.8 0.588 39.432 0.10370 0.00373 Cameroon 1991 50.9 69.0 77.9 91.7 98.8 78.2 0.515 47.900 0.12221 0.00601 Cameroon 1998 60.5 69.3 87.8 92.9 95.9 79.2 0.631 35.400 0.09722 0.00638 Cameroon 2004 65.0 75.3 89.6 95.6 97.2 83.4 0.668 32.227 0.08083 0.00361 Central African Republic 1994/95 39.3 54.1 66.9 84.1 91.4 66.4 0.430 52.100 0.17199 0.00711 Chad 1996/97 11.2 19.9 25.8 40.9 71.1 32.6 0.158 59.900 0.35628 0.01112 Chad 2004 9.2 30.4 43.2 53.7 77.4 42.6 0.119 68.240 0.32283 0.00762 Comoros 1996 67.0 81.8 85.8 95.7 95.0 83.9 0.705 28.000 0.07091 0.00889 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 62.0 81.1 84.9 95.9 98.0 83.2 0.633 36.000 0.09233 0.00434 Eritrea 1995 33.8 34.0 44.3 68.3 89.8 50.4 0.376 56.000 0.22451 0.01123 Ethiopia 2000 15.1 17.7 21.1 25.7 59.8 26.7 0.253 44.700 0.36588 0.01138 Gabon 2000 84.5 95.6 98.1 98.3 98.3 95.1 0.860 13.800 0.03128 0.00299 Ghana 1993 75.8 78.9 83.6 94.8 97.3 85.7 0.779 21.500 0.05407 0.00533 Ghana 1998 76.4 88.4 92.4 94.6 98.3 88.7 0.777 21.900 0.07224 0.00469 Ghana 2003 83.4 91.4 94.7 95.4 98.2 91.9 0.849 14.825 0.03689 0.00343 Guinea 1999 57.9 58.6 72.5 88.5 96.7 73.5 0.599 38.800 0.11598 0.00489 Kenya 1993 89.0 96.1 96.1 95.9 97.6 94.8 0.911 8.642 0.01407 0.00243 Kenya 1998 88.5 90.0 93.2 95.3 96.2 92.3 0.920 7.700 0.01679 0.00361 Kenya 2003 75.1 87.4 92.4 93.0 94.0 88.1 0.800 18.811 0.05832 0.00393 Madagascar 1997 67.1 71.7 75.3 86.1 95.6 77.0 0.702 28.500 0.08026 0.00538 Malawi 1992 83.6 87.2 90.7 95.7 96.6 90.6 0.865 13.000 0.02842 0.00340 Malawi 2000 89.3 91.2 90.7 95.3 97.6 92.5 0.915 8.300 0.01679 0.00179 Mali 1995/96 20.6 35.2 44.2 58.0 85.7 47.5 0.240 65.100 0.23491 0.00779 Mali 2001 42.2 44.0 46.2 64.6 91.8 56.8 0.460 49.600 0.16760 0.00525 Mauritania 2000/01 33.3 50.3 68.6 81.4 88.5 64.0 0.376 55.200 0.18978 0.00734 Mozambique 1997 48.4 70.2 63.7 91.6 98.2 72.0 0.493 49.800 0.12036 0.00490 Mozambique 2003 67.0 82.5 86.1 96.9 98.3 84.6 0.682 31.265 0.07394 0.00287 Namibia 1992 83.6 87.7 89.3 87.7 89.7 87.7 0.932 6.100 0.01614 0.00444 Namibia 2000 80.6 92.0 92.1 92.2 96.3 90.7 0.837 15.700 0.03036 0.00393 Niger 1998 23.9 27.0 28.8 45.1 84.7 40.0 0.282 60.800 0.31122 0.00961 Nigeria 1990 32.4 43.6 64.3 74.2 90.8 58.9 0.357 58.400 0.21612 0.00549 Nigeria 2003 37.1 39.3 59.8 78.2 96.3 60.1 0.386 59.149 0.18662 0.00648 Rwanda 2000 89.9 92.0 91.0 93.0 95.2 92.3 0.944 5.300 0.00348 0.00249 Senegal 1997 67.4 73.3 87.9 95.3 96.9 83.3 0.696 29.500 0.04663 0.00664 South Africa 1998 95.5 94.7 96.3 94.7 93.5 95.0 1.021 2.000 -0.00177 0.00210 Tanzania 1996 82.2 90.1 88.4 93.1 96.6 89.9 0.851 14.400 0.02768 0.00291 Tanzania 1999 88.8 90.8 91.5 94.2 97.3 92.5 0.913 8.500 0.00989 0.00257 Tanzania 2004 90.6 93.8 95.4 95.3 96.7 94.3 0.938 6.031 0.01507 0.00189 Togo 1998 68.8 78.2 88.1 89.8 97.3 82.8 0.707 28.500 0.07365 0.00517 Uganda 1995 87.3 89.8 91.9 93.8 95.5 91.5 0.914 8.200 0.01672 0.00271 Uganda 2000/01 88.2 89.4 94.2 93.8 97.5 92.4 0.905 9.300 0.01815 0.00305 Zambia 1996 91.3 94.2 95.1 98.9 99.6 95.6 0.917 8.300 0.01822 0.00182 Zambia 2001 89.0 91.4 92.5 96.2 98.9 93.4 0.900 9.900 0.02171 0.00225 Zimbabwe 1994 90.8 93.0 91.5 94.8 96.0 93.1 0.946 5.200 0.00864 0.00325 Zimbabwe 1999 94.1 92.9 89.0 92.4 96.9 93.1 0.971 2.800 0.00094 0.00246 G. ALL COUNTRIES 62.1 70.3 76.6 83.8 92.6 76.1 0.671 30.405 0.10954 0.00509 - 110 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care ANTENATAL CARE VISITS TO A DOCTOR Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 9.9 14.9 19.3 28.0 43.8 21.9 0.225 33.976 0.31569 0.03821 Cambodia 2000 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.5 5.0 1.2 0.040 4.800 0.52441 0.08660 Indonesia 1997 2.8 4.1 7.2 12.1 33.0 11.1 0.085 30.200 0.53121 0.01600 Indonesia 2002/03 1.4 1.1 0.7 1.3 2.5 1.4 0.571 1.088 0.11513 0.04375 Philippines 1998 11.5 24.8 47.5 67.0 82.7 42.3 0.139 71.200 0.34263 0.00718 Philippines 2003 8.6 22.8 38.9 58.5 79.9 38.1 0.107 71.316 0.37566 0.00801 Vietnam 1997 13.1 15.5 20.2 31.7 61.9 25.5 0.212 48.800 0.35076 0.02401 Vietnam 2002 29.2 35.0 36.5 51.9 87.9 46.8 0.332 58.700 0.24757 0.01447 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 61.6 70.0 77.8 85.5 90.6 76.3 0.680 28.950 0.09210 0.00838 Armenia 2000 65.8 80.4 89.6 92.3 94.0 83.8 0.700 28.200 0.07000 0.00748 Kazakhstan 1995 57.9 57.7 66.4 84.9 96.0 70.7 0.603 38.100 0.10601 0.01283 Kazakhstan 1999 70.5 68.1 76.5 83.9 83.4 76.1 0.845 12.900 0.04526 0.00993 Kyrgyzstan 1997 47.0 61.3 64.9 78.8 90.4 66.0 0.520 43.400 0.12113 0.01130 Turkey 1993 23.4 33.0 50.9 68.0 87.0 51.2 0.269 63.600 0.25377 0.00851 Turkey 1998 30.7 50.2 71.6 82.0 95.0 65.0 0.323 64.300 0.19957 0.00675 Turkmenistan 2000 73.7 76.0 81.0 86.4 90.5 81.3 0.814 16.800 na na Uzbekistan 1996 82.1 83.7 83.4 89.7 90.2 85.3 0.910 8.100 0.02456 0.00645 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 36.2 47.4 53.8 61.9 65.7 51.7 0.552 29.438 0.08783 0.00929 Bolivia 1998 30.3 53.1 71.8 89.9 95.8 65.3 0.316 65.500 0.21946 0.00460 Bolivia 2003 39.6 58.0 77.3 89.2 97.9 70.2 0.405 58.242 0.15404 0.00374 Brazil 1996 62.8 85.4 93.1 96.8 98.1 85.3 0.640 35.300 0.10205 0.00418 Colombia 1995 60.9 79.9 88.5 92.7 96.1 82.7 0.634 35.200 0.08681 0.00433 Colombia 2000 73.5 85.1 90.2 94.6 94.3 86.9 0.779 20.800 0.05204 0.00396 Colombia 2005 73.1 85.3 90.8 92.3 95.8 86.7 0.763 22.712 0.06283 0.00242 Dominican Republic 1996 94.9 98.2 99.2 99.1 100.0 98.2 0.949 5.100 0.01480 0.00203 Dominican Republic 2002 47.3 37.7 29.0 24.3 13.8 31.0 3.436 33.508 -0.21055 0.00912 Guatemala 1995 24.8 30.0 42.2 70.3 92.1 48.0 0.269 67.300 0.25886 0.00713 Guatemala 1998/99 19.7 35.2 52.2 74.3 94.3 53.1 0.209 74.600 0.27648 0.00787 Haiti 1994/95 20.1 26.5 39.7 61.5 84.5 43.9 0.238 64.400 0.29520 0.01137 Haiti 2000 24.6 35.4 41.4 63.0 71.8 46.9 0.343 47.200 0.21888 0.00866 Nicaragua 1997/98 29.9 41.4 46.4 45.6 40.3 40.2 0.742 10.400 0.07106 0.00929 Nicaragua 2001 34.1 49.8 55.5 54.9 41.6 46.8 0.820 7.500 0.07396 0.00908 Paraguay 1990 14.3 18.9 9.1 7.8 5.2 11.2 2.750 9.100 -0.19792 0.03138 Peru 1996 10.8 26.3 37.3 50.3 69.9 35.2 0.155 59.100 0.28763 0.00619 Peru 2000 10.6 21.1 35.8 54.6 72.6 34.6 0.146 62.000 0.31074 0.00715 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 36.8 44.3 52.9 63.7 80.5 55.1 0.457 43.756 0.21156 0.00685 Egypt 1995 18.9 24.3 40.1 53.0 80.9 42.4 0.234 62.000 0.28293 0.00631 Egypt 2000 30.8 41.0 52.2 68.0 84.4 55.6 0.365 53.600 0.20444 0.00479 Jordan 1997 83.1 89.3 92.5 94.1 96.1 90.8 0.865 13.000 0.06851 0.00492 Morocco 1992 6.5 10.2 20.7 35.9 62.3 25.2 0.104 55.800 0.43055 0.01617 Morocco 2003/04 17.1 24.8 35.9 53.3 78.7 40.2 0.217 61.623 0.26592 0.00893 Yemen 1997 16.1 22.0 30.9 39.6 62.9 33.6 0.256 46.800 0.30738 0.00876 E. SOUTH ASIA 13.1 18.3 24.8 38.2 66.2 30.1 0.197 53.125 0.39403 0.01269 Bangladesh 1996/97 10.0 11.0 16.9 24.5 54.6 21.8 0.183 44.600 0.37504 0.01715 Bangladesh 1999/2000 9.6 12.6 18.0 27.8 61.9 23.8 0.155 52.300 0.43723 0.01399 Bangladesh 2004 12.3 18.9 26.8 42.0 65.6 31.3 0.188 53.302 0.36462 0.01027 India 1992/93 19.4 27.1 37.5 53.4 82.1 41.2 0.236 62.700 0.31077 0.00312 India 1998/99 26.9 37.0 48.6 65.1 83.3 49.3 0.323 56.400 0.23999 0.00294 Nepal 1996 3.9 8.7 9.7 12.6 39.9 12.9 0.098 36.000 0.44525 0.02767 Nepal 2001 6.2 8.5 12.7 18.5 48.2 16.6 0.129 42.000 0.42445 0.02073 Pakistan 1990/91 6.8 8.6 10.9 27.1 67.6 23.4 0.101 60.800 0.54706 0.01681 - 111 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care ANTENATAL CARE VISITS TO A DOCTOR (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.1 8.0 10.4 13.6 24.2 12.0 0.254 18.063 0.31977 0.03988 Benin 1996 2.1 2.7 4.3 5.0 20.5 5.8 0.102 18.400 0.43226 0.05552 Benin 2001 1.5 1.3 4.3 3.9 22.0 5.9 0.068 20.500 0.54741 0.04922 Burkina Faso 1992/93 0.4 0.8 2.0 1.5 6.9 2.2 0.054 6.486 0.70631 0.08057 Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.3 0.3 0.6 3.4 6.4 2.0 0.047 6.100 0.75974 0.09198 Burkina Faso 2003 1.6 1.5 0.8 2.1 8.1 2.5 0.195 6.531 0.29815 0.05266 Cameroon 1991 4.7 6.3 11.9 19.1 33.2 15.2 0.142 28.500 0.43796 0.03067 Cameroon 1998 6.8 8.5 20.9 23.0 33.4 17.1 0.204 26.600 0.34194 0.02753 Cameroon 2004 3.3 7.2 14.4 22.6 40.6 16.5 0.082 37.282 0.42426 0.01853 Central African Republic 1994/95 1.5 4.0 4.3 3.1 7.7 4.0 0.195 6.200 0.26488 0.06431 Chad 1996/97 0.3 0.2 1.1 2.8 6.2 2.0 0.048 5.900 0.70159 0.07523 Chad 2004 0.3 0.9 2.4 3.3 6.4 2.6 0.043 6.152 0.58453 0.06700 Comoros 1996 7.9 9.1 9.3 8.0 18.6 10.1 0.425 10.700 0.14194 0.06088 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 0.8 1.4 3.0 5.6 13.4 4.3 0.060 12.600 0.45846 0.05271 Eritrea 1995 17.1 21.5 24.4 31.2 47.2 26.4 0.362 30.100 0.22610 0.02094 Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 13.1 20.4 28.7 39.3 49.1 29.7 0.267 36.000 0.22943 0.01615 Ghana 1993 16.4 16.5 17.6 32.7 55.9 26.7 0.293 39.500 0.27043 0.02255 Ghana 1998 12.1 18.2 23.0 36.4 58.6 26.9 0.206 46.500 0.29165 0.01783 Ghana 2003 8.8 10.8 19.0 24.1 50.6 20.9 0.175 41.731 0.33701 0.02058 Guinea 1999 10.3 14.7 20.6 23.1 30.0 19.1 0.343 19.700 0.20690 0.01940 Kenya 1993 21.1 22.5 23.1 19.1 31.8 23.4 0.664 10.674 0.07235 0.01717 Kenya 1998 23.7 23.2 25.8 32.7 38.8 28.3 0.611 15.100 0.13074 0.01766 Kenya 2003 15.6 16.4 17.3 14.8 24.9 17.9 0.626 9.334 0.11930 0.02122 Madagascar 1997 14.8 15.5 21.5 24.8 20.2 18.8 0.733 5.400 0.10920 0.02070 Malawi 1992 4.6 5.5 6.4 7.1 11.0 6.8 0.418 6.400 0.22127 0.04351 Malawi 2000 7.5 8.6 7.5 9.0 8.6 8.2 0.872 1.100 0.07109 0.02189 Mali 1995/96 0.1 0.6 0.7 1.4 2.9 1.1 0.034 2.800 0.53733 0.10140 Mali 2001 0.9 1.4 1.8 2.5 7.8 2.7 0.115 6.900 0.44770 0.04707 Mauritania 2000/01 10.9 12.3 19.6 23.0 34.7 19.9 0.314 23.800 0.23601 0.02103 Mozambique 1997 0.1 2.1 0.3 1.2 7.9 2.0 0.013 7.800 0.81063 0.10626 Mozambique 2003 0.4 0.6 0.3 2.8 8.9 2.3 0.041 8.495 0.70903 0.06339 Namibia 1992 4.6 6.1 5.9 20.2 41.0 16.7 0.112 36.400 0.43299 0.02714 Namibia 2000 2.6 8.8 8.6 14.8 30.1 13.0 0.086 27.500 0.39235 0.02881 Niger 1998 0.9 0.8 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.900 0.100 0.10231 0.11044 Nigeria 1990 17.0 26.2 37.5 42.5 67.2 36.4 0.253 50.200 0.30783 0.00910 Nigeria 2003 7.6 9.2 15.4 25.5 56.5 21.3 0.134 48.965 0.37905 0.01866 Rwanda 2000 17.8 17.4 16.5 20.6 28.2 20.1 0.631 10.400 0.19537 0.01773 Senegal 1997 4.2 5.2 4.4 4.6 19.3 7.1 0.218 15.100 0.20223 0.03611 South Africa 1998 11.1 20.2 26.0 39.0 67.3 30.0 0.165 56.200 0.33101 0.01260 Tanzania 1996 5.3 5.1 5.4 8.3 13.4 7.4 0.396 8.100 0.21971 0.03278 Tanzania 1999 3.6 3.2 2.1 2.4 17.1 5.7 0.211 13.500 0.40086 0.05958 Tanzania 2004 1.1 1.3 1.3 2.1 5.2 2.1 0.210 4.078 0.32881 0.06209 Togo 1998 1.1 2.0 1.3 4.0 12.4 3.5 0.089 11.300 0.41846 0.06407 Uganda 1995 4.7 6.0 9.3 10.6 20.9 10.1 0.225 16.200 0.33487 0.02831 Uganda 2000/01 4.1 4.8 7.5 8.9 23.8 9.4 0.172 19.700 0.42005 0.03111 Zambia 1996 1.2 0.6 2.2 2.8 8.9 3.1 0.135 7.700 0.43817 0.05877 Zambia 2001 0.4 1.1 1.4 2.8 6.8 2.3 0.059 6.400 0.42483 0.06661 Zimbabwe 1994 11.5 10.5 18.4 23.9 41.5 20.7 0.277 30.000 0.31438 0.02553 Zimbabwe 1999 4.9 6.6 9.5 14.5 28.4 13.2 0.173 23.500 0.34779 0.03073 G. ALL COUNTRIES 20.1 25.1 29.6 35.8 46.8 30.7 0.430 26.688 0.25722 0.02728 - 112 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care ANTENATAL CARE VISITS TO A NURSE OR TRAINED MIDWIFE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 50.0 58.4 58.6 54.7 49.9 54.0 1.003 0.153 -0.00546 0.00953 Cambodia 2000 21.7 27.7 32.0 42.6 74.7 36.5 0.290 53.000 0.22656 0.00913 Indonesia 1997 73.7 85.8 87.2 84.9 66.3 79.9 1.112 7.400 -0.01285 0.00290 Indonesia 2002/03 76.1 89.6 93.6 96.8 96.6 90.1 0.788 20.440 0.04941 0.00169 Philippines 1998 61.7 60.6 46.5 28.6 15.1 45.4 4.086 46.600 -0.17791 0.00825 Philippines 2003 63.8 65.3 51.8 37.7 16.7 49.5 3.812 47.052 -0.17383 0.00790 Vietnam 1997 37.3 57.6 53.7 50.7 30.4 46.3 1.227 6.900 -0.00557 0.01518 Vietnam 2002 38.5 51.1 57.1 41.6 11.5 40.0 3.348 27.000 -0.12395 0.01939 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 23.0 19.5 15.6 9.3 5.4 15.2 4.262 17.617 -0.22281 0.03872 Armenia 2000 18.8 9.9 5.8 4.3 2.8 8.6 6.714 16.000 -0.32836 0.05242 Kazakhstan 1995 33.1 38.4 21.6 9.6 2.4 22.3 13.792 30.700 -0.26429 0.03052 Kazakhstan 1999 26.7 28.1 18.3 8.0 7.4 18.3 3.608 19.300 -0.25896 0.03137 Kyrgyzstan 1997 49.4 36.0 33.0 18.2 8.1 31.3 6.099 41.300 -0.24542 0.02291 Turkey 1993 13.4 21.7 19.5 17.0 5.3 15.7 2.528 8.100 -0.11232 0.02378 Turkey 1998 7.7 9.7 8.7 5.9 1.2 6.8 6.417 6.500 -0.13472 0.03425 Turkmenistan 2000 24.6 21.7 17.8 12.0 6.7 16.8 3.672 17.900 na na Uzbekistan 1996 10.9 11.3 9.7 7.4 6.2 9.5 1.758 4.700 -0.14660 0.05266 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 29.4 28.7 28.5 27.2 28.9 28.8 1.018 0.512 -0.20468 0.01992 Bolivia 1998 13.3 8.5 3.0 0.8 0.3 5.7 44.333 13.000 -0.51005 0.03475 Bolivia 2003 14.2 9.2 2.5 1.1 0.3 5.9 40.725 13.871 -0.55063 0.02988 Brazil 1996 9.4 3.6 1.8 1.1 0.0 3.7 - 9.400 -0.61928 0.05442 Colombia 1995 4.7 3.4 2.4 3.2 1.6 3.1 2.938 3.100 -0.12762 0.05169 Colombia 2000 6.5 3.1 4.2 3.1 2.2 3.9 2.955 4.300 -0.18687 0.04972 Colombia 2005 10.6 7.4 6.1 5.2 3.3 6.8 3.218 7.315 -0.21050 0.02157 Dominican Republic 1996 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 - 1.500 -1.00934 0.22625 Dominican Republic 2002 49.4 60.5 69.7 74.6 85.2 67.3 0.580 35.774 0.10632 0.00422 Guatemala 1995 10.9 11.2 9.1 5.0 0.4 7.9 27.250 10.500 -0.16285 0.02422 Guatemala 1998/99 17.0 17.4 13.3 6.2 2.7 11.7 6.296 14.300 -0.17285 0.02743 Haiti 1994/95 25.8 33.5 33.9 22.5 7.6 25.7 3.395 18.200 -0.12789 0.01917 Haiti 2000 40.7 39.0 40.9 26.2 18.9 33.4 2.153 21.800 -0.13820 0.01201 Nicaragua 1997/98 40.3 42.3 42.5 46.1 55.8 44.6 0.722 15.500 0.05849 0.00860 Nicaragua 2001 34.7 35.4 35.4 39.7 55.1 39.4 0.630 20.400 0.06386 0.01044 Paraguay 1990 58.2 64.1 78.5 87.1 93.0 75.7 0.626 34.800 0.10798 0.00596 Peru 1996 30.7 40.5 43.5 38.3 26.6 36.5 1.154 4.100 0.05229 0.00691 Peru 2000 30.6 21.6 7.9 3.8 1.7 15.0 18.000 28.900 -0.42886 0.01331 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 8.4 10.0 10.7 10.3 5.1 9.0 1.631 3.236 -0.04293 0.05639 Egypt 1995 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 - 0.000 0.18327 0.63920 Egypt 2000 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 - 0.300 -0.30389 0.14384 Jordan 1997 9.4 6.0 5.2 2.9 1.2 5.1 7.833 8.200 -0.15361 0.03033 Morocco 1992 3.1 9.8 14.5 21.4 14.3 12.1 0.217 11.200 0.24908 0.02397 Morocco 2003/04 22.6 31.7 34.7 33.5 14.4 27.6 1.572 8.242 -0.00548 0.01287 Yemen 1997 1.1 2.2 2.9 4.7 4.9 3.1 0.224 3.800 0.29126 0.03850 E. SOUTH ASIA 13.8 17.3 20.7 19.6 15.2 17.3 0.909 1.384 0.06708 0.02128 Bangladesh 1996/97 6.0 6.1 6.6 9.7 7.8 7.1 0.769 1.800 0.07037 0.02956 Bangladesh 1999/2000 9.8 8.8 9.8 11.7 8.0 9.6 1.225 1.800 -0.00214 0.02306 Bangladesh 2004 12.6 19.7 22.0 18.6 15.5 17.5 0.811 2.936 0.01794 0.01529 India 1992/93 6.4 7.9 10.3 13.2 7.5 9.0 0.853 1.100 0.14324 0.00936 India 1998/99 17.2 18.3 20.0 15.2 9.5 16.5 1.811 7.700 -0.07121 0.00732 Nepal 1996 17.5 27.0 26.3 30.9 28.1 25.3 0.623 10.600 0.10882 0.01527 Nepal 2001 24.2 29.4 38.0 39.0 31.3 31.9 0.773 7.100 0.08080 0.01192 Pakistan 1990/91 1.3 1.9 3.0 5.5 4.5 3.2 0.289 3.200 0.24077 0.05059 - 113 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care ANTENATAL CARE VISITS TO A NURSE OR TRAINED MIDWIFE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 57.4 62.9 66.9 71.5 70.1 65.4 0.819 12.710 0.07134 0.00730 Benin 1996 56.9 71.5 83.7 88.9 78.1 74.7 0.729 21.200 0.07917 0.00705 Benin 2001 71.5 81.3 85.7 91.7 77.5 81.5 0.923 6.000 0.02889 0.00527 Burkina Faso 1992/93 42.2 47.4 46.9 67.6 87.3 57.8 0.484 45.100 0.17378 0.00683 Burkina Faso 1998/99 49.7 54.7 58.1 64.1 83.2 60.9 0.597 33.500 0.10641 0.00687 Burkina Faso 2003 54.7 60.7 72.1 78.8 87.7 70.3 0.625 32.901 0.09662 0.00419 Cameroon 1991 46.2 62.7 66.0 72.6 65.6 63.0 0.704 19.400 0.04562 0.01016 Cameroon 1998 53.7 60.8 66.9 69.9 62.5 62.0 0.859 8.800 0.03012 0.00995 Cameroon 2004 57.2 64.2 71.6 69.6 55.6 63.6 1.028 1.569 0.00741 0.00663 Central African Republic 1994/95 37.8 50.1 62.6 81.0 83.8 62.4 0.451 46.000 0.16659 0.00842 Chad 1996/97 10.9 19.8 24.8 38.1 64.9 30.7 0.168 54.000 0.36443 0.01134 Chad 2004 8.9 29.5 40.8 50.5 71.0 40.0 0.126 62.088 0.30546 0.00856 Comoros 1996 59.1 72.7 76.5 87.7 76.4 73.9 0.774 17.300 0.06301 0.01180 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 61.2 79.8 82.0 90.3 84.6 79.0 0.723 23.400 0.07311 0.00531 Eritrea 1995 16.6 12.5 19.9 37.1 42.7 24.0 0.389 26.100 0.23374 0.02313 Ethiopia 2000 15.1 17.7 21.1 25.7 59.8 26.7 0.253 44.700 0.37158 0.01125 Gabon 2000 71.4 75.3 69.3 59.0 49.1 65.4 1.454 22.300 -0.05481 0.00811 Ghana 1993 59.4 62.5 66.0 62.1 41.4 58.9 1.435 18.000 -0.04499 0.01119 Ghana 1998 64.3 70.2 69.4 58.1 39.7 61.8 1.620 24.600 -0.03925 0.00945 Ghana 2003 73.7 80.1 75.5 70.2 47.0 70.4 1.569 26.707 -0.05132 0.00747 Guinea 1999 47.5 43.9 51.9 65.4 66.6 54.4 0.713 19.100 0.08399 0.00830 Kenya 1993 67.9 73.6 73.0 76.8 65.8 71.4 1.031 2.032 -0.00500 0.00611 Kenya 1998 64.7 66.8 67.3 62.5 57.5 64.0 1.125 7.200 -0.03302 0.00825 Kenya 2003 59.5 71.0 75.1 78.2 69.0 70.2 0.863 9.477 0.04275 0.00663 Madagascar 1997 52.3 56.1 53.9 61.4 75.4 58.2 0.694 23.100 0.06681 0.00833 Malawi 1992 79.0 81.7 84.2 88.6 85.6 83.8 0.923 6.600 0.01238 0.00486 Malawi 2000 81.8 82.5 83.3 86.3 88.9 84.3 0.920 7.100 0.01290 0.00273 Mali 1995/96 20.4 34.6 43.5 56.6 82.7 46.4 0.247 62.300 0.24573 0.00752 Mali 2001 41.4 42.6 44.4 62.0 84.0 54.1 0.493 42.600 0.15211 0.00570 Mauritania 2000/01 22.5 38.0 49.0 58.4 53.7 44.1 0.419 31.200 0.16923 0.01119 Mozambique 1997 48.3 68.1 63.4 90.4 90.3 70.0 0.535 42.000 0.10087 0.00592 Mozambique 2003 66.7 81.9 85.7 94.1 89.4 82.2 0.745 22.770 0.05585 0.00347 Namibia 1992 79.1 81.6 83.3 67.5 48.8 71.0 1.621 30.300 -0.08243 0.00777 Namibia 2000 78.0 83.1 83.5 77.5 66.3 77.6 1.176 11.700 -0.03151 0.00623 Niger 1998 23.0 26.2 28.5 43.9 83.8 39.2 0.274 60.800 0.31329 0.00982 Nigeria 1990 15.4 17.4 26.8 31.7 23.6 22.5 0.653 8.200 0.06847 0.01396 Nigeria 2003 24.6 27.5 40.4 51.1 38.1 35.8 0.646 13.466 0.10194 0.01296 Rwanda 2000 72.2 74.6 74.4 72.4 67.0 72.2 1.078 5.200 -0.04529 0.00530 Senegal 1997 63.2 68.1 83.5 90.7 77.6 76.2 0.814 14.400 0.06916 0.00496 South Africa 1998 84.3 74.5 70.3 55.7 26.2 65.0 3.218 58.100 -0.15082 0.00570 Tanzania 1996 76.9 85.0 83.0 84.9 83.2 82.5 0.924 6.300 0.01014 0.00415 Tanzania 1999 85.2 87.7 89.4 91.8 80.1 86.8 1.064 5.100 -0.01562 0.00458 Tanzania 2004 89.6 92.6 94.1 93.2 91.5 92.2 0.979 1.953 0.00782 0.00240 Togo 1998 67.6 76.3 86.8 85.8 84.8 79.3 0.797 17.200 0.04806 0.00496 Uganda 1995 82.5 83.8 82.6 83.1 74.6 81.4 1.106 7.900 -0.02259 0.00443 Uganda 2000/01 84.0 84.6 86.7 84.9 73.7 83.0 1.140 10.300 -0.02378 0.00427 Zambia 1996 90.1 93.6 92.9 96.1 90.7 92.5 0.993 0.600 0.00427 0.00265 Zambia 2001 88.6 90.2 91.1 93.4 92.1 91.0 0.962 3.500 0.01189 0.00291 Zimbabwe 1994 79.4 82.5 73.1 71.0 54.5 72.4 1.457 24.900 -0.07884 0.00796 Zimbabwe 1999 89.2 86.3 79.5 77.9 68.5 79.9 1.302 20.700 -0.05573 0.00557 G. ALL COUNTRIES 42.1 45.4 47.3 48.4 46.5 45.8 0.904 4.469 -0.01477 0.01697 - 114 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care ANTENATAL CARE VISITS TO A MEDICALLY-TRAINED PERSON MULTIPLE TIMES Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 47.3 58.6 62.9 68.2 83.3 62.6 0.568 36.013 0.14993 0.00817 Cambodia 2000 9.4 12.8 14.1 21.5 56.9 20.1 0.165 47.500 0.31388 0.01537 Indonesia 1997 65.9 81.8 87.1 92.5 96.1 84.0 0.686 30.200 0.08080 0.00206 Indonesia 2002/03 74.8 87.9 90.9 94.2 98.0 88.7 0.763 23.168 0.05390 0.00168 Philippines 1998 64.1 74.0 83.9 89.1 92.8 79.0 0.691 28.700 0.07952 0.00397 Philippines 2003 71.1 79.6 84.7 91.4 93.3 82.8 0.762 22.182 0.05961 0.00366 Vietnam 1997 15.3 29.9 34.8 41.6 72.7 35.6 0.210 57.400 0.29185 0.01656 Vietnam 2002 34.0 54.1 62.1 65.7 85.2 58.6 0.399 51.200 0.17231 0.01197 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 64.6 70.9 77.8 80.6 86.8 75.7 0.744 22.183 0.07930 0.00864 Armenia 2000 46.8 67.1 83.6 84.2 91.1 73.6 0.514 44.300 0.12273 0.00956 Kazakhstan 1995 83.5 88.7 81.7 87.0 93.6 86.2 0.892 10.100 0.01286 0.00872 Kazakhstan 1999 71.4 71.4 74.2 73.5 78.4 73.5 0.911 7.000 0.00521 0.01079 Kyrgyzstan 1997 83.2 82.0 87.0 84.2 84.4 84.1 0.986 1.200 0.00375 0.00715 Turkey 1993 19.2 33.2 48.1 68.1 84.2 49.3 0.228 65.000 0.26752 0.00896 Turkey 1998 22.6 37.7 58.4 72.3 90.9 55.4 0.249 68.300 0.25560 0.00788 Turkmenistan 2000 81.4 84.2 84.1 84.6 91.7 85.1 0.888 10.300 na na Uzbekistan 1996 82.4 82.8 79.3 84.5 84.4 82.5 0.976 2.000 0.00923 0.00784 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 62.3 74.8 83.0 88.6 93.9 79.4 0.664 31.561 0.08859 0.00406 Bolivia 1998 27.6 47.8 62.2 81.7 91.3 59.1 0.302 63.700 0.22573 0.00538 Bolivia 2003 44.6 60.7 71.0 80.7 93.4 68.1 0.477 48.897 0.12385 0.00406 Brazil 1996 64.0 82.9 91.5 95.6 96.7 84.3 0.662 32.700 0.09313 0.00428 Colombia 1995 56.2 78.3 87.9 93.4 96.2 81.3 0.584 40.000 0.10220 0.00441 Colombia 2000 68.7 83.0 90.8 94.4 93.7 85.4 0.733 25.000 0.06346 0.00431 Colombia 2005 75.9 86.8 92.1 94.4 96.3 88.4 0.788 20.451 0.05941 0.00226 Dominican Republic 1996 86.3 94.4 95.0 96.7 97.6 93.7 0.884 11.300 0.02990 0.00315 Dominican Republic 2002 92.4 95.3 96.5 97.3 97.5 95.8 0.948 5.099 0.01230 0.00147 Guatemala 1995 68.1 72.2 77.2 83.0 94.1 77.5 0.724 26.000 0.06379 0.00412 Guatemala 1998/99 65.4 76.1 84.9 85.8 95.7 80.7 0.683 30.300 0.08415 0.00535 Haiti 1994/95 26.4 38.5 52.7 68.8 81.6 51.6 0.324 55.200 0.21980 0.01018 Haiti 2000 41.0 52.0 62.5 70.3 82.0 61.1 0.500 41.000 0.13210 0.00668 Nicaragua 1997/98 55.3 71.7 78.8 84.5 91.3 74.5 0.606 36.000 0.10037 0.00419 Nicaragua 2001 57.7 76.4 83.0 89.6 92.5 78.5 0.624 34.800 0.09395 0.00428 Paraguay 1990 66.3 72.8 81.5 92.0 94.8 81.1 0.699 28.500 0.08110 0.00517 Peru 1996 28.7 54.9 71.5 81.8 93.7 62.3 0.306 65.000 0.21707 0.00326 Peru 2000 53.6 70.3 83.7 91.9 95.9 76.3 0.559 42.300 0.11735 0.00298 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 31.8 40.8 49.5 60.2 74.1 50.7 0.429 42.297 0.27156 0.00831 Egypt 1995 11.1 15.6 31.7 45.6 75.3 34.9 0.147 64.200 0.35800 0.00742 Egypt 2000 19.4 28.7 41.8 53.8 73.6 43.7 0.264 54.200 0.26140 0.00616 Jordan 1997 83.7 89.3 92.0 93.5 94.9 90.5 0.882 11.200 0.06744 0.00518 Morocco 1992 2.1 6.0 14.1 33.2 54.2 20.0 0.039 52.100 0.52148 0.01922 Morocco 2003/04 20.7 38.1 52.5 71.0 82.3 51.1 0.252 61.590 0.22628 0.00699 Yemen 1997 3.4 7.2 11.6 22.3 45.6 17.4 0.075 42.200 0.53113 0.01491 E. SOUTH ASIA 12.6 17.5 26.0 37.5 65.0 29.7 0.193 52.461 0.39526 0.01222 Bangladesh 1996/97 5.5 5.9 7.0 11.6 41.1 13.0 0.134 35.600 0.46904 0.02705 Bangladesh 1999/2000 4.7 6.9 10.6 18.8 50.2 16.4 0.094 45.500 0.55342 0.01956 Bangladesh 2004 10.4 17.5 23.7 32.1 60.1 27.1 0.173 49.742 0.37335 0.01207 India 1992/93 21.6 30.4 42.8 56.9 81.4 44.1 0.265 59.800 0.28544 0.00295 India 1998/99 21.1 30.5 43.9 60.3 81.0 44.2 0.260 59.900 0.28457 0.00321 Nepal 1996 10.4 16.6 16.8 22.4 47.9 20.6 0.217 37.500 0.30984 0.01874 Nepal 2001 13.3 18.0 29.3 35.7 62.4 29.1 0.213 49.100 0.31384 0.01242 Pakistan 1990/91 5.5 3.9 7.3 22.0 56.6 18.3 0.097 51.100 0.60926 0.02116 - 115 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care ANTENATAL CARE VISITS TO A MEDICALLY-TRAINED PERSON MULTIPLE TIMES (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 47.8 55.0 61.5 69.4 81.3 62.0 0.589 33.431 0.14879 0.00734 Benin 1996 45.6 59.1 74.0 80.9 92.1 67.7 0.495 46.500 0.14230 0.00712 Benin 2001 59.3 69.3 77.7 87.7 92.4 76.3 0.642 33.100 0.09192 0.00517 Burkina Faso 1992/93 26.1 31.4 32.9 49.7 74.5 42.3 0.350 48.454 0.26486 0.00927 Burkina Faso 1998/99 35.5 38.0 39.7 48.0 71.4 45.4 0.497 35.900 0.16011 0.00950 Burkina Faso 2003 32.5 34.7 45.9 50.8 74.5 46.7 0.436 41.995 0.16937 0.00679 Cameroon 1991 39.5 54.5 63.4 78.0 89.1 65.4 0.443 49.600 0.16049 0.00807 Cameroon 1998 47.4 59.4 76.1 80.3 88.1 67.9 0.538 40.700 0.12804 0.00835 Cameroon 2004 53.9 64.4 80.3 88.6 91.7 74.5 0.587 37.825 0.10815 0.00448 Central African Republic 1994/95 33.8 47.7 60.6 72.6 78.6 58.0 0.430 44.800 0.17315 0.00885 Chad 1996/97 8.0 13.4 18.1 30.7 59.4 24.9 0.135 51.400 0.43944 0.01364 Chad 2004 4.9 19.8 27.4 37.5 64.4 30.5 0.077 59.439 0.41482 0.01075 Comoros 1996 41.4 61.2 74.3 81.8 87.9 67.3 0.471 46.500 0.14301 0.01237 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 26.0 43.6 45.7 62.5 75.0 48.7 0.347 49.000 0.19513 0.00899 Eritrea 1995 20.6 21.2 29.3 57.0 83.7 38.3 0.246 63.100 0.34190 0.01442 Ethiopia 2000 6.7 9.0 10.8 14.1 44.9 16.1 0.149 38.200 0.55577 0.01745 Gabon 2000 70.0 82.6 89.2 91.6 93.5 85.4 0.749 23.500 0.06250 0.00459 Ghana 1993 60.2 62.5 71.2 86.0 91.7 73.6 0.656 31.500 0.09093 0.00716 Ghana 1998 58.6 72.7 77.0 81.9 91.3 74.4 0.642 32.700 0.07937 0.00629 Ghana 2003 69.4 76.3 80.8 86.8 94.1 80.3 0.737 24.738 0.06166 0.00517 Guinea 1999 48.4 46.1 60.9 75.4 85.1 62.0 0.569 36.700 0.13195 0.00664 Kenya 1993 76.3 85.1 83.9 84.9 87.7 83.4 0.870 11.360 0.02475 0.00420 Kenya 1998 77.4 78.5 82.4 84.3 86.5 81.4 0.895 9.100 0.01879 0.00515 Kenya 2003 64.0 75.5 75.9 78.4 84.3 75.5 0.759 20.281 0.07126 0.00522 Madagascar 1997 55.2 58.1 61.5 72.3 82.6 63.9 0.668 27.400 0.09551 0.00708 Malawi 1992 73.6 75.8 82.8 89.8 88.8 82.0 0.829 15.200 0.04066 0.00510 Malawi 2000 76.9 78.3 78.4 82.2 85.7 80.0 0.897 8.800 0.02284 0.00316 Mali 1995/96 10.8 21.3 31.7 43.8 69.6 34.3 0.155 58.800 0.32089 0.00982 Mali 2001 24.7 29.3 30.8 45.8 73.8 40.0 0.335 49.100 0.22935 0.00758 Mauritania 2000/01 16.3 32.6 50.0 61.1 75.1 46.5 0.217 58.800 0.26528 0.00909 Mozambique 1997 30.0 49.0 47.3 72.3 75.1 52.7 0.399 45.100 0.17033 0.00833 Mozambique 2003 52.8 66.1 72.7 86.1 90.0 71.8 0.587 37.184 0.10496 0.00408 Namibia 1992 61.9 69.4 67.6 65.0 76.0 68.2 0.814 14.100 0.03911 0.00789 Namibia 2000 71.6 76.0 82.7 77.1 84.2 78.4 0.850 12.600 0.02639 0.00573 Niger 1998 13.5 15.1 16.5 27.4 63.7 25.7 0.212 50.200 0.39439 0.01508 Nigeria 1990 32.3 42.8 63.2 69.3 90.2 57.4 0.358 57.900 0.21842 0.00577 Nigeria 2003 30.7 33.5 52.0 72.5 90.8 53.8 0.338 60.161 0.21830 0.00742 Rwanda 2000 40.0 45.4 44.7 45.7 59.6 47.3 0.671 19.600 0.07459 0.00819 Senegal 1997 43.5 52.5 64.5 74.1 83.6 62.6 0.520 40.100 0.13619 0.00623 South Africa 1998 78.2 83.9 82.8 82.7 90.2 83.1 0.867 12.000 0.02309 0.00413 Tanzania 1996 81.0 88.2 89.5 88.7 90.5 87.5 0.895 9.500 0.01631 0.00345 Tanzania 1999 82.0 84.4 83.0 89.0 92.5 86.1 0.886 10.500 0.01406 0.00413 Tanzania 2004 80.2 85.5 85.3 88.3 91.3 86.0 0.879 11.087 0.02748 0.00310 Togo 1998 49.5 60.3 72.4 78.4 89.6 67.7 0.552 40.100 0.11194 0.00608 Uganda 1995 65.7 64.5 71.0 74.8 83.9 71.6 0.783 18.200 0.05684 0.00533 Uganda 2000/01 58.5 62.9 67.6 73.6 85.7 69.0 0.683 27.200 0.07981 0.00549 Zambia 1996 80.7 84.1 85.2 90.1 91.8 86.2 0.879 11.100 0.02606 0.00346 Zambia 2001 80.4 85.2 86.8 90.2 91.9 86.6 0.875 11.500 0.02807 0.00347 Zimbabwe 1994 83.0 86.1 85.3 89.0 90.9 86.7 0.913 7.900 0.01584 0.00482 Zimbabwe 1999 84.1 80.1 77.0 71.4 68.6 75.9 1.226 15.500 -0.04374 0.00612 G. ALL COUNTRIES 48.3 56.5 63.4 70.7 82.4 63.2 0.586 34.102 0.15956 0.00741 - 116 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care TETANUS TOXOID Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 54.5 67.0 71.6 73.8 80.4 68.3 0.678 25.926 0.07724 0.00588 Cambodia 2000 30.5 38.3 44.0 49.7 74.8 44.8 0.408 44.300 0.15338 0.00764 Indonesia 1997 55.6 70.1 77.9 81.7 83.8 73.2 0.663 28.200 0.07603 0.00279 Indonesia 2002/03 57.4 69.9 75.2 80.4 80.3 72.1 0.714 22.932 0.05543 0.00288 Philippines 1998 62.7 71.1 75.7 68.2 60.1 67.6 1.043 2.600 0.02607 0.00589 Philippines 2003 61.6 73.2 76.1 74.5 70.2 70.7 0.878 8.572 0.03352 0.00553 Vietnam 1997 59.4 71.6 71.9 77.6 90.3 72.3 0.658 30.900 0.08195 0.00831 Vietnam 2002 68.5 86.7 91.0 90.5 96.4 85.6 0.711 27.900 0.06664 0.00749 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 28.9 47.0 53.5 52.4 37.4 44.1 0.773 8.500 0.04592 0.01315 Turkey 1998 35.3 47.7 50.7 50.7 38.5 44.8 0.917 3.200 0.07737 0.01319 Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 66.9 72.3 77.3 77.8 75.0 73.7 0.892 8.088 0.03150 0.00512 Bolivia 1998 33.0 47.5 52.1 60.4 56.1 49.0 0.588 23.100 0.10665 0.00840 Bolivia 2003 39.0 50.3 58.2 61.0 61.6 53.3 0.633 22.589 0.06187 0.00651 Brazil 1996 58.7 63.6 62.0 53.2 54.7 58.8 1.073 4.000 -0.00552 0.00800 Colombia 1995 83.2 85.4 82.7 77.6 69.7 80.4 1.194 13.500 -0.02369 0.00477 Colombia 2000 84.8 83.4 83.2 85.3 77.7 83.1 1.091 7.100 -0.00058 0.00438 Colombia 2005 82.8 86.0 87.5 86.3 84.5 85.5 0.980 1.702 0.01079 0.00236 Dominican Republic 1996 93.6 97.2 97.0 95.8 95.5 95.8 0.980 1.900 0.01795 0.00447 Dominican Republic 2002 90.9 93.3 94.2 95.6 95.0 93.8 0.957 4.103 0.01128 0.00184 Guatemala 1995 51.4 55.6 58.0 57.3 45.4 53.9 1.132 6.000 0.03794 0.00741 Guatemala 1998/99 49.8 55.9 67.2 65.1 50.9 57.7 0.978 1.100 0.06733 0.00949 Haiti 1994/95 50.5 64.4 69.5 77.4 70.0 65.9 0.721 19.500 0.06889 0.00912 Haiti 2000 63.2 63.7 72.6 77.9 76.8 70.8 0.823 13.600 0.03630 0.00586 Nicaragua 1997/98 78.9 86.5 89.1 89.4 88.0 86.0 0.897 9.100 0.02400 0.00307 Nicaragua 2001 76.7 83.9 86.2 86.8 83.5 83.1 0.919 6.800 0.02176 0.00395 Paraguay 1990 74.8 81.6 87.9 93.8 95.0 86.3 0.787 20.200 0.05561 0.00443 Peru 1996 61.3 74.7 79.6 79.7 72.7 73.2 0.843 11.400 0.05117 0.00331 Peru 2000 66.3 72.6 79.4 80.5 73.0 73.9 0.908 6.700 0.02409 0.00361 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 34.1 38.2 41.1 43.2 39.4 39.2 0.865 5.309 0.10225 0.01060 Egypt 1995 62.9 68.1 74.0 76.8 63.4 68.9 0.992 0.500 0.01769 0.00470 Egypt 2000 64.4 74.9 78.8 79.2 62.2 72.1 1.035 2.200 0.00117 0.00457 Jordan 1997 41.4 39.6 41.0 37.8 33.0 38.8 1.255 8.400 0.00368 0.01019 Morocco 1992 83.9 87.3 86.7 82.7 71.8 82.8 1.169 12.100 -0.02651 0.00489 Morocco 2003/04 21.9 28.9 31.2 32.4 24.6 27.7 0.889 2.735 0.04365 0.01295 Yemen 1997 8.8 9.2 13.5 23.4 37.9 18.1 0.232 29.100 0.36051 0.01469 E. SOUTH ASIA 46.8 53.7 60.8 70.0 82.2 61.4 0.570 35.341 0.16058 0.00638 Bangladesh 1996/97 70.0 70.9 74.7 79.4 90.2 76.3 0.776 20.200 0.05070 0.00446 Bangladesh 1999/2000 70.5 77.7 82.0 88.1 93.2 81.2 0.756 22.700 0.06003 0.00364 Bangladesh 2004 77.4 82.0 86.8 88.7 92.2 84.8 0.840 14.765 0.04035 0.00325 India 1992/93 41.0 49.9 62.3 77.0 92.7 62.4 0.442 51.700 0.18133 0.00204 India 1998/99 56.9 67.5 79.1 88.3 95.5 75.5 0.596 38.600 0.11879 0.00178 Nepal 1996 29.1 44.3 48.2 51.5 70.5 46.3 0.413 41.400 0.16872 0.00936 Nepal 2001 37.1 47.0 57.9 63.8 78.3 54.6 0.474 41.200 0.16005 0.00708 Pakistan 1990/91 15.9 18.5 19.3 39.1 62.7 30.5 0.254 46.800 0.32311 0.01341 - 117 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care TETANUS TOXOID (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 53.6 58.7 63.1 69.5 76.0 63.6 0.705 22.434 0.09612 0.00724 Benin 1996 53.4 67.9 81.5 81.7 82.4 71.8 0.648 29.000 0.09144 0.00710 Benin 2001 63.6 66.4 73.2 76.3 74.4 70.5 0.855 10.800 0.03947 0.00637 Burkina Faso 1992/93 53.1 53.7 53.8 67.5 87.3 62.6 0.608 34.221 0.12850 0.00633 Burkina Faso 1998/99 45.1 53.7 50.7 54.9 78.9 55.8 0.572 33.792 0.11330 0.00739 Burkina Faso 2003 54.2 57.8 64.1 67.6 81.8 64.5 0.663 27.613 0.07849 0.00478 Cameroon 1991 43.6 56.9 69.0 84.5 87.7 68.8 0.497 44.100 0.12740 0.00788 Cameroon 1998 54.1 59.8 80.6 82.3 82.9 70.1 0.653 28.800 0.09278 0.00813 Cameroon 2004 59.1 70.1 76.4 81.1 79.4 72.5 0.744 20.305 0.05695 0.00513 Central African Republic 1994/95 50.0 64.2 71.9 77.5 81.5 68.5 0.613 31.500 0.09958 0.00784 Chad 1996/97 11.1 20.3 23.4 37.9 68.9 31.3 0.161 57.800 0.38198 0.01095 Chad 2004 11.8 34.0 39.3 51.6 72.5 41.8 0.163 60.671 0.29332 0.00844 Comoros 1996 51.2 53.6 57.4 64.2 57.1 56.4 0.897 5.900 0.03750 0.01672 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 53.6 72.7 74.4 89.0 90.4 74.8 0.593 36.800 0.10173 0.00541 Eritrea 1995 20.5 20.4 25.8 50.8 70.7 34.4 0.290 50.200 0.32634 0.01569 Ethiopia 2000 19.2 19.7 20.4 25.2 51.1 26.2 0.376 31.900 0.29497 0.01181 Gabon 2000 68.6 78.2 84.8 86.6 80.8 80.0 0.849 12.200 0.04277 0.00572 Ghana 1993 66.9 70.0 74.5 86.3 90.2 77.1 0.742 23.300 0.06257 0.00658 Ghana 1998 71.9 80.5 82.5 85.5 92.7 81.4 0.776 20.800 0.05000 0.00534 Ghana 2003 75.6 80.4 85.4 89.7 89.8 83.4 0.841 14.289 0.04245 0.00498 Guinea 1999 54.1 57.8 70.7 85.1 94.4 71.1 0.573 40.300 0.11965 0.00532 Kenya 1993 83.6 89.3 89.6 91.5 92.0 89.1 0.908 8.433 0.01632 0.00343 Kenya 1998 87.2 87.8 91.0 92.4 92.3 89.9 0.945 5.100 0.01321 0.00368 Kenya 2003 71.5 87.6 88.9 90.2 90.4 85.4 0.790 18.976 0.05121 0.00446 Madagascar 1997 45.1 48.5 45.6 53.7 58.3 49.3 0.774 13.200 0.05766 0.01018 Malawi 1992 79.2 82.9 89.1 91.5 93.5 87.1 0.847 14.300 0.03103 0.00409 Malawi 2000 78.8 81.2 80.2 82.9 85.5 81.5 0.922 6.700 0.01789 0.00302 Mali 1995/96 31.2 41.2 47.5 59.8 82.1 51.4 0.380 50.900 0.18628 0.00707 Mali 2001 35.1 37.4 37.7 55.0 81.3 48.5 0.432 46.200 0.17250 0.00641 Mauritania 2000/01 23.0 28.6 42.2 44.9 54.5 38.4 0.422 31.500 0.16805 0.01222 Mozambique 1997 15.2 25.4 26.7 51.2 57.7 33.9 0.263 42.500 0.25553 0.01250 Mozambique 2003 60.5 73.2 79.3 86.6 85.6 75.7 0.707 25.116 0.07000 0.00393 Namibia 1992 66.1 69.7 68.5 62.2 51.2 63.0 1.291 14.900 -0.05247 0.00891 Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 23.1 24.7 26.1 39.2 66.5 34.5 0.347 43.400 0.25425 0.01168 Nigeria 1990 31.5 36.9 58.5 65.9 81.1 52.8 0.388 49.600 0.20983 0.00651 Nigeria 2003 28.6 29.8 48.1 69.4 88.0 50.8 0.325 59.398 0.21755 0.00820 Rwanda 2000 63.1 63.4 61.4 63.5 72.9 64.8 0.866 9.800 0.03515 0.00561 Senegal 1997 74.2 77.3 86.3 92.9 91.9 84.0 0.807 17.700 0.05079 0.00371 South Africa 1998 72.0 68.7 63.3 46.4 27.3 57.9 2.637 44.700 -0.09114 0.00764 Tanzania 1996 87.0 90.6 92.7 94.3 96.4 92.1 0.902 9.400 0.02018 0.00267 Tanzania 1999 76.0 80.2 82.5 86.8 88.6 82.7 0.858 12.600 0.01940 0.00528 Tanzania 2004 78.0 78.5 75.2 81.6 86.1 79.7 0.906 8.089 0.00764 0.00394 Togo 1998 48.5 53.1 67.9 68.4 76.9 61.3 0.631 28.400 0.08197 0.00747 Uganda 1995 77.1 77.2 81.1 80.1 83.8 79.7 0.920 6.700 0.02244 0.00440 Uganda 2000/01 65.8 62.8 70.9 70.1 79.9 69.5 0.824 14.100 0.04815 0.00551 Zambia 1996 80.0 81.1 84.6 85.5 89.0 83.9 0.899 9.000 0.02232 0.00372 Zambia 2001 70.0 74.7 70.9 78.7 81.1 74.8 0.863 11.100 0.02569 0.00504 Zimbabwe 1994 79.2 79.7 81.5 89.3 80.1 82.0 0.989 0.900 0.00743 0.00622 Zimbabwe 1999 82.3 78.7 78.3 78.4 79.0 79.3 1.042 3.300 -0.00919 0.00549 G. ALL COUNTRIES 53.6 59.6 64.1 68.9 73.0 63.3 0.734 19.409 0.08825 0.00707 - 118 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care PROPHYLACTIC ANTIMALARIAL TREATMENT Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 2.8 2.0 1.8 3.1 1.9 2.3 1.474 0.900 0.09934 0.05681 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 1.5 1.3 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.8 - 1.500 -0.44616 0.10774 Colombia 2005 2.0 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.8 - 1.977 -0.61416 0.08297 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 119 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care PROPHYLACTIC ANTIMALARIAL TREATMENT (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 34.4 39.8 44.1 48.1 53.4 43.5 0.644 19.029 0.09013 0.01207 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 71.2 77.3 86.2 87.0 92.6 82.2 0.769 21.400 0.05466 0.00449 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 48.4 53.2 62.9 69.1 87.4 63.3 0.554 39.003 0.11240 0.00463 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 32.4 47.9 64.1 73.9 82.3 58.4 0.393 49.913 0.17113 0.00621 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 11.1 25.3 34.9 40.7 56.4 33.6 0.196 45.363 0.25775 0.01021 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 3.5 3.0 3.9 7.1 7.1 4.8 0.493 3.600 0.12888 0.03082 Gabon 2000 63.3 78.9 83.9 84.3 86.4 79.5 0.733 23.100 0.05889 0.00582 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 43.9 56.5 56.4 67.0 67.6 57.1 0.649 23.739 0.10220 0.00970 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 20.2 18.7 21.0 17.9 19.5 19.5 1.035 0.683 0.01109 0.01785 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 60.7 63.6 65.7 72.0 82.6 68.3 0.735 21.900 0.06147 0.00416 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 48.5 51.1 52.7 65.7 86.6 60.2 0.560 38.100 0.11742 0.00507 Mauritania 2000/01 23.7 30.6 33.6 33.5 27.8 29.8 0.853 4.100 0.03581 0.01484 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 22.1 24.6 29.6 41.9 60.9 34.6 0.363 38.797 0.19363 0.01224 Rwanda 2000 6.6 4.4 7.2 9.6 11.8 7.9 0.559 5.200 0.20403 0.02920 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 26.8 31.1 27.5 33.9 43.4 32.4 0.618 16.600 0.07914 0.01693 Tanzania 2004 44.7 44.9 46.2 53.9 56.5 49.0 0.790 11.860 0.02725 0.00759 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 26.7 30.2 34.8 38.8 40.3 33.8 0.663 13.600 0.07785 0.01190 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 32.0 36.9 36.3 35.4 31.0 34.4 1.032 1.000 0.01796 0.01233 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 25.6 29.0 30.0 19.3 11.1 22.6 2.306 14.500 -0.10013 0.01810 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 120 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care IRON SUPPLEMENTATION Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 46.8 56.0 59.8 63.6 72.9 58.6 0.642 26.127 0.12757 0.00730 Cambodia 2000 11.9 15.5 18.3 23.2 44.4 20.7 0.268 32.500 0.24881 0.01502 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 63.7 77.3 80.6 85.4 87.4 78.4 0.729 23.686 0.06818 0.00245 Philippines 1998 59.4 72.8 81.2 84.0 89.9 75.6 0.661 30.500 0.09512 0.00437 Philippines 2003 64.7 75.3 80.6 82.2 86.9 76.8 0.745 22.196 0.06572 0.00444 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 11.6 19.9 22.2 21.8 21.4 19.2 0.542 9.800 0.13148 0.03408 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 45.3 43.1 45.9 50.6 57.2 48.1 0.792 11.900 0.06244 0.01866 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 15.5 14.3 13.7 16.9 20.2 16.0 0.767 4.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 55.4 65.6 73.7 77.7 85.5 70.7 0.647 30.151 0.08918 0.00489 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 47.7 57.7 63.0 67.5 78.7 61.6 0.605 31.050 0.07549 0.00509 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 58.3 69.3 74.3 79.5 82.9 72.0 0.703 24.600 0.06553 0.00608 Colombia 2005 61.6 73.2 81.6 81.7 85.4 75.9 0.722 23.721 0.06992 0.00317 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 82.8 88.2 90.5 92.9 91.2 89.1 0.908 8.437 0.02886 0.00245 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 35.2 49.6 63.1 76.2 92.4 61.7 0.381 57.200 0.17966 0.00706 Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 42.2 46.8 61.6 63.1 74.0 57.1 0.570 31.800 0.11081 0.00739 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 62.7 78.4 82.6 84.7 91.4 78.9 0.686 28.700 0.07033 0.00417 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 13.8 19.9 26.8 35.5 51.7 29.0 0.267 37.870 0.26241 0.01090 Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 13.4 16.1 22.8 29.5 50.3 26.5 0.266 36.900 0.27619 0.01041 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 17.3 28.7 37.9 49.7 64.6 38.3 0.267 47.311 0.22238 0.00970 Yemen 1997 10.8 14.8 19.8 27.3 40.2 22.1 0.269 29.400 0.28866 0.01258 E. SOUTH ASIA 26.2 35.1 43.4 52.9 70.6 43.6 0.371 44.441 0.22802 0.00839 Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 21.2 30.0 33.8 43.7 62.8 36.4 0.338 41.600 0.23414 0.00981 Bangladesh 2004 31.6 44.6 48.1 57.3 76.1 50.0 0.415 44.522 0.17923 0.00701 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 36.8 46.9 60.7 73.1 84.9 58.0 0.433 48.100 0.18462 0.00250 Nepal 1996 4.2 8.1 7.5 10.8 29.7 10.6 0.141 25.500 0.37993 0.02997 Nepal 2001 10.2 13.7 21.3 28.3 50.9 22.7 0.200 40.700 0.32021 0.01564 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 121 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care IRON SUPPLEMENTATION (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 45.8 51.0 55.9 60.1 68.4 55.7 0.669 22.637 0.09442 0.00847 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 71.8 80.0 85.9 91.2 95.0 84.1 0.756 23.200 0.05688 0.00410 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 55.5 60.4 70.5 74.5 88.4 69.3 0.627 32.970 0.09532 0.00420 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 50.2 61.5 80.9 88.0 93.5 73.4 0.537 43.316 0.11930 0.00450 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 7.6 16.2 27.5 36.4 57.7 28.7 0.131 50.178 0.37049 0.01198 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na 0.18172 0.01984 Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 54.5 66.3 73.5 69.7 74.9 67.9 0.728 20.400 0.05990 0.00708 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 69.5 75.3 81.3 83.0 89.1 78.4 0.780 19.600 0.05839 0.00600 Ghana 2003 68.1 79.4 82.3 83.9 85.7 79.1 0.795 17.582 0.05865 0.00580 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 46.3 47.0 46.9 42.0 45.8 45.7 1.011 0.484 0.01752 0.01000 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 64.2 65.8 65.0 71.7 71.3 67.3 0.900 7.100 0.02586 0.00448 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 25.5 25.5 27.1 40.2 57.2 34.5 0.446 31.700 0.14197 0.01244 Mauritania 2000/01 40.8 57.0 65.7 66.3 72.5 60.3 0.563 31.700 0.08852 0.01028 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 40.4 52.0 56.6 73.3 88.8 60.2 0.455 48.416 0.15244 0.00503 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 5.9 7.5 8.2 11.0 25.8 11.1 0.229 19.900 na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 36.4 37.0 57.8 75.0 92.9 57.9 0.392 56.529 0.18647 0.00695 Rwanda 2000 17.7 18.7 20.2 20.8 25.5 20.6 0.694 7.800 0.09218 0.01586 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 37.9 41.2 42.4 48.4 53.0 44.4 0.715 15.100 0.06410 0.01265 Tanzania 2004 59.3 64.3 58.5 59.5 64.1 61.1 0.926 4.758 -0.00053 0.00620 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 48.5 44.6 49.5 51.6 65.1 51.4 0.745 16.600 0.06194 0.00903 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 71.8 73.4 72.2 66.2 68.9 70.6 1.042 2.900 -0.01087 0.00569 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 60.0 61.3 58.0 59.8 58.7 59.6 1.022 1.300 0.00184 0.00897 G. ALL COUNTRIES 41.4 47.8 53.4 58.1 67.5 52.9 0.613 26.114 0.12236 0.00898 - 122 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY ATTENDED BY A MEDICALLY-TRAINED PERSON Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 34.4 53.7 65.9 75.8 91.7 60.7 0.375 57.280 0.20921 0.00574 Cambodia 2000 14.7 21.3 27.4 40.7 81.2 31.8 0.181 66.500 0.31138 0.00888 Indonesia 1997 21.3 34.8 48.1 64.4 89.2 49.1 0.239 67.900 0.28647 0.00315 Indonesia 2002/03 39.9 56.1 68.7 80.6 93.6 66.2 0.426 53.757 0.17487 0.00262 Philippines 1998 21.2 45.9 72.8 83.9 91.9 56.4 0.231 70.700 0.27632 0.00441 Philippines 2003 25.1 51.4 72.4 84.4 92.3 59.8 0.272 67.262 0.24967 0.00437 Vietnam 1997 49.0 78.4 84.2 93.6 99.2 77.0 0.494 50.200 0.13787 0.00681 Vietnam 2002 58.1 86.0 95.1 97.4 99.7 85.1 0.583 41.600 0.10092 0.00710 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 88.4 94.6 96.7 98.2 99.2 94.9 0.891 10.767 0.03199 0.00306 Armenia 2000 93.3 94.2 99.4 98.8 100.0 96.8 0.933 6.700 0.01628 0.00269 Kazakhstan 1995 99.4 100.0 98.8 100.0 100.0 99.6 0.994 0.600 0.00108 0.00108 Kazakhstan 1999 99.2 99.6 98.6 99.0 98.5 99.0 1.007 0.700 0.00111 0.00182 Kyrgyzstan 1997 96.0 98.2 98.1 99.7 100.0 98.1 0.960 4.000 0.00445 0.00178 Turkey 1993 43.4 71.0 84.3 95.5 98.9 76.0 0.439 55.500 0.14212 0.00523 Turkey 1998 53.4 77.7 88.9 95.2 98.2 80.6 0.544 44.800 0.12310 0.00513 Turkmenistan 2000 96.8 97.7 96.2 97.3 98.3 97.2 0.985 1.500 na na Uzbekistan 1996 91.7 100.0 99.0 99.3 100.0 97.5 0.917 8.300 0.01501 0.00390 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 45.4 59.0 71.1 83.9 93.6 67.2 0.485 48.235 0.19885 0.00493 Bolivia 1998 19.8 44.8 67.7 87.9 97.9 56.7 0.202 78.100 0.29662 0.00413 Bolivia 2003 26.6 49.7 69.9 87.6 98.4 60.8 0.270 71.818 0.22564 0.00371 Brazil 1996 71.6 88.7 95.7 97.7 98.6 87.7 0.726 27.000 0.08182 0.00356 Colombia 1995 60.6 85.2 92.8 98.9 98.1 84.5 0.618 37.500 0.10278 0.00387 Colombia 2000 64.3 85.6 94.7 98.6 98.6 86.4 0.652 34.300 0.08616 0.00367 Colombia 2005 72.0 94.0 97.3 98.9 99.3 90.7 0.725 27.350 0.07520 0.00208 Dominican Republic 1996 88.9 97.1 97.5 98.4 97.8 95.5 0.909 8.900 0.03238 0.00273 Dominican Republic 2002 93.8 98.2 98.9 99.5 99.6 97.8 0.942 5.751 0.01904 0.00136 Guatemala 1995 9.3 16.1 31.1 62.8 91.5 34.8 0.102 82.200 0.36543 0.00766 Guatemala 1998/99 8.8 17.8 38.8 73.5 91.9 40.6 0.096 83.100 0.36103 0.00905 Haiti 1994/95 24.0 37.3 47.4 60.7 78.2 46.3 0.307 54.200 0.22404 0.00955 Haiti 2000 4.1 9.4 13.5 37.9 70.0 24.2 0.059 65.900 0.45698 0.01232 Nicaragua 1997/98 32.9 58.8 79.8 86.0 92.3 64.6 0.356 59.400 0.20938 0.00404 Nicaragua 2001 77.5 88.5 95.0 97.2 99.3 89.7 0.780 21.800 0.05667 0.00275 Paraguay 1990 41.2 49.9 69.0 87.9 98.1 66.0 0.420 56.900 0.19569 0.00526 Peru 1996 13.7 48.0 75.1 90.3 96.6 56.4 0.142 82.900 0.31919 0.00255 Peru 2000 13.0 34.3 62.2 74.8 87.5 46.9 0.149 74.500 0.31759 0.00433 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 39.7 51.4 61.3 72.2 84.6 60.5 0.469 44.937 0.22428 0.00536 Egypt 1995 20.5 29.8 47.0 62.1 86.4 46.2 0.237 65.900 0.29115 0.00474 Egypt 2000 31.4 45.5 61.1 76.2 94.2 60.9 0.333 62.800 0.21894 0.00355 Jordan 1997 91.2 97.5 98.4 98.0 99.3 96.6 0.918 8.100 0.04834 0.00268 Morocco 1992 5.1 13.6 28.3 55.1 77.9 30.8 0.065 72.800 0.47385 0.00988 Morocco 2003/04 29.4 49.4 70.3 86.1 95.4 62.6 0.309 65.949 0.21363 0.00464 Yemen 1997 6.8 13.2 15.6 28.7 49.7 21.7 0.137 42.900 0.41622 0.01058 E. SOUTH ASIA 7.0 10.4 17.0 28.3 56.0 21.8 0.125 49.047 0.49974 0.01564 Bangladesh 1996/97 1.8 2.5 4.0 9.0 29.8 8.1 0.060 28.000 0.61348 0.03288 Bangladesh 1999/2000 3.5 4.9 6.5 14.0 42.1 12.1 0.083 38.600 0.61741 0.02359 Bangladesh 2004 3.3 4.3 10.2 17.0 39.4 13.2 0.084 36.088 0.56602 0.02048 India 1992/93 11.9 18.2 30.1 47.9 78.7 34.3 0.151 66.800 0.37935 0.00337 India 1998/99 16.4 25.9 42.0 60.6 84.4 42.4 0.194 68.000 0.32203 0.00308 Nepal 1996 2.9 5.2 6.4 9.1 33.7 9.6 0.086 30.800 0.51143 0.03395 Nepal 2001 3.6 4.9 9.9 14.3 45.1 12.9 0.080 41.500 0.51203 0.02170 Pakistan 1990/91 4.6 6.6 6.0 21.5 55.2 18.6 0.083 50.600 0.59890 0.01727 - 123 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY ATTENDED BY A MEDICALLY-TRAINED PERSON (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 25.6 34.2 42.9 59.3 82.5 46.6 0.311 56.902 0.32499 0.00945 Benin 1996 34.4 53.1 66.1 87.6 97.5 63.9 0.353 63.100 0.20346 0.00665 Benin 2001 49.6 60.5 76.9 90.2 99.3 72.9 0.499 49.700 0.14361 0.00436 Burkina Faso 1992/93 26.0 26.8 29.9 46.5 86.1 41.4 0.302 60.072 0.32740 0.00753 Burkina Faso 1998/99 17.9 20.8 21.9 32.4 75.0 30.9 0.239 57.100 0.35381 0.01106 Burkina Faso 2003 18.7 24.3 31.8 45.3 84.5 37.8 0.222 65.724 0.29563 0.00664 Cameroon 1991 32.0 48.4 57.8 81.2 94.7 63.5 0.338 62.700 0.20890 0.00637 Cameroon 1998 27.9 43.4 63.5 84.3 89.2 58.2 0.313 61.300 0.23392 0.00884 Cameroon 2004 29.4 44.7 72.6 86.6 94.5 61.9 0.311 65.154 0.22521 0.00441 Central African Republic 1994/95 14.3 25.2 40.7 69.9 81.7 45.9 0.175 67.400 0.33053 0.00943 Chad 1996/97 2.6 5.6 6.7 15.5 47.4 15.0 0.055 44.800 0.66574 0.01796 Chad 2004 1.4 7.2 7.9 14.8 51.4 16.1 0.027 50.056 0.73107 0.01689 Comoros 1996 26.2 40.1 54.6 67.1 84.8 51.6 0.309 58.600 0.23542 0.01418 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 16.8 29.6 45.8 65.2 83.5 45.4 0.201 66.700 0.30454 0.00818 Eritrea 1995 5.0 6.9 7.2 31.7 74.3 20.6 0.067 69.300 0.63049 0.02343 Ethiopia 2000 0.9 1.5 2.0 3.3 25.3 5.6 0.036 24.400 1.24456 0.03943 Gabon 2000 67.2 85.7 91.5 93.9 97.1 86.7 0.692 29.900 0.07707 0.00381 Ghana 1993 25.3 24.1 31.6 62.3 85.3 43.7 0.297 60.000 0.28067 0.01284 Ghana 1998 17.9 31.0 48.1 65.0 86.1 44.3 0.208 68.200 0.29790 0.00895 Ghana 2003 20.6 31.9 43.3 73.0 90.4 47.1 0.228 69.780 0.29956 0.00768 Guinea 1999 12.1 16.0 26.9 54.5 81.5 34.8 0.148 69.400 0.40156 0.00905 Kenya 1993 23.1 33.1 45.7 56.7 76.5 45.1 0.302 53.402 0.22699 0.00762 Kenya 1998 23.2 33.3 41.9 56.1 79.6 44.4 0.291 56.400 0.24185 0.01037 Kenya 2003 17.0 32.8 38.1 55.0 75.4 41.6 0.226 58.384 0.29895 0.00720 Madagascar 1997 29.6 37.0 40.5 65.0 88.5 47.3 0.334 58.900 0.23823 0.00868 Malawi 1992 44.6 46.2 50.4 58.8 77.9 54.9 0.573 33.300 0.14389 0.00709 Malawi 2000 43.0 49.4 50.9 58.5 83.0 55.6 0.518 40.000 0.13377 0.00442 Mali 1995/96 11.1 22.8 34.1 51.5 80.6 38.7 0.138 69.500 0.34284 0.00802 Mali 2001 22.0 27.0 29.4 45.8 88.7 40.6 0.248 66.700 0.27690 0.00590 Mauritania 2000/01 14.7 36.3 56.8 73.0 92.8 53.3 0.158 78.100 0.29594 0.00582 Mozambique 1997 18.1 35.2 31.4 64.0 82.1 44.2 0.220 64.000 0.29598 0.00859 Mozambique 2003 24.7 33.4 42.5 68.4 88.7 47.7 0.279 63.926 0.27062 0.00501 Namibia 1992 50.9 58.8 65.0 74.4 91.2 68.2 0.558 40.300 0.11728 0.00580 Namibia 2000 55.4 64.4 77.4 86.2 97.1 75.5 0.571 41.700 0.11912 0.00504 Niger 1998 4.2 7.1 7.6 15.5 62.8 17.6 0.067 58.600 0.65349 0.01962 Nigeria 1990 12.2 19.7 27.3 43.4 70.0 33.0 0.174 57.800 0.36522 0.00814 Nigeria 2003 12.9 19.0 27.6 51.1 84.5 36.2 0.153 71.556 0.34666 0.00913 Rwanda 2000 17.3 16.0 17.8 22.8 59.6 26.7 0.290 42.300 0.35511 0.01105 Senegal 1997 20.3 25.4 45.3 69.3 86.2 46.5 0.235 65.900 0.27628 0.00663 South Africa 1998 67.8 81.2 88.5 94.9 98.1 84.4 0.691 30.300 0.08473 0.00358 Tanzania 1996 26.7 40.4 41.2 51.8 80.9 46.7 0.330 54.200 0.20061 0.00686 Tanzania 1999 28.9 35.0 33.3 48.4 82.8 43.8 0.349 53.900 0.21340 0.00970 Tanzania 2004 31.0 35.7 37.6 53.4 86.8 46.3 0.357 55.784 0.18845 0.00672 Togo 1998 25.1 34.7 52.5 71.7 91.2 50.5 0.275 66.100 0.26757 0.00726 Uganda 1995 22.6 28.3 32.6 39.3 70.4 37.8 0.321 47.800 0.27554 0.00915 Uganda 2000/01 19.7 27.6 31.9 46.4 77.3 38.2 0.255 57.600 0.29717 0.00802 Zambia 1996 19.3 24.6 36.7 67.7 90.5 46.5 0.213 71.200 0.31358 0.00596 Zambia 2001 19.7 22.6 34.2 68.7 91.1 43.4 0.216 71.400 0.31226 0.00705 Zimbabwe 1994 55.1 59.5 65.3 77.9 92.8 69.4 0.594 37.700 0.11069 0.00713 Zimbabwe 1999 56.7 67.3 64.8 79.7 93.5 72.4 0.606 36.800 0.09013 0.00539 G. ALL COUNTRIES 35.8 45.5 54.3 67.3 85.0 55.3 0.422 49.177 0.27468 0.00801 - 124 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY ATTENDED BY A DOCTOR Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 9.7 14.5 21.1 28.7 43.5 21.6 0.223 33.817 0.30883 0.03206 Cambodia 2000 0.4 1.0 1.3 2.9 8.8 2.2 0.045 8.400 0.46528 0.05176 Indonesia 1997 1.4 3.1 3.7 8.1 22.5 7.0 0.062 21.100 0.61477 0.01993 Indonesia 2002/03 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.898 0.081 0.14712 0.05481 Philippines 1998 7.1 16.5 35.7 50.2 75.8 30.9 0.094 68.700 0.40060 0.00850 Philippines 2003 8.6 21.0 37.4 52.6 73.2 33.6 0.118 64.587 0.37947 0.00821 Vietnam 1997 9.4 20.9 22.6 33.3 67.4 27.0 0.139 58.000 0.37921 0.02076 Vietnam 2002 29.2 35.3 44.7 58.9 91.4 49.7 0.319 62.200 0.24346 0.01344 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 60.9 66.5 72.7 82.0 89.4 72.7 0.681 28.500 0.10435 0.00860 Armenia 2000 69.9 76.6 85.3 92.8 95.5 83.0 0.732 25.600 0.06438 0.00631 Kazakhstan 1995 69.0 75.1 72.0 89.8 95.5 78.4 0.723 26.500 0.06245 0.00920 Kazakhstan 1999 67.6 70.4 77.6 87.0 89.5 76.8 0.755 21.900 0.06092 0.00875 Kyrgyzstan 1997 49.6 51.1 55.7 75.1 83.9 60.8 0.591 34.300 0.10171 0.01183 Turkey 1993 11.6 21.8 32.1 47.2 72.3 33.7 0.160 60.700 0.31749 0.01261 Turkey 1998 16.3 27.1 39.6 56.7 76.3 40.1 0.214 60.000 0.26649 0.01139 Turkmenistan 2000 78.1 78.4 80.5 82.2 92.1 81.8 0.848 14.000 na na Uzbekistan 1996 84.0 95.1 97.5 98.2 99.2 93.8 0.847 15.200 0.02826 0.00471 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 25.7 39.7 51.1 61.7 72.6 46.5 0.354 46.879 0.23906 0.00954 Bolivia 1998 14.6 39.3 64.3 85.8 97.5 52.9 0.150 82.900 0.33069 0.00424 Bolivia 2003 18.9 42.8 66.4 85.3 97.0 55.9 0.195 78.115 0.26540 0.00392 Brazil 1996 52.5 77.5 89.2 94.3 97.6 77.6 0.538 45.100 0.14618 0.00436 Colombia 1995 41.1 71.7 84.7 94.3 96.5 73.8 0.426 55.400 0.16296 0.00453 Colombia 2000 57.9 81.6 91.2 96.2 97.8 82.7 0.592 39.900 0.10085 0.00406 Colombia 2005 66.2 90.3 94.8 97.4 98.4 87.5 0.673 32.182 0.09056 0.00227 Dominican Republic 1996 75.0 90.4 92.2 94.0 94.9 88.2 0.790 19.900 0.04716 0.00341 Dominican Republic 2002 46.6 41.2 33.3 29.7 25.4 36.3 1.833 21.185 -0.10388 0.00772 Guatemala 1995 7.0 12.6 28.0 57.0 88.8 31.4 0.079 81.800 0.37971 0.00850 Guatemala 1998/99 6.5 14.4 34.8 65.8 90.8 36.8 0.072 84.300 0.36065 0.01033 Haiti 1994/95 1.4 2.9 8.5 22.3 54.1 14.2 0.026 52.700 0.62517 0.02773 Haiti 2000 1.8 4.5 4.9 19.2 51.2 14.1 0.035 49.400 0.52053 0.02024 Nicaragua 1997/98 20.8 36.5 46.7 47.3 42.3 36.7 0.492 21.500 0.17331 0.00842 Nicaragua 2001 27.1 58.3 79.1 88.2 95.2 64.2 0.285 68.100 0.23627 0.00438 Paraguay 1990 5.2 7.5 10.3 14.4 18.9 10.5 0.275 13.700 0.27157 0.02681 Peru 1996 5.2 24.4 41.2 54.5 67.0 32.2 0.078 61.800 0.35703 0.00546 Peru 2000 6.8 21.1 47.2 60.7 79.0 35.7 0.086 72.200 0.36422 0.00578 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 20.4 28.9 36.8 45.3 60.9 37.3 0.336 40.471 0.29007 0.01049 Egypt 1995 15.5 22.9 38.7 51.3 79.6 38.9 0.195 64.100 0.31143 0.00590 Egypt 2000 25.9 37.8 53.8 65.8 88.2 53.5 0.294 62.300 0.23761 0.00422 Jordan 1997 46.5 61.8 67.9 74.5 81.2 64.9 0.573 34.700 0.13409 0.00610 Morocco 1992 0.7 1.7 3.4 8.5 21.9 5.9 0.032 21.200 0.61382 0.04001 Morocco 2003/04 4.3 5.8 14.0 20.7 43.1 15.7 0.099 38.783 0.42510 0.01796 Yemen 1997 5.1 10.4 11.5 20.4 31.2 15.0 0.163 26.100 0.36350 0.01369 E. SOUTH ASIA 3.4 6.0 10.2 18.1 42.5 14.5 0.080 39.144 0.59797 0.02323 Bangladesh 1996/97 1.3 1.5 2.3 5.4 20.2 5.2 0.064 18.900 0.62680 0.04341 Bangladesh 1999/2000 1.4 2.1 3.1 7.7 28.3 7.1 0.049 26.900 0.74022 0.03505 Bangladesh 2004 0.8 2.0 4.7 8.9 26.9 7.5 0.029 26.075 0.70375 0.03160 India 1992/93 5.2 8.6 16.0 28.7 62.4 21.5 0.083 57.200 0.49354 0.00520 India 1998/99 9.6 16.6 27.6 43.8 69.2 30.3 0.139 59.600 0.37877 0.00441 Nepal 1996 1.6 3.3 3.2 4.7 22.3 5.8 0.072 20.700 0.54943 0.04541 Nepal 2001 1.9 2.6 5.2 6.8 32.1 7.8 0.059 30.200 0.58621 0.03230 Pakistan 1990/91 1.3 2.8 3.2 12.9 42.0 12.3 0.031 40.700 0.72316 0.02460 - 125 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY ATTENDED BY A DOCTOR (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.5 3.8 5.2 8.1 17.3 6.7 0.147 14.752 0.45516 0.05209 Benin 1996 2.2 3.1 2.7 5.5 20.6 5.7 0.107 18.400 0.41306 0.05253 Benin 2001 1.6 1.7 2.0 4.9 16.6 4.5 0.096 15.000 0.50928 0.04892 Burkina Faso 1992/93 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.0 4.6 1.3 0.127 4.041 0.62907 0.08164 Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.4 2.9 0.8 0.069 2.700 0.75585 0.12592 Burkina Faso 2003 0.3 0.9 0.6 1.1 5.2 1.4 0.065 4.828 0.40803 0.06046 Cameroon 1991 2.2 3.8 3.5 7.4 14.7 6.4 0.150 12.500 0.48688 0.04596 Cameroon 1998 3.2 4.9 8.5 13.7 16.9 8.8 0.189 13.700 0.36816 0.03957 Cameroon 2004 1.8 2.8 6.9 11.9 21.4 7.9 0.082 19.604 0.45664 0.02552 Central African Republic 1994/95 0.2 2.3 2.3 3.5 2.8 2.2 0.071 2.600 0.25341 0.06938 Chad 1996/97 0.4 0.1 0.6 1.1 2.8 1.0 0.143 2.400 0.64203 0.09160 Chad 2004 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.6 2.7 0.7 0.052 2.524 0.98222 0.12396 Comoros 1996 0.7 2.3 2.8 1.8 10.5 3.1 0.067 9.800 0.45552 0.12429 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 0.3 0.3 1.1 2.5 8.4 2.1 0.036 8.100 0.59863 0.08261 Eritrea 1995 1.5 1.5 1.8 11.2 33.6 7.9 0.045 32.100 0.74630 0.05027 Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 8.2 14.1 20.1 21.4 31.9 18.5 0.257 23.700 0.21620 0.01952 Ghana 1993 2.7 0.6 3.2 8.6 21.0 6.6 0.129 18.300 0.52908 0.05857 Ghana 1998 2.7 4.0 5.6 11.0 24.7 8.0 0.109 22.000 0.40284 0.03945 Ghana 2003 1.6 3.0 3.4 10.5 20.2 6.6 0.080 18.610 0.48470 0.04399 Guinea 1999 1.5 2.0 5.3 6.1 16.4 5.6 0.091 14.900 0.47964 0.03788 Kenya 1993 5.7 9.4 11.8 13.6 23.6 12.2 0.243 17.874 0.28908 0.02177 Kenya 1998 5.1 8.0 11.6 13.5 28.0 12.3 0.182 22.900 0.34033 0.02859 Kenya 2003 4.0 7.8 7.4 13.4 27.5 11.4 0.147 23.453 0.42280 0.02343 Madagascar 1997 6.8 8.0 12.6 21.0 19.7 12.4 0.345 12.900 0.24876 0.02522 Malawi 1992 2.3 2.9 4.0 5.1 8.3 4.4 0.277 6.000 0.38097 0.04699 Malawi 2000 3.9 5.2 3.9 5.7 8.9 5.4 0.438 5.000 0.19494 0.02579 Mali 1995/96 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.2 2.0 0.7 0.050 1.900 0.49216 0.11116 Mali 2001 0.4 0.6 1.1 1.2 4.8 1.5 0.083 4.400 0.44710 0.05380 Mauritania 2000/01 3.2 7.4 8.8 11.6 19.3 9.8 0.166 16.100 0.32755 0.02853 Mozambique 1997 0.2 1.2 0.4 2.6 7.1 2.1 0.028 6.900 0.74664 0.08873 Mozambique 2003 0.2 0.5 1.1 3.2 13.2 3.0 0.013 13.066 0.66805 0.04265 Namibia 1992 3.5 4.0 7.4 13.7 41.2 14.1 0.085 37.700 0.48765 0.02657 Namibia 2000 3.3 8.3 6.7 9.1 29.5 10.7 0.112 26.200 0.42172 0.03044 Niger 1998 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.125 0.700 0.54470 0.20466 Nigeria 1990 3.3 7.1 9.7 10.6 23.7 10.3 0.139 20.400 0.43374 0.02038 Nigeria 2003 1.8 1.5 3.8 6.6 23.1 6.6 0.077 21.337 0.54229 0.03775 Rwanda 2000 3.8 4.0 3.8 6.7 21.0 8.0 0.181 17.200 0.57138 0.02896 Senegal 1997 1.0 1.3 2.3 3.8 10.4 3.4 0.096 9.400 0.36710 0.04287 South Africa 1998 14.0 17.1 28.9 38.4 68.6 30.0 0.204 54.600 0.32926 0.01189 Tanzania 1996 3.0 5.2 5.3 5.3 11.1 5.7 0.270 8.100 0.21346 0.03075 Tanzania 1999 3.2 7.4 3.8 7.1 17.8 7.4 0.180 14.600 0.22701 0.03242 Tanzania 2004 1.4 2.3 2.9 3.9 11.3 3.9 0.120 9.949 0.26290 0.03351 Togo 1998 0.5 1.1 2.9 4.8 11.0 3.4 0.045 10.500 0.49656 0.05788 Uganda 1995 1.0 1.8 2.2 4.4 11.6 4.0 0.086 10.600 0.59190 0.04668 Uganda 2000/01 1.6 1.9 2.1 3.3 12.4 3.8 0.129 10.800 0.56445 0.04635 Zambia 1996 0.3 1.3 0.9 5.4 10.9 3.6 0.028 10.600 0.53627 0.04531 Zambia 2001 0.6 1.2 1.8 4.4 10.8 3.2 0.056 10.200 0.49119 0.04749 Zimbabwe 1994 7.6 7.4 6.9 15.2 26.3 12.4 0.289 18.700 0.30794 0.03658 Zimbabwe 1999 6.8 7.0 8.4 13.4 22.3 11.6 0.305 15.500 0.25316 0.03061 G. ALL COUNTRIES 14.6 19.3 23.9 29.8 41.1 24.3 0.355 26.540 0.37417 0.03427 - 126 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY ATTENDED BY A NURSE OR TRAINED MIDWIFE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 24.7 39.2 44.8 47.1 48.2 39.1 0.512 23.488 0.11470 0.01113 Cambodia 2000 14.3 20.3 26.1 37.8 72.4 29.6 0.198 58.100 0.29983 0.00944 Indonesia 1997 19.9 31.8 44.4 56.4 66.7 42.1 0.298 46.800 0.23198 0.00463 Indonesia 2002/03 39.1 55.3 67.7 80.1 92.8 65.5 0.422 53.676 0.17518 0.00268 Philippines 1998 14.1 29.3 37.1 33.8 16.0 25.5 0.881 1.900 0.12621 0.01062 Philippines 2003 16.5 30.4 35.0 31.8 19.1 26.2 0.860 2.674 0.08293 0.01114 Vietnam 1997 39.6 57.5 61.6 60.2 31.9 50.1 1.241 7.700 0.00807 0.01418 Vietnam 2002 28.8 50.6 50.4 38.5 8.3 35.3 3.470 20.500 -0.09916 0.02125 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 27.5 28.1 24.0 16.3 9.7 22.2 2.820 17.717 -0.19714 0.03586 Armenia 2000 23.5 17.6 14.0 6.0 4.5 13.8 5.222 19.000 -0.27328 0.03493 Kazakhstan 1995 30.5 24.9 26.8 10.2 4.5 21.2 6.778 26.000 -0.22515 0.03399 Kazakhstan 1999 31.6 29.2 21.0 12.0 8.9 22.2 3.551 22.700 -0.18917 0.02721 Kyrgyzstan 1997 46.3 47.1 42.4 24.7 16.1 37.3 2.876 30.200 -0.15445 0.01919 Turkey 1993 31.9 49.3 52.2 48.3 26.6 42.2 1.199 5.300 0.00209 0.01240 Turkey 1998 37.1 50.6 49.3 38.5 21.9 40.5 1.694 15.200 -0.01667 0.01305 Turkmenistan 2000 18.6 19.3 15.7 15.2 6.2 15.4 3.000 12.400 na na Uzbekistan 1996 7.6 4.9 1.5 1.1 0.8 3.7 9.500 6.800 -0.35213 0.08490 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 19.6 19.2 20.0 22.2 21.0 20.6 0.934 1.390 -0.01969 0.02140 Bolivia 1998 5.2 5.5 3.3 2.1 0.4 3.8 13.000 4.800 -0.17336 0.03385 Bolivia 2003 7.7 6.9 3.5 2.3 1.4 4.9 5.352 6.297 -0.22983 0.02582 Brazil 1996 19.1 11.2 6.5 3.4 1.0 10.0 19.100 18.100 -0.39303 0.02485 Colombia 1995 19.4 13.5 8.1 4.6 1.6 10.8 12.125 17.800 -0.30415 0.02350 Colombia 2000 6.3 4.0 3.5 2.4 0.8 3.7 7.875 5.500 -0.24248 0.04350 Colombia 2005 5.8 3.7 2.5 1.5 0.9 3.2 6.155 4.831 -0.33833 0.02929 Dominican Republic 1996 14.0 6.7 5.3 4.4 2.9 7.2 4.828 11.100 -0.32701 0.05125 Dominican Republic 2002 47.2 57.0 65.6 69.8 74.1 61.5 0.637 26.936 0.09157 0.00458 Guatemala 1995 2.3 3.5 3.1 5.9 2.7 3.4 0.852 0.400 0.23982 0.03331 Guatemala 1998/99 2.2 3.4 4.0 7.7 1.0 3.7 2.200 1.200 0.36436 0.05160 Haiti 1994/95 22.5 34.4 38.9 38.4 24.1 32.1 0.934 1.600 0.05218 0.01424 Haiti 2000 2.3 4.9 8.5 18.7 18.8 10.1 0.122 16.500 0.36833 0.02239 Nicaragua 1997/98 12.1 22.3 33.1 38.7 49.9 27.9 0.242 37.800 0.25710 0.00995 Nicaragua 2001 50.3 30.2 15.9 9.0 4.1 25.6 12.268 46.200 -0.39632 0.01204 Paraguay 1990 35.9 42.4 58.8 73.5 79.1 55.4 0.454 43.200 0.18126 0.00742 Peru 1996 8.5 23.6 34.0 35.7 29.6 24.2 0.287 21.100 0.26895 0.00742 Peru 2000 6.1 13.3 15.0 14.2 8.6 11.2 0.709 2.500 0.17479 0.01463 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 19.2 22.4 24.5 26.9 23.8 23.2 0.810 4.516 0.17471 0.01484 Egypt 1995 5.0 6.9 8.3 10.7 6.8 7.4 0.735 1.800 0.18415 0.01955 Egypt 2000 5.4 7.7 7.3 10.4 6.1 7.4 0.885 0.700 0.08384 0.01880 Jordan 1997 44.7 35.6 30.5 23.5 18.1 31.8 2.470 26.600 -0.06725 0.00825 Morocco 1992 4.5 11.9 24.9 46.6 56.0 24.9 0.080 51.500 0.44055 0.01276 Morocco 2003/04 25.2 43.6 56.3 65.4 52.3 46.9 0.481 27.166 0.14584 0.00769 Yemen 1997 1.7 2.8 4.1 8.3 18.5 6.6 0.092 16.800 0.53642 0.02461 E. SOUTH ASIA 3.6 4.4 6.8 10.2 13.5 7.3 0.264 9.953 0.33028 0.02635 Bangladesh 1996/97 0.5 1.0 1.7 3.6 9.6 2.8 0.052 9.100 0.58692 0.05299 Bangladesh 1999/2000 2.1 2.8 3.4 6.3 13.8 5.0 0.152 11.700 0.44402 0.03659 Bangladesh 2004 2.5 2.3 5.5 8.1 12.6 5.7 0.203 10.013 0.38389 0.03137 India 1992/93 6.6 9.6 14.1 19.2 16.3 12.8 0.405 9.700 0.18773 0.00698 India 1998/99 6.7 9.4 14.4 16.8 15.2 12.1 0.441 8.500 0.17955 0.00852 Nepal 1996 1.3 2.0 3.1 4.4 11.5 3.8 0.113 10.200 0.45399 0.05306 Nepal 2001 1.7 2.3 4.6 7.4 13.1 5.1 0.130 11.400 0.39827 0.03333 Pakistan 1990/91 3.3 3.8 2.8 8.6 13.2 6.3 0.250 9.900 0.35939 0.03221 - 127 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY ATTENDED BY A NURSE OR TRAINED MIDWIFE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 23.2 30.5 37.9 51.6 65.8 40.1 0.352 42.652 0.29862 0.01148 Benin 1996 32.2 49.9 63.5 82.2 76.9 58.3 0.419 44.700 0.18323 0.00838 Benin 2001 48.0 58.7 74.9 85.4 82.7 68.4 0.580 34.700 0.11957 0.00555 Burkina Faso 1992/93 25.4 26.4 29.3 45.5 81.5 40.1 0.312 56.031 0.31759 0.00800 Burkina Faso 1998/99 17.7 20.2 21.6 31.9 72.1 30.2 0.245 54.400 0.34373 0.01139 Burkina Faso 2003 18.4 23.4 31.2 44.2 79.3 36.5 0.232 60.896 0.29161 0.00691 Cameroon 1991 29.8 44.5 54.3 73.8 80.0 57.1 0.373 50.200 0.17785 0.00829 Cameroon 1998 24.7 38.5 54.9 70.6 72.3 49.5 0.342 47.600 0.21025 0.01097 Cameroon 2004 27.6 41.9 65.8 74.7 73.2 54.0 0.377 45.549 0.19146 0.00596 Central African Republic 1994/95 14.0 22.9 38.4 66.4 78.9 43.7 0.177 64.900 0.33430 0.01028 Chad 1996/1997 2.1 5.4 6.0 14.4 44.6 14.0 0.047 42.500 0.66724 0.01886 Chad 2004 1.2 7.0 7.7 14.2 48.8 15.4 0.026 47.532 0.71880 0.01765 Comoros 1996 25.5 37.7 51.8 65.4 74.3 48.5 0.343 48.800 0.22103 0.01590 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 16.5 29.3 44.6 62.7 75.0 43.3 0.220 58.500 0.29039 0.00898 Eritrea 1995 3.5 5.4 5.4 20.5 40.8 12.7 0.086 37.300 0.55915 0.03586 Ethiopia 2000 0.9 1.5 2.0 3.3 25.3 5.6 0.036 24.400 1.24455 0.03947 Gabon 2000 59.1 71.6 71.4 72.5 65.2 68.2 0.906 6.100 0.04006 0.00674 Ghana 1993 22.6 23.5 28.4 53.6 64.3 37.2 0.351 41.700 0.23679 0.01562 Ghana 1998 15.2 27.0 42.6 53.9 61.4 36.3 0.248 46.200 0.27481 0.01175 Ghana 2003 19.0 28.9 39.9 62.6 70.2 40.5 0.271 51.170 0.26962 0.01019 Guinea 1999 10.6 14.0 21.6 48.4 65.1 29.2 0.163 54.500 0.38679 0.01151 Kenya 1993 17.3 23.7 33.9 43.1 52.8 32.9 0.328 35.528 0.20402 0.01076 Kenya 1998 18.1 25.3 30.3 42.7 51.6 32.0 0.351 33.500 0.20418 0.01415 Kenya 2003 13.0 25.0 30.8 41.5 47.9 30.2 0.271 34.932 0.25213 0.01059 Madagascar 1997 22.7 28.9 27.9 44.0 68.7 34.9 0.330 46.000 0.23462 0.01229 Malawi 1992 42.2 43.2 46.4 53.7 69.5 50.5 0.607 27.300 0.12316 0.00811 Malawi 2000 39.0 44.1 46.9 52.8 74.0 50.2 0.527 35.000 0.12718 0.00513 Mali 1995/96 11.0 22.6 33.9 50.3 78.6 38.0 0.140 67.600 0.34007 0.00818 Mali 2001 21.5 26.4 28.3 44.6 83.9 39.1 0.256 62.400 0.27040 0.00620 Mauritania 2000/01 11.6 28.8 47.9 61.4 73.4 43.5 0.158 61.800 0.28882 0.00845 Mozambique 1997 17.9 34.0 31.0 61.4 74.9 42.1 0.239 57.000 0.27329 0.00966 Mozambique 2003 24.6 33.0 41.5 65.3 75.4 44.7 0.326 50.860 0.24444 0.00579 Namibia 1992 47.5 54.8 57.5 60.7 50.0 54.2 0.950 2.500 0.02046 0.00918 Namibia 2000 52.1 56.1 70.6 77.1 67.6 64.8 0.771 15.500 0.06921 0.00721 Niger 1998 4.1 7.0 7.2 15.4 61.9 17.3 0.066 57.800 0.65576 0.01981 Nigeria 1990 8.9 12.6 17.6 32.7 46.3 22.7 0.192 37.400 0.33377 0.01181 Nigeria 2003 11.2 17.5 23.8 44.5 61.4 29.7 0.182 50.219 0.30332 0.01185 Rwanda 2000 13.6 11.9 14.0 16.1 38.6 18.8 0.352 25.000 0.26643 0.01447 Senegal 1997 19.3 24.1 43.0 65.5 75.8 43.2 0.255 56.500 0.26922 0.00746 South Africa 1998 53.7 64.1 59.6 56.5 29.5 54.4 1.820 24.200 -0.04724 0.00799 Tanzania 1996 23.7 35.2 35.9 46.6 69.8 40.9 0.340 46.100 0.19875 0.00803 Tanzania 1999 25.7 27.6 29.5 41.3 65.1 36.4 0.395 39.400 0.21079 0.01213 Tanzania 2004 29.6 33.4 34.7 49.5 75.5 42.4 0.393 45.835 0.18159 0.00740 Togo 1998 24.6 33.6 49.6 66.9 80.1 47.1 0.307 55.500 0.25143 0.00831 Uganda 1995 21.6 26.5 30.4 35.0 58.8 33.8 0.367 37.200 0.23828 0.01063 Uganda 2000/01 18.1 25.7 29.8 43.1 65.0 34.4 0.278 46.900 0.26804 0.00911 Zambia 1996 19.0 23.3 35.8 62.3 79.6 42.9 0.239 60.600 0.29481 0.00701 Zambia 2001 19.2 21.4 32.3 64.4 80.3 40.2 0.239 61.100 0.29804 0.00794 Zimbabwe 1994 47.5 52.1 58.4 62.7 66.5 57.0 0.714 19.000 0.06769 0.01057 Zimbabwe 1999 49.9 60.4 56.4 66.3 71.3 60.9 0.700 21.400 0.05934 0.00781 G. ALL COUNTRIES 21.5 26.6 30.8 38.0 44.6 31.4 0.482 23.124 0.18138 0.01662 - 128 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY IN A PUBLIC FACILITY Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 14.4 26.5 32.9 36.9 44.3 29.1 0.326 29.855 0.30266 0.01518 Cambodia 2000 1.7 3.0 4.9 8.9 36.0 8.3 0.047 34.300 0.48160 0.02509 Indonesia 1997 3.0 4.7 7.6 13.1 18.6 8.8 0.161 15.600 0.46242 0.01600 Indonesia 2002/03 3.6 7.9 9.9 11.8 14.7 9.2 0.244 11.143 0.33880 0.01515 Philippines 1998 7.1 16.0 28.7 29.3 26.3 19.5 0.270 19.200 0.28087 0.01295 Philippines 2003 9.2 20.5 32.3 37.6 31.6 24.2 0.292 22.378 0.25337 0.01185 Vietnam 1997 32.8 54.7 65.8 79.0 91.3 60.1 0.359 58.500 0.19650 0.00924 Vietnam 2002 43.2 74.5 84.5 89.5 94.8 74.7 0.456 51.600 0.13688 0.00863 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 81.3 88.9 93.1 94.4 94.2 89.7 0.863 12.900 0.04333 0.00484 Armenia 2000 81.5 84.1 97.5 98.4 99.8 91.3 0.817 18.300 0.04500 0.00454 Kazakhstan 1995 96.4 98.2 98.8 99.4 100.0 98.4 0.964 3.600 0.00918 0.00323 Kazakhstan 1999 96.4 98.0 98.8 99.6 97.8 98.0 0.986 1.400 0.00908 0.00295 Kyrgyzstan 1997 90.6 96.8 95.6 99.3 99.3 95.8 0.912 8.700 0.01386 0.00354 Turkey 1993 27.1 45.8 64.3 78.0 77.3 55.9 0.351 50.200 0.19085 0.00804 Turkey 1998 42.9 61.6 74.6 75.7 71.5 64.0 0.600 28.600 0.11923 0.00805 Turkmenistan 2000 94.0 95.5 94.3 94.0 97.7 95.0 0.962 3.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 82.2 97.4 97.9 99.1 98.9 94.1 0.831 16.700 0.02951 0.00512 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 36.5 49.8 60.0 66.9 60.9 53.0 0.599 24.430 0.19700 0.00803 Bolivia 1998 14.2 34.9 48.6 63.3 50.5 39.1 0.281 36.300 0.28272 0.00800 Bolivia 2003 21.1 42.7 59.7 73.5 65.8 49.2 0.321 44.685 0.20812 0.00572 Brazil 1996 75.9 88.3 86.6 72.2 61.3 77.9 1.238 14.600 -0.01651 0.00555 Colombia 1995 42.7 71.8 76.8 75.3 60.6 64.5 0.705 17.900 0.09090 0.00665 Colombia 2000 41.9 52.5 58.1 55.4 48.1 51.0 0.871 6.200 0.04364 0.00844 Colombia 2005 72.0 91.1 93.5 93.0 91.6 88.0 0.786 19.558 0.05484 0.00250 Dominican Republic 1996 84.5 82.6 76.4 58.3 37.4 70.8 2.259 47.100 -0.10700 0.00623 Dominican Republic 2002 89.5 89.1 79.7 65.6 45.0 76.4 1.987 44.476 -0.09752 0.00344 Guatemala 1995 8.9 14.9 28.5 54.2 58.6 28.4 0.152 49.700 0.31847 0.00948 Guatemala 1998/99 7.4 16.3 36.6 66.4 60.2 33.7 0.123 52.800 0.33917 0.01174 Haiti 1994/95 1.8 4.2 11.7 22.4 34.1 12.7 0.053 32.300 0.50823 0.02723 Haiti 2000 2.5 5.6 7.8 20.1 34.0 12.7 0.074 31.500 0.50271 0.02119 Nicaragua 1997/98 32.2 57.7 75.4 80.7 78.2 60.6 0.412 46.000 0.19468 0.00483 Nicaragua 2001 28.7 60.3 76.3 82.0 70.7 59.8 0.406 42.000 0.19973 0.00586 Paraguay 1990 20.6 26.8 43.6 62.4 56.2 39.7 0.367 35.600 0.24276 0.01071 Peru 1996 8.5 36.5 60.9 72.5 70.9 43.4 0.120 62.400 0.32928 0.00414 Peru 2000 10.4 28.4 55.9 66.9 63.2 39.3 0.165 52.800 0.33973 0.00555 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 30.0 34.3 39.9 41.5 37.3 36.5 0.804 7.308 0.17398 0.00952 Egypt 1995 6.9 10.9 20.8 26.9 29.5 17.9 0.234 22.600 0.24720 0.01133 Egypt 2000 13.1 15.7 23.1 29.7 30.2 22.2 0.434 17.100 0.17077 0.01022 Jordan 1997 74.3 65.6 60.7 45.7 31.4 57.8 2.366 42.900 -0.04051 0.00573 Morocco 1992 5.0 12.8 26.0 45.4 50.9 24.5 0.098 45.900 0.41309 0.01288 Morocco 2003/04 28.3 47.0 65.8 74.4 59.6 53.0 0.474 31.331 0.15639 0.00667 Yemen 1997 4.3 8.8 10.0 16.2 28.0 12.9 0.154 23.700 0.40928 0.01547 E. SOUTH ASIA 3.0 4.8 7.1 12.1 22.5 9.1 0.134 19.465 0.49731 0.02659 Bangladesh 1996/97 0.8 1.1 1.0 2.7 8.6 2.5 0.093 7.800 0.54434 0.06046 Bangladesh 1999/2000 1.7 2.0 3.0 6.2 18.0 5.3 0.094 16.300 0.59935 0.03849 Bangladesh 2004 1.8 2.5 4.6 8.4 16.7 6.1 0.105 14.962 0.51209 0.03196 India 1992/93 5.1 8.8 13.4 21.6 29.8 14.6 0.171 24.700 0.37333 0.00677 India 1998/99 7.4 11.6 17.8 25.0 23.6 16.3 0.314 16.200 0.31295 0.00742 Nepal 1996 1.3 3.5 4.1 5.5 24.3 6.4 0.053 23.000 0.57413 0.04417 Nepal 2001 1.9 2.3 4.3 7.2 27.4 7.0 0.069 25.500 0.58077 0.03344 Pakistan 1990/91 1.0 2.9 1.9 7.6 22.2 7.1 0.045 21.200 0.58343 0.03352 - 129 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY IN A PUBLIC FACILITY (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 22.1 29.1 36.5 49.8 64.1 38.7 0.345 42.009 0.32037 0.01209 Benin 1996 31.5 49.7 61.6 70.4 69.4 54.4 0.454 37.900 0.16133 0.00966 Benin 2001 50.3 58.8 74.7 76.4 66.8 64.8 0.753 16.500 0.07856 0.00632 Burkina Faso 1992/93 27.8 28.9 30.1 49.0 83.0 42.3 0.335 55.199 0.29049 0.00761 Burkina Faso 1998/99 19.6 23.1 22.8 31.7 71.5 31.4 0.274 51.900 0.30624 0.01103 Burkina Faso 2003 19.6 25.3 32.6 45.0 79.7 37.6 0.246 60.099 0.27893 0.00682 Cameroon 1991 27.2 36.2 47.0 66.1 69.8 49.7 0.390 42.600 0.19185 0.00985 Cameroon 1998 19.2 28.4 42.4 55.7 58.7 38.7 0.327 39.500 0.22865 0.01446 Cameroon 2004 19.4 29.3 48.9 56.9 65.7 41.5 0.295 46.271 0.22325 0.00752 Central African Republic 1994/95 18.4 27.3 45.5 66.9 77.0 46.6 0.239 58.600 0.28493 0.00984 Chad 1996/97 1.5 3.5 3.8 9.5 33.6 10.0 0.045 32.100 0.73007 0.02509 Chad 2004 0.5 3.7 4.5 9.7 39.8 11.3 0.014 39.304 0.85320 0.02404 Comoros 1996 19.6 31.9 45.0 53.9 76.6 42.5 0.256 57.000 0.26539 0.01710 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 15.7 28.2 44.9 64.0 80.1 43.9 0.196 64.400 0.30758 0.00852 Eritrea 1995 3.2 3.4 5.0 24.9 70.4 17.1 0.045 67.200 0.72994 0.02801 Ethiopia 2000 0.7 0.9 1.4 2.9 21.7 4.7 0.032 21.000 1.32909 0.04551 Gabon 2000 59.9 76.3 72.0 73.8 62.3 69.3 0.961 2.400 0.03522 0.00660 Ghana 1993 16.0 17.0 24.3 44.5 63.2 31.5 0.253 47.200 0.29906 0.01781 Ghana 1998 15.0 22.2 33.8 50.5 60.4 32.7 0.248 45.400 0.28084 0.01319 Ghana 2003 17.0 24.1 32.8 57.3 68.0 36.3 0.250 51.020 0.28611 0.01130 Guinea 1999 10.0 15.3 23.3 43.3 61.1 28.1 0.164 51.100 0.37249 0.01167 Kenya 1993 17.7 26.8 34.7 44.0 51.9 33.8 0.340 34.231 0.20208 0.01037 Kenya 1998 15.9 24.9 33.3 40.2 48.2 30.9 0.330 32.300 0.20765 0.01462 Kenya 2003 9.2 19.1 27.8 38.5 43.5 26.1 0.211 34.335 0.26438 0.01184 Madagascar 1997 24.3 28.8 33.3 44.3 38.4 32.4 0.633 14.100 0.11770 0.01360 Malawi 1992 34.6 35.3 35.6 43.5 59.7 41.2 0.580 25.100 0.13503 0.01035 Malawi 2000 32.3 36.2 36.3 42.5 57.7 40.2 0.560 25.400 0.12168 0.00653 Mali 1995/96 8.4 16.0 23.6 40.0 67.6 29.9 0.124 59.200 0.37614 0.01072 Mali 2001 19.7 24.1 26.4 42.7 80.1 36.8 0.246 60.400 0.28208 0.00666 Mauritania 2000/01 10.3 29.4 52.7 67.6 80.5 46.9 0.128 70.200 0.29947 0.00737 Mozambique 1997 17.0 33.1 30.9 64.7 81.8 43.6 0.208 64.800 0.30236 0.00870 Mozambique 2003 24.9 33.1 41.7 67.9 88.7 47.4 0.280 63.810 0.27275 0.00508 Namibia 1992 49.1 57.1 63.7 70.4 83.0 64.8 0.592 33.900 0.10506 0.00668 Namibia 2000 53.0 60.6 68.5 83.0 86.1 69.9 0.616 33.100 0.10576 0.00623 Niger 1998 4.1 6.8 7.7 16.1 63.5 17.8 0.065 59.400 0.65591 0.01929 Nigeria 1990 11.3 18.7 24.7 39.5 67.3 30.9 0.168 56.000 0.37355 0.00883 Nigeria 2003 7.5 10.5 15.6 28.1 34.9 18.2 0.215 27.401 0.33202 0.01762 Rwanda 2000 15.3 15.1 15.9 21.0 53.6 24.3 0.285 38.300 0.33605 0.01192 Senegal 1997 23.2 29.7 46.1 65.3 67.7 44.6 0.343 44.500 0.21907 0.00753 South Africa 1998 66.6 78.5 82.7 86.1 58.1 74.9 1.146 8.500 0.02837 0.00572 Tanzania 1996 24.7 37.0 38.6 48.7 74.0 43.2 0.334 49.300 0.19942 0.00753 Tanzania 1999 22.6 28.0 28.4 39.4 74.9 37.0 0.302 52.300 0.25145 0.01156 Tanzania 2004 25.6 30.1 28.7 42.6 73.0 37.8 0.350 47.436 0.19864 0.00827 Togo 1998 23.8 33.1 48.0 63.7 72.5 44.8 0.328 48.700 0.24671 0.00897 Uganda 1995 15.0 14.7 17.4 20.9 39.7 21.1 0.378 24.700 0.28459 0.01609 Uganda 2000/01 10.7 17.9 18.6 25.9 44.7 22.2 0.239 34.000 0.29468 0.01332 Zambia 1996 13.5 16.4 28.3 63.8 63.3 36.4 0.213 49.800 0.32789 0.00857 Zambia 2001 14.7 14.7 26.3 64.3 67.7 34.5 0.217 53.000 0.34739 0.00955 Zimbabwe 1994 53.2 57.8 64.5 76.3 84.5 66.6 0.630 31.300 0.09845 0.00812 Zimbabwe 1999 41.2 52.5 50.4 70.0 79.0 58.8 0.522 37.800 0.12349 0.00792 G. ALL COUNTRIES 29.4 37.3 44.2 53.1 60.5 43.5 0.486 31.108 0.27593 0.01186 - 130 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY IN A PRIVATE FACILITY Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 3.3 6.3 10.4 17.1 31.8 12.4 0.104 28.440 0.37438 0.04702 Cambodia 2000 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.7 11.0 1.7 0.009 10.900 0.61966 0.06892 Indonesia 1997 0.9 3.6 10.2 16.8 34.1 11.9 0.026 33.200 0.52939 0.01295 Indonesia 2002/03 7.3 16.8 28.0 41.7 66.6 30.5 0.109 59.339 0.37070 0.00579 Philippines 1998 1.6 4.1 11.8 25.5 52.5 14.8 0.030 50.900 0.50351 0.01724 Philippines 2003 1.2 4.4 11.1 22.2 45.5 13.7 0.026 44.322 0.54586 0.01974 Vietnam 1997 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.188 0.300 -0.08127 0.11472 Vietnam 2002 4.7 3.7 2.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 1.205 0.800 -0.03871 0.09363 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 1.0 1.8 1.8 3.7 14.4 3.9 0.069 13.400 0.50355 0.06216 Turkey 1998 3.0 3.8 4.4 12.8 24.4 8.6 0.123 21.400 0.35310 0.03863 Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 1.6 3.7 7.7 13.8 29.1 9.3 0.055 27.482 0.46556 0.02802 Bolivia 1998 1.5 6.0 14.9 22.1 46.5 14.1 0.032 45.000 0.42949 0.01706 Bolivia 2003 0.4 2.4 5.8 12.0 32.1 7.9 0.013 31.669 0.52891 0.02315 Brazil 1996 2.1 6.6 11.0 26.5 37.8 13.6 0.056 35.700 0.51205 0.02318 Colombia 1995 2.4 4.2 10.8 20.9 36.7 12.3 0.065 34.300 0.46351 0.02347 Colombia 2000 3.0 11.7 18.0 27.0 36.9 17.1 0.081 33.900 0.37637 0.01836 Colombia 2005 1.0 2.9 4.1 6.1 7.6 4.0 0.127 6.621 0.33470 0.02827 Dominican Republic 1996 4.4 14.7 21.4 39.0 59.9 24.5 0.073 55.500 0.42995 0.01441 Dominican Republic 2002 4.5 9.8 19.2 33.5 54.1 21.5 0.083 49.645 0.42930 0.01042 Guatemala 1995 0.4 0.8 2.1 8.4 31.1 6.0 0.013 30.700 0.57367 0.03297 Guatemala 1998/99 0.3 1.0 2.6 8.4 31.4 6.7 0.010 31.100 0.49242 0.04244 Haiti 1994/95 0.0 0.6 0.9 2.9 21.7 3.7 - 21.700 0.79784 0.07600 Haiti 2000 0.4 0.7 3.3 4.3 15.5 4.1 0.026 15.100 0.60626 0.04679 Nicaragua 1997/98 0.3 0.4 3.3 4.4 11.6 3.1 0.026 11.300 0.46937 0.04166 Nicaragua 2001 0.3 1.0 5.2 8.1 25.5 6.5 0.012 25.200 0.49034 0.03083 Paraguay 1990 4.9 6.1 13.1 15.2 36.3 13.6 0.135 31.400 0.38697 0.02541 Peru 1996 0.4 3.4 5.4 10.9 21.0 6.2 0.019 20.600 0.41860 0.01863 Peru 2000 0.5 2.8 4.7 9.8 21.4 5.9 0.023 20.900 0.40907 0.02170 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 5.6 11.6 15.3 23.4 40.0 17.9 0.139 34.404 0.41732 0.02206 Egypt 1995 5.2 6.0 10.1 16.6 42.3 14.6 0.123 37.100 0.43794 0.01434 Egypt 2000 8.8 16.2 23.1 31.0 54.3 26.0 0.162 45.500 0.34216 0.00887 Jordan 1997 12.1 27.6 34.5 49.8 65.5 35.3 0.185 53.400 0.32964 0.01156 Morocco 1992 0.0 0.1 0.6 4.3 19.7 3.8 - 19.700 0.80506 0.05597 Morocco 2003/04 0.1 0.8 1.9 9.3 34.2 7.8 0.004 34.017 0.65419 0.03168 Yemen 1997 1.2 1.7 1.7 3.4 5.9 2.7 0.203 4.700 0.34327 0.03615 E. SOUTH ASIA 1.1 2.0 4.2 8.6 23.3 7.0 0.045 22.248 0.67362 0.05050 Bangladesh 1996/97 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.0 8.7 1.6 0.011 8.600 0.88162 0.09454 Bangladesh 1999/2000 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.4 0.4 0.143 1.200 0.67094 0.16380 Bangladesh 2004 0.2 0.7 0.9 3.5 13.6 3.2 0.015 13.391 0.81473 0.05368 India 1992/93 1.2 2.3 5.4 13.9 40.8 10.9 0.029 39.600 0.59518 0.00900 India 1998/99 3.5 6.6 13.6 24.7 50.8 17.4 0.069 47.300 0.42993 0.00709 Nepal 1996 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.7 5.6 1.2 0.071 5.200 0.64056 0.11543 Nepal 2001 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 5.3 1.0 0.019 5.200 0.66601 0.10251 Pakistan 1990/1991 0.4 0.3 1.8 5.7 23.5 6.2 0.017 23.100 0.78382 0.03871 - 131 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY IN A PRIVATE FACILITY (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.9 4.0 5.1 6.8 14.5 6.1 0.201 11.584 0.43214 0.08825 Benin 1996 2.6 3.7 5.3 17.0 26.9 9.5 0.097 24.300 0.43577 0.03751 Benin 2001 4.9 6.8 6.1 14.3 31.4 11.2 0.156 26.500 0.36670 0.02674 Burkina Faso 1992/93 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 3.4 0.7 0.035 3.235 1.25126 0.14720 Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 4.4 0.7 0.023 4.300 1.38700 0.16899 Burkina Faso 2003 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 4.8 0.8 - 4.841 0.62857 0.08195 Cameroon 1991 4.0 10.6 10.0 13.4 23.2 12.5 0.172 19.200 0.29490 0.02804 Cameroon 1998 5.7 10.5 17.2 23.9 26.9 15.7 0.212 21.200 0.29795 0.02749 Cameroon 2004 8.3 13.2 19.2 27.1 25.7 17.7 0.323 17.374 0.24675 0.01512 Central African Republic 1994/95 2.2 3.8 3.4 2.5 4.2 3.2 0.524 2.000 0.09512 0.06117 Chad 1996/97 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.8 2.1 1.1 0.333 1.400 0.24520 0.06339 Chad 2004 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.4 0.5 0.103 1.278 0.89488 0.16069 Comoros 1996 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 - 0.000 -0.27273 0.27388 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.8 3.1 0.9 0.097 2.800 0.49811 0.12396 Eritrea 1995 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 - 0.400 0.31932 0.37474 Ethiopia 2000 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.0 0.3 - 1.000 0.84480 0.15372 Gabon 2000 4.0 7.6 16.5 19.1 34.4 15.4 0.116 30.400 0.30777 0.02198 Ghana 1993 7.4 5.1 6.5 15.7 20.7 10.6 0.357 13.300 0.28064 0.04010 Ghana 1998 2.6 8.4 12.9 12.6 25.0 10.7 0.104 22.400 0.35732 0.02881 Ghana 2003 2.4 6.0 7.9 15.5 21.4 9.4 0.112 19.041 0.39515 0.03038 Guinea 1999 0.1 0.0 0.5 1.0 4.2 1.0 0.024 4.100 0.69453 0.10206 Kenya 1993 4.8 5.1 9.6 11.3 22.5 10.0 0.215 17.659 0.31977 0.02563 Kenya 1998 4.4 5.5 7.7 13.2 30.1 11.2 0.146 25.700 0.40277 0.03149 Kenya 2003 6.8 12.3 8.7 14.7 30.3 14.0 0.224 23.515 0.38060 0.02089 Madagascar 1997 0.8 0.6 1.3 2.2 5.5 1.7 0.145 4.700 0.58181 0.10051 Malawi 1992 9.6 11.5 15.6 15.8 18.4 14.1 0.522 8.800 0.16434 0.02170 Malawi 2000 10.4 12.8 14.5 15.5 25.0 15.2 0.416 14.600 0.16722 0.01294 Mali 1995/96 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 2.3 0.5 0.043 2.200 0.70973 0.15372 Mali 2001 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.5 3.8 1.0 0.105 3.400 0.48009 0.07525 Mauritania 2000/01 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.9 7.3 1.6 0.027 7.100 0.88166 0.10370 Mozambique 1997 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.100 0.53799 0.36842 Mozambique 2003 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.119 0.667 0.61268 0.17659 Namibia 1992 1.0 0.3 0.4 1.0 8.0 2.1 0.125 7.000 0.56881 0.09558 Namibia 2000 1.9 3.5 7.5 1.9 10.2 4.8 0.186 8.300 0.33036 0.04553 Niger 1998 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.2 - 0.700 0.85166 0.28886 Nigeria 1990 0.4 1.5 0.9 2.0 3.2 1.6 0.125 2.800 0.36193 0.05199 Nigeria 2003 4.0 5.6 9.3 15.7 44.8 14.4 0.090 40.832 0.40569 0.02124 Rwanda 2000 1.8 0.9 1.5 1.7 5.8 2.3 0.310 4.000 0.61355 0.06120 Senegal 1997 0.2 0.4 1.4 4.0 13.8 3.4 0.014 13.600 0.52896 0.04751 South Africa 1998 0.4 2.2 3.0 8.0 40.3 8.5 0.010 39.900 0.60567 0.03607 Tanzania 1996 2.3 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.7 3.3 0.489 2.400 0.12302 0.03894 Tanzania 1999 5.3 5.6 5.4 10.1 7.2 6.6 0.736 1.900 0.01092 0.03046 Tanzania 2004 6.5 6.6 10.2 11.3 13.4 9.3 0.485 6.888 0.09231 0.01955 Togo 1998 0.4 0.7 2.3 5.9 17.1 4.2 0.023 16.700 0.53396 0.05208 Uganda 1995 6.4 11.4 12.3 15.8 27.6 14.3 0.232 21.200 0.29254 0.02000 Uganda 2000/01 7.7 8.5 11.1 18.3 31.2 14.4 0.247 23.500 0.33140 0.01825 Zambia 1996 6.0 8.1 8.4 3.5 27.5 10.2 0.218 21.500 0.25787 0.02483 Zambia 2001 5.4 8.0 8.2 4.8 23.3 9.1 0.232 17.900 0.16125 0.02692 Zimbabwe 1994 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.8 8.1 2.5 0.123 7.100 0.52692 0.10587 Zimbabwe 1999 15.0 14.7 14.4 8.8 14.9 13.4 1.007 0.100 -0.04593 0.02575 G. ALL COUNTRIES 2.8 4.6 6.7 10.4 21.3 8.2 0.130 18.530 0.44973 0.06526 - 132 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY AT HOME Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 81.3 66.2 56.0 45.2 23.5 57.7 3.464 57.825 -0.24807 0.00953 Cambodia 2000 97.1 95.2 93.7 89.5 52.2 89.0 1.860 44.900 -0.05699 0.00268 Indonesia 1997 96.0 91.6 82.2 70.2 47.4 79.2 2.025 48.600 -0.13102 0.00214 Indonesia 2002/03 87.5 73.9 60.9 45.7 17.9 59.0 4.885 69.622 -0.24137 0.00280 Philippines 1998 91.0 79.4 59.4 44.8 21.2 65.5 4.292 69.800 -0.19504 0.00402 Philippines 2003 88.7 74.3 56.2 39.0 22.6 61.4 3.919 66.080 -0.22082 0.00447 Vietnam 1997 65.2 43.5 32.7 19.9 7.1 38.3 9.183 58.100 -0.30456 0.01452 Vietnam 2002 51.8 21.4 13.1 6.5 1.1 21.3 47.091 50.700 -0.47308 0.02816 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 17.8 9.9 5.7 3.3 1.1 8.4 16.462 16.750 -0.47318 0.08178 Armenia 2000 18.5 15.8 1.9 1.2 0.2 8.5 92.500 18.300 -0.49250 0.04821 Kazakhstan 1995 3.0 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.0 1.5 - 3.000 -0.46287 0.16425 Kazakhstan 1999 3.2 1.1 1.0 0.2 0.7 1.4 4.571 2.500 -0.61467 0.17912 Kyrgyzstan 1997 9.4 2.6 3.5 0.5 0.7 3.9 13.429 8.700 -0.35808 0.07984 Turkey 1993 71.6 52.2 33.4 18.3 8.2 40.0 8.732 63.400 -0.31475 0.01018 Turkey 1998 52.9 33.3 20.4 11.5 3.4 26.7 15.559 49.500 -0.38803 0.01602 Turkmenistan 2000 5.2 4.1 5.0 5.3 0.7 4.2 7.429 4.500 na na Uzbekistan 1996 17.8 2.6 2.1 0.9 0.8 5.9 22.250 17.000 -0.51261 0.08573 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 57.5 42.7 29.4 15.6 6.2 33.8 9.321 51.329 -0.50017 0.02043 Bolivia 1998 83.7 58.0 35.3 14.0 2.6 46.0 32.192 81.100 -0.37075 0.00503 Bolivia 2003 77.5 53.9 32.9 13.4 1.4 41.8 55.839 76.123 -0.34251 0.00533 Brazil 1996 20.0 3.6 0.9 0.3 0.0 7.0 - 20.000 -0.72696 0.03878 Colombia 1995 53.8 23.3 11.9 3.8 1.9 22.6 28.316 51.900 -0.49519 0.01432 Colombia 2000 24.2 10.5 4.1 1.1 1.2 9.6 20.167 23.000 -0.52069 0.02794 Colombia 2005 26.7 5.8 2.1 0.9 0.5 7.8 52.782 26.209 -0.78332 0.02433 Dominican Republic 1996 10.3 1.8 1.5 0.6 1.4 3.6 7.357 8.900 -0.85142 0.06954 Dominican Republic 2002 5.5 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.4 1.5 12.793 5.025 -1.15398 0.08353 Guatemala 1995 90.1 83.1 68.4 36.5 8.9 64.7 10.124 81.200 -0.18770 0.00397 Guatemala 1998/99 91.8 81.2 60.7 24.9 8.4 59.0 10.929 83.400 -0.23087 0.00579 Haiti 1994/95 97.5 94.1 84.4 66.3 35.8 79.8 2.723 61.700 -0.13669 0.00478 Haiti 2000 95.9 91.8 86.4 62.3 31.4 76.3 3.054 64.500 -0.14225 0.00388 Nicaragua 1997/98 66.0 39.9 20.2 13.0 8.6 34.8 7.674 57.400 -0.37971 0.00763 Nicaragua 2001 70.4 38.3 18.1 9.4 3.3 33.3 21.333 67.100 -0.45508 0.00853 Paraguay 1990 73.5 65.4 42.5 21.6 7.1 45.7 10.352 66.400 -0.31862 0.00769 Peru 1996 89.3 57.7 31.4 14.8 5.5 48.3 16.236 83.800 -0.35950 0.00307 Peru 2000 56.2 44.0 20.6 7.8 3.0 32.0 18.733 53.200 -0.34796 0.00601 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 64.1 53.9 44.5 34.9 22.5 45.3 2.849 41.591 -0.22065 0.00697 Egypt 1995 87.7 83.0 69.0 56.0 26.5 67.0 3.309 61.200 -0.16301 0.00347 Egypt 2000 78.1 68.0 53.6 39.2 15.3 51.7 5.105 62.800 -0.24573 0.00444 Jordan 1997 13.4 6.7 4.8 4.4 3.0 6.8 4.467 10.400 -0.22279 0.01341 Morocco 1992 94.9 87.0 73.4 50.2 29.0 71.6 3.272 65.900 -0.18468 0.00437 Morocco 2003/04 70.5 51.4 31.8 15.9 6.0 38.5 11.839 64.564 -0.34058 0.00752 Yemen 1997 94.3 89.3 88.0 80.1 65.7 84.2 1.435 28.600 -0.07351 0.00251 E. SOUTH ASIA 94.7 91.7 87.0 78.1 52.2 82.5 1.815 42.515 -0.10480 0.00289 Bangladesh 1996/97 98.5 98.5 97.6 95.5 80.5 95.0 1.224 18.000 -0.03149 0.00237 Bangladesh 1999/2000 97.6 97.1 96.4 91.9 67.4 91.6 1.448 30.200 -0.06251 0.00292 Bangladesh 2004 97.6 96.7 93.3 87.4 67.9 89.9 1.437 29.658 -0.06708 0.00284 India 1992/93 93.2 88.1 80.4 63.9 29.0 73.9 3.214 64.200 -0.15219 0.00146 India 1998/99 88.3 81.1 67.9 50.0 25.3 65.8 3.490 63.000 -0.19151 0.00205 Nepal 1996 97.5 95.5 94.5 93.6 68.8 91.7 1.417 28.700 -0.04773 0.00345 Nepal 2001 95.4 94.8 92.7 88.8 61.9 88.9 1.541 33.500 -0.05754 0.00309 Pakistan 1990/91 97.5 94.3 94.2 86.1 53.6 85.3 1.819 43.900 -0.10307 0.00357 - 133 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Antenatal and Delivery Care DELIVERY AT HOME (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 73.5 65.3 57.0 42.0 20.5 53.8 3.592 53.026 -0.23324 0.00794 Benin 1996 64.7 44.4 32.0 11.9 3.4 34.9 19.029 61.300 -0.36044 0.01201 Benin 2001 43.3 32.8 18.1 8.1 1.3 22.7 33.308 42.000 -0.39452 0.01390 Burkina Faso 1992/93 71.7 70.3 68.9 49.9 12.7 56.3 5.643 59.020 -0.23381 0.00555 Burkina Faso 1998/99 79.9 76.3 76.9 67.7 23.4 67.4 3.415 56.500 -0.15680 0.00508 Burkina Faso 2003 80.2 74.6 67.2 54.1 15.3 61.3 5.232 64.870 -0.17979 0.00415 Cameroon 1991 67.5 50.2 43.0 19.8 6.3 36.6 10.714 61.200 -0.35127 0.01111 Cameroon 1998 73.7 59.8 39.1 18.9 13.5 44.3 5.459 60.200 -0.30184 0.01170 Cameroon 2004 71.2 56.8 30.7 14.6 7.9 39.8 8.989 63.315 -0.34139 0.00700 Central African Republic 1994/95 78.0 68.3 50.1 29.6 18.8 49.4 4.149 59.200 -0.26899 0.00898 Chad 1996/97 97.2 94.2 94.2 87.1 63.7 87.6 1.526 33.500 -0.08350 0.00290 Chad 2004 97.7 93.6 93.4 87.2 56.4 86.0 1.733 41.319 -0.11589 0.00325 Comoros 1996 79.7 67.7 54.6 45.6 23.4 57.0 3.406 56.300 -0.19570 0.01287 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 83.0 71.6 54.0 34.6 16.9 54.8 4.911 66.100 -0.24979 0.00672 Eritrea 1995 96.8 95.3 95.0 74.9 28.6 82.4 3.385 68.200 -0.15258 0.00580 Ethiopia 2000 99.3 98.6 98.4 96.6 77.0 94.8 1.290 22.300 -0.06937 0.00231 Gabon 2000 33.1 14.0 7.7 4.6 1.5 12.7 22.067 31.600 -0.53893 0.02525 Ghana 1993 75.2 76.1 68.6 39.5 15.8 57.0 4.759 59.400 -0.21134 0.00977 Ghana 1998 81.9 68.5 52.3 35.2 13.7 55.7 5.978 68.200 -0.23574 0.00697 Ghana 2003 75.2 56.8 49.0 18.9 6.9 46.0 10.940 68.322 -0.30890 0.00754 Guinea 1999 88.2 82.6 75.5 54.6 33.4 69.5 2.641 54.800 -0.15935 0.00480 Kenya 1993 75.8 66.1 54.4 43.8 24.3 54.7 3.121 51.512 -0.17948 0.00641 Kenya 1998 78.2 68.0 58.1 45.1 21.3 56.6 3.671 56.900 -0.18783 0.00794 Kenya 2003 82.9 66.7 62.3 45.8 25.8 58.7 3.218 57.124 -0.20596 0.00521 Madagascar 1997 73.7 69.7 64.3 52.7 54.9 64.8 1.342 18.800 -0.07541 0.00688 Malawi 1992 53.8 50.7 47.6 37.6 20.7 42.7 2.599 33.100 -0.18299 0.00917 Malawi 2000 56.2 49.5 47.8 41.1 16.6 43.6 3.386 39.600 -0.16791 0.00569 Mali 1995/96 89.6 78.6 67.2 51.2 19.9 62.7 4.503 69.700 -0.20743 0.00493 Mali 2001 78.9 73.7 72.1 55.7 14.4 60.9 5.479 64.500 -0.17686 0.00397 Mauritania 2000/01 88.9 70.0 46.9 31.1 11.9 51.2 7.471 77.000 -0.30180 0.00616 Mozambique 1997 82.4 66.0 66.9 33.7 16.8 55.0 4.905 65.600 -0.24224 0.00708 Mozambique 2003 73.1 64.8 56.4 30.2 8.7 50.5 8.372 64.384 -0.25799 0.00473 Namibia 1992 49.2 41.5 34.2 27.7 8.0 32.0 6.150 41.200 -0.25288 0.01259 Namibia 2000 43.8 34.4 22.9 13.6 2.9 24.1 15.103 40.900 -0.37021 0.01590 Niger 1998 95.5 92.6 91.7 82.5 34.8 81.3 2.744 60.700 -0.14777 0.00422 Nigeria 1990 87.4 78.6 73.7 57.2 28.1 66.4 3.110 59.300 -0.18303 0.00405 Nigeria 2003 87.1 82.8 74.5 55.2 19.2 66.4 4.531 67.862 -0.17562 0.00520 Rwanda 2000 81.8 83.6 81.9 76.1 40.1 72.6 2.040 41.700 -0.13025 0.00407 Senegal 1997 75.8 69.3 51.6 30.0 17.5 51.3 4.331 58.300 -0.22481 0.00622 South Africa 1998 29.6 16.5 12.4 3.8 1.2 14.3 24.667 28.400 -0.46504 0.02025 Tanzania 1996 68.0 55.0 54.0 44.9 18.9 49.5 3.598 49.100 -0.17143 0.00659 Tanzania 1999 71.8 66.3 65.9 50.4 17.4 56.3 4.126 54.400 -0.16565 0.00762 Tanzania 2004 67.5 63.1 61.1 46.1 13.3 52.7 5.084 54.261 -0.15820 0.00596 Togo 1998 74.9 65.6 49.0 29.3 8.9 50.0 8.416 66.000 -0.26306 0.00731 Uganda 1995 77.8 73.0 69.1 61.9 32.0 63.6 2.431 45.800 -0.16032 0.00544 Uganda 2000/01 80.5 72.6 68.8 53.4 22.3 61.9 3.610 58.200 -0.18267 0.00481 Zambia 1996 80.3 75.0 63.1 32.0 9.0 53.1 8.922 71.300 -0.27344 0.00517 Zambia 2001 79.0 76.5 64.7 30.6 8.5 55.7 9.294 70.500 -0.23978 0.00551 Zimbabwe 1994 45.0 39.9 34.3 21.1 7.3 30.3 6.164 37.700 -0.25584 0.01646 Zimbabwe 1999 36.0 28.2 31.5 16.3 4.8 23.3 7.500 31.200 -0.24533 0.01568 G. ALL COUNTRIES 66.4 56.8 48.3 35.9 18.7 47.4 3.546 47.642 -0.28955 0.01638 - 134 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 35.7 41.2 43.5 43.8 42.6 41.4 0.838 6.900 0.06002 0.00755 Cambodia 2000 12.5 15.4 20.1 19.9 25.4 18.8 0.492 12.900 0.16156 0.01204 Indonesia 1997 46.2 55.6 56.8 58.0 56.9 54.7 0.812 10.700 0.06029 0.00297 Indonesia 2002/03 48.6 57.9 60.0 59.3 58.1 56.7 0.835 9.575 0.03187 0.00285 Philippines 1998 19.6 26.2 33.0 33.0 29.4 28.2 0.667 9.800 0.11463 0.00968 Philippines 2003 23.8 33.8 35.7 37.9 35.2 33.4 0.676 11.427 0.07195 0.00861 Vietnam 1997 47.0 57.3 59.5 59.4 55.5 55.8 0.847 8.500 0.01431 0.00677 Vietnam 2002 57.9 57.9 58.1 58.0 51.6 56.7 1.122 6.300 -0.02528 0.00671 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 38.2 43.4 45.0 45.5 48.1 44.3 0.794 9.917 0.05474 0.01123 Armenia 2000 15.5 20.9 22.4 22.3 29.2 22.3 0.531 13.700 0.09426 0.01592 Kazakhstan 1995 43.8 49.1 40.6 45.8 49.6 46.1 0.883 5.800 0.00752 0.01183 Kazakhstan 1999 48.9 50.6 52.9 54.5 55.1 52.7 0.887 6.200 0.01747 0.00978 Kyrgyzstan 1997 44.4 44.9 48.4 50.9 54.4 48.9 0.816 10.000 0.04022 0.01085 Turkey 1993 21.0 29.4 33.1 38.5 45.5 34.5 0.462 24.500 0.12191 0.00972 Turkey 1998 23.6 32.2 37.7 41.9 48.0 37.7 0.492 24.400 0.12904 0.00977 Turkmenistan 2000 50.9 56.7 53.1 55.4 49.9 53.1 1.020 1.000 na na Uzbekistan 1996 46.0 55.1 55.5 47.7 52.2 51.3 0.881 6.200 -0.00728 0.00985 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 36.4 44.3 50.3 55.0 58.5 49.4 0.623 22.060 0.11914 0.00746 Bolivia 1998 7.1 17.2 22.2 32.2 45.6 25.2 0.156 38.500 0.28389 0.01127 Bolivia 2003 22.5 27.7 31.5 41.8 49.3 34.9 0.457 26.790 0.14658 0.00774 Brazil 1996 55.8 68.9 73.6 73.8 76.8 70.3 0.727 21.000 0.05942 0.00444 Colombia 1995 42.2 59.6 62.7 64.2 65.7 59.3 0.642 23.500 0.06654 0.00611 Colombia 2000 53.8 61.6 67.2 70.1 66.4 64.0 0.810 12.600 0.04500 0.00551 Colombia 2005 60.4 66.6 69.3 71.7 71.8 68.2 0.841 11.405 0.04093 0.00306 Dominican Republic 1996 51.2 61.7 58.2 61.5 63.7 59.2 0.804 12.500 0.04534 0.00639 Dominican Republic 2002 58.8 64.6 68.0 66.9 69.6 65.8 0.846 10.747 0.03378 0.00372 Guatemala 1995 5.4 10.1 21.4 37.4 57.1 26.9 0.095 51.700 0.35895 0.01024 Guatemala 1998/99 5.4 11.9 24.5 45.0 59.7 30.9 0.090 54.300 0.35723 0.01243 Haiti 1994/95 4.9 7.4 12.7 20.4 20.9 13.2 0.234 16.000 0.29046 0.02584 Haiti 2000 17.4 22.2 25.7 24.2 24.2 22.8 0.719 6.800 0.10090 0.01386 Nicaragua 1997/98 40.2 55.5 60.3 65.4 64.2 57.4 0.626 24.000 0.09526 0.00559 Nicaragua 2001 50.2 65.8 71.2 71.1 71.0 66.1 0.707 20.800 0.06226 0.00507 Paraguay 1990 20.6 25.3 34.4 44.3 46.1 35.2 0.447 25.500 0.17938 0.01235 Peru 1996 24.0 37.5 45.2 48.9 50.3 41.3 0.477 26.300 0.13758 0.00486 Peru 2000 36.8 45.8 54.4 56.3 58.0 50.4 0.634 21.200 0.09177 0.00444 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 30.7 36.1 38.0 42.2 47.1 39.0 0.652 16.401 0.19833 0.01007 Egypt 1995 28.2 39.0 47.1 52.0 57.4 45.5 0.491 29.200 0.16077 0.00505 Egypt 2000 42.6 49.9 54.2 58.1 60.8 53.7 0.701 18.200 0.07156 0.00443 Jordan 1997 27.5 35.7 35.4 42.1 46.8 37.7 0.588 19.300 0.17507 0.01149 Morocco 1992 17.9 30.0 37.8 43.1 48.3 35.5 0.371 30.400 0.17225 0.01020 Morocco 2003/04 51.4 55.2 55.4 54.8 56.8 54.8 0.905 5.406 0.01886 0.00562 Yemen 1997 1.4 3.5 6.8 13.8 24.1 9.8 0.058 22.700 0.52786 0.01875 E. SOUTH ASIA 24.7 28.8 32.3 36.7 45.7 33.6 0.541 21.007 0.21143 0.01025 Bangladesh 1996/97 38.8 40.8 43.7 38.8 48.5 42.1 0.800 9.700 0.04452 0.00751 Bangladesh 1999/2000 37.4 43.7 44.8 43.5 50.2 44.0 0.745 12.800 0.05696 0.00646 Bangladesh 2004 44.7 47.7 46.6 47.4 50.0 47.3 0.893 5.326 0.02480 0.00580 India 1992/93 24.9 27.5 36.1 42.0 50.6 36.5 0.492 25.700 0.14456 0.00242 India 1998/99 29.3 34.9 44.9 49.7 54.6 42.8 0.537 25.300 0.12920 0.00222 Nepal 1996 15.7 21.2 23.2 26.6 44.9 26.0 0.350 29.200 0.20910 0.01084 Nepal 2001 23.8 28.7 31.7 38.9 55.2 35.4 0.431 31.400 0.17967 0.00814 Pakistan 1990/91 1.2 4.1 6.1 10.7 23.2 9.0 0.052 22.000 0.51205 0.02485 - 135 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8.1 10.0 12.6 17.0 28.0 15.2 0.290 19.847 0.38044 0.03007 Benin 1996 1.3 1.4 1.7 4.6 9.0 3.4 0.144 7.700 0.38588 0.05442 Benin 2001 4.0 3.2 6.7 8.3 14.7 7.2 0.272 10.700 0.27534 0.03278 Burkina Faso 1992/93 0.8 0.3 1.0 2.5 16.4 4.2 0.046 15.670 0.91224 0.04923 Burkina Faso 1998/99 1.8 2.6 2.9 2.4 16.0 4.8 0.113 14.200 0.57474 0.04340 Burkina Faso 2003 1.8 4.5 6.2 6.9 26.8 8.8 0.068 24.985 0.48610 0.02230 Cameroon 1991 0.7 1.2 2.8 4.4 12.5 4.3 0.056 11.800 0.59516 0.05731 Cameroon 1998 1.4 2.2 6.1 10.5 16.6 7.1 0.084 15.200 0.45378 0.03608 Cameroon 2004 2.4 5.1 11.5 20.2 27.2 13.1 0.090 24.759 0.39885 0.01816 Central African Republic 1994/95 0.7 0.9 1.9 5.6 8.8 3.2 0.080 8.100 0.55563 0.05851 Chad 1996/97 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.0 4.8 1.2 0.021 4.700 0.94274 0.09954 Chad 2004 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.4 7.3 1.6 - 7.316 0.83194 0.08120 Comoros 1996 6.6 11.6 10.2 10.0 18.6 11.4 0.355 12.000 0.15895 0.03934 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 1.1 2.1 2.0 5.3 12.5 4.3 0.088 11.400 0.47567 0.04214 Eritrea 1995 0.3 0.7 1.0 2.6 18.9 4.0 0.016 18.600 0.84891 0.06552 Ethiopia 2000 2.7 2.7 2.0 3.6 22.9 6.3 0.118 20.200 0.78631 0.03104 Gabon 2000 5.6 8.3 11.8 13.4 18.2 11.8 0.308 12.600 0.19990 0.02680 Ghana 1993 5.4 5.5 7.8 11.8 19.1 10.1 0.283 13.700 0.25983 0.03190 Ghana 1998 7.5 11.5 13.6 16.7 17.9 13.3 0.419 10.400 0.17092 0.02415 Ghana 2003 8.6 19.1 18.6 21.3 26.3 18.7 0.329 17.646 0.17986 0.01980 Guinea 1999 1.0 1.9 2.8 7.4 9.2 4.2 0.109 8.200 0.44846 0.04042 Kenya 1993 10.3 15.7 27.3 37.5 45.1 27.3 0.227 34.868 0.26378 0.01340 Kenya 1998 12.6 24.1 30.7 39.7 50.1 31.5 0.251 37.500 0.23115 0.01153 Kenya 2003 11.8 24.2 33.4 41.0 44.5 31.5 0.266 32.675 0.23325 0.01042 Madagascar 1997 2.3 3.0 7.3 12.4 23.8 9.7 0.097 21.500 0.49740 0.02754 Malawi 1992 3.9 3.6 5.6 6.9 17.2 7.4 0.227 13.300 0.41164 0.04027 Malawi 2000 19.9 23.4 22.9 25.8 39.6 26.1 0.503 19.700 0.14022 0.01003 Mali 1995/96 0.5 1.4 2.0 4.2 15.3 4.5 0.033 14.800 0.61241 0.03806 Mali 2001 4.2 3.6 3.4 7.3 17.9 7.0 0.235 13.700 0.34229 0.02502 Mauritania 2000/01 0.1 0.5 2.6 6.8 16.5 5.1 0.006 16.400 0.61491 0.04331 Mozambique 1997 0.9 1.8 3.1 5.3 16.9 5.1 0.053 16.000 0.74981 0.04425 Mozambique 2003 14.1 16.2 21.5 19.3 36.6 20.8 0.384 22.529 0.20537 0.01212 Namibia 1992 5.4 6.5 11.8 28.9 56.9 26.0 0.095 51.500 0.43759 0.01944 Namibia 2000 28.8 24.1 30.3 48.5 64.2 42.6 0.449 35.400 0.18596 0.01198 Niger 1998 0.8 1.6 2.2 2.9 18.1 4.6 0.044 17.300 0.70688 0.04287 Nigeria 1990 0.5 1.7 1.7 3.3 11.6 3.4 0.043 11.100 0.67519 0.04407 Nigeria 2003 3.6 2.9 6.7 9.2 20.5 8.2 0.175 16.941 0.38446 0.02867 Rwanda 2000 2.4 2.3 3.5 5.2 14.6 5.7 0.164 12.200 0.21090 0.06294 Senegal 1997 1.0 1.6 4.8 11.6 23.6 8.1 0.042 22.600 0.52113 0.02817 South Africa 1998 34.0 45.1 54.5 62.1 70.3 55.1 0.484 36.300 0.13618 0.00688 Tanzania 1996 4.9 7.2 10.0 14.1 28.9 13.3 0.170 24.000 0.33190 0.02078 Tanzania 1999 5.6 12.8 11.8 20.4 32.1 16.9 0.174 26.500 0.27361 0.02168 Tanzania 2004 10.7 12.8 15.6 24.1 36.0 20.0 0.298 25.312 0.18557 0.01358 Togo 1998 3.3 4.9 7.0 7.5 12.5 7.0 0.264 9.200 0.23834 0.02845 Uganda 1995 2.1 2.7 4.1 6.2 25.8 7.8 0.081 23.700 0.66008 0.03373 Uganda 2000/01 11.3 9.3 11.9 19.5 40.6 18.2 0.278 29.300 0.36349 0.01824 Zambia 1996 5.4 10.3 8.4 18.1 31.3 14.4 0.173 25.900 0.34414 0.02182 Zambia 2001 10.8 13.2 19.7 31.3 52.5 25.3 0.206 41.700 0.32306 0.01433 Zimbabwe 1994 31.2 32.7 38.0 49.9 55.8 42.2 0.559 24.600 0.12549 0.01127 Zimbabwe 1999 41.1 42.1 42.8 53.7 67.4 50.4 0.610 26.300 0.09751 0.00938 G. ALL COUNTRIES 20.7 24.6 27.6 31.3 38.7 28.7 0.534 18.051 0.25924 0.02012 - 136 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 1.1 0.5 0.8 2.4 3.2 1.6 0.345 2.118 0.45299 0.05794 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 21.4 29.4 36.0 34.4 31.5 30.5 0.680 10.103 0.08197 0.01575 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 46.2 49.4 52.8 63.0 56.5 54.6 0.818 10.300 0.03272 0.01789 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 21.3 37.7 39.6 51.4 53.5 42.2 0.398 32.200 0.15200 0.01449 Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 7.4 16.5 22.5 32.5 36.4 23.6 0.203 29.000 0.22965 0.02064 Bolivia 2003 14.6 17.7 26.5 40.2 38.0 27.3 0.385 23.380 0.17555 0.01541 Brazil 1996 52.8 66.0 72.6 70.3 77.8 68.6 0.679 25.000 0.07430 0.00961 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 51.0 62.6 64.2 64.9 63.2 61.0 0.807 12.200 0.05734 0.01129 Dominican Republic 2002 53.0 62.0 65.0 70.7 77.1 64.9 0.687 24.110 0.06392 0.01194 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 6.6 12.2 19.5 21.7 27.3 16.9 0.242 20.700 0.22506 0.04373 Haiti 2000 22.0 28.9 22.2 21.3 20.8 23.5 1.058 1.200 na na Nicaragua 1997/98 45.2 59.5 63.1 67.8 68.5 61.1 0.660 23.300 0.08512 0.01089 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 22.7 37.7 42.8 46.1 62.0 43.1 0.366 39.300 0.15863 0.01543 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 45.5 46.1 51.3 45.1 54.4 48.5 0.836 8.900 0.03755 0.01042 Bangladesh 1999/2000 43.4 47.8 53.3 53.8 57.4 51.3 0.756 14.000 0.05978 0.01099 Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 29.3 35.5 38.9 49.9 61.1 43.6 0.480 31.800 0.14906 0.01342 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 137 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8.6 12.3 14.5 18.8 29.0 16.9 0.297 20.376 0.36051 0.04775 Benin 1996 3.3 3.4 8.0 14.5 20.0 9.5 0.165 16.700 0.40545 0.04764 Benin 2001 10.1 8.5 8.8 16.6 22.5 13.0 0.449 12.400 0.20344 0.03921 Burkina Faso 1992/93 2.3 2.1 2.6 8.2 22.4 6.7 0.103 20.078 0.69549 0.06790 Burkina Faso 1998/99 4.8 8.4 11.9 11.2 30.1 13.5 0.159 25.300 0.39928 0.04052 Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 2.2 6.3 10.7 16.9 30.3 13.1 0.073 28.100 0.42669 0.03914 Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 0.9 1.5 4.2 8.0 9.7 4.4 0.093 8.800 0.47176 0.09180 Chad 1996/97 0.6 0.7 0.0 1.9 10.7 3.0 0.056 10.100 0.86141 0.12377 Chad 2004 0.0 2.0 2.4 5.3 14.1 4.9 - 14.102 0.58949 0.07223 Comoros 1996 2.4 15.2 6.9 19.4 25.8 14.2 0.093 23.400 0.31764 0.06640 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 2.8 4.7 4.6 10.0 15.3 7.1 0.183 12.500 0.36178 0.06468 Eritrea 1995 0.0 0.9 3.3 4.4 29.9 7.2 - 29.900 0.78461 0.09564 Ethiopia 2000 1.9 3.7 2.8 6.0 31.6 8.8 0.060 29.700 0.64633 0.05882 Gabon 2000 9.7 19.8 28.9 25.7 32.8 24.3 0.296 23.100 0.20027 0.03246 Ghana 1993 6.1 11.9 17.5 28.1 32.2 19.9 0.189 26.100 0.26049 0.04014 Ghana 1998 11.3 17.0 19.0 25.2 24.8 19.7 0.456 13.500 0.14894 0.03871 Ghana 2003 11.6 21.2 25.1 28.7 31.7 23.9 0.366 20.129 0.16804 0.01852 Guinea 1999 4.7 3.6 5.9 13.4 18.6 8.8 0.253 13.900 0.35549 0.06341 Kenya 1993 9.4 20.5 34.7 41.0 45.4 31.9 0.208 35.930 0.22607 0.01937 Kenya 1998 17.9 28.3 40.4 44.7 54.6 39.1 0.328 36.700 0.18982 0.01661 Kenya 2003 12.7 21.9 28.5 37.4 38.1 29.4 0.333 25.407 0.20196 0.01904 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 4.8 8.6 6.1 13.2 24.9 12.5 0.193 20.100 0.36002 0.05511 Malawi 2000 20.9 27.5 27.0 24.5 31.6 26.7 0.662 10.666 0.07143 0.02920 Mali 1995/96 1.0 3.9 6.5 14.3 18.7 8.4 0.053 17.700 0.41681 0.04861 Mali 2001 7.6 5.6 6.2 12.7 19.1 10.2 0.398 11.500 0.29410 0.04308 Mauritania 2000/01 2.0 1.2 2.4 9.5 16.9 7.1 0.118 14.900 0.60983 0.07055 Mozambique 1997 0.6 1.3 4.9 6.7 20.3 6.5 0.030 19.700 0.67073 0.07568 Mozambique 2003 1.8 5.4 8.0 13.4 29.6 10.0 0.060 27.824 0.54620 0.04692 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 20.0 32.8 41.7 40.0 60.2 42.6 0.332 40.200 0.13863 0.01982 Niger 1998 1.7 2.9 2.9 5.2 26.0 7.6 0.065 24.300 0.65825 0.05453 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 3.3 3.0 6.7 11.4 21.6 9.4 0.152 18.305 0.36117 0.05343 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 1.6 3.1 6.6 10.8 28.3 9.5 0.057 26.700 0.51145 0.04187 South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 7.9 8.7 13.7 16.4 30.3 15.9 0.261 22.400 0.28432 0.03932 Tanzania 1999 10.5 18.1 22.5 25.3 34.9 23.0 0.301 24.400 0.19347 0.02031 Tanzania 2004 17.3 23.4 22.7 29.8 36.3 25.7 0.475 19.049 0.09082 0.02408 Togo 1998 6.2 13.4 14.1 18.9 25.7 15.7 0.241 19.500 0.28285 0.03152 Uganda 1995 3.2 2.9 6.6 11.2 30.0 10.3 0.107 26.800 0.61036 0.05455 Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 1996 12.0 20.4 10.2 25.2 37.0 21.3 0.324 25.000 0.22314 0.03996 Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 37.1 42.0 48.1 55.6 69.7 54.5 0.532 32.600 0.11653 0.01574 Zimbabwe 1999 50.7 49.1 59.4 62.0 72.7 60.9 0.697 22.000 0.06561 0.01341 G. ALL COUNTRIES 14.6 19.3 21.7 26.4 34.1 23.5 0.427 19.551 0.30379 0.04023 - 138 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services SOURCE OF CONTRACEPTION IN PUBLIC SECTOR AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 63.4 60.8 59.9 55.2 42.5 56.0 1.491 20.883 -0.07726 0.00884 Cambodia 2000 46.7 42.7 48.8 47.5 39.6 44.7 1.179 7.100 -0.03244 0.01625 Indonesia 1997 50.9 48.2 42.8 37.4 30.0 41.5 1.697 20.900 -0.10032 0.00554 Indonesia 2002/03 36.5 32.8 27.0 23.3 20.5 27.8 1.779 16.003 -0.11415 0.00682 Philippines 1998 90.4 85.1 79.8 63.8 44.7 71.5 2.022 45.700 -0.11555 0.00667 Philippines 2003 83.4 77.8 72.0 63.9 43.2 66.9 1.932 40.229 -0.11329 0.00717 Vietnam 1997 87.7 91.0 91.8 90.1 75.9 87.3 1.155 11.800 -0.02752 0.00466 Vietnam 2002 87.0 89.9 91.7 85.9 66.8 84.6 1.302 20.200 -0.04918 0.00513 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 86.8 89.0 86.6 84.1 80.3 84.7 1.081 6.517 -0.03282 0.00580 Armenia 2000 81.2 89.8 82.5 81.2 77.8 82.1 1.044 3.400 -0.01412 0.00944 Kazakhstan 1995 96.3 97.3 95.0 93.3 91.0 94.1 1.058 5.300 -0.01595 0.00430 Kazakhstan 1999 95.3 94.8 93.4 85.3 87.7 90.7 1.087 7.600 -0.01715 0.00389 Kyrgyzstan 1997 98.2 98.0 98.4 96.8 95.1 97.1 1.033 3.100 -0.00484 0.00278 Turkey 1993 65.8 65.8 62.7 57.7 37.8 54.7 1.741 28.000 -0.11896 0.01096 Turkey 1998 65.2 68.8 66.0 59.6 34.8 55.8 1.874 30.400 -0.12672 0.01088 Turkmenistan 2000 82.9 83.6 80.5 83.5 88.7 83.9 0.935 5.800 na na Uzbekistan 1996 97.9 98.8 98.9 98.4 97.5 98.3 1.004 0.400 -0.00125 0.00198 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 62.0 54.5 48.2 41.8 32.3 45.6 1.917 29.639 -0.12828 0.01381 Bolivia 1998 67.8 55.6 51.3 43.1 28.3 42.3 2.396 39.500 -0.17443 0.01569 Bolivia 2003 73.0 71.1 58.2 50.1 40.5 54.9 1.802 32.490 -0.14000 0.00836 Brazil 1996 69.0 56.3 44.8 38.6 30.9 45.7 2.233 38.100 -0.16479 0.00823 Colombia 1995 44.3 34.9 26.0 24.1 18.2 27.9 2.434 26.100 -0.15186 0.01534 Colombia 2000 46.1 35.1 27.9 25.1 20.9 30.2 2.206 25.200 -0.14723 0.01418 Colombia 2005 61.2 48.9 41.8 34.5 31.9 42.7 1.917 29.263 -0.12395 0.00595 Dominican Republic 1996 47.9 42.8 38.9 31.3 18.6 35.5 2.575 29.300 -0.17622 0.01337 Dominican Republic 2002 56.4 51.5 45.4 37.7 28.3 43.1 1.993 28.098 -0.14994 0.00698 Guatemala 1995 43.0 33.7 32.9 33.6 16.8 26.5 2.560 26.200 -0.17576 0.02310 Guatemala 1998/99 54.7 46.7 41.3 31.9 31.6 35.0 1.731 23.100 -0.12753 0.02580 Haiti 1994/95 (59.3) (70.9) 59.8 59.3 45.1 56.5 1.315 104.400 -0.09045 0.02581 Haiti 2000 42.9 24.8 24.0 24.8 16.5 25.4 2.600 26.400 -0.13277 0.02811 Nicaragua 1997/98 74.4 69.7 62.5 59.5 49.4 61.6 1.506 25.000 -0.07181 0.00655 Nicaragua 2001 79.3 77.2 68.0 62.7 41.3 64.0 1.920 38.000 -0.10167 0.00605 Paraguay 1990 27.2 24.2 22.4 16.9 14.7 19.3 1.850 12.500 -0.13116 0.03154 Peru 1996 92.4 82.7 76.6 68.9 47.8 71.1 1.933 44.600 -0.10923 0.00393 Peru 2000 94.1 90.2 87.8 78.7 55.3 80.1 1.702 38.800 -0.08268 0.00323 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 58.7 51.3 48.5 44.1 31.5 44.9 1.866 27.266 -0.10908 0.01442 Egypt 1995 44.2 45.5 39.5 34.1 25.6 35.7 1.727 18.600 -0.13881 0.00990 Egypt 2000 63.8 56.9 51.8 49.7 31.3 48.6 2.038 32.500 -0.13091 0.00663 Jordan 1997 39.8 36.0 30.6 24.2 17.0 27.9 2.341 22.800 -0.13956 0.02537 Morocco 1992 80.6 81.0 73.2 57.6 40.9 62.6 1.971 39.700 -0.14841 0.00959 Morocco 2003/04 65.7 63.0 61.2 49.2 32.0 53.7 2.052 33.666 -0.11146 0.00761 Yemen 1997 (65.7) 49.4 50.2 53.5 45.6 49.2 1.441 111.300 -0.05441 0.01806 E. SOUTH ASIA 85.7 76.9 76.2 68.6 48.2 67.0 1.778 37.495 -0.11839 0.00838 Bangladesh 1996/97 42.8 41.6 33.5 34.6 22.6 34.5 1.894 20.200 -0.13491 0.01265 Bangladesh 1999/2000 83.7 79.1 70.2 59.5 37.4 64.5 2.238 46.300 -0.15535 0.00596 Bangladesh 2004 76.1 66.9 59.7 54.8 30.6 56.9 2.489 45.517 -0.15945 0.00633 India 1992/93 94.2 91.5 89.7 81.6 55.3 78.8 1.703 38.900 -0.11324 0.00169 India 1998/99 91.9 89.2 86.0 76.2 51.6 76.0 1.781 40.300 -0.11703 0.00166 Nepal 1996 88.1 86.9 83.5 82.6 68.0 79.4 1.296 20.100 -0.06742 0.00674 Nepal 2001 89.0 88.0 86.7 79.9 65.9 79.4 1.351 23.100 -0.07184 0.00563 Pakistan 1990/91 * (63.6) 72.3 63.5 44.6 55.7 - - -0.12525 0.01990 - 139 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services SOURCE OF CONTRACEPTION IN PUBLIC SECTOR AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 61.9 65.6 65.7 63.7 54.7 60.3 1.131 7.173 -0.03863 0.02353 Benin 1996 * * * (50.1) 52.0 51.3 - - -0.01043 0.05012 Benin 2001 (54.6) (49.6) 70.3 56.8 50.1 56.0 1.090 104.700 -0.02985 0.03063 Burkina Faso 1992/93 * * * (81.8) 63.6 65.4 - - * * Burkina Faso 1998/99 * (59.1) * * 71.6 70.7 - - -0.02981 0.02132 Burkina Faso 2003 (65.2) 64.0 73.7 80.0 67.7 70.0 0.963 132.988 -0.03010 0.01471 Cameroon 1991 * * * (24.1) 25.3 30.6 - - -0.09835 0.07548 Cameroon 1998 * * (57.8) 34.9 40.9 43.4 - - -0.08198 0.03711 Cameroon 2004 (33.9) 38.6 28.4 24.6 25.9 27.2 1.308 59.778 -0.05401 0.03265 Central African Republic 1994/95 * * * (48.9) 47.9 52.4 - - -0.08754 0.04280 Chad 1996/97 * * * * 65.7 61.4 - - 0.03381 0.04294 Chad 2004 * * * 64.6 na 63.0 - - 0.09383 0.06713 Comoros 1996 * (85.4) (85.3) (90.3) 81.4 86.0 - - -0.02541 0.01878 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 * * * 36.0 39.4 33.7 - - 0.10692 0.05396 Eritrea 1995 * * * * 83.3 79.7 - - 0.02753 0.02323 Ethiopia 2000 (96.1) (93.0) 89.6 76.8 77.0 80.9 1.248 173.100 -0.10115 0.01001 Gabon 2000 (32.2) 29.9 37.9 39.2 34.0 35.4 0.947 66.200 0.01873 0.03765 Ghana 1993 (69.0) (50.0) 44.4 47.4 46.5 48.8 1.484 115.500 -0.05604 0.03239 Ghana 1998 60.7 53.9 58.7 45.9 44.2 51.0 1.373 16.500 -0.06901 0.02568 Ghana 2003 60.0 50.2 50.4 47.9 44.9 49.2 1.338 15.158 -0.05233 0.02151 Guinea 1999 * * (58.9) 59.0 51.5 58.1 - - -0.04787 0.03058 Kenya 1993 77.8 82.6 66.2 78.5 59.6 70.0 1.305 18.164 -0.06911 0.01129 Kenya 1998 74.6 72.2 72.0 63.8 52.1 63.5 1.432 22.500 -0.09623 0.01189 Kenya 2003 67.9 64.1 65.4 57.9 38.6 54.7 1.759 29.329 -0.13158 0.01235 Madagascar 1997 * (73.1) (71.1) 66.2 37.6 52.8 - - -0.16819 0.02311 Malawi 1992 * * (77.3) 70.1 69.8 70.5 - - -0.01805 0.02128 Malawi 2000 73.1 74.1 72.5 73.3 60.7 69.7 1.204 12.400 -0.04505 0.00811 Mali 1995/96 * * (32.6) 53.9 61.8 57.2 - - 0.05317 0.02636 Mali 2001 33.3 29.9 49.2 54.8 49.1 46.3 0.678 15.800 0.04996 0.02277 Mauritania 2000/01 * * * 73.1 54.4 62.3 - - -0.09829 0.02544 Mozambique 1997 (96.8) * 90.2 96.5 83.5 88.0 - - -0.03860 0.00988 Mozambique 2003 27.0 30.1 37.7 55.2 73.6 48.3 0.367 46.650 0.18816 0.01312 Namibia 1992 * (100.0) 93.0 95.5 69.0 79.2 - - -0.10952 0.01327 Namibia 2000 98.5 88.6 92.6 93.5 66.4 82.7 1.483 32.100 -0.10300 0.00789 Niger 1998 * (92.9) (96.0) (91.5) 80.9 85.2 - - -0.06939 0.01278 Nigeria 1990 * * (69.7) 37.1 45.1 43.0 - - 0.01199 0.03797 Nigeria 2003 (36.7) (56.0) 26.0 22.0 26.1 28.5 1.406 62.794 -0.05256 0.04801 Rwanda 2000 * (81.4) (67.1) 77.4 57.9 64.9 - - -0.09032 0.02469 Senegal 1997 * * 80.1 79.7 61.3 69.7 - - -0.09672 0.01948 South Africa 1998 98.0 91.5 91.2 85.4 54.9 78.3 1.785 43.100 -0.11917 0.00555 Tanzania 1996 84.1 81.5 84.4 80.2 71.9 77.5 1.170 12.200 -0.04892 0.01124 Tanzania 1999 (77.0) (73.0) 69.7 91.0 64.2 73.4 1.199 141.200 -0.04309 0.01562 Tanzania 2004 78.1 79.6 75.5 73.7 67.0 72.7 1.165 11.083 -0.02553 0.00910 Togo 1998 (82.5) 71.9 69.8 70.2 48.8 63.9 1.691 131.300 -0.10453 0.01976 Uganda 1995 * * (79.6) 51.7 46.6 51.9 - - -0.02565 0.02526 Uganda 2000/01 27.7 44.0 38.2 37.2 36.9 36.7 0.751 9.200 0.04164 0.02442 Zambia 1996 64.5 74.3 68.2 77.4 50.4 63.7 1.280 14.100 -0.06632 0.01728 Zambia 2001 58.3 66.4 65.4 71.7 52.4 61.3 1.113 5.900 -0.04174 0.01463 Zimbabwe 1994 91.3 86.3 89.1 79.8 72.0 81.8 1.268 19.300 -0.05620 0.00747 Zimbabwe 1999 91.1 88.5 83.9 77.4 62.7 77.8 1.453 28.400 -0.07257 0.00758 G. ALL COUNTRIES 66.8 65.8 64.1 60.7 50.8 59.6 1.315 15.984 -0.06650 0.01749 - 140 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services SOURCE OF CONTRACEPTION IN PUBLIC SECTOR AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.000 0.000 na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.000 0.000 na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.000 0.000 na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 63.9 56.7 44.6 39.3 28.6 44.3 2.234 35.300 -0.14934 0.01808 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.000 0.000 na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.000 0.000 na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 141 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services SOURCE OF CONTRACEPTION IN PUBLIC SECTOR AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 * * * * 100.0 100.0 - - na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 * * * (100.0) (100.0) 100.0 - - na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.05193 0.02115 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 142 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services SOURCE OF CONTRACEPTION IN PRIVATE SECTOR AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 33.9 37.6 38.5 42.9 52.9 41.3 0.641 18.995 0.15519 0.01697 Cambodia 2000 50.6 56.1 48.0 47.5 47.9 49.5 1.056 2.700 0.03498 0.01987 Indonesia 1997 44.8 47.3 52.2 59.9 69.0 55.0 0.649 24.200 0.08836 0.00388 Indonesia 2002/03 59.4 63.9 70.9 75.7 78.5 70.0 0.756 19.145 0.05676 0.00276 Philippines 1998 9.0 13.7 19.4 34.1 54.8 27.4 0.164 45.800 0.31978 0.01868 Philippines 2003 15.9 21.3 27.1 35.3 54.3 31.9 0.292 38.435 0.22814 0.01501 Vietnam 1997 11.9 8.2 7.6 9.3 21.8 11.7 0.546 9.900 0.17182 0.03451 Vietnam 2002 9.8 9.0 8.0 13.0 30.9 13.9 0.317 21.100 0.30087 0.03024 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 8.3 6.7 7.9 10.5 14.7 10.3 0.564 6.383 0.17844 0.15097 Armenia 2000 14.7 5.3 7.7 8.1 10.6 9.1 1.387 4.100 -0.02067 0.06388 Kazakhstan 1995 3.7 1.2 3.7 4.3 7.2 4.3 0.514 3.500 0.25755 0.08396 Kazakhstan 1999 3.0 3.6 5.1 11.3 7.2 6.5 0.417 4.200 0.13697 0.04611 Kyrgyzstan 1997 0.2 1.0 0.9 2.7 3.3 1.8 0.061 3.100 -0.01973 0.17326 Turkey 1993 32.6 33.0 36.6 41.7 60.3 44.1 0.541 27.700 0.14487 0.01386 Turkey 1998 30.9 29.9 33.1 39.5 63.6 42.8 0.486 32.700 0.16705 0.01419 Turkmenistan 2000 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.9 0.9 0.158 1.600 na na Uzbekistan 1996 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.3 0.5 0.385 0.800 0.62855 0.45743 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 33.2 42.4 48.7 55.2 64.9 51.3 0.511 31.782 0.15452 0.00992 Bolivia 1998 31.1 41.0 47.7 54.4 70.0 55.7 0.444 38.900 0.13905 0.01189 Bolivia 2003 7.8 18.5 32.6 42.7 55.1 36.4 0.141 47.321 0.26799 0.01152 Brazil 1996 28.9 42.4 53.6 59.8 67.5 52.6 0.428 38.600 0.14964 0.00746 Colombia 1995 54.7 64.7 73.8 75.2 81.3 71.5 0.673 26.600 0.06094 0.00608 Colombia 2000 48.0 62.1 68.8 71.8 76.0 66.3 0.632 28.000 0.07282 0.00668 Colombia 2005 38.4 50.2 57.5 64.4 67.1 56.5 0.572 28.695 0.09341 0.00451 Dominican Republic 1996 50.9 54.8 60.1 68.2 81.2 63.4 0.627 30.300 0.10434 0.00755 Dominican Republic 2002 40.6 46.4 50.8 58.8 68.4 53.8 0.593 27.825 0.11882 0.00562 Guatemala 1995 55.7 59.0 64.6 64.8 81.2 71.2 0.686 25.500 0.07052 0.00880 Guatemala 1998/99 42.2 51.5 54.3 65.6 66.2 62.4 0.637 24.000 0.07592 0.01493 Haiti 1994/95 (40.7) (29.1) 38.8 38.5 52.7 41.9 0.772 93.400 0.12166 0.03540 Haiti 2000 55.9 73.3 75.0 72.1 81.8 72.8 0.683 25.900 0.04573 0.00989 Nicaragua 1997/98 23.5 28.4 35.3 37.2 47.4 35.8 0.496 23.900 0.12061 0.01122 Nicaragua 2001 16.7 20.3 28.9 34.5 55.2 32.8 0.303 38.500 0.20245 0.01156 Paraguay 1990 66.0 70.9 75.6 79.1 81.4 76.7 0.811 15.400 0.04590 0.00936 Peru 1996 6.8 15.8 21.7 28.6 48.9 26.8 0.139 42.100 0.25997 0.01054 Peru 2000 1.9 7.9 10.4 19.8 41.7 17.6 0.046 39.800 0.39080 0.01440 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 38.6 46.5 50.6 54.5 67.6 54.0 0.571 29.004 0.09202 0.01073 Egypt 1995 53.4 53.1 58.9 64.5 73.1 62.8 0.731 19.700 0.07921 0.00572 Egypt 2000 36.1 43.0 48.2 50.3 68.6 51.3 0.526 32.500 0.11488 0.00662 Jordan 1997 60.2 64.0 69.4 75.8 83.0 72.1 0.725 22.800 0.04149 0.00854 Morocco 1992 19.4 18.6 26.1 41.9 58.9 37.1 0.329 39.500 0.26518 0.01668 Morocco 2003/04 33.5 35.1 37.3 49.7 66.1 44.8 0.507 32.618 0.13369 0.00906 Yemen 1997 (24.6) 43.8 47.7 42.3 52.7 47.7 0.467 77.300 0.07803 0.01870 E. SOUTH ASIA 12.2 18.8 20.7 26.4 46.2 28.2 0.265 34.002 0.27843 0.02035 Bangladesh 1996/97 53.7 54.2 63.8 61.3 71.8 61.3 0.748 18.100 0.06460 0.00754 Bangladesh 1999/2000 15.5 19.2 28.9 39.1 61.0 34.2 0.254 45.500 0.28734 0.01101 Bangladesh 2004 23.1 32.3 39.5 44.9 69.0 42.5 0.335 45.943 0.21692 0.00846 India 1992/93 4.3 7.5 9.1 17.4 43.1 19.9 0.100 38.800 0.36995 0.00768 India 1998/99 7.3 9.7 13.0 22.3 46.4 22.6 0.157 39.100 0.38001 0.00548 Nepal 1996 7.2 7.2 9.0 11.5 26.9 14.8 0.268 19.700 0.40524 0.03404 Nepal 2001 6.3 8.6 9.4 15.0 28.7 15.9 0.220 22.400 0.34216 0.02691 Pakistan 1990/91 * (24.6) 20.9 23.2 40.8 31.8 - - 0.17462 0.04056 - 143 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services SOURCE OF CONTRACEPTION IN PRIVATE SECTOR AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 30.1 28.6 30.2 32.4 41.5 35.3 0.726 11.343 0.18394 0.04860 Benin 1996 * * * (36.4) 46.1 40.6 - - 0.09739 0.06131 Benin 2001 (28.5) (43.5) 24.3 37.0 45.5 37.3 0.626 74.000 0.08486 0.04129 Burkina Faso 1992/93 * * * (14.6) 26.4 22.5 - - * * Burkina Faso 1998/99 * (40.9) * * 25.3 26.0 - - 0.05544 0.07720 Burkina Faso 2003 (28.3) 32.2 22.4 17.2 29.9 26.9 0.948 58.224 0.10733 0.03572 Cameroon 1991 * * * (66.4) 70.3 64.9 - - 0.07181 0.04335 Cameroon 1998 * * (42.2) 64.4 58.6 56.1 - - 0.06945 0.03212 Cameroon 2004 (61.7) 60.5 64.1 70.4 67.7 67.2 0.911 129.450 0.01589 0.01384 Central African Republic 1994/95 * * * (45.3) 45.2 41.0 - - 0.11729 0.04980 Chad 1996/97 * * * * 34.3 38.6 - - -0.08384 0.10584 Chad 2004 * * * 32.3 na 33.2 - - -0.12140 0.12701 Comoros 1996 * (4.9) (11.8) (6.5) 10.2 8.1 - - 0.18559 0.19772 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 * * * 59.7 58.8 61.6 - - -0.02932 0.03253 Eritrea 1995 * * * * 14.6 18.3 - - -0.07837 0.11282 Ethiopia 2000 (3.9) (6.7) 9.9 23.2 21.0 17.7 0.188 24.905 0.66109 0.06240 Gabon 2000 (63.0) 62.1 53.8 57.5 62.2 59.3 1.013 125.200 -0.00328 0.02045 Ghana 1993 (27.6) (47.2) 53.7 51.3 51.9 49.4 0.532 79.500 0.07744 0.03423 Ghana 1998 35.0 44.4 36.8 54.1 54.0 46.9 0.648 19.000 0.07623 0.02580 Ghana 2003 36.6 45.0 47.5 52.1 53.5 48.7 0.684 16.924 0.06267 0.02130 Guinea 1999 * * (38.0) 36.0 42.1 35.9 - - 0.08952 0.05047 Kenya 1993 16.4 12.1 25.6 15.9 33.2 23.3 0.493 16.850 0.19410 0.03189 Kenya 1998 25.4 26.7 27.4 35.0 47.0 35.7 0.540 21.600 0.18227 0.02210 Kenya 2003 32.1 35.9 34.4 41.8 61.3 45.1 0.523 29.247 0.15894 0.01488 Madagascar 1997 * (26.9) (28.9) 32.3 61.2 46.2 - - 0.20824 0.02932 Malawi 1992 * * (22.7) 29.9 29.0 28.4 - - 0.02954 0.05232 Malawi 2000 26.2 25.6 26.5 26.4 38.9 29.8 0.674 12.700 0.11203 0.02021 Mali 1995/96 * * (67.4) 39.0 35.6 39.3 - - -0.06964 0.03670 Mali 2001 19.5 32.9 34.9 31.1 44.9 36.6 0.434 25.400 0.15073 0.02583 Mauritania 2000/01 * * * 21.5 35.6 29.2 - - 0.16240 0.05523 Mozambique 1997 0.0 * 9.8 3.5 9.9 8.1 - 9.900 0.50283 0.14374 Mozambique 2003 69.8 64.0 56.9 35.8 21.9 46.4 3.182 47.876 -0.18818 0.01388 Namibia 1992 * 0.0 3.2 3.7 27.9 17.9 - - 0.50036 0.04864 Namibia 2000 1.5 6.1 2.7 4.1 31.8 15.0 0.047 30.300 0.60052 0.04460 Niger 1998 * (3.0) (4.0) (3.5) 18.4 13.3 - - 0.61901 0.10001 Nigeria 1990 * * (23.2) 60.3 50.1 53.0 - - -0.07745 0.04606 Nigeria 2003 (54.9) (39.5) 66.9 68.4 63.5 62.5 0.864 118.430 0.02721 0.02273 Rwanda 2000 * (14.2) (28.4) 18.2 34.9 29.6 - - 0.65465 0.06995 Senegal 1997 * * 19.9 20.3 37.5 29.0 - - 0.25581 0.04609 South Africa 1998 0.8 7.0 8.3 12.9 40.6 19.4 0.020 39.800 0.45745 0.02282 Tanzania 1996 8.5 16.0 13.0 15.4 25.1 19.0 0.339 16.600 0.20074 0.04500 Tanzania 1999 (23.0) (27.0) 28.7 9.0 35.2 26.1 0.653 58.200 0.11301 0.04473 Tanzania 2004 14.9 15.5 22.6 22.4 31.8 24.3 0.470 16.870 0.10745 0.02576 Togo 1998 (14.5) 26.0 30.2 29.8 48.3 34.4 0.300 62.800 0.40718 0.08226 Uganda 1995 * * (17.3) 48.3 51.6 46.3 - - 0.03467 0.03865 Uganda 2000/01 44.8 39.0 40.3 52.3 57.1 50.4 0.785 12.300 0.16756 0.02251 Zambia 1996 28.3 20.9 31.8 17.0 47.4 32.7 0.597 19.100 0.13011 0.03178 Zambia 2001 33.7 27.3 31.9 27.0 46.9 36.4 0.719 13.200 0.08732 0.02157 Zimbabwe 1994 7.0 12.6 9.1 19.5 26.0 16.8 0.269 19.000 0.27666 0.03662 Zimbabwe 1999 7.5 10.6 15.6 20.9 35.7 20.9 0.210 28.200 0.25392 0.02644 G. ALL COUNTRIES 27.7 29.8 32.3 35.7 45.5 36.4 0.608 17.804 0.17672 0.04447 - 144 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services SOURCE OF CONTRACEPTION IN PRIVATE SECTOR AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 29.9 38.7 50.4 57.6 67.1 51.2 0.446 37.200 0.14798 0.01588 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 145 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Contraceptive Services SOURCE OF CONTRACEPTION IN PRIVATE SECTOR AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.09757 0.04701 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 146 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses TREATMENT OF GENITAL DISCHARGE, ULCER, SORE AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 32.6 45.6 39.0 41.7 51.8 42.1 0.629 19.200 0.06370 0.01952 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 * * * * * * - - 0.02277 0.13851 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 23.5 25.9 32.6 35.1 37.0 31.5 0.636 13.457 0.06649 0.02082 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 52.1 60.7 67.2 70.7 77.9 66.0 0.669 25.800 0.07344 0.00754 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 4.7 4.6 5.0 4.1 3.8 4.4 1.247 0.931 -0.03876 0.01441 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na 0.00278 0.00893 Dominican Republic 2002 6.8 5.9 5.3 5.1 3.8 5.2 1.792 3.025 -0.08729 0.01688 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 * * * * (85.9) 76.3 - - 0.07703 0.03156 Haiti 2000 34.1 29.9 44.3 44.6 55.4 43.1 0.616 21.300 0.10565 0.02662 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 2.6 3.6 7.6 12.2 8.4 7.1 0.310 5.800 0.24051 0.05344 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 * (76.4) (85.4) (68.3) (86.4) 77.2 - - 0.05512 0.02726 Peru 2000 40.7 50.9 66.2 73.8 72.5 63.0 0.561 31.800 0.10541 0.00601 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 13.2 18.7 25.9 29.3 41.8 25.3 0.316 28.600 0.23432 0.01600 Bangladesh 2004 17.2 24.4 33.5 32.0 49.6 31.1 0.347 32.419 0.20177 0.01713 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 147 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses TREATMENT OF GENITAL DISCHARGE, ULCER, SORE AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 38.1 40.3 46.9 52.3 63.4 48.4 0.602 25.246 0.16094 0.04358 Benin 1996 * * * * * * - - 0.17183 0.08688 Benin 2001 * * * (61.6) 70.7 58.1 - - 0.13962 0.03365 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 * * * * (71.9) 45.1 - - 0.38943 0.06801 Burkina Faso 2003 (31.1) (41.0) 23.7 42.8 74.6 60.4 0.416 105.670 0.20774 0.01821 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 * * * (77.8) 88.3 81.3 - - 0.03549 0.02098 Cameroon 2004 55.7 48.4 52.0 62.2 70.7 60.7 0.789 14.940 0.08403 0.01417 Central African Republic 1994/95 38.4 42.6 58.6 56.1 73.6 54.4 0.522 35.200 0.13450 0.02322 Chad 1996/97 * * * * * (40.7) - - 0.22540 0.10685 Chad 2004 17.7 29.7 (45.1) 54.6 65.5 45.0 0.270 47.771 0.31604 0.03232 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 52.5 52.7 59.2 65.9 68.8 60.2 0.763 16.300 0.06280 0.01384 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 15.8 27.5 28.0 47.5 53.1 37.8 0.298 37.262 0.24332 0.03226 Guinea 1999 45.9 32.6 52.4 69.0 69.8 57.0 0.658 23.900 0.12157 0.02172 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 * (88.8) (81.9) * * 87.9 - - 0.04464 0.02084 Kenya 2003 (54.1) 59.1 (62.0) 58.5 72.2 61.7 0.750 126.272 0.05153 0.02728 Madagascar 1997 (36.7) (45.4) (40.7) (54.2) (53.1) 45.5 0.691 16.400 0.07459 0.04900 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 13.0 19.2 17.3 22.6 44.1 22.2 0.295 31.100 0.22425 0.03135 Mali 1995/96 * * * * (65.8) 46.4 - - 0.20553 0.06180 Mali 2001 14.7 19.0 15.5 31.6 60.2 32.4 0.244 45.500 0.30670 0.01477 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 48.3 54.9 60.0 69.7 74.3 64.3 0.650 25.980 0.10112 0.01478 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 * * * * * (21.9) - - 0.27081 0.21302 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 19.9 21.2 44.0 49.9 58.1 40.7 0.341 38.289 0.16895 0.03577 Rwanda 2000 * (14.5) * (21.0) 48.3 26.6 - - 0.35109 0.06083 Senegal 1997 * * * * * (59.1) - - 0.10423 0.06613 South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 (51.0) (52.8) (50.5) (48.6) (49.8) 50.6 1.024 1.200 -0.00717 0.04348 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 57.1 48.3 65.6 64.6 60.3 59.5 0.947 3.195 0.02832 0.02107 Togo 1998 * * * * * (28.8) - - 0.40115 0.16655 Uganda 1995 (74.9) * (66.2) (67.7) 85.2 75.4 - - 0.02534 0.01691 Uganda 2000/01 47.4 47.3 51.8 55.2 62.1 54.5 0.763 14.700 0.06921 0.01590 Zambia 1996 (55.6) (76.5) (78.6) (86.9) * 77.5 - - 0.09048 0.02517 Zambia 2001 44.2 49.4 51.2 49.1 61.5 51.2 0.719 17.300 0.07623 0.02946 Zimbabwe 1994 (34.4) (57.2) (45.9) (41.8) * 45.9 - - 0.06389 0.04953 Zimbabwe 1999 55.6 73.3 69.7 57.0 63.1 62.1 0.881 7.500 0.00300 0.02352 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na 44.2 na na 0.13639 0.04061 - 148 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses TREATMENT OF GENITAL DISCHARGE, ULCER, SORE AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 * * * * * 32.8 - - 0.07782 0.10532 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 * * 0.0 * * * - - 0.39417 0.24876 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 * * * * * * - - -0.13323 0.21392 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 * * * (72.0) (72.0) 62.1 - - 0.01662 0.03427 Brazil 1996 (43.9) (54.2) * (38.8) * 44.6 - - -0.09450 0.05690 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 * * * * * (12.4) - - -0.04346 0.06773 Dominican Republic 2002 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.5 7.584 0.702 -0.03591 0.12087 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 * * (18.6) (26.3) * 25.8 - - -0.00086 0.09143 Haiti 2000 27.8 (76.7) (70.9) (52.0) * 57.0 - - 0.01788 0.03104 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 * * * * * 42.8 - - -0.02744 0.10189 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 (27.4) 39.9 (26.1) (37.8) (38.0) 33.9 0.721 10.600 0.03224 0.05104 Bangladesh 2004 16.5 21.5 22.7 18.7 22.5 20.3 0.733 6.012 0.07206 0.03874 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 149 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses TREATMENT OF GENITAL DISCHARGE, ULCER, SORE AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na 50.8 na na 0.04855 0.08847 Benin 1996 * * * * * 38.5 - - 0.17124 0.07019 Benin 2001 * * * * (74.2) 55.3 - - 0.18680 0.04633 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 * * * * (54.1) 43.1 - - 0.10419 0.07867 Burkina Faso 2003 * * * * (32.6) 32.0 - - 0.09491 0.07912 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 * * (58.8) 58.8 59.0 56.9 - - 0.01689 0.02889 Cameroon 2004 (45.1) (52.6) 54.3 52.6 64.2 56.6 0.703 109.308 0.06336 0.02600 Central African Republic 1994/95 (37.7) (38.0) (47.7) (60.8) (53.5) 48.4 0.705 15.800 0.09870 0.04301 Chad 1996/97 * * * * (59.9) 38.7 - - 0.31987 0.08739 Chad 2004 * * * * * 59.9 - - 0.01529 0.06743 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 * * 0.0 * * * - - -0.21750 0.71249 Ethiopia 2000 * * * * * (45.5) - - 0.07080 0.08037 Gabon 2000 (81.0) 80.0 (70.8) (66.0) (72.1) 73.2 1.123 8.900 -0.04331 0.02473 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 (29.6) (36.0) * (31.7) (32.9) 35.8 - - 0.07234 0.05536 Guinea 1999 (62.1) (40.5) (44.9) (74.5) (44.8) 52.1 1.386 17.300 -0.00661 0.04453 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 * (68.5) (52.5) 68.0 (55.2) 63.2 - - -0.03526 0.02870 Kenya 2003 * * * * * 72.1 - - 0.04668 0.03901 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 (12.4) 17.4 (21.6) (41.4) 42.9 28.4 0.289 55.300 0.23774 0.05845 Mali 1995/96 * * * * * 31.5 - - 0.17042 0.09467 Mali 2001 (19.7) (20.0) (17.7) (32.7) (34.7) 25.7 0.568 15.000 0.23047 0.07711 Mauritania 2000/01 * * * * (64.1) 57.3 - - 0.05122 0.08065 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 (57.7) (66.5) (59.4) (69.8) 81.3 69.7 0.709 139.022 0.04861 0.03225 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 * * * * * 78.9 - - 0.00788 0.03656 Niger 1998 * * * * (40.7) 23.4 - - 0.22290 0.11772 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 * * * * * 33.3 - - 0.00230 0.10411 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.05190 0.10982 Senegal 1997 * * * * * (46.3) - - -0.12289 0.10870 South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 * (58.5) (61.9) (70.5) 62.5 64.6 - - -0.01467 0.03090 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 * * * (44.2) 31.3 35.4 - - 0.05126 0.05919 Uganda 1995 * * * (40.2) 50.1 51.9 - - -0.05171 0.04936 Uganda 2000/01 * * * * (65.6) 64.3 - - 0.05360 0.04541 Zambia 1996 * * (46.2) (57.8) (58.9) 58.7 - - -0.03160 0.04433 Zambia 2001 * * (41.4) 47.4 * 51.3 - - -0.01164 0.04536 Zimbabwe 1994 * * * * (61.4) 63.5 - - 0.01037 0.04522 Zimbabwe 1999 (75.4) * (85.9) (70.1) * 72.8 - - -0.03970 0.02962 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na 0.04625 0.09291 - 150 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses TREATMENT OF GENITAL DISCHARGE, ULCER, SORE IN A PUBLIC FACILITY AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.07675 0.01581 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na 0.21100 0.14319 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na -0.07983 0.03749 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na -0.31524 0.12665 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.01012 0.00968 Colombia 2005 4.7 4.6 5.0 4.1 3.8 4.4 1.247 0.931 -0.03876 0.01436 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na 0.25465 0.07442 Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.03008 0.02352 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na -0.07293 0.01658 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na -0.08383 0.01540 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na 0.14466 0.15003 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.06878 0.00750 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na -0.02544 0.00805 Bangladesh 2004 7.7 6.9 10.2 9.5 12.9 9.4 0.595 5.214 0.07136 0.03839 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 151 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses TREATMENT OF GENITAL DISCHARGE, ULCER, SORE IN A PUBLIC FACILITY AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na 0.08614 0.05196 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na 0.09480 0.25836 Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na 0.39768 0.05943 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na 0.77768 0.24706 Burkina Faso 2003 (31.1) (41.0) 23.7 42.8 74.6 60.4 0.416 105.670 0.20796 0.01831 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na 0.13483 0.07978 Cameroon 2004 55.7 48.4 52.0 62.2 70.7 60.7 0.789 14.940 0.08398 0.01426 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na 0.01970 0.03442 Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na 0.26177 0.11348 Chad 2004 17.7 29.7 (45.1) 54.6 65.5 45.0 0.270 47.771 0.31570 0.03230 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.03011 0.01717 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 15.8 27.5 28.0 47.5 53.1 37.8 0.298 37.262 0.24375 0.03209 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na -0.10748 0.13216 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na -0.07278 0.07107 Kenya 2003 (54.1) 59.1 (62.0) 58.5 72.2 61.7 0.750 126.272 0.05150 0.02712 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na -0.13372 0.05837 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.00874 0.02200 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na 0.05412 0.10682 Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na 0.08064 0.01096 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na -0.19808 0.23476 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 19.9 21.2 44.0 49.9 58.1 40.7 0.341 38.289 0.16890 0.03622 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.27095 0.05190 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na 0.22760 0.07665 South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na -0.05896 0.05256 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 43.3 43.3 49.1 47.9 40.1 44.4 1.079 3.160 -0.00391 0.02998 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na 0.08491 0.10746 Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na -0.05195 0.08960 Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na 0.08201 0.01938 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na -0.08770 0.05784 Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na 0.03235 0.04426 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na -0.02636 0.05993 Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na 0.02338 0.03198 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na 0.05570 0.05090 - 152 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses TREATMENT OF GENITAL DISCHARGE, ULCER, SORE IN A PUBLIC FACILITY AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 * * * * * 32.8 - - 0.07782 0.10532 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 * 0.0 0.0 * * * - - -0.11554 0.30578 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na 0.01183 Kazakhstan 1999 * * * * * * - - 0.46471 0.15771 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 * * * (72.0) (72.0) 62.1 - - 0.01646 0.03295 Brazil 1996 (88.5) (50.5) * (66.4) * 56.1 - - -0.05899 0.05626 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 * * * * * (93.1) - - 0.00000 0.00000 Dominican Republic 2002 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.5 7.584 0.702 -0.03595 0.12092 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na 0.08986 0.04841 Haiti 2000 100.0 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) * 100.0 - - -0.07308 0.03254 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na -0.02109 0.04947 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na 0.23244 0.08131 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na -0.11857 0.03617 Bangladesh 2004 16.5 21.5 22.7 18.7 22.5 20.3 0.733 6.012 0.07221 0.03847 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 153 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses TREATMENT OF GENITAL DISCHARGE, ULCER, SORE IN A PUBLIC FACILITY AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na 0.03744 0.06906 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na -0.01154 0.05006 Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na 0.18118 0.06058 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 * * * * (84.2) 82.5 - - 0.34205 0.08118 Burkina Faso 2003 * * * * (32.6) 32.0 - - 0.09332 0.07916 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 * * (96.3) 87.5 87.9 91.6 - - 0.13905 0.03153 Cameroon 2004 (45.1) (52.6) 54.3 52.6 64.2 56.6 0.703 109.308 0.06332 0.02621 Central African Republic 1994/95 (94.7) (94.1) (95.2) (100.0) (89.8) 95.3 1.055 4.900 0.00207 0.03972 Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na 0.19533 0.08568 Chad 2004 * * * * * 59.9 - - 0.01435 0.06341 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na 0.11877 0.26357 Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.03697 0.06427 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.03004 0.03893 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 (29.6) (36.0) * (31.7) (32.9) 35.8 - - 0.07220 0.05534 Guinea 1999 (94.1) (100.0) (93.5) (95.1) (94.5) 95.1 0.996 0.400 -0.02660 0.04480 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 * (81.9) (69.5) 78.5 (64.1) 75.5 - - -0.01601 0.04075 Kenya 2003 * * * * * 72.1 - - 0.04648 0.03792 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.02890 0.03678 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na 0.06754 0.06093 Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na -0.02057 0.04216 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na 0.18707 0.09411 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 * * * * * 100.0 - - -0.21766 0.08497 Niger 1998 * * * * (62.6) 75.3 - - 0.08877 0.07190 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 * * * * * 33.3 - - 0.00280 0.10388 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.01786 0.09805 Senegal 1997 * * * * * (85.8) - - -0.00238 0.09191 South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 * (72.9) (72.1) (70.0) 47.9 68.9 - - -0.02673 0.04037 Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 * * * (73.5) 67.5 67.2 - - 0.20053 0.04264 Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na 0.06837 0.04627 Uganda 2000/01 * * * * (100.0) 100.0 - - 0.07836 0.05545 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na 0.03429 0.04736 Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na 0.10785 0.04198 Zimbabwe 1994 * * * * (8.7) 19.0 - - 0.07762 0.05644 Zimbabwe 1999 (92.2) * (97.0) (90.3) * 90.6 - - -0.10842 0.05059 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na 0.03899 0.07865 - 154 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING FOR HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 0.4 0.8 0.6 1.6 9.1 2.8 0.044 8.700 0.54624 0.03491 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 3.9 4.6 6.5 7.7 9.1 6.5 0.429 5.200 0.15529 0.02783 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 29.1 37.6 38.3 47.6 48.5 41.5 0.600 19.400 0.09041 0.01000 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 2.5 3.1 2.5 4.4 7.8 4.2 0.321 5.300 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 13.4 17.5 20.4 22.0 24.8 20.3 0.541 11.381 0.26645 0.03839 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 3.0 6.4 9.4 11.4 14.5 9.5 0.207 11.500 0.22946 0.01617 Colombia 2005 9.4 16.8 19.6 19.7 21.8 18.1 0.432 12.413 0.11651 0.00661 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 55.8 63.9 66.0 64.0 63.9 63.2 0.873 8.094 0.01900 0.00305 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 0.0 0.2 0.5 2.3 4.3 1.8 - 4.300 0.53255 0.15409 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 0.9 2.5 5.9 8.3 12.1 6.6 0.074 11.200 0.31643 0.01887 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 0.9 4.0 10.1 16.0 21.8 11.8 0.041 20.900 0.34778 0.00933 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 155 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING FOR HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4.0 5.8 7.7 11.7 20.6 10.6 0.193 16.631 0.40618 0.02468 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 1.3 1.0 2.6 5.1 12.9 5.1 0.101 11.600 0.50525 0.03717 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 5.9 9.7 16.6 28.5 38.2 21.2 0.154 32.283 0.32673 0.01076 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 0.2 0.6 0.1 1.8 7.7 2.1 0.021 7.545 0.88057 0.06434 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 8.7 14.4 21.8 22.5 33.7 21.3 0.258 25.000 0.21758 0.01386 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 4.7 7.3 9.4 12.0 13.9 9.9 0.338 9.196 0.20531 0.02181 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 6.5 9.5 12.1 17.5 22.8 14.2 0.285 16.300 0.20501 0.01671 Kenya 2003 5.8 9.9 13.2 15.2 24.4 14.7 0.238 18.619 0.29053 0.01451 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 4.5 5.5 6.3 9.6 16.4 8.5 0.274 11.900 0.26294 0.01749 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 0.8 1.0 1.5 3.6 12.0 4.2 0.067 11.200 0.55277 0.03080 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 0.4 1.2 1.4 3.3 12.1 3.9 0.034 11.679 0.69315 0.03255 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 7.6 14.4 18.0 27.2 42.5 23.7 0.179 34.900 0.28935 0.01181 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 1.3 2.3 2.9 7.2 19.3 7.1 0.065 18.052 0.43768 0.02636 Rwanda 2000 2.0 1.5 2.7 3.1 13.4 4.8 0.149 11.400 0.66407 0.03236 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.7 7.8 4.0 0.256 5.800 0.32291 0.03473 Tanzania 1999 3.1 4.9 3.1 7.1 12.5 6.5 0.248 9.400 0.31406 0.03335 Tanzania 2004 5.7 6.4 8.0 13.1 29.4 13.7 0.193 23.717 0.28025 0.01443 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 2.5 2.9 3.6 6.0 13.2 5.8 0.189 10.700 0.45093 0.03047 Uganda 2000/01 2.2 3.2 5.2 8.1 20.3 8.4 0.108 18.100 0.48040 0.02374 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 5.7 5.8 6.3 12.6 15.1 9.4 0.377 9.400 0.22424 0.02187 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 6.8 8.8 7.7 13.8 18.3 11.8 0.372 11.500 0.18808 0.02106 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 156 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING FOR HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 1.2 1.8 2.3 4.9 7.6 3.6 0.162 6.354 0.35139 0.04490 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 4.5 3.5 2.6 5.6 2.9 3.8 1.552 1.600 0.02715 0.06426 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 19.1 26.2 33.2 44.3 46.6 35.3 0.410 27.500 0.15339 0.01855 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 0.4 1.0 2.9 6.3 13.7 5.3 0.028 13.353 0.49453 0.03518 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 30.3 39.5 36.5 47.3 54.1 40.8 0.559 23.824 0.12290 0.01256 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 2.1 1.2 4.8 9.2 12.1 5.9 0.174 10.000 0.35727 0.04401 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 157 - Part II: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Health Service Use Treatment of Adult Illnesses VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING FOR HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5.8 6.9 8.9 12.6 20.8 11.8 0.278 15.004 0.37844 0.04109 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 2.2 2.6 5.8 6.5 14.8 6.8 0.149 12.600 0.41532 0.04554 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 1.8 1.6 3.6 6.7 17.2 7.1 0.102 15.488 0.42545 0.03996 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 5.1 7.6 12.1 17.7 28.8 16.2 0.178 23.674 0.32146 0.01872 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.2 12.5 3.9 0.045 11.914 0.84328 0.08018 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 0.7 1.3 0.0 1.4 6.8 2.1 0.103 6.100 1.00393 0.11962 Gabon 2000 12.9 23.9 23.7 30.7 40.3 27.4 0.320 27.400 0.17404 0.02005 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 4.0 4.3 7.5 10.4 16.4 9.1 0.241 12.468 0.30615 0.02634 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 9.2 14.9 13.4 16.2 25.0 16.8 0.368 15.800 0.15576 0.02436 Kenya 2003 9.9 11.2 12.1 13.7 25.2 15.5 0.395 15.242 0.26264 0.02357 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 10.9 11.5 14.6 19.1 20.2 15.2 0.540 9.300 0.17273 0.02506 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 4.6 3.7 3.8 7.0 19.2 8.7 0.240 14.600 0.39834 0.03980 Mauritania 2000/01 4.4 3.1 6.4 7.7 16.7 8.9 0.263 12.300 0.37769 0.04595 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 0.1 0.3 1.0 5.8 10.0 3.8 0.013 9.881 0.76657 0.06844 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 9.7 13.8 19.8 25.0 43.8 24.6 0.221 34.100 0.26324 0.01866 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 7.2 6.1 11.7 15.4 26.3 14.2 0.274 19.085 0.27297 0.03064 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.38975 0.04468 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 6.4 8.3 7.0 13.8 17.3 11.2 0.370 10.900 0.24208 0.03719 Tanzania 1999 7.2 11.7 8.5 13.2 18.3 12.2 0.393 11.100 0.14973 0.02463 Tanzania 2004 8.1 8.2 10.9 14.6 23.9 13.6 0.339 15.821 0.22052 0.03091 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 5.3 7.1 7.6 10.8 19.7 10.5 0.269 14.400 0.32167 0.03868 Uganda 2000/01 6.6 8.1 7.5 14.9 21.7 12.0 0.304 15.100 0.27827 0.03686 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 8.9 11.6 12.8 19.2 14.9 13.8 0.597 6.000 0.12462 0.03046 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 6.4 4.4 6.2 9.9 15.4 9.2 0.416 9.000 0.17343 0.03522 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 158 - C. HEALTH, NUTRITION, POPULATION-RELATED BEHAVIOR Hygienic Practices 161 Disposal of Children's Stools Sanitary Disposal Handwashing Wash Hands prior to Preparing Food Handwashing Facilities in Household Bednet Ownership and Use 167 Bednet Ownership Bednet Ownership Treated Bednet Ownership Bednet Use By Children By Pregnant Women Breastfeeding 175 Exclusive Breastfeeding Timely Complementary Feeding Bottle-Feeding Micronutrient Consumption 181 Iodized Salt Availability of Iodized Salt in Household Vitamin A Children Women Tobacco and Alcohol Use 187 Tobacco Women Men Alcohol Women Men - 159 - Sexual Practices 195 Non-Regular Sexual Partnerships Women Men Condom Usage with Non-Regular Partner Women Men Domestic Violence 203 Ever Experienced Violence Experienced Violence in Past Year - 160 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Hygienic Practices SANITARY DISPOSAL OF CHILDREN'S STOOLS Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 27.3 41.9 55.3 73.4 86.8 55.8 0.314 59.491 0.23803 0.00357 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 43.0 63.9 74.6 84.3 92.9 69.2 0.463 49.850 0.15404 0.00507 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 77.0 73.6 86.4 91.3 87.5 82.7 0.880 10.500 0.03604 0.00751 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 81.6 90.3 87.4 96.0 98.2 90.1 0.831 16.600 0.04538 0.00581 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 41.9 60.8 73.1 77.9 77.6 64.8 0.540 35.708 0.14959 0.00483 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 45.3 56.3 69.9 85.4 92.0 67.9 0.493 46.670 0.14007 0.00429 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 33.0 56.1 63.1 61.8 57.5 53.9 0.574 24.500 0.09847 0.00929 Colombia 2005 33.9 60.2 61.7 63.4 61.6 55.7 0.550 27.735 0.10562 0.00545 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 86.6 92.4 94.5 95.8 96.7 93.2 0.895 10.137 0.03218 0.00232 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 24.5 57.8 73.9 73.8 74.3 58.7 0.330 49.800 0.19604 0.00658 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 19.1 37.2 65.6 70.8 63.3 48.3 0.302 44.200 0.27404 0.00551 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 30.4 43.3 55.3 71.7 89.3 56.4 0.340 58.886 0.19560 0.00670 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 7.3 7.2 15.8 21.4 46.2 17.5 0.158 38.900 0.40938 0.01963 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 161 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Hygienic Practices SANITARY DISPOSAL OF CHILDREN'S STOOLS (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 1.7 2.0 7.7 26.7 64.9 18.5 0.026 63.200 0.62166 0.02203 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 4.4 4.0 7.5 20.8 76.7 19.8 0.057 72.341 0.59355 0.01527 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 13.6 16.9 19.1 21.5 46.8 22.5 0.291 33.200 0.36729 0.01375 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 28.5 56.0 62.2 67.2 77.7 55.8 0.367 49.208 0.21039 0.00926 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 37.7 61.8 66.8 65.0 66.6 59.1 0.565 28.976 0.10884 0.00736 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 70.4 82.2 82.5 86.5 89.7 81.6 0.785 19.300 0.04915 0.00347 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 39.6 47.1 57.2 70.1 83.6 57.6 0.474 43.934 0.15906 0.00575 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 32.8 36.0 37.1 53.3 76.2 46.4 0.430 43.400 0.19284 0.01142 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 38.6 67.0 76.8 82.7 87.8 69.4 0.440 49.152 0.16138 0.00582 Rwanda 2000 85.0 82.2 83.6 81.1 84.8 83.0 1.002 0.200 -0.00192 0.00351 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 56.5 70.3 72.2 84.9 92.3 74.6 0.613 35.720 0.08532 0.00453 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 59.2 69.0 79.2 87.5 89.8 76.0 0.659 30.600 0.07721 0.00503 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 43.6 72.8 85.9 84.1 85.3 74.4 0.511 41.700 0.13425 0.00694 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 162 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Hygienic Practices WASH HANDS PRIOR TO PREPARING FOOD Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 93.2 94.5 96.2 97.7 96.6 95.6 0.966 3.320 0.00856 0.00077 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 97.6 98.1 97.4 96.8 95.8 97.0 1.019 1.830 -0.00453 0.00094 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 97.4 95.6 93.9 94.2 95.2 95.2 1.023 2.200 -0.00395 0.00137 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 98.2 98.8 98.7 97.8 99.4 98.6 0.988 1.200 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 98.1 98.4 98.0 97.4 94.3 97.0 1.040 3.800 -0.00666 0.00095 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 45.4 44.4 40.4 37.6 30.6 39.8 1.484 14.800 -0.08393 0.00736 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 163 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Hygienic Practices WASH HANDS PRIOR TO PREPARING FOOD (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 87.2 91.4 93.7 95.4 94.2 92.6 0.926 7.000 0.01522 0.00220 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 96.7 97.0 97.2 97.3 96.1 96.8 1.006 0.601 0.00048 0.00098 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 98.7 98.0 97.7 98.0 99.3 98.4 0.994 0.600 0.00210 0.00054 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 96.5 97.7 97.1 97.9 98.6 97.5 0.979 2.100 0.00309 0.00076 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 90.6 90.1 88.3 89.8 92.7 90.4 0.977 2.100 0.00580 0.00165 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 88.5 85.1 90.2 92.4 93.5 90.3 0.947 5.000 0.01585 0.00239 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 90.8 91.2 91.2 92.4 94.2 92.1 0.964 3.422 0.00569 0.00203 Rwanda 2000 87.5 89.5 88.6 88.8 91.9 89.4 0.952 4.400 0.00698 0.00181 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 92.9 96.4 97.3 98.9 98.9 97.0 0.939 6.000 0.00988 0.00130 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 90.9 90.0 90.3 91.4 93.2 91.3 0.975 2.300 0.00361 0.00231 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 164 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Hygienic Practices HANDWASHING FACILITY IN HOUSEHOLD Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 11.4 34.1 70.2 89.5 96.7 61.7 0.118 85.300 0.31022 0.00375 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 76.3 87.6 86.1 96.0 99.3 91.7 0.768 23.000 0.04766 0.00273 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 5.7 19.3 43.3 71.2 92.0 49.2 0.062 86.300 0.37651 0.00398 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 60.9 63.7 65.5 67.0 97.7 74.1 0.623 36.800 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 2.1 34.7 77.2 93.3 99.1 64.2 0.021 97.000 0.33238 0.00227 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 11.7 40.8 71.8 92.2 98.9 67.5 0.118 87.200 0.26567 0.00207 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 165 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Hygienic Practices HANDWASHING FACILITY IN HOUSEHOLD (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 8.7 1.9 - 8.700 0.89157 0.09419 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 0.5 1.8 2.1 7.2 19.5 6.3 0.026 18.958 0.64222 0.02894 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 3.1 2.9 3.0 4.8 22.5 7.6 0.136 19.418 0.49240 0.03433 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 7.4 10.1 10.2 13.4 22.2 12.4 0.333 14.800 0.26071 0.01549 Mali 1995/96 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.000 na na Mali 2001 3.0 4.6 7.3 7.6 19.5 8.2 0.154 16.500 0.36039 0.01946 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 27.0 34.5 41.4 47.8 64.3 43.7 0.419 37.348 0.16298 0.00752 Rwanda 2000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.8 - 4.300 1.20488 0.13313 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 2.2 2.4 3.9 5.3 8.8 4.5 0.250 6.600 0.44084 0.03613 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 0.1 0.5 1.1 11.7 34.9 11.5 0.003 34.800 0.63319 0.02523 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 166 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Bednet Ownership and Use BEDNET OWNERSHIP Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 66.3 74.6 83.4 91.6 95.9 82.0 0.691 29.600 0.07516 0.00235 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 29.3 40.4 51.4 49.6 38.5 42.1 0.761 9.200 0.10104 0.00667 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 167 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Bednet Ownership and Use BEDNET OWNERSHIP (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20.8 20.5 21.8 25.3 37.1 25.1 0.561 16.258 0.22725 0.01727 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 29.3 29.9 34.6 43.7 63.5 40.4 0.461 34.200 0.17593 0.00921 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 34.1 39.7 37.3 38.6 51.5 40.4 0.662 17.382 0.10572 0.00740 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 14.5 19.0 19.8 24.5 21.8 20.2 0.667 7.253 0.09661 0.01141 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 73.4 47.4 59.5 64.5 82.3 64.6 0.892 8.856 0.06555 0.00511 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.4 2.7 1.1 0.037 2.600 0.69245 0.06665 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 27.9 23.6 17.2 12.1 11.4 17.6 2.449 16.523 -0.20023 0.01539 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 11.2 11.4 14.0 24.5 39.3 21.9 0.284 28.148 0.32774 0.01210 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 4.1 7.7 7.6 13.9 34.4 13.0 0.119 30.300 0.37185 0.01509 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 52.7 56.8 50.8 54.1 58.8 54.4 0.896 6.100 0.03348 0.00492 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 12.7 11.0 14.6 13.4 11.7 12.7 1.085 1.000 -0.01856 0.01903 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 23.0 15.5 10.8 8.0 3.3 11.8 7.018 19.716 -0.24975 0.01888 Rwanda 2000 2.4 0.3 2.9 3.0 27.3 6.7 0.088 24.900 0.87530 0.03122 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 10.2 17.0 19.2 36.8 63.8 30.7 0.160 53.600 0.36692 0.01273 Tanzania 2004 26.7 31.5 37.0 50.1 81.8 46.4 0.326 55.136 0.23463 0.00549 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 7.0 10.1 6.9 8.0 32.5 13.0 0.215 25.500 0.46588 0.01959 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 11.1 19.3 28.4 34.9 48.8 27.2 0.227 37.700 0.29351 0.01136 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 2.8 4.2 6.9 10.5 22.1 10.3 0.127 19.300 0.36586 0.02343 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 168 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Bednet Ownership and Use TREATED BEDNET OWNERSHIP Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 3.500 0.500 -0.27617 0.08087 Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 169 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Bednet Ownership and Use TREATED BEDNET OWNERSHIP (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 - 0.500 0.59382 0.11802 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 0.9 1.0 1.7 1.9 8.0 2.6 0.113 7.100 0.59619 0.03958 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 2.9 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.5 1.0 5.800 2.400 -0.43221 0.08332 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.6 4.9 1.3 0.163 4.100 0.66441 0.06924 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 0.6 0.2 0.7 1.0 2.3 1.0 0.261 1.700 0.45614 0.10378 Tanzania 2004 2.5 4.9 9.0 13.6 40.4 14.2 0.061 37.968 0.40002 0.00765 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.750 0.100 0.25605 0.14727 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 2.5 5.5 7.0 7.9 10.5 6.4 0.239 7.987 0.26189 0.02795 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 170 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Bednet Ownership and Use BEDNET USE BY CHILDREN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 57.3 64.1 66.8 75.1 80.7 67.5 0.710 23.400 0.06604 0.00481 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 85.2 78.6 77.1 72.6 73.4 79.2 1.160 11.771 -0.04660 0.00518 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 171 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Bednet Ownership and Use BEDNET USE BY CHILDREN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 21.5 20.8 22.4 24.9 35.1 24.5 0.612 13.606 0.20516 0.02353 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 24.7 24.9 26.1 39.3 57.0 33.8 0.433 32.300 0.19025 0.01428 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 25.0 22.1 21.3 20.5 30.1 23.3 0.829 5.160 0.04757 0.01100 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 5.0 11.0 15.4 20.4 21.5 13.7 0.233 16.516 0.26858 0.01805 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 67.0 42.2 49.9 53.6 71.2 55.8 0.942 4.151 0.07178 0.00661 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.8 100.0 99.9 1.000 0.000 -0.00066 0.00030 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 19.6 17.9 18.4 11.2 10.8 16.2 1.820 8.818 -0.14219 0.02289 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 8.1 9.3 13.5 20.3 36.3 16.7 0.224 28.209 0.35968 0.02010 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 34.4 38.6 34.9 37.1 48.0 38.3 0.717 13.600 0.07475 0.00861 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 4.7 6.7 9.3 13.4 20.9 10.1 0.225 16.229 0.35565 0.01924 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 11.3 7.4 4.4 4.3 5.5 6.6 2.055 5.800 -0.18399 0.04648 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 11.0 8.7 6.2 4.7 3.3 7.1 3.382 7.773 -0.19265 0.03007 Rwanda 2000 1.8 0.2 2.3 1.8 24.7 5.8 0.073 22.900 0.95093 0.04800 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 9.4 12.1 12.2 27.8 52.2 22.3 0.180 42.800 0.40054 0.02297 Tanzania 2004 17.8 24.1 28.2 40.0 71.3 33.9 0.249 53.518 0.27296 0.00923 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 6.3 7.3 5.8 4.9 23.3 9.4 0.270 17.000 0.41014 0.03173 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 6.4 12.0 21.2 22.1 29.8 17.7 0.215 23.400 0.29346 0.01998 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 0.2 1.0 2.0 4.1 7.3 2.9 0.027 7.100 0.50629 0.06996 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 172 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Bednet Ownership and Use BEDNET USE BY PREGNANT WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 59.4 70.6 75.5 84.6 92.9 73.9 0.639 33.500 0.07957 0.00968 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 27.5 40.1 36.0 39.3 14.4 31.9 1.910 13.100 0.05357 0.03435 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 173 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Bednet Ownership and Use BEDNET USE BY PREGNANT WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12.1 14.0 13.9 18.6 26.5 16.5 0.459 14.329 0.19170 0.06149 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 27.4 31.1 24.3 35.9 53.0 33.2 0.517 25.600 0.12385 0.03246 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 32.0 24.8 23.8 28.6 29.2 27.2 1.098 2.848 0.03738 0.02621 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 5.6 12.3 12.3 19.7 14.1 12.3 0.396 8.532 0.16020 0.04674 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 11.9 8.5 11.8 8.3 5.0 9.6 2.411 6.988 -0.14210 0.09000 Guinea 1999 13.9 23.6 20.6 29.1 44.0 25.1 0.316 30.100 0.22185 0.03940 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 5.6 6.3 8.7 17.5 27.5 13.3 0.205 21.895 0.39366 0.06319 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 2.6 5.7 5.1 7.5 17.8 7.2 0.146 15.200 0.36632 0.07046 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 33.4 36.6 34.6 36.7 39.4 35.9 0.848 6.000 0.07380 0.01997 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 8.5 6.2 8.2 14.3 23.1 11.0 0.368 14.597 0.31076 0.04907 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 2.9 7.9 0.0 6.6 0.8 3.7 3.625 2.100 0.02673 0.16315 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 10.5 5.9 6.7 3.6 2.7 6.1 3.848 7.787 -0.18245 0.07868 Rwanda 2000 4.4 1.6 2.8 4.4 25.1 7.0 0.175 20.700 0.68117 0.09632 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 4.6 12.3 11.9 22.1 61.0 19.7 0.075 56.400 0.43165 0.05276 Tanzania 2004 12.8 20.0 26.1 39.3 72.2 32.2 0.177 59.350 0.29743 0.02266 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 4.5 6.6 5.5 5.5 11.5 6.6 0.391 7.000 0.24558 0.07712 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 6.1 13.4 18.5 22.6 31.8 17.4 0.192 25.690 0.26135 0.04690 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 174 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Breastfeeding EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 37.7 32.4 35.5 34.5 24.5 32.5 1.541 13.228 -0.09077 0.05306 Cambodia 2000 14.4 11.6 14.5 16.3 17.9 14.5 0.804 3.500 -0.05634 0.06944 Indonesia 1997 51.9 54.5 52.8 58.9 44.1 52.7 1.177 7.800 -0.05152 0.01578 Indonesia 2002/03 57.9 58.5 57.4 54.3 35.4 53.6 1.638 22.569 -0.09573 0.01451 Philippines 1998 68.4 54.2 38.6 28.6 37.4 47.9 1.829 31.000 -0.16515 0.02637 Philippines 2003 60.3 47.4 34.6 32.7 20.1 42.2 2.992 40.117 -0.18528 0.03042 Vietnam 1997 (23.5) * * * * 25.4 - - -0.02398 0.07171 Vietnam 2002 (18.2) (11.9) * * * 19.5 - - -0.02573 0.09788 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na 25.0 na na -0.09920 0.12075 Armenia 2000 * * * * * 44.0 - - -0.13720 0.06558 Kazakhstan 1995 * * * * * 12.0 - - -0.30515 0.18715 Kazakhstan 1999 * * * * * 46.6 - - 0.02268 0.08208 Kyrgyzstan 1997 (18.2) (26.3) * (39.8) * 30.1 - - 0.08039 0.08170 Turkey 1993 (12.0) 15.6 12.3 (15.1) (12.9) 13.6 0.930 0.900 -0.00138 0.10217 Turkey 1998 10.0 7.9 10.0 (14.8) (3.5) 9.4 2.857 13.500 0.01655 0.11149 Turkmenistan 2000 10.6 (20.7) 6.2 (17.0) (27.5) 15.9 0.385 38.100 na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * * 4.0 - - -0.47844 0.26292 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 48.9 41.1 42.0 35.2 31.3 40.9 1.562 17.589 -0.08390 0.04323 Bolivia 1998 71.5 66.0 61.0 49.3 (41.2) 60.4 1.735 112.700 -0.09429 0.02348 Bolivia 2003 79.4 60.9 64.7 43.5 31.0 60.1 2.565 48.433 -0.12815 0.02036 Brazil 1996 32.7 23.3 (53.8) (41.7) (59.9) 40.6 0.546 92.600 0.13682 0.04134 Colombia 1995 11.0 9.9 15.0 (29.4) (17.0) 15.7 0.647 28.000 0.13939 0.08196 Colombia 2000 35.2 43.1 34.2 (26.6) (24.0) 33.5 1.467 59.200 -0.10391 0.04945 Colombia 2005 59.7 52.3 61.8 61.4 64.4 59.3 0.927 4.717 -0.00170 0.01710 Dominican Republic 1996 32.3 20.3 28.3 (20.0) (21.8) 25.5 1.482 54.100 -0.10126 0.05738 Dominican Republic 2002 17.7 12.7 19.5 8.6 5.9 13.3 2.984 11.799 -0.15253 0.05870 Guatemala 1995 64.1 66.5 42.4 36.3 (16.5) 50.7 3.885 80.600 -0.17816 0.02187 Guatemala 1998/99 62.4 49.6 57.4 (29.1) * 45.7 - - -0.18134 0.03277 Haiti 1994/95 7.5 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 - 7.500 -0.50139 0.20525 Haiti 2000 40.2 36.1 28.5 30.6 (15.4) 31.7 2.610 55.600 -0.00036 0.04937 Nicaragua 1997/98 40.5 30.5 24.2 27.3 19.3 29.6 2.098 21.200 -0.14040 0.03759 Nicaragua 2001 53.0 53.5 24.9 32.7 (14.5) 39.3 3.655 67.500 -0.15273 0.03382 Paraguay 1990 7.1 7.3 (6.7) (4.5) 0.0 5.4 - 7.100 -0.18395 0.12247 Peru 1996 77.1 69.8 57.4 36.9 42.9 61.5 1.797 34.200 -0.11276 0.01496 Peru 2000 87.9 74.2 60.9 64.4 59.4 72.5 1.480 28.500 -0.09111 0.01313 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 40.0 41.1 38.3 33.5 29.8 37.0 1.340 10.154 -0.05768 0.03126 Egypt 1995 71.6 75.3 68.0 68.0 53.2 67.9 1.346 18.400 -0.04608 0.01391 Egypt 2000 71.8 74.8 67.5 61.6 56.8 66.9 1.264 15.000 -0.05160 0.01462 Jordan 1997 14.4 18.8 15.0 (13.2) (13.6) 15.3 1.059 28.000 -0.06676 0.03836 Morocco 1992 81.0 74.6 57.6 (43.9) (16.1) 62.9 5.031 97.100 -0.17650 0.02501 Morocco 2003/04 53.4 47.0 47.4 28.7 36.2 43.3 1.472 17.117 -0.06461 0.03562 Yemen 1997 20.4 23.8 23.3 30.5 12.7 22.5 1.606 7.700 -0.04778 0.03643 E. SOUTH ASIA 59.4 54.8 57.1 50.9 36.0 52.7 1.650 23.374 -0.10247 0.02458 Bangladesh 1996/97 55.3 59.0 44.2 46.5 46.1 50.5 1.200 9.200 -0.05013 0.02768 Bangladesh 1999/2000 49.2 58.1 59.1 46.2 51.0 53.0 0.965 1.800 -0.03504 0.02337 Bangladesh 2004 61.5 45.5 59.1 53.9 31.4 51.6 1.958 30.097 -0.08589 0.02601 India 1992/93 66.5 59.2 52.8 40.7 24.1 51.1 2.759 42.400 -0.15417 0.00841 India 1998/99 63.9 60.5 57.1 49.4 36.8 55.3 1.736 27.100 -0.10373 0.00842 Nepal 1996 86.7 88.0 77.7 81.9 72.6 81.9 1.194 14.100 -0.03271 0.01335 Nepal 2001 76.2 83.8 81.4 81.3 66.5 78.8 1.146 9.700 -0.01355 0.01741 Pakistan 1990/91 35.8 29.3 31.0 19.2 9.2 25.1 3.891 26.600 -0.20670 0.04649 - 175 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Breastfeeding EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 34.7 34.8 36.7 35.8 35.6 35.5 0.973 0.963 0.06150 0.07459 Benin 1996 4.5 6.1 12.6 (30.0) (30.1) 14.1 0.150 34.600 0.37738 0.08428 Benin 2001 49.8 46.8 46.9 53.6 (42.0) 48.2 1.186 91.800 -0.00653 0.03195 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.7 2.7 8.0 4.7 15.8 5.3 0.044 15.100 0.54978 0.12534 Burkina Faso 2003 16.6 20.6 18.3 23.2 27.7 20.3 0.601 11.025 0.07824 0.04369 Cameroon 1991 (8.4) (5.2) (11.6) 7.8 4.1 7.3 2.049 12.500 0.01580 0.14370 Cameroon 1998 15.6 (13.1) (18.2) (7.8) 22.9 15.8 0.681 7.300 0.06236 0.09192 Cameroon 2004 33.0 34.6 38.0 (25.7) (29.7) 32.7 1.109 62.695 0.02923 0.05068 Central African Republic 1994/95 8.6 4.2 0.0 4.0 3.6 4.4 2.389 5.000 -0.22410 0.17185 Chad 1996/97 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.3 7.8 2.0 - 7.800 0.90310 0.21681 Chad 2004 0.9 1.4 5.3 0.2 1.7 1.8 0.535 0.798 0.06486 0.20528 Comoros 1996 (2.9) (3.8) * (8.0) * 4.8 - - 0.34146 0.28594 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 0.0 1.2 3.8 8.4 4.5 3.4 - 4.500 0.44509 0.14672 Eritrea 1995 64.1 71.5 (64.6) 54.1 72.8 64.9 0.880 8.700 0.01742 0.02455 Ethiopia 2000 63.3 67.5 65.0 64.6 45.6 62.4 1.388 17.700 -0.07100 0.01745 Gabon 2000 5.9 9.7 (9.3) (5.1) (5.1) 6.9 1.157 11.000 -0.02175 0.11653 Ghana 1993 5.6 7.8 (7.1) (7.3) (17.2) 8.3 0.326 22.800 0.16295 0.13401 Ghana 1998 19.2 (34.2) (38.1) (53.4) * 36.0 - - 0.18546 0.04850 Ghana 2003 (62.3) (46.6) (60.6) * * 61.7 - - 0.03689 0.03329 Guinea 1999 8.5 15.3 9.8 19.2 7.7 12.3 1.104 0.800 0.01491 0.07057 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 15.2 21.0 20.1 13.4 16.2 16.9 0.938 1.000 -0.01514 0.06725 Kenya 2003 21.9 18.1 15.5 14.3 17.4 17.6 1.259 4.504 -0.05048 0.06771 Madagascar 1997 57.4 60.3 63.4 64.1 64.9 61.1 0.884 7.500 0.01991 0.02189 Malawi 1992 2.5 4.2 5.8 2.2 0.0 3.3 - 2.500 -0.21226 0.13224 Malawi 2000 52.7 62.8 62.4 65.6 71.7 62.7 0.735 19.000 0.06635 0.01514 Mali 1995/96 10.9 13.5 12.8 13.7 10.4 12.3 1.048 0.500 -0.05762 0.06027 Mali 2001 38.0 32.2 26.5 24.0 17.9 28.2 2.123 20.100 -0.11521 0.02956 Mauritania 2000/01 27.8 18.6 (31.8) 30.5 29.6 27.5 0.939 1.800 0.06660 0.05325 Mozambique 1997 17.1 26.9 60.3 49.9 58.3 37.8 0.293 41.200 0.13556 0.03380 Mozambique 2003 46.9 34.1 35.1 43.8 26.8 38.2 1.749 20.089 -0.04892 0.02872 Namibia 1992 31.0 30.2 20.2 (5.4) (18.6) 21.8 1.667 49.600 -0.13172 0.06845 Namibia 2000 (100.0) 100.0 95.9 96.5 (84.7) 96.1 1.181 15.300 -0.02388 0.00721 Niger 1998 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.5 3.1 1.0 0.290 2.200 0.48498 0.33069 Nigeria 1990 1.9 3.7 0.0 0.7 0.4 1.4 4.750 1.500 -0.41063 0.24303 Nigeria 2003 14.8 6.8 27.0 31.9 33.7 22.2 0.438 18.955 0.25516 0.05453 Rwanda 2000 88.9 89.4 93.9 94.0 78.7 89.5 1.130 10.200 -0.03355 0.01073 Senegal 1997 12.7 8.6 16.9 13.5 18.8 14.0 0.676 6.100 0.16419 0.06441 South Africa 1998 15.4 11.9 10.1 3.0 (10.5) 10.3 1.467 25.900 -0.04806 0.09648 Tanzania 1996 46.9 48.2 38.6 41.6 24.2 40.5 1.938 22.700 -0.09772 0.03314 Tanzania 1999 53.2 * (34.3) (56.5) 28.3 39.7 - - -0.04010 0.04504 Tanzania 2004 57.6 58.4 51.1 54.2 54.8 55.0 1.050 2.734 -0.04031 0.02262 Togo 1998 7.3 13.8 14.9 12.5 34.0 15.2 0.215 26.700 0.26519 0.07186 Uganda 1995 71.0 76.3 78.1 71.5 53.9 70.4 1.317 17.100 -0.06331 0.01962 Uganda 2000/01 72.6 88.8 73.1 78.8 58.7 74.9 1.237 13.900 -0.04433 0.01673 Zambia 1996 12.5 24.4 14.2 36.5 52.4 25.9 0.239 39.900 0.25408 0.04572 Zambia 2001 38.8 49.0 49.3 62.7 (70.3) 52.4 0.552 109.100 0.11871 0.02727 Zimbabwe 1994 9.9 24.1 (13.9) 13.9 (22.8) 16.3 0.434 32.700 0.03251 0.08095 Zimbabwe 1999 36.3 34.5 38.2 (44.2) (46.4) 39.6 0.782 82.700 0.04241 0.04585 G. ALL COUNTRIES 38.4 36.8 38.2 35.9 32.9 36.4 1.165 5.427 -0.00857 0.06530 - 176 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Breastfeeding TIMELY COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 78.0 69.6 65.7 62.1 63.5 71.8 1.228 14.487 -0.04807 0.01677 Cambodia 2000 75.2 65.6 73.8 66.8 70.7 70.3 1.064 4.500 -0.01214 0.01527 Indonesia 1997 80.5 81.9 89.6 86.4 71.2 82.1 1.131 9.300 0.00092 0.00818 Indonesia 2002/03 76.3 69.9 75.2 76.0 71.5 73.6 1.066 4.729 -0.01349 0.01048 Philippines 1998 81.2 69.8 49.3 40.5 36.3 58.6 2.237 44.900 -0.16373 0.02046 Philippines 2003 68.7 73.3 48.2 43.5 31.3 56.7 2.195 37.420 -0.12805 0.02095 Vietnam 1997 (86.5) (82.7) (94.7) (86.5) (70.7) 84.6 1.223 15.800 -0.02553 0.01956 Vietnam 2002 (91.6) * * * (80.3) 86.4 - - -0.03861 0.02039 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 48.5 63.9 na na na 58.2 na na 0.03701 0.04569 Armenia 2000 (20.4) (61.2) * * * 42.7 - - 0.10941 0.06249 Kazakhstan 1995 * * * * * 59.8 - - -0.09693 0.04622 Kazakhstan 1999 * * * * * 64.0 - - -0.00365 0.04595 Kyrgyzstan 1997 (70.7) (70.8) * * * 68.0 - - -0.04123 0.03364 Turkey 1993 50.7 39.7 42.3 43.0 * 44.7 - - 0.02759 0.03941 Turkey 1998 26.2 31.4 39.9 (26.5) (49.9) 33.7 0.525 76.100 0.07604 0.05705 Turkmenistan 2000 (63.7) (82.9) 74.1 71.3 * 70.4 - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 (61.7) (73.0) (72.9) (61.5) (86.8) 70.4 0.711 25.100 0.04446 0.02932 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 64.3 58.7 59.8 60.2 41.9 58.1 1.533 22.332 -0.05385 0.02458 Bolivia 1998 68.7 68.7 83.8 69.8 (54.8) 70.3 1.254 123.500 0.00014 0.01829 Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 29.2 28.7 27.0 (35.9) (37.2) 30.6 0.785 66.400 0.05587 0.04781 Colombia 1995 81.4 56.3 58.2 44.3 (59.6) 61.9 1.366 141.000 -0.09677 0.02480 Colombia 2000 72.6 61.2 52.8 (56.2) (52.4) 59.8 1.385 125.000 -0.06255 0.02484 Colombia 2005 68.4 59.7 60.6 60.6 41.6 60.1 1.645 26.824 -0.07339 0.01545 Dominican Republic 1996 53.3 45.2 (23.6) (31.6) (27.4) 38.5 1.945 80.700 -0.16426 0.04581 Dominican Republic 2002 47.5 38.7 33.2 33.7 14.0 35.8 3.383 33.455 -0.16211 0.02931 Guatemala 1995 49.0 51.5 70.2 50.8 (61.5) 55.7 0.797 110.500 0.00776 0.02031 Guatemala 1998/99 63.5 60.2 68.2 (54.7) * 61.1 - - -0.04564 0.02597 Haiti 1994/95 91.7 86.4 (84.5) (89.0) * 84.8 - - -0.04046 0.01762 Haiti 2000 80.0 68.4 79.4 88.8 59.7 74.1 1.340 20.300 -0.04265 0.01717 Nicaragua 1997/98 69.6 57.7 58.7 49.5 60.3 60.0 1.154 9.300 -0.05652 0.02106 Nicaragua 2001 73.2 75.1 66.2 68.0 (52.0) 67.5 1.408 125.200 -0.05873 0.02264 Paraguay 1990 81.7 66.2 (65.8) 54.0 (31.4) 62.7 2.602 113.100 -0.13479 0.02391 Peru 1996 68.8 74.4 74.7 79.7 65.7 72.5 1.047 3.100 0.01241 0.01142 Peru 2000 70.5 72.7 78.2 85.9 57.5 73.2 1.226 13.000 0.03064 0.01441 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 55.6 54.8 57.5 59.0 55.9 56.8 0.995 0.290 0.00542 0.02203 Egypt 1995 59.2 64.8 72.3 74.1 80.6 69.5 0.734 21.400 0.07345 0.01398 Egypt 2000 42.2 48.7 45.6 52.1 47.7 47.4 0.885 5.500 0.01152 0.02124 Jordan 1997 66.4 57.4 71.0 59.4 62.4 63.7 1.064 4.000 -0.00256 0.02617 Morocco 1992 40.5 46.4 31.1 (27.5) 25.0 35.3 1.620 15.500 -0.11273 0.04012 Morocco 2003/04 69.6 68.0 56.0 60.1 50.4 61.8 1.380 19.141 -0.06467 0.02320 Yemen 1997 44.3 45.2 57.3 64.3 63.1 54.4 0.702 18.800 0.07741 0.01751 E. SOUTH ASIA 43.7 48.5 43.2 49.4 56.6 47.8 0.772 12.896 0.07623 0.02506 Bangladesh 1996/97 29.0 22.5 36.6 35.2 22.5 28.6 1.289 6.500 0.00379 0.05055 Bangladesh 1999/2000 61.3 43.2 65.0 64.8 66.2 59.2 0.926 4.900 0.05200 0.02316 Bangladesh 2004 57.8 61.4 63.6 57.6 71.3 62.3 0.810 13.585 0.04017 0.02151 India 1992/93 28.4 25.8 30.5 35.0 39.8 31.5 0.714 11.400 0.07918 0.01338 India 1998/99 23.5 29.1 33.1 40.9 45.0 33.7 0.522 21.500 0.13909 0.01341 Nepal 1996 69.0 61.0 45.9 64.5 71.6 62.5 0.964 2.600 0.01091 0.01996 Nepal 2001 70.2 66.1 56.2 67.4 75.8 66.2 0.926 5.600 0.01189 0.01881 Pakistan 1990/91 23.4 37.5 19.9 31.8 34.3 29.2 0.682 10.900 0.11376 0.04653 - 177 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Breastfeeding TIMELY COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 65.7 70.5 72.0 71.9 70.0 70.4 0.939 4.268 0.02623 0.01956 Benin 1996 79.1 86.3 85.7 90.5 (81.5) 84.8 0.971 160.600 0.01311 0.01407 Benin 2001 57.1 63.9 71.5 65.4 (72.1) 65.3 0.792 129.200 0.04610 0.02350 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 36.0 42.8 49.3 58.4 70.3 49.8 0.512 34.300 0.13749 0.02724 Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 (84.3) (73.4) (82.5) (76.4) 70.0 77.4 1.204 154.300 -0.03595 0.01981 Cameroon 1998 72.5 (63.1) (76.0) 75.6 80.1 73.0 0.905 7.600 0.03920 0.02126 Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 91.6 93.2 93.8 95.0 93.1 93.4 0.984 1.500 0.00442 0.00920 Chad 1996/97 55.0 78.4 74.1 72.9 77.4 71.2 0.711 22.400 0.04375 0.01641 Chad 2004 (54.1) 62.1 71.8 76.8 76.0 69.4 0.712 130.186 0.05751 0.02071 Comoros 1996 * (92.6) (86.8) * * 86.9 - - 0.01653 0.02280 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 61.2 69.6 73.3 61.3 63.6 66.2 0.962 2.400 0.01430 0.02069 Eritrea 1995 (20.9) 35.9 (49.7) 61.5 70.7 44.9 0.296 91.600 0.21624 0.03526 Ethiopia 2000 37.8 41.6 45.5 44.2 44.8 42.4 0.844 7.000 0.03879 0.02662 Gabon 2000 65.1 65.5 72.2 (70.5) (33.6) 63.9 1.938 98.700 -0.02721 0.02749 Ghana 1993 (40.0) 23.6 38.9 39.3 (36.6) 35.5 1.093 3.400 0.01330 0.04799 Ghana 1998 53.3 58.1 (69.8) (80.8) (66.6) 64.5 0.800 119.900 0.09539 0.02641 Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 25.2 35.1 23.2 23.8 33.0 27.9 0.764 7.800 0.01921 0.05116 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 86.1 94.6 84.8 94.1 86.1 89.3 1.000 0.000 -0.00786 0.01320 Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 84.7 90.7 88.4 85.6 94.6 88.2 0.895 9.900 0.02075 0.01091 Malawi 1992 86.6 80.3 88.4 94.0 90.0 87.2 0.962 3.400 0.01651 0.01207 Malawi 2000 95.3 93.5 91.5 91.2 95.2 93.4 1.001 0.100 0.00060 0.00531 Mali 1995/96 23.6 27.9 36.8 32.9 45.8 33.0 0.515 22.200 0.11806 0.03301 Mali 2001 30.1 24.9 27.7 35.8 44.3 32.4 0.679 14.200 0.07033 0.02937 Mauritania 2000/01 45.6 50.4 65.7 75.9 86.4 63.5 0.528 40.800 0.11348 0.02182 Mozambique 1997 90.7 86.5 94.5 72.4 75.2 84.5 1.206 15.500 -0.01541 0.01112 Mozambique 2003 76.3 75.5 84.4 80.8 70.5 77.6 1.083 5.849 -0.00252 0.01259 Namibia 1992 (68.8) 72.8 68.5 73.1 (40.0) 65.8 1.720 28.800 -0.05042 0.02933 Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 74.5 69.1 76.4 63.0 77.3 71.5 0.964 2.800 0.00660 0.01571 Nigeria 1990 50.4 43.0 56.3 54.9 57.2 51.7 0.881 6.800 0.00750 0.02228 Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 75.3 82.0 80.8 79.3 73.6 78.7 1.023 1.700 -0.00177 0.01247 Senegal 1997 54.4 65.3 62.1 73.2 59.7 62.2 0.911 5.300 0.07290 0.02241 South Africa 1998 62.8 81.7 65.5 57.8 (28.3) 62.3 2.219 91.100 -0.06116 0.02651 Tanzania 1996 85.8 91.6 78.9 94.4 91.6 87.9 0.937 5.800 0.00440 0.01071 Tanzania 1999 (59.5) (55.0) (68.3) (75.4) (64.5) 63.8 0.922 5.000 0.03576 0.02772 Tanzania 2004 89.0 86.2 81.1 92.0 95.2 88.0 0.935 6.238 0.00993 0.00764 Togo 1998 89.8 86.0 94.2 89.8 81.8 88.4 1.098 8.000 0.00404 0.01044 Uganda 1995 55.8 62.1 68.8 64.9 69.7 63.8 0.801 13.900 0.01660 0.01945 Uganda 2000/01 79.2 74.1 79.3 74.6 63.9 74.6 1.239 15.300 -0.02727 0.01497 Zambia 1996 94.0 90.3 87.4 97.1 (97.2) 93.6 0.967 191.200 0.00479 0.00716 Zambia 2001 85.2 85.6 86.2 89.4 (94.5) 87.4 0.902 179.700 0.01282 0.01044 Zimbabwe 1994 93.5 94.3 92.2 (87.5) (97.1) 93.0 0.963 190.600 -0.00204 0.00989 Zimbabwe 1999 (89.9) (97.6) (85.4) (94.4) (86.8) 90.6 1.036 3.100 -0.00124 0.01182 G. ALL COUNTRIES 61.9 64.5 64.9 64.6 62.2 64.1 0.996 0.229 0.01025 0.02355 - 178 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Breastfeeding BOTTLE-FEEDING Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 13.9 20.0 28.3 31.4 50.5 27.2 0.275 36.606 0.25231 0.03018 Cambodia 2000 6.2 13.5 16.3 17.4 31.8 15.4 0.195 25.600 0.28219 0.03338 Indonesia 1997 6.3 9.2 9.1 16.1 37.2 14.5 0.169 30.900 0.33834 0.02495 Indonesia 2002/03 8.9 11.1 23.7 26.6 47.1 23.3 0.188 38.207 0.26915 0.01755 Philippines 1998 28.9 41.7 63.4 71.5 75.7 52.7 0.382 46.800 0.17875 0.01260 Philippines 2003 27.6 39.1 56.3 61.9 78.7 48.6 0.351 51.018 0.20619 0.01437 Vietnam 1997 11.3 11.4 13.7 19.1 35.1 16.2 0.322 23.800 0.22616 0.06166 Vietnam 2002 12.7 16.1 16.9 19.7 44.3 21.4 0.287 31.600 0.25170 0.05542 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 35.7 32.9 37.3 42.6 50.6 38.9 0.706 14.900 0.09739 0.03926 Armenia 2000 53.8 38.4 31.6 (41.1) (51.1) 43.7 1.053 104.900 -0.02679 0.03864 Kazakhstan 1995 50.5 45.8 (50.9) 50.7 (87.9) 54.2 0.575 138.400 0.11573 0.03188 Kazakhstan 1999 32.8 (32.8) 49.7 (54.4) (46.7) 42.1 0.702 79.500 0.16114 0.04399 Kyrgyzstan 1997 25.9 20.8 23.5 29.0 57.5 29.2 0.450 31.600 0.13986 0.05012 Turkey 1993 31.4 42.5 41.5 40.0 44.3 39.5 0.709 12.900 0.02679 0.02736 Turkey 1998 44.4 45.2 54.4 62.2 63.6 52.5 0.698 19.200 0.08965 0.02085 Turkmenistan 2000 26.1 28.0 34.6 32.5 38.2 31.6 0.683 12.100 na na Uzbekistan 1996 31.4 32.1 29.8 36.1 46.7 34.2 0.672 15.300 0.12311 0.04273 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 37.1 44.8 50.7 59.1 68.4 49.8 0.542 31.277 0.14256 0.01619 Bolivia 1998 23.4 29.6 38.7 45.3 62.0 36.4 0.377 38.600 0.17272 0.01990 Bolivia 2003 18.8 26.8 32.1 41.5 57.5 32.6 0.327 38.691 0.17528 0.01980 Brazil 1996 62.1 76.4 59.3 66.6 56.7 64.6 1.095 5.400 -0.00547 0.01350 Colombia 1995 67.0 81.5 79.7 74.4 76.8 75.7 0.872 9.800 0.02572 0.01137 Colombia 2000 56.9 41.2 45.0 50.0 46.1 47.7 1.234 10.800 -0.01255 0.01860 Colombia 2005 45.3 51.9 47.3 56.2 61.5 51.1 0.736 16.197 0.06838 0.01102 Dominican Republic 1996 79.0 81.2 81.7 90.2 85.7 82.8 0.922 6.700 0.03804 0.00928 Dominican Republic 2002 75.5 81.0 86.4 83.9 86.8 82.2 0.870 11.308 0.04404 0.00659 Guatemala 1995 22.5 22.5 28.0 37.9 68.1 31.4 0.330 45.600 0.19703 0.02055 Guatemala 1998/99 31.0 26.2 30.4 58.9 71.4 40.8 0.434 40.400 0.14487 0.02336 Haiti 1994/95 11.8 19.7 20.2 30.2 48.6 22.8 0.243 36.800 0.25308 0.04218 Haiti 2000 14.2 21.6 21.8 39.1 65.9 29.9 0.215 51.700 0.26417 0.02561 Nicaragua 1997/98 62.7 74.7 72.3 80.8 84.8 73.4 0.739 22.100 0.05926 0.00866 Nicaragua 2001 38.6 41.9 67.7 66.9 75.1 55.8 0.514 36.500 0.14616 0.01436 Paraguay 1990 37.6 53.4 71.2 72.8 82.7 60.4 0.455 45.100 0.15786 0.01492 Peru 1996 19.7 30.9 42.5 56.3 62.7 37.4 0.314 43.000 0.19658 0.01255 Peru 2000 10.7 24.4 39.8 46.0 57.7 31.1 0.185 47.000 0.28771 0.01655 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 30.9 34.9 37.8 44.5 51.9 39.2 0.596 21.005 0.10546 0.01768 Egypt 1995 15.7 15.9 16.8 24.2 32.2 20.5 0.488 16.500 0.15763 0.02416 Egypt 2000 13.5 14.4 22.7 27.3 23.5 20.5 0.574 10.000 0.13392 0.02380 Jordan 1997 38.9 42.2 39.0 45.2 48.5 42.2 0.802 9.600 0.03251 0.01649 Morocco 1992 9.0 19.0 34.3 43.7 65.5 30.1 0.137 56.500 0.37185 0.02485 Morocco 2003/04 24.7 37.3 47.6 58.6 72.0 45.7 0.343 47.318 0.19480 0.01826 Yemen 1997 46.6 45.7 41.7 47.0 63.7 48.5 0.732 17.100 0.06062 0.01218 E. SOUTH ASIA 10.6 12.3 15.7 20.6 35.5 18.1 0.298 24.898 0.30764 0.04209 Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 15.0 15.1 14.8 28.7 31.7 20.0 0.473 16.700 0.20348 0.03341 Bangladesh 2004 12.5 17.6 21.5 24.8 39.6 22.4 0.317 27.090 0.22850 0.02969 India 1992/93 5.9 8.6 12.7 17.5 31.7 14.2 0.186 25.800 0.44448 0.01448 India 1998/99 8.9 10.0 13.1 21.6 32.1 16.0 0.277 23.200 0.32732 0.01353 Nepal 1996 1.2 2.2 4.2 4.5 10.5 4.1 0.114 9.300 0.39457 0.08679 Nepal 2001 1.8 2.5 3.0 1.7 12.8 3.6 0.141 11.000 0.43996 0.10078 Pakistan 1990/91 19.1 19.1 25.3 34.3 57.4 30.5 0.333 38.300 0.23477 0.02437 - 179 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Breastfeeding BOTTLE-FEEDING (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.5 8.4 10.5 13.1 24.6 11.9 0.262 18.184 0.44040 0.08064 Benin 1996 0.0 2.2 1.9 9.7 14.4 4.5 - 14.400 0.54976 0.09623 Benin 2001 2.0 1.6 2.3 6.0 28.0 6.5 0.071 26.000 0.59874 0.09021 Burkina Faso 1992/93 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 8.1 1.5 - 8.087 1.21210 0.22742 Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.1 4.5 1.0 - 4.500 0.95288 0.26060 Burkina Faso 2003 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.6 6.8 1.3 0.058 6.386 0.65158 0.15424 Cameroon 1991 3.2 8.5 4.7 19.8 35.6 14.3 0.090 32.400 0.56027 0.06054 Cameroon 1998 8.6 16.3 16.4 27.2 29.0 18.3 0.297 20.400 0.27749 0.04349 Cameroon 2004 1.5 3.7 11.8 20.3 36.9 13.0 0.040 35.397 0.51770 0.05771 Central African Republic 1994/95 0.4 0.0 0.5 1.2 3.4 1.1 0.118 3.000 0.52196 0.22836 Chad 1996/97 0.4 0.0 1.5 1.6 11.9 3.0 0.034 11.500 1.02694 0.12422 Chad 2004 0.4 2.9 0.7 0.5 12.4 3.4 0.031 12.023 0.98911 0.13385 Comoros 1996 6.7 15.7 24.4 22.4 46.7 21.5 0.143 40.000 0.34319 0.05363 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 1.4 1.2 2.0 4.2 10.8 3.3 0.130 9.400 0.44071 0.10160 Eritrea 1995 0.1 5.4 0.0 3.6 18.3 4.3 0.005 18.200 0.62804 0.12980 Ethiopia 2000 7.8 9.7 13.6 13.3 34.4 14.5 0.227 26.600 0.39531 0.03794 Gabon 2000 22.9 35.3 43.9 41.5 56.8 39.3 0.403 33.900 0.16316 0.02417 Ghana 1993 15.5 12.1 25.8 25.7 33.9 21.7 0.457 18.400 0.18731 0.04295 Ghana 1998 12.9 22.4 28.5 26.2 26.1 22.0 0.494 13.200 0.17787 0.03656 Ghana 2003 7.6 11.9 12.4 12.3 15.0 11.2 0.505 7.435 0.18485 0.06005 Guinea 1999 7.0 4.4 7.4 7.7 16.2 8.1 0.432 9.200 0.20655 0.06478 Kenya 1993 11.9 7.9 13.9 9.9 23.2 12.7 0.516 11.205 0.18118 0.05265 Kenya 1998 20.7 19.6 25.2 27.2 33.7 25.2 0.614 13.000 0.11729 0.03209 Kenya 2003 22.8 24.2 23.9 33.2 35.2 27.5 0.648 12.373 0.11475 0.02579 Madagascar 1997 1.5 0.6 1.1 3.9 14.2 3.1 0.106 12.700 0.76441 0.12814 Malawi 1992 0.7 2.7 5.0 6.0 15.8 5.4 0.044 15.100 0.59813 0.08966 Malawi 2000 0.6 2.0 1.2 2.4 9.8 2.9 0.061 9.200 0.46290 0.08104 Mali 1995/96 1.5 1.1 1.8 4.0 8.8 3.2 0.170 7.300 0.49126 0.09322 Mali 2001 2.0 2.8 1.9 3.2 12.4 4.2 0.161 10.400 0.40410 0.07102 Mauritania 2000/01 4.5 4.7 4.0 9.8 21.0 8.6 0.214 16.500 0.39764 0.07145 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 0.9 5.7 6.0 11.3 28.8 8.8 0.031 27.897 0.52304 0.05027 Namibia 1992 21.4 26.8 26.8 40.0 55.4 33.8 0.386 34.000 0.17335 0.02974 Namibia 2000 18.6 31.6 45.2 55.8 74.4 43.5 0.250 55.800 0.21142 0.02013 Niger 1998 2.1 3.4 2.1 3.2 9.3 3.9 0.226 7.200 0.37885 0.09273 Nigeria 1990 10.7 16.7 25.1 30.3 60.7 27.0 0.176 50.000 0.37752 0.02095 Nigeria 2003 12.1 15.0 16.7 21.2 29.8 18.6 0.408 17.647 0.19393 0.03297 Rwanda 2000 4.5 4.4 4.1 5.5 25.2 8.5 0.179 20.700 0.62521 0.06175 Senegal 1997 0.0 0.0 1.4 3.8 10.4 2.7 - 10.400 0.48107 0.10334 South Africa 1998 50.0 46.2 56.6 63.6 85.1 57.7 0.588 35.100 0.07690 0.01506 Tanzania 1996 7.5 7.0 8.0 8.4 12.5 8.5 0.600 5.000 0.10119 0.05440 Tanzania 1999 6.8 4.3 5.7 5.5 24.6 8.6 0.276 17.800 0.34167 0.08862 Tanzania 2004 1.6 1.4 2.6 2.1 17.0 4.2 0.096 15.392 0.87771 0.10268 Togo 1998 3.5 5.4 3.4 9.6 9.5 5.9 0.368 6.000 0.22694 0.06764 Uganda 1995 6.9 2.5 4.7 8.3 18.7 8.0 0.369 11.800 0.35269 0.06212 Uganda 2000/01 1.8 2.1 4.6 5.3 13.6 5.0 0.132 11.800 0.54845 0.08084 Zambia 1996 1.5 2.7 2.3 5.6 8.6 3.9 0.174 7.100 0.38631 0.09929 Zambia 2001 1.5 0.7 2.2 5.3 13.5 3.9 0.111 12.000 0.48438 0.10620 Zimbabwe 1994 2.9 6.0 4.8 6.1 16.3 6.6 0.178 13.400 0.30666 0.08883 Zimbabwe 1999 1.2 2.2 6.6 8.5 19.9 7.7 0.060 18.700 0.35891 0.09102 G. ALL COUNTRIES 17.1 19.9 23.4 27.8 39.0 24.4 0.438 21.934 0.31278 0.05528 - 180 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Micronutrient Consumption AVAILABILITY OF IODIZED SALT IN HOUSEHOLD Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 10.7 8.5 8.0 10.6 32.8 13.9 0.326 22.100 0.13699 0.01734 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 13.4 12.0 16.4 22.5 35.7 19.8 0.375 22.300 0.19911 0.01121 Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 74.8 83.4 82.2 88.2 91.6 84.2 0.817 16.800 0.03838 0.00331 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 16.5 17.4 16.8 23.4 25.9 21.3 0.637 9.400 0.10211 0.01627 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 9.2 10.1 9.3 9.0 7.7 9.1 1.195 1.500 -0.01824 0.01670 Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 98.8 99.4 98.6 98.7 97.5 98.5 1.013 1.300 -0.00279 0.00078 Guatemala 1998/99 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.000 0.000 na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 8.7 14.9 15.4 12.7 7.8 11.9 1.115 0.900 -0.03359 0.08702 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 92.0 95.5 98.9 99.5 99.3 97.0 0.926 7.300 0.01488 0.00066 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 39.7 44.5 47.8 55.6 80.8 55.9 0.491 41.100 0.16221 0.00349 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 89.9 88.2 88.1 92.3 95.5 91.5 0.941 5.600 0.01845 0.00251 E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 33.0 37.4 42.5 55.9 81.5 49.9 0.405 48.500 0.21737 0.00167 Nepal 1996 55.8 60.2 62.4 63.5 81.4 64.7 0.686 25.600 0.07324 0.00443 Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 181 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Micronutrient Consumption AVAILABILITY OF IODIZED SALT IN HOUSEHOLD (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 51.0 52.6 54.3 56.5 63.9 55.7 0.798 12.900 0.06006 0.00732 Benin 1996 67.1 80.5 80.7 81.8 82.2 78.7 0.816 15.100 0.03643 0.00501 Benin 2001 81.3 75.2 73.0 67.0 62.1 71.6 1.309 19.200 -0.05286 0.00500 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 35.8 40.4 45.5 52.7 64.3 47.5 0.557 28.460 0.11696 0.00619 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 81.0 79.7 79.4 82.5 86.0 81.8 0.941 5.071 0.01990 0.00290 Central African Republic 1994/95 30.3 32.0 33.0 21.5 19.7 28.2 1.538 10.600 -0.08142 0.01354 Chad 1996/97 55.3 60.1 58.6 62.6 77.4 62.8 0.714 22.100 0.07175 0.00527 Chad 2004 34.2 70.7 74.6 79.2 78.3 65.9 0.438 44.021 0.13514 0.00542 Comoros 1996 60.8 64.8 72.1 71.3 58.2 65.6 1.045 2.600 -0.00128 0.01083 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 24.3 22.7 25.8 29.5 38.2 28.4 0.636 13.900 0.10928 0.00754 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 20.4 25.8 26.2 27.7 36.0 27.6 0.567 15.600 0.09964 0.01184 Ghana 2003 8.8 13.0 20.0 31.1 63.4 28.2 0.139 54.617 0.34664 0.01101 Guinea 1999 14.0 9.5 11.3 12.3 23.1 13.8 0.606 9.100 0.12577 0.02481 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 75.1 67.9 72.2 88.0 91.5 78.9 0.821 16.400 0.05993 0.00333 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 46.9 48.4 50.7 54.4 65.0 53.0 0.722 18.100 0.06335 0.00473 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 40.2 35.2 29.9 33.7 51.9 37.2 0.775 11.700 0.00179 0.00894 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 58.3 50.7 55.4 52.6 51.4 53.7 1.135 6.949 -0.01346 0.00478 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 50.0 58.4 53.9 51.4 71.6 57.5 0.698 21.600 0.09045 0.00633 Niger 1998 75.4 72.4 71.6 70.3 80.2 73.7 0.940 4.800 0.01158 0.00417 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 94.2 96.5 96.1 98.6 98.4 96.8 0.957 4.197 0.00789 0.00138 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 52.1 60.0 61.7 71.3 86.0 66.9 0.606 33.900 0.07391 0.00676 Tanzania 2004 24.8 28.4 33.3 48.1 76.5 43.1 0.324 51.685 0.17183 0.00658 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 1996 91.4 91.7 91.6 91.9 87.3 90.9 1.047 4.100 -0.00702 0.00237 Zambia 2001 82.9 81.3 79.6 72.3 70.8 77.3 1.171 12.100 -0.03036 0.00432 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 182 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Micronutrient Consumption VITAMIN A CONSUMPTION AMONG CHILDREN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 50.8 58.9 62.6 65.8 72.9 60.9 0.697 22.112 0.08405 0.00601 Cambodia 2000 24.4 27.5 29.2 30.2 51.4 30.8 0.475 27.000 0.13035 0.01088 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 62.9 75.7 78.0 82.6 79.9 75.3 0.788 16.977 0.05292 0.00287 Philippines 1998 67.1 78.2 80.7 81.9 73.8 75.6 0.909 6.700 0.04448 0.00446 Philippines 2003 65.0 73.6 80.5 84.5 87.3 76.5 0.744 22.360 0.06889 0.00429 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 13.9 19.1 27.2 39.8 39.9 26.5 0.348 26.000 0.25840 0.02821 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 13.1 15.3 12.8 13.0 26.8 15.8 0.489 13.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 31.0 34.4 34.9 35.2 34.8 33.9 0.892 3.764 -0.03965 0.01376 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 53.3 56.9 57.1 59.5 63.2 57.3 0.842 9.984 0.02829 0.00544 Brazil 1996 19.9 12.2 9.8 3.8 3.0 11.2 6.633 16.900 -0.29972 0.02603 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 25.4 29.3 32.2 35.8 37.8 31.5 0.672 12.397 0.07894 0.00931 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 13.3 9.6 11.0 14.2 13.6 12.2 0.978 0.300 0.03664 0.03153 Haiti 2000 25.5 34.1 34.0 35.4 27.3 31.4 0.934 1.800 0.07546 0.01267 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 52.0 67.3 70.6 71.8 72.2 65.3 0.720 20.200 0.07900 0.00587 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 10.0 6.7 5.7 5.0 5.1 6.9 1.961 4.900 -0.19985 0.02324 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 10.1 9.6 11.5 15.1 16.6 12.6 0.608 6.500 0.13540 0.01576 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 20.3 22.9 29.9 28.7 28.3 25.6 0.715 8.079 0.07634 0.01332 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA 56.7 58.8 59.9 62.3 62.9 59.8 0.902 6.177 0.07570 0.00544 Bangladesh 1996/97 66.3 68.2 75.4 75.7 76.3 71.9 0.869 10.000 0.04036 0.00517 Bangladesh 1999/2000 73.5 78.1 81.1 84.0 83.1 79.3 0.884 9.600 0.03156 0.00405 Bangladesh 2004 74.5 79.2 77.9 80.3 83.1 78.6 0.897 8.532 0.02122 0.00394 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 8.8 10.0 14.2 16.3 19.4 13.3 0.454 10.600 0.20522 0.00942 Nepal 1996 26.6 33.8 43.3 31.7 25.6 32.2 1.039 1.000 0.00834 0.01407 Nepal 2001 86.8 87.3 87.5 90.2 86.2 87.6 1.007 0.600 0.00066 0.00297 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 183 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Micronutrient Consumption VITAMIN A CONSUMPTION AMONG CHILDREN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 35.0 36.1 37.6 43.0 50.0 39.7 0.699 15.061 0.09691 0.01500 Benin 1996 9.6 4.5 4.7 1.2 2.0 4.7 4.800 7.600 -0.39331 0.06408 Benin 2001 9.1 12.3 14.2 24.8 37.4 18.3 0.243 28.300 0.28668 0.02027 Burkina Faso 1992/93 5.0 5.5 4.2 6.2 19.7 7.8 0.252 14.716 0.45526 0.05208 Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 23.4 28.9 29.6 36.4 47.6 32.2 0.490 24.277 0.11998 0.00902 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 32.2 36.3 36.5 42.6 50.7 38.8 0.636 18.465 0.09964 0.00930 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 0.5 0.3 1.1 1.9 1.0 0.9 0.500 0.500 0.18834 0.07564 Chad 2004 33.7 30.5 22.8 33.5 53.9 34.5 0.626 20.189 0.16443 0.01245 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 29.6 19.4 19.7 23.3 23.6 23.5 1.254 6.000 -0.11052 0.02200 Ghana 2003 72.7 70.0 75.5 77.2 84.1 75.1 0.864 11.434 0.02436 0.00556 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 28.3 28.5 32.6 38.1 44.4 33.7 0.638 16.078 0.08287 0.01603 Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 28.1 31.1 29.4 35.3 36.6 31.8 0.769 8.432 0.07250 0.01180 Madagascar 1997 2.4 2.6 1.5 2.0 3.2 2.3 0.750 0.800 0.11710 0.08262 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 68.9 70.7 71.8 75.2 66.5 70.6 1.036 2.400 0.00251 0.00408 Mali 1995/96 1.7 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.700 0.700 0.05610 0.10409 Mali 2001 34.3 34.6 39.3 42.0 56.2 40.9 0.610 21.900 0.11069 0.00775 Mauritania 2000/01 50.9 57.5 57.5 66.1 78.0 61.5 0.653 27.100 0.09082 0.00756 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 38.7 42.2 49.3 58.3 69.7 50.0 0.555 30.991 0.12251 0.00620 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 40.8 40.3 37.9 34.7 38.6 38.4 1.057 2.200 0.00768 0.01294 Niger 1998 6.5 7.0 5.8 9.9 17.8 9.2 0.365 11.300 0.21673 0.03388 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 21.2 17.2 23.6 43.0 62.2 32.5 0.341 41.003 0.24194 0.01287 Rwanda 2000 38.1 31.1 33.7 29.2 20.1 29.7 1.896 18.000 -0.09384 0.01079 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 7.9 13.1 9.7 12.8 20.9 12.5 0.378 13.000 0.33045 0.03640 Tanzania 2004 36.1 42.2 44.8 52.2 56.5 45.6 0.639 20.376 0.05415 0.00797 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 39.9 39.7 44.2 43.6 48.8 42.9 0.818 8.900 0.04466 0.00881 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 52.6 55.1 60.1 68.3 72.8 60.9 0.722 20.228 0.06188 0.00616 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES 35.2 37.5 39.3 43.1 47.9 40.0 0.734 12.730 0.07442 0.01346 - 184 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Micronutrient Consumption VITAMIN A CONSUMPTION AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 25.7 28.6 32.3 36.2 44.5 32.7 0.578 18.801 0.13127 0.01224 Cambodia 2000 7.0 7.3 7.6 12.1 25.0 10.7 0.280 18.000 0.22761 0.02243 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 32.7 35.8 43.4 49.2 54.3 42.7 0.602 21.625 0.09177 0.00527 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 37.5 42.8 46.0 47.2 54.3 44.8 0.691 16.778 0.07444 0.00902 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 16.7 21.4 23.3 24.1 28.0 22.4 0.598 11.263 0.15006 0.01976 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 24.2 30.1 34.7 30.7 37.0 30.9 0.655 12.746 0.07057 0.01046 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 23.8 24.4 24.1 22.9 26.1 24.2 0.913 2.269 0.02628 0.01147 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 1.3 2.8 4.7 8.2 13.2 5.7 0.098 11.900 0.35620 0.04722 Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 18.3 22.2 24.3 26.3 32.1 24.5 0.570 13.800 0.17348 0.01647 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 16.0 27.6 28.7 32.5 31.6 26.7 0.506 15.600 0.12377 0.01317 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 7.0 8.6 10.9 14.2 18.7 11.9 0.374 11.700 0.18864 0.01697 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 18.9 21.2 24.8 28.2 26.0 23.6 0.729 7.053 0.06419 0.01471 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 8.4 12.6 14.7 20.4 28.0 15.9 0.300 19.600 0.24737 0.01819 Bangladesh 2004 8.5 8.9 14.7 17.9 25.9 14.6 0.329 17.377 0.26908 0.02025 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 4.3 7.0 9.6 11.8 24.1 10.3 0.178 19.800 0.32510 0.02597 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 185 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Micronutrient Consumption VITAMIN A CONSUMPTION AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 17.0 19.1 20.9 26.0 34.2 23.0 0.496 17.219 0.16777 0.01669 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 11.1 16.9 15.6 22.1 39.9 20.2 0.278 28.800 0.23669 0.02055 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 9.4 15.6 16.3 16.5 26.0 16.5 0.364 16.517 0.17007 0.01538 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 18.2 26.4 28.2 36.8 36.2 28.5 0.502 18.023 0.14294 0.01247 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 9.7 7.9 8.4 13.2 21.9 11.8 0.443 12.200 0.23100 0.02009 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 30.5 21.1 26.9 30.6 34.1 28.3 0.894 3.600 -0.03204 0.02011 Ghana 2003 40.7 39.7 39.7 48.3 51.0 43.3 0.799 10.261 0.02891 0.01257 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 9.7 13.6 11.9 13.9 21.9 14.3 0.442 12.251 0.13922 0.02269 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 37.9 39.5 42.9 43.8 45.7 41.7 0.829 7.800 0.04970 0.00757 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 9.5 13.3 13.4 22.2 32.1 17.7 0.296 22.600 0.23305 0.01429 Mauritania 2000/01 17.1 21.8 27.9 32.5 39.3 27.5 0.435 22.200 0.19783 0.01626 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 15.8 16.2 20.9 19.6 34.0 20.8 0.465 18.218 0.20330 0.01441 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 34.5 29.4 32.0 33.4 37.7 33.4 0.915 3.200 0.03547 0.01545 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 10.4 10.5 13.8 24.5 45.4 19.8 0.228 35.054 0.29472 0.02016 Rwanda 2000 11.3 12.3 14.1 14.5 16.8 13.9 0.673 5.500 0.03689 0.01949 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 7.9 11.8 9.7 11.1 14.3 10.9 0.552 6.400 0.04244 0.03039 Tanzania 2004 11.3 14.5 16.3 24.0 37.1 20.2 0.306 25.773 0.19313 0.01548 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 5.6 7.5 9.4 14.5 21.7 11.3 0.258 16.100 0.31771 0.02540 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 18.9 20.9 24.2 36.0 39.9 27.5 0.474 21.000 0.17362 0.01474 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 186 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Tobacco and Alcohol Use TOBACCO USE AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 11.4 8.2 6.7 5.2 3.2 6.7 3.535 8.202 -0.24833 0.01937 Cambodia 2000 18.7 14.4 11.0 7.9 2.1 10.5 8.905 16.600 -0.47965 0.01559 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 2.3 1.5 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.1 1.013 0.031 -0.08336 0.02406 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 13.3 8.6 7.0 5.7 5.3 7.6 2.507 7.975 -0.18198 0.01844 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 0.4 0.8 1.2 3.4 8.2 3.1 0.049 7.800 0.42774 0.04333 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 2.0 3.3 4.7 13.8 14.1 8.5 0.142 12.100 0.39154 0.02861 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 6.7 8.7 15.5 19.8 34.1 18.1 0.196 27.400 0.31968 0.01538 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 2.9 3.6 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.0 0.707 1.200 0.04858 0.02343 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 13.3 11.1 8.1 7.0 5.7 8.6 2.336 7.626 -0.20045 0.01278 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 8.3 3.5 5.2 3.7 2.8 4.4 2.964 5.500 -0.23708 0.03025 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 2.1 3.2 4.1 5.5 9.4 5.3 0.223 7.300 0.23874 0.02234 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.333 0.400 0.04182 0.08385 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 20.9 15.4 12.4 8.8 4.3 12.3 4.860 16.600 -0.26388 0.00539 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 41.3 35.1 29.6 24.0 12.4 28.8 3.331 28.900 -0.19746 0.00922 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 187 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Tobacco and Alcohol Use TOBACCO USE AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 8.9 4.7 2.7 1.1 0.2 3.2 44.500 8.700 -0.54557 0.04708 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 8.6 7.6 6.8 5.1 1.4 5.7 5.954 7.124 -0.29455 0.02100 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 3.2 2.7 1.9 0.9 1.1 1.9 2.962 2.121 -0.30290 0.04734 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.751 0.098 -0.28874 0.24532 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 6.1 3.0 2.2 0.8 1.4 2.5 4.455 4.764 -0.36169 0.04869 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 4.0 2.7 2.4 2.2 0.8 2.4 5.000 3.200 -0.24641 0.03143 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 12.5 11.0 7.1 3.4 2.0 7.1 6.367 10.511 -0.27432 0.01808 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 10.2 7.2 7.0 9.1 15.3 10.1 0.667 5.100 0.11359 0.02473 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 1.9 1.0 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.0 3.455 1.362 -0.34531 0.07086 Rwanda 2000 11.0 10.8 9.4 8.2 3.6 8.3 3.056 7.400 -0.19402 0.01644 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 3.7 1.9 1.8 0.3 0.3 1.5 13.448 3.451 -0.54262 0.05337 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 6.0 4.9 3.9 2.0 0.4 3.3 15.000 5.600 -0.42110 0.03951 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 7.1 3.7 1.8 1.5 0.2 2.7 35.500 6.900 -0.49184 0.04544 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 1.5 1.6 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.3 0.938 0.100 -0.04057 0.07272 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 188 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Tobacco and Alcohol Use TOBACCO USE AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 67.6 63.2 56.2 49.8 42.1 55.5 1.608 25.584 -0.09068 0.00740 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 69.2 67.3 68.3 68.5 64.8 67.5 1.068 4.400 -0.00915 0.00983 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na 0.01183 Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 23.5 16.0 13.5 12.7 7.3 15.1 3.211 16.191 -0.22333 0.02613 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 18.0 20.1 19.9 11.4 11.6 16.1 1.552 6.400 -0.13402 0.02395 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 72.0 63.0 59.1 53.3 49.7 58.7 1.449 22.314 -0.08300 0.00677 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 75.7 81.9 75.3 72.7 60.7 73.1 1.247 15.000 -0.04625 0.00769 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 189 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Tobacco and Alcohol Use TOBACCO USE AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 21.5 12.9 8.5 6.6 5.7 10.5 3.774 15.838 -0.33069 0.02516 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 22.8 24.7 22.7 28.9 23.7 24.7 0.964 0.852 0.00402 0.01652 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 31.1 25.0 22.3 21.7 19.6 24.0 1.587 11.500 -0.12013 0.01788 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 37.2 33.4 32.0 21.8 14.2 27.2 2.613 22.957 -0.20907 0.01738 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 29.6 23.3 24.2 31.1 31.7 28.3 0.934 2.100 0.00346 0.01861 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 12.3 11.9 9.0 10.8 6.2 9.8 1.997 6.146 -0.15399 0.03963 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 26.7 24.1 24.5 20.8 15.6 22.0 1.714 11.118 -0.10172 0.02198 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 36.7 28.3 26.1 21.3 14.4 25.2 2.549 22.300 -0.16781 0.02140 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 37.3 28.0 26.9 27.8 16.2 26.4 2.302 21.100 -0.14836 0.02059 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 190 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Tobacco and Alcohol Use ALCOHOL USE AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 9.1 11.9 16.2 27.9 27.5 19.9 0.331 18.400 0.22953 0.01794 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 4.5 6.0 5.7 5.4 4.9 5.3 0.920 0.392 -0.00854 0.01525 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 4.4 2.0 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.9 4.000 3.300 -0.31397 0.04834 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 5.6 2.7 1.8 0.6 0.2 2.2 28.000 5.400 -0.52630 0.01664 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 191 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Tobacco and Alcohol Use ALCOHOL USE AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 2.4 2.3 1.5 2.9 3.5 2.6 0.686 1.100 0.07616 0.04686 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.2 0.9 1.5 2.350 1.222 -0.23184 0.04481 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.667 1.000 -0.04529 0.03910 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.9 6.2 4.6 0.692 1.905 -0.00991 0.02502 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.572 0.047 0.09191 0.17070 Rwanda 2000 2.5 1.9 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.9 1.786 1.100 -0.10057 0.03827 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 6.8 7.4 5.6 3.9 5.3 5.8 1.283 1.500 -0.04616 0.02876 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 3.0 3.0 2.6 4.5 3.8 3.4 0.789 0.800 0.06678 0.03625 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 2.3 1.5 1.9 3.5 3.0 2.5 0.767 0.700 0.08733 0.04703 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 192 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Tobacco and Alcohol Use ALCOHOL USE AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 39.5 46.1 44.0 36.9 28.4 38.9 1.393 11.152 -0.05556 0.01052 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 10.7 6.3 6.5 8.6 4.7 7.2 2.277 6.000 -0.11959 0.04981 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na 0.01183 Kazakhstan 1999 30.1 37.2 36.1 37.5 30.3 34.1 0.993 0.200 0.00791 0.02052 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 22.8 21.7 21.4 22.3 21.4 22.0 1.068 1.462 0.00171 0.02148 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 5.8 2.9 2.1 2.8 3.6 3.5 1.611 2.200 -0.07562 0.06752 Nicaragua 1997/98 72.2 69.7 66.0 64.7 61.4 66.4 1.176 10.800 -0.03292 0.00761 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 193 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Tobacco and Alcohol Use ALCOHOL USE AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 3.2 3.8 3.2 1.6 4.8 3.5 0.673 1.576 -0.04101 0.05264 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 25.4 19.9 19.0 19.3 25.0 22.0 1.016 0.400 -0.02215 0.02048 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 26.1 20.9 16.0 21.6 30.4 23.7 0.858 4.322 0.02184 0.02159 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 22.8 21.7 20.8 31.1 33.8 27.0 0.675 11.000 0.08903 0.01771 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 4.9 3.7 3.6 2.9 4.4 3.9 1.094 0.418 -0.06671 0.06812 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.01452 0.02153 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 32.4 24.3 23.0 20.4 14.6 22.8 2.219 17.800 -0.10738 0.02405 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 29.3 20.0 21.7 28.1 25.0 25.0 1.172 4.300 -0.01799 0.01976 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 194 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Sexual Practices NON-REGULAR SEXUAL PARTNERSHIPS AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na 1.67880 0.65668 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.047 0.64860 0.55646 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 - 0.100 -0.36815 0.24040 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 0.4 1.9 2.0 5.9 5.0 3.4 0.080 4.600 0.34615 0.04372 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 3.3 3.9 4.3 4.0 4.6 4.1 0.714 1.301 0.02958 0.03159 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.079 0.096 -0.00822 0.04939 Brazil 1996 10.1 13.4 15.5 15.1 18.2 14.7 0.555 8.100 0.09182 0.01265 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 2.6 4.3 3.8 4.3 4.0 3.9 0.650 1.400 0.06113 0.02626 Colombia 2005 4.3 5.6 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.9 0.904 0.457 -0.00314 0.01527 Dominican Republic 1996 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.6 2.667 0.500 -0.15192 0.07838 Dominican Republic 2002 3.7 3.7 3.0 2.2 2.6 3.0 1.405 1.056 -0.10428 0.02532 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 0.6 1.0 2.3 1.4 0.7 1.2 0.857 0.100 0.10707 0.04811 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 0.692 0.400 0.04287 0.04792 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 - 0.100 0.09471 0.13281 Peru 2000 1.9 2.1 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.6 0.613 1.200 0.08095 0.02247 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 195 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Sexual Practices NON-REGULAR SEXUAL PARTNERSHIPS AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.3 2.8 3.0 3.8 3.9 3.2 0.587 1.601 0.14357 0.06275 Benin 1996 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.6 4.500 0.700 -0.22415 0.10104 Benin 2001 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.3 2.3 1.3 0.261 1.700 0.27176 0.07121 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.9 1.4 0.632 0.700 0.05951 0.05884 Burkina Faso 2003 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.167 0.864 0.28894 0.07507 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 6.4 6.6 9.4 7.6 8.8 7.8 0.727 2.400 0.05921 0.02593 Cameroon 2004 1.1 2.8 4.0 5.1 6.6 4.1 0.166 5.520 0.24447 0.02860 Central African Republic 1994/95 2.1 2.3 1.4 2.9 2.7 2.3 0.778 0.600 0.08168 0.04876 Chad 1996/97 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.375 0.500 0.36747 0.10465 Chad 2004 0.0 0.4 0.4 2.1 1.6 0.9 - 1.618 0.42735 0.07770 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 - 0.300 0.37958 0.14633 Gabon 2000 19.2 23.0 21.8 16.5 15.9 19.2 1.208 3.300 -0.04786 0.01438 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.442 0.439 0.20672 0.10525 Guinea 1999 2.4 2.3 2.5 3.7 3.7 2.9 0.649 1.300 0.10427 0.04027 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 1.6 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.9 2.667 1.000 -0.21515 0.07414 Kenya 2003 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.637 0.417 0.03694 0.05547 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.600 0.200 0.03709 0.07018 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.9 0.8 0.211 1.500 0.39783 0.06790 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 4.2 7.7 5.0 8.2 7.8 6.5 0.540 3.569 0.04260 0.02134 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 0.8 1.4 1.2 2.1 0.5 1.2 1.600 0.300 -0.06837 0.05817 Niger 1998 1.2 1.2 1.0 2.3 5.3 2.2 0.226 4.100 0.42463 0.05071 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.771 0.136 0.06511 0.08848 Rwanda 2000 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 - 0.300 0.35098 0.15383 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 4.3 5.3 7.3 8.3 3.3 5.8 1.303 1.000 -0.02448 0.01945 Tanzania 1996 11.1 12.9 13.6 11.8 16.4 13.3 0.677 5.300 0.04516 0.01640 Tanzania 1999 9.1 10.8 14.4 12.5 17.7 13.3 0.514 8.600 0.03191 0.01826 Tanzania 2004 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 2.3 0.536 1.349 0.02480 0.03833 Togo 1998 8.0 8.5 13.4 22.7 28.0 17.3 0.286 20.000 0.27171 0.01352 Uganda 1995 2.0 1.5 2.3 2.3 1.7 2.0 1.176 0.300 -0.01945 0.04715 Uganda 2000/01 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.000 0.000 0.08224 0.08934 Zambia 1996 1.0 0.6 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.8 1.667 0.400 -0.10082 0.07048 Zambia 2001 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.3 1.1 6.000 1.500 -0.22175 0.05996 Zimbabwe 1994 3.8 5.9 4.7 7.2 6.3 5.7 0.603 2.500 0.09703 0.03128 Zimbabwe 1999 2.0 1.5 1.8 2.4 1.0 1.7 2.000 1.000 -0.07423 0.04911 G. ALL COUNTRIES 2.3 2.8 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.2 0.599 1.529 0.17101 0.09299 - 196 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Sexual Practices NON-REGULAR SEXUAL PARTNERSHIPS AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 1.3 2.5 3.1 3.2 4.8 3.0 0.283 3.414 0.24817 0.06437 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 8.1 9.7 14.2 13.2 15.4 12.4 0.526 7.300 0.10992 0.03587 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na 0.01183 Kazakhstan 1999 23.7 17.2 23.1 22.3 24.5 22.3 0.967 0.800 0.03203 0.03053 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 4.7 7.3 6.1 8.1 12.7 8.0 0.367 8.015 0.15975 0.02735 Brazil 1996 38.9 41.8 42.9 39.1 42.0 41.0 0.926 3.100 0.00596 0.01307 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na 0.00909 0.01770 Dominican Republic 2002 31.0 26.5 33.1 29.8 30.0 30.1 1.033 0.979 0.00577 0.01906 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 7.5 10.5 16.3 15.3 12.4 12.6 0.605 4.900 0.09921 0.03547 Haiti 2000 14.9 17.8 19.0 18.5 21.6 18.3 0.690 6.700 0.11218 0.02275 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 6.4 6.3 9.2 8.2 8.3 7.9 0.771 1.900 0.10052 0.04087 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 0.2 1.9 2.1 0.8 3.0 1.6 0.067 2.800 0.19301 0.09506 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 197 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Sexual Practices NON-REGULAR SEXUAL PARTNERSHIPS AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 11.9 12.7 13.8 16.2 18.5 14.9 0.646 6.524 0.14164 0.03538 Benin 1996 25.1 26.0 31.2 30.5 37.4 30.3 0.671 12.300 0.08803 0.01769 Benin 2001 11.8 11.6 13.2 21.4 25.0 17.1 0.472 13.200 0.18096 0.02533 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 8.1 16.5 17.7 20.7 32.9 20.7 0.246 24.800 0.26933 0.02206 Burkina Faso 2003 2.1 4.0 4.5 4.1 13.4 6.4 0.160 11.281 0.32405 0.03995 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 17.6 29.9 31.2 32.1 36.0 30.2 0.489 18.400 0.09434 0.01700 Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 1.7 2.0 1.8 4.0 4.0 2.7 0.425 2.300 0.17196 0.08262 Chad 1996/97 6.6 13.5 18.2 20.5 29.9 19.1 0.221 23.300 0.23205 0.02431 Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 0.0 2.4 4.8 5.7 15.9 6.7 - 15.900 0.49451 0.06759 Ethiopia 2000 7.5 4.2 9.8 9.6 11.8 8.6 0.636 4.300 0.17463 0.03530 Gabon 2000 59.8 68.4 65.1 64.3 69.2 65.7 0.864 9.400 0.02151 0.00950 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 4.9 6.5 9.6 8.0 8.1 7.5 0.600 3.252 0.10499 0.02579 Guinea 1999 15.8 11.5 12.4 12.1 11.5 12.6 1.374 4.300 -0.04853 0.03396 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 20.9 22.1 20.6 22.7 20.3 21.3 1.030 0.600 -0.00612 0.01962 Kenya 2003 8.1 10.1 4.9 10.0 13.0 9.6 0.624 4.880 0.12819 0.02901 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 8.3 6.4 9.4 8.9 12.6 9.2 0.659 4.300 0.09671 0.03320 Mali 1995/96 8.1 10.7 16.1 20.7 39.3 19.9 0.206 31.200 0.32034 0.02457 Mali 2001 2.4 4.4 6.2 8.5 12.1 7.1 0.198 9.700 0.27446 0.03869 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 15.4 22.3 26.8 37.6 41.4 29.0 0.372 25.984 0.18390 0.01804 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 11.7 16.0 17.3 20.5 20.4 17.9 0.574 8.700 0.07511 0.02412 Niger 1998 8.7 6.6 12.3 11.3 22.0 12.8 0.395 13.300 0.27287 0.02649 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 6.7 6.3 7.1 8.8 6.0 7.0 1.113 0.680 0.04475 0.04516 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.30133 0.05981 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 24.8 26.7 26.2 27.7 35.5 28.6 0.699 10.700 0.07145 0.01919 Tanzania 1999 32.7 30.6 31.5 32.0 32.2 31.8 1.016 0.500 -0.01136 0.01249 Tanzania 2004 20.1 23.0 19.1 25.4 23.7 22.3 0.849 3.570 -0.03127 0.02284 Togo 1998 14.8 18.9 20.4 25.0 24.2 21.0 0.612 9.400 0.08884 0.01743 Uganda 1995 14.3 16.4 16.7 19.6 25.8 18.9 0.554 11.500 0.11483 0.02680 Uganda 2000/01 7.0 6.4 7.0 9.5 14.1 8.9 0.496 7.100 0.22620 0.04407 Zambia 1996 29.3 31.1 29.3 23.6 25.3 27.4 1.158 4.000 -0.05877 0.02266 Zambia 2001 20.5 13.7 12.6 18.5 13.0 15.5 1.577 7.500 -0.02996 0.03146 Zimbabwe 1994 2.1 4.8 4.0 4.8 3.7 4.0 0.568 1.600 0.02341 0.05657 Zimbabwe 1999 11.2 9.9 11.5 10.7 7.6 10.0 1.474 3.600 -0.08073 0.03253 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na 0.13246 0.03624 - 198 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Sexual Practices CONDOM USAGE WITH NON-REGULAR PARTNER AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 * * * 0.0 0.0 * - - 0.39372 0.12680 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 * * * 28.1 30.8 35.6 - - -0.07481 0.06081 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 17.1 25.1 29.5 31.8 42.3 29.0 0.406 25.130 0.24608 0.05518 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 (2.4) (9.1) (16.4) (15.4) 35.6 18.2 0.069 37.999 0.38809 0.09511 Brazil 1996 19.3 29.5 31.1 39.0 38.0 33.1 0.508 18.700 0.11690 0.01833 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 (20.1) 24.2 29.5 34.3 44.0 32.1 0.457 64.100 0.14282 0.03850 Colombia 2005 26.4 38.2 45.4 54.0 60.5 46.4 0.437 34.073 0.13478 0.01691 Dominican Republic 1996 * * * * * (27.9) - - 0.18163 0.14954 Dominican Republic 2002 32.8 48.1 48.0 36.2 56.6 44.7 0.579 23.825 0.06796 0.03151 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 * * * (32.2) * 18.3 - - 0.50049 0.08481 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 * (10.3) (19.7) (13.7) (31.7) 19.6 - - 0.28345 0.10261 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 * * * * * * - - 0.09187 0.14778 Peru 2000 4.8 15.3 16.8 32.1 31.3 23.1 0.153 26.500 0.23090 0.03696 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 199 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Sexual Practices CONDOM USAGE WITH NON-REGULAR PARTNER AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na 33.2 na na 0.27507 0.09848 Benin 1996 * * * * * (13.2) - - 0.44167 0.32450 Benin 2001 * * * * (30.4) 20.3 - - 0.37083 0.10625 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 * * * * (39.3) 22.7 - - 0.16336 0.12596 Burkina Faso 2003 * * * * (80.0) 61.1 - - 0.17282 0.04899 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 8.4 (5.1) 11.8 17.4 28.0 15.6 0.300 19.600 0.27923 0.06623 Cameroon 2004 * (40.5) 49.8 68.5 77.5 63.6 - - 0.15006 0.02014 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 * * * * * (13.8) - - 0.73372 0.24225 Chad 2004 * * * * na (9.6) - - 1.02891 0.38925 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 * * * * * * - - 0.09770 0.21497 Gabon 2000 15.6 28.6 34.7 34.1 40.2 31.4 0.388 24.600 0.14671 0.02377 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 * * * * * (46.0) - - 0.14650 0.09657 Guinea 1999 (5.5) (3.6) (19.6) 14.9 35.4 18.1 0.155 40.900 0.36575 0.07859 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 * * * * * 25.6 - - 0.24021 0.10595 Kenya 2003 * * * * * 28.1 - - 0.26627 0.08171 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 * * * * * 24.1 - - 0.32663 0.14559 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 * * * * 34.1 22.3 - - 0.31693 0.08418 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 8.7 6.4 8.4 13.9 48.9 20.9 0.178 40.178 0.46889 0.04395 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 * * * * * 67.8 - - 0.14358 0.04262 Niger 1998 * * * (0.7) 22.6 12.6 - - 0.41732 0.10652 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 * * * * * (29.9) - - 0.02527 0.15189 Rwanda 2000 * * * * * * - - 0.33156 0.17915 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 9.4 14.0 24.5 25.2 27.0 21.3 0.348 17.600 0.17580 0.04356 Tanzania 1996 7.3 11.7 13.0 13.1 30.5 17.1 0.239 23.200 0.25291 0.04137 Tanzania 1999 21.8 14.0 15.4 16.1 36.0 22.8 0.606 14.200 0.22737 0.04752 Tanzania 2004 * (33.2) (31.7) (36.8) 68.8 44.1 - - 0.11568 0.04309 Togo 1998 12.6 10.2 12.8 14.4 26.1 18.6 0.483 13.500 0.21405 0.03393 Uganda 1995 (13.2) * (6.0) (10.8) (57.8) 19.7 - - 0.47970 0.09932 Uganda 2000/01 * * * * * (39.8) - - 0.37119 0.09594 Zambia 1996 * * * * * 35.1 - - 0.20251 0.09982 Zambia 2001 (8.3) * * * * 25.7 - - 0.25313 0.08785 Zimbabwe 1994 19.5 8.8 31.4 31.7 38.1 28.1 0.512 18.600 0.13197 0.04469 Zimbabwe 1999 * * * (72.8) * 59.7 - - 0.14589 0.04811 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na 0.26106 0.08840 - 200 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Sexual Practices CONDOM USAGE WITH NON-REGULAR PARTNER AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 * * * * (41.1) 30.1 - - -0.01032 0.11350 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 37.1 36.7 55.0 66.3 73.0 57.6 0.508 35.900 0.11992 0.03278 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na 0.01183 Kazakhstan 1999 54.5 46.7 62.1 66.4 66.0 60.6 0.826 11.500 0.05076 0.02826 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 (15.9) 26.3 29.5 48.8 47.6 38.4 0.335 63.537 0.18923 0.03361 Brazil 1996 46.3 54.3 61.0 71.3 70.7 61.5 0.655 24.400 0.09169 0.01265 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na 0.08199 0.02179 Dominican Republic 2002 59.8 72.0 75.3 76.5 67.8 70.2 0.882 8.011 0.04774 0.01550 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 21.3 36.5 28.6 54.7 70.1 44.5 0.304 48.800 0.25180 0.02426 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 6.5 38.1 22.4 45.1 56.8 37.1 0.114 50.300 0.11577 0.04504 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 0.0 0.0 65.9 38.4 71.8 49.5 - 71.800 0.29163 0.06580 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 201 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Sexual Practices CONDOM USAGE WITH NON-REGULAR PARTNER AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 35.8 34.5 43.5 56.2 71.5 53.8 0.500 35.710 0.18497 0.03111 Benin 1996 1.2 10.8 12.2 25.1 43.9 21.7 0.027 42.700 0.41043 0.03968 Benin 2001 25.2 25.9 30.3 47.8 54.5 41.9 0.462 29.300 0.18687 0.02875 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 17.6 10.8 14.2 6.0 10.8 10.9 1.630 6.800 -0.02871 0.07063 Burkina Faso 2003 * (53.2) (67.3) * 96.1 82.2 - - 0.08775 0.01615 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 12.6 19.0 27.8 29.9 44.7 30.5 0.282 32.100 0.20579 0.02939 Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 0.0 8.6 15.0 13.6 43.9 24.6 - 43.900 0.43281 0.04341 Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 * 0.0 82.6 83.0 75.7 72.5 - - 0.06474 0.04284 Ethiopia 2000 5.8 8.8 8.4 24.8 59.2 26.2 0.098 53.400 0.59598 0.05618 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 (38.9) 28.8 42.6 54.3 75.9 51.3 0.513 114.796 0.16593 0.02461 Guinea 1999 25.3 23.9 15.8 38.4 44.5 30.3 0.569 19.200 0.15650 0.05816 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 28.8 39.2 45.7 43.9 63.6 46.2 0.453 34.800 0.12885 0.02321 Kenya 2003 (58.0) 47.8 (43.2) 56.3 73.1 60.0 0.794 131.092 0.10680 0.02467 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 31.0 47.5 29.2 62.5 53.4 45.7 0.581 22.400 0.09601 0.03860 Mali 1995/96 6.2 13.7 18.3 32.2 52.2 35.5 0.119 46.000 0.28655 0.03169 Mali 2001 36.3 33.8 33.9 70.7 65.1 55.5 0.558 28.800 0.15425 0.02932 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 19.1 24.2 24.1 40.4 59.1 40.0 0.323 39.980 0.28666 0.02575 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 82.7 54.2 76.6 80.4 92.8 79.3 0.891 10.100 0.06075 0.01180 Niger 1998 13.6 12.1 12.4 11.8 58.0 32.1 0.234 44.400 0.39269 0.03460 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 (30.9) (42.8) (51.8) (67.2) (85.6) 57.9 0.360 54.751 0.19960 0.03499 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.21710 0.04383 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 20.2 16.4 17.7 24.5 34.4 24.2 0.587 14.200 0.17783 0.04070 Tanzania 1999 21.4 27.6 25.7 33.8 62.3 36.0 0.343 40.900 0.20015 0.02274 Tanzania 2004 35.5 47.7 66.6 62.0 89.7 62.4 0.396 54.214 0.13823 0.01862 Togo 1998 19.1 23.0 29.8 38.8 49.0 35.1 0.390 29.900 0.18126 0.02858 Uganda 1995 17.3 21.9 37.2 31.4 50.5 34.7 0.343 33.200 0.21459 0.03643 Uganda 2000/01 57.6 45.2 51.4 71.1 91.3 69.1 0.631 33.700 0.15505 0.02439 Zambia 1996 32.2 20.4 30.0 50.2 56.8 38.7 0.567 24.600 0.16051 0.03381 Zambia 2001 33.8 37.6 46.6 64.2 68.6 51.4 0.493 34.800 0.17092 0.02974 Zimbabwe 1994 26.9 29.1 41.8 40.8 78.7 47.3 0.342 51.800 0.15253 0.06050 Zimbabwe 1999 59.7 63.6 70.5 82.2 95.3 75.6 0.626 35.600 0.09740 0.01956 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 202 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Domestic Violence EVER EXPERIENCED DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 22.3 21.2 14.7 12.8 15.6 17.5 1.429 6.700 -0.08420 0.02575 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 30.2 34.7 34.6 26.3 21.1 29.0 1.431 9.100 -0.08836 0.00836 Colombia 2005 41.9 47.7 46.0 43.8 37.3 43.5 1.123 4.580 -0.03261 0.00440 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 10.6 13.2 12.7 10.9 9.9 11.5 1.071 0.706 -0.04120 0.01644 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 20.9 22.1 25.8 19.6 13.9 19.8 1.504 7.000 -0.06945 0.01850 Nicaragua 1997/98 27.9 30.5 31.8 29.1 23.9 28.6 1.167 4.000 -0.08487 0.01050 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 30.4 33.0 33.2 25.8 17.7 27.4 1.718 12.700 -0.11167 0.00573 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 27.5 24.2 20.3 15.4 7.8 19.0 3.526 19.700 -0.21306 0.00375 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 203 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Domestic Violence EVER EXPERIENCED DOMESTIC VIOLENCE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 5.1 9.2 9.0 11.2 10.4 9.2 0.490 5.300 0.07069 0.01600 Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 39.5 35.0 36.1 37.6 34.8 36.6 1.135 4.700 -0.00703 0.01046 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 204 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Domestic Violence EXPERIENCED DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN PAST YEAR Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 20.1 18.7 12.4 11.5 13.7 15.4 1.467 6.400 -0.08476 0.02811 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 * * * * * * - - na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 17.4 16.0 21.9 15.4 6.3 14.5 2.762 11.100 -0.07946 0.02161 Nicaragua 1997/98 12.0 12.8 14.3 13.9 9.4 12.5 1.277 2.600 -0.09080 0.01587 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 16.5 13.8 10.9 7.4 3.4 10.4 4.853 13.100 -0.26003 0.00550 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 205 - Part III: Intermediate Determinants of HNP Status - Individual and Household Behavior Domestic Violence EXPERIENCED DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN PAST YEAR (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 7.4 6.3 7.4 7.8 6.7 7.2 1.108 0.728 -0.01906 0.02065 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 21.8 20.1 17.9 13.1 10.5 16.0 2.068 11.244 -0.15546 0.01327 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 2.3 3.9 3.3 4.2 2.6 3.3 0.885 0.300 -0.02953 0.02606 Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 206 - D. UNDERLYING DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, NUTRITION, POPULATION STATUS Education 209 School Completion Women Men School Participation Girls Boys Exposure to Mass Media 217 Newspaper Readership Women Men Radio Listenership Women Men Television Viewership Women Men Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS 229 Knowledge about Sexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS Women Men Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS Women Men Attitudes toward HIV/AIDS Women Men - 207 - Status of Women 241 Household Decisionmaking Can Seek Own Health Care Can Seek Children's Health Care Can Make Daily Household Purchases Can Make Large Household Purchases Can Make Meal-Related Decisions Freedom of Movement Can Travel to Visit Family, Relatives Other Decisionmaking, Attitudes Can Decide How to Spend Own Money Can Decide Whether to Have Sex Justifies Domestic Violence Orphanhood 259 Paternal Orphan Prevalence Maternal Orphan Prevalence Double Orphan Prevalence - 208 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Education SCHOOL COMPLETION AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 48.9 63.7 71.3 77.5 88.3 71.0 0.553 39.441 0.14553 0.00305 Cambodia 2000 11.0 16.0 23.1 36.3 65.6 31.8 0.168 54.600 0.34573 0.00602 Indonesia 1997 52.0 60.1 67.1 79.0 91.9 71.2 0.566 39.900 0.11552 0.00151 Indonesia 2002/03 64.1 71.1 80.6 87.3 94.6 80.1 0.678 30.516 0.07876 0.00124 Philippines 1998 71.2 88.6 95.6 97.3 98.0 91.6 0.727 26.800 0.06039 0.00179 Philippines 2003 72.9 90.3 94.9 97.5 98.8 92.2 0.738 25.849 0.05041 0.00164 Vietnam 1997 44.8 74.8 81.5 90.8 93.9 78.1 0.477 49.100 0.12288 0.00329 Vietnam 2002 47.5 77.6 86.8 89.0 94.3 79.8 0.504 46.800 0.10724 0.00332 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 90.7 93.9 95.6 96.5 98.7 95.4 0.920 7.933 0.02373 0.00121 Armenia 2000 98.7 99.4 99.8 99.6 99.8 99.5 0.989 1.100 0.00169 0.00053 Kazakhstan 1995 96.6 97.7 98.0 97.4 97.2 97.4 0.994 0.600 -0.00010 0.00144 Kazakhstan 1999 98.2 99.3 99.6 99.0 99.5 99.1 0.987 1.300 0.00141 0.00082 Kyrgyzstan 1997 97.6 99.5 99.1 99.3 99.7 99.1 0.979 2.100 0.00232 0.00082 Turkey 1993 49.1 65.1 70.4 80.7 91.7 72.9 0.535 42.600 0.11299 0.00325 Turkey 1998 53.0 68.7 78.2 85.2 94.4 77.9 0.561 41.400 0.11199 0.00315 Turkmenistan 2000 97.7 97.6 97.9 96.5 98.8 97.7 0.989 1.100 na na Uzbekistan 1996 99.1 98.7 99.0 99.6 99.7 99.2 0.994 0.600 0.00125 0.00070 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 32.5 50.5 65.3 79.0 89.1 66.6 0.365 56.569 0.19510 0.00320 Bolivia 1998 28.7 53.1 71.6 86.1 93.4 70.8 0.307 64.700 0.18184 0.00291 Bolivia 2003 36.4 57.1 73.5 84.6 93.3 72.6 0.390 56.892 0.14484 0.00227 Brazil 1996 22.5 48.8 63.4 76.6 82.8 61.3 0.272 60.300 0.19608 0.00340 Colombia 1995 34.3 60.6 80.1 90.4 93.6 75.5 0.366 59.300 0.14777 0.00286 Colombia 2000 43.5 71.3 84.4 91.8 94.5 79.9 0.460 51.000 0.11459 0.00261 Colombia 2005 55.9 76.6 87.3 92.4 96.6 83.9 0.579 40.615 0.08887 0.00131 Dominican Republic 1996 41.0 62.4 76.1 85.5 91.9 74.0 0.446 50.900 0.14524 0.00329 Dominican Republic 2002 51.5 72.1 80.7 87.9 91.5 79.0 0.563 40.011 0.10311 0.00180 Guatemala 1995 5.1 9.6 24.6 55.0 82.8 40.3 0.062 77.700 0.41046 0.00477 Guatemala 1998/999 7.1 13.9 30.7 59.1 83.4 43.5 0.085 76.300 0.38342 0.00598 Haiti 1994/95 4.9 11.1 27.2 41.8 65.4 33.8 0.075 60.500 0.38633 0.00871 Haiti 2000 9.8 17.7 29.5 52.3 72.4 41.0 0.135 62.600 0.33629 0.00554 Nicaragua 1997/98 20.2 41.2 61.8 78.6 88.7 61.9 0.228 68.500 0.23416 0.00294 Nicaragua 2001 19.9 42.2 64.8 81.0 91.7 64.1 0.217 71.800 0.23997 0.00283 Paraguay 1990 42.6 54.3 68.4 82.8 92.6 71.2 0.460 50.000 0.14351 0.00410 Peru 1996 38.2 65.1 83.4 90.7 94.8 77.6 0.403 56.600 0.14856 0.00167 Peru 2000 46.8 71.6 89.0 94.6 97.4 82.9 0.480 50.600 0.11977 0.00161 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 26.8 37.6 47.4 60.7 77.0 51.2 0.348 50.149 0.28850 0.00449 Egypt 1995 16.3 30.6 49.9 69.5 89.2 53.1 0.183 72.900 0.29128 0.00263 Egypt 2000 21.8 38.0 54.7 71.2 91.1 57.3 0.239 69.300 0.25134 0.00243 Jordan 1997 76.0 88.5 89.7 93.9 96.1 89.3 0.791 20.100 0.05942 0.00263 Morocco 1992 1.8 5.2 17.9 38.5 62.8 28.0 0.029 61.000 0.47369 0.00782 Morocco 2003/04 6.5 16.0 31.9 52.1 68.7 37.0 0.095 62.196 0.32933 0.00462 Yemen 1997 2.9 7.8 13.3 25.6 51.9 21.4 0.056 49.000 0.51391 0.00827 E. SOUTH ASIA 9.0 17.2 27.4 43.0 70.4 34.8 0.128 61.329 0.40289 0.00589 Bangladesh 1996/97 9.5 15.7 26.9 46.6 67.9 34.2 0.140 58.400 0.37227 0.00632 Bangladesh 1999/2000 9.8 22.5 39.0 59.4 75.9 42.7 0.129 66.100 0.33251 0.00429 Bangladesh 2004 14.4 30.4 43.2 59.2 74.5 45.9 0.193 60.115 0.27945 0.00407 India 1992/93 7.3 14.0 25.2 46.7 80.7 36.6 0.090 73.400 0.43878 0.00164 India 1998/99 9.7 20.5 37.3 57.7 85.6 44.1 0.113 75.900 0.36981 0.00130 Nepal 1996 4.3 6.3 10.3 17.5 45.8 17.6 0.094 41.500 0.48586 0.01288 Nepal 2001 8.8 10.6 17.2 24.7 54.8 24.1 0.161 46.000 0.40319 0.00937 Pakistan 1990/91 3.2 7.2 11.9 30.3 66.5 25.1 0.048 63.300 0.55911 0.00881 - 209 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Education SCHOOL COMPLETION AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 21.5 27.8 34.8 45.5 68.3 41.1 0.314 46.885 0.37611 0.00919 Benin 1996 1.3 1.5 5.5 15.8 44.4 14.9 0.029 43.100 0.56811 0.02012 Benin 2001 3.0 5.4 8.9 20.6 54.5 20.7 0.055 51.500 0.51913 0.01377 Burkina Faso 1992/93 2.2 2.9 3.0 7.0 37.4 11.5 0.058 35.276 0.82710 0.02233 Burkina Faso 1998/99 1.1 1.6 2.5 4.8 35.9 9.6 0.031 34.800 0.86392 0.02689 Burkina Faso 2003 2.8 3.4 5.8 8.7 46.3 15.1 0.060 43.501 0.57831 0.01305 Cameroon 1991 13.8 24.9 38.9 57.6 81.8 45.3 0.169 68.000 0.34060 0.00735 Cameroon 1998 24.8 38.5 54.1 74.5 82.8 56.3 0.300 58.000 0.23070 0.00583 Cameroon 2004 23.4 44.0 64.3 81.2 92.5 63.9 0.253 69.151 0.20924 0.00346 Central African Republic 1994/95 2.6 5.9 16.0 32.9 57.2 22.8 0.045 54.600 0.49219 0.01333 Chad 1996/97 0.5 1.0 1.5 5.7 27.0 6.9 0.019 26.500 0.86699 0.03122 Chad 2004 0.0 3.6 5.8 9.6 35.5 10.8 - 35.505 0.75146 0.02134 Comoros 1996 9.4 16.9 29.9 38.0 60.1 32.3 0.156 50.700 0.33307 0.01255 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 9.5 14.6 19.8 29.9 54.1 27.2 0.176 44.600 0.34840 0.01009 Eritrea 1995 1.0 1.9 3.6 20.2 57.7 19.6 0.017 56.700 0.67617 0.01458 Ethiopia 2000 1.7 1.9 3.3 5.3 42.2 12.6 0.040 40.500 0.90685 0.01407 Gabon 2000 56.1 71.9 79.7 84.1 87.6 77.7 0.640 31.500 0.08393 0.00385 Ghana 1993 35.2 33.5 48.9 66.0 83.2 55.6 0.423 48.000 0.19021 0.00704 Ghana 1998 25.5 50.6 59.8 72.6 86.4 60.7 0.295 60.900 0.22550 0.00489 Ghana 2003 23.9 45.1 61.0 70.8 86.1 60.7 0.278 62.207 0.21697 0.00438 Guinea 1999 1.8 1.6 4.1 14.6 43.5 13.8 0.041 41.700 0.64451 0.01939 Kenya 1993 44.8 60.7 69.3 73.9 85.1 68.1 0.526 40.348 0.10568 0.00418 Kenya 1998 58.8 69.0 76.0 84.9 90.8 76.8 0.648 32.000 0.08562 0.00364 Kenya 2003 48.6 72.5 77.5 86.3 90.6 77.0 0.537 41.970 0.11887 0.00344 Madagascar 1997 9.3 11.3 16.4 32.1 72.3 29.9 0.129 63.000 0.46461 0.00853 Malawi 1992 10.2 17.9 23.2 29.2 58.6 27.9 0.174 48.400 0.37915 0.01208 Malawi 2000 25.6 32.2 33.9 44.5 73.7 42.1 0.347 48.100 0.22938 0.00539 Mali 1995/96 1.4 2.4 3.3 8.7 36.1 10.9 0.039 34.700 0.63031 0.02009 Mali 2001 2.4 2.8 3.4 10.0 41.8 13.2 0.057 39.400 0.61433 0.01514 Mauritania 2000/01 8.1 13.6 20.6 36.5 63.1 29.7 0.128 55.000 0.40280 0.00879 Mozambique 1997 3.0 5.3 8.7 19.7 48.4 17.3 0.062 45.400 0.60485 0.01360 Mozambique 2003 3.5 6.1 8.8 23.4 52.3 20.2 0.066 48.830 0.55920 0.00933 Namibia 1992 46.9 53.6 65.0 65.7 89.5 65.8 0.524 42.600 0.12762 0.00498 Namibia 2000 66.2 73.1 80.0 83.2 92.9 80.3 0.713 26.700 0.08014 0.00345 Niger 1998 3.0 3.5 5.0 8.0 38.1 11.7 0.079 35.100 0.69218 0.02189 Nigeria 1990 15.0 20.7 28.1 46.0 72.8 36.7 0.206 57.800 0.33562 0.00657 Nigeria 2003 22.8 29.6 42.7 63.7 90.7 51.5 0.252 67.843 0.26004 0.00503 Rwanda 2000 28.3 29.5 32.4 41.6 66.5 40.8 0.426 38.200 0.21018 0.00613 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 67.7 77.2 84.8 92.9 97.1 85.2 0.697 29.400 0.06193 0.00207 Tanzania 1996 40.8 47.1 53.9 61.0 81.4 58.1 0.501 40.600 0.14009 0.00485 Tanzania 1999 44.2 48.6 50.4 64.7 82.3 59.5 0.537 38.100 0.14511 0.00602 Tanzania 2004 40.5 47.9 60.0 75.1 87.2 64.1 0.465 46.662 0.15795 0.00366 Togo 1998 4.8 7.2 19.3 34.6 56.9 27.8 0.084 52.100 0.42068 0.00875 Uganda 1995 20.4 29.0 35.3 42.4 75.8 41.1 0.269 55.400 0.28104 0.00678 Uganda 2000/01 24.2 30.4 44.6 60.1 82.0 50.0 0.295 57.800 0.26028 0.00510 Zambia 1996 39.6 46.7 59.6 76.2 92.9 64.5 0.426 53.300 0.18222 0.00392 Zambia 2001 40.8 47.7 60.8 80.4 94.5 66.4 0.432 53.700 0.17849 0.00397 Zimbabwe 1994 58.7 61.5 75.2 84.1 92.1 75.8 0.637 33.400 0.09453 0.00389 Zimbabwe 1999 70.0 78.8 81.1 86.7 96.8 83.9 0.723 26.800 0.05991 0.00293 G. ALL COUNTRIES 32.3 41.3 49.4 59.8 77.3 53.7 0.418 44.967 0.29173 0.00641 - 210 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Education SCHOOL COMPLETION AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 54.5 70.4 80.0 85.1 94.0 77.6 0.580 39.537 0.11402 0.00245 Cambodia 2000 27.8 35.9 47.7 58.8 82.2 52.1 0.338 54.400 0.22428 0.00391 Indonesia 1997 63.7 73.1 79.0 87.0 96.1 80.6 0.663 32.400 0.07897 0.00123 Indonesia 2002/03 71.5 80.3 87.5 93.0 97.6 86.2 0.732 26.156 0.06014 0.00107 Philippines 1998 64.2 82.7 93.1 97.0 98.4 88.0 0.652 34.200 0.08518 0.00192 Philippines 2003 62.1 84.4 93.2 96.5 99.0 87.8 0.627 36.892 0.07981 0.00185 Vietnam 1997 55.9 81.4 88.8 95.0 95.3 83.7 0.587 39.400 0.09392 0.00307 Vietnam 2002 56.6 80.8 91.7 92.2 97.3 84.2 0.582 40.700 0.09186 0.00298 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 96.4 97.9 98.2 98.7 99.3 98.2 0.971 2.833 0.00701 0.00096 Armenia 2000 98.5 99.4 99.2 99.2 99.7 99.2 0.988 1.200 0.00253 0.00071 Kazakhstan 1995 97.6 98.9 97.8 96.6 96.1 97.4 1.016 1.500 -0.00269 0.00160 Kazakhstan 1999 97.3 97.6 98.0 98.9 99.1 98.2 0.982 1.800 0.00359 0.00109 Kyrgyzstan 1997 99.1 99.2 99.4 99.0 99.7 99.3 0.994 0.600 0.00026 0.00070 Turkey 1993 84.0 89.5 94.2 95.8 98.7 93.1 0.851 14.700 0.02986 0.00173 Turkey 1998 85.3 93.2 95.1 96.5 98.7 94.3 0.864 13.400 0.02848 0.00174 Turkmenistan 2000 98.8 98.7 98.5 98.7 98.7 98.7 1.001 0.100 na na Uzbekistan 1996 99.5 99.5 99.1 99.6 99.6 99.5 0.999 0.100 0.00021 0.00057 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 39.7 56.3 69.7 82.8 92.3 69.4 0.430 52.604 0.17551 0.00293 Bolivia 1998 54.2 75.6 87.8 94.7 97.9 84.1 0.554 43.700 0.10298 0.00239 Bolivia 2003 60.5 78.5 88.0 93.1 97.9 85.2 0.618 37.373 0.08257 0.00181 Brazil 1996 16.9 45.2 59.4 74.5 83.5 57.3 0.202 66.600 0.23820 0.00340 Colombia 1995 33.8 59.5 80.6 90.9 95.8 73.0 0.353 62.000 0.17519 0.00297 Colombia 2000 45.5 71.4 83.9 93.5 95.7 78.1 0.475 50.200 0.13302 0.00276 Colombia 2005 52.4 73.6 85.1 91.0 96.3 80.2 0.544 43.898 0.10458 0.00152 Dominican Republic 1996 35.7 59.3 68.5 82.8 91.2 67.3 0.391 55.500 0.17025 0.00364 Dominican Republic 2002 47.2 67.2 78.1 84.6 91.9 73.4 0.514 44.666 0.13209 0.00202 Guatemala 1995 13.0 20.9 39.9 66.2 88.0 48.7 0.148 75.000 0.33140 0.00424 Guatemala 1998/99 16.1 27.6 46.6 73.1 90.7 53.3 0.178 74.600 0.30389 0.00507 Haiti 1994/95 9.0 17.9 36.5 53.9 77.4 41.6 0.116 68.400 0.35518 0.00725 Haiti 2000 20.5 29.0 39.7 66.6 85.3 51.0 0.240 64.800 0.27819 0.00451 Nicaragua 1997/98 19.8 38.7 61.6 80.0 90.3 60.1 0.219 70.500 0.25360 0.00308 Nicaragua 2001 18.3 36.9 61.7 80.2 94.4 59.8 0.194 76.100 0.27259 0.00295 Paraguay 1990 53.2 61.5 73.9 84.0 91.6 73.8 0.581 38.400 0.10981 0.00390 Peru 1996 61.4 80.4 91.3 95.8 97.7 86.9 0.628 36.300 0.08470 0.00134 Peru 2000 71.9 87.0 94.5 97.7 98.9 91.0 0.727 27.000 0.05764 0.00119 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 52.5 63.1 72.9 81.4 91.0 72.9 0.577 38.529 0.11241 0.00255 Egypt 1995 51.1 62.8 76.4 85.1 94.6 75.1 0.540 43.500 0.12117 0.00208 Egypt 2000 56.1 69.9 78.9 84.7 95.1 77.5 0.590 39.000 0.09775 0.00195 Jordan 1997 85.3 90.4 95.1 97.7 98.6 93.3 0.865 13.300 0.01947 0.00150 Morocco 1992 13.8 27.4 44.6 64.1 85.1 50.7 0.162 71.300 0.29065 0.00462 Morocco 2003/04 26.2 35.9 50.4 69.4 85.0 54.7 0.308 58.814 0.20370 0.00362 Yemen 1997 42.2 56.3 67.3 73.9 85.2 66.0 0.495 43.000 0.12870 0.00311 E. SOUTH ASIA 27.9 42.1 53.7 66.5 84.9 56.9 0.329 56.980 0.21034 0.00353 Bangladesh 1996/97 18.5 26.9 40.9 59.1 80.9 47.2 0.229 62.400 0.28670 0.00467 Bangladesh 1999/2000 16.0 30.5 51.2 72.0 84.7 53.3 0.189 68.700 0.27370 0.00355 Bangladesh 2004 17.5 36.7 52.1 68.1 81.9 53.7 0.214 64.319 0.24412 0.00365 India 1992/93 35.3 44.9 58.8 75.4 92.5 63.0 0.382 57.200 0.19610 0.00109 India 1998/99 36.0 53.4 69.0 81.5 94.9 68.8 0.379 58.900 0.17152 0.00095 Nepal 1996 26.1 30.5 39.5 53.2 74.9 46.2 0.348 48.800 0.21893 0.00572 Nepal 2001 33.8 38.4 45.5 55.3 80.3 52.6 0.421 46.500 0.18915 0.00505 Pakistan 1990/91 24.4 40.0 48.2 61.2 82.6 52.5 0.295 58.200 0.23656 0.00448 - 211 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Education SCHOOL COMPLETION AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 32.6 40.5 47.4 59.1 78.8 54.0 0.413 46.222 0.24660 0.00607 Benin 1996 7.8 15.8 24.9 44.9 70.8 35.0 0.110 63.000 0.38767 0.00929 Benin 2001 14.0 22.8 34.0 48.6 77.0 42.2 0.182 63.000 0.32143 0.00731 Burkina Faso 1992/93 4.8 6.3 11.2 17.7 51.4 21.6 0.093 46.608 0.61959 0.01376 Burkina Faso 1998/99 4.0 7.0 8.3 12.8 49.5 19.5 0.081 45.500 0.59056 0.01561 Burkina Faso 2003 7.0 9.6 13.1 19.6 61.2 25.8 0.115 54.163 0.44311 0.00879 Cameroon 1991 32.7 44.6 60.8 74.0 91.4 62.9 0.358 58.700 0.20185 0.00580 Cameroon 1998 38.9 55.8 71.8 83.0 90.0 71.4 0.432 51.100 0.13692 0.00470 Cameroon 2004 44.4 57.0 74.9 86.1 94.2 75.7 0.471 49.871 0.12314 0.00299 Central African Republic 1994/95 22.7 31.3 43.0 64.5 72.7 47.3 0.312 50.000 0.23425 0.00735 Chad 1996/97 6.0 12.5 16.2 31.6 54.5 27.4 0.110 48.500 0.39688 0.00993 Chad 2004 1.6 21.4 27.9 39.4 58.4 32.3 0.028 56.762 0.39669 0.00882 Comoros 1996 25.6 33.0 44.4 50.8 70.5 47.0 0.363 44.900 0.20056 0.01061 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 24.6 34.5 39.6 50.8 77.4 47.4 0.318 52.800 0.22688 0.00623 Eritrea 1995 4.7 6.4 7.5 40.0 84.2 31.7 0.056 79.500 0.59098 0.00981 Ethiopia 2000 11.0 10.9 13.0 20.5 63.3 25.3 0.174 52.300 0.54586 0.00763 Gabon 2000 70.3 76.9 76.6 82.4 88.6 79.8 0.793 18.300 0.04385 0.00344 Ghana 1993 53.4 55.4 68.1 82.9 92.2 71.9 0.579 38.800 0.12072 0.00546 Ghana 1998 43.1 73.5 82.7 86.7 94.9 78.6 0.454 51.800 0.14394 0.00427 Ghana 2003 41.3 66.9 77.3 86.7 95.0 75.8 0.434 53.744 0.15450 0.00395 Guinea 1999 16.1 12.9 22.3 39.0 63.8 34.2 0.252 47.700 0.33641 0.00936 Kenya 1993 65.7 74.7 83.0 84.5 89.2 80.9 0.736 23.520 0.05058 0.00337 Kenya 1998 72.1 80.3 86.0 88.3 92.6 85.1 0.779 20.500 0.04353 0.00295 Kenya 2003 61.3 78.4 83.1 86.7 91.3 81.9 0.671 30.086 0.08068 0.00325 Madagascar 1997 10.9 14.6 19.0 31.5 71.1 32.3 0.153 60.200 0.43051 0.00793 Malawi 1992 32.2 41.1 49.0 53.2 72.9 51.8 0.442 40.700 0.15855 0.00697 Malawi 2000 42.9 51.7 53.6 65.2 83.2 61.2 0.516 40.300 0.13257 0.00360 Mali 1995/96 4.6 6.9 9.7 19.3 52.6 20.6 0.087 48.000 0.51107 0.01249 Mali 2001 8.3 8.3 10.6 20.3 58.3 24.6 0.142 50.000 0.47786 0.00939 Mauritania 2000/01 13.1 21.8 34.8 50.1 67.5 41.4 0.194 54.400 0.29420 0.00715 Mozambique 1997 14.0 19.4 27.9 41.7 66.2 35.4 0.211 52.200 0.30777 0.00781 Mozambique 2003 17.6 21.5 26.6 43.1 63.9 37.0 0.276 46.307 0.29474 0.00605 Namibia 1992 39.2 50.1 53.0 57.2 83.2 58.9 0.471 44.000 0.12622 0.00624 Namibia 2000 62.6 64.5 68.7 75.7 91.6 74.7 0.683 29.000 0.09623 0.00405 Niger 1998 8.6 10.2 13.5 18.6 52.7 22.6 0.163 44.100 0.44523 0.01310 Nigeria 1990 33.3 44.4 55.1 63.8 87.7 58.6 0.380 54.400 0.19151 0.00421 Nigeria 2003 42.1 56.5 67.1 81.9 94.3 71.2 0.446 52.211 0.14406 0.00386 Rwanda 2000 32.3 33.1 39.0 48.4 71.5 47.2 0.452 39.200 0.19496 0.00564 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 68.6 80.1 87.1 93.9 97.6 87.1 0.703 29.000 0.06104 0.00212 Tanzania 1996 51.8 61.1 66.1 72.6 85.9 69.1 0.603 34.100 0.09649 0.00416 Tanzania 1999 59.7 60.9 64.3 74.4 84.7 69.9 0.705 25.000 0.08883 0.00539 Tanzania 2004 48.5 60.9 70.9 80.9 92.0 72.5 0.527 43.564 0.12143 0.00337 Togo 1998 26.7 35.7 51.2 69.6 83.0 56.2 0.322 56.300 0.23681 0.00461 Uganda 1995 45.4 53.0 54.7 61.9 81.6 60.1 0.556 36.200 0.12629 0.00516 Uganda 2000/01 47.4 58.8 62.6 75.7 87.5 67.5 0.542 40.100 0.13167 0.00411 Zambia 1996 60.9 65.3 73.2 91.4 96.9 79.3 0.628 36.000 0.10483 0.00298 Zambia 2001 55.6 67.0 77.2 90.4 97.3 79.2 0.571 41.700 0.11176 0.00317 Zimbabwe 1994 77.3 81.7 84.8 88.8 95.9 87.2 0.806 18.600 0.04490 0.00284 Zimbabwe 1999 82.0 86.7 88.4 93.2 96.7 90.6 0.848 14.700 0.03341 0.00238 G. ALL COUNTRIES 43.4 53.3 61.3 71.3 85.7 64.6 0.507 42.270 0.19012 0.00436 - 212 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Education SCHOOL PARTICIPATION AMONG GIRLS Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 74.1 82.2 86.3 89.6 93.7 84.4 0.790 19.632 0.05862 0.00375 Cambodia 2000 44.6 51.8 65.0 72.7 86.5 62.8 0.516 41.900 0.14046 0.00563 Indonesia 1997 78.6 87.6 87.2 91.0 95.1 87.2 0.826 16.500 0.04626 0.00221 Indonesia 2002/03 78.7 86.1 87.1 91.7 92.2 86.7 0.854 13.442 0.03537 0.00234 Philippines 1998 72.7 83.3 87.7 92.0 96.1 84.8 0.757 23.400 0.06303 0.00394 Philippines 2003 82.3 93.3 94.6 97.4 98.0 92.0 0.840 15.684 0.03995 0.00312 Vietnam 1997 76.7 85.5 88.1 91.2 92.7 86.0 0.827 16.000 0.04294 0.00566 Vietnam 2002 90.6 97.6 98.6 96.7 98.1 95.9 0.924 7.500 0.01869 0.00390 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 67.0 73.0 74.2 75.9 78.2 73.1 0.856 11.267 0.03669 0.00947 Armenia 2000 82.7 84.3 84.2 87.9 87.0 84.9 0.951 4.300 0.00805 0.00709 Kazakhstan 1995 76.3 76.3 74.5 63.6 74.4 73.4 1.026 1.900 -0.01983 0.01129 Kazakhstan 1999 70.1 73.1 75.7 72.4 75.8 73.2 0.925 5.700 0.01142 0.01077 Kyrgyzstan 1997 75.7 75.0 79.5 70.6 80.6 76.2 0.939 4.900 0.00194 0.01043 Turkey 1993 55.5 68.1 76.7 76.4 81.0 70.6 0.685 25.500 0.07173 0.00843 Turkey 1998 47.2 68.7 75.5 84.0 86.3 70.1 0.547 39.100 0.13211 0.00870 Turkmenistan 2000 60.5 64.3 67.1 64.2 63.8 64.0 0.948 3.300 na na Uzbekistan 1996 65.5 72.6 63.3 76.1 75.8 70.2 0.864 10.300 0.02991 0.01037 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 72.2 78.9 85.4 89.7 91.5 82.3 0.789 19.317 0.06136 0.00435 Bolivia 1998 87.3 93.4 97.4 98.8 98.8 94.5 0.884 11.500 0.02689 0.00250 Bolivia 2003 41.9 39.5 58.7 77.4 85.4 57.1 0.491 43.464 0.16645 0.00660 Brazil 1996 85.9 92.3 97.1 98.9 99.6 93.8 0.862 13.700 0.03504 0.00288 Colombia 1995 80.7 90.9 95.6 97.1 98.5 91.5 0.819 17.800 0.03841 0.00382 Colombia 2000 88.0 92.3 93.1 97.3 97.7 93.2 0.901 9.700 0.02246 0.00320 Colombia 2005 91.5 93.9 96.6 97.0 96.6 94.9 0.947 5.098 0.01813 0.00190 Dominican Republic 1996 83.1 93.5 95.8 97.0 97.5 93.0 0.852 14.400 0.03621 0.00392 Dominican Republic 2002 86.6 89.9 95.4 96.1 95.2 92.4 0.909 8.691 0.02422 0.00235 Guatemala 1995 35.5 46.3 58.3 70.2 86.2 55.3 0.412 50.700 0.17112 0.00718 Guatemala 1998/99 55.4 62.4 66.2 84.0 87.4 69.2 0.634 32.000 0.09111 0.00782 Haiti 1994/95 35.8 60.0 78.5 84.4 90.1 68.7 0.397 54.300 0.15793 0.00840 Haiti 2000 66.5 79.4 87.2 78.8 77.5 77.7 0.858 11.000 0.05487 0.00570 Nicaragua 1997/98 52.8 71.0 81.2 86.1 89.4 73.8 0.591 36.600 0.11195 0.00504 Nicaragua 2001 55.3 79.5 88.2 91.2 95.2 79.6 0.581 39.900 0.11175 0.00460 Paraguay 1990 78.0 77.7 83.6 84.9 88.9 82.2 0.877 10.900 0.02977 0.00561 Peru 1996 80.7 86.2 90.2 90.2 92.7 87.1 0.871 12.000 0.02718 0.00238 Peru 2000 88.4 95.1 95.7 98.6 97.5 94.3 0.907 9.100 0.02092 0.00171 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 58.0 69.5 78.2 83.4 90.1 74.9 0.644 32.079 0.12259 0.00507 Egypt 1995 48.6 71.2 88.6 96.4 98.5 78.9 0.493 49.900 0.14435 0.00375 Egypt 2000 66.4 83.8 87.2 90.7 94.8 83.8 0.700 28.400 0.07285 0.00379 Jordan 1997 85.8 85.1 89.7 88.9 90.4 87.9 0.949 4.600 0.02242 0.00519 Morocco 1992 7.6 23.8 50.5 73.8 76.5 42.1 0.099 68.900 0.37219 0.01036 Morocco 2003/04 67.3 82.7 95.6 96.6 97.5 86.7 0.690 30.216 0.07305 0.00410 Yemen 1997 12.5 26.4 40.5 57.4 77.6 41.2 0.161 65.100 0.32203 0.00720 E. SOUTH ASIA 51.1 61.8 67.5 80.4 91.2 68.8 0.561 40.062 0.14576 0.00521 Bangladesh 1996/97 62.3 72.0 79.5 82.5 83.5 75.7 0.746 21.200 0.05644 0.00566 Bangladesh 1999/2000 65.1 79.4 85.0 89.6 84.0 79.8 0.775 18.900 0.04733 0.00535 Bangladesh 2004 76.7 87.4 88.8 92.5 88.4 86.2 0.868 11.646 0.03454 0.00423 India 1992/93 35.0 46.9 63.0 81.6 94.0 61.2 0.372 59.000 0.20394 0.00218 India 1998/99 58.1 72.2 84.1 91.6 97.5 78.2 0.596 39.400 0.11190 0.00174 Nepal 1996 36.8 48.8 51.0 66.4 90.0 56.7 0.409 53.200 0.17812 0.00782 Nepal 2001 54.3 57.1 62.0 74.4 92.8 66.5 0.585 38.500 0.10930 0.00656 Pakistan 1990/91 15.4 30.3 35.1 62.9 86.1 44.3 0.179 70.700 0.32731 0.00832 - 213 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Education SCHOOL PARTICIPATION AMONG GIRLS (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 38.9 45.8 52.4 61.5 77.6 54.3 0.500 38.780 0.19554 0.01042 Benin 1996 11.0 20.3 25.9 42.9 66.9 33.8 0.164 55.900 0.32378 0.01551 Benin 2001 26.3 31.3 47.8 57.5 68.8 45.8 0.382 42.500 0.20503 0.01164 Burkina Faso 1992/93 8.8 11.3 15.1 21.8 59.4 22.5 0.148 50.631 0.48946 0.01832 Burkina Faso 1998/99 7.3 11.7 13.3 18.9 56.2 20.6 0.130 48.900 0.48447 0.02278 Burkina Faso 2003 10.5 14.6 19.7 20.4 63.3 24.3 0.166 52.820 0.34815 0.01443 Cameroon 1991 30.5 42.5 60.4 75.0 88.8 58.6 0.343 58.300 0.22096 0.01005 Cameroon 1998 42.5 61.6 76.4 85.0 90.3 70.1 0.471 47.800 0.13982 0.00807 Cameroon 2004 54.1 71.1 84.1 90.8 98.1 77.4 0.552 43.978 0.10983 0.00498 Central African Republic 1994/95 24.3 33.8 43.4 61.9 75.4 48.2 0.322 51.100 0.22463 0.01126 Chad 1996/97 8.7 17.2 16.2 24.2 48.6 22.7 0.179 39.900 0.36123 0.01833 Chad 2004 7.1 27.6 26.0 37.4 56.0 29.7 0.126 48.965 0.31345 0.01366 Comoros 1996 20.7 29.8 39.1 57.6 66.8 41.4 0.310 46.100 0.24582 0.01870 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 22.9 30.3 40.7 48.0 70.7 42.0 0.324 47.800 0.22638 0.01142 Eritrea 1995 11.3 16.8 28.2 50.5 87.2 34.4 0.130 75.900 0.45778 0.01451 Ethiopia 2000 8.1 8.7 12.8 19.6 55.0 19.6 0.147 46.900 0.50345 0.01801 Gabon 2000 90.3 89.6 92.9 95.2 97.0 93.1 0.931 6.700 0.01804 0.00322 Ghana 1993 60.7 63.8 70.5 83.2 91.2 73.2 0.666 30.500 0.08336 0.00816 Ghana 1998 49.2 77.9 77.2 86.6 90.4 75.0 0.544 41.200 0.13289 0.00781 Ghana 2003 39.3 50.4 58.1 65.4 76.3 56.5 0.515 37.038 0.13585 0.01065 Guinea 1999 6.6 6.7 13.7 22.9 45.5 18.8 0.145 38.900 0.42450 0.02302 Kenya 1993 50.0 63.5 69.9 75.4 77.9 66.3 0.641 27.927 0.07921 0.00689 Kenya 1998 69.2 82.4 86.7 87.9 90.5 82.5 0.765 21.300 0.04996 0.00533 Kenya 2003 73.1 90.1 93.3 96.8 96.3 89.0 0.760 23.146 0.07425 0.00481 Madagascar 1997 40.5 45.3 58.0 72.6 92.1 59.8 0.440 51.600 0.18242 0.00782 Malawi 1992 36.0 42.2 51.5 61.1 81.7 53.6 0.441 45.700 0.16737 0.01041 Malawi 2000 61.7 70.9 70.4 79.4 89.7 74.0 0.688 28.000 0.07371 0.00447 Mali 1995/96 5.0 10.6 14.8 26.9 55.2 22.0 0.091 50.200 0.45896 0.01659 Mali 2001 17.9 18.0 19.5 29.2 65.6 28.3 0.273 47.700 0.30145 0.01299 Mauritania 2000/01 38.9 49.3 59.8 66.3 76.6 56.7 0.508 37.700 0.13126 0.00917 Mozambique 1997 29.3 31.6 36.6 59.3 78.3 47.0 0.374 49.000 0.22471 0.00982 Mozambique 2003 31.5 38.0 41.1 63.6 84.6 50.1 0.373 53.057 0.20256 0.00680 Namibia 1992 73.8 82.0 85.8 73.9 79.4 79.0 0.929 5.600 0.01125 0.00772 Namibia 2000 76.1 77.9 82.0 85.1 90.3 81.6 0.843 14.200 0.04844 0.00579 Niger 1998 7.0 8.1 8.6 11.9 48.3 16.9 0.145 41.300 0.51796 0.02637 Nigeria 1990 30.2 34.0 45.9 61.3 80.2 49.8 0.377 50.000 0.22793 0.00767 Nigeria 2003 36.0 41.5 59.0 77.2 92.9 58.9 0.388 56.846 0.17578 0.00873 Rwanda 2000 31.5 40.8 34.3 35.4 46.3 37.9 0.680 14.800 0.00236 0.01227 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 85.8 87.9 92.3 93.3 90.7 89.5 0.946 4.900 0.01473 0.00330 Tanzania 1996 16.1 25.0 26.8 35.4 48.7 29.5 0.331 32.600 0.20279 0.01605 Tanzania 1999 27.3 29.1 23.5 47.2 72.6 38.9 0.376 45.300 0.22242 0.01626 Tanzania 2004 46.1 53.8 62.8 79.2 89.3 65.4 0.515 43.289 0.11920 0.00693 Togo 1998 40.1 52.0 68.0 76.0 87.0 63.8 0.461 46.900 0.16092 0.00663 Uganda 1995 47.1 51.8 61.3 69.5 81.9 62.6 0.575 34.800 0.10927 0.00742 Uganda 2000/01 68.8 70.9 80.3 87.5 91.9 80.2 0.749 23.100 0.06168 0.00489 Zambia 1996 31.9 40.0 47.1 57.3 76.4 49.8 0.418 44.500 0.17341 0.01015 Zambia 2001 35.2 42.1 45.9 58.9 77.9 52.8 0.452 42.700 0.16459 0.00964 Zimbabwe 1994 72.3 74.3 80.6 84.6 90.2 79.3 0.802 17.900 0.04320 0.00589 Zimbabwe 1999 76.2 85.5 85.0 82.3 94.1 83.9 0.810 17.900 0.03100 0.00562 G. ALL COUNTRIES 52.2 59.7 65.6 72.7 83.0 65.7 0.629 30.807 0.13924 0.00804 - 214 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Education SCHOOL PARTICIPATION AMONG BOYS Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 74.3 81.6 86.1 88.9 93.9 84.2 0.792 19.517 0.05949 0.00362 Cambodia 2000 46.6 54.6 63.4 69.7 87.0 63.0 0.536 40.400 0.13553 0.00541 Indonesia 1997 76.6 82.6 88.5 91.8 93.3 85.7 0.821 16.700 0.05321 0.00229 Indonesia 2002/03 78.5 85.4 87.9 90.1 92.5 86.3 0.848 14.060 0.04022 0.00243 Philippines 1998 66.1 80.0 84.6 90.0 93.0 81.0 0.711 26.900 0.07502 0.00434 Philippines 2003 79.3 91.1 94.5 97.0 97.7 90.8 0.812 18.410 0.04501 0.00330 Vietnam 1997 69.7 85.0 85.5 91.7 92.9 84.0 0.750 23.200 0.05942 0.00563 Vietnam 2002 93.0 95.4 98.4 98.8 98.2 96.5 0.947 5.200 0.01721 0.00334 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 70.4 72.5 76.0 75.0 75.8 73.7 0.929 5.417 0.02048 0.00942 Armenia 2000 82.6 82.3 82.9 82.9 81.8 82.5 1.010 0.800 0.00301 0.00791 Kazakhstan 1995 71.6 76.9 78.7 69.3 70.4 73.6 1.017 1.200 0.00874 0.01146 Kazakhstan 1999 70.8 71.0 74.7 72.6 78.5 73.3 0.902 7.700 0.01148 0.01060 Kyrgyzstan 1997 74.9 79.8 84.2 76.8 76.1 78.3 0.984 1.200 0.00651 0.00952 Turkey 1993 58.9 75.0 75.3 79.1 84.3 73.8 0.699 25.400 0.05533 0.00733 Turkey 1998 58.6 71.0 83.0 83.7 84.2 74.9 0.696 25.600 0.07868 0.00784 Turkmenistan 2000 67.2 65.4 64.1 64.8 66.1 65.5 1.017 1.100 na na Uzbekistan 1996 68.2 65.7 67.2 69.4 68.1 67.6 1.001 0.100 0.00271 0.01124 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 76.0 82.5 86.4 90.5 92.9 84.7 0.818 16.914 0.05020 0.00391 Bolivia 1998 88.8 94.2 95.7 98.7 99.3 94.6 0.894 10.500 0.02364 0.00237 Bolivia 2003 86.0 82.9 88.0 96.0 97.4 89.3 0.882 11.482 0.02975 0.00194 Brazil 1996 85.3 92.9 97.0 97.9 99.4 93.6 0.858 14.100 0.03563 0.00309 Colombia 1995 79.4 87.9 92.0 97.2 98.9 89.7 0.803 19.500 0.04511 0.00395 Colombia 2000 85.3 91.1 92.4 95.9 95.8 91.7 0.890 10.500 0.02667 0.00378 Colombia 2005 89.4 92.6 92.9 95.5 96.1 93.0 0.930 6.727 0.02171 0.00202 Dominican Republic 1996 80.7 90.5 95.3 95.3 97.8 91.2 0.825 17.100 0.03781 0.00387 Dominican Republic 2002 81.0 89.2 93.3 93.4 96.7 90.3 0.837 15.714 0.04080 0.00255 Guatemala 1995 41.2 48.9 62.8 78.3 87.5 60.9 0.471 46.300 0.14696 0.00655 Guatemala 1998/99 65.3 70.8 69.2 87.9 84.4 74.6 0.774 19.100 0.06025 0.00716 Haiti 1994/95 35.9 58.5 75.9 86.7 92.7 67.6 0.387 56.800 0.17041 0.00883 Haiti 2000 63.3 71.5 81.1 73.3 85.5 73.9 0.740 22.200 0.07997 0.00583 Nicaragua 1997/98 47.4 67.1 74.9 80.3 89.4 69.5 0.530 42.000 0.12532 0.00538 Nicaragua 2001 49.5 71.8 82.6 89.2 92.3 74.3 0.536 42.800 0.13300 0.00480 Paraguay 1990 73.8 74.9 77.7 83.8 86.6 78.6 0.852 12.800 0.03456 0.00617 Peru 1996 82.4 85.6 87.7 90.3 90.3 86.6 0.913 7.900 0.01995 0.00231 Peru 2000 90.3 95.6 96.1 97.2 97.6 94.8 0.925 7.300 0.01613 0.00164 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 73.8 80.7 85.0 88.1 91.3 83.1 0.809 17.456 0.04656 0.00395 Egypt 1995 77.4 87.6 92.7 94.8 97.8 89.1 0.791 20.400 0.05454 0.00270 Egypt 2000 81.4 89.2 86.9 88.8 93.8 87.5 0.868 12.400 0.03080 0.00308 Jordan 1997 84.4 86.6 87.5 89.1 89.5 87.3 0.943 5.100 0.01378 0.00479 Morocco 1992 26.6 45.3 65.3 73.2 78.9 55.2 0.337 52.300 0.20430 0.00881 Morocco 2003/04 82.0 87.2 93.4 97.4 98.4 90.7 0.834 16.323 0.03943 0.00315 Yemen 1997 47.5 60.0 72.4 77.2 83.5 67.1 0.569 36.000 0.10224 0.00476 E. SOUTH ASIA 63.8 74.2 77.9 84.3 92.4 77.3 0.690 28.632 0.07840 0.00417 Bangladesh 1996/97 63.6 69.2 76.4 81.6 90.0 75.2 0.707 26.400 0.07170 0.00547 Bangladesh 1999/2000 61.3 76.7 83.0 87.9 89.6 78.2 0.684 28.300 0.07366 0.00517 Bangladesh 2004 70.6 82.9 85.1 87.7 90.0 82.4 0.785 19.327 0.04450 0.00426 India 1992/93 57.1 66.0 78.0 87.2 95.4 74.9 0.599 38.300 0.10768 0.00171 India 1998/99 70.7 82.5 89.2 94.1 97.6 85.2 0.724 26.900 0.06807 0.00140 Nepal 1996 60.0 71.1 73.0 79.1 91.7 73.9 0.654 31.700 0.07757 0.00564 Nepal 2001 75.0 74.8 75.7 81.9 95.0 79.7 0.789 20.000 0.04343 0.00465 Pakistan 1990/91 38.9 56.5 61.6 73.5 87.2 61.9 0.446 48.300 0.15761 0.00638 - 215 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Education SCHOOL PARTICIPATION AMONG BOYS (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 45.3 52.6 57.4 65.9 81.7 59.6 0.555 36.380 0.15203 0.00866 Benin 1996 22.0 35.0 50.5 62.3 83.3 49.3 0.264 61.300 0.23845 0.01032 Benin 2001 37.9 46.7 56.6 71.3 89.1 58.0 0.425 51.200 0.16826 0.00843 Burkina Faso 1992/93 17.1 19.0 18.7 32.4 68.1 30.1 0.251 51.044 0.35829 0.01456 Burkina Faso 1998/99 17.2 20.7 25.6 28.7 58.3 28.7 0.295 41.100 0.30117 0.01718 Burkina Faso 2003 21.7 29.7 35.9 43.5 80.5 42.6 0.269 58.875 0.26871 0.00723 Cameroon 1991 45.8 56.9 68.6 77.2 91.0 67.5 0.503 45.200 0.14150 0.00909 Cameroon 1998 48.3 55.6 77.1 88.0 94.3 71.3 0.512 46.000 0.14245 0.00749 Cameroon 2004 73.0 84.9 92.5 97.2 96.7 88.4 0.755 23.731 0.05387 0.00271 Central African Republic 1994/95 41.8 49.0 63.1 72.5 79.5 61.6 0.526 37.700 0.12642 0.00921 Chad 1996/97 20.4 25.3 26.0 40.1 60.7 34.2 0.336 40.300 0.25533 0.01312 Chad 2004 10.3 40.3 31.4 48.6 64.1 38.6 0.161 53.745 0.26248 0.01027 Comoros 1996 31.3 37.5 43.0 56.5 73.0 45.0 0.429 41.700 0.17492 0.01835 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 35.9 42.3 48.0 62.2 82.9 52.5 0.433 47.000 0.17830 0.00946 Eritrea 1995 16.2 20.0 31.6 54.1 87.8 38.4 0.185 71.600 0.38723 0.01327 Ethiopia 2000 13.7 15.4 14.6 23.1 51.5 21.9 0.266 37.800 0.39252 0.01631 Gabon 2000 92.1 90.3 94.2 94.7 96.6 93.4 0.953 4.500 0.00990 0.00311 Ghana 1993 66.2 67.6 70.6 84.2 92.6 75.6 0.715 26.400 0.07127 0.00732 Ghana 1998 52.2 74.5 76.0 85.6 91.6 74.0 0.570 39.400 0.12500 0.00748 Ghana 2003 55.6 68.9 74.9 77.5 87.0 72.1 0.638 31.487 0.09185 0.00590 Guinea 1999 10.7 15.0 17.4 31.5 50.5 24.5 0.212 39.800 0.32016 0.01891 Kenya 1993 54.1 61.0 67.8 77.8 76.7 67.0 0.705 22.604 0.07349 0.00714 Kenya 1998 71.9 79.9 83.9 88.2 91.4 82.2 0.787 19.500 0.05116 0.00514 Kenya 2003 86.0 95.5 97.4 98.3 97.2 94.5 0.884 11.276 0.03669 0.00277 Madagascar 1997 36.0 42.4 56.9 68.5 93.4 57.6 0.385 57.400 0.20793 0.00778 Malawi 1992 32.2 38.8 49.2 57.4 78.3 50.8 0.411 46.100 0.18759 0.01117 Malawi 2000 55.3 65.9 68.2 76.9 88.7 70.7 0.623 33.400 0.08851 0.00498 Mali 1995/96 11.8 14.9 21.7 33.2 62.9 28.0 0.188 51.100 0.34775 0.01402 Mali 2001 28.8 24.2 29.1 39.8 74.1 37.4 0.389 45.300 0.20930 0.01047 Mauritania 2000/01 50.2 54.8 62.1 70.5 80.4 62.0 0.624 30.200 0.10295 0.00808 Mozambique 1997 41.5 40.3 45.2 59.7 78.6 52.5 0.528 37.100 0.17559 0.00901 Mozambique 2003 45.0 44.4 51.0 64.9 83.7 56.1 0.537 38.720 0.13846 0.00636 Namibia 1992 72.6 78.0 73.9 64.7 79.1 73.8 0.918 6.500 0.00181 0.00882 Namibia 2000 72.9 82.3 80.2 80.4 92.7 81.0 0.786 19.800 0.05001 0.00628 Niger 1998 12.5 14.9 18.6 20.5 55.9 23.9 0.224 43.400 0.36984 0.01891 Nigeria 1990 35.1 43.0 52.4 66.6 83.4 55.6 0.421 48.300 0.18326 0.00678 Nigeria 2003 60.9 69.5 80.0 89.6 97.6 79.8 0.624 36.711 0.08521 0.00438 Rwanda 2000 27.8 44.4 32.9 32.3 47.6 37.5 0.584 19.800 0.01338 0.01259 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 79.9 88.5 88.6 93.8 91.9 87.6 0.869 12.000 0.02470 0.00363 Tanzania 1996 15.4 21.5 21.3 25.5 44.9 25.0 0.343 29.500 0.21053 0.01828 Tanzania 1999 16.5 20.2 23.1 36.9 66.7 31.4 0.247 50.200 0.29175 0.02033 Tanzania 2004 41.8 44.8 60.4 72.1 83.7 59.3 0.500 41.895 0.12294 0.00758 Togo 1998 53.8 65.0 77.1 82.7 93.4 72.4 0.576 39.600 0.11593 0.00525 Uganda 1995 53.5 58.2 64.6 68.3 81.4 64.8 0.657 27.900 0.09110 0.00758 Uganda 2000/01 67.3 72.7 78.0 82.2 92.0 78.3 0.732 24.700 0.06341 0.00508 Zambia 1996 33.1 37.5 43.0 52.8 77.3 48.3 0.428 44.200 0.17476 0.01049 Zambia 2001 34.0 43.7 43.2 54.4 82.5 51.4 0.412 48.500 0.16546 0.00977 Zimbabwe 1994 74.7 74.8 82.1 83.0 89.8 80.1 0.832 15.100 0.03767 0.00565 Zimbabwe 1999 77.4 80.0 80.9 84.4 94.2 82.3 0.822 16.800 0.02755 0.00549 G. ALL COUNTRIES 58.6 65.4 69.8 75.5 85.3 70.0 0.687 26.651 0.10276 0.00689 - 216 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media NEWSPAPER READERSHIP AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 7.5 13.7 19.8 27.7 52.0 25.2 0.144 44.515 0.40851 0.00961 Cambodia 2000 3.2 3.8 5.7 9.6 34.3 12.2 0.093 31.100 0.48365 0.01453 Indonesia 1997 7.9 12.8 17.1 30.2 58.8 25.1 0.134 50.900 0.40173 0.00538 Indonesia 2002/03 3.5 6.6 9.4 16.2 40.4 15.2 0.086 36.943 0.53053 0.00836 Philippines 1998 32.0 51.8 63.9 71.3 81.4 63.0 0.393 49.400 0.15768 0.00359 Philippines 2003 13.9 28.2 41.6 53.0 66.9 43.7 0.208 52.918 0.24801 0.00485 Vietnam 1997 9.1 17.8 25.1 35.3 66.3 31.1 0.137 57.200 0.37257 0.00975 Vietnam 2002 9.4 16.1 22.3 32.1 66.5 29.7 0.141 57.100 0.37183 0.01071 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 28.5 36.8 42.5 52.3 67.0 46.8 0.424 38.583 0.19908 0.00754 Armenia 2000 11.3 20.9 30.4 32.8 44.3 29.0 0.255 33.000 0.21941 0.01072 Kazakhstan 1995 67.7 73.2 73.2 83.5 86.2 78.0 0.785 18.500 0.05417 0.00460 Kazakhstan 1999 36.8 49.3 54.2 71.1 83.4 61.9 0.441 46.600 0.16334 0.00599 Kyrgyzstan 1997 51.9 63.4 63.0 76.4 83.8 68.7 0.619 31.900 0.11543 0.00587 Turkey 1993 12.0 23.0 35.8 56.3 82.9 45.0 0.145 70.900 0.32970 0.00601 Turkey 1998 7.1 12.7 25.5 37.4 68.3 32.4 0.104 61.200 0.37206 0.00810 Turkmenistan 2000 23.6 24.0 28.4 33.1 45.4 31.4 0.520 21.800 na na Uzbekistan 1996 40.0 50.2 53.5 62.9 77.0 57.2 0.519 37.000 0.12519 0.00701 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 15.8 28.6 42.2 54.9 69.3 45.2 0.228 53.499 0.26034 0.00537 Bolivia 1998 10.5 30.3 52.1 72.1 85.0 55.1 0.124 74.500 0.27530 0.00370 Bolivia 2003 6.4 20.8 38.7 53.6 71.5 42.4 0.090 65.115 0.30389 0.00416 Brazil 1996 24.2 44.7 58.4 68.4 77.2 56.6 0.313 53.000 0.19129 0.00405 Colombia 1995 40.6 60.4 69.8 75.6 82.0 68.1 0.495 41.400 0.10979 0.00371 Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 11.3 20.7 32.2 44.2 66.0 37.7 0.171 54.700 0.26974 0.00728 Dominican Republic 2002 17.4 34.1 46.2 59.0 74.3 49.0 0.233 56.980 0.20859 0.00346 Guatemala 1995 13.4 20.5 37.2 59.6 75.9 44.7 0.177 62.500 0.30684 0.00509 Guatemala 1998/99 12.2 24.2 40.8 63.6 82.0 48.4 0.149 69.800 0.30110 0.00654 Haiti 1994/95 5.6 10.7 21.6 30.8 52.2 26.9 0.107 46.600 0.35868 0.01221 Haiti 2000 11.0 14.5 18.1 29.7 44.6 26.2 0.247 33.600 0.32002 0.00973 Nicaragua 1997/98 20.4 36.7 50.2 63.2 75.2 52.1 0.271 54.800 0.21353 0.00414 Nicaragua 2001 10.6 25.4 41.6 52.2 68.2 43.0 0.155 57.600 0.27614 0.00504 Paraguay 1990 41.9 54.0 71.0 80.1 88.9 70.0 0.471 47.000 0.14179 0.00454 Peru 1996 22.7 52.7 75.0 84.1 89.9 68.6 0.253 67.200 0.19436 0.00200 Peru 2000 2.8 11.1 22.9 32.8 47.7 26.0 0.059 44.900 0.33988 0.00547 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 6.2 12.1 18.1 29.2 48.6 23.6 0.128 42.340 0.44408 0.01409 Egypt 1995 1.5 6.0 14.4 30.6 62.8 24.6 0.024 61.300 0.50438 0.00725 Egypt 2000 3.2 7.2 15.1 31.9 61.5 25.3 0.052 58.300 0.47915 0.00696 Jordan 1997 19.0 32.6 39.8 51.0 67.9 42.5 0.280 48.900 0.30770 0.02105 Morocco 1992 1.4 3.9 12.7 29.9 53.0 22.4 0.026 51.600 0.48926 0.01024 Morocco 2003/04 1.4 5.4 12.7 21.8 35.5 16.3 0.041 34.059 0.38258 0.00950 Yemen 1997 1.3 3.1 4.9 12.2 29.4 10.2 0.044 28.100 0.60690 0.01885 E. SOUTH ASIA 1.0 2.2 5.6 12.9 39.3 12.2 0.026 38.307 0.67394 0.01956 Bangladesh 1996/97 0.8 1.9 3.4 7.0 30.6 8.6 0.026 29.800 0.67350 0.02572 Bangladesh 1999/2000 0.4 0.9 3.4 8.5 31.1 8.8 0.013 30.700 0.76801 0.02278 Bangladesh 2004 0.3 1.1 2.9 6.5 23.4 6.8 0.011 23.128 0.73409 0.02580 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 1.7 4.5 11.5 24.9 60.9 20.8 0.028 59.200 0.59242 0.00365 Nepal 1996 0.7 0.6 1.5 3.4 21.7 5.3 0.032 21.000 0.74769 0.03736 Nepal 2001 1.4 1.4 3.5 5.2 25.3 7.2 0.055 23.900 0.64356 0.02836 Pakistan 1990/91 0.7 2.0 4.4 15.2 47.7 13.9 0.015 47.000 0.72570 0.02043 - 217 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media NEWSPAPER READERSHIP AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3.4 6.1 9.2 16.6 35.3 15.3 0.098 31.819 0.55803 0.02254 Benin 1996 0.3 1.3 2.7 8.9 25.4 8.4 0.012 25.100 0.58745 0.03140 Benin 2001 0.3 0.9 2.3 5.2 14.3 5.3 0.021 14.000 0.54977 0.03612 Burkina Faso 1992/93 0.7 1.2 1.0 3.7 26.7 7.5 0.025 25.990 0.93887 0.03187 Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.8 14.0 3.3 0.007 13.900 1.06655 0.06055 Burkina Faso 2003 0.5 0.5 0.8 2.5 20.5 5.7 0.027 19.907 0.67362 0.02846 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 1.8 3.2 7.2 15.8 34.6 13.4 0.052 32.800 0.59783 0.02101 Cameroon 2004 1.5 3.9 6.9 14.0 30.6 12.7 0.048 29.173 0.49267 0.01614 Central African Republic 1994/95 2.2 5.4 11.4 21.3 34.3 14.6 0.064 32.100 0.44276 0.01919 Chad 1996/97 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.6 18.4 4.7 0.022 18.000 0.86929 0.04016 Chad 2004 0.2 0.4 0.3 1.4 13.8 3.2 0.015 13.567 1.04987 0.05560 Comoros 1996 4.6 10.0 14.2 21.0 35.3 18.0 0.130 30.700 0.35785 0.02234 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 3.9 7.0 10.2 19.2 43.5 18.0 0.090 39.600 0.44642 0.01461 Eritrea 1995 1.7 3.8 3.3 21.4 56.7 20.2 0.030 55.000 0.63529 0.01488 Ethiopia 2000 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 6.0 1.7 0.033 5.800 1.05434 0.05315 Gabon 2000 13.3 24.2 37.7 42.4 53.9 36.2 0.247 40.571 0.21562 0.00887 Ghana 1993 3.6 4.0 7.3 15.4 36.5 14.8 0.099 32.900 0.47841 0.02269 Ghana 1998 1.9 8.5 10.6 19.8 46.7 19.1 0.041 44.800 0.45974 0.01655 Ghana 2003 1.4 1.9 4.3 10.1 34.5 12.4 0.039 33.094 0.55534 0.02142 Guinea 1999 0.1 0.5 1.0 4.7 19.8 5.7 0.005 19.700 0.73998 0.03775 Kenya 1993 15.9 20.3 23.5 31.0 57.7 31.4 0.276 41.802 0.25843 0.00988 Kenya 1998 17.1 23.4 28.8 41.5 65.0 36.9 0.263 47.900 0.25426 0.00851 Kenya 2003 5.8 8.2 12.1 25.8 48.0 22.6 0.120 42.226 0.44475 0.01079 Madagascar 1997 12.6 14.9 21.6 29.0 49.6 26.5 0.254 37.000 0.34050 0.01110 Malawi 1992 6.1 11.1 12.8 19.4 43.4 18.5 0.141 37.300 0.47938 0.01836 Malawi 2000 3.2 5.6 5.0 8.1 26.4 9.8 0.121 23.200 0.50820 0.01912 Mali 1995/96 0.5 0.9 1.3 4.9 21.7 6.5 0.023 21.200 0.68864 0.02980 Mali 2001 0.4 0.5 0.9 3.1 20.0 5.6 0.020 19.600 0.70015 0.02792 Mauritania 2000/01 2.3 2.7 6.4 12.9 26.0 10.7 0.088 23.700 0.46164 0.02015 Mozambique 1997 1.2 1.5 3.6 10.3 35.9 10.9 0.033 34.700 0.76541 0.02273 Mozambique 2003 0.0 0.2 0.5 2.4 14.5 3.9 0.003 14.458 0.82128 0.03634 Namibia 1992 35.9 39.1 44.8 50.7 84.0 53.7 0.427 48.100 0.18013 0.00655 Namibia 2000 11.4 22.9 28.9 41.2 69.1 37.5 0.165 57.700 0.30991 0.00778 Niger 1998 0.4 1.2 1.2 2.4 20.4 5.3 0.020 20.000 0.86488 0.03927 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 1.0 3.2 5.2 13.5 33.2 12.1 0.031 32.212 0.52618 0.01959 Rwanda 2000 1.8 1.6 2.7 3.0 16.0 5.4 0.113 14.200 0.66258 0.02973 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 10.5 22.5 33.2 53.4 78.9 41.8 0.133 68.400 0.33355 0.00484 Tanzania 1996 1.3 2.8 4.8 8.4 41.0 13.1 0.032 39.700 0.62013 0.01955 Tanzania 1999 1.2 1.2 1.1 3.5 15.7 5.2 0.076 14.500 0.65892 0.04696 Tanzania 2004 4.9 7.6 11.5 23.0 46.1 20.5 0.107 41.127 0.38062 0.01106 Togo 1998 5.3 5.7 14.3 25.1 43.0 21.0 0.123 37.700 0.40963 0.01206 Uganda 1995 6.1 9.7 13.0 17.4 47.7 19.3 0.128 41.600 0.48659 0.01412 Uganda 2000/01 2.3 3.4 7.2 12.9 41.6 14.7 0.055 39.300 0.61830 0.01759 Zambia 1996 7.4 11.1 13.8 27.2 55.5 24.6 0.133 48.100 0.38975 0.01191 Zambia 2001 1.3 1.5 3.4 11.7 30.3 10.6 0.043 29.000 0.57188 0.02367 Zimbabwe 1994 26.6 29.3 43.9 56.8 78.2 49.8 0.340 51.600 0.22077 0.00681 Zimbabwe 1999 3.2 9.5 11.9 34.2 61.1 27.2 0.052 57.900 0.45725 0.01165 G. ALL COUNTRIES 8.4 13.5 19.0 27.7 46.4 24.4 0.181 37.983 0.46810 0.01670 - 218 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media NEWSPAPER READERSHIP AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 7.1 13.9 25.2 36.2 63.5 29.1 0.112 56.329 0.40257 0.00826 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 19.4 35.5 52.1 57.7 67.9 47.2 0.286 48.459 0.21736 0.00793 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 11.7 20.5 26.6 39.2 42.7 29.0 0.274 31.000 0.22530 0.01969 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 27.3 42.3 44.8 62.7 69.1 51.4 0.395 41.800 0.21560 0.01434 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 24.6 42.1 61.0 73.5 86.5 60.6 0.284 61.900 0.20295 0.00907 Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 27.0 54.6 73.2 83.8 91.8 69.7 0.294 64.800 0.19583 0.00534 Bolivia 2003 11.6 32.1 56.9 67.4 83.4 53.0 0.140 71.790 0.26501 0.00557 Brazil 1996 20.1 41.6 56.0 69.9 81.4 55.4 0.247 61.300 0.23370 0.00822 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 17.1 31.3 47.8 63.3 78.3 46.5 0.218 61.200 0.26876 0.01051 Dominican Republic 2002 20.1 34.5 55.3 59.6 79.6 48.2 0.253 59.457 0.22685 0.01009 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 15.9 21.6 40.8 59.9 77.5 43.4 0.205 61.600 0.30650 0.01418 Haiti 2000 10.9 20.3 19.5 41.6 54.9 29.9 0.199 44.000 0.28300 0.01459 Nicaragua 1997/98 24.5 40.3 59.6 72.6 79.3 57.4 0.309 54.800 0.19731 0.00835 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 45.3 69.2 86.2 91.8 95.6 81.5 0.474 50.300 0.11476 0.00575 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 7.1 10.7 13.8 30.0 65.2 25.1 0.109 58.100 0.47490 0.01702 Bangladesh 1999/2000 5.0 6.6 19.0 33.1 63.7 25.8 0.078 58.700 0.49941 0.01710 Bangladesh 2004 9.0 15.7 30.4 39.2 65.7 33.7 0.136 56.716 0.37477 0.00972 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 7.5 13.0 18.5 24.7 61.7 25.8 0.122 54.200 0.41445 0.01990 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 219 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media NEWSPAPER READERSHIP AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8.7 12.8 17.4 28.7 52.0 26.3 0.168 43.274 0.41804 0.02276 Benin 1996 4.7 11.8 13.0 28.7 52.9 23.4 0.089 48.200 0.41998 0.02657 Benin 2001 1.9 2.6 5.4 13.8 29.8 11.8 0.064 27.900 0.53231 0.03240 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.7 29.0 8.6 0.024 28.300 0.92500 0.05057 Burkina Faso 2003 0.5 2.3 3.3 7.0 31.3 10.8 0.015 30.839 0.59685 0.03275 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 6.2 16.1 24.3 40.8 56.7 32.0 0.109 50.500 0.34089 0.01463 Cameroon 2004 10.0 14.0 18.8 28.3 48.4 27.0 0.207 38.430 0.30625 0.01310 Central African Republic 1994/95 8.8 18.6 23.6 50.4 53.1 31.1 0.166 44.300 0.31126 0.01976 Chad 1996/97 2.0 5.5 10.4 17.0 48.0 19.1 0.042 46.000 0.56958 0.02468 Chad 2004 0.0 3.1 8.3 12.0 33.5 13.3 - 33.536 0.67208 0.03284 Comoros 1996 16.7 23.4 32.3 30.3 52.3 33.1 0.319 35.600 0.23047 0.02905 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 7.5 12.5 20.6 50.0 83.7 39.3 0.090 76.200 0.43582 0.01444 Ethiopia 2000 1.6 3.3 2.7 4.6 17.3 6.0 0.092 15.700 0.82749 0.05944 Gabon 2000 33.9 47.7 52.8 65.6 73.0 56.3 0.464 39.100 0.14139 0.01090 Ghana 1993 13.1 22.8 24.1 46.6 74.7 37.9 0.175 61.600 0.33886 0.01735 Ghana 1998 11.6 27.2 36.4 46.0 69.5 41.0 0.167 57.900 0.28038 0.01460 Ghana 2003 4.4 8.9 16.0 37.1 63.0 28.5 0.070 58.540 0.43818 0.01072 Guinea 1999 4.0 3.7 7.9 14.0 36.3 14.9 0.110 32.300 0.48123 0.03403 Kenya 1993 27.3 42.4 57.2 68.1 81.5 59.1 0.335 54.222 0.19088 0.00887 Kenya 1998 30.3 45.5 53.4 67.8 85.6 60.6 0.354 55.300 0.17190 0.00737 Kenya 2003 19.6 27.8 32.8 50.3 71.7 44.5 0.274 52.109 0.26911 0.00907 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 22.7 24.9 27.2 46.9 64.4 40.6 0.352 41.700 0.26909 0.01850 Malawi 2000 10.2 11.4 14.2 19.9 47.2 21.5 0.216 37.000 0.33691 0.02154 Mali 1995/96 3.1 4.5 6.6 14.0 44.1 15.8 0.070 41.000 0.54925 0.03056 Mali 2001 1.6 3.2 4.6 7.8 38.2 13.3 0.042 36.600 0.63766 0.03248 Mauritania 2000/01 4.2 3.0 10.7 15.6 34.3 16.5 0.122 30.100 0.44050 0.02832 Mozambique 1997 1.7 3.4 9.9 32.9 55.4 22.3 0.031 53.700 0.60149 0.02095 Mozambique 2003 1.6 2.9 3.4 10.5 32.4 11.5 0.049 30.771 0.63153 0.03504 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 16.5 28.7 36.3 49.0 82.1 46.6 0.201 65.600 0.25476 0.00966 Niger 1998 3.4 3.5 6.4 11.0 44.5 15.9 0.076 41.100 0.61852 0.02382 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 9.0 13.1 21.1 31.3 55.9 28.0 0.161 46.916 0.35884 0.01798 Rwanda 2000 1.8 6.7 6.1 3.1 34.7 11.7 0.052 32.900 0.65135 0.07527 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 5.8 12.9 16.2 19.0 64.8 26.1 0.090 59.000 0.45952 0.01873 Tanzania 1999 4.6 5.5 4.7 10.4 35.7 13.6 0.129 31.100 0.46636 0.02603 Tanzania 2004 20.0 20.9 24.8 37.2 69.3 36.0 0.289 49.248 0.24526 0.01475 Togo 1998 19.5 29.6 40.2 55.9 72.8 46.1 0.268 53.300 0.25244 0.00891 Uganda 1995 21.2 21.4 25.5 30.9 63.7 33.8 0.333 42.500 0.31215 0.01742 Uganda 2000/01 * * * * * * - - na na Zambia 1996 22.1 21.8 31.7 55.4 75.1 44.6 0.294 53.000 0.25823 0.01403 Zambia 2001 2.5 3.8 7.3 26.9 60.4 23.5 0.041 57.900 0.51765 0.02264 Zimbabwe 1994 29.8 42.4 43.4 66.2 87.3 59.7 0.341 57.500 0.19767 0.00896 Zimbabwe 1999 10.6 12.9 18.8 57.8 83.2 42.9 0.127 72.600 0.37326 0.01055 G. ALL COUNTRIES 10.8 17.7 24.7 36.0 57.3 31.2 0.189 46.444 0.37656 0.01924 - 220 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media RADIO LISTENERSHIP AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 40.0 51.2 54.7 57.9 63.5 54.0 0.630 23.470 0.09006 0.00480 Cambodia 2000 28.2 36.4 45.8 53.1 64.0 46.1 0.441 35.800 0.16748 0.00503 Indonesia 1997 38.5 50.8 51.5 51.6 55.0 49.5 0.700 16.500 0.08661 0.00338 Indonesia 2002/03 31.4 38.0 37.6 39.8 44.0 38.1 0.714 12.588 0.07413 0.00408 Philippines 1998 67.0 79.0 81.4 82.2 83.9 79.6 0.799 16.900 0.04202 0.00291 Philippines 2003 59.4 75.8 78.1 82.7 86.6 77.9 0.686 27.190 0.06451 0.00277 Vietnam 1997 37.4 62.0 67.4 72.9 78.4 63.8 0.477 41.000 0.13193 0.00552 Vietnam 2002 41.1 54.6 57.4 56.1 59.4 53.9 0.692 18.300 0.05411 0.00731 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 25.2 34.1 41.5 48.2 54.1 41.7 0.466 28.872 0.18218 0.00945 Armenia 2000 12.6 21.3 32.0 38.2 51.0 32.3 0.247 38.400 0.23919 0.01057 Kazakhstan 1995 18.6 35.2 35.4 42.0 57.5 39.9 0.323 38.900 0.19747 0.01106 Kazakhstan 1999 9.4 20.6 35.3 41.5 55.7 35.4 0.168 46.360 0.27721 0.01004 Kyrgyzstan 1997 31.5 46.3 56.3 62.1 59.5 51.9 0.529 28.000 0.12089 0.00930 Turkey 1993 57.6 66.7 74.1 80.3 89.5 75.0 0.644 31.900 0.08361 0.00405 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 31.1 28.7 30.5 35.9 37.7 32.9 0.825 6.600 na na Uzbekistan 1996 41.6 53.8 53.4 63.5 66.6 56.1 0.625 25.000 0.09143 0.00789 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 56.9 69.3 76.5 81.0 84.8 75.4 0.671 27.896 0.08447 0.00322 Bolivia 1998 49.0 68.1 79.4 86.9 82.8 75.5 0.592 33.800 0.09446 0.00344 Bolivia 2003 62.0 82.5 85.6 89.7 91.0 83.8 0.681 29.016 0.06055 0.00211 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 69.3 79.4 81.2 86.0 85.3 81.2 0.812 16.000 0.03854 0.00290 Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 54.5 65.9 68.1 71.4 70.8 67.0 0.770 16.300 0.04559 0.00495 Dominican Republic 2002 70.6 81.0 85.0 87.2 90.6 83.9 0.780 19.954 0.04697 0.00180 Guatemala 1995 43.0 65.3 77.0 83.3 83.5 72.3 0.515 40.500 0.12403 0.00380 Guatemala 1998/99 51.4 62.0 75.1 73.4 76.9 69.0 0.668 25.500 0.08433 0.00539 Haiti 1994/95 15.7 38.3 54.1 77.0 91.3 59.8 0.172 75.600 0.24018 0.00586 Haiti 2000 31.2 37.9 52.8 74.7 89.9 61.9 0.347 58.700 0.22044 0.00385 Nicaragua 1997/98 53.9 70.9 80.6 83.8 83.9 76.2 0.642 30.000 0.07415 0.00313 Nicaragua 2001 72.2 80.0 85.5 88.6 90.3 84.4 0.800 18.100 0.04120 0.00238 Paraguay 1990 68.4 80.7 82.2 81.8 81.2 79.3 0.842 12.800 0.02576 0.00428 Peru 1996 55.9 73.4 80.2 82.5 81.9 76.2 0.683 26.000 0.07310 0.00207 Peru 2000 42.2 60.8 69.5 71.5 73.4 65.3 0.575 31.200 0.11202 0.00269 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 38.3 45.9 53.5 59.4 64.2 52.7 0.596 25.938 0.13905 0.00606 Egypt 1995 40.0 55.1 64.8 74.6 81.4 64.0 0.491 41.400 0.14429 0.00339 Egypt 2000 48.2 66.6 73.7 81.0 84.1 71.7 0.573 35.900 0.10133 0.00298 Jordan 1997 50.7 48.0 59.5 64.7 65.9 58.0 0.769 15.200 0.17528 0.00875 Morocco 1992 51.4 68.4 76.4 82.3 93.0 75.9 0.553 41.600 0.09982 0.00375 Morocco 2003/04 41.1 43.8 48.7 53.9 58.8 49.8 0.700 17.653 0.06825 0.00441 Yemen 1997 13.1 25.4 31.9 37.9 48.1 31.2 0.272 35.000 0.21134 0.00811 E. SOUTH ASIA 12.5 28.0 33.1 44.3 52.1 33.9 0.241 39.573 0.24612 0.00702 Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 9.2 17.9 32.4 42.0 43.5 28.8 0.211 34.300 0.25228 0.00813 Bangladesh 2004 16.2 28.5 37.4 44.7 39.9 33.4 0.406 23.693 0.13984 0.00728 India 1992/93 15.5 27.5 40.4 56.5 75.5 43.5 0.205 60.000 0.29497 0.00194 India 1998/99 14.3 26.9 38.5 45.9 56.4 36.5 0.254 42.100 0.24796 0.00236 Nepal 1996 15.9 26.6 35.5 43.7 62.8 36.4 0.253 46.900 0.24869 0.00788 Nepal 2001 14.2 38.4 34.1 49.3 60.1 38.6 0.236 45.900 0.22197 0.00724 Pakistan 1990/91 5.5 18.0 22.6 37.2 52.1 27.1 0.106 46.600 0.37473 0.01119 - 221 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media RADIO LISTENERSHIP AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 25.4 39.2 47.4 59.2 74.0 50.4 0.343 48.606 0.24587 0.00679 Benin 1996 5.3 8.3 10.3 14.8 25.8 13.4 0.205 20.500 0.30083 0.02118 Benin 2001 46.9 58.0 64.3 67.5 73.2 62.9 0.641 26.300 0.07627 0.00610 Burkina Faso 1992/93 17.0 35.0 32.3 42.1 74.5 42.1 0.228 57.459 0.29565 0.00688 Burkina Faso 1998/99 27.2 47.5 57.6 53.3 74.7 52.2 0.364 47.500 0.17152 0.00638 Burkina Faso 2003 21.6 48.8 47.0 56.2 75.0 51.0 0.289 53.321 0.19347 0.00456 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 16.0 35.3 49.2 64.2 82.5 50.5 0.194 66.500 0.27016 0.00664 Cameroon 2004 12.0 27.2 40.0 59.4 78.5 46.1 0.153 66.486 0.28974 0.00514 Central African Republic 1994/95 33.3 55.9 67.9 83.6 89.8 65.4 0.371 56.500 0.17498 0.00503 Chad 1996/97 3.5 5.8 20.2 27.2 63.8 22.9 0.055 60.300 0.56581 0.01116 Chad 2004 4.0 10.9 10.7 22.1 64.1 22.4 0.062 60.187 0.60876 0.01145 Comoros 1996 22.2 44.4 55.3 65.2 77.2 54.4 0.288 55.000 0.19918 0.00899 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 14.9 24.3 32.8 50.4 67.5 39.6 0.221 52.600 0.27740 0.00731 Eritrea 1995 14.6 24.2 46.1 74.1 89.5 52.6 0.163 74.900 0.32379 0.00594 Ethiopia 2000 2.4 3.1 5.1 7.4 32.3 11.2 0.074 29.900 0.71531 0.01515 Gabon 2000 64.4 65.5 71.1 71.9 71.9 69.9 0.895 7.521 0.01501 0.00559 Ghana 1993 28.8 33.4 54.9 59.4 72.3 51.8 0.398 43.500 0.17320 0.00765 Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 51.3 69.0 74.2 79.4 88.1 74.1 0.582 36.819 0.10601 0.00428 Guinea 1999 12.5 19.7 17.4 31.7 46.2 26.0 0.271 33.680 0.28087 0.01160 Kenya 1993 30.8 54.4 68.7 73.8 86.5 64.7 0.356 55.744 0.16053 0.00462 Kenya 1998 30.6 44.2 60.9 68.4 79.5 58.2 0.385 48.900 0.17091 0.00581 Kenya 2003 44.4 71.6 77.4 85.3 87.5 75.2 0.507 43.133 0.11425 0.00385 Madagascar 1997 6.4 25.2 28.8 48.5 81.0 39.6 0.079 74.600 0.39660 0.00636 Malawi 1992 24.8 31.2 46.7 74.9 81.7 52.3 0.304 56.900 0.26446 0.00657 Malawi 2000 17.6 50.4 50.0 68.5 77.7 52.3 0.227 60.100 0.23859 0.00420 Mali 1995/96 29.1 50.6 59.0 70.2 85.3 59.8 0.341 56.200 0.17991 0.00447 Mali 2001 49.7 54.1 51.1 64.8 82.7 61.5 0.601 33.000 0.10986 0.00404 Mauritania 2000/01 6.7 13.2 20.9 26.1 34.0 21.0 0.197 27.300 0.27109 0.01257 Mozambique 1997 2.7 10.0 25.6 36.4 61.0 27.1 0.044 58.300 0.49016 0.00944 Mozambique 2003 20.9 32.2 49.4 57.1 71.4 46.4 0.292 50.533 0.22833 0.00522 Namibia 1992 42.9 90.1 83.4 83.2 95.1 80.8 0.451 52.200 0.08651 0.00404 Namibia 2000 42.3 66.0 75.0 81.0 89.0 72.7 0.475 46.700 0.12005 0.00447 Niger 1998 30.0 42.5 54.7 59.9 79.0 53.5 0.380 49.000 0.17558 0.00563 Nigeria 1990 22.2 38.6 49.0 69.2 86.1 53.3 0.258 63.900 0.26039 0.00470 Nigeria 2003 33.6 45.1 57.7 70.9 83.5 59.3 0.403 49.851 0.17481 0.00506 Rwanda 2000 11.2 9.2 31.6 57.9 71.5 39.0 0.157 60.300 0.36411 0.00560 Senegal 1997 43.6 60.7 74.0 78.6 89.5 71.3 0.487 45.900 0.13052 0.00425 South Africa 1998 52.0 66.0 74.0 79.2 82.1 71.8 0.633 30.100 0.08001 0.00353 Tanzania 1996 3.4 5.5 23.3 50.5 68.7 32.6 0.049 65.300 0.46237 0.00786 Tanzania 1999 4.8 17.6 13.8 40.7 51.5 27.5 0.093 46.700 0.33340 0.01392 Tanzania 2004 26.3 56.0 60.1 74.7 84.5 62.3 0.312 58.146 0.18315 0.00403 Togo 1998 2.5 4.0 6.0 10.6 25.3 11.1 0.099 22.800 0.42442 0.01893 Uganda 1995 6.0 15.6 30.8 46.9 65.5 33.4 0.092 59.500 0.36986 0.00827 Uganda 2000/01 18.7 34.0 50.5 64.7 86.5 52.6 0.216 67.800 0.26051 0.00557 Zambia 1996 19.1 43.4 55.1 71.9 89.4 56.9 0.214 70.300 0.26301 0.00458 Zambia 2001 9.2 22.3 38.2 56.8 80.0 43.5 0.115 70.800 0.34168 0.00634 Zimbabwe 1994 8.3 24.9 28.4 52.7 82.8 43.1 0.100 74.500 0.35140 0.00701 Zimbabwe 1999 20.5 32.5 43.6 63.7 86.8 53.0 0.236 66.300 0.25589 0.00618 G. ALL COUNTRIES 30.6 43.2 50.6 59.8 70.3 52.1 0.435 39.719 0.19906 0.00632 - 222 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media RADIO LISTENERSHIP AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 36.7 44.1 48.7 44.7 54.0 45.6 0.679 17.338 0.07988 0.00652 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 70.5 80.7 84.7 85.7 87.5 82.1 0.806 17.004 0.04410 0.00425 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 14.3 26.2 37.9 44.3 54.2 36.6 0.264 39.900 0.21262 0.01715 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 6.6 18.7 32.5 35.3 51.3 30.7 0.129 44.700 0.29210 0.02056 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 67.5 83.5 86.7 89.9 87.3 84.1 0.773 19.800 0.04780 0.00483 Bolivia 2003 78.0 91.4 92.5 94.1 90.9 89.9 0.858 12.907 0.02847 0.00294 Brazil 1996 63.5 66.5 71.2 69.7 69.4 68.2 0.915 5.900 0.01985 0.00792 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 49.3 64.6 66.1 68.8 70.5 63.6 0.699 21.200 0.07026 0.00956 Dominican Republic 2002 77.7 81.2 90.8 89.6 86.7 84.9 0.895 9.065 0.03402 0.00495 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 29.0 47.0 71.9 86.7 97.4 67.3 0.298 68.400 0.20823 0.00807 Haiti 2000 42.2 50.5 66.9 86.3 91.2 67.6 0.463 49.000 0.16655 0.00644 Nicaragua 1997/98 76.1 84.7 88.5 89.5 93.2 87.0 0.817 17.100 0.03817 0.00458 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 73.4 80.1 87.5 88.4 83.5 83.6 0.879 10.100 0.03473 0.00546 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 38.3 44.1 57.6 66.6 55.4 52.5 0.691 17.100 0.07028 0.01083 Bangladesh 2004 43.9 48.0 55.3 57.4 52.5 51.7 0.837 8.562 0.02424 0.00848 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 29.3 58.9 52.2 60.6 68.8 54.7 0.426 39.500 0.13000 0.01064 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 223 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media RADIO LISTENERSHIP AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 49.2 63.0 70.9 77.4 86.1 71.0 0.572 36.888 0.15098 0.00841 Benin 1996 27.8 30.0 36.3 54.2 60.3 42.3 0.461 32.500 0.19112 0.01691 Benin 2001 75.4 87.3 85.4 87.9 85.8 84.1 0.879 10.400 0.02693 0.00540 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 43.7 66.2 73.1 74.0 89.0 71.5 0.491 45.300 0.11582 0.00668 Burkina Faso 2003 37.9 68.7 72.2 76.7 89.9 71.6 0.421 52.017 0.12349 0.00569 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 38.4 64.4 79.3 84.9 92.1 74.8 0.417 53.700 0.12339 0.00660 Cameroon 2004 41.3 66.1 73.7 82.2 90.1 74.3 0.458 48.857 0.10954 0.00468 Central African Republic 1994/95 60.9 78.2 87.2 95.6 95.4 84.1 0.638 34.500 0.08150 0.00620 Chad 1996/97 7.6 9.0 37.3 43.4 79.8 38.8 0.095 72.200 0.42628 0.01114 Chad 2004 16.5 44.5 53.1 67.2 81.6 55.8 0.201 65.193 0.23826 0.00868 Comoros 1996 34.1 56.7 63.2 77.9 85.6 65.8 0.398 51.500 0.15416 0.01348 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 39.1 46.2 63.6 86.8 96.4 69.9 0.406 57.300 0.17928 0.01018 Ethiopia 2000 8.3 12.3 17.1 20.7 58.4 23.8 0.142 50.100 0.47780 0.01915 Gabon 2000 64.8 75.9 85.6 84.4 85.7 80.4 0.756 20.900 0.05150 0.00673 Ghana 1993 55.3 59.5 80.1 86.4 90.9 75.4 0.608 35.600 0.10842 0.00886 Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 73.8 89.3 91.7 92.3 96.4 89.4 0.766 22.603 0.05272 0.00326 Guinea 1999 74.1 77.5 86.3 89.8 95.9 85.7 0.773 21.800 0.05474 0.00524 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 61.8 75.1 84.6 85.0 89.5 81.0 0.691 27.700 0.06244 0.00521 Kenya 2003 71.8 89.5 92.2 94.9 95.5 90.1 0.752 23.655 0.04509 0.00378 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 50.5 58.4 66.8 86.7 91.8 74.5 0.550 41.300 0.12351 0.00924 Malawi 2000 37.7 75.2 74.5 75.8 84.7 69.7 0.445 47.000 0.12705 0.00669 Mali 1995/96 59.0 76.8 83.1 90.3 93.9 81.3 0.628 34.900 0.08534 0.00588 Mali 2001 76.3 76.5 80.7 85.6 90.7 82.6 0.841 14.400 0.04290 0.00467 Mauritania 2000/01 17.6 32.3 42.9 40.1 50.0 38.8 0.352 32.400 0.16268 0.01498 Mozambique 1997 3.7 19.8 35.9 55.4 74.6 39.9 0.050 70.900 0.34633 0.01153 Mozambique 2003 58.2 62.6 79.0 84.3 89.2 75.0 0.652 31.001 0.09956 0.00655 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 55.4 72.6 84.0 89.6 93.2 82.0 0.594 37.800 0.06960 0.00543 Niger 1998 73.7 75.0 79.5 79.4 91.5 80.7 0.805 17.800 0.04221 0.00426 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 74.4 84.5 86.5 88.4 93.9 86.1 0.793 19.456 0.03627 0.00539 Rwanda 2000 41.1 37.8 59.2 75.1 87.7 64.3 0.469 46.600 0.15826 0.01512 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 16.2 20.8 47.0 71.0 85.5 52.2 0.189 69.300 0.29733 0.00924 Tanzania 1999 18.5 39.4 33.2 59.4 65.5 45.2 0.282 47.000 0.17221 0.00968 Tanzania 2004 56.1 78.3 80.5 89.8 90.8 79.8 0.619 34.623 0.07570 0.00609 Togo 1998 18.1 21.6 29.7 37.4 55.3 34.2 0.327 37.200 0.23494 0.01284 Uganda 1995 6.2 25.0 37.1 60.3 75.5 42.2 0.082 69.300 0.34369 0.01138 Uganda 2000/01 * * * * * * - - na na Zambia 1996 46.3 60.4 68.6 88.3 95.9 74.6 0.483 49.600 0.14036 0.00728 Zambia 2001 29.1 49.1 64.0 76.0 90.6 64.6 0.321 61.500 0.19513 0.00788 Zimbabwe 1994 17.4 36.2 41.4 55.6 77.2 51.2 0.225 59.800 0.22616 0.01114 Zimbabwe 1999 45.8 54.3 68.6 80.1 92.5 72.0 0.495 46.700 0.13559 0.00657 G. ALL COUNTRIES 48.4 61.1 68.6 74.3 81.6 68.1 0.593 33.211 0.13405 0.00839 - 224 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media TELEVISION VIEWERSHIP AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 42.0 65.0 79.6 87.4 94.1 74.7 0.446 52.125 0.15191 0.00280 Cambodia 2000 31.4 37.8 52.5 67.2 86.8 56.3 0.362 55.400 0.21658 0.00362 Indonesia 1997 47.8 73.3 81.1 90.5 97.7 77.9 0.489 49.900 0.13252 0.00167 Indonesia 2002/03 44.8 69.6 84.1 90.8 94.5 76.4 0.475 49.624 0.14886 0.00163 Philippines 1998 35.2 65.6 87.3 95.7 97.2 79.8 0.362 62.000 0.16310 0.00267 Philippines 2003 34.5 69.3 89.2 95.3 97.2 80.4 0.355 62.677 0.15244 0.00247 Vietnam 1997 40.3 69.7 82.7 93.3 96.7 76.8 0.417 56.400 0.14387 0.00396 Vietnam 2002 57.1 83.2 92.7 96.3 97.9 85.8 0.583 40.800 0.08976 0.00349 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 76.3 91.8 93.6 94.8 96.8 91.3 0.788 20.506 0.04457 0.00365 Armenia 2000 76.0 87.3 88.7 91.4 95.3 88.4 0.797 19.300 0.03824 0.00327 Kazakhstan 1995 82.3 93.1 95.5 95.4 97.7 93.5 0.842 15.400 0.03293 0.00305 Kazakhstan 1999 69.8 89.3 94.0 93.6 97.0 90.1 0.719 27.229 0.04932 0.00370 Kyrgyzstan 1997 67.3 92.4 93.1 96.3 96.6 89.7 0.697 29.300 0.06393 0.00435 Turkey 1993 63.7 86.7 92.7 96.2 98.4 89.0 0.647 34.700 0.06660 0.00302 Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 89.0 93.0 94.3 94.2 97.2 93.7 0.916 8.200 na na Uzbekistan 1996 79.4 96.8 97.8 98.5 97.9 94.4 0.811 18.500 0.02678 0.00328 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 22.9 49.1 72.2 84.8 93.5 68.8 0.245 70.592 0.24374 0.00325 Bolivia 1998 7.1 47.2 86.9 95.4 97.2 72.8 0.073 90.100 0.24943 0.00274 Bolivia 2003 6.5 41.8 83.7 94.0 98.3 71.0 0.066 91.747 0.24623 0.00221 Brazil 1996 60.1 90.0 93.8 95.5 97.0 88.7 0.620 36.900 0.07210 0.00233 Colombia 1995 46.3 82.9 89.2 90.1 92.0 82.6 0.503 45.700 0.08582 0.00303 Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 49.9 83.4 88.6 93.1 95.0 84.1 0.525 45.100 0.09431 0.00364 Dominican Republic 2002 65.0 86.7 92.8 95.7 97.1 89.2 0.669 32.090 0.07685 0.00167 Guatemala 1995 5.2 13.8 54.4 87.9 95.3 56.4 0.055 90.100 0.38908 0.00286 Guatemala 1998/99 4.6 29.0 64.1 86.7 97.2 61.4 0.047 92.600 0.35008 0.00393 Haiti 1994/95 2.1 2.9 8.9 35.6 81.5 31.2 0.026 79.400 0.56867 0.00992 Haiti 2000 0.9 2.0 4.5 36.3 80.3 31.3 0.011 79.400 0.49492 0.00715 Nicaragua 1997/98 10.2 39.9 80.1 91.0 96.4 68.4 0.106 86.200 0.27176 0.00248 Nicaragua 2001 7.5 42.6 81.0 92.6 96.6 69.4 0.078 89.100 0.27067 0.00258 Paraguay 1990 31.6 57.4 82.7 94.6 97.9 76.6 0.323 66.300 0.18709 0.00371 Peru 1996 16.9 66.2 92.2 96.7 98.3 78.5 0.172 81.400 0.19898 0.00171 Peru 2000 7.0 43.5 75.0 82.9 83.6 63.2 0.084 76.600 0.25198 0.00239 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 48.7 65.9 76.4 86.1 91.5 74.3 0.532 42.817 0.11736 0.00831 Egypt 1995 51.0 77.2 85.7 90.9 95.6 80.8 0.533 44.600 0.12239 0.00246 Egypt 2000 76.4 92.6 95.6 97.1 98.5 92.6 0.776 22.100 0.05077 0.00189 Jordan 1997 79.4 88.8 94.4 91.9 92.1 89.5 0.862 12.700 -0.22551 0.02277 Morocco 1992 4.0 39.3 73.5 91.2 98.2 65.0 0.041 94.200 0.28459 0.00335 Morocco 2003/04 36.0 75.6 92.1 96.9 97.5 81.4 0.369 61.566 0.13697 0.00215 Yemen 1997 2.9 6.4 23.6 58.4 77.8 33.6 0.037 74.900 0.50721 0.00643 E. SOUTH ASIA 9.2 13.7 24.5 49.3 83.9 36.1 0.110 74.728 0.47290 0.00659 Bangladesh 1996/97 8.0 12.2 15.1 27.9 73.3 27.0 0.109 65.300 0.45338 0.00997 Bangladesh 1999/2000 11.8 19.7 24.6 40.7 79.7 35.2 0.148 67.900 0.39255 0.00636 Bangladesh 2004 19.4 28.9 38.7 58.2 82.3 45.6 0.235 62.913 0.29185 0.00472 India 1992/93 4.2 8.1 15.9 41.9 86.9 31.8 0.048 82.700 0.57200 0.00228 India 1998/99 9.5 15.9 37.4 71.3 93.6 45.7 0.101 84.100 0.41173 0.00146 Nepal 1996 2.1 3.2 5.0 7.0 46.9 12.3 0.045 44.800 0.67512 0.02242 Nepal 2001 5.0 6.9 10.4 23.0 72.8 23.2 0.069 67.800 0.55147 0.01118 Pakistan 1990/91 3.0 3.1 11.5 44.9 87.1 29.8 0.034 84.100 0.63655 0.00899 - 225 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media TELEVISION VIEWERSHIP AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4.2 8.2 14.7 28.6 64.0 26.2 0.065 59.863 0.63855 0.01562 Benin 1996 24.5 39.2 47.2 59.6 82.1 51.9 0.298 57.600 0.22145 0.00680 Benin 2001 2.3 4.1 6.1 16.6 66.0 22.0 0.035 63.700 0.59153 0.01389 Burkina Faso 1992/93 0.8 0.6 0.8 3.6 43.3 11.2 0.019 42.535 1.10854 0.02541 Burkina Faso 1998/99 0.9 2.0 3.0 5.1 48.2 12.6 0.019 47.300 0.89760 0.02370 Burkina Faso 2003 2.8 3.9 5.6 12.3 68.6 20.9 0.040 65.835 0.63205 0.01074 Cameroon 1991 4.4 8.9 18.8 38.1 85.9 34.0 0.051 81.500 0.53549 0.00973 Cameroon 1998 6.5 8.9 20.9 43.3 75.1 32.9 0.087 68.600 0.47945 0.00903 Cameroon 2004 2.4 7.0 19.9 50.5 81.4 35.9 0.030 78.949 0.49164 0.00547 Central African Republic 1994/95 0.3 1.2 2.3 23.7 43.6 13.9 0.007 43.300 0.65091 0.02235 Chad 1996/97 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.5 22.3 4.8 0.009 22.100 1.15137 0.04729 Chad 2004 0.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 22.5 5.3 0.018 22.129 1.23172 0.04666 Comoros 1996 6.8 11.4 18.9 20.8 60.0 25.2 0.113 53.200 0.42862 0.01811 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 15.3 23.3 35.4 64.0 90.6 48.2 0.169 75.300 0.33894 0.00510 Eritrea 1995 0.2 0.2 1.7 7.8 60.9 17.5 0.003 60.700 0.82359 0.01825 Ethiopia 2000 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 16.8 4.4 0.012 16.600 1.53369 0.03818 Gabon 2000 11.3 39.7 71.7 83.2 93.0 64.0 0.122 81.621 0.26417 0.00401 Ghana 1993 17.5 16.3 21.2 51.0 82.7 40.7 0.212 65.200 0.35547 0.00908 Ghana 1998 16.0 28.9 38.4 62.9 86.8 49.0 0.184 70.800 0.32126 0.00579 Ghana 2003 7.2 16.6 33.4 53.7 85.5 43.9 0.084 78.309 0.38685 0.00520 Guinea 1999 0.4 1.3 3.0 20.4 78.8 22.6 0.005 78.400 0.71742 0.01258 Kenya 1993 2.5 3.2 7.0 9.4 43.6 14.9 0.057 41.069 0.56199 0.02052 Kenya 1998 6.9 9.6 11.6 21.4 66.5 25.7 0.104 59.600 0.45172 0.01200 Kenya 2003 2.8 6.4 14.2 35.3 65.9 28.8 0.043 63.048 0.51418 0.00790 Madagascar 1997 0.9 1.4 1.4 5.1 51.5 13.8 0.017 50.600 0.91625 0.02119 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 0.2 0.7 0.8 1.4 15.2 3.8 0.013 15.000 0.83694 0.04285 Mali 1995/96 6.2 12.9 17.3 30.9 73.2 29.8 0.085 67.000 0.41244 0.00886 Mali 2001 11.2 11.6 12.1 29.6 79.1 31.0 0.142 67.900 0.44085 0.00768 Mauritania 2000/01 3.1 3.8 12.9 30.8 72.3 26.6 0.043 69.200 0.56938 0.00985 Mozambique 1997 0.3 1.2 1.4 9.4 37.9 10.4 0.008 37.600 0.95002 0.02577 Mozambique 2003 0.4 1.0 1.9 9.8 53.8 14.8 0.008 53.326 0.78705 0.01479 Namibia 1992 2.8 3.4 4.3 18.2 74.3 25.0 0.038 71.500 0.57706 0.01329 Namibia 2000 4.6 3.4 10.6 44.8 92.4 35.9 0.050 87.800 0.53652 0.00631 Niger 1998 8.5 14.1 17.7 21.5 62.7 25.4 0.136 54.200 0.45647 0.01121 Nigeria 1990 2.9 4.0 10.6 26.2 80.7 25.5 0.036 77.800 0.68247 0.00860 Nigeria 2003 3.6 8.0 17.8 52.6 86.8 35.9 0.042 83.152 0.48865 0.00623 Rwanda 2000 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.9 23.1 6.3 0.043 22.100 0.97991 0.03499 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 11.6 37.6 70.6 89.5 95.5 64.2 0.121 83.900 0.27483 0.00281 Tanzania 1996 0.8 1.7 3.5 5.4 28.0 8.8 0.029 27.200 0.73442 0.02806 Tanzania 1999 0.8 0.4 1.2 1.8 14.0 4.3 0.057 13.200 1.41446 0.07708 Tanzania 2004 1.5 3.4 4.3 10.2 53.1 17.1 0.029 51.587 0.63006 0.01449 Togo 1998 14.5 19.0 26.8 45.7 79.8 41.1 0.182 65.300 0.36322 0.00626 Uganda 1995 0.3 1.3 0.1 1.2 22.4 5.5 0.013 22.100 1.07522 0.04704 Uganda 2000/01 1.1 0.5 2.3 3.8 35.0 9.7 0.031 33.900 0.86524 0.02883 Zambia 1996 1.1 3.0 7.0 32.6 84.7 28.8 0.013 83.600 0.58242 0.00897 Zambia 2001 0.7 1.5 4.6 26.3 78.7 24.9 0.009 78.000 0.60921 0.01146 Zimbabwe 1994 2.5 4.1 7.4 26.5 78.1 27.8 0.032 75.600 0.56178 0.01075 Zimbabwe 1999 1.7 4.7 11.6 37.7 80.8 31.8 0.021 79.100 0.51966 0.00988 G. ALL COUNTRIES 20.4 31.3 41.1 53.7 77.4 46.8 0.264 57.021 0.44185 0.01055 - 226 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media TELEVISION VIEWERSHIP AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 51.8 75.6 87.5 87.2 96.4 79.3 0.537 44.629 0.11659 0.00294 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 45.7 76.3 92.5 95.9 96.4 82.1 0.474 50.644 0.12904 0.00406 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 85.7 90.7 93.7 95.7 97.6 93.0 0.878 11.900 0.03111 0.00446 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 72.1 91.0 91.8 93.5 95.9 89.6 0.752 23.800 0.05529 0.00743 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 13.2 58.8 88.6 97.1 98.0 75.9 0.135 84.800 0.21957 0.00468 Bolivia 2003 10.6 49.7 86.0 95.3 98.5 71.4 0.108 87.924 0.24069 0.00371 Brazil 1996 63.8 90.0 96.1 96.4 98.8 89.9 0.646 35.000 0.07295 0.00466 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 52.2 79.4 84.0 92.8 96.6 80.4 0.540 44.400 0.11548 0.00623 Dominican Republic 2002 59.8 82.3 92.2 94.5 94.4 83.6 0.634 34.561 0.11146 0.00552 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 1.8 3.6 12.7 41.9 88.0 29.5 0.020 86.200 0.60425 0.01831 Haiti 2000 3.1 9.1 6.7 43.5 77.7 29.1 0.040 74.600 0.48143 0.01357 Nicaragua 1997/98 22.3 49.9 87.9 95.3 97.4 73.6 0.229 75.100 0.22361 0.00537 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 34.0 70.3 94.5 98.4 98.6 84.4 0.345 64.600 0.14102 0.00552 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 41.8 38.1 45.7 56.5 82.3 52.7 0.508 40.500 0.16010 0.00885 Bangladesh 1999/2000 35.8 38.8 47.0 61.3 82.3 53.3 0.435 46.500 0.18834 0.00918 Bangladesh 2004 48.9 61.9 68.2 79.9 91.1 71.3 0.537 42.198 0.12086 0.00478 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 10.2 16.0 24.7 35.5 78.5 33.9 0.130 68.300 0.40182 0.01449 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 227 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Exposure to Mass Media TELEVISION VIEWERSHIP AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8.7 13.3 21.2 37.8 72.2 34.1 0.120 63.542 0.50013 0.02043 Benin 1996 41.2 55.9 70.5 82.1 92.9 68.9 0.443 51.700 0.16775 0.00850 Benin 2001 7.7 11.4 17.1 36.7 78.7 33.0 0.098 71.000 0.46611 0.01299 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 3.5 5.8 7.2 11.7 60.6 22.0 0.058 57.100 0.66608 0.02086 Burkina Faso 2003 4.9 7.3 15.7 23.0 77.3 30.2 0.064 72.401 0.50654 0.01213 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 10.7 18.9 32.7 58.8 81.4 45.1 0.131 70.700 0.35845 0.00913 Cameroon 2004 11.2 18.2 31.4 60.8 86.3 48.1 0.130 75.112 0.35501 0.00597 Central African Republic 1994/95 2.4 3.6 6.7 36.3 58.3 21.6 0.041 55.900 0.57295 0.02792 Chad 1996/97 0.0 0.7 0.3 2.6 38.7 10.7 - 38.700 1.01072 0.04789 Chad 2004 1.3 4.8 6.5 8.4 39.3 14.3 0.033 38.052 0.73852 0.03255 Comoros 1996 13.0 18.4 23.2 28.3 69.0 34.0 0.188 56.000 0.35458 0.02660 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 1.6 1.7 2.3 31.7 76.0 27.0 0.021 74.400 0.65843 0.02106 Ethiopia 2000 1.4 1.4 2.7 2.6 28.0 7.5 0.050 26.600 1.23167 0.05885 Gabon 2000 14.4 51.6 75.5 88.3 93.4 68.6 0.154 79.000 0.24718 0.00698 Ghana 1993 27.9 30.8 23.0 56.4 86.5 46.5 0.323 58.600 0.26682 0.01580 Ghana 1998 24.0 34.2 48.0 69.9 92.4 57.3 0.260 68.400 0.26900 0.00878 Ghana 2003 10.4 20.4 44.5 67.9 92.3 50.7 0.113 81.846 0.34644 0.00494 Guinea 1999 2.1 6.8 10.3 29.7 82.1 30.5 0.026 80.000 0.57988 0.01555 Kenya 1993 11.1 14.6 22.5 29.7 56.2 30.7 0.198 45.081 0.34760 0.01762 Kenya 1998 17.7 24.3 38.0 51.0 76.1 45.9 0.233 58.400 0.25464 0.01014 Kenya 2003 13.2 19.2 30.3 47.4 68.2 39.9 0.193 55.010 0.32618 0.00957 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 2.7 3.9 4.3 6.1 22.5 8.5 0.120 19.800 0.52033 0.04668 Mali 1995/96 9.1 15.7 29.5 44.5 82.7 38.3 0.110 73.600 0.36169 0.01291 Mali 2001 22.2 22.7 23.4 43.5 85.6 43.3 0.259 63.400 0.31642 0.01060 Mauritania 2000/01 2.1 9.1 27.6 42.7 73.4 37.5 0.029 71.300 0.43324 0.01159 Mozambique 1997 1.0 6.0 7.4 26.8 52.1 20.1 0.019 51.100 0.67839 0.02396 Mozambique 2003 0.7 3.5 4.2 22.1 67.5 22.5 0.011 66.771 0.68952 0.01859 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 8.8 8.4 19.5 53.0 90.7 41.9 0.097 81.900 0.43221 0.00872 Niger 1998 20.9 25.7 30.9 32.5 78.8 40.8 0.265 57.900 0.30857 0.01012 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 14.5 19.6 31.7 57.8 90.8 46.2 0.159 76.371 0.36329 0.00930 Rwanda 2000 4.9 5.6 4.9 3.6 47.7 14.9 0.103 42.800 0.75188 0.06486 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 5.6 8.5 7.6 13.0 47.0 18.0 0.119 41.400 0.53209 0.02819 Tanzania 1999 3.3 3.9 3.1 5.9 26.3 9.5 0.125 23.000 0.75974 0.04015 Tanzania 2004 6.1 9.3 12.7 23.8 65.5 25.3 0.092 59.446 0.46836 0.01930 Togo 1998 30.4 32.9 52.2 68.9 90.0 57.8 0.338 59.600 0.25727 0.00632 Uganda 1995 0.1 1.9 1.3 5.0 29.8 8.5 0.003 29.700 0.95215 0.05941 Uganda 2000/01 * * * * * * - - * * Zambia 1996 4.0 4.8 12.5 56.1 86.4 38.0 0.046 82.400 0.49673 0.01273 Zambia 2001 3.4 4.1 12.8 38.2 86.2 33.6 0.039 82.800 0.51506 0.01434 Zimbabwe 1994 13.0 18.6 21.3 41.8 78.3 41.0 0.166 65.300 0.36766 0.01233 Zimbabwe 1999 7.4 9.1 18.6 53.7 85.0 41.2 0.087 77.600 0.42338 0.01015 G. ALL COUNTRIES 19.4 28.3 36.7 50.7 78.2 45.4 0.248 58.781 0.40761 0.01637 - 228 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 48.0 59.2 65.4 71.3 81.0 65.5 0.593 32.936 0.15048 0.00359 Cambodia 2000 59.2 66.0 71.2 77.9 91.0 73.7 0.651 31.800 0.11683 0.00291 Indonesia 1997 5.4 10.8 16.0 28.9 52.0 22.3 0.103 46.631 0.38885 0.00578 Indonesia 2002/03 8.6 15.4 24.6 35.1 54.9 27.6 0.156 46.289 0.33551 0.00481 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 54.0 69.7 76.3 80.1 83.2 74.2 0.648 29.253 0.07165 0.00297 Vietnam 1997 71.8 80.9 82.7 89.2 92.2 83.5 0.779 20.400 0.05543 0.00346 Vietnam 2002 70.4 85.5 89.6 91.9 94.8 86.6 0.743 24.400 0.07793 0.00367 B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 48.1 56.3 62.9 68.6 79.5 64.3 0.605 31.425 0.12336 0.00547 Armenia 2000 41.6 49.3 59.5 67.1 72.5 59.1 0.574 30.900 0.11798 0.00620 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 65.7 79.1 81.6 84.9 91.1 81.8 0.721 25.400 0.06742 0.00444 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 27.0 38.4 50.9 58.3 76.7 52.2 0.352 49.700 0.18469 0.00575 Turkmenistan 2000 58.1 58.5 59.7 64.2 77.8 64.1 0.747 19.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 47.7 60.7 68.9 77.5 83.0 69.8 0.575 35.295 0.12534 0.00326 Bolivia 1998 13.4 36.1 60.9 80.7 88.9 61.2 0.151 75.476 0.24944 0.00344 Bolivia 2003 15.4 34.8 55.7 74.0 87.2 58.1 0.177 71.732 0.23779 0.00300 Brazil 1996 82.6 95.3 98.1 98.1 99.1 95.3 0.834 16.500 0.03363 0.00154 Colombia 1995 59.2 82.6 88.6 93.0 94.7 85.7 0.625 35.510 0.07090 0.00249 Colombia 2000 54.6 71.2 76.6 79.1 79.2 73.5 0.689 24.600 0.05878 0.00342 Colombia 2005 67.9 80.6 84.9 86.6 88.8 82.8 0.765 20.887 0.05227 0.00153 Dominican Republic 1996 98.6 99.1 99.6 99.5 99.5 99.3 0.991 0.900 0.00479 0.00083 Dominican Republic 2002 80.6 90.1 92.4 94.5 94.6 91.2 0.853 13.917 0.03267 0.00137 Guatemala 1995 30.7 33.5 38.1 61.9 85.3 52.8 0.360 54.600 0.19915 0.00487 Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 94.8 96.9 97.3 97.5 98.1 97.1 0.966 3.300 0.00535 0.00148 Haiti 2000 31.8 45.6 49.0 66.7 80.4 58.2 0.395 48.632 0.16444 0.00625 Nicaragua 1997/98 78.8 89.2 95.0 97.5 97.8 92.7 0.806 19.000 0.04033 0.00160 Nicaragua 2001 20.8 30.8 36.0 44.9 49.7 38.2 0.419 28.900 0.17135 0.00654 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 67.1 83.7 93.1 96.0 97.8 89.2 0.686 30.700 0.06475 0.00130 Peru 2000 34.6 47.8 66.4 77.6 81.1 64.5 0.427 46.500 0.18523 0.00257 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 53.8 63.4 67.0 70.5 73.0 65.8 0.737 19.200 na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 25.9 37.8 60.9 74.3 82.1 58.0 0.315 56.252 0.19932 0.00333 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA 8.4 14.9 23.1 35.8 61.1 28.6 0.137 52.754 0.39030 0.00627 Bangladesh 1996/97 18.8 17.7 18.1 16.5 32.1 20.6 0.586 13.300 0.11691 0.01320 Bangladesh 1999/2000 38.6 40.4 44.0 42.3 60.6 45.2 0.637 22.000 0.61650 0.01340 Bangladesh 2004 9.7 17.0 26.4 40.2 64.2 31.6 0.150 54.563 0.36134 0.00679 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 4.6 8.7 19.3 33.6 59.6 25.3 0.076 55.055 0.48224 0.00300 Nepal 1996 63.2 68.4 69.2 72.8 79.0 70.3 0.800 15.800 0.04444 0.00398 Nepal 2001 10.9 19.1 23.8 33.6 59.6 28.9 0.184 48.645 0.32733 0.00904 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 229 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 63.5 69.9 74.5 79.9 88.3 75.9 0.719 24.809 0.09592 0.00380 Benin 1996 79.5 80.1 83.8 88.8 90.8 84.9 0.876 11.300 0.03312 0.00332 Benin 2001 41.3 53.1 57.7 60.7 72.5 58.2 0.570 31.200 0.11234 0.00623 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 65.5 73.5 68.2 72.8 90.6 74.5 0.723 25.139 0.07005 0.00367 Burkina Faso 2003 60.2 62.9 62.4 66.2 84.4 68.0 0.713 24.243 0.07852 0.00338 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 58.3 75.8 80.5 87.3 93.2 79.2 0.626 34.857 0.08536 0.00395 Cameroon 2004 58.2 68.2 74.8 83.2 90.7 76.2 0.641 32.527 0.08842 0.00315 Central African Republic 1994/95 79.0 85.8 90.9 94.6 96.3 89.1 0.821 17.259 0.04201 0.00273 Chad 1996/97 28.1 41.7 45.2 62.9 85.2 52.2 0.329 57.140 0.21560 0.00526 Chad 2004 26.0 43.1 43.9 54.0 55.8 44.6 0.466 29.831 0.14156 0.00735 Comoros 1996 36.0 51.6 64.7 69.9 81.1 61.9 0.444 45.100 0.15440 0.00775 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 71.7 81.6 82.9 83.0 91.6 82.7 0.783 19.900 0.04533 0.00307 Eritrea 1995 44.1 48.5 63.1 83.4 92.6 68.3 0.476 48.500 0.28584 0.00575 Ethiopia 2000 48.0 47.5 49.7 55.8 83.1 58.2 0.578 35.011 0.16181 0.00350 Gabon 2000 94.3 95.3 97.0 96.8 96.6 96.1 0.976 2.300 0.01847 0.00208 Ghana 1993 92.8 94.9 95.9 97.5 97.9 96.1 0.948 5.100 0.01054 0.00179 Ghana 1998 61.0 73.4 73.8 84.3 89.9 77.2 0.679 28.900 0.10492 0.00447 Ghana 2003 52.6 60.6 66.4 68.0 67.9 63.8 0.775 15.289 0.04670 0.00562 Guinea 1999 85.4 87.4 91.4 95.9 97.9 91.7 0.873 12.427 0.03164 0.00217 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 94.5 96.3 97.0 97.9 98.6 97.0 0.958 4.100 0.00937 0.00143 Kenya 2003 72.6 82.0 85.4 89.3 90.5 84.8 0.803 17.845 0.05825 0.00298 Madagascar 1997 18.6 24.4 33.1 49.3 78.6 42.3 0.237 59.924 0.30758 0.00651 Malawi 1992 81.6 87.7 90.7 92.5 94.5 89.5 0.863 12.900 0.02789 0.00282 Malawi 2000 90.0 92.1 93.3 95.5 98.3 93.8 0.916 8.300 0.02338 0.00139 Mali 1995/96 63.7 77.9 79.2 85.0 93.7 80.4 0.680 30.000 0.06614 0.00285 Mali 2001 42.7 41.4 39.3 52.3 80.5 52.6 0.530 37.835 0.14849 0.00484 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 20.5 27.5 23.4 27.5 39.7 27.4 0.516 19.202 0.16135 0.01112 Mozambique 2003 44.5 52.4 61.3 67.7 87.0 63.0 0.511 42.489 0.13646 0.00359 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 78.8 84.3 89.6 89.8 97.0 88.7 0.812 18.200 0.04266 0.00273 Niger 1998 79.7 82.1 83.9 83.0 92.1 84.3 0.865 12.400 0.22332 0.00624 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 37.1 48.2 61.6 68.0 81.0 60.2 0.458 43.875 0.14355 0.00499 Rwanda 2000 93.7 95.2 94.6 96.4 97.4 95.7 0.962 3.700 0.00612 0.00116 Senegal 1997 60.8 66.1 75.6 84.7 93.7 77.8 0.649 32.900 0.11734 0.00366 South Africa 1998 70.2 81.4 84.8 89.8 92.4 84.5 0.761 22.114 0.04990 0.00238 Tanzania 1996 77.8 85.1 86.1 91.3 95.0 87.6 0.819 17.200 0.03615 0.00245 Tanzania 1999 70.2 75.1 73.1 84.5 90.0 79.4 0.780 19.800 0.05512 0.00427 Tanzania 2004 89.3 93.5 94.8 96.9 98.7 95.0 0.905 9.395 0.01783 0.00154 Togo 1998 83.1 85.5 88.0 92.6 94.2 89.3 0.882 11.100 0.04738 0.00260 Uganda 1995 96.2 97.9 98.5 98.7 99.2 98.1 0.970 3.000 0.00362 0.00081 Uganda 2000/01 75.8 81.8 86.1 90.0 95.0 86.2 0.798 19.200 0.04088 0.00265 Zambia 1996 96.1 96.7 97.6 98.6 99.2 97.7 0.969 3.100 0.00742 0.00106 Zambia 2001 69.4 78.0 85.4 89.7 93.6 83.9 0.741 24.200 0.05854 0.00297 Zimbabwe 1994 94.8 94.1 96.2 98.0 98.5 96.5 0.962 3.700 0.01144 0.00146 Zimbabwe 1999 75.1 81.9 84.5 89.3 92.7 85.6 0.810 17.600 0.05689 0.00342 G. ALL COUNTRIES 54.2 62.3 68.3 74.8 84.0 69.7 0.645 29.852 0.12837 0.00396 - 230 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 21.0 37.2 50.9 63.6 81.4 50.5 0.257 60.479 0.22241 0.00488 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 66.4 80.5 84.0 87.8 92.9 82.7 0.715 26.499 0.06561 0.00396 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na 0.06396 0.00849 Armenia 2000 51.1 64.5 77.2 76.3 85.3 71.9 0.599 34.200 0.09419 0.00884 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na 0.01183 Kazakhstan 1999 77.2 88.1 86.5 93.0 92.3 88.0 0.836 15.100 0.04175 0.00695 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 55.8 59.8 63.9 68.9 76.7 66.0 0.728 20.900 0.05596 0.00967 Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 22.2 52.7 68.2 87.2 94.9 69.1 0.234 72.699 0.19648 0.00510 Bolivia 2003 25.8 52.6 71.3 84.0 93.1 67.9 0.277 67.308 0.18767 0.00426 Brazil 1996 90.7 96.0 98.5 99.0 99.1 96.9 0.915 8.400 0.02420 0.00279 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 99.9 100.0 99.7 99.5 100.0 99.8 0.999 0.100 0.00102 0.00060 Dominican Republic 2002 87.4 94.0 96.0 96.8 96.6 93.9 0.905 9.212 0.02736 0.00351 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 93.4 95.7 97.9 98.5 98.4 96.9 0.949 5.000 0.00959 0.00282 Haiti 2000 65.2 78.1 82.3 88.0 94.1 81.3 0.693 28.900 0.06566 0.00514 Nicaragua 1997/98 96.1 98.1 99.9 99.6 100.0 98.9 0.961 3.900 0.00735 0.00147 Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 83.2 92.5 98.9 99.5 100.0 96.2 0.832 16.800 0.03314 0.00301 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 40.3 37.7 35.3 41.2 63.7 43.6 0.633 23.400 0.10179 0.01206 Bangladesh 1999/2000 50.1 53.8 57.0 61.7 77.5 60.2 0.646 27.400 0.41794 0.01430 Bangladesh 2004 27.5 36.6 47.6 59.8 78.4 51.5 0.350 50.960 0.21340 0.00699 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 49.8 55.8 60.5 64.1 84.2 63.4 0.591 34.474 0.10656 0.00862 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 231 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 82.0 84.3 87.5 89.8 94.0 88.1 0.872 12.004 0.03965 0.00432 Benin 1996 91.1 95.0 95.0 96.3 99.8 95.5 0.913 8.700 0.01739 0.00251 Benin 2001 71.1 75.1 80.8 81.6 88.6 79.7 0.802 17.500 0.05708 0.00580 Burkina Faso 1992/93 67.5 68.7 65.2 79.4 89.3 74.7 0.755 21.848 0.07589 0.00703 Burkina Faso 1998/99 85.6 90.4 90.5 88.7 96.8 91.1 0.884 11.255 0.02390 0.00320 Burkina Faso 2003 76.5 75.6 78.5 80.5 93.6 82.0 0.817 17.114 0.04732 0.00426 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 86.4 94.5 96.4 98.1 99.7 95.7 0.867 13.300 0.03241 0.00348 Cameroon 2004 81.2 89.0 90.0 89.3 94.4 89.6 0.861 13.163 0.02338 0.00282 Central African Republic 1994/95 98.4 99.3 98.7 100.0 99.4 99.2 0.990 1.000 0.00444 0.00208 Chad 1996/97 62.2 77.7 85.0 87.1 95.0 83.4 0.654 32.863 0.06408 0.00556 Chad 2004 69.1 73.9 59.3 68.4 78.5 70.5 0.880 9.458 0.03181 0.00810 Comoros 1996 72.5 79.4 83.9 85.5 89.8 83.0 0.807 17.300 0.04700 0.00974 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 93.1 93.0 94.3 95.6 98.2 94.9 0.948 5.100 0.01297 0.00244 Eritrea 1995 91.5 83.2 89.9 96.4 99.2 92.5 0.922 7.700 0.08403 0.00760 Ethiopia 2000 81.8 85.2 86.1 88.7 94.0 87.2 0.870 12.194 0.04204 0.00442 Gabon 2000 95.1 97.8 98.1 97.7 98.6 97.6 0.965 3.500 0.00762 0.00224 Ghana 1993 89.8 94.9 91.6 96.2 97.3 94.1 0.923 7.500 0.01576 0.00388 Ghana 1998 78.4 80.4 84.5 92.7 94.1 87.0 0.833 15.700 0.05471 0.00588 Ghana 2003 65.7 68.0 74.4 75.7 80.6 73.5 0.816 14.824 0.04524 0.00482 Guinea 1999 85.1 84.2 93.8 96.3 98.9 92.3 0.861 13.720 0.03487 0.00371 Kenya 1993 35.1 38.0 43.0 45.1 50.4 43.4 0.697 15.258 0.08143 0.01370 Kenya 1998 98.5 98.6 99.4 99.3 99.6 99.2 0.989 1.100 0.00228 0.00119 Kenya 2003 82.2 88.5 92.1 92.9 95.3 91.1 0.862 13.129 0.03918 0.00353 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 84.9 91.3 95.2 98.1 96.1 94.1 0.883 11.200 0.02039 0.00440 Malawi 2000 96.7 97.3 98.6 98.1 98.2 97.7 0.985 1.500 0.00637 0.00184 Mali 1995/96 90.7 94.4 95.2 94.8 99.0 95.0 0.916 8.300 0.01557 0.00279 Mali 2001 71.8 69.7 68.8 77.4 88.3 76.3 0.813 16.500 0.06068 0.00554 Mauritania 2000/01 58.7 63.9 75.4 85.4 89.2 77.2 0.658 30.500 0.16888 0.00858 Mozambique 1997 38.5 44.1 35.6 49.5 70.8 48.4 0.544 32.274 0.15452 0.01156 Mozambique 2003 67.9 63.0 71.7 84.3 90.4 76.3 0.751 22.515 0.07154 0.00535 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 87.5 92.1 94.3 93.1 97.6 93.5 0.897 10.100 0.03137 0.00359 Niger 1998 91.8 88.9 92.3 94.4 97.3 93.1 0.943 5.500 0.04507 0.00371 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 67.0 80.9 89.1 83.3 89.4 82.5 0.749 22.425 0.04590 0.00564 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.00282 0.00143 Senegal 1997 74.1 81.9 87.8 92.7 97.0 87.4 0.764 22.900 0.07380 0.00387 South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 86.9 89.8 93.7 90.1 96.9 91.9 0.897 10.000 0.02057 0.00370 Tanzania 1999 85.1 87.0 86.7 92.9 95.3 89.9 0.893 10.200 0.02007 0.00293 Tanzania 2004 93.0 94.3 97.7 96.8 97.9 96.1 0.950 4.853 0.01248 0.00290 Togo 1998 93.2 96.3 96.8 98.5 99.7 97.2 0.935 6.500 0.01956 0.00213 Uganda 1995 99.3 99.3 98.8 99.3 99.4 99.3 0.999 0.100 0.00083 0.00102 Uganda 2000/01 90.4 92.2 93.9 95.5 98.1 94.1 0.922 7.700 0.01450 0.00305 Zambia 1996 99.6 99.0 99.8 100.0 100.0 99.7 0.996 0.400 0.00139 0.00066 Zambia 2001 87.9 89.5 96.0 91.6 95.1 92.3 0.924 7.200 0.01974 0.00402 Zimbabwe 1994 96.6 98.3 99.0 99.7 100.0 99.0 0.966 3.400 0.00702 0.00153 Zimbabwe 1999 89.0 89.2 92.1 94.0 97.2 93.0 0.916 8.200 0.02081 0.00333 G. ALL COUNTRIES 74.3 79.3 83.6 86.9 92.4 83.9 0.804 18.068 0.05724 0.00479 - 232 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 46.9 53.8 60.1 69.0 79.7 62.0 0.588 32.859 0.14649 0.00310 Cambodia 2000 66.5 65.3 67.7 77.0 89.1 72.4 0.746 22.600 0.09816 0.00289 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 13.8 24.5 35.4 49.7 68.4 38.2 0.202 54.568 0.28808 0.00352 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 60.2 71.7 77.3 80.2 81.6 75.3 0.738 21.408 0.05322 0.00290 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 72.7 72.3 73.2 77.5 82.4 74.4 0.882 9.700 0.04511 0.00420 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 79.4 78.2 80.4 83.1 88.5 80.9 0.897 9.100 0.04563 0.00439 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 58.8 58.4 59.1 59.3 80.2 62.7 0.733 21.400 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 63.1 65.9 76.1 81.4 85.1 74.0 0.742 21.977 0.09375 0.00294 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 23.5 45.7 66.4 81.3 90.7 65.9 0.259 67.179 0.18859 0.00275 Brazil 1996 91.6 90.0 93.1 93.5 94.9 90.6 0.965 3.300 0.03423 0.00189 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 88.6 86.3 90.6 91.9 91.4 87.9 0.969 2.800 0.03255 0.00218 Colombia 2005 74.6 86.7 90.5 92.6 93.5 88.6 0.797 18.962 0.04200 0.00126 Dominican Republic 1996 95.7 96.4 95.1 96.6 96.8 95.6 0.989 1.100 0.00811 0.00150 Dominican Republic 2002 72.1 80.7 83.4 86.1 89.7 83.3 0.804 17.597 0.04222 0.00179 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 66.5 60.6 72.4 82.5 90.3 73.5 0.736 23.800 0.11121 0.00455 Haiti 2000 33.5 31.7 35.2 40.0 42.3 36.6 0.792 8.800 0.08184 0.00814 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 77.4 71.9 82.2 86.0 91.8 79.5 0.843 14.400 0.08853 0.00272 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 79.1 69.8 86.9 91.5 93.5 78.9 0.846 14.400 0.14170 0.00180 Peru 2000 69.3 54.8 81.6 90.3 92.9 73.7 0.746 23.600 0.17883 0.00201 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 45.8 59.6 74.8 83.7 88.0 71.7 0.521 42.112 0.11759 0.00263 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 25.3 38.6 52.6 69.4 87.2 54.7 0.290 61.948 0.23384 0.00389 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 32.7 30.4 35.0 48.3 72.3 41.2 0.452 39.600 0.24601 0.00671 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 233 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 58.1 60.5 65.8 72.2 84.1 68.0 0.690 26.042 0.11233 0.00428 Benin 1996 56.9 51.8 61.9 74.1 82.1 61.6 0.693 25.200 0.16456 0.00575 Benin 2001 72.0 69.5 74.4 82.8 87.7 75.2 0.821 15.700 0.08463 0.00418 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 40.1 40.1 40.0 47.0 78.3 48.2 0.512 38.200 0.20587 0.00652 Burkina Faso 2003 49.2 53.3 56.3 60.4 80.3 60.9 0.613 31.077 0.10596 0.00394 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 58.9 50.9 66.3 76.5 83.4 64.6 0.706 24.500 0.13811 0.00544 Cameroon 2004 47.2 57.8 71.1 82.9 90.3 71.6 0.523 43.066 0.13036 0.00339 Central African Republic 1994/95 64.9 61.3 68.6 81.4 88.3 69.8 0.735 23.400 0.11336 0.00461 Chad 1996/97 28.2 26.6 30.8 43.5 65.7 36.0 0.429 37.500 0.28017 0.00787 Chad 2004 15.2 51.6 57.0 63.1 73.0 51.9 0.208 57.842 0.20996 0.00551 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 63.3 61.4 65.1 67.5 78.2 65.7 0.809 14.900 0.07760 0.00469 Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 43.8 42.4 45.2 52.2 80.5 54.4 0.544 36.700 0.17669 0.00381 Gabon 2000 82.0 76.4 86.9 87.5 90.5 83.0 0.906 8.500 0.05527 0.00345 Ghana 1993 72.0 71.0 72.9 84.4 91.3 77.9 0.789 19.300 0.07195 0.00447 Ghana 1998 84.7 82.6 86.7 92.3 94.1 85.3 0.900 9.400 0.07463 0.00365 Ghana 2003 58.1 71.7 78.4 84.6 89.6 78.0 0.649 31.457 0.07951 0.00381 Guinea 1999 55.3 49.0 61.7 68.2 77.7 62.9 0.712 22.400 0.08691 0.00531 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 84.0 83.4 84.6 89.6 89.3 85.1 0.941 5.300 0.02643 0.00289 Kenya 2003 74.3 85.7 89.0 91.3 92.1 87.3 0.807 17.801 0.04883 0.00275 Madagascar 1997 48.3 44.4 52.6 67.6 89.4 58.3 0.540 41.100 0.20006 0.00469 Malawi 1992 74.8 73.6 75.8 81.6 89.2 77.8 0.839 14.400 0.05485 0.00408 Malawi 2000 67.9 66.7 69.1 72.6 80.9 70.4 0.839 13.000 0.05057 0.00315 Mali 1995/96 29.6 26.7 32.6 47.2 73.5 40.8 0.403 43.900 0.27240 0.00637 Mali 2001 32.6 33.5 31.8 43.6 74.5 45.2 0.438 41.900 0.16875 0.00576 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 44.9 51.0 58.3 64.4 81.3 60.4 0.552 36.419 0.12938 0.00385 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 83.9 83.9 83.8 90.0 94.4 87.0 0.889 10.500 0.03775 0.00284 Niger 1998 15.5 14.5 16.9 22.0 62.3 26.3 0.249 46.800 0.40087 0.01109 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 28.8 38.5 50.6 58.9 78.0 52.2 0.369 49.206 0.18334 0.00584 Rwanda 2000 78.3 77.5 79.3 82.2 88.0 81.2 0.890 9.700 0.02931 0.00250 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 69.8 68.9 70.7 77.4 84.7 73.0 0.824 14.900 0.07064 0.00383 Tanzania 1999 72.7 71.1 74.1 84.7 90.1 78.9 0.807 17.400 0.04955 0.00382 Tanzania 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Togo 1998 68.4 63.9 72.7 82.2 87.3 74.3 0.784 18.900 0.09129 0.00356 Uganda 1995 83.5 82.7 84.3 86.4 89.8 84.9 0.930 6.300 0.02101 0.00269 Uganda 2000/01 79.5 76.3 82.7 83.4 91.8 81.3 0.866 12.300 0.04961 0.00310 Zambia 1996 87.1 85.3 88.8 90.9 93.2 88.4 0.935 6.100 0.02633 0.00243 Zambia 2001 82.5 82.1 82.9 88.9 90.8 84.3 0.909 8.300 0.03590 0.00298 Zimbabwe 1994 90.1 87.4 92.4 95.8 97.5 92.0 0.924 7.400 0.03423 0.00236 Zimbabwe 1999 79.7 80.1 79.3 83.4 87.7 81.5 0.909 8.000 0.03780 0.00357 G. ALL COUNTRIES 57.3 60.3 66.7 73.3 83.8 68.0 0.683 26.545 0.11494 0.00395 - 234 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 23.2 37.3 52.1 65.2 78.7 51.0 0.295 55.538 0.22576 0.00478 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 58.7 67.7 71.9 75.9 79.6 71.0 0.737 20.924 0.06234 0.00539 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na 0.05385 0.00738 Armenia 2000 74.9 70.3 79.4 87.1 85.7 77.9 0.874 10.800 0.05502 0.00758 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na 0.01183 Kazakhstan 1999 85.8 79.5 92.0 87.5 90.7 86.4 0.946 4.900 0.03164 0.00660 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 71.2 66.0 75.8 80.4 84.5 73.8 0.843 13.300 0.07488 0.00796 Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 37.6 61.8 74.2 85.6 91.0 72.1 0.413 53.375 0.13735 0.00425 Brazil 1996 88.1 86.0 90.3 90.3 90.2 86.2 0.977 2.100 0.04288 0.00473 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 93.3 92.6 94.0 91.6 95.3 92.9 0.979 2.000 0.00984 0.00281 Dominican Republic 2002 69.7 76.4 79.2 84.8 87.4 79.0 0.797 17.758 0.05677 0.00565 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 65.7 62.6 69.8 83.4 91.7 73.4 0.716 26.000 0.09771 0.00792 Haiti 2000 63.4 60.3 67.2 78.5 81.3 70.3 0.780 17.900 0.06748 0.00660 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 80.7 71.9 87.6 93.0 94.4 83.7 0.855 13.700 0.09152 0.00548 Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 53.3 60.3 74.4 84.5 93.0 74.3 0.573 39.692 0.11396 0.00446 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 235 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 65.5 67.5 70.9 76.4 85.6 73.8 0.764 20.186 0.07197 0.00656 Benin 1996 73.6 68.4 79.3 83.8 90.8 76.4 0.811 17.200 0.09088 0.00625 Benin 2001 70.9 71.2 70.6 78.3 85.3 73.2 0.831 14.400 0.07719 0.00658 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 54.0 52.3 56.1 59.4 84.5 62.3 0.639 30.500 0.13445 0.00778 Burkina Faso 2003 63.8 63.7 68.1 72.5 90.6 73.3 0.704 26.828 0.08038 0.00541 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 64.2 59.9 68.0 73.1 78.5 68.1 0.818 14.300 0.07162 0.00764 Cameroon 2004 80.1 79.5 84.4 85.5 90.7 84.9 0.883 10.586 0.02706 0.00329 Central African Republic 1994/95 78.9 78.3 79.5 90.3 90.2 82.6 0.875 11.300 0.03943 0.00626 Chad 1996/97 41.2 39.9 43.0 46.4 67.6 47.7 0.609 26.400 0.15096 0.01197 Chad 2004 37.4 70.6 63.6 68.4 78.5 65.6 0.477 41.039 0.11188 0.00927 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 66.2 66.0 66.4 70.5 73.3 68.1 0.903 7.100 0.03300 0.00802 Eritrea 1995 54.4 46.9 61.9 86.1 94.1 70.5 0.578 39.700 0.13976 0.01004 Ethiopia 2000 62.3 63.5 61.0 66.0 85.4 66.4 0.730 23.100 0.09245 0.00764 Gabon 2000 83.4 82.3 84.6 92.1 92.1 86.5 0.906 8.700 0.03817 0.00510 Ghana 1993 77.1 73.4 80.5 88.3 92.9 81.3 0.830 15.800 0.06573 0.00766 Ghana 1998 87.1 85.8 88.2 91.7 95.4 88.3 0.913 8.300 0.05321 0.00562 Ghana 2003 73.0 82.7 87.6 86.7 94.2 85.5 0.775 21.233 0.05188 0.00331 Guinea 1999 45.4 39.9 50.7 65.9 77.5 58.8 0.586 32.100 0.12413 0.01071 Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 81.9 81.4 82.4 85.9 88.1 84.5 0.930 6.200 0.01433 0.00421 Kenya 2003 78.6 87.3 87.7 89.4 94.4 88.5 0.832 15.845 0.04032 0.00389 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 82.1 78.5 85.6 88.6 92.9 86.2 0.884 10.800 0.03847 0.00682 Malawi 2000 73.7 75.6 71.1 75.5 80.0 74.7 0.921 6.300 0.02377 0.00602 Mali 1995/96 46.6 43.5 50.0 60.1 77.3 55.7 0.603 30.700 0.14266 0.01019 Mali 2001 52.9 53.5 52.2 62.8 76.2 62.4 0.694 23.300 0.06579 0.00781 Mauritania 2000/01 37.7 32.4 43.2 63.1 77.4 52.9 0.487 39.700 0.22825 0.01027 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 51.4 57.5 68.5 70.7 85.0 67.4 0.605 33.575 0.10130 0.00707 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 86.3 86.6 86.0 82.7 88.0 85.6 0.981 1.700 0.01677 0.00464 Niger 1998 29.9 29.5 30.3 37.7 69.8 42.0 0.428 39.900 0.20997 0.01083 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 44.9 54.8 72.1 64.9 76.8 63.7 0.584 31.932 0.08963 0.00865 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na 0.02029 0.00402 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 74.9 73.1 76.5 78.1 85.6 76.2 0.875 10.700 0.05676 0.00712 Tanzania 1999 77.0 76.1 77.7 84.9 88.4 80.7 0.871 11.400 0.03035 0.00427 Tanzania 2004 84.4 87.7 92.0 92.7 95.1 90.6 0.887 10.727 0.02532 0.00375 Togo 1998 74.8 71.4 78.2 84.4 90.9 79.2 0.823 16.100 0.06905 0.00471 Uganda 1995 81.2 77.9 84.4 84.6 90.2 84.3 0.900 9.000 0.02622 0.00519 Uganda 2000/01 77.1 78.0 76.1 81.6 92.4 81.5 0.834 15.300 0.04072 0.00577 Zambia 1996 70.8 69.0 72.2 87.7 94.6 81.1 0.748 23.800 0.06353 0.00620 Zambia 2001 82.3 80.2 84.4 82.7 88.6 82.8 0.929 6.300 0.03112 0.00587 Zimbabwe 1994 87.8 87.7 87.9 94.5 97.1 92.0 0.904 9.300 0.02928 0.00387 Zimbabwe 1999 81.2 81.9 80.5 82.9 88.9 83.4 0.913 7.700 0.02162 0.00496 G. ALL COUNTRIES 64.6 67.2 72.3 78.0 85.8 73.9 0.753 21.199 0.07621 0.00634 - 236 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS ATTITUDES TOWARD HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 19.9 22.4 24.6 25.7 24.4 24.0 0.814 4.539 0.01429 0.00719 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 26.4 24.7 27.5 30.8 38.0 30.3 0.696 11.532 0.08720 0.00781 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 87.6 89.1 86.2 82.9 79.8 85.3 1.098 7.800 -0.02512 0.00296 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 21.8 19.3 24.0 37.3 45.6 30.2 0.478 23.800 0.24285 0.01291 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 76.8 76.6 77.0 76.0 62.0 73.1 1.239 14.800 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 42.8 47.2 44.8 41.7 40.2 43.3 1.064 2.592 -0.02769 0.00607 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 35.6 41.0 47.5 48.7 51.0 47.3 0.697 15.452 0.05468 0.00533 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 13.3 15.0 11.8 10.4 9.8 12.0 1.357 3.500 -0.08388 0.01489 Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 27.6 31.4 35.1 37.7 42.9 35.7 0.643 15.290 0.07013 0.00513 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 74.3 77.7 71.0 65.8 63.2 69.8 1.176 11.100 -0.05260 0.00558 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 24.7 23.8 25.4 23.1 20.2 22.6 1.223 4.500 0.00525 0.00996 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 51.9 61.9 45.0 33.4 23.8 41.2 2.181 28.100 -0.21590 0.00433 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 28.8 26.4 24.5 27.6 30.5 27.6 0.947 1.622 0.00977 0.00753 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 237 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS ATTITUDES TOWARD HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na 0.00691 0.00611 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 78.6 78.9 78.3 77.6 59.0 73.4 1.332 19.600 -0.05594 0.00485 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 49.5 47.5 52.5 52.6 61.7 53.4 0.801 12.273 0.05385 0.00502 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 61.2 65.9 71.6 79.5 90.0 75.1 0.681 28.715 0.08046 0.00324 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 63.3 73.3 75.2 73.9 82.2 74.8 0.770 18.902 0.04389 0.00463 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 53.2 47.4 58.2 59.1 72.9 57.0 0.730 19.700 0.10931 0.00632 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 56.0 48.6 55.4 62.0 75.1 60.9 0.745 19.150 0.06630 0.00577 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 59.8 68.6 71.5 79.4 85.9 74.5 0.696 26.063 0.07875 0.00362 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 50.4 50.6 50.2 47.0 30.6 46.9 1.647 19.800 -0.10554 0.00524 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 48.2 48.9 47.5 43.9 29.5 43.1 1.634 18.700 -0.10840 0.00617 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 65.2 69.7 71.7 77.9 88.4 75.1 0.737 23.214 0.06003 0.00282 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 24.0 22.2 25.6 26.0 17.3 22.3 1.387 6.700 -0.09448 0.01376 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 38.4 44.3 42.4 47.8 55.5 46.7 0.691 17.131 0.07628 0.00778 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 78.7 80.8 84.3 87.2 93.9 85.7 0.839 15.127 0.04052 0.00239 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 55.6 56.7 54.4 48.0 32.9 49.7 1.690 22.700 -0.11688 0.00639 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na -0.02456 0.01369 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 238 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS ATTITUDES TOWARD HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 16.7 23.5 17.8 19.8 21.3 20.0 0.783 4.622 0.03937 0.01364 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 22.4 24.8 26.8 26.1 30.1 26.2 0.745 7.673 0.05753 0.01437 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 80.2 80.5 79.9 80.8 80.1 80.9 1.001 0.100 -0.01378 0.00649 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na 0.01183 Kazakhstan 1999 51.1 52.1 50.0 45.2 36.2 48.0 1.412 14.900 -0.04720 0.01724 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 68.7 67.6 66.0 75.0 83.4 73.4 0.823 14.737 0.03937 0.00472 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 21.2 22.8 27.7 27.1 23.7 24.5 0.894 2.526 0.04227 0.02062 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 68.3 71.8 64.1 61.9 50.9 63.9 1.342 17.400 -0.04997 0.00816 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 239 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS ATTITUDES TOWARD HIV/AIDS AMONG MEN (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 56.2 56.5 56.9 57.9 55.4 57.1 1.014 0.768 -0.03154 0.01061 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 68.0 66.9 69.3 61.8 36.9 59.9 1.843 31.100 -0.12375 0.00890 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 64.1 64.1 62.9 66.8 83.4 69.6 0.768 19.379 0.06609 0.00626 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 53.8 60.1 67.0 77.2 85.3 71.3 0.631 31.506 0.08874 0.00496 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 60.8 51.9 43.9 47.5 64.4 54.5 0.944 3.594 0.04603 0.01260 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na -0.00072 0.01901 Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 29.4 34.3 24.7 26.0 15.8 28.5 1.861 13.600 -0.19818 0.02021 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 54.0 52.5 57.8 68.0 82.6 64.3 0.654 28.551 0.09192 0.00552 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 61.1 63.9 70.7 76.3 81.7 72.4 0.749 20.528 0.05741 0.00545 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 48.6 47.1 50.8 48.3 25.4 43.7 1.913 23.200 -0.13072 0.01126 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 55.1 56.4 53.8 46.0 27.7 46.3 1.989 27.400 -0.14083 0.01039 Mauritania 2000/01 50.6 49.6 51.5 49.1 51.7 49.7 0.979 1.100 -0.00938 0.01457 Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 74.5 68.6 71.8 79.5 90.2 78.0 0.826 15.677 0.05196 0.00543 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 35.9 36.3 35.6 45.0 33.0 38.6 1.088 2.900 -0.06990 0.01421 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 36.5 36.8 42.1 41.8 53.1 42.9 0.688 16.552 0.07222 0.01421 Rwanda 2000 na na na na na na na na -0.14282 0.01074 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 72.6 77.3 77.3 82.4 91.4 80.8 0.794 18.822 0.03840 0.00536 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 58.8 58.8 58.7 55.4 32.1 53.0 1.832 26.700 -0.10245 0.01182 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 75.5 78.6 72.7 56.0 32.4 60.5 2.330 43.100 -0.16174 0.01001 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 na na na na na na na na na na G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 240 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN SEEK OWN HEALTH CARE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 51.3 56.0 55.4 56.8 60.8 56.2 0.843 9.523 0.03373 0.00682 Cambodia 2000 33.8 39.7 38.7 38.4 44.1 39.1 0.766 10.300 0.04241 0.01467 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 50.7 54.9 55.3 58.5 61.3 56.1 0.827 10.589 0.04062 0.00284 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 69.4 73.5 72.2 73.6 77.1 73.5 0.900 7.681 0.01816 0.00296 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 26.0 27.9 34.0 37.3 41.7 33.9 0.624 15.700 0.09087 0.00991 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 52.7 65.2 63.3 73.4 77.4 67.9 0.681 24.700 0.07652 0.00561 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 29.9 28.8 35.0 39.4 50.7 37.2 0.590 20.800 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 41.7 47.2 52.8 55.0 57.3 51.7 0.728 15.591 0.04739 0.00478 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 45.8 49.0 52.4 58.7 66.9 55.9 0.685 21.085 0.07665 0.00389 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 53.3 60.0 67.4 69.6 71.6 65.4 0.744 18.300 0.05372 0.00395 Colombia 2005 58.3 68.7 73.2 74.7 76.3 71.2 0.764 17.971 0.04515 0.00204 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 32.9 33.3 36.1 33.4 28.9 32.6 1.138 4.000 -0.03225 0.00848 Nicaragua 1997/98 30.8 37.0 40.4 38.3 38.1 37.2 0.808 7.300 0.03105 0.00660 Nicaragua 2001 32.6 38.2 40.5 42.5 43.3 40.0 0.753 10.700 0.04281 0.00652 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 38.7 46.9 61.6 65.6 70.9 58.7 0.546 32.200 0.10459 0.00297 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 31.4 31.4 33.0 41.1 43.2 36.4 0.727 11.800 0.05765 0.00614 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 6.5 8.5 13.7 15.6 14.9 12.1 0.435 8.417 0.14648 0.01152 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA 21.0 19.7 19.0 21.8 25.8 21.5 0.814 4.794 0.04911 0.00972 Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 21.0 18.3 18.2 18.7 25.4 20.3 0.827 4.400 0.04254 0.01152 Bangladesh 2004 22.2 20.2 17.6 20.6 22.8 20.7 0.974 0.583 0.01357 0.01062 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 24.4 24.6 26.8 30.3 34.3 28.1 0.711 9.900 0.08672 0.00316 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 16.5 14.2 12.6 14.6 20.4 15.7 0.809 3.900 0.04703 0.01540 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 241 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN SEEK OWN HEALTH CARE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 17.2 19.5 20.0 22.0 20.4 19.9 0.843 3.200 0.02703 0.01463 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 7.5 5.7 6.7 8.6 21.9 10.6 0.343 14.375 0.19640 0.01616 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 12.5 15.6 19.0 25.3 30.4 21.4 0.411 17.946 0.17862 0.01118 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 32.1 35.0 39.6 37.1 33.8 35.5 0.950 1.698 0.02269 0.00991 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 29.1 30.4 38.0 43.9 54.1 40.6 0.539 24.913 0.13568 0.00729 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 30.3 21.9 26.1 22.0 27.2 25.6 1.114 3.100 -0.03675 0.00898 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 9.7 8.9 12.4 12.3 13.6 11.5 0.713 3.900 0.10078 0.01513 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 44.6 44.8 43.2 43.4 42.2 43.6 1.056 2.373 -0.00357 0.00608 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 14.6 10.1 13.4 18.6 21.0 15.7 0.695 6.409 0.12895 0.01626 Rwanda 2000 36.6 35.9 29.6 29.7 33.7 32.8 1.086 2.900 -0.00215 0.00795 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 38.4 37.6 42.1 43.4 50.6 43.0 0.759 12.206 0.04620 0.00677 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 43.6 41.3 40.1 41.3 52.7 44.2 0.827 9.100 0.03844 0.00776 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 36.3 30.1 27.7 38.7 40.0 34.9 0.908 3.700 0.03472 0.01008 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 45.4 41.9 46.2 46.6 51.6 46.7 0.880 6.200 0.01158 0.00852 G. ALL COUNTRIES 32.3 33.5 35.7 38.4 42.2 36.8 0.765 9.920 0.05985 0.00874 - 242 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN SEEK CHILDREN'S HEALTH CARE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 72.7 77.8 78.6 77.3 76.1 76.8 0.956 3.359 -0.00207 0.00728 Cambodia 2000 58.4 62.5 60.2 54.6 45.2 57.3 1.292 13.200 -0.06223 0.01826 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 70.0 77.2 80.8 81.1 86.6 79.1 0.808 16.643 0.03948 0.00179 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 89.7 93.7 94.9 96.1 96.3 94.2 0.931 6.633 0.01654 0.00178 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 84.2 84.4 84.7 89.4 89.8 86.4 0.938 5.600 0.01368 0.00648 Kazakhstan 1995 * * * * * * - - na na Kazakhstan 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kyrgyzstan 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 92.8 94.5 92.5 93.4 94.9 93.6 0.978 2.100 na na Uzbekistan 1996 * * * * * * - - na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 87.7 91.2 92.5 93.8 93.9 91.6 0.934 6.202 0.01446 0.00213 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 55.4 67.3 73.1 75.8 78.3 69.2 0.708 22.914 0.04828 0.00461 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 96.3 97.5 99.1 98.0 98.6 97.9 0.977 2.300 0.00551 0.00155 Colombia 2005 96.5 98.3 98.1 98.6 98.7 98.0 0.978 2.209 0.00708 0.00112 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 91.9 93.3 92.2 94.0 94.1 93.1 0.977 2.192 0.00479 0.00210 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 94.0 93.3 94.3 97.4 94.9 94.8 0.991 0.900 0.00617 0.00228 Nicaragua 1997/98 20.0 27.7 32.9 30.7 30.0 27.8 0.667 10.000 0.05649 0.01363 Nicaragua 2001 94.7 98.4 99.2 99.5 99.0 98.0 0.957 4.300 0.01020 0.00150 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 93.8 96.5 98.1 97.5 98.5 96.6 0.952 4.700 0.01025 0.00119 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 83.0 87.7 93.6 95.7 96.9 91.6 0.857 13.900 0.03944 0.00240 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 52.7 65.6 82.9 86.3 88.5 75.5 0.595 35.802 0.10266 0.00353 Yemen 1997 * * * * * * - - na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 16.4 13.9 14.6 16.9 23.2 16.7 0.707 6.800 0.08156 0.01877 Bangladesh 2004 19.9 19.0 17.9 21.0 23.4 20.2 0.851 3.489 0.03517 0.01091 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 73.6 72.7 73.0 77.6 85.4 75.8 0.862 11.800 0.02738 0.00445 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 243 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN SEEK CHILDREN'S HEALTH CARE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 72.3 77.7 84.5 86.3 93.2 82.3 0.776 20.900 0.05096 0.00454 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 71.4 71.5 75.4 78.7 85.7 76.4 0.833 14.317 0.04260 0.00331 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 81.2 82.3 85.5 89.9 91.4 85.9 0.888 10.195 0.02635 0.00298 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 31.7 34.1 34.8 40.5 66.3 40.3 0.478 34.600 0.17163 0.00840 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 89.7 93.6 95.8 96.8 98.6 94.8 0.909 8.928 0.02204 0.00241 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 92.8 93.6 95.3 96.3 97.8 95.0 0.949 5.000 0.01033 0.00150 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 63.4 64.7 65.7 77.5 83.9 70.7 0.756 20.500 0.06965 0.00432 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 64.8 75.5 75.1 86.7 87.7 77.0 0.738 22.958 0.05472 0.00333 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 47.4 49.9 63.1 77.5 89.9 64.8 0.527 42.492 0.12497 0.00568 Rwanda 2000 87.4 93.8 93.1 93.7 96.4 93.3 0.907 9.000 0.01293 0.00218 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 91.3 92.3 96.0 96.8 97.2 94.7 0.939 5.950 0.01542 0.00172 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 44.2 44.0 48.1 49.7 62.8 49.3 0.704 18.600 0.07486 0.00916 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 96.1 95.8 96.8 95.6 96.8 96.2 0.993 0.700 -0.00074 0.00241 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 244 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN MAKE DAILY HOUSEHOLD PURCHASES Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 82.5 82.7 81.7 78.0 73.5 79.3 1.122 8.970 -0.02936 0.00474 Cambodia 2000 78.6 79.4 79.6 72.4 67.0 75.2 1.173 11.600 -0.03692 0.01006 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 95.0 95.8 96.5 97.1 97.2 96.3 0.978 2.159 0.00492 0.00068 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 73.8 72.8 69.0 64.5 56.4 66.3 1.310 17.470 -0.05608 0.00348 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 55.7 54.8 58.9 58.4 60.5 57.9 0.921 4.800 0.02416 0.00633 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 65.8 71.1 70.5 79.4 80.4 74.4 0.818 14.600 0.04425 0.00522 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 51.5 55.6 56.2 60.6 71.3 59.4 0.722 19.800 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 68.7 72.7 71.8 70.4 59.1 68.0 1.163 9.608 -0.03395 0.00307 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 56.3 63.3 64.8 61.6 57.4 60.8 0.981 1.100 0.00178 0.00444 Colombia 2005 55.4 65.0 65.7 64.0 59.2 62.2 0.936 3.786 0.00864 0.00247 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 30.2 32.0 32.4 30.6 23.8 29.2 1.269 6.400 -0.06210 0.00889 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 58.2 65.4 67.4 62.2 54.0 61.3 1.078 4.200 -0.02079 0.00291 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 62.3 65.2 67.6 75.6 78.4 70.3 0.795 16.100 0.04961 0.00317 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 25.7 30.1 41.3 42.5 45.6 37.7 0.565 19.837 0.10685 0.00561 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 58.4 60.8 62.4 64.2 67.3 62.6 0.868 8.900 0.02961 0.00440 Bangladesh 2004 54.8 54.1 54.3 55.4 64.1 56.6 0.854 9.353 0.03495 0.00463 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 43.0 41.0 41.0 40.9 57.5 44.7 0.748 14.500 0.06216 0.00702 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 245 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN MAKE DAILY HOUSEHOLD PURCHASES (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 55.3 54.7 56.0 56.1 48.7 53.9 1.136 6.600 -0.03429 0.00700 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 35.8 33.8 34.8 31.9 33.2 33.9 1.079 2.607 -0.03484 0.00733 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 38.3 41.6 42.4 47.4 47.8 43.9 0.801 9.497 0.03990 0.00661 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 45.2 54.6 52.9 54.7 48.5 51.2 0.931 3.344 0.01241 0.00741 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 45.8 45.7 45.7 45.8 53.4 47.8 0.857 7.669 0.03959 0.00625 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 36.3 28.9 31.0 30.2 42.0 33.9 0.864 5.700 0.02551 0.00734 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 26.8 23.8 27.1 25.1 23.7 25.2 1.131 3.100 -0.02313 0.00918 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 59.7 52.9 54.2 54.4 54.7 55.4 1.092 5.029 -0.00730 0.00469 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 24.8 24.7 24.2 32.5 42.5 30.2 0.583 17.712 0.08532 0.01038 Rwanda 2000 54.8 49.7 47.8 46.3 44.4 48.0 1.234 10.400 -0.04103 0.00563 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 41.9 39.8 40.3 48.0 48.4 44.0 0.865 6.560 -0.00435 0.00658 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 44.8 43.6 40.5 39.5 44.0 42.5 1.018 0.800 -0.00618 0.00788 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 58.0 54.4 58.1 64.7 60.8 59.6 0.954 2.800 0.01704 0.00620 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 246 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN MAKE LARGE HOUSEHOLD PURCHASES Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 74.6 74.1 72.7 69.6 66.2 71.1 1.127 8.416 -0.02804 0.00527 Cambodia 2000 75.3 76.9 75.9 70.1 63.1 72.1 1.193 12.200 -0.03930 0.01029 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 80.3 80.3 80.1 81.4 83.4 81.1 0.963 3.108 0.01217 0.00152 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 68.2 64.9 62.1 57.4 52.0 60.0 1.311 16.155 -0.05700 0.00400 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 49.0 48.0 55.0 51.5 58.4 52.7 0.839 9.400 0.03870 0.00691 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 61.1 65.1 63.9 74.1 75.3 68.9 0.812 14.188 0.05223 0.00557 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 50.1 52.0 53.9 57.6 69.2 57.0 0.724 19.100 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 45.9 50.9 52.0 51.6 47.5 49.7 0.965 1.671 -0.00487 0.00490 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 59.3 62.4 59.4 60.2 53.8 58.7 1.102 5.510 -0.02293 0.00372 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 50.5 58.6 61.4 58.4 55.4 57.2 0.912 4.900 0.01439 0.00477 Colombia 2005 49.8 59.8 62.0 61.4 57.0 58.5 0.873 7.263 0.02356 0.00266 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 28.3 29.0 28.7 25.9 21.8 26.2 1.298 6.500 -0.06626 0.00967 Nicaragua 1997/98 29.8 33.4 35.7 34.4 34.1 33.7 0.874 4.300 0.02306 0.00709 Nicaragua 2001 41.7 47.8 49.7 53.4 53.1 49.8 0.785 11.400 0.04453 0.00516 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 50.2 55.4 60.1 56.9 51.9 55.1 0.967 1.700 -0.00324 0.00328 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 30.9 35.7 43.1 46.2 52.8 42.3 0.585 21.900 0.10555 0.00527 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 27.3 32.9 42.8 45.8 50.2 40.5 0.544 22.925 0.11301 0.00529 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA 42.0 41.2 41.4 43.3 51.9 44.0 0.809 9.891 0.05004 0.00530 Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 56.4 58.8 59.9 61.6 66.9 60.7 0.843 10.500 0.03197 0.00452 Bangladesh 2004 55.0 54.8 53.9 55.8 63.3 56.6 0.868 8.374 0.03060 0.00465 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 38.8 38.0 40.4 42.9 47.5 41.6 0.817 8.700 0.05091 0.00237 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 32.2 30.8 29.9 31.3 44.8 33.8 0.719 12.600 0.06861 0.00887 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 247 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN MAKE LARGE HOUSEHOLD PURCHASES (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 28.3 31.2 30.2 33.9 29.9 30.8 0.946 1.600 0.00004 0.01114 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 24.2 21.6 20.8 17.5 23.9 21.7 1.013 0.306 -0.03839 0.01010 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 29.2 28.7 30.0 33.3 36.3 31.8 0.805 7.061 0.04680 0.00864 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 33.0 46.5 47.7 48.9 45.0 44.6 0.732 12.051 0.06388 0.00835 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 30.1 28.7 30.2 31.1 39.4 32.5 0.764 9.319 0.06370 0.00876 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 25.7 17.5 21.2 18.6 28.3 22.4 0.908 2.600 0.01560 0.01000 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 15.1 13.2 18.5 17.3 18.0 16.5 0.839 2.900 0.04547 0.01219 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 40.8 36.6 36.9 36.6 37.9 37.9 1.077 2.916 -0.00692 0.00666 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 17.5 16.1 16.8 23.0 26.8 20.3 0.653 9.286 0.07686 0.01378 Rwanda 2000 50.5 47.6 44.6 42.0 41.2 44.6 1.226 9.300 -0.04798 0.00604 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 31.7 30.0 31.2 35.3 36.0 33.0 0.879 4.348 -0.00794 0.00815 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 38.7 39.0 36.4 33.9 36.8 36.9 1.052 1.900 -0.01818 0.00900 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 35.8 34.1 33.1 38.2 35.1 35.3 1.020 0.700 0.00784 0.00929 Zimbabwe 1994 69.3 67.5 65.9 67.9 62.4 66.3 1.111 6.900 -0.02369 0.00556 Zimbabwe 1999 43.4 41.3 44.4 50.6 49.2 46.3 0.882 5.800 0.02917 0.00849 G. ALL COUNTRIES 41.4 42.2 43.4 44.4 46.0 43.7 0.899 4.671 0.02004 0.00724 - 248 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN MAKE MEAL-RELATED DECISIONS Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 89.0 90.2 90.9 90.8 87.4 89.7 1.018 1.577 -0.00439 0.00123 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 60.1 58.4 52.6 47.9 38.8 50.3 1.550 21.324 -0.08831 0.00479 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 58.3 53.5 55.3 54.4 52.2 54.6 1.117 6.100 -0.01920 0.00668 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 67.7 67.6 65.8 71.5 71.8 69.2 0.943 4.100 0.02593 0.00568 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 54.1 54.0 55.3 59.4 66.8 58.2 0.810 12.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 54.8 54.3 52.4 48.7 40.4 49.3 1.358 14.447 -0.05895 0.00480 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 68.7 67.3 66.4 62.7 50.0 62.0 1.375 18.732 -0.06059 0.00346 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 60.3 58.8 54.2 48.1 45.1 52.5 1.337 15.200 -0.05993 0.00513 Colombia 2005 58.8 58.9 54.7 50.1 44.7 52.8 1.315 14.101 -0.04981 0.00294 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 29.4 29.5 32.1 28.6 22.2 27.7 1.324 7.200 -0.06500 0.00925 Nicaragua 1997/98 32.3 29.0 30.6 24.8 26.2 28.2 1.233 6.100 -0.05930 0.00812 Nicaragua 2001 52.4 53.6 53.5 53.1 46.9 51.6 1.117 5.500 -0.02575 0.00501 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 64.7 62.2 55.3 49.1 38.0 52.3 1.703 26.700 -0.09357 0.00334 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 64.1 60.3 64.1 70.7 71.1 66.3 0.902 7.000 0.02119 0.00339 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 41.8 39.9 44.0 38.9 38.4 40.5 1.090 3.461 -0.01896 0.00537 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA 76.2 74.8 69.8 69.7 68.6 71.8 1.112 7.661 -0.02434 0.00286 Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 73.2 68.5 63.6 60.5 62.4 65.7 1.173 10.800 -0.03280 0.00407 Bangladesh 2004 79.2 79.5 69.9 70.5 67.0 73.2 1.183 12.282 -0.03491 0.00319 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 75.8 72.6 71.6 69.6 66.4 71.2 1.142 9.400 -0.03096 0.00132 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 73.6 72.3 67.9 68.9 72.3 71.1 1.018 1.300 -0.00714 0.00407 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 249 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN MAKE MEAL-RELATED DECISIONS (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 46.0 44.3 45.5 49.0 41.6 45.1 1.106 4.400 -0.02609 0.00822 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 56.0 56.3 53.4 51.3 40.7 51.0 1.377 15.312 -0.06840 0.00511 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 55.3 50.5 51.1 48.7 48.0 50.5 1.153 7.342 -0.03695 0.00578 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 34.2 37.5 36.8 37.1 30.8 35.0 1.111 3.417 -0.02294 0.01014 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 61.7 59.3 58.5 57.0 62.6 59.9 0.986 0.891 -0.00943 0.00502 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 48.0 39.9 41.4 39.2 39.5 41.7 1.215 8.500 -0.04456 0.00606 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 50.8 46.9 49.4 44.1 40.2 46.0 1.264 10.600 -0.05174 0.00582 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 66.7 65.6 66.4 59.6 51.9 61.8 1.286 14.832 -0.05949 0.00420 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 27.7 26.7 29.1 31.1 31.5 29.3 0.882 3.719 0.03155 0.01069 Rwanda 2000 56.0 58.4 52.2 53.5 46.8 53.2 1.197 9.200 -0.04868 0.00510 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 57.3 57.3 54.5 57.4 54.3 56.0 1.054 2.948 -0.03740 0.00516 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 69.0 65.3 69.5 68.1 64.4 67.1 1.071 4.600 -0.02443 0.00497 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 66.6 60.8 62.5 69.2 63.2 64.6 1.054 3.400 -0.00656 0.00570 G. ALL COUNTRIES na na na na na na na na na na - 250 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN TRAVEL TO VISIT FAMILY, RELATIVES Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 22.8 22.0 22.8 21.8 23.1 22.6 0.985 0.347 -0.00777 0.01177 Cambodia 2000 24.4 20.9 21.0 20.8 21.5 21.7 1.135 2.900 -0.05008 0.02022 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 17.8 16.4 16.1 15.4 15.3 16.2 1.162 2.478 -0.01749 0.00743 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 26.3 28.8 31.3 29.3 32.7 30.0 0.804 6.418 0.04426 0.00767 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 16.5 15.4 17.6 18.7 18.3 17.4 0.902 1.800 0.02306 0.01533 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 15.5 19.3 24.1 35.3 36.4 27.7 0.426 20.900 0.20359 0.01359 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 6.5 7.7 10.3 12.9 24.2 12.7 0.269 17.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 23.0 28.2 31.2 34.0 33.8 30.8 0.681 10.798 0.07316 0.00703 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 20.9 27.2 29.7 33.4 40.9 31.6 0.510 20.046 0.10932 0.00654 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 30.1 38.1 43.6 44.6 39.8 39.9 0.756 9.700 0.04961 0.00666 Colombia 2005 31.3 42.5 43.4 41.5 36.7 39.5 0.852 5.444 0.02992 0.00392 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 23.0 20.7 21.4 28.6 24.9 24.1 0.924 1.900 0.03629 0.01064 Nicaragua 1997/98 na na na na na na na na na na Nicaragua 2001 16.8 21.0 25.2 28.3 28.5 24.7 0.589 11.700 0.09292 0.00902 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 23.2 29.5 36.3 38.2 38.1 34.0 0.609 14.900 0.09738 0.00503 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 18.1 16.4 16.7 16.3 16.5 16.8 1.097 1.600 -0.01349 0.01045 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 6.7 7.5 11.0 12.8 11.6 10.1 0.582 4.844 0.11093 0.01278 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA 18.4 15.9 17.2 18.5 25.5 19.1 0.721 7.112 0.07229 0.01038 Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 14.8 11.9 12.2 13.1 16.7 13.8 0.886 1.900 0.03690 0.01459 Bangladesh 2004 16.3 14.5 14.1 14.3 19.0 15.6 0.861 2.637 0.03112 0.01303 India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 19.4 18.7 22.9 25.9 34.9 24.4 0.556 15.500 0.14247 0.00357 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 19.4 14.5 14.7 15.4 22.6 17.4 0.858 3.200 0.04327 0.01454 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 251 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN TRAVEL TO VISIT FAMILY, RELATIVES (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 15.6 17.6 15.6 23.1 22.8 19.3 0.684 7.200 0.07528 0.01534 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 16.1 15.8 14.3 13.6 24.5 17.2 0.656 8.430 0.05084 0.01207 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 14.5 19.7 25.6 28.4 31.4 24.6 0.462 16.926 0.12700 0.01028 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 16.2 21.0 26.9 30.2 24.4 24.2 0.663 8.219 0.09782 0.01253 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 23.2 22.4 24.8 24.2 35.6 26.8 0.653 12.338 0.09635 0.01049 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 30.9 20.3 24.6 21.4 22.4 24.1 1.379 8.500 -0.06903 0.00928 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 15.8 14.6 18.9 22.1 23.5 19.2 0.672 7.700 0.09567 0.01140 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 25.0 26.5 25.7 29.0 28.3 26.9 0.882 3.333 0.01305 0.00888 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 20.5 18.2 19.2 19.1 19.5 19.3 1.055 1.067 -0.01202 0.01439 Rwanda 2000 32.8 33.9 27.4 27.1 27.9 29.6 1.176 4.900 -0.03533 0.00855 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 17.1 14.8 16.0 18.8 24.1 18.6 0.711 6.952 0.05739 0.01261 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 29.4 31.7 27.0 25.1 30.9 28.9 0.951 1.500 -0.01013 0.01089 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 29.6 24.7 23.8 27.9 26.5 26.5 1.117 3.100 -0.00425 0.01185 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 30.8 29.8 31.8 31.0 35.7 32.1 0.863 4.900 0.01103 0.01149 G. ALL COUNTRIES 20.7 21.1 22.6 24.3 26.7 23.4 0.775 5.998 0.04749 0.01082 - 252 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN DECIDE HOW TO SPEND OWN MONEY Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 57.3 61.7 61.8 62.5 66.4 63.1 0.862 9.180 0.03116 0.00553 Cambodia 2000 44.0 46.9 44.6 45.3 53.8 48.5 0.818 9.800 0.04246 0.00818 Indonesia 1997 46.8 50.0 52.8 54.1 50.7 50.6 0.923 3.900 0.02593 0.00442 Indonesia 2002/03 66.9 70.0 70.2 70.6 66.6 68.8 1.004 0.247 0.00151 0.00379 Philippines 1998 42.1 54.7 61.5 63.2 70.3 61.1 0.599 28.200 0.08698 0.00526 Philippines 2003 60.9 68.2 70.7 71.6 78.9 71.9 0.772 17.988 0.04951 0.00461 Vietnam 1997 17.7 22.5 23.3 23.6 35.1 24.3 0.504 17.400 0.10899 0.01447 Vietnam 2002 * * * * * * - - na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 24.7 30.2 38.4 43.0 49.2 39.4 0.502 24.533 0.12964 0.01643 Armenia 2000 36.8 45.3 50.2 54.0 52.8 50.2 0.697 16.000 0.04412 0.01600 Kazakhstan 1995 39.3 34.5 40.1 42.8 48.5 42.2 0.810 9.200 0.06711 0.01316 Kazakhstan 1999 49.0 48.7 58.0 64.4 64.1 60.1 0.764 15.100 0.05917 0.01102 Kyrgyzstan 1997 11.5 17.7 20.4 31.2 40.9 26.3 0.281 29.400 0.22934 0.02092 Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 25.2 37.5 59.4 59.6 55.9 51.5 0.451 30.700 0.07130 0.01360 Turkmenistan 2000 11.7 14.2 21.1 26.7 39.7 24.0 0.295 28.000 na na Uzbekistan 1996 14.0 18.0 21.4 22.0 42.0 24.4 0.333 28.000 0.24430 0.02063 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 72.0 79.1 81.9 85.1 85.5 82.3 0.842 13.532 0.02551 0.00295 Bolivia 1998 20.1 40.6 55.4 60.8 63.5 51.3 0.317 43.400 0.15093 0.00689 Bolivia 2003 51.7 60.5 70.2 74.6 76.7 70.3 0.674 24.997 0.04537 0.00375 Brazil 1996 57.7 72.6 71.9 76.0 78.0 72.4 0.740 20.300 0.04076 0.00432 Colombia 1995 66.9 75.5 77.1 79.2 81.7 77.7 0.818 14.844 0.02519 0.00407 Colombia 2000 83.6 87.3 88.4 89.1 90.2 88.4 0.927 6.600 0.01038 0.00262 Colombia 2005 87.2 89.7 91.7 91.3 90.3 90.3 0.966 3.099 0.00590 0.00120 Dominican Republic 1996 75.1 76.8 78.1 78.6 80.7 78.5 0.931 5.600 0.01139 0.00498 Dominican Republic 2002 88.6 89.5 90.8 90.5 89.2 89.9 0.994 0.528 0.00062 0.00195 Guatemala 1995 45.3 58.0 63.1 71.6 71.7 66.5 0.632 26.395 0.04995 0.00633 Guatemala 1998/99 * * * * * * - - na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 80.4 84.0 81.4 90.4 88.0 85.3 0.914 7.600 0.02238 0.00353 Nicaragua 1997/98 64.5 78.2 80.1 75.7 73.5 75.3 0.878 9.000 0.00160 0.00479 Nicaragua 2001 78.0 86.6 89.4 91.4 90.6 89.2 0.861 12.600 0.01388 0.00307 Paraguay 1990 * * * * * * - - na na Peru 1996 45.6 57.1 60.1 66.4 72.0 63.7 0.633 26.400 0.05845 0.00348 Peru 2000 60.1 71.0 78.0 81.4 85.7 79.0 0.701 25.600 0.04965 0.00282 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 45.5 48.5 50.7 52.1 52.3 51.2 0.870 6.796 na na Egypt 1995 56.8 43.0 40.0 37.9 38.6 41.1 1.470 18.159 -0.06209 0.01446 Egypt 2000 38.6 42.8 39.2 41.8 43.7 42.2 0.883 5.100 0.00219 0.01398 Jordan 1997 42.6 32.9 36.4 32.6 34.9 35.5 1.221 7.700 na na Morocco 1992 * * * * * * - - na na Morocco 2003/04 55.4 69.9 76.5 82.0 78.4 75.8 0.707 22.987 0.03688 0.00620 Yemen 1997 * * * * * * - - na na E. SOUTH ASIA 42.6 40.8 37.6 47.1 53.3 43.8 0.800 10.661 0.07344 0.01262 Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 46.4 42.6 40.6 54.1 55.0 47.0 0.842 8.683 0.04039 0.01248 India 1992/93 * * * * * * - - na na India 1998/99 38.1 34.6 37.9 50.8 56.2 41.2 0.678 18.100 0.10840 0.00460 Nepal 1996 33.3 36.0 39.9 29.5 45.8 39.0 0.727 12.500 0.06052 0.02396 Nepal 2001 43.4 45.3 34.4 36.5 48.6 43.1 0.893 5.200 0.07153 0.02077 Pakistan 1990/91 * * * * * * - - na na - 253 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN DECIDE HOW TO SPEND OWN MONEY (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 58.0 58.9 62.9 68.6 75.1 66.6 0.772 17.109 0.06435 0.00797 Benin 1996 82.1 81.8 80.0 80.8 86.8 82.3 0.946 4.689 0.00599 0.00402 Benin 2001 71.2 72.6 79.6 86.1 89.4 80.2 0.796 18.200 0.05057 0.00428 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 90.4 84.9 85.9 89.6 86.5 87.0 1.046 3.944 0.00056 0.00457 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 64.9 68.4 71.5 74.6 77.2 71.7 0.841 12.303 0.03963 0.00547 Central African Republic 1994/95 56.6 53.1 62.0 77.5 80.7 64.4 0.701 24.100 0.08424 0.00649 Chad 1996/97 41.6 49.2 54.9 68.2 84.3 58.0 0.493 42.700 0.14967 0.00646 Chad 2004 47.1 50.2 54.6 56.6 85.6 60.5 0.550 38.504 0.15224 0.00830 Comoros 1996 59.2 46.1 52.7 51.3 61.5 54.2 0.963 2.300 0.01367 0.01905 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 * * (42.2) 73.3 76.3 71.4 - - 0.03301 0.01429 Ethiopia 2000 67.8 74.8 76.6 76.9 74.9 74.8 0.905 7.100 0.05099 0.00491 Gabon 2000 77.3 86.0 84.5 84.7 77.2 82.2 1.001 0.100 -0.00214 0.00631 Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 70.2 63.9 74.6 75.7 78.3 73.1 0.897 8.092 0.03206 0.00551 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 33.8 36.8 45.4 45.3 56.9 44.5 0.594 23.100 0.09879 0.01048 Kenya 2003 62.6 63.3 63.9 60.2 74.0 66.3 0.846 11.372 0.04772 0.00631 Madagascar 1997 16.9 20.5 23.2 22.4 45.1 25.3 0.375 28.200 0.22992 0.01365 Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 41.3 37.9 49.8 52.9 64.2 51.0 0.643 22.900 0.09315 0.00973 Mali 1995/96 69.9 77.5 78.6 82.8 87.5 80.5 0.799 17.624 0.03639 0.00472 Mali 2001 82.6 82.5 84.4 84.3 86.6 84.4 0.954 4.000 0.01238 0.00326 Mauritania 2000/01 64.1 65.5 82.3 82.2 88.1 79.2 0.728 24.000 0.04929 0.00707 Mozambique 1997 2.5 2.2 2.4 10.7 36.1 8.7 0.069 33.600 0.93893 0.03481 Mozambique 2003 35.5 42.8 41.4 71.4 70.9 61.4 0.501 35.384 0.10470 0.01001 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 41.9 66.3 61.5 66.5 68.0 64.1 0.616 26.100 0.01590 0.00967 Niger 1998 51.9 53.7 57.7 61.9 75.6 59.5 0.687 23.700 0.07490 0.00676 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 66.9 71.8 76.0 74.3 76.5 73.5 0.875 9.578 0.02717 0.00572 Rwanda 2000 42.3 49.3 47.0 46.2 67.2 54.4 0.629 24.900 0.12142 0.01108 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 77.5 69.0 66.1 65.5 60.5 65.3 1.281 17.000 -0.03140 0.00661 Tanzania 1996 * * * * * * - - na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 34.2 34.3 47.5 61.8 78.6 61.6 0.435 44.403 0.14618 0.00873 Togo 1998 81.8 85.8 90.5 90.0 88.3 87.6 0.926 6.500 0.00701 0.00302 Uganda 1995 60.4 62.6 55.0 61.2 78.4 65.2 0.770 17.985 0.08420 0.00892 Uganda 2000/01 49.5 46.7 53.4 61.5 82.1 60.4 0.603 32.600 0.13120 0.00707 Zambia 1996 38.1 49.4 55.3 68.5 67.9 57.6 0.561 29.800 0.11493 0.00885 Zambia 2001 45.3 30.7 44.2 71.0 66.7 55.5 0.679 21.400 0.13412 0.01042 Zimbabwe 1994 46.4 45.2 51.5 58.5 65.9 56.1 0.704 19.500 0.07905 0.00999 Zimbabwe 1999 49.7 52.0 63.4 65.4 71.6 62.9 0.694 21.900 0.05471 0.00889 G. ALL COUNTRIES 54.0 56.6 60.2 65.1 70.0 62.9 0.771 16.055 0.06202 0.00836 - 254 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN DECIDE WHETHER TO HAVE SEX Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 84.6 85.3 88.1 86.2 87.6 86.4 0.966 2.973 0.01539 0.00427 Cambodia 2000 67.9 67.4 73.5 67.4 69.6 69.2 0.976 1.700 0.02901 0.01094 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 89.7 92.2 93.6 94.2 95.8 93.1 0.936 6.099 0.01522 0.00093 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 96.1 96.4 97.0 97.1 97.3 96.8 0.988 1.120 0.00195 0.00093 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Armenia 2000 89.0 88.5 91.1 91.9 94.5 91.2 0.942 5.500 0.01836 0.00221 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 92.7 94.3 94.8 95.8 97.5 95.3 0.951 4.800 0.01127 0.00242 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Turkmenistan 2000 74.5 70.4 73.6 77.7 89.2 77.5 0.835 14.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 93.0 94.7 96.7 97.9 98.3 96.5 0.945 5.373 0.00913 0.00090 Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 94.1 96.4 97.4 97.8 98.4 97.1 0.956 4.292 0.00649 0.00080 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 98.0 99.0 99.7 99.6 99.5 99.2 0.985 1.500 0.00259 0.00059 Colombia 2005 97.5 99.1 99.3 99.6 99.4 99.1 0.980 1.957 0.00441 0.00039 Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 98.1 98.1 98.4 98.3 98.1 98.2 1.000 0.012 0.00252 0.00060 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 87.2 83.9 90.8 95.0 96.8 91.6 0.901 9.600 0.01381 0.00170 Nicaragua 1997/98 67.0 65.9 62.8 57.8 53.7 60.7 1.248 13.300 -0.05299 0.00423 Nicaragua 2001 92.3 95.4 95.8 97.6 98.1 96.2 0.941 5.800 0.00974 0.00115 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 88.6 95.1 98.5 99.0 99.2 96.7 0.893 10.600 0.01782 0.00077 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 59.4 60.1 58.6 52.8 52.2 56.4 1.137 7.151 -0.02915 0.00391 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 98.7 98.8 98.7 99.2 98.8 98.8 0.999 0.100 -0.00251 0.00107 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 255 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO CAN DECIDE WHETHER TO HAVE SEX (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 87.2 87.9 87.9 89.0 89.0 88.3 0.980 1.740 0.00282 0.00226 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 91.6 94.3 96.0 95.1 95.6 94.6 0.958 4.000 0.00763 0.00194 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 92.1 93.4 92.2 93.5 91.8 92.5 1.003 0.298 -0.00178 0.00147 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 86.4 85.5 84.5 84.7 81.5 84.4 1.061 4.954 -0.01238 0.00257 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 81.8 88.2 84.1 81.8 75.9 82.4 1.077 5.820 -0.02165 0.00342 Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 92.9 90.3 90.6 92.0 95.0 92.4 0.978 2.045 0.00723 0.00198 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 89.6 90.5 91.6 93.9 96.7 92.9 0.927 7.082 0.01936 0.00178 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 70.2 71.9 71.9 72.5 60.7 69.3 1.157 9.500 -0.02529 0.00355 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 72.7 75.4 73.5 73.1 75.5 74.1 0.963 2.800 0.01019 0.00309 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 88.3 88.5 90.2 92.0 94.0 90.7 0.939 5.710 0.01305 0.00153 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 83.9 77.5 83.3 91.8 93.2 86.7 0.900 9.300 0.02873 0.00264 Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 85.9 87.5 86.0 89.0 90.1 87.8 0.954 4.155 0.01350 0.00262 Rwanda 2000 91.4 93.1 91.3 93.0 92.5 92.4 0.988 1.100 -0.00338 0.00179 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 92.4 94.0 94.1 93.7 95.6 94.1 0.966 3.219 0.00556 0.00153 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 94.9 94.3 96.4 96.4 97.3 95.9 0.975 2.400 -0.00250 0.00227 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 93.6 93.8 92.9 94.1 95.7 94.1 0.978 2.100 0.00136 0.00162 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 87.7 88.6 88.5 87.8 92.2 89.1 0.951 4.500 0.00556 0.00243 G. ALL COUNTRIES 87.4 88.1 88.9 89.6 90.3 89.0 0.968 2.898 0.00497 0.00221 - 256 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO JUSTIFY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC 37.1 31.2 28.8 26.2 19.0 28.0 1.952 18.110 -0.12834 0.00950 Cambodia 2000 40.5 36.9 37.3 36.0 25.5 35.0 1.588 15.000 -0.05020 0.01383 Indonesia 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Indonesia 2002/03 31.5 27.6 25.3 22.9 16.5 24.8 1.911 15.028 -0.13754 0.00571 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 39.4 29.0 23.7 19.7 15.1 24.1 2.612 24.302 -0.19728 0.00895 Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 60.6 51.0 42.8 34.1 20.9 40.3 2.898 39.675 -0.23802 0.00912 Armenia 2000 56.8 43.4 29.6 23.7 15.2 32.3 3.737 41.600 -0.25371 0.01010 Kazakhstan 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Kazakhstan 1999 51.6 39.4 36.5 21.2 13.9 30.1 3.712 37.700 -0.21895 0.01121 Kyrgyzstan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Turkey 1993 77.3 71.0 58.7 37.1 19.4 50.1 3.985 57.900 -0.25540 0.00632 Turkey 1998 72.8 66.5 51.7 38.2 16.1 46.9 4.522 56.700 -0.24139 0.00606 Turkmenistan 2000 61.1 54.5 53.3 53.2 38.4 51.7 1.591 22.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 na na na na na na na na na na C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Bolivia 2003 28.1 27.2 26.8 20.9 12.3 22.1 2.279 15.755 -0.16147 0.00805 Brazil 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2005 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Dominican Republic 2002 18.6 11.1 8.3 5.7 3.3 8.6 5.577 15.285 -0.38706 0.01408 Guatemala 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Guatemala 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Haiti 2000 52.4 46.9 46.6 39.5 24.1 39.9 2.174 28.300 -0.14088 0.00695 Nicaragua 1997/98 31.4 27.2 20.8 16.5 12.0 20.5 2.617 19.400 -0.22328 0.00951 Nicaragua 2001 22.1 17.4 12.9 9.8 5.4 12.5 4.093 16.700 -0.26671 0.01338 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 2000 na na na na na na na na na na D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Morocco 2003/04 86.9 79.9 67.4 54.1 38.3 63.9 2.271 48.615 -0.14731 0.00301 Yemen 1997 na na na na na na na na na na E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 62.0 62.1 63.5 57.0 39.1 56.7 1.586 22.900 -0.10119 0.00176 Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 28.0 30.3 28.7 27.4 29.6 28.8 0.946 1.600 0.00121 0.00965 Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 257 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Status of Women WOMEN WHO JUSTIFY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 70.0 70.4 68.7 65.2 52.0 64.4 1.346 17.994 -0.07077 0.00478 Benin 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Benin 2001 68.4 71.7 69.6 61.2 38.7 60.4 1.767 29.700 -0.11273 0.00617 Burkina Faso 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 71.9 71.0 74.9 78.3 61.8 71.1 1.165 10.169 -0.02429 0.00347 Cameroon 1991 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Cameroon 2004 57.5 63.0 61.4 55.5 44.5 55.6 1.292 12.979 -0.05237 0.00537 Central African Republic 1994/95 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Chad 2004 na na na na na na na na na na Comoros 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Côte d'Ivoire 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Eritrea 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Ethiopia 2000 86.5 89.4 89.8 88.0 72.1 84.5 1.200 14.400 -0.06505 0.00236 Gabon 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Ghana 2003 67.2 55.2 49.6 46.6 32.7 48.5 2.054 34.475 -0.15702 0.00720 Guinea 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1993 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Kenya 2003 80.0 75.6 72.9 69.1 50.4 67.9 1.586 29.545 -0.09721 0.00433 Madagascar 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Malawi 2000 39.7 38.0 39.5 35.8 25.6 35.7 1.551 14.100 -0.06844 0.00676 Mali 1995/96 na na na na na na na na na na Mali 2001 88.9 90.9 90.2 90.6 84.2 88.8 1.056 4.700 -0.00857 0.00210 Mauritania 2000/01 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Mozambique 2003 53.3 59.2 59.0 57.2 44.6 54.1 1.193 8.630 -0.04194 0.00498 Namibia 1992 na na na na na na na na na na Namibia 2000 na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 74.5 75.8 68.5 62.6 43.8 64.2 1.699 30.636 -0.08753 0.00516 Rwanda 2000 66.1 70.0 66.5 64.1 51.6 63.3 1.281 14.500 -0.06459 0.00421 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 1999 na na na na na na na na na na Tanzania 2004 65.3 65.4 62.6 59.1 49.3 59.6 1.324 15.975 -0.07384 0.00495 Togo 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Uganda 2000/01 80.9 81.8 79.3 75.6 67.0 76.5 1.207 13.900 -0.05397 0.00409 Zambia 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Zambia 2001 86.4 88.2 90.7 86.7 76.6 85.4 1.128 9.800 -0.02920 0.00321 Zimbabwe 1994 na na na na na na na na na na Zimbabwe 1999 62.8 60.1 55.7 47.1 36.4 51.0 1.725 26.400 -0.12474 0.00728 G. ALL COUNTRIES 58.7 56.1 53.2 48.5 37.0 49.8 1.587 21.686 na na - 258 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Orphanhood PATERNAL ORPHAN PREVALENCE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 7.7 7.8 5.2 4.6 4.6 6.1 1.674 3.100 -0.13794 0.01430 Indonesia 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Indonesia 2002/03 3.0 2.7 2.1 2.2 1.7 2.4 1.734 1.262 -0.13263 0.01924 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.7 3.8 3.1 0.890 0.417 -0.03121 0.04684 Armenia 2000 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.6 3.2 3.3 1.094 0.300 -0.01997 0.03989 Kazakhstan 1995 4.8 3.3 2.4 3.0 3.8 3.5 1.263 1.000 0.00886 0.05120 Kazakhstan 1999 5.4 3.5 4.5 3.4 5.0 4.4 1.080 0.400 -0.01283 0.04163 Kyrgyzstan 1997 2.5 4.5 1.2 2.5 3.7 2.8 0.676 1.200 0.03627 0.04561 Turkey 1993 4.1 2.2 3.1 1.1 1.1 2.4 3.727 3.000 -0.22857 0.04022 Turkey 1998 4.0 1.9 2.2 0.9 1.2 2.2 3.333 2.800 -0.25264 0.04628 Turkmenistan 2000 2.7 3.3 2.2 4.3 6.2 3.6 0.435 3.500 na na Uzbekistan 1996 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.5 3.5 2.0 0.629 1.300 0.09313 0.06080 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.3 4.1 1.322 1.077 -0.04650 0.01982 Bolivia 1998 3.3 4.4 3.2 2.6 2.9 3.3 1.138 0.400 -0.03926 0.02261 Bolivia 2003 3.8 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.9 1.585 1.396 -0.10881 0.02174 Brazil 1996 5.6 4.5 4.0 3.4 3.5 4.3 1.600 2.100 -0.08300 0.02164 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.0 4.6 1.250 1.000 -0.01416 0.02272 Colombia 2005 4.8 5.7 4.9 4.5 3.8 4.8 1.269 1.008 -0.03040 0.01320 Dominican Republic 1996 3.2 2.3 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.8 1.143 0.400 -0.03992 0.03386 Dominican Republic 2002 3.2 3.3 2.8 2.2 2.3 2.8 1.400 0.909 -0.08242 0.01898 Guatemala 1995 4.2 4.8 4.7 4.4 2.9 4.3 1.448 1.300 0.00674 0.01794 Guatemala 1998/99 2.8 4.6 6.3 5.1 2.8 4.3 1.000 0.000 0.04065 0.02688 Haiti 1994/95 5.5 6.5 7.7 9.3 10.8 7.8 0.509 5.300 0.14700 0.02083 Haiti 2000 6.8 6.4 5.8 9.1 7.8 7.1 0.872 1.000 0.08702 0.01665 Nicaragua 1997/98 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6 2.1 3.4 1.762 1.600 -0.06817 0.01940 Nicaragua 2001 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.9 2.5 3.5 1.440 1.100 -0.01853 0.02176 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 3.9 3.8 2.6 3.0 2.1 3.2 1.857 1.800 -0.14809 0.01459 Peru 2000 4.8 3.1 2.9 2.3 1.7 3.2 2.824 3.100 -0.17649 0.01770 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 3.7 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.1 2.9 1.790 1.633 -0.11100 0.02045 Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 4.6 4.3 3.6 3.3 2.1 3.7 2.190 2.500 -0.12062 0.01800 Jordan 1997 2.6 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.733 1.100 -0.12649 0.02211 Morocco 1992 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.1 2.8 1.333 0.700 -0.02192 0.02860 Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 3.9 3.3 2.7 2.8 2.6 3.1 1.500 1.300 -0.08590 0.02123 E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 259 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Orphanhood PATERNAL ORPHAN PREVALENCE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7.2 7.0 7.3 6.9 7.0 7.1 1.017 0.121 0.00866 0.01867 Benin 1996 4.2 4.1 3.7 5.8 4.9 4.5 0.857 0.700 0.04482 0.02552 Benin 2001 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.5 5.7 4.8 0.825 1.000 0.02819 0.02399 Burkina Faso 1992/93 3.0 6.1 4.7 6.8 7.0 5.6 0.433 3.959 0.10454 0.01684 Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 5.5 4.9 3.8 5.0 7.6 5.2 0.715 2.171 0.05727 0.01622 Cameroon 1991 4.7 4.9 4.0 6.4 4.6 4.9 1.022 0.100 -0.00111 0.02562 Cameroon 1998 6.3 6.7 7.8 7.6 5.1 6.7 1.235 1.200 -0.02088 0.02026 Cameroon 2004 5.3 6.1 8.5 7.3 6.3 6.7 0.842 0.987 0.03460 0.01514 Central African Republic 1994/95 8.9 7.3 6.8 7.5 7.3 7.5 1.219 1.600 -0.04535 0.01963 Chad 1996/97 4.4 6.0 4.8 6.4 5.3 5.5 0.830 0.900 0.03541 0.01800 Chad 2004 4.2 5.7 4.8 3.3 7.6 5.1 0.554 3.389 0.13587 0.02005 Comoros 1996 3.4 2.0 3.7 4.1 2.8 3.2 1.214 0.600 0.03988 0.04382 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 4.5 4.1 4.7 4.3 4.9 4.5 0.918 0.400 0.02162 0.02127 Eritrea 1995 5.4 7.6 10.4 9.3 7.5 7.9 0.720 2.100 0.09238 0.01762 Ethiopia 2000 4.8 6.8 8.5 7.2 9.8 7.3 0.490 5.000 0.14468 0.01397 Gabon 2000 5.6 4.0 2.7 3.9 3.1 3.8 1.806 2.500 -0.13802 0.02814 Ghana 1993 5.0 6.9 4.7 4.8 4.6 5.2 1.087 0.400 -0.05440 0.02563 Ghana 1998 3.9 4.8 4.2 4.4 2.4 4.0 1.625 1.500 -0.04622 0.02981 Ghana 2003 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.5 3.7 4.9 1.348 1.292 -0.03203 0.02394 Guinea 1999 5.4 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.8 0.900 0.600 0.01885 0.01922 Kenya 1993 7.5 5.3 5.3 4.6 3.9 5.4 1.940 3.646 -0.11942 0.01891 Kenya 1998 8.2 7.9 7.8 6.6 6.3 7.4 1.302 1.900 -0.07286 0.01756 Kenya 2003 9.7 10.0 9.6 9.0 7.2 9.3 1.357 2.559 -0.02829 0.01449 Madagascar 1997 5.9 5.9 6.0 4.8 4.0 5.4 1.475 1.900 -0.06258 0.01935 Malawi 1992 8.4 5.9 5.0 4.4 4.6 5.7 1.826 3.800 -0.14595 0.02359 Malawi 2000 8.9 6.5 7.7 8.4 10.5 8.3 0.848 1.600 0.03442 0.01231 Mali 1995/96 3.8 3.6 3.4 4.1 4.4 3.9 0.864 0.600 0.05233 0.02165 Mali 2001 2.5 3.0 4.1 4.1 5.3 3.7 0.472 2.800 0.13392 0.01824 Mauritania 2000/01 6.2 5.0 5.4 4.6 3.4 5.0 1.824 2.800 -0.13782 0.02291 Mozambique 1997 9.1 9.4 5.4 8.5 6.0 7.7 1.517 3.100 -0.09300 0.01526 Mozambique 2003 5.8 7.9 7.1 8.1 8.1 7.3 0.717 2.284 0.04021 0.01233 Namibia 1992 5.7 6.0 5.7 4.7 4.9 5.4 1.163 0.800 -0.03910 0.02327 Namibia 2000 11.0 10.2 8.6 6.4 5.7 8.7 1.930 5.300 -0.11668 0.01607 Niger 1998 3.0 2.9 3.4 4.3 4.3 3.6 0.698 1.300 0.09916 0.02333 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 3.3 3.3 5.7 5.5 3.1 4.2 1.065 0.205 0.03954 0.02445 Rwanda 2000 25.4 25.8 21.0 19.1 23.1 22.7 1.100 2.300 -0.02601 0.00746 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 10.2 8.5 8.7 7.3 6.5 8.5 1.569 3.700 -0.09629 0.01438 Tanzania 1996 6.6 7.5 5.4 4.8 6.4 6.2 1.031 0.200 -0.06280 0.01731 Tanzania 1999 7.3 6.1 7.7 5.3 5.3 6.4 1.377 2.000 -0.01721 0.02230 Tanzania 2004 6.9 5.4 6.1 5.6 6.9 6.2 0.996 0.026 -0.01383 0.01686 Togo 1998 5.5 7.6 6.5 7.6 5.9 6.6 0.932 0.400 0.01244 0.01578 Uganda 1995 11.0 9.7 8.7 8.9 10.7 9.8 1.028 0.300 -0.02102 0.01440 Uganda 2000/01 8.9 8.6 9.3 10.1 11.3 9.6 0.788 2.400 0.05320 0.01396 Zambia 1996 7.0 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.2 8.8 0.761 2.200 0.05267 0.01414 Zambia 2001 12.3 10.1 10.2 13.6 12.3 11.7 1.000 0.000 0.02833 0.01340 Zimbabwe 1994 7.8 8.4 7.6 5.7 5.1 7.1 1.529 2.700 -0.06973 0.01784 Zimbabwe 1999 12.4 12.1 14.9 8.2 7.3 11.4 1.699 5.100 -0.07519 0.01440 G. ALL COUNTRIES 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.7 1.072 0.399 -0.01933 0.02196 - 260 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Orphanhood MATERNAL ORPHAN PREVALENCE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.3 1.6 2.0 1.563 0.900 -0.11002 0.02646 Indonesia 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Indonesia 2002/03 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.3 0.5 1.0 2.090 0.563 -0.09652 0.02785 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.979 0.017 0.02243 0.08096 Armenia 2000 0.1 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.167 0.500 0.18913 0.07468 Kazakhstan 1995 1.1 0.4 1.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.375 0.300 -0.07949 0.10011 Kazakhstan 1999 0.9 0.8 1.7 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.818 0.200 0.01400 0.06813 Kyrgyzstan 1997 0.3 0.2 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.6 1.000 0.000 0.06786 0.10133 Turkey 1993 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.7 3.500 0.500 -0.11113 0.06984 Turkey 1998 1.0 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.250 0.200 -0.10221 0.06280 Turkmenistan 2000 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.778 0.700 na na Uzbekistan 1996 0.8 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.727 0.300 -0.05662 0.09785 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.374 0.524 -0.05221 0.03170 Bolivia 1998 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.1 1.2 1.8 1.750 0.900 -0.10065 0.02883 Bolivia 2003 2.4 2.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.8 2.012 1.225 -0.12088 0.02771 Brazil 1996 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.250 0.300 -0.01222 0.03434 Colombia 1995 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.273 0.300 -0.04448 0.04590 Colombia 2000 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.769 0.300 0.05512 0.05148 Colombia 2005 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.252 0.220 -0.07182 0.03170 Dominican Republic 1996 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.214 0.300 -0.01318 0.03772 Dominican Republic 2002 1.6 1.4 0.9 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.907 0.747 -0.08589 0.02884 Guatemala 1995 1.8 2.8 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.385 0.500 -0.09946 0.02667 Guatemala 1998/99 2.1 2.4 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.9 1.615 0.800 -0.06878 0.04261 Haiti 1994/95 4.1 4.9 3.7 4.6 6.4 4.7 0.641 2.300 0.06396 0.02764 Haiti 2000 3.3 3.0 5.7 3.4 3.8 3.8 0.868 0.500 0.11088 0.02201 Nicaragua 1997/98 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.714 0.500 -0.10921 0.03457 Nicaragua 2001 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.8 0.9 1.1 1.111 0.100 0.03440 0.04020 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.5 2.2 2.0 1.045 0.100 -0.05045 0.01820 Peru 2000 2.4 1.6 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.5 2.182 1.300 -0.20338 0.02618 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.345 0.333 -0.09934 0.03501 Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.714 0.500 -0.09375 0.03737 Jordan 1997 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.625 0.300 -0.11046 0.04061 Morocco 1992 2.2 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.158 0.300 -0.03767 0.03517 Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.571 0.800 -0.09380 0.02705 E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 261 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Orphanhood MATERNAL ORPHAN PREVALENCE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3.0 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.5 0.802 0.748 0.04054 0.02548 Benin 1996 2.8 2.5 2.1 2.8 1.8 2.4 1.556 1.000 -0.04352 0.03429 Benin 2001 2.0 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.176 0.300 0.00977 0.03602 Burkina Faso 1992/93 1.8 3.1 4.3 3.4 3.4 3.2 0.539 1.545 0.05896 0.02156 Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 2.3 2.9 2.4 2.2 3.5 2.7 0.664 1.186 0.04422 0.02156 Cameroon 1991 2.5 1.2 3.1 2.6 1.9 2.3 1.316 0.600 -0.02744 0.03800 Cameroon 1998 3.0 3.7 4.2 2.0 1.9 3.0 1.579 1.100 -0.10106 0.02952 Cameroon 2004 2.2 3.3 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.0 0.630 1.296 0.05522 0.02312 Central African Republic 1994/95 3.5 4.1 3.6 4.7 3.5 3.9 1.000 0.000 0.03108 0.02629 Chad 1996/97 1.5 2.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.5 0.517 1.400 0.09616 0.02559 Chad 2004 1.4 2.2 2.7 2.6 4.3 2.6 0.331 2.874 0.20015 0.02710 Comoros 1996 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.1 0.864 0.300 0.06262 0.05147 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.3 1.9 0.696 0.700 0.04818 0.03199 Eritrea 1995 2.0 5.8 8.3 4.2 2.8 4.6 0.714 0.800 -0.04368 0.02160 Ethiopia 2000 2.9 3.7 4.6 4.3 4.9 4.0 0.592 2.000 0.09705 0.01819 Gabon 2000 1.6 2.2 2.6 4.0 2.9 2.7 0.552 1.300 0.11477 0.03107 Ghana 1993 3.4 3.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.7 1.478 1.100 -0.09681 0.03705 Ghana 1998 2.2 3.2 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.048 0.100 -0.04778 0.03619 Ghana 2003 1.9 2.4 1.6 3.1 1.9 2.2 1.027 0.051 0.03919 0.03732 Guinea 1999 3.1 3.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.9 1.192 0.500 -0.04270 0.02742 Kenya 1993 2.6 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.784 1.126 -0.07749 0.03557 Kenya 1998 1.9 2.5 3.5 2.9 3.6 2.8 0.528 1.700 0.10108 0.02780 Kenya 2003 4.0 3.2 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.0 0.970 0.122 0.03342 0.02241 Madagascar 1997 2.3 4.4 3.7 3.9 2.7 3.4 0.852 0.400 0.03929 0.02330 Malawi 1992 4.1 3.7 3.4 5.1 5.0 4.3 0.820 0.900 -0.01330 0.02547 Malawi 2000 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.5 6.7 4.9 0.552 3.000 0.09651 0.01584 Mali 1995/96 2.5 1.7 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.190 0.400 0.00465 0.02778 Mali 2001 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.4 2.1 0.833 0.400 0.05371 0.02367 Mauritania 2000/01 4.3 3.1 2.7 3.3 2.6 3.3 1.654 1.700 -0.11220 0.02764 Mozambique 1997 4.7 6.1 6.4 5.7 4.0 5.3 1.175 0.700 -0.01225 0.01665 Mozambique 2003 2.5 3.7 3.8 4.9 4.2 3.8 0.599 1.702 0.07891 0.01698 Namibia 1992 1.8 2.5 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.1 0.783 0.500 0.00607 0.03858 Namibia 2000 3.7 4.7 3.5 3.3 2.4 3.6 1.542 1.300 -0.06134 0.02501 Niger 1998 1.9 2.2 3.0 2.8 1.8 2.3 1.056 0.100 0.00484 0.02612 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.4 3.2 2.6 0.839 0.515 0.06817 0.03046 Rwanda 2000 8.0 8.2 7.9 9.7 10.2 8.8 0.784 2.200 0.05372 0.01274 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 2.5 2.1 2.6 3.1 1.7 2.4 1.471 0.800 0.00840 0.02656 Tanzania 1996 2.7 3.7 2.2 2.5 3.6 2.9 0.750 0.900 0.02333 0.02492 Tanzania 1999 3.9 2.7 3.5 3.4 4.2 3.5 0.929 0.300 -0.00493 0.02803 Tanzania 2004 2.5 2.5 3.3 3.6 4.6 3.3 0.528 2.194 0.05596 0.02109 Togo 1998 2.8 2.8 2.2 3.1 3.8 2.9 0.737 1.000 0.04284 0.02548 Uganda 1995 3.9 4.2 5.1 4.7 7.3 5.0 0.534 3.400 0.10359 0.01956 Uganda 2000/01 3.4 4.2 5.2 5.6 7.6 5.2 0.447 4.200 0.15084 0.01935 Zambia 1996 2.4 4.6 4.8 4.3 5.9 4.3 0.407 3.500 0.13045 0.02066 Zambia 2001 6.6 5.2 5.1 6.1 6.7 5.9 0.985 0.100 0.00895 0.01967 Zimbabwe 1994 3.2 2.8 2.9 1.9 2.3 2.7 1.391 0.900 -0.05287 0.03059 Zimbabwe 1999 5.5 4.5 5.8 3.7 4.9 5.0 1.122 0.600 -0.00267 0.02386 G. ALL COUNTRIES 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 0.887 0.306 0.00707 0.03328 - 262 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Orphanhood DOUBLE ORPHAN PREVALENCE Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error A. EAST ASIA, PACIFIC na na na na na na na na na na Cambodia 2000 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.750 0.200 -0.06051 0.04834 Indonesia 1997 * * * * * * - - na na Indonesia 2002/03 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.732 0.053 0.03718 0.05035 Philippines 1998 na na na na na na na na na na Philippines 2003 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 1997 na na na na na na na na na na Vietnam 2002 na na na na na na na na na na B. EUROPE, CENTRAL ASIA 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.857 0.017 0.22647 0.21662 Armenia 2000 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 - 0.100 0.03013 0.14928 Kazakhstan 1995 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 3.000 0.200 -0.32690 0.41210 Kazakhstan 1999 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.000 0.200 -0.14500 0.16067 Kyrgyzstan 1997 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 - 0.200 0.60078 0.25418 Turkey 1993 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 - 0.200 -0.28210 0.18575 Turkey 1998 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 - 0.100 0.02189 0.18466 Turkmenistan 2000 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 - 0.100 na na Uzbekistan 1996 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 - 0.200 0.62454 0.33430 C. LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.772 0.078 0.04545 0.06982 Bolivia 1998 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.750 0.100 0.09703 0.06803 Bolivia 2003 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.289 0.054 -0.06638 0.07263 Brazil 1996 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.750 0.100 0.00005 0.07044 Colombia 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Colombia 2000 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.000 0.000 0.01029 0.11863 Colombia 2005 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 3.601 0.180 -0.09324 0.06696 Dominican Republic 1996 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 1.500 0.100 0.07514 0.09500 Dominican Republic 2002 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 3.201 0.146 -0.00439 0.06662 Guatemala 1995 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 1.000 0.000 -0.08175 0.07337 Guatemala 1998/99 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.500 0.100 0.15367 0.07226 Haiti 1994/95 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.4 1.4 0.417 1.400 0.20097 0.05385 Haiti 2000 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.3 0.8 0.462 0.700 0.30437 0.05906 Nicaragua 1997/98 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 2.000 0.100 -0.17427 0.09788 Nicaragua 2001 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.667 0.100 0.12016 0.07701 Paraguay 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Peru 1996 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.500 0.200 0.02844 0.05133 Peru 2000 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.000 0.000 -0.05064 0.07359 D. MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA na na na na na na na na -0.22125 0.10661 Egypt 1995 na na na na na na na na na na Egypt 2000 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.000 0.100 -0.23638 0.11769 Jordan 1997 na na na na na na na na -0.21270 0.10575 Morocco 1992 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.333 0.200 0.16469 0.11385 Morocco 2003/04 na na na na na na na na na na Yemen 1997 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 3.000 0.200 -0.21467 0.09640 E. SOUTH ASIA na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1996/97 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 1999/2000 na na na na na na na na na na Bangladesh 2004 na na na na na na na na na na India 1992/93 na na na na na na na na na na India 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 1996 na na na na na na na na na na Nepal 2001 na na na na na na na na na na Pakistan 1990/91 na na na na na na na na na na - 263 - Part IV: Underlying Determinants of HNP Status Orphanhood DOUBLE ORPHAN PREVALENCE (Cont.) Region/Country Quintile Rates Low/High Low-High Concentration Index Pop. Ratio Diff. Value Standard Low 2nd 3rd 4th High Avg. (Abs. Val.) Error F. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.667 0.449 0.10466 0.05527 Benin 1996 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.500 0.200 0.05754 0.10277 Benin 2001 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.250 0.100 -0.00558 0.07493 Burkina Faso 1992/93 0.4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.0 0.217 1.273 0.14693 0.03962 Burkina Faso 1998/99 na na na na na na na na na na Burkina Faso 2003 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.5 0.8 0.245 1.168 0.21514 0.04223 Cameroon 1991 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.200 0.100 -0.09873 0.09898 Cameroon 1998 0.4 0.6 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.000 0.000 0.02014 0.05744 Cameroon 2004 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.542 0.388 0.15343 0.04658 Central African Republic 1994/95 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.286 0.200 -0.02458 0.05888 Chad 1996/97 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.200 0.800 0.30504 0.06044 Chad 2004 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 2.0 0.7 0.101 1.764 0.53557 0.06713 Comoros 1996 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 - 0.300 0.24535 0.17878 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.429 0.400 0.16560 0.07523 Eritrea 1995 0.1 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.5 0.7 0.200 0.400 0.12423 0.04635 Ethiopia 2000 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.4 0.8 0.357 0.900 0.20018 0.04632 Gabon 2000 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.000 0.000 -0.00802 0.07636 Ghana 1993 0.8 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.143 0.100 -0.04044 0.05883 Ghana 1998 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.333 0.400 0.08604 0.08615 Ghana 2003 0.4 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.5 1.389 0.104 0.05232 0.07652 Guinea 1999 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.545 0.500 0.12710 0.05483 Kenya 1993 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.565 0.194 0.19741 0.10010 Kenya 1998 0.5 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.417 0.700 0.13844 0.05071 Kenya 2003 1.9 1.8 2.7 2.6 1.5 2.1 1.258 0.395 0.04519 0.02814 Madagascar 1997 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.750 0.100 0.03051 0.07009 Malawi 1992 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.7 0.9 1.1 1.333 0.300 -0.08200 0.04462 Malawi 2000 1.3 1.4 1.6 2.4 2.7 1.8 0.481 1.400 0.13543 0.02602 Mali 1995/96 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.571 0.300 0.11666 0.06976 Mali 2001 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.667 0.200 0.12312 0.04644 Mauritania 2000/01 1.0 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.667 0.400 -0.18242 0.05861 Mozambique 1997 0.7 1.1 1.4 1.3 0.6 1.0 1.167 0.100 0.04199 0.03465 Mozambique 2003 0.8 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.2 0.554 0.679 0.09106 0.03026 Namibia 1992 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.286 0.500 0.09817 0.08557 Namibia 2000 1.7 0.8 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.1 2.125 0.900 -0.11599 0.04794 Niger 1998 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.667 0.100 0.21458 0.08361 Nigeria 1990 na na na na na na na na na na Nigeria 2003 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.6 1.836 0.269 0.10556 0.06046 Rwanda 2000 3.7 4.6 4.1 5.2 6.7 4.9 0.552 3.000 0.10531 0.01805 Senegal 1997 na na na na na na na na na na South Africa 1998 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.8 2.000 0.400 0.00325 0.04754 Tanzania 1996 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.200 0.800 0.16103 0.05621 Tanzania 1999 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.4 1.0 0.786 0.300 0.06260 0.05014 Tanzania 2004 0.5 0.3 0.7 1.1 2.1 0.9 0.257 1.529 0.19216 0.03974 Togo 1998 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.667 0.300 0.16615 0.05511 Uganda 1995 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 3.2 1.9 0.469 1.700 0.12664 0.03465 Uganda 2000/01 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.5 2.2 0.400 2.100 0.19361 0.02909 Zambia 1996 0.7 1.5 1.6 1.5 2.3 1.5 0.304 1.600 0.20041 0.03676 Zambia 2001 2.8 2.4 2.4 3.0 3.8 2.9 0.737 1.000 0.06797 0.02837 Zimbabwe 1994 0.5 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.250 0.100 0.00285 0.04734 Zimbabwe 1999 2.4 1.9 2.6 1.9 1.5 2.1 1.600 0.900 -0.02581 0.03379 G. ALL COUNTRIES 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.687 0.288 0.08129 0.07843 - 264 - ANNEXES - 265 - ANNEX A: INDICATOR DEFINITIONS Part I: HNP STATUS A. CHILDHOOD MORTALITY AND ILLNESS 23 Infant mortality rate: number of deaths to children under twelve months of age per 1,000 live births, based on experience during the ten years before the survey. Under-five mortality rate: number of deaths to children under five years of age per 1,000 live births, based on experience during the ten years before the survey. Prevalence of fever: percent of children who had fever, whether or not accompanied by cough or rapid breathing, in the two weeks before the survey. Prevalence of diarrhea: percent of children who had diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey. Prevalence of acute respiratory infection: percent of children who had a cough accompanied by rapid or difficult breathing in the two weeks before the survey. B. FERTILITY Total fertility rate (TFR): average number of births a woman could expect to have during her lifetime if she followed the levels of fertility currently observed at every age. The TFR is calculated as the sum of average annual age-specific fertility rates for all reproductive age groups (usually 15-49 years) in the three years before the survey. Adolescent fertility rate: age-specific fertility rate for women 15-19 years of age. This is the average number of births among women aged 15-19 years per 1,000 women in that age group, based on births in the three years before the survey and expressed as annual averages. 23Figures for the prevalence of fever, diarrhea, and acute respiratory infection refer to percent of children under three, four, or five years of age, depending upon the country. (The specific ages covered for in particular country may be determined by consulting the full report on that country's DHS, which may be found at: www.measuredhs.com/countries.) - 267 - C. NUTRITIONAL STATUS Children 24, 25, 26 Moderate stunting (height-for-age): percent of children with a height-for-age Z-score of between ­2 and ­3 standard deviations of the median reference standard for their age (as defined in fn. 4). Severe stunting (height-for-age): percent of children with a height-for-age Z-score of below ­3 standard deviations of the median reference standard for their age (as defined in fn. 4). Moderate underweight (weight-for-age): percent of children with a weight-for-age Z-score of between ­2 and ­3 standard deviations of the median reference standard for their age (as defined in fn. 4). Severe underweight (weight-for-age): percent of children with a weight-for-age Z-score of below ­3 standard deviations of the median reference standard for their age (as defined in fn. 4). Mild anemia: percent of children with a hemoglobin level of between 10.0g/dl and 10.9 g/dl, the World Health Organization criterion for mild anemia. Moderate anemia: percent of children with a hemoglobin level of between 7.0g/dl and 9.9g/dl, the World Health Organization criterion for moderate anemia. Severe anemia: percent of children with a hemoglobin level of below 7.0g/dl, the World Health Organization criterion for severe anemia. Women 27, 28 Malnutrition: percent of women aged 15-49 years with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of less than 18.5, where BMI ­ commonly used to indicate adult nutritional status ­ is defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Mild anemia: percent of women aged 15-49 years with a hemoglobin level of between 10.0g/dl and 10.9g/dl for pregnant women and between 10.0g/dl and 11.9g/dl for non-pregnant women, the World Health Organization criterion for mild anemia. Moderate anemia: percent of women aged 15-49 years with a hemoglobin level of between 7.0g/dl and 9.9g/dl, the World Health Organization criterion for moderate anemia. Severe anemia: percent of women aged 15-49 years with a hemoglobin level of less than 7.0g/dl, the World Health Organization criterion for severe anemia. 24All figures related to children's nutrition status refer to children under three, four, or five years of age, depending upon the country. (The specific ages covered for in particular country may be determined by consulting the full report on the DHS of the country concerned, which is available at: www.measuredhs.com/countries.) 25The reference standards used for stunting and underweight are those established in the 1970s by the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, and the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. Updated stunting and underweight figures based on the recently-released, 2006 World Health Organization reference standards are currently under preparation. When complete, they will be available at: www.worldbank.org/povertyandhealth/ countrydata. 26The anemia figures for children living at an altitude above 1,000 meters have been adjusted to reflect the higher level of hemoglobin required. 27In some countries, the BMI is presented for all women; in others, the figure is available only for mothers of children under five years of age. The reference population for any given country can be determined by consulting the full report on the DHS for the country concerned. An electronic version of this report is located at: www.measuredhs.com/ countries. 28Anemia cut-off points for respondents who live at an altitude above 1,000 meters and/or who smoke have been adjusted to account for their higher hemoglobin requirements. - 268 - D. FEMALE CIRCUMCISION Prevalence of Circumcision Girls: percent of girls aged 6-10 years with one or more daughters, at least one of whom had been circumcised. Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who had been circumcised. Prevalence of Occlusion Girls: percent of girls aged 6-10 years with one or more daughters, at least one of whom had been circumcised with the vaginal area sewn closed. Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years whose vaginal area had been sewn closed. E. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES Prevalence of Genital Discharge Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who had had abnormal genital discharge in the twelve months before the survey. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who had had abnormal genital discharge in the twelve months before the survey. Prevalence of Genital Ulcer or Sore Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who had had a genital ulcer or sore in the twelve months before the survey. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who had had a genital ulcer or sore in the twelve months before the survey. - 269 - Part II: INTERMEDIATE DETERMINANTS OF HNP STATUS ­ HEALTH SERVICE USE A. CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION 29 BCG coverage: percent of children who had received a dose of BCG vaccine by the time of the survey. Measles coverage: percent of children who had received a dose of measles vaccine by the time of the survey. DPT coverage: percent of children who had received three doses of DPT vaccine by the time of the survey. Full basic coverage: percent of children who had received a dose of BCG vaccine, measles vaccine, and three doses of DPT and polio vaccines by the time of the survey, excluding polio vaccine given at birth. No basic coverage: percent of children who had received no vaccination against the six early- childhood diseases (TB, measles, polio, diphtheria, pertusis, and tetanus) by the time of the survey. Hepatitis B coverage: percent of children who had received three doses of hepatitis B vaccine by the time of the survey. Yellow fever coverage: percent of children who had received a dose of yellow fever vaccine by the time of the survey. B. TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES 30 Treatment of Fever Medical treatment of fever: percent of children with fever, with or without cough or rapid breathing, in the two weeks before the survey who had sought medical advice for fever from any health facility or health provider, whether public or private. Treatment in a public facility: percent of children with fever, with or without cough or rapid breathing, in the two weeks before the survey who had sought medical advice for fever from a public-sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9). Treatment in a private facility: percent of children with fever, with or without cough or rapid breathing, in the two weeks before the survey who had sought medical advice for fever from a private-sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9). 29Childhood immunization figures refer to rates among children 12-23 months of age in all countries except those in Latin America and the Caribbean. There, the figures refer to rates among children 18-29 months of age. All figures are based on information recorded on the child's vaccination card; or, in cases where a card was not seen by the interviewer, on the mother's report. 30Figures for illness treatment in a public facility refer to treatment in government hospitals, health centers, health posts, or dispensaries; or in facilities operated by government-affiliated social securing programs. Figures for treatment in private facilities cover treatment in private hospitals or clinics, in private doctors' offices, or in facilities operated by other private medical providers (such as non-governmental organizations) as defined in the country concerned; but exclude treatment obtained in private pharmacies or shops. - 270 - Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Medical treatment of ARI: percent of children with a cough and rapid breathing in the two weeks before the survey who had been taken for treatment at any medical facility or provider, whether public or private. Treatment in a public facility: percent of children with a cough and rapid breathing in the two weeks before the survey who had been taken for treatment at a public-sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9). Treatment in a private facility: percent of children with a cough and rapid breathing in the two weeks before the survey who had been taken for treatment at a private-sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9). Treatment of Diarrhea Use of oral rehydration therapy: percent of children with diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey who had received oral rehydration therapy (ORT) (defined as including consumption of oral rehydration salts, other recommended home fluids, or other increased liquids). Medical treatment of diarrhea: percent of children with diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey who had been taken for treatment at any medical facility or provider, whether public or private. Treatment in a public facility: percent of children with diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey who had been taken for treatment at a public-sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9). Treatment in a private facility: percent of children with diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey who had been taken for treatment at a private-sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9). C. ANTENATAL AND DELIVERY CARE 31 Antenatal Care (ANC) Visits To a medically-trained person: percent of women with one or more births in the five years before the survey who had received at least one antenatal care consultation from a medically- trained person (as defined in fn. 10) before her most recent birth. To a doctor: percent of women with one or more births in the five years before the survey who had received at least one antenatal care consultation from a doctor before her most recent birth. To a nurse or trained midwife: percent of women with one or more births in the five years before the survey who had received at least one antenatal care consultation from a nurse or trained midwife (as defined in fn. 10) before her most recent birth. Multiple visits to a medically-trained person: percent of women with one or more births in the five years before the survey who had received at least three antenatal care consultations from any medically-trained provider (as defined in fn. 10) before her most recent birth. 31When speaking of antenatal and delivery care, medically-trained persons are defined as doctors, nurses, and trained midwives. The definition excludes traditional midwives or other traditional birth attendants, whether trained or untrained. - 271 - Antenatal Care (ANC) Content Tetanus toxoid: percent of women with one or more births in the five years before the survey who had received at least one tetanus toxoid injection during her most recent pregnancy. Prophylactic antimalarial treatment: percent of women with one or more births in the five years before the survey who had received prophylactic treatment with any antimalarial drug during her most recent pregnancy. Iron supplementation: percent of women with one or more births in the five years before the survey who had taken iron tablets during her most recent pregnancy. Delivery Attendance By a medically-trained person: percent of births in the five years before the survey attended by a medically-trained person (as defined in fn. 10). By a doctor: percent of births in the five years before the survey attended by a doctor. By a nurse or trained midwife: percent of births in the five years before the survey attended to by a nurse or a trained midwife (as defined in fn. 10). In a public facility: percent of all deliveries in the five years before the survey occurring in a public-sector health facility (as defined in fn. 9). In a private facility: percent of all deliveries in the five years before the survey occurring in a private-sector health facility (as defined in fn. 9). At home: percent of all deliveries in the five years before the survey occurring at home (defined as the woman's own or any other home). D. CONTRACEPTIVE SERVICES Contraceptive Prevalence 32 Women: percent of married or in-union women aged 15-49 years who used any modern means of contraception (as defined in fn. 11). Men: percent of married or in-union men aged 15-54 years who used any modern means of contraception (as defined in fn. 11). Source of Contraception - Public Sector Women: percent of married women who obtained their current method of contraception from a public-sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9). Men: percent of married men who obtained their current method of contraception from a public- sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9). 32Figures refer to use of modern means of contraception, defined as male/female sterilization, oral contraceptive pill, contraceptive injection, intrauterine device, male/female condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, contraceptive jelly or foam, implant, or some country-specific modern method. - 272 - Source of Contraception - Private Sector Women: percent of married women who obtained their current method of contraception from a private-sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9, except that private pharmacies and shops are included rather than excluded). Men: percent of married men who obtained their current method of contraception from a private- sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9, except that private pharmacies and shops are included rather than excluded). E. TREATMENT OF ADULT ILLNESSES Treatment of Genital Discharge, Ulcer, or Sore Women: percent of women with genital discharge, ulcer, or sore who sought any medical treatment for resulting symptoms. Men: percent of men with genital discharge, ulcer, or sore who sought any medical treatment for resulting symptoms. Treatment of Genital Discharge, Ulcer, or Sore in a Public Facility Women: percent of women with genital discharge, ulcer, or sore who sought treatment from a public-sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9). Men: percent of men with genital discharge, ulcer, or sore who sought treatment from a public- sector health facility or provider (as defined in fn. 9). Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV/AIDS Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who had been tested for HIV at any time before the survey. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who had been tested for HIV at any time before the survey. - 273 - Part III: INTERMEDIATE DETERMINANTS OF HNP STATUS ­ INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIOR A. HYGIENIC PRACTICES Disposal of Children's Stools Sanitary disposal: percent of mothers with at least one child under five years of age who disposed of the stools of their youngest child in a sanitary manner (defined as dropping stool into a latrine, burying it, or using disposable diapers). Handwashing Wash hands prior to preparing food: percent of women aged 15-49 years preparing meals who washed hands before handling food. Handwashing facilities in household: percent of households that had hand-washing materials or facilities, as determined by direct observation of interviewers. B. BEDNET OWNERSHIP AND USE Bednet Ownership Bednet ownership: percent of households owning one or more bednets. Treated bednet ownership: percent of households owning one or more bednets that had recently been treated with insecticides. Bednet Use By children: percent of households with at least one child under five years of age, some or all of whom had slept under a bednet the night before the survey. By pregnant women: percent of currently pregnant women who had slept under a bednet the night before the survey. C. BREASTFEEDING Exclusive breastfeeding: percent of children 0-3 months of age who had received only breast milk in the twenty-four hours before the survey. Timely complementary feeding: percent of children 6-9 months of age who had received breast milk and solid or semi-solid foods in the twenty-four hours before the survey. Bottle-feeding: percent of children under 12 months of age who had received any food or drink from a bottle with a nipple in the twenty-four hours before the survey. - 274 - D. MICRONUTRIENT CONSUMPTION Iodized Salt Availability of iodized salt in household: percent of households with cooking salt testing positive for iodine/iodate at the recommended level of 15 or 25 parts per million or more (depending on the country). 33 Vitamin A Children: percent of children34 who had received at least one dose of vitamin A in the six months before the survey, as reported by the mothers. Women: percent of women who had received a dose of vitamin A within two months of the last birth, in the five years before the survey. E. TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL USE Tobacco 35 Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who currently were smoking or chewing tobacco products. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who currently were smoking or chewing tobacco products. Alcohol Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who had gotten intoxicated due to excessive consumption of alcohol in the three months before the survey. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who had gotten intoxicated due to excessive consumption of alcohol in the three months before the survey. F. SEXUAL PRACTICES Non-Regular Sexual Partnerships Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who had had sex with a non-regular partner at least once in the twelve months before the survey. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who had had sex with a non-regular partner at least once in the twelve months before the survey. Condom Usage with Non-Regular Partner Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years with non-regular sexual partner who had used a condom in the last sexual intercourse with such a partner in the twelve months before the survey. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years with non-regular sexual partner who had used a condom in the last sexual intercourse with such a partner in the twelve months before the survey. 33Which of these two levels is recommended in any particular country may be determined by consulting the full report on that country's DHS, which may be found at: www.measuredhs.com/countries. 34Figures refer to children over six months of age and under three, four, or five years of age, depending upon the country. (The specific ages covered for in a particular country may be determined by consulting the full report on that country's DHS, which is available at: www.measuredhs.com/countries.) 35Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, leaves, etc. - 275 - G. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Ever experienced violence: percent of women aged 15-49 years who had ever been hit or beaten by current or former husband/partner. Experienced violence in past year: percent of women aged 15-49 years who had been hit or beaten by current or former husband/partner in the twelve months before the survey. - 276 - Part IV: UNDERLYING DETERMINANTS OF HNP STATUS A. EDUCATION School Completion Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who had completed the fifth grade. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who had completed the fifth grade. School Participation Girls: percent of girls aged 6-10 years who were attending school at the time of the survey. Boys: percent of boys aged 6-10 years who were attending school at the time of the survey. B. EXPOSURE TO MASS MEDIA Newspaper Readership Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who read a newspaper at least once a week. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who read a newspaper at least once a week. Radio Listenership Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who listened to radio at least once a week. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who listened to radio at least once a week. Television Viewership Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who watched television at least once a week. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who watched television at least once a week. C. KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES ABOUT HIV/AIDS Knowledge about Sexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS 36 Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who knew of HIV/AIDS and of at least one of the following ways to avoid it through interruption of its sexual transmission route: abstinence; using a condom; avoiding multiple sex partners, sex with prostitutes, and unprotected homosexual sex. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who knew of HIV/AIDS and of at least one of the ways to avoid HIV/AIDS referred to in the preceding definition. 36In most countries, the survey sample included both married and unmarried individuals. Where this was the case, all respondents, regardless of marital status, were asked the question covered in this section. Where the survey covered only individuals who were or had been married, the data pertain only to individuals who had ever been married. (The marital status of people covered for in particular country is indicated in the full report on that country's DHS, which is located at: www.measuredhs.com/countries.) - 277 - Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who knew of at least one way HIV/AIDS can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who knew of at least one way HIV/AIDS can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Attitudes toward HIV/AIDS Women: percent of women aged 15-49 years who believed that people with HIV/AIDS should be allowed to continue working or that HIV test results should remain confidential. Men: percent of men aged 15-54 years who believed that people with HIV/AIDS should be allowed to continue working or that HIV test results should remain confidential. D. STATUS OF WOMEN Household Decisionmaking Can seek own health care: percent of women age 15-49 years who could decide by themselves to seek their own health care. Can seek children's health care: percent of women aged 15-49 years, whose children live with them, who could decide by themselves to seek health care for their children. Can make daily household purchases: percent of women aged 15-49 years who could decide by themselves or jointly with others to make daily household purchases. Can make large household purchases: percent of women aged 15-49 years who could decide by themselves or jointly with others to make large household purchases. Can make meal-related decisions: percent of women aged 15-49 years who could decide by themselves what food to cook daily. Freedom of Movement Can travel to visit family, relatives: percent of women aged 15-49 years who could decide by themselves to visit family and relatives. Other Decisionmaking, Attitudes Can decide how to spend own money: percent of women aged 15-49 years who work for cash who could decide by themselves on how to use the money they earn. Can decide whether to have sex: percent of women aged 15-49 years agreeing that they can refuse to have sex with their husband for at least one of the following reasons: he has a sexually- transmitted disease; he has had sexual relations with another woman; or the woman is tired, not in mood, or recently has given birth. Justify domestic violence: percent of women aged 15-49 years believing that a husband/male partner would be justified in beating his wife/female partner for at least one of the following reasons: he suspects her of being unfaithful; she argues with him; she goes out without telling him; she neglects the children; she burns the food; or other, country-specific reasons (for example, she shows disrespect for her in-laws or her family does not give the expected dowry). - 278 - E. ORPHANHOOD Maternal orphan prevalence: percent of children under 15 years of age whose natural mother had died before the survey. Paternal orphan prevalence: percent of children under 15 years of age whose natural father had died before the survey. Double orphan prevalence: percent of children under 15 years of age both of whose natural parents had died before the survey. - 279 - ANNEX B: ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF INDICATORS Acute respiratory infection: prevalence of ARI among children 29 Acute respiratory infection: medical treatment of children's ARI 95 Acute respiratory infection: medical treatment of children's ARI in a private facility 99 Acute respiratory infection: medical treatment of children's ARI in a public facility 97 Adolescent: adolescent fertility rate 33 Adult illnesses: treatment of genital discharge, ulcer, sore among men 149 Adult illnesses: treatment of genital discharge, ulcer, sore among women 147 Adult illnesses: treatment of genital discharge, ulcer, sore in a public facility among men 153 Adult illnesses: treatment of genital discharge, ulcer, sore in a public facility among women 151 Alcohol: alcohol use among men 193 Alcohol: alcohol use among women 191 Anemia: mild anemia among children 43 Anemia: mild anemia among women 51 Anemia: moderate anemia among children 45 Anemia: moderate anemia among women 53 Anemia: severe anemia among children 47 Anemia: severe anemia among women 55 Antenatal care use: visits to a medically-trained person 109 Antenatal care use: multiple visits to a medically-trained person 115 Antenatal care use: visits to a nurse or trained midwife 113 Antenatal care use: visits to a doctor 111 Antenatal care content: tetanus toxoid 117 Antenatal care content: prophylactic antimalarial treatment 119 Antenatal care content: iron supplementation 121 Bednets: ownership of bednets 167 Bednets: ownership of treated bednets 169 Bednets: use of bednets by children 171 Bednets: use of bednets by pregnant women 173 Breastfeeding: exclusive breastfeeding 175 Breastfeeding: timely complementary breastfeeding 177 Breastfeeding: bottle-feeding 179 Childhood illnesses: prevalence of fever 25 Childhood illnesses: medical treatment of fever 89 Childhood illnesses: medical treatment of fever in a private facility 93 Childhood illnesses: medical treatment of fever in a public facility 91 Childhood illnesses: prevalence of acute respiratory infection 29 Childhood illnesses: medical treatment of acute respiratory infection 95 Childhood illnesses: medical treatment of acute respiratory infection in a private facility 99 Childhood illnesses: medical treatment of acute respiratory infection in a public facility 97 - 281 - Childhood illnesses: prevalence of diarrhea 27 Childhood illnesses: medical treatment of diarrhea 103 Childhood illnesses: medical treatment of diarrhea in a private facility 107 Childhood illnesses: medical treatment of diarrhea in a public facility 105 Childhood illnesses: use of oral rehydration therapy to treat diarrhea 101 Circumcision: prevalence of circumcision among girls 57 Circumcision: prevalence of circumcision among women 59 Contraception: condom use by men with non-regular partner 201 Contraception: condom use by women with non-regular partner 199 Contraception: contraceptive prevalence among men 137 Contraception: contraceptive prevalence among women 135 Contraception: source of contraception in private sector among men 145 Contraception: source of contraception in private sector among women 143 Contraception: source of contraception in public sector among men 141 Contraception: source of contraception in public sector among women 139 Delivery: delivery attended by a medically-trained person 123 Delivery: delivery attended by a nurse or trained midwife 127 Delivery: delivery attended by a doctor 125 Delivery: delivery in a private facility 131 Delivery: delivery in a public facility 129 Delivery: delivery at home 133 Diarrhea: prevalence of diarrhea among children 27 Diarrhea: use of oral rehydration therapy to treat diarrhea among children 101 Domestic violence: women who ever experienced domestic violence 203 Domestic violence: women who experienced domestic violence in the past year 205 Domestic violence: women who justify domestic violence 257 Education: school completion among men 211 Education: school completion among women 209 Education: school participation among boys 215 Education: school participation among girls 213 Fertility: adolescent fertility rate 33 Fertility: total fertility rate 31 Fever: prevalence of fever among children 25 Fever: medical treatment of children's fever 89 Fever: medical treatment of children's fever in a private facility 93 Fever: medical treatment of children's fever in a public facility 91 Handwashing: handwashing facilities in household 165 Handwashing: wash hands prior to preparing food 163 HIV/AIDS: attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among men 239 HIV/AIDS: attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among women 237 HIV/AIDS: knowledge about sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS among men 231 HIV/AIDS: knowledge about sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS among women 229 HIV/AIDS: knowledge about mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS among men 235 HIV/AIDS: knowledge about mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS among women 233 HIV/AIDS: voluntary counseling and testing of HIV/AIDS among men 157 HIV/AIDS: voluntary counseling and testing of HIV/AIDS among women 155 - 282 - Hygiene: sanitary disposal of children's stools 161 Hygiene: handwashing facilities in household 165 Hygiene: wash hands prior to preparing food 163 Immunization: BCG coverage among children 75 Immunization: measles coverage among children 77 Immunization: DPT coverage among children 79 Immunization: hepatitis B coverage among children 85 Immunization: yellow fever coverage among children 87 Immunization: full basic coverage among children 81 Immunization: no basic coverage among children 83 Infant: infant mortality rate 21 Iodized salt: availability of iodized salt in the household 181 Iron supplementation: iron supplementation in antenatal care 121 Malaria prevention: bednet ownership 167 Malaria prevention: treated bednet ownership 169 Malaria prevention: bednet use by children 171 Malaria prevention: bednet use by pregnant women 173 Malaria treatment: prophylactic antimalarial treatment in antenatal care 119 Mass media: newspaper readership among men 219 Mass media: newspaper readership among women 217 Mass media: radio listenership among men 223 Mass media: radio listenership among women 221 Mass media: television viewership among men 227 Mass media: television viewership among women 225 Medical treatment: medical treatment of children's fever 89 Medical treatment: medical treatment of children's fever in a private facility 93 Medical treatment: medical treatment of children's fever in a public facility 91 Medical treatment: medical treatment of children's acute respiratory infection (ARI) 95 Medical treatment: medical treatment of children's ARI in a private facility 99 Medical treatment: medical treatment of children's ARI in a public facility 97 Medical treatment: medical treatment of children's diarrhea 103 Medical treatment: medical treatment of children's diarrhea using oral rehydration therapy 101 Medical treatment: medical treatment of children's diarrhea in a private facility 107 Medical treatment: medical treatment of children's diarrhea in a public facility 105 Micronutrients: availability of iodized salt in household 181 Micronutrients: vitamin A consumption among children 183 Micronutrients: vitamin A consumption among women 185 Mortality: infant mortality rate 21 Mortality: under-five mortality rate 23 Newspaper readership: newspaper readership among men 219 Newspaper readership: newspaper readership among women 217 Nutritional status: moderate stunting among children 35 Nutritional status: severe stunting among children 37 Nutritional status: moderate underweight among children 39 Nutritional status: severe underweight among children 41 Nutritional status: mild anemia among children 43 Nutritional status: mild anemia among women 51 Nutritional status: moderate anemia among children 45 - 283 - Nutritional status: moderate anemia among women 53 Nutritional status: severe anemia among children 47 Nutritional status: severe anemia among women 55 Nutritional status: malnutrition among women 49 Occlusion: prevalence of occlusion among girls 61 Occlusion: prevalence of occlusion among women 63 Orphanhood: double orphan prevalence 263 Orphanhood: maternal orphan prevalence 261 Orphanhood: paternal orphan prevalence 259 Radio listenership: radio listenership among men 223 Radio listenership: radio listenership among women 221 Sexual partnerships: non-regular sexual partnerships among men 197 Sexual partnerships: non-regular sexual partnerships among women 195 Sexually transmitted disease: prevalence of genital discharge among men 67 Sexually transmitted disease: prevalence of genital discharge among women 65 Sexually transmitted disease: prevalence of genital ulcer among men 71 Sexually transmitted disease: prevalence of genital ulcer among women 69 Stunting: moderate stunting among children 35 Stunting: severe stunting among children 37 Television viewership: television viewership among men 227 Television viewership: television viewership among women 225 Tetanus toxoid: tetanus toxoid use in antenatal care 117 Tobacco use: tobacco use among men 189 Tobacco use: tobacco use among women 187 Total fertility rate 31 Under-five mortality rate 23 Underweight: moderate underweight among children 39 Underweight: severe underweight among children 41 Vitamin A: vitamin A consumption among children 183 Vitamin A: vitamin A consumption among women 185 Women's decisionmaking: women who can decide how to spend own money 253 Women's decisionmaking: women who can decide whether to have sex 255 Women's decisionmaking: women who can make daily household purchases 245 Women's decisionmaking: women who can make large household purchases 247 Women's decisionmaking: women who can make meal-related decisions 249 Women's decisionmaking: women who can seek children's health care 243 Women's decisionmaking: women who can seek own health care 241 Women's decisionmaking: women who can travel to visit family, relatives 251 Women's decisionmaking: women who justify domestic violence 257 - 284 - ANNEX C. SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INEQUALITY DATA World Bank HNP/Poverty Country Report Website: http://www.worldbank.org/hnp/povertyandhealth/countrydata. This World Bank website provides the full texts and tables for all fifty-six countries covered by the HNP/Poverty Country Report Project. Also available at the site are summary tables, organized by indicator, designed to facilitate cross-country comparisons in inequality with respect to particular indicators. DHS Country Reports: http://www.measuredhs.com/countries. All DHS final country reports produced since 2003 include quintile-specific tabulations in approximately 50-100 of the reports' HNP indicator tables. The tables deal with some of the indicators covered in this volume, and with many that are not. UNICEF Multi-Indicator Cluster Survey Website: http://www.childinfo.org/MICS2/natlMICSrepz/MICSnatrep.htm. The UNICEF Multi-Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) project is generally similar to the DHS program, but covers a somewhat different set of countries and indicators. The "standard tables" section for each country listed at the MICS website provides wealth- based, quintile-specific information in around 40-45 of the tables related to hnp, education, and child labor. In deriving these quintile-specific estimates, the MICS investigators have employed a wealth index similar to the one used here. World Health Organization World Health Survey Website: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/en/index.html. The World Health Organization's World Health Survey (WHS) includes such issues as self-assessed adult health status; coverage of interventions against adult chronic diseases and against maternal and child health problems; household health expenditures; insurance coverage; and health system responsiveness. Approximately seventy countries ­ developed as well as developing ­ have been covered thus far. Household wealth information has been collected and used to prepare quintile-specific estimates for many of the indicators appearing in the reports on these countries. - 285 - METHODS AND RESOURCES FOR FURTHER INEQUALITY ANALYSIS Shea Oscar Rutstein and Kiersten Johnson, The DHS Wealth Index, DHS Comparative Reports No. 6 (Calverton, Maryland, USA: ORC Macro, August 2004) (Available at: http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pub_details.cfm?ID =470&srchTp=type). This DHS publication, by two of the co-authors of the current report, describes in detail the construction of the wealth index that underlies the data presented in the basic tables. Deon Filmer and Lant H. Pritchett, "Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data ­ or Tears: An Application to Education Enrollments in States in India," Demography 38, no.1 (February 2001): 115-132. This seminal piece gave birth to the wealth index procedure used in the current volume. It also includes three of the previously-cited country case studies demonstrating the close relationship between results produced using wealth and those based on consumption as an indicator of household economic status. Owen O'Donnell, Eddy van Doorslaer, Adam Wagstaff, and Magnus Lindelow. Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, forthcoming. Among the topics covered in this comprehensive overview of available quantitative techniques are the measurement of living standards using a wealth index and other approaches (chapter 6) and the concentration index as a measure of inequality (chapter 8). DHS Country Data Sets: http://www.measuredhs.com/accesssurveys/search. The data sets for all DHS surveys undertaken since 2003 include two pieces of information for each household that are designed to help investigators prepare quintile- specific tabulations for any indicator. These are: 1) the household wealth score; and 2) the economic quintile to which individuals in the household belong. Any tabulation using these pieces of information will be comparable to the figures appearing here. - 286 - ANNEX D. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Agbessi Amouzou was a doctoral candidate at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health at the time of this report's preparation. He is currently a monitoring and evaluation officer at the Elizabeth Glazer Pediatric AIDS Foundation. Davidson R. Gwatkin is a consultant on health and poverty to the World Bank, UNICEF, and other organizations. Kiersten Johnson is a research associate and demographer at the Demographic and Health Surveys Project, (MEASURE DHS) of Macro International Inc., which is funded in large part by the United States Agency for International Development. Shea Rutstein is technical director of the Demographic and Health Surveys Project, (MEASURE DHS) of Macro International Inc., which is funded in large part by the United States Agency for International Development. Eldaw Suliman was a doctoral candidate at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health when this report was prepared. He is currently a program associate in the West Asia and North Africa Regional Office of the Population Council. Adam Wagstaff is a lead economist (health) in the Development Research Group, Public Services Team of the World Bank. - 287 -