80680 July 2013 · Number 96 Reimbursable Advisory Services: Bahrain’s Energy Efficient Lighting Initiative Lia Carol Sieghart and Ashok Sarkar1 world, air-conditioning and lighting contributes the most to peak loads in Bahrain. Energy Efficient Lighting and Bahrain : Although energy efficient lamps such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light-emitting diode (LED)-based lamps are emerging in the Bahraini market, it is estimated that over 2 million incandescent lamps (ILs) are sold annually.2 The energy consumption of these ILs is 5 to 8 times higher compared to CFLs, and their lifespan is about 6 times less than CFLs. Assuming a peak coincidence factor for lighting of around 70% and a lifespan of about 1200 hours, it is estimated that incandescent lighting could contribute approximately 100 MW to peak load. Picture by: Steven Beletich Introduction: The power sector in the Kingdom of Although high quality imported CFLs are available Bahrain is growing rapidly with demand increasing in the local market, many other brands are also at an annual rate of over 10%. While adding new being sold that are not of high quality and do not power generation capacity costs both time and follow international technical specifications. The money, the fossil-fuel dominated power sector poor quality of the sub-standard CFL means lower contributes to both global and local emissions. It is life-times, low lumens per watt, high lumens estimated by Bahrain’s Electricity and Water depreciation, and higher energy consumption. The Authority (EWA) that generation capacity is around relatively high cost of CFLs (compared to ILs) and 3,167 MW, against a peak demand of over 2,700 the poor performance of the low quality CFLs result MW. The peak load continues to grow, and the in low consumer confidence. Furthermore, the power system’s reserve margin is small. Out of the problems associated with Bahrain’s energy total consumption of about 12,000 GWh per year on inefficient lighting stock in the residential sector is the EWA grid, nearly 50% of consumption is in the exacerbated by low consumer electricity tariffs given residential sector, followed by the commercial sector high rates of subsidization. The emerging generation (~38%). As observed in other warmer parts of the of LED-based household lighting solutions are even more energy efficient, last longer, and avoid 1 environmental hazards such as the mercury Lia Carol Sieghart, Senior Environmental Specialist, Middle East associated with current CFLs.3 Both from an energy and North Africa (MENA). Sustainable Development Department, The World Bank and Ashok Sarkar, Senior Energy security standpoint as well as in terms of climate Specialist, SASDE. This Fast Brief was cleared by Charles change mitigation, a full market transformation Cormier, Sector Manager, MNSSD and Jamal Al-Kibbi, MNCA5. The World Bank task team includes: Lia Sieghart (Task Team 2 Leader), Ashok Sarkar, Fowzia Hassan, Larisa Marquez, Salenna Personal communication with Philips Lighting in Bahrain, Prince, Marie A. F. How Yew Kin, Mark Njore, Naceur Hammami February 2013. and Steven Beletich. 3 CFLs typically contain 5 milligrams (mg) of mercury, although new CFLs with as low as 1 mg of mercury is less hazardous . amalgam form are becoming available. from ILs to CFLs and subsequently LEDs is Activity 2 – Deployment Program Design: The considered desirable. program’s design and the approach taken for distribution draws upon international best practices Bank Support to the Bahrain Lighting Initiative: and technical specifications as laid out in the World Under a Reimbursable Advisory Services (RAS) Bank’s “CFL Toolkit� program, the Bank is providing technical assistance (http://www.esmap.org/esmap/cfltoolkit). to the Kingdom of Bahrain to support the design and implementation of a large scale efficient lighting In-depth stakeholder consultations also helped in program for the residential sector. The project “The refining the approach and developing the detailed Bahrain Lighting Initiative� supports replacing design of the staged deployment across all energy inefficient ILs with efficient CFLs in the short households in Bahrain (Graph 1). EWA, in term and with more efficient technologies such as cooperation with the Ministry of Finance will LED based lamps in the medium term. conduct bulk procurement of high quality CFLs and LEDs and together with the CFL/LED supplier, it The project follows a two-track approach, the first will undertake a door-to-door distribution and focusing on the actual deployment of the new light installation in exchange for ILs. The distribution, to bulbs while track two focuses on the policy and be spread out over several months, will make use of regulatory issues around the introduction of the the well-established EWA meter reader service CFLs and LEDs. routes, which utilize well defined geographical areas and blocks covering the Kingdom. Track 1: Deployment of CFLs and LEDs: A selected number (~10) of high quality CFLs per household Graph 1: Door to door distribution and installation (electricity consumer) will be provided free of charge to all residential consumers in Bahrain, in exchange for the return of the same number of ILs currently being used in these households. A similar approach will be followed for a limited number of consumers of LED lamps. Track 2: Regulatory Policy-Based Phase out of ILs: A national policy is being formulated to phase out (ban) the manufacture, assembly and import of ILs by the end of 20134, and institutionalize the high quality standards for CFLs and LEDs which would apply to the Bahraini market (for manufacture, assembly and import). Project Components: The project entails the following 5 specific building blocks: This activity will include peak load and energy Activity 1- Consumer Lighting End Use Survey: As a savings analyses, carbon emission reduction analysis part of Track 1, a residential consumer lighting and a financial/economic analysis from both the usage survey has been undertaken. This was used to utility and consumer perspective, which will be determine the usage parameters s of the number of monitored and verified (see Activity 5 below). lamps, types of lamps, sizes of lamps, light color preference, etc. This information was used in Activity 3 - Designing a Consumer Awareness Plan: developing the approach and detailed design of the A comprehensive consumer awareness plan is being programmatic deployment of CFLs across all developed and is targeted to different categories of households in Bahrain. consumers to channel the most effective and appropriate information about the benefits of using 4 There is however currently no local manufacture of ILs in CFLs and LEDs. The use of different media such as Bahrain. All lamps are imported. July 2013 · Number 96 · 2 billboards, posters, newspapers, electricity bills, are expected to reduce quickly over the next few television (TV), text messages, etc. will be years. recommended to increase consumer awareness  Third, by banning ILs from the market, non- amongst consumers and what they should look for residential commercial and public buildings in high quality CFLs. (who are not targeted for free CFLs under Track #1), will also participate in the initiative as they Activity 4 - Assistance in Formulating the Policy for will not be able to find the ILs local markets Phasing out ILs: Drawing upon the experience of when they want to replace their existing ILs. several countries that have successfully launched IL bans and others that are in the process of developing  Fourth, Track #1 would let consumers become such programs, a national level IL Phase Out policy more familiar with the technology and benefits is being drafted for Bahrain. Alongside this activity, of CFLs, before they start paying for the high minimum energy performance and technical quality CFLs whose market prices are more specifications for both CFLs and LEDs will be expensive than ILs. developed to ensure that only high quality CFLs and LEDs are allowed to enter and be sold in the market.  Fifth, this two-track approach will help to These minimum energy performance standards will smooth the transition and signal to private be a part of the IL Phase Out policy. The compliance sector lighting suppliers to help prepare for the infrastructure, institutions, and systems required to “phase out IL� regime. Expanded market will enforce the phase out policy will be identified, such also lead to faster decline in CFL and LED as establishing CFL and LED testing laboratories prices. and testing procedures, etc. Activity 5 – Monitoring and Verification: A Contact MNA K&L: Director, MNAOS: Gerard A. Byam systematic monitoring and verification of savings Manager, MNADE, Preeti S. Ahuja process will be put in place at both the utility (EWA) Regional Knowledge and Learning Team: Omer and consumer end to measure the impact of CFL Karasapan, Roby Fields - Tel #: (202) 473 8177 deployment in Track 1 and also in Track 2 after the http://go.worldbank.org/OXADZV71I0 IL Phase Out policy is implemented. This would lead to a report that would estimate the impacts in The MNA Fast Briefs are intended to summarize terms of MW, MWh and carbon emissions lessons learned from MNA and other Bank reduction. Knowledge and Learning activities. The briefs do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Key Issues and Initial Conclusions: The proposed Bank, its board or its member countries and are for internal Bank dissemination only. two track approach is comprehensive and flexible, and has several advantages:  First, it allows the CFLs to be targeted to the residential sector initially (ILs to be replaced in each households) to replace the ILs with the highest number of hours of usage, thereby resulting in high impact in terms of both MW and MWh savings.  Second, this approach does not let the consumer to get locked into CFL technology as, in the long run, the consumer would be able to make its own decision to replace ILs with either CFLs or LEDs as markets change in terms of prices and technologies. The price of household LED based lamps which are relatively higher than the CFLs July 2013 · Number 96 · 3