Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations MARCH 2016 © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover design: Takayo Muroga Fredericks TABLE OF CONTENTS A C K N OW L E D G M E N T S ii A B B R E V I AT I O N S , A C RO N Y M S , A N D T R A N S L AT I O N S v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi I N T RO D U CT I O N 1 PA RT I . E I G H T K E Y C RO S S - C U T T I N G , G E N D E R - BA S E D 4 C H A L L E N G E S R E L AT E D TO WAT E R ACC E S S PA RT I I . G U I DA N C E FO R P ROJ E CT S TO I M P ROV E D E V E LO P M E N T 8 O U TCO M E S BY A D D R E S S I N G G E N D E R I S S U E S A . G E N D E R A N A LY S I S 14 B . M O N I TO R I N G A N D E VA LU AT I O N 20 C . TA R G E T I N G A N D PA RT I C I PAT I O N O F WO M E N 30 D . P U B L I C A W A R E N E S S A N D S OC I A L M A R K E T I N G 38 E . C A PA C I T Y B U I L D I N G A N D O R GA N I Z AT I O N A L D E V E LO P M E N T 44 ANNEX I. W H AT D O E S G E N D E R H AV E TO D O W I T H M Y WO R K I N T H E WAT E R S E CTO R ? 50 ANNEX II. S U GG E ST E D I N D I CATO R S FO R G E N D E R-S E N S I T I V E M O N I TO R I N G A N D E VA LU AT I O N 54 ANNEX III. A S S E S S M E N T A N D A CT I O N S FO R G E N D E R CA PAC I T Y B U I L D I N G I N O P E R AT I O N S 58 A N N E X I V. S A M P L E T E R M S O F R E F E R E N C E FO R G E N D E R S P E C I A L I ST S I N WAT E R P ROJ E CT S 62 A N N E X V. A N N OTAT E D B I B L I O G R A P H Y 66 Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  i  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This toolkit has been prepared under the overall guidance of Ousmane Dione (Practice Manager) and Charles Feinstein (former Sector Manager), with financial support from the Water Partnership Program. The task team is led by Toyoko Kodama (Urban Specialist) and consists of Sandra Meryl Ruckstuhl (Gender Specialist, Consultant), Huong Mai Nguyen (Operation Analyst, Consultant), Cameron Wilson (Operation Analyst, Consultant) and Demilour Reyes Ignacio (Program Assistant) with input from Gillian Brown and Karen Jacob. The team wishes to acknowledge the peer reviewers who contributed to the study: Isabel Blackett (Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist), Tuan Anh Le (Social Development Specialist), Penny Dutton (Gender Specialist), Rosemary Rop (Water and Sanitation Specialist), and Helle Buchhave (Gender Specialist). The team is also grateful to Ella Lazarte (Water and Sanitation Specialist) and Shahina Zahir (Consultant), who provided written comments. The study also benefited from the support of many staff from the World Bank, Meskerem Brhane (former Task Team Leader), Yasmeen Tabbaa (former team member), Diego Juan Rodriguez (Senior Economist), Mari Clarke (Gender Specialist), Sanna Liisa Taivalmaa (Senior Gender Specialist), Ingrid Marie Pierre Mollard (Consultant), and other water colleagues, who kindly received our interviews and provided insightful comments. IMAGE CREDIT https://www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/sets/ Toyoko Kodama, Demilour Reyes Ignacio, Water GP team in Manila Office ii  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND TRANSLATIONS AFR Africa Region P4R Program for Results AM Aide Memoire PAD Project Appraisal Document ASA Advisory Services and Analytics PCN Project Concept Note Cap-Net Capacity Development in Sustainable PDO Project Development Objective Water Management PAD Project Appraisal Document CAPYS Community Water Committees PME Participatory Monitoring and CDWUU Community Drinking Water Users Evaluation Union PPAR Project Performance Assessment Douar Village or hamlet Report DPL Development Policy Loan PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper EAP East Asia and Pacific Region RAP Resettlement Action Plan ECA East and Central Asia Region RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation GAP Gender Action Plan RWSSP Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Gram Panchayat Local Village Administrative Unit SAR South Asia Region Gram Sabhas Village Committees SEA Socioeconomic Assessment ICR Implementation Completion and Results Report SHG Self-Help Groups ICT Information and Communication TA Technical Assistance Technology TOR Term of Reference IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development TTL Task Team Leader IPAC International and Public Awareness UNEP United Nations Environment Campaign Programme IPF Investment Program Financing VWSCs Village Water Committees ISR Implementation Status Report WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene IWCs Irrigation Water Communities WBG World Bank Group LAC Latin America and Caribbean Region WRM Water Resource Management M&E Monitoring and Evaluation WSS Water Supply and Sanitation MNA Middle East and North Africa Region WTP Willingness-to-Pay MOA Ministry of Agriculture WTSS Women’s Technical Support Services MTR Midterm Review WUA Water User Associations NFE Nonformal Education WUA-MEs Water User Association-Monitoring and Evaluation System NGO Nongovernmental Organization O&M Operation and Maintenance ODF Open Defecation Free Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  v  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Development Outcomes by Addressing Gender Issues,” demonstrates five aspects of gender-sensitive project design and implementation: 1. Gender Analysis: Identifying the issues, needs and contextual factors affecting male and female stakeholders Executive Summary 2. Monitoring and Evaluation: Tracking and assessing Development initiatives are seldom “gender neutral.” progress toward goals and objectives to improve It is often argued that because a project is pro-poor, it gender sensitivity benefits the interests of male and female stakeholders alike. This widely held assumption limits the potential for 3. Targeting and Participation: Meaningfully engaging optimal development outcomes, however, by generalizing beneficiaries and other stakeholders in gender- the distinct challenges and priorities of these two groups. sensitive project design and implementation We find the same generalized approach in a comprehensive 4. Public Awareness and Social Marketing: Informing portfolio review of 1,400 projects completed from 2000 to and effecting behavioral changes among water users 2014; the vast majority relied on prevailing assumptions in the way they gain access to and manage shared or anecdotal evidence to describe project benefits and resources impacts on female beneficiaries. 5. Capacity Building and Organizational Development: Generalizations that “pro-poor is pro-women” weaken Enabling all water stakeholders—from the development and investment outcomes for three implementing agencies to the beneficiaries—to build reasons. First, men and women often have separate— requisite skills and knowledge for gender-sensitive and sometimes conflicting—priorities for water usage; water services and resource management second, they often have differing levels of access to water resources and may benefit differently from new Additional resources are presented in five annexes. water investments; and third, without specific attention to gender-based needs and concerns, the project may Annex I: Why does Gender Have to do with My reinforce inequities in opportunities for water access and Work in the Water Sector? governance or social norms against women. Annex II: Suggested Indicators for Gender-Sensitive The objective of this toolkit is to provide task teams with Monitoring and Evaluation guidance to improve gender mainstreaming in project Annex III: Assessment and Actions for Gender Capacity design, implementation, and evaluation. It focuses on Building in Operations the roles and responsibilities of both men and women to ensure the concerns and priorities of both genders are Annex IV: Sample Terms of Reference for Gender addressed. The toolkit also looks at how task teams can Specialists in the Water Projects ensure project development objectives equally address the specific and shared interests of both females and Annex V: Annotated Bibliography males throughout the project cycle. The toolkit consists of two parts. Part I, “Eight Key Cross-Cutting Gender-Based Challenges Related to Water Access,” describes eight common challenges to water access in different subsectors, including water supply and sanitation, irrigation, and water resource management. Part II, “Guidance for Projects to Improve Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  vii  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY S Y N O P S I S O F PA RT I 5. Inequitable Water Distribution and Influence over Services. Women’s access to water may be impeded Eight Key Cross-Cutting for three primary reasons: they may lack influence Gender-Based Challenges within existing governance institutions (making them undervalued constituents); they may lack purchasing Related to Water Access power and have limited access to financing (making them undervalued consumers); and their activities Existing literature and practitioners cite eight common related to water use are perceived as less essential to gender-based challenges to water access, which are family livelihoods (making them undervalued users). summarized below. 6. Limited Land Tenure and Property Rights. In 1. Time Burden Due to Unreliable and Unsafe Water many countries, women are forbidden from owning Supplies and Poor Sanitation Services. The opportunity land, and, particularly in rural areas, their limited cost of water collection and purification is particularly access to water resources is associated with their high for females, who are typically responsible for limited access to land. This can, in turn, limit their providing household water. The development impacts participation in governance institutions, such as water associated with poor water and sanitation access can, user associations, and their access to financing for therefore, be more acute for women and girls than for technological or infrastructure improvements (for men and boys. example, irrigation systems). 2. Physical and Social Risks Associated with Collecting 7. Household-Level Food Production Priorities and Water or Using Open Toilets. Traveling long distances Decision Making. In many countries, women are to water collection points or to off-site shared toilets involved in rain-fed agriculture and home gardening for can be dangerous for men and women alike, but household food consumption, while men are generally women are particularly at risk of gender-based responsible for income-generating cultivation, as well violence, which is aggravated during times of armed as the commodity and land management aspects of conflict and the aftermath of natural disasters. irrigation. Agricultural activities overseen by men are 3. Poor Water Quality and Health Care often prioritized over those carried out by women. Responsibilities. Women are often responsible for 8. Inequitable Access to Information, Training, and determining whether water supply for domestic Technology. Competing demands for women’s purposes is safe for consumption, as well as for time (imposed, for example, by their household providing care to family members sickened by responsibilities) constrain their opportunities to waterborne contaminants. Information regarding obtain skills and complete trainings. This limits their these risks is often unknown to women and men, participation in, and their benefits from, the use of however, and the quality of the water may be beyond new water technologies. Additionally, donors often their control. assume that, as heads of households, men will inform 4. Managing Child Care. Child care responsibilities women of new information relating to the use of water impose an additional burden on women, adding to the facilities, but experience has proved such assumptions difficulty of gathering water and managing its use and not entirely accurate and apt to reinforce the women’s keeping them from participating in water development, dependence on men within the community. governance, and training activities, which limits their role in shaping water services and infrastructure delivery plans. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  ix  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY S Y N O P S I S O F PA RT I I Three primary standards characterize good practice in gender analysis: Guidance to Improve Development • From the earliest stage in design, maintain an analytical Outcomes by Addressing Gender paradigm that identifies positive as well as negative Issues in Project Design and impacts on men and women to ensure progress is achieved for men and women alike. Implementation • Build on existing gender disaggregated data, research, and analysis to conserve resources and reduce duplication. • Document gender-related data, challenges, and achievements regularly in project reports (for example, A. GENDER ANALYSIS implementation status reports, aide memoirs, and midterm reviews) to ensure monitoring is maintained An effective gender analysis provides disaggregated data throughout the project lifecycle. by sex and an understanding of the social construction of gender roles, how labor is divided and valued, and male and female behaviors in given contexts. It is also the process of analyzing information on the distribution to men and women of benefits from development interventions to ensure the outcomes are equitable and B. MONITORING AND EVALUATION to anticipate and avoid any negative impacts on women. This section provides a step-by-step guide to the process of building an M&E plan for World Bank projects, and links Gender analysis can be incorporated into water project it with guidance for incorporating gender considerations. preparation in three primary ways: Monitoring and evaluating (M&E) project objectives • It can be an integrative component of the broader that are gender sensitive helps prevent the gender social assessments (for example, the environment and perspective from getting lost in the project cycle among social impact assessments and the social safeguards other technical, financial, and operational concerns. assessments), which should disaggregate water user Because development priorities and benefits differ for needs and scope potential development impacts. men and women, intervention should be deliberately • It can be an element of a willingness-to-pay (WTP) designed to take these differences into account, survey or investment feasibility assessment, which can and measurement should be gender disaggregated. reveal highly gender-differentiated decision-making Moreover, a monitoring process that involves both men processes and potential impacts on choice behavior in and women ensures monitoring will become an inclusive light of development activities, such as tariff reforms. self-management tool rather than a policing instrument. • A social opinion component can be included in the Selected Approaches to Gender-Sensitive Monitoring and technical assessment for infrastructure design. This Evaluation include the following: type of analysis can be carried out to inform a strategy • Participatory monitoring is a means of involving for gender-specific or gender-targeted behavior stakeholders from the start to identify activities and change. indicators, carry out the monitoring itself, and analyze the results of improving future processes—and it builds ownership among participants. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  xi  • External monitoring or evaluation provides independent, • The impact of activities targeted to address the practical external feedback on progress and outcomes. gender needs of women and men—for example, their needs for new skills, knowledge, resources, • Impact evaluations determine whether a program has opportunities, or services in the context of their existing had the desired effects and whether any unanticipated gender roles effects occurred. • The impact of activities designed to increase gender • Gender audits are distinct from regular evaluations equality of opportunity, influence, or benefit—for in that they are based on self-assessments by a example, targeted actions to increase women’s project, organization, or ministry of how gender issues contribution to decision making or the opening of new are addressed in program portfolios and internal opportunities for women and men in nontraditional organizational processes. skill areas In designing the M&E framework, collecting baseline • The impact of activities designed to develop data is essential. Establishing a baseline allows the team gender awareness and skills among policymaking, to measure the progress of the project toward project management, and implementation staff development objectives (PDOs) and interim outcomes. • The impact of activities to promote greater gender In addition to quantitative assessment (see Annex II for a list equality within the staffing and organizational culture of gender-sensitive indicators), qualitative assessment is of development organizations—for example, the impact required to understand gendered impacts of development of affirmative action policies interventions. Examples of commonly used qualitative indicators include the following: xii  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Gendered indicators should be used to assess gender-sensitive participation during the design and implementation of water management activities and investments. For a list of sample quantitative indicators to track the gender-sensitivity of participatory efforts C. TARGETING AND PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN please refer to Annex II. Gender-based targeting and participation enables The quality (not just the quantity) of female participation more inclusive development outcomes, as it accounts should be monitored. Qualitative assessment yields more for the different priorities men and women have with useful, nuanced information to inform course correction regard to water usage and the different benefits they strategies and ensure higher standards of effective receive from investment, and it thereby ensures the female engagement over the life of the project. adequacy and sustainability of the facilities built and the services provided. Significant risks arise when women’s To encourage women’s participation and participation is not prioritized during project design. A empowerment, collective female identities should be common error is to assume household composition is fostered. In projects that challenge traditional gender unitary, with all resources and benefits pooled and then roles—for example, through reforms of water usage and shared equitably. This is often not the case, however, and participation—training in presentation and negotiation, projects that fail to consider such issues might perpetuate as well as the establishment of women’s organizations, inefficiencies and poor governance. can also help to empower women and make the reforms more sustainable. Meaningful participation requires that both males and females be afforded adequate voice and representation Alliances should be formed with local organizations and equitable engagement throughout the project to institutionalize support for female voices and lifecycle, but women face many barriers. An effective participation. The local knowledge possessed by stakeholder engagement strategy is informed by a nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and research quick and simple assessment of challenges to female institutions can be employed to improve stakeholder participation, which include the following: participation and determine effective channels for consultations with women. • Twofold barriers to women’s voice and participation: self- perceived (for example, women’s fear of participation) and externally imposed (such as prohibition by male authorities) • Resistance to female participation due to a lack of awareness and appreciation of the benefits that can D. PUBLIC AWARENESS AND SOCIAL MARKETING result from open participation A common obstacle to gender mainstreaming is • Uneven quality of female participation due to limited public understanding of the value and benefits communication styles and behavioral norms of incorporating women’s needs, knowledge, and participation into water-related decision making. This • Women’s socioeconomic status, with both men and leads to three main problems faced by water task women of higher status having different stakes and teams: better access to participation than women with lower status. • Local stakeholders—from the ministerial level to the households—who do not understand the value of addressing the marginalization of women in decision making and in access to water may resist gender- focused activities and initiatives. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  xiii  • Gender-sensitive messaging that is hampered by • In communications to promote behavior change in ineffective communication will fail to reach the target water use and sanitation, the priorities of male and audience. female beneficiaries should be determined, and then effectively communicate to those audiences to affect • As men and women may perceive the message for the intended changes in behavior. behavioral change differently, aligning that message with and tailoring it to their specific interests and To deliver effective communications to the targeted concerns is vital. population, media tools need to be strategically chosen. As the ways in which stakeholders obtain information Experience reveals several ways to “connect the dots” may change over the project lifecycle, the following for skeptics so they can see the linkages between questions can be used to reassess over time the media women’s input and development outcomes. These tools chosen and inform any revisions in communication include the following: plans and strategies. • Explain how collective resource governance involving • How do men and women obtain information (in this both genders is associated with positive macro- and case, about water)? microeconomic outcomes. • What are the respective literacy rates of the males and • Explain how productive economic participation of females in the audience? both genders is associated with livelihood security and financial sustainability—for example, female • Are any changes taking place or foreseen in the ways participation in the sector’s value chains, such as in men and women obtain information about water? food processing and health services, can yield positive • Will the project affect the way individuals obtain impacts on livelihoods. information about water—for example, through new • Explain how small infrastructure and household investments? investments that serve the needs of both genders— such as investments in private water and sanitation facilities—are associated with higher social status. • Explain how water investments that improve the physical security of women and girls can also contribute to campaigns for social justice against gender-based E. CAPACITY BUILDING AND ORGANIZATIONAL violence. DEVELOPMENT Gender-based messaging is crucial to bringing about Truly gender-sensitive institutions are defined far desirable behavioral changes with regard both to beyond “head counts” of women attending water participation and water use. Participation and water use development board meetings or female officials working are two common target areas for water projects. Affecting in water utility companies. The sustainability of gender- change among men and women in these areas requires sensitive water governance depends on the quality of different tactics, as they have different ways of receiving gender-balanced participation and representation, and information that could affect their behaviors: the quality of both female and male contributions to development project outcomes can only be achieved if • In communications to promote women’s participation, capacity is built across the range of key stakeholders of women (and those who may influence them) should be both genders and various socioeconomic groups. made aware of the benefits of participation to dissuade them from opting out. xiv  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To manage gender-related issues effectively, project • Facilitate on-the-job learning. The project team can use teams are best served if they are equipped with simple learning tools available online—for example, the knowledge and experience in four areas: course on “Why Gender Matters,” developed by Capacity Development in Sustainable Water Management (Cap- • Knowledge of female and male roles and dynamics in Net) and the Gender Water Alliance, in partnership with the country the UN Development Program. • Practical experience in implementing gender The gender sensitivity and knowledge capacity of strategies, engaging in participatory and consultative local institutions can be assessed and improved by activities, and carrying out monitoring and evaluation reviewing their work programs and cultures. Annex III • Experience in gender research and analysis provides a matrix of questions to identify capacity gaps and associated capacity-building activities the team can • Experience working in different sectors incorporate into their project to close those gaps. Experience on previous projects points to three primary What capacities do female beneficiaries have and need ways to manage capacity gaps in gender expertise: to participate effectively in governance systems, both as educated citizens and as professionals? Experience • Maximize the role of the social safeguards specialist. The shows that water projects that include supporting social safeguards specialist can act as an enforcer of elements, such as training in technical aspects, good standards for gender sensitivity as well as provide management, literacy, confidence building, and so forth, hands-on local knowledge on gender issues in the have a better chance of success in addressing women’s project areas. concerns and involving women in project activities than • Partner with organizations that have local knowledge and those that do not. experience implementing gender-sensitive initiatives. Where necessary, contact local organizations, whose expertise should enable the team to raise gender issues effectively with the client and counterparts. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  xv  INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Introduction This toolkit builds on insights gleaned from a comprehensive portfolio review of over 1,400 World Bank In 2006, the World Bank launched the Gender Action projects completed during the period 2000–2014,1 which Plan, “Gender Equality as Smart Economics,” renewing its documented the state of gender mainstreaming in the commitment to gender mainstreaming in project design projects’ design and implementation. It revealed that and implementation in water investments financed by the only 55 projects, or approximately 4 percent, referenced Bank. Since then, the Bank has promoted actions toward or included evidence of some form of gender-sensitive the achievement of the Third Millennium Development design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation Goal, “Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment,” (M&E), or supervision activities. Most of the projects in all Bank projects. This commitment to ensuring relied on prevailing assumptions or anecdotal evidence shared prosperity and equity of development dovetails to describe their benefits for and impacts on female with the evidence and recommendations in the seminal beneficiaries. Some documentation even stated that 2012 World Development Report, Gender Equality and the projects did not have any explicit gender aspects or Development, which found that involving women and men poverty reduction or social development themes. in water resource initiatives and investment decisions is associated with improved sustainability of development These results begged the question: Given the institutional outcomes. Most recently, in December 2015, the Bank efforts to support gender mainstreaming at both the released an ambitious gender strategy for 2016–2023, corporate and country levels, what was preventing task “Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth,” teams from recognizing and addressing gender issues? setting new goals and even higher standards for helping Although the answer to this question is varied and clients achieve equitable opportunity, shared security, complex, the following five key obstacles were identified and prosperity for both men and women. through interviews conducted with task team leaders in the water sector: Although many development initiatives are thought to • Inadequate awareness and understanding of gender- be “gender neutral,” evidence indicates this is rarely true in application. It is often argued, for example, that based issues on the part of policymakers and project “a pro-poor approach is good for men and women,” or staff that “household needs, and therefore women’s needs, • Lack of commitment toward tackling gender-specific are being addressed” by the project. These assumptions challenges at the project design and implementation ignore the different challenges and priorities of male phases and female stakeholders, and, consequently, limit the potential for optimal investment outcomes. • Lack of capacity and skills to use relevant tools within project teams Furthermore, these generalizations weaken development and investment outcomes for three main reasons. First, • Unavailability of gender-disaggregated data male and female stakeholders often have separate and • Prevailing cultural and social norms within client sometimes conflicting priorities for water usage. Second, governance institutions men and women often have different levels of access to water resources, and may benefit differently from new In light of these obstacles, a convincing case can be made water investments. And, third, by not paying specific for practical guidance to improve gender-sensitive design attention to gender-based needs and concerns, the project and implementation of projects in the water sector. may reinforce inequities in opportunities for water access and governance between men and women or social norms against women, which eventually exacerbates existing gender disparities in development indicators. 1 The portfolio review evaluated projects with water components comprising 20 percent or more of overall net commitments. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  1  OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE TOOLKIT Second, we built the toolkit using an evidence-based This toolkit aims to provide task teams with guidance approach in which we documented and assessed to improve gender mainstreaming in project design, empirical evidence from a portfolio review of 1,400 water implementation, and evaluation. To do so, it does not projects that were closed and completed between FY2000 focus only on the question, What about women? It also and FY2014. Through the review, we recorded the various asks, What is the role of men?—that is, What can men do to approaches used and lessons learned in mainstreaming include women more effectively in the project and account gender in previous Bank projects. for their concerns and priorities? The target audience is Third, a literature review was undertaken to document task team leaders (TTLs) and operational team members, existing gender analyses with reference to water and including gender-focal persons on these teams. frameworks for mainstreaming gender in development In the course of our review and analysis, we also evaluated projects. We also took stock of the existing guidance projects and interviewed TTLs to provide an answer to the and available resources for each subsector of the water question, What success stories emerged when men were sector; what we found is presented as an annotated motivated to get involved in gender mainstreaming? The bibliography (see Annex V). result is the recounting here of proven project success The toolkit consists of two parts. Part I discusses key stories in which TTLs, through various approaches, have cross-cutting challenges in gender-based access to empowered men and women to collaborate in the quest for water. It describes eight common challenges to water shared development benefits. Thus, as presented in this access in different subsectors, including water supply and toolkit, gender mainstreaming refers to ensuring project sanitation, irrigation, and water resource management. development objectives address equally the specific and Part II demonstrates five aspects of gender-sensitive shared interests of both females and males throughout project design and implementation: (A) gender analysis, the project cycle, thereby maximizing sustainable project (B) monitoring and evaluation, (C) targeting and development impacts. 2 participation, (D) public awareness and social marketing, and (E) capacity building and organizational development. DATA COLLECTION AND APPLICATION TO VARIOUS Additional resources for the development practitioner are WORLD BANK LENDING INSTRUMENTS provided in the annexes: This toolkit was developed based on insights from three main sources: interviews with operational staff; a portfolio Annex I— What Does Gender Have to Do with My review of 1,400 projects; and a literature review. Work in the Water Sector? First, to identify the key challenges faced by task teams Annex II—Suggested Indicators for Gender-Sensitive and ensure the relevance of the toolkit’s design to their Monitoring and Evaluation needs and interests as development practitioners, we Annex III—Assessment and Actions for Gender conducted semi-structured interviews with operational Capacity Building in Operations staff in the Water Global Practice in the East Asia and Pacific Region (although insight and examples provided Annex IV—Sample Terms of Reference for Gender by interviewees from their work in other regions should Specialists in Water Projects be noted, as well). Annex V—Annotated Bibliography 2 See Box 2 for guidance on integrating gender aspects into different stages of the project cycle. 2  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations INTRODUCTION Finally, the toolkit is intended to provide guidance on number of the Bank’s products and instruments, including gender-related aspects of water programs, including Investment Program Financing (IPF), Development Policy urban and rural water supply and sanitation, irrigation, Loan (DPL), Program for Results (P4R), and Advisory water resources management, flood risk management, Services and Analytics (ASA). and hydropower. It can be scaled and adapted to suit a B OX 1 Definitions for Key Terms Used in this Toolkit A project-level gender action plan (GAP) is a tool to help clients and task teams strategically plan and Gender is both a biological and a social concept that implement specific activities to enhance gender applies to both men and women. At the biological equity among a project’s target groups. A GAP is not a level, it refers to whether a person is male or female, separate component of the project. As an overarching as determined at birth, and is an ascribed status. strategy, it is integral to project design and is built on At the social level, it refers to socially constructed the social assessment or analysis prepared for the and learned female and male roles, behaviors, project. A GAP is often included in a gender analysis and expectations. In all cultures, the biological or other safeguards document prepared by clients differences between men and women are translated and includes a summary of gender activities, action into beliefs about what behaviors and activities are steps, timeframe, and measures to be carried out appropriate for members of each gender, as well as by project implementing agencies. It also includes their rights, resources, and power. Therefore, gender indicators to allow task teams to track the progress often shapes one’s opportunities and roles in the of its implementation during the project lifecycle. home, in society, and in the economy. A GAP brings gender into project management, Gender equality refers, first, to how cultural operations, environmental and social safeguards, attributes, expectations, and norms determine the and institutional arrangements. As it ultimately helps ways in which women and men relate to each other enhance the efficiency and efficacy of the investment and, second, to the resulting differences in power and to mitigate gender-related risks during between them. implementation, it directly contributes to meeting project development objectives. Gender analysis is the process of analyzing information to ensure development benefits and resources are effectively and equitably targeted to both women and men and to anticipate and avoid any negative impacts of development interventions on women or on gender relations. Source: World Bank, Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction, and Inclusive Growth (2015), World Development Report (2012), p.46; Gender Responsive Social Analysis: A Guidance Note (2005), p.28; Social Development and Infrastructure (2010), p.2; Asian Development Bank Gender Action Plans in ADB Projects. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  3  PART I. EIGHT KEY CROSS- CUTTING, GENDER-BASED CHALLENGES RELATED TO WATER ACCESS PART I. Broadly speaking, eight common challenges to water household members, the same development risks apply access are related to gender.3 Taking them into account in when these duties are assigned to men and boys. the design of water investments can enhance the equity, efficiency, and benefits of water access for both men and 2. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH women. Part I of this toolkit provides practical guidance COLLECTING WATER OR USING OPEN TOILETS for addressing these challenges through gender-sensitive Traveling long distances to water collection points or design and implementation approaches. to offsite shared toilets can be dangerous for men and women alike, but women are particularly at risk of gender- 1. TIME BURDEN DUE TO UNRELIABLE AND based violence when going to these locations, especially UNSAFE WATER SUPPLIES AND POOR when the lighting along their routes is inadequate. Armed SANITATION SERVICES conflict and the aftermath of natural disasters increase Duties associated with collecting and purifying water cut the jeopardy to women and girls who must travel for into time for productive activities. Long distances to water water or to use sanitary facilities. sources, slow flows at water points, and unpredictability Access to water (or lack of it) can also be associated of water quality exacerbate the time burden on those who with health risks. Carrying water for long distances are responsible for water collection in both urban and during their growth years can be detrimental to the rural settings. Poor management of sanitation services musculoskeletal development of both boys and girls, and water resources leads to pollution or depletion of and pregnant, sick, and elderly women in particular may nearby sources, which increases travel times. Where suffer acutely from the burden. Within the households, drinking water is unsafe, more time and money are men do not necessarily understand the additional time required for purification activities, from securing fuel or required and the additional efforts exerted by women and chlorine tablets to boiling and storing the water. girls in carrying water, for example when supplies vary In many places, such issues have disproportionate and sources are unreliable therefore requiring travel to impacts on women and girls, who tend to be in charge of additional locations. This lack of understanding can, for providing water in households. In some countries, women example, result in men punishing the women and girls and girls walk for an average of about six kilometers each for undue accusations of irresponsibility and socially day to collect water. In urban areas, the long queues that inappropriate behavior. form early in the morning at shared ablution blocks or The design and location of sanitary facilities can improve toilets impose extra stress on both women and men who or exacerbate privacy and safety issues for women and need to be at work on time in distant locations, but for girls. A lack of facilities can lead women to resort to open many women, the stress is compounded by the increased defecation far from home. Women in some cultures do burden on their morning household and water collection not use open or shared toilets during daylight hours for duties. fear of being seen, or because they are not allowed by The development impacts associated with poor access men to leave the house. By waiting, they can face the to water and sanitation, can, therefore be more acute for threat of physical attack when going out alone at night. women and girls than for men and boys; they include poor An emerging body of work examines the health impacts school attendance, lower academic achievement, lower of “holding on” over long periods and the avoidance of household incomes, and less female participation and eating and drinking to avoid having to urinate or defecate, representation in public life through water governance which might lead to difficulty in conceiving and an bodies and water user associations. And although the increased risk of miscarriage, among other harms. responsibility of water collection often falls on female 3 The summary of challenges outlined in Part 1 have been drawn from key informant interviews and documents that are included in the list of references in Annex V. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  5  At schools where sanitary and washing facilities are 5. INEQUITABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION AND not separated by gender or where washing facilities are INFLUENCE OVER SERVICES unavailable, menstruating girls are likely to miss classes, In terms of local distribution, women’s access to water may which adversely affects their attendance records, their be impeded for three main reasons: First, they may lack learning, and their academic performance. influence within existing water governance institutions, limiting their ability to change the redistribution of 3. POOR WATER QUALITY AND HEALTH CARE power and affect decisions. Second, a lack of purchasing RESPONSIBILITIES power (likely resulting from a deeper problem of limited Women often have the primary responsibility of gathering access to finance) may cause them to miss out on tanker water for their families and determining whether it is deliveries and be underserved by network utility providers. safe for consumption, as well as bearing the brunt of And, third, their activities related to water are perceived caregiving for family members who become sickened as less essential to family livelihoods than those of men. by waterborne contaminants. Nonetheless, assurance of water quality for household use is often beyond their 6. LIMITED LAND TENURE AND PROPERTY RIGHTS control, and they cannot always be aware of the potential In many developing countries where customary law health risks associated with a given water source. allocates land to males, not females, women’s limited Furthermore, inadequate quality of water, and monitoring access to water resources can be closely tied to their thereof, for example of remote rural water sources or on limited access to land, particularly in rural areas. In tanker trucks in urban locations, can present serious irrigation projects, for example, women often cultivate health risks, as users remain vulnerable and unaware of land that legally belongs to their husbands, which puts those risks. For example, in rural areas, particularly in them in a vulnerable position. Furthermore, without the dry season, women may collect irrigation water for secure land tenure, they may be prevented from domestic use, which may be contaminated by agricultural obtaining membership in agricultural and water user pesticides. These problems are compounded in locations associations (WUAs), which stifles their voices regarding prone to natural disaster and floods, which can worsen needed reforms in irrigation-water governance. Social and create new quality challenges and cultural norms may also prevent women from obtaining the credit they need to purchase technology 4. MANAGING CHILD CARE and machinery, such as irrigation equipment, that will Child care responsibilities impose an additional water- improve their water efficiency (see Box 11 for additional related burden on women. They may have to bring information on gender issues in WUAs). small children along on journeys to secure water, for instance, increasing the difficulty of carrying the water 7. HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL FOOD PRODUCTION back through often challenging terrain, while delivery of PRIORITIES AND DECISION MAKING irrigation water during evening hours can interfere with Because the roles of women and men within the same their child care responsibilities. households or communities differ at various stages In addition, child care and domestic responsibilities may of crop production, their priorities for irrigation water keep women from participating in water development, may differ. This may affect their decisions on when and governance, and training activities. As a result, they how water is used on their property to grow good crops. may miss opportunities to contribute to the design and Furthermore, in many countries, women are involved in planning of more gender-sensitive water services and rain-fed agriculture and home gardening for household infrastructure delivery that might better meet their needs. food consumption. Meanwhile, men are generally responsible for income-generating cultivation, as well as the commodity and land management aspects of irrigation, so the agricultural activities they oversee tend to be prioritized over those carried out by women. 6  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART I. Experience has shown, for example, that water distribution failure to consult or include them in decision making for larger-scale commercial agriculture activities tends to results in investment designs that are less than optimal. come before that needed by households for nourishment and sanitation, which are primarily managed by women. 8. INEQUITABLE ACCESS TO INFORMATION, TRAINING, AND TECHNOLOGY Women often have valuable tacit knowledge of crop As noted, most women in developing countries assume production, soil, and biodiversity that may enhance the household responsibilities of water collection, child decision making regarding the use of water resources, as care, and meal preparation. These competing demands well as lead to innovative practices. This knowledge goes for their time often prevent them from participating to waste, however, if they are prevented from sharing it or in activities outside of the family, such as training on are otherwise excluded from training opportunities that agricultural extensions, which deprives them of valuable will allow them to apply their ideas to improving irrigation opportunities to attain the new knowledge they need practices. Furthermore, social norms that are continually to improve crop production and irrigation practices. reinforced by male-dominated water governance The fewer opportunities for women relative to men to institutions often exclude women from decision-making obtain skill and development training also limit their processes regarding resource allocation and new participation in and the benefits they may gain from the approaches to agricultural water management. The use of new water technologies. Donors may assume that men who often dominate governance institutions will, as heads of households, pass on to women new information or knowledge relating to the use of water facilities, but experience has proved such assumptions not entirely accurate. Access to information and training with respect to technology improvements defines who has access to water supplies. Where women have not been trained in the appropriate use of new technologies introduced to improve irrigation systems, they may not only fail to benefit from the improved availability of water; they may also remain dependent for access to water on the men who are typically responsible for the operation and maintenance of pumps. Moreover, if the equipment breaks down, they may have to shoulder the additional burden of carrying irrigation water. Guidance reviewed in Part II and the annexes below provide guidance for task teams to improve the gender sensitivity of their programs and address challenges like those named above. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  7  PART II. GUIDANCE FOR PROJECTS TO IMPROVE DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES BY ADDRESSING GENDER ISSUES PART II. The following section provides a conceptual framework In light of the myriad challenges facing women that as well as practical suggestions that can be incorporated were outlined in Part I, clear program logic can help into program logic and project design to improve the task team prepare an appropriate gender-sensitive development outcomes by addressing gender issues. project design, monitor progress toward the achievement While this guidance will be helpful to a designated gender of intermediate outcomes and project development point person on the task team, it should be emphasized objectives (PDOs), and, ultimately, evaluate the that it is intended to assist team members who are not sustainability of project development impacts. Figure gender specialists, as well. 1 illustrates how gender-sensitive PDOs can guide the logic of a gender-aware program. F I G U R E 1 : I N T E G R AT I N G G E N D E R I N TO P R O G R A M LO G I C Program Logic Engendering Gender M&E Empowerment, overall Goals (impact) social well-being Evaluation of impact Project Development Closing gender gaps: Objectives (outcomes) Changes over pre-project Benefits of outputs for Project Outputs men and woman Implementation Integration of gender into of Activities implementation plan Monitoring progress in gender integration Gender equity in allocation Resources and Inputs of project resources Information on social and Project Identification gender issues Source: World Bank, “Integrating a Gender Dimensions into Monitoring & Evaluation of Rural Development Project” (2001) Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  9  In addition to having gender-sensitive PDOs, gender STEP 4 integration can be undertaken through the steps Completion and Impact Assessment. The Bank team enumerated below, which are aligned with the project can support a gender-aware midterm review and end cycle in World Bank operations.4 project evaluation to help document gender-based outcomes in the implementation completion and results STEP 1 (ICR) report. Rapid Gender Review of the Proposed Operation at the Identification or Concept Stage. Supported by a Based on this four-step approach, the subsections of social development specialist with gender expertise, Part II listed below will present five key aspects of project the project task team conducts a rapid gender review design and implementation that were identified through to identify key gender issues and potential risks and interviews with water task teams as being of particular benefits associated with them. Consultations with both interest to them: women and men can provide in-depth information. The A. Gender Analysis: Identifying the issues, needs, findings of the rapid review can be documented in the and contextual factors that affect male and female project concept note (PCN). stakeholders STEP 2 B. Monitoring and Evaluation: Tracking and assessing Gender-Responsive Social Analysis (including gender progress toward goals and objectives to improve analysis). The counterpart government in a project sensitivity to gender usually undertakes social and/or environmental assessments, especially when safeguards policies are C. Targeting and Participation: Meaningfully engaging triggered. The Bank task team comments on the terms beneficiaries and other stakeholders in gender- of reference (TORs) and supports the field survey and sensitive project design and implementation gender-inclusive consultative process. Findings from the gender analysis point to possible actions and indicators D. Public Awareness and Social Marketing: Informing in a project-level GAP and can be incorporated into and effecting behavioral changes among water users the project design and the Bank’s project appraisal in the ways they gain access to and manage shared document (PAD), including the results framework. resources Consultations with women and women’s groups can E. Capacity Building and Organizational Development: help prioritize key actions to be incorporated. A gender Enabling all water stakeholders—from the plan or framework, with activities, budget, and target, implementing agencies to the beneficiaries—to build can also be developed to help monitor progress and the requisite skills and knowledge for gender-sensitive document results. management of water services and resources STEP 3 Implementation Support. The Bank team provides regular implementation support to activities and monitors progress using the indicators established in the results framework, which are usually recorded in each implementation status report (ISR). If needed, support for capacity building can be provided to counterpart governments and implementing agencies. 4 Source: World Bank, Social Development and Infrastructure: Making Water Supply and Sanitation Work for Women and Men. (2010); pp. 2-3. 10  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART II. F I G U R E 2 : P ROJ E CT C Y C L E A N D S T E P S FO R G E N D E R I N T E G R AT I O N STEP 4 STEP 1 Completion and Impact Rapid Gender Review of the Assessment, including a Proposed Operation at the mid-term review and project Identification or Concept Stage completion. Gender-based to identify key gender issues, outcomes are documented in potential risks and benefits. the ICR. CPS/CPF Evaluation Identification P ROJ E CT CYC L E A N D Completion S T E P S FO R G E N D E R Preparation I N T E G R AT I O N Implementation Appraisal Negotiation & Board STEP 3 STEP 2 Implementation Support Gender-responsive Social and monitor progress using Analysis (including Gender indicators in the Results Analysis) to identify possible Framework. Capacity building actions and indicator. These support can be provided. findings feed into project design and PAD. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  11  B OX 2 G E N D E R - S E N S I T I V E P L A N N I N G , M O N I TO R I N G , A N D E VA LU AT I O N A necessary first step for the inclusive planning, approaches, whether in the form of new interventions design, and implementation of a water project is or rehabilitation projects, should include, Who are the recognition of the diverse needs and preferences target groups? Whose interests are being promoted of poor women and men, small and marginal or goals pursued, and who will win or lose in the landowners, the near landless, and tenants and process? How will social and economic diversity those without clear title to property. This recognition among the target population be incorporated within shifts the project’s focus from the notion of a unitary approaches to project planning and design? And, male-headed household to a more disaggregated keeping all this in mind, how can strategies be perspective that considers the concerns of other developed for the project that promote and achieve household members, including women, regarding gender justice and equity? water access and usage. Finally, by using gender-sensitive monitoring and Gender concerns should be addressed right from the evaluation indicators, the project can assess its impact beginning of the project cycle and incorporated into on the overall well-being of the rural poor, especially planning, design, implementation, and monitoring women, as well as the need for modifications to its and evaluation. Key questions in gender-sensitive design. Source: Gautam and Kuriakose, 2008. “Gender-Sensitive Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation in Agricultural water Management.” 12  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations GENDER ANALYSIS A. PART II. A GENDER ANALYSIS Second, gender analysis can be a key element of the willingness-to-pay (WTP) survey or investment feasibility assessment, which can reveal highly gender- differentiated decision-making processes and potential impacts on choice behavior in light of policies like tariff reforms. Women may have lower WTP for water services What is gender analysis and why it and environmental benefits for a variety of reasons, such as income or marital status or purpose and plans is important? for use (Dupont, 2000). For a planner to address these “Gender analysis” refers to the methodology for considerations effectively in investment designs, gender- collecting and processing information about gender. It differentiated choice behaviors need to be assessed in provides disaggregated data by sex and an understanding advance. For example, even if women have a general of the social construction of gender roles and how labor interest in piped water for its convenience, their social is divided and valued. It aims to document behaviors or economic norms and preferences may lead them of men and women in given contexts. Since these to choose to use free or cheaper water sources more behaviors likely vary across cultures, ethnicity, social frequently than men. class, income, education, and time, gender analysis The point here is that service providers need to know does not treat women as a homogeneous group or their water users before they build, as they may not gender attributes as immutable. always prefer to use a single, high-quality and higher- Gender analysis is also the process of analyzing priced source. When finances are tight, for example, information to ensure the resources for and benefits from users will stop using a paid service and will collect water development interventions are effectively and equitably from a stream or well; or, if water safety is not a major targeted to both women and men and to anticipate and concern (for example, if the water is for washing rather avoid any negative impacts on women or on gender than drinking), they may be more inclined to supplement relations. When done correctly, gender analysis provides with cheaper supplies from alternative sources. the evidence based on which the concerns that arise in Consequently, aggregate WTP values can overestimate and through project design can be effectively addressed. potential use of a paid service by both men and women, By gaining access to both male and female knowledge, resulting in a system design that is oversized. Willingness- skills, and expertise, gender analysis improves project to-pay surveys and investment feasibility assessments efficiency and development effectiveness. can provide insights vital to ensuring investments are A number of approaches may be taken to incorporating correctly purposed and scaled for both male and female gender analysis into project preparation. First, it can be an users. integrative component of the broader social assessment, A third approach to incorporating gender analysis which should disaggregate water user needs and scope into project preparation is to include a social opinion out potential development impacts; this approach may component in the technical assessment for infrastructure require back-and-forth discussions with the project- design. This type of analysis can inform a strategy for affected groups or communities. As recent practices gender-specific or gender-targeted behavioral change in Vietnam have shown, gender analysis can provide that would be linked to the investment strategy. A the basis for a full gender action plan (GAP) to support technical assessment can elucidate the differences in the the project appraisal. Annex V provides an annotated appeal and utility of sanitation services between men and bibliography of the existing frameworks and approaches women, for example, which social marketing efforts can to gender analysis that have been used by a range of then address. international organizations for each water subsector. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  15  B OX 3 GOO D P R AC T I C E I N G E N D E R A N A LY S I S FO R R U R A L WAT E R S U P P LY A N D S A N I TAT I O N I N TA N Z A N I A ( P 0 4 7 7 6 2 ) This project illustrated how a robust gender analysis nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) based their undertaken during the preparation stage can engagement with community extension services inform project design and implementation. Gender on the understanding gained of the existing gender analysis was incorporated into two key activities: dynamics so they might systematically evaluate the gender-segregated focus group discussions with needs and vulnerabilities of the poorest segments of community members to assess the quality of existing the communities and ensure their access to project water services and semi-structured, key-informant activities and benefits. interviews with water facility management staff to As a result of this methodological approach, the analyze the financial, technical, and institutional project facilitated the emergence of women as a arrangements at each project site. pillar of the water supply and sanitation activities in The project interventions and community engagement the villages. More than a half million people obtained were structured based on the insights into existing access to water, while the time and distance traveled gender relations within the communities provided to collect it were significantly reduced. Moreover, by by these activities. For instance, people appeared to its careful consideration of particular constraints trust female representatives more than male, which facing women and girls, the project contributed to a suggested a need for better female representation significant reduction in the risk of rape and of wild within water committees for more successful animal attacks when going to water sources. operation and management of funds. In addition, Source: World Bank, Implementation Completion and Results Report (ICR) for the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (2008). Key elements of 1. CONSIDER GENDER IMPACT EARLY ON IN THE PROJECT DESIGN good gender analysis Gender analysis should begin as early as possible in the While gender analysis is an iterative process, three key project cycle and should not be seen as something that elements for water practitioners to consider in preparing can be introduced in the later stages of project planning or one—considering gender impact early on in the project as an add-on component. An appropriate place to identify design, developing and building on existing gender- gender issues related to a proposed project is the project disaggregated data, and monitoring and documenting concept note (PCN). Potential social issues related to the progress of gender-related actions in key project project areas can be identified at this stage and steps reports—are broadly applicable across a range of water proposed to mitigate negative impacts on people affected subsectors, as outlined below. For practitioners interested by the project. It is worth emphasizing that the purpose in subsector-specific approaches, Annex V provides of gender analysis is not to address these potential additional reference materials for water and agriculture adverse impacts but, rather, to explore opportunities (irrigation), water supply and sanitation, water resources to enhance positive ones. In addition to the intended management, and disaster risk management. impacts of the project, opportunities for local people to participate meaningfully during the project preparation, 16  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART II. A GENDER ANALYSIS implementation, and monitoring and evaluation phases • The presence of major organizations active in the may also be regarded as positive impacts. project area, particularly those that represent women’s interests, that could be involved in understanding The key findings from the gender analysis provide gender-related contexts and norms important input for the project, as well as a basis for ongoing policy dialogues with the counterpart government By first taking stock of the available data, the task team throughout project implementation. In this regard, it is can avoid duplication of time and effort and build upon recommended that the social specialist who produces existing knowledge and research. Key questions to the social assessment also participate in the preparation consider include the following: of the resettlement action plan (RAP) or a project-level • What gender-related issues or problems are prevalent GAP. The objective of this approach, which has been in this locality or project site(s), as identified by existing applied in some Bank projects, is to help ensure the key literature or research? findings from the gender and social analyses are fully incorporated in the preparation of the project appraisal • What gender-sensitive indicators can support the document (PAD). Furthermore, it helps ensure the project development outcomes? gender issues that emerge from the gender assessment are reflected in policy dialogues between the client and • What are the sources or types of potential baseline data the Bank.5 to assess these indicators? • What methods or mechanisms are used to collect such 2. DEVELOP AND BUILD ON EXISTING GENDER- data? If the data already exist, are they disaggregated DISAGGREGATED DATA by sex? The identification stage should be driven by an evidence- based approach, supported by an evaluation of existing • What challenges may arise in collecting gender- qualitative and quantitative data. The gender or social disaggregated data for a particular indicator? How can specialist can consider a number of issues: they be mitigated? • The traditional roles of men and women in the sector • What legal, cultural, and religious constraints, if any, and in similar projects in the country (as indicated, may limit the participation of women and/or girls in the for example, by the percentages of female labor project? contribution to agriculture, of farms run by women, and • How would the project differently affect subgroups of cultivated areas managed by women, and the average of beneficiaries, such as poor women, women with size of farms run by women as compared to men) disabilities, and indigenous individuals? • Gender relations as manifested in the division of labor • To what extent are women and men involved in the between men and women (who does what work; who project as users and/or managers? has access to and control over resources) • What might hinder the executing or implementing • The differential impacts of an already identified agencies from engaging women and girls? development initiative on both men and women and potential problems to be addressed • How does the existing legislation in the water sector ameliorate or exacerbate gender-based discrimination? • Factors that promote or hinder the respective participation of women and men in the project • What form can gender-disaggregated consultation take, and through what channels can it be conducted? 5 For details about how to prepare gender action plans, Making Water Supply and Sanitation Work for Women and Men: Tools for Task Teams (2010) (pp. 11-12) has useful information. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  17  • Has the gender analysis adequately accounted for mean the task team, in conjunction with the gender cultural differences and sensitivities among project specialist, may need to revise the approach so it remains beneficiaries? relevant and effective. In this iterative process, the GAP should reflect new feedback and knowledge. The list • In what ways would the proposed project or program of questions above and the analysis below draw upon directly or indirectly improve or impede gender-based well-established gender mainstreaming guidance for access to water services, resources, and/or overall infrastructure sectors and manifests relevant issues to household assets (for example, land rights or livelihood be considered for project design today. opportunities)? For the gender analysis to be adequate, inclusion on the • In what ways can the project design be gender inclusive team of a gender or social specialist sufficiently familiar and target the participation of women and/or girls with the water sector is advisable. As a starting point, effectively and equitably? Annex IV provides sample terms of reference (TORs) to These questions take into account the reality, and help task teams identify experts with relevant skill sets the corresponding challenge, that gender analysis who can provide gender-related analysis, monitoring, and is essentially a dynamic process. In other words, strategic advisory services. beneficiaries may not respond as predicted, which may 18  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART II. A GENDER ANALYSIS 3. MONITOR AND DOCUMENT PROGRESS the innovative gender-sensitive approaches used in the OF GENDER-RELATED ACTIONS IN KEY analysis, for the benefit of other task team leaders who PROJECT REPORTS seek to improve the approaches they take to their own Key findings, evidence, data, and lessons learned from projects. the gender analysis should be documented early in An end-line gender review should also be done as the project cycle. By continuously documenting this part of the ICR to confirm if the GAP has been carried information into the implementation status report (ISR) out as planned and to determine to what extent its and aide memoirs (AMs), for instance, the task team can implementation has contributed to achieving project help ensure the lessons learned from the gender analysis goals. As a collateral benefit, this approach will assist are incorporated in the project. The midterm review the evaluator in rating the project’s notable achievements is another important milestone at which results from in advancing equitable outcomes—that is, shared gender mainstreaming should be reviewed to evaluate prosperity—for both males and females, which is central whether the GAP is on track with the project objectives. to the Bank’s development mandate. The documentation process can also provide a record of B OX 4 GOO D P R AC T I C E I N P R E PA R I N G A G E N D E R AC T I O N P L A N I N V I E T N A M ( P 152309) Gender was a key component in the social impact • At least 30 percent of workers employed by local assessment prepared for the Dam Rehabilitation and contractors in maintenance, construction, and Safety Improvement Project (P152309) carried out in repair work would be female. thirty-six provinces in Vietnam. Gender analysis was • For similar types of work, female workers would be conducted to assess underlying gender issues from a paid as much as male workers. project impact perspective, promote gender equality in the local community, and, ultimately, enhance the • Safety conditions would be equal for men and development effectiveness of the project as a whole. women. Based on the magnitude of potential project impacts, a gender action plan (GAP) and a gender monitoring • Training and capacity building would be provided plan were prepared to achieve gender-related for women to engage in public decision making objectives. and subprojects (with training, for example, in participation, negotiation skills, marketing skills, The GAP aimed to “facilitate the full participation of mathematics, and literacy). women in the project construction stage, providing opportunities for women to boost their income, • Agricultural extension services would be designed without increased burden on their lives, and for and delivered to women. contributing to the enhancement of women’s role The GAP also included a table clearly setting out and status in the project areas.” Twelve specific achievement areas, tasks and indicators, people in gender-related objectives were identified, including charge, and period of completion. the following: Source: World Bank, Social Impact Assessment – Subproject: Repair and Upgrading for the Safety of Da Teh Reservoir in Lam Dong Province (2015); pp.54–57. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  19  MONITORING AND EVALUATION B. PART II. B MONITORING AND EVALUATION intervention is benefiting women and men or having an adverse impact on either group. If the latter, then data findings allow the task team to refine project design to improve overall development effectiveness. Moreover, an M&E process that has gender-sensitive indicators and involves both men and women—not just as informants Why is gender important for M&E? but as participants in design and implementation— will result in a better understanding of who in the community Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an internal and has benefited, who bears the costs, and what motivates external project management activity to monitor progress different groups to act and to change their behavior. toward objectives and assess whether a project has achieved its intended objectives. As previously mentioned, A monitoring process that involves both men and a considerable body of evidence suggests that, to ensure women ensures monitoring becomes an inclusive self- project outcomes are attained and benefits conferred management tool rather than a policing instrument, on the target population, gender issues require special thus leading to collective action. If data collection is not attention. M&E plays a vital role in demonstrating disaggregated, by sex and other relevant characteristics, these benefits. Moreover, since donors and financers it will be difficult to assess the positive or negative are interested in knowing whether their money is being impacts of the program or project on women and men, spent effectively and efficiently, the implementer (that young and old, and rich and poor, which is necessary to is, the borrowers and project implementation units) and guide informed programming decisions. For example, the loan administrator (that is, the World Bank) have the provision in an urban slum that lessens the burden on responsibility of addressing their questions from a project women and girls of fetching water could free girls’ time management point of view. Used effectively during the for attending school and doing schoolwork. This positive course of project implementation, M&E can be a useful outcome cannot be assessed without sex-disaggregated tool for decision makers to assess whether the project is data collection. Similarly, if water provision services on track. have freed poor women’s time to engage in income- generating activities, these results reported without sex- Gender-sensitive project objectives help keep the gender disaggregated data will lack empirical evidence and will perspective a part of the project cycle, among other remain anecdotal. technical, financial, and operational concerns. Gender mainstreaming requires an assessment of the respective implications for women and men of any planned actions, including development projects, programs, and policies. Because development priorities and benefits differ for women and men with regard to resource access, labor opportunities, water use, and water rights, planned actions could affect them differently. These differences may not, however, be obvious during implementation, which is why the intervention should be deliberately designed to take them into account, and measurement should be gender disaggregated. Gender-sensitive PDOs and indicators should be prepared in close connection with any GAP. Timely implementation of gender-related actions and systematic collection of sex-disaggregated data help inform the project implementer and other stakeholders as to whether the Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  21  22  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART II. B MONITORING AND EVALUATION B OX 5 GOO D P R AC T I C E I N G E N D E R - S E N S I T I V E M & E I N T H E U T TA R K H A N D , I N D I A , WAT E R S H E D M A N AG E M E N T P R OJ E C T ( P 078550) The approach taken by the Uttarkhand Decentralized and the execution of withdrawal strategy. The final Watershed Management Project to natural resource evaluation surveys for the project were based on a management promoted equitable participation by all comparison between treated and control groups groups by providing support to women, marginal land using beneficiary data in the results framework that holders, the landless, and other vulnerable groups were disaggregated by gender and socioeconomic who rely most heavily on common pool resources for group. fodder, fuel, and forest products. The results showed significant benefits and The project is one of a good example of projects empowerment for women. Fifty percent of the that have gender-sensitive indicators that provided beneficiaries of livelihood development activities evidences how the project influenced female and male were women. Women’s overall annual drudgery of beneficiaries throughout project implementation. firewood collection decreased from 120 days to 35 The results indicators were also key to change the days. Women’s participation in community assembly project scope to better tailor for beneficiaries’ needs. meetings increased five-fold. Women’s active A midterm review identified a need for changes, engagement in the project activities resulted in their among them expanding the support for women and increasing participation in local public administration. other vulnerable groups beyond self-help groups to Fifty percent of the Gram Panchayat representatives include entrepreneurial activities. Every six months, were women (while the national average was 33 local women and men carried out participatory percent). In the Panchayat elections, 304 village- monitoring and evaluation (PME), a process that level project staff (village motivators or account functioned as a social accountability and learning tool assistants) and project-formed Self Help Group or while also providing a means to address grievances. Farmer Interest Group members were elected for PME focused on awareness, inclusiveness, equity, various positions in Panchayat Rai Institutions and 73 transparency, accountability, financial management, percent of those elected were women. performance of committees and groups, inputs by the multidisciplinary team, redress of grievances, Source: World Bank, ICR for the Uttarkhand Decentralized Watershed Management Project (2014). Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  23  Designing a gender-sensitive • Isthe focus on short-term outcomes or longer-term impacts? M&E framework • How is the M&E activity going to be funded? Whether it is based on an analytical study or a previous intervention, an investment project should present a clear Collecting baseline data is essential to designing the story line that traces conditions and achievement through M&E framework, as it allows the team to measure a series of steps toward objectives. These steps require the progress of the project toward PDOs and interim the task team to define in project documents the current outcomes. Even if gender-sensitive indicators are added situation of the sector in that location; any development during the project implementation, it is good practice to gaps identified; and what the project or program intends have gender-disaggregated baseline data. On the other to do to address those gaps. This leads to the PDO, which hand, the task team should be mindful not to overinflate should be supported by clear project outcomes and M&E plans. Although project preparation tends to be outputs. ambitious, the total number of indicators needs to be reasonable for project implementing agencies to commit Once the PDO and activities are clearly defined, the to and feasibly execute. team needs to map out an M&E methodology. This includes defining relevant indicators to measure the Developing effective intermediate and PDO outcomes; determining the data collection strategy (for example, data source, monitoring indicators frequency, responsible agency, and budget); ensuring Good monitoring indicators will help the implementer the responsible agency is capable of and accountable assess achievement against the desired outcomes of the for carrying out the monitoring; and collecting baseline project over time. Good indicators should be “SMART”: data and setting target values, in collaboration with the implementing agency. The most efficient way to achieve Specific: clearly and directly related to the outcome, the final step of scoping and collecting baseline gender without ambiguities data is to do it during the pre-project gender analysis (see Measurable: feasible to be quantified section A, above). The data collection methodology and arrangement need to be consistent with the GAP, as well Achievable: attainable and realistic as included in the PAD. Relevant: valid to measure the results or outcomes Planning out the M&E framework during project of the intervention preparation is imperative. The team can consider certain guiding questions in designing gender-sensitive M&E:6 Time bound: time referenced, with a beginning and an end • Which levels of participants or stakeholders are involved in M&E? The indicators, which can be quantitative as well as qualitative, each has its own benefits and challenges. • Which instruments are most appropriate for collecting Quantitative indicators are commonly used to measure data? inputs and outputs and can be collected through structured data collection methods, such as household and national • Should gender be mainstreamed across the institution income surveys. Qualitative indicators, on the other hand, and all components of the project, or should a specific are more commonly used for evaluating the effectiveness component focus on gender? or efficiency of processes and can be collected through • How much participation is appropriate? in-depth interviews, observational methods, document 6 Source: World Bank, 2009. Gender in Agriculture: Sourcebook. 24  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART II. B MONITORING AND EVALUATION review, and participatory assessments and surveys. The Gender in Agriculture: Sourcebook (2009) shows several project team should determine the most efficient and approaches to gender-sensitive monitoring that can use cost-effective way to measure the outcomes and impacts qualitative and/or quantitative methods, as described in of the project by combining these two types of indicators. Box 6. B OX 6 S E L E CT E D A P P R OA C H E S TO G E N D E R - S E N S I T I V E M O N I TO R I N G A N D E VA LU AT I O N Participatory monitoring is a means of involving Gender audits are distinct from regular evaluations stakeholders from the start in identifying activities in that they are based on self-assessments by a and indicators, carrying out the monitoring itself, and project, organization, or ministry of how gender analyzing the results of improving future processes, issues are addressed in program portfolios and and it builds ownership among participants. internal organizational processes. A gender audit is not an external evaluation, but it should be used External monitoring or evaluation provides to facilitate change and develop action plans and independent, external feedback on progress and monitoring systems. outcomes. Impact evaluations determine whether a program has had the desired effects and whether any unanticipated effects have occurred. Source: World Bank, Gender in Agriculture: Sourcebook (2009); p. 676. In addition to its use for evaluating processes, qualitative quantitative and qualitative approaches provide more assessment is needed to understand the impacts of coherent, reliable, and useful conclusions than do development interventions and their effectiveness in each on their own.7 achieving development objectives. The World Bank’s DFID’s Gender Manual (2002) has some practical examples publication, “Combining Quantitative and Qualitative of commonly used qualitative indicators (p.28): Methods for Program Monitoring and Evaluation: Why Mixed Methods Designs Are Best,” provides guidance The • impact/effectiveness of activities targeted on this: to address the practical gender needs of women and men—for example, their needs for new skills, Qualitative methods inform survey design, identify knowledge, resources, opportunities, or services in the social and institutional drivers and impacts that context of their existing gender roles are hard to quantify, uncover unanticipated issues, and trace impact pathways. When used together, 7 Source: Adato, Michele, 2011. Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods for Program Monitoring and Evaluation: Why Mixed Methods Designs are Best. PREM Note 9. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1276521901256/premnoteME9.pdf Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  25  • The impact/effectiveness of activities designed to • The impact/effectiveness of activities to promote greater increase gender equality of opportunity, influence, or gender equality within the staffing and organizational benefit—for example, targeted actions to increase culture of development organizations—for example, women’s contribution to decision making or the the impact of affirmative action policies opening of new opportunities for women and men in When considering these impacts, it is important for nontraditional skill areas evaluators to reflect on the sustainability potential of the The • impact/effectiveness of activities designed changes, as certain impacts may indicate progress in to develop gender awareness and skills among the short term that could be reversed under the wrong policymaking, management, and implementation staff conditions. Suggested gender-sensitive indicators for water operations are listed in Annex II. B OX 7 E X- P O S T G E N D E R A N A LY S I S Gender-based issues identified during project • Did the project increase community capacity to work preparation and implementation need to be evaluated together to achieve common goals and reconcile during the completion phase to determine the extent differences of interests between men and women? to which gender mainstreaming in project activities • Did the project increase the transparency, was successful, as well as to identify factors that equity, and responsiveness of institutional and helped or hindered this goal. organizational structures that are relevant to Lessons learned from analysis of the implementation ensuring men and women have equal access to process can contribute to policy dialogue and to water supply and resource management? planning for future projects. Recognizing problems • How sustainable are the gender-related and failures can be as valuable as documenting improvements likely to be after project completion? successful approaches. An evaluation of the gender action plan should assess if the GAP has been • Did the project alter gender relations or enhance fully implemented as per the results monitoring gender equity? In what ways? framework, as indicated in the project appraisal document. • Did the project increase the amount of time women have available for productive or income-earning Specific questions that can be considered to evaluate activities? For example, did the installation of piped gender impacts of project outcomes include the water to the community reduce the amount of time following: women spend collecting water for household use? • Have the intended project benefits been delivered • Did both men and women farmers receive training to male and female beneficiaries equitably, in modern methods of water-efficient crop particularly to low-income men and women within production? the community? • Has the project been successful in enhancing gender equality as one of the key objectives of its GAP? Source: World Bank, Gender Responsive Social Analysis: A Guidance Note (2005); p. 23. 26  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART II. B MONITORING AND EVALUATION B OX 8 GOO D M & E P R A C T I C E S I N T H E K Y R GY Z R E P U B L I C R U R A L WAT E R S U P P LY A N D S A N I TAT I O N P ROJ E C T ( P 0 3 6 9 7 7 ) The Kyrgyz Republic Rural Water Supply and Sanitation indicator. According to an impact evaluation study, Project demonstrated in two ways how the effective 66 percent of women claimed their workload was use of gender-sensitive indicators and monitoring now “much easier,” and 31 percent claimed it had can help ascertain concrete development results improved, though to a lesser extent. while promoting the involvement and empowerment Second, as the project was to prompt the transfer of of women in water governance. water supply systems management from a centralized First, project design and implementation focused on state entity to community-elected bodies (community gender-sensitive measures in two key areas: drinking water users unions, or CDWUUs), adequate female representation on the village CDWUU boards • A qualitative socioeconomic assessment carried was expected. Indeed, M&E data showed that in 67 of out in each village documented the role of women 102 villages, 60 percent or more of Standpipe Leaders and children in household water collection and were female, and two or three women were on each management. CDWUU board. • The project identified the change in women’s workload (measured as a percentage change in reported workload) as a key intermediate outcome Source: World Bank, ICR for the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (2009). Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  27  Challenges to M&E This is why a task team benefits by having from the start a gender specialist who can design, monitor, and maintain The most obvious challenge to gender-sensitive M&E gender-sensitive data and analytical and M&E products is a lack of reliable data, including baseline data, for the project. Specifically, at the earliest stage of project which is often due to inadequate planning. During preparation, the task team should identify and select a project preparation, the task team should work with gender specialist with the relevant sectoral experience counterparts to identify project performance indicators, and expertise. If budget limitations make this infeasible, sources of data, and frequency of collection. If the team the task team should consider using available trust funds does not have gender-sensitive indicators but still wants to cover the costs associated with including a gender to evaluate project impacts on gender without relying too specialist. A roster of gender specialists with expertise heavily on anecdotal data, secondary information can be and experience working in the water sector can be found utilized—for example, statistical data, sectoral ministry in the East Asia and Pacific Region (EAP) gender practice data, local government records, or user information team’s SPARK page. from utilities. Furthermore, depending on the scope and conditions of the project, secondary data can be used Finally, ensuring M&E activities include fair participation to triangulate and verify primary data collected during and representation of women can be challenging, project implementation. but failure to do so will pose challenges of its own. Female beneficiaries of a project, for example, may feel A common challenge to designing and executing gender- intimidated in an evaluation interview conducted by a sensitive M&E plans is limited knowledge, skills, and team that is predominantly male. Their discomfort in capacity among task team members to do so. Because expressing their concerns and ideas may constrain their gender mainstreaming is often viewed as a “box-ticking responses, which consequently may limit the depth of exercise,” many task teams, unsurprisingly, assume their input. Convening separate female-only focus group their projects are “gender neutral” and do not develop discussions with female facilitators is one way to get gender-sensitive objectives and indicators during project information and learn about concerns specific to women preparation. This omission may result in increased design when conducting M&E activities. The following section and supervision costs in the long run—that is, by failing to discusses gender and participation across the project address gender issues during preparation, the task team generally in more depth. may be forced subsequently to retrofit revised M&E plans during project supervision to ensure gender-sensitive actions and M&E plans are put into place. 28  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations TARGETING AND PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN C. PART II. C TARGETING AND PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN of production, to ensure a fair and equitable increase in overall household output. Second, women’s input into the design of the water facilities will enhance the facilities’ effectiveness and sustainability. Women and girls will not, for instance, use sanitary facilities after dark that are unsafe or unlit Why is gender-sensitive or far from their dwellings for fear of being assaulted. participation important Consultation with women and girls during project design for effective development regarding the physical placement and design of both shared and private bathing facilities and toilets, as well investments? as of water points, could reduce the time spent making use of sanitary facilities and of collecting water and, thus, The “Strategic Framework for Mainstreaming Citizen reduce exposure to risks of gender-based violence. Engagement in World Bank Group Operations” (2014) provides a range of guidance on improving participation Another problem that may arise when women’s in World Bank projects. Effective gender-based targeting participation is not prioritized and gender-based and participation is key to achieving inclusive development issues are not addressed during project design is a outcomes in water-related projects because it accounts perpetuation of inefficiencies in and poor governance for the different priorities men and women have with of the project, which may prevent it from achieving its regard to water usage and the different benefits they stated objectives. Meaningful participation requires that receive from investment, and it thereby ensures the both males and females be afforded adequate voices and adequacy and sustainability of the facilities built and the representation and equitable engagement throughout services provided. the project lifecycle. First to consider are the different and sometimes conflicting priorities women and men have for water usage. In agricultural water management projects, for example, women’s role in farming and their land tenure entitlements affect water resource allocation. The dominant perception is that household composition is unitary, with all resources and benefits pooled and then shared equitably. In reality, evidence shows, the intra- household organization of farming tends to operate in a “bargaining model,” where household members negotiate with each other to secure resources for their own production subunits. Prevailing gender relations may, for instance, result in the unequal application of manure and fertilizer, depending on whether the land plot belongs to a woman or a man, with the latter receiving more.8 A project that improves the participation of women in the decision-making process would allow for greater equity and efficiency in the (re)allocation of these factors 8 Water-Smart Agriculture in East Africa, a CARE publication, discussed this issue at length. It can be accessed at: http://www.care. org/sites/default/files/documents/WaSA%20Sourcebook.pdf Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  31  B OX 9 WO M E N ’ S PA RT I C I PAT I O N I N I M P R OV I N G R E S O U R C E A L LOC AT I O N A N D E F F I C I E N T O P E R AT I O N S O F WAT E R S Y S T E M S : T H E C A S E O F T H E I R R I GAT I O N S E C TO R A lack of female participation at the design stage reallocation, and water for the project resulted in its of a project exacerbates inequities in resource failure to achieve its intended outcomes. allocation and may increase women’s vulnerability to Women’s participation and input are also required for difficulties in getting access to and managing water the efficient operation of irrigation systems. Women resources. In a gender-based farming system, for have unique preferences for irrigation operations and example, men and women cultivate separate fields. the scheduling of water deliveries because of their One project in Cameroon redistributed irrigated rice workloads at home and limited flexibility in managing crops in an area where women traditionally grew their time. Rotation of water deliveries that makes sorghum, assuming the women would provide labor evening irrigation unavoidable causes problems for on their husbands’ land. The project failed to sustain women, who tend to avoid farm work at night for fear itself because the women refused to change the crop of sexual harassment and because of difficulties in they normally cultivated. In other words, the lack of combining it with child care responsibilities. women’s voices and representation concerning key decisions regarding site selection, beneficiaries, land Source: IFAD, Gender and Water: Securing Water for Improved Rural Livelihood (2007); p.10. What barriers stand in the way of The task team must first be aware that the quality of women’s participation can vary due to their communication female participation? styles, which may be shaped by behavioral norms such as A quick and simple assessment of challenges to female soft speech and deference to male community members. participation can inform the strategy for stakeholder Women may sometimes face challenges in engaging in engagement in a project. The successful engagement of male-dominated public meetings. Moreover, a great deal both male and female stakeholders begins with a solid of discussion and problem solving among women may understanding of the challenges to and incentives for occur in the home and in informal setting, such as near a their equal participation. Accordingly, at the earliest stage water source or around wells. feasible, task teams should assess the challenges to Second, prevailing cultural and social beliefs among men women’s participation in preparation and implementation and a lack of awareness within the community at large activities. may cause women to feel reticent about participating. Barriers to women’s voices and participation are twofold; While men may not necessarily be overtly hostile to some are self-perceived while others are externally female participation, they may resist change because imposed. Despite the best intentions of task teams to they are unaware and unappreciative of the potential engage both, barriers often remain that restrict women benefits of open and unrestrained participation of women. stakeholders more than men. By identifying their Men may feel they already represent the needs of their underlying sources, the task team can develop appropriate families effectively, and many women may reinforce this strategies to ensure the equitable representation of men perception. and women throughout the project lifecycle. 32  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART II. C TARGETING AND PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN Unfortunately, these beliefs undermine the vital role, Another barrier to the full inclusion of their voices and unique knowledge, and vision women have for the fair participation is women’s socioeconomic status. The and efficient use of water resource management.9 The stakes and access to participation of men and women issue of female participation is often presented to men of higher socioeconomic status differ from those of the as a necessity solely because of their gender—that is, poorest women and men. In targeting stakeholders, past practice has emphasized a normative ideal that therefore, a distinction must be made among poor both men and women should participate in projects, people, rich elites, and poor women. Those belonging to without conferring a full appreciation for the benefits the last of these groups—the poorest women—are the that will result from this shared, equitable participation. most vulnerable and the least able to represent their own Accordingly, task teams are urged to focus on the value needs and preferences. Accordingly, the task team must female participation adds to the project, as they are key make a concerted effort to distinguish stakeholders’ stakeholders in water usage and management. relative social and economic means, so that the voices and participation of the poorest women are included. B OX 10 WO M E N ’ S PA RT I C I PAT I O N I N T H E I N D I A R U R A L WAT E R S U P P LY A N D E N V I RO N M E N TA L S A N I TAT I O N P R OJ E C T ( S WA J A L ) ( P 064981) The SWAJAL project is a model for tying the inclusion These yielded notable results, empowering and of women’s roles and participation directly to enabling communities and women stakeholders to project outcomes. One of its components, “Women be the decision makers and operators of the project’s Development Initiatives,” pursued its objective of infrastructure schemes. promoting women’s roles and participation through Through the project, women in Uttar Pradesh five key efforts: and Uttaranchal also adopted a community self- • The promotion of women’s representation on monitoring tool called Healthy Home Survey to village water and sanitation committees monitor personal, domestic, and environmental hygiene and promote behavioral changes. They • The provision of skill trainings for women in literacy formed nearly 1,045 female self-help groups in and management Uttaranchal and around 504 in Uttar Pradesh, • The targeting of women in hygiene and while under the action plan for women’s economic environmental sanitation empowerment, women in Swajal villages used their new skills and experiences from the self-help groups • The enabling of women’s access to credit through to set up micro-enterprises. the formation of self-help groups • Therecruitment of female village maintenance workers Source: World Bank, ICR for the Uttar Paradesh and Uttarachal Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project (2003). 9 IFAD. “Reinforcing gender equity.” Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  33  Building a strategy 2. MONITORING THE QUALITY OF FEMALE PARTICIPATION for improving Understanding the quality of female participation requires female participation going beyond the use of quantitative indicators. While these are important to maintain, the following additional 1. PROJECT INDICATORS FOR GENDER-SENSITIVE monitoring questions can yield more useful, nuanced PARTICIPATION information to inform course-correction strategies and A number of indicators, many of them as project or ensure high standards of effective female engagement component indicators, can be used to assess the gender over the life of a project: sensitivity of participation in water management activities • Are women engaging in the discussion and sharing and investments. These indicators consider the status of their opinions? women in relationship to that of men to ensure a more accurate assessment and to avoid the project’s becoming • Are the needs of women being articulated? biased to women, and they can be considered guiding parameters for advancing the participation of female • Arethe participating women representative of different users in water-related decision making. (For sample socioeconomic groups? indicators, please refer to Annex II.) women’s input adequately taken into account in the • Is decision-making process? B OX 11 VO I C E B U T N O I N F LU E N C E The influence women have in decision-making sound though it was. When another woman from processes over the course of project implementation the same community suggested collecting fifteen ultimately affects project benefits and outcomes. In Nepalese rupees for operation and maintenance many cases, though, women’s input may be received (O&M) of water sources and sanitary facilities based but not acted upon. While positive examples of on her positive experiences with “Chimeki” Bank (a women raising their voices in communities and in the women’s savings and credit institution), the WSUC water and sanitation user committees (WSUCs) do, of decided to collect ten rupees instead. The lack of course, exist, they may still find it difficult ultimately decision-making influence exemplified by these to influence decisions. cases can limit the benefit women can provide to a project—and to their fellow community members. In one WSS project in Nepal, for example, a female WSUC member suggested placing a tube well near an elderly man’s house, to ease his access to it; WSUC members failed to consider her recommendation, Source: WaterAid, Seen but not Heard? A Review of the Effectiveness of Gender Approaches in Water and Sanitation Service Provision (2009). 34  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART II. C TARGETING AND PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN 3. FOSTER COLLECTIVE IDENTITY TO ENCOURAGE Advocacy for female voices and participation can be FEMALE PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT institutionalized in part by forming networks and alliances In projects that challenge traditional gender roles— with local organizations and institutions. Rather than for example, through reforms of water usage and treating women as passive beneficiaries, their roles as participation—the strengthening of women’s collective agents of change need to be emphasized and encouraged identities to enhance their self-confidence and prevent in project interventions. Utilizing participatory planning social reprimand can help sustain change. It can also processes to ensure a gender-balanced expression help change men’s perception of women’s abilities and of ideas will help, targeting women’s opinions about increase women’s bargaining power in the household. such matters as household water use, irrigation, water Equally important is training in presentation and source access, technology, and water administration; negotiation skills and in how to establish and manage and gender specialists from local NGOs, universities, women’s community organizations. Having these skills or other research institutions can also contribute to helps women feel better prepared—and therefore improving women’s participation. In particular, NGOs’ empowered—to participate fully as members of local local knowledge and interest in improving stakeholder governance institutions. participation can help task teams find the most effective channels for consultations with women, for example, by determining whether segregated or mixed-gender meetings are best used. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  35  B OX 12 E N CO U R AG I N G F E M A L E PA RT I C I PAT I O N I N WAT E R U S E R A S S OC I AT I O N S ( W U A S ) WUAs are increasingly prominent as public forums • Donors and other organizations supporting the to engage female water users. In the push to establishment of WUAs may be unaware of the improve women’s representation and participation obstacles hindering female participation in them in water governance and irrigation schemes, tens of and the value of women’s input into their water thousands of WUAs have been created in communities management decisions. worldwide. It is important for task teams to consider such WUAs are intended to be democratic bodies possibilities to ensure the development initiatives that accountable to the stakeholders who elect the engage WUAs are, in fact, yielding gender-equitable representatives. The challenge associated with them outcomes. Despite evidence from many countries, is that they often reflect existing imbalances of the such as India, the Lao PDR, Nepal, Pakistan, and political and social systems in which they operate, Sri Lanka, showing that women’s participation in as internal power dynamics play a significant role WUAs is much lower than that of men, there was in access to and distribution of benefits—such as misperceptions that women participate in WUAs water and land resources and credit—among WUA more than they actually do. members. Taking the following steps can improve the Cross-country analysis shows various factors limit participation of women in WUAs: the inclusion, and therefore the participation, of ✔ Ensure project teams include women in suitable women in WUAs. Examples include the following: positions who are able to add women members to • Membership criteria of newly established WUAs— the WUA and can communicate well with them and for example, in Bhutan, the Lao People’s Democratic with project beneficiaries. Republic, and Tanzania—are based on labor ✔ Establish a minimum quota for women’s contributions during the construction, operation, membership in WUAs to enable their participation and maintenance of irrigation systems. Even when in decision-making processes. women take part in these activities, male relatives often replace them as WUA members. ✔ Set slightly lower membership fees for women so • Most they can afford to join. bylaws restrict WUA membership to the registered landowners engaged fulltime in a ✔ Open WUA membership to users of water for other farming unit. Registered landowners are very often purposes than irrigation (for example, livestock men, for example, in the Middle East and some owners, and fishermen, those with other domestic parts of South Asia. uses). • Due to poor public communication, women often ✔ Through WUA proceedings, publicly recognize and lack information on WUA activities and about their discuss concerns of both women and men and their membership rights. multiple uses of water in and around households. Adapted from: IFAD, Gender and Water: Securing Water for Improved Rural Livelihoods: The Multiple-Uses System Approach (2012). 36  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PUBLIC AWARENESS AND SOCIAL MARKETING D. PART II. D PUBLIC AWARENESS AND SOCIAL MARKETING • Explain how collective resource governance involving both genders is associated with positive economic macro- and micro-outcomes. In the World Bank’s Aceh- Nias Livelihoods and Economic Development Program (P110635), the reason for supporting the development of water user associations with membership from Why does promoting public both sexes was that it would lead to more informed decision making, leading in turn to more equal and awareness support gender- efficient water distribution. The result would be higher sensitive projects and outcomes? agricultural yields, which would improve food security and reduce household poverty. A common obstacle to gender mainstreaming is limited public understanding of the value and benefits • Explain how productive economic participation of of incorporating women’s as well as men’s needs, both sexes is associated with livelihood security and knowledge, and participation into water-related decision financial sustainability. In the West Africa Regional making. This leads to three main problems facing water Fisheries Program, the World Bank team conveyed task teams: to beneficiary communities in Senegal how women’s participation could increase the value of the fisheries 1. Local stakeholders—from the ministerial level to the sector, with positive effects on livelihoods that would households—who do not understand the value of benefit both their households and their communities. addressing the marginalization of women in decision making and in access to water may resist gender- • Explain how small infrastructure and household focused activities and initiatives. investments that serve the needs of both women and men are associated with higher social status. 2. Gender-sensitive messaging that is hampered by In the World Bank’s Scaling Up Sanitation Project in ineffective communication will fail to reach the target Vietnam (P152693), the team communicated to local audience. stakeholders how private latrines are equated with 3. As men and women may perceive the message for household status, which in turn helped build popular behavioral change differently, aligning that message support for and public interest in sanitation investment with and tailoring it to their specific interests and initiatives at the household level. concerns is vital. • Explain how water investments that improve the physical security of women and girls can also To address these three challenges, task teams should consider the following measures. contribute to campaigns for social justice against gender-based violence. While providing technical 1. BUILD PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR GENDER assistance (TA) for the implementation of a project MAINSTREAMING to develop a national water, sanitation, and hygiene The key to addressing the lack of recognition of and (WASH) policy in Papua New Guinea (P144823), the knowledge about women’s concerns is to develop project team discovered that not everyone in the strategic messages that link their participation and input government counterpart entity appreciated the linkages with proven, successful development outcomes through among water, sanitation, and gender-related issues. gender-sensitive project design. Examples of such Meanwhile, local mass demonstrations were underway messages include the following: against gender-based violence and in support of increasing awareness of and taking action toward improving women’s security. The project team took Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  39  the opportunity to link the counterparts’ concerns for campaigns (ranging from the use of loudspeakers to their own mothers, sisters, wives, and daughters (who radio, television, and social media), problem-solving were joining the demonstrations) with the importance activities (such as participatory mapping of resources and of addressing the exposure and risk to women in the hackathons), the use of folk drama, songs, and dancing design of the water and sanitation project. By using to raise issues, and training workshops. Commitments this approach, the team elevated the issue and raised to gender sensitivity must not remain superficial in the awareness among the men on the lack of security faced messages from these strategic communications. Based by women in Papua New Guinea. on the awareness they raise among targeted audiences in public agencies and local institutions, a core of advocates Moreover, the project team disseminated findings can be developed who can promote gender-sensitive from local research that showed how routine daily strategies within their respective organizations as well as activities—collection of water from distant places, open generate buy-in for particular projects. defecation away from home, and the use of distant latrines—exposed women to harassment and violence. The following questions can be used to guide gender In another example of effective communication, a local inclusivity of strategic communications. Over the life senior and well-respected male champion emerged of the project, they can also help guide revisions in who fully understood the connection and was able to communication plans and strategies: articulate the issues well to other men. This message • How do men and women obtain information (in this won support from the counterpart leader for closer-to- case, about water)? home water and sanitary facilities. • What are the respective literacy rates of the males and In short, the task team effectively communicated to females in the audience? men that gender and water are inextricably linked, and that these issues ultimately affect their loved ones— • What languages do the males and females speak? their wives, daughters, and mothers. • Are any changes taking place or foreseen in the ways 2. DEVELOP GENDER-SENSITIVE STRATEGIES FOR men and women obtain information about water? DISSEMINATING INFORMATION • Can male and female audiences obtain the information The strategic use of an appropriate medium of themselves, or must they rely on others? communication is essential to delivering effective messages to a targeted population. During project design, • Will the project affect the way individuals obtain communication plans often identify a suitable medium, information about water—for example, through new such as radio, television, or community billboards, but a investments? If so, does the communication strategy targeted audience’s means for obtaining information may ensure the public will have access to information and change during the course of the project. For example, will remain adequately informed? as information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure or access improves, individuals may prefer 3. TAILOR MESSAGES TO MALE AND FEMALE getting their information from the Internet and social CONCERNS AND ROLES media rather than TV or newspapers. To ensure it remains Gender-based messaging is crucial for bringing about effective, the choice of medium may require continual desirable behavioral changes. Because of differing roles revision to adapt to changing needs and interests. and priorities they have within their communities and households, female and male beneficiaries may receive What constitutes an effective medium of communication information in different ways. The following two cases will vary, depending not only audience preference, but on show how gender-sensitive messaging can help produce the project’s unique characteristics. The nature of the optimal outcomes. project may call for awareness raising through media 40  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations a) Communications to promote women’s participation b) Communications to promote water use and sanitation behavioral change Women have sometimes opted not to participate in projects because they were not aware of associated opportunities Male and female groups perceive and respond very and benefits. In such cases, collective efforts have been differently to changes in water-related activities, such required to inform and raise awareness among the public as sanitation and hygiene behavior, irrigation practices, regarding the importance of women’s inclusion and and the use of technology. Best practices have shown participation. For example, in the Smallholder Irrigation that to facilitate behavioral change, task teams need and Water Use Program supported by the International first to determine the respective priorities of each group Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in Zambia, and then effectively communicate to that audience how targeted messaging to sensitize rural men and women to certain changes in behavior align with those priorities. gender-related water issues and thus highlight the need Take as an example the watershed management project to include women in irrigation scheme management in Mindanao, Philippines, supported by the United committees was delivered via local drama groups. Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The project The drama groups also helped publicize messages to takes place in a fragile area of a cloud forest,11 where a communities about the benefit and utility of greater lake that was used to generate electricity was silting up roles for women in the WUAs, resulting in significant from deforestation and soil erosion. Local institutions participation of women in scheme management, both as were engaged to monitor soil loss and recovery. members and as treasurers.10 B OX 13 B U I L D I N G P U B L I C AWA R E N E S S I N Y E M E N : W O M E N ’ S PA RT I C I PAT I O N I N T H E S A N A’A BA S I N WAT E R M A N A G E M E N T P R OJ E C T ( P 0 64981) With a goal of raising awareness of the risks of thirty-seven water user associations and groups led water depletion in the Sana’a Basin and ways to by women were established to promote understanding conserve water in agriculture and domestic use, the of the critical groundwater situation in the basin. As Sana’a Basin Water Management Project identified information about water conservation and efficient women as potential agents of change in participating water use was shared with affected communities, communities. The National Women’s Union played a community-wide understanding translated into more guiding role and supported women’s involvement in conservative use of water. community-level water management, and a total of Source: World Bank, ICR for the Sana’a Basin Water Management Project (2010). 10 IFAD. 2000a. “IFAD’s Gender Strengthening Programme in Eastern and Southern Africa: Field Diagnostic Study, Zambia”. Rome: IFAD. 11 A cloud forest is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover. 42  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART II. D PUBLIC AWARENESS AND SOCIAL MARKETING The project first invited young men to monitor the water Men and women influence social behaviors, and hence to determine whether the techniques being used for behavioral change, in different ways, which is why soil conservation were reducing silting. The men were both need to be included wherever possible in social inconsistent in their monitoring activities, however. marketing messages. In Indonesia, responses from Women farmers were then brought in to monitor the women shown marketing materials depicting a mother water but, again, without much success. The project teaching her children how to wash their hands with soap then determined that the women were more interested included, “We need a man in the picture, too; men are in health issues than soil loss. As they learned about how the problem as they do not wash their hands, and we water quality had affected the health of their families, cannot tell them to do it. The children will do what their the program expanded to include monitoring for E. father does” and “Where is the father? Is she a single coli bacteria. Women’s interest and participation in the mother?” Regardless of good intentions to spotlight program increased, which in turn led to their further women, messages that focus exclusively on female engagement in a wider range of environmental activities. roles and behaviors, while literally leaving men out of Ultimately, the community’s collective involvement led to the picture, can actually be ineffective.12 positive development outcomes—that is, an increase in the adoption of soil conservation techniques by both male and female farmers (GWA and UNDP, 2006). Yunita Wahyuningrum. “Pre-testing of Hand Washing with Soap (HWWS) Communications Materials.” Report. Water and 12 Sanitation Program. No date. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  43  CAPACITY BUILDING AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT E. PART II. E CAPACITY BUILDING AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT To manage gender-related issues effectively, the project teams are best served if they are equipped with knowledge and experience in several areas: • Knowledge of female and male roles and dynamics in the country Why do we need better • Practical experience in implementing gender capacity for gender-sensitive strategies, engaging in participatory and consultative activities, and carrying out monitoring and evaluation programming? • Experience in gender research and analysis The requirements for gender-sensitive programming extend far beyond the “head count” of women attending • Experience working in different sectors a water development board meeting or female officials Experience on previous projects points to several ways to working in a water utility company. The sustainability of manage any capacity gap in gender expertise: gender-sensitive water governance depends on the quality of gender-balanced participation and representation. • Maximize the role of the social safeguards specialist. And the quality of both female and male participation When given the mandate by the task team lead, the and their contributions to the development outcomes of social safeguards specialist can act as an enforcer projects can only be achieved if capacity is mainstreamed of good standards for gender sensitivity. In the and built across a range of key stakeholders. World Bank’s Aceh Nias Livelihoods and Economic Development Project (P110635), for example, the To this end, capacity must be built within project teams, safeguards specialist was empowered by the team within local institutions and organizations, and among leader to engage directly with the client to “call forth, stakeholder individuals (that is, female beneficiaries). scrutinize, and criticize” relevant gender issues in the Below are some simple guidelines for assessing capacity project. She raised questions with the local authorities, and entry points for closing gaps in it. coordinated the collection of data on settlement compensation (names, compensation, replacement 1. GENDER CAPABILITIES ON THE TASK TEAM values, livelihoods effects), tracked the compensation The lack of practical gender-related knowledge on project and its impacts, and monitored the equitability of teams can be problematic in two ways. First, if the task female cases. team does not have in-house knowledge of the extent of gender-related issues in project areas, its members The safeguards specialist may also have direct hands- could be uncomfortable raising gender issues with the on local knowledge of gender issues in the project client. Any discomfort may be exacerbated by hesitation areas. If not, he or she can supplement this knowledge or misunderstanding if the team is uncertain whether by contracting with a local gender specialist. The gender bringing up gender issues during project preparation will specialist, either overseen by the safeguards specialist be regarded as culturally insensitive. or working independently, can ensure the project team understands cultural context and can provide “cultural Second, gender-related problems that arise during translation” of gender issues that arise in technical implementation for which no preparation has been discussions between the project team and the client. made or mechanisms established for addressing them may affect the completion of a project component or achievement of development outcomes. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  45  • Partner with organizations with local knowledge Women-led local organizations can be a useful resource and experience in implementing gender-sensitive for filling the gender capacity gaps of local water initiatives. In cases where the project management institutions. The Women’s Union in Vietnam is frequently units lack in-house gender expertise, the project incorporated into World Bank investments in that country, team needs to try to tap local organizations with deep as donors and the local population view it as responsible experience working with the community and a keen and effective in involving women and addressing and understanding of its gender dynamics. Their wealth of advocating for their needs. expertise will complement that of the project team and When in-house human resource capacity is not adequate will enable the team to raise gender issues effectively to meet demand, the project may consider financing the with the client and counterparts, especially those who creation of new staff positions to address the capacity gap. resist gender-sensitive design for the project. In the Bank’s Scaling-Up Sanitation Project (P152693), • Facilitate on-the-job learning. In addition to consulting the Vietnam Women’s Union did not have enough staff the sources of gender knowledge mentioned above, to manage the gender-related issues at the community the project team can use simple learning tools and commune levels, so the project funded the creation available online. For example, Capacity Development of new staff positions within the organization so it could in Sustainable Water Management (Cap-Net) and the take advantage of its strong technical knowhow and Gender Water Alliance, in partnership with the UN positive reputation. Development Program, have developed a course on “Why Gender Matters,” whose objective is to introduce 3. IMPROVE CAPACITY AMONG FEMALE water professionals to gender-sensitive approaches BENEFICIARIES to improving water use efficiency and environmental Experience shows that water projects that include sustainability. The tutorial first introduces the general supporting elements, such as training in technical concepts of gender and gender mainstreaming aspects, management, literacy, confidence building, and then discusses several water subsectors more leadership skills, operations and maintenance, and access specifically: drinking water, sanitation, agriculture, and to financial services and loans, have a better chance of environment, including climate change. success in addressing women’s concerns and involving women in project activities. There are several key entry Moreover, the tutorial carefully explains the “how” of points for augmenting the capacity of female beneficiaries gender mainstreaming and provides references and and, hence, improving overall development outcomes: links to relevant manuals, tools, resource centers, and case studies. Additional self-training materials tailored • Leadership training. If women are expected to take to various water subsectors are available in Annex IV. leadership roles in an environment where that has been uncommon, leadership training and technical 2. BUILD CAPACITY OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS capacity building should be incorporated into the Project task teams engaging with local institutions, such design of the project to support this goal directly. In as utilities and regulatory agencies, can assess how well fact, female leadership training can help alleviate each has mainstreamed gender issues by examining its women’s concerns about participating in the public work program and its work culture. Annex III provides sphere if it equips them to influence more effectively relevant questions for identifying capacity gaps, as well the equitable distribution of project benefits and as measures and activities to close them (GWA and UNDP development outcomes. It should be noted, however, 2006, 140–1). that for women to achieve and maintain these leadership positions and roles in more conservative societies, men need to be engaged and to buy into their leadership development process. 46  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations • Professional education. To increase gender sensitivity and the power of collective action; and poor self- in the water sector in the long term, two steps need confidence in a male-dominated environment. Women- to be taken in higher education and technical training. led NGOs are a primary entry point for addressing First, higher education programs should actively recruit these issues and improving individual women’s ability women into water engineering, thus introducing a to engage effectively. When a project seeks to change stream of locally knowledgeable female technical traditional gender roles and behaviors, such as in professionals into the workforce. Second, all water- public policy participation or water use activities, it is related tertiary and postsecondary education programs crucial to connect with women’s NGOs that have deep need to incorporate lessons on gender issues into local roots, especially with women in the community. their curricula so these topics become ingrained into In a situation where women may be likely to hold back, the thinking of both men and women working in the the NGOs can help develop their collective identity, profession. enhance their self-confidence, and prevent them from being penalized for transgressing social norms. Coordinated • representation through experienced The support of established and respected female women-led NGOs. Female community members who organizations can also help change men’s perceptions are interested in participating in water-related projects of women’s abilities and enhance their bargaining may face several capacity issues: limited knowledge power in situations where bargaining is required. about citizen rights (including the right to paid work— see Box 13); inadequate understanding of group needs B OX 14 A R E E CO N O M I C A N D E M P LO Y M E N T A DVA N TAG E S D I S T R I B U T E D E Q U I TA B LY TO M E N A N D WO M E N ? Water infrastructure and service investments can to women, such as canal cleaning, should also be create paid employment opportunities for both men considered. and women. However, while it is important to note • As task teams ponder how to validate capacity- that from a legal standpoint most countries protect building investments, they can also consider the the equal access of men and women to paid work, in benefits of paid work for women: practice this is often not the case. Paid work is often given to the men while unpaid work may be assigned to • Income generation and the provision of decent women. And when women are paid, they may be paid work less. Such gender differentials should be monitored when water infrastructure investment opens up • On-the-job technical training for a broader employment opportunities. To ensure men and representation of water users (women and men) women benefit from them, both require training. And • Assurancethat services will be more accessible to their training needs—in construction and operation both male and female user groups and maintenance—should be assessed separately. Affirmative action may be required to ensure • Improved visibility and regard for women’s women’s participation and to generate an increase contributions in the number of women in management bodies, as female participation in decision making • Increased operators, and as staff in agencies. Compensation for the unskilled work that is frequently assigned and enhancement of their livelihoods Source: Interviews with task team members 48  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations PART II. E CAPACITY BUILDING AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT B OX 15 GOO D P R AC T I C E I N C A PA C I T Y B U I L D I N G I N M O ROC C O ’ S R A I N - F E D AG R I C U LT U R E D E V E LO P M E N T P R OJ E C T ( P 0 6 9 1 2 4) The Morocco Rain-Fed Agriculture Development Accordingly, the project proactively and consistently Project has showcased best practice in undertaking looked for indicators and dimensions that best social analysis and the impact this had on project reflected the needs of and potential project impacts approach and design. The social assessment served on women. Appropriate design measures were put two purposes—first, identifying the causes of poverty into place to help women’s voices be heard during and, second, carefully assessing women’s roles the diagnostic and decision-taking processes. The in both the community structure and agricultural “Capacity Building at the Local Level” component production. The assessment well evaluated the focused on developing local programming and specifics of women’s roles and their marginalization recruited both male and female “animators” to due to lower education levels, limited land ownership, support the local participatory programming limited decision-making powers within the household, exercises. The project also recognized that and so on. Altogether, the assessment showed that organization of project-affected people would require women- and female-headed households within the the participation of women as key players in the scope of the project were the most vulnerable groups, continuity of agricultural production. Any capacity- but they could also participate in building solutions. building program or intervention was grounded in specific analysis of women’s roles as decision makers and resource managers in the absence of males, their allocation of time and labor, degree stratification, and so forth. Source: World Bank, ICR for the Rainfed Agriculture Development Project, 2012. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  49  ANNEX I. WHAT DOES GENDER HAVE TO DO WITH MY WORK IN THE WATER SECTOR? ANNEX I. The 2006 World Bank study, Gender Mainstreaming in The subsectors in Quadrants III and IV feature more Water Resource Management, laid out a framework to local-level project investments, which are more likely help task teams conceptualize the relevance of gender to induce gender-based impacts; this should be considerations to the water subsectors in which they accounted for during project design and implementation. are working. According to the study, some subsectors Meanwhile, projects from subsectors in Quadrants I and are simply characterized by more localized investments, II are generally considered “farther from the people,” as and the more local the investment, the closer the project their management focus is national, international, river- is to local beneficiaries, who are men and women with basin, or trans-boundary. These types of projects are not differing priorities and concerns. necessarily “gender neutral,” however, as activities of a local nature may be included within them (for example, a The framework, summarized in Figure 1, illustrates in river basic management project may have a component general terms whether gender impacts are of low (L), to develop local water user associations). Furthermore, medium (M), or high (H) relevance to an investment in each component will have “trickle-down” effects— a particular subsector. The x-axis represents the “level for instance, national and international policies and of management,” while the y-axis shows the “level governance reforms will affect local institutions and their of technical input.” They classify the sector into four beneficiaries. different subgroups: When task teams think through how their projects relate Quadrant I: national/international-level management to these quadrants, therefore—and hence the application and high-technology focus of gender—they should consider all project subsector Quadrant II: national/international-level management components individually, and they should anticipate and low-technology focus secondary and tertiary gender impacts of investments at higher and lower levels. Quadrant III: local-level management and low- technology focus Quadrant IV: local-level management and high- technology focus Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  51  F I G U R E 3 : G E N D E R A N D W AT E R S U B S E CTO R S Local-level management National/International-level management High-technology focus High-technology focus Urban water supply and sanitation h Irrigation h Drainage of irrigation water h Urban wastewater M Hydropower* L  Industrial wastewater and pollution M Navigation L  LEVEL OF TECHNICAL INPUT Groundwater management M General flood infrastructure L  Intersectoral allocation/decision systems M Bulk water infrastructure L  QUADRANT IV QUADRANT I QUADRANT III QUADRANT II Rural water supply and sanitation h River-basin management M  Emergency water supply and sanitation h Water agency reforms** M  Micro hydro technology h Trans-boundary water management L  Water resource management in irrigation h Marine management L  and drainage Water law H  Flood control and disaster management h Fisheries h Watershed management h Coastal management h Local-level management National/International-level management Low-technology (i.e. institutional) focus Low-technology (i.e. institutional) focus LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT Source: Kuriakose et al. Gender Mainstreaming in Water Resource Management (2006); p. 26. Notes: The relevance of gender impacts to investments in particular subsectors is classified as low L, medium M, or high h. *With the exception of gender resettlement issues. **With the exception of female staffing and water tariff issues. 52  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations ANNEX II. SUGGESTED INDICATORS FOR GENDER- SENSITIVE MONITORING AND EVALUATION ANNEX II. A C C E S S TO FAC I L I T I E S • Numbers and percentages of rural women and men within 1.5 km of an improved water source • Numbers and percentages of urban women and men within 1 km of an improved water source • Water and sanitation equity distribution ratios and percentage of population on-network versus off-network • Numbers and percentages of men and women with access to improved sanitation near houses • Number and percentage of schools with separate toilet or latrine facilities for girls and boys (a ratio of girls per toilet and boys per toilet) • Toilet ratios for girls and for boys in a primary and/or elementary school • Ratios of toilets and hand-washing facilities for women and men per household • Numbers and percentages of men and women with access to hand-washing facilities • Improvement of security and equity of water supply for poor farmers and for women and disadvantaged groups • Female farmers’ access to water for productive purposes at farm level E F F E CT I V E U S E O F S E R V I C E S • Numbers of men and women using toilets or latrines • Numbers of men and women washing hands with soap at the right times (after using toilet, before eating) • Numbers of men and women using improved water resources • Percentages of men and women trained in scheme management T I M E S AV I N G • Numbers of hours spent (in a day or in a week) by women and men in getting access to improved water supply and sanitation services (includes water collection and purification and access to sanitary facilities) • Percentages of women and men within X number of km to improved water supply and sanitation (WSS) source (see national targets) • Distances traveled by women and men (disaggregated) to collect drinking water • Time spent caring for children and adults with waterborne diseases A F FO R D A B I L I T Y • Percentages of income spent by women and men getting access to water and sanitation services in different project areas • Percentage of households investing in sanitary facilities • Shared costs between men and women for safe domestic water PA RT I C I PAT I O N • Numbers of men and women involved in hygiene promotion activities • Ratio of men trained in health education to women trained in health education Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  55  • Percentage of female beneficiaries for either a particular project component (for instance, establishment of fund for vulnerable group or community lending scheme for income-generating activities) or for the project as a whole, or both • Numbers of men and women trained in the construction and O&M of new infrastructure or a water supply system built as part of the project • Number of cross-learning or training programs for project-affected people that have female participation • Percentage of increase in demand for (paid) labor by women as a result of the project • Number of women with access to and control over water-dependent enterprises V O I C E S I N D E C I S I O N M A K I N G A N D GOV E R N A N C E • Ratio between contributions by men and contributions by women (for example, time allowed to speak) in decision-making meetings • Numbers/percentages of representation of women, including in leadership roles, on community-based water development boards or water user associations • Numbers/percentages of men and women represented in technical and/or management positions in water organizations at the policy and/or the operational level • Percentages of men and women engaged in initiating, siting, implementing, and using O&M of water and sanitation services • Numbers/percentages of women recruited as motivators for good governance in local water development programs • Percentage of women in water-related employment, such as in a utility company or a selected ministry • Number/percentage of decisions adopted in meetings with substantive contributions from women • Number of policies and strategies published with substantive input from women • Number of gender-specific policies at national- or sector-level • Number of gender-related policies within agencies involved in sector development INCOME • Percentage increases in income for men and women from productive uses of water • Improvement in women’s life skills (such as communication and negotiation), based on demographic and health indicators (similarly, qualitative assessment that is difficult to verify) H E A LT H B E N E F I T S • Morbidity and mortality rate for children below age five • Reductions in male and female deaths from waterborne diseases by age • Reductions in male and female cases of waterborne diseases by age For additional guidance on M&E indicators, please refer to the list of references provided in Annex V. 56  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations ANNEX III. ASSESSMENT AND ACTIONS FOR GENDER CAPACITY BUILDING IN OPERATIONS ANNEX III. CATEGORY OF INQUIRY ISSUES TO CONSIDER STEPS FOR ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE WORK PROGRAM Policy and action plans • Is there a gender policy? • If no gender policy exists, but there is a desire to Attention to gender in address inequalities between men and women, • When was it developed, and who was all policies then fill that gap by conducting situational involved? analysis, defining a gender “vision statement” • Does it use sex-disaggregated data? Is and preparing an implementation strategy. its implementation being monitored? Guidance below, in this table, can also inform.13 Policy influencing • What is the attitude of senior management • Assess who are the champions for gender staff to gender issues? Who are the formal equality and equity. and informal opinion leaders? • Engage all relevant and potential staff and • Which external agencies or people have management. influence on the organization? • Create a participatory and inclusive • What are the decision-making bodies? environment for policy development. Human resources • Is there a designated gender unit or • Have clear TORs for the units or focal persons. • Gender-focused staff focal person? • Establish training in gender mainstreaming • All staff • What does that unit or person they do? and advocacy as an ongoing process with With what resources? action targets. • Are other staff members “gender aware”? • Have professional backstopping to support gender work. • Is sensitivity to gender included in job descriptions and assessed in job • Involve focal units as an integral part of existing evaluations? processes and programs. Financial and time • Is there funding for capacity building on • Allocate budget for staff capacity building and resources gender? for actions on the ground. • For gender equality • Is there funding for gender actions on • Allocate time for actions on the operational level. initiatives on the the ground? ground • Develop indicators to monitor progress. • For staff capacity- building initiatives Systems, procedures, • Is attention to gender included in routine • Include gender in systems and procedures. and tools systems and procedures (information • Develop sex-disaggregated information systems. systems, appraisals, planning, and monitoring)? • Include gender in staff TORs and interviews. • Have staff members been issued • Have indicators for monitoring policy progress guidelines on gender mainstreaming? in implementing gender-sensitive activities. • Develop checklists and guidelines. 13 Additional guidance on developing gender policy can be found here: Gender Water Alliance (GWA) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Resource Guide: Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management. Version 2.1. November 2006; pp 138-140. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  59  CATEGORY OF INQUIRY ISSUES TO CONSIDER STEPS FOR ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE WO R K C U LT U R E Staffing statistics • How many men and women are at each • Have sensitive recruitment policies that are not level in the organization and across roles discriminatory, even though gender is not about and sectors? balancing numbers. • What are the organization’s employment • Provide staff with access to decision-making and hiring policies? processes. Women’s and men’s • Does the organization create a safe • Analyze the organization with respect practical and and practical environment for women to its sensitivity to the different needs of strategic needs and men—for example, with regard to women and men. transportation, toilets, child care, and flexibility of working hours? • Look at organizational assets, such as equipment, furniture, toilet design and accessibility, and so on. Are they suitable for both women and men? Organizational culture • How does information flow, and to what • Adopt an organizational culture that values extent are women and men included in women’s and men’s perspectives equally. the communication chain? • Explicitly state the organization’s commitments • What are the main shared values of the to gender equality in all policies and programs. organization? Do they promote equality and, specifically, gender equality? • Decentralize decision making to allow both women and men a voice in organizational • Is decision making centralized or decision making. decentralized? How does this relate to promotion of gender equality by decision makers? • What attitudes are held, at different levels of authority, toward female and male staff? Staff perceptions • How do male and female staff perceive • Conduct capacity-building and awareness- the treatment of women and of gender raising programs, especially where gender is equality in the organization? seen as just one of the donor requirements and not as an organizational value. Policy and actions • Does the organization have equal • Pay attention to equality within the structure, opportunity policies? culture, and staffing of organizations, as well as in their programs, policies, and procedures. • What do the policies cover? Do they include a focus on women? • Assess and evaluate these by continuously using gender-sensitive indicators to enable • How are the policies promoted and comprehensive review. implemented? Source: Gender Water Alliance (GWA) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Resource Guide: Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management (2006), Version 2.1. November. 60  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations ANNEX IV. SAMPLE TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR GENDER SPECIALISTS IN WATER PROJECTS ANNEX IV. This section presents three samples of general terms 2. Project planning and design of reference (TORs) for gender experts hired at various Based on the information collected, the specialist will stages of the project cycle: TORs for gender analysis work with community members and other members during project design; TORs for gender analysis during of the project team to determine priorities and project the implementation phase; and TORs for gender analysis activities. A special effort should be made to incorporate during monitoring and evaluation. Task managers can the findings of gender analysis into the project design. In adapt these to suit the particular countries in which particular, the specialist is responsible for the following: they work. • Ensuring project goals, objectives, processes, and A. Terms of reference for activities are gender sensitive and meet the needs and gender analysis during priorities of both village women and men project preparation • Identifying constraints to women’s participation and developing strategies to minimize or eliminate them OVERALL RESPONSIBILITIES • Making adequate staff and budget provisions for The gender specialist will ensure gender issues are women’s as well as men’s involvement, including plans appropriately considered during the project preparation for hiring female staff, especially if village women may and design phases. Areas of emphasis include data be unwilling to speak with male staff collection, determination of overall project objectives and activities, and gender-sensitive project design. • Developing a strategy for staff training in gender analysis (if staff have not yet been trained) and TASKS identifying community training needs related to women’s involvement 1. Data collection • Where the project utilizes village committees, The specialist will ensure data are appropriately collected ensuring project design provides for their constitution and gender disaggregated. Data gathered on gender in a gender-sensitive manner, including creation of issues should be sufficient for appropriate project design, separate committees for women if men and women and on topics that may include the following: will not meet together • Government and agency policies on gender issues in • Ensuring both women and men are involved in key general and water and sanitation in particular project decisions, such as the choice of technology, • Summary of men’s and women’s respective status and service levels, arrangements for O&M, and cost roles in the project area, especially in activities relating recovery mechanisms. to water and sanitation REPORT • Existing community and NGO groups in the project area The consultant will prepare within one month a descriptive and men’s and women’s roles in each, including any and analytical report presenting the main findings of the women’s organizations gender analysis at the project preparation stage and • Previous experience of the government or the suggesting appropriate options and recommendations implementing agency with designing and implementing for addressing any issues or risks identified. gender-sensitive water and sanitation projects in the project area or similar areas in the country • Women’s and men’s views on existing water and sanitation systems in the community Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  63  B. Terms of reference for • Conducting gender training sessions for the sensitization of all staff gender analysis during the implementation phase • Organizing community-level training as needed concerning participation and gender issues and specific training for women in skills needed for the project OVERALL RESPONSIBILITIES The gender specialist on the project implementation • Working with other project staff and the community team is responsible for ensuring gender-sensitive project to develop and maintain an M&E system that includes design is well implemented. If gender was not addressed gender-disaggregated data and data that provide in the design, the specialist will propose a modification indicators concerning women’s and men’s involvement of the design during implementation. In particular, the • Reformulating the project and making midcourse specialist is responsible for the following: corrections as needed during implementation for • Developing a gender strategy for the project or refining directing more attention to gender, based on the results the strategy developed during project preparation, as of monitoring needed • Developing adequate information channels between • Ensuring project activities that involve women are village women and men on the one hand and project carried out at times and locations convenient for them and government staff on the other • Hiring and supervising staff who will focus on gender REPORT issues Within one month, the consultant will prepare a report presenting the main findings and suggesting appropriate options and recommendations. 64  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations ANNEX IV. C. Terms of reference for • Assessing the training of men and women in maintenance, hygiene education, and other skill areas. gender analysis during What percentage of women as opposed to men was monitoring and evaluation trained in each area? What were the benefits of the training? What could have been done differently? Does OVERALL RESPONSIBILITIES the performance of women and men differ? The gender specialist will be responsible for developing • Examining women’s and men’s roles in determining the and implementing gender-sensitive M&E systems. type of technology chosen, the siting of facilities, and Gender issues will form an integral part of an overall M&E whether or not additional facilities, such as washing framework. In particular, the specialist is responsible for and bathing facilities, will be built the following: • Involving community women and men in data collection • Ensuring the project’s M&E system can provide and interpretation and in the design of the system(s) gender-disaggregated data and indicators that can be used to measure the gender appropriateness of project • Organizing meetings, workshops, or both to inform activities. The system should be designed to provide project staff and communities of M&E findings staff and the community with timely information that • Identifying areas for further research. Ideally, the can be used to adjust and reformulate the project in the specialist will be part of an M&E team. course of implementation, as needed. • Analyzing additional benefits, such as gains in time • Measuring the effects and impacts of the project derived by women and men, respectively, from the separately for women and men. project • Analyzing men’s and women’s participation in the • Determining how any gains in time were used for project and their respective access to and control economic or social purposes and why. Did the project over management and resources. This includes anticipate or plan for these uses? assessing types of involvement: decision making, financial involvement, participation on committees, • Analyzing additional costs in time or labor for men or management, maintenance, and so on. For example, women caused by the project activities how many women and how many men are on the committees, and what roles do they play? • Drawing lessons and providing recommendations for future projects. • Examining staff attitudes toward gender issues and how they affect project outcomes. Are staff supportive REPORT of gender issues? Have they received gender training? Within one month, the consultant will prepare a descriptive If so, what impact did the training have? Should they and analytical report presenting the main findings and receive additional or follow-up training? suggesting appropriate options and recommendations, mentioned above. Source: WSP, Toolkit on Gender in Water and Sanitation: Gender Toolkit Series No.2. 2006. Note: Additional sample TORs and a roster for the gender specialist can be found on the East Asia and Pacific Region (EAP) Gender Practice SPARK page. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  65  ANNEX V. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEX V. Below is an annotated bibliography of recommended International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). literature on gender mainstreaming in the water sector. Gender and Water: Securing Water for Improved Rural Resources are divided into four categories: (A) Resources Livelihoods: The Multiple-Uses System Approach. 2007. by Water Practice Subsector, (B) Guidance for Gender Gender and Water reviews IFAD water-related programs Analysis and Participatory Methodologies, (C) Monitoring and projects and analyzes impacts on women, and Evaluation, (D) Information on Willingness-to-Pay women’s role in water resource management, and and Gender. constraints faced by women in gaining access to water. It shows lessons learned and good practices from A. Resources by Water IFAD-supported projects and concludes with a set Practice Subsector of recommendations to be incorporated into project design, M&E, and capacity building. 1. WATER AND AGRICULTURE (IRRIGATION) 2. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Jordans, E. Socioeconomic and Gender Analysis (SEAGA) Programme Sector Guide: Irrigation. Rome: Food Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (SDC). Gender & Water: Mainstreaming Gender (FAO), 1998. Web. . Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA). Bern: Switzerland, 2005. Web. This guide was written for development practitioners . participatory planning of irrigation schemes to strengthen the position of rural women and disadvantaged groups. Gender & Water: Mainstreaming Gender Equality outlines the areas in which a gender focus should to be incorporated into the design of development interventions in the water FAO. Passport to Mainstreaming Gender in Water sector. Divided into analysis, planning, implementation, Programmes: Key Questions for Interventions in the and monitoring and evaluation, each stage includes key Agricultural Sector. Rome: FAO, 2012. . with additional information and suggestions for improving FAO’s booklet, which was developed for water and practice. agriculture practitioners, provides guidance to field staff in the design, implementation, operation, and Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). “Gender in maintenance of management projects for agricultural Water and Sanitation” Water and Sanitation Program: production. Used as a rapid appraisal tool, the booklet Working Paper. November 2010. Web. . management of agricultural water management projects and programs by helping them design and assess the This WSP working paper presents approaches to implications of gender-sensitive interventions for women redressing gender inequality in the water and sanitation and men through a participatory approach. sector, as well as emerging practices. The review is intended for easy reference by sector ministries, donors, citizens, development banks, nongovernmental organizations, and water and sanitation service providers committed to mainstreaming gender in the sector. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  67  WaterAid. Seen But Not Heard? A Review of the 3. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Effectiveness of Gender Approaches in Water and Gender Water Alliance (GWA) and United Nations Sanitation Service Provision. July 2009. Web. Development Program (UNDP). Resource Guide: . Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management. Version The WaterAid study, intended both for development 2.1. November 2006. Web. practitioners and those interested in gender-inclusive . needs related to the provision of water and sanitation This resource guide is a reference document to assist services are being met and benefits being realized equally water and gender practitioners and professionals, as by men and women. well as persons responsible for gender mainstreaming and anybody else who is interested in the water sector. A World Bank. “Social Development & Infrastructure: compilation of newer resources on gender mainstreaming Making Water Supply and Sanitation Work for Women in integrated water resource management (IWRM)— and Men Tools for Task Teams.” Washington, DC: World documents, papers, books, case studies, tools, and Bank, 2010. Web. toolkits—it is meant to support action and further reading . “Social Development & Infrastructure” provides relevant Kuriakose, A. T., et al. Gender Mainstreaming in Water and practical tools for World Bank task teams and their Resources Management. Washington, DC: World country counterparts to facilitate their addressing of Bank, 2006. Web. . in formats more relevant to WSS operations. The tools This report is to give an overview of mainstreaming can also serve as resources for training on gender and gender in selected water resource management WSS. The authors use the term “tool” to convey the notion projects, funded by the World Bank. The report is that the materials are nuts and bolts resources to be based on a comprehensive review of WRM projects, used when needed, and to emphasize that their use is coupled with interviews with task team leaders. The not required or directed. report reveals low levels of gender integration in a subset of WRM project at the World Bank and analyses outstanding issues. The report concludes with findings and recommendations for improving gender integration in WRM projects, with practical suggests, such as a sample checklist and results indicators. 68  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations ANNEX V. 4. DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT Department for International Development (DFID). World Bank. “Making Women’s Voices Count: Gender Manual: A Practical Guide. London: DFID, Integrating Gender Issues in Disaster Risk 2008. Web. Management: Overview and Recourses for servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2012/10 The DFID guide was designed to help non-specialists /25/000386194_20121025020000/Rendered/ recognize and address gender issues in their work. PDF/658410REVISED00view0Final0for0email.pdf>. Though designed for the DFID and partner organizations, This overview of a series of eight guidance notes the manual also provides useful information and for mainstreaming gender issues into disaster risk guidance for staff from any government or civil society management projects, including community-driven organization striving to deal with these issues. Moreover, development programs, argues that women face it is intended to be enabling rather than prescriptive. disproportionate risks when a disaster happens due It focuses on the processes of gender mainstreaming to existing socioeconomic conditions, cultural beliefs, that are similar in all sectors and regions and also, in and traditional practices. It is important to incorporate some instances, similar to other processes of social both women’s and men’s concerns in the design development and organizational change. and implementation of disaster risk management programs to minimize worsening of existing gender Gender and Water Alliance. Gender, Water and inequalities. Women can make a difference in disaster Development Report 2003: Gender Perspectives on risk management efforts through participation and Policies in the Water Sector. Loughborough: Water, empowerment in the planning, decision-making, and Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), 2003. implementation processes. Web. B. Guidance for Gender Analysis The report looks at how the fine rhetoric on gender and Participatory Methodologies mainstreaming that won favor in the Hague is being translated into policy by governments and donors two Bamberger, M., M. Blackden, L. Fort, and V. Manoukian. years later. “Gender in a Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies.” In A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies, ed. Jeni Klugman, chapter 10, 333–74. International Fund for Agricultural Development Washington, DC: World Bank, 2002. (IFAD). Gender and Water: Securing Water for Improved “Gender in a Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies” Rural Livelihoods: The Multiple-Uses Systems Approach. details the rationale for incorporating gender in PRS 2012. Web. and describes a three-step process for doing so. It also Gender and Water reviews IFAD water-related programs examines the different tools and methods available to and projects and analyzes impacts on women, identify gender issues in poverty analysis, discusses the women’s role in water resource management, and differences in the poverty constraints faced by women and constraints faced by women in gaining access to water. by men, and suggests methods that can be used to analyze It shows lessons learned and good practices from gender differences. Finally, the paper explains Pakistan’s IFAD-supported projects and concludes with a set country-specific experiences with incorporating gender into of recommendations to be incorporated into project PRS and discusses the differences between the theoretical design, M&E, and capacity building. aspects of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) process and the field experiences of the PRSP. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  69  March, C., I. Smyth, and M. Mukhopadhyay. A Guide to AUSAID, CGIAR, and Oxfam. “The Gender Impact Gender Analysis Frameworks. Oxford, UK: Oxfam, 1999. Assessment Process”: In Balancing the Scales: Using The authors present established, good-practice gender Gender Impact Assessment in Hydropower Development. analysis frameworks for development research and pp. 34-61. 2013. Web. . the experience of Oxfam staff members throughout the This guidance, focused on river basins, makes the case world and their colleagues and associates in gender for including gender in hydropower impact assessments training networks and academic establishments. and describes the process for doing so over the project cycle. Organization for Economic Co-operation and C. Monitoring and Evaluation Development (OECD). (1995). Gender Equality Moving Towards Sustainable, People-Centered Development. Gautam, S. R. and Kuriakose, A. “Gender- Paris: OECD, 1995. Sensitive Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation In May 1995, the High Level Meeting of the Development in Agricultural Water Management.” Investment Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Note 10.4. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2008. Co-operation and Development endorsed gender Web. . general principles and imperatives to ensure development Agricultural water management projects that take an projects reflect the unique roles, interests, and needs of inclusive, participatory gender-sensitive approach at both women and men. all stages of the project cycle help increase project effectiveness and successfully address livelihood concerns of women and the rural poor. Participatory Slocum, R., L. Wichhart, D. Rocheleau, and B. planning methods, creation of gender-specific indicators, Thomas-Slayter. Power, Process and Participation - continuous monitoring, and beneficiary-led impact Tools for Change. London: Intermediate Technology assessment are key features of this approach. Publications, 1995. Power, Process and Participation presents various tools covering a range of areas, from consciousness raising Kusek, Jody Zall and Ray C. Rist. A Handbook for to information gathering to decision making, arranged Development Practitioners: Ten Steps to a Results-Based in alphabetical order to suggest there is no blueprint Monitoring and Evaluation System. Washington, DC: to gender-sensitive, participatory development. Rather, World Bank, 2004. the book encourages the practitioner to use the tools as This handbook is primarily targeted toward officials who needed in different ways, at different times for different are faced with the challenge of monitoring and evaluating situations. For each tool, the book gives an explanation of results. It can also stand alone as a guide to designing and its purpose, discusses the time and materials necessary constructing a results-based M&E system in the public for using it, and provides a step-by-step description of how sector or used in conjunction with a workshop developed to use. Each description is accompanied by an example at the World Bank entitled, “Designing and Building a of how practitioners or researchers around the world Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System: A have used the tool, and most have accompanying maps, Tool for Public Sector Management.” The purpose of the charts, or diagrams. Also included are lists of questions handbook is to help prepare practitioners to plan, design, to ask and points to remember and a few suggestions as and implement a results-based M&E system. It also to what other tools may be used in conjunction with the demonstrates how an M&E system can be a valuable tool ones described. for supporting good public management. 70  Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations ANNEX V. World Bank. “Module 4: Gender in Monitoring and water indicators to measure performance and impacts on Evaluation.” In Gender and Development: A Trainer’s women’s water empowerment and participation in water- Manual. Web. . being implemented from 2014 to 2016. This World Bank instructional module provides a thorough D. Information on overview of monitoring and evaluation methods that are intended for gender specialists and other development Willingness-to-Pay and Gender practitioners interested in ensuring projects use good- Dupont, D. P. “Gender and Willingness-to-Pay practice monitoring and evaluation approaches. The for Recreational Benefits from Water Quality module is best suited for individuals with at least a basic Improvements.” Paper presented at the Tenth IIFET grounding in M&E techniques. Conference, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, July 10–14, 2000. Web. World Bank. Integrating a Gender Dimension into . 2001. Web. . behaviors, particularly in the valuation of environmental This toolkit for integrating gender into monitoring and resources, such as water quality improvements. The evaluation helps project task teams, borrowers, and author assumes women have several reasons to have partners to recognize and address gender concerns in a lower WTP for environmental improvement than men designing rural development sector projects, to monitor do. Based on data collected from controlled and treated progress in gender integration during implementation, and groups, she demonstrates that, even after controlling to evaluate its impact in achieving overall rural well-being. for income differences, women consistently have lower WTP values. The findings in this paper have potentially important implications for the subsequent calculation of UNESCO. World Water Assessment Programme aggregated benefits from contingent valuation models (WWAP) Project for Gender Sensitive Water Monitoring that ignore the role of gender. Assessment Reporting. Web. . The objective of WWAP, which is hosted and led by UNESCO, is to develop and test a collection of key gender-disaggregated water data. In particular, WWAP will develop a set of priority gender-sensitive indicators and a gender-disaggregated data methodology that will then be tested in the field by member states in different regions. It is based on the premise that more than 45 percent of countries do not produce any gender statistics related to water, which presents a great need for a systematic approach to collecting gender-disaggregated Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations  71  1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433