THE 103678 WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 14 / NO 2 SEPTEMBER 2015 INSIDE Bandhan becomes India’s youngest Bank 1-5 Rising from the grassroots, Bandhan, India’s largest Development Dialogue: A bank account for all 6-8 ICR Update: Third National HIV/AIDS Control Project 9-10 microfinance institution, Recent Project Signings 11-12 is now a full-fledged bank New Additions to the Public G Information Center 13-23 hatakpukur, a lush village in rural West Bengal, is set amidst rolling Contact Information 24 paddy fields studded with little ponds and groves of bananas and bamboo. Its gentle rhythm of life haven’t changed in centuries. The small community of ironsmiths in this village is famed locally for their handheld weighing scales. The scales are much in demand in this agrarian belt About the photograph: where fish, grains and vegetables are bought and sold at little roadside Women self help group members in Ghatakpukur haats or markets. With few other jobs in the village, the rising cost of raw village in rural West Bengal materials was hitting the ironsmiths hard and pushing their families deeper Photograph by Sona Thakur into poverty. first established in 2001, this Kolkata based microfinance institution (MFI), the largest in the country, has grown into a full-fledged bank. Last year Bandhan was one of only two applicants that were granted a banking license by the Reserve Bank of India. Bandhan Bank, which commenced banking operations from August 23, 2015, will focus on providing financial services to low income households, as well as micro and small enterprises and businesses. Bandhan secured the much-coveted banking license over 30 other institutions, including many mainstream players. The grant of the license recognizes the institution’s Until the wives of Ghatakpukur stepped in considerable contribution to improving to change their lives. Helped by Bandhan, financial inclusion across the country, as well India’s leading microfinance institution, and as its potential for making further inroads into now a full-fledged bank, they took small unbanked areas. loans to bolster their husband’s businesses and set up little enterprises of their own. “Access to formal financial services is In the process they transformed their lives. essential for reducing poverty,” said Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country Director in India. India’s youngest bank “We are proud to have partnered with Bandhan on its impressive journey rising Like many success stories, Bandhan up from the grassroots to become India’s started small. Now, 14 years after it was youngest bank.” Bandhan secured the much-coveted banking license over 30 other institutions, including many mainstream players 12 2 The World Bank in India • September 2015 Reaching India’s poorest Services Pvt. Ltd reached more than 6.5 million of India’s poorest borrowers, including borrowers women entrepreneurs, self-help groups and small businesses. While Bandhan’s network of A staggering one-third of the world’s over 2,000 branches is spread over 22 states population has no secure way to save money, and union territories, its major focus has been pay bills, or obtain a mortgage – almost a in India’s eastern and north eastern regions. quarter of them are in India. Since 2010, the World Bank has been working to address this gap by working with India’s leading Building new lives in rural microfinance institutions, one of which was India Bandhan. In Ghatakpukur, Krishna Das explains the Over the years, Bandhan’s reach has grown role Bandhan has played in transforming considerably. By 2015, Bandhan Financial their lives: “Our world expanded,” she said. Bandhan reaches more than 6.5 million of India’s poorest borrowers in over 22 states and union territories The World Bank in India • September 2015 12 3 With the six successive loans she took, her Shankari’s daughter now goes to primary husband’s business started to grow. The school and Anjana’s son, she says with pride, family’s income grew five-fold. Her daughter is studying to be an engineer. The weekly now goes to school and her toddler son is group meeting is also an opportunity to better fed. discuss other important issues like the care to be given to new mothers and their babies, the Used to running their households on tight children’s vaccination schedule, or household budgets, women like Das tend to bring sanitation. financial discipline to their borrowing. In the years of its existence, Bandhan has seen Today, all the ironsmiths’ workshops in a very high rate of repayment among its Ghatakpukur are busy. The children go to women borrowers. Namita, the cashier for school and the women are satisfied at the the women’s group in Ghatakpukur, explains little miracle they have wrought in their lives. that the concept of joint responsibility comes Moving forward, Bandhan’s transformation easily to women who were and remain into a universal bank will help in significantly friends. They unhesitatingly cover for each expanding the outreach of microfinance to other when someone is going through a borrowers in India’s low income states who financially rough patch, and in six years of its have little or no access to formal sources of existence, the group has not seen a single financing. women default on her loan repayment. A credit officer from Bandhan comes to collect Chandra Shekhar Ghosh, Bandhan Bank’s repayments every week and teach them the Chairman and Managing Director, said they basics of accounting and book-keeping. plan to open around 500-600 branches (Change background colour as needed) across the country, especially in the eastern With growing incomes, children’s education and north-eastern region to further support seems to be women’s top priority and that their current network of branches and is where they are investing. In Ghatakpukur, doorstep service centers. Bandhan’s transformation into a universal bank will help in significantly expanding its outreach in India’s low income states that have little or no access to formal sources of financing 12 4 The World Bank in India • September 2015 World Bank Group steps in with support at a critical juncture T he World Bank Group has supported Bandhan through both the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation IFC has worked closely with Bandhan throughout the transformation process, bringing in its experience with other MFI-to-Bank (IFC). Since 2010, the World Bank’s Scaling transformations globally. Up Sustainable and Responsible Microfinance Project – implemented by the Small Industries Promoting responsible Development Bank of India (SIDBI) – has made important contributions to promoting responsible microfinance microfinance. Working through several MFIs, The World Bank project has helped improve including Bandhan, the Project reached more than data transparency, establish stronger grievance- 16 million clients, mostly in the low income states redressal systems, enhance systems for client of Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Rajasthan and north protection, establish a code of conduct for the eastern India. A substantial percentage of the sector, and substantially improve the use of credit MFI clients were poor women. market infrastructure. On data transparency, the main achievement has The Project has been the launch of a supported Bandhan in As home to one third of the world’s poor web-based data platform reaching over 280,000 living under $1.25 per day, India is key that will provide quarterly clients in underserved to achieving the global goal of ensuring operational data and states both through universal financial access by 2020 annual financial data on debt and early equity MFIs. investments that helped pave the way for other investors to enter SIDBI has supported Bandhan through both debt subsequently. and early equity investments that helped provide capital and opened the doors to other investors. In 2011, IFC came in with a US$ 29 million equity It has also helped Bandhan improve its already investment in Bandhan. This was the largest strong performance. private sector investment in the microfinance sector in India following the country’s microfinance Bandhan is a clear example of India’s long-lasting crisis. Since then, IFC has made further focus on financial inclusion. As home to one third investments in the institution. Today, IFC is one of of the world’s poor living under $1.25 per day, (Change background colour as needed) Bandhan’s largest institutional shareholders having India is key to achieving the global goal of ensuring made equity commitment of US$ 120 million universal financial access by 2020. The country is and sub debt of US$ 26 million to support the providing the appropriate level of leadership and institution’s transformation and expansion. innovative actions to achieve this goal. 5 The World Bank in India • September 2015 12 Development Dialogue A bank account for all Access to a financial system can boost the creation of jobs, reduce inequalities in income, boost consumption, increase investments in education and help poor people cope with unexpected expenses or loss of income, says Onno Ruhl, World Bank’s Country Director for India and Gloria Grandolini, World Bank’s Senior Director for Finance and Markets Global Practice H ow do you save money if you don’t have a bank account? And to whom do you turn when you desperately need a loan? Most Now, financial inclusion has become a prominent policy priority. Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the people can’t imagine life without some kind Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), of financial services. But a staggering one- one of the world’s most ambitious initiatives third of the world’s population has no secure to promote financial inclusion. The program way to save money, pay bills, take a loan or is off to a good start—within six months, obtain a mortgage. Almost a quarter of them nearly 125 million new bank accounts have are in India. been opened. Access to and participation in the financial The program builds on the country’s recent system can boost the creation of jobs, reduce successes. While earlier efforts to expand inequalities in income, boost consumption, financial inclusion may have fallen short of increase investments in education and help policymakers’ hopes, the more recent growth poor people cope with unexpected expenses of group lending models and microfinance or loss of income. institutions has made it easier for the rural poor to save and take loans. Moreover, Since Independence, India has pursued a business correspondent models have range of initiatives to wean the poor away helped expand the reach of financial access from traditional forms of moneylending and points, microfinance institutions have been bring them into the financial mainstream. brought under a self-regulatory mechanism, 6 The World Bank in India • September 2015 the national payments system has been institutions too can play a greater role. developed and strengthened, and the Unique Identification Number (Aadhaar) initiative India can also take advantage of the has been rapidly scaled-up, signing on developments in mobile telephony. With more new customers and authenticating them to than 870 million active mobile subscribers, make transactions more efficient. The recent India can expand financial inclusion by establishment of small banks and payment promoting mobile financial services. For banks is also a clear step forward. instance, mobile money can help eliminate ad hoc means of transferring money that Nonetheless, significant potential exists to are expensive, unreliable and prone to theft. further leverage technology to boost financial It can complement the 425 million debit inclusion. Already, direct cash transfers into and credit cards currently in use in India beneficiaries’ Aadhaar-linked bank accounts and target the 150 million RuPay cards are starting to plug leaks and promoting the linked to PMJDY accounts, of which 110 cost-effectiveness of social benefit schemes. million have already been issued. For these Expanding the use of Aadhaar to banks, models to work, however, they must ensure insurers, post offices, non-banking financial commercial viability for the banks, banking companies, microfinance institutions, correspondents and others providing needed cooperatives and mutual funds can boost services. these efforts considerably. Ensuring women’s access to resources The rich dataset of transactions that such is equally critical. Although microfinance expansion will yield can help develop new has successfully linked many women to financial products for households and small mainstream financial services, most women- businesses. For example, data on individual owned micro, small and medium enterprises patterns of saving or timely repayment (MSMEs) continue to remain underserved records in a credit bureau can substitute by formal institutions—only about 3% of the the requirement for collateral assets or country’s 3 million such enterprises have guarantees, making it easier for institutions formal financial access. to offer loans, insurance or micro-investment products to underserved segments of society. A robust system is also needed to ensure Traditional channels such as cooperative consumer protection and build depositors’ banks, post offices and rural financial trust in and understanding of the system. The World Bank in India • September 2015 7 To achieve this goal, however, financial systems worldwide must embrace ambitious reforms and adopt new technologies along with transformative business models. The private sector can help by driving innovation, while social institutions can be pivotal in contributing ideas, talent and seed funding. The success of PMJDY can indeed be a model for other countries. India is already providing leadership and spurring innovations. Recently at the World Bank’s headquarters in Washington DC, Reserve Bank of India governor Raghuram Rajan and State Bank of India chairperson Arundhati Bhattacharya shared their insights on India’s While efforts are on to continue to expand successes, the priorities that lie ahead and financial services, the suitability of the the challenges that remain. products on offer and the financial capability of clients are also being emphasized, helping On its part, India too can benefit from the create confidence among new customers that wealth of experience garnered by other their money is safe. countries in promoting financial inclusion. (Change background colour as needed) Being home to one-third of the world’s Globally, the goal is to achieve financial poor living on less than $1.25 a day, India’s access for all by 2020. World Bank Group success will be key if we are to achieve President Jim Yong Kim and Queen Máxima of universal financial access by 2020. the Netherlands—the UN secretary-general’s special advocate for inclusive finance for This article was originally published in the development—have urged countries to make Mint newspaper on 27 April 2015. a concerted effort in this regard. 8 The World Bank in India • September 2015 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Third National HIV/AIDS Control Project Context Third National HIV/AIDS Control Project Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in India was estimated Approval Date: 26 April, 2007 to have reached 0.9 percent of India’s adult Closing Date: 30 September, 2012 (15–49 years) population by 2005. National surveillance data showed rising HIV rates in Total Project Cost US$ 512 million rural areas and among women, suggesting its potential to spread in the general population. Bank Financing (IDA): US$ 214 million By 2007, there were an estimated 5.7 million Implementing National AIDS people living with HIV (PLHIV) in India, most Agency: Control Organization, Ministry of Health & of them unaware of their infection. Stigma Family Welfare and discrimination in workplaces, medical settings, and society was a deterrent to Outcome: Satisfactory being tested for HIV. The need to scale up Risk to Development Low HIV testing, and provide appropriate care, Outcome: treatment, and support to successively larger cohorts of PLHIV posed a formidable health Overall Bank Satisfactory system challenge. The government set up Performance: the National AIDS Control Program (NACP) in Overall Borrower Satisfactory 1986, and set ambitious goals for halting and Performance: reversing India’s HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2011, The World Bank in India • September 2015 12 9 ahead of the 2015 Millennium Development With increased treatment, care, and support Goal (MDG) target. The government for PLHIV, the number of eligible persons requested for World Bank support to help with advanced HIV infection receiving ensure adequate, flexible and continuous Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) – was exceeded financing for the NACP. The World Bank’s by more than 150 percent, with 516,412 International Development Association (IDA), people on treatment by June 2012 compared the concessionary lending arm of the Bank, with the target of 340,000. This includes brought added value to the program by way fewer children than planned – 30,802 against of strong technical support and by supporting the target of 40,000. The survival rate for government efforts at converging NACP with all those who have started treatment is 79 other health programs through its ongoing percent, which indicates good compliance health projects. and quality of treatment services. Considerable declines in HIV prevalence were also recorded among Female Sex Workers (FSW) at the national level (5.06 percent in 2007 to 2.67 percent in 2011) and in most states. Declines were also seen among MSM (7.41 percent in 2007 to 4.43 percent in 2011) Lessons Learnt The important lessons learned from this project are outlined below. ● Evidence-based cost-effective, targeted interventions and working closely with the affected communities, can be highly effective in preventing new HIV infections. But the HIV epidemic is dynamic, and the prevention strategy needs strategically collected data to monitor impact and trends and to identify and respond to new hot spots of infection. ● Prevention can be effective when a tailored localized HIV response relies on trusted community based organizations and NGOs Project Development Objectives as front-line implementers. Performance- based funding in NGO contracts might be The objective of the Project was to support a better alternative to traditional input- the Government of India’s National AIDS based funding, and is worth at least a Control Program (2007-2012) through small pilot trial. promoting behavior change by scaling up prevention efforts in the high-risk groups and ● Detailed procedural and protocol manuals, the general population and by increasing guidelines, and standards can greatly care, support and treatment of people living enhance the efficiency and quality of with HIV AIDS. program implementation. Achievements ● In a country where the World Bank has Data released by NACO confirmed India’s HIV several health projects under way at any epidemic trend was “stable to declining from given time, it would be more efficient to 2007 to 2011”. Nationally, estimated annual address common safeguard issues such (Change background colour as needed) new HIV infections fell from 143,000 in 2007 as infection control and health waste at the start of the Project, to 130,000 in 2010. management through a sector wide The data showed about 10 percent fewer approach rather than by a project by new infections in 2011 than in the first year of project approach. the Project. 12 10 The World Bank in India • September 2015 Recent Project Signings National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Program II Bengal. It will also work closely with the states to build their capacity to effectively T he Government of India, the Governments of Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, West Bengal and the plan for and respond to disasters. It will focus on developing early warning World Bank have signed a US$ 308.40 million dissemination systems in the six states, credit agreement in support of the second build cyclone risk mitigation infrastructure phase of the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation and provide technical assistance for Program (NCRMP). multi-hazard risk management, among (Change background colour as needed) others. An additional 1.6 million people will During this phase, the Project will help India directly benefit from cyclone risk mitigation reduce vulnerability to cyclone and other infrastructure, while millions more will be hydro-meteorological hazards of coastal covered by early warning systems. communities in the states of Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and West Additional Financing National Cyclone Risk (150 in Odisha and 136 in Andhra Pradesh), Mitigation Project I more than 1,000 km of evacuation roads and 23 bridges are being built and around 200 km T he Government of India, the Government of Odisha, the Government of Andhra Pradesh and the World Bank have signed of existing coastal/saline embankments are being strengthened. (Change background colour as needed) an agreement for US$ 104 million additional It will scale up the construction of multi- credit for the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation purpose shelters from 286 to 532 and Project-1 (NCRMP 1) to help build disaster increase the evacuation roads from 1,050 km resilient infrastructure in the vulnerable to 1,310 km. coastal states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, following a severe cyclone that hit these states in 2013. This additional financing for the Project, in response to Cyclone Phailin, will further enhance the disaster preparedness work of the government and build cyclone resistant infrastructure in the vulnerable coastal states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. Currently, under the $255 million NCRMP1 Project, 1,286 cyclone shelters are being constructed The World Bank in India • September 2015 11 Enhancing Teacher Effectiveness in Bihar The program will be implemented over a five Operation year period and will support development of high quality education institutions; T he Government of India, the Government of Bihar and the World Bank have signed a US$ 250 million credit agreement ensure certification for unqualified elementary school teachers and continuous (Change background colour as needed) professional development of teachers in to improve the quality of elementary school service; help effective teacher management teachers in Bihar by making them more and performance; and improve teacher qualified, accountable and responsive. accountability at the school level. Andhra Pradesh Disaster Recovery Project The Project will specifically benefit over 13 million people in the four severely affected T he Government of India, the Government of Andhra Pradesh and the World Bank have signed a US$ 250 million credit districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam and East Godavari. agreement for the Andhra Pradesh Disaster The Project will help the state restore Recovery Project to restore, improve and the damages caused to roads; public enhance the resilience of public services infrastructure including environmental (Change background colour as needed) and livelihoods of communities affected by services and facilities; and increase the cyclone Hudhud in Andhra Pradesh. The resilience of the power infrastructure; as well Project will also increase the capacity of the as that of its communities from impacts of state to respond promptly and effectively to future disasters. an emergency. 12 The World Bank in India • September 2015 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Energy-efficient street lighting: Implementation and The World Bank PIC financing solutions The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) By Ashok Sarkar, Saurabh Kumar Singh, Neelima Jain 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg and Venkatesh Dwidedi New Delhi – 110 001, India Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Available: on-line Website: www.worldbank.org English; 117 pages Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Published: June 2015 Email: indiapic@worldbank.org Working Paper Report No: AUS7490 PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR There has been a clear need for energy-efficient (EE) Viva Books Pvt Ltd technologies that can be applicable in the municipal 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj street lighting sector. The objective of this manual is to New Delhi – 110 002 support the preparation and implementation of street Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 lighting projects in India, using performance contracting Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 and other public private partnership-based delivery Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net approaches. This manual draws upon global best practices, including practices that have been tried and Other Preferred Stockist in India presented within India and South Asia; and draws from Anand Associates their failures and successes to document the major 1219 Stock Exchange Tower lessons learned. 12th Floor, Dalal Street Mumbai – 400 023 South Asia Publications Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 Email: thrupti@vsnl.com Website: www.myown.org Bangladesh National Nutrition Services: Assessment Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) of Implementation Status Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) Kuntal K.Saha, Masum Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd Billah, Purnima Menon, Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 Shams El Arifeen and Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com Nkosinathi V.N.Mbuya Website: www.alliedpublishers.com Available: on-line Bookwell English; 111 pages Published: August 2015 24/4800 Ansari Road, Daryaganj Working Paper New Delhi – 110 002 Report No: Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 This report presents the Email: bookwell@vsnl.net findings of an operations research study conducted to assess the implementation of the Government of Bangladesh’s National Nutrition Services Program The World Bank in India • September 2015 13 (NNS) and to identify the achievements, determine the WPS 7334 bottlenecks that adversely impact these achievements, Quality and accountability in healthcare delivery: and highlight potential solutions to ensure smooth Audit evidence from primary care providers in India delivery of the program. By Jishnu Das, Alaka Holla, Aakash Mohpal and Karthik The results indicate that although the maintenance of Muralidharan strong and stable leadership of NNS is an essential element to ensure integrated and well-coordinated This paper presents direct evidence on the quality of comprehensive service delivery for the line directorate, health care in low-income settings using a unique and the current arrangement is unable to ensure effective original set of audit studies, where standardized patients implementation and coordination of NNS. were presented to a nearly representative sample of rural public and private primary care providers in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. India: Policy Research Working Papers Three main findings are reported. First, private providers are mostly unqualified, but they spent more time with WPS 7397 patients and completed more items on a checklist of Public good provision in Indian rural areas: The essential history and examination items than public returns to collective action by microfinance groups providers, while being no different in their diagnostic and treatment accuracy. Second, the private practices By Paolo Casini, Lore Vandewalle and Zaki Wahhaj of qualified public sector doctors were identified and the Using a theoretical model, this paper shows that an same doctors exerted higher effort and were more likely elected official, whose aim is to maximize re-election to provide correct treatment in their private practices. chances, exerts higher effort in providing public goods Third, there is a strong positive correlation between when private citizens undertake collective action and provider effort and prices charged in the private sector, coordinate their voluntary contributions towards the whereas there is no correlation between effort and same goods. This effect occurs although government wages in the public sector. and private contributions are assumed to be substitutes The results suggest that market-based accountability in the technology of providing public goods. in the unregulated private sector may be providing Using first-hand data on SHGs in India, the paper tests better incentives for provider effort than administrative the prediction of the model and shows that, in response accountability in the public sector in this setting. to collective action by SHGs, local authorities tackle a larger variety of public issues, and are more likely to tackle issues of interest to SHGs. The findings highlight Other Publications how the social behavior of SHGs can influence the governance of rural Indian communities. Global Economic Prospects, June 2015: The Global Economy in Transition By World Bank WPS 7368 Available: on-line Asymmetric information about migrant earnings and English; 194 pages remittance flows Published: June 2015 By Ganesh Kumar Seshan and Robertas Zubrickas ISBN: 978-1-4648-0483-0 e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0485-4 This paper examines asymmetric information about migrant earnings and its implications for remittance Growth in developing behavior using a sample of Indian households with countries and some high- husbands working overseas in Qatar. On average, wives income countries is set to underreport their husbands’ income and underreporting disappoint again this year. is more prevalent in households with higher earning The prospect of rising borrowing costs will compound migrants. The discrepancy in earning reports is strongly the challenges many developing countries are facing as correlated with variation in remittances: greater they adapt to an era of low commodity prices. Risks to underreporting by wives is associated with lower this outlook remain tilted to the downside. remittances. This edition of Global Economic Prospects includes An exchange model of remittances is developed with two Special Features that analyze the policy challenges asymmetric information and costly state verification. raised by the two transitions in developing countries: The optimal remittance contract prescribes a threshold the risks associated with the first U.S. central bank for remittances that invites verification only if unmet. interest rate increase since 2006 and the implications The model’s predictions closely match our empirical of persistently low commodity prices for low-income findings. countries. 14 The World Bank in India • September 2015 Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group The State Social Safety Nets 2015 Flagship Report that examines global economic By World Bank developments and prospects, with a special focus on Available: on-line developing countries, on a semiannual basis (in January English; 164 pages and June). Published: June 2015 ISBN: 978-1-4648-0543-1 e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0544-8 Trust, Voice, and Incentives: Learning from Local SKU: 210543 Success Stories in Service Delivery in the Middle East and North Africa The State of Social Nets 2015 documents the English; 334 pages state of the social safety Published: June 2015 net agenda in low- and middle-income countries. ISBN: 978-1-4648-0456-4 It compiles, analyzes, and disseminates data and SKU: 210456 developments at the forefront of the social safety The book examines the net agenda drawing heavily from the survey and role of incentives, trust, administrative data in the World Bank’s Atlas of Social and engagement as critical Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity (ASPIRE), determinants of service a comprehensive international database. delivery performance in Middle East and North African (MENA) countries. Focusing on education and Sustainable Energy for All 2015: Progress Toward health, the report illustrates how the weak external and Sustainable Energy internal accountability undermines policy implementation By Vivien Foster, Gabriela and service delivery performance and how such a cycle Azuela, Morgan Bazilian, of poor performance can be counteracted. Case studies Jonathan Sinton and of local success reveal the importance of both formal and Sudeshna Banerjee informal accountability relationships and the role of local leadership in inspiring and institutionalizing incentives Available: on-line toward better service delivery performance. English; 68 pages Published: June 2015 ISBN: 978-1-4648-0690-2 Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion The report analyzes the By Ramya Sundaram, financial cost of meeting the Sustainable Energy for All Ulrich Hoerning, Natasha objectives and introduces concepts focusing on the links de Andrade Falcão, Natalia between energy and four priority areas of development: Millán, Carla Tokman and food, water, human health, and gender. Links between Michele Zini most of these areas and energy are well established, but often presented in isolation of each other. English; 290 pages Published: July 2015 ISBN: 978-1-4648-0539-4 Golden Aging: Prospects for Healthy, Active, and e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0542-4 Prosperous Aging in Europe and Central Asia The report looks at By World Bank individuals through the lenses of both poverty/welfare Available: on-line status and labor market indicators, and, in doing so, the English; 329 pages portraits helps move the dialogue from a purely labor Published: June 2015 market-centric view to a broader dialogue that includes ISBN: 978-1-4648-0353- social policy as a whole. This is an important shift; for SKU: 210353 instance, social protection programs, such as family benefits and maternity benefits, and broader social This report assesses policy issues such as retirement ages, often have a great how societies can reap impact on who remains inactive. Specifically, the report the benefits of increased presents portraits of the out-of-work population of six longevity – longer lives and countries (Bulgaria, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania potentially prolonged payoffs from human capital – while and Romania) in terms of distance from the labor mitigating the negative impacts of a smaller and older market, human capital, and labor supply conditions, as workforce. well as demographic conditions. The World Bank in India • September 2015 15 Shared Prosperity and Poverty Eradication in Latin America and the Caribbean A Dialogue on Skills to Jobs Directions in Development – Human Development Available: on-line T he Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) in partnership with the World Bank organized a Google+ Hangout English; 325 pages where government and corporates discussed Published: June 2015 ways of scaling up innovative models for skill ISBN: 978-1-4648-0357-4 development. SKU: 210357 It marked one of the first direct engagements Shared Prosperity and between the Ministry of Skill Development and Poverty Eradication in Latin Entrepreneurship (MSDE) and the corporate sector. America and the Caribbean takes a closer look at the region, presenting eight country case studies to better understand where poverty persists and how best to design policies and programs that will reach the least well off both today and in the years to come. The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2015 English; 238 pages Published: June 2015 The panelists included Rajiv Pratap Rudy, Minister ISBN: 978-1-4648-0562-2 of State, Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, SKU: 210562 Rohit Nandan, Secretary (SDE), and Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country Director in India, in addition The Little Data Book on Private to the heads of companies like the State Bank of Sector Development provides India (SBI), Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL), data for more than 20 key Amazon, ICICI Bank, Mahindra, Oil and Natural indicators on the business Gas Corporation Ltd (ONGC), Tata Consultancy environment and private sector Services Ltd (TCS) and Lemon Tree Hotels. development in a single page for each of the World Bank The Minister highlighted the need to break silos member countries and other in the skill development landscape and set economies with populations national standards of skilling and certification. of more than 30,000. The 200 country pages are Citing international examples, he exalted industry supplemented by aggregate data tables by regional and and corporates to “play a proactive role in the income groupings. skill training ecosystem of the country.” Corporate leaders highlighted the need to create credible training and certification procedures Latin America and the Rising South: Changing World, which would be valuable to employers as it is Changing Priorities essential to ultimately link skills to jobs. English; 229 pages “Being the human resource capital of the world Published: May 2015 implies that the aspirations of each Indian needs ISBN: 978-1-4648-0355-0 to be addressed. This can only be done by SKU: 210355 ensuring equal opportunity for skilling to reach The book focuses on even the most disadvantaged segments of the restructuring of the society”, said Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country global economy and Director in India at the Hangout. its implications for the Efforts are also being made by the Ministry in (Change background colour as needed) development and policy collaboration with the World Bank to create priorities of LAC. It provides a platform for sharing funds and knowledge an in-depth look at these global connections in trade resources with the corporate sector and and finance, and a sober assessment of their promise government towards skill development. and trials for the region. YouTube link: http://tinyurl.com/pfeuokh 16 The World Bank in India • September 2015 India Project Documents Andhra Pradesh Road Sector Project Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Project Date 17 August 2015 Date 31 July 2015 Project ID P096021 Project ID P114338 Report No. 98888 (Procurement Plan) Report No. ISDSR14640 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Maharashtra Agriculture Competitiveness Project SFG1209 (Resettlement Plan) Date 17 August 2015 Andhra Pradesh Disaster Recovery Project Project ID P120836 Report No. 98887 (Procurement Plan) Date 16 July 2015 Project ID P154847 Partial Risk Sharing Facility in Energy Efficiency Report No. (Project Agreement – Closing Package) Project PAD1408 (Project Appraisal Document) Date 03 August 2015 Project ID P128921 Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Project Report No. 98694 (Procurement Plan) Date 29 June 2015 Project ID P155303 Uttar Pradesh Solid Waste Management Project Report No. PIDC26927 (Project Information Date 31 July 2015 Document) Project ID P150571 ISDSC13628 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Report No. ISDSC14624 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Rampur Hydropower Project Financing Energy Efficiency at Micro Small and Date 25 June 2015 Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Project Project ID P095114 Date 31 July 2015 Report No. ICR3326 (Implementation Completion Project ID P100530 and Results Report) Report No. 98673 (Procurement Plan) Punjab Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project Third Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Project Date 24 June 2015 Date 31 July 2015 Project ID P090592 Project ID P150158 Report No. ICR3262 (Implementation Completion and Results Report) Report No. 98674 (Procurement Plan) 97090 (Procurement Plan) Capacity Building for Urban Development Project PAD1426 (Project Appraisal Document) Date 19 June 2015 Second Phase of Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Project ID P099979 Project Report No. RES17220 (Project Paper) Date 31 July 2015 Project ID P131765 Scaling Up Sustainable and Responsible Microfinance Project Report No. 98671 (Procurement Plan) Date 04 June 2015 Tamil Nadu and Puducherry Coastal Disaster Risk Project ID P155601 Reduction Project Report No. ISDSA13628 (Integrated Safeguards Date 31 July 2015 Data Sheet) Project ID P143382 PIDA25317 (Project Information Document) Report No. 98684 (Procurement Plan) The World Bank in India • September 2015 17 From the Blogworld Solar energy brings smiles to healthy babies and happy farmers By Amit Jain L ast month, I met an obstetrician in India and in the course of conversation, asked her how many babies she had delivered. in Brazil, Chile, UAE and other countries. For instance, if we compare solar power with diesel generated power in an off grid scenario in India, “After ten thousand babies, I stopped counting,” she the cost of power from a diesel-powered pump for said. irrigation in agriculture sector per unit is about 30 cents, compared to 8-14 cents for a solar pump. Naturally, I was curious to know if anything scared her when she’s delivering a child. Her answer: “I pray Solar is slowly but surely becoming a bankable that there is electricity for sterilized water and other technology, with several companies raising funds equipment during the process.” through innovative financing structures such as yieldcos and green bonds. But our health, The obstetrician is also the project director for part agriculture, disaster management and water of a World Bank health project in Nagaland – a colleagues are glad to have help from the energy remote Northeastern state in India. She is an ardent practice to make sure they can get the appropriate advocate for the expansion and promotion of solar quality equipment at the best prices. energy in the primary health care sector because she, like many of her colleagues, believes that more The World Bank’s climate change and energy teams solar energy in the in India are also health sector can working on solar spur a revolution park loans for by boosting the other states in the standard and country, including reliability of health cyclone-hit Odisha. delivery services in The World Bank’s the country. expertise in When I joined renewable energy the World Bank has allowed us to four months ago help India choose as a renewable the right technical energy specialist, specifications for I had always solar systems for considered solar drinking water in the context of prescribed by the electricity for homes and businesses. But working government of India. We have been able to meet with other sectors and exploring solar interventions with paddy farmers in remote areas of the state of in increasing crop productivity, safe drinking water West Bengal and talk to them about the transition and child delivery in health centers has shown from a single crop to two or three crops a year that me the massive potential solar energy has to help could be achieved with solar irrigation pumps and other areas of development as well. There is a clear optimizing the use of water at the same time. business case for why solar is fast becoming a Now, we are working with agriculture experts at the mainstream technology for providing power even in Bank to develop an innovative service contract for non-energy sectors like agriculture and water. water where contracts will be awarded not on the Until recently, the biggest hurdle in adopting solar basis of solar pump installation, but on the basis power was the high upfront cost (more than $3 per of the amount of water (controlled and monitored) watt before 2010) and lack of project financing for provided for irrigation to farmers. GPRS monitoring solar projects. and service-based delivery of water could check the incessant use of water in India where agriculture But much of that has changed. In the last four years, power is almost free and has led to very low levels solar module prices have fallen more than 70% (less of ground water. Currently, we are testing 50-70 than $1 a watt), and per unit cost of solar power solar pumps in West Bengal. (kwh) has fallen from 30 cents per unit in 2010 to less than 8 cents per unit not only in India but also 18 The World Bank in India • September 2015 Until I started working with these cross sectoral is roughly $0.9 m (20–30 KW), community health teams, I had been mostly immersed in the technical centers for roughly $0.32 m (8–13 KW). An off grid aspects of solar energy delivery, but the last few health solar roof project in Nagaland could cost months have been eye-opening for me. We helped around $2,000–$3,000 per KW as compared to less the project director and obstetrician in Nagaland than less than $1,000 per KW for a large scale grid secure bids from solar companies that can provide connected solar plant in India. The grid is cheaper solar solutions in remote locations. The plan is to but it’s not an option in these remote locations in target solar roof tops for 177 health facilities and 500 Nagaland. I am looking forward to implementation of (Change background colour as needed) villages across the state over six years. That’s more the project answering the prayers of the obstetrician I than we plan to do in some of the dedicated energy was talking to, as well as to getting solar energy into projects. the lives and livelihoods of so many Indians in remote locations. The total cost for setting up such a system (including critical load) estimated for District health centers Web link: http://tinyurl.com/qdojato Open Data for Business Tool: learning from initial The case for solar water pumps pilots By Richard Colback By Laura Manley A round the world, governments, entrepreneurs and established businesses are seeing the economic growth potential of using Open Data – data T he cost of solar technology has come down, way down, making it a viable way to expand access to energy for hundreds of millions of people living in from government and other sources that can be energy poverty. For farmers in developing countries, downloaded, used and reused without charge. the growing availability of solar water pumps offers a viable alternative to system dependent on fossil fuel As a public resource, Open Data can help launch new or grid electricity. While relatively limited, experience private-sector ventures and help existing businesses in several countries shows how solar irrigation pumps create new products and services and optimize their (Change background colour as needed) can make farmers more resilient against the erratic operations. Government data – a leading source shifts in rainfall patterns caused by climate change (Change background colour as needed) of Open Data – can help support companies in or the unreliable supply and high costs of fossil fuels healthcare, agriculture, energy, education, and many needed to operate water pumps. Experience also other industries. suggests a number of creative ways that potential Web link: http://tinyurl.com/ndzzxva water resource trade-offs can be addressed. Web link: http://tinyurl.com/oqv7u8j The World Bank in India • September 2015 19 Report Barriers to women’s economic advancement rife in are no laws guaranteeing women equal remuneration South Asia: World Bank Group Report for work of equal value and no laws mandating non- discrimination based on gender in hiring. W omen in South Asia continue to trail their peers in many other parts of the world, as discriminatory laws thwart their economic advancement, says Women, However, Pakistan issued 2 reforms in the past two years. It set the legal age of marriage for both boys and Business and the Law 2016 report girls at 18 years and introduced criminal sanctions for men who contract marriage with a minor and anyone The report, published every two years, examines laws who performs, facilitates or permits underage marriage. that impede women’s employment and entrepreneurship Pakistan also introduced a 22 percent quota for women in 173 economies throughout the world. in local government. Several economies from the South Asia region are Afghanistan, which is one of the most restrictive among the most restrictive in the world in economies in the world, imposes more than 20 legal the dimensions measured affecting women’s barriers to women’s economic inclusion. The report entrepreneurship and employment. The region as a finds that in Afghanistan, married women cannot choose whole has been lagging in enacting reforms in the areas where to live, apply for a passport, or obtain a national measured by the report, with only 3 reforms made in ID card in the same way as married men. Women also 2 economies in the past two years. cannot work in the same jobs as men. In India, the region’s largest economy with 612 million Legal discrimination, which can affect female labor force women, job restrictions remain widespread, with women participation, is also prevalent in Sri Lanka. Women not allowed to work in mining or in jobs that require lifting are prohibited from working in the mining sector and weights above a certain threshold or working with glass. restricted from certain tasks/functions in factories. The law also prohibits women from jobs “involving danger Moreover, there are no laws against gender-based to life, health or morals.” In addition, there are no laws discrimination in hiring or access to credit. to protect women against sexual harassment in public places, protections which exist in 18 other economies In Nepal, women cannot confer citizenship to their around the world. In the last two years, India passed children or to their non-national spouse in the same way a law mandating a requirement for at least one female as men. This limits access to government services for member on the board of publicly listed companies. some of the county’s most marginalized children. And in Bhutan, according to the Companies Act, a woman Pakistan also has a high number of restrictions. In order director of a company must include her husband’s to register a business, married women need to include name, address and nationality within the company their husband’s name, nationality, and address – and registry. they need to do this in the presence of a witness. Women are also barred from working in many jobs, The full report and accompanying datasets are including those in factories and in mining. And there available at http://wbl.worldbank.org World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 7400 WPS 7397 Export promotion and firm entry into and survival in Public good provision in Indian rural areas: The returns export markets to collective action by microfinance groups By Daniel Lederman, Marcelo Olarreaga and Lucas By Paolo Casini, Lore Vandewalle and Zaki Wahhaj Zavala WPS 7396 WPS 7399 The impact of vocational schooling on human capital The pulse of public opinion: Using Twitter data to development in developing countries: Evidence from analyze public perception of reform in El Salvador China By Skipper Seabold, Alex Rutherford, Olivia De Backer By Prashant Kumar Loyalka, Xiaoting Huang, Linxiu and Andrea Coppola Zhang and et.al. WPS 7398 WPS 7395 Nowcasting prices using Google trends: An application Preferences, purchasing power parity, and inequality: to Central America Analytical framework, propositions, and empirical By Skipper Seabold, and Andrea Coppola evidence By Amita Majumder, Ranjan Ray and Sattwik Santra 20 The World Bank in India • September 2015 WPS 7394 regression discontinuity analysis Can improved biomass cookstoves contribute to By Owen Ozier REDD+ in low-income countries? Evidence from WPS 7383 a controlled cooking test trial with randomized Charter school entry and school choice: The case of behavioral treatments Washington, D.C. By Abebe D. Beyene, Randall Bluffstone, Sahan By Maria Marta Ferreyra and Grigory Kosenok Dissanayake and et.al. WPS 7382 WPS 7393 Self-help groups, savings and social capital: Evidence The impact of an accountability intervention with from a field experiment in Cambodia diagnostic feedback: Evidence from Mexico By Radu Ban, Michael J. Gilligan and Matthias Rieger By Rafael E. De Hoyos Navarro, Vicente A. Garcia Moreno and Harry Anthony Patrinos WPS 7381 Climate-informed decisions: The capital investment WPS 7392 plan as a mechanism for lowering carbon emissions A decade of declining earnings inequality in the By Jan Whittington and Catherine Lynch Russian Federation By Paula Andrea Calvo, Lopez-Calva, Luis-Felipe and WPS 7380 Josefina Posadas Diversification, growth, and volatility in Asia By Chris Papageorgiou, Nikola L. Spatafora and Ke WPS 7391 Wang Identifying and spurring high-growth entrepreneurship: Experimental evidence from a business plan WPS 7379 competition Lower bounds on inequality of opportunity and By David J. Mckenzie measurement error By Carlos Felipe Balcazar Salazar WPS 7390 Depreciations without exports? Global value chains WPS 7378 and the exchange rate elasticity of exports Subjective well-being across the lifespan in Europe By Swarnali Ahmed, Maximiliano Andres Appendino and and Central Asia Michele Ruta By Jan Michael Bauer, Victoria Levin, Ana Maria Munoz Boudet and et.al. WPS 7389 Impact of property rights reform to support China’s WPS 7377 rural-urban integration: Village-level evidence from the Does longer compulsory education equalize schooling Chengdu national experiment by gender and rural/urban residence? By Klaus W. Deininger, Songqing Jin, Shouying Liu, Ting ˘ and ismet Koç By Murat G. Kırdar, Meltem Dayıglu Shao and Fang Xia WPS 7376 WPS 7388 Impacts on poverty of removing fuel import subsidies Impact of property rights reform to support China’s in Nigeria rural-urban integration: Household-level evidence from By Khalid Siddig, Peter J. Minor, Harald Grethe, Angel the Chengdu national experiment Aguiar and Terrie Louise Walmsley By Klaus W. Deininger, Songqing Jin, Shouying Liu and WPS 7375 Fang Xia Do performance agreements help improve service WPS 7387 delivery? The experience of Brazilian states Gender education gaps among indigenous and By Lorena Vinuela and Laura De Castro Zoratto nonindigenous groups in Bolivia WPS 7374 By Maira Emy Nakayama Reimao and Emcet Oktay Tas Unconditional cash transfers in China: An analysis of WPS 7386 the rural minimum living standard guarantee program Should Latin America save more to grow faster? By Jennifer Golan, Terry Sicular and Nithin Umapathi By Augusto De La Torre and Alain Ize WPS 7373 WPS 7385 Estimating poverty with panel data, comparably: An Distributional impacts of energy cross-subsidization in example from Jordan transition economies: Evidence from Belarus By Dean Mitchell Jolliffe and Umar Serajuddin By Corbett Alden Grainger, Fan Zhang and Andrew WPS 7372 William Schreiber The impact of expanding access to early childhood WPS 7384 services in rural Indonesia: Evidence from two cohorts The impact of secondary schooling in Kenya: A of children The World Bank in India • September 2015 21 By Sally Anne Brinkman, Amer Hasan, Haeil Jung, Ruben Enikolopov Angela Kinnell and et.al. WPS 7360 WPS 7371 Use of catastrophe risk models in assessing sovereign A new cross-national measure of corruption food security for risk transfer By Laarni Escresa and Lucio Picci By Mohan Sharmam and Roman Hohl WPS 7370 WPS 7359 Promoting democracy in fragile states: Insights from a Linking risk models to microeconomic indicators field experiment in Liberia By Amita Majumder, Ranjan Ray and Sattwik Santra By Eric Mvukiyehe and Cyrus Dara Samii WPS 7358 WPS 7369 Using probabilistic models to appraise and decide on The effects of volumetric pricing policy on farmers’ sovereign disaster risk financing and insurance water management institutions and their water use: By Roberto Ley-Borrás and Benjamin Daniel Fox The case of water user organization in an irrigation WPS 7357 system in Hubei, China The indirect cost of natural disasters and an economic By Kei Kajisa and Bin Dong definition of macroeconomic resilience WPS 7368 By Stephane Hallegatte Asymmetric information about migrant earnings and WPS 7356 remittance flows Quantifying through ex post assessments the micro- By Ganesh Kumar Seshan and Robertas Zubrickas level impacts of sovereign disaster risk financing and WPS 7367 insurance programs The impacts of trade facilitation measures on By Alain F. De Janvry international trade flows WPS 7355 By Paulo C. de Sá Porto, Otaviano Canuto and Cristiano Public expenditure following disasters Morini By David L. Bevan and Samantha Jane Cook WPS 7366 WPS 7354 Transport policies and development Pyramid capitalism: Political connections, regulation, By Claudia N. Berg, Uwe Deichmann, Yishen Liu and and firm productivity in Egypt Harris Selod By Ishac Diwan, Philip E. Keefer and Marc Tobias WPS 7365 Schiffbauer The export-productivity link in Brazilian manufacturing WPS 7353 firms Capital market financing, firm growth, and firm size By Xavier Cirera, Daniel Lederman, J.A. Máñez, M.E. distribution Rochina and J.A. Sanchis By Tatiana Didier Brandao, Ross Eric Levine and Sergio WPS 7364 L. Schmukler Can minimum wages close the gender wage gap? WPS 7352 Evidence from Indonesia Do poor countries really need more IT? The role of By Mary C. Hallward-Driemeier, Bob Rijkers and Andrew relative prices and industrial composition R. Waxman By Maya Eden and Paul Gaggl WPS 7363 WPS 7351 Global liquidity and external bond issuance in Hybrid issuance regimes for corporate bonds in emerging markets and developing economies emerging market countries: Analysis, impact and By Erik H.B. Feyen, Swati R. Ghosh, Katie Kibuuka and policy choices Subika Farazi By Tamar Loladze WPS 7362 WPS 7350 Improving education outcomes in South Asia: Findings Hukou and highways: The impact of China’s spatial from a decade of impact evaluations development policies on urbanization and regional By Salman Asim, Robert S. Chase, Amit Dar and Achim inequality Daniel Schmillen By Maarten Bosker, Uwe Deichmann and Mark Roberts WPS 7361 WPS 7349 Electoral rules and political selection: Theory and Biogas: Clean energy access with low-cost mitigation evidence from a field experiment in Afghanistan of climate change By Andrew Beath, Fotini Christia, Georgy Egorov and By E. Somanathan and Randall Bluffstone 22 The World Bank in India • September 2015 WPS 7348 WPS 7336 Long-run effects of temporary incentives on medical Political connections and tariff evasion: Evidence from care productivity Tunisia By Pablo A. Celhay, Paul J. Gertler, Paula Giovagnoli By Bob Rijkers, Leila Baghdadi and Gael J. R. F. and Christel M. J. Vermeersch Raballand WPS 7347 WPS 7335 Gold mining and proto-urbanization: Recent evidence When elites meet: Decentralization, power-sharing, from Ghana and public goods provision in post-conflict Sierra By Marcel Fafchamps, Michael Rene Koelle and Forhad Leone J. Shilpi By Amanda Clayton, Jennifer Lynn Noveck and Margaret Levi WPS 7346 The economics of policy instruments to stimulate wind WPS 7334 power in Brazil Quality and accountability in healthcare delivery: Audit By Florian Landis and Govinda R. Timilsina evidence from primary care providers in India By Jishnu Das, Alaka Holla, Aakash Mohpal and Karthik WPS 7345 Muralidharan High-powered incentives and communication failure By Ajit Kumar Mishra and Sudipta Sarangi WPS 7333 Demography, urbanization and development: Rural WPS 7344 push, urban pull and urban push? The next wave of deaths from Ebola? The impact of By Remi Camille Jedwab, Luc Christiaensen and Marina health care worker mortality Gindelsky By David Evans, Markus P. Goldstein and Anna Popova WPS 7332 WPS 7343 Latent trade diversification and its relevance for Rate of return regulation and emission permits trading macroeconomic stability under uncertainty By Daniel Lederman, Samuel Jaime Pienknagura and By Fan Zhang and Tao Huang Diego Rojas WPS 7342 WPS 7331 Using national statistics to increase transparency of Women left behind? Poverty and headship in Africa large land acquisition: Evidence from Ethiopia By Annamaria Milazzo and Dominique Van De Walle By Daniel Ayalew Ali, Klaus W. Deininger and Charles Anthony Philip Harris WPS 7330 A quarter century effort yet to come of age: A survey WPS 7341 of power sector reforms in developing countries How much could South Asia benefit from regional By Tooraj Jamasb, Rabindra Nepal and Govinda R. electricity cooperation and trade? Timilsina By Govinda R. Timilsina, Michael A. Toman, Jorge G. Karacsonyi and et.al. WPS 7329 Estimating local poverty measures using satellite WPS 7340 images: A pilot application to Central America Public-private partnerships: Promise and hype By Ben Klemens, Andrea Coppola and Max Shron By Michael Klein WPS 7328 WPS 7339 Cross-border electricity cooperation in South Asia Small cash rewards for big losers: Experimental By Anoop Singh, Tooraj Jamasb, Rabindra Nepal and insights into the fight against the obesity epidemic Michael A. Toman By Boris Augurzky, Thomas K. Bauer, Arndt Rudiger Reichert and et.al. WPS 7338 What drives local food prices? Evidence from the Tanzanian maize market By John Baffes, Varun Kshirsagar and Donald Mitchell WPS 7337 The consumption, income, and wealth of the poorest: Cross-sectional facts of rural and urban Sub-Saharan Africa for macroeconomists By Leandro De Magalhaes and Raul Santaeulalia-Llopis The World Bank in India • September 2015 23 The World Bank in India VOL 14 / NO 2 • September 2015 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg ◆ Annamalai University New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 ◆ Centre for Studies in Social Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata ◆ Giri Institute of Development Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune ◆ Guru Nanak Dev University Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank ◆ Indian Institute of 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 ◆ Institute of Development (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur ◆ Institute of Economic The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore ◆ Karnataka University Dharwad ◆ Kerala University Library Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad ◆ Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur ◆ Punjabi University Patiala Rights and Permissions: The material in this work is copyrighted. ◆ University of Bombay No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form Mumbai or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, ◆ Uttaranchal Academy of recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, Administration Nainital without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Designed by Thoughtscape Design Studio, Delhi and printed by Sona Printers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, September 2015