17511'UI Volume 4 Number 4 1997 NV', ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ The Forward to The Politics The New Modernization T e Economic the Past: of Heritage: Corporate or I Implications Cultural The Culture Philanthropy, "Museumization"? C ultu ral of Heritage Heritage a War in Urban 14 An Interview Preservation, Trigger for India, 10 with the Mayor Heritage 4 Renewal?, 8 of Venice, 23 of Cities le tte rs to the e di to r WD F- l, A-FAmS We welcome your comments, thoughts, and suggestions about The Urban Age. Fed-raion of C-ndian M-niipalities H:d6-ai.. -andi--n d.s ...i.lp.lit6s Editor: Editor: J Management In his recent article concerning the role of I have always found 7he Urban Age a go( Program9 the private sector at Habitat II [Vol. 4, No. read: full of interesting experiences and This issue of The Urban Age is funded by the 2, "The Private Sector: An Afterthought?"], ideas about issues that matter. But your Danish Agency for Intcmational Development, Charles Landry makes a strong case for December 1996 number was excellent the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (Canadian International Development Agency), soliciting the contributions of ideas and because the articles profiled or were the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the information from the private sector in a written by so many respected urban World Bank. Developmental funding has been provided by the LJNDP-IJNCHS(T4ahitat)-Wodld more organized and timely manner. mayors and experts. Bank Urban Management Progranune and the However, I must point out that in formulat- Not only did this issue focus on one o World Bank. ing U.S. positions, HUD [the U.S. Depart- the most critical aspects of solving urban Editorial Board ment of Housing and Urban Development] governance problems-local leadership- Jeb Bruginann, ICLEI, Toronto, Canada did seek a variety of positions and ap- but it spotlighted the fundamental changi jarnes H. Carr, Fannie.llae Foundation, Washi.cgton, DC, TM FaA proaches from the private sector. under way in the way we manage urban G. Shabbir Cheema, UNDP, New York USA Then-Secretary Cisneros and Assistant development. Mayors are leaders, facilita Charles Correa, Bombay, India Zsuzsa Daniel, Research Institute, Ministry of Secretary Michael Stegman included me, as tors, brokers, coordinators of partnership Finance, Budapest Huizgary president of the 730,000-member National and "engines of change," as Tim Campbe Mamadou Diop, Dakarrldetropolitan Community Association of Realtors, as well as other described them in his article. It was an C.ouncil, Dlakar Senegal Nigel Harris, Development Planning Unit, business leaders, in all phases of planning. issue of The Urban Age that clearly demo Unitersity College, London, England As delegates, a few of us attended briefing strated that we are moving into a new ag Bas M. van Noordenne, Dutcb Ministry of Foreign a Affairs, The Hague, The Netherlands and plenary sessions. We also conducted of innovative urban governance. Aprodicio Laquian, URC Centre for Human roundtables, such as one I led on the Drew Horg, Selilements, Vancoztwer, Canada Easter European Property Foundation. Secretaty Gene Akin Mabogunje, Ibadan, Nigeria p Mohamad Machnouk, Eco Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon I mention these points in the interest of International Union of Local Authorit Pablo Trivelli, .Santiago, Cbile clarification and to re-emphasize that the The Hag Jailse Valenzuela, ICLEI, Santiago, Chile Emiel Wegelin, Institute of Housing and Urban ultimate answer to providing housing and The Netherlar Development Studies, Rotterdam, The shelter "lies in harnessing the resources, Netherlands talents, and skills of the public, private, Executive Committee and voluntary sectors.' Arif Hasan, Karachi, Pakistan ArthurL. Godi Hilda Herzer, Cntro Estudios Sociates y Ambientales, Buenos Aires, Argentina Immediate Past President Peter Swaan, UNCHS Regional Programme for of the National Association of Realtors Community Development in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand Chicago, Illinois, TSA Regional Production Teams Abidjan-Alioutne Badiane, UMPRegional e d i t o r CoordinatorforAfHca in e d_ it o_ r :s _ n o t e Cairo-Randa Fouad, tMFPArab States Regional Infornation Advisor, Wagdi Riad, Head of EnvironmentDepartment, Al-Ahram Many thinik cultural heritage is only economic framework to create sustain- Quewospaer Rabout buildings and paintings. We able investment in historic cities? Who Quito-Alberto Rosero and Peter Claesson, UA1kP Latin America and Caribbean Office challenge this assumption by exploring are the new players in this sector? What the benefits and effects, social, political, kinds of partnerships make successful Editorial Staff and economic, of all cultural legacies- preservation projects? Can cultural Guest Editors CharBes Iandry, Comedia; and in an urban context. tourism act as a trigger for urban vitor Serm, The Worid Bank Culture is the sumniation of people's regeneration? Business Manager Lillian Lyons experience made tangible. Thus, In Galtai, Quito, and Calcutta, Venice, Design Consultant Ken Iseman traditional skills and craftsmianship, St. Petersburg and Djenne, our writers Production Michelle Zook industrial knowledge and practice, respond to these questions. A common 7he Urban Age is published four times a year and festivals, rituals, and stories also consti- theme emerges: the public and private is availabhe to developing country subscribers free tute the cultural legacy. sector have a joint obligation to work of charge. Developed cotntrv subscribers are What are thie economic effects of collaborativelv to care for historic located at RooUS FP0107a4nyTt.Edal offices are cultural heritage, and who should be cultural legacies that give voice to the Group, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC responsible for determining policies past. Without knowledge of our history 20433. USA. Fax: 202-522-3232; e-mail: governing the sector? How should we we are all the poorer. mbergen@worldbank.org creaLe a realistic social, political, and -Margaret Bergen © 1997 The International Bank for Recoristructiotu __ L and Development, The World Bank, 1818 H l _: _ Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA. All rights reserved.>e Cover photo by Marcus Tate. .viidsa utzaTejt oe eso at ~TebbnAerfle h ,JMThe Urhan Age is printed by Automated s s rbnges Atd.ezefo sonh ouc si:sfTcUbaAe ____Graphiic Systems, inc., on recyclad paper oud et.EitTei eenbŽaeYief tsarasilnrmly e using soy- based inks. d,cb '/Pnirwim lt oe,hhusikgafe C O N T E N TS olving the Rubik's Cube: Cultural Heritage in Cities of the eveloping World ..............................................5 ow to create and gauge success of cultural heritage efforts amid conflicting needs and -mands By Ismail Serageldin Drward to the Past: Cultural Heritage a Trigger for Renewal? ...........8.............. primer on the who, what, how, and wlhy of city investinenrts in cultural heritage y Charles Landry he Politics of Heritage: The Culture War in Urban India .................................. 9 espite protests from cultural traditionalists, India quietly assimilates new with old y Patralekha Chatteijee reservation and Livability in Fez, Morocco............ .. 10 alaneing and meeting two frequently conflicting goals Bv jerry Erbach he New Corporate Philanthropy...................................13" ultural preservation makes fiscal and PR sense for multinationals By Keith W. Eirinberg ediscovering Quito's Past through Partnership ..................................... 14 ommunity and foundation partners restore the city's past splendors BylMiguelAnzgel Clorzo , trategies for Survival: St. Petersburg Museums ithe Market Economy .........................................15 Petersburg museum directors engage in lively and useful dialogue with British munterpants By.Margaret Be7gen hildren Preserving Their Past in Jordan.............................18 Wday's youth must appreciate their past to make informed decisions tomorrow v Reinhar-d Goetheji lali Fights to Preserve Fragments of West African Heritage ......................... 19 .ali's astonishing campaign for cultural awareness By John Balzar e p a r t m e n t s uest Editorial ................................................4 he Economic Implications of Heritage Preservation By Dick Netzer eatured Columnist ..............................13 ................................... There a World Heritage? By Gj. Ashwobtb ommunities Speak .............................. 20 ommuinity Participation within the Calcu-tta Environmental Management Strategy andt ction Plan By Donald Hankey and Kalyan Bs/tvas otebook .............................. 21 uryatia: The Survival of a Culture BV Lisa Dickey layor's Column ...............................22...;.. 22 lodernization or "Museumization"?: An Interview with the Mayor of Venice By Giovanni aduda ew sline ................................................................ 2 3 .|. . .. . . .. .2 he Future of Asia's Cities By Akbtar Badshah he American Urban Challenge ............................................................... 24 ving Space and Culture in Washington. D.C.: A Capital in Search of a City Byl/osep Subir ooks. .r.an..en..r 26 he Urban Calendar ............................................27 guest editorial I The Economic Implications of Heritage Preservation by Dick Aletzer N EW YORK CITY. In nearly all intact for them. for instance, a monument on a small traff developing and transitional * Existence value. Infrequent consumers island in a congested city. If such a N countries, there are enormous of the cultural heritage have an interest in monument is to be maintained properly, demands on governments to do things that its being there for their occasional use. the city or central government must do st only governments can do, such as provid- Many ordinary privately provided goods In other cases, the only economic uses fc ing infrastructure and protecting the and services generate some of the same a private owner are those that strip the physical environment. And for their part, nonmarketable values-e.g., nmost commer- heritage value from the asset, like demol- most governments are quite content to cial entertainment and sport-yet they are ishing a historic building and using the si leave to private initiative everything except seldom subsidized. However, cultural for a new building. what they themselves absolutely must do. heritage is usually seen as something Even if by default the government is How then can a case be made for devoting special, because it contributes to other, and must be the owner, the economic public expenditures and scarce public rationale for heritage preservation remain managerial resources to the protection and The greatest the same. Preservation of the historic preservation of cultural heritage? Particu- successes in heritage feaLures of a building used for goverrmel larly when, in many countries, most reservation can occur offices at high current costs, or retention components of cultural heritage have h a monument that interferes with the flow survived intact through years-even when the heritage of vehicular traffic, or spending large centuries-of neglect and disaster? element is in actual use, amounts of money to improve the securit of works of arts-all these can generate The case for government action and thus capable of important public benefits that should be generating revenue to pay treated seriously in the budgetary process Why should government act to protect for its preservation. and preserve cultural heritage? From a Importance of revenue generating purely economic standpoint, the reason is important civic goods. one is the value of no different than for most govemment the cultural heritage in strengthening the The greatest successes in heritage interventions in predominantly market sense of national, regional, and local preservation can occur when the heritage economies: Because such action can identity and social cohesion. Another is its element is in actual use, and thus capablk efficiently allocate resources to the produc- value as complermenting other goods and of generating revenue to pay for its tion of some goods and services that the services in which there are major external preservation. This revenue may be from market will fail to produce adequately on benefits that are not incidental byproducts visitors paying admission charges, or for its own. These are goods and services that of market transactions, notably as part of use of a historic building for offices. consumers want and would pay for, but the education and acculturation of the Indeed, such revenue may cover allthe there is no market mechanism for payment young. costs of preservation, as is the case for for benefits external to the market transac- This then is the case for government many privately owned chateaux in the tions between buyers and sellers, or regulation and subsidy of the elements of Loire Valley in France that are used as "externalities." Many market transactions the cultural heritage that are not actually hotels. Tn such cases, the direct henefit is produce such externalities as incidental held by the govemment itself. paid for by the revenue generated, while byproducts, but these are often large and subsidy is available-if needed-for the costly relative to the commercial revenue Private ownership often inconceivable less direct benefits, that is, the externalitik that the private producer can generate. Choices have to be made. Some econc In many countries, much of the heritage mists urge that this choice be based on Nonmarketable values is in nongovernmental hands, in the form some indication of what ordinary citizens of churches and other religious structures prefer, because it is theirvalues that justif Many important values, or benefits, and sites, not-for-profit museums, artifacts the subsidy, not the values of art historiar cannot be realized directly by private in private collections and-not least- and other experts. Referenda on cultural parties that own and control elements of historic buildings and cityscapes. heritage issues in Swiss cities indicate tha the cultural heritage, and they would need However, nearly all of the structures, even the commercially minded Swiss vah. to finance its preservation from their own cityscapes, artifacts, and natural environ- their heritage highly enough to vote to ps resources. Plhese producers may be able to ment that constitute the cultural heritage is for it. G collect entry fees and other revenues from in government ownership, formally or de the consumers who are direct and immedi- facto. Frequently, there is no conceivable ate users of the museum or church or private ownership of such assets because Dick Netzer is professor of economics and historic building, but there is no way to there is no way that a private owner could public administration, Wagner Graduate charge for the following values: sell the services for enough money to School ojfPublic Service, New York Univer * Endowment value. Future generations preserve the asset. Sometimes, this is sity, andformerpresident of the Associati of consumers want cultural lheritage to be because the asset has no commercial use- for Culiural Economics International. * THE URBAN AGE Vol. 4, No feat ure article- Solving the Rubik's Cube: Cultural Heritage in Cities of the Developing World by [smail .Serageldin W HASHINGTON, D.C. The rapidly the sum of these parts. 'We need not only the specific costs and benefits that different urbanizing developing world sound finance and economics, but also groups will realize as result of these faces many social challenges. effective political processes that bring all investments, and asks whether each such Population growth, the influx of rural these actors together to undertake effective group will individually gain or benefit from migrants, and an evolving economic base approaches to conservation and socioeco- them. all challenge the abilitv of the cities to nomiic rejuvenation in historic cities. provide jobs and livelihoods. Crurnbling -Most approaches involve some combina- The urban Rubik's cube infrastructure, poor and overstretched tion of the following: social services, rampant real estate specula- * Restrictions on activities in the Like the elegant puzzle known as the tion, and weak govermments all contribute historic areas. The most obvious such Rubik's cube, where aligning the mosaic of to putting tremendous pressure on the restriction is not to destroy culturally one face tends to undo the matched colors central cities, often loci of invaluable significant structures. Rcstrictions may go on the other faces of the cube, so too does architectural and urbanistic heritage, while further, though, by requiring particular trying to match sensitive architecture and the degradation of the urban environment standards of urbanism, limits the abilities of a growing, shifting, upkeep or by The success of sound munici homeless population to take root and specifying how investments in cultural pal finances, establish communities with a minimum that upkeep heritage adequate standard of decent housing. The animosi- should be In historic cities depends incentives for ties between groups rise, and tensions carried out, for on the cooperation of many actors the private within the cities fray the social fabric as example, by whose perspectives must be sector, much as economic speculation transforms requiring taken into account. concern for the urban tissue. The inner historic cities particular the poor and are increasingly ghettoized, with the materials that the destitute, middle class and economic activities either niatclh those originally used. Both public and community involvement and participa- fleeing the historic core or actively destroy- and private sector activities that can be tion, while promoting socioeconomic ing its very fabric. carried out in such areas are also often diversity and pluralism1, seem impossible to A response to this spiral of mounting restricted. resolve. As with the Rubik's cube, how- problems is possible. Concerted efforts are * Conservation activities on specific ever, there is a solution. It takes patience, required to protect the urban context and structures that are particularly signifi- dedication, and imagination to reach it. but "sensc of place," and to revitalize the old cant. solutions are possible. city to ensure that its streets and spaccs * Public measures to encourage To understand better the faces of the can be kept alive, its economic base conservation by other actors. In an urban Rubik's cube and the thread to rejuvenated, and its links to the surround- urban context, direct intervention to follow for a solution, we must start by ing modern city reinforced. This is niuchl conserve all structures is impractical. identifying the many people and groups more than a restoration project-it requires Conservation efforts, therefore, depend on involved, the different levels of decision Herculean efforts at urban revitalization, an incentive framework that will encour- making, and above all, a leitmotif that we What is needed is to create a powerful age spontancous efforts by others. must not lose sight of: who pays and ueho upward spiral of investments, social Some of these actions can be deliber- benefits? cohesion, and rising incomes to restore the ately chosen and directed by governittent inherent vitalitv and unique charm of decision-makers, but many others will be Facets of the cube historic cities. outside their direct control and will cdepend on independent decisions made in The actors are many: government, Intervening in historic cities the private sector. Before these approaches national and local; the international are undertaken, they should be subjected community and its agencies; tourists, both to both an economic and a financial national and local, who visit the historic To address these problems, we need a analysis. The economic analysis asks sites: the private sector, both international framework that brings together the differ- whether the proposed investments are and national, that will invest in the historic ent actors-public and private; interna- worth making: Do their benefits to society core for commercial or real estate develop- tional, national and local; formal and as a whole exceed their costs? The finan- ment, and the local residents, both owners informal-so that the whole is greater than cial analysis, on the other hand, examines i continued on page 6 Vol. 4, No. 4 THE URBAN AGE U Cultural Heritage continuedfrompageS and renters. Other actors include the poor, analysis that will reflect the parameters by tween the national and local government i who risk being displaced by the which each actor is likely to make deci- important and would require an equally unaffordability of the changes; the local sions. Then we can better design the right clear distribution of authority on revenues community, for whom this is not just mix of incentives, regulations, and public and expenditures. The combination of home, but also a part of their identity, and investments. actions at the national and local levels who can be agents of transformation when creates the framework within which the they are adequately mobilized and orga- Economic analysis individual investment decisions of the nized; and especially the women, who residents and the private sector will be create a sense of social solidarity in the Drawing on the work done in environ- made. Recognizing the different public community through their networks of mental economics in the last 15 years or sector perspectives of the local and cooperation and reciprocity. so, the costs and benefits can be calcu- national governments, as well as other Each of these actors has a differenit way lated. The results of this analysis would be involved public agencies, is an important of approaching rejuvenation of the historic of primary interest to the national govern- nuance in defining a work program that is city cores: They will have their own ment that must decide to invest public effective and that can be implemented. calculus for deciding whether to invest resources that may not be offset by direct If the economic analysis shows that returns are positive, then the total benefits of the proposed investments exceed total The disadvantage of men costs. Society as a whole will be better off not knowing the past is that they do not know and individual sub-groups may be worse the present. History is a hill or high point of vantage, off, but the gains by other sub-groups will from which alone men see the town in which they live outweigh tfc losses. In principle, any sub- group of society chiat is worse off can be or the age in which they are living. compensated by those that emerge better -G.K. CHESTERTON off. In practice, however, this theoretical compensation often does not occur. The their effort and funds in the renewal of the revenues. Such an analysis is also essential economic analysis must therefore be historic core and the presernation of its for the international financial community supplemented by financial analysis of the unique character. The problem lies in the that must decide whether to finance the specific impacts of the proposed invest- fact that the incentives for each group to proposed interventions of the national ments on particular groups. This is impor- act in a particular way are not independent governments, whether through loans or tant for three reasons: of the others. credits. * Sustainability. Financial flows will Thus, the context of the fiscal and These economic studies could also be determine the sustainability of many regulatory regimes that will govern eco- relevant to those who would provide activities. Socially beneficial activities have nomic activity and social life in the historic grants for the international support of an often failed because agencies charged witl city must be designed to give each group invaluable part of the world heritage. True, implementing them have not had sufficien the necessary set of incentives, so that the some sites and buildings are so valuable resources to do so. whole will act in concert to invert the that the cost benefit criterion does not * Incentives. Private sector agents negative downward spiral. apply. In suclI cases, we look at the cost- need positive financial flows if they are to And herein lies the analogy with the effectiveness method to evaluate possible respond as hoped. Indeed, if they do not Rubik's cube. Trying to shore up the courses of action. But the reality of avail- receive them, they may not only fail to finances of the municipality through more able resources makes such exercises few participate in conservation efforts, but mal rigorous taxation may discourage neces- and far between. In most cases, economic actively oppose them.. sary private investment, while excessive evaluation will rely on a cost-benefit * Equity. Some groups that arc ad- incentives to the private investors could framework. versely affected by the proposed invest- bankrupt the municipality. Attracting The result of such economic analysis is ments may be unable to make their voices higher-income residents to the city may not only a single number, the internal heard. Their interests could suffer. In the raise revenues and create economic economic rate of return or even the net context of historic cities, this is particularly opportunities, but it could also lead to present value of the proposed investment. true of poor residents. Such groups alread displacement of the local population. The result should also identify the diffcrent live in wretched conditions, and it is Striking a balance between the needs of actors and the parts of the cost and benefit important to check that the proposed all groups is required to rejuvenate the streams that they would assume. This is investments do not, at the very least, economic base of the historic cities and essential in the context of wh1o pays and aggravate their plight. continue protecting their unique heritage who benefits in order to help set the and maintaining their social cohesion. 'This overall framework for regulatory, fiscal, Solving the Rubik's cube is the equivalent of solving the Rubik's and financial plans that would be both The success of investments in cultural cube. To move in this direction, we need equitable and effective. heritage in historic cities depends on the different types of economic and financial The definition of responsibilities be- continued on page *THE URBAN AGE Vol. 4, No. New subscription. (There is a charge of US$20 per year for subscrib- To receive ers from developed countries, except students and public libraries.) or to order back Name of employer: issues of Type of business (check one). 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Checks should be made ;u b s c r i t i o n/ Subscription US$20 n US$ < r d e r O . to Thpayable in US$ E a PAYMENT DUE to The World Bank 'orm z _ (The Urban Age). Postag_ The Editor The Urban Age Room F6P-174 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Cultural I Jeritage continuedfrom page 6 cooperation of many actors whose per- residences, and that levies for the neces- poor; the empowerment of the key actors spectives must be taken into account. sary infrastructure investments do not in the neighborhoods, especially women; Financial analysis needs to be undertaken become prohibitive. This type of analysis and the manner in which this is all done for three groups or sectors: wou-ld help guide the levels of service and are all critical to make an urban rejuvena- * Public sector. Public finance issues standards to be used for the upgrading. tion and conservation effort a success. need to be examined at several levels. T he The alignment of the results of these only when we have mastered these analysis can be used to define clearly what different analyses, all yielding positive facets-as well as the financil and cco- costs should be incurred at what level of incentives for the various groups of actors, nomic facets-will the Rubik's cube yield government (local or national); what along with an effective overall economic an elegant and deceptively simple revenues may be levied, also by level of analysis capturing the international dimcn- solution. U government; and whether these levies sions of the heritage questions, is still not should be earmarked or simply channeled cnongh to solve the Rubik s eube. The through the general treasury. Separate political process within which these Jsnail Serageldin is vice president of the financial analyses should be carried out decisions are made; the involvement of the environmental/v and socially sustainable from the perspective of the municipalitics local communities; the participation of the development network at the World Bank. and any implcmenting agencies involved. Inadequaite financial flows to municipalities and other implementing agencies have : > St. Petersburg Center City Rehabilitation Project often led to project failure. It is also important to ensure that local authorities WASHINGTON, DC. St. Petersburg has a world-class heritage that is under stress. The havc access to sufficient resources to infrastructure is dilapidated, and architectural monuments of world significance are determo- maintain investments once they are in rating rapidly. Economic transitioon has led to dedlines in manufaccuring output, shrinkinig place. The analysis may well show\ that federal transfers and a reduced local revenue base, and social hardship, especially for the changes are needed in the way that elderly and residents of communal apartments who make up the greater proportion of center revenues are raised and allocated. Rev- city residents. enues from tourism, for example, are often City officials have hoped that private investment would provide most of the funds neededl for renovation and preservation, but results have been 51ow in comilg. A w orld Bank captured by the central government, giving mission estimated that onlv 5 percent of rehabilitation projects in the historic center would local autho)rities little incentive to under- S be of interest to the private sector. Nevertheless, progress is being made. The St. Petersburg take activities that encourage it. Center City Rehabilitation Project was approved by the World Bank on March 27, 1997, * Private sector. Conservation strate- The City of St. Petersburg will provide 24 percent of the total project costs of US$46.1 gies in historic cities often rely heavily on million ovei a sexventeen-yeai period. The World Bank w ill lend the Russian Federation induced investments by the private sector, US$51 million. The federal government will use another US$1 million for grants earmarked including tourism operators. commercial specifically for eleven federally supported cultural institutions in the city. This grant would esthlihmets pbe used to help improve their revenue-generating capabilities. The remaining US$30 million others. Also, financial spstainabilitv of of the Bank loan will be passed onto the city of St. Petersburg for technical assistance and otherse effortso. Ifinnro e prspctain y Iof loca pilot investment components. these efforts from the perspective of local Both the federal and city govemments are giving high priority to rehabilitating the center authorities often depends on taxes and city, as is evidenced by the adoption of a program for HTistoric Center Development and levies capturing a portion of the benefits Preservation. Sortie of tde goals include preservation of the cultural assets of St. Petersburg, a derived by the private sector. continued planning and investment program to improve the city's center, and help for the The viability of investments that these city's federally owned cultural organizations. The desire is to preserve the architectiral, various actors are expected to make must cultural, and historic heritage as functioning entities, not as museums. be subject to financial analysis to decter- With sustainable renovation in mind, the project aims to build institutions that are capable of plainiig, impleimienting, regulating, and promoting revitalization in tle hisLoric area for mine their likely profitability. The struCuIe the long term and magnitude of any proposed taxes and One of the project's components, the Pilot Investment Programs, will provide traditional levies must be carefully examined to or new and improved services and physical improvements, such as better sidewalks, street ensure that they do not stifle the profitabil- lighting, and signage for the main commercial street, help for small neighborhoods to ity of private investment, which is neces- improve their commercial potential, establishment of a cultural grant fund to help tie majoi sarw for renovation of the cconomic base. cultural organizations improve their ability to generate revenues outside of the public Changes in policies adopted for other budget. reasons may also be necessary- to achieve Costs for the pilot schemes are expected to be recovered from the sale of land, commer- this goal, in addJition to changes in the cial space, and facilities, and through commercial rent increases for city owned space, user charges for utilities, and repayment of loans by private developers. levies, taxes, and regulations imposed as Restoration of the historic ciy center should encourage commercial development in this part of the conservation effort itself. area, not to mention more tourism, which will indirectdy help the struggling private cultural * Poor residents. An analysis of institutions make a go of it during and after the economic transition. affordability is needed to make sure that the poor can still have access to renovated _ l Vol. 4, No. 4 THE URBAN AGED united kingdoom Forward to the Past: Cultural Heritage a Trigger for Renewal? by Charles Landry S TROUD. Why has cultural heritage and show visible achievement, as when ments for investment in arts and culture worldwide become a recent focus for the old Bird's Eye factory in Digbeth, need to be restated in more compelling renewal of cities and regions? Why in Birmingham, England, was transformed terms. Concerned policymakers have recasi the headlong rush toward economic into the Custard Factory-a multimedia arguments to illustrate hlow investments in development do we find solace and center employing 300 people. At other cultural heritage affect economic and inspiration in the buildings, artifacts, and times, it might mean developing a festival, community development, tourism, leisure, skills of the past? Could it be that in a as happened in Spoleto, Italy, 25 years and urban design. Because these interests globalized world we seek local roots to ago. intersect, the our pasts? Cultural heritage connects us to When we live in Cultural heritage... policvmakers our histories and our collective memories. older places, we can shows that we come assert that if the It anchors our sense of being, it shows that identify layers upon . impact of cultural we come from somewhere and have a layers of history and from somewhere and have a heritage is to be story to tell, and it provides us with tradition, each with its Story to tell, and it provides maximized and confidence and security to face the future. own story to tell: of us with confidence and harnessed, there where we came from must be collabora- What is cultural heritage? and what we have security to face the future. tion among these achieved. suchl as policy areas. Cultiral heritagc is much more than just through the products and services for There is also a financial incentive to buildings and artifacLs. It is die panoply of which a city is known. Such surroundings such partnerships, since resources in most cultral resources that shows that a place, serve as an inspiration to where we might countries are limited and heritage initia- region, or country is special and distinc- be going. They all exemplify the skills, tives inevitably take on a lower profile tive. It is about a living way of life, not a potential, and talent we have applied. In compared to housing or basic infrastruc- dead one, that is reinvented daily whether this way, celebrating cultural heritage can ture. If the link to economic development through a refurbished building or re- help create a sense of place and identity. is mnade clear, projecLs may well be adaptation of an old skill for modem One only needs to walk the streets of financed through resources rather than times. Cultural heritage is embodied in Siena or Santiago di Campostela to get a through a cultural budget. peoples' skills, talents, and resulting feel for the culture. repertoire of local products in crafts, Beyond these "softer" benefits, invest- How should it be implemented? manufacturing, and services-for instance, ing in cultural heritage has "hard" benefits the intricate skills of sari makers in India I too. A refurbished historical building can While many developing countries, in and wood carvers of Bali, or Mali's dyeing act as a trigger for urban regeneration by parnicular those in the former communist techniques. It is the historical, industrial, providing confidence that an area's East, have comprehensive and logically and artistic heritage representing assets in quality of life will improve. It can increase consistent regulatory bases, the system of built or tangible form, including architec- the attractiveness of a location and thus rules and regulations is often largely tural heritage, the urban landscape, or support inward investment strategies. It obsolete in the context of rapidly changing topographical landmarks. can transform the image of a place and conditions. Functions are often excessively The local and indigenous traditions of thus be an anchor for tourists. And often, centralized, usually within the ministry of public social life, civic traditions, festivals, historic preservation of buildings works culture, without clarifying the role of local rituals, or stories passed from generation to best when it combines the old with the government. There is typically an inad- generation embody our cultuml legacy. So new. The revitalization of Glasgow is a equate role for the not-for-profit sector or too do hobbies and enthusiasms, which prime example of this strategy. foundations. And, crucially, most systems are amateur cultural activities which are lack effective material incentives for often rethought to generaLe new products Who should define cultural heritage involving owners, users, and Lhe commu- or services. The Mardi Gras in New policy? nity at large, which could raise additional Orleans or the ritual washing on the resources. Ganges spring to mind. And, of course, The responsibility for cultural heritage Laws on cultural heritage are currently one thinks of the range and quality of should not lie solely with those con- being reviewed in countries like Bulgaria skills in the performing and visual arts and i cerned with preservation, although it is or Russia. There, identified weaknesses in the newer "cultural industries." Cultural important for them to establish guidelines, the preservation system are being ad- heritage is thus both activities and things. codes of practice, registries of protected dressed by: The skill of policymakers is to harness sites, and the like. * decentralizing state agencies; these to maximum effect. At times this Experience in Europe over the last * creating new sources of funding might mean refurbishing a symbolic decade, where cultural budgets have through tax exemptions; building to stand as a landmark or flagship been reduced, suggests that the argu- continued on page 2Z O THE URBAN AGE Vol. 4, No. I i n d i a The Politics of Heritage: The Culture War in Urban India by Patralekba Chatteijee N T1 EW DELHI. 'I'here is a tug of war lot-the snvadeshi brigade, right-wing standard of living and to desire a wider for the soul of urban India. While Hindu nationalists aspiring to reinveiit choice of goods and lifestyles. N cries of cultural invasion rcnd the India in thcir own image, and doctrinaire air, a growing number of people easily leftists who would like to link all the Alien values or Indian tradition? blend old with new, Western with Eastern, country's ills to the new economic policy. secular with spiritual. The voung Indian They warn of the immiiinent danger of a This is the real fear: Today's culture is executive works amid the lastest computer civilizational collapse. Kentucky Fried tomorrow's heritage. So self-appointed and telecommunications technology all Chicken, Michael Jackson, and bare-legged culture commissars say they will stake all day, then goes home to an extended beauty contestants pose an ominous to save India's soul. Curiously enough, family, touches an challenge to Indian their targets are not exclusively contempo- elder's feet and switches Td a Sy's .lul,w culture and values, rary Westem leitmotifs. M.F. Hussain, one to a Western music IS tomorrow's har1tage they argue. of Inidia's best-known painters, was the station. = But is Indian victim of a recent hate campaign because Slowly but surely, Sios e3@1ppoWe3 cultuFt culture so fragile as he painted Saraswati, the goddess of India is becoming part commissars sa y .tey to collapse under the learning in the Hindu pantheon. in the of the global village. wi sta ai to s<7v weight of overex- nude. Just as inevitablv, every posed female bodies, Vina Mazumdar, head of the Centre for step in that direction is India's SOUL pop music, or junk Women's Development Studies, New accompanied by howls food? Delhi. recently demolished the thesis that of protest against cultural infiltration. Saraswati has never been portrayed in the Politicians who have prospered in the past India at the crossroads nude in the Indian Empire newspaper. "I by keeping alive the divisions within have seen many such images in different Indian society are afraid of tire assimilating The polemics about cultural invasion parts of the country. Back in the thirties. powers of the global village. They are the come at a time when India is at the some of the kumhars (sculptors) in ones wlho now protest most loudly, as they crossroads. The country is urbanizing arid Calcutta started to follow temple sculp- see the effects of cultural globalization globalizing rapidly. Rural-urban migration tures. Examples of nude Saraswatis and reach wider sections of urban society than is on the increase. In 1951, the urban nude Chandis [another Hindu goddess] ever before. population in the country numbered 62.4 were products of that inspiration." million. Today, on the 50th anniversary of Interestingly enough, those defending Controversy over beauty pageants its independence, there are 250 million India's culture most stridently today against urban Indians. This is nearly a quarter of an alien onsLaught are among the least Back in the sixties. when an Indian film the country's total population. knowledgeable about the country's cultural actrcss wore a bikini on screen, there were Urban India is at the front line of the history. From Alexander the Great and his shrill cries from self-appointed custodians culture war. Across cities and towns in Macedonian army who crossed the Indus of Indian culture. The bikini would open India, new migrants are changing the in 326 BC to the Persians, Scythians, Huins, the floodgates of "Western values," they prevailing cultural iuatrix. The urban etlhos conitinued on page 11 warned. Last November, the swimsuit once in India today is a again kicked up a row about Indian mosaic of several culture and heritage. The organizers of the cultures cutting across Miss Wodd pageant in Bangalore were regional, lineguistic, an_d accused of trying to precipitate a cultural religious dlivides earthqu ake. Bare-legged beauties Satellite television, a sastaying down the ramip would upset the recent phenomenon in subterranean structure in which Indian this country. is a potent values were rooted, or so thie argument chiange agent. It is went. Members of an obscure women's beaming new sights, grouip threatened to immolate themselves sounids, andt imiages as a gesture of protest. The beauty contest from remote comets of took place As scheduled, but the hype and the globe into middle- hoopla about heritage ensured an ava- class drawing rooms, as lanche of embarrassing publicity for India. well as slu-ms. 'I'he Wh1-y did the Mliss World pageant evoke result: a revolution of such vitriolic reactions? The answer lies in rising, aspirations. the politics of heritage played by India's Suddenily, it is righit an-d cultural commissars. cultuirally legitimate to Thc conspiracv theorists are a motley aspire to a better Vol. 4, No. 4 INE UBAN AGEN Urban India continuedfrom page 10 m o r o c c o Mongols, and finally the British, each Preservation and Livability in Fez, outsider has left an imprint on the Indian psyche. India's unique talent of assimila- M orocco tion ensured that every invader's culture was absorbed. Indian culture today is the sum of a series of cultural invasions. byJerrv Erbach The puritanical streak of the Hindutva (H indu nationalism) lobby is in total EZ. Historic cities, as exemplified by registration as historic artifacts, inclusion in dissonance with Indian tradition Hindut the medina of Fez, Morocco, are specially funded programs, and physical gods and goddesses were famous for their living urban areas that have evolved stabilization and restoration. What makes lust for life. Sex is worshipped as a reli- continuously througlhout their history. urban or neighborliood preservation gious ritual in this land perhaps-incon- Rapid economic change and population considerably more difficult and complex, gruously-that invented monasticism. growth in developing countries over the however, are the many buildings that Copulation in every imaginable form has last several decades have provoked the comprise the historic fabric of the city, but been carved on stone and immortalized in abandonment of many historic city centers that have neither the obvious architectural Hindu temples for almost 2,000 years. to the poorer and less urbanized segments nor historical importance to merit special Shiva, India's oldest divinity, is still wor- of the population. The continued viability consideration. Attempting to preserve and shipped mostly in phallic form. Shiva is of these historic areas requires maiiy revitalize several thousand traditional also the god of yogic abstinence. The same mutually reinforcing activities that can houses in the core of the Fez medina deity thus embodies the limits of pleasure help stimulate economic growth, alleviate would go well beyond the scale of stan- and pain. poverty, and improve the urban environ- dard preservation efforts. P+olitics or culture? The character and Balancing historicism with liveability uniqueness of a place are The current brouhaha about culture is essential to the well-being What is to be done? The adaptive reuse really a tuif war between pro-changers and and of th historic structures and the active partici- those who want the status quo. Zealots are productivity O e pation of private sector and local commu- trying to manufacture a monochrome residents and to their nity groups in the preservation of their Indian cultLre. This goes against the very sense of who they are. own neighborhoods are important compo- essence of this multicultural, multiethnic, nents of any broad-based approach. Living multilingual, and multireligious country, ment. The preservation and reinvigoration conditions within the Fez medina must be where people have lived with contradic- of the historic urban context is a key improved substantially to generate citizen tions for centuries. environimental consideration that ranks in commitment to preservation. Culture is not a heavy weight of tradi- importance with the conservation of Current planning theory in Fez calls for tion that coerces and compels individuals, agricultural land. The character and making living in the mecina more attrac- In is instead a tool kit that individuals use uniqueness of a place are essential to the tive to middle-income families by improv- to stage their daily life. Culture is also not well-being and productivity of the resi- ing motorized access to the medina. Two the result of a one-time socialization dents and to their sense of who they are. major concerns about this approach are process. Rather, it is a continual activity. Historic urban housing in developing how much historic fabric would be tJrhan Tndia is repletc with examples of countries suffers from many of the same changed or destroyed in providing this cultures and decades coalescing. Nowhere problems that have plagued substandard access and what measures would prevent is this more evident than in the sphere of and/or clandestine housing areas on the further destruction of the historic core popular entertainment. Indian pop-or urban periphery, areas that have been the caused by the spread of mediocre modern Indipop-a new genre of music, reflects focus of upgrading and improvement architecture along these new roads. How the post-liberalisation urban vouth in India activities for many years. Similar problems much historic importance can be stripped who are perfectly comfortablc with two include difficult and unclear tenure away before the medina's special character faces: the traditional and the modern. One situations, inadequate and deteriorating is unalterably changed or lost? of the indipop bands-Colonial Cousins, infrastructure and urban services, deterio- for instance-fuses Vedic chants and rating btiildings made from simple build Some complications traditional Indian images of the teacher ing materials, and inadequate and out- and pupil with guitar strumming in the dated community facilities. The deteriorat- Complicating the situation in Fez even background. Slipping seamlessly from one ing condition of historic innercity areas ftirther is that the overwhelming majority cultural space to another is the sign of the makes them susceptible to high levels of of its historic buildings are individual times in urban India. So, even as the great pollution and potential social unrest houses. People have traditionally been culture war goes on, ordinary men and because of overcrowding, low incomes, able to move upstairs where it is warmer women in India are celebrating ftision. * and high levels of unemployment. in the winter and downstairs where Many buildings in the older areas of fountains and shade cool the house in the Patralekha Chatterjee is aforiner student of developing country cities have clear summer. With the increased population the ReJugee Studies Programme, University architectural or historical value, for which pressure in the medinas, however, indi- of Oxford, and a development journalist. classic preservationist techniques can be vidulal houses have been gradually divided She is currently based in New Delhi. applied-detailed documentation, formal continued on page J. M THE URBAN AGE Vol. 4, No. ' Preservation and Livability continlued from palge 11 up into separate apartments and rooms to excessive wear and tear on historic and floor mosaics. Several dozen pieces of accommodate low-income families. This houses. This can be accoinpllished by 'standard' tiles that are combined in means that half the residents live in the reducing the number of households that different ways to create manv designs are wrong part of the house during each currenitly overcrowd traditional houses. It still tediously chipped into shape by hand. climatic extreme. requires a significant increase in the The art of zellywill rapidly disappear from one of the dilemmas is to make hous- availability of affordable housing outsidc most new construction unlcss new tech- ing units more livable wiLtiout destroying the medina for low-income and other nologies in the production of basic ceramic materials are introduced to keep this rype of decortion affordable. Small-scale industiies to produce these tiles could be formed or upgraded with some financial crand/or technical assistance. their historic chrcervle ovrig dsdatgdhueodInstitute a low-cost and regular maintenance programn. ivanv historic houses and buildings in the medina of Fez and other historic urban areas suffer frolte very common and basic maintenance -~~~~ A ~~~problems. Building stabilization-and hence, repair and restoration-almost i a lways begins with the roof to prevent the infiltration of rainwater inito the building. Neighborhood programs could increase local awareness of the need for reglarti mieainitenance, provide specialized training to local work crews, and extend financial - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~incentives to homeowners to perform necessar small-scale dainitenance, repair, and im pprovements. Similar types of Itneighborhood self-help programs couldi be - ~~~developedl for th-e impr-ovemient anid maintenance of small scale tertiarv infra- N4~~~U' Lin ~~~structure. p Recreate a language of design that builds on traditional construction. This * .- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~is also critical to restoring the continuity of acom-imon design language between th-ose involved in the building process and the commiunity at large. A commoni language ~ of design requiires com-munity dialogue * andl education, training of workers and craftsmen, research into local building their historic character or value. Converting disadvantaged houiseholds. materials, and a wide range of hands-on them to commercial or tourist uses-such * InLtroduce piractical, small-scale demonstrations to support its imnplemenita- as mug shops, restaurants, workshops, or improvements to make traditional tion. storage areas-or even leaving them emnpty housing more lilveable. This could Unlike the presenvation of inidividual for most of the year are not viable solu- include, for example, coverinig thie courn- cultural artifacts, the presen'ation of tions, given the large number of houses yards with plastic sheets to make use of historic urban areas provides a real test of involved and the inevitable damage that the spaces all year routnd. Piped water can ouir ability to achieve sustainable cities. will occur to buildings that aire not regu- be recycled fr-om ihle fountains to m-ain-taini The effort not onaly requires tneasures to ladly maintained, Without people actually the traditional atmosphere of the courtyard stabilize andl Preserve the historic fabric living in the core area of Fez, the special while eliminating the need for unreliable and character of the area, buit also actions character and historic fabric of the m-edina anid polluted river water, to reinivigorate it as a livable, environmen- will dJeteriorate at an ever-increasing rate. *Encourage the use of traditional tally sound community. N building materials and skills as part of Some workable approaches miainstream construction practices. Jerry Er-bach has wor-ked as a preseivat ion Othierwise, thiese miater-ials and skills will airch/lecl for- 10years, m2ost notably with) The only solution is to resolve the become increasingly expensive and JUVESCO on the M11aster Preservation Plani problems related to the continued occuipa- difficuilt to procure. Jor- the c/ti, rf Fez, Illorocco, ant i ntb the tion of traditional housing, possibly with One examiple in the conitext of Fez U.S. National Regisler- of H/slur/c P/rices, He these methods: involves the use of Moroccan zellp~-or is currently a seuzor archiect/planner with - Reduce population pressure and pieces of ceramic tile-for elaborate wall iPad/Go, fInc., in Mashington, D.C. Val. 4, No. 4 THE URBAN AGEWM f eat u red co l u mnn is t Is There a World Heritage? by Gj. Asbworth G RONINGEN. There is a strongly Gestures and compromises accessibility and psychic identification. felt need to believe in the exist- Similarly, but usually less stridently at G ence of a world heritage as the Thcre are, of course, international the local scale, therc has been an assertion common property of all mankind. After all, forums and organizations that attempt to of the role of heritage in local identities. political frontiers have proved to be highly articulate the idea of world heritage. This is reflected in a view of tourism that permeable to aesthetic ideas and cultural Concerned experts have been issuing takes primacy of local ownership of movements, and much of the conserved declarations on behalf of us all from the heritage as axiomatic. If tourists are in built environment is on free, permanent Charter of Athens (1931) to the Charter of scarch of "their" heritage (that is, those display, needs no translation, and is thus Venice (1964). The International Council past associations that relate to them) and directly accessible to all. It would be on Sites and Monuments has delivered not "your" heritage (that is, the pasts that desirable, indeed, to regard the wealth of codes of practice. and UNESCO has drawn fulfil local identity needs, which to tourists the centuries of human artistic productivity up many conventions on cultural property. are irrelevant), then it is assumed that loca. as both the responsibility of the whole It is truc that World authenticity and local human community and as freely available Heritage Sites have The close symbiosis identity should take for the enrichment of all. Every tourist been designated by b precedence over interested in international heritage asserts UNESCO. And, on the between heritage and global identity. This both the existence of a world hcritage and continental scale, the tourism is not new. From localization of heritagt the right of accessibility to it. More mun- Council of Europe has the first, the desire to has become a conven- danely, each such tourist selects what that regularly awarded the tional wisdom of heritage will be and contributes directly or prestigious epithet conserve and the desire miiany miuseums that indirectly to its support. European City of to visit were mutually attempt to replace the Culture (not, it should "colonization" of local A contested resource be noted, City of stimulating. cultures with policies European Culturc). of local empower- While they are no doubt useful political ment. Heritage should thus not only be The close symbiosis between heritage encouragement and economic stimuli to returned to local people, but it should be and tourism is not new. From the first, the national actions, such designations and housed, interpreted and-presumably, if desire to conserve and the desire to visit awards are in practice little more than the they so wish-disposed of by them as were mutually stimulating. The 18th results of political compromises among being 'theirs" and not "ours." century Grand Tour "discovered," and thus national governments-governments that preserved, the heritage of the classical are jockeying for financial support, directly Creating a global heritage: A difficult tasl Mediterranean world. Today, the global or indirectly, through tourism, as well as village is merely claiming its global heri- national prestige and national legitima- A concept of "Mundus Nostra" as a tage. The reality, however, is that the past tion-rather than the beginnings of the global parallel to "Europa Nostra" will not is a contested resource. Global demands recognition, designation, and support of a just come into existence; it must be have lost the competition to national local distinctive world heritage. created. There should be no illusions interests, which have been far more None of this is very remarkable if one about the difficulty of that task. If all successful in colonizing the past for their remembers that the idea of a national heritage, by being someone's, must own purposes. heritage was synchronous with the idea of disinherit someone else, then a world Although some spectacular rnodern a nation-state. National museums, collec- heritage is not a happy summation of local events have demonstrated the strength of tions, histories, conservational legislative and national heritages, but rather a denial global concern and the readiness of people frameworks, and practices were both of them. if the sour comment of Turner to translate this concern into international created by, and instrumental in the cre- and Ash (1976) that "tourism is every- action in response to crises, they have also ation of, the nation-state. They were w\hele tlhe enemy of authenticity and made its limits abundantly clear. The intended to project national messages cultural identity" is to believed, then international sympathy, expertise, and legitimating that structure. tourism is part of a heritage problem and money that flowed into Venice after the The primacy of national "ownership" of not an instruniient for asserting the exist- 1966 floods were largelv powerless to do national heritage is actually reinforced by a ence of a global heritage. Heritage is more than renovate a few buildings in the UNESCO policv of repatriation that encour- simply an assertion of ownership of the face of quite different local economic ages modern states to lay claim to the past. Until that ownership can be priorities and procrastination on the part of cultural products of previous civilizations collectivised on a world scale, rather than ..~~~~h tepe of an pepe tha the rear as .theirs" nationalized or localized, then heritage wil the Italian government. T,e temples of and peoples that they regard as theirs- be more a cause of national and local Abu Simbel were "saved," but the Aswan and thus clearly not "ours." "Elginism," the coni tan of oatroncliatn U High Dam was built. Ultimately, the worldwide asseiilbly of artifacts in imperial conflict than of global reconciliation. 1 sovereignty of the nation-state over "its" capitals, was global whatever else it was. G.J Ashworth is a professor at the Univer- heritage dictates that national priorities "De-Elginization' would result in a global sity of Groningen, the Netherlands. take precedence over global concern. disinheritance in terms of both practical E THE URBAN AGE Vol. 4, No. 17_ i h a m c r ''t The New Corporate Philanthropy by Keith W Eirinberg W5Tt ASHINGTON, D.C. At an strategic importance of the market to the has a greater stake than ours [travel and international conference 'The firm; capabilities of their staff; how far tourisml in preserving history and tradi- NV Future of Asia's Past," in their money goes in a particular country tion, cultural differences, or nature and January 1995, former Thai Prime Minister (considering the exchange rate and costs); the environment." H.E. Anand Panyarachun called on the the merit of the project; the likelihood of To this end, American Express has private sector to put its considerable success and subsequent impact; confi funded preservation initiatives throughout experience and financial resources behind dence in their potential partners: whether the world, such as through grants to both efforts to save Asia's cultural legacy. they will have some measure of control in the Europa Nostra awards for the best Similar calls have echoed recently in other achieving maximum publicity for their architectural restoration projects in Europe parts of the world as cash-strapped investment: and how successfully they can and to a similar awards program in the influeince public opinion, increase govern- Caribbean; and by supporting numerous MvftlnaUDonaHs ment support, and stimulate puiblic and restoration efforts in such places as St. are iokffg for causes private fundraising fur coinservationi Paul's Cathedral in London, war-damaged |hg91 1G naWn 99mOEu3q lg&.<, through recognition and grants. A com- Duhrovnik, the Arc de Triomphe in Paris; pany generally will not join a conservation the SphinLx in Giza, the Preah Khan gGoodc p a c ,eizs1l,h'p> effort in a country in which it has no temple complex at Angkor. the Temple of bUt thrat aiC Li Qte h qhei staffed business presence. Literature in Hanoi, ancl the Teatro Colon bottom Hole =,Fnteupq_sts. in Buenos Aires. The company also funds Some global corporate initiatives conservation traininig and sponsors governments look for new sources of publications on cultural heritage. funding for their cultural heritage conser- Declares Harvey Golub, chief executive At United Technologies Corporation. vation efforts. officer of American Express, "No industrv continued on page 2Ž To some extent, multinational corpora- tions have responded. American Express. United Technologies, Exxon, and Amoco An Interview with Ugo Panerai, Communications Division, Foreign Press Office, i are a few of the companies that support of Olivetti, tvrea, Italy projects to conserve cultural heritage in the foreign communities in which they do business. For example, the World Monu- UA Why did Olivetti choose to support cultural heritage projects over other equally ments Watch-a program that is attempt worthy pbilanthropic causes? ing to save the world's 1)0 most endan- PANERAI: Olivetti's mission, since its foundation in 1908, has been the development of gered cultural heritage sites and monu- projects, products, and systems to manage and transmit information. It has therefore always ments-is funded by a five-year, $5 mil- had a close association with the world of design and creativity. lion grant from the American Express Olivetti's comuliitment to the promotion of the arts and culture really began at the end of Foundation. the 1960s. The first major event sponsored was the exhibition of frescoes from Florence, which had been moved to safety after the 1966 floods and subsequently restored. Why support heritage projects? UA: Howv do you decide on projects and local partners? As the flow of foreign investment into PANERAI: In most cases, the choice of project has been based on A combination of two emerging markets increases, tie prospects factors. First, by maintaining constant tics w,ith the arts world, Olivetti has kept itself up to brighten for greatcr corporate support for date with the issues and research of greatest interest for a possible project or exhibition. Second, in many countries, dle arts bodies or public authorities have invited Olivetti to take cultural heritage. Businesses have begun part in specific projects. using corporate philanthropy to support With regard to partners, Olivetti has always worked alone-in cooperation with the their strategic marketing objectives in relevant authorities or institutes, of course-but without other external partners. these foreign markets. This is the "new corporate philanthropy." Multinationals UA: Would you continue to support cutltural heritage conservation projects based on are looking for causes that not only your experiences? demonstrate good corporate citizenship, PANERAI: Wholeheartedly. A company's social and cultural commliitment evolves in line with but that also further their bottom line changes taking place in its operating environment, with the size and scope of its buisiness, interests. and with the opportunities that arise. Multinationals that have supported Olivetti's activities in this area today focus on a single major project: providing cultural heritage projects carefully study organisational, technological, and finanicial support for the restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's ltuera theiria pricitn . . Last Supper in the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The restoration ancd return of whether their participation can be effec- this masterpiece to public view and to the academic world will be completed in the spring of tive both for the host countrv and their 1998. business interests. Corporate managers review many aspects of a project: the __ Vol. 4, No. 4 TlE URBAN AGE q u i t o Rediscovering Quito's Past through Partnership by Miguel Angel Corzo Q-\ UITO. Quito, as a designated become more affluent, they have migrated of this area to all of Quito. The results of World Heritage City, is blessed towards the outlying areas of the city-a this survey were then used to address witlh an astonishing and rich i well-known redistribution pattern found in heads on the citizens' most important cultural heritage. The historic center is many other cities around the world. concerns. A video documentary was made up of an extraordinary array of As the housing dwellings in the city produced and shown to various citizen buildings dating from its colonial past. But centers have became vacant, new and groups and other important as in most historic centers in Latin America, different inhabitants have moved in. decisionmakers-economic and otherwise. its civil, commercial, and ecclesiastical Furthermore, many of the city's finest buildings were constructed at a time when buildings have been transformed into Full fledged urban renovation urban contemporary problems and needs warehouses to store the merchandise sold could not be foreseen. during the day. This has created a lower Quito has now undertaken a complete tax base, which cannot support all the city program of urban renovation of its historic Traditional role, modern pressures center's conservation needs. Clearly, center. The old fume-spewing buses have something has to be done. been replaced with pollution-free electric The traditional role of Quito's historic trolleys. Street vendors are being relocated center as a vibrant marketplace continues Preservation partnerships to the rescue to other parts of the city. Building owners today, as the city's inhabitants flock to the have, as a first step toward renovation, city center for their commercial transac- Under the leadership of Mayor Rodrigo begun re-painting the urban landscape tions. But, as the historic area has grown, Paz and his successor Mayor Jamil with colors from the city's past. parking has become difficult and traffic has Mahuad, something is being done. The city The city has also selected a series of increased. The accompanying congestion has begun to initiate partnership programs buildings to restore to their former and unacceptable level of pollution have with various national preservation organi- elegance. Others are being restructured for not only begun to harm the citizens, but zations from Belgium, Italy, Spain, and the adaptive reuse; this is inherently a sustain- the very buildings of the historic area as United States to rescue some of Quito's able act because it conserves resources, well. churches, monasteries, and plazas. energy, and materials. The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) approached the problem by first creating a Pride and respect tripartite partnership with the Office of the lMayor of Quito and the Fundaci6n The work done in Quito through the Caspicara-a local foundation focusing its GCI city partnership conforms with efforts on Quito's cultural heritage. The historical research and documentation partners decided to focus on the historic guidelines, and has actively involved the center's main artery, the Calle Garcia community. The public campaign has Moreno, and to begin revitalization efforts addressed citizens' real conccrns; compat- with this street. TIhe aim was to trigger ible uses for the buildinigs h-ave been local actions by house owners here and in identified. The new rcspect shown by the rest of the historic center. owners for their properties and their desire to participate directly in the rescue and Surveys uncover past glories maintenance of their buildings speak not only of their pride of ownership, but also A complete photogrammetric survey of of respect for the historic space as a whole 1 all the buildings along a major segment of GCI's efforts in Quito and elsewhere o the street was undertaken with the collabo- aim to ensure that tourist development of Temporary vending stalls set up along ration of local architects and the support of historic centers brings respect and dignity the streets of the city center further clog city authorities. A color survey of the to the inhabitants of these citics. Alliances the arteries, which are already not wide facades was also made. This latter survey of this nature among technical organiza- enough to accommodate the increased revealed the broad palette of colors that tions, political forces, administrative traffic and commercial activities along the lay beneath the white paint applied in the authorities, and the communities involved sidewalks. 1940s to lend uniformity to the street's give a human dimension and sustainable Population growth in Quito-particu- buildings. These results were translated energy to the adaptive reuse of historic larly in tie past 25 years-and the eco- into a series of printed posters showing centers, and ensure that their patrimlony nomic growth accompanying it have also how the city looked in the past. continues to belong to the world. U exerted considerable pressure on the city's The residents were also surveyed to historic fabric. Specifically, as the city's determine their attitudes toward the population has grown and the traditional historic center and to create an awareness MWiguel Angel Coerzo is director of the Getty inhabitants of the historic center have among them of the importance and value Consereation Institute, Los Angeles. M THE URBAN AGE Vol. 4, No. 211ki C_REAN A~GE Vol , N. 1 E / S A Tribute to Jorge Hardoy by Milichael A. Cohen Urban Environment Urban Transport in Lagos by Tunji Bolade Lead Story: Cities and UNCED: Broadening the Latin America Mass Transit by Etienne Henry Environmental Debate by lary McNeil U Transport and the Environment in Santiago dc Tianjin: Towards an Improved Environment by Chile by OscarFigueroa JosefLeitmann The Effects of Warsaw's Rising Car Travel b1 Building Capacity for Environmental Management WIojciech Suchorzewski in Tanzania by Rasna Warab Auto Dependencv in the United States by C Global Forum Attracts 1,400 NGOs Kenineth Orski WorldView:GuestEditorial-ADevelopingWorld World View Transportation and the Economic View: Post UNCED byAnilAgarwal and Sun ita Survival of Cities by Nigel Harris Narain Newsline Transport and the 'Taxi Mafia" in South Communities Speak-Zabbaleen Community * * * * Africa bv Meshack Al. Khosa Develops NewJobs to Improve the Environment Mayor's Column Amsterdam's Bold Approach tc Books Reduce Car Traffic by Ed van Thijn Tbe Urban Environment in Developing Countries Q&A Tehran's Air Pollution Control Program Ut by the United Nations Developpement ' Paimaneb Hasteb Programme Books Communities Speak Bicvcles Overtake Bus Trave. Ecocycles: The Basis of Sustainable Urban Bangkok Slutms: Review and Recommendations in Havana by ManuelAlepuz Development by the Environment Advisory by Supon Pomchokchai. Bangkok. Thailand Bicylces in Mlozambique: Competing with the Council School of Urban Community Research and Myth of Cars by Carlos Cardoso Earth in the Balance by Al Gore Actions, Agency for Real Estate Affairs, 174 Rama Roundtable "Bus Driver's Syndrome' in Bueno, 3 Rd., Bangkok 10110, Thailand. Aires bT Sergio Federoviskj' TIE URBAN' AGE. VOL. 1, NO. 2 E / S ElementsofUrbanzMla72agemontbyKennethDavey. Books Urban Entrepreneurs Washington, DC, Urban Management Programme Fast Wheels, Slow Traffic: Urban Transport Choice. Lead Story: Urban Etitrepreneurs and the "Real Publication No. 11, UMP Coordinator, Technical by Charles L. Wright. Temple University Press Economy" by/lMfary.1McNeil Cooperation Division, UNCHS (Habitat), P.O. Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19122, 1992, ISBN 0- World Vievw: Guest Editorial: The Informiial Sector Box 30030. Nairobi, Kenya. 87722-911-2. in Urban Latin America: The Other Face of the Suzstainable Cities: rrbanoization and the Going Private The International Experience wti/i Global Economy blvJos/ Luis Coraggio Environnent in International Perspective by TransportPriratizationbyJoseA. Gomez-Ibane2 The Informal Economy in Central E u rope: A Letter Riclhard Stren, Rodney White, andjoseph Whitney and John R Meyer. 'I'he Brookings Institution from Hungary by Robedt Mlanchin (eds.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc., 1775 AMassachusetts Avenue, N W., Washington Communities Speak: Corporate Involvement in 1992. D.C. 20036, L.SA, 1993, ISBN 0-8157-3178-7. Urban Poverty Alleviation byjonaiton F, Joson Public Transport in Third World Cities by Alan Environmental Limits to Motorization: Non The Battle for Pavements by.Sheela Patel Armstrong-White. London. IIMSO Publications motorized Transport in Developed ant Q&A A NcwMethodofSurveyingthePoorTakes Centre, 1993. ISBN 011-551163-6 DevelopingCoouztnlesbvUrsHeierli. SwissCentrc Root in Manilla: An Interview with Dr. Mahar for Development Cooperation in Technologx Mangahas TIIL i-FIBASN AG;E. VOL Cl. No. F /, S and Management. Vadianstrasse 42, CH-9000 Books Urban Violence St. Gallen, Switzerland, 1993, ISBN 3-908001-41 The Silent Revolution: The Informial Sector in Fire Lead Story: Karachi and the Global Nature of 2. Asian and NearEastern CountriesbyA. Lawrence Urban Violence by.Arif'Hasan Motor VebicleAirPollution: Pzublic Health Impac Chickering and Mohamed Salahdine. San Dakar: Youth Groups and the Slide Towards and ConlrolM easures by David T. Mage anx Francisco, Ca., International Centerfor Economic Violence byMillademba Ndiaye Oliver Zali (eds.). World Health Organization Growth, 1991. ISBN 1-55-815-163-X. Drug Markets and Urban Violence in Rio de Division of EnviromIlental Health, Geneva Reaching Out Effectively: Impoving the Design, Janeiro: A Call for Action by'Jose Carvalho de Switzerland, and the Republic and Canton oi Mlanagement and Implementatiokn of Pozverty v 'Noronba Geneva, Deparmnlent of Public Health-ECOTOX Alleviation Programs by Ismail P. Getubig, Jr., Escalating Violence Agaiinst Adolescent Girls in Geneva, Switzerland, 1992. and M. Khalid Shams (eds.). Kuala Lumpur, India by Uvsa Rai Moving Toward Integrated Transport Planning Malaysia, Asian and Pacific Development Centre, Domestic Violence and Its Economic Causes by I:'nergy kEnvimoimnent andl.fobilitVinFourAsiai 1991. ISBN 967-9928-26-8. Caroline ON. Mlloser Cities by Mia Layne Birk and P. Christophet Cities in the 1990s: The ChallengeforDeveloping World View Reflections on Urban Violence by Zegras. International Intitutc for Encrg} Countries by Nigel Harris (ed.). London: ['aulo Sergio Pinheiro Conservation, 750 First Street, N.E,, Suite 940 Development Planning Unit, University College Rotndtable UIrban Violence inlndia by Ved Washington. D.C. 20002, USA. Press, 1992. Mlavway and Usha Rai An Urban Problematiqite: The Challenge of Mayors Column Cali's Innovative Approach to THL URBAN AGE. VOL. 2. NO. E / ' Urbanization for Development Assistance by Urban Violence b1' Rodrigo Guierrero Politics and the City Richard Stren et. al. Centre for Urban and Communities Speak Popular Culture Among Lead Story: Cities and Political Change byRicharc Conulnunity Studies, 1992. ISBN 0-7727-1359-6. Mexican Teenagers by Hector CGstillo Berthier Stren, Mohatned Halfani andJo'ceMalombe Q&A ThieDiseaseofViolence byBeterl}'ColeTmn- Hawker Politics in Nairobi by Otuila OuSuor THE I RBAN AGE. VOL. 1, NO. E S llMiller Marketplace Politics in Kampala and Quito bj Urban Infrastructure Books Christie Gorn2bay Lead Story: The Changing Nature of Infrastructurc Urban C'rime: Global Trends anzd Policies by The Municipality:(Colombia'sNew Sceneoft'oliti by Mlary McNeil Hernando Gomez Buendia (ed.). The United cal Activity by Eabio E. Velasqtzez C. Technical Exchange: The Raleigh-Tetouan Expe- Nations University, Toho Seimei Building, 15-1 IsUrbanPolitcsUnique? byK.C. Si2varamakrtrhnaz rience by Robert MlacLeod Shibiya 2-chome, Shibuya-koi, 'Tokyo 150japan, Redefining Politics in St. Petersburg by likbai Guineau-Bissau: Social Infrastructure Project De- 1989. ISBN 92-806-0679-3. Berezin and Olga Kaganova velops Schools, Hospitals by Ephim Shluger Children of the Cities by Jo Boyden with Pat The Mayor's Hour in Latin America by Fernand( AGETIP: Private Sector Management Takes Root Holden. London, Zed Books, 57 Caledonian Carridn in Africa by Leslie Pban Road, London Ni 9BU England, 1991. ISBN 0- Women's PoliLical Activism in Nigetia: A Steppini World View: Infrastructure: The Crux of Modern 86232-957-4. Stone to Government Participation by Bolanh Development by Akin7 Mabogunje Aue CommunitiesSpeak CommunityRevitalizationin THE URBAN AG,F VOL. '. NO. F / S City Challenge: Regenerating Local Econom*ies b the South Bronx Urban Transportation Christine Booth Q&A An inverview with Magatte Wade, Execu- Lead Story: Bangkok's Urban Transport Crisis by Building Consensus in Cajamarca byLuis Guerrer tive Director, AGETIP Rod Stickland Figrieroa THE URBAN AGt INDE 1992-199' Mayors on the Frontline of National Economic 22209; Tel: 703-247-8730, fax: 703-243-9004. Social Services, Ottawa Board of Educatio: Change by Giovanni Padula Hong Kong Escalator-Travelor System. Ottawa, Canada, Tel.: 613-239-2748. Interview with Nicky Padayachee, Chief Execu- Contact: Dr. Enest Shu Wing Lee, Assistant Paid Mutual Self-Help Project, Rio dejaneirn tive Officer of the GreaterJohannesburg Transi- Commissioner, Transport D)epartment, Hong Contact: Dehorah Levinson, Instituto Brasileii tional Metropolitan Council Kong Government. Tel.: (852)829-5206; Fax: de Administracao Municipal (IBAM), Edific. One Woman's Journey to Leadership by Nabila (852)824-0433. Diogo Lordello de Mello, Largo IBKM no. Faores indore Habitat Project Contact: Diane Diacon Humaita 22282, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil World View Who Wants to Be President When Research Officer, Building and Social Housing Rwanda Credit and Savings Program. Conta You Can Be Mayor? by AprodicioLaquian Foundation, Mlemorial Square, Coalville, Duterimbere, Blvd. de R'OUA, B.P. 738, Kiga: The Ainerican Urban Challenge Answering to Leicestershire, LE67 3TU, U.K.; Tel: 44-0-530- Rwanda Local Community Funding Needs by Benjamin 51044, fax: 44-0-530-510322. SaoPaotoMasterPlanContact: LadislauDowbc Warn/ne and Mustafa Mfourad Habitat II Update Highlights of the Final Declara- Institute ofSmallEnterprises&Development. PrefeituradoMuniciplode Sao Paolo, Assussor taitat of Update Worldighblg of ities Final Lcala- Contact: Dr. P.M. Matew, Director, ISED, Vennala, de Relacoes Interniacionais, Gabenite de Prefc tion of the World Assembly of Cities and Local Cohin 682 028, India: Tel: 347884, Fax: 345163. pav. Pe Manoel da Nobrega-sala, 207 Parqi. Authorities at Habitat II Books International City/County Management Ihirapucra-04098, Sao Paolo, Brasil Cities and Governance: New Directions in Latin Association, Washington, D.C. Contact: Settlements Information Network Afric; America, Asia andAfricabv Patricia L. McCamey International City/County Management Contact: Diana Lee-Smith, Mazingira Institut (ed). Centre for Urban andCommunityStudies Association, 777 North Capitol Street, N.E., Suite P.O. Box 14550, Nairobi, Kenya; Tel: 254-: Universitv of Toronto, 455 Spadina Avenue 500, Washington, D.C. 20002. Tel.: 202-962- 443219; Fax: 254-2-444643. 3574; Fax: 202-962-3500. Toronto M5S 2G8 Canada, 1996. ISBN 0-7727- Sister Cities International. Contact: Richai 1407-X. International Union of Local Authorities. Neuheisel, 120 Payne Street, Alexandria, Virgin The Changing Nature of Local Government in Contact: Drew Horgan, Secretary General, IULA, 22314, U.S.A.; Tel: 703-836-3535; Fax: 703-83 Developing Countries by Patricia L. McCarney 39 Wassenaarseweg, 2596 CG, The Hague, The 4815. (ed.). Centre for Urban and Community Studies Netherlands; Tel.: 31-70-324-4032; Fax: 31-70- TheBotswanaDevelopmentCorporationLt University of Toronto, 455 Spadina Avenue, 324-6916. (BDC). Contact: Botswana Developme: Toronto M5S 2G8 Canada, 1996. ISBN 0-7727- Karachi's Development Plan (1986-2000). Corporation Limited, Madirelo House, Mmanal 1406-i. Contact: Sved Mobo Ahmad, C-5, Enim Villas, Road, Private Bag 160, Gabarone, Botswan Making Cities Work.: The Role of LocalAuthorities Stadium Road, Karachi-5, Pakistan Tel.: 267-31-351811, Fax: 267-31-357852 in the Uirban Environment by Richard Gilbert, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Contact: Ann The Cities Network. Contact: Michel Ligtha; Don Stevenson, Herbert Girardet and Richard Long, Registrar, Lincoln Institute of Land Policv, bothends@gn.apc.orgR9INTERNET Stren. Earthscan Publications Ltd., 120 Pentonville 113 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A,; The Federation of Canadian Municipalitie Road, London NI 9JN England, 1996. ISBN 1- Tel: 800-LANDUSE, fax: 617-661-7235. Ottawa. Contact: The Federation of Canadri 85383-354-1. Los Angeles County Violence Prevention Municipalities, Partnerships Program, 24 Clareni Coalition. Contact: Dr. Caswell Evans, Jr., Los Street, Ottawa, Ontario KIN 5P3; Tel.: 613-24 - __ Angeles County Department of Health Services, 8484; Fax: 613-241-7117. 241 North Figueroa St., Room 347, Los Angeles, The Network for Credit and Savings for tt Alert U Public Air Monitoring Program. CA 90012, USA. John C. Martin, Deputy City Hardcore Poor in Asia-Pacific (CASHPOR Contact: Liz Faulkner, Mega-Cities Coordinator, Manager, 333 90th St., Daly City, CA 94015, USA, Contact: Dr. Ismael P. Getubig,Jr., CASIIPOR,, 30 Irving Place, 9th Floor, New York, 1:Y 10003, Tel.: 415-991-8127. oAsianiand Pacific Development Centre, Pesiarn USA Metropolitan Environmental Improvement Duta , P.O. Box 12224, 50770 Kuala Lukmpu AndhraPradeshVoluntaryHealthAssociation. Project- Contact: G.N. Warade. EnvironmenL Malaysia Contact: M.R. Arultraja, Executive Secretary, Department, Government of -Maharashtra, New The Panos Institute. Contact: Dr. Melanie Bel Andhra Pradesh Voluntary Ilealth Association, Administrative Building, 15th Floor, Opp Oliviero, Executive Director, The Panos Institut 157/6 Gun Rock Enclave WVest Staff Road, Matralaya, Mantralaya, Bomba 400 032, India 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Suite 30 Secunderabad-500 009, Andhra Pradesh, India. Metropolitan Research Institute, Budapest. Washington, D.C. 20036, U.S.A.; Tel: 202-48. Association of Metropolitan Development Contact: J. Hegedus and I. Tosics, Metropolitan 0044, Fax: 202-483-3059. Authorities, New Delhi. Contact: Shri G.R. Research Institute, Budapest, H-1093 Budapest The Programme for Development Researe Sood, Director, Association of Metropolitan IX Lonyay u. 34. Tel.: (36-1) 216-0578, 217-9041, (PRODDER). Contact: David Barnari DevelopmentAuthorities, 7/6 Sirifort Institutional Fax: 36-1-216-30(1, E-mail: PRODDER, P.O. Box 32410, Braamfontein 201 Area, Khel Gaon Marg, New Delhi 110 049 India. H209tos@ella2.sztaki.hu South Africa, Tel.:27-11-339-4451; Fax: 27-1: Tel.: 646-3486; Telex: 031-71301 ASTU-ND. Migrants in Europe: The Commission of 403-2353 Brazilian Institute of Municipal European Communities Response. Contact: Urban Management Programme forAsia an Administration. Contact: Carlos D'Oliviera, Donatella Guibilaro, Directorate General for the Pacific. Contact: Nathanial Von Einsiede Largo IBAM, No. 1, 22271-070 Rio deJaneiro, RJ Extemal Economic Relations, Commission of UMPAP, P.O. Box 12544, 50782 Kuala Lumpu Brasil; Tel: 021-266-6622; Fax: 021-537-1262; European Communities, 200 rue de la Loi, 1049 Malaysia; Tel: 603-255-9122; Fax: 603-255-287, Telex: 21-22638 INNBM BR. Brussels, Belgium. USC'sSchoolofUrbanandRegionalPlanning Center for Research and Documentation. Minnesota International Health Volunteers Contact: University of SouthernCalifornia, Scho4 Contact: Via Monte Zebio, 32-00195 Rome, Italy; (MIHV). Contact: Dr. Michael Graf, MIHV of Urban and Regional Planning, 351 KleinSmi Tel: 0039-6-3201275, fax: 0039-6-3221218. DagorettiHealthProject, P.O. Box43678, Nairobi, Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Tel: 211 CITYNET. Contact:Tl.S. Chana, Initiator, P.O. Box Kenya, Tel.:/Fax: 254-2-566122 740-2264, Fax: 213-740-1160. 25232, Nairobi, Kenya; Tel: 2542-560096, fax: Nicaraguan Micro-Enterprise Foundation. Victoria Transport Policy Institue. Contac 2542-567837. Contact: FAMA, VictorTelleria orLeannaVidaurre, Todd Litman, Victoria Transport Policy Institut, C02 Project. Contact: PhiUip Jessup, Director, De La Maison Teodolinda, 3C. Al sur y 1/2 Abajo, 1250 Rudlin Street, Victoria. British Columb C02 Project, ICLEI, New City Hall, East Tower, Managua, Nicaragua, Tel.:505-2-668690, Fax: 505- V8V 3R7 Canada; Tel and fax: 604-360-1560. 8th Floor Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5H 2N2 2-668689 Wise-Amsterdam. Contact: Michel Ligthat Community Development Corporation Oral Non-Motorized Transport in Lima, Peru Secretariat Cities Network, P.O. Box 18185, 10C History Project. Contact: Pratt Institute Center Contact: Jenny Samanez de Testino, Executive ZB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tel: 31-24 forCommunityandEnvironmental Development, Director, Non-Motorized Vehicle Transport 639-2681, fax: 31-20-639-1379. 379 DeKalb Avenue, Steuben Hall, 2nd Floor, Program, Municipality of Lima, Natalio Sanchez Zimbabwe Women's Trust Fund, Ltd. Contac Brooklyn, NY 11205, USA, Tel: 718-636-3486, 220 Piso 9, Jesus Maria, Lira, Peru. Tel and Fax: Womens Finance Trust of Zimbabwe, lOMasocl fax: 718-636-3709. 51-14-33-7519. Dlovu Way, Parktown Prospect, Hatfield, P.( Environmental Health Project. Contact: J. Ellis Ottawa-Carleton Region Youth and Violence Box 8023 Causeway, Harare Zimbabwe, Tel Turner, 1611 North Kent Street, Arlington, VA Intiative. Contact: Don Wiseman. Chief of 263-4-50127 THE URBAN AGE INDEX r u S s i a Strategies for Survival: St. Petersburg Museums in the Market Economy T7here is no escapefrom its sense ofplace, I tourist revenue is great, but essentially Futid and the Soros Foundation. the three not even for a minute, which is houw all unexplored. In an cmerging cconomy, the organizations collaborated on a workshop great cities used to be but are no longer. economic impact of culture is hard to among Britishi museum consultants and -Duncan Fallowell, quantify. Reliable tourist statistics and directors and directors from a number of One Hot Summer in visitor surveys are lacking. St. Petersburg museums "not of federal St. Petersburg, 1994 Nonetheless, the city's Culture and tourism significance." The aim was twin cultural icons-the deceptively simple: to train S T. PETERSBURG. The northern chill Hermitage and the Kirov are the only saleable the Russian museum of a Russian autumn was warmiied by Ballet-do have global sector left in the directors to identify, ana flashes of gold-St. Isaac's, the Kazan namie recognition, and big city's inventory lyze, and implement the Cathedral, and the Mikhailovsk,y Palace- names lure visitors. Out of needs of their museums in and also by the weathered pastels of the the conviction that culture is currently the an emergiing market economy. historic city buildings. only major engine to attract visitors and At the opening reception in September, The city was built in 1,703 on a marsh revenue lo regenerate the ciLy a new Alexander Margolis, director of the St. by 20,000 Swedish slaves at the orders of initiative was born-Strategy for Survival: Petersburg Renaissance Foundation, and a Peter the Great. Situated on the Gulf of St. Petersburg Museums in the Market partner in the workshop, remarked that Finland, St. Petersburg was to be Russia's Economy. "the cultural heritage of St. Petersburg and Pcter's cultural monument-a rejection In the last year, under the aegis of the belongs to the whole world not just to St. of the Old Russia as he transiformed his Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, Petersburg." By improving the museums country into a Westernizcd state. and with funding from the UK Know How continued on page 16 Later in the 18th century, Catherine the Great finished crcating a city that is a grandiose architectural potpourri: a fusion Some Thoughts on Our Participation in the Russian-British Seminar of Russian mysticism, Neo-classicism, and a Baroque style of architecture designed by Ili Yeegen. yArtemov the Italian architect Rastrelli. Gutted from the marshland, this city-the mad indul- ST. PETERSBURG. Our participation in the Russian-British seminar "Strategies for Survival' gave us an opportunity to take a look from an outsider's perspective at our new financial gence of the Rtomanovs-was transformed problems. It helped us view our methods of solving them as an integated set of tasks with into a vast network of squares and palaces, varying degrees of complexity and urgency, which require a systematic approach and need bridges, canals, and waterways. to be resolved step-by step today, tomorrow, and on into the future. What is left today is a stunning array of The seminar in September 1996 helped accelerate the development of the museum's treasures and buildings that elicit both awe strategic planning program up to the Year 2000 and contributed to the enrichment of its and despair. There is little official capacitv content, particularly the part that deals with the strategy for developing the museum's topreserve this legacy. marketing activities. Using the SWOT (strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-talents) analysis to preserve proposed by our British colleagues, our museum identified underutilized opportunities. As a result, we have opened up a gift shop for the first time, as well as a cafe, and the museum Culture replaces industry lhas begun to offer a number of new visitor services. Our British colleagues know a greaL deal about museum development and have a wealth With perestroika and the end of the cold of experience about surviving under difficult financial conditions. They have also mastered war in 1991 came the collapse of the the principles of teaching through the use of business games, and they have a strong sense submarine industry and the closing of the of tact. They demonistrated this beautifully in their work with the managers of naval base-a major source of municipal St. Petersburg's museumiis who took part in the programii-a group of all shapes and colors revenue. With workers, soldiers, and that varied widely in its perception of and receptivity to foreign experience. pensioners goin unpaid, fundi . fAt the most basic level, Russian and British museums share a desire to do a intore pensioner goingunpa, fu effective job of carrying out a social mission. Another commIon characteristic is a wish to Catherine and Peter's cultural legacy is establish a sufficiently stable financial position for our museums-one that provides as muchl] being cut. The city is gradually recognizing independence as possible. The differences lie primarily in the income levels of British and the necd to attract alternative forms of Russian museum-goers, and their level of comfort not only within the walls of a musetlim, investment and is shifting its energies hut also in daily lifc. Museums also fall in different positions of priority among the desires toward technology, tourism, science, and and needs of British and Russian people. comdunications in its strategic plan which At the same time, the forms and methods employed by British and Russian colleagues in coiz,inicaion intsaecpantheir work with museum visitors are similar, universal, and mutuallv understandable, This is will he completed in November, for now, precisely what makes the dialogue among museum employees productive and useful, and though, culture and tourism aIre the only what contributes to the enrichment and enhancement of museum development in both salable sector left in the city's inventory. counuties. What could the econontic impact of St. The main outcome of our joint work is that we learned not only how to formulate Petersburg's cultural heritage be for the problems, but also how to find oppormunities for their resolution. city? With more than 100 museuums in the a'evgemn' Artermov is deptuty director'for research. State Y1 f useutm of Russian Political History, in city and numerous churches, galleries, and St. Petershu-g. monuments, the city's potential to draw l_| Vol. 4 No. 4 THE UIRBAN AGE M Strategies for Sur vival continuedfrom page 15 sector, the city would be protecting and The problems... grant money, and how to produce posters promoting its precious and unique assets. and postcards. As the first session began, the St. Forward planning, marketing tech- Where to start? Petersburg Times reported that federal niques, visitor care, cafes and gift stores, funding of museums was being cut off. CD-ROMs and interactive television.. the On one of those Russian autumn This meant that no more money would be vocabulary of the free market was igniting mornings when the sun glitters through available for electricity, heating, or tele- in Lenin's reception room. shedding trees, a group of 40 got to work phones, and that only half the staff salaries The Russian reaction was positive: in the grand reception room of a housc would be paid. Natalia Dementieva, director of the Mu- where Lenin once lived. Elsewhere in this Other problems emerged. The Russian seum of the History of St. Petersburg notec town of Tsarkoe Selo is the Alexander M'Auseums Law does not allow museums to that: "Until now we had an allergy to Palace, residence of the last Czar make money except through entrance fees. planning. This kind of planning will be Alexander and his family. Museums have had bloated staff numbers useful in my muscum, although my During the introductory session, an because budgets are allocated according to colleagues will say 'why bother? we have immediate philosophical chasm became number of staff. Also mentioned were no money.' I will tell them that this kind ol apparent. As was bitterly illuminated by crumbling buildings, and aging and planning will get us money." the comment of one of the Russian mu- dccaying cxhibits. The British messagc was relentless: Ask seum directors, "the museum who you are, where you want visitor is our enemy." Museum "'to go, and how to get there. curators worldwide recognize in ' And maintain th-e capability to that declaration a typical respond to changes on the way. complaint of the research- The messages to put forward to academic establishment: the a visitor are important. "Remem- belief that museums are the her it is always important to preserve of academia from know who does not visit your which the common mian mnust museum," said Barbara be excluded. Woroncow. director of the As in Russia, the British Yorkshire and Hu ngmberside museum sector has suffered Museums Council. And finally, from overly centralized plan- "owhen youi make a plan, talk to ning, staff cutbacks, and a your constituents and conduct building closures. The sector t visitor surveys. A good visit is has had to reinvent itself bv a the cheapest form of publicity. making museums more accessible, friendly The question was posed by both sides: By the end of the first phase of the and, lost importantly, relevant to the How can St. Petersburg's iuseums survive workshop in September, skepticism and visitor. and prosper under these conditions? The enthusiasm were equally apparent. There Celina Fox, one of the museum consult- unequivocal answer came from Celina Fox: were those Russian museum directors who ants from Britain, pointed out that the "do not see lack of money as preventing believed in the possibility of change. Then museum sector has always had to fight to change." were those who were openly scornfLl of gain funding from public resources. 'Now Throughout the three-day workshop, the whole process. And then there were new policies," she said, "dictate that British the Rlssians were asked to adopt a new those with a wait-and-see attitude. The museums beconie more self-reliant through methodology for addressing their funding proof would be in the next three months sponsorship, corporate events, and train- problems and to adopt a new way of as they got the chance to implement some looking at how to solve them. The task of the plan,ing suggestions and marketing 'Until now, we had was huge: tok look at a new way to operate concepts introduced at the workshop. an allergy to planning. within an economy crippled by corruption Thileagues will be usestdayoful thein collabo and stagnation, within a policy and legal Ideas into action ration. willbeolsefulinframework that actively discoufrages my museum, although my invesimnent in CUlture Phase two in january was a review of colleagues will say, 'why progress since September-a crucial stage bother? we have no money~....and how to begin addressing them because the dlirectors were to have taken bother? we have no money.' ~~~~~~~~~~~~their new ideas from the workshop back t I will tell them that plan- As the workshop evolved with its role- the museums to persuade their staff to nling will get us money.' playing, game-playing, and SWOT analysis adopt planning strategies. (strengths, weaknesses, oppor-tu-nities. and The immediate results were gratifying: ing. Addressing fundlamenLal issues suchi as t-alents), questionis were asked andt inlterest n-ew cafes and gift sh-ops, improved cash shortages can he solved by a change was piqued: "How do we study our signage, and some impressively detailed in attitude by miuseum staff." she said-a visitor?" asked Nina Popova, director of the development planning. Demonstrating the none-too-subtle call to arms to her Russian Anna Akhmatova Museum. Questions Russian genius for barter and circumven- colleagues on the first day of their collabo- arose abouit storage and maintenance of tion, the Artillery Muiseum won first prize. ration. collections, where to apply for foreign continued oni page I M THE URBAN AGE Vol. 4, No. Strategies for Survival continuedfrom page 16 The organization that runs this museum's feeling of breaking new ground-and of At the final meeting of all the museum gift shop pays the museum with 16 tons of being wary about being too critical. directors, both teams agreed that this was a heating coal. Another military coup: the work in progress. But the context for the organization that runs this cafe also cleans Beyond the museums initiative workshops is about more than just muse- all the washrooms and give the staff of 200 ums. It is about the relaLionship between a 50 percent discount. the arts and culture and how this affects There were some disasters and some The end result on the Russian side was economic development and the economic triumphs. Nina Popova, director of the a -surprising mix of administrative and regeneration of the city. Akhmatova Museum, which is housed in structural innovation. coupled with rapidly If culture is the vehicle for wealth the flat where the poet wrote Requtiem, commercializing products. But progress creation, how soon will this happen in St was concerned with publicity issues and was uneven. Perhaps because one of the Petersburg? Will it happen soon enough to with learning how to study the visitor. She central messages conveyed by the British save the city's cultural heritage? 'the also has a big project brewing: the rede- team was that in order to innovate, you argument for the importance of culture has sign of the museum. 'the designer Boris must take on responsibility that is not in been answered easily by the cities of claimed that there is only one type of your job description. The love of your Barcelona and Glasgow. Now it must be Russian visitor-one who is "traditional collection must extend to learning new made in Russia. - and passive." With the new plan for the skills. Unfortunately, imagination was not a museum, he says, "we want the visitor to commodity in great demand during the ilargaret Bergen is editor- ofThe Urban work." The plan redesigns the museum Soviet era. Age. into a flexible literary exhibition with an emphasis on the poet's domestic life. "There is a visual evolution as the visitor A Post-Soviet, Post-industrial Postscript ftom St. Petersburg moves from decade to decade," says Mark Suggitt, director of St. Albans Museums. by Mark Sugitt The plan, it seems, is a reinforcement of ST. PETERSBURG. As we enter the next century, the vision of cities and their relatiolnship to the shared goals among the staff. Everyone commerce and culture reilmains a troubled one. How can they find a role in an increasingly agreed that it gets the museum's "product" post-industrial world of iiiass commuunications? Can they use culture as the fuel of regenera- right: through the redesign, one will get to tion? If these issues are still problematic in the affluent West, what about the cities of the know the Russian people and their poetry former Soviet Union? In a world turned upside down, their industries are closing, their better through Anna Akhmatova's person- infrastructure is crumbling, and their cultural institutions receive inadequate funding. ality. Against this background, the museums of St. Petersburg will have to make some radical All was not quite right, though. Nina adjustments to survive. We organised a series of visits and seminars for our Russian col- Popova's staff had not yet seen the plan- leagues. The benefit of the UK experience was thought to be practical, as we could speak indeed, they still have yet to see it. fiom experience about reduced public funding, restructurings, and the general reluctance of At anothier museum, in the absence of mIlost post-war British governments to invest in culture. We arrived in St. Petersburg in September 1996 and visited all the museums whose the director, only a deputy director had directors would be attending the first seminar. The Hermitage dominates the museum scene, been infonaned about the second work- and is often the onlv one tourists visit. This is unfortunate, as the Russian Museum, Naval shop. Museum, Artillery Museum, and Museum of Political History all have wonderfiul collections. The Museum of Military Medicine, The smaller museumls in the former flats of Dostoyevsky and Akhmatova offer a more which has a staff of 376, had had its bank intimate insight into the artistic and domestic world of a great city. account frozen, and no permanent home We were impressed by the quality of the collections and also by the approaches some for its collection. The director admitted his directors had taken to deal with lack of funding. Other directors were less open and seemed initial reluctance about the work-shop. "I to resent the fact that the world had changed. Not surprisingly, those with this attitude usually had the worst standards of care, both for their collections and their public. was dragged from my desk to do the role- The seminar was initially hard work. Questions hke "The problems are so big, what can playing, but then I cauglit the communica- we do?" and "Do they think we don't understand?" arose. Wle discussed our experience with tion disease and my attitude changed. l management theory, forward planning, marketing, and customer care. Fortunately, we were reported on the seminar to the staff. To all able to break down barriers, and, by the end of the week, we felt that inost of die many of the older metnbers, marketing and directors had been very open. advertising are obscene words." Now Retumring in January, we were pleased to see that some of the threatened museum information about this museum's archives closures had not taken place. Forward plans were being written, new displays were being designed. and deals were being struck over shops and cafes. Some directors had done IS on the Internet, and marketing materials nothing. For those who had acted though. our second set of visits helped build on the first. are in tourist agencis, hotels, and schools. St. Petersburg is a beautiful citv, but many of its charms are hard to find. T'he museums The British team had a nightly post are keen to market themsclvcs more and hecome entrepreneurial, hut they are thwarted by mortem: for those who were receptive, this t taxation laws, local bylaws, and a civic authority that is ponderous and bureaucratic. The city was the right contact and experience. but is losing out in rourism and foreign investment. who would derive thie most benefit? Who St Petersburg is a 'Barcelona' in waitinig, but to become one, it mnust learn to analyse shou-ld go on to the next stage? Ilow could itself, admit that much needs to be done-and then begin doing those things. we tell them what was wrong? What Mlark Stmggirt is museuoms director of the St. Albans Museunms in Si Albaos, Hertfordshire, the should the results of this work be, and United Kingdom. should they be written? There was a I Vol. 4, No. 4 THE URBAN AGE M Children Preserving Their Past by Reinhard Goetberl T he old man bent over tbe pile oJ(' often focuses on narrotv development sNill become totuiorrow s decisionmnakers stone- I lived here once, long ago. "islands" centered on soIIIe major 10onu- and leaders; tlie will cnact and enforce T ibis was where myftitherfihed the Inent, wlhile niiore prosaic hlistory-tthe laws. set the torne for debate, and prosvide wall.". . . Ibeyoung man pointed to the villages and htouLses spread across the examtrples to he emtilated. abandoned village. `That's where Igre' land-is lost, often deliberately and Perhaps one of the quickest ancl most p/C. Iook, at that pile of stone! How could wvithout remorse. effective ways to involve chilclren in the myfather live like that?" ... A small boy It is more difficult to capitalize on these heritage of their country would he to use systematically picked stonesfrom the tuaills attractions: the payback is lower and it the resources of existing archaeological qf/'the abandoned village,e, pulling ottt those takes more time to recover investments. institutions, particularly those from abroad. that nvould collapse sections of the nail Outside investment is difficult to attract. The staff of these organizations are at the giggling as he did so. Moreover, the biggest obstacle is that the forefront of presernation efforts; through But it could be different A small boy citizenry itself all too often sees the past as their dedlication to their work, they have the potential to stiniulate clildreni and build real understanding. One excellent avsenue imiight be to have children participate in a dig. This way, they could absorb first hanid the excite- nient of historical discoverv. AnotLler G' v W \ ,sitrtple svav to involve children CoUlrl be an "i a ,- .,;: : ., . .lZwareness progratti offeredi throLgh i- sciools. Simple self teaching kits cotildl he clevelioipedriancl marie asvailable. Agaiin. professional institrttes coolrl he persuadedl to give of their time and resources. lModels already exist that could be -.* t | _ ; ffi . adapted For example, in the United C ,.~~~~~~ States, the Boy SCoLits arc establishing an * t-d. -X9X ++t- - . > . archeology merit badge that requires . ~~~~~~ . ~~~~~ par-ticipating in an excavationl, preparinig - V ,,, ~~~~~~~~~~~an archaeological exhibit, andl researching . "'" carly settlers. Anld the National 'I'rust fot ___ j ~.- r E ; ^ -t: t- -: 0 - ^ - .Histonc Preservation and National Plark A& Service have created a Heritage Educationl ;t,