I5524 ,4?r 19% Social Ill icator4s Of v-- II i 1 9 9 6 rRN A W 0 R L D B A N K B O O K  NOW AVAILABLE Social Indicators of Development 1996 Data This software edition of O n Aremos, and to word-pro- Social Indicators of De- cessing programs that velopment 1996 pro- read ASCII characters. vides the same social and economic indicators, for i sk e t The Social Indica- more than 200 countries, tors diskette set includes as the print edition. The the complete *STARS* 1996 edition focuses on software and data on a poverty indicators that high-density 3V2-inch dis- describe the characteristics of poverty and the ef- kette, for use on personal computers with a hard fectiveness of efforts to reduce poverty. Unlike disk and at least 512K memory and MS-DOS ver- the print edition of the indicators, which presents sion 2.1 or higher. A user's manual provides a data for three broad time spans, the software edi- complete guide to getting started, viewing and tion presents time-series data for 30 years. extracting data. The indicators for each country are accessible through *STARS*-the World Bank's Socioeco- To order: nomic Time-series Access and Retrieval System. This convenient and user-friendly system allows (Single-user version) Order no. 13589. $45.00 the user to view and manipulate the data and to (Network version) Order no. 13590. $90.00 export data selections to other computer programs, such as Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Javelin Plus, and Please use the orderform on thefollowing page. Order Form 1204 To order your copy of Social Indicators of Development-Data on Diskette or any other World Bank publications, please fill in quantity desired, unit price, shipping and handling costs, and total price.Thank you for your order. Customers in the United States Detach this form and return to: The World Bank, P.O. If there is no distributor noted on the form or no distribu- Box 7247-8619, Philadelphia, PA 19170-8619, USA. tor has been named in your country, return your order to: The World Bank, P0O. Box 7247-8619, Philadelphia, PA Customers outside the United States 19170-8619, USA. Payment may be made by credit card as Return your order to the authorized World Bank noted, or by US dollar check drawn on a US bank. publications distributor listed at the back of this Orders received by the World Bank from countries with book. authorized distributuis will be returned to customer. Payment: Note that orders from individuals must be accompanied by payment or credit card information. Credit cards accepted only for orders addressed to the World Bank. Check with local distributor about acceptable credit cards. Please do not send cash. Ln Enclosed is my check o Bill me. Institutional customers Make check payable to the World Bank in US dollars drawn on in the US only. a US bank unless you are ordering from your local distributor. (Please include purchase order) L Chargemy N t VISA idvu l E Account Number Expiration Date Signature (required to validate all orders) Note: If you are paying by check or credit card, shipping and handling charges are US$5.00 per order. For air mail delivery outside North America, add US$8.00 for one item plus US$6.00 for each additional item. Prices may vary by country and are subject to change without notice. Ship to: Name and Title Address City State Postal Code Country Telephone Please send the World Bank products listed below: Quantity Language Short Title Stock # Price Total Price Subtotal cost $ Shipping and handling $ 5.00 Airmail surcharge outside USA $ Total $ O01 Social Indicators of 11cv y 4opment 1996 Published for the World Bank The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore and London Copyright © 1996 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing April 1996 The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, Maryland 21211-2190, U.S.A. This publication has been compiled by the staff of the Socio-Economic Data Division of the World Bank's International Economics Department. The World Bank does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of this publication. Any judgments expressed are those of World Bank staff or consultants and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Suite 910, 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, U.S.A. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66 avenue d'Ina, 75116 Paris, France. ISBN 0-8018-5274-9 ISSN 1012-8026 Contents Symbols, Abbreviations, and Conventions............................ . . . . . . . . . .. vi Introduction.................. ..... ...... ..... ...... ......... . . . . . vii Table 1. Social and Economic Conditions................ ..... ...... ........ . . . . x Country Pages . . . . . . . . . .......... ................................... 1 Table la. Basic Indicators for Other Economies.......................... . . . . . . . .. 384 Technical Notes.................. .......................... . . . . . . . . 385 Sources and Methods . . . ............ ..... ...... ..... ..... ...... ..... 385 Data Reliability.............. ...... ....................... . . . . . . . 385 Explanation of Terms................ ..... ................... . . . . . . . 386 Selected References................... ..... ...... .............. . . . . . . 390 Classification of Economies.............. ...... ..... ..... ...... .... . . . .. 393 Symbols, Abbreviations, and Conventions Data not available or nonexistent 0, 0.0 Zero or less than half the unit shown and not known more precisely Annual percent Percentage change between adjacent years (not a multiyear average) DPT Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus GDP Gross domestic product GNP Gross national product Kg Kilogram (2.2 pounds) Km Kilometer (0.62 miles) Mre Most recent estimate Pop. Population Sq. km Square kilometer (0.3861 square miles) Thou. Thousands t According to UNESCO, illiteracy is less than 5% The cutoff date for all data is March 15, 1996. vi Introduction This is the final print edition of the Social Indicators of readers are strongly urged to read them before trying to draw Development. In the future, however, much of the informa- conclusions from the data. tion contained here will be available in electronic format and in other Bank publications, most notably in a new, compre- Overview of Social and Economic Conditions hensive publication scheduled for release in October 1996. The 1996 edition of Social Indicators of Development con- While the emphasis is on country data, international cor- tinues to address the most pressing issue facing the World parisons are also provided by a table on social and economic Bank and its member countries: how to reduce poverty. conditions that presents a selected array of indicators for 116 Priority Poverty Indicators (PPIs), identified in the Bank's economies. It compares a few important areas of develop- Poverty Reduction Handbook, and supplementary poverty ment over 25 years. The left-hand page of the table reports indicators, which include access to basic services and social selected social and economic conditions, and the right-hand safety nets, are presented on the first page of each country page shows changes in these conditions. Countries are ar- table; other indicators covering human resources, natural re- ranged under regional headings, and income groups are listed sources, socio-economic expenditures, and investment in hu- at the bottom of the page. Only low- and middle-income man capital are presented on the second page. In combination, economies with populations of more than 2 million are they monitor social conditions at the country level and provide included here; however, the summary measures aggregate all a framework for assessing human welfare across countries. economies in the relevant category. Social Indicators of Development is issued on diskette as well as in book form. In the book, observations are presented Country Pages for three periods: 1970-1975, 1980-1985, and the most recent estimate (mre; the latest available estimate between 1989 and The country pages identify poverty trends for each country, 1994). The diskettes contain time series for 1965-1994; the social issues and problems accompanying development, however, for many indicators, data are only available for a and the extent to which public policy may affect poverty and few benchmark years. The diskettes use the *STARS* related social conditions. The pages contain poverty meas- retrieval system for easy retrieval of data into Lotus, Javelin, ures and underlying economic variables such as wages and Aremos, DBF or ASCII format. (See order form) prices, as well as related information on health status and The 191 economies presented in the country pages reflect access to basic services. The role of the government and the a wide variety of political, social, economic, and cultural share of output (GDP) dedicated to social expenditures are conditions. Economies with sparse data, along with basic also included where possible. This is an area requiring con- indicators, are listed in Table Ia. The technical notes and siderably more work before such measures can be reported demographic parameters are an integral part ofthe document; for most countries. vii The country pages also facilitate international compari- Three charts are included on the PPI page. The first two sons by presenting aggregated data (mostly weighted by show changes in population and GNP per capita, with the population) for reference groups. The three reference groups same scale maintained across countries to make international for each country are the geographic region, the income comparisonseasier.Valuesforthecountryareshownasbars; category in which the economy is classified, and the next averages for the income group in which the country is clas- higher income category. sified are represented by lines. Priority Poverty Indicators Development Diamond The third chart is a development diamond. It portrays rela- Levels of poverty in a country are difficult to measure tionships among four socio-economic indicators for a given directly but can be assessed by monitoring changes in coun- country and compares them with the average ofthe country's tries in a number of key areas. These are known as Priority income group. Life expectancy, gross primary enrollment, Poverty Indicators (PPIs). access to safe water, and GNP per capita are presented, one Two thresholds (upper and lower "poverty lines") have on each axis, and then connected (with a bold line) to form a been established to convey what is meant by "poverty" in polygon-the "diamond." The shape ofthe diamond can thus each country. These are presented along with "headcount easily be compared with the income group to which it be- indexes" which report the percentage of the country's popu- longs. The averages for each income group are indexed lation that is below each threshold. At present, poverty lines (equal to 1); this reference diamond is drawn as a fine line. are available for about 25 countries. This coverage is ex- Any point outside the reference diamond represents a value pected to increase as more national household income and better than the group average, and any point inside the budget surveys-important sources of data concerning pov- reference diamond represents a value below the group aver- erty lines-are processed. age. Where data are not available, the diamond will be Income indicators track the income-earning opportunities incomplete. Since the reference diamond represents different and living standards ofthe poor. Since unskilled labor is often values in different income groups, comparisons should be the only factor of production owned by the poor, unskilled limited to the same income group. wages can be taken as one barometer of their incomes. Such wage data are generally difficult to come by, as they require Resources and Expenditures special surveys and are rarely available from the official statistical system. Furthermore, where labor remuneration The main themes covered in the right-hand page are human other than cash is involved, estimating such wages poses the resources, natural resources, income, expenditure, and in- additional challenge of placing a cash value on payments-in- vestment in human capital. kind and other remunerative arrangements. Nonetheless, un- Internationally comparable environmental indicators are skilled wages are included, where available, in this volume. not available for most countries. Efforts, nevertheless are Because the poor typically spend almost all their incomes on underway in the World Bank and elsewhere to develop consumption, and nearly half of this consumption is on food, measures for monitoring and evaluating environmental char- the information available on food prices is also reported, acteristics. For example, the 1993 U.N. System of National disaggregated by urban-rural residence. Accounts (SNA) provides for "satellite" accounts on envi- Social indicators track the outcome of efforts to provide ronmental issues. The U.N. Environment Programme and social services. Taken together with the income indicators, related agencies are collaborating on a Global Environmental they follow progress in reducing poverty in countries where Monitoring System that seeks to measure air and water household-based surveys are not available. quality around the world. Geographic information systems (including those based on remote sensing) are being similarly Supplementary Poverty Indicators harnessed to study environmental issues. Data measuring physical or fabricated capital are also Supplementary Poverty Indicators trace the vulnerability sparse. Few countries can estimate the stock of income-gen- of a country's population to adverse social and economic eratingorproductivewealththattheseassetsrepresent.How- circumstances. The poorest households are usually the ever, some sectoral flows indicators, specifically on housing most vulnerable and the least able to protect themselves or infrastructure, are available from the United Nations' from contingencies. If households lack access to such International Comparison Program (ICP) and are incorpo- social cushions as unemployment benefits, sudden emer- rated here. Additional efforts are needed in the international gencies can be catastrophic. The indicators reported here statistical community to develop indicators for repair and give some indication of the extent to which the population maintenance. These indicators are increasinglyrecognizedas is unprotected by such basic safety nets. significant in assessing levels of service and assigning real viii worth to physical capital that has suffered degradation and of 1993. Data for 1985 are from ICP Phase V reports by depreciation. Eurostat, for Africa; Economic and Social Commission for Income and outlay indicators suggest how basic resources Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), for Asia; and Economic are used and enhanced. The data show improvements (and in Commission for Europe (ECE) for most of Eastern Europe; some cases deterioration) in human capital and the inputs and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel- made to achieve these changes. The income section also opment (OECD), for Europe and other industrialized coun- reports the approximate distribution of income among house- tries. The 1990 data come from OECD. holds. These data are gathered through nationwide studies of Staple goods as defined here include bread, cereals, pota- income distributions, usually based on household surveys, toes, and tubers but exclude pulses. Staples are less expensive which tend to be infrequent. per kg than, say, meat and may include items of fairly low Selected elements of expenditure as percentages of GDP nutritional value. To show that they form a significant share are also reported, usually based on information collected for of food consumption in most poor developing countries, a ICP but sometimes taken directly from national accounts. separate measure of staples' share in GDP expenditure is These provide a general context for conventional social given (with a complementary measure for spending on meat, indicators. For example, cereal imports and other signals of fish, milk, cheese, and eggs). trends in food availability are viewed against the background of food's share in GDP expenditure. Shares in GDP expen- For More Information diture also shed light on the relative income distribution in a country. These shares are given here in original national Researchers wishing to address any questions on this publi- currency values, partly because ICP results are not available cation are invited to seek additional information in writing for all countries and also because relative values in the prices from the Development Data Division, International Econom- actually applying in each country are also useful for poverty ics Department, World Bank, 1818 H Street N.W., Washing- analysis. As shown, the indicators represent the relative ton, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., fax (202) 522-1498, orby e-mail to importance of different outlays in national price structures. info@worldbank.org orby calling 1-800-590-1906 or (202) Data for 1975 and 1980 are obtained from ICP Phases I]I and 473-7824. IV. Coverage increased from 34 countries in 1975 to 60 in To order any publications covering international eco- 1980 and 64 in 1985, although no countries in the Latin nomic and social analysis and statistics, please e-mail your American continent participated in 1985. Coverage dropped request to books@worldbank.org or write to World Bank to only 30 European countries in 1990 but is expected to Publications at the address above or fax (202) 676-0581 or increase to more than 80 countries internationally in the call (202) 473-1155. surveys now being conducted. These will have a base-year ix Table 1. Social and Economic Conditions Current Conditions GNP per Share of Infant mortality Child Primary school Percent Population capita Agriculture in (per 1,000 live Malnutrition enrollment Illiterate (millions) (US $) GDP(%) births) (%) rate (%) (aged 15+) 1994 1994 1980 1994 1980 1994 1993 1980 1993 1995 Sub-SaharanAfrica 571.9 500 22 20 115 92 .. 8o Angola 10.4 .. .. 12 149 119 .. .. 88 Benin 5.3 370 33 34 118 96 .. 64 64 Burkina Faso 10.1 300 31 31 149 128 .. 18 38 81 Burundi 6.2 150 53 47 117 99 .. 26 72 65 Cameroon 13.0 680 28 32 88 57 .. 98 87 37 Central African Republic 3.2 370 39 42 114 100 .. 71 71 40 Chad 6.3 190 47 41 143 119 .. .. 59 52 Congo 2.6 640 8 10 124 112 .. .. .. 25 Cote d'Ivoire 13.8 510 24 35 106 90 .. 79 69 60 Ethiopia 54.9 130 50 a 53 159 120 47 a 34 a 23 65 Ghana 16.6 430 57 46 98 74 27 80 76 Guinea 6.4 510 .. 24 157 131 18 36 44 Kenya 26.0 250 29 24 66 59 23 100 + 91 Lesotho 1.9 700 18 11 60 44 21 100+ 98 Liberia 2.7 .. 29 .. 153 139 .. 48 Madagascar 13.1 230 30 33 130 90 39 100+ 89 Malawi 9.5 140 34 28 163 134 27 60 80 Mali 9.5 250 57 42 180 125 .. 27 31 Mauritania 2.2 480 30 24 117 98 .. 37 69 Mozambique 15.5 80 38 29 155 146 .. 99 60 Niger 8.7 230 46 39 146 120 .. 25 29 Nigeria 108.0 280 31 42 96 81 .. 100 + 93 Rwanda 7.8 80 39 49 124 108 29 63 50 Senegal 8.3 610 22 17 97 64 20 46 54 Sierra Leone 4.4 150 34 42 189 163 23 52 Somalia 8.8 .. 63 63 143 130 .. 19 South Africa 40.5 3,010 6 4 63 50 .. .. 100 + 18 Sudan 27.4 .. 36 32 92 74 .. 50 50 54 Tanzania 28.8 .. 45 b 52 b 98 84 28 93 70 32 Togo 4.0 320 27 38 105 81 .. 100 + 100+ 48 Uganda 18.6 200 50 46 116 122 .. 50 91 38 Zaire 42.5 .. 30 30 107 .. 35 92 55 33 Zambia 9.2 350 14 31 88 108 .. 90 100+ 22 Zimbabwe 10.8 490 13 13 80 54 16 85 100 + 15 Middle East & N. Africa 266.7 .. 8 12 95 49 .. 87 .. 37 Algeria 27.4 1,690 8 9 88 35 9 94 100 + 38 Egypt, Arab Rep. 56.8 710 19 18 112 52 9 73 97 49 Iran, Islamic Rep. 62.6 .. 20 22 78 47 .. 87 100 + 28 Iraq 20.4 .. .. .. 78 54 .. 100+ 91 42 Jordan 4.0 1,390 .. 7 40 32 .. 100+ 94 13 Lebanon 3.9 .. .. 7 48 32 .. 100 + 100 + 8 Ijbya 5.2 .. .. 97 63 .. 100 + 100 + Morocco 26.4 1,150 15 21 92 56 9 83 73 Oman 2.1 5,200 3 3 35 18 .. 52 85 Saudi Arabia 18.0 7,240 2 6 58 26 .. 61 75 37 Syrian Arab Republic 13.8 .. 20 30 49 33 .. 100 + 100 + Tunisia 8.8 1,800 13 13 62 40 .. 100 + 100 + 33 Yemen, Rep. 14.8 280 .. 21 130 102 30 East Asia & Pacific 1,734.8 890 25 18 51 35 18 100 + 100 + 16 Cambodia 10.0 240 .. 51 160 110 . 47 China 1,190.9 530 33 21 39 30 18 100 + 100 + 19 Indonesia 190.4 880 24 17 80 53 .. 100 + 100 + 16 Korea, Dem. Rep. 23.4 .. .. .. 30 27 .. Korea, Rep. 44.5 8,220 14 7 30 12 .. 100 + 100 + 2 Lao PDR 4.7 320 .. 51 122 92 40 100 + 100 + 43 Malaysia 19.7 3,520 20 15 28 12 23 93 93 17 Mongolia 2.4 340 11 18 78 53 10 100 + Myanmar 45.6 .. 48 63 105 80 31 91 .. 17 Papua New Guinea 4.2 1,160 32 28 65 65 .. 59 74 28 Philippines 67.0 960 23 22 51 40 30 100 + 100 + 5 Thailand 58.0 2,210 19 10 44 36 .. 99 98 6 Vietnam 72.0 190 .. 28 53 42 45 100 + 100 + 6 + Ratios exceed 100; for exact magnitude see country pages. a. Includes data for Eritrea. b. Data cover mainland Tanzania only. X Average Annual Percentage Change, 1980 to Latest Available Year Private Primary GNP consumption Infai school Population per capita per capita Mortality c/ enrollment c/ Sub-Saharan Africa 2.9 -1.4 -1.8 -1.6 Angola 2.9 -7.0 -7.3 -1.8 Benin 3.1 -0.5 1.6 -1.7 0.0 Burkina Faso 2.7 0.8 3.1 -1.3 Burundi 2.9 0.6 3.3 -1.4 7.8 Cameroon 2.9 -2.8 -1.0 -3.5 -0.9 Central African Republic 2.4 -1.9 1.8 -1.1 0.0 Chad 2.4 2.7 4.1 -1.6 Congo 3.1 -1.2 2.0 -0.8 Cote dIvoire 3.8 -4.8 0.2 -1.5 -1.0 Ethiopia 2.9 -1.3 .. -1.9 Ghana 3.2 2.0 2.6 -2.1 Guinea 2.7 1.3 3.3 -1.5 1.9 Kenya 3.2 0.1 4.1 -1.5 -1.8 Lesotho 2.7 -0.4 -0.5 -4.7 -0.3 Liberia 2.5 -5.3 .. -1.0 Madagascar 3.0 -2.3 -0.6 -3.0 -3.0 Malawi 3.2 -0.3 0.8 -1.7 Mali 2.6 -0.5 1.0 -2.8 1.1 Mauritania 2.5 -0.7 3.4 -1.5 4.8 Mozambique 1.5 -4.6 1.6 -0.5 -3.9 Niger 3.2 -4.0 -0.1 -1.6 1.1 Nigeria 3.0 -0.3 -0.5 -1.5 Rwanda 2.9 -3.3 0.2 -1.2 -1.8 Senegal 2.9 -0.4 2.4 -3.4 1.3 Sierra Leone 2.2 -1.2 0.3 -1.1 Somalia 3.1 -1.9 .. -0.8 South Africa 2.3 -1.3 1.5 -2.0 Sudan 2.7 -1.8 0.8 -1.7 0.0 Tanzania 3.2 0.3 .. -1.6 -2.2 Togo 3.1 -2.0 3.4 -2.2 -1.1 Uganda 2.7 1.4 4.0 0.4 4.6 Zaire 3.3 -1.9 2.8 .. -2.3 Zambia 3.4 -2.8 1.6 .. 1.1 Zimbabwe 3.1 -0.3 2.7 -3.0 2.6 Middle East & N. Africa 3.1 -2.2 .. -4.8 Algeria 2.8 -1.1 1.7 -7.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2.4 2.1 2.3 -5.9 2.2 Iran, Islamic Rep. 3.5 -0.7 4.5 -4.8 1.5 Iraq 3.2 -13.4 .. -2.9 Jordan 4.4 -5.3 -3.0 -1.8 Lebanon 2.5 .. .. -2.8 . Libya 3.8 -9.7 .. -3.4 -1.0 Morocco 2.2 1.5 3.9 -4.0 Oman 4.6 3.0 .. -5.8 3.8 Saudi Arabia 4.7 -3.8 .. -6.5 Syrian Arab Republic 3.3 -2.3 3.7 -3.7 0.4 Tunisia 2.3 1.4 3.0 -4.0 1.1 Yemen, Rep. 4.0 .. .. -2.3 East Asia & Pacific 1.6 6.4 5.9 -2.7 0.4 Cambodia 3.1 .. .. -4.3 China 1.4 8.0 9.1 -2.4 0.4 Indonesia 1.8 4.8 5.9 -3.8 Korea, Dem. Rep. 1.8 .. .. -1.3 Korea, Rep. 1.1 7.7 8.3 -7.2 -0.7 Lao PDR 2.9 2.5 5.3 -2.3 -0.4 Malaysia 2.6 3.6 5.6 -6.6 0.0 Mongolia 2.6 -1.9 1.1 -3.1 Myanmar 2.1 -0.6 .. -2.2 Papua New Guinea 2.2 1.1 1.2 -0.2 Philippines 2.4 -0.5 2.4 -1.9 -0.1 Thailand 1.6 6.5 6.9 -2.3 Vietnam 2.2 .. .. -2.1 0.1 c. These are average annual percent changes, 1980 to 1993. xi Table 1. Social and Economic Conditions (continued) Current Conditions GNP per Share of Infant mortality Child Primary school Percent Population capita Agriculture in (per 1,000 live Malnutrition enrollment Illiterate (millions) (US $) GDP(%) births) (%) rate (%) (aged 15+) 1994 1994 1980 1994 1980 1994 1993 1980 1993 1995 South Asia 1,220.3 320 34 27 119 73 62 76 98 51 Afghanistan 22.8 .. .. .. 183 .. .. 34 31 69 Bangladesh 117.9 230 40 30 128 81 67 62 100+ 62 India 913.6 310 32 27 108 70 63 83 100 + 48 Nepal 20.9 200 57 41 139 95 70 84 100 + 73 Pakistan 126.3 440 28 23 120 92 .. 39 65 62 SriLanka 17.9 640 24 22 30 16 38 100 + 100 + 10 Europe & Central Asia 487.5 2,270 .. 13 34 23 .. 100 + 97 Albania 3.2 360 26 55 45 31 .. 100 + 96 Armenia 3.7 670 14 50 26 15 .. .. 90 Azerbaijan 7.5 500 23 27 30 25 .. .. 89 Belarus 10.4 2,160 20 17 16 13 .. .. 96 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.4 .. .. .. 27 19 .. Bulgaria 8.4 1,160 17 13 18 15 .. 98 86 Croatia 4.8 2,530 .. 11 19 11 .. .. 87 Czech Republic 10.3 3,210 7 6 15 8 .. .. 99 Georgia 5.4 .. 22 68 25 18 .. Greece 10.4 7,710 16 12 15 8 .. 100 + Hungary 10.3 3,840 .. 6 20 12 .. 96 94 Kazakstan 16.8 1,110 .. 42 33 27 .. .. 86 Kyrgyz Republic 4.5 610 23 35 43 29 .. Latvia 2.5 2,290 15 15 18 16 .. .. 83 Lithuania 3.7 1,350 19 21 18 14 .. .. 92 Macedonia, FYR 2.1 790 .. .. 48 24 .. 100 + 87 Moldova 4.4 870 .. 46 32 23 .. .. 77 Poland 38.5 2,470 .. 6 20 15 .. 100 + 97 Romania 22.7 1,230 .. 20 28 24 .. 100 + 86 Russian Federation 148.4 2,640 9 6 22 19 .. 100 + 100 + Slovak Republic 5.3 2,230 7 7 18 11 .. .. 100 + Slovenia 2.0 7,140 .. 5 14 7 .. .. 100 + Tajikistan 5.8 350 26 33 58 41 .. .. 89 Turkey 60.8 2,450 19 15 102 62 .. 96 100 + 18 Turkmenistan 4.4 .. 24 32 54 46 .. Ukrane 51.9 1,570 17 35 17 14 .. 100 + 87 Uzbekistan 22.4 950 26 29 47 28 .. .. 80 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 10.5 .. .. .. 34 19 .. 99 72 Latin America & Caribbean 470.9 3,310 10 9 60 41 .. 100 + .. 14 Argentina 34.2 8,060 10 5 32 23 .. 100 + 100 + 4 Bolivia 7.2 770 21 .. 109 71 13 87 87 17 Brazil 159.1 3,370 8 11 71 56 .. 99 100 + 17 Chile 14.0 3,560 6 .. 24 12 1 100 + 98 5 Colombia 36.3 1,620 19 14 40 20 .. 100 + 100 + 9 Costa Rica 3.3 2,380 24 15 19 13 2 100 + 100 + 5 Cuba 11.0 .. .. .. 17 10 .. 100 + 100 + 4 Dominican Republic 7.6 1,320 18 15 71 38 .. 100 + 97 18 Ecuador 11.2 1,310 12 12 62 37 .. 100 + 100 + 10 El Salvador 5.6 1,480 33 14 77 42 22 75 79 29 Guatemala 10.3 1,190 .. 25 70 44 .. 71 84 44 Haiti 7.0 220 .. 44 108 86 .. 76 .. 55 Honduras 5.8 580 19 17 67 47 19 98 100+ 27 Jamaica 2.5 1,420 7 8 18 13 10 100+ 100+ 15 Mexico 88.5 4,010 7 8 49 35 .. 100 + 100 + 10 Nicaragua 4.2 330 22 33 86 51 12 99 100 + 34 Panama 2.6 2,670 .. 10 26 20 7 100+ 100+ 9 Paraguay 4.8 1,570 26 24 47 34 .. 100 + 100 + 8 Peru 23.2 1,890 10 7 77 48 16 100+ 100+ 11 Puerto Rico 3.7 .. 2 1 17 12 .. Uruguay 3.2 4,650 11 8 33 19 .. 100 + 100 + 3 Venezuela 21.2 2,760 5 5 39 32 .. 93 96 9 Low-income 3,182.2 390 29 28 87 58 38 92 100 + 35 Lower-middle-income 1,096.9 1,670 .. 14 58 36 .. 100 + Upper-middle-income 472.8 4,710 8 8 54 36 .. 100 + .. 13 High-income 849.9 24,030 3 .. 12 7 .. 92 100, + Xii Average Annual Percentage Change, 1980 to Latest Available Year Private Primary GNP consumption Infant school Population per capita per capita Mortality c enrollment c/ South Asia 2.2 2.9 2.5 -3.5 2.0 Afghanistan 2.5 .. .. .. -0.7 Bangladesh 2.3 1.9 .. -3.5 4.5 India 2.1 3.0 4.8 -3.6 1.6 Nepal 2.5 2.1 5.2 -2.9 1.9 Pakistan 3.1 2.6 4.3 -2.2 3.9 Sri Lanka 1.4 2.8 3.6 -5.4 0.2 Europe & Central Asia 1.0 -1.4 .. -2.8 -0.3 Albania 1.4 -3.2 3.8 -3.0 -1.3 Annenia 1.4 -16.1 .. -3.9 Azerbaijan 1.4 -5.8 .. -1.3 Belarus 0.5 1.1 .. -1.5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.5 .. Bulgaria -0.4 0.5 -0.2 -2.0 -1.0 Croatia 0.3 .. Czech Republic 0.1 -1.7 .. -5.2 Georgia 0.5 -10.0 .. -2.3 Greece 0.5 1.0 3.3 -5.8 Hungary -0.3 0.3 1.2 -4.9 Kazakstan 1.0 -3.1 .. -1.3 Kyrgyz Republic 1.7 -1.6 .. -2.8 Latvia 0.2 -1.8 .. -1.8 Lithuania 0.7 -4.1 .. -2.4 Macedonia, FYR 0.7 .. .. -5.9 -1.1 Moldova 0.7 .. .. -3.1 Poland 0.6 1.0 2.0 -2.4 -0.2 Romania 0.2 -1.8 .. -1.5 Russian Federation 0.5 -1.6 .. -1.2 0.4 Slovak Republic 0.5 -2.4 .. -4.5 Slovenia 0.3 .. .. -6.1 Tajikistan 2.8 -5.9 .. -2.6 Turkey 2.2 2.4 5.2 -4.1 Turkmenistan 3.0 -0.1 .. -1.0 . Ukraine 0.3 .. .. -1.1 -1.2 Uzbekistan 2.4 -0.8 .. -3.7 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 0.6 .. .. -4.6 Latin America & Caribbean 1.9 0.2 0.3 -2.8 Argentina 1.4 0.0 .. -3.1 0.1 Bolivia 2.1 -0.4 2.9 -3.6 0.0 Brazil 1.9 0.3 1.8 -2.0 . Chile 1.7 3.9 3.5 -7.1 -0.8 Colombia 1.9 1.7 3.0 -6.0 -0.3 Costa Rica 2.7 1.5 3.9 -3.0 0.0 Cuba 0.9 .. .. -5.1 -0.2 Dominican Republic 2.1 0.9 0.9 -4.9 -1.5 Ecuador 2.5 0.2 2.1 -4.2 El Salvador 1.6 0.4 3.3 -4.7 0.4 Guatemala 2.9 -1.0 2.3 -3.7 1.3 Haiti 1.9 -3.6 0.6 Honduras 3.2 -0.2 2.5 -2.9 1.0 Jamaica 1.1 1.5 5.0 -3.5 Mexico 1.9 0.0 2.8 .. -0.7 Nicaragua 2.8 -5.7 -1.0 -4.1 0.3 Panama 2.1 -1.1 .. -2.6 Paraguay 3.0 -0.2 3.1 -2.7 0.6 Peru 2.1 -2.0 0.7 -3.7 0.3 Puerto Rico 0.9 1.0 3.2 -3.1 Uruguay 0.6 -0.1 3.2 -4.9 0.1 Venezuela 2.5 -0.6 2.2 -1.8 . Low-income 2.0 3.3 3.0 -2.9 1.0 Lower-middle-income 1.7 -0.7 .. -3.4 Upper-middle-income 1.8 0.8 1.3 -2.9 High-income 0.6 2.1 2.3 -4.2 0.9 Xiii  Country Pages Afghanistan 2 Dominican Republic 98 Lebanon 194 St. Kitts and Nevis 290 Albania 4 Ecuador 100 Lesotho 196 St. Lucia 292 Algeria 6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 102 Liberia 198 St. Vincent and Angola 8 El Salvador 104 Libya 200 the Grenadines 294 Antigua and Barbuda 10 Equatorial Guinea 106 Lithuania 202 Sao Tom and Principe 296 Argentina 12 Estonia 108 Luxembourg 204 Saudi Arabia 298 Armenia 14 Ethiopia 110 Macedonia, FYR 206 Senegal 300 Australia 16 Fiji 112 Madagascar 208 Seychelles 302 Austria 18 Finland 114 Malawi 210 Sierra Leone 304 Azerbaijan 20 France 116 Malaysia 212 Singapore 306 Bahamas, The 22 French Polynesia 118 Maldives 214 Slovak Republic 308 Bahrain 24 Gabon 120 Mali 216 Slovenia 310 Bangladesh 26 Gambia, The 122 Malta 218 Solomon Islands 312 Barbados 28 Georgia 124 Martinique 220 Somalia 314 Belarus 30 Germany 126 Mauritania 222 South Africa 316 Belgium 32 Ghana 128 Mauritius 224 Spain 318 Belize 34 Greece 130 Mexico 226 Sri Lanka 320 Benin 36 Grenada 132 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 228 Sudan 322 Bermuda 38 Guadeloupe 134 Moldova 230 Suriname 324 Bhutan 40 Guam 136 Mongolia 232 Swaziland 326 Bolivia 42 Guatemala 138 Morocco 234 Sweden 328 Bosnia and Herzegovina 44 Guinea 140 Mozambique 236 Switzerland 330 Botswana 46 Guinea-Bissau 142 Myanmar 238 Syrian Arab Republic 332 Brazil 48 Guyana 144 Namibia 240 Tajikistan 334 Brunei 50 Haiti 146 Nepal 242 Tanzania 336 Bulgaria 52 Honduras 148 Netherlands 244 Thailand 338 Burkina Faso 54 Hong Kong 150 Netherlands Antilles 246 Togo 340 Burundi 56 Hungary 152 New Caledonia 248 Tonga 342 Cambodia 58 Iceland 154 New Zealand 250 Trinidad and Tobago 344 Cameroon 60 India 156 Nicaragua 252 Tunisia 346 Canada 62 Indonesia 158 Niger 254 Turkey 348 Cape Verde 64 Iran, Islamic Rep. 160 Nigeria 256 Turkmenistan 350 Central African Republic 66 Iraq 162 Norway 258 Uganda 352 Chad 68 Ireland 164 Oman 260 Ukraine 354 Chile 70 Israel 166 Pakistan 262 United Arab Emirates 356 China 72 Italy 168 Panama 264 United Kingdom 358 Colombia 74 Jamaica 170 Papua New Guinea 266 United States 360 Comoros 76 Japan 172 Paraguay 268 Uruguay 362 Congo 78 Jordan 174 Peru 270 Uzbekistan 364 Costa Rica 80 Kazakstan 176 Philippines 272 Vanuatu 366 C6te d'Ivoire 82 Kenya 178 Poland 274 Venezuela 368 Croatia 84 Kiribati 180 Portugal 276 Vietnam 370 Cuba 86 Korea, Dem. Rep. 182 Puerto Rico 278 Western Samoa 372 Cyprus 88 Korea, Rep. 184 Qatar 280 Yemen, Rep. 374 Czech Republic 90 Kuwait 186 R6union 282 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 376 Denmark 92 Kyrgyz Republic 188 Romania 284 Zaire 378 Djibouti 94 Lao PDR 190 Russian Federation 286 Zambia 380 Dominica 96 Latvia 192 Rwanda 288 Zimbabwe 382 1 Afghanistan Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. .. 320 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 86 467 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda Urban .. 82 367 Rural " ... SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 26 20 31 98 105 104 Male 44 27 46 110 112 105 Female " 8 13 16 87 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 194 183 .. 73 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 329 106 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 14.0 19.0 84.2 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 15.0 23.0 88.6 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. 61.5 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 38 40 44 61 63 67 Female advantage " 0.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.1 6.9 6.9 3.6 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 600 1.835 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 9.0 20.5 20.9 Urban 40.0 38.0 39.2 Rural " 5.0 17.0 17.4 Access to health care .. 49.0 40.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 (average annual, percent) 10: (average annual, percent) 10 Life expectancy 4- 5 GNP Gross per primary 0I -5 capita enrollment -2-- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Afghanistan - Afghanistan - Low-income -Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 2 Afghanistan Most Same regio/income group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 14,038 18,087 22,789 1,220,285 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.86 0.80 0.87 0.71 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 13.3 16.9 19.6 26.0 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.5 2.5 2.9 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 6.0 4.0 4.7 3.1 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 5,338 6,493 7,877 528,108 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 69 71 70 63 67 36 Industry 11 10 11 16 14 26 Female 15 34 35 32 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 38 36 35 43 50 45 Female 6 12 12 29 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 652.09 652.09 652.09 5,133.49 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 21.53 27.74 33.96 233.41 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 58.35 58.36 58.36 59.11 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 6.39 6.80 7.88 29.63 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. kr .. 19.00 19.00 658.32 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 13 58 215 6,211 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 10 50 172 1,624 8,516 5,771 Foodproductionpercapita 1987= 100 111 104 78 113 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 1.0 1.9 1.1 69.7 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 26.6 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 56 68 114 219 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 15,417 13,237 7,001 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 15,121 8,955 .. Population per hospital bed 5,025 3,699 4,003 1,675 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 26 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 8 9 15 45 48 63 Female 1 2 6 8 35 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 42 37 49 61 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 12 18 5 26 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 67 .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 27 6 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 76 69 51 35 Female %offem.(ageI5+) .. 91 85 64 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 7 6 10 26 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department April 1996 3 Albania Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe higher Unit of estimate & Central Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 360 2,270 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages " .. .. .. Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Food ,, Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 106 103 96 97 105 104 Male 109 104 95 97 112 105 Female 102 102 97 97 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 58 45 31 23 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 41 31 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 96.0 87.0 .. 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 96.0 94.0 .. 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 68 70 73 68 63 67 Female advantage 3.5 5.0 6.1 9.7 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.7 3.4 2.7 1.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 15.7 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. Urban .. .. .. Rural Access to health care .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ - (average annual, percent) 103k (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2-- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Albania - Albania - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 4 Albania Most SaMe n!eoncmeg'eay Next Iatestskieyer reant E p higlr Unit of estimat & Centml Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980s 1989-94 Asia income grorW Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (are-1994) thousands 2,402 2,957 3,202 487,445 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.80 0.66 0.61 0.54 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 32.8 34.8 37.2 65.2 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual% 2.2 2.1 1.1 0.4 1.7 1.3 Urban " 2.8 2.6 1.4 1.4 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 1,043 1,376 1,658 236,973 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 61 56 55 24 67 36 Industry 22 23 23 36 14 26 Female 39 39 41 45 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 43 47 52 49 50 45 Female " 17 18 21 43 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 28.75 28.75 28.75 24,354.02 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 83.55 102.85 110.19 19.96 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 39.42 40.58 41.09 .. 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % -3.74 -0.09 0.00 -1.26 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 30.65 35.88 30.28 6.73 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 14.48 14.49 770.81 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.01 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 17.9 .. Staples .. 3.3 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 8.0 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 92 78 647 33,202 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. .. 513 4,392 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 93 99 94 .. 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 57.9 84.6 10.7 41.4 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 27.9 55.1 12.7 27.6 14.0 Housing % ofGDP .. 4.2 .. 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 5.9 .. 5.2.. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 0.9 .. 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 662 811 422 2,756 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 5.6 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 12.3 .. Total road length thou. km .. .. 18 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,068 1,075 .. 362 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 232 .. .. 248 Population per hospital bed 141 .. 248 136 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 35 72 78 86 48 63 Female " 27 68 72 90 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 25 20 19 .. 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 18 29 20 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 100 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 48 46 52 .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 5 Algeria Most Same reon/income group Next Larest single year recent Mi-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 950 2,490 1,690 1,970 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages " .. .. .. Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 31 83 348 Lower income Food " Urban .. 79 207 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 12.7 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 93 94 103 97 104 107 Male 109 103 111 104 105 Female 75 83 96 90 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 132 88 35 48 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 49 65 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 17.0 83.0 81.1 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 33.0 89.0 83.9 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 9.2 Life expectancy Total years 54 60 69 66 67 69 Female advantage " 2.0 2.0 3.1 2.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.4 6.4 3.7 4.5 2.7 2.8 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 140 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. 62.0 Access to safe water total % of pop. .. 69.0 .. .. .. 86.2 Urban 84.0 85.0 .. 98.7 .. 94.0 Rural .. 55.0 .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb I(average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 2--GNP Gross 2 .. 0per primary capita enrollment 0 I I I -5 -2- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Algeria - Algeria - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond. based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 6 Algeria Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 16,018 21,879 27,422 266,675 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.07 0.97 0.75 0.83 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 40.3 47.5 55.0 55.7 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 3.1 3.1 2.1 2.6 1.3 1.7 Urban " 3.5 4.9 3.6 3.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 3,817 5.848 8,303 87,383 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 41 31 26 35 36 21 Industry 24 29 31 23 26 27 Female 11 21 24 25 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 24 27 30 33 45 42 Female 3 6 7 17 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 2,381.74 2,381.74 2,381.74 11,021.26 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 6.73 9.19 11.27 23.57 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 18.37 16.40 16.32 32.20 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % -1.31 -1.41 -0.81 -0.80 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.56 0.87 1.44 10.48 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 43.84 40.61 445.40 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.76 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 19.9 Staples .. .. 6.2 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 5.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,669 5,266 5,821 38,370 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 54 2 15 1,249 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 125 106 103 104 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 2.8 7.2 3.4 98.2 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % ofGDP 9.9 8.2 9.5 11.9 14.0 8.0 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 5.7 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 2.2 .. 6.5 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 369 868 1,030 1,232 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 3.2 Fixed investment: transport equipment 5.9 .. 2.3 Total road length thou. km 78 78 96 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 8,095 2,341 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. 331 .. Population per hospital bed 352 .. 400 623 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 27 56 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 20 51 61 59 63 59 Female 14 44 55 51 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 41 28 27 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 27 22 17 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 93 96 98 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 13 8 7 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 74 51 38 37 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 65 51 50 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 18 26 38 34 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 7 Angola Most Same regioniome group Next Latet single year recent - Lower- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator meaure 1970-75 198045 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. .. 500 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Food a Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 3.3 10.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 66 107 88 71 104 107 Male 85 118 95 77 105 Female " 48 96 87 64 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 173 149 119 92 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. .. 161 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 43.0 39.0 51.4 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 7.0 26.0 53.5 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 20.0 Life expectancy Total years 38 42 47 52 67 69 Female advantage " 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.6 7.0 7.3 5.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 1,562 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 30.1 37.6 .. .. 86.2 Urban .. 79.8 75.0 .. .. 94.0 Rural .. 14.8 18.5 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 70.0 24.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10* -Life expectancy 4- 5 2- 0 GNP Gross pe primary capitaenrollment -2 -0 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Angola - Angola - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. 'Te development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 8 Angola Most Some wtonoe group Neit latest single year recent Nmb- Lowe. higer Unit of estimate Saharan nmddle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa Income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 6,110 7,976 10,442 571,902 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.89 0.96 1.03 0.94 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 17.8 24.5 31.4 30.6 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.5 2.7 3.1 2.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 5.7 5.6 5.7 4.9 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 3,164 3,852 4,907 254,250 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 77 76 75 65 36 21 Industry 7 8 8 9 26 27 Female 47 47 46 41 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 48 47 44 45 42 Female " 24 23 22 37 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,246.70 1,246.70 1,246.70 24,273.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 4.90 6.40 8.12 22.90 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 25.99 25.99 26.07 50.61 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.86 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 248.12 230.74 5,323.14 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.72 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 50.6 Staples .. .. 19.9 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 15.6 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 163 284 346 14,051 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. 84 111 5,079 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 131 100 85 102 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 0.6 0.2 5.3 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. 13.6 11.9 19.5 14.0 8.0 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 8.1 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 3.9 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 3.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 151 126 91 251 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 1.3 Total road length thou. km 72 72 77 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 8,597 16,143 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,715 921 .. Population per hospital bed " 368 .. 772 1,316 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 48 37 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 9 14 14 24 63 59 Female " 8 .. .. 23 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 32 31 32 40 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 18 .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. 44 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 36 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 64 58 53 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 77 72 54 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 13 13 12 12 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 9 Antigua and Barbuda Most Same region/Income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income ladicator measurw 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. . .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 3,440 6,970 3.310 4,710 24.030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 .. Lower income " Food , Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 110 107 104 Male .. .. .. .. 104 Female .. .. .. .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 24 19 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 200 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 73.0 89.0 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT' .. 94.0 99.0 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 9.9 .. Life expectancy Total years 67 72 75 68 69 77 Female advantage " 3.8 3.9 6.1 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.6 2.0 1.7 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 80.1 86.2 Urban " .. .. .. 90.1 94.0 Rural .. .. .. 57.7 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) t0+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment 0 I -5 -2 - -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Antigua and Barbuda - Antigua and Barbuda - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 10 Antigua and Barbuda Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent LAIn Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle. Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 63 63 67 470,899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio .. .. 0.58 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 30.8 30.8 34.1 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % -1.2 0.7 1.0 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " -3.4 0.0 1.5 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 193.896 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 26 21 5 Industry .. .. .. 24 27 31 Female .. .. .. 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 41 42 49 Female .. .. .. 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.44 0.44 0.44 20,504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 143.18 143.18 152.27 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 25.00 27.27 27.27 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.10 0.10 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.20 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 6 5 5 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. 0 1 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 54 98 93 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 4.3 3.2 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 4.3 .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 4,365 1,746 1,955 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,870 .. 284 Population per nurse 461 .. .. Population per hospital bed 153 .. 170 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 50 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 51 59 97 Female .. .. .. .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 22 .. .. 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 24 .. 15 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 2 .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 5 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 63 95 92 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 11 Argentina Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper. higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 2,680 3,050 8,060 3,310 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " Consumer price index 1987=100 0 23 1,329,445 Lower income Fooda Urban " .. 22 1,157,943 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 15.6 17.8 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 106 107 107 110 107 104 Male " 106 107 108 .. .. 104 Female " 106 108 107 .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 48 32 23 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 27 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 90.0 99.0 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT " .. 66.0 84.0 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 67 70 72 68 69 77 Female advantage 6.7 6.9 7.1 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 85 140 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 35.6 48.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. 79.1 .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 66.0 55.7 64.3 80.1 86.2 Urban 76.0 63.0 73.0 90.1 94.0 Rural " 26.0 17.0 16.9 57.7 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 I GNP Gross 2-- 0- per primary 0 I I -5 capita enrollment -2 .--10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Argentina - Argentina - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 12 Argentina Most Sicome groua Next Latest single year recent Lain Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income grou Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 26,049 30,325 34,194 470,899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.58 0.64 0.62 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 80.7 84.8 87.8 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 2.2 2.0 1.5 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 10,000 11,438 13,225 193,896 198.841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 14 13 12 26 21 5 Industry " 34 33 32 24 27 31 Female " 26 28 30 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 38 38 39 41 42 49 Female 10 11 12 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 2,766.89 2,766.89 2,766.89 20,504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 9.41 10.96 12.21 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 62.32 62.08 61.83 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.03 -0.06 -0.06 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.84 0.95 1.00 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 600.50 592.00 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.14 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 50 47 51 Share of bottom 40% of households 14 16 14 Share of bottom 20% of households 4 5 5 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 23.1 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. 2.6 .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 8.4 .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 0 1 8 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 1.565 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 96 106 101 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.4 1.0 1.4 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 6.6 7.6 4.9 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. 6.5 .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.8 .. 4.0 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 6.2 .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.6 .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1,307 1,295 1,399 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 8.6 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 2.3 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 207 212 216 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 535 370 .. Population per nurse 961 980 .. Population per hospital bed 179 .. 218 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 80 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 54 70 72 51 59 97 Female " 57 74 75 .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 18 20 .. 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 7 8 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 73 76 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 9 .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 7 5 4 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 6 4 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 106 130 143 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 13 Armenia Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe higher Unit of estimate & Central Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 670 2,270 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " .. .. . Food" "a.. .. .. Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 8.2 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 90 97 105 104 Male .. .. 87 97 112 105 Female .. .. 93 97 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 25 15 23 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 25 31 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 86.2 77.4 DPT .. .. .. .. 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 72 73 71 68 63 67 Female advantage " 6.0 5.2 6.5 9.7 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.8 2.5 2.0 1.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 27 35 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. Urban " .. .. .. Rural Access to health care " .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 GNP Gross 0 I I -5 -2 -- -10 -- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water L Armenia - Armenia - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 14 Armenia Most Sea eIoNRncome grosy Next Latest single year recent Earope higher Unit of estimate & Cental LOw- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 As income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,826 3,339 3,748 487,445 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.67 .. 0.58 0.54 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 63.0 66.6 68.5 65.2 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.1 1.4 0.4 0.4 1.7 1.3 Urban 3.3 1.7 0.8 1.4 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 1,193 1,518 1,695 236,973 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 24 19 18 24 67 36 Industry " 40 43 43 36 14 26 Female 47 48 47 45 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 42 45 45 49 50 45 Female " 20 22 21 43 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 29.80 29.80 29.80 24,354.02 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 94.83 112.05 125.23 19.96 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 44.93 49.08 44.72 .. 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % .. -0.93 0.08 -1.26 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 22.34 21.60 22.76 6.73 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households ' .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 350 33,202 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " .. .. 143 4,392 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 11.9 41.4 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. 14.7 49.6 12.7 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 4.7 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. 1,479 667 2,756 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 9 12 8 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 288 261 261 362 .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 129 109 101 248 Population per hospital bed 116 119 120 136 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 85 86 48 63 Female .. .. 90 90 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 1 .. 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 15 Australia Most Same regioincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High. Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 7,770 11,380 17,980 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 34 85 134 Lower income Fooda , 22 87 131 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 107 106 108 104 Male " 107 107 108 104 Female " 107 105 107 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 14 10 6 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 8 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 68.0 68.0 82.7 DPT .. .. 90.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 72 75 77 77 Female advantage 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 11 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 27.1 29.4 35.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. Urban " .. Rural Access to health care .. 98.6 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5-- 2 -_-_0_ __ I GNP Gross 2 0per Primary 4--.capita enrollment 0 I -5 -2 - -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [] Australia - Australia - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 16 Australia Most Same regionfincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 13,893 15,758 17,843 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.57 0.51 0.49 0.49 Urban % of pop. 85.9 85.5 84.8 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.2 1.4 1.0 0.7 Urban " 1.4 1.3 0.9 0.8 Labor force thousands 6.022 7,494 8,955 416.550 Agriculture % of labor force 7 6 6 5 Industry " 34 29 26 31 Female " 34 39 42 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 43 48 50 49 Female 15 19 21 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 7,713.36 7,713.36 7,713.36 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 1.80 2.04 2.29 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 63.69 61.87 61.45 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.18 -0.02 1.24 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.30 0.36 0.44 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1,456.07 1,456.13 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 26 Share of bottom 40% of households .. 16 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 8.3 8.1 8.6 Staples .. 1.2 1.6 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. 3.6 3.2 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 4 25 32 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 =100 102 103 113 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 1.5 2.4 3.0 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 5.0 4.0 3.2 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. 13.7 12.4 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.3 3.0 Urban 3.3 2.9 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 24.5 5.3 5.6 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.4 1.3 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 4,393 4,694 5,173 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households 98.9 Rural 95.1 Transport and communication % of GDP .. 8.7 9.1 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. 4.2 1.8 2.1 Total road length thou. km 845 797 810 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 834 524 Population per nurse " .. 140 Population per hospital bed " 83 .. 183 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 87 80 84 97 Female " 87 81 86 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 21 16 17 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 15 12 12 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 76 96 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. ..t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. ..t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 383 273 263 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 17 Austria Most Same reginatncome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita USS 5,150 8,740 24,950 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 59 97 124 Lower income Fooda 47 97 117 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 102 100 103 104 Male 102 101 103 104 Female 101 99 103 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 21 11 6 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 7 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 90.0 60.0 82.7 DPT .. 90.0 90.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 71 73 77 77 Female advantage " 7.3 7.2 6.3 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 11 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 51.4 50.6 49.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 100.0 Urban . 100.0 100.0 Rural . 100.0 100.0 Access to health care . Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per 1 primary capita enrollment 0 I I ---5-- - -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Austria Austria - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 18 Austria Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 7,556 7,555 8,028 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.62 0.48 0.49 0.49 Urban % of pop. 53.2 55.2 55.5 77.5 Population growth rate annual % -0.1 0.0 0.5 0.7 Urban " 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 3,261 3,474 3,638 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 12 9 8 5 Industry 42 39 38 31 Female 39 41 41 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 43 46 45 49 Female " 17 19 18 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 83.85 83.85 83.85 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 90.11 90.10 95.28 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 45.82 42.44 41.73 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.08 0.09 -1.15 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.11 0.11 0.12 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 37.35 38.77 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.37 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 11.4 10.3 9.2 8.6 Staples " 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " 5.5 4.8 4.1 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 146 107 184 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 88 99 98 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 82.6 110.6 75.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 5.0 3.3 2.3 2.3 Housing % of GDP 7.7 11.1 10.4 11.6 Average household size persons per household 2.9 2.7 Urban .. 2.4 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 5.9 2.5 5.3 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.4 3.3 2.4 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,698 3,072 3,276 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 8.5 10.0 10.1 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.7 1.9 2.4 2.1 Total road length thou. km 103 107 110 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 543 388 231 Population per nurse 303 184 Population per hospital bed 92 90 95 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 74 99 107 97 Female 76 94 104 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 19 10 11 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 17 10 8 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 94 99 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enmll 5 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 318 361 393 316 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 19 Azerbaijan Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe higher Unit of estimate & Central Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 500 2,270 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " .. .. .. Food a Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 8.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 89 97 105 104 Male .. .. 91 97 112 105 Female .. .. 87 97 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 29 25 23 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 34 31 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 86.2 77.4 DPT' .. .. .. .. 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 69 69 69 68 63 67 Female advantage 7.6 7.7 8.7 9.7 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.9 2.9 2.5 1.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 39 29 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. Urban .. .. .. Rural Access to health care " .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 0+(average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-5 GNP Gross 2 0--per primary 0: 1 -5 capita enollment -2 - -101 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan -- Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 20 Azerbaijan Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe higher Unit of estimate & Central Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 5,689 6,669 7,459 487,445 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.84 0.61 0.62 0.54 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 51.5 53.6 55.5 65.2 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 1.8 1.6 0.7 0.4 1.7 1.3 Urban 2.4 1.9 1.3 1.4 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,215 2,847 3,210 236,973 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 35 33 31 24 67 36 Industry " 28 29 29 36 14 26 Female 46 45 44 45 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 39 43 43 49 50 45 Female " 18 19 19 43 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 86.60 86.60 86.60 24,354.02 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 65.69 77.01 85.50 19.96 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. .. 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.23 2.44 -1.26 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 26.85 30.65 23.81 6.73 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 480 33,202 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. .. 12 4,392 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = i00 .. .. .. .. 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 12.9 41.4 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 25.2 27.1 12.7 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 4.8 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. 4,927 1,414 2,756 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 25 30 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 345 264 257 362 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 122 107 106 248 Population per hospital bed 104 101 96 136 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 88 86 48 63 Female .. .. 88 90 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 3 .. 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 21 The Bahamas Most Same regionicome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 2,960 8,550 11,790 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 48 90 136 Lower income " .. Fooda " 39 85 135 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 99 97 104 Male .. 100 100 104 Female .. 98 103 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 34 27 23 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 28 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 62.0 87.0 82.7 DPT .. 62.0 86.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 66 70 73 77 Female advantage " 6.7 7.5 7.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.4 3.2 2.1 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 38 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 7.5 12.1 4.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 65.0 Urban 100.0 100.0 Rural 13.0 Access to health care " .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 0 I I GNP Gross per Ipr S..*capita enrollment 0* II I -5 --c itet -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 The Bahamas - The Bahamas - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 22 The Bahamas Most Same region/ncome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 189 232 272 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.84 0.65 0.51 0.49 Urban % of pop. 73.4 79.7 85.9 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 2.1 1.3 2.0 0.7 Urban 2.6 2.5 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 81 108 139 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 6 5 5 5 Industry 19 16 15 31 Female " 42 44 46 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 43 46 51 49 Female 18 21 24 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 13.88 13.88 13.88 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 13.62 16.7 1 19.24 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 1.00 1.20 1.20 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 9.09 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 2.30 1.86 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 2.14 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 51 Share of bottom 40% of households 12 Share of bottom 20% of households 3 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 7.4 .. 8.6 Staples " .. 1.3 .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 2.8 .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 14 20 14 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 85 96 72 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 114.1 41.7 25.0 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 1.9 .. 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. 13.8 .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 4.1 Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 4.8 .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.9 .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 9,233 6,586 6,864 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. 10.2 .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 2.9 .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,315 1,060 692 Population per nurse 263 206 211 Population per hospital bed 196 227 257 145 Oral rebydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 54 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 86 91 97 Female " .. 91 95 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 27 19 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 37 19 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 2 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 2 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 164 168 134 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 23 Bahrain Most Same regohcome group Next Latest single year recent MidEast Upper- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income goup Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 8,130 7,500 1,970 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " Consumer price index 1987=100 48 104 107 Lower income . Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 96 112 111 97 107 104 Male 107 109 109 104 .. 104 Female 85 116 112 90 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 55 36 19 48 36 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 20 65 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 50.0 85.0 81.1 82.9 82.7 DPT " .. 64.0 97.0 83.9 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. Life expectancy Total years 64 67 72 66 69 77 Female advantage " 3.7 2.5 4.3 2.5 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.2 4.9 3.6 4.5 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 34 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 15.4 2.1 5.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 86.2 Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.7 94.0 Rural " 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 GNP Gross per I primary capita enrollment 0 + -5 -2 -10-- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Bahrain - Bahrain Upper-middle-income Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 24 Bahrain Most Same regionRncome group Next Latest single year recent Mdupper- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- twome Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Afrka Income grup Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 262 425 552 266,675 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.82 0.52 0.63 0.83 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 79.2 84.1 89.7 55.7 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 4.7 4.3 2.4 2.6 1.7 0.7 Urban " 4.8 5.2 3.0 3.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 91 174 242 87,383 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 5 3 2 35 21 5 Industry 35 31 29 23 27 31 Female 7 14 18 25 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 35 41 44 33 42 49 Female 3 6 8 17 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.68 0.68 0.68 11,021.26 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 385.29 625.00 792.65 23.57 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 8.82 8.82 8.82 32.20 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.80 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 16.67 16.67 16.67 10.48 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.00 0.00 445.40 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 30 86 91 38,370 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 1,249 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. 104 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 3.8 80.0 116.7 98.2 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 1.2 0.9 11.9 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .1 .. .. .. I1.6 Average household size persons per household 6.4 .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 9,267 11,398 13,768 1,232 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. 3 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,333 820 .. Population per nurse 252 370 .. Population per hospital bed 230 302 .. 623 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 73 56 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 52 97 99 59 59 97 Female 55 97 101 51 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 22 20 21 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 24 21 20 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 99 100 96 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 9 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 60 27 15 37 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 37 21 50 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 101 45 82 34 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 25 Bangladesh Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. . .. Headcount index % of pop. .. 79 48 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. 54 28 GNP per capita US$ 150 150 230 320 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 32 82 151 Lower income " Food" " 5 . .. .. Urban " .. 80 135 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 2.4 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 73 60 111 98 105 104 Male 95 70 128 110 112 105 Female 51 50 105 87 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 140 128 81 73 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. I17 106 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 1.0 73.9 84.2 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 2.0 71.1 88.6 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) 84.4 70.1 67.0 61.5 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 45 50 57 61 63 67 Female advantage " -1.5 -0.8 1.4 1.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.0 0.0 3.6 3.6 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 3,000 887 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 641.9 46.7 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 56.0 40.6 78.2 Urban " 22.0 24.0 38.5 Rural 61.0 43.0 89.5 Access to health care .. 45.0 74.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 0(average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5- 0 GNP Gross perprmy capita enrolment 0 I I [ -5 -ite t -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Bangladesh - Bangladesh - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 26 Bangladesh Most Some regionAncome group Next Latest sisgle year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low. income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 76,582 98,028 117,941 1,220,285 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.98 0.92 0.89 0.71 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 9.3 13.4 17.8 26.0 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.8 2.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 6.5 5.7 4.5 3.1 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 29,202 46,868 58,873 528,108 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 77 69 65 63 67 36 Industry " 7 12 16 16 14 26 Female " 15 42 42 32 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 38 48 50 43 50 45 Female " 6 20 21 29 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 144.00 144.00 144.00 5,133.49 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 531.82 680.75 806.64 233.41 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 74.74 74.79 79.08 59.11 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.04 0.03 0.00 -0.02 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 14.81 21.29 30.11 29.63 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 11.45 7.69 658.32 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 3.90 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 42 39 38 Share of bottom 40% of households 18 22 23 Share of bottom 20% of households 7 9 9 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 49.1 .. Staples .. 29.9 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 9.7 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 2,551 2,583 1,175 6,211 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 2,076 1,500 719 1,624 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 112 103 104 113 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 22.1 55.5 92.1 69.7 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 62.0 41.8 30.4 26.6 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 14.5 .. Average household size persons per household 5.6 5.8 5.4 Urban 5.9 6.1 5.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 5.7 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 5.4 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 23 40 65 219 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. 2.6 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. 1.3 .. Total road length thou. km 4 10 14 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 8,447 6,560 5,309 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 65,781 8,755 11,549 Population per hospital bed 6,467 3,508 3,246 1,675 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 26 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 26 18 19 45 48 63 Female I I 11 12 35 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 52 47 45 61 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 24 28 43 26 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 29 45 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 18 23 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 74 68 62 51 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 81 74 64 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 5 6 6 26 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 27 Barbados Most Same region/ncone group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 1,700 4,490 6,530 3,310 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages " .. Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 41 96 131 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda 17 93 127 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 103 85 90 110 107 104 Male " 103 85 90 .. .. 104 Female " 103 86 91 .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 33 13 10 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 10 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 84.0 87.0 78.7 82.9 82.7 DFI " .. 83.0 91.0 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 5.3 .. Life expectancy Total years 69 73 75 68 69 77 Female advantage 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.7 1.9 1.8 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 24 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 13.7 21.6 25.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 100.0 99.4 .. 80.1 86.2 Urban 100.0 100.0 .. 90.1 94.0 Rural 100.0 99.0 .. 57.7 64.8 Access to health care " .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5- G3NP Gross 2 ~ -*- -~ ... 0per. primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Barbados - Barbados - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators. shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 28 Barbados Most Same region/income group Next Latst single year recent Latin Upper, higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 246 253 260 470,899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.72 0.64 0.54 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 38.6 42.2 47.1 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 1.1 1.0 1.3 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 103 121 134 193,896 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 13 8 7 26 21 5 Industry 31 24 23 24 27 31 Female 42 44 46 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 42 48 52 41 42 49 Female 17 21 24 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.43 0.43 0.43 20,504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 572.09 588.37 604.65 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 41.86 41.86 41.86 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.10 0.10 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 44 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households 19 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " 7 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 22.4 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples " .. 4.6 .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 12.0 .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 38 59 54 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals 1 0 0 .. 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 104 98 81 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 233.3 185.1 150.0 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 11.5 5.6 4.3 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. 11.7 .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 4.0 .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 3.7 .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 3.7 .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1,313 1,648 1,396 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 4.3 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 1.7 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 1 2 2 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,912 1,124 .. Population per nurse 296 223 .. Population per hospital bed 98 117 .. 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 15 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 77 88 85 51 59 97 Female 1 81 88 80 .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. 21 17 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 20 20 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 64 91 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 1 .. 3 14 13 Female % of fern. (age 15+) .. .. 3 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 100 158 158 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 29 Belarus Most Some region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 2,160 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. 141 3862 Unskilled rural wages " 155 3507 Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 Lower income Fooda ,, 91 2,332 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 8.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 109 96 97 104 107 Male .. .. 96 97 105 Female .. .. 95 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 15 13 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 19 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 71 71 69 68 67 69 Female advantage " 8.9 8.8 10.9 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 29 25 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 43.2 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. 100.0 .. .. 94.0 Rural .. 100.0 . .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 - (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 2 -- .0. II GNP Gross -- per primary 0 1f5 - - capita enrollment 0 II ' -5 -2 -- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water l Belarus - Belarus - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 30 Belarus Moast Same swgiondnem group Next Lwat Single year recent Euope Lower- higher Um of eutmae & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 198045 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 9,367 9,975 10,356 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.55 0.49 0.51 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 50.3 61.8 70.3 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban " 3.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 4,690 5,192 5,285 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 30 23 20 24 36 21 Industry 36 39 40 36 26 27 Female 50 49 49 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 50 52 51 49 45 42 Female 25 26 25 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 207.60 207.60 207.60 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 45.12 48.05 49.89 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. -0.16 -0.39 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.42 1.65 1.07 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 59.83 62.56 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.45 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 33 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. 26 Share of bottom 20% of households ".. .. I EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 1,250 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " .. .. 246 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 91.1 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. 27.2 16.9 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 3.2 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 5.2.. Fuel and power %ofGDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. 3,897 2,692 2.756 1,602 1.618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 46 55 51 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 331 257 236 362 3,064 Population per nurse 110 92 89 248 Population per hospital bed 88 77 80 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 99 92 86 63 59 Female .. 96 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy %of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 2 .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) 15 .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 31 Belgium Most Same regionfincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 6,480 7,970 22,920 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 51 97 120 Lower income " .. Fooda 39 99 109 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 102 99 99 104 Male 102 99 99 104 Female " 102 99 100 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. ive births 16 10 8 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 10 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 90.0 75.0 82.7 DPT .. 95.0 94.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. . Life expectancy Total years 71 74 76 77 Female advantage " 6.5 6.9 6.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births 10 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 47.7 41.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 100.0 Urban .. .. 100,0 Rural .. .. 100.0 Access to health care " .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 0 I I GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment 0 - F -- -- I -2 -10-- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Belgium - Belgium - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 32 Belgium Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 9,795 9,858 10,116 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.57 0.48 0.51 0.49 Urban % of pop. 94.9 96.0 96.9 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.7 Urban 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.8 Labor force thousands 3,779 3,986 4,111 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 4 3 3 5 Industry " 40 31 28 31 Female 32 37 40 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 39 40 41 49 Female " 12 15 16 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km .. .. 30.52 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 320.90 323.00 330.40 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual% .. .. .. -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. .. .. 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 6.01 6.20 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.31 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 12.4 11.7 9.7 8.6 Staples 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " 6.7 6.5 5.2 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. .. 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987= 100 .. .. .. 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 2.8 2.2 1.6 2.3 Housing % of GDP 9.6 12.8 10.3 11.6 Average household size persons per household 2.9 2.7 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 5.7 1.6 4.3 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 3.6 5.0 2.7 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 4,346 4,537 5,091 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 6.9 8.3 7.9 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.9 1.7 2.2 2.1 Total road length thou. km 125 128 138 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 647 331 Population per nurse " .. 108 Population per hospital bed " 120 107 121 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 84 102 103 97 Female " 83 102 104 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 19 17 10 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 79 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 24 17 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. ..t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 239 220 309 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 33 Belize Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 35 Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. 7 GNP per capita US$ 830 1,180 2,550 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 97 118 Lower income " Food' ' .. 98 123 Urban " 123 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 9.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 103 107 I1o 104 107 Male " 106 111 .. 105 Female " 100 107 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 54 38 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 47 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 81.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. 84.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 5.7 .. Life expectancy Total years 59 65 69 68 67 69 Female advantage " 3.9 3.9 6.4 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.4 5.5 4.3 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 7.2 6.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban .. 100.0 .. 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural " .. 38.0 .. 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 75.0 95.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 0 GNP Gross -2-04 per primary capita enrollment 0 I I -5 -2 1 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Belize - Belize - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 34 Belize Most Same swgionlncome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lawer- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 129 166 211 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.08 1.05 0.82 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 50.2 48.5 47.0 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 1.8 2.6 2.8 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban 1 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 40 52 68 193.896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 39 35 33 26 36 21 Industry 18 18 19 24 26 27 Female 20 20 22 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 31 31 32 41 45 42 Female 6 6 7 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 22.96 22.96 22.96 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 5.62 7.23 8.93 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 3.73 4.43 4.61 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.19 4.12 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.18 1.98 1.90 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 20.46 19.96 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.25 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 24.2 Staples .. .. 9.1 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 7.6 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 13 10 17 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 1 I 0 5 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 79 90 99 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 24.7 24.0 61.9 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 17.8 16.8 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 9.8 Average household size persons per household 5.2 .. 5.4 Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 6.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 3.4 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 504 458 417 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 10.7 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 5.7 Total road length thou. km .. 2 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,927 3,682 2,030 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 442 497 490 Population per hospital bed 185 .. 357 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 92 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 42 38 51 63 59 Female .. 46 42 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 26 25 26 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 14 13 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 65 .. 72 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 9 .. 9 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 31 18 .. 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 35 Benin Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. 39,286 Headcount index % of pop. 15 GNP per capita US$ 220 280 370 500 390 1.670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. . Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 50 68 64 71 105 104 Male 70 90 87 77 112 105 Female " 31 45 41 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 151 118 96 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 157 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 23.0 70.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 17.0 67.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 45 48 50 52 63 67 Female advantage 2.7 3.3 3.1 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 1,700 2,500 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 34.0 16.3 49.0 Urban " 83.0 26.0 .. Rural " 20.0 16.0 46.1 Access to health care .. .. 42.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) 10 Life expectancy 4 5 4..4 GNP Gross 0 per primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Benin - Benin - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 36 Benin Most Some regionhacome group Neit Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 3,029 4,043 5,325 571,902 3.182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.94 0.97 0.99 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 24.9 34.8 41.1 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.6 3.2 2.8 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 8.1 5.1 4.6 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 1,536 1,879 2,377 254,250 1,590,533 488647 Agriculture % of labor force 74 65 63 65 67 36 Industry " 6 8 8 9 14 26 Female 48 47 48 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 51 46 45 44 50 45 Female 24 22 21 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 112.62 112.62 112.62 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 26.90 35.90 45.97 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 20.00 20.61 20.99 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.61 0.88 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.18 0.26 0.43 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 56.44 49.47 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.31 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 30.5 .. Staples .. 9.9 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 11.3 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 12 95 998 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 9 21 19 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 93 112 121 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 1.1 5.0 6.9 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 30.5 32.0 34.2 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 9.8 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 4.0 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.0 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 53 47 18 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 11.6 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 1.0 .. Total road length thou. km 7 8 6 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 28,570 13,705 16,435 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 2,597 2,800 4,180 Population per hospital bed 851 2,800 4,281 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rebydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 28 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 9 17 16 24 48 63 Female 5 10 9 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 53 33 46 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 38 37 41 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 64 63 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 21 27 27 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 81 75 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 88 84 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 1 0 2 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 37 Bermuda Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 7.570 18,120 27,720 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 Lower income " Food ". 93 123 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 104 Male 104 Female 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. .. 8 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. .. 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 63.0 82.7 DPT .. .. 62.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years .. .. .. 77 Female advantage .. .. .. 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman .. .. .. 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. Urban " .. Rural Access to health care " .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 (average annual, percent) 10k (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- GNP Gross 20per F--Aprimary capita enrollment 0 -- -2 - -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Bermuda - Bermuda - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond. based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 38 Bermuda Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High. Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 53 56 63 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio .. . .. 0.49 Urban % of pop. 99.9 99.9 99.9 77.5 Population growth rate annual % -0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 Urban " -0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 Labor force thousands .. .. 416.550 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 5 Industry .. .. .. 31 Female .. .. .. 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 49 Female .. .. .. 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.05 0.05 0.05 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 1,060.00 1,120.00 1,240.00 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % .. .. .. -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. .. .. 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.01 0.01 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income Share of bottom 40% of households " .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 3 5 3 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.4 2.9 2.6 Urban 3.1 2.9 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 3,623 3,143 2,794 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural .. Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 846 1,333 Population per nurse ". Population per hospital bed " 107 .. .. 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 97 Female .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 21 17 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 14 11 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 97 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 7 .. Illiteracy %of pop. (age 15+) 2 .. Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 208 321 258 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 39 Bhutan Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 400 320 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 86 167 Lower income .. .. .. Food .. .. 190 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 5.9 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 6 27 70 98 105 104 Male " 11 34 81 110 112 105 Female 1 19 60 87 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. .. .. 73 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. .. 106 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 11.0 70.0 84.2 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 10.0 80.0 88.6 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. 61.5 38.2 Life expectancy Total years .. .. .. 61 63 67 Female advantage .. .. .. 1.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman .. .. .. 3.6 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 773 370 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 3.5 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water total % of pop. .. 15.1 54.0 Urban .. 40.0 60.0 Rural " .. 14.0 30.0 Access to health care .. 50.0 80.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 20GNP Gross per primr capita enrollment 0 I I -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Bhutan - Bhutan - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 40 Bhutan Most Same regionlincome group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 438 539 675 1,220,285 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio .. .. 0.83 0.71 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. .. .. .. 26.0 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 1.5 2.0 2.9 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban .. .. .. 3.1 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 528,108 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 63 67 36 Industry .. .. .. 16 14 26 Female .. .. .. 32 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 43 50 45 Female .. .. .. 29 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 47.00 47.00 47.00 5,133.49 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 9.32 11.47 13.94 233.41 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 7.94 8.43 8.66 59.11 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.54 0.51 0.00 -0.02 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 5.90 7.58 8.35 29.63 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 29.73 28.09 658.32 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.57 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 3 12 35 6,211 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. 5 3 1,624 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 88 93 89 113 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.3 0.3 0.3 69.7 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % ofGDP .. 51.7 36.5 26.6 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. 26 33 219 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. 9,769 6,250 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. 1,251 .. Population per hospital bed .. .. 619 1,675 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 85 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 1 4 .. 45 48 63 Female 0 1 .. 35 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 24 39 33 61 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. 8 24 26 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 68 58 51 35 Female % of fem. (age l5+) .. 81 72 64 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. 26 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 41 Bolivia Most Same regnincome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 400 440 770 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 0 23 249 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda ., Urban " .. 24 184 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 85 87 87 110 104 107 Male 94 92 92 .. 105 Female 76 81 81 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 151 109 71 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 110 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 17.0 73.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT" .. 24.0 58.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 14.5 13.4 Life expectancy Total years 47 54 60 68 67 69 Female advantage " 4.4 3.7 3.3 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 5.3 4.7 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 480 373 . Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 18.6 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 34.0 41.9 46.3 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 81.0 75.0 77.4 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 6.0 13.0 15.2 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual. percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 2 - -0 I II GNP Gross 2 .- 0per primar 0-7 1- capita \ 7 --e nrollment 0 I II -5 --c iser Im n -2 - -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Bolivia - Bolivia - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 42 Bolivia Most Same reWo wuomer Ts Next Latest singl year recent we higher Unit of estimate America middle- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,759 5,895 7,237 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.87 0.88 0.80 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 41.5 50.6 57.6 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.5 2.0 2.4 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban 2.8 4.0 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1,786 2,293 2,900 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 54 50 47 26 36 21 Industry 19 18 18 24 26 27 Female 33 35 37 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 38 39 40 41 45 42 Female 12 14 15 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,098.58 1,098.58 1,098.58 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 4.33 5.37 6.43 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 26.82 26.83 26.63 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.13 -0.07 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.41 0.55 0.61 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 556.59 493.17 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.20 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 59 .. 48 Share of bottom 40% of households " 13 .. 15 Share of bottom 20% of households " 4 .. 6 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 29.4 .. Staples " .. 6.9 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. 12.8 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 241 400 298 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 22 Ill 227 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 98 98 106 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 0.2 0.5 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 20.3 36.9 .. 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 9.6 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.8 1.2 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.3 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 248 296 307 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 9.0 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 6.7 1.8 .. Total road length thou. km 37 41 46 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,040 1,434 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 2,992 2,292 .. Population per hospital bed 486 .. 759 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 63 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 31 37 37 51 63 59 Female " 20 32 32 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 22 25 25 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 19 .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 52 59 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 28 17 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 36 24 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 42 49 57 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 43 Bosnia and Herzegovina Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe higher Unit of estimate & Central Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. .. 2,270 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 97 105 104 Male .. .. .. 97 112 105 Female .. .. .. 97 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou, live births 51 27 19 23 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 23 31 101 47 Immumzation Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 86.2 77.4 DPT" .. .. .. .. 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 67 71 71 68 63 67 Female advantage " 4.3 5.5 5.2 9.7 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.6 2.0 1.6 1.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov-t exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. Urban .. .. .. Rural Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 44 Bosnia and Herzegovina Most Same regionicome group Next Latest single year recent Europe higher Unit of estimate & Central Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 3,980 4,316 4,383 487,445 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.57 0.44 0.45 0.54 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 31.3 40.0 48.1 65.2 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 1.1 1.2 0.0 0.4 1.7 1.3 Urban 3.7 3.5 1.9 1.4 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 1,506 1,727 1,965 236,973 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 38 18 11 24 67 36 Industry " 33 42 47 36 14 26 Female 35 35 38 45 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 38 40 45 49 50 45 Female 13 14 17 43 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km .. 51.13 51.13 24,354.02 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km .. 80.72 85.72 19.96 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. 38.04 .. 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % .. .. 0.00 -1.26 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. .. 0.10 6.73 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 23.60 23.30 770.81 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.13 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. .. 33,202 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " .. .. .. 4,392 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 5.2 41.4 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. . .. 12.7 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. .. 2.756 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. .. .. 362 .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. .. .. 248 Population per hospital bed .. .. .. 136 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 86 48 63 Female .. .. .. 90 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " .. .. .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. 118 .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 45 Botswana Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- Lower- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNPpercapita US$ 390 1,020 2,800 500 1,670 4.710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 28 83 221 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 72 105 116 71 104 107 Male 65 99 113 77 105 Female " 79 110 120 64 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 95 50 34 92 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 41 161 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 68.0 .. 51.4 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 68.0 .. 53.5 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 27.0 .. Life expectancy Total years 51 65 68 52 67 69 Female advantage 3.1 3.8 3.9 3.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.9 6.8 4.5 5.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 250 220 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 0.6 3.6 3.2 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 45.0 55.8 .. .. .. 86.2 Urban 95.0 98.0 .. .. .. 94.0 Rural " 39.0 46.0 .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 415 2 0 GNP Gross per primary 1 capita enrollment -2 --10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Botswana - Botswana Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 46 Botswana Moat S Next Latest single year recent lwer- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle. iWome Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Aftica income goMP Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 755 1,075 1,443 571,902 1,096.881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.10 0.97 0.85 0.94 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 12.0 19.5 29.6 30.6 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 3.8 3.5 2.9 2.8 1.3 1.7 Urban 10.0 8.1 6.9 4.9 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 340 472 636 254,250 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 71 54 46 65 36 21 Industry " 7 14 20 9 26 27 Female 52 48 46 41 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 45 44 44 44 45 42 Female " 23 21 20 37 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 581.73 581.73 581.73 24,273.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 1.30 1.85 2.41 22.90 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 46.90 46.99 47.23 50.61 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.86 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 150.29 142.61 5,323.14 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.52 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 60 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " 12 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " 4 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 14.2 .. Staples " .. 6.6 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 4.3 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 24 155 133 14,051 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 5 39 10 5,079 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 100 160 124 89 102 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 0.0 0.0 5.3 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 31.6 6.5 5.2 19.5 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 4.7 .. Average household size persons per household .. 5.4 .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 4.6 2.3 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.2 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 306 417 380 251 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 4.1 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.3 4.5 .. Total road length thou. km 10 8 9 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 7,499 6,910 5,146 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1.897 703 .. Population per hospital bed .. 421 .. 1,316 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 64 37 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 16 29 19 24 63 59 Female 16 31 20 23 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 33 32 29 40 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 21 25 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 94 96 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 3 6 5 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 59 30 30 53 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 40 40 54 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 19 17 29 12 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department April 1996 47 Brazil Most Same regionhncome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middLe- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. 48 26 GNP per capita US$ 1,170 1,580 3,370 3,310 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 0 12 12.3E+9 Lower income .. .. Fooda Urban 5.. I 15.0E+6 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 88 101 Ill 110 107 104 Male " 89 101 .. .. .. 104 Female 87 97 .. .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 91 71 56 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. 71 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 80.0 83.0 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT " .. 67.0 75.0 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) 18.4 .. 7.1 Life expectancy Total years 60 63 67 68 69 77 Female advantage 4.6 4.6 4.8 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.7 3.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 150 200 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 50.0 23.5 27.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 55.0 75.3 96.1 80.1 86.2 Urban 87.0 85.0 99.8 90.1 94.0 Rural 28.0 53.0 85.7 57.7 64.8 Access to health care " .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5-- 2 .-4 GNP Gross 2 0 p mary capita enrollment 0 II I -5 - -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Brazil - Brazil - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 48 Brazil Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 108,032 135,042 159,128 470,899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.78 0.68 0.60 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 61.2 70.6 77.5 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 4.1 3.3 2.6 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 38.859 56,138 71,021 193,896 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 41 29 23 26 21 5 Industry " 23 23 23 24 27 31 Female " 25 31 35 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 36 42 45 41 42 49 Female 9 13 15 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 8.511.97 8,511.97 8,511.97 20,504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 12.69 15.86 18.38 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 24.24 27.21 28.19 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.69 0.83 0.77 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.54 0.91 1.17 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 5,978.16 5,611.07 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.63 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 62 63 68 Share of bottom 40% of households 9 8 7 Share of bottom 20% of households " 3 2 2 EXPENDITURE Food %oftGDP 24.2 26.1 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples " 6.0 6.6 .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " 9.9 10.3 .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 2,244 4,857 7,848 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals " 31 10 11 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 84 100 104 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 9.7 13.9 15.0 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 10.7 10.5 11.1 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP 7.6 7.6 .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 4.8 4.2 .. Urban " 4.6 4.1 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 2.6 2.6 .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.8 1.2 .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 507 588 691 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 88.5 .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP 7.7 5.7 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.6 1.9 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 1,489 1,438 1,824 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,600 681 .. Population per nurse " 2,322 1,202 .. Population per hospital bed " 200 .. 300 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 63 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 26 36 43 51 59 97 Female 28 41 .. .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 22 24 23 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 15 .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 54 46 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 15 20 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 34 22 17 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 23 17 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 39 48 55 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 49 Brunei Most Same regionAncome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ .. 16,180 14,240 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. Lower income Fooda Urban .. 98 103 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 106 107 104 Male I.. Il 111 104 Female .. 106 104 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 54 14 7 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 10 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 98.0 .. 82.7 DPT .. 88.0 .. 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 68 72 75 77 Female advantage 3.0 3.5 4.3 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.4 3.8 2.9 1.7 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. Urban . 100.0 Rural . 95.0 Access to health care . 96.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 - GNP Gross 2 0 I I per primary ..- capita enrollment 0 I I I -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Brunei - Brunei - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 50 Brunei Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 161 226 280 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.77 0.67 0.61 0.49 Urban % of pop. 62.0 57.7 58.8 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 4.0 3.1 2.0 0.7 Urban 3.9 2.4 2.6 0.8 Labor force thousands 53 86 117 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 8 3 2 5 Industry 32 27 24 31 Female 21 27 33 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 33 38 42 49 Female 7 10 14 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 5.77 5.77 5.77 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 27.90 39.17 47.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 3.23 2.47 2.47 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -5.56 0.00 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. 7.69 7.69 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 4.76 4.58 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.39 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 14 34 35 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 137 113 105 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. 68.9 346.2 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 1.4 1.2 3.2 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 5.8 .. 5.8 Urban 5.8 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1,180 9,425 6,786 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km I INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 3,333 1,888 Population per nurse " 532 273 Population per hospital bed " 285 335 .. 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 65 71 97 Female .. 63 74 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 19 15 16 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary" 20 12 13 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 8 10 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 36 22 12 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 17 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 48 .. 75 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 51 Bulgaria Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. 1,990 1,160 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Food' " .. 96 424 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 6.3 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 99 102 86 97 104 107 Male 99 103 87 97 105 Female " 99 102 84 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 23 15 15 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 19 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 99.0 97.0 .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 99.0 99.0 .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 71 71 71 68 67 69 Female advantage " 5.2 5.9 6.8 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 22 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 28.7 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 100.0 .. .. 86.2 Urban .. . 100.0 .. .. 94.0 Rural .. 100.0 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 t (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 *..---.-. per 1primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Bulgaria - Bulgaria - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 52 Bulgaria Most Same regi gru Next Latet single year reCeN Europe Lower- higher Unit of estiate & Cenftrl middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income roup Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 8,721 8,941 8,435 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 57.5 64.5 70.1 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 0.5 0.2 -0.4 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban " 2.5 1.2 0.4 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 4,498 4,586 4,491 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 26 16 13 24 36 21 Industry " 41 47 48 36 26 27 Female 45 47 48 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 51 53 49 45 42 Female 23 24 26 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 110.91 110.91 110.91 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 78.63 80.61 76.39 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 53.87 55.80 55.37 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % -1.37 -0.05 -0.54 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 18.94 19.92 20.21 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 36.05 36.84 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.22 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 39 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. 21 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 8 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 17.0 Staples .. .. 1.8 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 8.2 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 665 1,792 241 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " .. .. 200 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 100 95 92 70 .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 114.0 140.1 37.8 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. 11.9 12.8 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 6.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household 3.1 3.0 .. Urban " 3.0 2.9 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 1.1 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.8 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,662 3,417 2,786 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 7.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 2.7 Total road length thou. km .. 38 37 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 537 276 315 362 3,064 Population per nurse 239 155 .. 248 Population per hospital bed 129 90 101 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 89 102 68 86 63 59 Female " .. 102 70 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 20 18 14 .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 13 17 13 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 96 95 95 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 2 2 3 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 232 294 171 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 53 Burkina Faso Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 120 160 300 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 43 106 130 Lower income " ... . Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 9.5 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 16 29 38 71 105 104 Male " 21 36 47 77 112 105 Female 12 21 30 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 173 149 128 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 190 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 38.0 42.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 2.0 37.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 41 45 49 52 63 67 Female advantage 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.4 6.5 6.9 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 600 939 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 7.5 9.2 0.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 25.0 67.0 67.3 Urban 50.0 43.0 43.9 Rural " 23.0 69.0 71.9 Access to health care " .. 70.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Lfe expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 -0per p rmary 0 I I I 5capita enrollment -2 -- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Burkina Faso - Burkina Faso - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 54 Burkina Faso Most Same regincome group Next Latest single year recent Su higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Afrka income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 6,202 7,881 10,118 571,902 3,182.221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.88 0.88 0.97 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 6.3 11.4 25.3 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.2 2.6 3.0 2.8 1.6 1.2 Urban " 3.9 8.4 11.3 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 3,635 4,408 5,276 254,250 1,590.533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 92 92 92 65 67 36 Industry 3 2 2 9 14 26 Female " 48 47 47 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 59 56 52 44 50 45 Female " 28 26 24 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 274.00 274.00 274.00 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 22.64 28.76 35.85 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 31.20 33.02 34.96 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.98 0.56 0.02 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.09 0.13 0.21 0.86 17.84 1 I.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 47.35 44.16 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.70 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 35.7 Staples .. .. 13.9 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 14.6 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 26 240 121 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 28 128 30 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 90 103 109 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 1.3 2.2 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 32.6 36.8 31.5 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 15.2 Average household size persons per household .. 6.2 .. Urban " .. 5.8 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 3.5 Fuelandpower %ofGDP ..1..1.7 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 12 18 16 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 15.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 2.0 Total road length thou. km 17 9 13 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 97,121 57,183 57,314 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 3,999 1,683 1,682 Population per hospital bed 1,750 .. 3,392 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 15 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 2 5 8 24 48 63 Female " 1 3 6 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 47 58 60 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 23 23 39 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 72 82 87 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 17 14 17 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 91 86 81 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 94 91 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 0 1 0 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 55 Burundi Most Same regionhocome group Next Latest singlew rcent higher Unit of estiere Sahas Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 198085 1989-94 Mika income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. 17,700 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 36 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNPpercapita US$ 110 240 150 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages .. .. .. Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 30 92 179 Lower income .. .. .. Food a 22 109 145 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 7.9 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 22 52 72 71 105 104 Male " 28 61 76 77 112 105 Female " 17 44 63 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 137 117 99 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 163 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 42.0 75.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 38.0 83.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. . .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 44 48 50 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.8 6.8 6.7 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 1,327 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 25.6 37.0 Urban 77.0 98.0 92.0 Rural .. 22.0 34.0 Access to health care " .. 45.3 80.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 GNP Gross per primr capita enrollment -2 1 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water SBurundi - Burundi - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 56 Burundi Most Same g ome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 3,680 4,750 6,183 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.96 0.92 0.96 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 3.2 5.2 7.3 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 1.4 2.9 3.0 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 6.5 6.4 6.4 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,108 2,592 3,322 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 93 92 92 65 67 36 Industry " 2 3 3 9 14 26 Female " 50 50 49 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 57 55 54 44 50 45 Female 29 27 26 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 27.83 27.83 27.83 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 132.23 170.68 215.63 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 81.19 87.03 88.59 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.71 0.77 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.24 0.63 0.62 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 2.47 2.33 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.58 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 42.5 .. Staples " .. 17.4 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs ".. 1.8 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 9 19 22 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 6 17 4 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 112 97 90 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.4 1.0 1.7 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 61.3 56.0 47.3 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % ofGDP .. 8.6 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban .. 5.5 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 3.3 .. Fuel and power % ofGDP .. 1.8 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 7 21 23 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 1.7 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 3.2 .. Total road length thou. km 10 3 14 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 81,057 21,370 17,191 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 5,346 3,071 4,789 Population per hospital bed 890 .. 1,522 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 49 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 3 4 7 24 48 63 Female 2 2 5 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 31 56 63 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 22 17 18 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 73 83 78 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 26 18 22 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 58 65 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 68 78 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 0 0 3 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 57 Cambodia Most Same gion/dncome group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate East Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income grou Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 240 890 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages .. .. .. Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Fooda, Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 1.8 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 42 .. 47 116 105 104 Male 48 .. 48 119 112 105 Female 35 .. 46 115 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 181 160 110 35 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 177 49 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 38.0 93.0 86.2 77.4 DFT .. .. 38.0 95.0 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 20.0 .. 16.9 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 40 46 52 68 63 67 Female advantage 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.6 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.5 5.1 5.1 2.2 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 500 900 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 45.0 .. .. 67.2 Urban " 97.0 .. 20.0 83.5 Rural " 38.0 .. 12.0 61.4 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ - Life expectancy 4 5 ~ ~ GNP Gross 20 I I per ,Iprimary capita enrollment 0 I4 -5 -2 - -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [] Cambodia - Cambodia - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 58 Cambodia Most Sam awgionRacome greaF Nead Laest single year recent higher Unit of estimate East Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 7,098 7,562 9,951 1,734,703 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.80 0.77 0.89 0.53 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 10.3 14.8 20.1 31.9 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual% 0.5 3.4 3.0 1.3 1.7 1.3 Urban -2.2 6.7 6.1 2.8 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 3,420 3,832 4,949 977,170 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 77 75 74 67 67 36 Industry " 5 7 8 16 14 26 Female 53 55 53 44 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 48 51 50 56 50 45 Female 25 28 26 51 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 181.04 181.04 181.04 16,367.16 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 39.21 41.77 53.36 104.65 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 15.18 13.60 24.93 44.90 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 13.74 0.00 1.28 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 3.32 3.75 2.09 13.14 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 134.77 121.63 4,057.84 7.632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.02 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 19.8 Staples .. .. 3.6 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 8.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 112 55 106 29,997 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 226 27 82 447 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 80 103 109 118 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.0 0.8 3.3 74.5 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. .. 51.2 18.1 27.6 14.0 Housing % ofGDP .. .. 4.7 Average household size persons per household .. .. 5.6 4.2 Urban .. .. 5.9 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 54 56 51 659 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 6.2 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 10.3 Total road length thou. km .. .. 34 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 16,248 16.489 9,727 1,063 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,376 .. 670 1,490 Population per hospital bed 925 .. 491 612 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 6 32 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 10 .. 29 56 48 63 Female 6 .. .. 52 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 24 .. .. 23 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 39 .. .. 16 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 71 35 16 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 83 47 24 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 10 .. .. .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 59 Cameroon Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year recent Sub. higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income gmup Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 340 800 680 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled mural wages .. .. 3500 Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumerpriceindex 1987=100 29 88 Ill Lower income .. .. .. Fooda Urban .. 93 93 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 97 102 87 71 105 104 Male 108 110 .. 77 112 105 Female 87 93 .. 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 119 88 57 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 87 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 47.0 41.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 50.0 56.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. 13.6 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 46 51 57 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.0 6.5 5.7 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 430 511 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 7.4 1.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water. total % of pop. 32.0 31.0 .. Urban 77.0 43.0 .. Rural 21.0 24.0 .. Access to health care .. 20.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ -Life expectancy 4 - 5 - 2 ---- GNP Gross per pimary capita enrollment 0 I I I -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Cameroon - Cameroon - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 60 Cameroon Most Sas nI cese grosp Next Latest single w Iear_ higher Unit of esdsaete Saharan Low. Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa Incose group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 7,439 9,971 12,986 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.88 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 26.9 35.7 44.0 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3.0 2.6 2.9 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 8.0 5.1 5.1 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 3,301 4,100 5,226 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 79 72 70 65 67 36 Industry " 6 8 9 9 14 26 Female 37 37 37 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 44 41 40 44 50 45 Female " 16 15 15 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 475.44 475.44 475.44 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 15.65 20.97 26.52 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % ofland area 18.04 19.26 19.42 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.39 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.12 0.23 0.23 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 215.69 203.50 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.58 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 16.0 .. Staples .. 4.9 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. 6.9 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 69 141 281 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 4 13 1 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 132 108 86 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 1.5 6.3 2.5 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 29.1 20.2 31.8 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 10.9 .. Average household size persons per household 5.2 .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 4.1 6.4 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.7 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 65 126 83 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 7.9 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 3.7 2.1 .. Total road length thou. km 44 65 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 13,700 .. 12,060 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 13,700 .. 2,010 Population per hospital bed " 400 .. 393 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 84 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 13 23 32 24 48 63 Female 8 17 23 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 51 51 51 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 32 34 28 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 80 82 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroH 25 29 29 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 52 37 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 64 48 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 3 4 4 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 61 Canada Most Same regionfincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 7,720 13,260 19,570 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages .. Rural tenns of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 42 92 125 Lower income .. Fooda 26 91 117 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 99 103 105 104 Male 99 104 106 104 Female " 99 102 104 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 14 8 6 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 8 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 85.0 82.7 DPT .. 80.0 85.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 73 76 78 77 Female advantage 7.1 6.8 6.1 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 2 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 36.4 34.0 40.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 Urban 100.0 Rural " . 100.0 Access to health care .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6+ - (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 GNP Gross 2 0 -~ per primary I I -5capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Canada - Canada - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 62 Canada Most Same rgn/iancase group Latest single ye recent Unit of estimne High. Indicator measure 1970.75 198085 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 23,209 25,942 29,248 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.53 0.46 0.48 0.49 Urban % of pop. 75.6 76.4 76.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.7 Urban " 1.9 1.5 1.1 0.8 Labor force thousands 10,281 13,387 15,383 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 7 5 3 5 Industry 32 29 25 31 Female 36 42 45 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 44 52 53 49 Female 16 22 24 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 9,976.14 9,976.14 9,976.14 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 2.33 2.60 2.90 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 7.31 8.09 7.96 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.30 -0.17 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.74 1.00 0.97 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. 4,533.00 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 40 Share of bottom 40% of households .. 17 Share of bottom 20% of households .. 5 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 7.3 6.3 8.6 Staples .. 1.1 1.2 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 3.6 2.8 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 862 692 1,095 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 83 99 100 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 19.4 31.2 37.3 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 4.5 2.8 2.1 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. 13.5 13.2 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.5 2.9 2.7 Urban .. 2.8 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.5 4.5 6.8 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.4 2.0 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 7,217 7,456 7,795 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 9.3 9.3 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 Total road length thou. km 494 279 849 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 684 524 Population per nurse 140 123 Population per hospital bed 101 .. 67 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 91 99 88 97 Female " 92 99 89 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 10 17 17 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 18 15 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 96 95 97 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. ..t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. ..t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 210 215 207 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 63 Cape Verde Most Same an on comeroup Next Latest snge year Nwvcent Sub. er higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Afria income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. 26,000 Headcount index % of pop. .. 44 Lower poverty line local cur. . .. 18,000 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 30 GNP per capita USS 240 350 910 500 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 87 144 Lower income .. Foodse Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 16.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 145 117 114 71 104 107 Male 152 120 119 77 105 Female 138 114 110 64 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 82 66 47 92 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 73 161 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 54.0 .. 51.4 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 39.0 .. 53.5 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. . Life expectancy Total years 57 60 65 52 67 69 Female advantage 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.0 6.3 4.1 5.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 134 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 62.4 52.0 .. .. 86.2 Urban .. 99.0 86.8 .. .. 94.0 Rural " .. 50.0 65.0 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Lire expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 0 pernriary 0 F F - Icapita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Cape Verde - Cape Verde - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 64 Cape Verde Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- Lower- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 278 310 372 571,902 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.09 0.97 0.90 0.94 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 21.4 33.0 52.3 30.6 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 0.6 1.7 2.2 2.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 2.4 7.6 6.1 4.9 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 91 110 147 254,250 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 41 33 30 65 36 21 Industry 28 30 30 9 26 27 Female " 31 36 38 41 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 33 35 40 44 45 42 Female 10 13 15 37 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 4.03 4.03 4.03 24,273.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 68.98 76.92 90.32 22.90 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 16.13 16.13 17.37 50.61 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 3.08 3.08 4.29 0.86 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.06 0.06 5,323.14 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. 24.3 Staples .. .. 8.2 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. .. 8.5 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 40 67 53 14,051 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 7 50 45 5,079 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 43 51 81 102 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 1.5 1.5 .. 5.3 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 8.5 11.6 12.9 19.5 14.0 8.0 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 3.7 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.4 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.8 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 791 342 306 251 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 9.2 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. 3.8 Total road length thou. km .. .. I INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 12,136 5,000 4,289 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 4,091 706 1,641 Population per hospital bed 710 457 633 1,316 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 5 37 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 8 13 8 24 63 59 Female " 8 12 7 23 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 52 39 33 40 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 26 34 30 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 91 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 28 19 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 63 53 28 53 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 54 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. 12 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 65 Central African Republic Most Same region/Icome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unk of estimate Sahans Low- income Iniator measure 1970.75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income grouip Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local cuff. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 180 270 370 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 105 113 Lower income Food " Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 7.7 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 73 75 71 71 105 104 Male 96 93 92 77 112 105 Female 51 58 51 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 132 114 100 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 175 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 23.0 82.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 20.0 82.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) 39.4 30.0 .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 43 47 49 52 63 67 Female advantage " 5.2 5.2 4.8 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 600 649 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 7.3 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 11.9 Urban .. 13.0 13.5 Rural " .. 5.0 11.0 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+- Life expectancy 4 5 2 -.- 0 - IL~1 GNP Gross per Ir capita' enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] Central African Republic - Central African Republic - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 66 Central African Republic Most Same reg wom e Ne& Ltest singl p teNb hher Unit of stmat&e Saham Low- Incee Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Afiica income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 2,057 2,595 3,234 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.80 0.86 0.88 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 33.7 36.3 38.9 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 4.4 2.9 3.4 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 1,130 1,323 1,565 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 87 82 80 65 67 36 Industry 3 3 4 9 14 26 Female 49 48 47 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 55 51 48 44 50 45 Female 27 24 23 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 622.98 622.98 622.98 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 3.30 4.17 5.06 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 7.85 8.00 8.06 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.41 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 318.55 305.62 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.41 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 33.0 Staples .. .. 10.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 12.3 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 10 22 32 14,051 36.922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 1 12 5 5,079 8,516 5,771 Foodproductionpercapita 1987= 100 111 93 101 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.4 0.6 0.3 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 35.4 37.1 41.8 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 10.6 Average household size persons per household 5.1 .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 2.8 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 2.1 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 25 33 29 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 12.6 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 0.7 Total road length thou. km 22 20 24 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 44,024 23,298 25,265 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 2,472 2,193 .. Population per hospital bed " 533 642 1,139 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 24 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 8 16 12 24 48 63 Female 3 8 6 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 67 66 90 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 40 74 38 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 76 74 84 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 35 29 31 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 69 40 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 81 75 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 0 .. 1 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 67 Chad Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub. higher Unit of estimate Saharun Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 160 120 190 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 122 146 Lower income " .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 2.5 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 35 43 59 71 105 104 Male " 51 63 80 77 112 105 Female 18 24 38 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 166 143 119 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 202 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 8.0 25.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 1.0 10.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 35.0 .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 39 43 48 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births 858 700 1,594 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 26.0 29.4 .. Urban " 43.0 27.0 .. Rural " 23.0 30.0 .. Access to health care .. 30.0 26.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 . - -GNP Gross per primary c itsan capit enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Chad - Chad - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 68 Chad Most ' Sam ro e 8rop Next Latest single year rcent higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Afrka Income oyup Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,030 5,018 6,288 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 15.6 19.6 21.2 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.0 2.4 2.5 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 7.0 3.3 3.4 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,021 2,454 3,009 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 90 86 83 65 67 36 Industry 3 4 4 9 14 26 Female 43 44 44 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 50 49 48 44 50 45 Female " 22 21 21 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,284.00 1,284.00 1,284.00 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 3.14 3.91 4.77 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 38.12 38.24 38.32 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 123.20 114.34 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.74 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 55.1 Staples .. .. 21.5 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 22.6 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 10 101 59 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 20 163 3 5,079 8,516 5,771 Foodproductionpercapita 1987= 100 108 98 106 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 0.2 0.1 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 43.1 43.2 41.3 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 7.8 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 2.1 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 6.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 20 19 16 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 9.8 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. 1.2 Total road length thou. km 31 27 27 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 61,898 .. 30,031 .. .. 3.064 Population per nurse 8,014 .. .. Population per hospital bed 763 .. 1,373 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. 7 15 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 3 .. 9 24 48 63 Female 0 .. 2 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 80 71 64 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary "1 35 .. 35 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. 71 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 37 .. 33 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 77 52 53 35 Female %of fem. (age 15+) .. 88 82 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 0 0 0 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 69 Chile Most Same regLwincome group Next Latest sIgle year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 198045 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 920 1,410 3,560 3,310 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages " .. .. .. Rural terms of trade ' .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 2 70 299 .. . Lower income Food , 6 .. .. Urban " .. 65 283 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 118 105 98 110 107 104 Male 119 106 99 .. .. 104 Female 118 103 98 .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 70 24 12 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality 5.. .. 1 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 77.0 93.0 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 84.0 90.0 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 0.9 Life expectancy Total years 64 71 72 68 69 77 Female advantage " 6.3 7.0 7.2 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.6 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births 180 55 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 29.9 43.3 39.6 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 70.0 86.8 86.0 80.1 86.2 Urban 78.0 100.0 100.0 90.1 94.0 Rural 28.0 22.0 20.5 57.7 64.8 Access to health care .. 94.7 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2-- 0 GNP Gross pr primy capita enrollment 0 I I -5-c iten I -2- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Chile - Chile - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 70 Chile Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 10,350 12,122 13,994 470,899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.73 0.58 0.58 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 78.4 83.2 85.6 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 2.4 2.2 1.7 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 3,367 4,372 5,468 193,896 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 22 20 19 26 21 5 Industry 27 25 25 24 27 31 Female 24 28 32 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 33 36 39 41 42 49 Female 8 10 12 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 756.95 756.95 756.95 20,504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 13.67 16.01 18.22 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 21.79 23.50 23.85 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 2.00 0.39 0.11 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 7.61 7.14 7.08 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 86.80 88.00 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.14 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 61 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 10 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 21.4 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. 5.3 .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. 8.1 .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 716 486 983 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals 323 10 3 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 91 94 121 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 5.6 11.6 21.6 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 6.6 7.4 .. 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. 10.0 .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 5.0 4.6 .. Urban " 5.0 4.5 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 4.5 4.2 .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power %ofGDP .. 1.6 .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 603 609 943 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 8.0 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 2.8 2.9 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 75 79 80 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,160 1,231 2,152 Population per nurse " 459 371 335 Population per hospital bed 265 294 320 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 90 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 48 67 70 51 59 97 Female 52 69 67 .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 35 33 25 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 1 16 .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 84 96 95 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 12 7 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 11 8 5 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 8 5 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 90 94 455 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 71 China Most Same regiondiucome group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate East Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980.85 1989.94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. 180 .. Headcount index % of pop, .. 26 .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. 161 470 Headcount index % of pop. .. 20 7 GNP per capita US$ .. 360 530 890 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 63 87 227 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda .. 85 240 Urban .. 83 253 Rural .. 86 227 SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 126 124 118 116 105 104 Male 135 132 120 119 112 105 Female 115 114 116 115 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 48 37 30 35 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 43 49 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 74.0 93.0 93.0 86.2 77.4 DFT .. 78.0 95.0 95.0 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 17.5 16.9 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 64 68 69 68 63 67 Female advantage 1.5 2.9 3.1 3.6 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.4 2.3 1.9 2.2 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 115 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 68.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 71.3 67.2 Urban .. .. 87.0 83.5 Rural .. .. 67.7 61.4 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 GNP Gross 2 - ~ - - --40- IZI per primary capita enrollment -2 -10-- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ China - China - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 72 China Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate East LAw- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 916,395 1,051,013 1,190,918 1,734,703 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.78 0.54 0.48 0.53 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 17.3 23.7 29.3 31.9 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual% 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.3 Urban 2.4 4.4 4.4 2.8 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 484,663 612,532 715.419 977,170 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 76 73 72 67 67 36 Industry 12 15 15 16 14 26 Female " 42 44 45 44 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 53 58 60 56 50 45 Female " 22 26 27 51 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 9,561.00 9,561.00 9,561.00 16,367.16 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 95.85 109.93 123.25 104.65 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 43.13 50.25 53.32 44.90 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.16 1.30 -0.05 1.28 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 10.53 9.43 9.81 13.14 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1,334.00 1,246.50 4,057.84 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.68 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 39 44 Share of bottom 40% of households .. 18 17 Share of bottom 20% of households .. 7 6 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 43.1 .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 3,718 5,852 7,332 29,997 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. 262 107 447 8,516 5,771 Foodproductionpercapita 1987=100 72 95 123 j]8 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 16.1 35.3 58.5 74.5 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 32.0 28.4 21.0 18.1 27.6 14.0 Housing %ofGDP .. 5.5 .. Average household size persons per household .. 4.8 4.2 4.2 Urban .. 3.8 3.3 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.8 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 342 492 647 659 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 4.5 6.0 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 784 942 1,118 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,400 1,011 1,063 1,063 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 2,400 1,617 1,490 1,490 Population per hospital bed 600 505 612 612 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 22 32 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 47 39 55 56 48 63 Female " 38 33 51 52 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 29 25 22 23 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 21 18 15 16 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 76 92 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. 6 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 32 19 16 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 45 27 24 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 37 .. .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 73 Colombia Most Same regionantome groy Near Larest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle. Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income grorp Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 600 1,230 1,620 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages " .. .. .. Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 8 68 524 Lower income .. 69 427 Food 3 .. .. Urban Rural .. 66 405 SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP 3.9 4.0 .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 118 113 119 110 104 107 Male " 116 Ill 118 .. 105 Female 120 114 120 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 68 40 20 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 24 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 52.0 75.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DFT " .. 60.0 84.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 16.7 10.1 Life expectancy Total years 62 67 70 68 67 69 Female advantage 3.5 5.3 6.0 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.7 3.5 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 126 107 . Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 23.8 9.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 64.0 91.9 .. 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 86.0 100.0 .. 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 33.0 76.0 .. 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 87.6 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10 - Life expectancy 4-- 5 2 - 0 I GNP Gross 2 0- ~per mr 0I I -5 --it enrollment -2 ---10 -- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Colombia - Colombia - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 74 Colombia Most Some regionfincome ru Next Latest single year rwcent Latin oWe. Nigher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income greP Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 25,003 30,700 36,330 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.84 0.69 0.61 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 60.7 67.0 72.2 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 3.5 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 7,480 10,718 14,513 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 41 33 27 26 36 21 Industry 21 22 23 24 26 27 Female " 25 31 37 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 30 35 40 41 45 42 Female 7 11 15 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,138.91 1,138.91 1,138.91 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 21.95 26.96 31.33 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 40.37 43.14 44.34 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.69 0.64 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.72 1.04 1.15 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 577.34 540.64 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.65 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 59 .. 56 Share of bottom 40% of households " 11 .. 11 Share of bottom 20% of households 4 .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 26.7 23.1 .. Staples " 6.0 4.8 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 12.7 11.1 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 323 858 1,702 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 28 4 17 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 98 97 106 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 5.1 8.1 11.2 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 23.9 17.0 13.5 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP 6.1 8.9 .. Average household size persons per household 5.7 5.2 .. Urban " 5.5 5.1 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 2.3 2.3 .. Fuel and power %ofGDP 1.3 1.4 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 456 545 613 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. 90.0 Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 7.3 9.5 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.7 2.5 .. Total road length thou. km 54 100 107 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,324 1,281 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. 677 .. Population per hospital bed 465 627 733 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 40 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 39 48 62 51 63 59 Female " 39 49 68 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 32 30 28 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 20 21 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 52 68 73 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 15 17 12 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 19 15 9 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 16 9 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 50 59 60 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 75 Comoros Most Some region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub. higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. 300 510 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. 3500 Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 5.2 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 46 82 81 71 105 104 Male 64 92 96 77 112 105 Female " 29 72 81 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 120 90 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 145 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 18.0 85.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 31.0 85.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years .. 50 55 52 63 67 Female advantage " .. 2.0 3.7 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman .. 6.6 6.0 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 500 460 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 0.1 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 63.2 55.0 Urban .. 99.0 .. Rural .. 52.0 .. Access to health care " .. 82.4 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10* Life expectancy 4 5 2 GNP Gross L... per primary capita enrollment -2 - - - 10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Comoros Comoros - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 76 Comoros Most Same region/Income group Next Latest single year recent sb. higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Afica income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands .. 379 485 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio .. 1.01 1.01 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. .. 23.2 27.3 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % .. 2.6 2.9 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " .. 4.4 4.8 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands .. 205 276 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force .. 78 77 65 67 36 Industry 9 9 9 14 26 Female " .. 43 42 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. 54 57 44 50 45 Female .. 23 24 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 2.23 2.23 2.23 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km .. 169.96 211.21 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 47.09 50.22 51.57 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 2.75 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.35 0.35 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. 45.8 Staples .. .. 15.1 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 14.7 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 12 19 46 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 1 5 6 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 125 97 93 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 0.9 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 36.1 36.9 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 0.4 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.7 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. 42 37 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 1.5 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 1.9 Total road length thou. km .. 1 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. 11,903 8,837 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. 2,196 621 Population per hospital bed .. .. 363 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 70 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 7 28 19 24 48 63 Female 2 23 17 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 42 35 45 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 25 31 31 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enrol .. 33 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 52 43 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 50 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 77 Congo Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 550 1.020 640 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 36 96 117 Lower income Fooda .. 98 113 Urban " ... Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 133 .. .. 71 105 104 Male .. .. .. 77 112 105 Female .. .. .. 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 125 124 112 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 162 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 67.0 55.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 54.0 60.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 47 50 51 52 63 67 Female advantage " 5.2 5.7 4.7 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.0 6.0 6.7 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births 1,000 .. 887 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 0.6 7.5 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 38.0 20.1 .. Urban " 81.0 42.0 .. Rural 9.0 7.0 .. Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 610 Life expectancy 4- 5 2 - 0 GNP Gross 2 , per primary 0L J capita enrollment 0 II -5 ciso -2 -- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Congo - Congo - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 78 Congo Most Same !!gonRcome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Sahara Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 1,447 1,938 2,577 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.92 0.95 0.99 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 34.8 47.5 57.7 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 4.0 5.9 4.9 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 621 810 1,041 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 62 53 49 65 67 36 Industry " 12 14 15 9 14 26 Female 42 43 43 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 43 42 40 44 50 45 Female 18 18 18 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 342.00 342.00 342.00 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 4.23 5.67 7.31 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 29.70 29.76 29.78 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 201.88 198.65 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.16 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 17.4 .. Staples .. 7.7 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 5.9 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 36 100 148 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 2 1 7 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 108 100 84 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.2 0.5 0.2 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 14.5 7.5 10.2 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 4.4 .. Average household size persons per household .. 5.3 .. Urban 1 5.5 6.1 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 6.1 .. Fuel and power %ofGDP .. 1.5 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 144 180 147 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 6.9 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 2.4 .. Total road length thou. km 8 9 13 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 9,945 3,996 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 814 595 .. Population per hospital bed 228 .. .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 67 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 33 .. .. 24 48 63 Female .. .. .. 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 59 61 67 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 46 41 35 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 92 88 87 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 26 30 36 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 48 25 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 62 33 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 1 4 8 12 .. 236 World Bank Intemational Economics Department, April 1996 79 Costa Rica Most Same rezionhacome group Next Latest single year recent in Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 1,030 1,270 2,380 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local cur. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 12 77 327 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda 5 Urban .. 78 291 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 107 97 105 110 104 107 Male " 108 98 106 .. 105 Female 106 96 105 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 38 19 13 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality ". .. 16 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 83.0 90.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 82.0 95.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 6.0 2.3 Life expectancy Total years 68 74 77 68 67 69 Female advantage " 4.1 4.5 4.6 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman .. .. 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 26 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 30.9 17.0 19.9 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 72.0 90.5 93.6 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 56.0 83.0 84.0 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 94.8 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5-- 2- GNP Gross 2 -~0per 1primary capitaenrollment 0 I I -5 --c iae -2- -10-- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Costa Rica - Costa Rica - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 80 Costa Rica Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 1,968 2,642 3,304 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.84 0.69 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 41.3 44.9 49.2 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.7 2.9 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 3.5 3.7 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 647 955 1,288 193.896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 39 30 26 26 36 21 Industry " 21 25 27 24 26 27 Female 19 24 29 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 33 36 39 41 45 42 Female " 6 9 11 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 51.10 51.10 51.10 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 38.51 51.70 63.27 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 41.56 54.90 56.21 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 3.61 2.00 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.70 3.92 4.18 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 19.23 14.28 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 2.94 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 55 .. 51 Share of bottom 40% of households 12 .. 13 Share of bottom 20% of households 3 .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 23.6 .. Staples .. 6.1 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 8.0 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 113 138 535 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 1 164 95 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 113 101 109 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 31.2 28.8 38.3 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 20.3 18.9 15.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 6.5 .. Average household size persons per household 6.0 .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 8.1 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.0 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 504 514 558 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. 5.7 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 3.9 .. Total road length thou. km 24 29 36 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,622 1,011 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 459 475 .. Population per hospital bed " 253 302 .. 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 78 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 42 40 47 51 63 59 Female 45 42 49 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 29 31 32 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary" 24 18 22 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 79 93 90 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 6 11 11 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 12 8 5 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 8 5 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 88 106 102 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 81 COte dIvoire Most Same reincome grou Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970.75 1980-85 1989-94 Afia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local cuff. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 580 630 510 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 30 85 146 Lower income " .. 85 109 Fooda 18 Urban Rural ". 78 99 SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 62 75 69 71 105 104 Male 77 88 80 77 112 105 Female 47 62 58 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 129 106 90 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 128 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 28.0 42.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 25.0 48.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " 30.6 .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 45 53 56 52 63 67 Female advantage 3.2 3.0 5.3 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.4 7.4 6.5 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 822 . Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 44.0 17.1 82.8 Urban 98.0 30.0 100.0 Rural 29.0 10.0 75.0 Access to health care .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6- (average annual, percent) 10: (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 GNP Gross 2e ---- pria0 capita enrollment -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ C6te d'Ivoire - C6te d'Ivoire - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 82 C6te d'Ivoire Most Same regionRncome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 AAca income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 6,755 9,933 13,841 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.93 1.00 1.03 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 32.1 37.6 43.0 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 4.0 3.8 3.6 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 7.0 5.3 5.1 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,759 3,828 5,020 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 70 62 60 65 67 36 Industry " 7 9 10 9 14 26 Female 33 32 33 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 41 39 36 44 50 45 Female 13 12 12 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 322.46 322.46 322.46 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 20.95 30.80 41.41 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 50.05 52.14 52.55 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.25 0.57 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.21 0.33 0.41 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 120.97 109.04 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.03 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 24.4 .. Staples .. 8.4 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 6.5 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 82 554 590 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 4 I 41 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 98 100 96 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 2.4 2.5 3.2 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 28.2 25.2 35.1 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 3.0 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 2.8 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 0.8 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 172 116 170 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 6.1 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 3.2 2.1 .. Total road length thou. km 45 47 49 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 15,521 14,251 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 2,040 .. .. Population per hospital bed 864 .. 1,268 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 16 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 13 20 25 24 48 63 Female " 7 12 17 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 44 36 37 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 32 36 43 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 88 83 84 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 21 28 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 51 60 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 66 70 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 5 9 7 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 83 Croatia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle. income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. . GNP per capita US$ .. 2,530 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 14,432,160 Lower income .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 105 87 97 104 107 Male " .. 105 87 97 105 Female " .. 106 87 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 19 11 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 14 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years .. 69 73 68 67 69 Female advantage .. 9.0 7.7 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman .. 1.8 1.5 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 32.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 63.0 .. .. 86.2 Urban " .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care "... Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10 (Life expectancy 4 5 2 0 GNP Gross -A per -A prim ary ' capita enrollment 0 r 1J -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Croatia - Croatia - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 84 Croatia Most Sam region/incWe group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle. income Indicator measure 1970-75 198085 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,514 4,701 4,778 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.48 0.46 0.47 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 45.1 55.0 63.5 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban " 2.6 2.3 1.4 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1,999 2,089 2,104 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 35 20 16 24 36 21 Industry 31 34 34 36 26 27 Female 39 41 43 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 44 44 44 49 45 42 Female 17 18 19 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km .. 56.54 56.54 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km .. 83.14 84.52 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. 57.26 43.03 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. -0.09 0.08 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. 0.12 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 20.40 20.10 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.15 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 18 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals * .. .. .. 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 93.8 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. .. 10.7 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.2 Fuel and power %ofGDP .. .. .. 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. 1,057 2,756 1,602 1.618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. 27 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. .. .. 362 3,064 Population per nurse .. .. .. 248 Population per hospital bed .. .. .. 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 83 86 63 59 Female .. .. 86 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. 19 .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 85 Cuba Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970.75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 Lower income " .. Food" Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 124 101 104 110 104 107 Male " 126 105 104 .. 105 Female " 122 98 104 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 25 17 10 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 12 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 80.0 99.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT" .. 67.0 99.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 5.0 .. Life expectancy Total years 71 74 76 68 67 69 Female advantage 3.3 3.4 3.8 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.6 2.0 1.7 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 31 36 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 56.0 .. .. 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 96.0 .. .. 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 15.0 .. .. 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 0 * I0I GNP Gross per primary 01capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 .1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Cuba - Cuba - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 86 Cuba Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle. Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 9,292 10.098 10,978 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.79 0.53 0.46 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 64.2 71.0 75.5 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 1.5 1.0 0.7 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 2.8 1.9 1.3 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 3,242 4,226 5,082 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 27 21 18 26 36 21 Industry 27 29 30 24 26 27 Female 25 34 37 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 35 42 46 41 45 42 Female 9 14 17 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 110.86 110.86 110.86 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 83.82 91.09 98.37 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agncultural land % of land area 52.36 54.02 57.46 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 2.11 0.51 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 10.09 14.51 14.42 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 18.88 17.15 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.96 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,559 2,215 1,541 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. 2 5 1,565 5,771 67 Food production percapita 1987=100 81 103 66 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 57.6 98.7 27.3 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. .. .. 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household 4.5 4.1 .. Urban 4.1 4.0 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. ., .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 911 1,039 897 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 98.6 .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. 14 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,222 530 275 .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. 285 82 Population per hospital bed 217 .. 207 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 80 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 42 82 77 51 63 59 Female " 42 85 81 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 23 14 12 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 13 12 9 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 94 96 95 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 8 3 4 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 8 4 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 9 5 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 92 120 122 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 87 Cyprus Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High. Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 10,380 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 47 96 138 Lower income .. Fooda 94 134 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 8.1 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 103 101 104 Male .. 103 101 104 Female .. 102 101 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 29 16 9 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 10 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 60.0 .. 82.7 DPT .. 91.0 .. 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 71 75 77 77 Female advantage 2.9 4.5 4.9 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 26.0 22.7 27.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 95.0 100.0 100.0 Urban " 94.0 100.0 100.0 Rural 96.0 100.0 100.0 Access to health care .. 100.0 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 2 - 0 I I GNP Gross 0 per primary 0 -- .*_ 1 capita enrollment 0 1 I IF _ - -.- -2 - -10 - 1970-75 *1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Cyprus - Cyprus - High-income High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators. shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 88 Cyprus Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 610 648 726 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.49 Urban % of pop. 43.4 48.7 53.6 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.0 1.2 1.1 0.7 Urban 1.2 2.4 2.1 0.8 Labor force thousands 277 317 353 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 32 19 14 5 Industry 31 32 30 31 Female 34 36 38 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 45 49 49 49 Female 15 18 19 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 9.25 9.25 9.25 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 65.95 70.05 77.62 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 18.29 17.64 17.53 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -5.06 -0.61 1.25 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 17.75 18.40 24.07 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 2.78 2.80 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.07 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 19.0 .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 193 412 473 74,460 Food aid in cereals " 19 2 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 83 100 109 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 86.8 111.4 161.8 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 15.7 7.5 5.2 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. 7.2 .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.9 3.5 Urban .. 3.6 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.6 .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 930 1,648 2,679 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. 12.5 .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 10 12 11 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,247 1,028 Population per nurse 367 344 Population per hospital bed 186 175 .. 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 60 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 94 95 97 Female " .. 95 96 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 27 23 19 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 21 17 13 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 91 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 1 0 0 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 128 128 109 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 89 Czech Republic Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Upper. higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 3,210 2,270 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Fooda . Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 99 99 97 107 104 Male .. .. 99 97 .. 104 Female .. .. 100 97 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 20 15 8 23 36 6 Under 5 mortality 1.. .. 1 31 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 82.9 82.7 DPT .. .. .. .. 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 70 71 73 68 69 77 Female advantage " 6.9 7.2 7.3 9.7 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.4 2.0 1.4 1.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 31.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 61 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy -.__GNP Gross 2 -- ..-- .4 1 s I I per iI primary capita enrollment -2 -- -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 1 Czech Republic - Czech Republic - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 90 Czech Republic Most Same regionacome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Upper- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 10,060 10,335 10,333 487,445 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.54 0.54 0.48 0.54 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 57.8 64.5 65.3 65.2 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.4 1.7 0.7 Urban " 2.8 0.4 0.2 1.4 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 5.224 5.385 5,532 236,973 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 15 12 11 24 21 5 Industry 52 50 45 36 27 31 Female 46 47 47 45 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 52 54 49 42 49 Female " 24 25 25 43 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km .. .. 78.86 24,354.02 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km .. .. 130.99 19.96 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. 53.91 .. 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % .. .. .. -1.26 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. 0.58 6.73 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 26.30 26.41 770.81 7.520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.04 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 37 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 24 Share of bottom 20% of households ".. .. I EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 519 33,202 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 4,392 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 64.0 41.4 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. 6.9 5.6 12.7 8.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. 7.2 .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.2 .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 1.2 .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. .. 2,756 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. .. 273 362 Population per nurse .. .. .. 248 Population per hospital bed .. .. 122 136 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 86 86 59 97 Female .. .. 88 90 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. 18 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. 582 .. 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 91 Denmark Most Same regionawome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 7,540 10,930 28,110 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 39 93 121 Lower income Fooda .. 97 Ill Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 104 99 98 104 Male " 95 99 97 104 Female 97 98 98 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 10 8 6 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 8 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 20.0 86.0 82.7 DPT .. 85.0 95.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. Life expectancy Total years 74 74 75 77 Female advantage " 5.5 6.0 5.5 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 4 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 48.4 40.7 41.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 100.0 Urban 99.0 100.0 Rural 95.9 100.0 Access to health care .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 0 GNP Gross per primary + capita enrollment 0- -5 -2- -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water Denmark - Denmark High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, .387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 92 Denmark Most Same regionfincome group Latest single ,year recent Unit of esimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=l994) thousands 5,060 5,114 5,205 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.56 0.50 0.48 0.49 Urban % of pop. 81.8 84.3 85.1 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.7 Urban " 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.8 Labor force thousands 2,544 2,813 2,902 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 9 6 6 5 Industry 34 29 28 31 Female 40 45 46 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 50 55 56 49 Female 20 25 26 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 43.07 43.08 43.09 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 117.48 118.71 120.42 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 69.32 66.87 64.53 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.17 -0.74 -0.65 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 6.13 14.47 15.89 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 4.93 4.93 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 39 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. 17 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. 5 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 10.3 9.1 7.5 8.6 Staples 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 5.0 4.4 3.5 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 262 404 579 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. Food production per capita 1987 =100 81 107 116 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 217.6 223.6 177.1 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 5.1 4.9 3.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP 12.8 13.7 14.3 11.6 Average household size persons per household 2.7 Urban " 2.5 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.8 3.6 3.9 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 3,551 3,844 3,996 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP 7.8 9.4 8.5 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.1 Total road length thou. km 67 70 71 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 694 399 Population per nurse .. 61 Population per hospital bed 103 .. 177 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 80 105 114 97 Female " 75 105 115 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 8 12 11 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " .. 9 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 100 99 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 0 0 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 341 363 331 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 93 Djibouti Most Same regionNncome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- Lower- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Afrca income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. .. 500 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 81 .. Lower income .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 4.9 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 40 36 71 104 107 Male " .. 47 41 77 105 Female " .. 33 31 64 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 154 132 110 92 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 158 161 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 27.0 61.0 51.4 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 30.0 60.0 53.5 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 40.0 .. Life expectancy Total years 41 45 49 52 67 69 Female advantage " 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.6 6.6 5.8 5.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births 600 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total govt exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ, active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 43.2 .. .. .. 86.2 Urban " .. 50.0 .. .. .. 94.0 Rural " .. 21.0 .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 37.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 -....__ 0 ______ _I__ GNP Gross per iprimary capita enrollment 0-- +-- ~ - -2 - -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Djibouti - Djibouti - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 94 Djibouti Most Same reinsome group Next latest single year recent Lower higher Unit of estimate Saharwn middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa Income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 205 391 603 571,902 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.83 0.87 0.82 0.94 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 68.5 77.7 82.4 30.6 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 6.5 6.6 4.9 2.8 1.3 1.7 Urban 8.5 7.6 5.4 4.9 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 254,250 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 65 36 21 Industry .. .. .. 9 26 27 Female .. .. .. 41 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 44 45 42 Female .. .. .. 37 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 23.20 23.20 23.20 24,273.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 8.84 16.85 24.74 22.90 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 8.63 8.63 8.63 50.61 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 0.86 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.22 0.22 5,323.14 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. 42.4 Staples .. .. 16.5 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 17.4 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 12 64 43 14,051 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " .. 15 21 5,079 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 .. .. .. 102 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. 0.1 .. 5.3 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 19.5 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 6.0 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 3.5 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 4.6 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,171 1,261 909 251 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 7.5 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 2.0 Total road length thou. km .. 3 3 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 3,364 4,463 5,917 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 989 540 724 Population per hospital bed 157 265 .. 1,316 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 56 37 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 12 12 24 63 59 Female " .. 9 10 23 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 36 49 42 40 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 16 23 31 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 98 83 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 19 12 13 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 54 53 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 67 54 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. 12 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 95 Dominica Most Same rgion !come group Next Latest single year recent Latin lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 410 1,200 2,830 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 35 94 130 Lower income .. .. .. Food, .. 90 127 Urban " ... Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 95 110 104 107 Male .. .. 94 .. 105 Female .. .. 96 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 27 14 17 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 21 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 85.0 88.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 84.0 94.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 4.8 .. Life expectancy Total years .. 71 73 68 67 69 Female advantage .. 3.0 3.6 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.5 3.5 2.4 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban " .. .. .. 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+- (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 GNPGrs 2 --O 0 EZ I 7 rs 2 0per primary capita enrollment 0 ----I 1 5 -2-- -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Dominica - Dominica - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 96 Dominica Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 71 74 72 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio .. .. 0.68 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. .. .. .. 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 0.6 -0.4 0.5 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban .. .. .. 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 26 36 21 Industry .. .. .. 24 26 27 Female .. .. .. 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 41 45 42 Female .. .. .. 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.75 0.75 0.75 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 94.67 98.67 96.00 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 25.33 25.33 25.33 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.47 0.44 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.70 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 6 7 8 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 0 0 1 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 69 83 95 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. 142.1 242.1 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 23.3 17.5 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 169 230 292 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 6,182 2,960 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 486 .. .. Population per hospital bed 224 .. 385 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 50 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 51 63 59 Female .. .. .. .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 25 15 21 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 26 .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 74 79 93 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 6 .. 6 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 97 Dominican Republic Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin lUwer- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 21 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 12 GNP per capita US$ 720 760 1,320 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages .. .. .. Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 23 79 614 Lower income " Food .. 74 227 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 104 126 97 110 104 107 Male 100 123 95 .. 105 Female 100 129 99 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 94 71 38 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 45 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 19.0 69.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 20.0 47.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. 10.4 Life expectancy Total years 60 66 70 68 67 69 Female advantage 1 3.7 3.9 4.7 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.6 3.9 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 300 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 12.5 9.5 8.3 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 55.0 61.1 62.4 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban " 88.0 85.0 86.1 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 27.0 33.0 28.4 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10k (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4L 5 2 T GNP Gross Per --iprimary capita enrollment 0 - I I -5 -2 ---10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Dominican Republic - Dominican Republic - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 98 Dominican Republic Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre1994) thousands 5,049 6,376 7,622 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.94 0.74 0.65 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 45.3 55.7 63.8 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.5 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 4.8 4.1 3.6 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1,772 2,453 3,184 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 39 28 25 26 36 21 Industry " 18 26 29 24 26 27 Female " 23 26 28 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 35 38 42 41 45 42 Female 8 10 12 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 48.73 48.73 48.73 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 103.61 130.84 152.90 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 69.18 72.80 73.17 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.90 0.00 -0.06 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 4.18 5.62 6.50 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 14.28 10.77 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 2.78 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 56 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 12 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 37.6 .. Staples .. 10.3 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 11.4 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 226 426 961 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 16 107 7 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 108 101 99 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 21.8 17.3 24.9 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 21.5 19.7 14.9 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 12.4 .. Average household size persons per household 5.0 .. .. Urban " 5.0 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 7.6 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 3.8 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 390 388 340 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 3.3 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 1.9 .. Total road length thou. km 12 18 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,299 1,754 937 .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 2,240 1,203 1,330 Population per hospital bed " 400 .. 500 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 37 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 36 51 37 51 63 59 Female .. 57 43 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 52 33 .. 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 26 37 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 34 .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 22 17 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 33 20 18 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 22 18 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 39 34 36 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 99 Ecuador Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 52 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. 15 GNP per capita US$ 610 1.150 1,310 3.310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 11 63 1,751 Lower income .. .. Food8 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 7.1 3.9 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 104 119 123 110 104 107 Male " 106 120 124 .. 105 Female 102 118 122 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 95 62 37 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 54 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 40.0 54.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 36.0 89.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. 45.0 Life expectancy Total years 59 65 69 68 67 69 Female advantage " 3.1 4.1 5.1 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.1 4.7 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 300 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 1.3 2.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. 22.0 27.1 28.0 Access to safe water: total % of pop. 36.0 57.1 57.6 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban " 67.0 81.0 75.1 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 8.0 33.0 37.0 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 10+(average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 - 5 -- GNP Gross 2 - - . . -I0per primary -2 .-5 - -4 capita enrollment -2 -- -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water F Ecuador - Ecuador - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 100 Ecuador Most Same rgn/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle. income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 6,907 9,099 11,227 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.92 0.82 0.71 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 42.4 51.1 57.7 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.9 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 4.3 4.2 3.5 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 2,191 3,034 4.098 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 45 36 33 26 36 21 Industry " 20 20 19 24 26 27 Female " 18 22 26 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 32 33 37 41 45 42 Female " 6 7 9 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 283.56 283.56 283.56 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 24.36 32.09 38.73 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 19.45 26.12 28.79 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 4.20 1.76 0.21 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 9.47 7.47 6.98 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 143.42 119.62 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.80 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 72 .. 53 Share of bottom 40% of households 5 .. 14 Share of bottom 20% of households 2 .. 5 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 23.1 21.4 25.0 Staples .. 5.3 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 6.0 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 203 279 428 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 13 18 14 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 119 103 114 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 6.1 10.0 12.1 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 17.9 13.3 11.8 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP 6.6 4.4 .. Average household size persons per household 5.3 5.1 4.7 Urban .. .. 4.6 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.6 2.2 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 0.9 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil eauiv. 336 530 517 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. 97.0 Rural .. .. 53.0 Transport and communication % of GDP 5.2 8.6 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. 4.3 .. Total road length thou. km 33 38 44 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,847 804 957 .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 2,641 599 599 Population per hospital bed 393 524 608 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 70 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 40 58 55 51 63 59 Female 38 59 56 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 38 32 .. 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 19 15 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 71 74 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 11 9 .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 26 17 10 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 20 12 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 48 88 64 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 101 Arab Republic of Egypt Most Seme region/iwome grop Next Latest single year recent -Ea higher Unit of estimate & North LOw- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Affica income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 340 640 710 1,970 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 19 67 275 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda 65 238 Urban .. .. 256 Rural .. .. 247 SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 5.3 4.9 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 71 85 97 97 105 104 Male " 85 94 105 104 112 105 Female 57 76 89 90 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 150 112 52 48 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 76 65 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 74.0 89.0 81.1 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 95.0 86.0 83.9 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 9.4 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 52 57 62 66 63 67 Female advantage " 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.5 5.1 3.5 4.5 3.3 2.7 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 170 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 10.1 13.4 13.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 93.0 75.0 86.2 Urban " 94.0 93.0 96.0 98.7 Rural " 93.0 61.0 82.0 Access to health care " .. 99.0 99.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 2 0 +_ _ _ I G N P G ross per rmy capita enrollment 0 - I-5 -2 --10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Arab Republic of Egypt - Arab Republic of Egypt - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 102 Arab Republic of Egypt Most Same regionfncome group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East higher Unit of estimate & North Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 36,289 46,511 56,767 266,675 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.79 0.80 0.73 0.83 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 43.5 43.9 44.6 55.7 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.0 2.6 1.8 2.6 1.7 1.3 Urban " 2.6 2.6 2.2 3.6 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 12,371 17.362 22.112 87.383 1.590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 54 48 40 35 67 36 Industry 16 18 22 23 14 26 Female 15 27 28 25 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 34 37 39 33 50 45 Female " 5 10 11 17 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,001.45 1,001.45 1,001.45 11,021.26 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 36.24 46.44 55.66 23.57 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 2.84 2.51 2.81 32.20 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.63 0.16 -1.34 -0.80 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 100.00 100.00 93.20 10.48 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km . 0.31 0.31 445.40 7.632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 48 .. 41 Share of bottom 40% of households 17 .. 21 Share of bottom 20% of households 6 .. 9 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 33.9 .. Staples .. 6.8 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 13.5 .. Cereal imports thou, metric tonnes 4,214 8,903 7,206 38,370 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 610 1,951 482 1,249 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 97 92 108 104 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 177.4 345.8 357.0 98.2 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 28.1 19.3 18.2 11.9 27.6 14.0 Housing %of GDP .. 6.2 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 10.5 2.7 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.7 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 254 527 608 1,232 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 2.5 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 8.2 4.3 .. Total road length thou. km 26 31 46 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,866 732 1,316 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 2,315 782 489 Population per hospital bed 491 483 517 623 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 34 56 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 43 61 76 59 48 63 Female " 31 50 69 51 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 35 32 26 26 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 34 22 21 21 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 95 82 99 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 7 2 .. Illiteracy %of pop. (age 15+) .. 55 49 37 35 Female % of fern. (age 15+) .. 71 61 50 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 25 51 44 34 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 103 El Salvador Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. 38 Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. 10 GNP per capita US$ 470 810 1,480 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 17 61 291 Lower income .. Fooda, Urban 61 345 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 75 75 79 110 104 107 Male 76 75 79 .. 105 Female 74 75 80 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 99 77 42 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 56 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 41.0 53.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 44.0 60.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) 21.6 .. 21.6 Life expectancy Total years 59 57 67 68 67 69 Female advantage " 4.5 13.2 4.7 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.1 5.0 3.8 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 300 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 5.1 4.2 9.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 53.0 .. 40.7 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 89.0 76.0 75.8 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 28.0 .. 10.0 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) 1 (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2GNP ZGross *per impri * capita 7e nrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ El Salvador - El Salvador - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 104 El Salvador Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,085 4,739 5,635 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.95 0.97 0.83 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 40.4 42.7 44.9 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.4 1.1 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 2.9 1.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1,343 1,697 2,147 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 50 40 36 26 36 21 Industry " 17 20 21 24 26 27 Female 23 29 33 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 33 36 38 41 45 42 Female " 8 10 13 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 21.04 21.04 21.04 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 194.15 225.24 261.98 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 60.48 64.77 64.67 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 2.62 8.20 8.96 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1.55 1.23 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 2.24 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 25.7 .. Staples .. 9.1 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 10.1 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 108 224 286 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 4 194 131 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 112 107 111 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 74.5 63.1 57.7 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 35.3 26.9 13.8 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 5.5 .. Average household size persons per household 4.6 .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 1.9 3.4 .. Fuel and power %ofGDP .. 1.4 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 188 221 219 940 1.602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. 8.1 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 3.3 2.4 .. Total road length thou. km 11 12 12 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 4,096 2,817 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 889 930 .. Population per hospital bed 500 .. 699 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 45 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 19 24 29 51 63 59 Female " 17 23 30 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 53 42 44 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 25 12 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 58 66 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 7 8 8 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 43 31 29 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 35 30 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 57 51 90 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 105 Equatorial Guinea Most Same egion/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income groAp Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 430 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 140 102 Lower income . Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 7.1 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 78 135 .71 105 104 Male 87 77 112 105 Female 69 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 157 137 112 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 177 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 11.0 53.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 3.0 60.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 41 44 48 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 430 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. Urban .. 47.0 .. Rural Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 2 - - -_-- -- 0 _ GNP Gross 0per primary capita enrollment -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Equatorial Guinea - Equatorial Guinea - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 106 Equatorial Guinea Most Same region/income groyp Next Latest single year recent S higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 225 312 386 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.79 0.85 0.89 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 27.1 29.8 40.9 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % -5.9 5.7 3.1 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " -5.7 7.2 6.4 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 115 122 166 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 80 75 73 65 67 36 Industry 5 5 5 9 14 26 Female 36 35 35 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 51 39 43 44 50 45 Female 18 13 15 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 28.05 28.05 28.05 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 8.02 11.12 13.33 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 11.91 11.91 11.91 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 18.96 18.26 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.37 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 28.1 Staples .. .. 11.9 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 11.2 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 2 11 11 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. 7 3 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.3 0.3 .. 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 64.4 46.3 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 5.6 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 4.7 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 89 93 80 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 5.3 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 5.5 Total road length thou. km .. 2 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 11,640 .. 3,556 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 900 .. 470 Population per hospital bed .. .. .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 40 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 11 .. .. 24 48 63 Female " 4 .. .. 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 57 .. .. 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 1 35 .. .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 55 50 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 69 32 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 6 36 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 107 Estonia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 2,820 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 7.5 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 83 97 104 107 Male .. .. 84 97 105 Female .. .. 83 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 19 14 15 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 18 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 70 70 70 68 67 69 Female advantage 8.9 9.3 11.0 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 27 41 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 45.3 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban " .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10T (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 0 GNP Gross per primary 0 capita enrollment -2 -1 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Estonia - Estonia Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 108 Estonia Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 1.432 1.536 1,499 487,445 1.096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 67.6 70.8 72.8 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 0.8 0.8 -1.1 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban " 1.6 1.0 -0.8 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 786 838 842 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 16 15 14 24 36 21 Industry " 43 42 41 36 26 27 Female " 51 50 49 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 55 55 56 49 45 42 Female 28 27 28 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 45.10 45.10 45.10 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 31.75 34.06 33.61 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 31.56 31.39 34.45 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.00 -0.21 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. .. .. 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 46 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. 17 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 18.6 Staples .. .. 3.4 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 8.4 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 46 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. 231 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 44.6 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. 20.7 9.8 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.4 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 3.1 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.4 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 0.9 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. 3,552 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 5.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 9.3 Total road length thou. km 27 28 15 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 270 216 253 362 3,064 Population per nurse " 99 87 127 248 Population per hospital bed " 90 80 104 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 92 86 63 59 Female .. .. 96 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. 25 .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 109 Ethiopia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low. income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Affica income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ .. 130 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 38 114 203 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda 30 .. .. Urban " .. 126 191 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 24 35 23 71 105 104 Male " 32 42 27 77 112 105 Female " 15 28 19 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 155 159 120 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 200 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 12.0 37.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 6.0 44.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 37.3 46.9 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 43 43 49 52 63 67 Female advantage " 1.0 3.2 3.7 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.8 7.0 7.5 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births 2,000 2,000 1,528 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 8.0 15.7 17.5 Urban " 58.0 69.0 70.0 Rural " 1.0 9.0 11.2 Access to health care .. 44.0 55.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 - - 0 per A primary 0 Icapita enrollment -2 --10 -- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Ethiopia - Ethiopia - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 110 Ethiopia Most Same rgion/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 32,954 43,350 54,890 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.94 0.92 1.04 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 9.5 11.5 13.2 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 14,775 18,535 23,495 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 90 88 86 65 67 36 Industry 2 2 2 9 14 26 Female 42 42 41 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 45 43 43 44 50 45 Female " 19 18 18 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,221.90 1,221.90 1,097.10 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 26.97 35.48 44.84 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 53.93 53.66 53.34 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.08 -0.08 -0.09 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 145.52 141.65 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.27 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 41 .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. 21 .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. 9 .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 43.3 .. Staples " .. 21.1 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. 9.4 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 67 741 1,047 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 54 869 994 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 114 99 99 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.5 1.1 2.3 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 49.5 53.1 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing %ofGDP .. 12.1 .. Average household size persons per household 5.0 .. .. Urban 4.0 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.9 3.0 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 6.3 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 15 17 21 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. 7.3 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.2 1.6 .. Total road length thou. km 23 38 28 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 86,100 78,936 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse " .. 5.402 .. Population per hospital bed 3,500 3,384 4,141 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 68 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 6 12 11 24 48 63 Female 4 9 11 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 44 48 27 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 34 43 32 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 59 39 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 12 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 96 38 65 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 75 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 2 1 1 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 Except for demographic estimates and area data, all information prior to 1992 include Eritrea. Ill Fiji Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 1,130 1,620 2,320 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 43 93 152 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda 24 .. .. Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 10.6 .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 115 122 128 116 104 107 Male 115 122 128 119 105 Female " 115 122 127 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 45 31 22 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. 27 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 57.0 .. 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 69.0 .. 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 65 69 72 68 67 69 Female advantage " 3.1 4.0 4.2 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.7 3.5 2.8 2.2 2.7 2.8 Matenal mortality rate per 100.000 live births .. 90 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 4.2 9.5 5.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 69.0 67.7 79.3 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban 89.0 100.0 95.9 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural " 56.0 48.0 68.8 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 100.0 99.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 0pera primr ca7pita enrollment 0 I I -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Fiji - Fiji - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 112 Fiji Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 576 697 767 1,734,703 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.73 0.69 0.64 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 36.7 38.5 40.4 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.0 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.7 Urban 3.0 2.0 1.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 177 226 283 977,170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 49 46 46 67 36 21 Industry " 16 15 15 16 26 27 Female 14 20 26 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 31 32 37 56 45 42 Female " 4 6 10 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 18.27 18.27 18.27 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 31.53 38.15 41.54 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 13.41 18.88 23.81 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 2.08 4.55 0.00 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.41 0.29 0.23 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 11.85 11.85 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 48 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " 15 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households 5 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 19.5 .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese. eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 57 86 116 29,997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 14 2 5 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 96 104 113 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 47.8 39.5 33.6 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 23.5 16.4 16.3 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing %ofGDP .. 9.2 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. 4.2 Urban .. .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing . % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 516 525 527 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 8.5 .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 3 4 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2.100 2,025 2,792 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse 600 490 .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed 300 364 .. 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 16 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 66 51 64 56 63 59 Female " 66 51 65 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 32 29 31 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 24 16 20 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 94 95 .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 7 3 .. 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 15 8 16 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 19 11 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 35 31 36 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 113 Finland Most Same regionfincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 5,870 10,470 18,850 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 37 93 131 Lower income .. Food a 20 95 112 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 102 102 100 104 Male " 103 103 100 104 Female " 101 102 100 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 10 6 5 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 7 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 81.0 97.0 82.7 DPT .. 92.0 95.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 71 74 76 77 Female advantage 8.4 7.9 7.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 5 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 30.4 37.0 47.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 95.4 100.0 Urban " 86.6 99.0 100.0 Rural " 54.2 90.0 100.0 Access to health care " .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 0(average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2-- 0 --I GNP Gross per F-primary Atcapita enrollment 0 I I -5 -c iten I t -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Finland - Finland - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 114 Finland Mat Same C&ofincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,711 4,902 5,089 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.49 0.47 0.49 0.49 Urban % of pop. 58.3 59.8 62.8 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 Urban 3.2 0.4 1.0 0.8 Labor force thousands 2,304 2.490 2,586 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 15 10 8 5 Industry " 35 33 31 31 Female " 45 47 48 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 49 51 51 49 Female 22 24 24 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 338.13 338.13 338.13 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 13.93 14.50 14.98 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area ..20 8.35 8.57 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.39 -1.17 -0.87 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.43 2.44 2.45 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 233.18 233.73 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.02 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 38 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. 18 Share of bottom 20% of households .. 6 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 10.7 7.9 8.6 Staples .. 2.0 1.6 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 4.8 3.7 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 267 130 108 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 105 114 103 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 184.5 199.4 130.7 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 9.9 7.3 4.6 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. 9.8 9.0 11.6 Average household size persons per household 2.7 2.6 2.5 Urban 2.5 2.5 2.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 8.1 3.8 7.3 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.5 1.8 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 4,253 5,336 5,954 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 9.3 9.1 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.6 1.6 2.1 2.1 Total road length thou. km 74 76 78 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 961 443 406 Population per nurse 128 59 Population per hospital bed 77 64 93 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 89 106 119 97 Female 94 114 130 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 19 15 18 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 15 14 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 98 100 98 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. 0 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fern. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 439 543 511 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 115 France Most Some rglionfincome group Latest single year r1cent Unit of estimate High. Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 6,540 9,420 23,470 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local cumr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " Consumer price index 1987= 100 36 94 121 Lower income .. Food" 24 95 114 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 109 109 106 104 Male " 1l8 110 107 104 Female 117 107 105 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 14 8 6 6 Under 5 mortality 9 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 37.0 69.0 82.7 DPT .. 79.0 95.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 72 75 78 77 Female advantage " 7.6 8.1 8.2 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 13 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 43.6 39.1 47.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 100.0 Urban .. 100.0 100.0 Rural " 93.7 100.0 100.0 Access to health care ". Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Lfe expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 20 per primary 0 I I__ -5 -capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 France - France - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 116 France Most Sme mglaacese greMp Ltet single year sMcent Unit of esiaste Hgh- Indicator meare 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 52,699 55.170 57,928 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.60 0.52 0.52 0.49 Urban % of pop. 73.0 73.1 72.8 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 Urban 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 22,705 24,259 25,506 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 11 7 5 5 Industry 37 32 29 31 Female 38 42 44 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 43 44 44 49 Female 16 18 19 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 551.50 551.50 551.50 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 95.56 100.04 104.56 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 58.82 57.16 54.90 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.26 -0.21 -0.47 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 2.10 3.34 4.92 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 134.00 135.00 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.07 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 46 .. 42 Share of bottom 40% of households " 16 .. 17 Share of bottom 20% of households 5 .. 6 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 12.3 11.3 9.5 8.6 Staples 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 6.5 6.0 5.1 3.9 Cereal imports thou, metric tonnes 1,295 1,216 1,188 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 85 99 94 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 144.8 181.1 152.7 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 3.9 2.3 2.3 Housing % ofGDP 9.4 11.9 11.6 11.6 Average household size persons per household 2.9 .. 2.6 Urban 2.8 .. 2.5 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 7.6 2.6 5.2 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.3 3.4 2.2 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 3,078 3,637 3,839 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 7.5 9.0 10.1 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.0 2.7 1.8 2.1 Total road length thou. km 801 805 812 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 747 462 Population per nurse 273 Il. Population per hospital bed 139 .. 109 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 82 90 106 97 Female 77 94 107 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 23 15 12 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 13 15 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 87 94 97 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 9 8 5 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. ..t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 201 193 205 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 117 French Polynesia Most Saine regioninco r Latest sin,e year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator medsrea 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita USS .. 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 .. Lower income " Food' Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 125 104 Male .. .. 127 104 Female .. .. 123 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. .. 19 6 Under 5 mortality 8 .. .. 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 79.0 .. 82.7 DPT .. 76.0 .. 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years .. .. 69 77 Female advantage " .. .. 5.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.6 .. 3.0 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. Urban Rural Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) life expectancy 4 -5 GNP Gross 00 Iper primary 4- - Icapita enrollment -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 French Polynesia - French Polynesia - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 118 French Polynesia Most Same regiombcome gro Ltest sIngle yea wcent Unit of esimate High Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 135 171 219 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.84 0.66 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 58.3 62.2 64.5 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 4.0 1.7 2.7 0.7 Urban " 4.7 2.5 3.3 0.8 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 5 Industry .. .. .. 31 Female .. .. .. 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 49 Female .. .. .. 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 4.00 4.00 4.00 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 33.75 42.75 53.25 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 12.84 12.84 12.84 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1.15 1.15 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 20 31 31 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. Food production per capita 1987= 100 181 100 80 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 6.4 23.4 21.3 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1.030 1.637 1,397 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 93.0 Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. 1 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. 799 Population per nurse " .. 434 Population per hospital bed .. .. .. 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 77 97 Female .. .. 87 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 24 20 17 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 17 17 15 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 86 93 91 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 19 10 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 81 .. 106 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 119 Gabon Most Same !ion/Income grouip Next Latest sinle pear recent sub- ppe higher Unitof etismate Sahares midde. income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Aftied income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 2,890 3.730 3,550 500 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 32 95 96 Lower income .. .. .. Food .. 95 87 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 7.4 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 102 .. .. 71 107 104 Male 105 .. .. 77 .. 104 Female 100 .. .. 64 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 132 112 89 92 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 151 161 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 58.0 64.0 51.4 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 14.0 .. 53.5 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 12.8 .. Life expectancy Total years 45 49 54 52 69 77 Female advantage 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.5 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.3 4.5 5.5 5.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 438 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 1.0 49.5 58.0 .. 86.2 Urban 6.0 75.0 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural .. 34.3 50.0 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 80.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ - Life expectancy 4 5-- GNP Gross 2~0 per-. _ primary capita enrollment 0- -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Gabon - Gabon - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 120 Gabon Smost Samie V Lr m Next latest single year recest Same upwen-scogse Unit of eslimate Saharan midde- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 637 985 1,301 571,902 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.61 0.72 0.79 0.94 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 30.6 40.9 49.1 30.6 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 5.1 3.7 2.2 2.8 1.7 0.7 Urban 8.3 6.1 3.9 4.9 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 347 494 606 254,250 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 73 58 51 65 21 5 Industry 10 14 16 9 27 31 Female 45 45 44 41 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 54 50 47 44 42 49 Female 25 22 21 37 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 267.67 267.67 267.67 24,273.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 2.38 3.68 4.76 22.90 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 20.06 19.99 20.03 50.61 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.86 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 193.98 182.35 5,323.14 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.62 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 20.8 .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. 9.7 .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 6.3 .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 63 64 77 14,051 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals II 0 .. 5,079 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 117 100 93 102 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 0.5 0.1 5.3 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 6.4 6.2 7.9 19.5 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 1.4 .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 2.1 .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 0.3 .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 636 643 520 251 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 2.4 .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 4.3 .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 7 8 8 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 5,250 2,368 .. Population per nurse 568 272 .. Population per hospital bed 101 790 .. 1,316 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 25 37 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 17 .. .. 24 59 97 Female " 12 .. .. 23 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 48 46 44 40 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 24 21 32 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 49 79 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 34 32 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 44 37 53 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 57 47 54 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 20 16 12 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 121 The Gambia Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent SWb- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. 64 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita USS 230 240 360 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 17 52 175 Lower income " Fooda" 9 Urban .. 51 176 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP . .. 15.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 33 68 76 71 105 104 Male 44 84 87 77 112 105 Female 21 52 65 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 179 154 128 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 213 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 75.0 87.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 77.0 85.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 20.0 .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 37 41 45 52 63 67 Female advantage 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 6.5 5.4 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 1,500 1,050 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 6.0 4.8 4.2 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 12.0 59.3 55.0 Urban 97.0 97.0 78.0 Rural 3.0 50.0 40.0 Access to health care .. 90.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 + (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 0 per - primary capita enrollment 0 I I I -5 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E The Gambia - The Gambia - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 122 The Gambia Most Samse regionincome group Next Latest single year recent Shigher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Aftica income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 548 745 1,079 571,902 3,182.221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.82 0.86 0.81 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 16.6 20.2 24.9 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3.3 3.6 3.4 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 5.3 5.6 5.8 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 287 392 531 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 85 83 82 65 67 36 Industry 6 7 8 9 14 26 Female 45 45 45 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 53 49 44 50 45 Female " 23 24 22 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 11.30 11.30 11.30 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 48.50 65.93 92.30 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 24.20 25.50 27.00 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 4.13 4.71 5.56 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1.04 0.97 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.78 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 43.3 Staples .. .. 16.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. .. 17.3 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 15 75 87 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 9 21 6 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 176 84 58 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 3.1 15.3 3.0 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 31.9 25.4 23.8 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 7.8 Average household size persons per household 8.3 3.4 9.6 Urban 6.1 .. 6.5 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 2.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 3.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 57 77 56 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. 48.0 Rural ". .. 0.0 Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 5.2 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 1 3 2 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 25,190 12,213 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. .. .. Population per hospital bed .. 598 .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 51 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 10 16 19 24 48 63 Female " 5 10 13 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 26 23 30 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 20 20 .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 96 89 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 10 17 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 80 73 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 90 75 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 5 2 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 123 Georgia Mosn Sam nncome group Next latest single vear "ecent Europe higher Unit of esaimate & Central Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. 1.500 Headcount index % of pop. .. 30 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 580 2.270 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " .. .. Foods Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 6.2 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 97 105 104 Male .. .. .. 97 112 105 Female .. .. .. 97 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 33 24 18 23 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 23 31 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 86.2 77.4 DPT .. .. .. .. 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years .. 71 73 68 63 67 Female advantage .. 7.7 8.6 9.7 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births . 26 55 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. Urban .. .. .. Rural Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb + (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+. Life expectancy 4- 5- GNP Gross per primary 0 -i I I -capita enrollment -2 - -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Georgia - Georgia - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 124 Georgia Meat SeM ntonaome row Next LatinleYer Ieent Elump higher Unit of estimate & Central Low- income Indicator measur 1979.75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income reagP Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 4,908 5,287 5,418 487,445 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.59 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 49.5 53.9 58.0 65.2 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual% .. 0.9 -0.4 0.4 1.7 1.3 Urban .. 1.7 0.5 1.4 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,322 2,593 2,671 236,973 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 35 29 26 24 67 36 Industry " 26 29 31 36 14 26 Female 49 48 46 45 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 47 49 49 49 50 45 Female 23 23 23 43 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 69.70 69.70 69.70 24,354.02 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 70.42 75.85 78.03 19.96 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. .. 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.31 -0.99 -1.26 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 11.50 13.67 13.33 6.73 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 500 33,202 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. .. 170 4,392 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 .. .. .. .. 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 18.0 41.4 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 23.8 68.0 12.7 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 4.1 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 5.2 Fuel and power %ofGDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 317 1,174 572 2,756 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 38 37 34 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 241 187 182 362 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 98 86 85 248 Population per hospital bed 102 95 95 136 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 86 48 63 Female .. .. .. 90 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 1 .. 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 125 Germany Most Same regionincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High. Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 7,260 10,560 25,580 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 68 100 123 Lower income .. Fooda 56 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 101 102 97 104 Male " 101 103 97 104 Female 101 101 98 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 19 9 6 6 Under 5 mortality 7 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 20.7 90.0 82.7 DPT .. 56.4 80.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 71 73 76 77 Female advantage 6.3 6.6 6.5 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. I Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 53.0 51.9 48.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. Urban Rural Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) 104 (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per primary 0 I capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] Germany - Germany - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 126 Germany Most Same region&acome group Latest single Year swent Unit of esdmate H(th. Indicator Neasure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 78,679 77,698 81,516 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.57 0.44 0.46 0.49 Urban % of pop. 81.2 84.0 86.3 77.5 Population growth rate annual % -0.4 -0.2 0.4 0.7 Urban 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.8 Labor force thousands 36,428 38,621 40,127 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 8 5 4 5 Industry 47 42 38 31 Female 39 41 42 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 46 50 49 49 Female 18 20 21 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 356.91 356.91 356.91 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 220.44 217.70 227.39 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 53.65 52.15 49.72 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.15 -0.22 1.25 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 2.38 2.58 2.74 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 102.66 107.35 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.45 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 45 Share of bottom 40% of households 18 Share of bottom 20% of households 7 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 9.9 8.3 7.0 8.6 Staples 2.0 1.3 1.1 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " 3.9 3.9 3.2 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 10,003 9,103 3,533 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987= 100 81 99 93 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 262.5 264.4 153.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 1.2 2.3 Housing % ofGDP 9.5 12.7 11.3 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 5.2 3.2 5.0 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.4 3.7 2.1 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 4,017 4,631 4,097 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 7.9 9.1 8.7 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 Total road length thou. km 470 487 501 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 583 433 Population per nurse Population per hospital bed 73 .. 118 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 87 .. 101 97 Female 85 .. 100 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 24 .. 16 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 15 .. 13 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 91 94 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 423 511 328 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 Except for demographic estimates and area data, all information prior to 1990 exclude the Former German Democratic Republic. 127 Ghana Meat SM, Lve!qhincome gIp Next Lutest sigs year recent 6 Afgher Uniteo eofsite S&haW Low- tacome ladicator MasesM 197075 1980-8S 1989-94 Ake Income gray Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. 32.981 Headcount index % of pop. 36 Lower poverty line local curr. .. 16,491 Headcountindex % of pop. 7 GNP per capita US$ 300 350 430 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 0 57 458 Lower income Food " 60 353 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP 6.3 3.2 7.4 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 71 76 76 71 105 104 Male 0 89 83 77 112 105 Female 62 71 70 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 107 98 74 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 131 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 39.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 22.0 43.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 27.4 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 50 53 58 52 63 67 Female advantage 3.4 3.0 4.1 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.6 6.5 5.3 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 1,000 742 . Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 13.9 6.0 5.3 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 35.0 49.2 55.7 Urban 86.0 72.0 93.0 Rural 14.0 39.0 39.0 Access to health care .. 64.0 25.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual percent) (average annual, percent) 10+- Life expectancy 4-- 5 GNP Gross 2 --- -40III per Nprimary capita enrollment 0 I I -5 -2 -- -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Ghana - Ghana - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 128 Ghana Momst M Se e muRc"me group Naot Lwrest single year reent SRI& hge Unit of fsimate Seharan Low- inessn Indicator feisure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 4(des incfiome ga Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 9,835 12,620 16,639 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 30.1 32.3 35.8 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.2 3.7 2.7 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 2.9 4.3 4.0 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 4,517 5,970 7,900 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 61 60 59 65 67 36 Industry 14 13 13 9 14 26 Female " 5I 51 51 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 46 47 47 44 50 45 Female 23 24 24 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 238.54 238.54 238.54 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 41.23 52.91 67.91 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 34.76 39.55 40.96 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.38 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 109.30 95.55 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.34 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 42 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. 20 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. 8 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 39.3 .. 40.2 Staples .. .. 8.6 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. .. 20.0 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 85 137 396 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 33 96 75 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 135 98 99 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 3.1 1.4 0.6 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 47.7 44.9 45.7 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP 8.4 .. 5.6 Average household size persons per household 4.7 5.4 .. Urban " .. 4.4 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 0.4 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 2.3 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 125 78 91 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 2.4 .. 3.5 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 1.8 1.2 2.1 Total road length thou. km 31 35 38 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 12,900 14,894 22,970 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 693 640 .. Population per hospital bed 800 638 685 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 44 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 37 40 36 24 48 63 Female " 28 31 28 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 31 28 29 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 23 20 19 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 82 75 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 2 2 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 70 47 40 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 58 47 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 51 40 18 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 129 Greece Most Same regioniacome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Upper- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNPpercapita US$ 2,590 3,490 7,710 2,270 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 13 70 273 Lower income Foods 5 74 246 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 104 104 98 97 107 104 Male " 105 104 97 97 104 Female 104 104 98 97 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 24 14 8 23 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 10 31 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 77.0 76.0 .. 82.9 82.7 DPT " .. 54.0 54.0 .. 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. . Life expectancy Total years 72 75 78 68 69 77 Female advantage " 3.6 5.0 5.2 9.7 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.4 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 12 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total govt exp. 33.3 34.6 14.9 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 65.0 98.0 100.0 .. 86.2 Urban 88.0 100.0 100.0 .. 94.0 Rural 37.0 95.0 100.0 .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 0GNP 2- -per proar 0 I capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Greece - Greece - Upper-middle-income Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 130 Greece Most Same regionlincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Upper- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 9,047 9,934 10,426 487,445 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.56 0.53 0.48 0.54 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 55.3 60.1 64.7 65.2 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.7 0.7 Urban 2.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 3,584 4,000 4,379 236,973 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 36 27 23 24 21 5 Industry " 27 28 27 36 27 31 Female " 27 31 36 45 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 40 40 42 49 42 49 Female " 11 13 15 43 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 131.99 131.99 131.99 24,354.02 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 68.54 75.26 78.63 19.96 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 70.74 71.33 67.84 .. 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.25 -0.13 -0.24 -1.26 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 9.60 11.95 15.03 6.73 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 60.32 60.23 770.81 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.01 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 20.2 22.1 .. .. 8.6 Staples .. 2.2 1.8 .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 9.8 11.4 .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,013 453 708 33,202 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 4,392 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 104 111 105 .. 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 50.8 74.5 59.2 41.4 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 16.5 15.5 11.8 12.7 8.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. 7.9 8.3 7.2 .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.0 .. .. Urban 3.0 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 5.6 0.9 4.8 5.2 .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.2 1.9 1.2 .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1,344 1,870 2,235 2,756 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 8.4 9.8 .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 1.6 2.2 1.5 .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 37 38 116 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 600 351 582 362 Population per nurse 990 454 .. 248 Population per hospital bed 200 162 197 136 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 78 90 99 86 59 97 Female 69 89 98 90 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 30 23 19 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 28 17 14 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 96 100 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 3 0 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 16 9 7 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 14 II .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 103 136 136 .. 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 131 Grenada Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- tocome Indicator measure 1970.75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ .. 2,620 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 100 127 Lower income " .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. I10 104 107 Male .. .. .. .. 105 Female .. .. .. .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. .. .. 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality " 34 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 31.0 85.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 76.0 80.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years .. .. .. 68 67 69 Female advantage .. .. .. 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman .. .. .. 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 5.7 .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 83.0 .. .. 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 100.0 .. .. 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural " 77.0 .. .. 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 10+(average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 GNP Gross 2 . I per primary capita enrollment -2 - -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Grenada - Grenada - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 132 Grenada Most Same regiomIcome grup Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of esdimsts America middle- incese Indicator measurle 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income greup Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 92 470,899 1,096.881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio .. .. 0.76 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. .. .. .. 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. .. 0.3 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban .. .. .. 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 26 36 21 Industry .. .. .. 24 26 27 Female .. .. .. 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 41 45 42 Female .. .. .. 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.34 0.34 0.34 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 0.00 0.00 270.59 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 50.00 44.12 35.29 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.04 0.05 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -4.33 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 28.6 .. Staples .. 5.9 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 11.7 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 8 9 12 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 0 0 3 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 90 91 88 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 14.2 10.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 15.1 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 3.8 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 3.0 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. 293 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 8.1 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 7.2 .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. .. 1,769 .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. .. .. Population per hospital bed .. .. 125 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 70 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 51 63 59 Female .. .. .. .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 37 23 23 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 21 31 27 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 99 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 6 15 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 2 .. 3 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age I5+) .. .. .. 15 .. Is Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 133 Guadeloupe Most Same fgyonlincome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- lncome Indicator measuwe 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. .. 3,310 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages .. .. .. Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " .. .. .. Food' 20 .. .. .. Urban 94 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 110 107 104 Male .. .. .. .. .. 104 Female .. .. .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 42 15 11 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 14 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT" .. ., .. 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 68 72 75 68 69 77 Female advantage " 6.2 7.3 7.3 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.5 2.6 2.3 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 80.1 86.2 Urban .. .. .. 90.1 94.0 Rural .. .. .. 57.7 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 --0 I I GNP Gross per I-- primary capita enrollment 0 III -5 - -2 -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] Guadeloupe - Guadeloupe - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 134 Guadeloupe Most Same regionfincome group Next Latestsgleywr Went Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 329 355 421 470,899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.90 0.60 0.52 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 41.8 45.7 50.7 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.1 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 0.5 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 119 149 193 193,896 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 23 11 7 26 21 5 Industry 20 18 19 24 27 31 Female 39 42 45 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 36 42 46 41 42 49 Female " 14 18 20 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1.71 1.71 1.71 20,504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 192.40 207.60 242.69 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 34.91 34.32 31.36 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 7.27 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.69 5.17 5.66 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.95 0.93 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.32 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 79 97 74 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 125 108 88 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 166.7 163.2 113.2 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. 3.4 Urban .. .. 3.4 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 413 665 622 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,839 758 .. Population per nurse 88 .. .. Population per hospital bed 90 .. .. 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 51 59 97 Female .. .. .. .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 31 22 20 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 19 14 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 96 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 20 .. 9 flliteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 10 .. 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 73 96 86 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 135 Guam Most Same regionincome group Net Larest single year recent Upper- hgher Unit of estimate East middle- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia Income gre0p Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local cuff. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. .. 890 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages .. Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. Lower income Fooda 22 84 231 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 116 107 104 Male .. .. .. 119 .. 104 Female .. .. .. 115 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 20 12 9 35 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 12 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 97.0 .. 93.0 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 97.0 .. 95.0 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years .. .. 73 68 69 77 Female advantage .. .. 5.5 3.6 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.4 .. 2.8 2.2 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water. total % of pop. .. .. .. 67.2 86.2 Urban 94.0 .. .. 83.5 94.0 Rural 98.0 .. .. 61.4 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) I k (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 0 GNP Gross 2 -0 '~<~~'per primary capita enrollment. 0- -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Guam - Guam - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 136 Guam Most Same monfincome grop Nean Latest single year recent Upper- higher Unit of esfimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income grou Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 95 121 146 1,734,703 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.65 0.57 0.54 0.53 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 32.5 38.7 38.2 31.9 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 2.3 2.5 2.5 1.3 1.7 0.7 Urban " 6.3 2.1 2.9 2.8 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 977,170 198,841 416.550 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 67 21 5 Industry .. .. .. 16 27 31 Female .. .. .. 44 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 56 42 49 Female .. .. 51 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.55 0.55 0.55 16,367.16 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 172.73 220.00 258.18 104.65 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 36.36 36.36 36.36 44.90 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 13.14 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.10 0.10 4,057.84 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 4 10 9 29,997 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. .. .. 447 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 .. .. .. 118 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 74.5 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 18.1 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 4.8 .. .. 4.2 Urban 4.8 .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 13,779 10,033 9,397 659 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural .. Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 6.0 .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. .. .. 1,063 Population per nurse .. .. .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed .. .. .. 612 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. 32 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 56 59 97 Female .. .. .. 52 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 15 .. .. 23 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 29 .. .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 4 .. 16 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 24 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 189 149 180 .. 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 137 Guatemala Most Same rego&aftcome group Next Latst singl year recent Laos Lawer- higher Unit of esimate America middle- income ladicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income gre Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 620 1.150 1,190 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 27 65 317 Lower income .. Food " Urban .. 62 298 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 61 76 84 110 104 107 Male 67 83 89 105 Female 56 70 78 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 95 70 44 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality 57 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 27.0 48.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 54.0 63.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 43.6 .. Life expectancy Total years 54 59 65 68 67 69 Female advantage " 2.9 4.5 4.9 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 5.6 5.2 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 300 464 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 12.5 4.8 5.9 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water. total % of pop. 39.0 58.3 60.2 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 85.0 90.0 91.3 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 14.0 39.0 41.2 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 59.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10-k Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2- . . 0- per primary * capita enrollment 0 I II -5c iten I t .2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water F] Guatemala - Guatemala - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 138 Guatemala Most Same regionncome group Nea Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income grosp Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 6,023 7.963 10,322 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.94 0.95 0.92 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 36.7 38.1 41.1 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.8 2.9 2.9 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 3.4 3.2 3.9 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1.994 2,745 3,654 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 58 53 52 26 36 21 Industry 18 18 17 24 26 27 Female 17 23 25 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 33 34 35 41 45 42 Female 6 8 9 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 108.89 108.89 108.89 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 55.31 73.13 92.09 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 26.63 15.37 41.34 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.45 0.52 2.21 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 2.49 2.66 2.79 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 50.38 42.25 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.74 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 60 55 63 Share of bottom 40% of households " 13 14 8 Share of bottom 20% of households " 5 6 2 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 29.2 .. Staples " .. 8.4 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 12.3 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 151 142 486 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 9 23 109 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 114 106 107 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 19.0 24.8 36.6 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 24.7 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 10.8 .. Average household size persons per household 5.0 5.2 .. Urban 5.0 5.0 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 1.5 1.3 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 3.7 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 195 152 186 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 2.7 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 2.4 1.0 .. Total road length thou. km 17 17 12 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 3.656 2,184 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. 851 .. Population per hospital bed " 500 .. 673 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 24 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 12 19 24 51 63 59 Female 11 17 23 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 35 37 34 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 37 68 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 15 13 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 54 48 44 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age l5+) .. 56 51 15 .. Is Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 41 31 18 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 139 Guinea Most Same rgIonhacome group Next Latestsingleyear recent higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 510 500 390 1.670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 6.2 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 30 34 44 71 105 104 Male 40 47 59 77 112 105 Female 20 23 29 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 177 157 131 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 223 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 44.0 50.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 4.0 50.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 23.4 18.0 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 37 40 44 52 63 67 Female advantage 1.0 1.0 .. 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.0 6.2 6.5 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 880 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 14.0 .. 60.0 Urban 68.0 41.0 78.0 Rural .. 2.0 42.0 Access to health care .. 13.0 45.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (0+ average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 [- GNP Gross 2--M 0- N per primary 0 7 IV I -5 capita enrollment -2 1-10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Guinea - Guinea - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes. p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 140 Guinea Most Sam rgoaucome yroup Nex0 Latestingley recent Sb higher Unit of estimate Sahare Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income roup Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 4,149 4,987 6,425 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.92 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 16.3 22.3 28.8 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 1.4 2.6 2.6 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 4.5 5.5 5.3 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,178 2.544 3,139 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 92 89 87 65 67 36 Industry 1 2 2 9 14 26 Female 47 47 47 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 51 49 44 50 45 Female 25 24 23 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 245.86 245.86 245.86 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 16.88 20.28 25.45 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 25.19 25.33 25.35 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.81 1.45 1.49 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 75.58 66.92 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.21 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 50 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. ..1I1 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 3 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 26.5 Staples .. .. 8.6 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 9.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 67 140 335 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 49 52 30 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 107 101 108 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.2 0.1 0.3 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 24.1 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 8.5 Average household size persons per household .. 6.7 .. Urban ", Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.8 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.7 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 68 74 65 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 10.1 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. 1.1 Total road length thou. km 28 29 16 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 50,013 38,961 6,570 .. .. 3.064 Population per nurse 3,715 5,161 5,166 Population per hospital bed 562 .. 1,816 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 82 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 14 10 12 24 48 63 Female " 7 5 6 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 40 36 50 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 26 23 30 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 75 88 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 27 21 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 83 76 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 92 78 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 1 3 .. 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 141 Guinea-Bissau Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. 49 Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. 26 GNP per capita US$ 200 190 240 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. 1,757 Lower income " .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 4.6 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 64 68 .. 71 105 104 Male 90 94 .. 77 112 105 Female " 39 43 .. 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 183 163 138 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 231 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 35.0 .. 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 18.0 .. 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 24.1 .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 36 38 38 52 63 67 Female advantage 1.7 1.4 1.2 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 900 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 2.9 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 21.1 24.9 Urban .. 17.0 17.5 Rural " .. 22.0 27.1 Access to health care .. 64.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 + (average annual, percent) + (average annual, percent) 10~ Life expectancy 4 5 2 - -._ 0 I GNP Gross 0 ~peripi capita enrollment - - -5 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Guinea-Bissau - Guinea-Bissau Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 142 Guinea-Bissau Most S&me , inrWcome grouW Next Latest single year eent' VS. higer Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator meature 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Africa Income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 627 886 1,044 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.72 0.79 0.88 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 15.9 18.1 21.7 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 4.9 1.8 2.2 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 5.9 3.3 4.4 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 331 432 503 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 88 86 85 65 67 36 Industry 1 2 2 9 14 26 Female 40 40 40 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 53 49 48 44 50 45 Female 21 19 19 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 36.12 36.12 36.12 24.273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 17.36 24.53 28.27 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 48.54 49.79 50.50 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.25 1.21 1.20 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 21.81 20.21 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.76 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 59 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. 9 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 2 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 36.9 Staples .. .. 12.0 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. .. 13.7 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 22 30 70 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 11 31 9 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 103 97 99 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.2 0.4 0.3 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 47.8 42.4 45.0 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 11.9 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 5.8 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 2.4 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 46 37 37 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 14.1 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 1.4 Total road length thou. km .. 4 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 17,500 7,262 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 2,821 1,129 .. Population per hospital bed " 572 538 .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 26 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 3 6 6 24 48 63 Female " 2 2 2 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 38 25 .. 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 11 13 .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 64 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 14 50 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 70 64 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 82 58 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 10 7 6 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 143 Guyana Most Same region/income group Next Latest sinle year recent Latin higher Unit of estimate America Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. 47,500 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 43 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. 35,000 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 29 GNP per capita USS 690 490 530 3,310 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987= 100 16 72 158 Lower income .. .. .. Food a Urban .. 71 250 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 95 103 98 110 105 104 Male " 96 104 98 .. 112 105 Female 95 101 98 .. 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 79 63 45 41 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 61 49 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 33.0 80.0 78.7 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 43.0 80.0 73.7 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) 32.1 22.1 3.0 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 60 61 66 68 63 67 Female advantage 4.1 5.8 5.6 5.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.9 3.3 2.5 2.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 200 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 5.7 3.3 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 84.0 76.1 80.6 80.1 Urban 100.0 100.0 93.6 90.1 Rural 75.0 65.0 74.3 57.7 Access to health care .. 88.8 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per primary 0 E capita enrollment -2 - -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ( Guyana - Guyana - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 144 Guyana Most Same regionfincome group Next Intest single year rwcent ' ain higher Unit of estimate America Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income eVUP Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 730 790 826 470,899 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.91 0.68 0.59 0.65 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 30.0 31.7 35.7 73.8 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 1.5 0.5 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 1.9 1.3 2.8 2.6 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 226 282 342 193,896 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 29 24 22 26 67 36 Industry 27 25 25 24 14 26 Female 23 28 32 33 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 31 36 41 41 50 45 Female 7 10 13 27 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 214.97 214.97 214.97 20,504.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 3.40 3.67 3.79 22.55 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 7.00 8.76 8.77 39.78 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 8.71 7.36 7.53 3.40 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 185.96 184.16 9.866.24 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.10 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 47 Share of bottom 4Q% of households .. .. 17 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. 6 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 62 1 58 27,659 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 1 0 58 1,565 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 120 107 100 101 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 9.3 7.2 7.0 16.0 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 28.8 22.5 30.5 9.0 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household 5.0 .. 4.4 Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 821 601 349 940 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 4 9 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 4.000 6,220 8,956 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,128 886 894 Population per hospital bed 200 300 358 512 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 31 61 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 54 54 57 51 48 63 Female 55 56 58 .. 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 32 37 .. 26 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 21 35 .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 100 94 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 8 4 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 8 5 2 14 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 6 5 15 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 167 99 99 86 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 145 Haiti Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin higher Unit of stimate America Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 160 300 220 3,310 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. . Consumer price index 1987=100 48 109 325 Lower income .. .. .. Food " 25 .. .. Urban .. 119 178 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 60 97 56 110 105 104 Male " .. 103 58 .. 112 105 Female .. 91 54 .. 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 135 108 86 41 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 127 49 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 13.0 31.0 78.7 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 12.0 41.0 73.7 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 26.8 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 48 53 57 68 63 67 Female advantage 2.9 3.2 3.4 5.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.8 5.2 4.8 2.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 600 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 12.0 37.3 41.8 80.1 Urban 46.0 59.0 55.5 90.1 Rural 3.0 30.0 36.4 57.7 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 + (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10* -Life expectancy 4 -5 - GNP Gross 2 0 \I I perprmy 0 I I I - -capita e nrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Haiti - Haiti - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 146 Haiti Most Same rgionhna some group Next Latest single year recent Lain higher Unit of estimate America Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,920 5,865 7,008 470,899 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.84 0,81 0.79 0.65 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 21.7 26.0 31.0 73.8 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 1.7 1.9 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 3.5 3.7 4.2 2.6 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,447 2,710 3,127 193,896 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 73 69 68 26 67 36 Industry 8 8 9 24 14 26 Female 45 44 43 33 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 50 46 45 41 50 45 Female " 23 20 19 27 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 27.75 27.75 27.75 20,504.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 177.30 211.35 246.95 22.55 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 51.52 51.05 50.98 39.78 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % -1.39 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 4.93 4.98 5.34 3.40 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.38 0.23 9,866.24 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 4.77 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 88 220 381 27,659 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 25 101 74 1,565 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 109 108 71 101 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 1.5 2.3 2.9 16.0 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 43.7 9.0 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household 3.6 .. .. Urban " 2.2 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 34 51 47 940 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 3 4 4 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 12,392 7,304 10,843 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 7,410 2,268 8,935 Population per hospital bed 1,289 1,384 1,250 512 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 20 61 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 8 18 14 51 48 63 Female " 7 17 13 .. 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 40 38 21 26 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary" 16 20 20 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 37 60 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 9 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 79 52 55 14 35 Female % of fem. (age l5+) .. 58 58 15 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 19 9 7 86 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 147 Honduras Most Same regionincome groqy Next Latest single year recent Latin higher Unit of estimate America Low- income IAdicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 400 790 580 3,310 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages .. .. 19 Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 42 94 278 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda , 34 97 235 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 10.3 5.3 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 88 108 112 110 105 104 Male 89 108 111 .. 112 105 Female 86 109 112 .. 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 101 62 47 41 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 60 49 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 51.0 86.0 78.7 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 48.0 94.0 73.7 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 20.8 19.3 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 54 62 66 68 63 67 Female advantage " 3.6 4.0 4.4 5.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.4 6.2 4.7 2.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 300 221 . Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 11.3 .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. 12.8 .. Access to safe water- total % of pop. 41.0 51.7 .. 80.1 Urban 99.0 56.0 .. 90.1 Rural 10.0 49.0 .. 57.7 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 - 0 per primary capita enrollment 0 -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Honduras - Honduras - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 148 Honduras Most Smn=ton eroup Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate America Low- income Indicator mearsT 197075 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean Income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 3,081 4,383 5,750 470,899 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.02 0.96 0.89 0.65 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 32.3 39.7 46.9 73.8 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3.3 3.4 3.0 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 5.5 5.3 4.7 2.6 3.2 2.7 Labor rorce thousands 965 1,416 1,948 193,896 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 61 49 41 26 67 36 Industry 14 17 20 24 14 26 Female 19 26 29 33 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 31 32 34 41 50 45 Female 6 9 10 27 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 112.09 112.09 112.09 20,504.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 27.49 39.10 49.79 22.55 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 28.02 29.30 31.71 39.78 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.26 0.03 5.75 0.32 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 2.55 2.59 2.09 3.40 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 57.20 46.05 9,866.24 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 2.15 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 57 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 11 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 32.6 29.8 .. Staples .. 6.1 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs ., 10.4 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 113 112 197 27,659 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 31 118 64 1,565 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 99 99 100 101 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 6.4 7.0 18.3 16.0 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 24.6 19.3 17.2 9.0 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP 17.6 16.2 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.3 2.3 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 5.1 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 204 191 169 940 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 2.4 2.2 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 3.3 1.3 .. Total road length thou. km 7 12 14 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 3,799 1,513 2,435 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,469 673 .. Population per hospital bed 600 800 993 512 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 70 61 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 16 37 32 51 48 63 Female " 17 31 37 .. 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 35 38 38 26 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary. .. .. .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 36 46 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. IS .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 43 32 27 14 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 35 27 15 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 32 67 29 86 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 149 Hong Kong Most Same regionicome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 2,480 6,080 21,650 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. . Consumer price index 1987=100 40 92 186 Lower income .. Fooda .. 94 176 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 119 105 102 104 Male 122 106 .. 104 Female 117 105 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 15 9 5 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 6 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 42.0 82.7 DPT " .. 87.0 83.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 71 76 78 77 Female advantage " 6.4 5.6 5.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.9 1.8 1.2 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 6 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 89.0 Urban 93.0 Rural 49.0 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 10+(average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2.. GNP Gross 0 per primary 0 I I -5capita enrollment -2 ---10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Hong Kong - Hong Kong - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 150 Hong Kong Most Same rgionlincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,360 5,456 6,061 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.56 0.45 0.41 0.49 Urban % of pop. 89.7 92.9 94.8 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 2.3 1.6 2.4 0.7 Urban " 2.7 1.9 2.6 0.8 Labor force thousands 2,022 2,684 2,999 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 2 1 1 5 Industry " 52 43 37 31 Female 34 35 37 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 46 49 49 49 Female 16 17 18 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1.04 1.04 1.04 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 4,192.31 5,246.15 5,691.35 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 9.90 9.09 8.08 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -16.67 0.00 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 60.00 33.33 25.00 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.21 0.22 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.47 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 49 47 Share of bottom 40% of households 15 16 Share of bottom 20% of households 6 5 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 8.0 .. 8.6 Staples .. 0.9 .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 4.3 .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 681 861 640 74,460 Food aid in cereals 2 .. 8 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 106 119 129 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 1.1 0.5 0.2 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. 9.8 .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 4.0 3.9 3.5 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.2 6.2 .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.2 .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 964 1,373 2,280 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 5.8 .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.8 1.3 .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 1 1 2 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,488 1,211 Population per nurse 561 795 Population per hospital bed 198 204 234 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 49 71 .. 97 Female 47 73 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 31 27 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 97 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 2 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 23 12 8 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 19 12 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 751 817 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 151 Hungary Mort SM n&efinacome roup Next Latest single year recent E-pe uppeN hgher Unit of estimate & Central middle. income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. 25 Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. 5 GNP per capita US$ 1,880 3,840 2,270 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local cur. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 46 87 420 Lower income Food" 40 90 268 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 99 99 94 97 107 104 Male 99 99 94 97 104 Female " 99 99 94 97 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 33 20 12 23 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 14 31 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 99.0 100.0 .. 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 99.0 100.0 .. 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 70 70 70 68 69 77 Female advantage 6.2 8.0 8.8 9.7 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.4 1.8 1.6 1.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 28 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of towa gov't exp. .. 26.9 29.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 97.8 100.0 .. 86.2 Urban 65.0 100.0 100.0 .. 94.0 Rural " 10.6 95.0 100.0 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5- GNP Gross per Iprimary capita enrollment 0 I--- - I -5 - -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Hungary - Hungary - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. 'Te development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 152 Hungary most Sam reinacome group Next Latest single year recent Europe upper higher Unit of estimate & Central middle. income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 10,532 10,579 10,261 487.445 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.49 0.51 0.48 0.54 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 52.8 59.5 64.2 65.2 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.6 -0.5 -0.3 0.4 1.7 0.7 Urban " 2.2 0.4 0.5 1.4 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 5,301 4,923 4,721 236,973 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 22 17 15 24 21 5 Industry " 44 41 38 36 27 31 Female 42 44 44 45 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 50 47 46 49 42 49 Female 21 20 20 43 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 93.03 93.03 93.03 24,354.02 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 113.21 113.72 110.65 19.96 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 73.32 70.81 66.39 .. 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.18 -0.23 -0.10 -1.26 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 2.30 2.11 3.36 6.73 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 16.10 16.95 770.81 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change. 1980-90 .. .. -0.52 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 34 32 38 Share of bottom 40% of households 25 26 24 Share of bottom 20% of households 10 11 10 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 16.1 16.0 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples 2.2 1.9 .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 6.9 7.6 .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 191 134 137 33,202 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals " 4 .. .. 4,392 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 84 99 74 .. 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 224.3 204.6 32.1 41.4 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 16.1 6.3 12.7 8.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP 4.5 5.9 .. 7.2 .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.0 2.8 2.7 Urban 2.8 2.7 2.6 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 5.9 5.6 .. 5.2 .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.0 2.9 .. 1.2 .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,225 2,858 2,455 2,756 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 99.1 .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP 4.5 5.8 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.9 1.2 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. 91 159 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 507 304 330 362 Population per nurse 214 172 .. 248 Population per hospital bed 123 109 97 136 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 63 72 81 86 59 97 Female 1 58 72 82 90 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 16 15 12 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 15 13 12 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 95 97 98 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 3 3 3 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 2 1 .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 233 257 281 .. 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 153 Iceland Most Same regionfincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local cuff. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 7,530 11,610 24,590 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 2 70 206 Lower income .. Fooda Urban .. 70 191 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 100 99 100 104 Male 98 99 102 104 Female " 102 99 98 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 13 6 3 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 5 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 90.0 99.0 82.7 DPT " .. 92.0 .. 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " Life expectancy Total years 74 77 79 77 Female advantage " 6.0 5.5 4.1 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.6 1.9 2.1 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 23 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social securitv % of total gov't exp. 16.8 18.8 25.9 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 100.0 Urban .. 100.0 100.0 Rural 100.0 100.0 Access to health care 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 0 per primary 0 I I capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1986-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Iceland - Iceland - High-income High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 154 Iceland Most Same reon/income group Latest sigle year recent Unit of esitate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 218 241 266 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.64 0.57 0.55 0.49 Urban % of pop. 86.6 89.5 91.4 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 Urban " 1.8 1.1 1.0 0.8 Labor force thousands 104 130 151 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 13 11 11 5 Industry " 37 31 26 31 Female 37 42 44 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 48 54 57 49 Female 18 23 25 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 103.00 103.00 103.00 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 2.12 2.34 2.56 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 22.81 22.75 22.74 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1.20 1.20 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. 11.5 8.6 Staples .. .. 1.8 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 6.0 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 30 23 22 74,460 Food aid in cereals 3 Food production per capita 1987'= 100 118 107 75 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 12.3 11.1 9.1 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 40.7 9.5 9.1 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. .. 9.3 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 12.3 5.0 fel and power %ofGDP .. .. 1.6 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 5,252 7,270 8,015 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 8.7 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 3.4 2.1 Total road length thou. km 12 12 11 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. 435 Population per nurse .. 87 Population per hospital bed .. .. .. 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 80 91 103 97 Female " 75 87 101 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 19 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 13 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 100 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 431 469 517 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 155 India Most Same regiownnome group Next Latest single year Pweent higher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980.85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 180 280 310 320 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. 84 94 Consumer price index 1987=100 45 85 189 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda 27 .. .. Urban .. 83 176 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop, 79 96 102 98 105 104 Male 94 110 113 110 112 105 Female 62 80 91 87 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 132 108 70 73 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 97 106 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 85.8 84.2 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 41.0 90.2 88.6 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 63.0 61.5 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 50 55 62 61 63 67 Female advantage " -1.9 -0.4 1.3 1.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.6 4.8 3.3 3.6 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 460 437 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 31.0 56.3 .. Urban 80.0 76.0 .. Rural 18.0 50.0 .. Access to health care .. 75.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10t (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 0 _ _I _ I _ GNP Gross 0per iprimary capita enrollment 0 III -5 -c tae I -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water India - India - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 156 India Moat Same rin/Inome VWy Next Latest s eye-a sweent hilgher Unit of estimate South Low- inceme Indicator meae 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia Income croup Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 613,459 765,147 913,600 1,220,285 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.77 0.72 0.66 0.71 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 21.3 24.3 26.5 26.0 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 3.7 3.0 2.7 3.1 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 260.515 329,608 394,330 528,108 1.590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 70 67 64 63 67 36 Industry 13 14 16 16 14 26 Female " 31 32 32 32 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 42 43 43 43 50 45 Female 13 14 14 29 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 3,287.59 3,287.59 3,287.59 5,133.49 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 186.60 232.74 273.21 233.41 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 60.83 60.86 60.89 59.11 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.47 -0.07 -0.05 -0.02 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 18.65 23.09 25.96 29.63 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 551.19 517.29 658.32 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.63 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 49 41 43 Share of bottom 40% of households 16 20 21 Share of bottom 20% of households " 6 8 8 .. . EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 43.6 35.3 .. Staples " 20.6 12.4 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 6.5 7.4 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 7,669 205 694 6,211 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 1,582 304 276 1,624 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 94 104 115 113 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 19.3 47.0 67.5 69.7 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 36.6 29.5 26.9 26.6 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP 4.4 7.1 .. Average household size persons per household 5.2 5.6 .. Urban 4.8 5.5 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 2.3 2.8 .. Fuel and power % of GDP 2.4 2.3 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 124 170 243 219 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 4.7 5.1 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 1.4 2.3 .. Total road length thou. km 1,375 1,546 2,962 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 4,900 2,522 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 3,710 1,701 .. Population per hospital bed 1,700 1,300 1,371 1,675 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 37 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 26 37 49 45 48 63 Female 16 26 38 35 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 42 58 63 61 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 21 21 26 26 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 51 58 .. Repeater rate: primary % of tota enroll 17 .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 66 56 48 51 35 Female %of fem. (age 15+) .. 71 62 64 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 15 26 31 26 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 157 Indonesia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. 45 17 Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. 29 15 GNP per capita US$ 230 520 880 890 1,670 4.710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. 315 1176 Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 28 86 174 Lower income Food .. 83 71 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 3.8 .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary %schoolagepop. 86 117 114 116 104 107 Male 94 120 116 119 105 Female 78 114 112 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 114 80 53 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality 74 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 15.0 80.0 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 15.0 86.0 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 38.7 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 49 56 63 68 67 69 Female advantage 2.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.4 4.1 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 450 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 11.0 37.8 41.6 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban 41.0 43.0 65.0 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural 4.0 36.0 31.7 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 104:- Life expectancy 4- 5 GNP Gross 2- 0- E l I perprmy 0* I I I -5 -capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Indonesia - Indonesia - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 158 Indonesia Most Same regionacome group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income ro7up Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 132,589 163,036 190,389 1,734,703 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.82 0.73 0.62 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 19.4 26.2 33.6 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.4 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.7 Urban 4.8 4.9 3.6 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 52.166 69,179 88,651 977,170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 62 56 55 67 36 21 Industry 11 13 14 16 26 27 Female " 33 37 39 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 39 42 47 56 45 42 Female 13 16 18 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,904.57 1,904.57 1,904.57 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 69.62 85.60 98.41 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 21.12 21.72 24.76 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.11 6.20 -4.60 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 10.19 10.93 10.74 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1,216.69 1,095.49 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.04 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 52 .. 41 Share of bottom 40% of households 17 .. 21 Share of bottom 20% of households " 7 .. 9 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 30.2 .. Staples " .. 13.1 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 6.4 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,424 1,447 3,105 29,997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 301 270 40 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987=100 78 98 114 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 12.8 50.1 61.4 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 30.2 23.2 17.4 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 8.2 .. Average household size persons per household 5.0 4.8 4.5 4.2 Urban " 5.0 5.3 .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 3.5 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 4.2 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 102 191 393 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 46.7 .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 2.6 .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 1.9 .. Total road length thou. km 105 207 244 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 26,988 9,412 7,028 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse " 4,805 1,255 .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed 1,222 1,796 1,503 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 78 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 20 41 43 56 63 59 Female " 15 23 39. 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 29 25 23 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 16 17 16 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 78 89 91 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 11 11 10 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 43 28 16 16 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 37 22 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 17 18 25 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 159 Islamic Republic of Iran Most Sm oaome pr Next Latsia l year recens Lowe- lhigher Uni of eadmate & North middle- Income Indeator maur- 197075 1980-5 1949 Afi income grou Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local cur. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ .. 1,970 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural term of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987-100 15 66 398 Lower income .. .. Food .. 64 281 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 11.6 8.8 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 93 96 105 97 104 107 Male 114 106 109 104 105 Female 71 85 101 90 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 122 78 47 48 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 58 65 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 51.0 84.0 81.1 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 51.0 88.0 83.9 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 43.1 .. Life expectancy Total years 56 61 68 66 67 69 Female advantage -0.7 3.6 1.1 2.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 6.2 4.7 4.5 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 120 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 4.4 14.5 15.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 51.0 71.8 88.9 .. .. 86.2 Urban 76.0 90.0 100.0 98.7 .. 94.0 Rural 30.0 52.0 75.2 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 67.0 ..- .. . Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5- GNP Gross 2 - - --0 I 1 I , 0- per primary * capita enrollment 0 I -5 -2 ---10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Islamic Republic of Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 160 Islamic Republic of Iran moat soe.#e Neo& Latest single year recent w rn/Inn er- NOW Unit of esitmar & Nortk m'e- J0"ee Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income gre Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (wre-1994) thousands 33,206 46,374 62,550 266,675 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.83 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 45.8 53.2 58.5 55.7 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 3.2 3.6 2.6 2.6 1.3 1.7 Urban " 4.9 5.0 3.5 3.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 9,792 14,209 19,504 87,383 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 45 42 39 35 36 21 Industry " 26 23 23 23 26 27 Female " 16 21 23 25 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 29 31 31 33 45 42 Female 5 6 7 17 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,648.00 1,648.00 1,648.00 11,021.26 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 20.15 28.14 36.98 23.57 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 36.94 36.60 38.00 32.20 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.85 0.55 -0.03 -0.80 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 9.76 11.36 15.12 10.48 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 180.00 180.20 45.40 5.969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.01 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 58 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households II .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households 4 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 14.7 24.8 .. Staples 4.5 6.4 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 5.0 10.8 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 2,109 4,216 4,840 38,370 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 51 .. 31 1,249 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 86 97 110 104 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kglha 5.6 15.1 15.2 98.2 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculure in GDP % of GDP 11.1 19.7 21.5 11.9 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP 7.7 15.3 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.7 7.9 .. Fuel and power % of GDP 1.5 1.6 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 988 1,152 1,565 1,232 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 3.1 3.9 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 4.6 2.1 .. Total road length thou. km 50 139 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 3,270 2,949 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,775 1,179 .. Population per hospital bed 725 658 724 623 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 85 56 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 45 44 66 59 63 59 Female 33 35 58 51 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 29 22 32 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 27 16 28 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 79 90 93 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 9 10 9 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 52 28 37 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 64 34 50 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 15 27 21 34 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 161 Iraq Most Same m.tnracome group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. .. 1,970 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Food a Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 94 108 91 97 104 107 Male 122 116 98 104 105 Female 64 99 83 90 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 96 78 54 48 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 71 65 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 25.0 73.0 81.1 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 13.0 69.0 83.9 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 57 62 67 66 67 69 Female advantage 1.8 1.8 3.0 2.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.1 6.4 5.5 4.5 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 117 298 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 66.0 82.0 92.5 .. .. 86.2 Urban 100.0 95.0 100.0 98.7 .. 94.0 Rural " 11.0 54.0 72.3 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 94.0 98.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+- Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross Sper iprmary S capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water []Iraq - Iraq - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 162 Iraq Most Same reion/icome group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Aftica income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre1994) thousands 11,020 15,317 20,356 266,675 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.96 0.92 0.92 0.83 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 61.4 68.8 74.0 55.7 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 3.3 3.4 4.0 2.6 1.3 1.7 Urban 5.0 4.3 4.7 3.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 2,906 4,038 5,278 87,383 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 37 21 16 35 36 21 Industry 22 19 18 23 26 27 Female " 11 17 18 25 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 26 26 26 33 45 42 Female " 3 4 5 17 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 438.32 438.32 438.32 11,021.26 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 25.14 34.94 44.63 23.57 26.66 22.49 Agriculturalland %oflandarea 21.23 21.61 21.61 32.20 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.05 0.00 0.00 -0.80 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 16.88 18.52 26.98 10.48 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 19.10 18.90 445.40 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.11 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 745 3,463 1,397 38,370 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 0 0 80 1,249 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 111 128 85 104 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 3.5 18.7 29.8 98.2 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 11.9 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 537 1,179 1,082 1,232 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 12 30 46 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 3,237 1,760 1,659 .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 2,297 2,195 99 Population per hospital bed " 513 528 603 623 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 70 56 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 35 54 44 59 63 59 Female 21 39 34 51 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 25 24 22 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 25 30 20 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 93 91 .. 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 16 21 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 48 42 37 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 59 55 50 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 17 39 35 34 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 163 Ireland Most Same regionfincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local cuff. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 3,020 4.990 13,630 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 27 93 121 Lower income Fooda 16 93 277 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 103 100 103 104 Male 103 100 103 104 Female 103 100 103 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 18 9 6 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 7 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 63.0 78.0 82.7 DPT .. 45.0 65.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 71 73 76 77 Female advantage 4.9 5.5 5.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.4 2.5 1.9 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 7 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 26.7 30.2 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 100.0 Urban 100.0 100.0 Rural " . 100.0 100.0 Access to health care .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 2-0I GNP Gross per i primary capita enrollment -2 -- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Ireland - Ireland - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 164 Ireland Most Sene gio&ncome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimat High. Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 3,177 3,540 3,571 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.73 0.67 0.56 0.49 Urban % of pop. 53.6 56.3 57.4 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.7 0.3 0.2 0.7 Urban " 2.4 0.7 0.4 0.8 Labor force thousands 1,189 1,283 1,388 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 22 16 14 5 Industry " 32 31 29 31 Female 27 30 33 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 37 36 39 49 Female 10 11 13 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 70.28 70.28 70.28 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 45.20 50.37 50.70 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 82.96 82.81 81.48 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.40 0.16 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 3.81 4.29 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -1.19 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 39 Share of bottom 40% of households 20 Share of bottom 20% of households " 7 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 17.1 15.2 10.6 8.6 Staples 3.2 2.5 2.3 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 8.7 7.5 4.9 3.9 Cereal imports thou, metric tonnes 658 500 409 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 94 98 109 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 75.5 108.7 126.5 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 7.2 2.3 Housing % ofGDP 7.5 6.2 6.0 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.9 3.7 Urban 4.0 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.1 6.6 3.9 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,180 2,522 3,136 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 99.6 Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP 6.4 8.6 6.9 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 2.1 3.9 2.0 2.1 Total road length thou. km 89 92 92 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 983 681 Population per nurse 157 140 Population per hospital bed " 79 103 101 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 86 98 105 97 Female 91 103 110 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 31 27 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 14 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 99 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 218 194 184 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 165 Israel Most Seme reionaincome group Latest single year recent Unit of edsate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 4,230 6,370 14,410 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages " .. Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 56 272 Lower income Food" .. 56 209 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 10.2 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 97 97 95 104 Male 96 95 95 104 Female 97 98 96 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 23 12 8 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 10 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 85.0 88.0 82.7 DPT .. 92.0 88.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 72 74 77 77 Female advantage " 3.7 3.4 3.9 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.8 3.1 2.5 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 5 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 18.4 16.3 27.2 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 100.0 Urban .. .. 100.0 Rural .. .. 100.0 Access to health care .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10 (average annual, percent)expectancy 4 5 2 -GNP Gross 2 0 II per primary - ----capita enrollment 0 I I -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Israel - Israel - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 166 Israel Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 3,455 4,233 5,383 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.68 0.70 0.61 0.49 Urban % of pop. 86.6 90.3 90.5 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 2.3 1.8 1.4 0.7 Urban 2.8 2.1 1.4 0.8 Labor force thousands 1,262 1,635 2,125 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 8 5 4 5 Industry 34 30 29 31 Female " 32 36 39 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 37 39 39 49 Female " 12 14 15 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 21.06 21.06 21.06 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 164.06 201.00 252.14 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 26.19 27.89 28.13 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.92 1.95 0.17 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 33.33 40.52 31.03 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1.16 1.19 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.26 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 40 Share of bottom 40% of households " 18 Share of bottom 20% of households 6 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 14.9 11.7 8.6 Staples .. 2.0 .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. 6.4 5.1 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,644 1,714 2,293 74,460 Food aid in cereals 53 8 2 Food production per capita 1987= 100 103 103 82 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 138.1 160.2 169.0 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 4.7 3.5 .. 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. 5.1 6.1 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.8 3.7 3.6 Urban " 3.7 3.5 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 13.7 4.5 .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.6 .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,218 1,956 2,815 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 6.7 .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .4 .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 4 13 14 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 400 345 Population per nurse " .. 107 Population per hospital bed 200 154 164 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 66 80 87 97 Female " 71 85 91 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 16 17 16 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 96 100 98 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 12 5 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 7 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 387 260 242 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 * 167 Italy Most Same rmvon/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High. Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local cuff. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 4,020 7,480 19,270 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 22 90 144 Lower income .. Food " 14 91 134 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 106 96 98 104 Male 107 97 98 104 Female " 106 96 99 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 21 11 7 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 9 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 12.0 50.0 82.7 DPT .. 12.0 95.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 72 75 78 77 Female advantage " 6.0 6.9 6.7 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.2 1.4 1.3 1.7 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 13 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 38.9 31.2 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 100.0 Urban .. 100.0 100.0 Rural .. 100.0 100.0 Access to health care " .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per --I primary I capita enrollment 0 I -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Italy - Italy - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 168 Italy Moat Same region/ficome group Latest singleyear recent Unitof esdmes High. Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre.1994) thousands 55,441 56,593 57,120 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.57 0.48 0.45 0.49 Urban % of pop. 65.6 66.8 66.6 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.7 Urban 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.8 Labor force thousands 21,815 23,506 24,865 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 15 10 9 5 Industry " 40 34 31 31 Female 31 35 37 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 39 42 44 49 Female " 12 14 16 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 301.27 301.27 301.27 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 184.02 187.85 189.36 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 59.56 58.13 54.95 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.09 -0.86 -0.97 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 13.70 14.19 16.77 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. 85.50 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 20.1 13.6 11.1 8.6 Staples 3.0 1.8 1.6 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 10.0 7.1 5.8 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 7,059 7,052 6,249 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 100 91 97 98 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 85.0 123.0 108.3 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 7.2 4.5 2.9 2.3 Housing % of GDP 8.6 9.6 9.8 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.3 3.0 2.9 Urban .. .. 2.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.2 3.6 5.2 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.0 2.8 2.2 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,243 2,412 2,710 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 7.1 7.8 7.6 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 Total road length thou. km 292 298 305 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 555 750 210 Population per nurse .. 250 Population per hospital bed 95 .. 131 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 70 73 81 97 Female 66 73 82 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 19 14 12 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary "11 10 9 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 3 1 . Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 6 4 t Female % of fem.(age 15+) .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 114 97 107 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 169 Jamaica Most Same sw n Wome Vo Next Latest singe year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. 34 Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 1,380 930 1,420 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local cur.. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 14 81 667 Lower income " .. Foods a 6 . .. .. Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 97 100 109 110 104 107 Male 97 99 109 .. 105 Female 98 101 108 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 42 18 13 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 16 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 60.0 74.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPI " .. 57.0 86.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 14.9 9.9 Life expectancy Total years 69 71 74 68 67 69 Female advantage 4.2 4.4 4.6 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.0 3.6 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 108 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of toal gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 86.0 .. 71.9 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 100.0 99.0 95.2 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 79.0 .. 45.9 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) IO+ -Life expectancy 4-- 5 2 GNP Gross 0 I -5* capita enrollment -2 - -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Jamaica - Jamaica - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 170 Jamaica Most Same r gswal Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income gryp Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,013 2,311 2,497 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.04 0.77 0.63 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 44.1 49.4 54.8 73.8 55.9 73.7 Populationgrowthrate annual% 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 828 1,056 1,243 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 32 28 25 26 36 21 Industry 17 19 23 24 26 27 Female 45 46 46 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 41 46 50 41 45 42 Female 18 21 23 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 10.99 10.99 10.99 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 183.17 210.28 224.93 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 46.81 44.04 43.95 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 6.31 7.13 7.35 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 5.07 2.39 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 7.25 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 47 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 16 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 6 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 22.4 27.2 .. Staples " 9.8 10.2 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " 7.6 8.5 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 343 380 429 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals I 225 206 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 103 93 104 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 36.1 24.7 49.2 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 7.4 6.0 8.5 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % ofGDP 7.9 11.0 .. Average household size persons per household 4.0 .. 3.9 Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 7.0 5.2 .. Fuel and power %ofGDP 1.9 3.8 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1,270 702 1,112 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP 8.5 12.0 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 1 3.7 4.9 .. Total road length thou. km 13 17 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,632 2,045 6,421 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 530 488 489 Population per hospital bed 200 300 476 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 10 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 58 59 66 51 63 59 Female " 63 62 70 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 32 35 38 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .1 34 31 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 97 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 4 3 4 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 4 2 15 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age l5+) .. 2 11 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 65 60 65 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 171 Japan Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 4.950 10.950 34,630 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 63 99 114 Lower income " .. Fooda" 38 101 114 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 99 102 102 104 Male 99 102 102 104 Female 99 102 102 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 10 6 4 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 6 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 73.0 66.0 82.7 DPT " .. 83.0 87.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " . 2.5 Life expectancy Total years 74 77 79 77 Female advantage 5.2 5.5 6.2 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 15 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. Urban .. Rural Access to health care .. 100.0 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Lfe expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment 0 -5 -2- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Japan - Japan - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 172 Japan Moat Same regin/income grap Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 111.940 120,754 124,961 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.47 0.47 0.44 0.49 Urban % of pop. 75.7 76.7 77.5 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.6 0.6 0.3 0.7 Urban " 2.8 0.7 0.4 0.8 Labor force thousands 55,221 60.594 65,656 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 15 9 7 5 Industry " 35 34 34 31 Female 38 39 40 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 49 50 53 49 Female " 19 19 21 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 377.80 377.80 377.80 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 296.29 319.62 329.63 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 14.80 14.29 13.61 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.75 -0.32 -0.93 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 56.90 54.88 54.29 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 238.00 238.00 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change. 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 13.8 10.8 10.2 8.6 Staples 2.7 2.3 3.3 1.7 Meat, fish, nulk, cheese, eggs 5.6 4.4 3.7 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 18,846 26,720 28,035 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 101 101 88 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 323.2 378.1 354.6 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 5.5 3.2 2.1 2.3 Housing % of GDP 8.9 11.3 11.3 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.4 3.2 Urban " 3.3 3.1 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 7.6 3.4 6.4 5.0 Fuel and power %ofGDP 1.1 1.9 1.4 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2.760 2,998 3,825 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 5.4 5.7 6.0 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.5 3.0 3.2 2.1 Total road length thou. km 1,079 1,125 1,131 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 890 663 Population per nurse 306 184 Population per hospital bed 80 86 64 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 91 95 96 97 Female 92 96 97 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 26 24 20 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 100 100 100 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 0 0 0 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. ..t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 525 566 576 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 173 Jordan Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curT.. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 1,890 1,390 1,970 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 44 100 190 Lower income .. .. .. Food .. 100 176 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 12.1 .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 104 94 97 104 107 Male .. 105 94 104 105 Female .. 102 95 90 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 40 32 48 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 36 65 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 39.0 85.0 81.1 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 53.0 92.0 83.9 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) 17.4 .. 9.7 Life expectancy Total years .. 64 70 66 67 69 Female advantage " .. 3.1 3.8 2.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.7 6.5 4.8 4.5 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births . . 132 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 13.8 10.5 19.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 77.0 95.6 99.3 .. .. 86.2 Urban 98.0 100.0 100.0 98.7 .. 94.0 Rural 59.0 88.0 97.8 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 80.0 90.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment 0 I -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Jordan - Jordan - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 174 Jordan Most Same regionIncome group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa Income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 1,810 2,644 4,035 266,675 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.00 1.03 0.85 0.83 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 55.3 64.1 70.8 55.7 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 3.5 3.6 3.9 2.6 1.3 1.7 Urban " 5.2 4.9 4.9 3.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 636 887 1,394 87,383 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 22 17 15 35 36 21 Industry 25 24 23 23 26 27 Female 10 16 20 25 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 35 34 35 33 45 42 Female 3 5 7 17 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 89.21 89.21 89.21 11,021.26 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 20.29 29.64 43.50 23.57 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 12.54 12.88 13.45 32.20 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.09 0.26 0.00 -0.80 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 3.23 4.19 5.27 10.48 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.63 0.70 445.40 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -1.06 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 50 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 16 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. 6 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 43.6 32.8 .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 176 721 1,596 38,370 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 79 28 254 1,249 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 76 108 110 104 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 5.2 13.5 11.6 98.2 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 4.3 6.8 11.9 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP 5.7 5.7 .. Average household size persons per household 6.0 .. .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 7.8 9.6 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 444 1,063 997 1,232 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 6.3 5.2 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 4.8 3.3 .. Total road length thou. km 4 5 7 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,645 863 742 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 874 983 481 Population per hospital bed 975 830 502 623 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 53 56 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 76 53 59 63 59 Female .. 73 54 51 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 35 31 22 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 21 18 13 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 94 96 99 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 4 5 3 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 26 13 37 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 38 21 50 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 32 59 67 34 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 175 Kazakstan Most Same regionR4ncome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 1,110 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 8.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 86 97 104 107 Male .. .. 86 97 105 Female .. .. 86 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 30 27 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 38 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years .. 69 68 68 67 69 Female advantage .. 9.3 9.3 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.3 3.1 2.3 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 56 53 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care "... Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross *per primary O * -5 capita enrollment -2 -- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Kazakstan - Kazakstan - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 176 Kazakstan Most Same regiomincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 14,136 15,852 16,811 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.68 0.61 0.60 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 52.2 55.8 59.3 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. 1.4 -0.1 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban .. 2.1 -0.2 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 6,243 7,428 8,146 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 26 23 22 24 36 21 Industry " 31 32 32 36 26 27 Female 47 47 46 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 44 47 48 49 45 42 Female 21 22 23 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 2,717.30 2,717.30 2,717.30 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 5.20 5.83 6.24 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.28 -0.17 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.73 0.97 1.01 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 40 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 20 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish. milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 100 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. 3 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 2.1 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 42.1 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 4.0 Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 5,036 6,144 3,710 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 103 113 165 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 361 270 254 362 3,064 Population per nurse 108 88 91 248 Population per hospital bed 79 74 75 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 90 86 63 59 Female .. .. 91 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 3 .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 177 Kenya Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. 37 Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita USS 250 300 250 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages .. .. 136 Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 26 89 424 Lower income .. Food' .. .. .. Urban .. 93 116 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 7.A .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 95 99 91 71 105 104 Male 103 102 92 77 112 105 Female " 87 96 91 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 98 66 59 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 90 161 101 47 Immunuzation Measles % age group .. 63.0 36.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 70.0 36.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 22.0 22.5 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 51 56 59 52 63 67 Female advantage " 4.0 4.2 3.5 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 8.1 7.7 4.9 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 510 646 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 3.2 0.1 0.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 17.0 28.4 .. Urban 100.0 61.0 .. Rural 4.0 21.0 .. Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Lfe expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per primary 0 I 5-capita enrollment -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Kenya - Kenya - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 178 Kenya Most Same rgofsome group Next Latest single year recent vub. higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Aftica income youp Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 13,741 19,997 26,017 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.12 1.14 1.00 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 12.9 19.7 26.9 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3.7 3.5 2.6 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 7.8 7.3 5.7 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 6,618 9,401 12,923 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 84 81 80 65 67 36 Industry 6 7 7 9 14 26 Female " 46 46 46 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 48 47 50 44 50 45 Female " 22 22 23 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 580.37 580.37 580.37 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 23.68 34.46 43.67 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 44.93 45.31 45.37 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.22 0.80 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.16 0.16 0.26 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 12.56 11.87 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change. 1980-90 .. .. 0.56 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 60 .. 62 Share of bottom 40% of households 9 .. 10 Share of bottom 20% of households 3 .. 3 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 28.3 23.4 .. Staples 12.2 11.3 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 7.3 6.7 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 86 279 569 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 2 340 287 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 104 96 78 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 1.7 4.2 4.7 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 30.2 28.5 24.4 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP 8.7 8.3 .. Average household size persons per household 5.0 .. 4.9 Urban 5.0 .. 3.1 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.5 3.1 .. Fuel and power % ofGDP 1.7 1.7 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 114 101 107 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. 37.0 Rural .. .. 2.0 Transport and communication % of GDP 5.6 5.6 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 2.7 1.7 .. Total road length thou. km 50 65 63 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 7,900 6,512 9,851 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 2,525 942 .. Population per hospital bed 800 590 602 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 69 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 13 21 25 24 48 63 Female 9 16 23 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 33 34 31 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 25 20 17 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 97 68 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 5 13 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 35 31 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 47 30 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 10 14 14 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 179 Kiribati Most Same regionlicome group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income grosp Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr.. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 520 730 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 .. Lower income Food a Urban .. 88 118 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 84 .. 116 104 107 Male 119 105 Female .. 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 120 82 65 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. .. 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 4.0 63.0 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 37.0 79.0 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 49 53 57 68 67 69 Female advantage 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.7 4.9 3.8 2.2 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 72.9 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban .. .. 91.3 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural .. .. 62.5 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10~ Life expectancy 4-- 5 GNP Gross 0 Iper iprimy 0 cI I -apita enrollment -2 ---10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Kiribati - Kiribati - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 180 Kiribati Most Same reonRlncome group Next Liat ingl year reent Lower. higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 54 64 76 1,734,703 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio .. 0.71 0.70 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. .. .. .. 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 1.9 3.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.7 Urban .. .. .. 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 977,170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 67 36 21 Industry .. .. .. 16 26 27 Female .. .. .. 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 56 45 42 Female ". .. .. 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.73 0.73 0.73 16,367.16 40.594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 73.97 87.67 102.74 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 49.32 50.68 50.68 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.02 0.02 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 5 6 9 29,997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " .. 1 .. 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. 26.0 23.8 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household 6.1 .. .. 4.2 Urban .. .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 204 109 105 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1.633 1.900 5,143 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse .. 223 190 1,490 Population per hospital bed 81 205 .. 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 85 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 56 63 59 Female .. .. .. 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 48 29 30 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 13 16 18 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 92 94 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 3 1 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 10 16 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 181 Democratic People's Republic of Korea Moat Samse ronIncomse group Next Latest nagle year recent Lower- higher Unit of aestimate Bat middle- income Indicator measure 1970.75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita USS .. 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. . Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 Lower income " .. Fooda. Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary %schoolagepop. .. 116 104 107 Male 119 105 Female .. 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 47 30 27 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 31 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 91.0 96.0 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 52.0 90.0 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 62 68 70 68 67 69 Female advantage " 4.8 6.4 7.0 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.7 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 41 48 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 .. 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban .. 100.0 .. 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural .. 100.0 .. 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10~ (aeaeanulieretfe expectancy 4 5. GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 . -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Democratic People's Republic of Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 182 Democratic People's Republic of Korea Most Same regionineome group Near Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of esiomate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Asia Income gor4p Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 16,562 19,888 23,448 1,734,703 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.93 0.58 0.50 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 56.5 58.8 61.0 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.7 Urban 3.4 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 6,729 9,188 11,688 977,170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 50 41 38 67 36 21 Industry " 27 30 31 16 26 27 Female 46 45 45 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 41 46 50 56 45 42 Female " 19 21 22 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 120.54 120.54 120.54 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 137.40 164.99 191.04 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 15.74 16.65 17.03 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.53 0.50 -0.97 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 47.49 63.34 71.22 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 89.70 89.70 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 621 200 1,296 29,997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 81 97 78 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 228.9 421.2 307.3 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. 4.2 Urban .. .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1,587 1,823 1,655 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. 426 .. 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse " .. .. .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed .. .. .. 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 85 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 56 63 59 Female .. .. .. 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. 16 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 3 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 63 226 221 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 183 Republic of Korea Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent' Upper- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. 13 .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. 5 .. GNP per capita US$ 640 2,260 8,220 890 4.710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urb2n wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. 84 130 Consumer price index 1987=100 30 94 159 Lower income Fooda " 14 95 161 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 7.0 .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 107 97 101 116 107 104 Male " 107 96 100 119 .. 104 Female " 107 98 102 115 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 47 30 12 35 36 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 13 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 89.0 93.0 93.0 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 76.0 74.0 95.0 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. 16.9 Life expectancy TotRl years 61 68 71 68 69 77 Female advantage " 5.0 6.4 8.3 3.6 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.1 2.4 1.8 2.2 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 42 30 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 6.8 6.5 12.6 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 66.0 74.2 78.4 67.2 86.2 Urban " 95.0 90.0 91.0 83.5 94.0 Rural 38.0 48.0 49.0 61.4 64.8 Access to health care .. 80.0 100.0 .... .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 40- 5i GNP Gross 20per 1primr 0 I I I capita enrollment -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Republic of Korea - Republic of Korea - Upper-middle-income Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 184 Republic of Korea Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Upper- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 35,281 40,806 44,453 1,734,703 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.71 0.52 0.42 0.53 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 48.0 64.9 79.8 31.9 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.9 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.7 0.7 Urban " 5.0 3.5 2.8 2.8 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 13,314 17,466 21,221 977,170 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 43 26 18 67 21 5 Industry " 23 31 35 16 27 31 Female 35 39 40 44 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 38 43 48 56 42 49 Female 13 17 19 51 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 99.02 99.02 99.02 16,367.16 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 356.30 412.10 444.92 104.65 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 23.01 22.51 21.73 44.90 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.18 -0.31 -0.79 1.28 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 56.21 59.63 62.24 13.14 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 65.68 64.76 4,057.84 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.14 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 45 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " 18 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " 7 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 32.1 21.7 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples 18.1 8.8 .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 5.6 6.6 .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 3,124 6,825 11,271 29,997 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals 234 53 .. 447 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 88 102 100 118 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 380.9 363.2 453.9 74.5 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 24.1 12.5 7.1 18.1 8.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP 5.6 6.5 .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 5.0 4.5 3.8 4.2 Urban " 5.0 4.4 3.8 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 4.5 4.6 .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 3.3 2.8 .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 689 1,314 3,000 659 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural .. Transport and communication % of GDP 4.9 5.6 .. 6.0 .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 5.4 3.2 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 46 51 61 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,200 1,386 951 1,063 Population per nurse 1,190 .. 454 1,490 Population per hospital bed 1,900 596 300 612 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. 32 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 56 92 93 56 59 97 Female " 48 91 92 52 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 52 38 31 23 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 1 40 37 24 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 96 98 100 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 0 0 0 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 12 5 t 16 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 9 t 24 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 170 245 412 .. 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 185 Kuwait Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 10,140 14.910 19,040 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages " Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 55 98 125 Lower income " .. Food" .. 102 106 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 92 103 65 104 Male " 99 104 65 104 Female 85 102 65 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 43 18 11 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 14 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 91.0 98.0 82.7 DPT .. 98.0 94.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 6.4 Life expectancy Total years 67 72 76 77 Female advantage 4.0 4.1 5.6 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.9 4.9 3.0 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 18 18 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 16.6 14.1 19.0 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 89.0 100.0 100.0 Urban 100.0 . 100.0 Rural .. 100.0 100.0 Access to health care " .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 GNP Gross 2- 0- per prian .-..-- .*capita e_rllen 0- -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Kuwait - Kuwait - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 186 Kuwait Most Same regionacome group Latest single year recent Unit of ertimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 1,007 1,712 1,620 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.85 0.62 0.61 0.49 Urban % of pop. 83.8 93.8 96.8 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 6.2 3.4 12.3 0.7 Urban " 7.6 4.2 12.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 351 668 818 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 2 1 1 5 Industry " 33 28 25 31 Female 10 17 26 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 35 39 50 49 Female 4 7 13 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 17.82 17.82 17.82 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 56.51 96.07 80.42 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 7.58 7.69 7.97 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.74 1.46 1.41 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.02 0.02 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 216 576 251 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. 5.1 7.0 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 0.3 0.6 0.3 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 6.5 7.2 Urban .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 5,764 7,734 7,615 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 2 4 4 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,048 617 Population per nurse " 259 178 Population per hospital bed 207 241 .. 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 10 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 66 91 60 97 Female " 61 87 60 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 18 18 16 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 12 13 11 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 97 93 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 11 5 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 40 29 21 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 37 25 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 84 222 343 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 19% 187 Kyrgyz Republic Most Same regionrincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe higher Unit of estimate & Central Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 610 2,270 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987= 100 .. .. .. . Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda , Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 7.1 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 97 105 104 Male .. 97 112 105 Female .. .. .. 97 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 42 29 23 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 46 31 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 86.2 77.4 DPT .. .. .. .. 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years .. 65 68 68 63 67 Female advantage .. 8.0 8.5 9.7 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.9 4.2 3.3 1.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 43 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. Urban .. .. .. Rural Access to health care " .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+- Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 -p-----r 0 prprimary 0 I I -5c its enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Kyrgyz Republic - Kyrgyz Republic - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 188 Kyrgyz Republic Most Sa ewgonacomervp Next Latest singk year recent Eurpe higher Unit of estimate & Centd Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Asia income roup Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 3,299 3,996 4,473 487,445 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.85 0.73 0.78 0.54 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 37.9 38.2 38.8 65.2 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % .. 2.0 -0.2 0.4 1.7 1.3 Urban .. 1.9 0.1 1.4 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 1,325 1,669 1,955 236,973 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 35 33 32 24 67 36 Industry 29 28 27 36 14 26 Female 48 47 47 45 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 40 42 44 49 50 45 Female 19 20 20 43 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 198.50 198.50 198.50 24,354.02 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 16.62 20.13 22.58 19.96 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. .. 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.04 -1.94 -1.26 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 8.58 9.57 8.89 6.73 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 42 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 18 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. 17.7 Staples .. .. 3.2 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 7.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 120 33,202 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. .. 91 4,392 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 .. .. .. .. 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 2.8 41.4 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 30.0 34.7 12.7 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.2 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 4.7 Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 5.4 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 0.9 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 614 .. 715 2,756 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 5.6 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 11.4 Total road length thou. km 23 32 30 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 402 296 303 362 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 122 102 105 248 Population per hospital bed 88 83 92 136 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 86 48 63 Female .. .. .. 90 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 3 .. 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 189 Lao People's Democratic Republic Most Sa.m region4acome group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate East LAw. Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia Income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. 11,472 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 46 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. 8,558 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 22 GNP per capita US$ .. .. 320 890 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 2.7 Gross enrollment ratios Primary %schoolagepop. 58 111 107 116 105 104 Male 66 121 123 119 112 105 Female 40 100 92 115 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 145 122 92 35 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 138 49 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 33.0 47.0 93.0 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 4.0 22.0 95.0 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 36.5 40.0 16.9 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 40 46 52 68 63 67 Female advantage " 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.6 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.2 6.7 6.6 2.2 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 200 660 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 41.0 .. 28.3 67.2 Urban .. 28.0 47.1 83.5 Rural .. .. 25.0 61.4 Access to health care .. 66.7 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 0 perprimary 7 7capita enrollment 0 II -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] Lao People's Democratic Republic - Lao Peoples Democratic Republic - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators. shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 190 Lao People's Democratic Republic Most Se r*ean#dcome group Nost Latestsingleyear recent hgher Units of estimate East Lw. incese Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia Income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 3,024 3,594 4,748 1,734,703 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.81 0.84 0.91 0.53 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 11.4 15.9 21.1 31.9 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 1.7 2.8 2.9 1.3 1.7 1.3 Urban 4.9 6.0 5.9 2.8 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 1,529 1,858 2,316 977,170 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 80 79 78 67 67 36 Industry 5 6 6 16 14 26 Female " 45 46 47 44 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 51 52 49 56 50 45 Female 23 24 23 51 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 236.80 236.80 236.80 16,367.16 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 12.77 15.18 19.48 104.65 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 6.37 7.24 6.95 44.90 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 3.73 0.00 1.28 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 2.72 7.13 7.79 13.14 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 144.67 131.73 4,057.84 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.93 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 40 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 22 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 10 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. 52.6 Staples .. .. 32.0 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 10.4 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 24 13 8 29,997 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 8 7 8 447 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 77 113 94 118 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 1.2 2.0 74.5 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 51.3 18.1 27.6 14.0 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 15.6 Average household size persons per household .. 6.0 6.3 4.2 Urban .. .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 5.8 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 44 40 38 659 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 2.8 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 0.9 Total road length thou. km .. .. 18 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 15,156 1,362 4,446 1,063 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,386 532 493 1,490 Population per hospital bed " 1,078 .. 405 612 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 55 32 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 7 23 25 56 48 63 Female " 2 19 19 52 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 38 25 29 23 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 24 12 12 16 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 31 .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. 30 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 65 56 43 16 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 24 56 24 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 2 4 3 .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 191 Latvia Most Same regincome roup Next LAestsingleyear reentpe Lower, higher Unit of estimate & Cenal middle- income Indicator mesuar 1979.75 1980485 1989-94 Asie income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 2,290 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 8.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 83 97 104 107 Male .. .. 83 97 105 Female .. .. 82 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 21 18 16 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 21 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 70 70 68 68 67 69 Female advantage " 9.2 9.0 12.2 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 25 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 38.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2-- 0 GNP Gross 2--I0 per primary capita enrollment L -5 -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Latvia - Latvia - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 192 Latvia Most Same Nalcmerp Next Latest single year recent Europe Lwer higher Unit of estimate & Central middle. Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 AsIa Income golp Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mreml994) thousands 2,474 2,621 2,547 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.51 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 65.4 69.8 72.6 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. 0.6 -1.8 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban .. 1.0 -1.1 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1,361 1,438 1,408 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 18 16 16 24 36 21 Industry " 42 41 40 36 26 27 Female 51 50 50 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 55 55 55 49 45 42 Female " 28 28 28 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 64.50 64.50 64.50 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 38.36 40.64 40.09 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 40.84 40.15 40.52 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.00 -0.63 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. .. .. 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 37 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 23 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. 10 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 11 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. 390 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 37.9 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 20.8 14.9 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 2.4 Urban .. .. 2.4 Fixed investment: housing %ofCGDP .. .. 4.9 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. 1,755 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 26 28 65 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. 242 278 362 3,064 Population per nurse .. 102 118 248 Population per hospital bed .. 73 82 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 87 86 63 59 Female .. 90 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. . Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 193 Lebanon Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 1,970 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 1 9 1,819 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 121 111 115 97 104 107 Male 130 .. 117 104 105 Female 112 .. 114 90 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 48 48 32 48 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 40 65 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 23.0 40.0 81.1 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 60.0 80.0 83.9 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 65 65 69 66 67 69 Female advantage " 3.9 3.9 3.8 2.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.9 3.8 2.9 4.5 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 266 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 92.0 98.0 .. .. .. 86.2 Urban 95.0 98.0 .. 98.7 .. 94.0 Rural 85.0 98.0 .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 95.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 10(average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5- GNP Gross capita enrollment -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Lebanon - Lebanon - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 194 Lebanon Most Same regionRacome group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,767 3,195 3,930 266,675 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.86 0.74 0.66 0.83 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 66.8 79.1 86.5 55.7 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 1.2 4.2 1.9 2.6 1.3 1.7 Urban 3.4 5.7 2.7 3.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 87,383 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 35 36 21 Industry .. .. .. 23 26 27 Female .. .. .. 25 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 33 45 42 Female 5 6 6 17 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 10.40 10.40 10.40 11,021.26 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 266.06 307.21 370.67 23.57 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 33.72 30.11 30.89 32.20 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % -1.43 0.00 0.00 -0.80 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 24.93 27.92 27.22 10.48 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.85 0.80 445.40 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.60 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 55 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households 11 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " 4 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 585 579 737 38.370 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 26 14 5 1,249 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 59 83 132 104 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 37.7 115.9 114.6 98.2 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculkure in GDP % ofGDP .. .. 6.8 11.9 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 774 838 962 1,232 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,299 752 754 .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 971 .. .. Population per hospital bed " 230 .. .. 623 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 45 56 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 50 59 76 59 63 59 Female 33 .. 78 51 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 10 .. .. 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. 12 .. 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 23 8 37 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 31 10 50 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 102 94 132 34 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 195 Lesotho Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income groW Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. . Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 250 370 700 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 21 76 241 Lower income " Fooda 13 75 198 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 11.5 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 105 110 98 71 105 104 Male " 87 97 90 77 112 105 Female " 123 124 105 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 130 60 44 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 63 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 63.0 70.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 69.0 75.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 13.3 21.4 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 51 56 61 52 63 67 Female advantage " 4.0 6.0 4.8 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.7 5.5 4.7 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births 1,600 .. 598 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 3.5 1.3 2.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 17.0 17.3 46.4 Urban 65.0 37.0 59.4 Rural " 14.0 30.0 44.5 Access to health care .. 50.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5 _jGNP Gross 2 ~ -~.--- 0 Iper primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Lesotho - Lesotho - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 196 Lesotho Most Same regiodcome group Next Latest single year recent Su higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa Income rowp Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 1,187 1.545 1,942 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.83 0.88 0.85 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 10.8 16.1 22.4 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.3 2.9 2.3 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 6.4 6.4 5.6 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 510 635 808 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 42 40 40 65 67 36 Industry " 35 31 28 9 14 26 Female " 39 38 37 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 43 41 42 44 50 45 Female 17 15 15 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 30.35 30.35 30.35 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 39.11 50.91 62.57 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 78.15 75.91 76.44 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.72 0.30 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 56 78 131 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 14 71 45 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 129 104 87 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.6 1.5 2.7 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 28.7 17.6 11.3 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. 5.4 .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 2.5 1.8 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. .. 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 3.9 7.3 .. Total road length thou. km 3 4 5 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 30,247 14,306 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 3,857 .. .. Population per hospital bed 597 .. .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 78 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 13 23 26 24 48 63 Female 14 27 31 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 53 55 49 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 26 21 21 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 79 78 82 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 6 23 22 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 26 .. 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 16 38 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. I 30 8 12 .. 236 World Bank Intemational Economics Department, April 1996 197 Liberia Most Same rgion/Income group Next Latest single year recent S higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- Income Indicator measure 1970*75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 450 460 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 51 92 120 Lower income Fooda 36 101 149 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 62 48 71 105 104 Male 80 61 .. 77 112 105 Female 45 34 .. 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 181 153 139 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 184 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 83.0 .. 51.4 86.2 77.4 DT 45.0 .. 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 47 51 53 52 63 67 Female advantage 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 6.5 6.1 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births 173 .. 544 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 1.8 0.8 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 15.0 38.6 50.4 Urban " 100.0 71.0 93.0 Rural 6.0 24.0 21.9 Access to health care .. 35.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10 - Life expectancy 4 5 4,.GNP Gross 2 -.0 L--=..... per primary -1capita enrollment 0 - -5 -2 - -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Liberia - Liberia - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 198 Liberia Most Sam regincoe group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Sahara Low- Incone Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa Income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 1,609 2,199 2,719 571.902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.91 0.93 0.91 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 30.3 39.3 44.4 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 5.9 4.8 4.3 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 688 907 1,168 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 79 74 72 65 67 36 Industry " 7 6 6 9 14 26 Female 38 39 39 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 43 41 43 44 50 45 Female 16 16 17 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 97.75 97.75 97.75 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 16.46 22.50 27.01 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 62.70 62.75 62.79 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 48.87 46.33 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.53 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 73 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households "I .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households 5 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 41 103 137 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 3 20 156 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 107 100 57 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.8 0.2 0.1 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % ofGDP 24.8 33.3 .. 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % ofGDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 391 162 40 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 8 5 6 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 12,548 9,398 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 937 1,383 .. Population per hospital bed 607 .. .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 15 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 17 22 .. 24 48 63 Female 8 12 .. 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 27 16 .. 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 20 46 .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 80 68 61 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 79 78 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 8 13 14 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 199 Libya Most Same regionAncome gro= p Next Latest singl year recent Mid-East pp higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator meaure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa Income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 1,970 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. Lower income Foods Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 6.7 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 109 110 97 107 104 Male " .. 113 110 104 .. 104 Female " .. 104 110 90 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 117 97 63 48 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 80 65 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 50.0 59.0 81.1 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 51.0 62.0 83.9 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) 14.5 .. .. Life expectancy Total years 53 58 64 66 69 77 Female advantage " 3.1 3.4 3.5 2.5 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.6 7.2 6.2 4.5 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 204 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water. total % of pop. 87.0 90.5 97.0 .. 86.2 Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.7 94.0 Rural 82.0 75.0 80.0 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 100.0 . Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual. percent) (average annual, percent) 10*- Life expectancy 4- 5 2- GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment 0 II I -5 - -2 - 10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Libya - Libya - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 200 Libya Mfost Samse regionRaecom groap Next latest Single year ecent MUppe- hi4gher Unit of estimate & North middle- incoee Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,446 3,786 5,218 266,675 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.83 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 61.0 77.1 85.3 55.7 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 4.3 4.2 3.5 2.6 1.7 0.7 Urban 9.5 6.2 4.4 3.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 712 778 925 87,383 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 27 23 18 35 21 5 Industry " 25 33 37 23 27 31 Female 21 25 28 25 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 29 21 18 33 42 49 Female " 6 5 5 17 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,759.54 1,759.54 1,759.54 11,021.26 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 1.39 2.15 2.86 23.57 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 7.99 8.77 8.79 32.20 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.49 0.08 0.00 -0.80 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.42 1.94 3.04 10.48 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 6.00 6.90 445.40 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -1.41 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 17.5 .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. 4.3 .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 10.2 .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 601 1,114 2,892 38,370 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. .. .. 1,249 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 158 127 77 104 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 2.6 3.9 6.9 98.2 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 2.2 3.5 .. 11.9 8.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. .. 14.2 .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 5.8 .. .. Urban " 5.9 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.2 2.2 2.7 .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.7 .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1,525 2,479 2,645 1,232 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 6.3 .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.2 0.7 4.3 .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,717 693 957 Population per nurse 376 350 221 Population per hospital bed 262 207 246 623 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 80 56 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 59 97 59 59 97 Female .. 57 95 51 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 23 16 .. 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 15 14 12 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 95 .. .. 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 16 10 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 61 44 36 37 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 60 37 50 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 17 17 15 34 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 201 Lithuania Most Same regioa&ncome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Centrl middle- income IndiWator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 1,350 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Foods a Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 7.3 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 92 97 104 107 Male .. .. 95 97 105 Female .. .. 90 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 22 18 14 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 20 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DFT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 71 71 69 68 67 69 Female advantage " 8.4 9.6 12.1 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 27 29 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 40.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment 0 ' I 'I ' I -5 - -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Lithuania - Lithuania - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators. shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 202 Lithuania Most Same region come roup NeI Latest single yea reent Erpe Lwer- h(her Unit of estimate & Central midde. IncoM Indicator measure 1970-75 198045 1989-94 Asia Income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 3,302 3,545 3,721 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.58 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 55.7 65.1 71.4 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 1.0 0.8 -0.3 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban " 3.3 2.1 0.7 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1,686 1,858 1,904 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 30 23 18 24 36 21 Industry " 38 39 41 36 26 27 Female ' 49 49 48 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 51 52 51 49 45 42 Female 25 26 25 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 65.20 65.20 65.20 24.354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 50.64 54.37 57.21 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. -0.27 -1.59 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 42 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. 20 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 8 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 18.0 Staples .. .. 3.3 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 8.1 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 415 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " .. .. 407 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 23.1 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 27.7 20.5 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.2 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 3.2 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 5.3 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 0.9 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. 4,418 2,194 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 5.7 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 11.0 Total road length thou. km 33 39 56 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 292 230 235 362 3,064 Population per nurse 108 81 92 248 Population per hospital bed " 89 78 84 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 78 86 63 59 Female .. .. 79 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 13 Female %of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. ..15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 203 Luxembourg Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. . GNP per capita US$ 8,670 14.120 39,850 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " Consumer price index 1987=100 53 100 123 Lower income " Fooda .'38 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 112 89 91 104 Male " 112 88 88 104 Female 112 89 94 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 15 9 5 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 9 8 Immunizaijon Measles % age group .. .. .. 82.7 DPT .. .. .. 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) . Life expectancy Total years 71 73 76 77 Female advantage " 7.0 6.7 6.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 25 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 53.4 55.3 57.6 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 100.0 Urban 98.8 .. 100.0 Rural 97.3 .. 100.0 Access to health care .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 - L 20-- GNP Gross per primary . .capita enrollment 0 I I -5 -2-- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 1 Luxembourg Luxembourg - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 204 Luxembourg Most Same rgtoRncome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High. Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 361 367 404 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.54 0.44 0.47 0.49 Urban % of pop. 73.7 82.9 88.5 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.9 0.3 1.4 0.7 Urban 2.7 1.2 2.1 0.8 Labor force thousands 142 158 171 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 6 4 4 5 Industry " 39 31 27 31 Female " 30 35 37 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 39 43 42 49 Female 12 15 16 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km .. .. .. 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km .. .. .. 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % .. .. .. -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.87 0.88 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.11 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 34 Share of bottom 40% of households .. 25 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. 10 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 11.9 9.9 7.1 8.6 Staples " 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 5.9 4.8 3.7 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. .. 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 3.0 2.3 1.2 2.3 Housing % of GDP 10.7 13.0 11.8 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.1 Urban " 2.9 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 7.8 2.0 4.6 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 3.1 5.5 3.5 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 10,637 8,591 9,505 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 7.7 11.0 10.6 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.9 2.5 3.2 2.1 Total road length thou. km 5 5 5 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 942 554 508 Population per nurse 310 242 1.5 Population per hospital bed 86 85 .. 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 59 75 74 97 Female " 59 74 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 19 13 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 90 86 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 6 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 446 381 369 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 205 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Meat Some agiocet a Next LoestAnleyear recent Europe we higher Unit of estsate & Cen&l aile- Income Indicator aseure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia Income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local cur. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 790 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local cuff. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 101 87 97 104 107 Male .. .. 88 97 105 Female .. .. 87 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 43 24 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 32 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years .. .. 73 68 67 69 Female advantage " .. .. 4.3 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 104: Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per primary 0-E 1. capita enrollment --2 -2 - 10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 206 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Mea Sam mupc~gr~~ Next Laet single year rent x w Lwr *h Unit 'f 6stheate & Cental middle- Wncome Indicator meaure 1970.75 198485 1989-94 Asia Income gom Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 1,755 1,969 2,100 487,445 1.096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.59 .. 0.49 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 50.6 55.7 59.5 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 1.5 0.7 1.3 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban " 2.9 1.5 1.5 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 682 839 970 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 45 28 22 24 36 21 Industry 33 36 40 36 26 27 Female 33 38 41 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 39 43 46 49 45 42 Female 13 16 19 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km .. 25.71 25.71 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km .. 74.52 81.02 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. 51.00 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. .. 3.76 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. 6.40 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 9.19 9.06 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.14 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. .. .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 117 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " .. .. .. 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 9.3 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. .. 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. 8 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. .. 427 362 3,064 Population per nurse .. .. .. 248 Population per hospital bed .. .. 189 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 56 54 86 63 59 Female .. .. 55 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. 20 .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary ,* Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 207 Madagascar Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 300 300 230 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 20 76 294 Lower income " .. .. .. Food a ,,12 . .. . Urban .. 78 206 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 95 136 89 71 105 104 Male 103 139 90 77 112 105 Female " 88 133 88 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 172 130 90 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 146 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 28.0 33.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 23.0 46.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 32.8 39.0 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 46 50 52 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.0 2.2 2.4 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.6 6.5 6.0 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 403 660 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 13.1 .. 2.3 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 25.0 21.2 .. Urban " 76.0 81.4 .. Rural 14.0 9.0 .. Access to health care .. 65.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ Life expectancy 4- 5 2 --0GNP Gross per Scapita enrollment 0 - -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [] Madagascar - Madagascar Low-income - Low-income a. See lie technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 208 Madagascar Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent SZ&- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 7,599 9,985 13,100 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 16.1 20.9 26.4 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.5 2.9 2.8 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 5.1 5.4 5.3 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 3.964 5,178 6,785 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 83 80 78 65 67 36 Industry 5 6 7 9 14 26 Female 45 45 45 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 52 52 44 50 45 Female 24 23 23 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 587.04 587.04 587.04 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 12.94 17.01 21.70 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 46.01 46.50 46.61 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.07 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.74 3.05 4.01 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 171.28 157.82 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.82 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 50 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 16 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 6 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 50.6 .. Staples " .. 22.0 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 16.4 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 72 195 111 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 7 98 58 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 119 106 93 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.2 0.4 0.3 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 30.4 31.3 32.9 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % ofGDP .. 10.0 .. Average household size persons per household 4.5 .. 4.5 Urban " 5.0 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 1.1 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 5.5 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 78 40 37 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 3.2 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 1.0 .. Total road length thou. km 28 50 35 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 10,093 9,780 8,124 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 240 1.721 .. Population per hospital bed 400 .. 1,140 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 26 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 12 .. 18 24 48 63 Female 10 .. 18 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 61 34 38 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 26 28 21 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 69 37 70 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 24 .. 35 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 23 20 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 32 27 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 8 7 4 12 .. 236 World Bank Intemational Economics Department, April 1996 209 Malawi Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 130 160 140 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 70 375 Lower income .. 70 233 Fooda . 15 .. .. Urban " .. 68 250 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 2.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 60 80 71 105 104 Male " .. 68 84 77 112 105 Female " .. 52 77 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 191 163 134 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 221 161 101 47 ImmuniLation Measles % age group .. 49.0 78.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 52.0 81.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 24.0 27.0 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 41 45 44 52 63 67 Female advantage " 1.4 1.3 1.2 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.8 7.6 6.7 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 250 620 . Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 4.1 1.2 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 53.2 .. Urban " .. 82.0 .. Rural " .. 50.0 .. Access to health care .. 54.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 +T (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5- 4 ---.5 - GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 --10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] Malawi - Malawi - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 210 Malawi Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980.85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 5,244 7.188 9,532 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 7.7 10.4 13.2 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3.0 3.3 2.4 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 7.6 5.9 5.1 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2.709 3.788 5,075 254.250 1.590,533 488,647 Agrculture % of labor force 89 87 87 65 67 36 Industry 4 5 5 9 14 26 Female 51 50 49 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 53 53 44 50 45 Female 26 26 26 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 118.48 118.48 118.48 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 44.26 60.67 78.52 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 33.06 35.18 37.63 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.32 0.76 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agncultural land under irrigation % 0.42 0.54 0.79 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 40.11 34.86 5,323.14 7.632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.39 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 42.2 22.9 .. Staples 20.1 6.8 .. Meat, fish, milk. cheese, eggs 6.8 8.5 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 41 29 514 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 0 5 635 5,079 8,516 5.771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 125 105 88 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 4.8 10.3 24.3 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 34.8 32.5 28.2 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP 4.9 6.8 .. Average household size persons per household 3.1 .. .. Urban 3.5 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.6 1.1 .. Fuel and power % of GDP 2.1 3.6 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 46 42 39 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 6.0 7.8 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 6.7 2.2 .. Total road length thou. km 11 11 27 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 76.576 11,343 45.737 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 5,328 3,118 1,800 Population per hospital bed 650 .. 645 1.316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 50 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 4 4 24 48 63 Female " .. 3 3 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 61 61 68 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 19 22 27 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 67 53 71 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 16 18 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 59 .. 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 69 58 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 2 3 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 211 Malaysia Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Upper- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. 38 20 16 Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. 14 2 GNP per capita US$ 890 1,910 3,520 890 4.710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages 47 58 94 Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 63 99 127 Lower income .. Fooda 43 100 126 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP 6.0 6.7 6.8 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 91 101 93 116 107 104 Male " 92 101 93 119 .. 104 Female 89 100 93 115 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 42 28 12 35 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. 15 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 20.0 79.0 93.0 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 59.0 91.9 95.0 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-S) .. 26.6 23.3 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 63 68 71 68 69 77 Female advantage 3.3 4.0 4.4 3.6 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.2 4.2 3.4 2.2 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 40 34 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 3.3 6.4 8.0 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. . .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 34.0 80.3 78.4 67.2 86.2 Urban 100.0 96.0 96.0 83.5 94.0 Rural 6.0 71.0 66.3 61.4 64.8 Access to health care " .. .. 88.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual. percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 I .. -4GNP Gross 0 L eper xprimary . capita enrollm ent -21 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Malaysia - Malaysia - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators. shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 212 Malaysia MostSme resion/Incame yroup Net Laest a#le y recent Upper- higher Unit of estimate East midd- income Indicator measure 1970.75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 12,258 15,677 19,669 1,734,703 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.85 0.71 0.72 0.53 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 37.7 45.9 52.9 31.9 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 2.4 2.7 2.4 1.3 1.7 0.7 Urban " 4.6 4.4 3.9 2.8 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 4,447 6,092 7,821 977,170 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 47 33 27 67 21 5 Industry " 16 21 23 16 27 31 Female 32 35 37 44 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 36 39 40 56 42 49 Female " 12 13 15 51 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 329.75 329.75 329.75 16,367.16 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 37.17 47.54 58.25 104.65 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 14.32 14.94 14.94 44.90 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.05 0.41 0.00 1.28 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 6.55 6.81 6.93 13.14 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 215.46 175.83 4,057.84 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 2.01 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 56 .. 54 Share of bottom 40% of households " I1 .. 13 Share of bottom 20% of households 4 .. 5 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 21.7 .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples 6.4 .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish. milk, cheese. eggs " 9.0 .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 765 2.225 3,288 29,997 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals I .. 4 447 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 66 95 132 118 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 52.7 124.6 210.5 74.5 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 28.0 19.3 14.5 18.1 8.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP 6.6 .. .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 6.0 5.2 .. 4.2 Urban 6.0 .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.7 .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 1.3 .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 491 971 1,711 659 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 85.0 .. Rural " .. 30.0 .. Transport and communication % of GDP 8.4 .. .. 6.0 .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.8 .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 20 29 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 4,283 3,174 2,441 1,063 Population per nurse 1,269 503 480 1,490 Population per hospital bed 299 391 437 612 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 47 32 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 42 53 59 56 59 97 Female " 38 53 61 52 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. 24 20 23 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 28 22 19 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 99 100 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 0 0 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 42 26 17 16 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 35 22 24 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 85 96 117 .. 135 316 World Bank international Economics Department. April 1996 213 Maldives Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate South middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 900 320 1,670 4.710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. Lower income .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 134 98 104 107 Male .. .. 136 110 105 Female .. .. 133 87 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 121 94 55 73 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 78 106 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 30.0 88.0 84.2 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 5.0 91.0 88.6 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 56.1 .. 61.5 Life expectancy Total years 51 57 62 61 67 69 Female advantage -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 1.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.0 6.8 6.7 3.6 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 480 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 6.1 4.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 70.3 .. .. 86.2 Urban .. 58.0 76.9 .. .. 94.0 Rural .. 12.0 68.0 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 25.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10 (average annual, percent)expectancy T (averageianual,pecrcent 4 5 .2. GNP Gross - ...*per primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ ] Maldives - Maldives Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 214 Maldives Most Same region/icome group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate South middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 137 184 246 1,220,285 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.85 0.94 1.00 0.71 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 18.0 25.7 32.6 26.0 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.6 3.1 3.2 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 8.1 6.0 5.8 3.1 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 66 82 100 528,108 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 57 40 33 63 36 21 Industry 24 30 31 16 26 27 Female 38 40 42 32 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 48 44 41 43 45 42 Female 18 18 17 29 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.30 0.30 0.30 5,133.49 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 456.67 613.33 793.33 233.41 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 13.33 13.33 13.33 59.11 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.02 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 29.63 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.01 0.01 658.32 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 7 15 24 6,211 68,936 43.633 Food aid in cereals I 2 2 1,624 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 116 110 90 113 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 69.7 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 26.6 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. 7.1 Urban .. .. 9.8 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 15 114 138 219 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 30,250 15,273 14,400 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 570 625 158 Population per hospital bed " .. .. .. 1,675 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 27 37 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 49 45 63 59 Female .. .. 49 35 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 26 .. .. 61 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 13 .. .. 26 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 7 51 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 7 64 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 11 13 26 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 215 Mali Most Same aionfiacome group Next latest single year rcent Sa. higher Unit of estimate Saharan low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980485 1989-94 Africe income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. . Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. . .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 130 140 250 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr.. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. Lower income .. .. Food ,, Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 24 23 31 71 105 104 Male 32 30 38 77 112 105 Female 17 17 24 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 203 180 125 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 194 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 11.0 40.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 18.0 35.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 39 44 49 52 63 67 Female advantage " 4.0 0.2 3.6 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 6.7 7.1 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 1,249 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 13.3 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 16.4 48.8 Urban 29.0 46.0 100.0 Rural .. 10.0 36.0 Access to health care .. 20.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10 - aaLife expectancy 4 - 5 - GNP Gross O capita enrlI t -2 t -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Mali - Mali - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 216 Mali Most Same come grou Next Latest singl year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 5,905 7.389 9,524 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.94 0.97 1.01 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 16.2 21.0 26.4 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.0 2.4 3.1 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 4.3 4.9 5.6 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 3,201 4.047 5,180 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 91 87 86 65 67 36 Industry " I 2 2 9 14 26 Female 47 47 46 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 54 55 54 44 50 45 Female " 25 26 25 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,240.19 1,240.19 1,240.19 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 4.76 5.96 7.45 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 26.10 26.29 26.39 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.16 0.06 0.93 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.19 0.19 0.24 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 132.07 121.44 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.84 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 46.2 .. Staples .. 18.0 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 18.9 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 120 273 83 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 107 266 34 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 107 101 102 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 0.6 0.8 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 61.0 47.4 42.4 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 6.5 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 3.9 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 5.0 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 20 25 22 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 8.2 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 2.2 .. Total road length thou. km 15 13 15 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 42,700 25.392 19,448 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 2,587 1,348 1,885 Population per hospital bed 1,400 .. .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 41 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 7 7 9 24 48 63 Female " 3 4 6 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 41 34 61 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 19 12 16 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 69 72 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 23 30 27 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 77 68 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 85 77 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. I 1 5 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 217 Malta Most Same region/income group Next latest single year recent Europe Upper- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. . .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 1,800 3,280 7,970 2,270 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 58 98 118 Lower income " .. .. .. Food " 37 .. .. Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 11.5 .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 94 107 108 97 107 104 Male 96 109 109 97 .. 104 Female " 92 104 106 97 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 18 14 9 23 36 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 12 31 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 10.0 86.0 .. 82.9 82.7 DPT " .. 37.0 85.0 .. 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 71 74 77 68 69 77 Female advantage 4.3 4.5 4.1 9.7 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 33 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 41.5 44.9 40.2 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. . .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 100.0 100.0 .. 86.2 Urban . 100.0 100.0 .. 94.0 Rural . 100.0 100.0 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10 (average annual, percent) 10 - Life expectancy 4 5- 2 .0 I GNP Gr per primary capita enrollment 0 1II -5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water C Malta - Malta - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 218 Malta Most Same regionfIncome group Next latest single year _ recent Europe Upper- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income r0P Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 328 344 368 487,445 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.54 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 80.4 85.5 89.0 65.2 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.2 -2.0 0.9 0.4 1.7 0.7 Urban 2.0 -1.5 1.2 1.4 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 110 124 135 236.973 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 8 5 3 24 21 5 Industry 46 41 34 36 27 31 Female 21 23 26 45 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 33 36 37 49 42 49 Female 7 8 10 43 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.32 0.32 0.32 24,354.02 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 1,025.00 1,075.00 1,140.63 19.96 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 40.63 40.63 40.63 .. 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -7.14 0.00 0.00 -1.26 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 7.69 7.69 7.69 6.73 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. 0.05 770.81 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 21.3 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 149 132 136 33,202 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals 6 9 .. 4,392 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 87 99 95 .. 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 21.7 55.7 76.9 41.4 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 5.6 4.1 2.8 12.7 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. 4.8 .. 7.2 .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.2 .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.7 .. 1.2 .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 841 1,151 1,962 2,756 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 12.2 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km I I .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 900 864 .. 362 Population per nurse 200 114 .. 248 Population per hospital bed 100 .. .. 136 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 75 78 88 86 59 97 Female 69 77 84 90 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 21 22 21 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 13 12 13 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 82 99 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 1 3 1 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 16 .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 18 .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 163 150 .. 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 219 Martinique Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. . 3,310 4.710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 33 93 124 Lower income . .. Fooda, 93 116 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 110 107 104 Male .. .. .. .. .. 104 Female .. .. .. .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 35 14 8 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. .. 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPFT .. .. .. 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 69 74 76 68 69 77 Female advantage " 5.7 7.0 6.4 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.1 2.1 2.0 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 80.1 86.2 Urban .. .. .. 90.1 94.0 Rural .. .. .. 57.7 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+- (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5- 2 - 01 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment 0 III -5 t -2 -101 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Martinique - Martinique Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 220 Martinique Most Se eaace< r Nut LAest single ear reent Latif upper higher Unit of estimate America middle- Incese Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 CArfbeen income greag0 Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 329 341 383 470,899 472.807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.88 0.56 0.51 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 60.0 70.8 77.3 73.8 73.7 77.5 Populationgrowthrate annual% -0.1 1.1 1.3 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban 2.2 2.5 2.2 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 123 147 177 193,896 198.841 416.550 Agriculture % of labor force 18 10 7 26 21 5 Industry 19 17 17 24 27 31 Female 41 45 47 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 37 43 46 41 42 49 Female Is 19 22 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1.10 1.10 1.10 20,504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 299.09 310.00 343.64 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 33.96 39.62 33.02 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigaion % 5.56 9.52 11.43 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.45 0.43 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.50 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 44 56 58 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. 2 .. 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 115 110 96 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 256.1 359.5 571.4 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. 3.3 Urban .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power %ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 997 666 637 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1.552 722 .. Population per nurse .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 99 .. .. 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. 61 SI Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 51 59 97 Female .. .. .. .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 26 19 Il 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 18 13 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. . Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 18 .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 7 .. 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 5 15. Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 82 94 86 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department April 1996 221 Mauritania Mort Sam region/ianome grop Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 330 380 480 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages " .. .. .. .. . Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 86 155 Lower income Food" Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 4.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 19 48 69 71 105 104 Male 24 58 76 77 112 105 Female 13 39 62 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 142 117 98 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 159 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 55.0 33.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT" .. 21.0 28.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 31.0 .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 43 47 51 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 6.1 5.2 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 800 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 17.0 36.2 65.8 Urban 98.0 73.0 66.6 Rural 10.0 16.0 65.2 Access to health care " .. 30.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5- 2 nGNP Gross 2 0- per primary capita enrollment -2 - -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] Mauritania - Mauritania - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 222 Mauritania Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year recent SUb- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 1,371 1,766 2,215 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.86 0.93 0.87 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 20.3 38.2 52.4 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 9.1 7.5 5.2 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 678 823 1,015 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 78 63 55 65 67 36 Industry 5 8 10 9 14 26 Female 46 45 44 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total %of pop. 49 47 46 44 50 45 Female " 23 21 20 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,025.52 1,025.52 1,025.52 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 1.34 1.72 2.11 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 38.48 38.48 38.49 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 5.54 5.54 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 113 304 286 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 48 135 42 5,079 8.516 5,771 Food production percapita 1987=100 101 103 92 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.0 0.1 0.1 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 26.7 20.0 23.7 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. 5.3 Urban .. .. 5.4 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 120 122 103 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. 14.0 Rural .. .. 6.0 Transport and communication % ofGDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 7 7 7 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 18,126 8,830 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 3,748 1,204 .. Population per hospital bed 2,904 1,302 .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 54 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 4 15 15 24 48 63 Female " 0 8 11 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 35 51 53 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 24 24 20 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 97 92 86 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 15 18 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 73 66 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 84 74 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 2 .. 0 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 223 Mauritius Most 'Some renhacome group Next LarUt single year recent p higher unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. 749 1,626 Headcount index % of pop. 20 5 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 770 1.070 3,180 500 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 29 98 185 Lower income Fooda 125 117 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 107 110 106 71 107 104 Male " 108 110 107 77 104 Female 106 109 106 64 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 55 28 17 92 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 23 161 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 61.0 .. 51.4 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 85.0 .. 53.5 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 23.9 .. Life expectancy Total years 63 67 70 52 69 77 Female advantage 4.6 5.5 6.4 3.5 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.3 2.5 2.0 5.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,OO live births 112 103 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 37.5 18.8 20.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water total % of pop. 60.0 98.8 100.0 .. 86.2 Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 94.0 Rural 22.0 98.0 100.0 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 99.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 2IGNP Gross per primary 0 i [ I -51 capita enrollment -2 i --10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Mauritius - Mauritius - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond. based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 224 Mauritius Most Same rnW comp Near Latestsingyear recent pper higher Unit of estfeate Saharn middle. incoe Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Arica income greP Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 883 1,020 1,115 571,902 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.74 0.57 0.49 0.94 0.62 0.49 Urban %of pop. 43.4 41.4 40.6 30.6 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.5 0.6 1.6 2.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 2.1 0.1 1.7 4.9 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 294 385 460 254,250 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 30 21 17 65 21 5 Industry " 26 35 43 9 27 31 Female 23 28 31 41 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 33 38 41 44 42 49 Female 8 11 13 37 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 2.04 2.04 2.04 24,273.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 432.84 500.00 537.75 22.90 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 55.67 56.16 55.67 50.61 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 13.27 14.91 15.04 0.86 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.58 0.57 5,323.14 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.17 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 55 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households 14 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households 5 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 17.0 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. 4.7 .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. 6.6 .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 149 179 240 14,051 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals 22 9 5 5,079 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 82 93 90 102 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 213.7 245.4 230.1 5.3 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 19.2 12.8 7.7 19.5 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. 13.7 .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 5.3 4.8 4.5 Urban .. .. 4.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.6 4.5 .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.2 .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 348 344 387 251 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. 7.6 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.6 1.7 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 2 2 2 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 4,200 1,899 1,167 Population per nurse 608 584 .. Population per hospital bed 300 300 .. 1,316 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 7 37 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 39 46 59 24 59 97 Female 35 46 60 23 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 26 22 21 40 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 31 20 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 96 98 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 6 8 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 17 15 53 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 23 .. 54 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 93 77 74 12 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 225 Mexico Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. 32,424 Headcount index % of pop. 20 Lower poverty line local curr. 7.742 Headcount index % of pop. .. 10 GNP per capita US$ 1,590 2,180 4.010 3,310 4.710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. . .. Consumer price index 1987=100 1 23 541 Lower income .. Food ". 23 449 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 109 123 112 110 107 104 Male " 112 124 114 104 Female " 106 122 110 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 68 49 35 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 32 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 30.0 78.0 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 26.0 64.0 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 63 67 70 68 69 77 Female advantage " 4.7 6.2 6.5 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.4 4.2 3.2 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 32.3 11.8 14.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 62.0 80.0 77.5 80.1 86.2 Urban " 70.0 95.0 89.0 90.1 94.0 Rural 49.0 47.0 49.0 57.7 64.8 Access to health care .. 50.7 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 GNP Gross 2 -0 ' per primary capita enrollment 0 I I -5 -2 - -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Mexico - Mexico - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes. p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 226 Mexico Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 58,876 74,766 88.543 470,899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.01 0.82 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 62.8 69.6 74.8 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 3.0 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 4.2 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 0.8 Laborforce thousands 18,203 26,470 35,430 193,896 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 40 32 28 26 21 5 Industry " 27 26 24 24 27 31 Female 23 28 31 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total %ofpop. 31 35 40 41 42 49 Female " 7 10 12 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,958.20 1,958.20 1,958.20 20.504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 30.07 38.18 44.28 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 51.52 51.97 51.99 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.15 0.01 0.00 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 4.55 5.33 6.15 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 553.66 485.86 9,866.24 7.520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.30 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 61 .. 55 Share of bottom 40% of households 10 .. 12 Share of bottom 20% of households 3 .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 29.0 22.0 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples 6.8 .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 12.7 .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 3.720 4,780 6.223 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. 6 45 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 93 102 97 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 10.9 17.3 17.7 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % ofGDP 10.8 9.1 8.0 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP 6.4 5.1 .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 6.0 5.5 5.0 Urban 6.0 .. 4.9 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.3 4.4 .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1,055 1,506 1,577 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 6.0 7.7 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.2 3.0 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 193 224 245 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,426 1,184 .. Population per nurse 1,373 839 .. Population per hospital bed 760 .. 801 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 87 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 34 56 58 51 59 97 Female " 28 55 58 .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 45 34 30 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 18 18 17 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 59 83 86 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 11 10 9 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 26 15 10 14 13 Female %offem.(agel5+) .. 18 13 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 133 120 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 227 Federated States of Micronesia Most Same region/income group Next Iatest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 1,890 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. Lower income " .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 116 104 107 Male .. .. 119 105 Female .. .. .. 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. .. 37 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 58 63 .. 68 67 69 Female advantage 2.6 2.0 .. 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.1 6.5 5.1 2.2 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban ' .. .. .. 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. .. 75.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual. percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) 10 Life expectancy 45 2 GNP Gross per i primary 0 II -5 --" capita enrollment -2-1 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Federated States of Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 228 Federated States of Micronesia mart Sum reAOnRUc-me PTMu Nert Latest stage ~y meant Lower higher flir of ssuaste East middle- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 198994 Asia income gros Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 67 87 108 1,734,703 1.096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio .. .. 0.80 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. .. .. .. 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. 3.0 2.4 1.3 1.3 1.7 Urban 1.8 3.8 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 977,170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 39 33 31 67 36 21 Industry 10 13 15 16 26 27 Female 32 36 38 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 56 45 42 Female .. .. .. 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.70 0.70 0.70 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 95.71 124.29 151.43 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. .. .. 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.22 0.22 4,057.84 5,969.25 7.520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. .. 29,997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987=100 .. .. .. 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. 42.2 .. 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. 4.2 Urban .. .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. .. 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. .. .. 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse .. .. .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed .. .. .. 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 56 63 59 Female .. .. .. 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. 16 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank Intemational Economics Department, April 1996 229 Moldova Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local cuff. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 870 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages " .. .. .. Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 8.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 77 97 104 107 Male .. .. 78 97 105 Female .. .. 77 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 31 23 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 36 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years .. 66 68 68 67 69 Female advantage .. 6.3 8.0 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.5 2.8 2.1 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 64 34 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban " .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 - 5 - 2 --. - -- - -- - 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ G N P Gross * . ~ per primary capita enrollment -2-- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Moldova - Moldova - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 230 Moldova Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands .. 4,192 4,350 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.55 0.53 0.56 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 35.9 43.8 50.9 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. 0.9 0.0 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban .. 2.7 1.5 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1,952 2,111 2,172 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 48 38 33 24 36 21 Industry " 24 28 30 36 26 27 Female " 51 49 49 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. 50 50 49 45 42 Female .. 25 24 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 33.70 33.70 33.70 24,354.02 40,594.43 20.668.74 Density pop. per sq. km .. 124.39 129.08 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 76.58 78.22 79.28 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.35 2.11 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 6.18 10.43 11.90 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 42 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 19 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 200 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. 72 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 44.0 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 45.8 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 3.4 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. 2,141 962 2,756 1.602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 12 18 15 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. 269 250 362 3,064 Population per nurse .. 92 90 248 Population per hospital bed .. 81 80 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 69 86 63 59 Female .. .. 72 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 4 .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 231 Mongolia Most Same regioafncome group Next Latest single year swcent higher Unit of estimate East LOw. iacome Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. 1,390 340 890 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages .. .. .. Rural terms of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987= 100 .. .. Lower income " .. .. .. Food , Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 10.7 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 108 101 97 116 105 104 Male 111 107 95 119 112 105 Female 104 107 100 115 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 98 78 53 35 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 76 49 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 18.0 86.0 93.0 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 83.0 84.0 95.0 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 10.2 16.9 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 54 59 64 68 63 67 Female advantage 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.6 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.8 5.3 3.4 2.2 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 240 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 25.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 66.0 67.2 Urban 58.0 .. 78.0 83.5 Rural .. .. 50.0 61.4 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 GNP Gross 2 - --- 0 I I I per pri 0 __________________________capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Mongolia - Mongolia - Low-income -- Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators. shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 232 Mongolia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate East Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 1,447 1,909 2,363 1,734,703 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.88 0.83 0.72 0.53 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 48.7 55.0 60.3 31.9 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.8 2.8 1.9 1.3 1.7 1.3 Urban " 4.3 3.9 2.9 2.8 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 672 892 1,152 977,170 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 44 36 32 67 67 36 Industry " 21 22 23 16 14 26 Female " 46 46 46 44 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 46 47 49 56 50 45 Female " 21 21 23 51 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,566.50 1,566.50 1,566.50 16,367.16 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 0.92 1.22 1.48 104.65 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 89.81 79.53 80.56 44.90 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 -0.02 0.16 1.28 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.02 0.05 0.06 13.14 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 151.78 139.15 4,057.84 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.87 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 37.1 Staples 1.. .. 5.4 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 14.3 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 56 71 182 29,997 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. .. 9 447 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 136 103 76 118 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.0 0.2 0.1 74.5 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 10.1 18.1 18.1 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 13.9 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. 4.2 Urban .. .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 5.4 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 3.8 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 753 1.211 1,079 659 373 1.602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 2.9 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 1.2 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 578 104 366 1,063 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 252 217 .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed 105 90 86 612 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 65 32 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 81 92 82 56 48 63 Female " 84 97 87 52 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 31 32 22 23 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 15 22 20 16 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. I .. 6 Illiteracy %of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. 16 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 86 24 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 77 93 91 .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 233 Morocco Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Mi-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980.85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. 2,568 Headcount index % of pop. .. 26 13 Lower poverty line local curr. 2,070 Headcountindex % of pop. .. 17 7 GNP per capita US$ 550 600 1,150 1,970 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " Consumer price index 1987=100 35 90 143 Lower income " Foa 91 125 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 62 77 73 97 104 107 Male 78 93 85 104 105 Female 45 60 60 90 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 122 92 56 48 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 76 65 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 76.0 81.1 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 44.0 79.0 83.9 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. 9.0 Life expectancy Total years 53 60 65 66 67 69 Female advantage " 3.1 3.4 3.5 2.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.9 5.1 3.5 4.5 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 6.9 7.0 7.7 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 51.0 57.6 .. .. .. 86.2 Urban " 92.0 100.0 100.0 98.7 .. 94.0 Rural 28.0 25.0 .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. 62.4 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent)0+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5- 2-0GNP Gross capitaenrollment 0 I I -5 iten I -2 - -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Morocco - Morocco - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 234 Morocco Most Same riono r Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle. InceM indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income SrMsP Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 17.305 21,816 26,367 266,675 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.03 0.83 0.68 0.83 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 37.7 43.9 47.9 55.7 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.6 1.3 1.7 Urban " 4.1 3.7 2.9 3.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 5,312 7,980 10,160 87,383 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 57 50 45 35 36 21 Industry " 19 22 25 23 26 27 Female 22 34 35 25 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 31 37 39 33 45 42 Female 7 12 13 17 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 446.55 446.55 446.55 11,021.26 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 38.75 48.85 57.89 23.57 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 60.31 65.66 69.06 32.20 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.08 0.18 0.23 -0.80 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 3.94 4.25 4.08 10.48 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 77.90 90.00 445.40 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -1.45 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 46 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 17 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 30.1 .. Staples " .. 9.4 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 8.9 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,509 2,177 3,653 38,370 68,936 43.633 Food aid in cereals " 75 518 234 1,249 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 83 90 99 104 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 6.2 10.4 9.4 98.2 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 17.3 16.6 21.1 11.9 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 6.7 .. Average household size persons per household 6.0 5.9 5.7 Urban 5.0 .. 5.2 Fixed investment: housing %ofGDP .. 4.1 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.4 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 198 256 307 1,232 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. 90.0 Rural .. .. 13.0 Transport and communication % of GDP .. 6.3 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 1.5 .. Total road length thou. km 50 58 27 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 13,100 15,532 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. 917 .. Population per hospital bed 700 795 785 623 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 14 56 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 16 34 35 59 63 59 Female 12 27 29 51 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 42 28 28 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 24 19 15 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 85 83 85 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 28 20 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 79 58 51 37 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age l5+) .. 71 69 50 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 21 15 13 34 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 235 Mozambique Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub. higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 80 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade . .. Consumer price index 1987=100 . 27 851 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 13.1 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 47 86 60 71 105 104 Male " .. 97 69 77 112 105 Female " .. 75 51 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 168 155 146 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 218 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 39.0 23.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 29.0 19.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 42 45 46 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 6.5 6.6 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 300 1,512 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 14.1 21.6 Urban " .. 38.0 44.0 Rural 2.0 9.0 17.1 Access to health care .. 40.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10 -. Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 0 per p.imary capita enrollment -2 --10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water J Mozambique - Mozambique - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 236 Mozambique Most Same regon/income group Next Latest single year recent $ub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 10,498 13,541 15,463 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.89 0.88 0.90 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 8.6 19.4 32.7 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.5 1.6 2.9 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 9.5 8.3 7.6 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 5,929 7,091 8,390 254.250 1,590,533 488.647 Agriculture % of labor force 85 84 83 65 67 36 Industry 7 8 8 9 14 26 Female 49 49 48 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 56 52 54 44 50 45 Female 28 26 26 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 801.59 801.59 801.59 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 13.10 16.89 18.73 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 60.04 60.06 60.17 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.08 0.20 0.25 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 186.83 173.29 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.75 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. 29.3 Staples .. .. 8.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 10.8 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 191 598 507 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 34 379 958 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 140 101 89 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 47.7 28.7 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 8.7 Average household size persons per household .. 4.3 .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 3.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 4.6 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 75 38 40 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 10.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 6.4 Total road length thou. km 39 35 35 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 18,865 48,534 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 4,279 5,758 .. Population per hospital bed " 851 918 1,156 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 60 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 5 7 7 24 48 63 Female .. 5 6 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 69 62 53 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 22 40 40 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. 51 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 28 24 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 72 67 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 84 77 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 8 6 6 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 237 Myanmar Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate East Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. .. 890 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 49 73 458 Lower income " .. .. .. Food" a .. .. .. Urban .. 74 432 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 2.7 .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 83 98 105 116 105 104 Male ' 86 101 107 119 112 105 Female " 80 96 104 115 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 122 106 80 35 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 109 49 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 73.0 93.0 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 16.0 69.0 95.0 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 42.1 31.2 16.9 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 50 53 58 68 63 67 Female advantage " 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.6 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.8 4.9 4.0 2.2 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100.000 live births .. 460 518 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 5.4 7.2 6.3 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 17.0 26.9 32.5 67.2 Urban " 31.0 36.0 42.6 83.5 Rural " 14.0 24.0 29.2 61.4 Access to health care .. 48.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ -Life expectancy 4 5T GNP Gross 2-. 0 I I per primay capita enrollment 1010 -2 - 10 -_ 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Myanmar - Myanmar Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 238 Myanmar Most Same region/income group Next latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate East Law- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 30,441 37,544 45,581 1,734,703 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.80 0.76 0.71 0.53 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 23.9 24.0 25.9 31.9 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.3 1.7 1.3 Urban 3.2 2.1 3.2 2.8 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 15,293 19,101 23,170 977.170 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 77 75 73 67 67 36 Industry 7 9 10 16 14 26 Female 44 44 44 44 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 50 51 51 56 50 45 Female 22 22 22 51 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 676.58 676.58 676.58 16,367.16 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 44.99 55.49 65.96 104.65 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 15.73 15.86 15.89 44.90 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.14 0.07 0.46 1.28 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 9.43 10.40 10.22 13.14 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 328.62 288.56 4,057.84 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.29 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 40 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " 21 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households 8 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 9 7 5 29,997 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 9 6 .. 447 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 84 108 100 118 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 5.3 18.6 18.3 74.5 58.5 46.3 Share of agnculture in GDP %ofGDP 47.1 48.2 62.6 18.1 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. 5.3 .. 4.2 Urban " .. 5.3 .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 47 60 39 659 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 22 23 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 8,819 3,743 12,897 1,063 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 3,057 903 1,241 1,490 Population per hospital bed 1,176 1,170 1,590 612 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 19 32 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 21 23 23 56 48 63 Female 19 22 23 52 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 52 .. .. 23 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 39 24 20 16 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 49 .. .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 20 .. .. 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 29 22 17 16 35 Female % of fern. (age 15+) .. 31 22 24 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 10 14 7 .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 239 Namibia Most Saeme reion/icome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- Lower- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. 1,050 2,030 500 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .- .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 78 231 Lower income .. .. .- Food " Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 136 71 104 107 Male .. .. 134 77 105 Female .. 138 64 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 113 84 57 92 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 78 161 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. 51.4 77.4 82.9 DPI .. .. .. 53.5 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 49 54 59 52 67 69 Female advantage 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.0 5.8 5.1 5.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 ... _0,_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ GNP Gross Sper pnmry capita enrollment -2 - -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ( Namibia - Namibia - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 240 Namibia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- Lower- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 900 1,178 1,508 571,902 1,096,881 472.807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.86 0.87 0.86 0.94 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 20.6 26.8 36.3 30.6 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 4.6 5.7 5.9 4.9 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 404 502 625 254,250 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 60 53 49 65 36 21 Industry " 15 15 15 9 26 27 Female " 40 40 41 41 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 45 43 41 44 45 42 Female 18 17 17 37 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 824.29 824.29 824.29 24,273.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 1.09 1.43 1.78 22.90 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 46.95 46.96 46.96 50.61 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.86 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 130.00 125.69 5,323.14 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.34 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 45 91 141 14,051 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. 26 5,079 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 122 92 98 102 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 5.3 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 8.8 12.5 19.5 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. 6.0 Urban .. .. 4.9 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. .. 251 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment "1 .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. 39 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. .. 4,321 .. 3,064 Population per nurse Population per hospital bed " .. .. .. 1,316 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 75 37 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 55 24 63 59 Female .. .. 61 23 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. 32 40 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. 64 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. 53 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 54 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 21 18 147 12 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 241 Nepal Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. 3,825 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. 2,520 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 120 160 200 320 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 36 76 187 Lower income Fooda Urban " .. 73 209 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 3.1 1.9 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 51 75 107 98 105 104 Male " 86 101 129 110 112 105 Female " 16 47 85 87 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 153 139 95 73 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 135 106 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 34.0 64.0 84.2 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 32.0 72.0 88.6 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) 69.6 .. 69.6 61.5 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 43 48 54 61 63 67 Female advantage -1.5 -1.5 -0.9 1.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 6.3 5.4 3.6 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 44.4 11.9 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 8.0 28.3 45.0 Urban 85.0 71.0 60.0 Rural 5.0 25.0 42.0 Access to health care .. 10.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) T5 10- (vraeanul1eret Life expectancy GNP Gross per I primary capita enrollment .2 -101 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] Nepal - Nepal Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 242 Nepal Most Same regionincome roup New Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income groUP Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre"1994) thousands 12,841 16,682 20,885 1.220,285 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.84 0.8 0.82 0.71 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 5.0 8.5 13.1 26.0 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.6 2.6 2.4 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 7.1 7.4 6.8 3.1 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 6,515 8,042 10,020 528,108 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 94 94 94 63 67 36 Industry I 0 0 16 14 26 Female 39 39 40 32 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 51 48 48 43 50 45 Female 20 19 19 29 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 140.80 140.80 140.80 5,133.49 40.391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 91.20 118.48 144.77 233.41 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 30.16 31.48 31.83 59.11 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.34 0.42 0.00 -0.02 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 5.57 17.65 19.52 29.63 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 55.67 50.23 658.32 7.632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change. 1980-90 .. .. 1.02 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 40 .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. 22 .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. 9 .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 52.0 .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 18 10 27 6.211 36,922 68.936 Food aid in cereals 6 9 15 1,624 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 103 96 109 113 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 3.0 10.1 16.7 69.7 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 69.0 48.9 40.9 26.6 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 12.8 .. Average household size persons per household 6.0 6.0 5.5 Urban .. 5.5 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 5.7 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 9 14 23 219 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 50.6 .. Rural .. 4.6 .. Transport and communication % of GDP .. 1.1 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 3 6 8 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 51,400 30,221 13,617 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 17,699 4,678 2,256 Population per hospital bed " 7,100 5,719 4,308 1.675 1.034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 14 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 13 25 21 45 48 63 Female 4 12 9 35 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 29 38 42 61 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 21 .. 32 26 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 81 78 73 51 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 89 87 64 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 7 8 7 26 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 243 Netherlands Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High. Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 6,670 9.190 21,970 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 61 101 117 Lower income " .. Fooda " .. 102 Ill Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 98 99 97 104 Male 98 98 96 104 Female 99 100 99 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 11 8 6 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 8 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 80.0 94.0 82.7 DPT " .. 96.0 97.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. Life expectancy Total years 74 76 78 77 Female advantage " 6.2 6.7 6.3 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 5 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 39.5 39.7 38.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 100.0 100.0 Urban 100.0 100.0 Rural 100.0 100.0 Access to health care .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 6 10+IO (aeaeana,pret Life expectancy 4 5- GNP Gross per i primary 0] -capita enrollment -2 -10-- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Netherlands - Netherlands - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes. p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 244 Netherlands Most Seme regioncome group Latest singlk year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 13,666 14,492 15,381 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.57 0.46 0.45 0.49 Urban % of pop. 88.4 88.5 88.9 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.7 Urban 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 Labor force thousands 5,208 6,240 7.090 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 6 5 5 5 Industry " 35 28 26 31 Female 29 35 40 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 38 43 46 49 Female " 11 15 18 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 36.95 37.33 37.33 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 369.85 388.21 409.30 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 61.58 59.52 58.70 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.57 0.15 0.25 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 20.65 26.25 28.13 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 3.24 3.34 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.30 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 38 Share of bottom 40% of households .. 20 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 10.6 9.2 8.4 8.6 Staples 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 5.0 4.0 3.8 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 8,838 5,252 4,431 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 82 96 108 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 304.9 347.1 262.7 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 3.2 2.3 Housing % of GDP 7.9 12.1 10.8 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.2 .. 2.5 Urban .. .. 2.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 4.8 3.1 5.4 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.4 4.0 2.3 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 4,356 4,228 4,558 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 6.1 6.6 6.5 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 1 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.1 Total road length thou. km 86 110 106 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 800 450 412 Population per nurse 303 168 Population per hospital bed 94 80 170 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 88 117 93 97 Female 84 114 90 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 28 19 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 16 15 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 98 96 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 2 2 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. . Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 308 310 303 316 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 245 Netherlands Antilles Most Same regionlincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 49 95 121 Lower income .. Fooda Urban .. 94 141 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 104 Male .. .. .. 104 Female .. .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 20 15 11 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. .. 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. 82.7 DPT .. .. .. 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 66 73 77 77 Female advantage 5.8 4.8 5.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.7 2.3 2.1 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 15.8 35.6 40.0 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. Urban .. Rural Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10* Life expectancy 4 -5 GNP Gross 2 0 I l per primary 0 I capita enrollment -2 J1-10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Netherlands Antilles - Netherlands Antilles High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 246 Netherlands Antilles Most Same reion/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 166 182 198 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.64 0.52 0.49 0.49 Urban % of pop. 67.9 67.9 69.3 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.7 Urban " 0.6 1.1 1.3 0.8 Labor force thousands 64 81 93 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 5 Industry .. .. .. 31 Female " 37 41 42 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 39 44 47 49 Female 14 18 20 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.80 0.80 0.80 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 207.50 227.50 245.00 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 10.00 10.00 10.00 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.30 0.32 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.51 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 27 28 32 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. 0 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 452 260 200 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 23,367 10,038 11,975 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,325 Population per nurse Population per hospital bed 81 .. .. 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 97 Female . .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 30 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 22 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 8 .. Female % of fern. (age 15+) .. .. Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 325 294 289 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 247 New Caledonia Most Sm reinacome group Next Latest single ear recent Upper- higher Unit of estimate Eas middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. .. 890 4,710 24.030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 98 .. Lower income Fooda " 26 ... Urban 102 119. Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 122 125 116 107 104 Male .. 126 125 119 .. 104 Female " .. 118 124 115 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 35 21 15 35 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 15.0 .. 93.0 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 76.0 .. 95.0 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 64 69 72 68 69 77 Female advantage " 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.6 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100.000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 67.2 86.2 Urban .. .. .. 83.5 94.0 Rural .. .. .. 61.4 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb + (average annual, percent) 10 (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 2 -- 0 I GNP Gross 2-~ per Primary 0Ica-ita enrollment -2- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Aces to afe water ] New Caledonia - New Caledonia - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 248 New Caledonia Most Same regionincome group Next latest single year recent Upper- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 133 154 187 1,734,703 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.77 0.67 0.58 0.53 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. .. .. .. 31.9 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 2.0 2.4 1.8 1.3 1.7 0.7 Urban " 0.3 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 977,170 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 67 21 5 Industry .. .. .. 16 27 31 Female .. .. .. 44 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 56 42 49 Female .. .. .. 51 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 18.58 18.58 18.58 16,367.16 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 7.16 8.29 9.85 104.65 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 14.44 15.21 12.53 44.90 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 -4.14 0.00 1.28 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. .. .. 13.14 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 7.08 7.08 4,057.84 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 17 26 32 29,997 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. .. .. 447 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 120 120 110 118 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 2.4 1.4 7.0 74.5 68.9 158.3 Share of agnculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 18.1 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. 4.1 4.2 Urban .. .. 3.6 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 6,857 3,708 3,225 659 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 6.0 .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 5 6 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. 1,558 .. 1,063 Population per nurse .. 423 .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed .. .. .. 612 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. 32 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 74 85 56 59 97 Female .. 78 88 52 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 17 20 20 23 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 15 14 .. 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 82 88 99 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 10 17 17 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. 16 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 24 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 135 123 128 .. 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 249 New Zealand Most Same egi ucsomse group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local cur. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 5,020 6,740 13,190 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 22 76 127 Lower income .. Fooda 14 79 125 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 106 107 102 104 Male 107 108 102 104 Female " 106 106 101 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 16 11 7 6 Under 5 mortality " 9 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 71.0 82.0 82.7 DPT .. 72.0 81.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 72 74 76 77 Female advantage " 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 26.8 32.3 39.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 97.0 Urban . 100.0 100.0 Rural 100.0 81.8 Access to health care " .. 100.0 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5- GNP Gross per i primary capita enrollment Eltfzf.V7 -5 -2 -- -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 New Zealand - New Zealand - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 250 New Zealand Most Same region/income group Latest single year _ recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 3,087 3,272 3,493 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.63 0.53 0.52 0.49 Urban % of pop. 82.8 83.7 85.8 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 2.1 0.6 0.9 0.7 Urban 2.5 0.7 1.2 0.8 Labor force thousands 1,204 1,462 1,715 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 12 11 10 5 Industry " 34 29 25 31 Female 32 38 44 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 39 45 49 49 Female 12 17 22 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 270.99 270.99 270.99 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 11.39 12.07 12.78 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 52.00 64.86 64.55 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 3.40 -0.55 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.08 1.47 1.65 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. 74.72 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 41 45 Share of bottom 40% of households " 18 16 Share of bottom 20% of households " 6 5 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 7.8 7.7 8.6 Staples .. 1.5 1.7 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 3.5 3.1 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 188 77 282 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 88 107 96 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 37.0 24.6 33.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 10.4 8.8 7.4 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. 9.0 13.8 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.6 3.0 2.9 Urban .. .. 2.9 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.9 3.6 4.8 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.2 1.5 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,828 3,471 4,352 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 12.3 10.8 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 5.0 4.6 2.4 2.1 Total road length thou. km 93 93 92 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 873 611 Population per nurse 152 145 Population per hospital bed 99 .. 149 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 81 85 104 97 Female 81 87 104 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 18 20 16 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 29 19 15 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 97 98 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 0 3 3 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 356 329 305 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 251 Nicaragua Most Same regionlincome group Next Latest single year recent Latin higher Unit of estimate America Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 680 760 330 3,310 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. . .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 0 1 1.3E+9 Lower income Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 82 101 103 110 105 104 Male 80 96 101 .. 112 105 Female " 85 107 105 .. 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 100 86 51 41 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 68 49 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 30.0 54.0 78.7 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 32.0 71.0 73.7 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 10.5 11.9 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 55 59 67 68 63 67 Female advantage " 3.1 7.2 3.6 5.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.8 6.0 4.9 2.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 25.8 5.5 19.9 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 56.0 48.0 53.2 80.1 Urban " 100.0 76.0 77.8 90.1 Rural 14.0 13.0 18.9 57.7 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) (average annual. percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2........................0per iprimary capita enrollment 0 I I -5 -2 ---10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Nicaragua - Nicaragua - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 252 Nicaragua Most Same swgl/Icmeaw par Next Zat s wnea eent I.dthiher Uni of estimate America Low. Income Indicator meerar 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Caribbean Income grom Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mrewl994) thousands 2,426 3,229 4.156 470,899 3.182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.02 1.02 0.99 0.65 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 50.3 56.6 62.3 73.8 28.3 55.9 Populationgrowthrate annual% 3.1 2.7 3.3 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 4.4 3.8 4.3 2.6 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 780 1,094 1,503 193.896 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 44 33 28 26 67 36 Industry 21 25 26 24 14 26 Female 23 31 36 33 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 32 34 36 41 50 45 Female 7 11 13 27 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 130.00 130.00 130.00 20,504.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 18.66 24.84 30.92 22.55 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 49.09 54.05 57.01 39.78 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.87 0.80 -0.04 0.32 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.15 1.29 1.30 3.40 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 72.54 60.13 9,866.24 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.86 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 65 .. 55 Share of bottom 40% of households 9 .. 12 Share of bottom 20% of households 3 .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. .. .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 58 103 125 27,659 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 1 3 43 85 1,565 8,516 5,771 Foodproductionpercapita 1987-100 189 117 104 101 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 3.3 9.8 4.0 16.0 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 22.4 23.7 33.4 9.0 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 291 271 241 940 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 18 15 15 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,114 1,490 1,492 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. 531 .. Population per hospital bed 403 394 538 512 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 40 61 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 24 34 41 51 48 63 Female " 24 45 44 .. 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 39 33 37 26 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 41 30 40 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 48 63 69 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 14 15 17 Illiteracy %of pop. (age 15+) 43 13 34 14 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 33 15 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 38 50 23 86 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 253 Niger Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. . .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 230 220 230 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages .. .. .. Rural terms of trade " .. .. Consumerpriceindex 1987=100 39 I11 113 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 20 26 29 71 105 104 Male 25 33 35 77 112 105 Female 14 18 21 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 166 146 120 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 320 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 16.0 24.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 5.0 18.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 49.4 .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 39 42 46 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.1 3.2 4.6 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.2 7.5 7.4 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100.000 live births .. 519 593 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 3.3 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 27.0 48.8 59.4 Urban 36.0 48.0 100.0 Rural 26.0 49.0 52.0 Access to health care " .. 48.0 30.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 - GNP Gross 2 ---4- - 0 I I per i J/ primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Niger - Niger - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 254 Niger Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent - Su-b- higher Unit of estimate Saha ran Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,704 6.563 8,730 571.902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.95 0.99 1.02 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 10.6 16.2 22.4 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.8 3.3 3.4 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 6.9 7.1 6.7 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,439 3,236 4,238 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 92 91 90 65 67 36 Industry 3 4 4 9 14 26 Female 45 44 44 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 49 49 44 50 45 Female " 23 22 21 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,267.00 1,267.00 1,267.00 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 3.71 5.18 6.66 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 10.09 9.92 9.88 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.02 -1.68 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.14 0.24 0.53 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 25.20 24.20 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.40 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 44 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. 19 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 17 341 136 14.051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 73 221 26 5,079 8,516 5.771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 125 102 122 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 0.3 0.1 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 50.3 36.8 38.5 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. 6.1 Urban .. .. 6.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 25 42 37 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 7 18 11 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 59,306 39,675 34,845 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 5,608 458 654 Population per hospital bed 1,974 .. .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 17 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 2 5 7 24 48 63 Female 1 3 4 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 39 37 38 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 24 26 35 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 76 83 88 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 13 15 14 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 79 72 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 89 93 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 0 1 1 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department April 1996 255 Nigeria Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Sb higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 510 1,020 280 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 17 85 1,007 Lower income . Food " 92 65 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 51 95 93 71 105 104 Male 47 106 105 77 112 105 Female 27 84 82 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 135 96 81 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 191 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 9.0 34.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 9.0 29.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) 23.1 .. 43.0 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 42 49 52 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.9 3.3 3.4 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.9 6.9 5.6 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 1,500 1,027 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 0.8 0.1 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 36.0 40.0 Urban .. 60.0 52.0 Rural .. 30.0 20.0 Access to health care .. 40.0 67.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10 T Life expectancy 4 5 2 -*-- t- 0 1GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 -- -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Nigeria - Nigeria - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 256 Nigeria Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population((mre=1994) thousands 61,241 83.196 108,014 571.902 3,182,221 1.096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 23.4 31.1 38.5 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 5.8 5.7 5.1 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 26,319 33,889 43,059 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 62 48 43 65 67 36 Industry " 9 8 7 9 14 26 Female " 37 36 36 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 43 41 40 44 50 45 Female " 16 15 14 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 923.77 923.77 923.77 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 66.29 90.06 113.55 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 76.86 78.10 79.48 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.14 0.32 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.16 1.19 1.32 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 168.21 156.34 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.73 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 49 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 13 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 39.6 .. Staples .. 15.1 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 12.3 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 447 1,957 1,584 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 7 0 1 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 120 103 131 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.8 4.1 7.0 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 31.2 36.8 42.5 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing %of GDP .. 3.4 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. 5.4 Urban 4.7 .. 4.8 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 2.2 0.6 .. Fuel and power %ofGDP .. 1.1 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 72 148 162 251 373 1.602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. 82.4 Rural .. .. 8.6 Transport and communication % of GDP .. 2.4 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 2.8 0.7 .. Total road length thou. km 103 109 113 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 20,200 5,199 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 4,243 856 .. Population per hospital bed 1,799 1,154 599 1.316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 80 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 8 34 29 24 48 63 Female 3 29 27 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 34 44 39 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 84 38 .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 65 69 81 .. .. . Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy %of pop. (age 15+) .. 57 49 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 69 53 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 10 17 18 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 19% 257 Norway Most Same regionfincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 7,210 13,950 26,480 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987= 100 37 86 127 Lower income .. Fooda " 24 85 115 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 101 97 99 104 Male 101 97 99 104 Female " 101 97 99 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 11 9 5 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 8 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 90.0 90.0 82.7 DPT .. 85.0 89.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. Life expectancy Total years 74 76 78 77 Female advantage " 6.2 6.8 5.7 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 34.3 36.1 41.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water. total % of pop. .. .. 100.0 Urban .. . 100.0 Rural .. .. 100.0 Access to health care " .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+- (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ Life expectancy 4- 5 I F 0 GNP Gross per primary 0 J capita enrollment -2-- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Norway - Norway - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes. p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 258 Norway Most Same regiontincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,007 4,153 4,337 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.60 0.56 0.55 0.49 Urban % of pop. 68.2 71.5 73.0 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.7 Urban " 1.4 0.6 0.8 0.8 Labor force thousands 1.766 2,034 2,193 416.550 Agriculture % of labor force 10 7 6 5 Industry " 33 27 25 31 Female " 34 43 46 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 44 49 51 49 Female " 15 21 23 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 323.90 323.90 323.90 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 12.37 12.82 13.31 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 2.93 3.12 3.30 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.33 0.31 1.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 4.45 9.40 9.58 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. 95.65 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 9.8 9.5 8.6 Staples .. 1.2 1.2 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 5.0 5.0 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 603 227 302 74,460 Food aid in cereals Food production per capita 1987 =100 87 101 106 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 255.7 248.9 201.4 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 4.8 3.0 2.9 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. 9.1 9.5 11.6 Average household size persons per household 2.9 2.7 2.4 Urban 2.8 2.6 2.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 5.5 3.0 3.1 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 3.5 3.1 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 3.798 4,910 5,326 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 9.0 6.5 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 6.5 4.6 6.5 2.1 Total road length thou. km 78 85 91 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 723 411 Population per nurse 157 57 Population per hospital bed 91 67 211 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 88 97 116 97 Female " 88 100 114 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 8 7 6 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 12 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 99 100 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 0 0 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 414 510 607 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 259 Oman Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Upper- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr.. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop, . .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 1.310 6,430 5,200 1,970 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. . .... Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. Lower income *. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 6.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 44 75 85 97 107 104 Male 63 83 87 104 .. 104 Female " 24 66 82 90 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 78 35 18 48 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 24 65 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 61.0 94.0 81.1 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 56.0 96.0 83.9 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 49 63 70 66 69 77 Female advantage 2.4 3.0 4.2 2.5 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 9.3 9.8 7.1 4.5 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 184 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 0.0 3.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 52.0 14.7 56.6 .. 86.2 Urban 100.0 90.0 86.5 98.7 94.0 Rural 48.0 10.0 46.6 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 92.0 89.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 0(average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 0 ,- " - I per primary capita enrollment - 2 ---1 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Oman - Oman Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 260 Oman Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year rweent Mid-East Upper higher Unit of estimate & North middle. income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 847 1,397 2,098 266,675 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.90 0.96 0.98 0.83 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 6.3 9.2 12.8 55.7 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 4.1 4.6 4.5 2.6 1.7 0.7 Urban " 7.7 8.2 8.0 3.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 246 375 540 87,383 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 53 47 44 35 21 5 Industry 20 23 24 23 27 31 Female " 7 9 14 25 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 29 27 26 33 42 49 Female 2 2 4 17 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 212.46 212.46 212.46 11,021.26 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 3.99 6.58 9.44 23.57 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 4.88 4.93 5.00 32.20 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.10 0.00 0.00 -0.80 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 3.28 3.92 5.46 10.48 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 40.60 40.60 445.40 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 73 202 369 38,370 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 1,249 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. 104 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.4 2.8 8.5 98.2 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 2.8 2.8 3.3 11.9 8.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 342 2,306 2,347 1.232 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 4 22 26 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 9,288 1,911 1,203 Population per nurse " 3,774 857 .. Population per hospital bed .. 621 .. 623 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 72 56 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 1 28 61 59 59 97 Female " 0 18 57 51 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 27 27 27 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 7 13 18 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 82 97 97 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 9 12 11 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. 37 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 50 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 37 41 34 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 261 Pakistan Most Same regionlincome group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. 2,256 3,276 Headcount index % of pop. .. 46 34 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop, .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 140 360 440 320 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. 10 28 70 Unskilled rural wages .. .. 58 Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 43 92 194 Lower income Fooda 20 .. .. Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 46 44 65 98 105 104 Male " 63 56 80 110 112 105 Female 28 30 49 87 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 140 120 92 73 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 137 106 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 23.0 77.0 84.2 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 30.0 81.0 88.6 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 40.4 61.5 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 49 54 60 61 63 67 Female advantage -2.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.0 7.0 5.4 3.6 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 600 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 25.0 44.4 .. Urban 75.0 84.0 .. Rural 5.0 28.0 .. Access to health care .. 64.0 85.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 T (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy T 4 5 2 - - 01 GNP Gross per I primary capita enrollment 01 I I -5-- -2 -- -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Pakistan - Pakistan - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 262 Pakistan Most Same region/income group Next latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 71,033 96,180 126,284 1,220,285 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.94 0.89 0.87 0.71 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 26.4 29.8 34.2 26.0 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3.1 3.1 2.8 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 4.3 4.2 4.4 3.1 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 24,304 35,856 48,595 528,108 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 59 56 52 63 67 36 Industry 17 16 19 16 14 26 Female " 14 23 26 32 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 34 37 38 43 50 45 Female " 5 9 10 29 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 796.10 796.10 796.10 5,133.49 40.391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 89.23 120.81 154.29 233.41 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 32.21 33.22 34.05 59.11 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.12 1.11 0.73 -0.02 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 54.89 61.54 0.00 29.63 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 26.23 18.55 658.32 7.632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 3.40 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 42 .. 40 Share of bottom 40% of households 20 .. 21 Share of bottom 20% of households 8 .. 8 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 46.1 28.1 .. Staples 16.0 9.3 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 14.0 8.4 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,349 982 2.893 6,211 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 584 411 188 1,624 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 95 98 108 113 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 22.3 59.0 81.8 69.7 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 29.9 25.7 22.6 26.6 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP 9.4 12.4 .. Average household size persons per household 5.6 6.5 .. Urban 5.9 6.7 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 2.0 1.7 .. Fuel and power % ofGDP 3.8 3.7 .. Energy consumption per capita kg ofoil equiv. 123 177 255 219 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 71.0 .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP 1.6 10.0 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.6 1.7 .. Total road length thou. km 79 126 195 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 4,300 2,931 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 6,600 5,870 .. Population per hospital bed 1,900 1,757 1,769 1,675 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 59 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 15 17 21 45 48 63 Female 7 10 13 35 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 40 39 41 61 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 18 18 19 26 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 57 53 51 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy %of pop. (age 15+) 79 69 62 51 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 82 76 64 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 5 12 7 26 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 263 Panama Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year recent latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970.75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 1.140 2,290 2,670 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 61 99 106 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda 38 .. .. Urban .. 97 108 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 114 106 105 110 104 107 Male " 116 109 108 .. 105 Female "Il 104 .. .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 43 26 20 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 24 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 72.0 99.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 70.0 86.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 16.0 7.0 Life expectancy Total years 66 71 73 68 67 69 Female advantage " 2.8 3.7 4.2 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.9 3.5 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 90 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 13.0 14.7 24.9 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 77.0 82.3 82.6 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural " 54.0 64.0 66.2 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) 10 (average annual, percent) Lie expectancy 4 -- 2-- GNP Gross 2 ~ - ~ 0 ..~per primary 0 I 5-capita enrollment -2 -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Panama - Panama - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 264 Panama Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 1,748 2,180 2,612 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.89 0.74 0.62 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 48.7 51.3 54.5 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual% 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 588 796 1,030 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 35 28 26 26 36 21 Industry 18 18 16 24 26 27 Female 27 31 33 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 34 37 39 41 45 42 Female " 9 11 13 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 75.52 75.52 75.52 20,504.83 40,594.43 20.668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 23.15 28.87 33.94 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 24.26 26.80 28.89 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.18 1.48 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.27 1.50 1.49 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 37.62 31.16 9,866.24 5,969.25 7.520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.87 .. . INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 62 .. 60 Share of bottom 40% of households " 7 .. 8 Share of bottom 20% of households " 2 .. 2 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 24.3 .. Staples .. 4.5 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 6.6 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 70 125 159 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 3 1 3 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 106 101 85 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 14.1 12.9 14.7 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 10.5 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 6.9 .. Average household size persons per household 5.0 4.5 4.4 Urban 5.0 4.4 4.2 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.8 3.7 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.9 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 829 501 566 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 90.7 .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 4.6 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 3.4 2.4 .. Total road length thou. km 8 10 10 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,700 1.000 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,564 390 .. Population per hospital bed 300 300 .. 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 70 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 55 60 61 51 63 59 Female 57 63 65 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 27 25 23 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 26 19 20 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 85 88 85 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 13 13 10 .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 22 14 9 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 14 10 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 75 112 89 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 265 Papua New Guinea Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNPpercapita US$ 570 720 1,160 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 47 92 142 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda ' .. 95 135 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 56 59 74 116 104 107 Male 68 66 80 119 105 Female " 43 51 67 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 100 65 65 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 95 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 27.0 63.0 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 40.0 64.0 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 34.7 .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 48 52 57 68 67 69 Female advantage " -0.1 1.5 1.5 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.1 5.6 4.9 2.2 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 900 700 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 0.2 0.4 0.7 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 20.0 25.8 32.8 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban 30.0 93.0 93.8 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural " 19.0 15.0 20.0 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 93.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b (average annual, percent) (average annual. percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross . .....per primary capita enrollment -2 ---10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Papua New Guinea - Papua New Guinea - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 266 Papua New Guinea Most Same regionincome group Nexi Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,729 3.460 4,197 1,734.703 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 11.9 14.0 15.9 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.4 2.2 2.3 1.3 1.3 1.7 Urban 6.0 3.5 3.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1,381 1,692 2,060 977,170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 84 81 79 67 36 21 Industry " 5 6 7 16 26 27 Female 42 41 42 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 51 49 49 56 45 42 Female 21 20 20 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 462.84 462.84 462.84 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 5.90 7.48 8.86 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 1.01 1.04 1.09 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.55 1.07 0.00 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 371.30 360.00 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.31 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 32.5 .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 92 172 227 29,997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 0.. .. 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 102 104 97 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 12.0 18.3 26.3 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 29.7 33.8 28.5 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP 5.9 .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. 4.2 Urban .. .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 204 239 236 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 4.9 .. .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 18 20 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 11,733 6,070 12,754 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse 1,714 878 1,164 1,490 Population per hospital bed 202 208 297 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 51 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 12 12 12 56 63 59 Female 7 8 8 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 32 31 31 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 23 24 24 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 87 .. 67 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. 0 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 68 53 28 16 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 68 37 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 7 13 16 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 267 Paraguay Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 22 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 4 GNPpercapita US$ 600 1,130 1,570 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 15 62 437 Lower income " Food" .. .. .. Urban .. 56 353 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 102 104 112 110 104 107 Male 106 106 114 .. 105 . Female 97 101 110 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 55 47 34 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 42 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 53.0 74.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 58.0 79.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 32.0 3.7 Life expectancy Total years 66 66 68 68 67 69 Female advantage " 3.9 4.2 4.4 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.7 4.8 4.5 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 360 180 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 22.9 34.7 19.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 13.0 27.6 33.0 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 25.0 53.0 65.0 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 5.0 8.0 7.4 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 GNP Gross 0 .I per primary 't capita enrollment -2 - 10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Paraguay - Paraguay Lower-middle-income -Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 268 Paraguay Moss Same agioincome group Next Latest singl year recent .atA Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,682 3,693 4,788 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.91 0.80 0.80 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 39.0 45.0 51.9 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.9 3.1 2.9 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban 3.8 4.6 4.4 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 944 1,373 1,810 193,896 488.647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 49 42 39 26 36 21 Industry 20 21 22 24 26 27 Female 24 27 28 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 35 37 38 41 45 42 Female 8 10 11 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 406.75 406.75 406.75 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 6.59 9.08 11.43 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 40.91 50.34 60.33 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.38 2.73 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.34 0.33 0.28 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 168.84 128.59 9.866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 2.69 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 51 46 Share of bottom 40% of households .. 14 16 Share of bottom 20% of households .. 5 6 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 23.1 .. Staples .. 4.5 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 12.0 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 25 85 82 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 10 4 1 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 77 102 114 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 0.6 1.3 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 36.9 28.9 23.7 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 15.8 .. Average household size persons per household 5.4 .. .. Urban 5.0 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 16.1 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.9 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 107 174 261 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 7.6 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 1 4.3 4.4 .. Total road length thou. km 7 15 15 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,297 1,516 1,250 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 2,207 882 .. Population per hospital bed 599 .. 1,087 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 52 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 20 30 37 51 63 59 Female 20. 30 38 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 29 25 23 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 11 .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 70 75 81 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 15 11 9 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 1S+) 20 12 8 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 14 12 is .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 27 46 37 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 269 Peru Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. 617 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 32 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. 315 Headcount index % of pop. .. 12 22 GNP per capita US$ 1,090 900 1,890 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 0 30 33,073,250 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 3.6 2.4 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 113 121 119 110 104 107 Male 114 123 .. .. 105 Female 99 118 .. .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 96 74 48 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. 63 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 32.0 81.5 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 26.0 81.4 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " 16.1 13.4 16.1 Life expectancy Total years 56 59 65 68 67 69 Female advantage " 3.4 3.7 3.7 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.3 4.1 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 300 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 47.0 54.3 58.4 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 72.0 73.0 77.6 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 15.0 17.0 22.3 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. . Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6+ (average annual, percent) I(average annual, percent)expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 - - 0- GP primary capita enrollment 0 I -5 2 - -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Peru - Peru Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a- See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 270 Peru Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 15.161 19,383 23,238 470,899 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.88 0.78 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 61.5 67.3 71.7 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.8 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 4.1 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 4,641 6,359 8,414 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 44 38 36 26 36 21 Industry 18 18 18 24 26 27 Female , 23 25 28 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 31 33 36 41 45 42 Female 7 8 10 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1.285.22 1,285.22 1,285.22 20,504.83 40,594.43 20.668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 11.80 15.08 17.74 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 23.68 24.08 24.10 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 3.73 3.93 4.15 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 706.18 679.06 9,866.24 5.969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.39 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 61 .. 50 Share of bottom 40% of households 7 .. 14 Share of bottom 20% of households 2 .. 5 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 24.2 .. Staples .. 5.8 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 10.4 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,182 1,227 1,920 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 37 216 378 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 110 93 88 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 3.4 2.4 4.9 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 16.4 10.2 7.4 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % ofGDP .. 10.4 .. Average household size persons per household 4.8 .. 5.2 Urban 4.9 .. 5.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 5.5 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.1 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 474 377 351 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 17.5 .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 7.0 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 3.5 2.2 .. Total road length thou. km 55 68 70 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1.900 1,071 939 .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 400 590 708 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 31 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 46 63 65 51 63 59 Female . 41 60 .. .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 39 35 29 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 24 21 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 82 84 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 10 14 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 28 18 11 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 26 17 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 91 83 71 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 271 Philippines Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. 57 41 Lower poverty line local curT. Headcount index % of pop. 35 GNP per capita US$ 370 520 960 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 21 96 211 Lower income " Fooda 9 97 168 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 1.5 .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary %schoolagepop. 107 107 11I 316 104 107 Male " .. 108 113 119 105 Female .. 107 Ill 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 64 51 40 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 57 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 49.0 85.0 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 52.0 88.0 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 33.2 29.6 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 58 62 65 68 67 69 Female advantage 3.0 3.7 4.0 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.1 4.7 3.8 2.2 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 208 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 2.2 2.8 3.7 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 50.0 54.2 81.0 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban " 67.0 53.0 92.8 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural " 20.0 54.0 72.2 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care " . .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 .--. ~- ...... .-.0 . ~ perprimary capita enrollment 01 -21 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Philippines - Philippines - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 272 Philippines Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 43,103 54,700 67,038 1,734.703 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.86 0.78 0.72 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 35.6 43.1 53.1 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.6 2.5 2.1 1.3 1.3 1.7 Urban " 4.0 5.I 4.2 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 16,259 21,470 27.104 977,170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 55 49 46 67 36 21 Industry " 15 15 15 16 26 27 Female 34 36 37 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 38 39 40 56 45 42 Female 13 14 15 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 300.00 300.00 300.00 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 143.68 182.33 218.83 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 28.53 33.91 35.11 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.02 0.50 0.00 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 12.23 14.24 15.09 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km . 109.91 78.31 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 3.33 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 56 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households 14 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households 5 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 37.5 38.9 .. Staples 14.1 16.1 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 15.5 15.0 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 824 1,524 2,036 29,997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 89 68 53 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 106 99 96 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 26.7 28.0 53.3 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 30.3 24.6 22.0 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP 6.2 14.6 .. Average household size persons per household 5.9 .. .. 4.2 Urban 6.0 .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.5 2.5 .. Fuel and power % of GDP 1.6 4.0 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 241 261 364 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 1.5 3.0 .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 4.1 0.6 .. Total road length thou. km 99 157 161 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 9,100 6,566 8,117 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse 2,691 2,684 .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed 600 574 655 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 59 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 54 64 79 56 63 59 Female .. 65 .. 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 29 31 36 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 31 32 50 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 78 77 85 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 2 2 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 17 12 5 16 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 13 6 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 16 40 50 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 273 Poland Most Same regiontincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. 4,747 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 24 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. 3,948 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 14 GNP per capita US$ .. 2,010 2,470 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 12 68 16.786 Lower income ". .. .. Fooda, 70 8,090 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 100 101 97 97 104 107 Male 102 102 97 97 105 Female 99 100 97 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 25 18 15 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 16 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 94.0 95.6 .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 96.0 97.3 .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 70 71 72 68 67 69 Female advantage 7.1 8.4 8.8 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 12 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 38.0 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 89.1 100.0 .. .. 86.2 Urban 75.2 94.0 100.0 .. .. 94.0 Rural 12.1 82.0 100.0 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6- (average annual, percent) 10 (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 2 - GNP Gross per primary 0 capita enrollment -2-- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water Z Poland - Poland - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 274 Poland Most Same regn/income group Next Latest sinile year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle. income Indicator measure 1970.75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 34,022 37,203 38,544 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.51 0.54 0.52 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 55.4 60.4 64.3 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban " 2.1 1.5 0.9 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 17,873 18,626 19,141 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 34 29 27 24 36 21 Industry 36 37 36 36 26 27 Female 45 45 46 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 53 50 50 49 45 42 Female " 24 23 23 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 312.68 312.68 312.68 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 108.81 118.98 123.00 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 63.11 62.12 61.48 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.17 -0.13 -0.15 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.20 0.53 0.53 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 86.22 86.72 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.06 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 33 .. 37 Share of bottom 40% of households " 25 .. 23 Share of bottom 20% of households " 10 .. 9 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 16.5 18.2 .. Staples 2.6 2.2 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 7.8 8.3 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 4.075 2,423 3,142 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " .. 68 200 4.392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 103 102 97 .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 191.0 180.4 68.5 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 14.5 6.1 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP 4.5 4.0 .. 7.2 Average household size persons per household 3.3 3.3 3.1 Urban " 3.0 3.0 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.6 3.7 .. 5.2 Fuel and power %ofGDP 1.1 0.9 .. 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2.924 3.399 2,563 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP 3.6 5.3 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 4.1 1.4 .. Total road length thou. km .. 301 368 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 700 508 439 362 3,064 Population per nurse 255 207 185 248 Population per hospital bed 131 177 180 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 73 78 79 86 63 59 Female " 74 81 83 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: pnmary pupils per teacher 21 18 17 .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 14 16 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 98 98 98 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 3 3 2 lliteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 2 .. .. .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 248 207 159 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 275 Portugal Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. . Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 1,910 2,220 9,370 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 11 82 190 Lower income " .. Fooda " .. 84 167 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 113 124 120 104 Male " 114 127 122 104 Female " Ill 121 118 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 39 18 8 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. i 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 70.0 96.0 82.7 DPT " .. 72.0 95.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. Life expectancy Total years 68 72 75 77 Female advantage " 6.4 7.0 7.0 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.5 1.7 1.4 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births . 15 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 30.6 24.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 92.2 100.0 Urban " .. 97.0 100.0 Rural " .. 90.0 100.0 Access to health care " .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) T 10~ Life expectancy 4 -5 GNP Gross per i primary capita enrollment 0 I+5 -2 - 98-9 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water r Portugal - Portugal - High-income High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 276 Portugal Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 9,093 10,011 9,902 849.935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.61 0.55 0.48 0.49 Urban % of pop. 27.7 31.4 35.2 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 3.8 0.2 0.2 0.7 Urban " 5.1 1.5 1.4 0.8 Labor force thousands 4,041 4,699 4,861 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 29 22 18 5 Industry " 34 35 34 31 Female " 31 41 43 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 44 47 49 49 Female 14 19 21 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 92.39 92.39 92.39 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 98.42 108.36 106.95 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 43.02 43.44 43.50 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.13 0.08 -0.27 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 15.80 15.77 15.75 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 29.64 31.02 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.46 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 56 Share of bottom 40% of households 21 Share of bottom 20% of households 7 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 24.1 19.4 8.6 Staples .. 6.0 3.3 1.7 Meat, fish. milk, cheese, eggs .. 10.8 11.3 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,738 2.225 2,147 74,460 Food aid in cereals 90 255 Food production per capita 1987 100 104 90 90 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 61.9 60.3 59.3 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 6.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. 6.1 8.1 11.6 Average household size persons per household 4.0 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 5.0 3.3 6.3 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.3 2.3 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 877 1,140 1,828 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 9.0 10.4 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.8 2.2 3.1 2.1 Total road length thou. km 47 52 70 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,061 406 Population per nurse 816 Population per hospital bed 193 .. 227 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 53 57 81 97 Female " 52 62 74 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 20 17 14 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 22 14 11 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 91 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 11 17 14 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 29 18 15 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 23 19 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 67 41 47 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 277 Puerto Rico Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 2,690 4,290 7,000 3,310 4.710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Fooda 36 97 139 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 107 .. .. 110 107 104 Male .. .. .. .. 104 Female .. .. .. .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 21 15 12 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality . .. 15 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT .. .. .. 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 73 74 75 68 69 77 Female advantage " 7.2 6.8 7.2 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.0 2.4 2.1 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 21 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 80.1 86.2 Urban " 82.8 .. .. 90.1 94.0 Rural 32.1 .. .. 57.7 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 + average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5+ 0' .I GNP Gross per primary 0 I F -- - capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Puerto Rico - Puerto Rico Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 278 Puerto Rico Most Same regionlincome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,994 3,377 3,651 470,899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.66 0.61 0.57 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 62.8 69.2 73.0 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.8 1.0 0.9 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban 3.3 1.6 1.4 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 898 1,114 1,306 193,896 198.841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 9 5 4 26 21 5 Industry 30 28 26 24 27 31 Female 29 33 35 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 30 33 36 41 42 49 Female 9 H1 13 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 8.90 8.90 8.90 20,504.83 20.668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 336.40 379.44 406.74 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 55.64 52.03 35.10 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.20 -0.65 -28.51 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 7.91 8.46 12.54 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 2.99 2.99 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat. fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food atd in cereals .. .. 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 106 88 87 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % ofGDP 3.3 1.8 1.1 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 4.2 3.7 .. Urban 4.0 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 3.216 1.948 2,019 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. 9 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. .. .. Population per nurse Population per hospital bed .. .. .. 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 78 .. .. 51 59 97 Female .. .. .. .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 22 .. .. 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 87 .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age l5+) 12 11 .. 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 138 177 142 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 279 Qatar Most Same regionfincome group Latest inge year _ recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 8,590 18,400 14,540 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 96 116 Lower income Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. Ill 109 90 104 Male " 116 110 92 104 Female 107 107 87 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 57 38 19 6 Under 5 mortality .. 24 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 62.0 73.0 82.7 DPT " .. 71.0 81.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 63 68 72 77 Female advantage 3.7 4.4 5.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.8 5.0 4.2 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 97.0 91.6 91.3 Urban 100.0 98.0 100.0 Rural 83.0 50.0 47.7 Access to health care .. 95.0 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6t (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 0 per pr)mary capita enrollment -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Qatar - Qatar - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 280 Qatar Most Same regionncome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 171 358 610 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.55 0.40 0.45 0.49 Urban % of pop. 82.9 87.9 91.1 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 6.9 8.8 5.0 0.7 Urban " 7.4 9.3 5.4 0.8 Labor force thousands 71 169 294 416,550 Agnculture % of labor force 5 3 3 5 Industry 27 30 32 31 Female 5 9 13 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 41 47 48 49 Female " 2 4 6 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 11.00 11.00 11.00 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 15.55 32.55 52.73 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 4.73 4.91 5.18 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.92 9.26 14.04 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.06 0.06 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.23 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 12 97 128 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. Food production per capita 1987= 100 .. .. .. 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 3.9 10.7 35.1 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 12,170 15,520 14,570 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,947 1,353 667 Population per nurse 570 483 186 Population per hospital bed " 181 340 .. 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 20 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 52 . 82 83 97 Female 56 86 84 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 17 10 7 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 13 9 7 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 97 99 90 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 22 11 7 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 24 21 Female % of fern. (age 15+) .. 28 20 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 168 131 316 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 281 Reunion Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- Upper- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. . .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. .. 500 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " Consumer price index 1987=100 39 95 124 Lower income . Fooda Urban .. 96 114 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 71 107 104 Male .. .. .. 77 .. 104 Female .. .. .. 64 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 41 14 8 92 36 6 Under 5 mortality 10 161 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. 51.4 82.9 82.7 DPT .. .. .. 53.5 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 64 70 74 52 69 77 Female advantage " 7.7 8.5 8.6 3.5 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.9 2.9 2.2 5.9 2.8 1.7 Matemal mortality rate per 100.000 live births .. 31 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban " .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10 - ee nLife expectancy 4 5 2 GNP Gross capitaenrollment -2' -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Riunion - R6union - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 282 R6union Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Sb Upper. higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 483 550 640 571,902 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.83 0.63 0.55 0.94 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 49.1 59.5 67.0 30.6 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.6 1.8 1.5 2.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 2.9 3.5 2.6 4.9 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 141 195 253 254,250 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 33 14 7 65 21 5 Industry 21 20 18 9 27 31 Female 28 37 42 41 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 29 36 40 44 42 49 Female " 8 13 17 37 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 2.51 2.51 2.51 24,273.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 192.43 219.12 251.39 22.90 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 22.40 26.00 24.00 50.61 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 -1.64 0.01 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 8.93 7.69 10.00 0.86 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.98 0.88 5,323.14 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 . .. 1.07 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 94 139 217 14,051 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 5,079 67 Food production per capita 1987=100 88 91 101 102 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 233.3 219.6 258.3 5.3 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 19.5 8.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. 3.8 Urban .. .. 4.0 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 350 722 670 251 1,618 5.130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,665 1.447 .. Population per nurse " 260 .. .. Population per hospital bed 121 .. .. 1,316 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. 37 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 24 59 97 Female .. .. .. 23 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 26 19 .. 40 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 22 16 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 91 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 22 16 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 21 .. 53 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 54 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 56 89 89 12 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 283 Romania Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ .. 1,230 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 107 98 86 97 104 107 Male " 108 98 87 97 105 Female " 107 98 86 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 35 26 24 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 29 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 88.0 92.0 .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 95.0 97.0 .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 69 70 70 68 67 69 Female advantage 4.5 6.0 7.4 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.6 2.3 1.4 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 180 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 26.3 33.3 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 95.0 100.0 .. .. 86.2 Urban .. 100.0 100.0 .. .. 94.0 Rural .. 90.0 100.0 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b (average annual, percent) 10 (average annual, percent)expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2 . ......~ _0 per primary 0-capita enrollment 0-5 -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] Romania - Romania - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 284 Romania Most Same :!044onncmedeep Near Latest sile ye recent Erpe Lower- hiher Unit of estmete & Cental middke- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 21,245 22,725 22,731 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.53 0.52 0.49 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 46.2 51.1 55.0 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 1.0 0.4 -0.1 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban 3.0 1.3 0.7 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 10,941 10,777 10,703 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 41 29 24 24 36 21 Industry 36 44 47 36 26 27 Female 45 45 44 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 47 47 49 45 42 Female 23 21 21 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 237.50 237.50 237.50 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 89.45 95.68 95.81 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 64.89 65.21 64.22 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.11 0.19 0.02 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 9.86 19.68 20.97 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 62.63 62.65 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 35 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 24 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 9 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 19.1 .. .. Staples 4.1 .. .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 9.1 .. .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,228 331 2,649 33.202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 123 .. I80 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 96 116 95 .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 80.1 91.5 26.1 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. .. 20.1 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing %ofGDP 3.7 .. .. 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 3.1 Urban .. .. 3.1 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 3.6 .. 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP 1.4 .. .. 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,363 2,789 1,750 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural .. Transport and communication % of GDP 3.6 .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.8 .. .. Total road length thou. km .. 73 462 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 844 567 538 362 3,064 Population per nurse 430 277 .. 248 Population per hospital bed 120 114 127 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 65 84 82 86 63 59 Female 66 81 82 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 20 .. 21 .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 17 14 14 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 90 .. 90 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. 4 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 129 158 329 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 285 Russian Federation Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. 20,578 Headcount index % of pop. .. 32 Lower poverty line local curr. .. 10,289 Headcount index % of pop. .. 12 GNP per capita US$ .. 2,640 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Foode .. .. .. Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 7.6 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 104 107 97 104 107 Male .. 104 107 97 105 Female " .. 104 107 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 21 19 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 24 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) . Life expectancy Total years .. 69 64 68 67 69 Female advantage .. 10.2 13.8 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 68 52 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 21.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10 (average annual, percent)expectancy 4 5 2 GNP Gross 0 per primary 't capita enrollment -2 - -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Russian Federation - Russian Federation - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 286 Russian Federation Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 134.200 143,858 148,350 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.47 .. 0.49 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 66.4 71.9 73.2 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. 0.8 -0.1 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban .. 1.4 -0.3 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 70,745 76.346 77,048 236.973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 17 15 14 24 36 21 Industry " 43 43 42 36 26 27 Female " 50 49 49 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 53 53 52 49 45 42 Female 26 26 25 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 17,075.40 17.075.40 17,075.40 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 7.86 8.42 8.70 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. -0.23 -1.26 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.67 2.66 2.38 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 38 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 20 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 18.0 Staples .. .. 2.4 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 6.0 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 3,687 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. 1,124 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 25.1 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 11.1 6.4 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.5 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 2.8 Urban .. .. 2.8 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 5.7 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 0.7 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 4,422 6,317 4,038 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 4.2 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 11.9 Total road length thou. km 638 783 934 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 286 222 222 362 3,064 Population per nurse 95 83 93 248 Population per hospital bed 81 74 79 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 97 88 86 63 59 Female .. 98 91 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 2 .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 842 918 580 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 287 Rwanda Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income ladicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. 4,276 13,810 17.999 Headcount index % of pop. .. 40 51 Lower poverty line local curr. 3,450 11.142 14.522 Headcount index % of pop. .. 20 GNP per capita US$ 100 270 80 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. . .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987= 100 4 t 97 160 Lower income .. Foda Urban 33 .. .. Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services %ofGDP . 3.3 4.1 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 56 63 50 71 105 104 Male " 61 65 50 77 112 105 Female 51 61 50 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 142 124 108 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 180 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 52.0 89.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 50.0 89.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 27.5 29.2 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 45 46 47 52 63 67 Female advantage 3.2 3.4 2.8 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 8.3 8.1 6.6 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 1.324 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 67.0 61.1 64.2 Urban 81.0 79.0 66.4 Rural " 66.0 60.0 64.0 Access to health care " .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) lo+ (average annual, percent) 10* -Life expectancy 4-- 5 2 -_-_GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment 0 I t -5 - -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Rwanda - Rwanda Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes. p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 288 Rwanda Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent SUb higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,384 6.056 7,755 571.902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.03 1.04 0.94 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 4.0 5.2 6.0 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3.3 3.1 2.6 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 7.4 5.0 4.2 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,281 3,101 4,099 254.250 1,590,533 488.647 Agriculture % of labor force 93 92 92 65 67 36 Industry " 3 3 3 9 14 26 Female 49 49 49 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 51 53 44 50 45 Female " 26 25 26 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 26.34 26.34 26.34 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 166.44 229.92 287.02 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 61.13 65.91 65.67 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.13 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.86 17.8A 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1.68 1.64 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.26 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 39 .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. 23 .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. 10 .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 24.4 .. Staples " .. 8.6 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 8.6 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 17 33 115 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 19 35 82 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 107 117 85 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.2 0.9 1.3 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 49.2 41.8 48.9 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing %ofGDP .. 12.8 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. 5.0 Urban ... .. 4.6 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 3.1 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 5.2 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 22 44 27 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 7.5 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 3.1 .. Total road length thou. km 6 12 13 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 59,956 37.153 73.902 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 5,626 3,672 4,241 Population per hospital bed 805 677 608 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 36 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 2 6 10 24 48 63 Female 1 5 9 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 50 56 58 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 13 .. .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 69 78 74 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 21 12 11 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 55 50 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 68 48 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 0 0 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 289 St. Kitts and Nevis Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US5 1,670 4,760 3,310 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 99 123 Lower income Fooda Urban 99 119 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 98 110 107 104 Male .. .. .. .. .. 104 Female .. .. .. .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 45 32 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. .. 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 85.0 99.0 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 97.0 99.0 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years .. 64 69 68 69 77 Female advantage .. 4.0 4.5 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.5 3.3 2.5 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 11.5 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 80.1 86.2 Urban . 100.0 .. 90.1 94.0 Rural " 100.0 .. 57.7 64.8 Access to health care " .. 99.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 - 5 - 2 .--- .G ONP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ St. Kitts and Nevis - St. Kitts and Nevis - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development tn the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 290 St. Kitts and Nevis Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 44 43 41 470,899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio .. 0.85 0.77 0.65 0.62 049 Urban % of pop. 35.0 39.6 45.0 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % -0.5 -2.1 -0.5 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 0.5 -0.4 1.5 2.6 2.5 0.8 Laborforce thousands .. .. .. 193.896 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 26 21 5 Industry .. .. .. 24 27 31 Female .. .. .. 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 41 42 49 Female .. .. .. 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.36 0.36 0.36 20.504.83 20,668.74 31.824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 122.22 119.44 113.89 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 41.67 41.67 41.67 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. .. .. 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km 0.13 0.13 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. -0.15 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 4 5 6 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals " 0 0 3 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 .. .. .. 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 180.0 186.7 86.7 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 7.8 5.3 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. 395 488 940 1,618 5.130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. 2. 1 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 3.214 2,200 Population per nurse 270 126 .. Populationperhospitalbed 169 116 161 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 5 61 5I Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 103 51 59 97 Female .. .. .. .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. 19 21 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 5.. 5 15 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 2 .. 10 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 34 165 .. 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 291 St. Lucia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curt. .. Headcount index % of pop . . .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. . . .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 3.450 3,310 4,710 24.030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 42 91 123 Lower income . Fooda .. 87 121 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 110 107 104 M ale .. .. .. .. .. 104 Female .. .. .. .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 25 17 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. .. 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 60.0 82.0 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 83.0 89.0 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 62 69 71 68 69 77 Female advantage 3.6 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.5 4.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 80.1 86.2 Urban .. .. .. 90.1 94.0 Rural .. .. .. 57.7 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10* Life expectancy 45 GNP Gross 2 - 0 - per -primary capita errollment 0 I -5-ciaenI t -2- -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water St. Lucia - St. Lucia Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 292 St. Lucia Most Same Tgion/Income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 112 137 160 470,899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio .. 1.07 0.74 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 41.0 42.7 45.8 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 2.2 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 193,896 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 26 21 5 Industry .. .. .. 24 27 31 Female .. .. .. 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 41 42 49 Female .. .. .. 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.62 0.62 0.62 20.504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 180.65 220.97 254.84 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 32.79 32.79 34.43 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 5.00 5.00 4.76 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km 0.08 0.05 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. 5.23 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 28.2 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. 5.9 .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 11.7 .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 8 15 13 27.659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals 0 0 8 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 84 98 116 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 205.0 93.9 333.3 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % ofGDP .. 13.3 9.0 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. 11.5 .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 4.6 .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 3.3 .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 3.5 .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 223 328 331 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 3.9 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 6.3 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 5,316 3.829 1.904 Population per nurse 695 .. .. Population per hospital bed 197 .. 238 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 75 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 51 59 97 Female .. .. .. .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 31 30 28 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 18 19 18 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 7 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 18 .. 10 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 40 30 .. 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 293 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. . .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 380 1,030 2,120 3,310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 40 96 128 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 10.4 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 110 104 107 Male .. .. .. .. 105 Female .. .. .. .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 27 19 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. .. 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 92.0 96.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 86.0 98.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 63 68 72 68 67 69 Female advantage " 2.7 4.6 6.6 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.0 3.3 2.4 2.9 2.7 2.8 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 2.6 8.3 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural .. 78.0 .. 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 80.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 52 GNP Gross 'per iprimary 0 II*-5 capita enrollment 0--5 -2 --10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] St. Vincent and the Grenadines - St. Vincent and the Grenadines - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 294 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 93 102 110 470,899 1.096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio .. 0.72 0.59 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 20.6 34.2 45.8 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban " 6.5 5.2 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 193,896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 26 36 21 Industry .. .. .. 24 26 27 Female .. . .. 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 41 45 42 Female .. .. .. 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.39 0.39 0.39 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 238.46 261.54 282.05 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 25.64 30.77 33.33 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 10.00 8.33 7.69 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.13 0.10 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 2.11 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. 39.7 Staples .. .. 8.3 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 16.4 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 8 33 57 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. 0 4 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 80 128 119 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 400.0 341.7 146.2 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 16.3 15.2 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 12.1 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 3.4 Fuel and power % ofGDP .. .. 4.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 151 176 200 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 2.5 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 6.4 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 5,500 3,741 2,619 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 643 .. .. Population per hospital bed 200 .. 200 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 98 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 51 63 59 Female .. .. .. .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 18 18 20 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 22 18 27 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 4 .. 18 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 295 Sa'o Tome and Principe Most Same region/inome group Next latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. 219,662 Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 46 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 470 310 250 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local cur. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. . Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income Food" Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 23.1 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 71 105 104 Male .. .. .. 77 112 105 Female .. .. .. 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 89 80 61 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 82 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 35.0 57.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 42.0 60.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years .. 63 68 52 63 67 Female advantage " .. 3.8 6.1 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman .. 5.3 4.8 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 26.5 25.4 Urban " .. .. .. Rural Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross i~-, :I~.... per 20 capita enrollm ent -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water SSlo Tomd and Principe - So Tom6 and Principe - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 296 Sto Tome and Principe Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 81 103 125 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio .. 0.86 0.82 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 27.9 37.6 45.8 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.6 1.8 2.5 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 5.8 7.1 4.4 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 254,250 1,590.533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 65 67 36 Industry .. .. .. 9 14 26 Female .. .. .. 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 44 50 45 Female .. .. .. 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.96 0.96 0.96 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 84.38 107.29 127.08 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 38.54 39.58 39.58 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 2.70 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 27.03 26.32 26.32 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.46 0.46 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 43.3 Staples .. .. 9.3 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 21.6 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 4 10 9 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. 10 6 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 178 105 94 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 27.7 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 12.8 Average household size persons per household .. 3.8 .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 0.6 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 5.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 74 126 184 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 6.3 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 2.8 Total road length thou. km .. .. 0 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 4,294 1,961 1,869 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,116 282 188 Population per hospital bed 37 .. 209 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 50 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 24 48 63 Female .. .. 66 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 34 31 35 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 13 21 23 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 82 .. .. .. . Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 21 29 .. .. . Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 43 25 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 297 Saudi Arabia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Mi-East ppe higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local cur. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 6,240 8,300 7,240 1,970 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 69 105 Ill Lower income " .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 1.6 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 58 65 75 97 107 104 Male " 72 73 78 104 .. 104 Female " 43 57 73 90 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 105 58 26 48 36 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 33 65 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 46.0 90.0 81.1 82.9 82.7 DPT " .. 50.0 94.0 83.9 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 54 63 70 66 69 77 Female advantage 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.5 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.3 7.3 6.3 4.5 2.8 1.7 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 108 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 64.0 96.5 94.7 .. 86.2 Urban " 97.0 100.0 100.0 98.7 94.0 Rural 56.0 88.0 73.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 90.0 98.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 10+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Saudi Arabia - Saudi Arabia - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 298 Saudi Arabia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Upper- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 7,251 12,379 17,985 266,675 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.85 0.84 0.88 0.83 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 58.7 73.0 79.6 55.7 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 4.9 5.3 3.4 2.6 1.7 0.7 Urban " 8.4 7.0 4.1 3.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 2,122 3,912 5.960 87,383 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 53 29 19 35 21 5 Industry 14 18 20 23 27 31 Female " 6 9 12 25 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 29 32 33 33 42 49 Female 2 3 4 17 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 2,149.69 2,149.69 2,149.69 11,021.26 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 3.37 5.76 8.09 23.57 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 40.32 45.41 57.56 32.20 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.05 5.63 0.06 -0.80 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.43 0.43 0.35 10.48 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 12.00 12.00 445.40 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 13.9 .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. 3.6 .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese. eggs .. .. 6.1 .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 523 6.971 5,186 38,370 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. .. .. 1,249 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 105 97 113 104 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 3.5 4.4 98.2 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 1.0 4.4 5.8 11.9 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 13.1 .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 11.2 .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.3 .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1,446 4,221 4,744 1,232 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 7.0 .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 2.9 .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 26 69 152 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 7,461 1,819 698 Population per nurse 2,070 738 451 Population per hospital bed 846 686 401 623 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 90 56 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 22 40 29 59 59 97 Female 15 31 23 51 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 20 16 14 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 15 14 12 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 92 93 93 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 15 12 10 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 42 37 37 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 58 50 50 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 14 36 43 34 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 299 Senegal Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 380 370 610 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 40 98 128 Lower income . .. .. Fooda 21 .. .. Urban .. 102 95 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enmllment ratios Primary % school age pop. 41 56 58 71 105 104 Male 48 67 67 77 112 105 Female 34 46 50 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 122 97 64 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 99 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 40.0 45.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT . 54.0 54.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 20.1 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 43 45 50 52 63 67 Female advantage " 2.0 3.3 2.0 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 6.7 5.8 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 510 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 5.3 6.9 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 52.7 49.0 Urban 56.0 79.0 84.0 Rural .. 38.0 26.0 Access to health care .. .. 40.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 + (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10 Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 2r0 IMary capita enrollment 2 - - -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Senegal - Senegal - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond. based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 300 Senegal Most Same tNgion/aoe group Next Latest single year recent Su higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4.806 6.375 8.263 571,902 3.182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 34.2 37.9 41.8 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 3.4 4.0 3.8 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,242 2,883 3.630 254,250 1,590.533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 82 79 77 65 67 36 Industry " 6 7 8 9 14 26 Female 42 42 42 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 47 45 44 44 50 45 Female 20 19 19 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 196.72 196.72 196.72 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 24.43 32.41 40.94 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 28.31 28.31 28.31 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.43 1.65 1.30 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 80.63 75.44 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change. 1980-90 .. .. 0.66 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 59 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 10 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 42.4 .. Staples .. 13.0 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 14.3 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 220 557 579 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 27 131 71 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 158 82 78 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 8.7 3.8 4.6 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 30.2 18.8 17.2 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 9.8 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban 7.6 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 3.9 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 3.6 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 137 123 102 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 4.7 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 1.3 .. Total road length thou. km 14 14 15 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 16.278 13,038 31,903 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,675 2,024 4,246 Population per hospital bed 775 .. 13,306 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 27 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 10 . 14 11 24 48 63 Female 6 9 7 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 42 46 59 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 29 35 34 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 90 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 18 16 16 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 68 62 53 35 Female % of fem.(age 15+) .. 81 77 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 5 8 6 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 301 Seychelles Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- Upper- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 870 2.480 6,210 500 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages .. .. 484 Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 42 97 117 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda .. 96 Il. Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 10.1 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 7 1 107 104 Male .. .. .. 77 .. 104 Female .. .. .. 64 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 0 19 15 92 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 20 161 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 90.0 .. 51.4 82.9 82.7 DPT " .. 86.0 .. 53.5 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years .. 69 72 52 69 77 Female advantage " .. 5.5 7.7 3.5 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman .. 3.5 2.5 5.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100.000 live births .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 98.5 .. 86.2 Urban " .. .. 100.0 .. 94.0 Rural " .. 95.0 97.5 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 99.0 99.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10 Life expectancy 4 5 '._4 GNP Gross 2-- 0 ~per primal capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Seychelles - Seychelles - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 302 Seychelles Most Same region/income group Next latest single year recent Sub- Upper- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 59 65 72 571,902 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio .. 0.81 0.65 0.94 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 33.2 51.8 63.9 30.6 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.8 0.6 1.7 2.8 1.7 0.7 Urban 6.1 3.5 3.2 4.9 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 254,250 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 65 21 5 Industry .. .. .. 9 27 31 Female .. .. .. 41 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 44 42 49 Female .. .. .. 37 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.45 0.45 0.45 24,273.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 131.11 144.44 157.78 22.90 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 11.11 13.33 15.56 50.61 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. .. .. 0.86 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.05 0.05 5,323.14 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. 21.3 .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. 2.8 .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 13.5 .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 6 7 10 14.051 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals 0 1 0 5,079 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. 102 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. 66.3 .. 5.3 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 5.8 3.6 19.5 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 11.6 .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 4.7 .. .. Urban 4.7 .. .. Ftxed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.6 .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.9 .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 644 1,585 1.694 251 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 4.8 .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 1.7 .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 4,400 2.167 .. Population per nurse " 675 . Population per hospital bed 200 200 1,316 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 88 37 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 24 59 97 Female .. .. .. 23 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 24 22 18 40 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 24 13 13 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 93 98 96 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 1 0 0 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 42 .. 21 53 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 54 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 59 46 43 12 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 303 Sierra Leone Most Same region/income group Next LAtest single year recent su-b higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 240 320 150 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 1 20 2,319 Lower income Fooda Urban .. 20 475 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 2.4 3.6 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 39 63 51 71 105 104 Male 47 61 60 77 112 105 Female 30 43 42 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 193 189 163 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 275 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 58.0 67.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DFT .. 23.0 63.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " 31.0 .. 23.0 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 35 35 40 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 450 800 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 3.3 3.0 2.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 12.0 26.0 43.0 Urban 75.0 68.0 83.4 Rural 1.0 7.0 21.8 Access to health care .. 36.2 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) l0t (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 0. per primary 0 Icapita enrollment -21- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Sierra Leone - Sierra Leone - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 304 Sierra Leone Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,931 3,582 4.399 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.89 0.83 0.89 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 21.1 28.3 35.4 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 1,153 1.367 1,638 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 73 69 68 65 67 36 Industry 13 15 15 9 14 26 Female 36 36 36 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 39 38 37 44 50 45 Female 14 14 13 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 71.74 71.74 71.74 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 40.86 49.93 59.84 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 37.36 38.15 38.26 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.19 0.18 -0.15 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.49 1.02 1.06 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 20.11 18.89 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.63 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 53 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households 15 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of householdF " 6 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 47.7 .. Staples .. 18.4 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese. eggs " .. 19.1 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 26 119 136 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 10 21 29 5,079 8,516 5.771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 115 96 83 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 1.1 1.3 1.1 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 32.5 43.3 41.6 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 12.7 .. Average household size persons per household 7.0 .. .. Urban " 6.0 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 1.0 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 4.9 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 77 80 73 251 373 1.602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 10.3 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " 2.0 1.0 .. Total road length thou. km 7 8 12 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 18,544 13.389 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 2,807 1,071 .. Population per hospital bed 1,103 823. .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 60 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 11 18 17 24 48 63 Female 7 8 12 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 32 34 .. 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 20 33 18 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 15 .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 87 79 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 94 82 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 10 3 2 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 305 Singapore Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 2,770 7,350 23,360 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price ttdex 1987=100 72 101 120 Lower income " .. Food .. 102 108 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 10.0 Gross enrollment ratios Pnmary % school age pop. 110 115 107 104 Male " 113 117 109 104 Female 107 113 107 104 Mortality infant mortality per thou. live births 14 9 5 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 7 8 Immuniuation Measles % age group .. 75.0 92.0 82.7 DPT " .. 78.0 91.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " 14.4 .. 14.4 Life expectancy Total years 69 72 75 77 Female advantage " 5.0 5.4 5.0 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 11 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 2.2 2.3 5.0 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 100.0 100.0 100.0 Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 Rural 100.0 Access to health care 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 6, l0~ (vrganulpecn)Life expectancy GNP Gross 2'0 Hper Aprimary 0-capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Singapore - Singapore High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 306 Singapore Most Same regionAncome group Latest singleryear recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,037 2,483 2,930 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.71 0.42 0.42 0.49 Urban % of pop. 100.0 100.0 100.0 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.9 1.6 1.9 0.7 Urban 1.9 1.6 1.9 0.8 Labor force thousands 902 1,219 1,384 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 2 1 0 5 Industry " 35 39 36 31 Female 30 36 38 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 44 49 47 49 Female 13 18 Is 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.62 0.62 0.62 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 3,285.48 4.004.84 4,635.48 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 13.11 8.20 1.64 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -11.11 -16.67 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.05 0.04 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.89 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 49 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. 15 Share of bottom 20% of households .. 5 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 15.6 9.8 .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 727 907 798 74,460 Food aid in cereals 0 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 126 114 32 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 375.0 1040.0 5600.0 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 1.9 0.8 0.2 2.3 Housing % of GDP 6.8 5.6 .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 5.4 4.7 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 7.8 13.5 .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,040 3,148 6,556 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP 7.5 6.9 .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 5.4 4.9 .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 2 3 3 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,350 909 667 Population per nurse 254 321 Population per hospital bed 270 235 275 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 52 73 84 97 Female 1 52 59 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 30 27 26 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 24 22 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 99 100 100 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 8 I Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 31 14 9 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 21 14 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 210 372 330 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 307 Slovak Republic Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970.75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 2,230 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. .. .. . Consumer price index 1987= 100 .. .. Lower income " . Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Pnmary % school age pop. .. .. 101 97 104 107 Male .. .. 101 97 105 Female .. .. 101 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 25 16 11 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 15 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. Life expectancy Total years 70 71 72 68 67 69 Female advantage " 7.0 7.8 8.2 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.6 2.3 1.7 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 77.0 .. .. 86.2 Urban " .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -5 -2 --10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water W Slovak Republic - Slovak Republic Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 308 Slovak Republic Most Same region/income grTp Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asie income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4,739 5,193 5,347 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.56 0.55 0.52 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 46.3 54.2 58.3 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban " 3.1 1.6 1.2 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 2,251 2,580 2,790 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 16 13 12 24 36 21 Industry 44 34 32 36 26 27 Female 43 46 48 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 47 50 52 49 45 42 Female 20 23 25 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km .. .. 49.03 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km .. .. 108.61 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. 50.92 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. .. 0.04 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. 3.27 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 18.50 18.30 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.11 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 31 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 28 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 12 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 59 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 33.2 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 6.4 7.4 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. .. 2.756 1.602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. 18 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. 284 287 362 3,064 Population per nurse .. .. 105 248 Population per hospital bed .. 11 11 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 89 86 63 59 Female .. .. 90 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. 22 .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. 14 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. ..13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. 317 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 309 Slovenia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Upper- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 7,140 2,270 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. . Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " . Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 100 97 107 104 Male " .. 100 97 .. 104 Female 1.. 00 97 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 22 13 7 23 36 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 9 31 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 82.9 82.7 DPT .. .. .. .. 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 70 70 74 68 69 77 Female advantage " 7.5 8.4 7.9 9.7 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 6T 10* Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 1 - primary capita enrollment 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water Slovenia - Slovenia - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 310 Slovenia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Upper- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 1.800 1,973 1,989 487,445 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.55 0.49 0.44 0.54 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 42.4 53.8 62.7 65.2 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.0 1.6 1.1 0.4 1.7 0.7 Urban 3.5 3.7 2.6 1.4 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 841 933 960 236,973 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 28 9 6 24 21 5 Industry " 36 45 46 36 27 31 Female " 41 46 46 45 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 47 47 48 49 42 49 Female 19 22 22 43 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km .. 20.25 20.25 24,354.02 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km .. 94.72 97.14 19.96 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. 42.69 .. 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % .. .. -0.58 -1.26 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. .. 0.23 6.73 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 10.14 10.14 770.81 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 39 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. 23 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 9 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 549 33,202 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. .. .. 4,392 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 87.4 41.4 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. 4.6 12.7 8.0 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. 7.2 .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.2 .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 1.2 .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. 1,506 2,756 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou, km .. .. 15 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. .. .. 362 Population per nurse .. .. .. 248 Population per hospital bed .. 167 167 136 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 85 86 59 97 Female .. .. 94 90 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. 18 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " .. .. 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll . .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) . .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) . .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 109 154 .. 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 311 Solomon Islands Most Same region/income group Next latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 320 510 800 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 32 79 230 Lower income . Food " Urban .. 83 218 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 79 94 116 104 107 Male .. 85 102 119 105 Female " .. 65 87 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 64 42 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 52 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 92.0 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 38.0 67.0 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " 20.3 .. .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years .. 61 62 68 67 69 Female advantage .. 1.5 1.7 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman .. 6.4 5.2 2.2 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births . .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 3.3 1.1 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 60.7 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban " .. 90.9 82.2 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural .. 45.0 57.5 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 58.2 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2- GNP Gross 2 -- .-- 40per - primary capita enrollment 0 II I -5 -. -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Solomon Islands - Solomon Islands - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 312 Solomon Islands Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 194 274 365 1,734,703 1,096,881 472.807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.59 0.99 0.88 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 9.1 12.4 16.6 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 3.6 3.2 2.8 1.3 1.3 1.7 Urban 4.1 6.5 5.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 102 138 188 977,170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 79 78 77 67 36 21 Industry 5 7 7 16 26 27 Female " 46 47 47 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 50 52 56 45 42 Female " 24 24 24 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 28.90 28.90 28.90 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 6.71 9.48 12.28 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 3.18 3.36 3.43 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agncultural land annual % 0.00 1.08 0.00 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 25.60 25.60 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change. 1980-90 .. . 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 6 15 24 29,997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals I .. 0 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 113 139 93 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household 5.4 .. .. 4.2 Urban " 5.4 .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 918 182 159 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 4,970 .. 6,596 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse 679 .. .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed 139 178 .. 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 60 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 19 17 56 63 59 Female .. 9 13 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 26 24 24 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 18 19 17 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 80 86 88 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 5 4 .. 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. 16 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 313 Somalia Most Same regionlincome group Next LAtest single year recent S higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 140 120 120 500 390 1.670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. . Consumer price index 1987= 100 3 57 .. Lower income .. .. .. Fooda Urban .. 62 .. Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 59 11 .. 71 105 104 Male 76 15 .. 77 112 105 Female " 42 8 .. 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 155 143 130 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 211 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 34.0 30.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 22.0 18.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) 23.0 .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 41 45 49 52 63 67 Female advantage 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.7 6.8 6.8 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 1,100 1,725 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 2.7 .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 15.0 33.3 .. Urban " 17.0 58.0 50.0 Rural " 14.0 22.0 .. Access to health care " .. 20.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ (aergeanul,pecet expectancy 41- 5 - - GNP Gross ---pr 0i capita enrollment -2 ---10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Somalia Somalia Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 314 Somalia Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year wecent - S- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre-1994) thousands 4,967 6.686 8,775 571,902 3,182,221 1.096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.95 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 21.3 23.2 25.4 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 3.7 4.0 3.9 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,658 3,436 4,153 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 80 77 75 65 67 36 Industry 7 8 8 9 14 26 Female " 44 43 43 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 54 51 47 44 50 45 Female 23 22 21 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 637.66 637.66 637.66 24,273.83 40,391.42 40.594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 7.79 10.49 13.40 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land %of land area 70.10 70.18 70.17 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.01 0.01 -0.04 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.23 0.41 0.41 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 7.82 7.54 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.36 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 38.9 .. Staples .. 12.1 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 10.1 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 169 180 228 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 111 248 318 5,079 8.516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 109 99 72 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 48.7 63.6 62.7 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % ofGDP .. 11.9 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 2.3 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 3.1 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 36 67 7 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 1.7 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 4.6 .. Total road length thou. km 17 21 22 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 31,625 13,450 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse " .. 1,898 .. Population per hospital bed 845 .. 1,333 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 78 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 6 7 .. 24 48 63 Female 3 5 .. 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 57 19 .. 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 23 19 .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 50 63 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 83 76 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 91 86 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. I 1 1 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 315 South Africa Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- Upper- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 1,480 1,940 3,010 500 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 22 73 233 Lower income .. .. .. Food a 11 68 238 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 2.2 3.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 105 .. Ill 71 107 104 Male 105 .. Ill 77 .. 104 Female 105 .. 110 64 .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 76 63 50 92 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 68 161 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 63.0 51.4 82.9 82.7 DPT .. .. 67.0 53.5 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 43.0 .. Life expectancy Total years 54 58 64 52 69 77 Female advantage 6.0 6.0 6.3 3.5 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.5 4.8 3.9 5.9 2.8 1.7 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 550 404 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 - 2 -- -0I G N P G ross * per primr capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 South Africa - South Africa Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 316 South Africa Most Same rT en/ahnomerop! Next Latest sngle year recent SuV pe higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 25,669 33,043 40,539 571,902 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.81 0.79 0.72 0.94 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 48.0 48.3 50.5 30.6 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.8 1.7 0.7 Urban 2.7 2.5 2.9 4.9 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 9,582 12,521 15,817 254,250 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 23 15 14 65 21 5 Industry 32 33 32 9 27 31 Female 34 36 37 41 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 37 38 39 44 42 49 Female " 13 14 15 37 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 1,221.04 1,221.04 1,221.04 24,273.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 21.02 27.06 32.46 22.90 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 77.91 77.43 77.44 50.61 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.23 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.07 1.19 1.34 0.86 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 41.50 45.15 5,323.14 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.85 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 63 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 9 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 3 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 13.2 14.1 12.4 .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. 2.3 .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 5.9 .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 96 765 2,275 14,051 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 5,079 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 115 100 90 102 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 8.1 9.3 8.9 5.3 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 8.0 5.3 4.1 19.5 8.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP 5.8 6.8 13.1 .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban ". Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.6 2.9 2.3 .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.4 .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,025 2,452 2,253 251 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP 8.7 9.2 8.8 .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 3.3 2.3 11.5 .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 185 184 182 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,927 .. .. Population per nurse 296 .. .. Population per hospital bed " .. .. .. 1,316 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. 37 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 20 .. 77 24 59 97 Female " 19 .. 84 23 .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 39 .. .. 40 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 18 53 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 18 54 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 69 44 32 12 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 317 Spain Most Same regionaincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. . Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 3,000 4,200 13,280 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 21 87 147 Lower income Fooda' 13 86 129 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 111 110 104 104 Male " Ill Ill 104 104 Female Ill 109 105 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 19 9 7 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 9 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 79.0 84.0 82.7 DPT " .. 79.0 73.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 73 76 77 77 Female advantage " 5.8 5.4 7.3 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.8 1.6 1.2 1.7 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 10 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 58.9 44.5 41.9 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 100.0 Urban " 100.0 100.0 Rural " . 100.0 100.0 Access to health care .. 95.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 0 I I GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Spain - Spain High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 318 Spain Most Same regionfincome group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 35,515 38,408 39,143 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.60 0.54 0.47 0.49 Urban % of pop. 69.6 74.2 76.3 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.7 Urban " 2.1 0.7 0.4 0.8 Labor force thousands 12,946 14,977 16,647 416.550 Agriculture % of labor force 22 15 12 5 Industry " 37 35 33 31 Female " 23 31 36 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 36 39 43 49 Female 9 12 15 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 504.78 504.78 504.78 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 70.36 76.09 77.43 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 63.89 61.49 59.98 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.49 0.27 -0.83 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 8.83 10.47 11.53 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 256.13 256.22 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 44 40 Share of bottom 40% of households 17 19 Share of bottom 20% of households 6 7 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 21.9 17.3 12.3 8.6 Staples 2.7 2.5 1.9 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 12.1 9.7 7.1 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 4,760 4,139 4,955 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 79 91 92 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 43.9 56.5 61.0 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 5.9 3.5 2.3 Housing % of GDP 9.1 11.0 8.2 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.8 3.5 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.1 3.2 5.0 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.0 2.0 1.6 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 1,646 1,872 2,414 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 7.2 9.6 10.2 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 2.1 1.9 2.6 2.1 Total road length thou. km 216 319 337 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 745 315 Population per nurse .. 258 Population per hospital bed " 192 .. 209 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 73 98 113 97 Female 71 102 120 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 21 25 21 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 22 21 17 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 95 96 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 5 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 8 6 5 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 8 7 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 98 80 105 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 319 Sri Lanka Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent igher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. 242 471 Headcount index % of pop. 27 22 Lower poverty line local curf. .. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 310 370 640 320 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages " Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 30 86 234 Lower income Fooda, 20 8. 21. Urban 86 218 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 77 103 106 98 105 104 Male " 81 104 106 110 112 105 Female " 74 101 105 87 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 48 30 16 73 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 19 106 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 18.0 80.0 84.2 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 64.0 87.0 88.6 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 47.5 37.6 61.5 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 65 69 72 61 63 67 Female advantage " 2.0 4.0 4.4 1.2 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 4.0 3.3 2.4 3.6 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 90 30 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 33.5 15.0 20.7 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 19.0 40.3 60.0 Urban " 36.0 82.0 79.8 Rural 13.0 29.0 54.8 Access to health care .. 90.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5-- 20 IGNP Gross 2 ----~.. 0per. --I primar capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 320 Sri Lanka Most Same regionfincome group Next LAtest single year recent higher Unit of estimate South Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 13,496 15,837 17,865 1,220,285 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.77 0.64 0.56 0.71 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 22.0 21.1 22.2 26.0 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 1.7 1.0 2.3 3.1 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 4,871 6,139 7,480 528,108 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 54 50 48 63 67 36 Industry 16 19 21 16 14 26 Female " 26 30 35 32 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 36 39 42 43 50 45 Female " 9 12 15 29 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 65.61 65.61 65.61 5,133.49 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 205.70 241.38 268.59 233.41 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 36.35 35.82 36.21 59.11 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.34 0.17 -0.17 -0.02 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 20.43 25.18 23.50 29.63 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 20.15 17.46 658.32 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.42 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 43 .. 39 Share of bottom 40% of households 19 .. 22 Share of bottom 20% of households 7 .. 9 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 52.2 34.0 .. Staples " 30.5 13.9 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 5.7 6.1 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,164 911 1,149 6.211 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 271 276 248 1.624 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 98 118 100 113 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 30.8 84.4 89.8 69.7 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 29.3 24.9 21.9 26.6 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP 4.3 4.3 .. Average household size persons per household 6.0 4.9 .. Urban 6.0 5.4 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 2.2 6.1 .. Fuel and power % of GDP 1.7 2.3 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 78 89 HI1 219 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 45.9 .. Rural Transport and communication %ofGDP 5.3 12.1 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.5 3.4 .. Total road length thou. km 26 25 95 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 5,900 5,516 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,280 1,288 .. Population per hospital bed 300 340 365 1,675 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 76 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 48 63 74 45 48 63 Female 49 66 78 35 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 15 16 29 61 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. 20 26 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 83 98 95 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 15 8 8 .. Illiteracy %of pop. (age 15+) 22 13 10 51 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 19 13 64 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 41 25 28 26 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 321 Sudan Most Same region/income group Next Lamt single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estinate Saharmn Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 280 360 300 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages .. .. Rural terms of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987= 100 7 67 4,444 Lower income " 61 122 Food ,, Urban Rural " .. 62 118 SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 47 50 50 71 105 104 Male 59 59 59 77 112 105 Female " 34 41 41 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 110 92 74 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 122 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 6.0 58.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 8.0 63.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 55.2 .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 44 49 54 52 63 67 Female advantage 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.7 6.4 5.7 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 655 607 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 13.7 3.0 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 50.0 44.8 .. Urban 96.0 100.0 .. Rural 43.0 31.0 .. Access to health care .. 70.0 70.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4-- 5- 4'.. .'.2GNP Gross 2 per -primary 0 I I I___ -5capita enrollment -2 - 10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Sudan - Sudan - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 322 Sudan Most Same regionRncome grorp Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 16,012 21,462 27.364 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.89 0.92 0.89 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 18.9 21.0 24.2 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 5.7 3.7 4.4 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 5,695 7,811 10,073 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 75 71 69 65 67 36 Industry " 7 8 8 9 14 26 Female 23 27 28 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 36 36 37 44 50 45 Female " 8 10 10 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 2,505.81 2.505.81 2,505.81 24.273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 6.39 8.56 10.63 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 46.36 47.41 51.76 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.09 1.85 0.06 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.54 1.73 1.58 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 477.92 429.76 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.06 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 56.1 .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 124 1,561 627 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 46 815 238 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 134 116 106 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.9 0.8 0.6 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 38.4 27.4 32.1 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 13.0 .. Average household size persons per household 5.1 .. .. Urban " 5.7 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 1.8 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 4.0 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 59 64 65 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 2.2 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 2.2 .. Total road length thou. km 15 10 10 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 14,029 9,969 .. .. .. 3.064 Population per nurse " 955 1,231 .. Population per hospital bed " 967 1.110 939 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 47 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 14 20 20 24 48 63 Female 8 17 17 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 37 35 34 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 22 25 23 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 81 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 3 0 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 76 54 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 90 65 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 9 12 24 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 323 Suriname Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr.. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. 47 .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. 870 3.310 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 23 55 2,718 Lower income " .. .. Food 14 .. Urban 44 254 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP -. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 108 125 125 110 104 107 Male " Ill .... ..105 Female 105 .. .. .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 52 45 34 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 33 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 65.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPIT .. 80.0 83.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. Life expectancy Total years 64 65 69 68 67 69 Female advantage 4.0 3.9 6.3 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.3 4.1 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 82 .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 10.8 .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 83.5 .. 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban .. 71.0 82.1 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural .. 94.0 .. 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b + (average annual, percent) 6t (vrg nua,pret 0-1 (average annual, percent) Life expectancy *GNP Gross per prmary * capita enrollment -5 t _ _ _ _ -2 J 1 1970-75 1980-8 999 907 90-85 19019 Access to safe water IZ uiae1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 - Srnm wSurinamedde-ic ~~~~~~-Lower-middle-income Lwrnddeicm a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 324 Suriname Most Same region/income group NeWr Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 364 398 407 470,899 1.096.881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.06 0.70 0.64 0.65 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 44.8 45.7 49.8 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % -4.5 2.8 0.5 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban -5.1 3.2 1.7 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 101 120 148 193.896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 25 22 21 26 36 21 Industry " 20 18 18 24 26 27 Female 24 28 31 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 28 30 36 41 45 42 Female " 7 8 11 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 163.27 163.27 163.27 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 2.23 2.44 2.48 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 0.37 0.52 0.57 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.75 5.19 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 56.90 67.90 67.42 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 148.95 147.68 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.09 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 27.8 .. Staples " .. 6.3 .. Meat, fish. milk, cheese, eggs " .. 10.6 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 42 48 40 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals I .. 28 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 73 109 85 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 48.3 143.9 37.1 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 6.3 8.2 24.1 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing %ofGDP .. 6.1 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 5.3 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.0 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,464 1,585 1,926 940 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. 4.9 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. 1.6 .. Total road length thou. km 3 9 4 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,150 1,265 1,274 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 708 276 270 Population per hospital bed 176 112 232 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 63 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 46 35 35 51 63 59 Female 51 .. .. .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 31 25 .. 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 23 18 .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 92 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 24 22 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 7 7 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age l5+) .. 8 9 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 91 138 106 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 325 Swaziland Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- Lower- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 640 790 1,160 500 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 20 78 217 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda 13 .. .. Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 99 102 120 71 104 107 Male " 100 104 123 77 105 Female " 97 100 116 64 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 144 129 106 92 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 157 161 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 49.0 .. 51.4 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 61.0 .. 53.5 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 9.7 .. Life expectancy Total years 47 53 58 52 67 69 Female advantage " 4.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.5 6.5 6.6 5.9 2.7 2.8 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. 0.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 29.7 .. .. .. 86.2 Urban " .. 100.0 .. .. .. 94.0 Rural " .. 7.0 .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 66.0 55.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 2 .GNP Gross 2-0II per primary capita enrollment 0 I -5 -2 - -10 -- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Swaziland - Swaziland - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 326 Swaziland Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- Lower- higher Unit of estimate Saharan middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 482 659 906 571,902 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.94 1.02 1.02 0.94 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 14.0 21.8 30.2 30.6 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 3.0 3.4 2.9 2.8 1.3 1.7 Urban 9.3 7.1 6.1 4.9 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 179 226 292 254,250 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 56 44 40 65 36 21 Industry 15 20 22 9 26 27 Female 33 35 37 41 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 37 34 32 44 45 42 Female 12 12 12 37 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 17.36 17.36 17.36 24,273.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 27.76 37.96 50.69 22.90 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 76.34 74.65 73.31 50.61 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % -11.40 1.18 0.00 0.01 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 4.27 4.83 5.31 0.86 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1.03 1.04 5,323.14 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.10 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 26.4 .. Staples .. 8.9 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 9.2 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 15 31 55 14,051 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals I 1 40 5,079 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 103 106 84 102 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 7.2 6.9 9.2 5.3 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 25.1 17.0 8.9 19.5 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 4.0 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 3.3 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.9 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 284 310 256 251 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. 9.9 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 2.8 .. Total road length thou. km 2 3 3 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 8.058 18,727 9,452 .. 3.064 Population per nurse 529 1,047 231 Population per hospital bed 296 .. .. 1,316 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 85 37 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 32 39 51 24 63 59 Female " 29 38 50 23 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 38 34 33 40 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 22 19 18 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 83 85 89 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 10 14 15 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 32 23 53 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 34 24 54 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 10 15 14 12 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 327 Sweden Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. . Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 9,100 11.550 23,630 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 36 92 149 Lower income .. Fooda 21 90 120 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 101 98 100 104 Male 101 96 100 104 Female 102 97 100 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 9 7 4 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 6 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 92.0 95.0 82.7 DPT' .. 99.0 99.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 75 76 78 77 Female advantage 5.4 5.9 5.5 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 4 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 49.1 43.1 48.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 100.0 Urban .. . 100.0 Rural .. . 100.0 Access to health care .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ Life expectancy 4-- 5 GNP Gross per I- primary 0 A- -- ---- _.-. .capita enrollment 0 II -5 -2- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Sweden - Sweden - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 328 Sweden Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980.85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 8,193 8,350 8,781 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.49 Urban % of pop. 82.7 83.1 83.1 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.7 Urban " 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.8 Labor force thousands 3,970 4.416 4,694 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 5 Industry .. .. .. 31 Female 40 46 48 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 48 53 53 49 Female 19 24 26 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 449.96 449.96 449.96 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 18.21 18.56 19.38 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 9.05 8.49 8.15 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.24 -3.24 0.36 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.21 2.83 3.43 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 279.20 280.20 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.04 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 44 37 Share of bottom 40% of households " 16 21 Share of bottom 20% of households 5 8 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 9.6 8.1 8.6 Staples .. 1.7 1.5 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 4.3 3.7 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 110 11l 202 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 101 119 100 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 140.9 120.1 99.3 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. 3.3 2.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP .. 13.9 12.0 11.6 Average household size persons per household 2.4 2.3 2.2 Urban 2.4 2.3 2.2 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 4.0 3.6 5.1 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 3.2 2.1 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 4,821 5,702 5,603 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 8.2 8.9 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.1 Total road length thou. km 125 136 136 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 735 387 Population per nurse 145 95 Population per hospital bed 67 68 161 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 78 91 99 97 Female 82 93 100 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 20 .. 10 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 10 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 99 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 539 526 510 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 329 Switzerland Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 8,780 15,540 37,180 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 71 98 127 Lower income .. Fooda 47 98 116 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 95 101 104 Male " .. 94 100 104 Female .. 95 102 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 11 7 6 6 Under 5 mortality " .. 7 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 90.0 82.7 DPT .. .. 90.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. Life expectancy Total years 74 76 78 77 Female advantage 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 5 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 534 53.1 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 100.0 Urban 100.0 Rural 100.0 Access to health care " . 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 0I GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Switzerland - Switzerland - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 330 Switzerland Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 6,405 6,470 6,994 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.54 0.46 0.47 0.49 Urban % of pop. 55.8 58.3 60.6 77.5 Population growth rate annual % -0.6 0.4 0.8 0.7 Urban " -0.1 0.9 1.2 0.8 Labor force thousands 2,974 3,329 3,770 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 7 6 6 5 Industry 44 37 35 31 Female 35 38 40 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 46 51 54 49 Female " 16 20 21 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 41.29 41.29 41.29 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 155.12 156.70 168.03 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 50.79 50.82 39.97 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 1.24 1.24 1.58 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 11.20 11.86 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.57 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 45 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. 17 Share of bottom 20% of households .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 12.9 12.7 11.0 8.6 Staples .. .. 1.3 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 5.4 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,439 926 455 74,460 Food aid in cereals Food production per capita 1987 = 100 94 105 97 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 71.0 88.9 94.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 3.6 3.0 2.3 Housing %of GDP 11.6 12.4 10.4 11.6 Average household size persons per household 2.9 2.6 Urban " 2.7 2.4 Fixed investment: housing %of GDP .. .. 7.4 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 3.5 4.2 2.5 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,796 3,547 3,603 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 6.5 6.9 7.7 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. 1.8 2.1 Total road length thou. km 62 71 71 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 705 696 Population per nurse " .. 129 Population per hospital bed 90 .. 93 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 88 91 97 Female .. 83 89 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 93 99 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 2 2 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 402 497 383 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 331 Syrian Arab Republic Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita USS .. .. .. 1.970 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 15 46 258 Lower income " Fooda 8 Urban " .. 43 230 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 96 110 105 97 104 107 Male 112 117 Ill 104 105 Female 78 103 99 90 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 88 49 33 48 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 40 65 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 30.0 84.0 81.1 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 26.0 89.0 83.9 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 25.0 .. Life expectancy Total years 57 63 68 66 67 69 Female advantage " 3.3 3.6 4.1 2.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 0.0 7.4 5.7 4.5 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 179 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 9.5 12.2 3.4 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 71.0 70.7 .. .. .. 86.2 Urban 98.0 77.0 .. 98.7 .. 94.0 Rural 50.0 65.0 .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 80.0 99.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 + (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 6T 10+ (aeaeLife expectancy T t~ 5G Np Gross 2 - 0 I I I ~per prma 0 I I I {-5 capita enrollment -2 -1 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Syrian Arab Republic - Syrian Arab Republic - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond. based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 332 Syrian Arab Republic Most Same regionncome group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 7,438 10,348 13,844 266,675 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.83 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 45.1 48.4 52.0 55.7 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 3.3 3.5 3.3 2.6 1.3 1.7 Urban " 4.1 4.2 4.2 3.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1,974 2.911 3,997 87.383 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 44 36 33 35 36 21 Industry 24 26 24 23 26 27 Female 16 24 26 25 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 27 28 29 33 45 42 Female 4 7 7 17 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 185.18 185.18 185.18 11,021.26 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 40.17 55.88 72.32 23.57 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 76.59 75.80 74.06 32.20 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % -2.82 -0.16 -0.02 -0.80 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 3.66 4.67 6.66 10.48 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 4.66 7.23 445.40 5,969.25 7,520,52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -4.49 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 31.8 .. .. Staples " 5.3 .. .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " 8.0 .. .. Cereal imports thou, metric tonnes 345 1,025 1,208 38,370 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 47 32 15 1,249 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 100 113 97 104 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 5.1 16.4 27.5 98.2 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 18.0 21.0 29.8 11.9 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP 8.1 .. .. Average household size persons per household 6.0 6.3 .. Urban 6.0 6.0 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 4.3 6.2 .. Fuel and power % of GDP 3.3 .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 495 861 1,057 1,232 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 2.5 .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 5.0 1.6 .. Total road length thou. km 15 29 36 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 3,900 2,160 1,159 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,795 1,421 .. Population per hospital bed 1.000 873 920 623 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 95 56 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 43 58 47 59 63 59 Female " 28 48 42 51 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 34 26 24 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 20 18 17 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 91 96 98 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 10 7 7 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 60 41 36 37 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 57 44 50 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 9 16 22 34 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 333 Tajikistan Most Same region/income group Next LAtest single year recent Europe higher Unit of estimate & Central Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 350 2,270 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987= 100 .. .. .. Lower income . .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 8.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 89 97 105 104 Male .. .. 91 97 112 105 Female .. .. 88 97 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 47 41 23 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 64 31 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 86.2 77.4 DPT .. .. .. .. 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 63 69 67 68 63 67 Female advantage " 5.1 4.6 1.9 9.7 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.8 5.6 4.4 1.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 94 39 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. Access to safe water: total % of pop. Urban Rural Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 ~ GNP Gross per. pri mary capita enrollment -2--- -toces0o ae ae 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe waler 0 Tajikistan - Tajikistan Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 334 Tajikistan Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe higher Unit of estimate & Central Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 3.442 4,580 5,751 487,445 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.00 0.87 0.88 0.54 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 35.5 33.2 32.2 65.2 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % .. 2.9 2.0 0.4 1.7 1.3 Urban " .. 2.2 2.0 1.4 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 1,255 1,706 2,159 236,973 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 45 43 41 24 67 36 Industry 22 23 23 36 14 26 Female 46 44 43 45 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 36 37 38 49 50 45 Female 17 17 16 43 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 143.10 143.10 143.10 24,354.02 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 24.05 32.01 39.40 19.96 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. 31.25 .. 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.23 1.43 -1.26 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 13.16 14.84 14.54 6.73 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 7,632.00 5.969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 450 33.202 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. .. 72 4,392 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 15.7 41.4 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 28.5 33.3 12.7 27.6 14.0 Housing %ofGDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 6.1 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. 643 2,756 373 1.602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 17 19 33 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 478 369 424 362 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 162 138 139 248 Population per hospital bed 103 94 95 136 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 100 86 48 63 Female .. .. 101 90 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. 21 .. 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy %of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 2 .. 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 335 Tanzania Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita* US$ 170 290 90 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 8 58 591 Lower income " Fooda Urban " .. 57 337 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 53 75 70 71 105 104 Male " 62 76 71 77 112 105 Female " 44 74 69 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 125 98 84 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 134 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 66.0 75.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPr .. 67.0 79.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 28.0 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 46 51 51 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.2 3.5 2.8 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.8 6.7 5.8 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 370 748 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 0.5 0.7 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 39.0 52.6 52.1 Urban " 88.0 88.0 75.0 Rural " 36.0 42.0 46.4 Access to health care .. 73.0 93.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6+ (average annual, percent) 10k (average annual, percent) Life expectancy T 4 5 GNP Gross 0per I1primary 2t[ capita enrollment -2 0.5 - -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Tanzania - Tanzania - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 336 Tanzania Most Same regionlincome group Next Latest single year__ recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low. income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population(mre=1994) thousands 15.900 21,797 28,817 571,902 3.182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 10.1 17.6 23.7 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3.0 3.2 2.9 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 10.0 6.5 6.0 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 8.347 11,208 14,796 254.250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 88 85 84 65 67 36 Industry 4 5 5 9 14 26 Female " 50 50 49 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 52 51 51 44 50 45 Female " 26 26 25 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 945.09 945.09 945.09 24,273.83 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 16.82 23.06 29.63 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 42.75 42.90 43.57 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.14 0.34 0.39 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 379.36 335.55 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.22 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 53 .. 45 Share of bottom 40% of households 14 .. 18 Share of bottom 20% of households 5 .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 55.0 .. Staples .. 27.4 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 9.4 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 461 412 215 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 148 125 35 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 100 103 106 86 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.8 1.0 1.3 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP* % of GDP .. 45.9 52.0 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 6.9 .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % ofGDP 2.1 1.7 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.2 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 52 35 34 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 1.8 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 3.7 2.5 .. Total road length thou. km 40 82 88 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 22.540 28,271 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 3,403 7,988 .. Population per hospital bed " .. 768 981 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 83 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 3 3 5 24 48 63 Female 2 2 5 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 54 34 37 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 20 19 19 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 91 89 87 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 0 1 5 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 32 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 43 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 4 5 8 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 *Data cover mainland Tanzania only. 337 Thailand Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. 30 23 13 Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 390 810 2,210 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 47 96 139 Lower income " Food " 31 Urban .. 98 144 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 4.6 .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 83 96 98 116 104 107 Male " 87 100 98 119 105 Female " 80 97 97 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 65 44 36 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 42 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 22.0 60.0 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 47.0 69.0 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 36.0 13.0 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 60 65 69 68 67 69 Female advantage 3.9 4.8 5.3 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.0 3.0 2.0 2.2 2.7 2.8 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 270 155 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 5.7 3.7 5.3 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 25.0 67.3 .. 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban 69.0 56.0 .. 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural " 16.0 70.0 85.3 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 30.0 59.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ Life expectancy 4 -5 20-. I I GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 - --10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Thailand - Thailand - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 338 Thailand Most Same regineome group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of esimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 41.359 51,129 58.024 1.734,703 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.92 0.67 0.51 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 15.1 17.9 19.7 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.7 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.7 Urban " 5.1 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 20,552 27,789 33,669 977,170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 75 67 64 67 36 21 Industry 8 12 14 16 26 27 Female 48 47 47 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 50 54 58 56 45 42 Female 24 26 27 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 513.12 513.12 513.12 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 80.60 99.64 111.76 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 33.71 40.28 42.28 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 2.00 2.62 0.00 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 14.05 18.57 20.37 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 178.88 127.36 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 3.34 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 50 .. 53 Share of bottom 40% of households 15 .. 14 Share of bottom 20% of households 6 .. 6 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 31.4 19.2 .. Staples 9.7 4.6 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 10.7 8.3 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 62 174 638 29,997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 2 4 60 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 91 112 101 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 10.5 21.1 52.1 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 26.9 15.8 10.4 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP 4.2 4.6 .. Average household size persons per household 5.8 5.2 4.5 4.2 Urban 5.8 4.9 4.4 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 2.6 3.6 .. Fuel and power % of GDP 2.1 2.1 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 203 305 770 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 5.0 8.5 .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment 4.3 1.9 .. Total road length thou. km 57 76 57 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 8,394 5,911 4,427 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse 1,170 1,825 920 1,490 Population per hospital bed 899 651 615 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 43 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 26 30 37 56 63 59 Female " 23 28 37 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 28 19 17 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 32 18 18 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 79 84 85 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 10 8 .. 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 21 9 6 16 .. 13 Female %offem.(agel5+) .. 13 8 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 22 85 73 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 339 Togo Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. . GNP per capita USS 280 240 320 500 390 1.670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade ". . Consumer price index 1987= 100 42 96 101 Lower income ". .. .. Fooda n 27 Urban .. 97 92 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 5.5 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 99 93 102 71 105 104 Male " 130 114 122 77 112 105 Female 68 71 81 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 129 105 81 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 132 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. 61.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 9.0 73.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 45 50 55 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.6 6.6 6.5 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 718 626 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 10.1 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 16.0 46.7 70.7 Urban " 49.0 68.0 100.0 Rural " 10.0 41.0 60.9 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual. percent) 10 Life expectacy 4 5 2 GNP Gross 0 per prmary c0pita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Togo - Togo - Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 340 Togo Most Same regionhncome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,285 3.028 4,007 571,902 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.90 0.93 0.95 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 16.3 26.5 30.3 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.6 3.0 3.2 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 6.6 5.7 4.7 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 1,020 1,302 1,670 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 71 67 66 65 67 36 Industry " 9 10 10 9 14 26 Female " 39 40 40 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 45 43 42 44 50 45 Female 17 17 17 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 56.79 56.79 56.79 24,273.83 40,391.42 40.594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 40.24 53.32 68.34 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 47.07 47.07 48.35 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under imgation % 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 15.71 13.53 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.49 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 33.7 Staples .. .. 11.8 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 11.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 2 57 63 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 11 23 3 5.079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 126 105 112 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.9 3.8 3.4 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 26.6 33.7 37.9 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 8.5 Average household size persons per household 6.0 .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 3.5 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 60 49 46 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 2.5 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 5.0 Total road length thou. km 7 7 8 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 28,938 8,721 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 1,591 1,239 .. Population per hospital bed 701 .. 665 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 33 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 19 21 27 24 48 63 Female " 9 10 12 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 60 46 59 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 44 23 28 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 84 73 85 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 29 35 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 84 62 48 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 75 63 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 3 4 3 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 341 Tonga Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. . Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ . 790 1,640 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. . Consumer price index 1987=100 27 79 153 Lower income Fooda 14 77 134 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 133 116 104 107 Male 119 105 Female 1.. .. .. 15 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 43 19 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality " 24 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 81.0 .. 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 92.0 .. 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years .. 62 69 68 67 69 Female advantage .. 3.0 4.4 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman .. 4.7 3.4 2.2 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 2.3 1.7 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 83.0 .. 95.6 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban " 100.0 99.0 91.7 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural " 71.0 99.0 98.2 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 80.0 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ Life expectancy 4 --5 GNP Gross 2 0 ,I0per I .qprimary capita enrollment 0 I I -5 - -2 -101 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Tonga - Tonga - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 342 Tonga Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 90 95 101 1,734.703 1,096.881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio .. 0.68 0.68 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 20.3 29.1 39.9 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 0.8 -0.3 3.0 1.3 1.3 1.7 Urban " 1.1 3.8 6.1 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 977.170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 67 36 21 Industry .. .. .. 16 26 27 Female .. .. .. 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. . .. .. 56 45 42 Female .. .. .. 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 0.75 0.75 0.75 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 120.00 126.67 130.67 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agncultural land % of land area 69.44 72.22 72.22 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % -3.85 0.00 0.00 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agncultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.08 0.08 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 6 6 6 29.997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 1 0 .. 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 146 105 84 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. 1.9 .. 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 42.4 31.9 30.7 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. 4.2 Urban .. .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 122 158 178 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 6.0 Ftxed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 3,909 1,667 1,936 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse .. 546 .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed 386 284 .. 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 40 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 56 63 59 Female .. .. .. 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 28 23 21 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 22 19 18 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 97 .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 8 4 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. .. 16 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. 74 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 343 Trinidad and Tobago Moat Some region/income group Next Latestsingleyear recent atin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita USS 1,910 6.140 3,740 3.310 4,710 24.030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 25 84 178 Lower income Fooda II 76 222 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 99 96 94 110 107 104 Male 97 95 94 .. .. 104 Female 100 97 94 .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 50 31 14 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 17 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 10.0 70.0 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 65.0 82.0 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 66 69 72 68 69 77 Female advantage " 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.5 3.3 2.6 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 93.0 97.3 95.9 80.1 86.2 Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.1 94.0 Rural 95.0 93.0 87.2 57.7 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 + (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 GNP Gross 0 per I primary capita enrollment -2 -10 - 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Trinidad and Tobago - Trinidad and Tobago - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 344 Trinidad and Tobago Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 1,012 1,160 1,295 470.899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.76 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 63.0 63.6 66.2 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.9 1.4 1.0 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban " 0.9 1.6 1.6 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 368 450 519 193.896 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 14 11 11 26 21 5 Industry " 37 35 31 24 27 31 Female 31 33 36 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 36 39 40 41 42 49 Female " 11 13 14 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 5.13 5.13 5.13 20,504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 197.27 226.12 249.90 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 24.56 25.15 25.93 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 14.29 17.05 16.54 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1.55 1.92 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -2.16 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 53 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " 10 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households 3 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 12.2 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. 2.0 .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 5.3 .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 218 196 232 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals " 0 .. .. 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 157 99 107 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 55.7 55.0 46.6 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 3.3 2.4 2.5 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP .. 11.6 .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 5.0 4.5 4.2 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 8.7 4.1 .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 0.7 .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,303 4,551 4,549 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. 91.6 .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 7.7 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 1.1 1.9 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 7 5 .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,207 943 1,541 Population per nurse " 201 253 250 Population per hospital bed 201 .. 313 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 75 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 48 81 76 51 59 97 Female 51 .. 78 .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 31 22 26 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 39 19 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 74 95 100 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 5 .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 8 4 2 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 5 3 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 99 149 138 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 345 Tunisia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. 182 252 Headcount index % of pop. . 20 14 Lower poverty line local curr. .. 142 196 Headcount index % of pop. 11 7 GNP per capita US$ 770 1,140 1,800 1,970 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curt. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 87 153 Lower income " Fooda. 89 145 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 4.5 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 97 116 I18 97 104 107 Male 116 126 123 104 105 Female " 78 106 113 90 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 110 62 40 48 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 50 65 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 65.0 80.0 81.1 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 70.0 90.0 83.9 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) 20.2 .. .. Life expectancy Total years 56 63 68 66 67 69 Female advantage 1.0 1.0 1.9 2.5 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.2 4.9 3.0 4.5 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100.000 live births .. 1.000 139 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 22.0 14.7 18.0 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. 64.0 Access to safe water: total % of pop. 49.0 66.4 .. .. .. 86.2 Urban 92.0 96.0 94.7 98.7 .. 94.0 Rural 17.0 31.0 62.0 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 95.0 90.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10 -Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross *per qprimary I0Gcapita enrollment 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water Tunisia - Tunisia - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators. shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 346 Tunisia Most Some region'come group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East Lower- higher Unit of estimate & North middle- Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 5,611 7,283 8,815 266,675 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.90 0.77 0.66 0.83 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 49.9 53.0 56.8 55.7 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.1 3.1 1.8 2.6 1.3 1.7 Urban " 4.3 3.7 2.7 3.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 1,716 2.492 3,207 87,383 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 40 33 28 35 36 21 Industry " 28 32 33 23 26 27 Female " 19 29 30 25 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 31 34 36 33 45 42 Female 6 10 11 17 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 163.61 163.61 163.61 11,021.26 40.594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 34.29 44.51 52.91 23.57 26.66 22.49 Agriculturalland %oflandarea 52.65 53.41 51.27 32.20 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 1.05 -0.60 -10.73 -0.80 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 2.44 3.62 4.83 10.48 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 5.40 6.55 445.40 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -1.95 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 42 .. 46 Share of bottom 40% of households 15 .. 16 Share of bottom 20% of households 6 .. 6 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. 26.5 .. Staples " .. 4.9 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 9.6 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 337 732 1,811 38,370 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " 59 192 100 1,249 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987= 100 115 103 110 104 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 6.4 11.3 13.4 98.2 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 18.5 15.2 13.0 11.9 14.0 8.0 Housing % ofGDP .. 9.4 .. Average household size persons per household 5.5 .. 5.2 Urban 1 5.5 .. 5.2 Fixed investment: housing %ofGDP .. 5.1 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. 2.7 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 330 514 590 1,232 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 5.1 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 3.1 .. Total road length thou. km 18 26 29 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 5,900 3,643 1,757 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 939 956 389 Population per hospital bed 400 470 566 623 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 22 56 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 21 39 52 59 63 59 Female " 15 32 49 51 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 40 32 25 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. 24 21 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 88 93 94 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 19 20 20 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 62 42 33 37 .. 13 Female %of fem. (age 15+) 68 53 45 50 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 34 38 48 34 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 347 Turkey Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 900 1,060 2,450 2,270 1.670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. . Consumer price index 1987=100 1 54 4,396 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 108 113 103 97 104 107 Male 124 117 107 97 105 Female 94 110 98 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 138 102 62 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 80 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 45.0 63.0 .. 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 64.0 70.0 .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 58 62 67 68 67 69 Female advantage 4.1 4.6 4.1 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.0 4.1 3.2 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 208 183 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 2.5 1.3 4.3 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. 78.2 Access to safe water: total % of pop. 68.0 85.0 92.1 .. .. 86.2 Urban 74.0 100.0 100.0 .. .. 94.0 Rural 64.0 70.0 84.3 .. .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 + (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) T 10* Life expectancy 4- 5 2 GNP Gross 2± 0per primary SI I - capita enrol Iment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water Turkey Turkey Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 348 Turkey Most Sase rehionfncome yeaup Next latest ringle year recent Eure Lower. higher Unit of estimate & Central middle. Income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia Income groUp Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mrem1994) thousands 40,025 50,345 60,840 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.81 0.68 0.64 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 41.6 52.5 67.2 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 2.3 2.4 1.9 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban 3.9 5.8 4.3 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 17,347 21.684 27.565 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 65 57 53 24 36 21 Industry 14 17 18 36 26 27 Female 37 34 35 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 43 43 45 49 45 42 Female 16 15 16 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 779.45 779.45 779.45 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 51.35 64.59 76.56 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 49.33 49.54 51.86 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.95 1.37 0.18 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 5.80 8.39 9.21 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 201.99 201.99 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 57 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households I .. ... Share of bottom 20% of households " 3 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. 29.5 17.4 Staples " .. 6.3 3.8 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 10.6 6.4 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 560 1,082 551 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 16 0 2 4.392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 92 95 96 .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 23.5 37.4 55.3 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 26.2 17.4 14.9 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. 9.2 16.2 7.2 Average household size persons per household 5.8 5.2 .. Urban 6.6 4.9 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 2.6 0.6 5.3 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 4.9 2.9 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 669 772 955 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 3.5 4.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment 1 .. 2.8 2.5 Total road length thou. km 52 59 388 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2.197 1,392 955 362 3,064 Population per nurse 1,004 1,031 986 248 Population per hospital bed 499 488 406 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 29 42 61 86 63 59 Female " 19 30 48 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 34 31 29 .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 31 24 26 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 80 .. 98 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. 8 7 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 40 24 18 .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 36 28 .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 37 60 71 .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 349 Turkmenistan Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 198045 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 1,390 2,270 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. .. Food a .. .. .. Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 8.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. .. 97 104 107 Male .. .. .. 97 105 Female .. .. .. 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 52 46 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 60 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 61 65 66 68 67 69 Female advantage 7.0 6.4 7.0 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.2 4.7 3.9 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100.000 live births .. 41 55 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban " .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual. percent)expectancy 4 5 2 -.. . 0 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment 0 I -5 -2 --10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes. p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 350 Turkmenistan Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2,520 3,230 4,406 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.92 0.80 0.76 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 47.6 46.0 44.9 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. 2.4 6.6 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban .. 1.9 2.3 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 984 1,329 1,667 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 38 38 37 24 36 21 Industry " 24 24 23 36 26 27 Female " 46 46 45 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 39 41 38 49 45 42 Female 18 19 17 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 488.10 488.10 488.10 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 5.16 6.62 8.83 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.52 -19.82 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 2.24 2.84 4.03 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 43 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. 18 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 940 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals " .. .. 2 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 4.4 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 28.9 32.5 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 5.6 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 5.2 Fuel and power %ofGDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. 3,198 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 12 21 23 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 382 302 306 362 3.064 Population per nurse 131 111 100 248 Population per hospital bed " 98 94 93 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. .. 86 63 59 Female .. .. .. 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 2 .. ..13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 351 Uganda Most Same rwgion/icome group Next Latest single year recent Su higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. 6,000 Headcount index % of pop. 55 Lower poverty line local curr. 3,000 Headcount index % of pop. 19 GNP per capita US$ . 160 200 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. Consumer price index 1987=100 13 1,446 Lower income " .. .. .. Food , Urban Rural 5.. 1 .. SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 5.5 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 44 70 91 71 105 104 Male 53 56 99 77 112 105 Female 35 43 83 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 104 116 122 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 206 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 17.0 74.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 14.0 77.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 23.3 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 51 48 42 52 63 67 Female advantage " 1.6 1.6 1.2 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.1 7.3 7.1 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 300 550 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total govt exp. .. 1.8 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 22.0 15.0 .. Urban " 88.0 45.0 .. Rural " 17.0 12.0 .. Access to health care .. 42.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+ Life expectancy 4- 5-t 2 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Uganda - Uganda - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 352 Uganda Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 11,228 14,134 18,592 571,902 3.182,221 1.096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 1.00 1.02 1.05 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 8.3 9.9 12.2 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.6 2.0 3.1 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 3.3 4.2 5.4 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 5.942 7,844 10,190 254,250 1.590.533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 89 86 85 65 67 36 Industry " 4 4 5 9 14 26 Female 48 48 48 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 53 56 55 44 50 45 Female " 25 27 26 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 235.88 235.88 235.88 24,273.83 40,391.42 40.594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 47.60 59.92 76.42 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 36.10 42.07 42.93 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 2.02 1.20 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.06 0.11 0.11 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 69.91 63.46 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.96 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 47 .. 48 Share of bottom 40% of households " 17 .. 17 Share of bottom 20% of households 6 .. 7 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 46.8 Staples .. .. 25.4 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 11.0 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 6 16 76 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 0 31 59 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 161 103 104 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.2 0.0 0.3 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 66.6 48.4 45.7 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing %of GDP .. .. 12.0 Average household size persons per household 4.8 .. 4.8 Urban .. .. 4.1 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 2.6 Fuel and power %ofGDP .. .. 1.7 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 43 25 23 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. 34.9 Rural .. .. 1.8 Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 4.3 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 2.6 Total road length thou. km 26 28 29 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 9,302 22,679 22,987 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. 2,049 .. Population per hospital bed 607 661 1,091 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 45 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 4 10 13 24 48 63 Female 2 3 10 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 34 36 .. 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 23 23 .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 10 10 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 57 38 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 71 50 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 7 2 5 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 353 Ukraine Most Same region/racome group Next ltest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local cur. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 1,570 2,270 1,670 4.710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income " .. .. .. Food ". 91 101 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 8.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 103 87 97 104 107 Male .. .. 87 97 105 Female .. .. 87 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. Live births 22 16 14 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 21 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 70 70 68 68 67 69 Female advantage 8.7 8.5 10.4 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 45 33 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 .. .. .. 86.2 Urban " 100.0 .. .. .. 94.0 Rural 100.0 .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 100.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) l0t (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 2 0- GNP Gross 2I 1 per primary F- capita enrollment 0 I I 1 -5 - -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water E Ukraine - Ukraine - Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 354 Ukraine Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 49,016 50,917 51,921 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.50 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 58.3 64.7 69.7 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. 0.4 0.1 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban " .. -1.2 0.3 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 25,233 26,144 25,795 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 28 22 20 24 36 21 Industry " 38 40 40 36 26 27 Female " 50 50 49 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 51 51 50 49 45 42 Female " 26 25 24 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 603.70 603.70 603.70 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 81.19 84.34 86.43 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 73.44 73.40 72.31 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.19 -0.09 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 3.49 5.78 6.22 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 89.99 92.39 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.26 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 35 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 24 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 10 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 1,500 33.202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. 197 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 32.4 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 19.3 35.4 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 3.2 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,492 4.884 3,292 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 215 247 171 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 312 242 227 362 3,064 Population per nurse " 101 90 87 248 Population per hospital bed 85 76 77 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 96 80 86 63 59 Female .. 95 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 99 89 .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 2 .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 355 United Arab Emirates Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 14,850 20.290 21,420 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade . Consumer price index 1987=100 .. Lower income " Food a Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 101 110 110 104 Male 104 110 112 104 Female " 97 109 108 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 88 45 16 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 20 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 49.0 66.0 82.7 DPT " .. 58.0 81.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) Life expectancy Total years 63 69 75 77 Female advantage " 3.7 4.3 2.5 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.4 5.2 4.1 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 20 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 11.9 3.0 3.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 Urban " .. 100.0 Rural " .. 100.0 Access to health care .. 96.0 90.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10~ Life expectancy 4 5 2 0 I IGross per - Iprimary .* 1 capita enrollment 0 III -5 - -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 United Arab Emirates - United Arab Emirates - High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 356 United Arab Emirates Most Same Yygion/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 198045 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 505 1,379 1,877 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.44 0.42 0.49 0.49 Urban % of pop. 65.4 76.9 83.4 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 17.9 4.7 2.6 0.7 Urban " 20.5 6.2 3.4 0.8 Labor force thousands 232 681 911 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 6 6 8 5 Industry " 38 32 27 31 Female 5 8 13 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 46 49 49 49 Female 2 4 6 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 83.60 83.60 83.60 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 6.04 16.50 21.87 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 2.57 2.81 2.86 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.47 1.29 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 2.33 2.13 2.09 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 0.03 0.03 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. .. 8.6 Staples .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 168 420 583 74,460 Food aid in cereals " .. Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 4.2 16.0 115.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 0.8 1.5 2.2 2.3 Housing %ofGDP .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 4,885 10,212 12,795 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km .. .. 5 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,100 1,029 1,095 Population per nurse " .. 395 577 Population per hospital bed .. 342 .. 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 81 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 33 61 89 97 Female " 29 62 94 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 15 25 17 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 1 9 14 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 95 92 93 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 15 6 4 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 47 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. 20 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 4 210 189 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 357 United Kingdom Most Same region/income group Ltest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 4,280 8,180 18,410 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " Consumerpriceindex 1987=100 34 93 141 Lower income Fooda 18 94 129 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 105 104 112 104 Male " 105 104 112 104 Female " 106 105 113 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 16 9 6 6 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 8 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 60.0 89.0 82.7 DPT .. 44.0 85.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. Life expectancy Total years 72 74 76 77 Female advantage " 6.3 6.2 5.3 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 7 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 23.1 33.0 32.3 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 99.6 Urban " 100.0 99.5 Rural 100.0 100.0 Access to health care .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b 6 (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 GNP Gross per i primary - capita enrollment 0 F' -5 -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ United Kingdom - United Kingdom High-income - High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 358 United Kingdom Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 56,226 56,685 58.395 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.59 0.52 0.54 0.49 Urban % of pop. 88.7 88.8 89.4 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.7 Urban " 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.8 Labor force thousands 26,256 27,761 28,959 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 3 2 2 5 Industry 41 33 29 31 Female 37 41 43 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 47 49 50 49 Female 17 20 21 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 244.88 244.88 244.88 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 229.61 231.48 237.63 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 76.84 75.20 71.09 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % -0.30 -0.19 -3.08 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.46 0.84 0.63 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 21.38 23.80 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -1.08 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. Share of bottom 20% of households " .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 11.2 8.5 7.1 8.6 Staples 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 5.3 3.9 3.2 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 7.853 3,521 3,534 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 = i0o 82 101 92 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 97.9 138.9 120.6 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 2.4 1.7 1.7 2.3 Housing % of GDP 11.8 12.5 12.0 11.6 Average household size persons per household 2.9 2.8 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 4.1 3.5 3.8 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.8 3.2 2.2 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 3,591 3,582 3,754 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication %of GDP 8.1 10.1 10.8 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.1 Total road length thou. km 346 347 357 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 809 612 Population per nurse 243 120 Population per hospital bed 105 107 161 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 83 84 92 97 Female " 83 86 94 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 21 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 16 14 13 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. t Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 386 397 381 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 359 United States Most Same region/income group Latst single year recent Unit of esimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 income Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. GNP per capita US$ 8,060 16,260 25,860 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 47 95 130 Lower income .. Fooda 35 93 125 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 99 101 107 104 Male .. 101 107 104 Female .. 101 106 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 16 11 8 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 10 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 96.0 98.0 82.7 DPT .. 37.0 97.0 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. Life expectancy Total years 73 75 77 77 Female advantage " 7.8 7.2 6.5 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 9 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 38.5 30.5 30.7 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 100.0 Urban . 100.0 Rural . 100.0 Access to health care .. 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb (average annual, percent) 10+ (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4- 5 2 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 -10- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m United States - United States - High-income High-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b.The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 360 United States Most Same region/income group Latest single year recent Unit of estimate High- Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 income Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 215,973 239,279 260,650 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.55 0.51 0.52 0.49 Urban % of pop. 73.7 74.5 76.0 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 Urban 1.0 1.2 1.3 0.8 Labor force thousands 97,894 117,483 131,401 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 4 3 3 5 Industry 32 29 28 31 Female " 39 43 46 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 45 49 50 49 Female 18 21 23 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 9,363.50 9,363.50 9,363.50 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 23.07 25.55 27.56 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 44.93 45.06 44.60 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 3.88 4.60 4.75 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 2.991.54 2,959.89 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.11 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 43 42 Share of bottom 40% of households 15 16 Share of bottom 20% of households " 5 5 EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP 9.2 6.8 6.8 8.6 Staples 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 3.8 3.2 2.9 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 401 1,001 4,684 74,460 Food aid in cereals .. Food production per capita 1987 100 100 Ill 99 96 Fertilizerconsumption kg/ha 44.0 41.3 44.5 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 8.1 2.1 2.0 2.3 Housing % of GDP 12.6 12.7 13.0 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.1 2.7 Urban 3.1 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.3 4.1 4.3 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 7,625 7,402 7,905 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 9.6 10.0 9.8 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment " 1.7 2.3 1.6 2.1 Total road length thou. km 6,206 6,242 6,278 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 634 473 Population per nurse 158 74 Population per hospital bed 127 171 194 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. 98 97 97 Female " .. 98 97 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 17 20 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 14 13 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 95 93 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. t Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 283 262 238 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 361 Uruguay Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNPpercapita US$ 1,410 1,500 4,650 3,310 4,710 24,030 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr.. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 1 35 4.720 Lower income " Fooda .. .. .. Urban 33 2.825 Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 107 107 109 110 107 104 Male " 107 107 109 104 Female " 106 106 108 .. .. 104 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 46 33 19 41 36 6 Under 5 mortality .. .. 23 49 43 8 Immunization Measles % age group .. 17.0 82.0 78.7 82.9 82.7 DPT .. 57.0 88.0 73.7 74.7 90.3 Child malnutrition (under-5) " Life expectancy Total years 69 71 73 68 69 77 Female advantage 6.6 6.5 6.9 5.2 5.8 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.9 2.8 1.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 56 36 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 46.7 51.8 65.5 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 98.0 84.4 .. 80.1 86.2 Urban 100.0 95.0 .. 90.1 94.0 Rural " 87.0 27.0 .. 57.7 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 - (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 104:- Life expectancy 4-- 5 2-- 0 GNP Gross per primary capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water m Uruguay - Uruguay - Upper-middle-income - Upper-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 362 Uruguay Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Upper- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 2.829 3.008 3.163 470.899 472,807 849,935 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.60 0.61 0.58 0.65 0.62 0.49 Urban % of pop. 83.1 87.2 90.0 73.8 73.7 77.5 Population growth rate annual % 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.8 1.7 0.7 Urban 0.5 1.1 0.8 2.6 2.5 0.8 Labor force thousands 1,132 1,252 1,414 193,896 198,841 416,550 Agriculture % of labor force 18 15 14 26 21 5 Industry 29 28 27 24 27 31 Female 28 35 40 33 34 42 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 40 42 45 41 42 49 Female 11 14 18 27 29 41 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 177.41 177.41 177.41 20,504.83 20,668.74 31,824.24 Density pop. per sq. km 15.95 16.96 17.74 22.55 22.49 26.53 Agricultural land % of land area 86.19 85.18 84.80 39.78 41.49 42.29 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.03 -0.22 0.00 0.32 0.02 -0.42 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.38 0.65 0.94 3.40 9.28 15.13 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 6.27 6.69 9,866.24 7,520.52 10,594.36 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. -0.65 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. 46 48 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. 16 15 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. 6 6 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP 25.6 24.4 .. .. .. 8.6 Staples " 5.5 5.3 .. .. .. 1.7 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 10.4 9.9 .. .. .. 3.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 4 30 110 27,659 43,633 74,460 Food aid in cereals " 6 7 20 1,565 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 110 107 115 101 102 96 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 3.2 4.0 6.3 16.0 68.9 158.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 15.2 13.6 8.3 9.0 8.0 2.3 Housing % ofGDP 8.8 8.4 .. .. .. 11.6 Average household size persons per household 3.4 .. .. Urban " 3.4 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 3.1 5.2 .. .. .. 5.0 Fuel and power % of GDP 3.4 3.1 .. .. .. 2.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 736 505 623 940 1,618 5,130 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 7.8 6.8 .. .. .. 8.9 Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.0 1.0 .. .. .. 2.1 Total road length thou. km 25 52 53 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 900 513 .. Population per nurse ". Population per hospital bed 200 308 221 512 402 145 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 80 61 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 60 72 81 51 59 97 Female " 64 62 .. .. .. 98 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 20 25 21 26 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 96 96 98 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 14 11 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 6 5 3 14 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 5 2 15 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 225 226 240 86 135 316 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 363 Uzbekistan Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Euirope Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. . .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capira US$ . .. 950 2,270 1,670 4.710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. Lower income " Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 8.0 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 80 97 104 107 Male .. .. 80 97 105 Female .. .. 79 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 45 28 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 50 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. .. .. .. 77.4 82.9 DPT .. .. .. .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years .. 68 70 68 67 69 Female advantage " .. 5.9 6.3 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.7 4.7 3.8 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births 46 43 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban " .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6+ (average annual, percent) 10 (average annual, percent)expectancy 4 5 2 - .- *-.GNP Gross per iprimrny capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water ] Uzbekistan - Uzbekistan Lower-middle-income Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 364 Uzbekistan Moat Same aonRkame ouroup Next Latest single year recent Eurpe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Centrol middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989.94 Asia Income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 13,918 18.112 22,378 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.96 0.81 0.83 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 39.1 40.7 41.2 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. 2.1 2.3 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban " .. 2.3 2.3 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 5,276 7,198 9,016 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 41 36 34 24 36 21 Industry 24 25 25 36 26 27 Female " 48 47 46 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 38 40 40 49 45 42 Female 18 19 19 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 447.40 447.40 447.40 24.354.02 40,594.43 20.668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 31.11 40.48 49.06 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. .. .. .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. 0.26 -8.74 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 11.01 13.89 15.81 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. .. .. 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. .. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 4,151 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 26.6 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 28.0 29.4 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 7.2 Average household size persons per household .. .. 5.5 Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.0 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. 2,105 1,886 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural ". Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 52 80 78 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 393 293 282 362 3,064 Population per nurse 128 103 86 248 Population per hospital bed " 96 81 106 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 94 86 63 59 Female .. .. 92 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " .. .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 3 .. .. 13 Female % of fern. (age 15+) .. .. .. .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 365 Vanuatu Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. 920 1,150 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. 82 144 Lower income Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. 100 106 116 104 107 Male .. .. 105 119 105 Female .. .. 107 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 89 63 47 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. .. 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 25.0 46.0 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 28.0 61.0 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 19.7 .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years 51 56 60 68 67 69 Female advantage 0.0 1.5 1.5 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.6 .. 5.1 2.2 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. . .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 1.5 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. 70.7 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban .. 100.0 100.0 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural .. 54.0 64.0 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. 80.0 80.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 45 2 0 IGNP Gross 2.0 1 per - primary 0 capita enrollment -2 1 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water [ Vanuatu - Vanuatu Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 366 Vanuatu Most Same regionincome group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 100 136 165 1,734,703 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.91 0.90 0.84 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. .. .. .. 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. 3.0 5.6 1.1 1.2 1.7 Urban .. .. .. 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands .. .. .. 977,170 488,647 198.841 Agriculture % of labor force .. .. .. 67 36 21 Industry .. .. .. 16 26 27 Female .. .. .. 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 56 45 42 Female .. .. .. 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 12.19 12.19 12.19 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 8.20 11.16 12.80 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 10.34 13.95 13.86 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 5.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. .. .. 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 9.14 9.14 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. .. .. Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 6 11 10 29,997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals 0.. .. 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 96 100 80 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. .. 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 29.5 20.0 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. 4.2 Urban .. .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 360 287 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. .. Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 3,320 5,409 7,944 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse 270 469 .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed 93 162 .. 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 66 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 20 56 63 59 Female .. .. 18 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 24 - 21 31 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 15 15 19 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 83 85 .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. 6 Illiteracy %of pop. (age 15+) .. .. 30 16 .. 13 Female % of fem.(age 15+) .. .. .. 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 367 Venezuela Most Same regionfincome group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. 24 31 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. 11 22 GNP per capita US$ 2,590 3,750 2,760 3,310 1.670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. Consumer price index 1987=100 25 70 1,316 Lower income " .. .. .. Fooda" 10 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 7.8 7.5 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 97 97 96 110 104 107 Male " 97 95 95 .. 105 Female 97 98 97 .. 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 49 39 32 41 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 38 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 25.0 54.0 78.7 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 27.0 54.0 73.7 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. 10.2 5.9 Life expectancy Total years 66 69 71 68 67 69 Female advantage " 5.6 6.1 6.3 5.2 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.0 3.9 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 200 . Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 9.4 6.8 .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 75.0 84.8 89.3 80.1 .. 86.2 Urban 92.0 88.0 89.4 90.1 .. 94.0 Rural 38.0 65.0 88.8 57.7 .. 64.8 Access to health care .. .. .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6o- (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 10+- Life expectancy 4-- 5 GNP Gross 2 . - -per primary 0 I-5 3 capita enrollment 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water Venezuela Venezuela - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 368 Venezuela Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Latin Lower- higher Unit of estimate America middle- income Indicator measure 1970.75 1980-85 1989-94 Caribbean income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 12,665 17,077 21,177 470.899 1.096.881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.87 0.74 0.67 0.65 0,63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 77.8 87.3 92.3 73.8 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 3.7 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.7 Urban 5.1 3.6 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 4,053 6,123 8,222 193.896 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 19 13 12 26 36 21 Industry 26 28 27 24 26 27 Female " 23 29 33 33 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 32 36 39 41 45 42 Female 8 10 13 27 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 912.05 912.05 912.05 20,504.83 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 13.89 18.72 22.70 22.55 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 23.08 24.06 24.62 39.78 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.28 0.29 0.00 0.32 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.44 0.81 0.87 3.40 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 516.81 456.91 9,866.24 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.22 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 54 .. 58 Share of bottom 40% of households 10 .. 11 Share of bottom 20% of households 3 .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 19.2 26.0 .. Staples .. 4.3 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 4.9 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,299 2,795 2,314 27,659 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. .. 1,565 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 =100 106 99 107 101 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 6.9 22.5 11.7 16.0 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP 5.0 5.8 5.1 9.0 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP 4.0 5.2 .. Average household size persons per household 6.0 5.4 4.8 Urban .. 5.5 .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 5.9 1.9 .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,237 2,173 2,331 940 1.602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 6.1 6.7 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 3.1 2.8 .. Total road length thou. km 62 63 78 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 1,100 833 633 .. 3,064 Population per nurse 443 313 329 Population per hospital bed 3,000 370 385 512 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 80 61 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 43 24 35 51 63 59 Female 45 27 41 .. 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 30 33 23 26 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 20 .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % ofcohort 72 83 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 3 7 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 24 14 9 14 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 12 10 15 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 84 158 207 86 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 369 Vietnam Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate East Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. 51 Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ .. .. 190 890 390 1.670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 .. .. .. Lower income .. .. Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 7.9 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 119 103 Ill 116 105 104 Male 125 106 101 119 112 105 Female 114 100 103 115 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 90 53 42 35 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 50 49 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 19.0 85.0 93.0 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 42.0 83.0 95.0 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 52.0 44.9 16.9 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 58 64 68 68 63 67 Female advantage 3.5 3.8 4.6 3.6 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.9 4.6 3.1 2.2 3.3 2.7 Matemal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 110 105 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov'texp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 45.2 .. 67.2 Urban .. 70.0 .. 83.5 Rural .. 39.0 33.0 61.4 Access to health care .. 75.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy GNP Gross 2 -0 I I per --primary capita enrollment 0 I I I -5 -e -2- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Vietnam - Vietnam - Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 370 Vietnam Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent higher Unit of estimate East Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 48,030 58,868 72,039 1,734,703 3,182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.91 0.82 0.74 0.53 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 18.8 19.6 20.6 31.9 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.7 1.3 Urban " 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.8 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 22,783 29,433 36,766 977,170 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 75 72 71 67 67 36 Industry " 9 14 14 16 14 26 Female 48 49 49 44 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 47 50 51 56 50 45 Female 23 24 25 51 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 331.69 331.69 331.69 16.367.16 40,391.42 40,594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 144.80 177.48 212.84 104.65 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 20.01 20.74 21.60 44.90 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual% 0.08 -2.32 0.07 1.28 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 15.36 26.22 26.46 13.14 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 96.83 83.12 4,057.84 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 1.52 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 44 Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. 19 Share of bottom 20% of households " .. .. 8 EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. 19.8 Staples .. .. 3.6 Meat, fish, milk. cheese, eggs .. .. 8.9 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 1,050 395 289 29,997 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 64 21 84 447 8.516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987 =100 76 100 122 118 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 50.7 57.1 129.3 74.5 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP %ofGDP .. .. 27.7 18.1 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 4.7 Average household size persons per household .. .. 5.0 4.2 Urban .. .. 5.0 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.9 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 1.0 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 114 81 105 659 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 6.2 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment " .. .. 10.3 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons .. 4,048 2,279 1,063 .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 4.304 1,241 399 1,490 Population per hospital bed " .. 271 261 612 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 53 32 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 46 43 35 56 48 63 Female " 45 41 .. 52 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher .. . 34 .. 23 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 27 23 23 16 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 63 .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 16 6 16 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 20 9 24 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. 10 8 .. .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 371 Western Samoa Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. .. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US. 970 890 1,670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr.. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " Consumer price index 1987=100 25 90 172 Lower income .. .. .. Fooda 91 120 Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 2.8 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. .. .. 136 116 104 107 Male .. .. .. 119 105 Female .. .. .. 115 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. .. 23 35 36 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. .. 49 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 78.0 .. 93.0 77.4 82.9 DPT .. 84.0 .. 95.0 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. .. 16.9 Life expectancy Total years .. 63 69 68 67 69 Female advantage .. 2.0 4.0 3.6 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 5.9 5.5 4.3 2.2 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births . .. Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 43.0 .. 81.8 67.2 .. 86.2 Urban " 86.0 75.0 100.0 83.5 .. 94.0 Rural .. 67.0 76.9 61.4 .. 64.8 Access to health care " .. 100.0 100.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 -- GNP Gross 0per primary -7 7 capita enrollment 0 I , I I -5 -2I- -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water f Western Samoa - Western Samoa - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 372 Western Samoa Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Lower- higher Unit of estimate East middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 151 157 164 1,734.703 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio .. 080 0.78 0.53 0.63 0.62 Urban %of pop. 21.0 21.1 21.0 31.9 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % 0.6 0.0 0.6 1.3 1.3 1.7 Urban 1.3 -0.1 0.6 2.8 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands .. 977,170 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force .. 67 36 21 Industry .. 16 26 27 Female . .. 44 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. .. .. .. 56 45 42 Female .. .. .. 51 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 2.84 2.84 2.84 16,367.16 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km 53.17 55.28 57.39 104.65 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area 42.05 43.46 43.46 44.90 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation %.. .. .. 13.14 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1.34 1.34 4,057.84 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change. 1980-90 .. .. 0.00 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % of GDP .. .. 59.4 Staples .. .. 20.9 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. .. 12.4 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 12 14 9 29.997 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. 0 1 447 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 85 102 80 118 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.1 3.7 .. 74.5 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. 45.6 30.2 18.1 14.0 8.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. 6.5 Average household size persons per household 5.8 .. .. 4.2 Urban " 6.5 .. .. 3.3 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. 4.5 Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. 2.1 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. .. .. 433 659 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. 9.1 6.0 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. 3.7 Total road length thou. km .. .. .. INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 2,860 2,476 4,818 1,063 3,064 Population per nurse 634 406 .. 1,490 Population per hospital bed 220 229 .. 612 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 60 32 .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. .. .. 26 56 63 59 Female .. .. .. 52 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 27 21 .. 23 .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 43 39 .. 16 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. 98 .. 92 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. 6 Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 2 .. 30 16 .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. .. .. 24 .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 373 Republic of Yemen Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Mid-East higher Unit of estimate & North Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curT. . . Headcount index 7 of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. GNP per capita USS . 280 1,970 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr . Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumer price index 1987=100 Lower income . Food' Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 41 .. 76 97 105 104 Male 63 .. 112 104 112 105 Female 17 .. 37 90 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 180 130 102 48 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 146 65 101 47 ImmuniLation Measles % age group .. .. 57.0 81.1 86.2 77.4 DPT .. .. 62.0 83.9 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. .. 30.0 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 43 50 53 66 63 67 Female advantage " 0.5 1.5 1.8 2.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.7 7.8 7.4 4.5 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 1,471 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. Urban " .. .. .. 98.7 Rural Access to health care .. 16.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b (average annual, percent) + (average annual, percent) 6 (aeag anal pren)10* - Life expectancy 4 5- {0 - -. GNP Gross 21 ~' r per iprimary 01I I_-5capita enrollment -2-1 -- 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Republic of Yemen - Republic of Yemen Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators. shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 374 Republic of Yemen Most Sane rigion/incoie group Next Latest sing!eveaf recent Alid-East higher Unit of estimate & North Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 6.001 10.078 14,785 266.675 3.182.221 1.096.881 Age dependency ratio ratio I 15 1 06 1 02 1.83 066 0.63 Urban Vc of pop )6 4 24 4 32 7 5 7 28 3 55.0 Population growth rate annual% 3 n 3 I 3 2.6 I 7 1.1 Urban 6 66 62 36 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2.045 2.86t 4.152 87.383 .590.533 488,647 Agriculture % ol labor force 71 66 61 35 67 36 Industry I I I5 17 23 14 26 Female " 1t 11 29 25 9 41) Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 29 28 28 33 50 45 Female 5 9 8 17 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 527.97 527.97 527.97 11.021.26 40,391.42 40.59443 Density pop. per sq. kin 13.24 14 09 27.11 23.57 77.44 26 6t Agricultural land % of land area 33 19 13.21 3323 32.20 52 42 41 05 Change in agricultural land annual % (107 0 03 0(00 -0.80 0 16 -1.18 Agricultural land under irngation % I 61 1 72 2.05 1048 17.84 11 40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km 40.60 4060 445.40 7.632.00 5,969 25 Deforestation (net) % change. 1980-90 . . 0.00. INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income Share of bottom 40% of households Share of bottom 20% of households " EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. ... Staples Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 295 1,177 1,843 38,370 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 34 59 21 1,249 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 118 95 95 104 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.4 1.1 0.6 98.2 58.5 463 Share of agriculture in GDP % ofGDP .. .. 20.9 11.9 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. .. .. Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. .. .. Fuel and power % of GDP .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 111 221 214 1,232 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. .. .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. .. .. Total road length thou. km 4 37 52 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 34.791 5,839 .. 3,064 Population per nurse .. 2,021 .. Population per hospital bed 1.155 .. 1,196 623 1.034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. 6 56 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 8 .. 31 59 48 63 Female 1 .. .. 51 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 40 .. .. 26 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 21 .. .. 21 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort .. .. .. 94 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 68 62 37 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 80 74 50 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. .. .. .. 34 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 375 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. . Headcount index % of pop. Lower poverty line local curr. Headcount index % of pop. GNP per capita US$ 2.270 1.670 4,710 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " Consumer price index 1987=100 Lower income . Fooda Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % ofGDP .. ... Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. . .. 72 97 104 107 Male ". .. 72 97 105 Female .. .. 73 97 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births .. 34 19 23 36 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. 23 31 47 43 Immunization Measles % age group .. 91.0 75.0 .. 77.4 82.9 DPT " .. 89.0 79.0 .. 82.0 74.7 Child malnutrition (under-5) " .. .. .. Life expectancy Total years 69 70 72 68 67 69 Female advantage 3.8 4.9 5.0 9.7 6.4 5.8 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.7 2.8 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 27 . Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. .. .. Social security coverage % econ. active pop. . .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. .. .. .. .. 86.2 Urban .. .. .. .. .. 94.0 Rural .. .. .. .. .. 64.8 Access to health care Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamond b (average annual. percent) (vrg anuacpecet 10+ (vrganulpecn)Life expectancy 4 5 2_0_ _ _ _ G N P G r o s s - per I primary 0 --I -5 - capita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Lower-middle-income - Lower-middle-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 376 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Europe Lower- higher Unit of estimate & Central middle- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Asia income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 9,085 10,009 10,520 487,445 1,096,881 472,807 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.51 0.48 0.48 0.54 0.63 0.62 Urban % of pop. 43.0 49.7 55.8 65.2 55.9 73.7 Population growth rate annual % .. .. 0.3 0.4 1.3 1.7 Urban .. .. 1.6 1.4 2.7 2.5 Labor force thousands 4,166 4,500 4,850 236,973 488,647 198,841 Agriculture % of labor force 44 34 30 24 36 21 Industry " 29 31 33 36 26 27 Female " 37 40 42 45 40 34 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 46 45 46 49 45 42 Female 17 18 19 43 36 29 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km .. 102.17 102.17 24,354.02 40,594.43 20,668.74 Density pop. per sq. km .. 97.96 102.62 19.96 26.66 22.49 Agricultural land % of land area .. 61.34 58.82 .. 41.05 41.49 Change in agricultural land annual % .. .. -3.04 -1.26 -1.38 0.02 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.96 1.12 1.00 6.73 11.40 9.28 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 29.21 28.58 770.81 5,969.25 7,520.52 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.22 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 40 .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " 18 .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households 7 .. .. EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 17.1 16.6 .. Staples 3.7 2.7 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs " 7.4 7.3 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes .. .. 122 33,202 68,936 43,633 Food aid in cereals .. .. 337 4,392 5,771 67 Food production per capita 1987 = 100 .. .. .. .. 102 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha .. .. 18.0 41.4 46.3 68.9 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP .. .. .. 12.7 14.0 8.0 Housing %ofGDP 4.9 5.5 .. 7.2 Average household size persons per household 3.8 .. .. Urban " 3.2 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 6.1 3.7 .. 5.2 Fuel and power % of GDP 2.3 2.6 .. 1.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 2,748 4,044 2,245 2,756 1,602 1,618 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP 5.5 6.9 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 1.9 1.6 .. Total road length thou. km .. 118 123 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 425 290 232 362 3,064 Population per nurse .. .. 50 248 Population per hospital bed 85 71 73 136 592 402 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. .. .. .. 51 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 76 .. 65 86 63 59 Female 72 .. 65 90 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 26 ... .. .. .. 25 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary " 20 .. .. Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 99 99 .. .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 4 .. .. .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) 17 9 7 .. .. 13 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 15 12 .. .. 15 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 209 .. .. .. 236 135 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 377 Zaire Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. Lower poverty line local curr. .. .. .. Headcount index % of pop. .. .. .. GNP per capita US$ 450 240 240 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. .. .. .. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 0 39 3.OE+9 Lower income Food" Urban Rural SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. 1.0 4.0 Gross enrollment ratios Pnmary % school age pop. 88 86 55 71 105 104 Male " 104 105 59 77 112 105 Female " 72 68 51 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 127 107 .. 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality .. .. .. 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group . 41.0 36.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 37.0 23.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutntion (under-5) 28.8 20.0 35.0 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 46 50 52 52 63 67 Female advantage 3.2 3.5 .. 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.3 6.7 .. 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 500 876 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Fxpenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 1.6 0.5 1.2 Social secunty coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe wat-r- total % of pop. 19.0 32.1 34.2 Urban 38.0 52.0 59.0 Rural 12.0 21.0 16.9 Access to health care .. 33.0 59.0 Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate 6 (average annual. percent) 1(+ (average annual, percent) 10+T Life ex pectancy 4 5 GNP Gross 0 -.-~per primary ____L_ ____ _____capita' enrollment 0 -5 -10 1970-75 1980.85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Zaire - Zaire L.owincoife Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction 378 Zaire Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 23,251 31,701 42.540 571,902 3.182,221 1,096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.92 0.98 1.03 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 29.5 27.9 28.9 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.8 3.3 3.1 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban " 2.3 2.7 3.8 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 10,686 13,816 17.839 254,250 1,590,533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 74 70 68 65 67 36 Industry II 13 13 9 14 26 Female 45 44 44 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 46 44 42 44 50 45 Female " 21 19 18 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 2.344.86 2,344.86 2,344.86 24,273.83 40.391.42 40.594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 9.92 13.52 17.58 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 9.90 10.06 10.10 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % .. 0.04 0.04 0.86 17.84 I1.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 1,205.97 1,132.75 5,323.14 7.632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change, 1980-90 .. .. 0.62 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. .. Share of bottom 40% of households " .. .. .. Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. .. EXPENDITURE Food % ofGDP .. .. 48.1 Staples " .. 4.5 24.0 Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs .. 7.3 8.2 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 302 320 238 14,051 36,922 68,936 Food aid in cereals " 1 138 27 5,079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 108 101 101 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 0.5 0.3 0.2 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 16.5 29.9 30.2 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing %ofGDP .. 3.4 9.9 Average household size persons per household .. .. .. Urban 6.0 .. .. Fixed investment: housing % of GDP .. 2.2 1.8 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 1.0 3.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 58 51 46 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 1.7 4.5 Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 1.8 2.6 Total road length thou. km 145 145 145 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 28,131 .. .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse " 6,709 .. .. Population per hospital bed 311 .. 702 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 46 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 16 23 24 24 48 63 Female 8 13 15 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 41 42 42 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary .. .. .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 62 63 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 21 19 .. .. Iliteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 34 33 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 47 46 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 3 2 3 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department. April 1996 379 Zambia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line local curr. .. 8,481 Headcount index % of pop. .. 86 Lower poverty line local curr. 5,910 Headcount index % of pop. 76 GNP per capita US$ 600 350 350 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curr. Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade " .. .. .. Consumer price index 1987=100 9 46 12,764 Lower income " .. 45 4,277 Fooda 6 .. .. Urban Rural " .. 46 4,676 SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP .. .. 3.4 Gross enrollment ratios Primary % school age pop. 97 100 104 71 105 104 Male 105 106 109 77 112 105 Female " 88 94 99 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 100 88 108 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 178 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 55.0 76.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT .. 47.0 79.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) " 24.1 26.5 26.8 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 47 51 47 52 63 67 Female advantage " 3.3 2.3 0.9 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 6.9 6.9 6.0 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. .. 229 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. 0.6 2.1 6.0 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. 42.0 53.6 58.9 Urban 86.0 70.0 76.2 Rural 16.0 41.0 42.8 Access to health care .. 70.0 .. Population growth rate GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb 6 (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) Life expectancy 4 5 T GNP Gross 2 - 40 I 2 -0 Iper primary 0ap-5 ita enrollment -2 -10 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Access to safe water 0 Zambia - Zambia Low-income - Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the tntroduction. 380 Zambia Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population (mre=1994) thousands 4.841 6.862 9,203 571,902 3.182,221 1.096,881 Age dependency ratio ratio 0.96 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.66 0.63 Urban % of pop. 34 8 40.9 4t2.9 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 3 1 3.6 2 9 2.8 1.7 1.3 Urban 5.8 4.1 3 4 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,134 2.860 3.841 254,250 1.590.533 488,647 Agriculture % of labor force 78 75 75 65 67 36 Industry 8 8 8 9 14 26 Female 45 45 45 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 44 42 42 44 50 45 Female 20 19 19 3j 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 752.61 752.61 752.61 24,273.83 40,391.42 40.594.43 Density pop. per sq. km 6.43 9.12 11.88 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 47.08 47.33 47.45 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 0.04 0.09 0.00 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km .. 359.31 323.01 5,323.14 7,632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change. 1980-90 .. .. 1.06 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income .. .. 50 Share of bottom 40% of households .. .. 12 Share of bottom 20% of households .. .. 4 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP 22.7 25.8 .. Saples 5.9 5.5 .. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs 10.0 12.8 .. Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 164 201 353 14,051 36.922 68,936 Food aid in cereals 5 116 535 5,079 8.516 5,771 Food production percapita 1987= 100 153 103 112 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 1.5 2.3 2.4 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % ofGDP 13.1 13.1 31.4 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing %ofGDP 5.8 7.6 .. Average household size persons per household 4.0 .. 5.5 Urban .. .. 5.9 Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 4.8 0.3 .. Fuel and power % of GDP 1.9 3.1 .. Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 383 231 140 251 373 1,602 Households with electricity Urban % of households .. .. 39.0 Rural .. .. 11.0 Transport and communication % of GDP 3.9 3.8 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment 6.0 1.7 .. Total road length thou. km 36 37 37 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 13.486 7,269 11,431 .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse ' 1.698 758 610 Population per hospital bed 300 288 .. 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 90 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 15 18 .. 24 48 63 Female 10 13 .. 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 48 49 .. 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 23 23 .. .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 96 100 .. Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll 2 2 .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 33 22 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 41 29 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 22 14 8 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, April 1996 381 Zimbabwe Most Same regionlincome group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low. income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Priority Poverty Indicators POVERTY Upper poverty line Ioal curr. 400 Headcount index 14 of pop 26 Lower poverty line local curr. 242 Headcoun index % of pop 8 .. . GNP per capita USS 5)0 620 490 500 390 1,670 SHORT TERM INCOME INDICATORS Unskilled urban wages local curt Unskilled rural wages Rural terms of trade Consumner price indc 1987= 100 24 78 389 Lower income 78 177 Urban Rural 77 184 SOCIAL INDICATORS Public expenditure on basic social services % of GDP Gross enrollment ratios Primary ig school age pop. 73 135 119 71 105 104 Male 79 140 123 77 112 105 Female " 67 131 114 64 98 101 Mortality Infant mortality per thou. live births 93 80 54 92 58 36 Under 5 mortality " .. .. 81 161 101 47 Immunization Measles % age group .. 78.0 87.0 51.4 86.2 77.4 DPT " .. 72.0 89.0 53.5 89.1 82.0 Child malnutrition (under-5) .. 14.0 15.5 .. 38.2 Life expectancy Total years 52 56 58 52 63 67 Female advantage 3.5 3.6 2.5 3.5 2.4 6.4 Total fertility rate births per woman 7.5 6.6 4.0 5.9 3.3 2.7 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births .. 145 80 Supplementary Poverty Indicators Expenditures on social security % of total gov't exp. .. 4.4 3.8 Social security coverage % econ. active pop. .. .. .. Access to safe water: total % of pop. .. 31.4 .. Urban .. 100.0 .. Rural " .. 10.0 .. Access to health care .. 71.0 Population growth rateb Pplto rwhrt GNP per capita growth rate Development diamondb + (average annual, percent) (average annual, percent) 6T {60 Life expectancy 1+ 45t 2GNP Gross pFr pri mary capita e nrollment -2 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 1970-75 198085 198994 Access to safe water [ Zimbabwe Zimbabwe __Low-income Low-income a. See the technical notes, p.387. b. The development diamond, based on four key indicators, shows the average level of development in the country compared with its income group. See the introduction. 382 Zimbabwe Most Same region/income group Next Latest single year recent Sub- higher Unit of estimate Saharan Low- income Indicator measure 1970-75 1980-85 1989-94 Africa income group Resources and Expenditures HUMAN RESOURCES Population((mre=1994) thousands o.065 S.31( 10,778 571.902 3.182.221 1.096.881 Age dependency ratio ratio i.07 096 0.85 094 0.66 0.63 Urban 7, of pop. 19.6 25 2 31 4 30.6 28.3 55.9 Population growth rate annual % 2.8 3 4 2 3 2 8 I 7 1.3 Urban " 5.6 5 8 4 6 4.9 3.2 2.7 Labor force thousands 2,762 3,812 5,651 254.250 1,590.533 488.647 Agriculture % of labor force 75 70 68 65 67 36 Industry " 10 8 9 14 26 Female " 44 44 44 41 39 40 Labor participation rates Total % of pop. 46 46 47 44 50 45 Female 20 20 21 37 41 36 NATURAL RESOURCES Area thou. sq. km 39076 390.76 39076 24.273.83 40,391.42 40.594.43 Density pop per sq. km 15.52 21.29 26.96 22.90 77.44 26.66 Agricultural land % of land area 19.18 1982 19.99 50.61 52.42 41.05 Change in agricultural land annual % 000 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.16 -1.38 Agricultural land under irrigation % 0.94 1.96 2.50 0.86 17.84 11.40 Forests and woodland thou. sq. km . 95.06 88.97 5,323.14 7.632.00 5,969.25 Deforestation (net) % change. 1980-90 .. 0.66 INCOME Household income Share of top 20% of households % of income 62 Share of bottom 40% of households 10 Share of bottom 20% of households 4 EXPENDITURE Food %ofGDP .. 25.6 Staples " .. 5.8 Meat, fish, milk. cheese, eggs "... 10 Cereal imports thou. metric tonnes 57 153 538 14.051 36.922 68,936 Food aid in cereals .. 131 900 5.079 8,516 5,771 Food production per capita 1987= 100 147 133 84 102 115 102 Fertilizer consumption kg/ha 19.8 22.2 20.6 5.3 58.5 46.3 Share of agriculture in GDP % of GDP 16.2 18.0 13.4 19.5 27.6 14.0 Housing % of GDP .. 8.0 . Average household size persons per household Urban Fixed investment: housing % of GDP 0.8 Fuel and power % of GDP .. 3.2 Energy consumption per capita kg of oil equiv. 441 391 432 251 373 1,602 Households with electncity Urban % of households .. .. .. Rural Transport and communication % of GDP .. 3.9 .. Fixed investment: transport equipment .. 2.0 .. Total road length thou. km 81 78 91 INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL Health Population per physician persons 6.300 5.942 .. .. .. 3,064 Population per nurse 645 990 .. Population per hospital bed 300 693 1,959 1,316 1,034 592 Oral rehydyration therapy (under-5) % of cases .. .. 77 37 38 Education Gross enrollment ratios Secondary % of school age pop. 9 41 45 24 48 63 Female 7 33 40 23 42 62 Pupil-teacher ratio: primary pupils per teacher 41 40 38 40 39 Pupil-teacher ratio: secondary 18 28 30 .. 20 Pupils reaching grade 4 % of cohort 80 85 77 Repeater rate: primary % of total enroll .. I .. Illiteracy % of pop. (age 15+) .. 38 15 53 35 Female % of fem. (age 15+) .. 45 20 54 46 Newspaper circulation per thou. pop. 19 24 19 12 .. 236 World Bank International Economics Department, Apni 1996 383 Table la. Basic Indicators for Other Economies Ai GNP c kper twnt Adult illiteracy J'puaantwi ibsw,i'i p' ai'N,i at h/id/ (percent) iJiiwilmandiii qe <'if I hr) Femtale 7otal mnicl -/4 1in ce, IW1 /Q14 1995 1995 I Amencan Samoa 55 o 2I. 2 Andorra dI i1.. 3 Aruba 77 f, lo d 4 Cayman Island% 20 l To J 5 Channel Islands 4 0 19 i 78 6 Eritrea 12 0 I 7 Faeroe Islands 45 1 6(id 8 French Guiana 141 90 ou c 9 Greenland 55 341.7. d 10 Isle of Man 72 0 57 c I I Liechtenstein 31 . d 12 Macao 406 002 d 13 Marshall islands 54 0.20 1.680 14 Mayotte 94 0.37 c I5 Monaco 31 .. d 16 Northern Mariana Islands 47 048 b 17 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 100 0.30 d 76 18 West Bank and Gaza 1,951 6.10 b a. Estimated to be low-income ($725 or less). b. Estimated to be lower-middle-income (5726-$2,895). c. Estimated to be upper-middle-income ($2,896-S8.955). d. Estimated to be high-income ($8,956 or more). 384 Technical Notes Sources and Methods Social change is measured at the level of the individual, the household, and the community, as well as the nation as a whole. The numdraire is chosen for its appropriateness and By drawing on data already reviewed by specialized interna- relevance to policy issues. Thus income is measured for both tional agencies dealing with education (UNESCO), health individuals and households; population change is measured (WHO), and other social concerns, the World Bank starts for urban areas and the country as a whole. The position of with the most consistent and reliable series. These agencies women and the impact of development on them is specifi- generally collect statistics directly from the countries con- cally identified wherever possible. cerned; the countries endeavor to apply standard U.N. pro- cedures, definitions, and classifications while using their special country knowledge to fit the data. But the specialized Data Reliability international agencies rarely have the resources to collect information universally each year: the available series are incomplete and sometimes inaccurate. The coordination Despite considerable effort to standardize the data, statistical processes involved and the delays in getting responses mean methods, coverage, practices, and definitions differ widely that series tend to be less current in the specialized interna- and the usual warnings about using the figures carefully still tional agencies than in national agencies. Standard sources apply. In addition, the statistical systems in many developing for this volume may therefore be supplemented by estimates economies are still weak, thus affecting the availability and from member governments and figures obtained directly from countries. Another useful source is information pub- parisons always involve complex technical problems, which lished or provided by bilateral organizations which have field cannot be fully and unequivocally resolved. The data are staff and resident missions in many countries, such as the drawn from sources thought to be most authoritative, but U.S. Agency for International Development and similar en- many of them are subject to considerable margins of error. tities in Europe. Finally, the World Bank's own files provide Readers are urged to take these limitations into account in additional data processed by country economists and resident interpreting the indicators, particularly when making com- missions in the course of regular contacts with member parisons across countries and economies. governments. Most country data are drawn from regular administrative Social Indicators ofDevelopment provides a much fuller files, special surveys, and periodic census inquiries. In the explanation of these sources and methods and, where appro- case of survey and census data, figures for intermediate years priate, goes beyond conventional definitions to clarify some have to be interpolated or otherwise estimated from the base common misunderstandings. reference statistics. Likewise, because not all data are up- 385 dated, some figures-especially those relating to current estimates. For an economy reporting inadequate data in every periods-may be extrapolated. Several indicators are derived year, World Bank staff must choose some arbitrary 1987 base from models based on assumptions about behavior and pre- value within a broad range of plausible estimates. Readers vailing conditions. Issues related to the reliability of demo- should keep in mind that the purpose is to maintain an graphic indicators are reviewed in the U.N.'s World appropriate relationship across topics, despite myriad coun- Population Monitoring. Regular reports on sources of basic try data issues and that nothing meaningful can be deduced population data are given in the U.N.'s Population and Vital about behavior at the country level by working back from Statistics Report. The table of most recent "actual" demo- group indicators. In addition, the weighting process may graphic estimates, in the technical notes, was prepared by result in discrepancies between summed subgroup figures referring to these sources in World Population Projections, and overall totals. 1994-95 Edition. Measures for the next higher income group are also Inevitably, a few series report numbers on the borderline given where possible. This is not meant to imply a linear of acceptable quality and reliability. Although World Bank path of development but simply to illustrate differences staff try to delete clearly misleading numbers, borderline between countries at various income levels. High-income figures are usually included to give the benefit of the doubt economies are compared to their own income group only. to the compiler and to provide a more general perspective. The regional groups are defined by the World Bank and They must be viewed in the context of the other information are not standard geographic categories. They are shown in the tables used to describe a country's situation. here to suggest another form of comparative analysis. See The bibliography lists major sources for basic statistical Classification of Economies table for tables listing coun- series and social indicators. Data from these sources as well try classification. as those ofthe World Bank are reviewed in the World Bank's Most indicators are weighted by population; some indica- Development Data Division, which checks for consistency, tors use indicator specific weights forgroup totals. Data refer combines reports from various sources, and creates "derived" to calendar years unless otherwise noted (although demo- indicators-such as school persistence rates-using infor- graphic indicators refer to midyear). mation provided by other agencies. An important aim of Social Indicators ofDevelopment is to promote greater international comparability and consis- Explanation of Terms tency in social statistics, but sometimes this is achieved at the cost of precision. POVERTY Group Aggregates Poverty lines: Country-specific and not comparable across Special problems arise in estimating group measures consis- countries; the upper poverty line is the cutoff for the poor; tently whether by income level or geographical region- the lower poverty line is the cutoff for the very poor. over time and across topics. For a given group, data avail- Headcount index: Proportion of the population in each ofthe ability varies across indicators, especially among low-in- above categories. come countries, so estimation procedures are used to fill the GNP per capita: Estimates are for 1994 at current market gaps and weights are applied as necessary, using a suitable prices in U.S. dollars, calculated by the conversion method common numdraire. The methods used to compute group used for the World Bank Atlas. measures are broadly the same as those used in other statis- tical publications issued by the World Bank, as described in SHORT-TERM INCOME INDICATORS the technical notes to the World Development Indicators (WDI) in the World Development Report. Unskilled urban wages: Weekly wages of casual laborers The same technique is applied to regional groupings in without other income sources. this volume's table on Social and Economic Conditions and Unskilled rural wages: Weekly wages of casual farm labor- to the comparator groups on country pages. The benchmark- ers without any land, or without enough land to meet their ing procedure underlying group measures requires that two- subsistence needs. third of the data be available and that some weight be Rural terms of trade: Wholesale prices of foodgrain divided assigned to each economy within the group. Outdated report- by wholesale prices for manufactured goods. ers (and those not providing ample history) are then assumed Consumerprice indew: Prices of goods and services used for to behave like the sample of the group that does provide private consumption of households. The CPI for lower in- 386 come comprises the price index based on the poor's con- two standard deviations from the 50th percentile of the sumption basket. weight for age reference population, or the Gomez scale of Food price index: The index (including the urban/rural data malnutrition. Note that for a few countries the figures are for separately where available) are from the U.N. Statistical children 3 or 4 years and younger. Division. Since the overall CP1 is more up-to-date than the Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant food price index, the data presented may represent different would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of years and therefore may not be comparable. its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. As in infant mortality rate, the data are a combination of observed values SOCIAL INDICATORS and interpolated and projected estimates. Total fertility rate: Average number of children who would Public expenditure on basic social services: Percentage be bor alive to a woman during her lifetime, if she were to share of primary education and health expenditure in GDP, bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing based on national account estimates. For countries covered age-specific fertility rates. As in infant mortality rate, the by ICP, computed from the SNA defined details of GDP, data are a combination of observed values and interpolated collected for ICP Phase 111 (1975), Phase IV (1980) and and projected estimates. Phase V (1985). Maternal mortality: The number of female deaths that occur Primary enrollment ratios: Gross enrollment of all ages at during childbirth per 100,000 live births. Because deaths the primary level as a percentage of school-age children as during childbirth are defined more widely in some countries defined by each country. Although many countries consider to include abortion complications of pregnancy or the period primary school-age to be 6-11 years, others use different age after childbirth, and because many pregnant women die from groups. Gross enrollment may be reported in excess of 100 lack of suitable health care, maternal mortality is difficult to percent if some pupils are younger or older than the country's measure consistently and reliably across countries. standard range of primary school age. Expenditures on social security: Compensation for loss of Infant mortality rate: Number of deaths of infants under one income to the sick and temporarily disabled, payments to the year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. The data are elderly, the permanently disabled, and the unemployed; fan- a combination of observed values and interpolated and pro- ily, maternity, and child allowances; and the cost of welfare jected estimates. A few countries, such as the economies of services, such as care of the aged, the disabled, and children, the former Soviet Union, employ an atypical definition of as percentage of total government expenditures. live births, which reduces the reported infant mortality rates Social security coverage: Percentage of the "economically relative to the standard (World Health Organization) defini- active" population covered by social security. tion. The data are from a variety of sources, including na- Access to safe water: Percentage of the population with tional statistical offices, demographic and health surveys, reasonable access to safe water supply (includes treated censuses, the UN population division, and the World Bank. surface waters or untreated but uncontaminated water such Under-5 mortality rate: Shows the probability of a newborn as that from springs, sanitary wells, and protected boreholes). baby dying before reaching age 5, if subject to the current In an urban area this may be a public fountain or standpost age-specific mortality rates. The data are from UNICEF's located not more than 200 meters away. In rural areas it State ofthe World's Children, 1996, supplemented by infor- implies that members of the household do not have to spend mation from national statistical offices, demographic and a disproportionate part of the day fetching water. The defini- health surveys, and the World Bank. tion of safe water has changed over time. Immunization: Measures (as a percentage of the age group) Access to health care: Percentage of the population that can the full vaccination coverage of children under one year of reach local health services by the usual means of transporta- age for two of the target diseases of the Expanded Pro- tion in no more than one hour. Note that facilities tend to be grammed of Immunization - measles and DPT (diphtheria, concentrated in urban areas. Some separate figures for rural pertussis and tetanus). Coverage rates are supplied by mem- areas show a much lower level of coverage and access. ber states. Note that for some countries the ages at which children are vaccinated may differ from the recommended HUMAN RESOURCES ages. This is particularly true of European countries. Child malnutrition: Percentage of children under five years Population (UN. and World Bank) with deficiency or excess of nutrients that interferes with the children's health and genetic potential for growth. Methods Population: Estimates are for 1994, based, in most cases, on ofassessment vary, but the most commonly used are less than a de facto definition. Note that refugees not permanently 80 percent of the standard weight for age, less than minus settled in the country of asylum are generally considered to 387 be part of the population of their country of origin. Data are INCOME from a variety of sources, including national statistical of- fices, censuses, the UN Population Division and the World Total household income: Income (both in cash and kind) or Bank. expenditure accruing to percentile groups of population Age dependency ratio: Ratio of the population defined as ranked by per capita income, expenditure, or in the case of dependent (under 15 and over 64 years) to the working-age high income countries, by total household income. The data population (15-64). are drawn mostly from nationally representative household Population growth rate: Annual average growth rate (1970- surveys. In some cases statistics obtained from other agen- 75, 1980-85, and 1993-94) calculated from mid-year total cies are revised by World Bank staff. and urban populations. EXPENDITURE Labor force (ILO) Food (UN, FAQ, World Bank) Total labor force: The "economically active" population; a restrictive concept that includes the armed forces and the unem- Food (as percentage of GDP): Percentage share of food in ployed, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers. total household consumption expenditure, computed from Agriculture: Labor force in farming, forestry, hunting and the SNA defined details ofGDP, collected for ICP Phase III fishing as a percentage of total labor force. (1975), Phase IV(1980) and Phase V(1985). For countries Industry: Labor force in mining, manufacturing, construc- not covered by ICP, less detailed national accounts estimates tion, and electricity, water, and gas as a percentage of total are included, where available. labor force. Staples: Bread, cereals, potatoes and tubers: a major subitem Female: Female labor force as a percentage of total labor force. of food relating to the consumption of carbohydrates. Labor force numbers in several developing countries reflect a Mea, fish milk cheese, eggs: A protein measure but ex- significant underestimate of female participation rates. cluding beans, nuts, and other high protein-content food Participation rates: Percentage of population that is eco- product. nomically active. Cereal imports: Measured in grain equivalents and defined as comprising all cereals in the Standard International Trade NATURAL RESOURCES (FAO) Classification, revision 2, groups 041-046. Cereal imports are based on calendar-year data. Area: Total surface area in square kilometers, comprising Food aid in cereals: Wheat and flour, bulgur, coarsegrains, land area and all inland waters. and the cereal component of blended foods; based on data Density: Population per square kilometer of total surface area. for crop years reported by donor countries and international Agricultural land: Estimate of area used for crops, pastures, organizations, including the International Wheat Council market and kitchen gardens, or lying fallow, as a percentage and the World Food Programme. Food aid information by of total land area (excluding area under inland water and donors may not correspond to actual receipts by beneficiar- rivers). ies during a given period because of delays in transportation Change in agricultural land: Annual rate of change in agri- or recording, or because it is sometimes not reported to the cultural land. FAO or other relevant international organizations. Agricultural land under irrigation: Areas provided with Foodproduction per capita: The average annual quantity of water (including land flooded by river water) for crop pro- food produced per capita in 1991-93 in relation to that duction or pasture improvement, whether these areas are produced in 1979-81. Food is defined as comprising nuts, irrigated several times or only once during the year stated. pulses, fruit, cereals, vegetables, sugarcane, sugar beets, For some African countries, data on irrigation have been starchy roots, edible oils, livestock, and livestock products. revised recently on the basis of new studies. Quantities of food produced are measured net of animal feed, Forests and woodland: Land under natural or planted stands seeds for agriculture, and food lost in processing. (The data of trees, whether productive or not, including land from are weighted by value and not calorie content which gives which forests have been cleared but that will be reforested in rise to different perspective depending on the relative share the foreseeable future. of low-value high-calorie carbohydrates versus high-value Deforestation rate (net): Annual rate of change of forests and lower-calorie livestock products). woodland area. A positive sign indicates an increase in the Fertilizer consumption: Total consumption of nitrogenous, forested area. phosphatic and potash fertilizers divided by the area of agricultural land. 388 Share ofAgriculture in GDP: Forestry, hunting, fishing. and INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL agriculture; in developing countries with high level of sub- sistence farming, much of agricultural production is either Health OVHO) not exchanged, or not exchanged for money. This increases the difficulty of measuring the contribution of agriculture to Population per phYsician: Physicians includes the total GDP and reduces the reliability and comparability of such number of registered practitioners in the country. Note that numbers. the definition of recognized medical practitioners differs among countries. Housing Population per nurse: Nursing persons include auxiiary nurses and paraprofessional personnel such as traditional Housing (as a percentage of GDP): Percentage, computed birth attendants. Inclusion of auxiliary and paraprofessional as in food and reflecting actual and imputed household personnel provides a more realistic estimate of available expenditure outlays, such as actual and imputed rents and nursing/health care overall. repair and maintenance charges, as well as fuel and power Populationper hospital hed: Number of hospital beds avail- for heating, lighting, cooking, and so forth. able in public and private, general and specialized hospital. Average household size: A group of individuals who share and rehabilitation centers. Hospitals are establishments per- living quarters and main meals. manently staffed by at least one physician. Fixed investment: housing: Percentage is computed as in Oral rehydralion therapy use: Percentage of diarrhea epi- food. Includes all outlays, public and private, on residential sodes in children under 5 years of age treated with oral buildings, plus net changes in the level of inventory which in rehydration salts or a physiologically appropriate household this context relates primarily to work in progress. (A major solution. renovation or reconstruction would be included as capital for- mation). Education (UNESCO) Fuel and power Secondary school enrollment: Computed in the same manner as the primary school ratio; the age group again varies but is Fuel and power (as percentage of GDPP): Percentage is usually 12-17. computed as in food. Includes electricity, gas, liquid and Pupil-teacher ratio: Number of pupils enrolled in school other fuels, and ice. divided by the total number of teachers. In the case of Energy consumption per capita: Annual consumption of secondary education, the ratio refers to pupils and teachers comPmercial primary energy (coal, lignite, petroleum, natural in general education only. gas, and hydro, nuclear, and geothermal electricity) in kilo- Pupils reaching grade 4: Percentage of children starting grams of oil equivalent per capita. primary school and continuing until grade 4, based on enroll- Household with electricity: Conventional dwellings with ment records. The data are affected by repeaters. electricity in living quarters, as a percentage of all dwellings. Repeater rate primary: Children in primary school who repeat a grade as a percentage of all enrolled children. Transportation and communication Illiteracy rate: Defined here as the proportion of the popu- lation 15 years of age and older who cannot, with under- Transportation andcommunication (as percentage ofGDP): standing, both read and write a short simple statement on Percentage is computed as inmfood. Includes the purchase of everyday life. This is only one of three widely accepted motor cars. definitions and its application is subject to significant quali- Fixed investment: transport equisment: Computed as in fiers in a number of countries. The data for the most recent food. Includes all outlay, public and private, on transport estimates are from the illiteracy estimates and projections equipment, plus net changes in level of inventory, prepared by UNESCO. Total road length: Includes main paved and unpaved roads Newspaper circulation: Average circulation of a "daily, as well as unclassified lower standard roads. general interest newspaper," defined as a news periodical published at least four times a week. 389 Selected References Many of the statistics assembled in this volume come from grams of sectoral divisions or through special studies under- special agencies that have used questionnaires and surveys taken by Bank staff, such as the information on poverty lines. to collect country data. In some cases, particularly for popu- This volume includes only a portion of the social indicators lation and related statistics, Bank staff revise these statistics available from source agencies. Additional data and other with more recent information they have obtained from the indicators can be obtained from the organizations listed country. Statistics are also generated through the work pro- below and from their recent publications. Poverty and Income Eurostat. Various years. Demographic Statistics. Luxem- bourg. Statististical Office of the European Community. Living Standard Measurement Surveys. Institute for Resource Development/Westinghouse. 1987. National Statistical Agencies. Child Survival: Risks and the Road to Health. Columbia, Social Dimensions of Adjustment Surveys. Md. U.N. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs. International Labour Office. 1995. Yearbook ofLabour Sta- Various years. Monthly Bulletin ofStatistics. New York. tistics. Geneva. World Bank. 1996. World Bank Atlas, 1996. . 1995. Labour Force Estimates and Projections, 1950- World Bank Reports and data. 2010. Geneva. _.1995. Estimates of the economically active population Human Resources by sex and age group and by main sectors of economic activity. Geneva. Bos, Eduard, My T. Vu, Ernest Massiah, and Rodolfo A. ILO data. Bulatao. 1994. World Population Projections, 1994-1995. McGreevey, William. 1990. Social Security in Latin Amer- Baltimore, Md.: John Hopkins University Press. ica: Issues and Optionsfor the World Bank. World Bank Carlson, Beverly A., and Tessa M. Wardlaw. A Global, Discussion Papers no. 110. Washington, D.C. Regional and Country Assessment of Child Malnutrition. U.N. Administrative Committee on Co-ordination Subcom- Staff Working Paper No. 7. New York: UNICEF. mittee on Nutrition. Various years. Update on the Nutri- Coale, A.J., and P. Demeny (with B. Vaughn). 1983. Re- tional Situation. Geneva. gional Model Life Tables and Stable Populations. 2nd ed. UNICEF. 1996. The State of the World's Children, 1996. New York: Academic Press. New York. Council of Europe. 1993. Recent Demographic Develop- United Nations Department of International Economic and menis in Europe and North America, 1992. Council of Social Affairs. Various years. Population and Vital Statis- Europe Press. tics Report. New York. Demographic and Health Surveys. 390 . 1988. Mortality of Children under Age 5: Projections Kravis, Irving, Alan Heston, and Robert Summers. 1982. 1950-2025. New York. World PrOduct and Income: International Comparisons of . 1993. World Population Monitoring, 1993. New York Real Gross Product. Baltimore: United Nations and World . The World Urbanization Prospects, 1994 Revison. Bank. 1994 U.N. Department of Economics and Social Informa- Oroanization for Economic Cooperation and Development. tion and Policy Analysis. New York. Department ofEconomics and Statistics. 1987. Purehas- .W4orld Population Prospects The 1994 EdiIon. 1994 ng Polvr Paritics and Real Expenditures, 1985. Paris. U.N. Department of Economics and Social Intbrmation U.N. Commission of the European Communities. 1987. and Policy Analysis. New York. 11"orldComparisons ql Purchasing Power and Real Prod- United Nations Department of International Economic and ULtIfir 080. Phase IV_ New York. Social Information and Policv Analhsis. 1995. The U.N. Department of International Economic and Social World's Women 1995. New York. Affairs. Various years.Aonth/v BulletinofStatistics. New United States Bureau of Census. 1984. Women ofthe World. York. USAID. Office of Women in Development. Washington. U.N. Department of International Economic and Social In- D.C. formation and Polic Analysis. 1995. Compendium of . Various years. World Population - Recent Estimates/fr Iluman SetlemeneStatistics. New York. the Countries and Regions ofthe World Washington, D.C.: UNICEF. 1987. Statistics on Children in UNICEFAssisted U.S. Government Printing Office. Countries. New York. World Health Organization. 1991. Maternal AlortalitY - a United Nations national accounts data. Global Facibook. Geneva. World Bank. 1988. Road Deterioration in Developing Coun- Various years. World Health Statistics. Geneva. tries: Causes and Remedies. Policy Study. Washington, D.C. Natural Resources and the Environmient Investinent in Human Capital Food and Agriculture Organization data. International Energy Agency data. Ross, John, and others. 1993. Family Planning and Popula- World Health Organization. 1987. The International Drink- tion: A Compendium of International Statistics. New ing Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (as at December York: The Population Council. 1985). Geneva. UNESCO. 1989. Compendium of Statistics on Illiteracy. _. 1990. The International Drinking Water Supply and Paris. Sanitation Decade ( as at December 1988). Geneva. . Various years. Statistical Yearbook. Paris. WHO data. World Health Organization. Various years. World Health World Resources Institute, International Institute for Envi- Statistics Annual. Geneva. ronmental Development, United Nations Environmental _. Programme for Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases. Sixth Programme. Various years. World Resources. New York: Programme Report, 1986-87. Geneva. Basic Books, Inc. _. Programme for Control ofDiarrhoeal Diseases. Various years. Interim Programme Report. Geneva. Expenditure and Infrastructure . 1995. The World Health Report - Bridging the gaps. Geneva. FAO. 1983. FoodAid in Figures. (December). Rome. _. Various years. Expanded Programme on Immunization. International Monetary Fund. 1995. Government Finance Information System: Summary for the WHO. Geneva. Statistics. Washington, D.C. UNESCO data. International Road Federation. 1994. World Road Statistics 1989-1993. Washington, DC. 391  Classifications of Economies Table I Classification of economies by income and region, 1996 Sub-Saharan Africa Asia Europe and Central Asia AMiddle East and North Africa East and Eastern Income Southern East Asia and Europe and Rest of Middle North group Subgroup Africa West Africa Pacific South Asia Central Asia Europe East Africa Americas Burundi Benin Cambodia Afghanistan Albania Yemen. Rep. Egypt, Arab Guyana Comoros Burkina Faso China Bangladesh Armenia Rep. Haiti Eritrea Cameroon Lao PDR Bhutan Azerbaijan Honduras Ethiopia Central African Mongolia India Bosnia and Nicaragua Kenya Republic Myaniar Nepal Herzegovina Lesotho Chad Vietnam Pakistan Georgia Madagascar Congo Sri Lanka Kyrgyz Republic Malawi Cote d'lvoire Tapkistan Mozambique Equatorial Guinea Rwanda Gambia. The Low- Somalia Ghana iholnie Sudan Guinea Tanzania Guinea-Bissau Uganda Liberia Zaire Mali Zambia Matuitania Zimbabwe Niger Nigeria Sio Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Angola Cape Verde Fiji Maldives Belarus Turkey Iran, Islamic Rep. Algeria Belize Botswana Indonesia Bulgaria Iraq Morocco Bolivia Djibouti Kiribati Croatia Jordan Tunisia Colombia Namibia Korea, Den. Rep. Estonia Lebanon Costa Rica Swaziland Marshall Islands Kazakstan Syrian Arab Cuba Micronesia. Latvia Republic Dominica Fed. Sts. Lithuania West Bank Dominican N Mariana Macedoima, and Gaza Republic Islands FYR" Ecuador Loser Papia New Moldova El Salvador Guinea Poland Grenada Philippines Romania Guatemala Solomon Islands Russian Jamaica Thailand Federation Paiaia Tonga Slovak Republic Paraguay Vanuatui Turkmenistan Peru Westem Samoa Ukraine St. Vincent and Uzbekistan the Grenadines Atiddle- Yugoslavia. Suriname incmtOife Fed. Rep. Venezuela Mauritisus Gabon Ameiican Samoa Czech Republic Greece Bahrain Libya Antigua and Mavotte Guam Hungaiy Isle of Maii Oman Barbuda Reunion Koiea, Rep Sloveiia Malta Saudi Arabia Aigentina Seychelles Malaysia Barbados South Africa New Caledonia Brazil Chile French Guiana Guadeloupe Upper Marnuiique Mexico Puerto Rico St. Kilts and Nevis St. Lucia Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Subtotal 165 27 23 25 8 27 4 10 5 36 394 Table 1 (continued) Sub-Saharan Africa Asia Europe and Central Asia Middle East and North Africa East and Eastern Income Southern East Asia and Europe and Rest of Middle North group Subgroup Africa West Africa Pacific South Asia Central Asia Europe East Africa Americas Australia Austria Canada Japan Belgium United States New Zealand Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland Ireland OECD Italy Countries Luxembourg Netherlands Norway High- Portugal ncome Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Brunei Andorra Israel Aruba French Polynesia Channel Islands Kuwait Bahamas, The Hong Kong Cyprus Qatar Bermuda NonOECD Macao Faeroe Islands United Arab Cayman Islands Countries Singapore Greenland Emirates Netherlands OAEb Liechtenstein Antilles Monaco Virgin Islands (US) Total. 210 27 23 34 8 27 28 14 5 44 a. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. b. Other Asian economies-Taiwan, China. For operational and analytical purposes, the World Bank's main Definitions of groups criterion for classifying economies is gross national product (GNP) per capita. Every economy is classified as low-income, middle- These tables classify alt World Bank member countries, and all other income (subdivided into lower-middle and upper-middle), or high- economies with populations of more than 30,000. income. Other analytical groups, based on geographic regions, exports, and levels of external debt, are also used. Income group: Economies are divided according to 1994 GNP per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. The groups are: Low-income and middle-income economies are sometimes referred low-income, $725 or less; lower-middle-income, $726-$2,895; upper- to as developing economies. The use of the term is convenient; it is middle-income, $2,896-$8,955; and high-income, $8,956 or more. not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have The estimates for the republics of the former Soviet Union are reached a preferred or final stage of development. Classification by preliminary and their classification will be kept under review. income does not necessarily reflect development status. 395 Table 2 Classification of economies by major export category and indebtedness, 1996 Low- and middle-income Low-income Middle-income High-income Severely Moderately Less Severely Moderately Less Not classified Group indebted indebted indebted indebted indebted indebted by indebtedness OECD nonOECD India Annenia Bulgaria Russian Belarus Canada Hong Kong Pakistan China Federation Czech Republic Finland Israel Georgia Estonia Germany Macao Kyrg-z Korea, Dem. Ireland Singapore Republic Rep. Italy OAE' Korea, Rep. Japan Lyporier% of Latvia Sweden nianufacturev Lebanon Switzerland Lithuania Malaysia Moldova Romania Thailand Ukraine Uzbekistan Burundi Albania Mongolia Bolivia Chile Botswana American Samoa Iceland Faeroe Islands C6te d'lvoire Chad Cuba Namibia French Guiana New Zealand Greenland Equatorial Guinea Malawi Peru Solomon Islands Guadeloupe Ghana Zimbabwe Suriname Reunion Guinea Swaziland Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Liberia Madagascar Mali Exporters Mauritania ofionfiuel Myanmar priniari Nicaragua products Niger Rwanda SAo Tome and Principe Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Vietnam Zaire Zambia Congo Algeria Venezuela Bahrain Brunei Nigeria Angola Iran,Islamic Qatar Gabon Republic United Arab Exporters Iraq Libya Emirates o!ffuels Oman (mainmli oil) Saudi Arabia Trinidad and Tobago Turkmenistan Cambodia Benin Bhutan Jamaica Cape Verde Antigua and Martinique United Aruba Ethiopia Comoros Burkina Faso Jordan Dominican Barbuda Kingdom Bahamas, The Mozambique Egypt, Arab Lesotho Panama Republic Barbados Bermuda Yemen, Rep. Rep Greece Belize Cayman Islands Gambia, The Morocco Djibouti Cyprus Haiti Western Samoa El Salvador French Polynesia Nepal Fiji Kuwait Eyporters Grenada Monaco of.serrue.s Kiribati Maldives Paraguay Seychelles St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia Tonga Vanuatu 396 Table 2 (continued) Low- and middle-income Low-income Middle-income High-income Severely Moderately Less Severely Moderately Less Not classified Group indebted indebted indebted indebted indebted indebted by indebtedness OECD nonOECD Afghanistan Bangladesh Azerbaijan Argentina Colombia Costa Rica Australia Netherlands Cameroon Lao PDR Sri Lanka Brazil Hungary Dominica Austria Antilles Central African Senegal Tajikistan Ecuador Indonesia Guatemala Belgium Republic Mexico Papua New Kazakstan Denmark Kenya Poland Guinea Malta France 1i)verstfied Sierra Leone Syrian Arab Philippines Mauritius Luxembourg exporters Republic Tunisia South Africa Netherlands Turkey St. Vincent and Norway Uruguay the Grenadines Portugal Yugoslavia, Spain Fed. Rep. United States Croatia Bosnia and Andorra Macedonia. Herzegovina Channel Islands FYR' Eritrea Liechtenstein New Caledonia Guam Virgin Slovak Republic Isle of Man Islands (US) Not clas ied Slovenia Marshall Islands by erport Mayotte categonr Micronesia, Fed Sts N. Mariana Islands Puerto Rico West Bank and Gaza Number of economies 210 36 15 11 17 16 55 15 22 23 a. Other Asian econonies-Taiwan, China b. Economies in which no single export category accounts for 50 percent or more of total exports c. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Definitions of groups These tables classify all world Bank member economies, plus all either of the two key ratios is above critical levels: present value of other economies with populations of more than 30.000. debt service to GNP (80 percent) and present value of debt service to exports (220 percent). Moderatelv indebted means either of the Major export category: Major exports are those that account for 50 two key ratios exceeds 60 percent of. but does not reach, the critical percent or more of total exports of goods and services from one levels. For economies that do not report detailed debt statistics to category, in the period 1990-93. The categories are: nonfuel the World Bank Debtor Reporting System (DRS), present-value primary (SITC 0,1,2,4, plus 68); fuels (SITC 3); manufactures calculation is not possible. Instead, the following methodology is (SITC 5 to 9, less 68); and services (factor and nonfactor service used to classify the non-DRS economies. Severely indebted means receipts plus workers' remittances). If no single category accounts three of four key ratios (averaged over 1992-94) are above critical for 50 percent or more of total exports, the economy is classified levels: debt to GNP (50 percent); debt to exports (275 percent): debt as diversifled. service to exports (30 percent); and interest to exports (20 percent). Moderatelv indebted means three of the four key ratios exceed 60 Indebtedness: Standard World Bank definitions of severe and percent of, but do not reach, the critical levels. All other classified moderate indebtedness, averaged over three years (1992-94) are low- and middle-income economies are listed as less-indebted. used to classify economies in this table. Severely indebted means 397 Distributors of World CHINA FRANCE ISRAEL NEW ZEALAND RUSSIAN FEDERATION Wennergren-Williams AB China Financial & Economic World Bank Pubtications Yozmot Literature Ltd. EBSCO NZ Ltd. Isdatelsvo P. .Box 1305 Bank Publications Publishing House 66, avenue cfl&a PO.Box 56055 Private Mail Bag 99914 9a. Lochrui pereulok S-171 25 SoIna 8. Da Fo SI Dong Jie 75116 Paris Tel Aviv 61560 New Market Moscow 101831 Tel. (8) 705-97-50 Prices aid credit terms vary Beijing Tel (1) 40-69-30-55 Tel (3) 5285-397 Audland Tel (95) 917 87 49 Fax (8) 27-00-71 rm country to country. Tel (1) 333-8257 Fax (1) 40-69-30-68 Fax. (3) 5285-397 Tel (9) 524-8119 Fax: (95) 917 92 59 Consult your local distributor Fax. (1) 401-7365 Fax (9) 524-8067 SWITZERLAND before placing an order. GERMANY R.O.Y. International SAUDI ARABIA, QATAR Lbraine Payot COLOMBIA UNO-Verlag PO Box 13056 NIGERIA Janr Book Store Service Instiutionnel Intoenlace Ltda. Poppelsdlorter Allee 55 Tel Aviv 61130 Unrversity Press Lmited P.O. Bo 3196 Ctes-de-Montbenon 30 ALBANIA Apartado Aereo 34270 53115 Bonn Tel (3) 5461423 Three Crowns Buiking Jericho Rryalh 11471 1302 Lausanne Adnon Ltd 8gola 0.E Tel: (228) 212940 Fax (3) 5461442 Private Mail Bag 5095 Tel. (1) 477-3140 Tel (021)-320-2511 Pedal Rexhepi Sr. Tel. (1) 285-2796 Fax: (228) 217492 Ibadan Fax: (1) 477-2940 Fax: (021)-320-2514 Pall.9, Shk 1. Ap.4 Fax (1) 285-2798 Palestinian Authorily/Middle East Tel (22) 41-1356 Tirana GREECE Index Information Services Fax: (22) 41-2056 SINGAPORE, TAIWAN, Van Dairmen Editions Techniques Tel: (42) 274 19,221 72 COTE D'IVOIRE Papasotiriou S.A RO.B. 19502 Jerusalem MYANMAR, BRUNEI Ch.de Lacuez 41 Fax (42) 274 19 Centre d'Edlin et de Diffusion 35, Slournara SIr Tel. (2) 271219 NORWAY Asahgate Publishing Asia CH1807 Blonay Afncaines (CEDA) 106 82 Athens ITALY Narvesen Information Center Pacific Pte. Ltd. Tel (021) 943 2673 ARGENINA 04 B.P.541 Tel- (1) 364-1826 Lcosa Commissionaria Sansoni SPA Book Department 41 Kallang Pudding Road #04-03 Fax:(021) 943 3605 Ohica del Lbro Internaconal AbKidan 04 Plateau Fax (1) 364-8254 Via Duca Di Calbria, 1/1 PO. Box 6125 E#tOrstad Golden Wheel Building Av.Cordoba 1877 Tel: 225-24-6510 Casella Postale 552 N-0602 Oslo 6 Singapore 349316 TANZANIA 1120 Buenos Aires Fax 225-25-0567 HONG KONG, MACAO 50125 Firenze Tel: (22) 57-3300 Tel (65) 741-5166 OxIord University Press Tel. (1) 815-8156 Asia 2000 Lid. Tel (55) 645-415 Fax: (22) 68-1901 Fax (65) 742-9356 Maktaba Street Fax (1) 815-8354 CYPRUS Sales & Circulation Department Fax. (55) 641-257 PO Box 5299 Center of Applied Research Seabird House, unit 110102 PAKISTAN SLOVAK REPUBLIC Dar as Salaam AUSTRALIA, FJI, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Cyprus College 22-28 Wyncram Street, Central JAMAICA Mirza Book Agency Slovan G.TG. Ltd. Tel: (51) 29209 SOLOMON ISLANDS, VANUATU, AND WEST- 6. Diogenes Street. Enger Hong Kong Ian Randle Publishers Ltd 65, Shrah-e-Ouaid-e-Azam Krupinska 4 Fax (51) 46822 ERN SAMOA PO Box 2006 Tel: 852 2530-1409 206 Old Hope Road PO Box No.729 PO Box 152 DA Information Services Nicosia Fax 852 2526-1107 Kingston 6 Lahore 54000 852 99 Bratislava 5 THAILAND 648 Whitehorse Road Tel. 244-1730 URL htlp-ilrww.sales@ase2000 com hk Tel: 809-927-2085 Tel: (42) 7353601 Tel (7) 839472 Central Books Distrbution Micham 3132 Fax: 246-2051 Fax: 809-977-0243 Fax: (42) 7585283 Fax: (7) 839485 306 Silom Road Victoria HUNGARY Bangkok Tel (61) 3 9210 7T77 CZECH REPUBUC Foundalicn for Market JAPAN Oxford University Press SOUTH AFRICA, BOTSWANA Tel: (2) 235-5400 Fax (61) 3 9210 778 National Information Center Economy Eastem Book Service 5 Bangalore Town Forsagn Was- Fax: (2) 237-8321 URL: hWApv/wwwdadirect corn au prodejna, Korviktska 5 Dombovari Ut 17-19 Hongo 3-Chome, Sharae Faisal Oxiord University Press CS - 113 57 Prague 1 H-1117 Budapest Bunkyo-kau 113 PO Box 13033 Southern Africa TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, JAMAICA AUSTRIA Tel. (2) 2422-9433 Tel. 36 1204 2951 or Tokyo Karachi-75350 PO Box 1141 Systematics Studies Unit Germid and Co Fax: (2) 2422-1484 36 1 204 2948 Tel: (03) 3818-0861 Tel: (21) 446307 Cape Town 8000 19 Watts Street Graben 31 URL: htlpilwww.nis.cri Fax: 36 1 204 2953 Fax: (03) 38180864 Fax (21) 454-7640 Tel: (21) 45-7266 Curepe A-1011 Wien URL htlpilwww.bekkname orlp/-sv-obs Fax: (21) 45-7265 Trinidad, West Indies Tel (1)533-50-14-0 DENMARK INDIA PERU Tel: 809-662-5654 Fax. (1) 512-47-31-29 SamfundsLateratur Allied Ptlishers Ltd. KENYA Editorial Desarrollo SA For subscrpton orders Fax: 809-682-5654 Rosenoems Al 11 751 Mount Road Arica Book Service (E.A.) Ltd. ApartadD 3824 International Subscription Service BANGLADESH DK-1970 Frederiksberg C Madras - 600 002 Quaran House, Mlangano Street Lina 1 PO Box 41095 UGANDA Micro Industries Development Tel (31)-351942 Tel: (44) 852-3938 PO BoX 45245 Tel (14)285380 Craighall Gustro Ltd. Assistance Society (MIDAS) Fax (31)-357822 Fax: (44) 852-0649 Nairobi Fax (14) 286628 Johannesburg 2024 Madhvani Building House 5, Road 16 Tel- (2) 23641 Tel (11) 880-1448 PO BoK 9997 Dhanmondi R/Area ECUADOR INDONESIA Fax (2) 330272 PHILIPPINES Fax. (11) 8Bl-6248 Pltl 16/4 Jnp Rd. Dhaka 1209 Facutad Laroamencana de Pt Indira Limiled rerational Booksource Center Inc. Kampala Tel (2) 326427 Ciencies Sociales Jaan Bomrbudur 20 KOREA, REPUBLIC OF Suite 720, Cilyland 10 SPAIN TefFax: (41) 254763 Fax: (2) 811188 FLASCO-SEDE Ecuador P0.Bo 181 Daelon Tradng Co. Ltd. Condommium Tower 2 Mundi-Prensa Lbros, S.A. Cale Upiano Paez 118 Jakarta 10320 PO Box 34 H V dela Costa, comer Castello 37 UNITED KINGDOM BELGIUM y A. Patria Tel: (21) 390-4290 Yeoeda Valerm St. 26001 Madrid Micrainfo Ltd Jean De Lannoy Quito, Ecuador Fax: (21) 421-4289 Seoul Makati, Metro Mania Tel: (1) 431-3399 PO.Box 3 Av du Roi 202 Tel (2) 542 714:542 716,528 200 Tel (2) 785-1631/4 Tel (2) 817-9676 Fax (1) 575-3998 Allon, Hampshire GU34 2PG 1060 Brussels Fax:(2) 566 139 IRAN Fax.(2) 784-0315 Fax (2) 817-1741 httpJ/www.tsai.es/mprensa England Tel (2) 538-5169 Kowkab Pubishers Tel: (1420) 86848 Fax: (2) 538-0641 EGYPT, ARAB REPUBLIC OF PO.BoK 19575-511 MALAYSIA POLAND Mundi-Prensa Barcelona Fax: (1420) 89889 Al Ahrar Tehran University of Malaya Cooperative Intemnational Publshng Service Consel de Cent. 391 BRAZIL AJ Galan Street Tel: (21) 258-3723 Baoksho, Lited Ut. Piekna 31/37 0009 Barcerna ZAMBIA Pubhcac6es Tecnicas Interaconais Cairo Fax: 98 (21) 258-3723 PO. Box 1127 00-577 Warzawa Tel (3) 488-3009 University Bookshop Litda. Tel (2) 578-0B3 Jean Parte Baru Tel: (2) 628-6089 Fax: (3) 487-7659 Grea East Road Campus Rua Peoolo Gonride 209 Fax- (2) 578-6833 Ketab Sara Co. Publishers 59700 Kuala Lurpur Fax: (2) 621-7255 PO. B 32379 01409 Sao Pauo, SP Khaled Esetmbol Ave.. Tel- (3) 756-500 SRI LANKA,THE MALDIVES Lusaka Tel (11) 259-6644 The Middle East Observer 6th Street Fax (3) 755-4424 PORTUGAL Lake House Bookshop Tel: (1) 213221 Ext. 482 Fax (11) 258-6990 41, Shent Street Kusheh Detrooz No.8 Lraria Portugal PO Bo 244 Cairo Tehran MEXICO Rua Do Carmo 70-74 100, Sir Chilapalanm A- ZIMBABWE CANADA Tel (2) 393-9732 Tel: 8717819 or 8716104 INFOTEC 1200 Lisbon Gardiner Mawatha Longna Zimtabwe (Pe )Ltd. Renouf Publisinng Co Ltd Fax: (2) 393-9732 Fax. 8862479 AparladD Postal 22-860 Tel. (1) 3474982 Colombo 2 Tourie Road, Atrcbennie 1294 Algame Road 14060 Talpan, Fax: (1) 347-0264 Tel: (1) 32195 PO.B ST125 Ottawa, Ontario KIB 3W8 FINLAND IRELAND Mexico D F Fax. (1) 432104 Southerton Tel 613-741-4333 Akateemnn Kirjakauppa Goverment Supplies Agency Tel. (5) 606-0011 ROMANIA Harare Fax 613-741-5439 PO Box 23 Olig an tSoltrair Fax (5) 605-0386 Compani De Lbrai Bucuresti SA SWEDEN Tel- (4) 662711 FIN-00371 Helsinki 4-5 Harcourt Road Str. Lipscan no 26, sector 3 Fritzes Customer Service Fax (4) 662716 Tel (0) 12141 Dublin 2 NETHERLANDS Bucharest Regeringsgalon 12 Fax (0) 1214441 Tel: (1) 461-3111 De LidetoorrOnOr-Publkates Tel. (1) 613 9645 S-106 47 Stockhokn URL: tlpiooknet.cultnet.fialka Fax: (1) 475-2670 P0. Box 202 Fax: (1) 312 400 Tel: (8) 69 90 90 7480 AE Haaksbergen Fax (8) 21 47 77 Tel: (53) 574-4 Fax (53) 572-9296  THE WORLD BANK / BANQUE MONDIALE / BANCO MUNDIAL DATA ON CD-ROM AND DISKETTE All data series in the annual publications described below are available in time series on World*Data 1995: World Bank Indicators on CD-ROM. This product features over 700 time-series indicators for the period 1960-94 for 209 countries, as well as the full text of Trends in Developing Economies 1995. The CD-ROM employs the World Bank's *STARS* retrieval system, which allows users to view and manipulate the data and to export it to spreadsheet and database formats and to any program that reads AscII characters. World*Data requires an iBM-compatible computer running Dos 2.1 or higher, a CD-ROM reader, and at least 512K of available memory. The data series for the individual publications described below are also available in time series on 3.5-inch diskettes in the *STARS* retrieval sys- tem. *STARS* diskette products require an iBM-compatible computer running Dos 2.1 or higher and 512K or more of available memory. A new CD-ROM product, World Debt Tables 1996 on CD-ROM, is described below. WORLD DEBT TABLES 1996 Provides complete and up-to-date data and analysis on the debt and international capital flows of developing countries in two volumes. Volume I analyzes recent and prospective trends in external finance for developing countries, along with summary tables. Data presented in both volumes are compiled from the World Bank's exclusive Debtor Reporting System. The tables in Volume 2 give statistics for 136 countries on public and publi- cally guaranteed long-term debt, private nonguaranteed long-term debt, short-term debt, and International Monetary Fund credits. Indicators report on debt outstanding, undisbursed debt, commitments, disbursements, repayments of principal, net flows, interest payments, and net trans- fers. Also provided are data on the currency composition of long-term debt, debt restructuring, and debt service projections. Aggregate data are pre- sented for all countries and for selected groups, including principal borrowers and highly indebted countries. The Extract volume contains sum- maries in English, French, Spanish, and Arabic. New this year is the World Debt Tables 1996 on CD-ROM, which includes both the analytical text and summary data from Volume I and the country data from Volume 2. TRENDS IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 1995 This annual collection of profiles of economic conditions in developing economies is one of the World Bank's most eagerly awaited publications. The seventh edition analyzes the recent economic performance of approximately 115 economies. The reports describe each country's economic fea- tures, current socioeconomic issues, and prospects and summarize national development strategies. Statistical tables are designed to give fast access to key data on economic and social indicators and are accompanied by graphs. Most indicators include data for the 1980s and for 1992-94. The 'ASTARs* diskettes include time-series data for 1980-94, with links between data tables and text. TRENDS IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 1995 EXTRACTS: VOL. 1. EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA. VOL. 2. EMERGING CAPITAL MARKETS. VOL. 3. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Three regional extracts from Trends in Developing Economies present brief analytical descriptions and data on recent socioeconomic performance and trends. Volume 1 covers 20 economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Volume 2 concentrates on 22 developing countries where stock markets have grown rapidly since the early 1980s and foreign investment has increased since 1989. Volume 3 presents individual pro- files of 40 Sub-Saharan African countries. WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1996 This series, now in its nineteenth year, has been described as "the most influential document in setting the agenda for the development debate." World Development Report 1996 focuses on the transition from plan to market, in particular in Central and Eastern Europe, the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Vietnam, and China. It covers a range of topics, including macroeconomic policy and structural change, privati- zation, legal and financial reforms, corruption, the reform of government, and the role of international integration. It includes the World Development Indicators-statistical tables that, this year, provide instant access to a selection of the most current data available on social and eco- nomic development in more than 200 economies, including the countries of the former Soviet Union and the Eastern and Central European economies. Topics range from agricultural production to the percentage of women in the labor force. WORLD TABLES 1995 The most detailed collection of economic data published in print by the World Bank. This edition provides economic, demographic, and social data for about 164 economies plus basic indicators for an additional 45 economies. The time series spans 1973 to 1993. Data are organized by topic and by country. The topical pages report GNP, GDP, domestic savings and investment, imports and exports, and other economic indicators for individual countries, geographic regions, and income groups. The country pages consist of four-page tables for most of the World Bank's members, presenting data on GNP per capita, population, origin and use of resources, domestic prices, manufacturing activity, monetary holdings, central gov- ernment finances, foreign trade, balance of payments, and external debt. ISBN 0-8018-5274-9 THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS - BALTIMORE AND LONDON COVER DESIGN: THE MAGAZINE GROUP 9760801 852741