WPS4280 Governance Matters VI: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators 1996­2006 Daniel Kaufmann Aart Kraay Massimo Mastruzzi The World Bank Abstract: This paper reports on the latest update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) research project, covering 212 countries and territories and measuring six dimensions of governance between 1996 and 2006: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. This latest set of aggregate indicators, are based on hundreds of specific and disaggregated individual variables measuring various dimensions of governance, taken from 33 data sources provided by 30 different organizations. The data reflect the views on governance of public sector, private sector and NGO experts, as well as thousands of citizen and firm survey respondents worldwide. We also explicitly report the margins of error accompanying each country estimate. These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data. We find that even after taking margins of error into account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country comparisons as well as monitoring progress over time. In less than a decade, a substantial number of countries exhibit statistically significant improvements in at least one dimension of governance, while other countries exhibit deterioration in some dimensions. The decade-long aggregate indicators, together with the disaggregated individual indicators, are available on a newly-redesigned website at www.govindicators.org. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4280, July 2007 The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org. ________________________________________ 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, dkaufmann@worldbank.org, akraay@worldbank.org, mmastruzzi@worldbank.org. The views expressed here are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. The Worldwide Governance Indicators are not used by the World Bank for resource allocation or for any other official purpose. We would like to B. Parks, M. Camerer, M. Carballo, R. Fullenbaum, B. Muskovitz, F. Marzo, C. Walker, S. Sarkis, J. Langston, L. Abruzzese, P. Wongwan, S. Hatipoglu, D. Cingranelli, D. Richards, J. Zveglich, M. Lagos, A. Lopes-Claros, R. Coutinho, S. Mannan, and D. Cieslikowsky for providing data and answering our numerous questions, and Luis Servén for helpful comments. The support and collaboration of the World Economic Forum, the U.S. State Department, and the Netherlands Government is appreciated. 1. Introduction This paper presents the latest update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) research project.1 The indicators measure six dimensions of governance: voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. They cover 212 countries and territories for 1996, 1998, 2000, and annually for 2002-2006.2 The indicators are based on several hundred individual variables measuring perceptions of governance, drawn from 33 separate data sources constructed by 30 different organizations. We assign these individual measures of governance to categories capturing these six dimensions of governance, and use an unobserved components model to construct six aggregate governance indicators in each period. As in the past, we complement our estimates of governance for each country with margins of error that indicate the unavoidable uncertainty associated with measuring governance across countries. These margins of error have declined over time with the addition of new data sources to our aggregate indicators, and are substantially smaller than for any of the individual data sources. We continue to encourage users of the governance indicators to take these margins of error into account when making comparisons of governance across countries, and within countries over time. In particular, a useful rule of thumb is that when confidence intervals for governance based on our reported margins of error overlap in comparisons of two countries, or a single country over time, this suggests that the data do not reveal statistically (or for that matter practically) significant differences. The margins of error we report are not unique to our aggregate indicators, nor are they unique to perceptions-based measures of governance on which we rely. Measurement error is pervasive among all indicators of governance and institutional quality, including individual indicators as well as `objective' or fact-based ones -- if these 1 This paper is the sixth in a series of estimates of governance across countries. Documentation of previous rounds can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobatón (1999a,b,2002), and Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004, 2005, 2006a,b). 2 A few of the entities covered by our indicators are not fully independent states (e.g. Puerto Rico, Hong Kong, West Bank/Gaza, Martinique, and French Guyana). A handful of very small independent principalities (e.g. Monaco, San Marino, and Andorra) are also included. For stylistic convenience all 212 entities are referred to in this paper as "countries". 1 are available at all. Unfortunately, typically little if any effort is devoted to estimating, let alone reporting, the substantial margins of error in any other governance and/or investment climate indicators ­ objective or subjective, aggregate or individual. A key advantage of our measures of governance is that we are explicit about the accompanying margins of error, whereas in most other cases they are often left implicit or ignored altogether. Despite these margins of error, our aggregate indicators are sufficiently informative that many cross-country comparisons of governance can result in statistically (and practically) significant differences. In comparing governance levels across countries, for example, we document that over 60 percent of all cross-country pairwise comparisons using the WGI for 2006 result in statistically significant differences at the 90 percent significance level, and nearly 75 percent of comparisons are significant at the less stringent 75 percent significance level. In assessing trends over time, we find that nearly 30 percent of countries experience significant changes over the period 1998-2006 in at least one of the six indicators (roughly evenly divided between significant improvements and deteriorations). This highlights the fact that governance can and does change even over relatively short periods such as a decade. This should both provide encouragement to reformers seeking to improve governance, as well as warn against complacency in other cases as sharp deteriorations in governance are possible. The aggregate indicators that we report are a useful way of summarizing the very large amount of information embodied in all of our underlying data sources. The specific aggregation procedure we use also allows us to calculate explicit margins of error to capture the inherent uncertainties in measuring governance. At the same time, we recognize that for many purposes the information in each of our individual underlying data sources can be of interest to users. In many cases these provide highly specific and disaggregated information about particular dimensions of governance that are also of interest for monitoring and diagnostic purposes. For this reason we began last year, and continue this year, the practice of reporting on our website country scores on all of the individual indicators underlying our aggregate governance indicators. We report these disaggregated underlying indicators for the entire time period covered by the aggregate indicators, from 1996 to 2006. 2 We begin by describing the data used to construct this round of the governance indicators in Section 2. As discussed in more detail below, we have added five new data sources in this round, including a new and very large cross-country household survey, the Gallup World Poll, as well as new expert assessments from Global Integrity, the International Budget Project, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, and the OECD Development Center. We have also made numerous minor revisions to the past data from several of our underlying sources in order to make them more comparable over time, and we have also introduced data from some of our new sources into the aggregate indicators for previous years. These revisions have resulted in minor changes to our previous estimates for 1996-2005, and so the entire new dataset described here supersedes previous releases. In Section 3 we briefly describe cross- country differences and changes over time in governance as measured by our aggregate indicators. Section 4 concludes. 2. Methodology and Data Sources for 2006 In this section we briefly describe the update of our governance indicators for 2006, as well as some minor backwards revisions to our past data spanning the period 1996-2005. Our methodology for constructing aggregate governance indicators has not changed from past years, and a detailed discussion can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004). The six dimensions of governance we measure are: 1. Voice and Accountability (VA) ­ measuring the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media. 2. Political Stability and Absence of Violence (PV) ­ measuring perceptions of the likelihoood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including domestic violence and terrorism 3. Government Effectiveness (GE) ­ measuring the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies 3 4. Regulatory Quality (RQ) ­ measuring the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development 5. Rule of Law (RL) ­ measuring the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence 6. Control of Corruption (CC) ­ measuring the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as "capture" of the state by elites and private interests In brief our methodology consists of identifying many individual sources of data on perceptions of governance that we can assign to these six broad categories. We then use a statistical methodology known as an unobserved components model to construct aggregate indicators from these individual measures. These aggregate indicators are weighted averages of the underlying data, with weights reflecting the precision of the individual data sources. Crucially our methodology also generates margins of error for the estimates of governance for each country, which need to be taken into account when making comparisons of governance across countries and over time. 2.1 Underlying Data Sources We rely on a large number of individual data sources that provide us with information on perceptions of governance of a wide range of stakeholders. These data sources consist of surveys of firms and individuals, as well as the assessments of commercial risk rating agencies, non-governmental organizations, and a number of multilateral aid agencies and other public sector organizations. A full list of these sources is presented in Table 1. For the 2006 round of the data, we rely on a total of 310 individual variables measuring different dimensions of governance. These are taken from 33 different sources, produced by 30 different organizations. Appendices A and B provide a detailed description of each data source, and document how we have assigned individual questions from these data sources to our six aggregate indicators. Almost all of our data sources are available annually, and we use the data only from the most recent year available from each source in our aggregate indicators. In a few 4 cases, as noted in Appendix A, we use data lagged one or two years if current data are not available.3 In some cases we use several individual variables from a single data source in our aggregate indicators. When we do so, we first compute a simple average of these variables from a single source, and then treat the average of these individual questions as a single observation from that data source. Our data sources reflect the perceptions of a very diverse group of respondents. Several are surveys of individuals or domestic firms with first-hand knowledge of the governance situation in the country. These include the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report, the Institute for Management Development's World Competitiveness Yearbook, the World Bank's business environment surveys, the Gallup World Poll, Latinobarometro, and Afrobarometro. We refer to these as "Surveys" in Table 1. We also capture the perceptions of country analysts at the major multilateral development agencies (the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the World Bank), reflecting these individuals' in-depth experience working on the countries they assess. Together with some data sources provided by the United States Department of State, we classify these as "Public Sector Data Providers" in Table 1. We also have a number of data sources provided by various nongovernmental organizations such as Reporters Without Borders, Freedom House, and the Bertelsmann Foundation. Finally, an important category of data sources for us are commercial business information providers, such as the Economist Intelligence Unit, Global Insight, and Political Risk Services. These last two types of data providers typically base their assessments on a global network of correspondents with extensive experience in the countries they are rating. The distribution of the number of data sources of each type indicated in Table 1 is almost exactly uniform. Of our 33 data sources, nine fall in the category of nongovernmental organizations, and the remaining categories have eight data sources each. However, an important distinction is that the commercial business information providers typically report data for much larger country samples than our other types of sources. An extreme example is the Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk 3We never use lagged data when current data are available, in order to ensure that our indicators are as timely as possible. 5 Indicators, which provides information on 203 countries in each of our six aggregate indicators. Primarily for reasons of cost, household and firm surveys have much smaller country coverage. Our largest surveys, the Global Competitiveness Report survey and the Gallup World Poll each cover around 120 countries in 2006, and several regional surveys cover necessarily smaller sets of countries. Some of the expert assessments provided by NGOs and public sector organizations have quite substantial country coverage, but others, particularly regionally-focused ones again have much smaller country coverage. Table 2 summarizes the distribution of country-level data points for each of the six indicators in 2006. The 2006 WGI are based on a total of 10,985 country level data points (after averaging multiple questions from individual sources), of which slightly less than half (46 percent) come from commercial business information providers. The remaining data points are fairly evenly distributed between the remaining three types of data providers. This year, we continue the practice we started last year of reporting the underlying data from virtually all of the individual data sources that go into our aggregate indicators. The sources we have made available on our website are noted in Table 1. A number of our data sources, such as Freedom House and Reporters Without Borders have always been publicly available through the publications and/or websites of their respective organizations. Several of our other sources provided by commercial risk rating agencies and commercial survey organizations have only been available for a fee. In the interests of greater transparency, these organizations have kindly agreed to allow us to report their proprietary data in the form in which it enters our governance indicators. As mentioned above and as documented in detail in Appendix A and B, we in some cases use a simple average of multiple questions from the same source as an ingredient in our governance indicators. We do this when we find more than one question from a single data source that is relevant to one of the dimensions of governance that we measure. On our website we report either the individual question, or the average of individual questions, from each source that enters into our governance indicators. All the individual variables have been rescaled to run from zero to one, with higher values indicating better outcomes. These individual indicators can be used to make comparisons of countries over time, as all of our underlying sources use reasonably comparable methodologies from 6 one year to the next. They also can be used to compare different countries' scores on each of the individual indicators, recognizing however that these types of comparisons too are subject to margins of error. We caution users however not to compare directly the scores from different sources for a single country, as they are not directly comparable. To take a specific example, it does not make sense to compare a question rated on a 1-10 scale from a data source covering only developing countries with a similar question rated on a similar scale, but covering developed countries, as the distribution of true governance is likely different in the two groups. As discussed in detail in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004), our aggregation procedure provides a way of placing such different sources in common units that allows for meaningful aggregation across sources. The only data sources we have not been able to obtain permission to publicize fully are the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment, and the corresponding internal assessments produced by the African Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank. We do note however that starting in 2002 the World Bank began publishing limited information on its CPIA assessments on its external website. For the years 2002-2004 the overall CPIA ratings are reported by quintile for countries eligible to borrow from the International Development Association (IDA), the soft-loan window of the World Bank. Starting in 2005, the individual country scores for the IDA allocation factor, a rating that reflects the CPIA as well as other considerations, is now publicly available. The African Development Bank's CPIA ratings are also publicly available by quintile only since 2004, and are fully public since 2005, and the Asian Development Bank's scores have been fully public for its concessional borrowers since 2005. 2.2 Revisions to Underlying Data Sources In this round of the governance indicators we have added five new data sources. The Gallup World Poll is a new multicountry household survey, first conducted by the Gallup Organization in 131 countries in 2006.4 This source is particularly noteworthy for 4However not all of the questions we use from this survey were asked in all countries, so that country coverage in our indicators is slightly smaller than in theirs. Annual updates for this survey are planned, with the first for 2007 well underway 7 our purposes as it is by far the largest household survey-based data source that we use in the WGI. We use questions from this survey in our Voice and Accountability, Government Effectiveness, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption indicators. The Open Budget Index and the Global Integrity Index are two new sets of expert assessments produced by Washington-based non-governmental organizations. The Open Budget Index, produced by the International Budget Project, has for the first time in 2006 produced detailed assessments of access to government budget information for a set 59 countries worldwide. We use their overall index as a component of Voice and Accountability. The Global Integrity Index has been produced by Global Integrity, for 2003 and 2006, for samples of 25 and 41 countries respectively. It is an expert assessment that provides ratings of the statutory existence and practical effectiveness of a long list of public sector accountability mechanisms. In keeping with our practice of relying exclusively on perceptions data, we draw on the "in practice" subcomponents of selected indicators in Voice and Accountability, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. We have also added two data sources that are not new, but that we have learned about since our last update and have decided to include this year. The African Economic Outlook is an annual report produced by the OECD Development Center. It contains two indicators of democracy and politically-motivated violence that we use in our Voice and Accountability and Political Stability and Absence of Violence indicators. These are based on counts of the frequency of news reports in these two areas, drawn from a weekly newsmagazine, Marchés Tropicaux et Mediterranéens, and are available since the beginning of our indicators in 1996. We have also learned about the Rural Sector Performance Assessments produced by the International Fund for Agricultural Development, a multilateral aid agency based in Rome and focused on financing agricultural investments in developing countries.5 These assessments are similar in content and process to the Country Policy and Institutional Assessments that are produced by the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank, and have been produced since 2004. The key difference however is in their emphasis on policies and institutions that affect the rural sector. We use this source in five of our six of our aggregate indicators (all except Political Stability and Absence of Violence). 5We are grateful to Brad Parks of the Millennium Challenge Corporation for drawing our attention to this data source. 8 This year we have also discarded two data sources that have not been updated, as we try to rely on regularly updated data sources only for the WGI. In the past, we have treated the World Bank's Business Environment Survey carried out in 1999 and 2000, and a special survey done by the World Bank for the 1997 World Development Report, as a single source used in the 2000 and 1998 versions of our indicators. These were one-time surveys that have not been repeated, and in the interest of improving comparability over time in our data sources we have dropped them. We have also dropped the Columbia University State Capacity Survey, an expert assessment first carried out in 2000, with a limited update in 2002, but none subsequently. We have also made a few changes to the set of individual indicators going into the six aggregate indicators. Our main reason for doing so is to make these individual indicators more comparable over time. In two cases this means that we no longer use certain variables drawn from one-time surveys. In the past we used data from a special World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey for African countries in our aggregate indicators for 1998. As this survey was not repeated with a freestanding questionnaire, we had data for this year only and we have decided to drop this source as the questionnaire differed substantially from the World Economic Forum's core questionnaire for other countries. We do note however that the World Economic Forum's core survey has subsequently expanded country coverage and now has significant coverage in African countries. We have also in the past used a variety of distinct one-time household surveys conducted by Gallup International, and combined them as a single indicator with the annual Global Corruption Barometer survey sponsored by Transparency International, and implemented as part of the Gallup International Voice of the People surveys. To make this source more comparable over time we now use data only from the Global Corruption Barometer survey, which has asked a fairly consistent set of questions regarding corruption since 2002. Two remaining revisions to the underlying data are noteworthy. First, we have obtained data from earlier years that we already had previously from a number of sources (WMO and ADB), and another one of our sources has significantly expanded country coverage starting in 2006 (EIU). Second, we have in some cases revised the timing of our indicators in earlier years. In some cases, this was due to unavailability of 9 data at the time of the last release. For example, the African Development Bank CPIA data for 2005 was not available at the time that we released our indicators for 2005, so we used the most recently available data at the time, for 2004, as an input to the 2005 indicators. Now that the 2005 (but not the 2006) data are available from this source, we have gone back and updated our 2005 indicators to reflect the 2005 CPIA from this source (and again we use the same data for 2006 since it is the most recently available at the time of writing). In other cases we have revised the data to take into account differences between the year of publication of our underlying sources and the year to which the data refers. For example, the 2007 Freedom in the World indicators from Freedom House refer to the year 2006. In Appendix A, we have detailed the precise relationship between the year of our indicators and the year of each underlying data source from which our individual indicators are drawn. For details on the changes in individual indicators, readers may compare Appendix A of this paper with Appendix A of Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2006) describing the 1996-2005 dataset. Together these revisions in virtually all cases result in only minor changes in our earlier estimates of governance. Averaging across our six indicators and seven periods over which we have made revisions, the correlation between our previous and revised indicators is 0.98, and half of all correlations were greater than 0.99. Of the 8275 aggregate indicator/country/year data points in the dataset between 1996 and 2005, there were only 13 cases (i.e. less that 1 significant change for every 600 data points) where our backwards revisions resulted in changes in scores that were significant at the 90 percent level. Most of these were concentrated in 1998 and 2000 where the two most substantial changes in our underlying data set occurred (the deletion of the two World Bank surveys noted above, and the addition of new data from WMO). 2.3 Aggregation Methodology We combine the many individual data sources into six aggregate governance indicators, corresponding to the six dimensions of governance described above. The premise underlying this statistical approach should not be too controversial ­ each of the individual data sources we have provides an imperfect signal of some deep underlying notion of governance that is difficult to observe directly. This means that as users of the individual sources, we face a signal-extraction problem ­ how do we isolate an 10 informative signal about governance from each individual data source, and how do we optimally combine the many data sources to get the best possible signal of governance in a country based on all the available data? The statistical procedure we use to perform this aggregation, known as the unobserved components model, is described in detail in our past work (see for example Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004)). The main advantage of this approach is that the aggregate indicators are more informative about unobserved governance than any individual data source. Moreover, the methodology allows us to be explicit about the precision ­ or imprecision ­ of our estimates of governance in each country. This imprecision is not a consequence of our reliance on subjective or perceptions data on governance ­ rather imprecision is an issue that should be squarely addressed in all efforts to measure the quality of governance. The aggregation procedure we use in effect first rescales the individual indicators from each underlying source in order to make them comparable across data sources. It then constructs a weighted average of each of these rescaled data sources to arrive at an aggregate indicator of governance. The weights assigned to each data source are in turn based on the estimates of the precision of each source that are produced by the unobserved components model. In brief, the identifying assumption in the unobserved components model is that any observed correlation between two measures of corruption, for example, is due to their common, but unobserved, signal of corruption. From this assumption it follows that data sources that are more correlated with each other provide more reliable information about corruption, and so receive greater weight. In past work, we have discussed in detail the merits of this approach (see particularly Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2006, Section 3). We have also documented that, since the underlying data sources on average are quite correlated with each other, the choice of weights used to construct the aggregate indicator does not substantially affect the estimates of governance that we report (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi 2006, 2007). Here we briefly report some summary information on the weights for the 2006 indicators. Table 3 reports the weights assigned to each data source in each of the six governance indicators in 2006. 6 This table reports the weights that would be used in the 6The weights, and/or the parameter estimates used to calculate the weights, were reported in Governance Matters I-III. We did not publish the weights in Governance Matters IV-V for reasons 11 case of a hypothetical country appearing in all of the available underlying data sources for each indicator. Because of gaps in the country coverage of all of our data sources, no single country appears in all data sources. Nevertheless, the information reported in Table 3 is informative about the relative weights of the underlying indicators. The weights used to construct the aggregate governance indicators for any particular country are approximately equal to the relative weights reported in Table 3 for the subset of indicators in which that country appears.7 One noteworthy feature in Table 3 is that there are some systematic differences in the weights assigned to different types of sources. These are summarized in the bottom panel of the table. For each of the four types of data sources, we first report the share of each type in the total number of sources for each indicator. For example, for Voice and Accountability, we rely on a total of 18 data sources, of which 3, or 17 percent, are from commercial business information providers. We also report the share of the total weights accounted for by each type of indicator. Taking the same example of Voice and Accountability, these three data sources together receive a slightly higher share of the total weight in the indicator, at 20 percent. The last column reports a simple average of these two figures across all six indicators. These show that data from commercial business information providers and data from non-governmental organizations receive weights that are somewhat higher than their proportion in the total number of data sources. NGO-based sources for example get 22 percent of the total weight in the aggregate indicators but account for 16 percentof the data sources. In contrast, survey-based indicators and indicators provided by public-sector organizations get slightly lower, but still non-trivial, weight than their prevalence among the number of sources would suggest.. We can combine this information with the information on country coverage of data sources reported in Table 2. In particular, in the bottom panel of Table 2 we report the distribution of country-level data points, weighting each point by the weight it of space, but instead simply circulated them in Excel format upon request. A full version of this table reporting the weights for all years in Excel format is available for downloading at www.govindicators.org 7The precise expression for the weights used for each country can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004, Equation (2)). Information on the estimated variance of the error term of each source required to construct these weights can also be downloaded together with the weights reported in Table 3 for all periods at www.govindicators.org. 12 receives in the corresponding aggregate indicator for each country. In light of the higher weights assigned to data from commercial business information providers, we find that the weighted average share of country-level data points for this type of source rises from 46 percent (unweighted) to 60 percent (weighted). Correspondingly, the weighted share of household surveys declines somewhat from 17 percent to 10 percent, and for public sector providers from 20 percent to 14 percent. We conclude this discussion of weighting by noting that while the weighting scheme we use has the attraction in principle of reducing the variance of the overall governance estimates, in practice this effect is quite small with the standard errors of the governance estimates declining by about 10 percent relative to an unweighted benchmark. Moreover, if we compare our precision-weighted estimates of governance with an alternative set of aggregate indicators based on simple averages of the underlying indicators, we find that the two estimates of governance are very similar, with correlations of 0.99 on average across all our indicators and periods. This reflects the fact that all of our underlying data sources do, in general, provide fairly similar cross- country ratings of governance. We have also experimented with alternative weighting schemes that equally weight each type of governance indicator (of the four types identified in Table 1). Again we find that the correlations are very high with our benchmark indicators (see Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2007), Critique 8, for details). 3. Estimates of Governance 1996-2006 In Appendix C we report the aggregate governance indicators, for all countries, for each of the six indicators. The aggregate indicators, as well as almost all of the underlying indicators, are available at www.govindicators.org. The units in which governance is measured follow a normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one in each period. This implies that virtually all scores lie between -2.5 and 2.5, with higher scores corresponding to better outcomes.8 This also implies that our aggregate estimates convey no information about trends in global averages of 8These boundaries correspond to the 0.005 and 0.995 percentiles of the standard normal distribution. For a handful of cases, individual country ratings can exceed these boundaries when scores from individual data sources are particularly high or low. 13 governance, but they are of course informative about changes in individual countries' relative positions over time. Below we discuss the information conveyed by some of our individual indicators regarding trends over time in global averages of governance. Table 4 summarizes some of the key features of our governance indicators. In the top panel we show the number of countries included in each of the six indicators and seven periods. In 2006 the indicators cover between 206 and 212 countries. Over time, there has been a steady increase in the number of sources included in each of our indicators. This increase in the number of data sources is reflected in an increase in the median number of sources available per country, which, depending on the governance component, ranges from 3 to 6 in 1996, and from 8 to 13 in 2006. Thanks to the increase in sources, the proportion of countries in our sample for which our governance estimates are based on only one source has also declined considerably, to an average of only 7 percent of the sample in 2006. An important consequence of this expanding data availability is that the standard errors of the governance indicators have declined, as shown in the final panel of Table 4.9 Depending on the governance component, in 1996 the average (for all countries and indicators) of the standard error was 0.33. In 2006 the standard error ranges from 0.20 to 0.22 for five of our six indicators, while for Political Stability it is 0.27 (vs. 0.36 in 1996), reflecting the somewhat smaller number of data sources available for this indicator. These declines in standard errors illustrate the benefits in terms of precision of constructing composite indicators based on an expanding number of data sources incorporating as much information as possible. Of course, since our aggregate indicators combine information from all of these sources, they have greater precision than any individual underlying data source. Looking across all eight time periods, the median standard error of the individual data sources for the governance indicators was substantially higher at 0.6, with an interquartile range from 0.45 to 0.88.10 9As described in detail in Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004), the output of our aggregation procedure is a distribution of possible values of governance for a country, conditional on the observed data for that country. The mean of this conditional distribution is our estimate of governance, and we refer to the standard deviation of this conditional distribution as the "standard error" of the governance estimate. 10In an earlier paper (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004)) we showed how to obtain margins of errors for other objective measures of governance and found that they were as large, or larger 14 3.1 Cross-Country Comparisons of Governance Using the WGI We use Figure 1 to emphasize the importance of taking these margins of error into account when making comparisons of governance across countries and over time. In the two panels of Figure 1, we order countries in ascending order according to their point estimates of governance in 2006 on the horizontal axis, and on the vertical axis we plot the estimate of governance and the associated 90% confidence intervals. These intervals indicate the range in which it is 90 percent likely that the true governance score falls.11 We do this for two of the six governance indicators, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, and Control of Corruption. The size of these confidence intervals varies across countries, as different countries appear in different numbers of sources with different levels of precision. The resulting confidence intervals are substantial relative to the units in which governance is measured. From Figure 1 it should also be evident that many of the small differences in estimates of governance across countries are not likely to be statistically significant at reasonable confidence levels, since the associated 90 percent confidence intervals are likely to overlap. For many applications, instead of merely observing the point estimates, it is therefore more useful to focus on the range of possible governance values for each country (as summarized in the 90% confidence intervals shown in Figure 1), recognizing that these likely ranges often overlap for countries that are being compared with each other.12 This is not to say however that the aggregate indicators cannot be used to make cross-country comparisons. To the contrary, there are a great many pairwise country comparisons that do point to statistically significant, and likely also practically meaningful, differences across countries. Our 2006 Control of Corruption indicator for than those of our individual subjective measures. This underscores the fact that all efforts to measure governance involve margins of error, often non-trivial. 11A x% confidence interval for governance can be obtained as the point estimate of governance plus or minus the standard error times the (100-x)/2th percentile of the standard normal distribution. For example, the 90% confidence intervals we report throughout the paper are the point estimate plus or minus 1.64 times the standard error. 12Of course, asking whether 90% confidence intervals overlap or not corresponds to a hypothesis test at a significance level that is more stringent than 10%. The assumptions underlying our statistical model imply that the standard error of the difference between two country scores is the square root of the sum of the squared standard errors of the two sources, which is always smaller than the sum of the two standard errors themselves. It is more convenient -- and more conservative -- for users to simply inspect confidence intervals and see whether they overlap. 15 example covers 207 countries, so that it is possible to make 21,321 pairwise comparisons of corruption across countries using this measure. For 62 percent of these comparisons, 90% confidence intervals do not overlap, signaling quite highly statistically significant differences across countries. And if we lower our confidence level to 75 percent, which may be quite adequate for many applications, we find that 73 percent of all pairwise comparisons are statistically significant. The benefit of improved precision of aggregate indicators with increased data availability over time can also be clearly seen from this calculation. Consider our 1996 Control of Corruption indicator, which was based on a median of only four data sources per country, as opposed to a median of 10 sources in 2006, implying substantially higher margins of error in 1996. Of the 11,781 possible pairwise comparisons in 1996, only 46 percent are significant at the 90% confidence level, and only 60 percent at the 75 percent confidence interval (versus 62 percent and 73 percent respectively, in 2006). We also emphasize that the WGI are unusual in that we report these margins of error, which allow an explicit assessment of the significance of observed cross-country and over time differences in estimates of governance. Although rarely explicitly disclosed -- or even acknowledged-- all other measures of governance are subject to margins of error as well, which in our past work we have shown to be at least as large as those we calculate for our individual and aggregate indicators.13 This underscores the need for caution in making cross-country comparisons with any type of governance indicator. A useful role of the aggregate indicators is that they allow us to summarize in a compact way the diversity of information on governance available for each country, and so make comparisons across countries and over time. For many purposes, however, users may want to complement the aggregate indicators with detailed information from the individual data sources underlying the aggregate WGI. We have already noted that the vast majority of these are publicly available through our website at www.govindicators.org, and can be used to make cross-country and over-time comparisons at a more disaggregated level. One issue that arises with these more disaggregated comparisons is that all countries do not appear in all of the underlying data sources. This can complicate cross-country comparisons at both the disaggregated 13See Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004). 16 and the aggregated levels. However, we note that as our underlying database has expanded over time, more and more data sources have become available for more and more countries. One way to see this is to look at country pairs in the large set of over 200 countries we cover and ask how many individual data sources are available for both countries in each pair. We summarize this information in Table 5, for our six indicators in three separate time periods, 2006, 2002, and 1996. In the first column we report the total number of possible pairwise comparisons between countries using our indicators. In the next column we report the average (across all country pairs) of the number of individual data sources common to the two countries in each pair. Thus in 2006 for example, a comparison of two randomly-selected countries would likely involve between five and seven common data sources. Since our indicators for 1996 are based on far fewer data sources, this figure is lower for that period: a typical comparison of two countries would just involve two to three common data sources. The next four columns provide more information on the distribution of the number of common sources across all these country pairs. In 2006, for example, roughly 60 percent of all country comparisons involved at least five common data sources. As shown in the last two columns, this typically represents between 80 and 90 percent of the data sources available for the country in the pair with the fewest data sources, and roughly half the data sources of the country in the pair with the most data sources. Therefore, there is a very considerable common information set upon which to base comparisons of typical country pairs using the aggregate WGI or their individual components. We also emphasize that we do not find these differences in sets of underlying data sources across country pairs to be a drawback of our aggregate indicators. Ideally all of our data sources would cover all countries. But since they do not, we are faced with a tradeoff. Either we include data sources with less than complete country coverage, or alternatively we restrict attention to only a subset of indicators and countries for which the underlying data would be complete. We have chosen the first option, because the second would far too drastically reduce both the diversity of countries and indicators appearing in the WGI. To take a specific example, consider the 22 individual data sources underlying the Control of Corruption indicator in 2006. No single country appears in all 22 data sources, and the country appearing in the 17 maximum number of sources is Indonesia, appearing in 17 of 22 sources. Suppose next that we rank sources according to country coverage. If we were to base the aggregate indicator on only the top five data sources by country coverage, and insist on a fully balanced set of countries, we would have only 117 countries appearing in all five indicators, instead of the 207 we do cover for 2006.14 Moreover, the underlying data sources would not be very diverse, as they would consist exclusively of data provided by commercial business information providers. If we were to include the next five data sources ranked by country coverage, we would have a more diverse set of data providers, including a firm survey, a household survey, and two ratings from public sector data providers. But if we were again to insist on fully balanced coverage we would have only 37 countries appearing in all 10 indicators. We therefore think it much better to report data for as large a set of countries as possible, drawing on as diverse as possible a set of underlying data sources. The fact that not all countries appear in all data sources is a minor inconvenience compared with the very significant benefit of broad country coverage and diversity of underlying data sources for those countries where these sources are available. And in any case we report through our website virtually all of the individual underlying data sources, so that users interested in comparisons based only on common sources can readily do so. 3.2 Changes over Time in Governance Using the WGI We now turn to the changes over time in our estimates of governance in individual countries. Figure 2 illustrates these changes for two selected governance indicators over the period 1998-2006, Voice and Accountability and Rule of Law.15 In both panels, we plot the 1998 score on the horizontal axis, and the 2006 score on the vertical axis. We also plot the 45-degree line, so that countries above this line correspond to improvements in governance, while countries below the line correspond to deteriorations in governance. The first feature of this graph is that most countries are clustered quite close to the 45-degree line, indicating that changes in our estimates of 14The average standard error for the 117 countries appearing in five data sources is 0.16, while for the remaining 90 countries it is 0.27 as countries in this latter group necessarily appear in a smaller number of sources. Nevertheless, even for this group, the aggregate indicators are still considerably more informative than individual indicators. For Control of Corruption in 2006, the median (across sources) of the standard error of the individual indicators is 0.64, and only one data source has an estimated standard error smaller than 0.27. 15Throughout this section we emphasize changes over the period 1998-2006 as our aggregate indicators for 1996 are based on significantly fewer data sources than 1998. 18 governance in most countries are relatively small even over the nine-year period covered by the graph. A similar pattern emerges for the other four dimensions of governance (not shown in Figure 2), and, not surprisingly the correlation between current and lagged estimates of governance is even higher when we consider shorter time periods than the nine-year period shown here. Nevertheless, a substantial number of countries do show substantial changes in governance. Over this period, we find that for each of our six indicators, on average about 8 percent of countries experience changes that are significant at the 90 percent confidence level. Looking across all six indicators, 29 percent of countries experience a significant change in at least one of the six dimensions of governance over this period, roughly equally divided between improvements and deteriorations. We also note that the 90 percent confidence level is quite high, and for some purposes a lower confidence level, say 75 percent, would be appropriate for identifying changes in governance that are likely to be practically important. Not surprisingly this lower confidence level identifies substantially more cases of significant changes: 19 percent of countries experience a significant change on each indicator on average, and 55 percent of countries experience a significant change on at least one dimension of governance. In Figure 2 we have labeled those countries for which the change in estimated governance over the 1998-2006 period is sufficiently large that the 90% confidence intervals for governance in the two periods do not overlap.16 Examples of such more substantial changes in governance between 1998 and 2006 include significant improvements in Voice and Accountability in countries such as Indonesia, Kenya, and Sierra Leone, but also declines in countries such as Belarus, Nepal, and Venezuela. In Rule of Law we see improvements in countries such as Liberia, Rwanda, and Tajikistan, contrasting with declines in countries such as Cote D'Ivoire, Eritrea, and Zimbabwe. In Table 6 we provide more detail on all of the large changes in our six governance indicators over the period 1998-2006. The first three columns report the 16 While this is not a formal test of the statistical significance of changes over time in governance, it is a very simple and transparent rule of thumb for identifying large changes in governance. In a Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2005, 2006) we have shown in more detail how to assess the statistical significance of changes in governance, and that this simple rule of thumb turns out to be a fairly good approximation. 19 level of governance in the two periods, and the change. The next three columns report on how the underlying data sources move for each case. In the column labeled "Agree" we report the number of sources available in both periods which move in the same direction as the aggregate indicator. The columns labeled "No Change" and "Disagree" report the number of sources on which that country's score does not change or moves in the opposite direction to the aggregate indicator. For each country we also summarize the extent to which changes in the individual sources agree with the direction of change in the aggregate indicator by calculating the "Agreement Ratio", or "Agree" / ("Agree" + "Disagree"). The agreement ratio is quite high for countries with large changes in governance. Averaging across all countries and indicators, we find an average agreement ratio of 0.91 for the period 1998-2006, as reported in Table 6. This provides confidence that for countries with large changes in our aggregate governance estimates, these changes are reflected in a strong majority of the individual underlying data sources. The last three columns further address directly the issue of adding sources over time. Averaging over all the significant changes, we find that for a typical change, six new data sources were added between 1998 and 2006. One might reasonably wonder about the extent to which changes in the aggregate indicators are driven by the addition of sources whose ratings differed from those for 2006 provided by sources also available in 1998. It turns out however that this effect is negligible in most cases. To see this, in the second-last column, we have calculated the change that we would have seen in the aggregate indicators had we used only those data sources available in both 1998 and 2006 for the indicated country. We refer to this as the "balanced" change. The final column reports the ratio of this balanced change to the actual change reported in the third column of Table 6. If this ratio is less than one, the actual change exceeds (in absolute value) the balanced change, indicating that the addition of sources magnified the change relative to what would have been observed using only the balanced set of sources. And if this ratio is greater than one, the addition of new sources offset the change observed among the balanced sources. It turns out that these compositional effects are not large. For 75 of the 90 significant changes reported in Table 6, the ratio of the balanced change to the actual change is between 0.8 and 1.2, i.e. the balanced change is within 20 percent of the 20 actual change. Another way to see the relative unimportance of compositional effects is to calculate the share of the variance of the actual significant changes that is accounted for by the variance in the balanced changes. When we do this, we find that 93 percent of the variation in the observed changes is due to changes in underlying sources, and only seven percent is due to the addition of sources.17 Finally, it is worth noting that the agreement ratios for large changes in governance are substantially higher than the agreement ratios for all changes in governance. This can be seen in Table 7 which computes the same agreement ratio, but for all countries over the period 1998-2006. The agreement ratio averages 67 percent, compared with 91 percent for large changes, suggesting that for the more typical smaller changes in our governance estimates, there is relatively more disagreement across individual sources about the direction of the change than there is for large changes. Nevertheless, even for these smaller changes, typically the majority of underlying individual sources agree about the direction of the change. These examples underscore the importance of carefully examining the factors underlying changes in the aggregate governance indicators in particular countries. In order to facilitate this, on our website users can now retrieve the data from the individual indicators underlying our aggregate indicators and use this to examine trends in the underlying data as well as changes over time in the composition of data sources on which the estimates are based. 3.3 Trends in Global Governance We conclude by reviewing the limited available evidence on trends in global averages of governance over the expanded time period that we now cover. As we have already noted, our aggregate governance indicators are not informative about trends in global averages because we assume that world averages of governance are zero in each period, as a convenient choice of units. While the aggregate indicators are of course informative about the relative performance of individual (or groups of) countries 17This is calculated as (VAR(Balanced Changes) + COV(Balanced Changes, Actual Changes))/ VAR(Actual Changes). This is also the slope of a regression of the balanced changes on the actual changes. 21 over time, in order to assess trends in global averages of governance we need to return to our underlying individual data sources. In Table 8 we summarize trends in world averages in a number of our individual data sources. Most of the sources in this table are polls of experts, with data extending over the whole period 1996-2006. Other than expert polls, only one of them, GCS, is a survey with sufficiently standard format to enable comparisons over a reasonable period of time, in this case from 2002 to 2006. The first column reports the number of countries covered by the source in each of the periods shown, and the next three columns present the average across all countries of each of the sources in each of the indicated years. The underlying data have been rescaled to run from zero to one, and for each source and governance component, we report the score on the same question or average of questions that we use in the aggregate indicator. The next three columns report the standard deviation across countries for each source. The final column reports the change in the global average of each indicator over the longest period for which it is available, together with a t-statistic associated with a test of the null hypothesis that the world average score has not changed. The picture that emerges from Table 8 is sobering, as there appears not to be very strong evidence of a significant trend of improvements in governance worldwide over the more than 10 years of data covered in the table. Over this period, the average change in the global averages of these indicators is only 0.01, on a scale from zero to one. While two-thirds of changes are positive, roughly only one-third of the changes in either direction are significantly different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Of these five register declines and eight improvements. It is not clear how much importance ought to be ascribed to these trends in world averages based on individual indicators. On the one hand, these statistics represent the only information we have on trends over time, and so they should be taken seriously. On the other hand, it is also clear that there is substantial disagreement among sources about even the direction of changes in global averages of governance. For now we cautiously conclude that we do not have as yet any convincing evidence of significant improvements in governance worldwide. We also note that this evidence is consistent with our choice of units for the aggregate governance indicators, which are scaled to have a mean of zero and standard deviation of one in each period. 22 4. Conclusions In this paper we have reported on the latest update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators for 2006. The WGI are now available biannually since 1996, and annually for the five-year period 2002-2006. We have also continued our practice, introduced last year, of reporting the individual indicators underlying the aggregate indicators. It is our hope that more timely annual reporting as well as access to individual indicators will make the aggregate indicators more useful to users in academic and policymaking circles. We nevertheless emphasize to all users the limitations of these measures of governance, which are shared by virtually all efforts to measure governance across countries and over time. The aggregate indicators we construct are useful for broad cross-country and over time comparisons of governance, but all such comparisons should take appropriate account of the margins of error associated with the governance estimates. These margins of error are not unique to our perceptions-based measures but are present -- if not explicitly acknowledged -- in any effort to measure governance. They naturally reflect the inherent difficulty in measuring something as complicated and multifaceted as governance. However, we have shown the feasibility of using the aggregate indicators to make comparisons of governance across countries and over time, subject to appropriate consideration of margins of error. In fact, for 2006 we have seen that over 60 percent of all cross-country comparisons result in highly-significant differences, and that nearly 30 percent of countries have experienced substantial changes in at least one dimension of governance between 1998 and 2006. We also caution users that the aggregate indicators can in some circumstances be a rather blunt tool for policy advice at the country level. We expect that the provision of the underlying data will help users in identifying -- and acting upon -- more specific aspects of governance that may be problematic in a given country. And we also encourage using these aggregate and individual indicators in conjunction with a wealth of possible more detailed and nuanced sources of country-level data on governance in formulating policy advice. 23 References Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Pablo Zoido-Lobatón (1999a). "Aggregating Governance Indicators." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2195, Washington, D.C. ------ (1999b). "Governance Matters." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2196, Washington, D.C. ------ (2002). "Governance Matters II ­ Updated Indicators for 2000/01." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2772, Washington, D.C. Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2004). "Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002". World Bank Economic Review. 18:253-287. Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2005). "Governance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996-2004. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3630. Washington, D.C. Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2006a). "Measuring Governance Using Perceptions Data", in Susan Rose-Ackerman, ed. Handbook of Economic Corruption. Edward Elgar. Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2006b). "Governance Matters V: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators for 1996-2005. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4012. Washington, D.C. Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2007). "The Worldwide Governance Indicators Project: Answering the Critics". World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4149. Washington, D.C. 24 Figure 1: Margins of Error for Governance Indicators, 2006 Political Stability and Absence of Violence 2.5 2 1.5 ngitaR 1 0.5 e nc 0 nare -0.5 ovG -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Percentile Rank Control of Corruption 2.5 2 1.5 1 ngitaR 0.5 e nc 0 nare -0.5 ovG -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Percentile Rank 25 Figure 2: Changes Over Time in Governance Indicators 2002-2005 Voice and Accountability 3 0062 2 CHL 1 GHA HRV LSO Y UG NER IDNKEN 0 SLE -3 -2 -1 THA V EN 0 1 2 19983 NPL -1 CIV ZW E BLR -2 -3 Rule of Law 3 06 20 2 KIR 1 0 TTO -3 -2 RW A Y UG GEO DZA-1 ARG 0 1 2 19983 TJK ERI LBR -1 V EN CIV ZW E -2 -3 26 Table 1: Sources of Governance Data Country Represe Code Source Type* Public Coverage -ntative 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 ADB African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Expert (GOV) Partial 52 x x x x x x x AEO OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook Expert (GOV) Yes 33 x x x x x x x x AFR Afrobarometer Survey Yes 18 x x x x x x ASD Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Expert (GOV) Partial 25 x x x x x x BPS Business Enterprise Environment Survey Survey Yes 27 x x x x x x BRI Business Environment Risk Intelligence Business Risk Service Expert (CBIP) Yes 50 x x x x x x x x BTI Bertelsmann Transformation Index Expert (NGO) Yes 120 x x x x x CCR Freedom House Countries at the Crossroads Expert (NGO) Yes 63 x x x DRI Global Insight Global Risk Service Expert (CBIP) Yes 142 x x x x x x x x x EBR European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report Expert (GOV) Yes 29 x x x x x x x x EGV Global E-Governance Index Expert (NGO) Yes 196 x x x x x x EIU Economist Intelligence Unit Expert (CBIP) Yes 154 x x x x x x x x x FRH Freedom House Expert (NGO) Yes 197 x x x x x x x x x GCB Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer Survey Survey Yes 62 x x x x x GCS World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report Survey Yes 125 x x x x x x x x x GII Global Integrity Index Expert (NGO) Yes 41 x x x x GWP Gallup World Poll Survey Yes 130 x x HER Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom Expert (NGO) Yes 157 x x x x x x x x x HUM Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database and Political Terror Scale Expert (GOV) Yes 192 x x x x x x x x x IFD IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments Expert (GOV) Yes 100 x x x IJT iJET Country Security Risk Ratings Expert (CBIP) Yes 187 x x x x LOB Latinobarometro Survey Yes 18 x x x x x x x x MIG Merchant International Group Gray Area Dynamics Expert (CBIP) Yes 156 x x x x x x MSI International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index Expert (NGO) Yes 38 x x x x x OBI International Budget Project Open Budget Index Expert (NGO) Yes 59 x PIA World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Expert (GOV) Partial 136 x x x x x x x x PRC Political Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia Survey Survey Yes 12 x x x x x x x PRS Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide Expert (CBIP) Yes 140 x x x x x x x x x QLM Business Environment Risk Intelligence Financial Ethics Index Expert (CBIP) Yes 115 x x x x x x x x x RSF Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index Expert (NGO) Yes 166 x x x x x x TPR US State Department Trafficking in People report Expert (GOV) Yes 149 x x x x x x x WCY Institute for Management and Development World Competitiveness Yearbook Survey Yes 53 x x x x x x x x WMO Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk Indicators Expert (CBIP) Yes 202 x x x x x x x x *CBIP -- Commercial Business Information Provider, GOV -- Public Sector Data Provider, NGO -- Non-Governmental Organization Data Provider 27 Table 2: Distribution of Data Points by Type of Data in 2006 WGI Commercial Business Surveys of Non- Information Firms or Governmental Public Sector Providers Households Organizations Organizations Total Number of Data Points Voice and Accountability 497 340 684 324 1845 Political Stability 1027 179 0 227 1433 Government Effectiveness 845 371 315 314 1845 Regulatory Quality 795 206 277 343 1621 Rule of Law 960 371 410 655 2396 Control of Corruption 959 439 133 314 1845 Total 5083 1906 1819 2177 10985 Shares of Total for Each Indicator Voice and Accountability 0.27 0.18 0.37 0.18 1.00 Political Stability 0.72 0.12 0.00 0.16 1.00 Government Effectiveness 0.46 0.20 0.17 0.17 1.00 Regulatory Quality 0.49 0.13 0.17 0.21 1.00 Rule of Law 0.40 0.15 0.17 0.27 1.00 Control of Corruption 0.52 0.24 0.07 0.17 1.00 Total 0.46 0.17 0.17 0.20 1.00 Weighted Shares of Total for Each Indicator Voice and Accountability 0.35 0.03 0.54 0.08 1.00 Political Stability 0.82 0.04 0.00 0.14 1.00 Government Effectiveness 0.65 0.12 0.09 0.14 1.00 Regulatory Quality 0.59 0.09 0.12 0.19 1.00 Rule of Law 0.59 0.12 0.13 0.15 1.00 Control of Corruption 0.59 0.20 0.06 0.16 1.00 Total 0.60 0.10 0.16 0.14 1.00 28 Table 3: Weights Used to Aggregate Individual Data Sources in 2006 WGI VA PV GE RQ RL CC Average Commercial Business Information Providers bri .. 0.093 0.087 .. 0.070 0.008 0.064 dri .. 0.115 0.036 0.028 0.025 0.027 0.046 eiu 0.103 0.168 0.079 0.059 0.113 0.048 0.095 ijt .. 0.087 .. .. .. .. 0.087 mig .. 0.073 0.036 0.037 0.044 0.036 0.045 prs 0.047 0.054 0.053 0.067 0.023 0.031 0.046 qlm .. .. .. .. 0.077 0.082 0.080 wmo 0.051 0.169 0.148 0.169 0.089 0.067 0.116 Surveys of Firms or Households afr 0.029 .. 0.103 .. 0.013 0.022 0.042 bps .. .. 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.022 0.006 gcb .. .. .. .. .. 0.019 0.019 gcs 0.016 0.035 0.082 0.064 0.093 0.084 0.062 gwp 0.003 .. 0.005 .. 0.004 0.006 0.005 lbo 0.010 .. 0.019 .. 0.008 0.000 0.009 prc .. .. .. .. .. 0.083 0.083 wcy 0.008 0.053 0.034 0.065 0.066 0.108 0.056 Non-Governmental Organization Data Providers bti 0.121 .. 0.067 0.089 0.031 .. 0.077 ccr 0.168 .. .. .. 0.006 0.002 0.059 egv .. .. 0.007 .. .. .. 0.007 frh 0.108 .. .. .. 0.115 0.235 0.153 gii 0.091 .. .. .. 0.020 0.002 0.038 her .. .. .. 0.032 0.050 .. 0.041 msi 0.120 .. .. .. .. .. 0.120 obi 0.036 .. .. .. .. .. 0.036 rsf 0.023 .. .. .. .. .. 0.023 Public Sector Data Providers adb .. .. 0.064 0.137 0.046 0.029 0.069 aeo 0.010 0.029 .. .. .. .. 0.020 asd .. .. 0.091 0.031 0.017 0.010 0.037 ebr .. .. .. 0.105 .. .. 0.105 hum 0.033 0.083 .. .. 0.009 .. 0.042 ifd 0.008 .. 0.030 0.029 0.014 0.022 0.021 pia .. .. 0.041 0.066 0.050 0.045 0.051 tpr .. .. .. .. 0.004 .. 0.004 Commercial Business Information Providers Share of Sources 0.17 0.64 0.33 0.33 0.29 0.32 0.35 Share of Weights 0.20 0.79 0.45 0.37 0.45 0.30 0.43 Surveys of Firms or Households Share of Sources 0.28 0.18 0.33 0.20 0.25 0.36 0.27 Share of Weights 0.07 0.09 0.25 0.13 0.19 0.35 0.18 Non-Governmental Organization Data Providers Share of Sources 0.39 0.00 0.11 0.13 0.21 0.14 0.16 Share of Weights 0.68 0.00 0.08 0.12 0.23 0.24 0.22 Public Sector Data Providers Share of Sources 0.17 0.18 0.22 0.33 0.25 0.18 0.22 Share of Weights 0.05 0.12 0.23 0.38 0.14 0.11 0.17 29 Table 4: Summary Statistics on Governance Indicators Voice and Political Government Regulatory Control of Accountability Stability Effectiveness Quality Rule of Law Corruption Overall Number of Countries 1996 194 180 182 183 171 154 177 1998 199 189 194 194 194 194 194 2000 200 190 196 196 196 196 196 2002 201 190 202 197 197 197 197 2003 201 200 202 197 202 198 200 2004 208 207 208 204 210 206 207 2005 209 208 209 204 210 206 208 2006 209 209 212 206 211 207 209 Median Number of Sources Per Country 1996 4 4 3 4 6 4 4 1998 5 5 4 5 7 5 5 2000 5 5 5 6 8 6 6 2002 7 6 8 8 11 7 8 2003 8 6 8 8 11 8 8 2004 8 7 9 8 12 8 9 2005 9 7 9 8 12 9 9 2006 9 8 10 9 13 10 10 Proportion of Countries with Only One Data Source 1996 15 16 21 11 6 18 15 1998 11 7 10 10 9 10 10 2000 11 8 8 7 7 8 8 2002 10 7 5 7 7 8 7 2003 3 10 5 7 5 7 6 2004 6 6 8 7 9 8 8 2005 6 7 8 7 9 7 7 2006 6 6 9 8 8 8 7 Average Standard Error 1996 0.26 0.36 0.34 0.40 0.30 0.32 0.33 1998 0.27 0.30 0.19 0.41 0.22 0.24 0.27 2000 0.26 0.31 0.22 0.27 0.19 0.22 0.25 2002 0.22 0.29 0.23 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.23 2003 0.21 0.29 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.22 2004 0.21 0.28 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.22 2005 0.21 0.28 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.22 2006 0.20 0.27 0.22 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.22 30 Table 5: Common Sources in Pairwise Comparisons of Governance Average Fraction of Comparisons Based Number of Common Sources Number of Number of On Common Sources Numbering More Than or Equal to: as Fraction of: Comparisons Common Sources 1 3 5 7 Minimum Maximum 2006 Voice and Accountability 21736 5.92 1.00 0.84 0.63 0.47 0.91 0.53 Political Stability 21736 4.88 0.99 0.73 0.53 0.37 0.95 0.58 Government Effectiveness 22366 5.62 0.99 0.74 0.58 0.44 0.86 0.50 Regulatory Quality 21115 5.19 0.99 0.70 0.59 0.42 0.85 0.52 Rule of Law 22155 7.15 0.98 0.75 0.61 0.55 0.85 0.48 Control of Corruption 21321 5.18 0.98 0.67 0.55 0.38 0.80 0.44 Average 21738 5.66 0.99 0.74 0.58 0.44 0.87 0.51 2002 Voice and Accountability 20100 4.38 1.00 0.70 0.52 0.23 0.93 0.55 Political Stability 17955 3.90 1.00 0.66 0.38 0.15 0.95 0.54 Government Effectiveness 20301 4.49 0.99 0.70 0.45 0.26 0.83 0.49 Regulatory Quality 19306 4.32 0.96 0.67 0.47 0.27 0.80 0.49 Rule of Law 19306 5.75 0.96 0.71 0.58 0.44 0.80 0.48 Control of Corruption 19306 3.77 0.96 0.56 0.38 0.20 0.78 0.44 Average 19379 4.44 0.98 0.67 0.46 0.26 0.85 0.50 1996 Voice and Accountability 18721 2.55 1.00 0.48 0.07 0.00 0.96 0.59 Political Stability 16110 2.39 0.99 0.41 0.09 0.00 0.94 0.57 Government Effectiveness 16471 2.06 0.89 0.34 0.08 0.01 0.80 0.45 Regulatory Quality 16653 2.65 0.93 0.47 0.14 0.01 0.81 0.50 Rule of Law 14535 3.87 0.98 0.65 0.40 0.12 0.91 0.53 Control of Corruption 11781 2.71 0.94 0.51 0.14 0.08 0.92 0.50 Average 15712 2.70 0.96 0.48 0.15 0.04 0.89 0.52 31 Table 6 Large Changes in Governance, 1998-2006 Governance Score Agree/ 2006 1998 No Dis- Sources Balanced Bal Chng/ Change Agree (agree+ (Level) (Level) change agree Added Change Actual Chng Disagree) Voice & Accountability THAILAND -0.50 0.39 -0.89 5 0 1 0.83 6 -1.10 1.24 NEPAL -1.15 -0.18 -0.97 3 0 0 1.00 9 -0.72 0.74 BELARUS -1.71 -0.85 -0.86 3 1 0 1.00 5 -0.99 1.15 COTE D'IVOIRE -1.44 -0.63 -0.82 5 1 0 1.00 2 -0.82 1.00 ZIMBABWE -1.58 -0.85 -0.73 4 2 0 1.00 8 -0.87 1.19 VENEZUELA -0.58 0.07 -0.65 5 1 1 0.83 6 -0.75 1.15 CHILE 1.15 0.48 0.67 6 0 1 0.86 4 0.74 1.10 CROATIA 0.42 -0.29 0.70 5 0 0 1.00 7 0.68 0.97 LESOTHO 0.25 -0.74 0.99 2 0 0 1.00 6 0.51 0.51 KENYA -0.18 -0.91 0.73 5 1 0 1.00 9 0.54 0.74 GHANA 0.37 -0.40 0.77 5 1 0 1.00 7 0.67 0.87 INDONESIA -0.25 -1.08 0.83 5 0 1 0.83 8 0.85 1.02 SIERRA LEONE -0.43 -1.42 0.99 3 0 0 1.00 7 0.88 0.89 NIGER -0.24 -1.57 1.33 4 0 0 1.00 5 1.25 0.94 SERBIA 0.05 -1.11 1.16 5 0 0 1.00 6 1.04 0.90 Average 4.33 0.47 0.27 0.96 6.33 Political Stability COTE D'IVOIRE -2.09 -0.28 -1.81 5 1 0 1.00 2 -1.77 0.98 NEPAL -2.26 -0.74 -1.52 2 0 0 1.00 5 -1.28 0.85 UZBEKISTAN -1.94 -0.48 -1.46 2 1 0 1.00 3 -1.41 0.97 THAILAND -0.99 0.39 -1.38 5 0 1 0.83 4 -1.47 1.06 KYRGYZSTAN -1.20 0.01 -1.21 3 0 0 1.00 4 -1.17 0.97 NIGERIA -1.99 -0.84 -1.15 5 1 0 1.00 3 -1.26 1.10 GUINEA -1.72 -0.58 -1.13 2 0 1 0.67 4 -1.33 1.18 PHILIPPINES -1.26 -0.13 -1.13 4 0 2 0.67 4 -0.92 0.81 BANGLADESH -1.60 -0.49 -1.11 4 1 0 1.00 3 -1.15 1.04 ETHIOPIA -1.82 -0.83 -0.98 5 0 0 1.00 3 -1.27 1.29 LEBANON -1.76 -0.88 -0.88 4 1 0 1.00 2 -0.75 0.86 IRAN -1.25 -0.39 -0.87 5 1 0 1.00 2 -0.94 1.09 VENEZUELA -1.24 -0.40 -0.83 5 0 1 0.83 4 -0.80 0.96 SOUTH AFRICA -0.07 -0.85 0.78 5 1 1 0.83 4 0.61 0.78 TAJIKISTAN -1.30 -2.26 0.96 3 0 0 1.00 4 0.87 0.91 CONGO -0.97 -2.06 1.09 3 0 1 0.75 4 1.32 1.21 GUINEA-BISSAU -0.59 -1.80 1.21 3 0 0 1.00 0 1.06 0.87 SERBIA -0.69 -1.95 1.26 4 0 0 1.00 3 1.14 0.90 ALGERIA -0.89 -2.32 1.43 6 0 0 1.00 3 1.47 1.03 LIBYA 0.24 -1.23 1.47 5 0 0 1.00 2 1.27 0.86 RWANDA -0.53 -2.15 1.62 2 0 0 1.00 3 1.06 0.65 SIERRA LEONE -0.46 -2.17 1.72 3 0 0 1.00 2 1.78 1.04 ANGOLA -0.51 -2.23 1.72 5 0 0 1.00 4 1.50 0.87 Average 4.13 0.27 0.20 0.96 2.87 32 Table 6: Large Changes in Governance, 1998-2006, Cont'd Governance Score Agree/ 2006 1998 No Dis- Sources Balanced Bal Chng/ Change Agree (agree+ (Level) (Level) change agree Added Change Actual Chng Disagree) Government Effectiveness ZIMBABWE -1.53 -0.50 -1.03 3 1 3 0.50 6 -0.77 0.74 COTE D'IVOIRE -1.42 -0.35 -1.07 6 0 0 1.00 3 -1.01 0.94 TOGO -1.60 -0.68 -0.91 3 1 0 1.00 7 -0.79 0.87 MALDIVES 0.03 0.96 -0.93 2 0 0 1.00 3 -0.77 0.83 CHAD -1.37 -0.61 -0.76 3 0 0 1.00 7 -0.55 0.73 MALAWI -0.85 -0.21 -0.64 4 1 0 1.00 8 -0.50 0.78 SPAIN 1.05 1.70 -0.65 6 1 0 1.00 3 -0.61 0.93 BELARUS -1.24 -0.53 -0.70 2 0 2 0.50 6 -0.77 1.09 ECUADOR -1.12 -0.52 -0.60 4 1 1 0.80 7 -0.59 1.00 PERU -0.46 0.08 -0.54 3 3 1 0.75 6 -0.55 1.01 BOLIVIA -0.69 -0.13 -0.56 4 1 1 0.80 6 -0.65 1.15 KYRGYZSTAN -0.86 -0.28 -0.58 3 0 0 1.00 9 -0.75 1.28 ITALY 0.38 0.93 -0.55 4 1 2 0.67 3 -0.52 0.94 RWANDA -0.40 -1.13 0.73 3 0 0 1.00 5 0.49 0.68 KOREA, SOUTH 1.05 0.41 0.65 7 1 0 1.00 4 0.59 0.91 AFGHANISTAN -1.39 -2.27 0.88 1 0 0 1.00 7 0.59 0.67 HONG KONG 1.76 0.93 0.83 6 0 0 1.00 3 0.80 0.96 ALGERIA -0.35 -1.15 0.80 4 1 1 0.80 5 0.77 0.97 SERBIA -0.29 -1.18 0.88 3 0 0 1.00 8 0.83 0.94 Average 3.80 0.67 0.53 0.89 5.80 Regulatory Quality ZIMBABWE -2.21 -0.71 -1.50 6 0 2 0.75 3 -1.55 1.03 ARGENTINA -0.74 0.66 -1.40 8 0 0 1.00 2 -1.41 1.01 VENEZUELA -1.35 -0.05 -1.30 8 0 0 1.00 3 -1.44 1.11 BOLIVIA -1.03 0.35 -1.37 6 0 1 0.86 3 -1.48 1.08 COTE D'IVOIRE -1.09 0.14 -1.23 5 1 1 0.83 2 -1.19 0.97 ERITREA -1.87 -0.40 -1.48 2 1 0 1.00 4 -1.32 0.90 ECUADOR -1.06 -0.05 -1.02 6 0 1 0.86 3 -1.17 1.15 KOREA, NORTH -2.51 -0.96 -1.55 3 0 0 1.00 3 -1.72 1.11 ZAMBIA -0.56 0.40 -0.96 6 0 1 0.86 4 -0.88 0.92 GUINEA -1.05 0.00 -1.06 3 0 2 0.60 5 -1.15 1.09 TAJIKISTAN -0.98 -1.99 1.01 5 0 0 1.00 7 0.88 0.87 ARMENIA 0.26 -0.74 1.00 5 0 1 0.83 7 0.99 1.00 SLOVAKIA 1.08 0.21 0.87 6 0 1 0.86 5 0.83 0.95 IRAQ -1.46 -2.90 1.44 2 0 2 0.50 3 1.16 0.81 Congo, Dem. Rep. -1.51 -2.99 1.49 5 0 0 1.00 5 1.20 0.81 Average 5.07 0.13 0.80 0.86 3.93 33 Table 6: Large Changes in Governance, 1998-2006, Cont'd Governance Score Agree/ 2006 1998 No Dis- Sources Balanced Bal Chng/ Change Agree (agree+ (Level) (Level) change agree Added Change Actual Chng Disagree) Rule of Law ZIMBABWE -1.71 -0.47 -1.24 9 0 1 0.90 8 -1.18 0.95 VENEZUELA -1.39 -0.69 -0.70 10 1 1 0.91 6 -0.70 0.99 ARGENTINA -0.58 0.03 -0.61 8 2 2 0.80 5 -0.66 1.09 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO -0.26 0.36 -0.62 5 1 1 0.83 4 -0.53 0.87 COTE D'IVOIRE -1.51 -0.90 -0.61 5 2 1 0.83 3 -0.73 1.18 ERITREA -0.99 -0.22 -0.78 4 0 0 1.00 5 -0.57 0.74 ALGERIA -0.63 -1.17 0.54 5 1 3 0.63 6 0.37 0.70 GEORGIA -0.61 -1.18 0.57 3 3 1 0.75 10 0.34 0.59 KIRIBATI 0.84 -0.69 1.53 1 0 0 1.00 3 0.63 0.41 LIBERIA -1.16 -2.07 0.91 4 0 0 1.00 3 0.78 0.86 TAJIKISTAN -1.06 -1.74 0.68 4 2 0 1.00 11 0.66 0.97 SERBIA -0.59 -1.29 0.71 3 1 1 0.75 9 0.61 0.86 RWANDA -0.59 -1.47 0.88 5 0 0 1.00 6 0.59 0.67 Average 5.08 0.94 0.84 0.88 5.92 Control of Corruption ZIMBABWE -1.36 -0.42 -0.94 7 0 1 0.88 6 -0.82 0.88 COTE D'IVOIRE -1.16 -0.38 -0.78 5 1 0 1.00 1 -0.78 1.00 ERITREA -0.17 0.73 -0.90 2 1 0 1.00 4 -1.08 1.20 TANZANIA -0.37 -1.07 0.70 6 1 0 1.00 7 0.61 0.86 SERBIA -0.35 -1.08 0.73 4 0 0 1.00 8 0.77 1.06 Average 4.15 0.78 0.49 0.92 6.07 Overall Average 4.36 0.49 0.52 0.91 4.82 0.94 Cases>1.2 5 Cases<.8 15 0.8 < Cases < 1.2 70 34 Table 7: Agreement Ratio for Changes in Governance, 1998-2006 ALL CHANGES Agree / (Agree + Sample Agree No Change Disagree Disagree) Voice and Accountability 199 2.0 0.8 0.9 0.70 Political Stability 189 1.9 0.5 0.8 0.70 Government Effectiveness 194 1.9 0.9 0.9 0.68 Regulatory Quality 194 2.5 0.4 1.3 0.66 Rule of Law 194 2.5 1.7 1.4 0.64 Control of Corruption 194 2.0 1.3 1.1 0.65 Average 194 2.1 0.9 1.1 0.67 SIGNIFICANT CHANGES (90%) Agree / (Agree + Agree No Change Disagree Disagree) Sample Voice and Accountability 15 4.3 0.5 0.3 0.94 Political Stability 23 3.9 0.3 0.3 0.93 Government Effectiveness 19 3.7 0.6 0.6 0.87 Regulatory Quality 15 5.1 0.1 0.8 0.86 Rule of Law 13 5.1 1.0 0.8 0.86 Control of Corruption 5 4.8 0.6 0.2 0.96 Average 15 4.5 0.5 0.5 0.90 35 Table 8: Global Trends in Governance 1996-2006 for Selected Sources Average Std.Dev. Sample 1996 2002 2006 1996 2002 2006 Change t-Statistic Voice and Accountability EIU 120 0.41 0.43 0.47 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.06 1.79 FRH 196 0.56 0.58 0.58 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.02 0.79 GCS (Press Freedom / Parliament) 95 .. 0.57 0.55 .. 0.15 0.15 -0.01 -0.59 PRS 140 0.63 0.63 0.67 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.04 1.33 HUM 155 0.63 0.66 0.58 0.34 0.35 0.34 -0.05 -1.34 RSF 137 .. 0.73 0.73 .. 0.23 0.23 0.01 0.26 WMO 181 .. 0.55 0.57 .. 0.26 0.24 0.04 1.55 Political Stability DRI 106 0.82 0.68 0.84 0.18 0.27 0.16 0.02 1.01 EIU 120 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.03 0.99 GCS (cost of terrorism) 95 .. 0.66 0.67 .. 0.17 0.14 0.01 0.57 PRS 140 0.70 0.75 0.73 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.03 1.98 HUM 177 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.29 0.25 0.26 -0.04 -1.27 WMO 181 .. 0.67 0.68 .. 0.24 0.22 0.01 0.54 Government Effectiveness DRI 106 0.57 0.46 0.72 0.28 0.30 0.21 0.15 4.46 EIU 120 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.31 0.31 0.27 -0.06 -1.67 GCS (infrastructure quality) 95 .. 0.53 0.51 0.22 0.24 0.23 -0.02 -0.66 PRS 140 0.58 0.54 0.54 0.24 0.29 0.28 -0.04 -1.38 WMO 181 .. 0.56 0.57 .. 0.23 0.23 0.04 1.62 Regulatory Quality DRI 106 0.82 0.76 0.86 0.16 0.20 0.13 0.04 2.22 EIU 120 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.02 0.73 GCS (burden of regulations) 95 .. 0.30 0.35 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.06 3.17 HERITAGE 153 0.56 0.56 0.60 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.04 3.22 WMO 181 .. 0.58 0.59 .. 0.25 0.25 0.04 1.57 Rule of Law DRI 106 0.71 0.63 0.81 0.20 0.25 0.17 0.09 3.61 EIU 120 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.04 1.30 GCS (organized crime / police / independent judiciary) 95 .. 0.56 0.57 .. 0.21 0.20 0.00 0.09 HERITAGE 153 0.57 0.49 0.46 0.23 0.24 0.24 -0.11 -4.07 PRS 140 0.72 0.62 0.63 0.23 0.24 0.22 -0.09 -3.46 QLM 115 0.45 0.46 0.44 0.29 0.30 0.30 -0.01 -0.17 HUM 159 0.59 0.57 0.51 0.36 0.36 0.40 -0.08 -1.92 WMO 181 .. 0.58 0.59 .. 0.23 0.23 0.02 0.77 Control of Corruption DRI 106 0.58 0.52 0.66 0.26 0.32 0.27 0.08 2.24 EIU 120 0.35 0.35 0.38 0.33 0.34 0.31 0.02 0.51 GCS (bribe frequency) 95 .. 0.64 0.65 .. 0.22 0.18 0.01 0.46 PRS 140 0.59 0.41 0.42 0.21 0.19 0.20 -0.17 -7.10 QLM 115 0.39 0.40 0.37 0.29 0.29 0.29 -0.02 -0.47 WMO 181 .. 0.52 0.53 .. 0.27 0.26 0.03 1.08 Notes: PRS Country coverage in 1996: 130, all other periods 140. GCS Country coverage in 2002:80; 2003-2006: 95. change calculated over 2002-2006 Heritage Country coverage in 1996: 142; all other periods 153. WMO series begins in 1998, change calculated over 1998-2006 HUM series begins in 2002, change calculated over 2002-2006 RSF series begins in 2002, change calculated over 2002-2006 36 37 Governance Matters VI: Appendices Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi Appendix A: Sources for Governance Indicators A1. African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ADB) ......... 39 A2. OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook (AEO) ............................. 40 A3. Afrobarometer (AFR) ................................................................................. 41 A4. Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ASD) .............42 A5. Business Environment & Enterprise Performance Survey (BPS) ............................... 43 A6. Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BRI, QLM) ............................................44 A7. Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI)...........................................................45 A8. Global Insight Global Risk Service (DRI) ..........................................................46 A9. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report (EBR) ............. 47 A10. Global E-Government Index (EGV).................................................................48 A11. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) ..................................................................49 A12. Freedom House (FRH, CCR)......................................................................... 50 A13. Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer Survey (GCB) .....................51 A14. World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Survey (GCS)............................... 52 A15. Global Integrity Index (GII) ..........................................................................53 A16. Gallup World Poll (GWP))........................................................................... 54 A17. Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom (HER) .......................................55 A18. Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database & Political Terror Scale (HUM)..............56 A19. IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments (IFD)..............................................57 A20. iJET Country Security Risk Ratings (IJT) ..........................................................58 A21. Latinobarometro (LBO))...............................................................................59 A22. Merchant International Group Gray Area Dynamics (MIG) .....................................60 A23. International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index (MSI) ............ 61 A24. International Budget Project Open Budget Initiative (OBI) ).................................... 62 A25. World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (PIA) ..............................63 A26. Political Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia (PRC) ............................... 64 A27. Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide (PRS) ............................... 65 A28. Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index (RSF) ......................................... 66 A29. US State Department's Trafficking in People Report (TPR) .................................... 67 A30. Institute for Management Development World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) ........ 68 A31. Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk Indicators (WMO) ............................. 69 Appendix B: Components of Aggregate Governance Indicators B1. Voice and Accountability........................................................................... 70 B2. Political Stability and Lack of Violence............................................................71 B3. Government Effectiveness........................................................................... 72 B4. Regulatory Quality.................................................................................... 73 B5. Rule of Law............................................................................................. 74 B6. Control of Corruption.................................................................................. 75 Appendix C: Governance Indicators over Time C1. Voice and Accountability............................................................................. 76 C2. Political Stability and Lack of Violence............................................................79 C3. Government Effectiveness........................................................................... 82 C4. Regulatory Quality.................................................................................... 85 C5. Rule of Law............................................................................................ 88 C6. Control of Corruption................................................................................ 91 38 Table A1: African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ADB) Data Provider African Development Bank. Description Multilateral development bank headquartered in Abidjan, Cote D'Ivoire Website www.afdb.org Data Source Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Type Expert Assessment Respondents African Development Bank country economists, subject to centralized review for comparability Frequency Annual since 1998 Country Coverage African Development Bank client countries Public Access Since 2005 Description Indicators on 16 dimensions of policy and institutional performance. Responses are coded on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators are used to allocate concessional loans by the African Development Bank. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness Policies to improve efficiency of public sector X X X X X X X .. Budget Management X X X X X X X .. Efficiency of Public Expenditures X X X X X X X .. Management of public debt X X X X X X X .. Regulatory Quality Trade policy X X X X X X X .. Competitive environment X X X X X X X .. Labor Market Policies X X X X X X X .. Rule of Law Property rights X X X X X X X .. Control of Corruption Anti-corruption policies .. .. X X X X X .. Transparency / corruption X X X X X X X .. Country Coverage 52 52 52 50 50 51 51 .. Year of Publication 2005 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 .. 39 Table A2: OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook (AEO) Data Provider OECD Development Center Description Multilateral organization headquartered in Paris, France Website www.oecd.org Data Source African Economic Outlook Type Expert Assessment Respondents OECD Development Center Staff Frequency Annual since 1996 Coverage African countries Public Access Publicly available through African Economic Outlook report tables. Description Indicators are based on the frequency of newspaper reports on incidents related to two indicators: "hardening of the regime" and "political troubles". Newpaper reports are taken from the weekly newspaper Marchés Tropicaux et Méditerranéens, and are either coded as 0-1 for the occurrence of relevant stories or 0-3 on the severity of reported incidents. Total scores are reported for each country and year, and the distribution is highly skewed by a few countries with very high frequency of reported events. We therefore convert to a three-point scale corresponding to observations in the first, second, and third terciles of the distribution in each year. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Hardening of the Regime X X X X X X X X Political Stability Political troubles X X X X X X X X Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country Coverage 33 33 32 26 26 26 26 25 Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 40 Table A3: Afrobarometer (AFR) Data Provider Michigan State University; Institute for Democracy (South Africa); Centre for Democracy and Development (Ghana). Description U.S-based university and African non-governmental organization Website www.afrobarometer.org Data Source Afrobarometer surveys Type Survey Respondents Households Frequency Irregular, approximately every three years since 1999 Coverage African countries Public Access Country level aggregates are publicly available through afrobarometer website. Record-level data is released with some lag through the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (www.icpsr.org). Description This household survey is designed to collect data on attitudes towards democracy and government in a sample of African countries. We do not use data from the 1999 survey as the questionnaire from this year differs substantially from subsequent years. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability How much do you trust the parliament? .. .. X X X .. .. .. Overall, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in your country? .. .. X X X .. .. .. Free and fair elections X X .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness What proportion of the country's problems do you think the government can solve? .. .. X X X .. .. .. Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain household services (like piped water, electricity or telephone)? X X X X X .. .. .. Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain an X X X X X .. .. .. identity document (such as birth certificate, driver's license or passport)? Government handling of health services X X .. .. .. .. .. .. Government handling of education system X X .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family feared crime in your own home? .. .. X X X .. .. .. Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family had something stolen from your house? .. .. X X X .. .. .. Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family been physically attacked? .. .. X X X .. .. .. How much do you trust the courts of law? .. .. X X X .. .. .. How much do you trust the police? .. .. X X X .. .. .. Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain help from the police when you need it? X X X X X .. .. .. Control of Corruption How well would you say the current government is handling the fight of corruption in the government? .. .. X X X .. .. .. How many elected leaders (parliamentarians) do you think are involved in corruption? X X X X X .. .. .. How many judges and magistrates do you think are involved in X X X X X .. .. .. How many government officials do you think are involved in corruption? X X X X X .. .. .. How many border/tax officials do you think are involved in corruption? X X X X X .. .. .. Country Coverage 18 18 15 15 15 .. .. .. Year of Publication 2005 2005 2002 2002 2002 .. .. .. 41 Table A4: Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ASD) Data Provider Asian Development Bank Description Multilateral development bank headquartered in Manila, the Philippines Website www.adb.org Data Source Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Type Expert Assessment Respondents Asian Development Bank country economists, subject to centralized review for comparability Frequency Annual since 2000 Coverage Asian Development Bank client countries Public Access Since 2005, only for countries eligible for concessional lending by the Asian Development Bank. Description Indicators on 16 dimensions of policy and institutional performance. Responses are coded on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators are used to allocate concessional loans by the Asian Development Bank. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness Competence of civil service X X X X X X .. .. Budget Management X X X X X X .. .. Efficiency of Public Expenditures X X X X X X .. .. Management of public debt X X X X X X .. .. Regulatory Quality Trade policy X X X X X X .. .. Competitive environment X X X X X X .. .. Factor and products markets .. .. X X X X .. .. Rule of Law Property rights X X X X X X .. .. Control of Corruption Anticorruption and Accounting Institutions X X X X X X .. .. Country Coverage 25 25 26 26 25 25 .. .. Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 .. .. 42 Table A5: Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BPS) Data Provider World Bank and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Description Multilateral development banks headquartered in Washington, United States and London, United Kingdom Website http://www.worldbank.org/eca/governance Data Source Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey. Type Survey Respondents Firms Frequency Every three years since 1999 Coverage Transition economies in Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union Public Access Full access to firm-level data through website noted above Description This survey, part of the Investment Climate Survey project of the World Bank, collects a wide range of data on firms' financial performance and their perceptions of the regulatory and investment climate. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability and Lack of Violence NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness How problematic are telecommunications for the growth of your business X X X X X .. .. .. How problematic is electricity for the growth of your business. X X X X X .. .. .. How problematic is transportation for the growth of your business. X X X X X .. .. .. Regulatory Quality Information on the laws and regulations is easy to obtain X X X X X .. .. .. Interpretations of the laws and regulations are consistent and predictable .. .. X X X .. .. .. Unpredictability of changes of regulations X X X X X X .. .. How problematic are labor regulations for the growth of your business. X X X X X .. .. .. How problematic are tax regulations for the growth of your business. X X X X X .. .. .. How problematic are custom, foreign currency and trade regulations for the growth of your business. X X X X X X .. .. Rule of Law How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: Fair X X X X X X .. .. How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: affordable X X X X X X .. .. How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: enforceable X X X X X X .. .. How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: Honesty X X X X X X .. .. How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: Quickness X X X X X X .. .. Are property rights adequately protected X X X X X X .. .. How problematic is organized crime for the growth of your business. X X X X X X .. .. How problematic is judiciary for the growth of your business. X X X X X X .. .. How problematic is street crime for the growth of your business. X X X X X X .. .. Control of Corruption How common is for firms to have to pay irregular additional payments to get things done X X X X X X .. .. Percentage of total annual sales do firms pay in unofficial payments to public officials X X X X X X .. .. How often do firms make extra payments to influence the content of new legislation X X X X X X .. .. Extent to which firms' payments to public officials impose costs on other firms X X X X X X .. .. How problematic is corruption for the growth of your business. X X X X X X .. .. Country Coverage 27 27 27 27 27 18 .. .. Year of Publication 2005 2005 2002 2002 2002 2000 .. .. 43 Table A6: Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BRI, QLM) Data Provider BERI S.A. Description Commercial risk rating agency headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland Website www.beri.com Data Source Political Risk Index and Operational Risk Index (BRI), Quantitative Risk Measure in Foreign Lending (QLM) Type Expert assessments Respondents Permanent panel of experts convened by BERI Frequency Three times per year since 1980 for BRI and annual since 1996 for QLM Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Commercially available Description PRI measures eight causes and two symptoms of political risk on a 7-point scale. ORI measures 15 obstacles to business development on a 5-point scale. QLM measures risk factors in foreign lending on a 100-point scale. We use data from latest trimester in each year. We treat BRI and QLM as separate sources in our aggregation procedure as BRI is a "non-representative" source and QLM is a "representative source". See Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004) for an explanation of how this distinction matters for aggregation. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability Political Risk Index: External Causes of Political Risk: Dependence on/Importance to a Hostile Major Power X X X X X X X X Political Risk Index: External Causes of Political Risk: Negative Influences of Regional Political Forces X X X X X X X X Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Social Conditions: Wealth Distribution, Population X X X X X X X X Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Fractionalization of political spectrum and the power of these factions. X X X X X X X X Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Fractionalization by language, ethnic and/or religious groups and the power of these factions. X X X X X X X X Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Restrictive (coercive) measures required to retain power. X X X X X X X X Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Organization and strength of forces for a radical government. X X X X X X X X Political Risk Index: Symptoms of Political Risk: Societal conflict involving X X X X X X X X demonstrations, strikes, and street violence. Political Risk Index: Symptoms of Political Risk: Instability as perceived by non- X X X X X X X X constitutional changes, assassinations, and guerilla wars. Government Effectiveness Operation Risk Index: Bureaucratic delays X X X X X X X X Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Operation Risk Index: Enforceability of contracts X X X X X X X X Direct Financial Fraud, Money Laundering and Organized Crime (QLM) X X X X X X X X Control of Corruption Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Mentality, including xenophobia, X X X X X X X X nationalism, corruption, nepotism, willingness to compromise. Indirect Diversion of Funds (QLM) X X X X X X X X Country Coverage (BERI) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 53 Country Coverage (QLM) 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 44 Table A7: Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) Data Provider Bertelsmann Foundation Description Nongovernmental organization headquartered in Berlin, Germany, with goal to study social challenges and problems and propose solutions. Website www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de Data Source Bertelsmann Transformation Index Type Expert Assessment Respondents Staff of Bertelsmann Foundation Frequency Every three years since 2003 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Yes Description We use data on the subcomponents of the Status Index (SI -- rating countries along dimensions of democracy and market economy status) and the Management Index (MI -- rating countries according to progress in achieving democracy and market economy status) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Stateness (SI) X X X X X .. .. .. Political Participation (SI) X X X X X .. .. .. Stability of Democratic Institutions (SI) X X X X X .. .. .. Political and Social Integration (SI) X X X X X .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness Consensus Building (MI) X X X X X .. .. .. Governance Capability (MI) X X X X X .. .. .. Effective Use of Resources (MI) X X X X X .. .. .. Regulatory Quality Competition (SI) X X X X X .. .. .. Rule of Law Rule of Law (SI) X X X X X .. .. .. Private Property (SI) X X X X X .. .. .. Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country Coverage 119 118 116 116 116 .. .. .. Year of Publication 2005 2005 2002 2002 2002 .. .. .. 45 Table A8: Global Insight Global Risk Service (DRI) Data Provider Global Insight Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in Boston, United States Website www.globalinsight.com Data Source Global Risk Service Type Expert Assessment Respondents Staff of Global Insight, subject to regional reviews Frequency Quarterly since 1996 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Commercially available Description The Global Risk Service, formerly known as the Country Risk Review, was introduced by Data Resources, Inc (DRI) in 1996. In 2001 DRI became part of Global Insight, which in 2003 also acquired the World Markets Research Center that produces the World Markets Online ratings (WMO, see Table A31). These two sets of ratings continue to be produced independently and so we continue to treat them as distinct sources as we did prior to 2003. The Global Risk Review provides assessments of the likelihood of various "risk events". We use their assessments of risk events occurring in the next five years. Although nominally these indicators measure the likelihood of future changes in dimensions of governance we find that in practice they are highly correlated with other assessments of the level of governance and we interpret them in this way. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability Domestic Political Risks: Military Coup Risk: A military coup d'etat (or a series of such events) that reduces the X X X X X X X X GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month period. Domestic Political Risks: Major Insurgency/Rebellion: An increase in scope or intensity of one or more insurgencies/rebellions that reduces the GDP growth rate by 3% during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X Domestic Political Risks: Political Terrorism: An increase in scope or intensity of terrorism that reduces the GDP X X X X X X X X growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. Domestic Political Risks: Political Assassination: A political assassination (or a series of such events) that X X X X X X X X reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. Domestic Political Risks: Civil War: An increase in scope or intensity of one or more civil wars that reduces the X X X X X X X X GDP growth rate by 4% during any 12-month period. Domestic Political Risks: Major Urban Riot: An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of rioting that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X Government Effectiveness Domestic Political Risk: Government Instability: An increase in government personnel turnover rate at senior X X X X X X X X levels that reduces the GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month period. Domestic Political Risk: Government Ineffectiveness: A decline in government personnel quality at any level that X X X X X X X X reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. Domestic Political Risk: Institutional Failure: A deterioration of government capacity to cope with national problems as a result of institutional rigidity or gridlock that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12- X X X X X X X X month period. Regulatory Quality Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- Exports: A 2% reduction in export volume as a result of a worsening in export regulations or restrictions (such as export limits) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the X X X X X X X X time of the assessment. Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- Imports: A 2% reduction in import volume as a result of a worsening in import regulations or restrictions (such as import quotas) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the X X X X X X X X time of the assessment. Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- Other Business: An increase in other regulatory burdens, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment, that reduces total aggregate investment in real LCU terms by 10% X X X X X X X X Policies Non-Tax: Ownership of Business by Non-Residents: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of business by non-residents during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X Policies Non-Tax: Ownership of Equities by Non-Residents: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of equities by non-residents during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X Rule of Law Outcomes Non-Price: Losses and Costs of Crime: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in crime during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X Domestic Political Risk: Kidnapping of Foreigners: An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of kidnapping of foreigners that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X Policies Non-Tax: Enforceability of Government Contracts: A 1 point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the enforceability of contracts during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X Policies Non-Tax: Enforceability of Private Contracts: A 1-point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the legal enforceability of contracts during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X Control of Corruption Risk Event Outcome non-price: Losses and Costs of Corruption: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in corruption during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X Country Coverage 142 122 118 118 117 111 106 106 Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 46 Table A9: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report (EBR) Data Provider European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Description Multilateral development bank based in London, United Kingdom Website www.ebrd.org Data Source Transition Report Type Expert Assessment Respondents EBRD staff Frequency Annual since 1996 Coverage Transition economies Public Access Yes Description The Transition Report includes scores on a 5-point scale for eight Transition Indicators measuring progress towards market economy status. Scores are based on a checklist of underlying criteria and reflect the views of EBRD staff. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality Price liberalisation X X X X X X X X Trade & foreign exchange system X X X X X X X X Competition policy X X X X X X X X Rule of Law NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country coverage 29 27 27 27 27 26 26 27 Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 47 Table A10: Global E-Governance Index (EGV) Data Provider Brown University Center for Public Policy Description University located in Providence, United States Website www.insidepolitics.org Data Source Global E-Governance Index Type Expert assessment Respondents Research team led by Professor Darrell M. West Frequency Annual since 2002 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Yes Description This source reports an assessment of the quality of e-government based on reviews of official government websites. Features assessed include online publications, online database, audio clips, video clips, non-native languages or foreign language translation, commercial advertising, premium fees, user payments, disability access, privacy policy, security features, presence of online services, number of different services, digital signatures, credit card payments, email address, comment form, automatic email updates, website personalization, personal digital assistant (PDA) access, and an English version of the website. Assessments are scored on a 100-point scale with 72 points for availability of publications and databases and 28 points for the number of online services available. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness Global E-governance Index X X X X X .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country Coverage 196 195 192 195 194 .. .. .. Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 .. .. .. 48 Table A11: Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Data Provider Economist Intelligence Unit Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in London, United Kingdom Website www.eiu.com Data Source Country Risk Service, Country Forecasts Type Expert Assessment Respondents Network of over 500 correspondents, reviewed for consistency by panels of regional experts Frequency Quarterly since 1997 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Commercially available Description We use data on the components of these two data sources made available to us by the Economist Intelligence Unit. We use data from December of each year with exception of 1996 in which we draw data from first quarter of 1997. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Orderly transfers X X X X X X X X Vested interests X X X X X X X X Accountablity of Public Officials X X X X X X X X Human Rights X X X X X X X X Freedom of association X X X X X X X X Political Stability Armed conflict X X X X X X X X Violent demonstrations X X X X X X X X Social Unrest X X X X X X X X International tensions / terrorist threat X X X X X X X X Government Effectiveness Quality of bureaucracy / institutional effectiveness X X X X X X X X Excessive bureacucracy / red tape X X X X X X X X Regulatory Quality Unfair competitive practices X X X X X X X X Price controls X X X X X X X X Discriminatory tariffs X X X X X X X X Excessive protections X X X X X X X X Discriminatory taxes X X X X X X X X Rule of Law Violent crime X X X X X X X X Organized crime X X X X X X X X Fairness of judicial process X X X X X X X X Enforceability of contracts X X X X X X X X Speediness of judicial process X X X X X X X X Confiscation/expropriation X X X X X X X X Intellectual property rights protection X X X X X X X X Private property protection X X X X X X X X Control of Corruption Corruption among public officials X X X X X X X X Country coverage 152 127 125 120 120 120 120 120 Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 49 Table A12: Freedom House (FRH, CCR) Data Provider Freedom House Description Freedom House is a non-governmental organization promoting democratic values around the world and is headquartered in New York, United States. Website www.freedomhouse.org Data Source Freedom in the World (FRW), Freedom of the Press (FRP), Nations in Transit (FNT) and Countries at the Crossroads (CCR) Type Expert assessments Respondents Freedom House staff and consultants, subject to centralized review process Frequency FRW: Annual since 1955 FRP: Annual since 1980 FNT: Annual since 1995 CCR: Annual since 2004 but covering alternating sets of countries Coverage FRW: Global sample of countries FRP: Global sample of countries FNT: Transition economies in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union CCR: Developing country sample Public Access Yes Description FRW and FRP provide indicators of political rights (7-point scale), civil liberties (7-point scale), and press freedoms (100-point scale) based on checklists of underlying indicators listed below. The indicators are complemented with country narratives justifying the scores. FNT and CCR are series of more detailed narrative country reports including common sets of quantitative indicators on democratic and economic issues, typically scored on a 7-point scale. These too are based on a checklist of underlying indicators. We average data from FRW, FRP and FNT and treat it as a single source that we refer to as FRH, as these are produced by the same teams. We treat CCR as a distinct source as it is produced separately. Note that the indicators refer to data from the previous year: we therefore lag the data from this source by one year. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Freedom of the W orld: Political Rights X X X X X X X X Civil Liberties X X X X X X X X Freedom of the Press Press Freedom Index X X X X X X X X Countries at the Crossroads Civil Liberties X X X .. .. .. .. .. Accountability and public voice X X X .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality N/A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Nations in Transit: Rule of Law X X X X X X X X Countries at the Crossroads: Rule of Law X X X .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption Nations in Transit: Corruption X X X X X X X .. Countries at the Crossroads: Anti-Corruption and Transparency X X X .. .. .. .. .. Country coverage (FRH) 197 196 196 196 196 192 191 191 Country coverage (FRP) 195 194 194 193 193 187 186 187 Country coverage (FNT) 29 29 29 28 27 27 27 27 Country coverage (CCR) 62 62 60 30 .. .. .. .. Year of Publication (FRH, FRP & FNT) 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 1999 1997 Year of Publication (CCR) 2006 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. 50 Table A13: Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) Data Provider Transparency International Description Nongovernmental organization devoted to fighting corruption Website www.transparency.org Data Source Global Corruption Barometer Type Survey Respondents Households Frequency Annual since 2004 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Country-level aggregate responses and some breakdowns are reported on TI's website Description This survey commissioned by TI collects data on households' experiences with petty corruption and their perceptions of the overall incidence of corruption. Note that we do NOT use data from the TI Corruption Perceptions Index. This is a composite indicator of corruption based on an aggregation of a subset of the data sources that we use in our Control of Corruption indicator. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption Frequency of corruption X X X .. .. .. .. .. Frequency of household bribery X X X .. .. .. .. .. Extent of grand corruption .. .. X .. .. .. .. .. Extent of petty corruption .. .. X .. .. .. .. .. Country coverage (CCR) 62 69 61 .. .. .. .. .. Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. .. 51 Table A14: World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Survey (GCS) Data Provider World Economic Forum Description Nongovernmental organization bringing together business, government, academic and media leaders to address economic, social and political issues Website www.weforum.org Data Source Global Competitiveness Survey Type Survey Respondents Firms Frequency Annual since 1996 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Country-level aggregates of most variables reported in the annual Global Competitiveness Report. Description This survey gathers the views of domestic and foreign-owned firms on a range of issues related to the business environment. Most questions are scored on a 7-point scale. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Firms are usually informed clearly and transparently by the Government on changes in policies affecting their industry X .. X X X .. .. .. Newspapers can publish stories of their choosing without fear of censorship or retaliation X X X X X .. .. .. When deciding upon policies and contracts, Government officials favor well-connected firms X X X X X .. .. .. Influence of legal contributions to political parties on specific public policy outcomes X .. X X X .. .. .. Effectiveness of national Parliament/Congress as a law making and oversight institution X X X X X .. .. .. Political Stability The threat of terrorism in the country imposes significant costs on business X X X X X .. .. .. Government Effectiveness Competence of public sector personnel X X X X X X X X Quality of general infrastructure X X X X X X X X Quality of public schools X X X X X X X X Time spent by senior management dealing with government officials X X X X X X X X Public Service vulnerability to political pressure .. .. .. .. .. .. X X Wasteful government expenditure X X X .. .. X X .. Regulatory Quality Administrative regulations are burdensome X X X X X X X X Tax system is distortionary X X X X X X X X Import barriers / cost of tariffs as obstacle to growth X X X X X X X X Competition in local market is limited X X X X X X X .. It is easy to start company X .. X X X X X .. Anti monopoly policy is lax and ineffective X X X X X X X X Environmental regulations hurt competitiveness X X X X X X X .. Government subsidies keep uncompetitive industries alive artificially .. .. .. X X X X X Complexity of Tax System X X X .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Common crime imposes costs on business X X X X X .. .. .. Organized crime imposes costs on business X X X X X X X X Money laundering through banks is pervasive X X X X X .. .. .. Money laundering through non-banks is pervasive .. .. X X X .. .. .. Quality of Police X X X X X X X X Insider trading is pervasive .. .. X X X .. X X The judiciary is independent from political influences of government, citizens, or firms X X X X X X X .. Legal framework to challenge the legality of government actions is inefficient X X X X X X X X Intellectual Property protection is weak X X X X X X X X Protection of financial assets is weak X X X X X X .. .. Illegal donation to parties are frequent X .. X X X .. .. .. Percentage of firms which are unofficial or unregistered / Tax evasion X X X X X X X X Control of Corruption Public trust in financial honesty of politicians X X X X X X X .. Extent to which legal contributions to political parties are misused by politicians .. .. X X X .. .. .. Diversion of public funds due to corruption is common X X X X X .. .. .. Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: public utilities, tax payments, loan applications, awarding of public contracts, influencing laws, policies regulations, decrees, getting X X X X X X X X favourable judicial decisions Extent to which firms' illegal payments to influence government policies impose costs on other firms X X X X X X .. .. Extent to which influence of powerful firms with political ties impose costs on other firms X X X X X .. .. .. Country Coverage: 126 117 104 102 88 76 59 58 Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 52 Table A15: Global Integrity Index (GII) Data Provider Global Integrity Description Nongovernmental organization located in Washington, United States, advocating integrity and accountability in government. Website www.globalintegrity.org Data Source Global Integrity Index Type Expert Assessment Respondents Local country experts and peer reviewers recruited by Global Integrity Frequency Every three years since 2003 Coverage Mostly developing country sample Public Access Yes Description The Global Integrity Index uses 290 indicators to assess the existence and effectiveness of anti-corruption mechanisms that promote public integrity. They typically pair an indication of the "in law'" existence of a particular institutions with an "in practice" assessment of its functioning. We use a simple average of the "in practice" components of each of the indicated GII indicators, in keeping with our practice of relying purely on perceptions-based data in the WGI. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Civil Society Organizations X X X X .. .. .. .. Media X X X X .. .. .. .. Public Access to Information X X X X .. .. .. .. Voting & Citizen Participation X X X X .. .. .. .. Election Integrity X X X X .. .. .. .. Political Financing X X X X .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Executive Accountability X X X X .. .. .. .. Judicial Accountability X X X X .. .. .. .. Rule of Law X X X X .. .. .. .. Law Enforcement X X X X .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption Anti-Corruption Law X X X X .. .. .. .. Anti-Corruption Agency X X X X .. .. .. .. Country coverage 41 25 25 25 .. .. .. .. Year of Publication 2006 2004 2004 2004 .. .. .. .. 53 Table A16: Gallup World Poll (GWP) Data Provider The Gallup Organization Description Commercial survey firm based in Washington, United States Website www.gallupworldpoll.com Data Source Gallup World Poll Type Survey Respondents Households Frequency Annual starting in 2006 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Commercially available Description The Gallup World Poll is a new survey polling representative samples of households in a large sample of countries. The core survey instrument asks a wide range of questions, including some related to governance as indicated below. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Confidence in honesty of elections X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness Satisfaction with public transportation system X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Satisfaction with roads and highways X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Satisfaction with education system X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Confidence in the police force X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Confidence in judicial system X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Have you been a victim of crime? X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption Is corruption in governmnent widespread? X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country coverage 122 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Year of Publication 2006 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 Table A17: Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom (HER) Data Provider Heritage Foundation Description The Heritage Foundation is a nongovernmental research and educational institute headquartered in Washington, United States, advocating conservative public policies. Website www.heritage.org Data Source Index of Economic Freedom Type Expert Assessment Respondents Staff of Heritage Foundation Frequency Annual since 1995 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Yes Description Heritage constructs an Index of Economic Freedom consisting of 10 components. There were major revisions to the methodology in 2006 and 2007. We use data from the three of these components that are based on subjective assessments of Heritage staff and are comparable over time: Investment Freedom, Financial Freedom, and Property Rights. These indicators are scored on a 100-point scale. Note that the indicators refer to data from the previous year: we therefore lag the data from this source by one year. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality Foreign investment X X X X X X X X Banking / Finance X X X X X X X X Rule of Law Property Rights X X X X X X X X Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country coverage 157 157 155 155 156 155 161 150 Year of Publication 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 1999 1997 55 Table A18: Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database & Political Terror Scale (HUM) Data Provider University of Binghamton Cingranelli-Richards Human rights database (CIRI) and University of North Carolina Political Terror Scale (PTS) Description United States based universities Website www.humanrightsdata.com Data Source Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Dataset (CIRI) and the Political Terror Scale (PTS) Type Expert assessment Respondents Coding by Cingranelli-Richards and Gibney teams Frequency Annually since 1980 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Yes Description The Cingranelli-Richards dataset is a numerical coding on a 2 or 3 point scale of data on 13 human rights, as reported in Amnesty International Human Rights Reports and the U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. It is produced by Professor David Cingranelli at the University of Binghamton, U.S.A. and Professor David Richards at the University of Memphis, U.S.A. and is available at www.humanrightsdata.com. The Political Terror Scale is a numerical coding on a 5-point scale of state-sponsored domestic political terror through imprisonments, torture, disappearances and violations of the rule of law. It is produced by Prof. Marc Gibney at the University of North Carolina and is available electronically at: http://www.unca.edu/politicalscience/images/Colloquium/faculty-staff/gibney.html. Note that the two sources are averaged and treated as a single source in Political Stability and Absence of Violence since they are based on the same underlying publications. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Restrictions on domestic and foreign travel (CIRI) X X X X X X X X Freedom of political participation (CIRI) X X X X X X X X Imprisonments because of ethnicity, race, or X X X X X X X X political, religious beliefs? (CIRI) Government censorship (CIRI) X X X X X X X X Political Stability Frequency of political killings (CIRI) X X X X X X X X Frequency of disappearances (CIRI) X X X X X X X X Frequency of tortures (CIRI) X X X X X X X X Political terror scale (PTS) X X X X X X X X Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Independence of judiciary (CIRI) X X X X X X X X Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country coverage (CIRI) 192 192 192 159 159 159 159 159 Country coverage (PTS) 176 176 178 178 178 178 177 174 Year of Publication 2006 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 1999 1997 56 Table A19: IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments (IFD) Data Provider International Fund for Agricultural Development Description Multilateral development institution headquartered in Rome, Italy, financing agricultural investments in developing countries. Website www.ifad.org Data Source Rural Sector Performance Assessments Type Expert assessment Respondents IFAD country economists, subject to centralized review Frequency Annual since 2004 Coverage IFAD client countries Public Access Yes Description This source assesses 12 dimensions of the rural policy environment on a 6-point scale. The assessments are used in IFAD's performance-based allocation system for distributing resources across countries. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Policy and legal framework for rural organizations X X X .. .. .. .. .. Dialogue between government and rural organizations X X X .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness Allocation & management of publlic resources for rural development X X X .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality Enabling conditions for rural financial services development X X X .. .. .. .. .. Investment climate for rural businesses X X X .. .. .. .. .. Access to agricultural input and produce markets X X X .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Access to land X X X .. .. .. .. .. Access to water for agriculture X X X .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption Accountability, transparency and corruption in rural areas X X X .. .. .. .. .. Country Coverage 100 121 124 .. .. .. .. .. Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. .. 57 Table A20: iJET Country Security Risk Ratings (IJT) Data Provider iJET Description Commercial security risk consulting company based in Annapolis, United States Website www.ijet.com Data Source Country Security Risk Ratings Type Expert assessment Respondents iJET staff Frequency Annual since 2004 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Commercially available Description iJET provides assessments of security risks faced by travelers, coded on a 5-point scale. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability Security Risk Rating X X X .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country Coverage 187 182 167 .. .. .. .. .. Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. .. 58 Table A21: Latinobarometro (LBO) Data Provider Latinobarometro Description Nongovernmental organization based in Santiago, Chile Website www.latinobarometro.org Data Source Latinobarometro surveys Type Survey Respondents Households Frequency Annual since 1995 Coverage Sample of Latin American countries Public Access Some country-level aggregates are freely available, rest of dataset is commercially available Description Latinobarometro administers a common questionnaire to households in Latin America with questions on areas such as Economy and International Trade, Integration and Regional Trading Blocks, Democracy, Politics and Institutions, Social Policies, Civic Culture, Social Capital and Social Fraud, the Environment, and Current Issues. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Satisfaction with democracy X X X X X .. X X Trust in Parliament X X X X .. .. X .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness Trust in Government X X X .. X .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Trust in Judiciary X X X X X X X X Trust in Police X X X .. .. X X X Have you been a victim of crime? X X X X X .. .. .. Control of Corruption Frequency of corruption X X X X X X X .. Country Coverage 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 17 Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 59 Table A22: Merchant International Group Gray Area Dynamics (MIG) Data Provider Merchant International Group Description Commercial risk rating agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom Website www.merchantinternational.com Data Source Gray Area Dynamics. Type Expert assessment Respondents Merchant International Group staff Frequency Quarterly since 1994 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Commercially-available Description Provides assessments of risks to foreign investor posed by 10 risk factors assessed on a 10- point scale. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability and Lack of Violence Extremism X X X X X .. .. .. Government Effectiveness Bureaucracy X X X X X .. .. .. Regulatory Quality Unfair Trade X X X X X .. .. .. Unfair Competition X X X X X .. .. .. Rule of Law Legal Safeguards X X X X X .. .. .. Organized Crime X X X X X .. .. .. Control of Corruption Corruption X X X X X .. .. .. Country coverage 156 155 155 155 118 .. .. .. Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 .. .. .. 60 Table A23: International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index (MSI) Data Provider International Research and Exchanges Board Description International nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, United States, specializing in education, independent media, Internet development, and civil society programs. Website www.irex.org Data Source Media Sustainability Index Type Expert assessment Respondents Panel of local respondents in each country, subject to centralized review Frequency Annual since 2002 Coverage Developing country sample Public Access Yes Description Index rates countries on a variety of subcomponents relating to freedom of speech, plurality of media available to citizens, professional journalism standards, business sustainability of media, and the efficacy of institutions that support independent media. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Media Sustainability Index X X X X X .. .. .. Political Stability and Lack of Violence NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country Coverage 38 37 18 18 18 .. .. .. Year of publication 2007 2005 2005 2004 2002 .. .. .. 61 Table A24: International Budget Project Open Budget Index (OBI) Data Provider International Budget Project Description Nongovernmental organization based in Washington, United States, devoted to developing civil society capacity to influence government budget processes. Website www.internationalbudget.org Data Source Open Budget Index Type Expert assessment Respondents Local experts recruited by the International Budget Project subject to anonymous peer review Frequency First release in 2006, intended annual frequency Coverage Global country sample Public Access Yes Description The Open Budget Index is based on a questionnaire with 122 multiple choice questions on various dimensions of the availability, timeliness and quality of central government budget documents. Note that the 2006 index refers to data reflecting conditions in 2005. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Open Budget Initiative X X .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country Coverage 59 59 .. .. .. .. .. .. Year of publication 2006 2006 .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 Table A25: World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (PIA) Data Provider The World Bank. Description Multilateral development bank headquartered in Washington, United States Website www.worldbank.org Data Source Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Type Expert Assessment Respondents World Bank country economists subject to centralized review for comparability Frequency Annually since 1978 Coverage World Bank client countries Public Access Since 2005, only for countries eligible for concessional lending from the International Development Association. Description Indicators on 16 dimensions of policy and institutional performance. Responses are coded on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators are used to allocate concessional lending across countries. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability and Lack of Violence NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness Management of external debt X X X X X X X X Management of development programs .. .. X X X X X .. Quality public administration X X X X X X .. .. Budget management X X X X X X X X Efficiency of revenue mobilization / public expenditures X X X X X X X X Regulatory Quality Business regulatory environment X X X X X X X .. Factor and products markets .. .. .. X X X X X Trade policy X X X X X X X X Rule of Law Property rights X X X X X X X .. Control of Corruption Transparency, accountability and corruption in public sector X X X X X X X .. Country coverage 136 134 135 136 136 136 136 131 Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 63 Table A26: Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia Survey (PRC) Data Provider Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Description Commercial business information firm headquartered in Hong Kong, China Website www.asiarisk.com Data Source Corruption in Asia Type Survey Respondents Expatriate business people Frequency Annual since 1998 Coverage Asian countries Public Access Commercially available Description This survey asks respondents to rate severity of corruption, attitudes towards corruption, and effectiveness of efforts to reduce corruption, on a 10-point scale. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption To what extent does corruption exist in a way that detracts from the business X X X X X X X .. environment for foreign companies? Country Coverage 13 13 14 14 14 12 12 .. Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 .. 64 Table A27: Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide (PRS) Data Provider Political Risk Services Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in Syracuse, United States Website www.prsgroup.com Data Source International Country Risk Guide Type Expert assessments subject to peer review at the topic and regional levels Respondents Political Risk Services staff Frequency Monthly since 1984 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Commercially available Description The International Country Risk Guide includes a Political Risk Index, which in turn consists of 12 components measuring various dimensions of the political and business environment facing firms operating in a country. We use data from December reports of each year. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Military in Politics The military are not elected by anyone, so their participation in government, either direct or indirect, reduces accountability and therefore represents a risk. The threat of military intervention might lead as well to an anticipated potentially inefficient change in policy or X X X X X X X X even in government. It also works as an indication that the government is unable to function effectively and that the country has an uneasy environment for foreign business. Democratic Accountability. Quantifies how responsive government is to its people, on the basis that the less response there is the more likely is that the government will fall, peacefully or violently. It includes not only if free and fair elections are in place, but also how likely is the X X X X X X X X government to remain in power or remain popular. Political Stability Government Stability. Measures the government's ability to carry out its declared programs, and its ability to stay in office. This will depend on issues as: the type of governance, the cohesion of the government and governing party or parties, the closeness of the next election, the government X X X X X X X X command of the legislature, and approval of government policies. Internal Conflict. Assess political violence and its influence on governance. Highest scores go to countries with no armed opposition, and where the government does not indulge in arbitrary violence, direct or indirect. Lowest ratings go to civil war torn countries. Intermediate ratings are X X X X X X X X awarded on the basis of the threats to the government and busines. External conflict: The external conflict measure is an assessment both of the risk to the incumbent government and to inward investment. It ranges from trade restrictions and embargoes, whether imposed by a single country, a group of countries, or the international community as a whole, X X X X X X X X through geopolitical disputes, armed threats, exchanges of fire on borders, border incursions, foreign-supported insurgency, and full-scale warfare. Ethnic tensions : This component measures the degree of tension within a country attributable to racial, nationality, or language divisions. Lower ratings are given to countries where racial and nationality tensions are high because opposing groups are intolerant and unwilling to compromise. X X X X X X X X Higher ratings are given to countries where tensions are minimal, even though such differences may still exist. Government Effectiveness Bureaucratic Quality. Measures institutional strength and quality of the civil service, assess how much strength and expertise bureaucrats have and how able they are to manage political alternations without drastic interruptions in government services, or X X X X X X X X policy changes. Good performers have somewhat autonomous bureaucracies, free from political pressures, and an established mechanism for recruitment and training. Regulatory Quality Investment Profile. Includes the risk to operations (scored from 0 to 4, increasing in risk); taxation (scored from 0 to 3), repatriation (scored from 0 to 3); repatriation (scored from 0 to 3) and labor X X X X X X X X costs (scored from 0 to 2). They all look at the government's attitude towards investment. Rule of Law Law and Order. The Law sub-component is an assessment of the strength and impartiality of the legal system, while the Order sub-component is an assessment of popular observance of the law. X X X X X X X X Control of Corruption Corruption. Measures corruption within the political system, which distorts the economic and financial environment, reduces the efficiency of government and business by enabling people to assume positions of power through patronage rather than ability, and introduces an inherently X X X X X X X X instability in the political system. Country Coverage 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 130 Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 65 Table A28: Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index (RSF) Data Provider Reporters Without Borders Description International nongovernmental organization headquartered in Paris, France, devoted to the protection of reporters and respect of press freedom. Website www.rsf.org Data Source Worldwide Press Freedom Index Type Expert assessment Respondents Reporters, researchers, legal experts and press freedom advocates in assessed countries Frequency Annual since 2002 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Yes Description The press freedom index is based on a 50-question checklist on the incidence and severity of restrictions on reporters and the media 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Press Freedom Index X X X X X .. .. .. Political Stability and Lack of Violence NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country Coverage 166 165 165 164 138 .. .. .. Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 .. .. .. 66 Table A29: U.S. Department of State Trafficking in People Report (TPR) Data Provider United States Department of State Description Foreign affairs department of the United States Government. Website www.state.gov Data Source Trafficking in People Report Type Expert assessments Respondents United States embassy staff worldwide subject to centralized review Frequency Annual since 2001 Coverage Global country sample Public Access Yes Description This report scores countries on a four-point scale based on the extent of government efforts to combat "severe trafficking in persons" defined as (a) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or (b) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Note that the reports refer to data from the previous year: we therefore lag the data from this source by one year. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Political Stability NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Government Effectiveness NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Trafficking in People X X X X X X .. .. Control of Corruption NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Country coverage 149 149 142 131 116 82 .. .. Year of Publication 2006 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 .. .. 67 Table A30: Institute for Management Development World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) Data Provider Institute for Management Development Description Educational and research organization headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland Website www.imd.ch Data Source World Competitiveness Yearbook Type Survey Respondents Businesspeople working in countries being assessed Frequency Annual since 1987 Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Country-level averages of responses to survey questions reported in World Competitiveness Yearbook Description The World Competitiveness Yearbook ranks countries on a large number of factual and subjective indicators relating to the business environment. We use indicators drawn from their Executive Opinion Survey capturing the views of approximately 4000 respondents. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Transparency of Government policy X X X X X X X X Political Stability The risk of political instability is very high X X X X X X .. .. Government Effectiveness Government economic policies do not adapt quickly to changes in the economy X X X X X X .. X The public service is not independent from political interference X X X X X X X .. Government decisions are not effectively implemented X X X X X X X .. Bureaucracy hinders business activity X X X X X X X X The distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally inefficient X X X X X X .. X Political System is not adapted to todays' economic challenges .. .. .. .. .. X .. X Policy direction is not consistent X X X .. .. .. .. .. Regulatory Quality The exchange rate policy of your country hinders the competitiveness of firms X X X X X .. .. .. Protectionism in the country negatively affects the conduct of business X X X X X X X .. Competition legislation in your country does not prevent unfair competition X X X X X X X X Price controls affect pricing of products in most industries X X X X X X X X Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability .. .. X X X X X X Foreign financial institutions do not have access to the domestic market .. .. .. X X .. .. X Access to capital markets (foreign and domestic) is easily available X X X X X .. .. .. Ease of doing business is not a competitive advantage for your country X X X X X .. .. .. Financial institutions' transparency is not widely developed in your country X X X X X .. .. .. Customs' authorities do not facilitate the efficient transit of goods X X X X X X X .. The legal framework is detrimental to your country's competitiveness X X X X X X X .. Foreign investors are free to acquire control in domestic companies X X X X X X X .. Public sector contracts are sufficiently open to foreign bidders X X X X X X X X Real personal taxes are non distortionary X X X X X X X X Real corporate taxes are non distortionary X X X X X X X .. Banking regulation does not hinder competitiveness X X X X X .. .. .. Political system as obstacle to development .. .. .. .. .. X X .. Labor regulations hinder business activities .. .. X .. .. .. .. .. New Legislation restricts competitiveness X X X .. .. .. .. .. Subsidies impair economic development X X X .. .. .. .. .. Ease to start a business X X X .. .. .. .. .. Rule of Law Tax evasion is a common practice in your country X X X X X X X .. Justice is not fairly administered in society X X X X X X X X Personal security and private property are not adequately protected X X X X X X X X Parallel economy impairs economic development in your country X X X X X X X X Insider trading is common in the stock market .. .. X X X .. .. X Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country X X X X X .. X X Control of Corruption Bribing and corruption exist in the economy X X X X X X X X Country coverage 53 51 51 51 49 49 46 46 Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 68 Table A31: Global Insight Business Risk and Conditions (WMO) Data Provider Global Insight Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in Boston, United States Website www.globalinsight.com Data Source World Markets Online Type Expert Assessment Respondents Staff of World Markets Research Center, subject to regional reviews for comparability Frequency Annual assessments with daily online updates Coverage Global sample of countries Public Access Commercially available Description WMO produces assessments of the quality and stability of various dimensions of the business environment. It was acquired by Global Insight in 2003, which also owns and produces the DRI Global Risk Service (see Table A8). These two sets of ratings continue to be produced independently and so we continue to treat them as distinct sources as we did prior to 2003. 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Voice and Accountability Institutional permanence An assessment of how mature and well-established the political system is. It is also an assessment of how far political opposition operates within the system X X X X X X X .. or attempts to undermine it from outside. Representativeness How well the population and organised interests can make their voices heard in the political system. Provided representation is handled fairly and effectively, it will X X X X X X X .. ensure greater stability and better designed policies. Political Stability Civil unrest How widespread political unrest is, and how great a threat it poses to investors. Demonstrations in themselves may not be cause for concern, but they will cause major disruption if they escalate into severe violence. At the extreme, this factor would amount to X X X X X X X .. civil war. Terrorism Whether the country suffers from a sustained terrorist threat, and from how many sources. The degree of localisation of the threat is assessed, and whether the active groups X X X X X X X .. are likely to target or affect businesses. Government Effectiveness Bureaucracy : An assessment of the quality of the country's bureaucracy. The better the bureaucracy the quicker decisions are made and the more easily foreign investors can go X X X X X X X .. about their business. Policy consistency and forward planning How confident businesses can be of the continuity of economic policy stance - whether a change of government will entail major policy disruption, and whether the current government has pursued a coherent strategy. This factor X X X X X X X .. also looks at the extent to which policy-making is far-sighted, or conversely aimed at short- term economic advantage. Regulatory Quality Tax Effectiveness How efficient the country's tax collection system is. The rules may be clear and transparent, but whether they are enforced consistently. This factor looks at the relative X X X X X X X .. effectiveness too of corporate and personal, indirect and direct taxation. Legislation An assessment of whether the necessary business laws are in place, and whether there any outstanding gaps. This includes the extent to which the country's X X X X X X X .. legislation is compatible with, and respected by, other countries' legal systems. Rule of Law Judicial Independence An assessment of how far the state and other outside actors can influence and distort the legal system. This will determine the level of legal impartiality X X X X X X X .. investors can expect. Crime How much of a threat businesses face from crime such as kidnapping, extortion, street violence, burglary and so on. These problems can cause major inconvenience for foreign X X X X X X X .. investors and require them to take expensive security precautions. Control of Corruption Corruption : An assessment of the intrusiveness of the country's bureaucracy. The amount of red tape likely to countered is assessed, as is the likelihood of encountering corrupt officials X X X X X X X .. and other groups. Country Coverage 202 201 202 186 186 181 181 .. Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 .. 69 Appendix B: Components of Aggregate Governance Indicators in 2006 Table B1: Voice and Accountability Code Concept Measured Representative Sources EIU Orderly transfers Vested interests Accountability of Public Officials Human Rights Freedom of association FRH Civil liberties : Freedom of speech, of assembly and demonstration, of religion, equal opportunity, of excessive governmental intervention Political Rights : free and fair elections, representative legislative, free vote, political parties, no dominant group, respect for minorities FRP Freedom of the Press GCS Newspapers can publish stories of their choosing without fear of censorship or retaliation When deciding upon policies and contracts, Government officials favor well-connected firms Effectiveness of national Parliament/Congress as a law making and oversight institution Link between donations and policy Passive voice GWP Confidence in honesty of elections HUM Travel: domestic and foreign travel restrictions Freedom of political participation Imprisonments: Are there any imprisoned people because of their ethnicity, race, or their political, religious beliefs? Government censorship PRS Military in Politics The military are not elected by anyone, so their participation in government, either direct or indirect, reduces accountability and therefore represents a risk. The threat of military intervention might lead as well to an anticipated potentially inefficient change in policy or even in government. Democratic Accountability. Quantifies how responsive government is to its people, on the basis that the less response there is the more likely is that the government will fall, peacefully or violently. It includes not only if free and fair elections are in place, but also how likely is the government to remain in power. RSF Press Freedom Index WMO Institutional permanence: An assessment of how mature and well-established the political system is. Representativeness :How well the population and organized interests can make their voices heard in the political system Non-representative Sources AEO Hardening of the regime AFR Elections are free and fair BTI Stateness Political Participation Institutional Stability Political and Social Integration CCR Civil Liberties Accountability and public voice GII Civil Society Organizations Media Public Access to Information Voting & Citizen Participation Election Integrity Political Financing IFD Policy and legal framework for rural organizations Dialogue between government and rural organizations LBO Satisfaction with democracy Trust in Parliament MSI Media Sustainability Index OBI Open Budget Index WCY Transparency of Government policy 70 Table B2: Political Stability Code Concept Measured Representative Sources DRI Military Coup Risk : A military coup d'etat (or a series of such events) that reduces the GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month period. Major Insurgency/Rebellion : An increase in scope or intensity of one or more insurgencies/rebellions that reduces the GDP growth rate by 3% during any 12-month period. Political Terrorism: An increase in scope or intensity of terrorism that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. Political Assassination : A political assassination (or a series of such events) that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12- month period. Civil War : An increase in scope or intensity of one or more civil wars that reduces the GDP growth rate by 4% during any 12-month period. Major Urban Riot: An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of rioting that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. EIU Armed conflict Violent demonstrations Social Unrest International tensions GCS Country terrorist threat : Does the threat of terrorism in the country impose significant costs on firms? HUM Frequency of political killings Frequency of disappearances Frequency of torture IJT Security Risk Rating MIG Extremism. The term "extremism" covers the threat posed by any individuals or organisations who hold a narrow set of fanatical beliefs. Extremists are likely to believe that any and all means are justified to eradicate the target of hostility, and are not afraid to destroy themselves in the process. This ideological aspect of extremism makes it highly unpredictable, and its close association with violence makes it highly dangerous. The extent to which extremism should be judged a threat to a particular business in a particular market can be assessed along the following lines: integration issues; religious tensions; pressure groups; terrorist activity; xenophobia. PRS Internal Conflict : Assesses political violence and its influence on governance. External conflict: The external conflict measure is an assessment both of the risk to the incumbent government and to inward investment. Government Stability. Measures the government's ability to carry out its declared programs, and its ability to stay in office. Ethnic tensions : This component measures the degree of tension within a country attributable to racial, nationality, or language divisions. PTS Political Terror Scale WMO Civil unrest How widespread political unrest is, and how great a threat it poses to investors. Demonstrations in themselves may not be cause for concern, but they will cause major disruption if they escalate into severe violence. At the extreme, this factor would amount to civil war. Terrorism Whether the country suffers from a sustained terrorist threat, and from how many sources. The degree of localization of the threat is assessed, and whether the active groups are likely to target or affect businesses. Non-representative Sources AEO Political Troubles BRI Fractionalization of political spectrum and the power of these factions. Fractionalization by language, ethnic and/or religious groups and the power of these factions. Restrictive (coercive) measures required to retain power. Organization and strength of forces for a radical government. Societal conflict involving demonstrations, strikes, and street violence. Instability as perceived by non-constitutional changes, assassinations, and guerrilla wars. WCY Risk of political instability 71 Table B3: Government Effectiveness Code Concept Measured Representative Sources DRI Government Instability : An increase in government personnel turnover rate at senior levels that reduces the GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month period. Government Ineffectiveness: A decline in government personnel quality at any level that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12- month period. Institutional Failure: A deterioration of government capacity to cope with national problems as a result of institutional rigidity that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. EGV Global E-government EIU Quality of bureaucracy Excessive bureaucracy / red tape GCS Public Spending Composition Quality of general infrastructure Quality of public schools Time spent by senior management dealing with government officials GWP Satisfaction with public transportation system Satisfaction with roads and highways Satisfaction with education system MIG Quality of Bureaucracy. PRS Bureaucratic Quality. Measures institutional strength and quality of the civil service, assess how much strength and expertise bureaucrats have and how able they are to manage political alternations without drastic interruptions in government services, or policy changes. WMO Policy consistency and forward planning: How confident businesses can be of the continuity of economic policy stance - whether a change of government will entail major policy disruption, and whether the current government has pursued a coherent strategy. Bureaucracy : An assessment of the quality of the country's bureaucracy. The better the bureaucracy the quicker decisions are made and the more easily foreign investors can go about their business. Non-representative Sources ADB Management of public debt Policies to improve efficiency of public sector Revenue Mobilization Budget Management AFR Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain household services (like electricity or telephone)? Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain an identity document (like birth certificate, passport)? Government handling of health services Government handling of education ASD Civil service Revenue Mobilization and Budget Management Management and Efficiency of Public Expenditures BPS How problematic are telecommunications for the growth of your business How problematic is electricity for the growth of your business. How problematic is transportation for the growth of your business. BRI Bureaucratic delays BTI Consensus Building Governance Capability Effective Use of Resources CPIA Management of external debt Quality public Administration Revenue Mobilization Budget Management IFD Allocation & management of publlic resources for rural development LBO Trust in Government WCY Government economic policies do not adapt quickly to changes in the economy The public service is not independent from political interference Government decisions are not effectively implemented Bureaucracy hinders business activity The distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally inefficient Policy direction is not consistent 72 Table B4: Regulatory Quality Code Concept Measured Representative Sources DRI Regulations -- Exports: A 2% reduction in export volume as a result of a worsening in export regulations or restrictions (such as export limits) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment. Regulations -- Imports: A 2% reduction in import volume as a result of a worsening in import regulations or restrictions (such as import quotas) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment. Regulations -- Other Business : An increase in other regulatory burdens, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment, that reduces total aggregate investment in real LCU terms by 10% Ownership of Business by Non-Residents: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of business by non-residents during any 12-month period. Ownership of Equities by Non-Residents : A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of equities by non-residents during any 12-month period. EIU Unfair competitive practices Price controls Discriminatory tariffs Excessive protections GCS Administrative regulations are burdensome Tax system is distortionary Import barriers as obstacle to growth Competition in local market is limited Anti monopoly policy is lax and ineffective Environmental regulations hurt competitiveness Complexity of tax System Easy to start company HER Foreign investment Banking / finance Wage/Prices MIG Unfair Competition . Unfair Trade . PRS Investment Profile. WMO Tax Effectiveness: How efficient the country's tax collection system is. Legislation: An assessment of whether the necessary business laws are in place. Non-representative Sources ADB Trade policy Competitive environment Labor Market Policies ASD Trade Policy and Forex Regime Enabling Environment for Private Sector Development BPS Information on the laws and regulations is easy to obtain How problematic are anti competitive practices for the growth of your business. How problematic are unpredictable regulations for the growth of your business. How problematic are labor regulations for the growth of your business. How problematic are tax regulations for the growth of your business. How problematic are custom and trade regulations for the growth of your business. BTI Competition Price Stability CPIA Competitive environment Trade policy EBRD Price liberalization Trade & foreign exchange system Competition policy IFD Enabling conditions for rural financial services development Investment climate for rural businesses Access to agricultural input and produce markets WCY Access to capital markets (foreign and domestic) is easily available Ease of Doing Business Banking regulation does not hinder competitiveness Competition legislation in your country does not prevent unfair competition Customs' authorities do not facilitate the efficient transit of goods Financial institutions' transparency is not widely developed in your country Easy to start company Foreign investors are free to acquire control in domestic companies Price controls affect pricing of products in most industries Public sector contracts are sufficiently open to foreign bidders Real corporate taxes are non distortionary Real personal taxes are non distortionary The exchange rate policy of your country hinders the competitiveness of enterprises The legal framework is detrimental to your country's competitiveness Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country Labor regulations hinder business activities Subsidies impair economic development 73 Table B5: Rule of Law Code Concept Measured Representative Sources DRI Losses and Costs of Crime : A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in crime during any 12-month period. Kidnapping of Foreigners : An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of kidnapping of foreigners that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. Enforceability of Government Contracts : A 1 point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the enforceability of contracts during any 12-month period. Enforceability of Private Contracts: A 1-point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the legal enforceability of contracts during any 12-month period. EIU Violent crime Organized crime Fairness of judicial process Enforceability of contracts Speediness of judicial process Confiscation/expropriation GCS Common crime imposes costs on business Organized crime imposes costs on business Money laundering through banks is pervasive Quality of Police The judiciary is independent from political influences of members of government, citizens or firms Legal framework to challenge the legality of government actions is inefficient Intellectual Property protection is weak Protection of financial assets is weak Tax evasion Illegal donation to parties GWP Confidence in the police force Confidence in judicial system Have you been a victim of crime? HER Property Rights HUM Independence of Judiciary MIG Organised Crime. Legal Safeguards. PRS Law and Order. The Law sub-component is an assessment of the strength and impartiality of the legal system, while the Order sub- component is an assessment of popular observance of the law (assessed separately). QLM Direct Financial Fraud, Money Laundering and Organized Crime TPR Trafficking in People Report WMO Judicial Independence An assessment of how far the state and other outside actors can influence and distort the legal system. This will determine the level of legal impartiality investors can expect. Crime - How much of a threat businesses face from crime such as kidnapping, extortion, street violence, burglary... Non-representative Sources ADB Property Rights AFR Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain help from the police when you need it? ASD Rule of Law BPS Fairness, honesty, enforceability, quickness and affordability of the court system Property right protection How problematic is organized crime for the growth of your business. How problematic is judiciary for the growth of your business. How problematic is street crime for the growth of your business. BRI Enforceability of contracts BTI Rule of Law Private Property CCR Rule of Law CPIA Property rights FRH Rule of Law : Considers judicial/constitutional matters as well as the legal and de facto status of ethnic minorities. GII Executive Accountability Judicial Accountability Rule of Law Law Enforcement IFD Access to land Access to water for agriculture LBO Trust in Judiciary Trust in Police Have you been a victim of crime? WCY Tax evasion is a common practice in your country Justice is not fairly administered in society Personal security and private property are not adequately protected Parallel economy impairs economic development in your country Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country 74 Table B6: Control of Corruption Code Concept Measured Representative Sources DRI Risk Event Outcome non-price: Losses and Costs of Corruption: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in corruption during any 12- month period. EIU Corruption GCS Public trust in financial honesty of politicians Diversion of public funds due to corruption is common Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: import/export permits Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: public utilities Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to tax payments Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: awarding of public contracts Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: getting favorable judicial decisions Extent to which firms' illegal payments to influence government policies impose costs on other firms Bribery influencing laws Undue political influence GWP Is corruption in government widespread? MIG Corruption. There is an immense variety of activities that may be construed as corrupt. Bribery is the most obvious. However, what is and is not a bribe is a matter of presentation and perception in much the same way as "corruption" itself. Some of the issues that executives should consider include: accounting standards; anti-corruption policy credibility and enforceability; cronyism, nepotism and vested interests; cultural differences; judicial independence; transparency of decision-making. PRS Corruption. Measures corruption within the political system, which distorts the economic and financial environment, reduces the efficiency of government and business by enabling people to assume positions of power through patronage rather than ability, and introduces an inherently instability in the political system. QLM Indirect Diversion of Funds WMO Corruption : This index assesses the intrusiveness of the country's bureaucracy. The amount of red tape likely to countered is assessed, as is the likelihood of encountering corrupt officials and other groups. Non-representative Sources ADB Transparency / corruption AFR How many elected leaders (parliamentarians or local councilors) do you think are involved in corruption? How many judges and magistrates do you think are involved in corruption? How many government officials do you think are involved in corruption? How many border/tax officials do you think are involved in corruption? ASD Anti-corruption BPS How common is for firms to have to pay irregular additional payments to get things done On average, what percent of total annual sales do firms pay in unofficial payments to public officials How often do firms make extra payments to influence the content of new legislation Extent to which firms' payments to public officials to affect legislation impose costs on other firms How problematic is corruption for the growth of your business. Frequency of bribery in utility, permits, procurement, health, fire inspection, environent, taxes, customs and judiciary BRI Internal Causes of Political Risk : Mentality, including xenophobia, nationalism, corruption, nepotism, willingness to compromise, etc. CCR Transparency / corruption CPIA Transparency / corruption FRH Corruption GCB Frequency of corruption Frequency of household bribery GII Anti-Corruption Law Anti-Corruption Agency IFD Accountability, transparency and corruption in rural areas LBO Have you heard of acts of corruption? PRC Corruption Index WCY Bribing and corruption exist in the economy 75 APPENDIX C: Governance Indicators over Time TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.31 0.16 9 -1.27 0.17 8 -1.41 0.17 8 -1.54 0.17 6 -1.57 0.21 5 -1.98 0.29 3 -2.02 0.30 3 -1.73 0.29 2 ALBANIA ALB -0.01 0.15 12 -0.04 0.17 10 -0.04 0.18 8 0.02 0.17 7 -0.09 0.17 6 -0.30 0.25 4 -0.42 0.26 4 -0.49 0.27 3 ALGERIA DZA -0.83 0.14 12 -0.73 0.14 13 -0.80 0.16 11 -1.09 0.17 9 -1.08 0.17 8 -1.24 0.22 6 -1.39 0.23 6 -1.23 0.24 5 AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.48 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANDORRA ADO 1.39 0.28 3 1.47 0.28 3 1.48 0.28 3 1.32 0.27 3 1.43 0.29 2 1.55 0.32 2 1.59 0.34 2 1.41 0.33 1 ANGOLA AGO -1.25 0.15 13 -1.22 0.16 11 -1.17 0.16 11 -1.09 0.18 8 -1.23 0.18 7 -1.50 0.22 5 -1.41 0.23 5 -1.54 0.24 4 ANGUILLA AIA 1.08 0.49 1 0.89 0.41 1 0.82 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.57 0.28 3 0.53 0.28 4 0.56 0.27 4 0.20 0.27 3 0.14 0.29 2 0.18 0.32 2 0.10 0.34 2 -0.02 0.33 1 ARGENTINA ARG 0.27 0.15 13 0.24 0.16 13 0.33 0.17 12 0.32 0.17 11 0.16 0.17 10 0.30 0.22 6 0.14 0.23 7 0.39 0.19 6 ARMENIA ARM -0.72 0.13 13 -0.56 0.16 10 -0.59 0.16 9 -0.63 0.15 8 -0.52 0.17 6 -0.43 0.25 4 -0.54 0.26 4 -0.74 0.29 2 ARUBA ABW 1.08 0.49 1 1.13 0.41 1 0.70 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. AUSTRALIA AUS 1.45 0.20 9 1.54 0.19 9 1.52 0.19 9 1.43 0.19 9 1.41 0.20 8 1.47 0.22 6 1.43 0.23 6 1.34 0.24 5 AUSTRIA AUT 1.55 0.20 9 1.41 0.19 8 1.51 0.19 8 1.35 0.20 8 1.33 0.20 8 1.38 0.22 6 1.42 0.23 6 1.34 0.24 5 AZERBAIJAN AZE -1.14 0.13 14 -1.03 0.14 12 -0.85 0.15 10 -0.87 0.14 9 -0.82 0.16 8 -0.96 0.22 5 -0.93 0.23 5 -1.11 0.26 3 BAHAMAS BHS 1.02 0.25 4 0.97 0.25 4 1.01 0.25 4 1.06 0.24 4 1.16 0.25 3 1.15 0.27 3 1.10 0.28 3 1.12 0.30 2 BAHRAIN BHR -0.71 0.14 10 -0.70 0.15 10 -0.53 0.16 9 -0.61 0.15 8 -0.59 0.18 8 -0.93 0.22 5 -1.07 0.23 5 -1.24 0.24 4 BANGLADESH BGD -0.52 0.15 12 -0.51 0.15 11 -0.66 0.16 10 -0.64 0.18 8 -0.49 0.18 8 -0.36 0.22 5 -0.21 0.23 5 -0.17 0.24 4 BARBADOS BRB 1.12 0.26 4 1.04 0.28 4 1.15 0.27 4 1.23 0.27 3 1.38 0.29 2 1.44 0.32 2 1.48 0.34 2 1.23 0.33 1 BELARUS BLR -1.71 0.16 9 -1.66 0.18 7 -1.30 0.18 7 -1.29 0.17 7 -1.32 0.17 7 -1.35 0.25 4 -0.85 0.26 4 -1.49 0.29 2 BELGIUM BEL 1.46 0.20 9 1.42 0.19 8 1.47 0.19 8 1.48 0.20 8 1.38 0.20 8 1.37 0.22 6 1.35 0.23 6 1.23 0.24 5 BELIZE BLZ 0.57 0.22 5 0.71 0.28 4 0.75 0.27 4 0.88 0.27 3 0.84 0.27 3 0.95 0.29 3 0.85 0.30 3 1.05 0.29 2 BENIN BEN 0.33 0.16 12 0.12 0.20 9 -0.02 0.21 7 0.10 0.21 5 0.10 0.21 5 0.41 0.29 3 0.39 0.30 3 0.71 0.29 2 BERMUDA BMU 1.08 0.49 1 1.13 0.41 1 1.09 0.39 1 1.10 0.48 1 1.06 0.51 1 0.88 0.48 1 1.11 0.48 1 .. .. .. BHUTAN BTN -0.95 0.20 6 -1.02 0.22 6 -0.95 0.22 6 -1.22 0.26 4 -1.21 0.25 4 -0.99 0.29 3 -0.98 0.30 3 -1.50 0.29 2 BOLIVIA BOL -0.14 0.15 13 -0.23 0.15 12 -0.16 0.16 11 -0.05 0.17 9 0.08 0.17 9 0.25 0.22 5 0.26 0.23 6 0.25 0.19 5 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH 0.18 0.16 10 0.06 0.16 9 -0.06 0.16 9 -0.13 0.17 7 -0.25 0.17 7 -0.08 0.27 3 -0.13 0.28 3 -0.38 0.28 2 BOTSWANA BWA 0.57 0.16 13 0.68 0.16 12 0.90 0.17 11 0.90 0.17 10 0.75 0.17 9 0.75 0.22 6 0.76 0.23 6 0.86 0.24 5 BRAZIL BRA 0.37 0.15 14 0.44 0.16 13 0.31 0.17 12 0.38 0.17 11 0.27 0.17 10 0.29 0.22 6 0.26 0.23 7 0.13 0.19 6 BRUNEI BRN -1.08 0.25 4 -0.96 0.25 4 -0.81 0.25 4 -0.99 0.24 4 -0.88 0.23 5 -0.74 0.25 4 -0.75 0.26 4 -1.14 0.27 3 BULGARIA BGR 0.56 0.14 13 0.51 0.15 10 0.56 0.16 9 0.52 0.16 9 0.61 0.16 9 0.51 0.22 5 0.38 0.23 5 0.09 0.24 4 BURKINA FASO BFA -0.32 0.15 13 -0.47 0.17 10 -0.51 0.18 9 -0.45 0.19 7 -0.40 0.19 7 -0.30 0.25 5 -0.52 0.25 5 -0.31 0.27 4 BURUNDI BDI -1.04 0.18 9 -1.00 0.22 6 -1.23 0.22 6 -1.20 0.21 5 -1.31 0.21 5 -1.63 0.29 3 -1.51 0.30 3 -1.52 0.29 2 CAMBODIA KHM -0.98 0.16 10 -1.00 0.16 9 -0.80 0.17 8 -0.86 0.16 7 -0.77 0.19 6 -0.82 0.25 4 -0.91 0.26 4 -0.98 0.26 3 CAMEROON CMR -1.02 0.16 12 -1.05 0.16 11 -1.04 0.17 9 -1.14 0.17 9 -1.05 0.17 8 -1.12 0.22 6 -1.12 0.23 6 -1.26 0.24 5 CANADA CAN 1.46 0.20 9 1.52 0.19 8 1.68 0.19 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.51 0.20 8 1.61 0.22 6 1.61 0.23 6 1.51 0.24 5 CAPE VERDE CPV 0.85 0.21 7 0.36 0.24 6 0.58 0.26 6 0.56 0.26 5 0.49 0.28 4 0.81 0.40 1 0.82 0.43 1 0.87 0.33 1 CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 0.84 0.49 1 0.89 0.41 1 0.84 0.39 1 0.87 0.48 1 1.49 0.51 1 1.52 0.48 1 1.55 0.48 1 .. .. .. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.06 0.21 5 -1.21 0.22 6 -1.34 0.22 6 -1.40 0.21 5 -1.04 0.21 5 -0.67 0.29 3 -0.62 0.30 3 -0.36 0.29 2 CHAD TCD -1.39 0.17 11 -1.44 0.19 9 -1.15 0.21 8 -1.05 0.20 7 -0.91 0.20 6 -0.95 0.29 4 -0.93 0.29 4 -0.86 0.29 3 CHILE CHL 1.15 0.17 11 1.24 0.17 11 1.23 0.17 11 1.09 0.17 10 1.08 0.17 10 0.80 0.22 6 0.48 0.23 7 0.53 0.19 6 CHINA CHN -1.66 0.15 11 -1.46 0.16 11 -1.33 0.16 11 -1.36 0.17 9 -1.40 0.17 9 -1.38 0.22 6 -1.39 0.23 6 -1.66 0.24 5 COLOMBIA COL -0.25 0.14 14 -0.27 0.15 13 -0.34 0.16 12 -0.56 0.17 10 -0.52 0.17 10 -0.60 0.22 6 -0.52 0.23 7 -0.30 0.19 6 COMOROS COM -0.25 0.26 5 -0.54 0.26 5 -0.47 0.26 5 -0.41 0.26 4 -0.53 0.28 3 -0.90 0.32 2 -0.71 0.34 2 -0.11 0.33 1 CONGO COG -1.10 0.20 8 -1.05 0.20 8 -0.88 0.23 7 -0.80 0.23 5 -0.86 0.23 5 -1.62 0.25 4 -1.68 0.26 4 -0.52 0.27 3 CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.62 0.16 10 -1.70 0.18 9 -1.80 0.17 9 -1.74 0.20 6 -1.88 0.20 5 -1.89 0.27 3 -1.90 0.28 3 -1.62 0.30 2 COSTA RICA CRI 0.84 0.16 12 0.80 0.16 11 1.04 0.17 10 1.06 0.17 9 1.12 0.17 9 1.11 0.22 5 1.14 0.23 6 1.11 0.19 5 COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.44 0.17 8 -1.54 0.18 8 -1.34 0.17 9 -1.32 0.18 8 -1.33 0.17 8 -1.32 0.22 6 -0.63 0.23 6 -0.74 0.24 5 CROATIA HRV 0.42 0.15 12 0.49 0.15 11 0.67 0.16 10 0.64 0.16 9 0.56 0.16 9 0.44 0.22 5 -0.29 0.23 5 -0.28 0.26 3 CUBA CUB -1.55 0.18 8 -1.73 0.18 8 -1.58 0.17 8 -1.62 0.18 7 -1.61 0.18 7 -1.63 0.22 5 -1.61 0.23 5 -1.73 0.24 4 CYPRUS CYP 1.14 0.20 8 0.98 0.19 7 1.00 0.20 7 1.06 0.20 6 1.20 0.21 5 1.16 0.22 5 1.01 0.23 5 1.14 0.24 4 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.96 0.17 11 0.93 0.16 10 1.03 0.17 9 1.06 0.17 9 1.02 0.17 9 0.82 0.22 6 0.96 0.23 6 0.96 0.24 5 DENMARK DNK 1.72 0.20 9 1.79 0.19 8 1.83 0.19 8 1.60 0.20 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.50 0.22 6 1.50 0.23 6 1.46 0.24 5 DJIBOUTI DJI -0.99 0.26 5 -1.03 0.26 5 -0.83 0.26 5 -0.73 0.26 4 -0.70 0.28 3 -0.77 0.32 2 -1.09 0.34 2 -0.82 0.33 1 DOMINICA DMA 0.97 0.28 3 0.95 0.28 4 0.99 0.27 4 1.09 0.27 3 1.10 0.29 2 1.05 0.32 2 1.05 0.34 2 1.23 0.33 1 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 0.11 0.17 11 0.01 0.17 10 0.13 0.17 10 0.03 0.18 8 0.28 0.18 7 0.19 0.22 5 -0.05 0.23 5 0.20 0.24 4 ECUADOR ECU -0.35 0.15 13 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.22 0.16 11 -0.10 0.17 9 -0.07 0.17 9 -0.25 0.22 5 0.06 0.23 6 0.22 0.19 5 EGYPT EGY -1.08 0.13 14 -0.93 0.14 13 -0.96 0.16 11 -1.02 0.17 9 -1.05 0.17 9 -0.88 0.22 6 -0.91 0.23 6 -1.03 0.24 5 EL SALVADOR SLV -0.05 0.16 12 -0.02 0.16 11 0.08 0.17 10 0.14 0.17 9 0.10 0.17 9 -0.08 0.22 5 -0.05 0.23 6 0.02 0.19 5 EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.80 0.21 6 -1.63 0.21 6 -1.68 0.21 7 -1.64 0.22 6 -1.62 0.23 5 -1.63 0.27 4 -1.63 0.27 4 -1.61 0.28 3 ERITREA ERI -1.81 0.16 8 -1.90 0.19 7 -1.82 0.19 7 -1.92 0.21 5 -1.85 0.21 5 -1.34 0.29 3 -1.17 0.30 3 -1.09 0.29 2 ESTONIA EST 1.01 0.17 10 1.00 0.17 9 1.10 0.17 9 1.09 0.17 9 1.02 0.18 8 0.99 0.22 6 0.99 0.23 5 0.90 0.26 3 ETHIOPIA ETH -1.08 0.14 13 -1.15 0.16 11 -1.18 0.16 11 -1.15 0.17 9 -1.25 0.17 8 -1.02 0.22 6 -0.80 0.23 6 -0.88 0.24 5 FIJI FJI -0.38 0.26 4 0.11 0.27 4 0.01 0.27 4 0.04 0.26 4 0.03 0.27 3 -0.61 0.29 3 0.07 0.30 3 -0.17 0.29 2 FINLAND FIN 1.63 0.20 9 1.73 0.19 8 1.81 0.19 8 1.58 0.20 8 1.57 0.20 8 1.58 0.22 6 1.51 0.23 6 1.42 0.24 5 FRANCE FRA 1.40 0.19 10 1.49 0.18 9 1.44 0.19 8 1.09 0.20 8 1.12 0.20 8 1.12 0.22 6 1.13 0.23 6 1.05 0.24 5 FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.37 0.49 1 0.40 0.41 1 0.48 0.39 1 0.41 0.48 1 0.40 0.51 1 0.44 0.48 1 0.45 0.48 1 .. .. .. GABON GAB -0.96 0.20 8 -0.86 0.20 8 -0.78 0.19 8 -0.69 0.20 7 -0.38 0.20 7 -0.41 0.22 6 -0.37 0.23 6 -0.38 0.24 5 GAMBIA GMB -0.90 0.20 8 -1.02 0.23 7 -0.57 0.23 7 -0.41 0.23 6 -0.56 0.23 5 -1.07 0.25 4 -1.00 0.26 4 -1.37 0.27 3 GEORGIA GEO -0.16 0.13 13 -0.20 0.16 10 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.50 0.15 7 -0.58 0.18 5 -0.24 0.29 3 -0.41 0.30 3 -0.40 0.29 2 GERMANY DEU 1.48 0.20 9 1.56 0.19 9 1.56 0.19 9 1.46 0.19 9 1.44 0.20 8 1.36 0.22 6 1.33 0.23 6 1.27 0.24 5 Note: "Est." refers to estimate, "S.E." refers to standard errors, and "N." refers to number of sources. The standard errors have the following interpretation: there is roughly a 70% chance that the level of governance lies within plus or minus one standard error of the point estimate of governance. 76 TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability (cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. GHANA GHA 0.37 0.15 13 0.26 0.16 13 0.00 0.17 12 0.18 0.17 11 -0.07 0.17 9 -0.01 0.22 6 -0.40 0.23 6 -0.24 0.24 5 GREECE GRC 1.05 0.20 9 1.11 0.19 8 1.14 0.19 8 1.02 0.20 8 1.05 0.20 8 1.04 0.22 6 1.13 0.23 6 0.73 0.24 5 GRENADA GRD 0.67 0.27 4 0.57 0.28 4 0.60 0.26 5 0.77 0.27 3 0.75 0.29 2 0.61 0.32 2 0.59 0.34 2 1.01 0.33 1 GUAM GUM 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.57 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GUATEMALA GTM -0.29 0.14 14 -0.40 0.15 13 -0.34 0.15 12 -0.52 0.15 11 -0.44 0.17 9 -0.34 0.22 5 -0.35 0.23 6 -0.23 0.19 5 GUINEA GIN -1.15 0.18 8 -1.15 0.20 7 -1.19 0.20 7 -1.19 0.20 6 -1.16 0.19 6 -1.21 0.25 4 -1.21 0.26 4 -1.11 0.27 3 GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -0.41 0.23 6 -0.53 0.24 6 -0.68 0.23 6 -1.17 0.23 5 -1.02 0.23 5 -0.85 0.25 4 -1.15 0.28 3 -0.27 0.27 3 GUYANA GUY 0.01 0.17 8 -0.19 0.20 7 0.17 0.24 5 0.64 0.24 4 0.67 0.24 4 0.55 0.25 4 0.49 0.26 4 0.84 0.27 3 HAITI HTI -1.11 0.18 8 -1.38 0.18 8 -1.47 0.18 8 -1.25 0.16 8 -1.37 0.19 7 -0.85 0.25 4 -0.91 0.26 4 -0.49 0.27 3 HONDURAS HND -0.34 0.15 13 -0.33 0.15 12 -0.33 0.16 11 -0.18 0.17 9 -0.22 0.18 8 -0.16 0.22 5 -0.18 0.23 6 -0.11 0.19 5 HONG KONG HKG 0.55 0.20 8 0.59 0.20 7 0.52 0.20 7 0.33 0.21 7 0.12 0.21 7 -0.15 0.28 4 -0.13 0.29 4 0.22 0.26 4 HUNGARY HUN 1.14 0.17 10 1.18 0.17 9 1.25 0.17 9 1.25 0.17 9 1.21 0.17 9 1.25 0.22 6 1.11 0.23 6 1.11 0.24 5 ICELAND ISL 1.47 0.20 8 1.61 0.23 7 1.64 0.23 7 1.55 0.22 7 1.48 0.22 7 1.48 0.25 5 1.47 0.26 5 1.34 0.27 4 INDIA IND 0.35 0.15 13 0.40 0.16 12 0.39 0.17 11 0.32 0.17 10 0.40 0.17 9 0.28 0.22 6 0.34 0.23 6 0.12 0.24 5 INDONESIA IDN -0.25 0.14 14 -0.16 0.15 13 -0.40 0.16 12 -0.45 0.15 11 -0.48 0.17 9 -0.41 0.22 6 -1.08 0.23 6 -1.13 0.24 5 IRAN IRN -1.33 0.14 11 -1.24 0.15 10 -1.23 0.16 9 -1.28 0.18 7 -1.11 0.18 7 -0.94 0.22 5 -0.87 0.23 5 -1.34 0.24 4 IRAQ IRQ -1.54 0.16 8 -1.45 0.16 8 -1.76 0.18 7 -1.66 0.18 7 -2.08 0.18 7 -1.98 0.22 5 -1.93 0.23 5 -1.90 0.24 4 IRELAND IRL 1.42 0.20 9 1.64 0.19 8 1.48 0.19 8 1.28 0.20 8 1.25 0.20 8 1.39 0.22 6 1.37 0.23 6 1.22 0.24 5 ISRAEL ISR 0.68 0.18 10 0.60 0.19 8 0.65 0.19 8 0.55 0.20 8 0.59 0.20 8 0.66 0.22 6 0.65 0.23 6 0.82 0.24 5 ITALY ITA 1.14 0.20 9 1.06 0.19 9 1.20 0.19 9 0.99 0.19 9 1.02 0.20 8 1.05 0.22 6 1.09 0.23 6 0.93 0.24 5 JAMAICA JAM 0.51 0.17 10 0.44 0.17 9 0.39 0.17 9 0.47 0.18 8 0.52 0.18 7 0.75 0.22 5 0.72 0.23 5 0.69 0.24 4 JAPAN JPN 0.91 0.20 9 0.98 0.19 9 1.00 0.19 9 1.02 0.19 9 0.99 0.20 8 0.89 0.22 6 0.90 0.23 6 0.85 0.24 5 JORDAN JOR -0.62 0.13 14 -0.49 0.14 13 -0.54 0.16 11 -0.67 0.15 10 -0.76 0.18 8 -0.30 0.22 5 -0.35 0.23 5 -0.39 0.24 4 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -1.03 0.14 13 -0.92 0.14 12 -1.03 0.15 10 -1.01 0.14 9 -1.08 0.16 8 -0.90 0.22 5 -0.74 0.23 5 -0.93 0.26 3 KENYA KEN -0.18 0.13 15 -0.19 0.15 14 -0.31 0.15 13 -0.36 0.15 12 -0.68 0.17 9 -0.81 0.22 6 -0.91 0.23 6 -0.87 0.24 5 KIRIBATI KIR 0.49 0.28 3 0.17 0.28 3 0.50 0.28 3 0.99 0.31 2 1.06 0.34 1 1.09 0.40 1 1.17 0.43 1 1.21 0.33 1 KOREA, NORTH PRK -2.19 0.18 8 -2.07 0.18 8 -1.87 0.17 8 -1.96 0.20 6 -1.93 0.19 6 -2.06 0.25 4 -2.10 0.26 4 -1.98 0.27 3 KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.71 0.17 11 0.78 0.16 10 0.79 0.17 9 0.79 0.17 9 0.77 0.17 9 0.63 0.22 6 0.63 0.23 6 0.47 0.24 5 KOSOVO LWI -0.40 0.24 4 -0.42 0.27 3 -0.92 0.43 1 -0.88 0.35 1 -0.87 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. KUWAIT KWT -0.36 0.17 9 -0.31 0.17 8 -0.36 0.20 6 -0.43 0.20 6 -0.38 0.20 7 -0.29 0.22 5 -0.31 0.23 5 -0.53 0.24 4 KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.70 0.13 12 -0.80 0.17 9 -0.96 0.17 8 -1.08 0.15 7 -1.00 0.18 6 -1.18 0.29 3 -0.71 0.30 3 -0.71 0.29 2 LAOS LAO -1.58 0.16 9 -1.61 0.19 7 -1.41 0.19 7 -1.59 0.21 5 -1.62 0.21 5 -1.27 0.29 3 -1.08 0.30 3 -1.16 0.29 2 LATVIA LVA 0.83 0.17 9 0.76 0.17 8 0.78 0.17 8 0.87 0.18 8 0.81 0.18 7 0.77 0.22 5 0.81 0.23 5 0.72 0.26 3 LEBANON LBN -0.51 0.15 11 -0.37 0.16 9 -0.51 0.17 8 -0.69 0.18 7 -0.76 0.18 8 -0.29 0.24 4 -0.35 0.25 4 -0.45 0.26 3 LESOTHO LSO 0.25 0.20 8 -0.09 0.24 6 -0.15 0.26 6 0.14 0.26 5 0.06 0.27 4 -0.48 0.29 3 -0.74 0.34 2 -0.14 0.29 2 LIBERIA LBR -0.55 0.18 7 -0.79 0.21 6 -1.52 0.20 7 -1.72 0.20 6 -1.70 0.19 6 -1.37 0.25 4 -1.09 0.26 4 -1.41 0.27 3 LIBYA LBY -1.90 0.14 9 -1.82 0.15 9 -1.65 0.16 8 -1.66 0.18 7 -1.69 0.18 7 -1.60 0.22 5 -1.60 0.23 5 -1.81 0.24 4 LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.39 0.28 3 1.47 0.28 3 1.39 0.28 3 1.33 0.27 3 1.34 0.29 2 1.55 0.32 2 1.59 0.34 2 1.41 0.33 1 LITHUANIA LTU 0.93 0.17 9 0.92 0.17 8 0.99 0.17 8 1.04 0.18 8 0.93 0.18 7 0.89 0.22 5 0.89 0.23 5 0.91 0.26 3 LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.63 0.20 7 1.56 0.24 6 1.63 0.24 6 1.46 0.23 6 1.34 0.23 5 1.40 0.25 5 1.49 0.26 5 1.38 0.27 4 MACAO MAC 0.37 0.49 1 0.40 0.41 1 0.12 0.39 1 0.64 0.48 1 0.40 0.51 1 0.23 0.48 1 0.24 0.48 1 .. .. .. MACEDONIA MKD 0.07 0.16 10 -0.09 0.16 9 -0.17 0.16 9 -0.09 0.16 8 -0.30 0.17 6 -0.35 0.25 4 -0.30 0.26 4 -0.12 0.26 3 MADAGASCAR MDG -0.05 0.17 12 -0.07 0.19 10 -0.10 0.19 9 -0.04 0.19 7 -0.26 0.19 6 0.07 0.25 4 0.12 0.26 4 0.36 0.27 3 MALAWI MWI -0.31 0.14 14 -0.53 0.15 13 -0.62 0.17 10 -0.54 0.18 9 -0.58 0.18 8 -0.14 0.22 5 -0.07 0.23 5 -0.01 0.24 4 MALAYSIA MYS -0.34 0.15 12 -0.12 0.16 11 -0.10 0.16 11 -0.37 0.15 10 -0.40 0.17 9 -0.32 0.22 6 -0.20 0.23 6 -0.27 0.24 5 MALDIVES MDV -1.02 0.26 5 -0.96 0.26 5 -1.09 0.26 5 -0.82 0.26 4 -0.85 0.29 2 -0.72 0.32 2 -0.69 0.34 2 -1.15 0.33 1 MALI MLI 0.34 0.18 11 0.33 0.19 10 0.23 0.19 10 0.27 0.19 9 0.26 0.19 8 0.18 0.25 5 -0.02 0.25 5 0.71 0.27 4 MALTA MLT 1.24 0.20 6 1.22 0.24 5 1.35 0.24 5 1.33 0.24 5 1.29 0.25 3 1.29 0.27 3 1.27 0.28 3 1.18 0.30 2 MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL 1.16 0.32 2 1.15 0.37 2 1.16 0.37 2 1.12 0.31 2 1.24 0.34 1 1.25 0.40 1 1.26 0.43 1 1.32 0.33 1 MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.75 0.39 1 0.64 0.48 1 0.62 0.51 1 0.66 0.48 1 0.67 0.48 1 .. .. .. MAURITANIA MRT -0.95 0.19 8 -0.99 0.22 6 -1.23 0.22 6 -0.90 0.26 4 -0.66 0.25 4 -0.76 0.29 3 -0.76 0.30 3 -0.94 0.29 2 MAURITIUS MUS 0.86 0.18 9 0.79 0.18 9 0.88 0.20 8 0.88 0.21 7 0.75 0.21 7 1.05 0.29 4 1.03 0.29 4 0.88 0.26 4 MEXICO MEX 0.06 0.15 14 0.19 0.16 13 0.27 0.17 12 0.24 0.17 11 0.25 0.17 10 0.21 0.22 6 -0.05 0.23 7 -0.20 0.19 6 MICRONESIA FSM 1.05 0.28 3 0.97 0.28 3 0.83 0.28 3 1.06 0.31 2 0.97 0.34 1 0.92 0.40 1 0.89 0.43 1 1.16 0.33 1 MOLDOVA MDA -0.48 0.16 11 -0.60 0.16 10 -0.71 0.16 9 -0.62 0.16 8 -0.52 0.16 7 0.05 0.22 5 0.05 0.23 5 -0.06 0.26 3 MONACO MCO 0.75 0.32 2 0.69 0.37 2 0.91 0.37 2 0.87 0.31 2 1.06 0.34 1 1.06 0.40 1 1.08 0.43 1 1.13 0.33 1 MONGOLIA MNG 0.10 0.18 9 0.04 0.19 9 0.24 0.20 7 0.34 0.20 6 0.36 0.19 6 0.37 0.25 4 0.52 0.26 4 0.47 0.27 3 MONTENEGRO MNP -0.07 0.16 9 -0.30 0.61 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MOROCCO MAR -0.63 0.13 14 -0.64 0.14 13 -0.43 0.16 11 -0.64 0.15 10 -0.35 0.17 9 -0.35 0.22 6 -0.24 0.23 6 -0.65 0.24 5 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.06 0.14 14 0.04 0.15 12 -0.08 0.16 12 -0.07 0.17 10 -0.13 0.17 9 -0.20 0.22 6 -0.12 0.23 6 0.10 0.24 5 MYANMAR MMR -2.28 0.18 8 -2.20 0.18 8 -2.11 0.17 8 -2.10 0.18 7 -2.05 0.18 7 -2.05 0.22 5 -1.95 0.23 5 -2.06 0.24 4 NAMIBIA NAM 0.39 0.16 11 0.29 0.16 13 0.29 0.17 12 0.32 0.17 11 0.33 0.17 10 0.45 0.22 6 0.40 0.23 6 0.65 0.24 5 NAURU NRU 1.07 0.32 2 1.03 0.37 2 1.03 0.37 2 1.11 0.31 2 0.87 0.34 1 0.83 0.40 1 0.93 0.43 1 0.98 0.33 1 NEPAL NPL -1.15 0.14 12 -1.18 0.16 9 -1.04 0.17 8 -0.86 0.17 6 -0.87 0.21 5 -0.18 0.29 3 -0.18 0.30 3 0.02 0.29 2 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.67 0.20 9 1.70 0.19 8 1.73 0.19 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.50 0.20 8 1.57 0.22 6 1.63 0.23 6 1.48 0.24 5 NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.48 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.62 0.19 10 1.67 0.18 9 1.68 0.19 8 1.61 0.20 8 1.54 0.20 7 1.67 0.22 6 1.61 0.23 6 1.60 0.24 5 NICARAGUA NIC -0.22 0.14 14 -0.23 0.15 13 -0.09 0.15 12 -0.02 0.15 11 -0.13 0.18 8 -0.04 0.22 5 0.04 0.23 6 0.07 0.19 5 NIGER NER -0.24 0.19 9 -0.28 0.20 8 -0.38 0.20 8 -0.42 0.20 6 -0.36 0.19 6 -0.25 0.25 4 -1.57 0.26 4 -1.04 0.27 3 NIGERIA NGA -0.78 0.13 15 -0.79 0.15 14 -0.88 0.15 13 -0.77 0.15 12 -0.85 0.17 10 -0.68 0.22 6 -1.24 0.23 6 -1.78 0.24 5 77 TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability (cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. NORWAY NOR 1.64 0.19 10 1.65 0.18 9 1.73 0.19 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.50 0.20 8 1.55 0.22 6 1.53 0.23 6 1.51 0.24 5 OMAN OMN -0.77 0.18 6 -0.72 0.18 6 -0.62 0.20 5 -0.90 0.20 6 -0.72 0.21 6 -0.66 0.22 5 -0.66 0.23 5 -1.03 0.24 4 PAKISTAN PAK -1.17 0.14 13 -1.08 0.15 11 -1.17 0.16 10 -1.25 0.15 9 -1.23 0.18 7 -1.39 0.22 5 -0.74 0.23 5 -0.73 0.24 4 PALAU PCI 1.19 0.32 2 1.16 0.37 2 1.16 0.37 2 1.23 0.31 2 1.06 0.34 1 1.06 0.40 1 1.08 0.43 1 1.13 0.33 1 PANAMA PAN 0.49 0.17 11 0.42 0.17 11 0.54 0.19 10 0.49 0.19 9 0.62 0.20 8 0.70 0.22 5 0.55 0.23 6 0.26 0.19 5 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -0.05 0.17 7 -0.25 0.17 7 -0.38 0.18 7 -0.14 0.18 6 -0.15 0.18 6 -0.01 0.22 5 0.07 0.23 5 0.42 0.24 4 PARAGUAY PRY -0.36 0.15 12 -0.39 0.16 11 -0.52 0.16 11 -0.46 0.17 9 -0.54 0.17 9 -0.56 0.22 5 -0.45 0.23 6 -0.01 0.19 5 PERU PER 0.05 0.15 13 0.03 0.15 12 -0.10 0.16 11 0.01 0.17 9 0.17 0.17 9 -0.08 0.22 5 -0.54 0.23 6 -0.13 0.19 5 PHILIPPINES PHL -0.18 0.14 14 0.02 0.15 13 -0.06 0.16 12 0.04 0.17 10 0.11 0.17 9 0.22 0.22 6 0.39 0.23 6 0.22 0.24 5 POLAND POL 0.95 0.17 11 0.97 0.16 10 1.11 0.17 9 1.11 0.17 9 1.10 0.17 9 1.11 0.22 6 1.07 0.23 6 1.02 0.24 5 PORTUGAL PRT 1.27 0.20 9 1.43 0.19 9 1.47 0.19 9 1.38 0.19 9 1.32 0.20 8 1.38 0.22 6 1.48 0.23 6 1.30 0.24 5 PUERTO RICO PRI 1.09 0.30 3 1.03 0.30 2 0.88 0.30 2 0.99 0.30 2 1.01 0.29 2 0.88 0.48 1 0.89 0.48 1 .. .. .. QATAR QAT -0.51 0.15 9 -0.40 0.16 9 -0.47 0.18 7 -0.68 0.17 7 -0.65 0.22 5 -0.56 0.24 4 -0.79 0.25 4 -1.05 0.26 3 REUNION REU 1.31 0.49 1 1.38 0.41 1 1.15 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ROMANIA ROM 0.43 0.14 13 0.38 0.15 12 0.39 0.16 11 0.38 0.16 10 0.49 0.16 9 0.40 0.22 5 0.37 0.23 5 0.18 0.24 4 RUSSIA RUS -0.87 0.13 14 -0.66 0.14 13 -0.57 0.14 12 -0.58 0.15 11 -0.35 0.16 10 -0.52 0.22 6 -0.57 0.23 6 -0.44 0.24 5 RWANDA RWA -1.14 0.16 10 -1.20 0.19 8 -1.33 0.19 8 -1.22 0.21 5 -1.47 0.21 5 -1.53 0.29 3 -1.37 0.30 3 -1.35 0.29 2 SAMOA SAM 0.54 0.28 3 0.58 0.28 3 0.56 0.28 3 0.68 0.27 3 0.67 0.29 2 0.68 0.32 2 0.52 0.34 2 0.73 0.33 1 SAN MARINO SMR 1.16 0.32 2 1.13 0.37 2 1.14 0.37 2 1.20 0.31 2 1.25 0.34 1 1.33 0.40 1 1.35 0.43 1 1.41 0.33 1 SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP 0.25 0.22 5 0.04 0.28 4 0.07 0.27 4 0.38 0.27 3 0.57 0.29 2 0.38 0.32 2 0.31 0.34 2 0.70 0.33 1 SAUDI ARABIA SAU -1.42 0.16 9 -1.33 0.16 8 -1.38 0.18 7 -1.60 0.18 7 -1.61 0.18 8 -1.48 0.22 5 -1.50 0.23 5 -1.65 0.24 4 SENEGAL SEN -0.05 0.16 12 0.08 0.17 10 0.06 0.17 10 0.04 0.17 10 0.17 0.17 9 0.01 0.22 6 -0.12 0.23 6 -0.16 0.24 5 SERBIA YUG 0.05 0.15 11 -0.19 0.16 9 -0.10 0.16 9 -0.05 0.16 9 -0.14 0.16 8 -0.72 0.22 5 -1.11 0.23 5 -1.38 0.24 4 SEYCHELLES SYC 0.11 0.22 5 0.20 0.21 6 0.41 0.21 6 -0.03 0.26 4 0.17 0.28 3 0.05 0.32 2 0.07 0.34 2 0.12 0.33 1 SIERRA LEONE SLE -0.43 0.15 10 -0.62 0.18 8 -0.71 0.18 8 -0.72 0.16 7 -0.85 0.19 6 -1.53 0.27 3 -1.42 0.28 3 -0.86 0.27 3 SINGAPORE SGP -0.07 0.17 10 0.13 0.17 9 0.26 0.17 9 0.13 0.17 9 0.22 0.18 8 0.14 0.22 6 0.28 0.23 6 -0.12 0.24 5 SLOVAKIA SVK 0.99 0.17 10 0.93 0.17 9 1.05 0.17 9 1.06 0.17 9 1.00 0.18 8 0.83 0.24 5 0.73 0.26 4 0.28 0.24 4 SLOVENIA SVN 1.10 0.17 11 1.07 0.16 10 1.16 0.17 9 1.18 0.17 9 1.14 0.17 9 0.99 0.22 6 1.05 0.23 5 1.15 0.26 3 SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB 0.06 0.28 3 0.01 0.28 3 -0.25 0.28 3 0.30 0.31 2 0.33 0.34 1 0.02 0.40 1 1.00 0.43 1 1.07 0.33 1 SOMALIA SOM -2.07 0.20 6 -2.00 0.20 7 -1.72 0.20 7 -1.77 0.20 6 -1.68 0.20 5 -1.85 0.27 3 -2.04 0.28 3 -1.93 0.30 2 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.60 0.13 15 0.74 0.16 14 0.70 0.17 13 0.77 0.17 12 0.63 0.17 11 0.80 0.22 7 0.76 0.23 7 0.83 0.24 6 SPAIN ESP 1.05 0.20 9 1.12 0.19 8 1.32 0.19 8 1.25 0.20 8 1.26 0.20 8 1.25 0.22 6 1.30 0.23 6 1.18 0.24 5 SRI LANKA LKA -0.35 0.15 12 -0.24 0.15 11 -0.24 0.16 10 -0.19 0.15 9 -0.21 0.18 8 -0.31 0.22 5 -0.12 0.23 5 -0.22 0.24 4 ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 1.13 0.28 3 1.11 0.28 4 0.46 0.27 4 0.80 0.31 2 0.96 0.34 1 0.96 0.40 1 0.98 0.43 1 1.03 0.33 1 ST. LUCIA LCA 1.22 0.28 3 1.18 0.28 4 0.66 0.27 4 1.08 0.31 2 1.07 0.34 1 1.01 0.40 1 1.03 0.43 1 1.08 0.33 1 ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 1.04 0.28 3 1.05 0.28 4 0.71 0.27 4 1.06 0.31 2 0.97 0.34 1 0.98 0.40 1 1.00 0.43 1 1.05 0.33 1 SUDAN SDN -1.76 0.16 9 -1.77 0.18 8 -1.60 0.17 8 -1.65 0.18 7 -1.63 0.18 7 -1.71 0.22 5 -1.77 0.23 5 -1.97 0.24 4 SURINAME SUR 0.26 0.24 6 0.05 0.25 5 0.11 0.24 5 0.34 0.24 4 0.36 0.25 3 0.22 0.27 3 -0.23 0.28 3 0.16 0.30 2 SWAZILAND SWZ -1.10 0.18 7 -1.36 0.22 6 -1.32 0.22 6 -1.39 0.26 4 -1.24 0.25 4 -1.36 0.29 3 -1.20 0.30 3 -1.09 0.29 2 SWEDEN SWE 1.55 0.19 10 1.59 0.18 9 1.76 0.19 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.58 0.22 6 1.58 0.23 6 1.43 0.24 5 SWITZERLAND CHE 1.72 0.20 9 1.61 0.19 8 1.71 0.19 8 1.46 0.20 8 1.43 0.20 8 1.44 0.22 6 1.44 0.23 6 1.39 0.24 5 SYRIA SYR -1.64 0.14 10 -1.49 0.15 10 -1.51 0.16 9 -1.64 0.18 7 -1.65 0.18 7 -1.56 0.22 5 -1.50 0.23 5 -1.66 0.24 4 TAIWAN TWN 0.79 0.17 10 0.95 0.17 9 0.91 0.17 9 0.94 0.17 9 0.90 0.17 9 0.73 0.22 6 0.82 0.23 6 0.60 0.24 5 TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.27 0.13 12 -1.17 0.17 9 -1.30 0.17 8 -1.28 0.18 6 -1.32 0.18 6 -1.38 0.29 3 -1.66 0.30 3 -1.63 0.29 2 TANZANIA TZA -0.26 0.13 15 -0.31 0.16 12 -0.51 0.17 11 -0.43 0.17 10 -0.31 0.17 9 -0.42 0.22 6 -0.50 0.23 6 -0.70 0.24 5 THAILAND THA -0.50 0.15 12 0.03 0.16 11 0.19 0.16 11 0.32 0.17 9 0.41 0.17 9 0.51 0.22 6 0.39 0.23 6 0.30 0.24 5 TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.33 0.19 7 -0.20 0.21 7 0.05 0.22 6 0.16 0.20 5 0.19 0.29 2 -0.15 0.40 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. TOGO TGO -1.24 0.17 9 -1.37 0.20 7 -1.28 0.20 7 -1.27 0.20 6 -1.32 0.19 6 -1.25 0.25 4 -1.18 0.26 4 -1.03 0.27 3 TONGA TON -0.11 0.26 4 -0.15 0.27 4 -0.31 0.27 4 -0.20 0.31 2 -0.12 0.34 1 -0.13 0.40 1 -0.14 0.43 1 -0.15 0.33 1 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.47 0.20 8 0.59 0.19 8 0.57 0.19 8 0.58 0.20 7 0.50 0.21 6 0.60 0.22 5 0.83 0.23 5 0.86 0.24 4 TUNISIA TUN -1.15 0.14 12 -0.92 0.15 12 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.80 0.17 9 -0.88 0.17 9 -0.70 0.22 6 -0.76 0.23 6 -0.82 0.24 5 TURKEY TUR -0.19 0.15 13 -0.06 0.15 13 -0.09 0.16 12 -0.14 0.17 10 -0.26 0.17 9 -0.51 0.22 6 -0.66 0.23 6 -0.38 0.24 5 TURKMENISTAN TKM -2.00 0.19 6 -1.94 0.19 6 -1.89 0.22 5 -1.81 0.21 5 -1.89 0.21 5 -1.67 0.29 3 -1.64 0.30 3 -1.82 0.29 2 TUVALU TUV 0.72 0.28 3 0.65 0.28 3 0.55 0.28 3 1.06 0.31 2 1.17 0.34 1 1.33 0.40 1 1.35 0.43 1 1.41 0.33 1 UGANDA UGA -0.54 0.13 15 -0.60 0.15 13 -0.83 0.16 12 -0.79 0.15 11 -1.01 0.17 9 -1.16 0.22 6 -0.84 0.23 6 -0.57 0.24 5 UKRAINE UKR -0.11 0.14 11 -0.36 0.14 11 -0.61 0.14 11 -0.66 0.14 11 -0.57 0.16 9 -0.52 0.22 5 -0.32 0.23 5 -0.33 0.26 3 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE -0.78 0.16 9 -0.66 0.16 9 -0.55 0.20 7 -0.80 0.20 6 -0.69 0.21 6 -0.56 0.22 5 -0.54 0.23 5 -0.98 0.24 4 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.42 0.19 10 1.49 0.18 9 1.61 0.19 8 1.31 0.20 8 1.30 0.20 8 1.31 0.22 6 1.31 0.23 6 1.04 0.24 5 UNITED STATES USA 1.08 0.18 10 1.26 0.18 9 1.28 0.19 9 1.24 0.19 9 1.35 0.20 8 1.35 0.22 6 1.38 0.23 6 1.31 0.24 5 URUGUAY URY 0.94 0.17 10 0.91 0.17 10 0.90 0.17 10 1.05 0.17 9 1.04 0.17 9 0.88 0.22 5 0.87 0.23 6 0.93 0.19 5 UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.86 0.15 8 -1.81 0.16 8 -1.70 0.15 8 -1.70 0.14 8 -1.55 0.17 7 -1.63 0.29 3 -1.57 0.29 3 -1.53 0.26 3 VANUATU VUT 0.50 0.28 3 0.32 0.28 3 0.32 0.28 3 0.84 0.31 2 0.93 0.34 1 0.58 0.40 1 0.54 0.43 1 0.58 0.33 1 VENEZUELA VEN -0.58 0.15 13 -0.54 0.15 13 -0.60 0.15 13 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.51 0.17 10 -0.27 0.22 6 0.07 0.23 7 0.15 0.19 6 VIETNAM VNM -1.45 0.14 13 -1.39 0.15 11 -1.31 0.16 10 -1.46 0.15 9 -1.38 0.18 8 -1.35 0.22 5 -1.41 0.23 5 -1.57 0.24 4 VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) VIR 0.84 0.49 1 1.13 0.41 1 0.73 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. WEST BANK GAZA WBG -0.81 0.22 5 -0.69 0.23 5 -0.99 0.28 4 -1.22 0.28 3 -1.14 0.28 3 -1.07 0.32 2 -0.98 0.34 2 -0.68 0.33 1 YEMEN YEM -1.06 0.13 12 -0.99 0.15 10 -0.92 0.16 9 -0.95 0.15 8 -1.08 0.18 7 -0.92 0.22 5 -0.77 0.23 5 -0.94 0.24 4 ZAMBIA ZMB -0.34 0.14 14 -0.48 0.15 12 -0.37 0.16 12 -0.32 0.17 10 -0.40 0.17 9 -0.39 0.22 6 -0.53 0.23 6 -0.53 0.24 5 ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.58 0.14 14 -1.69 0.15 13 -1.55 0.15 12 -1.47 0.15 11 -1.49 0.17 9 -1.15 0.22 6 -0.85 0.23 6 -0.65 0.24 5 78 TABLE C2: Political Stability 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. AFGHANISTAN AFG -2.29 0.26 5 -2.02 0.26 5 -2.13 0.27 5 -2.03 0.32 3 -1.96 0.33 3 -2.73 0.32 3 -2.55 0.41 2 -2.08 0.49 1 ALBANIA ALB -0.37 0.24 7 -0.59 0.26 6 -0.80 0.29 5 -0.43 0.31 4 -0.62 0.31 4 -0.96 0.30 4 -0.87 0.28 4 -0.13 0.36 3 ALGERIA DZA -0.89 0.23 9 -1.14 0.23 9 -1.48 0.23 9 -1.85 0.24 8 -1.88 0.24 7 -1.90 0.26 6 -2.32 0.25 6 -2.44 0.29 5 AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.73 0.46 1 0.76 0.49 1 0.74 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANDORRA ADO 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.42 0.41 2 1.45 0.38 2 1.20 0.49 1 1.14 0.52 1 1.11 0.55 1 .. .. .. ANGOLA AGO -0.51 0.23 9 -0.78 0.23 8 -0.95 0.23 9 -1.09 0.25 7 -1.42 0.25 6 -2.39 0.26 5 -2.23 0.25 5 -2.27 0.33 4 ANGUILLA AIA 1.17 0.39 2 1.27 0.39 2 0.79 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.82 0.34 3 0.84 0.34 3 1.19 0.35 3 0.83 0.38 2 0.71 0.49 1 0.67 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. ARGENTINA ARG -0.03 0.22 10 -0.12 0.21 10 -0.30 0.22 10 -0.29 0.23 9 -1.02 0.22 9 0.05 0.23 7 0.15 0.24 6 0.11 0.29 5 ARMENIA ARM -0.30 0.23 8 -0.20 0.25 7 -0.57 0.26 6 -0.31 0.28 5 -0.80 0.29 5 -1.24 0.30 4 -0.87 0.28 4 0.24 0.38 2 ARUBA ABW 1.36 0.39 2 1.44 0.39 2 0.99 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. AUSTRALIA AUS 0.85 0.22 10 0.87 0.21 10 0.89 0.22 10 0.82 0.23 9 1.17 0.23 8 1.20 0.23 7 1.16 0.24 6 1.10 0.29 5 AUSTRIA AUT 1.04 0.22 10 1.05 0.21 10 0.97 0.22 10 0.94 0.23 9 1.29 0.23 8 1.20 0.23 7 1.27 0.24 6 1.23 0.29 5 AZERBAIJAN AZE -1.07 0.23 8 -1.25 0.23 8 -1.37 0.24 7 -1.40 0.25 6 -1.27 0.25 6 -0.91 0.26 5 -0.72 0.25 5 -0.64 0.34 3 BAHAMAS BHS 0.94 0.32 4 0.94 0.32 4 0.94 0.33 4 0.80 0.35 3 0.86 0.38 3 1.10 0.38 3 0.84 0.31 3 1.04 0.45 2 BAHRAIN BHR -0.42 0.23 8 -0.29 0.23 8 -0.03 0.23 8 0.19 0.25 6 0.22 0.25 6 0.07 0.26 5 -0.21 0.25 5 -0.83 0.33 4 BANGLADESH BGD -1.60 0.23 8 -1.68 0.23 8 -1.14 0.23 8 -1.09 0.25 7 -0.85 0.24 7 -0.55 0.26 5 -0.49 0.25 5 -0.90 0.33 4 BARBADOS BRB 1.10 0.30 5 1.22 0.31 4 1.24 0.31 4 1.04 0.34 3 1.02 0.42 2 0.99 0.42 2 0.99 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1 BELARUS BLR 0.16 0.24 7 0.10 0.26 6 -0.21 0.26 6 0.15 0.28 5 -0.02 0.31 4 -0.14 0.30 4 -0.12 0.28 4 -0.11 0.38 2 BELGIUM BEL 0.74 0.22 10 0.75 0.21 10 0.78 0.22 10 1.03 0.23 9 1.17 0.22 9 0.94 0.23 7 0.97 0.24 6 0.94 0.29 5 BELIZE BLZ 0.09 0.27 5 0.27 0.31 4 0.78 0.31 4 0.69 0.34 3 0.32 0.42 2 0.29 0.42 2 0.58 0.41 2 0.77 0.49 1 BENIN BEN 0.38 0.26 7 0.29 0.29 6 -0.04 0.29 5 0.36 0.34 3 0.71 0.42 2 0.67 0.42 2 0.61 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1 BERMUDA BMU 0.81 0.39 2 0.83 0.39 2 0.89 0.40 2 0.80 0.47 1 0.71 0.49 1 0.67 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. BHUTAN BTN 1.30 0.31 4 1.14 0.31 4 0.85 0.31 4 0.77 0.34 3 0.63 0.42 2 0.48 0.42 2 0.46 0.41 2 0.84 0.49 1 BOLIVIA BOL -0.93 0.23 8 -1.13 0.23 8 -0.64 0.23 8 -0.67 0.25 7 -0.16 0.24 7 -0.25 0.26 5 -0.25 0.25 5 -0.16 0.33 4 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.52 0.24 7 -0.63 0.24 7 -0.50 0.24 7 -0.72 0.26 5 -0.67 0.26 5 -0.62 0.34 3 -0.60 0.34 3 -0.50 0.42 2 BOTSWANA BWA 1.23 0.23 9 1.02 0.23 9 0.92 0.24 8 0.98 0.24 8 0.83 0.23 8 0.94 0.26 6 0.81 0.25 6 0.68 0.29 5 BRAZIL BRA -0.09 0.22 10 -0.11 0.21 10 -0.09 0.22 10 0.01 0.23 9 -0.18 0.22 9 0.11 0.23 7 -0.46 0.24 6 -0.57 0.29 5 BRUNEI BRN 1.23 0.36 3 1.26 0.37 3 1.36 0.38 3 1.07 0.35 3 0.99 0.38 3 1.23 0.38 3 1.19 0.31 3 1.12 0.45 2 BULGARIA BGR 0.29 0.23 9 0.21 0.23 8 0.09 0.23 8 0.33 0.25 7 0.48 0.24 7 0.49 0.26 5 0.56 0.25 5 -0.22 0.33 4 BURKINA FASO BFA -0.19 0.23 9 -0.01 0.29 6 -0.21 0.28 6 0.04 0.30 5 -0.39 0.34 4 -0.09 0.37 4 -0.10 0.31 4 0.04 0.36 3 BURUNDI BDI -1.35 0.24 7 -1.41 0.31 4 -2.34 0.31 4 -2.08 0.34 3 -2.41 0.42 2 -2.22 0.42 2 -2.42 0.41 2 -2.01 0.49 1 CAMBODIA KHM -0.48 0.26 6 -0.50 0.26 6 -0.47 0.27 5 -0.72 0.29 4 -0.71 0.30 4 -0.75 0.34 3 -1.17 0.34 3 -1.41 0.42 2 CAMEROON CMR -0.22 0.23 9 -0.39 0.23 9 -0.60 0.23 8 -0.60 0.24 8 -0.66 0.24 7 -0.54 0.26 6 -0.78 0.25 6 -1.35 0.29 5 CANADA CAN 0.94 0.22 10 0.94 0.21 10 0.99 0.22 10 1.17 0.23 9 1.20 0.22 9 1.05 0.23 7 1.04 0.24 6 0.94 0.29 5 CAPE VERDE CPV 0.89 0.31 3 0.73 0.40 2 1.11 0.41 2 0.97 0.38 2 0.65 0.42 2 1.08 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1 CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 1.17 0.39 2 1.27 0.39 2 1.36 0.40 2 0.80 0.47 1 0.71 0.49 1 0.67 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.69 0.31 4 -1.14 0.31 4 -1.21 0.31 4 -1.45 0.34 3 -1.80 0.42 2 -1.33 0.42 2 -1.14 0.41 2 -0.20 0.49 1 CHAD TCD -1.81 0.26 7 -1.32 0.29 6 -1.22 0.29 6 -1.23 0.30 5 -1.61 0.34 4 -1.37 0.41 3 -1.31 0.40 3 -0.74 0.38 2 CHILE CHL 0.85 0.22 10 0.91 0.21 10 0.81 0.22 10 0.87 0.23 9 0.94 0.22 9 0.62 0.23 7 0.13 0.24 6 0.44 0.29 5 CHINA CHN -0.37 0.22 10 -0.26 0.21 10 -0.17 0.22 10 -0.36 0.23 9 -0.21 0.22 9 -0.10 0.23 7 -0.09 0.24 6 -0.27 0.29 5 COLOMBIA COL -1.62 0.22 10 -1.81 0.21 10 -1.98 0.22 10 -2.21 0.23 9 -2.06 0.22 9 -1.91 0.23 7 -1.64 0.24 6 -1.42 0.29 5 COMOROS COM -0.15 0.39 2 -0.18 0.40 2 0.02 0.41 2 -0.58 0.38 2 0.31 0.42 2 -0.19 0.42 2 0.47 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1 CONGO COG -0.97 0.23 8 -1.23 0.23 8 -1.09 0.28 6 -0.92 0.30 5 -1.29 0.32 5 -1.15 0.37 4 -2.06 0.31 4 -0.83 0.45 2 CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -2.31 0.23 8 -2.32 0.23 8 -2.22 0.23 8 -2.20 0.28 5 -2.24 0.29 5 -2.65 0.30 4 -3.08 0.28 4 -1.89 0.36 3 COSTA RICA CRI 0.93 0.23 8 0.91 0.23 8 0.91 0.23 8 0.90 0.25 7 1.06 0.24 7 0.89 0.26 5 0.75 0.25 5 0.84 0.33 4 COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -2.09 0.23 8 -2.45 0.23 8 -2.16 0.23 8 -1.89 0.24 7 -1.81 0.24 7 -0.86 0.26 6 -0.28 0.25 6 -0.14 0.29 5 CROATIA HRV 0.47 0.23 9 0.36 0.23 8 0.42 0.23 8 0.34 0.25 7 0.39 0.24 7 0.32 0.26 5 0.11 0.25 5 -0.11 0.34 3 CUBA CUB 0.12 0.24 7 -0.06 0.24 7 0.08 0.24 7 -0.05 0.25 6 -0.05 0.25 6 -0.35 0.26 5 -0.21 0.25 5 -0.37 0.33 4 CYPRUS CYP 0.44 0.24 7 0.35 0.24 7 0.33 0.25 7 0.41 0.27 5 0.24 0.26 5 0.48 0.26 5 0.29 0.25 5 0.53 0.33 4 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.75 0.22 10 0.75 0.21 10 0.67 0.22 10 0.87 0.23 9 0.97 0.22 9 0.59 0.23 7 0.78 0.24 6 0.97 0.29 5 DENMARK DNK 0.82 0.22 10 0.96 0.21 10 1.03 0.22 10 1.18 0.23 9 1.26 0.23 8 1.19 0.23 7 1.20 0.24 6 1.03 0.29 5 DJIBOUTI DJI -0.20 0.34 3 -0.64 0.40 2 -0.25 0.41 2 -0.92 0.38 2 -0.41 0.42 2 -0.50 0.42 2 -1.07 0.41 2 0.21 0.49 1 DOMINICA DMA 0.78 0.34 3 0.87 0.34 3 1.08 0.35 3 0.66 0.38 2 0.46 0.49 1 0.43 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 0.17 0.23 8 0.03 0.23 8 0.04 0.23 8 -0.12 0.25 7 0.23 0.24 7 0.09 0.26 5 -0.35 0.28 4 -0.49 0.40 3 ECUADOR ECU -0.90 0.23 8 -0.81 0.23 8 -0.86 0.22 9 -0.95 0.24 8 -0.83 0.23 8 -0.99 0.25 6 -0.40 0.24 6 -0.86 0.29 5 EGYPT EGY -0.87 0.22 10 -0.92 0.21 10 -0.99 0.22 10 -0.84 0.23 9 -0.71 0.22 8 -0.35 0.24 7 -0.41 0.24 7 -1.07 0.26 6 EL SALVADOR SLV -0.07 0.25 7 -0.05 0.25 7 -0.08 0.26 7 -0.17 0.27 6 0.20 0.27 6 0.23 0.31 4 -0.16 0.28 4 -0.30 0.40 3 EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -0.15 0.26 6 -0.33 0.30 5 -0.16 0.29 5 -0.21 0.27 5 -0.38 0.28 5 -0.03 0.33 4 -0.27 0.33 4 -0.39 0.34 3 ERITREA ERI -0.87 0.27 5 -0.78 0.31 4 -0.65 0.31 4 -0.75 0.34 3 -0.44 0.42 2 -1.26 0.42 2 -1.41 0.41 2 0.28 0.49 1 ESTONIA EST 0.78 0.23 9 0.71 0.22 9 0.93 0.23 9 1.07 0.24 8 0.98 0.23 8 0.80 0.24 6 0.67 0.25 5 0.67 0.34 3 ETHIOPIA ETH -1.82 0.25 8 -1.52 0.25 8 -1.20 0.25 8 -1.35 0.26 7 -1.30 0.27 6 -1.24 0.31 5 -0.83 0.27 5 -1.16 0.33 4 FIJI FJI 0.13 0.34 3 0.39 0.34 3 0.31 0.35 3 0.42 0.38 2 0.36 0.42 2 -0.03 0.42 2 0.84 0.41 2 0.77 0.49 1 FINLAND FIN 1.47 0.22 10 1.55 0.21 10 1.60 0.22 10 1.65 0.23 9 1.60 0.22 9 1.48 0.23 7 1.34 0.24 6 1.19 0.29 5 FRANCE FRA 0.46 0.22 10 0.43 0.21 10 0.51 0.22 10 0.51 0.23 9 0.93 0.22 9 0.84 0.23 7 0.77 0.24 6 0.90 0.29 5 FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.06 0.39 2 0.24 0.49 1 0.20 0.50 1 0.27 0.47 1 0.22 0.49 1 -0.04 0.52 1 -0.04 0.55 1 .. .. .. GABON GAB 0.11 0.23 8 0.08 0.23 8 0.19 0.23 8 0.16 0.24 7 0.10 0.24 7 0.29 0.26 6 -0.05 0.27 5 -0.34 0.33 4 GAMBIA GMB 0.18 0.29 5 0.24 0.34 4 0.25 0.36 4 0.37 0.34 4 0.68 0.38 3 0.47 0.38 3 0.62 0.31 3 0.11 0.45 2 GEORGIA GEO -0.86 0.24 7 -0.69 0.26 6 -1.03 0.27 6 -1.62 0.30 4 -1.48 0.30 4 -1.46 0.32 3 -1.59 0.34 3 -0.94 0.38 2 GERMANY DEU 0.83 0.22 10 0.80 0.21 10 0.69 0.22 10 0.70 0.23 9 1.04 0.22 9 1.20 0.23 7 1.22 0.24 6 1.14 0.29 5 79 TABLE C2: Political Stability (cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. GHANA GHA 0.23 0.23 8 0.29 0.23 9 0.05 0.23 9 -0.01 0.24 8 -0.05 0.24 7 -0.22 0.26 6 -0.05 0.25 6 -0.18 0.29 5 GREECE GRC 0.48 0.22 10 0.45 0.21 10 0.40 0.22 10 0.58 0.23 9 0.68 0.22 9 0.69 0.23 7 0.32 0.24 6 0.37 0.29 5 GRENADA GRD 0.48 0.34 3 0.46 0.34 3 0.93 0.35 3 0.94 0.38 2 0.85 0.42 2 0.83 0.42 2 0.86 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1 GUAM GUM 0.73 0.46 1 0.76 0.49 1 0.64 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GUATEMALA GTM -0.82 0.23 8 -0.91 0.25 7 -0.81 0.26 7 -0.84 0.27 6 -0.86 0.27 6 -0.69 0.31 4 -0.81 0.28 4 -1.61 0.40 3 GUINEA GIN -1.72 0.24 7 -1.10 0.30 5 -0.87 0.30 5 -0.61 0.32 4 -1.30 0.35 4 -1.80 0.38 3 -0.58 0.31 3 -1.43 0.45 2 GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -0.59 0.36 3 -0.52 0.37 3 -0.34 0.38 3 -0.44 0.35 3 -0.70 0.38 3 -0.81 0.38 3 -1.80 0.31 3 -0.59 0.45 2 GUYANA GUY -0.59 0.25 7 -0.23 0.28 6 -0.29 0.30 5 -0.32 0.32 4 -0.55 0.38 3 -0.56 0.38 3 -0.04 0.31 3 0.01 0.45 2 HAITI HTI -1.54 0.26 6 -1.79 0.30 5 -1.94 0.30 5 -0.98 0.31 5 -1.30 0.35 4 -0.82 0.38 3 -1.39 0.31 3 -0.43 0.45 2 HONDURAS HND -0.46 0.23 8 -0.61 0.25 7 -0.43 0.26 7 -0.45 0.27 6 -0.26 0.27 6 -0.23 0.31 4 -0.28 0.28 4 -0.47 0.40 3 HONG KONG HKG 1.16 0.24 8 1.17 0.24 8 1.04 0.24 8 0.80 0.26 7 0.78 0.24 7 0.82 0.26 5 0.56 0.27 4 -0.01 0.41 3 HUNGARY HUN 0.73 0.22 10 0.85 0.21 10 0.81 0.22 10 0.99 0.23 9 1.00 0.22 9 0.76 0.23 7 1.04 0.24 6 0.58 0.29 5 ICELAND ISL 1.60 0.24 8 1.65 0.27 7 1.68 0.28 7 1.69 0.30 6 1.54 0.33 5 1.42 0.32 4 1.28 0.31 3 1.07 0.45 2 INDIA IND -0.84 0.22 10 -0.79 0.21 10 -0.94 0.22 10 -1.25 0.23 9 -1.01 0.22 9 -0.66 0.23 7 -0.83 0.24 6 -1.12 0.29 5 INDONESIA IDN -1.17 0.22 10 -1.29 0.21 10 -1.57 0.22 10 -2.03 0.23 9 -1.62 0.22 9 -1.76 0.23 7 -1.43 0.24 6 -0.81 0.29 5 IRAN IRN -1.25 0.23 8 -1.15 0.22 8 -1.08 0.23 8 -1.06 0.24 7 -0.82 0.23 7 -0.35 0.25 6 -0.39 0.24 6 -0.69 0.29 5 IRAQ IRQ -2.91 0.24 7 -2.82 0.24 7 -3.07 0.26 6 -2.36 0.25 6 -1.90 0.25 6 -1.75 0.26 5 -2.34 0.25 5 -2.90 0.33 4 IRELAND IRL 1.16 0.22 10 1.15 0.21 10 1.10 0.22 10 1.23 0.23 9 1.30 0.23 8 1.31 0.23 7 1.29 0.24 6 0.97 0.29 5 ISRAEL ISR -1.18 0.23 9 -1.04 0.22 9 -1.27 0.23 9 -1.41 0.24 8 -1.51 0.23 8 -0.74 0.24 6 -0.87 0.25 5 -0.68 0.29 5 ITALY ITA 0.28 0.22 10 0.29 0.21 10 0.27 0.22 10 0.48 0.23 9 0.70 0.22 9 0.72 0.23 7 0.81 0.24 6 0.54 0.29 5 JAMAICA JAM -0.28 0.25 7 -0.31 0.25 7 -0.25 0.26 7 -0.49 0.27 6 -0.44 0.27 6 -0.09 0.31 4 -0.22 0.28 4 0.25 0.40 3 JAPAN JPN 1.11 0.22 10 1.01 0.21 10 1.04 0.22 10 1.17 0.23 9 1.17 0.22 9 1.07 0.23 7 1.21 0.24 6 0.89 0.29 5 JORDAN JOR -0.53 0.23 9 -0.23 0.22 9 -0.34 0.23 9 -0.26 0.24 8 -0.43 0.24 7 0.01 0.26 5 -0.13 0.25 5 0.17 0.33 4 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 0.06 0.22 9 -0.01 0.22 9 -0.15 0.23 8 0.08 0.24 7 0.09 0.23 7 0.13 0.25 6 0.16 0.24 6 -0.31 0.30 4 KENYA KEN -1.09 0.23 9 -1.19 0.23 9 -1.05 0.23 9 -1.28 0.24 8 -1.22 0.24 7 -1.10 0.26 6 -1.02 0.25 6 -0.68 0.29 5 KIRIBATI KIR 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.20 0.41 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. KOREA, NORTH PRK -0.24 0.30 4 -0.26 0.31 4 -0.15 0.32 4 -0.01 0.35 3 0.30 0.38 3 -0.08 0.38 3 -0.46 0.31 3 -1.83 0.45 2 KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.42 0.22 10 0.55 0.21 10 0.48 0.22 10 0.32 0.23 9 0.31 0.22 9 0.12 0.23 7 0.07 0.24 6 0.15 0.29 5 KUWAIT KWT 0.28 0.23 8 0.06 0.23 8 0.06 0.24 7 -0.01 0.25 6 -0.01 0.25 6 0.61 0.26 5 0.35 0.25 5 0.00 0.33 4 KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.20 0.24 7 -1.14 0.26 6 -1.16 0.27 5 -1.25 0.30 4 -1.18 0.30 4 -0.48 0.32 3 0.01 0.34 3 0.57 0.38 2 LAOS LAO -0.09 0.25 6 -0.30 0.27 5 -0.59 0.31 4 -1.05 0.34 3 -0.27 0.37 3 -0.73 0.42 2 -0.31 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1 LATVIA LVA 0.81 0.23 8 0.86 0.23 8 0.90 0.23 8 1.14 0.25 7 0.95 0.24 7 0.61 0.26 5 0.13 0.25 5 0.52 0.34 3 LEBANON LBN -1.76 0.24 7 -1.16 0.24 7 -0.94 0.24 7 -0.69 0.25 6 -0.69 0.25 6 -0.61 0.26 5 -0.88 0.25 5 -0.52 0.33 4 LESOTHO LSO 0.16 0.26 6 0.30 0.30 4 0.43 0.30 4 0.22 0.30 4 0.01 0.33 3 0.00 0.42 2 -0.22 0.41 2 0.56 0.49 1 LIBERIA LBR -1.22 0.32 4 -1.38 0.32 4 -1.48 0.33 4 -2.23 0.35 3 -2.26 0.38 3 -2.08 0.38 3 -1.75 0.31 3 -2.62 0.45 2 LIBYA LBY 0.24 0.24 7 0.18 0.24 7 0.03 0.26 6 -0.24 0.25 6 -0.39 0.25 6 -0.69 0.26 5 -1.23 0.25 5 -1.77 0.33 4 LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.52 0.41 2 1.45 0.38 2 1.20 0.49 1 1.14 0.52 1 1.11 0.55 1 .. .. .. LITHUANIA LTU 0.89 0.23 8 0.93 0.23 8 0.98 0.23 8 1.17 0.25 7 1.00 0.24 7 0.56 0.26 5 0.41 0.25 5 0.44 0.34 3 LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.51 0.24 8 1.47 0.27 7 1.48 0.28 7 1.65 0.30 6 1.67 0.32 5 1.54 0.32 4 1.43 0.31 3 1.08 0.45 2 MACAO MAC 0.99 0.39 2 1.28 0.49 1 1.34 0.50 1 1.06 0.47 1 0.46 0.49 1 0.43 0.52 1 0.19 0.55 1 .. .. .. MACEDONIA MKD -0.66 0.24 7 -1.01 0.24 7 -1.03 0.24 7 -0.97 0.25 6 -1.00 0.27 4 -0.85 0.34 3 -0.92 0.34 3 0.22 0.42 2 MADAGASCAR MDG 0.10 0.23 9 -0.02 0.27 7 -0.04 0.28 7 0.44 0.31 5 -0.24 0.38 3 0.12 0.38 3 0.03 0.31 3 0.08 0.45 2 MALAWI MWI 0.02 0.23 9 0.04 0.25 8 -0.11 0.26 7 -0.20 0.27 6 -0.17 0.28 5 -0.56 0.31 4 -0.13 0.28 4 -0.25 0.40 3 MALAYSIA MYS 0.35 0.22 10 0.47 0.21 10 0.26 0.22 10 0.30 0.23 9 0.39 0.22 9 0.20 0.23 7 0.08 0.24 6 0.64 0.29 5 MALDIVES MDV 0.78 0.34 3 0.79 0.34 3 0.55 0.35 3 0.94 0.38 2 1.01 0.42 2 1.11 0.42 2 1.03 0.41 2 0.21 0.49 1 MALI MLI 0.01 0.26 8 0.03 0.27 7 0.33 0.28 7 0.22 0.29 6 0.19 0.32 5 0.19 0.37 4 0.06 0.31 4 0.60 0.36 3 MALTA MLT 1.21 0.25 7 1.38 0.28 6 1.33 0.29 6 1.51 0.31 5 1.52 0.38 3 1.40 0.38 3 1.35 0.31 3 1.16 0.45 2 MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MARTINIQUE MTQ 1.17 0.39 2 1.27 0.39 2 1.38 0.40 2 0.80 0.47 1 0.46 0.49 1 0.43 0.52 1 0.19 0.55 1 .. .. .. MAURITANIA MRT -0.29 0.27 6 -0.46 0.31 4 -0.13 0.31 4 -0.14 0.34 3 0.17 0.42 2 0.10 0.42 2 0.22 0.41 2 0.56 0.49 1 MAURITIUS MUS 0.91 0.26 6 1.01 0.31 5 0.98 0.31 5 0.93 0.28 5 0.93 0.28 5 0.73 0.40 3 1.00 0.39 3 0.69 0.34 3 MEXICO MEX -0.40 0.22 10 -0.25 0.21 10 -0.06 0.22 10 -0.15 0.23 9 0.02 0.22 9 -0.08 0.23 7 -0.50 0.24 6 -0.83 0.29 5 MICRONESIA FSM 1.12 0.34 3 1.09 0.34 3 0.98 0.35 3 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MOLDOVA MDA -0.48 0.23 8 -0.59 0.25 7 -0.45 0.26 6 -0.21 0.25 6 -0.15 0.26 5 -0.22 0.26 5 0.15 0.25 5 0.05 0.34 3 MONACO MCO 1.06 0.46 2 1.05 0.43 2 1.08 0.44 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MONGOLIA MNG 0.78 0.26 7 0.93 0.28 6 0.77 0.30 5 0.93 0.32 4 1.06 0.38 3 0.79 0.38 3 0.39 0.31 3 0.58 0.45 2 MONTENEGRO MNP 0.15 0.29 5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MOROCCO MAR -0.31 0.23 9 -0.48 0.23 9 -0.43 0.23 9 -0.34 0.24 8 -0.32 0.23 8 -0.21 0.26 6 0.12 0.25 6 -0.61 0.26 6 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ 0.52 0.23 9 0.11 0.23 9 -0.10 0.23 9 0.10 0.24 8 0.29 0.27 6 -0.01 0.31 5 0.00 0.27 5 -0.83 0.33 4 MYANMAR MMR -0.69 0.24 7 -0.88 0.24 7 -0.94 0.24 7 -1.25 0.25 6 -1.33 0.25 6 -1.58 0.26 5 -1.29 0.25 5 -1.25 0.33 4 NAMIBIA NAM 0.83 0.23 9 0.58 0.23 9 0.56 0.23 9 0.34 0.24 8 0.23 0.23 8 -0.31 0.31 5 0.51 0.27 5 0.53 0.33 4 NAURU NRU 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NEPAL NPL -2.26 0.24 7 -2.35 0.25 6 -2.07 0.27 5 -1.83 0.34 3 -1.72 0.37 3 -1.18 0.42 2 -0.74 0.41 2 -0.55 0.49 1 NETHERLANDS NLD 0.77 0.22 10 0.85 0.21 10 0.95 0.22 10 1.13 0.23 9 1.23 0.22 9 1.39 0.23 7 1.42 0.24 6 1.22 0.29 5 NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 1.17 0.39 2 0.95 0.39 2 0.69 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.20 0.43 2 -0.18 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.85 0.79 1 NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.27 0.23 9 1.23 0.22 9 1.44 0.23 9 1.23 0.24 8 1.24 0.24 7 1.15 0.24 6 1.28 0.25 5 1.08 0.33 4 NICARAGUA NIC -0.44 0.23 8 -0.20 0.25 7 -0.17 0.26 7 -0.24 0.27 6 -0.09 0.27 6 -0.09 0.31 4 -0.57 0.28 4 -0.68 0.4 3 NIGER NER -0.35 0.26 7 -0.39 0.29 6 -0.59 0.28 6 -0.14 0.32 4 -0.28 0.38 3 -0.16 0.38 3 -0.49 0.31 3 -0.03 0.45 2 NIGERIA NGA -1.99 0.23 9 -1.73 0.23 9 -1.81 0.23 9 -1.65 0.24 8 -1.71 0.23 8 -1.58 0.26 6 -0.84 0.25 6 -1.63 0.26 6 80 TABLE C2: Political Stability (cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. NORWAY NOR 1.21 0.22 10 1.27 0.21 10 1.34 0.22 10 1.41 0.23 9 1.47 0.23 8 1.26 0.23 7 1.25 0.24 6 1.22 0.29 5 OMAN OMN 0.66 0.24 7 0.73 0.24 7 0.79 0.24 7 0.86 0.25 6 0.85 0.25 6 0.86 0.26 5 0.69 0.25 5 0.47 0.33 4 PAKISTAN PAK -1.92 0.22 9 -1.71 0.22 9 -1.72 0.22 9 -1.70 0.24 8 -1.58 0.23 7 -0.92 0.25 6 -1.28 0.24 6 -1.45 0.29 5 PALAU PCI 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. PANAMA PAN 0.09 0.23 8 0.04 0.23 8 0.22 0.23 8 0.19 0.25 7 0.36 0.24 7 0.26 0.26 5 0.04 0.25 5 0.21 0.33 4 PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -0.80 0.24 7 -0.78 0.24 7 -0.64 0.24 7 -0.73 0.25 6 -0.69 0.26 5 -0.45 0.26 5 -0.26 0.28 4 -1.36 0.40 3 PARAGUAY PRY -0.48 0.25 7 -0.52 0.25 7 -0.37 0.26 7 -0.75 0.27 6 -1.07 0.27 6 -1.08 0.31 4 -1.01 0.28 4 -0.26 0.40 3 PERU PER -0.90 0.22 9 -1.01 0.22 9 -0.87 0.22 9 -0.99 0.24 8 -0.84 0.23 8 -0.93 0.25 6 -0.77 0.24 6 -1.28 0.29 5 PHILIPPINES PHL -1.26 0.22 10 -1.07 0.21 10 -1.24 0.22 10 -1.24 0.23 9 -0.70 0.22 9 -0.77 0.23 7 -0.13 0.24 6 -0.49 0.29 5 POLAND POL 0.22 0.22 10 0.32 0.21 10 0.20 0.22 10 0.63 0.23 9 0.66 0.22 9 0.43 0.23 7 0.62 0.24 6 0.55 0.29 5 PORTUGAL PRT 0.85 0.22 10 0.95 0.21 10 0.94 0.22 10 1.17 0.23 9 1.27 0.23 8 1.19 0.23 7 1.22 0.24 6 1.06 0.29 5 PUERTO RICO PRI 0.75 0.30 4 0.78 0.29 4 0.89 0.29 4 0.71 0.33 3 0.59 0.36 2 0.59 0.35 2 0.51 0.40 2 0.60 0.52 1 QATAR QAT 0.86 0.23 8 0.74 0.23 8 0.91 0.24 7 1.00 0.25 6 0.67 0.26 5 1.03 0.26 5 0.96 0.25 5 0.33 0.33 4 REUNION REU 0.73 0.46 1 0.50 0.49 1 0.45 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ROMANIA ROM 0.12 0.22 10 0.10 0.21 10 0.07 0.23 9 0.25 0.24 8 0.32 0.24 7 0.02 0.26 5 0.20 0.25 5 0.39 0.33 4 RUSSIA RUS -0.74 0.22 10 -0.98 0.21 10 -1.04 0.22 10 -0.85 0.23 9 -0.60 0.22 9 -0.72 0.23 7 -0.84 0.24 6 -1.02 0.29 5 RWANDA RWA -0.53 0.28 5 -0.66 0.39 3 -0.87 0.38 3 -1.16 0.38 2 -1.80 0.42 2 -1.81 0.42 2 -2.15 0.41 2 -2.01 0.49 1 SAMOA SAM 1.15 0.34 3 1.15 0.34 3 1.15 0.35 3 1.28 0.38 2 1.02 0.42 2 1.15 0.42 2 1.26 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1 SAN MARINO SMR 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP 0.51 0.31 3 0.70 0.40 2 0.68 0.41 2 0.25 0.38 2 0.47 0.42 2 0.99 0.42 2 0.99 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1 SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.65 0.23 8 -0.71 0.22 8 -1.08 0.23 8 -0.42 0.24 7 -0.47 0.23 7 0.05 0.25 6 -0.08 0.24 6 -0.52 0.29 5 SENEGAL SEN -0.26 0.23 8 -0.12 0.26 7 -0.10 0.25 7 -0.41 0.26 7 -0.42 0.27 6 -0.52 0.31 5 -0.95 0.27 5 -0.26 0.33 4 SERBIA YUG -0.69 0.25 7 -0.87 0.23 8 -0.86 0.23 8 -0.83 0.25 7 -0.75 0.25 6 -1.70 0.31 4 -1.95 0.28 4 -1.12 0.40 3 SEYCHELLES SYC 1.09 0.27 5 1.16 0.28 5 0.74 0.27 5 0.60 0.34 3 0.83 0.42 2 1.15 0.42 2 0.99 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1 SIERRA LEONE SLE -0.46 0.29 5 -0.41 0.32 4 -0.38 0.33 4 -1.12 0.35 3 -0.95 0.38 3 -1.91 0.38 3 -2.17 0.31 3 -2.28 0.45 2 SINGAPORE SGP 1.30 0.22 10 1.15 0.21 10 1.11 0.22 10 0.98 0.23 9 1.32 0.22 9 1.15 0.23 7 1.01 0.24 6 1.07 0.29 5 SLOVAKIA SVK 0.85 0.23 9 0.81 0.22 9 0.63 0.23 9 0.92 0.24 8 0.87 0.23 8 0.35 0.26 5 1.00 0.27 4 0.68 0.33 4 SLOVENIA SVN 1.05 0.23 9 0.99 0.22 9 1.07 0.23 9 1.14 0.24 8 1.28 0.23 8 0.92 0.24 6 1.06 0.25 5 1.02 0.34 3 SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB 0.15 0.39 2 0.25 0.40 2 0.07 0.41 2 0.08 0.55 1 -0.56 0.63 1 -0.88 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1 SOMALIA SOM -2.75 0.32 4 -2.64 0.32 4 -2.60 0.38 3 -2.32 0.35 3 -2.28 0.38 3 -2.47 0.38 3 -2.37 0.31 3 -2.31 0.45 2 SOUTH AFRICA ZAF -0.07 0.21 11 -0.06 0.21 11 -0.22 0.21 11 -0.36 0.22 10 -0.42 0.21 10 -0.39 0.23 8 -0.85 0.24 7 -1.25 0.26 6 SPAIN ESP 0.33 0.22 10 0.42 0.21 10 0.30 0.22 10 0.38 0.23 9 0.55 0.22 9 0.75 0.23 7 0.40 0.24 6 0.34 0.29 5 SRI LANKA LKA -1.61 0.23 8 -1.35 0.23 8 -1.14 0.23 8 -0.95 0.25 7 -0.96 0.24 7 -1.58 0.26 5 -1.36 0.25 5 -2.10 0.33 4 ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 1.28 0.34 3 1.36 0.34 3 1.47 0.35 3 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ST. LUCIA LCA 0.98 0.34 3 1.04 0.34 3 1.27 0.35 3 1.23 0.55 1 0.29 0.63 1 1.08 0.60 1 0.26 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1 ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 1.11 0.34 3 1.25 0.34 3 1.22 0.35 3 0.94 0.55 1 0.29 0.63 1 1.08 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1 SUDAN SDN -2.18 0.24 7 -2.12 0.24 7 -1.85 0.26 6 -2.14 0.25 6 -2.05 0.25 6 -2.39 0.26 5 -2.06 0.28 4 -2.58 0.40 3 SURINAME SUR 0.11 0.29 6 0.36 0.33 4 0.42 0.33 4 0.52 0.32 4 0.42 0.38 3 0.24 0.38 3 0.33 0.31 3 0.52 0.45 2 SWAZILAND SWZ -0.14 0.26 5 -0.12 0.30 4 0.11 0.30 4 0.00 0.30 4 0.21 0.33 3 -0.09 0.42 2 -0.07 0.41 2 0.00 0.49 1 SWEDEN SWE 1.13 0.22 10 1.20 0.21 10 1.31 0.22 10 1.46 0.23 9 1.31 0.23 8 1.25 0.23 7 1.31 0.24 6 1.24 0.29 5 SWITZERLAND CHE 1.40 0.22 10 1.34 0.21 10 1.33 0.22 10 1.46 0.23 9 1.50 0.23 8 1.46 0.23 7 1.42 0.24 6 1.37 0.29 5 SYRIA SYR -0.88 0.24 7 -0.96 0.24 7 -0.64 0.24 7 -0.32 0.25 6 -0.26 0.25 6 -0.65 0.26 5 -0.31 0.25 5 -0.82 0.33 4 TAIWAN TWN 0.51 0.22 10 0.60 0.21 10 0.59 0.22 10 0.75 0.23 9 0.76 0.22 9 0.56 0.23 7 0.85 0.24 6 0.99 0.29 5 TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.30 0.24 7 -1.33 0.26 6 -1.41 0.27 5 -1.41 0.30 4 -1.42 0.30 4 -1.86 0.32 3 -2.26 0.34 3 -2.59 0.38 2 TANZANIA TZA -0.17 0.23 9 -0.38 0.23 9 -0.44 0.23 9 -0.48 0.24 8 -0.17 0.24 7 -0.46 0.26 6 -0.09 0.25 6 -0.31 0.29 5 THAILAND THA -0.99 0.22 10 -0.65 0.21 10 -0.46 0.22 10 -0.06 0.23 9 0.33 0.22 9 0.40 0.23 7 0.39 0.24 6 0.05 0.29 5 TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.98 0.33 4 -0.66 0.32 4 -0.32 0.35 3 -0.23 0.38 2 -0.59 0.42 2 0.30 0.60 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. TOGO TGO -0.86 0.24 7 -1.50 0.30 5 -0.43 0.30 5 -0.40 0.32 4 0.01 0.38 3 -0.18 0.38 3 -0.72 0.31 3 -0.54 0.45 2 TONGA TON 0.70 0.34 3 0.77 0.34 3 0.83 0.35 3 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.15 0.23 8 -0.10 0.23 8 -0.03 0.26 7 -0.16 0.27 6 -0.16 0.29 5 0.06 0.31 4 0.44 0.28 4 0.46 0.40 3 TUNISIA TUN 0.21 0.23 9 0.07 0.23 9 0.10 0.23 9 0.16 0.24 8 0.10 0.23 8 0.24 0.26 6 0.28 0.25 6 0.15 0.29 5 TURKEY TUR -0.65 0.22 10 -0.57 0.21 10 -0.87 0.22 10 -0.80 0.23 9 -1.01 0.22 9 -1.00 0.23 7 -1.09 0.24 6 -1.48 0.29 5 TURKMENISTAN TKM -0.27 0.25 6 -0.23 0.25 6 -0.68 0.27 5 -0.60 0.30 4 -0.41 0.30 4 -0.01 0.32 3 0.11 0.34 3 0.21 0.38 2 TUVALU TUV 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.30 0.41 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. UGANDA UGA -1.18 0.23 9 -1.38 0.23 9 -1.42 0.23 9 -1.53 0.24 8 -1.67 0.24 7 -1.54 0.26 6 -1.27 0.25 6 -1.31 0.29 5 UKRAINE UKR -0.27 0.22 9 -0.37 0.22 9 -0.39 0.22 9 -0.31 0.24 8 -0.20 0.23 8 -0.36 0.25 6 -0.21 0.24 6 -0.23 0.30 4 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 0.68 0.23 8 0.59 0.23 8 0.61 0.23 8 0.81 0.25 6 0.80 0.25 6 0.80 0.26 5 0.72 0.25 5 0.74 0.33 4 UNITED KINGDOM GBR 0.46 0.22 10 0.33 0.21 10 0.40 0.22 10 0.57 0.23 9 0.74 0.22 9 1.02 0.23 7 0.83 0.24 6 0.92 0.29 5 UNITED STATES USA 0.31 0.22 10 0.04 0.21 10 0.12 0.22 10 0.29 0.23 9 0.30 0.22 9 1.14 0.23 7 0.94 0.24 6 0.94 0.29 5 URUGUAY URY 0.73 0.23 8 0.69 0.23 8 0.50 0.23 8 0.62 0.25 7 0.68 0.24 7 0.89 0.26 5 0.53 0.25 5 0.68 0.33 4 UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.94 0.25 6 -1.95 0.25 6 -1.59 0.25 6 -1.50 0.26 5 -1.30 0.26 5 -1.31 0.31 3 -0.48 0.33 3 -0.19 0.34 3 VANUATU VUT 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 0.73 0.41 2 0.94 0.55 1 1.14 0.63 1 1.08 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1 VENEZUELA VEN -1.24 0.22 10 -1.19 0.21 10 -1.22 0.22 10 -1.28 0.23 9 -1.32 0.22 9 -0.54 0.23 7 -0.40 0.24 6 -0.84 0.29 5 VIETNAM VNM 0.42 0.22 9 0.36 0.22 9 0.19 0.22 9 0.16 0.24 8 0.30 0.23 8 0.27 0.25 6 0.39 0.24 6 0.31 0.29 5 VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) VIR 0.60 0.39 2 0.62 0.39 2 0.84 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. WEST BANK GAZA WBG -2.00 0.35 3 -1.68 0.36 3 -1.68 0.35 3 -1.70 0.34 3 -1.97 0.37 3 -1.75 0.42 2 -1.70 0.41 2 .. .. .. YEMEN YEM -1.40 0.24 7 -1.42 0.26 6 -1.74 0.26 6 -1.48 0.28 5 -1.48 0.28 5 -1.35 0.31 4 -1.49 0.28 4 -1.15 0.40 3 ZAMBIA ZMB 0.29 0.23 9 0.00 0.23 8 0.08 0.23 9 -0.12 0.24 8 -0.33 0.24 7 -0.38 0.26 6 -0.09 0.25 6 -0.51 0.29 5 ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.18 0.23 9 -1.55 0.23 9 -1.55 0.23 9 -1.62 0.24 8 -1.76 0.23 8 -1.44 0.26 6 -0.86 0.25 6 -0.60 0.29 5 81 TABLEC3: Government Effectiveness 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.39 0.21 8 -1.26 0.20 6 -1.09 0.21 6 -1.25 0.24 4 -1.56 0.24 4 -2.11 0.27 2 -2.27 0.20 1 .. .. .. ALBANIA ALB -0.42 0.18 11 -0.63 0.18 9 -0.35 0.22 8 -0.56 0.20 7 -0.59 0.20 7 -0.71 0.22 4 -0.72 0.17 4 -0.11 0.36 3 ALGERIA DZA -0.35 0.17 11 -0.33 0.16 11 -0.46 0.16 11 -0.51 0.16 10 -0.64 0.17 9 -0.96 0.19 6 -1.15 0.16 6 -0.40 0.27 4 AMERICANSAMOA ASM 0.21 0.34 1 0.21 0.27 1 -0.20 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANDORRA ADO 1.46 0.33 2 1.29 0.27 2 1.34 0.37 2 1.27 0.33 2 1.35 0.30 2 1.45 0.31 1 1.49 0.20 1 .. .. .. ANGOLA AGO -1.20 0.17 12 -1.02 0.17 10 -1.18 0.16 11 -1.04 0.16 10 -1.14 0.17 9 -1.41 0.19 6 -1.14 0.16 6 -1.44 0.27 4 ANGUILLA AIA 1.57 0.34 1 1.57 0.27 1 0.97 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANTIGUA ANDBARBUDA ATG 0.42 0.33 2 0.46 0.26 3 0.38 0.35 3 0.49 0.33 2 0.52 0.30 2 0.64 0.31 1 0.69 0.20 1 .. .. .. ARGENTINA ARG -0.19 0.16 13 -0.24 0.15 13 -0.22 0.16 13 -0.34 0.16 11 -0.47 0.16 12 0.06 0.17 8 0.18 0.15 8 0.37 0.23 7 ARMENIA ARM -0.16 0.16 13 -0.05 0.17 10 -0.07 0.21 9 -0.22 0.20 8 -0.21 0.20 8 -0.65 0.22 4 -0.47 0.17 4 -0.62 0.62 1 ARUBA ABW 1.29 0.34 1 1.30 0.27 1 1.19 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. AUSTRALIA AUS 1.94 0.18 10 1.89 0.16 9 2.06 0.18 9 1.97 0.17 9 1.81 0.18 8 1.83 0.18 7 1.89 0.16 7 1.43 0.26 6 AUSTRIA AUT 1.62 0.18 10 1.62 0.16 9 1.78 0.18 9 1.94 0.17 9 1.97 0.18 8 1.92 0.18 7 1.77 0.16 7 2.04 0.26 6 AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.70 0.16 13 -0.67 0.15 12 -0.85 0.18 11 -0.76 0.17 10 -0.85 0.17 10 -0.83 0.17 6 -0.88 0.16 5 -0.91 0.28 3 BAHAMAS BHS 1.15 0.29 3 1.28 0.25 3 1.13 0.32 3 1.24 0.28 3 1.29 0.26 3 1.34 0.28 2 1.48 0.20 2 0.42 0.68 1 BAHRAIN BHR 0.35 0.19 8 0.42 0.17 8 0.61 0.18 8 0.48 0.19 7 0.59 0.18 8 0.71 0.21 4 0.80 0.17 4 0.43 0.31 3 BANGLADESH BGD -0.81 0.16 12 -0.91 0.15 11 -0.81 0.17 11 -0.66 0.16 10 -0.66 0.16 10 -0.46 0.17 6 -0.60 0.16 5 -0.64 0.27 4 BARBADOS BRB 1.21 0.25 4 1.18 0.25 4 1.05 0.32 4 1.24 0.30 3 1.35 0.30 2 1.45 0.31 1 1.49 0.20 1 .. .. .. BELARUS BLR -1.24 0.19 10 -1.15 0.20 8 -1.20 0.22 8 -1.10 0.20 8 -1.11 0.20 7 -0.90 0.22 4 -0.53 0.17 4 -1.42 0.40 2 BELGIUM BEL 1.64 0.18 10 1.66 0.16 9 1.79 0.18 9 1.91 0.17 9 2.03 0.17 9 1.70 0.18 7 1.67 0.16 7 1.94 0.26 6 BELIZE BLZ -0.18 0.23 6 0.09 0.23 5 0.07 0.28 5 0.09 0.26 4 0.03 0.26 3 0.04 0.26 2 0.32 0.19 2 -0.39 0.48 1 BENIN BEN -0.50 0.17 11 -0.68 0.17 9 -0.43 0.22 7 -0.36 0.22 6 -0.53 0.23 5 -0.25 0.25 3 -0.34 0.18 3 0.01 0.48 1 BERMUDA BMU 1.02 0.34 1 1.02 0.27 1 1.07 0.39 1 1.07 0.33 1 1.13 0.30 1 1.18 0.31 1 1.22 0.20 1 .. .. .. BHUTAN BTN 0.33 0.22 6 0.35 0.21 6 0.23 0.26 6 0.52 0.24 5 0.47 0.23 4 0.83 0.22 3 0.64 0.19 2 0.20 0.48 1 BOLIVIA BOL -0.69 0.17 12 -0.80 0.16 11 -0.51 0.17 11 -0.26 0.17 9 -0.27 0.17 10 -0.20 0.18 6 -0.13 0.16 6 0.07 0.27 4 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.66 0.18 11 -0.69 0.17 10 -0.71 0.18 10 -0.82 0.18 8 -0.98 0.18 8 -0.83 0.22 3 -1.15 0.18 3 -1.32 0.37 1 BOTSWANA BWA 0.74 0.16 13 0.82 0.15 12 0.82 0.15 12 0.75 0.15 11 0.74 0.16 11 0.63 0.19 6 0.65 0.16 6 0.24 0.27 4 BRAZIL BRA -0.11 0.16 14 -0.08 0.15 13 0.03 0.16 13 0.10 0.16 11 -0.10 0.16 12 0.03 0.17 8 -0.10 0.15 8 -0.27 0.23 7 BRUNEI BRN 0.71 0.29 3 0.57 0.25 3 0.07 0.32 3 0.67 0.28 3 0.83 0.26 3 0.92 0.28 2 0.92 0.20 2 1.07 0.68 1 BULGARIA BGR 0.14 0.18 12 0.23 0.16 10 0.10 0.18 10 0.06 0.17 10 0.16 0.17 10 0.11 0.18 6 -0.07 0.16 6 -0.94 0.27 4 BURKINA FASO BFA -0.79 0.17 12 -0.61 0.19 8 -0.56 0.21 8 -0.64 0.21 7 -0.72 0.21 6 -0.63 0.23 4 -0.83 0.18 4 -0.68 0.42 2 BURUNDI BDI -1.29 0.17 11 -1.35 0.20 7 -1.31 0.22 7 -1.33 0.22 6 -1.56 0.23 5 -1.40 0.25 3 -1.72 0.18 3 -0.97 0.48 1 CAMBODIA KHM -1.01 0.18 10 -0.92 0.16 9 -0.84 0.20 8 -0.75 0.19 7 -0.74 0.18 7 -0.82 0.19 4 -0.83 0.18 3 -1.12 0.30 2 CAMEROON CMR -0.89 0.17 12 -0.94 0.16 11 -0.79 0.17 10 -0.62 0.16 10 -0.81 0.17 9 -0.74 0.19 6 -1.06 0.16 6 -1.17 0.27 4 CANADA CAN 2.03 0.18 10 1.94 0.16 9 2.05 0.18 9 2.12 0.17 9 2.09 0.17 9 1.91 0.18 7 1.86 0.16 7 2.07 0.26 6 CAPEVERDE CPV 0.17 0.20 7 -0.10 0.20 6 -0.06 0.22 6 -0.16 0.22 5 -0.16 0.22 5 0.20 0.37 2 0.31 0.45 2 -0.12 0.48 1 CAYMANISLANDS CYM 1.29 0.34 1 1.30 0.27 1 1.17 0.39 1 1.33 0.33 1 1.97 0.30 1 1.99 0.31 1 2.03 0.20 1 .. .. .. CENTRAL AFRICANREPUBLIC CAF -1.41 0.22 6 -1.56 0.20 7 -1.66 0.22 7 -1.50 0.22 6 -1.57 0.23 5 -1.40 0.25 3 -1.45 0.18 3 -0.91 0.48 1 CHAD TCD -1.37 0.18 10 -1.21 0.18 8 -1.01 0.20 8 -0.85 0.21 7 -0.86 0.23 6 -0.60 0.25 3 -0.61 0.18 3 -0.65 0.48 1 CHILE CHL 1.25 0.16 13 1.28 0.15 13 1.33 0.16 13 1.28 0.16 11 1.27 0.16 12 1.20 0.17 8 1.36 0.15 8 0.95 0.23 7 CHINA CHN -0.01 0.16 12 -0.09 0.15 12 0.01 0.16 12 0.00 0.16 11 0.03 0.16 11 -0.03 0.17 8 -0.22 0.15 8 0.24 0.23 7 COLOMBIA COL 0.01 0.16 14 -0.09 0.15 13 -0.13 0.16 13 -0.23 0.16 11 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.35 0.17 8 -0.42 0.15 8 0.23 0.23 7 COMOROS COM -1.70 0.25 5 -1.66 0.23 5 -1.56 0.25 5 -1.40 0.26 4 -0.96 0.25 4 -1.33 0.25 3 -1.76 0.18 3 -0.71 0.48 1 CONGO COG -1.31 0.19 9 -1.35 0.18 9 -1.13 0.22 7 -1.28 0.22 6 -1.39 0.23 6 -1.50 0.23 4 -1.17 0.18 4 -1.22 0.42 2 CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.61 0.18 10 -1.68 0.17 10 -1.44 0.17 10 -1.44 0.19 8 -1.77 0.20 8 -1.80 0.21 5 -1.88 0.17 5 -1.70 0.36 3 COOK ISLANDS COK 0.12 0.40 2 0.52 0.42 2 -0.15 0.55 1 -0.23 0.51 2 -0.27 0.47 2 0.13 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. COSTA RICA CRI 0.29 0.17 12 0.31 0.16 11 0.46 0.17 11 0.47 0.17 9 0.51 0.17 10 0.46 0.18 6 0.65 0.16 6 -0.02 0.25 5 COTED'IVOIRE CIV -1.42 0.18 9 -1.38 0.17 9 -1.24 0.17 10 -0.92 0.17 9 -0.96 0.17 9 -0.78 0.19 6 -0.35 0.16 6 0.08 0.27 4 CROATIA HRV 0.52 0.18 12 0.52 0.16 11 0.49 0.17 11 0.32 0.17 10 0.35 0.17 10 0.34 0.19 5 0.13 0.16 5 -0.06 0.28 3 CUBA CUB -0.92 0.20 8 -0.85 0.18 8 -0.66 0.19 8 -0.57 0.19 7 -0.61 0.19 7 -0.49 0.21 4 -0.74 0.17 4 -0.42 0.31 3 CYPRUS CYP 1.22 0.21 7 1.16 0.18 6 1.12 0.20 6 1.21 0.20 5 1.31 0.20 5 1.16 0.21 4 1.21 0.17 4 1.35 0.31 3 CZECHREPUBLIC CZE 1.01 0.17 12 1.01 0.15 11 0.75 0.16 12 0.75 0.16 12 0.87 0.16 12 0.77 0.17 8 0.72 0.15 8 0.84 0.23 7 DENMARK DNK 2.29 0.18 10 2.14 0.16 9 2.26 0.18 9 2.22 0.17 9 2.14 0.18 8 1.96 0.18 7 1.94 0.16 7 2.18 0.26 6 DJIBOUTI DJI -1.01 0.25 5 -0.87 0.23 5 -0.63 0.25 5 -0.77 0.26 4 -0.90 0.25 4 -1.10 0.25 3 -1.02 0.18 3 -0.98 0.48 1 DOMINICA DMA 0.77 0.30 3 0.54 0.25 4 0.35 0.30 4 0.24 0.27 3 0.29 0.26 3 0.39 0.26 2 0.49 0.19 2 -0.91 0.48 1 DOMINICANREPUBLIC DOM -0.44 0.17 12 -0.42 0.16 11 -0.54 0.17 11 -0.40 0.17 9 -0.31 0.17 9 -0.17 0.19 5 -0.20 0.17 4 -0.78 0.28 3 ECUADOR ECU -1.12 0.17 12 -1.01 0.16 11 -0.80 0.16 12 -0.76 0.16 10 -0.85 0.16 11 -0.84 0.17 7 -0.52 0.15 7 -0.89 0.25 5 EGYPT EGY -0.41 0.16 13 -0.40 0.15 12 -0.24 0.15 12 -0.32 0.16 11 -0.42 0.16 11 -0.24 0.17 8 -0.48 0.15 8 0.00 0.24 6 EL SALVADOR SLV -0.26 0.18 11 -0.29 0.16 10 -0.25 0.18 10 -0.27 0.18 8 -0.45 0.18 9 -0.50 0.19 5 -0.54 0.17 5 -0.27 0.27 4 EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.32 0.21 7 -1.35 0.20 6 -1.40 0.20 7 -1.21 0.20 6 -1.33 0.20 6 -1.43 0.21 4 -1.20 0.17 4 -1.45 0.30 2 ERITREA ERI -1.24 0.20 8 -0.93 0.20 7 -1.06 0.22 7 -0.91 0.22 6 -0.79 0.23 5 -0.99 0.25 3 -1.05 0.18 3 -0.39 0.48 1 ESTONIA EST 1.17 0.18 11 1.11 0.16 11 1.12 0.17 11 1.16 0.16 11 0.91 0.16 11 0.89 0.18 7 0.74 0.16 5 0.55 0.28 3 ETHIOPIA ETH -0.61 0.17 11 -0.90 0.16 10 -0.72 0.17 10 -0.79 0.17 9 -0.91 0.18 8 -0.97 0.20 5 -1.06 0.17 5 -1.04 0.28 3 FIJI FJI -0.10 0.30 3 -0.09 0.25 3 -0.49 0.32 3 -0.17 0.27 3 0.14 0.26 3 -0.43 0.26 2 -0.17 0.19 2 -0.06 0.48 1 FINLAND FIN 2.08 0.18 10 2.09 0.16 9 2.09 0.18 9 2.23 0.17 9 2.18 0.17 9 2.01 0.18 7 1.93 0.16 7 2.10 0.26 6 FRANCE FRA 1.20 0.18 10 1.47 0.16 9 1.49 0.18 9 1.57 0.17 9 1.59 0.17 9 1.60 0.18 7 1.36 0.16 7 1.76 0.26 6 FRENCHGUIANA GUF 0.75 0.34 1 0.75 0.27 1 0.58 0.39 1 0.80 0.33 1 0.85 0.30 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.95 0.20 1 .. .. .. GABON GAB -0.63 0.19 9 -0.71 0.18 9 -0.73 0.18 9 -0.52 0.18 8 -0.36 0.18 8 -0.60 0.19 6 -0.38 0.17 5 -0.99 0.28 3 GAMBIA GMB -0.73 0.19 8 -0.70 0.19 7 -0.48 0.21 7 -0.54 0.22 6 -0.71 0.23 5 -0.46 0.23 4 -0.59 0.18 4 -0.38 0.42 2 GEORGIA GEO -0.16 0.18 11 -0.37 0.18 9 -0.60 0.21 9 -0.66 0.21 7 -0.77 0.21 7 -0.56 0.23 3 -0.62 0.18 3 -0.31 0.40 2 82 TABLE C3: Government Effectiveness (cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. GERMANY DEU 1.52 0.18 10 1.51 0.16 9 1.43 0.18 9 1.48 0.17 9 1.79 0.17 9 1.91 0.18 7 1.81 0.16 7 2.07 0.26 6 GHANA GHA 0.05 0.16 12 -0.10 0.15 12 -0.25 0.15 12 -0.25 0.15 11 -0.22 0.16 10 0.01 0.19 6 -0.21 0.16 6 -0.37 0.27 4 GREECE GRC 0.62 0.18 10 0.66 0.16 9 0.81 0.18 9 0.84 0.17 9 0.89 0.17 9 0.73 0.18 7 0.87 0.16 7 0.79 0.26 6 GRENADA GRD 0.17 0.28 4 0.24 0.25 4 0.11 0.30 4 0.21 0.27 3 0.41 0.26 3 0.44 0.26 2 0.59 0.19 2 -0.52 0.48 1 GUAM GUM 0.21 0.34 1 0.21 0.27 1 0.27 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GUATEMALA GTM -0.67 0.17 12 -0.70 0.16 10 -0.70 0.18 10 -0.53 0.18 8 -0.54 0.18 9 -0.47 0.19 5 -0.34 0.17 4 -0.50 0.27 4 GUINEA GIN -1.44 0.18 10 -1.09 0.19 8 -0.97 0.21 8 -0.88 0.21 7 -0.94 0.21 7 -0.88 0.23 4 -1.10 0.18 4 -1.07 0.42 2 GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -1.16 0.23 6 -1.42 0.22 6 -1.54 0.23 6 -1.28 0.23 5 -1.23 0.23 5 -1.10 0.23 4 -1.42 0.18 4 -0.63 0.42 2 GUYANA GUY -0.15 0.19 8 -0.54 0.19 7 -0.23 0.25 6 -0.25 0.24 5 -0.29 0.24 4 -0.24 0.24 3 -0.35 0.19 3 -0.14 0.42 2 HAITI HTI -1.37 0.20 8 -1.39 0.20 7 -1.66 0.23 7 -1.48 0.20 7 -1.55 0.21 6 -1.35 0.24 3 -0.97 0.19 3 -1.03 0.42 2 HONDURAS HND -0.60 0.17 12 -0.64 0.16 10 -0.57 0.18 10 -0.59 0.18 8 -0.57 0.18 9 -0.46 0.19 5 -0.67 0.17 4 -0.86 0.27 4 HONG KONG HKG 1.76 0.19 9 1.64 0.17 8 1.59 0.19 8 1.42 0.18 8 1.28 0.18 8 1.15 0.19 6 0.93 0.16 6 1.16 0.28 5 HUNGARY HUN 0.71 0.16 13 0.75 0.15 12 0.82 0.16 12 0.86 0.16 12 1.02 0.16 12 0.94 0.17 8 0.92 0.15 8 0.59 0.23 7 ICELAND ISL 2.13 0.20 7 2.22 0.20 6 2.23 0.25 6 2.23 0.23 6 2.01 0.23 5 2.09 0.23 4 2.07 0.18 4 1.50 0.47 3 INDIA IND -0.04 0.16 13 -0.12 0.15 12 -0.06 0.16 12 -0.05 0.16 11 -0.11 0.16 11 -0.14 0.17 8 -0.16 0.15 8 -0.19 0.23 7 INDONESIA IDN -0.38 0.15 14 -0.47 0.14 13 -0.43 0.16 13 -0.58 0.15 12 -0.56 0.15 12 -0.50 0.15 9 -0.78 0.15 8 0.14 0.23 7 IRAN IRN -0.80 0.18 11 -0.77 0.17 10 -0.55 0.17 10 -0.48 0.17 9 -0.54 0.17 9 -0.35 0.20 5 -0.53 0.16 5 -0.75 0.28 4 IRAQ IRQ -1.70 0.22 6 -1.65 0.20 6 -1.48 0.20 7 -1.60 0.19 7 -1.95 0.19 7 -1.88 0.21 4 -2.11 0.17 4 -1.49 0.31 3 IRELAND IRL 1.53 0.18 10 1.64 0.16 9 1.58 0.18 9 1.62 0.17 9 1.75 0.18 8 1.78 0.18 7 1.72 0.16 7 1.84 0.26 6 ISRAEL ISR 1.10 0.19 9 0.96 0.17 8 1.12 0.19 8 0.96 0.18 8 0.99 0.18 8 1.06 0.19 6 0.80 0.16 6 1.30 0.26 6 ITALY ITA 0.38 0.18 10 0.60 0.16 9 0.68 0.18 9 0.88 0.17 9 0.88 0.17 9 0.86 0.18 7 0.93 0.16 7 0.97 0.26 6 JAMAICA JAM 0.13 0.18 10 -0.12 0.17 9 0.12 0.18 9 0.01 0.18 8 -0.06 0.18 8 0.03 0.19 5 0.08 0.17 4 -0.22 0.28 3 JAPAN JPN 1.29 0.18 10 1.16 0.16 9 1.11 0.18 9 1.09 0.17 9 1.01 0.17 9 1.05 0.18 7 1.03 0.16 7 1.34 0.26 6 JORDAN JOR 0.19 0.17 12 0.10 0.16 11 0.16 0.17 11 0.25 0.16 10 0.20 0.17 9 0.05 0.18 6 0.12 0.16 6 0.22 0.25 5 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.53 0.16 13 -0.58 0.15 12 -0.70 0.17 11 -0.64 0.17 10 -0.89 0.17 10 -0.67 0.18 6 -0.79 0.16 6 -1.00 0.26 4 KENYA KEN -0.69 0.16 13 -0.79 0.15 12 -0.70 0.15 12 -0.70 0.15 11 -0.75 0.16 10 -0.66 0.19 6 -0.73 0.16 6 -0.26 0.27 4 KIRIBATI KIR -0.49 0.25 4 -0.48 0.22 4 -0.60 0.29 4 -0.44 0.36 3 -0.25 0.35 3 -0.11 0.29 2 -0.39 0.54 1 -0.32 0.48 1 KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.70 0.22 6 -1.79 0.20 6 -1.70 0.21 6 -1.80 0.25 4 -1.96 0.24 4 -1.88 0.28 2 -1.97 0.20 2 -0.89 0.68 1 KOREA, SOUTH KOR 1.05 0.16 12 1.01 0.15 11 0.93 0.16 11 0.90 0.16 11 0.95 0.16 11 0.77 0.17 8 0.41 0.15 8 0.92 0.26 6 KOSOVO LWI -0.36 0.91 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. KUWAIT KWT 0.28 0.20 8 0.38 0.18 7 0.28 0.21 6 0.28 0.20 6 0.11 0.19 7 0.11 0.21 4 0.16 0.17 4 0.35 0.31 3 KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.86 0.17 12 -0.89 0.17 10 -0.72 0.21 9 -0.65 0.20 8 -0.64 0.20 8 -0.49 0.20 4 -0.28 0.18 3 -0.49 0.40 2 LAOS LAO -0.91 0.18 10 -1.06 0.19 8 -0.97 0.23 7 -1.03 0.22 6 -0.69 0.21 6 -0.81 0.22 3 -0.67 0.19 2 -0.06 0.48 1 LATVIA LVA 0.73 0.18 11 0.64 0.16 10 0.66 0.18 10 0.69 0.17 10 0.69 0.17 10 0.50 0.18 6 0.61 0.16 5 -0.46 0.28 3 LEBANON LBN -0.45 0.19 10 -0.33 0.18 9 -0.35 0.18 9 -0.28 0.17 8 -0.35 0.17 9 -0.19 0.19 5 -0.09 0.16 5 0.21 0.27 4 LESOTHO LSO -0.27 0.17 10 -0.28 0.19 8 -0.24 0.20 8 -0.33 0.19 7 -0.25 0.21 6 -0.16 0.25 3 -0.09 0.18 3 0.14 0.48 1 LIBERIA LBR -1.37 0.23 5 -1.30 0.21 5 -1.74 0.23 6 -1.65 0.23 5 -1.62 0.23 5 -1.87 0.23 4 -1.88 0.18 4 -1.76 0.42 2 LIBYA LBY -0.86 0.21 7 -0.97 0.18 7 -0.80 0.20 7 -0.95 0.19 7 -1.06 0.19 7 -1.11 0.21 4 -0.96 0.17 4 -1.02 0.31 3 LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.82 0.33 2 1.57 0.27 2 1.66 0.37 2 1.48 0.33 2 1.69 0.30 2 1.72 0.31 1 1.76 0.20 1 .. .. .. LITHUANIA LTU 0.82 0.19 10 0.90 0.16 10 0.89 0.18 10 0.94 0.17 10 0.68 0.17 10 0.37 0.18 6 0.56 0.16 5 -0.35 0.28 3 LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.73 0.20 7 1.95 0.20 6 2.12 0.25 6 2.09 0.23 6 2.18 0.24 5 2.06 0.26 3 2.05 0.18 4 2.27 0.47 3 MACAO MAC 1.02 0.34 1 1.30 0.27 1 1.10 0.39 1 1.33 0.33 1 0.85 0.30 1 0.64 0.31 1 0.42 0.20 1 .. .. .. MACEDONIA MKD -0.20 0.18 11 -0.36 0.17 10 -0.17 0.18 10 -0.30 0.17 9 -0.48 0.19 7 -0.74 0.22 3 -0.63 0.18 3 -0.34 0.30 2 MADAGASCAR MDG -0.18 0.16 13 -0.10 0.16 10 -0.35 0.19 9 -0.35 0.20 8 -0.42 0.21 6 -0.56 0.23 4 -0.45 0.18 4 -0.97 0.42 2 MALAWI MWI -0.85 0.16 13 -0.78 0.15 11 -0.84 0.16 11 -0.73 0.16 10 -0.76 0.17 9 -0.36 0.20 5 -0.21 0.17 5 -0.67 0.28 3 MALAYSIA MYS 1.02 0.16 13 1.01 0.15 12 0.96 0.16 12 0.85 0.16 11 0.80 0.16 11 0.81 0.17 8 0.55 0.15 8 0.85 0.23 7 MALDIVES MDV 0.03 0.24 5 0.16 0.22 5 0.24 0.27 5 0.37 0.25 4 0.57 0.23 4 0.48 0.22 3 0.96 0.19 2 -0.12 0.48 1 MALI MLI -0.41 0.16 12 -0.45 0.16 10 -0.30 0.18 10 -0.23 0.18 9 -0.45 0.19 8 -0.79 0.23 4 -0.87 0.18 4 -0.69 0.42 2 MALTA MLT 1.21 0.21 6 0.95 0.20 5 1.06 0.26 5 1.06 0.25 5 1.11 0.26 3 1.13 0.28 2 0.96 0.20 2 -0.24 0.68 1 MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -1.06 0.35 3 -0.91 0.36 3 -0.99 0.39 3 -0.98 0.36 3 -0.31 0.35 3 -0.94 0.29 2 -0.56 0.54 1 .. .. .. MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.75 0.34 1 0.75 0.27 1 0.75 0.39 1 0.80 0.33 1 0.85 0.30 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.95 0.20 1 .. .. .. MAURITANIA MRT -0.64 0.20 9 -0.23 0.22 6 -0.24 0.24 6 0.03 0.24 5 -0.09 0.25 4 -0.16 0.25 3 -0.14 0.18 3 0.20 0.48 1 MAURITIUS MUS 0.63 0.18 9 0.60 0.17 8 0.65 0.19 7 0.67 0.20 6 0.44 0.20 6 0.52 0.25 4 0.37 0.29 4 0.46 0.30 2 MEXICO MEX 0.16 0.16 14 0.01 0.15 13 0.13 0.16 13 0.18 0.16 11 0.31 0.16 12 0.31 0.17 8 0.34 0.15 8 -0.04 0.23 7 MICRONESIA FSM -0.23 0.25 4 -0.09 0.22 4 -0.62 0.29 4 -0.56 0.36 3 -0.34 0.35 3 -0.71 0.29 2 -0.56 0.54 1 .. .. .. MOLDOVA MDA -0.85 0.18 12 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.83 0.18 10 -0.65 0.17 9 -0.62 0.18 8 -0.60 0.19 5 -0.31 0.16 5 -0.56 0.28 3 MONACO MCO 0.36 0.88 1 -0.12 0.91 1 1.41 0.87 1 -0.63 0.88 1 -0.62 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MONGOLIA MNG -0.46 0.18 10 -0.38 0.17 9 -0.42 0.22 8 -0.28 0.20 7 -0.20 0.20 6 -0.34 0.20 4 -0.33 0.19 3 -0.53 0.42 2 MONTENEGRO MNP -0.20 0.21 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MOROCCO MAR 0.02 0.17 12 -0.19 0.16 11 -0.08 0.16 11 -0.08 0.16 10 -0.10 0.17 10 0.00 0.19 6 -0.04 0.16 6 -0.05 0.25 5 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.30 0.16 13 -0.33 0.15 12 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.43 0.15 11 -0.34 0.17 9 -0.36 0.20 5 -0.06 0.17 5 -0.27 0.28 3 MYANMAR MMR -1.58 0.20 9 -1.63 0.18 8 -1.56 0.19 8 -1.31 0.19 7 -1.40 0.19 7 -1.20 0.21 4 -1.18 0.17 4 -1.28 0.31 3 NAMIBIA NAM 0.13 0.16 11 0.07 0.15 12 0.08 0.15 12 0.13 0.15 11 0.10 0.16 11 0.26 0.20 5 0.36 0.17 5 0.46 0.28 3 NAURU NRU -1.25 0.88 1 -0.44 0.91 1 -1.34 0.87 1 -1.71 0.88 1 -1.18 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NEPAL NPL -0.89 0.17 11 -0.96 0.17 9 -0.79 0.20 8 -0.57 0.22 6 -0.47 0.21 6 -0.43 0.22 3 -0.46 0.19 2 -0.25 0.48 1 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.86 0.18 10 1.96 0.16 9 2.09 0.18 9 2.06 0.17 9 2.11 0.17 9 2.09 0.18 7 2.12 0.16 7 2.24 0.26 6 NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 0.75 0.34 1 1.02 0.27 1 1.10 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.38 0.59 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.42 0.68 1 NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.94 0.19 9 1.91 0.17 8 2.16 0.19 8 2.01 0.18 8 1.80 0.18 7 1.63 0.19 6 1.77 0.16 6 2.22 0.28 5 NICARAGUA NIC -0.97 0.17 12 -0.77 0.16 10 -0.61 0.18 10 -0.61 0.18 8 -0.77 0.18 9 -0.60 0.19 5 -0.42 0.17 4 -0.89 0.27 4 NIGER NER -0.79 0.19 10 -0.81 0.19 8 -0.78 0.21 8 -0.81 0.21 7 -0.87 0.21 6 -1.12 0.23 4 -1.20 0.18 4 -1.07 0.42 2 83 TABLEC3: Government Effectiveness(cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. NIGERIA NGA -0.96 0.16 13 -0.91 0.15 12 -0.94 0.15 12 -0.82 0.15 11 -0.98 0.16 11 -1.01 0.18 7 -1.06 0.16 6 -1.36 0.25 5 NIUE NIU -0.61 0.88 1 -0.44 0.91 1 .. .. .. -0.19 0.88 1 -0.76 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NORWAY NOR 2.10 0.18 10 2.01 0.16 9 2.13 0.18 9 2.07 0.17 9 2.00 0.18 8 1.92 0.18 7 2.04 0.16 7 2.22 0.26 6 OMAN OMN 0.46 0.22 6 0.47 0.20 6 0.53 0.21 6 0.60 0.20 6 0.43 0.19 7 0.54 0.21 4 0.56 0.17 4 0.86 0.31 3 PAKISTAN PAK -0.51 0.15 13 -0.54 0.15 12 -0.51 0.16 12 -0.53 0.16 11 -0.61 0.16 10 -0.65 0.17 7 -0.63 0.16 6 -0.52 0.25 5 PALAU PCI -0.61 0.88 1 -0.76 0.91 1 0.39 0.87 1 0.32 0.88 1 -0.35 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. PANAMA PAN 0.12 0.17 12 0.10 0.16 11 0.01 0.18 10 -0.10 0.18 8 -0.06 0.18 9 0.20 0.18 6 0.26 0.16 5 -0.30 0.27 4 PAPUANEWGUINEA PNG -0.84 0.18 10 -0.97 0.17 10 -0.74 0.18 10 -0.68 0.17 9 -0.63 0.17 8 -0.56 0.17 6 -0.46 0.17 4 -0.34 0.28 3 PARAGUAY PRY -0.88 0.18 11 -0.83 0.16 10 -0.92 0.18 10 -0.95 0.18 8 -1.12 0.18 9 -1.09 0.19 5 -0.97 0.17 4 -0.76 0.28 3 PERU PER -0.46 0.16 13 -0.60 0.15 12 -0.49 0.16 12 -0.42 0.16 10 -0.38 0.16 11 -0.16 0.17 7 0.08 0.15 7 -0.13 0.24 6 PHILIPPINES PHL -0.01 0.16 13 -0.08 0.15 12 -0.20 0.16 12 -0.16 0.16 11 -0.18 0.16 11 -0.19 0.17 8 -0.21 0.15 8 -0.03 0.23 7 POLAND POL 0.49 0.16 13 0.54 0.15 12 0.45 0.16 12 0.55 0.16 12 0.56 0.16 12 0.59 0.17 8 0.73 0.15 8 0.78 0.23 7 PORTUGAL PRT 0.95 0.18 10 1.03 0.16 9 1.07 0.18 9 1.24 0.17 9 1.19 0.18 8 1.10 0.18 7 1.37 0.16 7 1.10 0.26 6 PUERTORICO PRI 0.71 0.28 4 1.01 0.24 3 1.12 0.29 3 1.17 0.27 3 1.19 0.26 2 1.38 0.27 2 1.30 0.18 2 1.47 0.62 1 QATAR QAT 0.53 0.20 7 0.55 0.18 7 0.63 0.21 6 0.58 0.20 6 0.62 0.19 6 0.60 0.21 4 0.70 0.17 4 0.49 0.31 3 REUNION REU 1.02 0.34 1 1.02 0.27 1 1.07 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ROMANIA ROM -0.05 0.16 13 -0.08 0.15 13 -0.15 0.17 12 -0.20 0.16 11 -0.22 0.17 10 -0.38 0.18 6 -0.33 0.16 5 -0.69 0.27 4 RUSSIA RUS -0.43 0.16 13 -0.38 0.15 12 -0.22 0.16 12 -0.22 0.16 12 -0.30 0.16 12 -0.61 0.17 8 -0.45 0.15 8 -0.62 0.23 7 RWANDA RWA -0.40 0.20 8 -1.05 0.21 6 -0.68 0.23 6 -0.85 0.23 5 -1.01 0.23 5 -0.83 0.25 3 -1.13 0.18 3 -1.23 0.48 1 SAMOA SAM 0.07 0.25 4 0.32 0.22 4 0.05 0.29 4 0.37 0.25 4 0.13 0.23 4 0.40 0.22 3 0.36 0.19 2 -0.39 0.48 1 SANMARINO SMR -0.26 0.88 1 -0.50 0.91 1 -0.22 0.87 1 -0.67 0.88 1 -0.35 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SAOTOMEANDPRINCIPE STP -0.87 0.22 6 -0.77 0.23 5 -0.77 0.25 5 -0.59 0.26 4 -0.67 0.25 4 -0.59 0.25 3 -0.54 0.18 3 -0.65 0.48 1 SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.28 0.19 9 -0.38 0.17 8 -0.33 0.18 8 -0.31 0.18 8 -0.30 0.17 9 -0.13 0.20 5 -0.18 0.16 5 -0.34 0.28 4 SENEGAL SEN -0.23 0.16 12 -0.13 0.16 10 -0.18 0.17 10 -0.19 0.16 10 0.04 0.17 9 -0.04 0.20 5 0.13 0.17 5 -0.16 0.28 3 SERBIA YUG -0.29 0.18 11 -0.37 0.16 10 -0.17 0.18 10 -0.55 0.17 10 -0.59 0.18 9 -0.90 0.23 3 -1.18 0.18 3 -0.45 0.34 2 SEYCHELLES SYC -0.09 0.22 6 0.03 0.19 7 -0.08 0.20 7 -0.19 0.24 5 -0.02 0.25 4 -0.02 0.25 3 0.47 0.18 3 -0.58 0.48 1 SIERRALEONE SLE -1.10 0.20 9 -1.26 0.20 7 -1.28 0.21 7 -1.38 0.21 6 -1.54 0.21 6 -1.49 0.23 4 -1.37 0.18 4 -0.59 0.42 2 SINGAPORE SGP 2.20 0.17 11 2.15 0.16 10 2.20 0.17 10 2.14 0.17 10 2.11 0.17 10 2.28 0.18 7 2.13 0.16 7 2.28 0.26 6 SLOVAKIA SVK 0.91 0.18 12 0.95 0.16 11 0.75 0.17 11 0.57 0.16 11 0.45 0.17 10 0.30 0.21 6 0.25 0.25 5 0.54 0.25 5 SLOVENIA SVN 1.11 0.18 11 1.02 0.16 10 0.98 0.18 10 1.08 0.16 11 0.91 0.16 11 0.71 0.18 7 0.62 0.16 5 0.81 0.28 3 SOLOMONISLANDS SLB -0.92 0.25 4 -0.67 0.22 4 -1.56 0.29 4 -2.49 0.36 3 -1.03 0.35 3 -1.08 0.29 2 -0.96 0.54 1 -1.04 0.48 1 SOMALIA SOM -2.19 0.23 5 -2.16 0.21 6 -2.08 0.23 6 -1.92 0.23 5 -1.62 0.24 4 -2.25 0.24 3 -2.09 0.19 3 -1.76 0.42 2 SOUTHAFRICA ZAF 0.78 0.15 14 0.83 0.14 14 0.77 0.14 14 0.68 0.14 13 0.68 0.15 13 0.64 0.16 9 0.80 0.15 9 0.39 0.23 7 SPAIN ESP 1.05 0.18 10 1.40 0.16 9 1.36 0.18 9 1.76 0.17 9 1.82 0.17 9 1.75 0.18 7 1.70 0.16 7 1.60 0.26 6 SRI LANKA LKA -0.36 0.16 12 -0.41 0.15 11 -0.33 0.17 11 -0.17 0.16 10 -0.06 0.16 10 -0.30 0.16 7 -0.25 0.16 5 -0.44 0.27 4 ST. KITTSANDNEVIS KNA 0.84 0.30 3 0.96 0.25 4 -0.08 0.30 4 -0.45 0.44 2 -0.27 0.47 2 0.04 0.44 1 -0.23 0.54 1 -0.19 0.48 1 ST. LUCIA LCA 1.00 0.30 3 1.07 0.25 4 0.21 0.30 4 0.12 0.44 2 0.01 0.47 2 0.13 0.44 1 -0.15 0.54 1 0.27 0.48 1 ST. VINCENTANDTHEGRENADINES VCT 0.92 0.30 3 1.02 0.25 4 0.26 0.30 4 -0.17 0.44 2 -0.20 0.47 2 -0.04 0.44 1 -0.23 0.54 1 -0.39 0.48 1 SUDAN SDN -1.14 0.18 10 -1.28 0.17 10 -1.22 0.17 10 -1.19 0.17 9 -1.13 0.17 9 -1.15 0.19 6 -1.15 0.17 5 -1.49 0.28 3 SURINAME SUR -0.03 0.22 6 -0.04 0.23 5 -0.04 0.28 5 -0.18 0.27 4 -0.28 0.26 3 -0.15 0.28 2 -0.64 0.20 2 -0.89 0.68 1 SWAZILAND SWZ -0.70 0.20 8 -0.92 0.21 7 -0.82 0.22 7 -0.80 0.22 6 -0.45 0.23 5 -0.71 0.25 3 -0.67 0.18 3 -0.32 0.48 1 SWEDEN SWE 2.00 0.18 10 1.95 0.16 9 2.07 0.18 9 2.09 0.17 9 2.07 0.18 8 2.00 0.18 7 2.05 0.16 7 2.12 0.26 6 SWITZERLAND CHE 2.13 0.18 10 2.05 0.16 9 2.30 0.18 9 2.05 0.17 9 2.19 0.18 8 2.16 0.18 7 1.99 0.16 7 2.39 0.26 6 SYRIA SYR -1.03 0.19 9 -1.19 0.18 8 -1.05 0.19 8 -1.01 0.19 7 -0.89 0.19 7 -0.98 0.21 4 -0.88 0.17 4 -0.15 0.31 3 TAIWAN TWN 1.11 0.17 11 1.12 0.16 10 1.24 0.17 10 1.11 0.17 10 1.03 0.17 10 0.91 0.18 7 0.79 0.16 7 1.43 0.26 6 TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.06 0.17 12 -1.10 0.17 10 -1.12 0.21 9 -1.11 0.20 8 -1.13 0.20 8 -1.24 0.20 4 -1.49 0.18 3 -1.61 0.40 2 TANZANIA TZA -0.31 0.16 13 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.36 0.15 12 -0.33 0.15 11 -0.40 0.16 10 -0.42 0.19 6 -0.53 0.16 6 -0.84 0.27 4 THAILAND THA 0.29 0.16 13 0.39 0.15 12 0.30 0.16 12 0.24 0.16 11 0.20 0.16 11 0.09 0.17 8 0.09 0.15 8 0.44 0.23 7 TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.71 0.24 5 -0.92 0.22 4 -0.77 0.31 3 -0.96 0.29 3 -0.92 0.30 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TOGO TGO -1.60 0.18 11 -1.43 0.19 8 -1.44 0.21 8 -1.36 0.21 7 -1.30 0.21 6 -1.17 0.23 4 -0.68 0.18 4 -0.68 0.42 2 TONGA TON -0.64 0.25 4 -0.48 0.22 4 -0.68 0.29 4 -0.61 0.36 3 -0.50 0.35 3 -0.55 0.29 2 -0.47 0.54 1 -0.19 0.48 1 TRINIDADANDTOBAGO TTO 0.23 0.19 9 0.28 0.17 9 0.47 0.19 8 0.50 0.19 7 0.35 0.19 6 0.47 0.19 5 0.01 0.17 4 0.12 0.28 3 TUNISIA TUN 0.55 0.17 11 0.45 0.16 11 0.50 0.16 11 0.53 0.16 10 0.61 0.17 10 0.54 0.19 6 0.54 0.16 6 0.51 0.27 4 TURKEY TUR 0.23 0.16 14 0.21 0.15 13 0.07 0.16 13 0.11 0.16 12 0.00 0.16 12 -0.06 0.17 8 -0.22 0.15 8 -0.18 0.23 7 TURKMENISTAN TKM -1.45 0.21 7 -1.58 0.19 7 -1.48 0.23 6 -1.43 0.21 6 -1.56 0.21 6 -1.30 0.23 3 -1.24 0.18 3 -1.51 0.40 2 TUVALU TUV -0.28 0.27 3 -0.02 0.23 3 -1.04 0.32 3 -0.97 0.51 2 -0.24 0.47 2 0.54 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. UGANDA UGA -0.50 0.16 13 -0.47 0.15 12 -0.43 0.15 12 -0.40 0.15 11 -0.54 0.16 10 -0.42 0.19 6 -0.50 0.16 6 -0.57 0.27 4 UKRAINE UKR -0.57 0.17 12 -0.41 0.15 11 -0.65 0.17 11 -0.56 0.16 11 -0.68 0.16 11 -0.66 0.17 7 -0.72 0.15 7 -0.66 0.25 5 UNITEDARABEMIRATES ARE 0.78 0.19 9 0.55 0.17 8 1.03 0.20 7 0.76 0.20 6 0.80 0.19 7 0.81 0.21 4 0.85 0.17 4 0.42 0.31 3 UNITEDKINGDOM GBR 1.83 0.18 10 1.71 0.16 9 1.92 0.18 9 1.94 0.17 9 1.97 0.17 9 1.90 0.18 7 2.04 0.16 7 2.09 0.26 6 UNITEDSTATES USA 1.64 0.18 10 1.60 0.16 9 1.81 0.18 9 1.77 0.17 9 1.78 0.17 9 1.88 0.18 7 1.65 0.16 7 2.12 0.26 6 URUGUAY URY 0.48 0.18 11 0.55 0.16 11 0.52 0.17 11 0.55 0.17 9 0.63 0.17 10 0.56 0.18 6 0.67 0.16 5 -0.08 0.27 4 UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.24 0.19 9 -1.21 0.17 9 -1.09 0.19 9 -1.08 0.17 9 -1.13 0.17 9 -0.97 0.22 4 -0.88 0.29 3 -0.99 0.28 3 VANUATU VUT -0.39 0.25 4 -0.32 0.22 4 -0.64 0.29 4 -0.89 0.36 3 -0.33 0.35 3 -0.62 0.29 2 -0.56 0.54 1 -0.19 0.48 1 VENEZUELA VEN -0.88 0.16 14 -0.84 0.15 13 -0.93 0.16 13 -0.99 0.16 11 -0.98 0.16 12 -0.72 0.17 8 -0.50 0.15 8 -0.98 0.23 7 VIETNAM VNM -0.37 0.15 13 -0.30 0.15 12 -0.41 0.16 12 -0.34 0.16 11 -0.40 0.16 11 -0.44 0.16 8 -0.55 0.15 7 -0.16 0.24 6 VIRGINISLANDS(U.S.) VIR 1.29 0.34 1 1.30 0.27 1 0.56 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. WESTBANKGAZA WBG -1.11 0.30 3 -1.10 0.25 3 -0.86 0.32 3 -1.25 0.31 2 -1.06 0.29 2 -1.24 0.31 1 -1.19 0.20 1 .. .. .. YEMEN YEM -0.93 0.19 10 -0.95 0.18 8 -0.92 0.19 8 -0.74 0.19 7 -0.79 0.19 7 -0.72 0.21 4 -0.64 0.17 4 -0.55 0.28 3 ZAMBIA ZMB -0.74 0.16 13 -0.91 0.16 11 -0.86 0.15 12 -0.80 0.15 11 -0.80 0.16 10 -0.96 0.19 6 -1.00 0.16 6 -0.59 0.27 4 ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.53 0.16 13 -1.53 0.15 12 -1.14 0.16 11 -1.13 0.16 10 -1.07 0.17 10 -0.98 0.18 7 -0.50 0.16 7 -0.44 0.25 5 84 TABLEC4: RegulatoryQuality 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.70 0.22 6 -1.64 0.22 5 -1.78 0.23 5 -1.80 0.25 3 -1.92 0.29 3 -2.66 0.38 2 -1.91 0.90 1 .. .. .. ALBANIA ALB -0.14 0.18 11 -0.22 0.19 10 -0.19 0.19 9 -0.44 0.19 8 -0.25 0.22 8 -0.20 0.24 7 -0.29 0.37 6 0.11 0.35 5 ALGERIA DZA -0.61 0.17 10 -0.56 0.17 11 -0.54 0.17 11 -0.58 0.18 10 -0.67 0.20 9 -0.77 0.23 7 -1.13 0.32 7 -0.89 0.33 5 AMERICANSAMOA ASM 0.35 0.35 1 0.36 0.33 1 0.47 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANDORRA ADO 1.33 0.35 1 1.34 0.33 1 1.37 0.34 1 1.40 0.31 1 1.42 0.37 1 1.25 0.43 1 1.07 0.90 1 .. .. .. ANGOLA AGO -1.20 0.17 11 -1.32 0.17 10 -1.21 0.17 10 -1.36 0.18 9 -1.48 0.21 8 -1.88 0.24 6 -1.96 0.32 7 -1.41 0.33 5 ANGUILLA AIA 1.33 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 0.87 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANTIGUAANDBARBUDA ATG 0.60 0.35 1 0.52 0.32 2 0.54 0.31 2 0.66 0.31 1 0.68 0.37 1 0.76 0.43 1 0.67 0.90 1 .. .. .. ARGENTINA ARG -0.74 0.18 10 -0.65 0.17 11 -0.75 0.18 11 -0.67 0.17 10 -1.02 0.19 10 0.34 0.20 8 0.66 0.26 8 0.81 0.23 7 ARMENIA ARM 0.26 0.17 13 0.14 0.18 11 0.00 0.19 10 0.07 0.19 9 -0.03 0.21 9 -0.18 0.24 7 -0.74 0.37 6 -1.33 0.41 3 ARUBA ABW 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.33 1 0.73 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. AUSTRALIA AUS 1.67 0.20 8 1.60 0.20 8 1.71 0.20 8 1.60 0.19 8 1.44 0.22 7 1.63 0.22 7 1.38 0.27 7 1.11 0.23 6 AUSTRIA AUT 1.53 0.20 8 1.53 0.20 8 1.49 0.20 8 1.54 0.19 8 1.61 0.22 7 1.59 0.22 7 1.27 0.27 7 1.21 0.23 6 AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.44 0.17 13 -0.51 0.17 13 -0.56 0.17 12 -0.60 0.17 11 -0.71 0.19 11 -0.69 0.22 9 -0.84 0.33 7 -0.96 0.34 5 BAHAMAS BHS 1.08 0.28 3 1.08 0.27 3 1.11 0.27 3 1.14 0.26 3 1.30 0.29 3 1.15 0.35 3 0.97 0.57 3 0.50 0.55 2 BAHRAIN BHR 0.72 0.20 8 0.79 0.20 8 0.91 0.20 8 0.78 0.20 7 0.97 0.21 8 0.92 0.28 5 0.55 0.39 5 0.56 0.35 4 BANGLADESH BGD -0.87 0.18 11 -0.96 0.18 11 -1.05 0.18 11 -0.91 0.17 10 -0.95 0.20 10 -0.68 0.23 8 -0.51 0.36 6 -0.17 0.33 5 BARBADOS BRB 0.89 0.27 4 1.16 0.28 4 1.04 0.28 4 1.08 0.28 3 1.06 0.34 2 1.26 0.37 2 1.10 0.65 2 0.93 0.68 1 BELARUS BLR -1.60 0.18 10 -1.52 0.19 9 -1.50 0.19 9 -1.71 0.19 9 -1.75 0.22 8 -2.04 0.24 7 -2.22 0.37 6 -1.64 0.38 4 BELGIUM BEL 1.32 0.20 8 1.28 0.20 8 1.43 0.20 8 1.38 0.19 8 1.42 0.21 8 1.16 0.22 7 0.98 0.27 7 1.05 0.23 6 BELIZE BLZ -0.19 0.23 6 -0.03 0.25 5 -0.06 0.25 5 0.14 0.25 4 0.02 0.30 3 0.00 0.31 3 0.29 0.52 3 0.24 0.55 2 BENIN BEN -0.37 0.18 9 -0.45 0.19 8 -0.51 0.20 7 -0.53 0.22 6 -0.39 0.24 5 -0.11 0.27 4 0.26 0.43 4 0.17 0.55 2 BERMUDA BMU 1.33 0.35 1 1.34 0.33 1 1.39 0.34 1 1.40 0.31 1 1.42 0.37 1 1.49 0.43 1 0.67 0.90 1 .. .. .. BHUTAN BTN -0.17 0.25 5 -0.16 0.26 5 -0.69 0.25 5 0.09 0.23 4 -0.40 0.31 3 -0.30 0.33 3 -0.02 0.63 2 0.12 0.73 1 BOLIVIA BOL -1.03 0.19 10 -0.57 0.18 10 -0.18 0.18 10 -0.03 0.18 9 0.00 0.20 9 0.17 0.23 7 0.35 0.30 7 0.83 0.33 5 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.44 0.18 11 -0.37 0.18 11 -0.36 0.18 11 -0.59 0.19 9 -0.59 0.21 9 -0.60 0.24 6 -0.97 0.38 5 -0.63 0.59 2 BOTSWANA BWA 0.48 0.17 11 0.63 0.17 11 0.58 0.17 11 0.80 0.18 10 0.85 0.19 10 0.66 0.23 7 1.10 0.32 7 0.77 0.33 5 BRAZIL BRA 0.00 0.18 11 0.04 0.17 11 0.05 0.18 11 0.32 0.17 10 0.22 0.19 10 0.41 0.20 8 0.37 0.26 8 0.39 0.23 7 BRUNEI BRN 0.96 0.30 2 0.97 0.28 2 1.19 0.29 2 1.01 0.27 2 1.07 0.31 2 0.93 0.40 2 0.61 0.73 2 3.54 0.72 1 BULGARIA BGR 0.54 0.17 12 0.67 0.17 11 0.63 0.18 11 0.62 0.17 11 0.56 0.19 11 0.25 0.21 9 0.18 0.28 8 0.22 0.32 6 BURKINAFASO BFA -0.40 0.17 11 -0.44 0.18 8 -0.26 0.19 8 -0.27 0.20 7 -0.11 0.22 6 -0.09 0.26 5 0.03 0.41 5 -0.06 0.47 3 BURUNDI BDI -1.18 0.18 10 -1.23 0.19 7 -1.20 0.21 6 -1.27 0.22 5 -1.31 0.26 4 -1.16 0.29 3 -1.70 0.43 4 -1.54 0.55 2 CAMBODIA KHM -0.63 0.20 9 -0.48 0.19 9 -0.39 0.20 8 -0.32 0.19 7 -0.30 0.23 7 -0.17 0.27 5 -0.02 0.43 4 0.03 0.45 3 CAMEROON CMR -0.69 0.17 11 -0.71 0.17 11 -0.60 0.17 10 -0.77 0.18 10 -0.77 0.20 9 -0.45 0.23 7 -0.30 0.32 7 -0.75 0.33 5 CANADA CAN 1.53 0.20 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.63 0.20 8 1.53 0.19 8 1.58 0.21 8 1.49 0.22 7 1.32 0.27 7 1.02 0.23 6 CAPEVERDE CPV -0.21 0.21 6 -0.23 0.22 5 -0.30 0.22 5 -0.19 0.25 4 -0.20 0.27 4 0.08 0.33 3 -0.17 0.45 3 -0.39 0.55 2 CAYMANISLANDS CYM 1.33 0.35 1 1.34 0.33 1 1.42 0.34 1 1.40 0.31 1 1.42 0.37 1 1.25 0.43 1 0.67 0.90 1 .. .. .. CENTRAL AFRICANREPUBLIC CAF -1.23 0.20 6 -1.34 0.19 7 -1.37 0.20 7 -1.28 0.22 6 -1.08 0.24 5 -0.95 0.29 3 -1.23 0.49 3 -0.28 0.73 1 CHAD TCD -1.15 0.18 9 -1.04 0.19 8 -0.87 0.19 8 -0.91 0.21 7 -0.84 0.24 6 -0.82 0.27 4 -0.77 0.43 4 -0.73 0.55 2 CHILE CHL 1.41 0.18 10 1.44 0.17 11 1.42 0.18 11 1.50 0.17 10 1.48 0.19 10 1.39 0.20 8 1.23 0.26 8 1.30 0.23 7 CHINA CHN -0.19 0.18 11 -0.28 0.17 11 -0.35 0.18 11 -0.44 0.17 10 -0.56 0.19 10 -0.28 0.20 8 0.09 0.26 8 0.20 0.23 7 COLOMBIA COL 0.10 0.18 11 0.04 0.17 11 -0.06 0.18 11 -0.02 0.17 10 0.07 0.19 10 0.15 0.20 8 0.08 0.26 8 0.59 0.23 7 COMOROS COM -1.52 0.23 4 -1.58 0.23 4 -1.51 0.23 4 -1.33 0.26 3 -1.08 0.29 3 -1.31 0.29 3 -1.06 0.49 3 -0.75 0.73 1 CONGO COG -1.19 0.19 9 -1.22 0.18 9 -0.98 0.20 7 -1.10 0.22 6 -1.08 0.24 6 -1.34 0.26 5 -1.52 0.41 5 -1.00 0.47 3 CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.51 0.18 9 -1.61 0.17 9 -1.73 0.17 9 -1.68 0.20 7 -1.71 0.22 7 -2.35 0.27 5 -2.99 0.36 6 -2.64 0.36 4 COOKISLANDS COK 0.55 0.66 1 0.60 0.78 1 -0.07 0.65 1 -0.20 0.43 1 -0.05 0.76 1 0.04 0.78 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. COSTARICA CRI 0.44 0.19 10 0.62 0.18 10 0.51 0.18 10 0.54 0.18 9 0.48 0.20 9 0.76 0.23 7 0.89 0.30 7 0.62 0.28 6 COTED'IVOIRE CIV -1.09 0.18 9 -1.00 0.17 9 -0.89 0.17 10 -0.71 0.18 9 -0.47 0.20 9 -0.40 0.23 7 0.14 0.32 7 -0.01 0.33 5 CROATIA HRV 0.35 0.17 12 0.51 0.17 12 0.46 0.17 12 0.39 0.17 11 0.30 0.19 11 0.05 0.22 8 0.14 0.33 7 0.23 0.34 5 CUBA CUB -1.80 0.21 7 -1.72 0.20 8 -1.46 0.20 8 -1.33 0.20 7 -1.29 0.22 7 -1.21 0.28 5 -1.05 0.39 5 -0.86 0.35 4 CYPRUS CYP 1.24 0.23 6 1.30 0.22 6 1.25 0.22 6 1.21 0.22 5 1.23 0.24 5 1.10 0.28 5 1.11 0.39 5 1.26 0.35 4 CZECHREPUBLIC CZE 0.95 0.18 11 1.06 0.18 11 1.01 0.17 12 1.16 0.16 12 1.16 0.18 12 0.68 0.19 10 0.73 0.25 9 0.94 0.22 8 DENMARK DNK 1.81 0.20 8 1.69 0.20 8 1.79 0.20 8 1.82 0.19 8 1.73 0.22 7 1.64 0.22 7 1.46 0.27 7 1.30 0.23 6 DJIBOUTI DJI -0.93 0.22 5 -0.82 0.22 5 -0.75 0.22 5 -0.77 0.25 4 -0.64 0.27 4 -0.80 0.27 4 -0.98 0.43 4 -0.06 0.55 2 DOMINICA DMA 0.90 0.30 2 0.64 0.28 3 0.59 0.28 3 0.77 0.28 2 0.70 0.32 2 0.55 0.34 2 -0.14 0.63 2 -0.20 0.73 1 DOMINICANREPUBLIC DOM -0.12 0.19 10 -0.27 0.18 10 -0.29 0.18 10 -0.20 0.18 9 -0.11 0.20 9 -0.01 0.25 6 0.09 0.41 5 -0.02 0.40 4 ECUADOR ECU -1.06 0.19 10 -0.83 0.18 10 -0.59 0.18 10 -0.53 0.18 9 -0.57 0.20 9 -0.42 0.23 7 -0.05 0.30 7 0.12 0.33 5 EGYPT EGY -0.44 0.17 11 -0.47 0.17 11 -0.43 0.17 11 -0.48 0.18 10 -0.46 0.19 10 -0.28 0.21 8 -0.02 0.28 8 0.17 0.28 6 EL SALVADOR SLV 0.13 0.19 9 0.11 0.19 9 0.14 0.19 9 -0.03 0.19 8 0.06 0.21 8 0.22 0.24 6 0.74 0.33 6 0.71 0.32 5 EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.38 0.20 7 -1.34 0.20 6 -1.41 0.20 7 -1.37 0.21 6 -1.51 0.24 6 -1.79 0.24 5 -1.77 0.37 5 -1.57 0.54 2 ERITREA ERI -1.87 0.19 7 -1.74 0.20 6 -1.47 0.21 6 -1.31 0.22 5 -1.07 0.26 4 -0.81 0.29 3 -0.40 0.49 3 -0.12 0.73 1 ESTONIA EST 1.42 0.18 11 1.43 0.17 12 1.41 0.17 12 1.42 0.16 12 1.41 0.18 12 1.29 0.19 10 1.39 0.33 7 1.37 0.34 5 ETHIOPIA ETH -0.82 0.17 10 -1.00 0.17 10 -0.93 0.17 10 -1.10 0.18 9 -1.12 0.20 8 -1.17 0.24 6 -1.00 0.36 6 -1.74 0.40 4 FIJI FJI -0.38 0.28 3 -0.41 0.27 3 -0.65 0.27 3 -0.40 0.26 3 -0.03 0.30 3 -0.60 0.31 3 -0.12 0.52 3 -0.37 0.55 2 FINLAND FIN 1.70 0.20 8 1.75 0.20 8 1.82 0.20 8 1.91 0.19 8 1.89 0.21 8 1.88 0.22 7 1.67 0.27 7 1.18 0.23 6 FRANCE FRA 1.06 0.20 8 1.06 0.20 8 1.16 0.20 8 1.20 0.19 8 1.04 0.21 8 0.95 0.22 7 0.74 0.27 7 0.84 0.23 6 FRENCHGUIANA GUF 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.33 1 0.49 0.34 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.93 0.37 1 1.00 0.43 1 0.08 0.90 1 .. .. .. GABON GAB -0.45 0.19 9 -0.36 0.18 9 -0.49 0.18 9 -0.17 0.19 8 -0.17 0.21 8 -0.09 0.23 7 0.42 0.36 6 -0.07 0.40 4 85 TABLE C4: RegulatoryQuality(cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. GAMBIA GMB -0.38 0.19 8 -0.47 0.20 7 -0.36 0.20 7 -0.47 0.22 6 -0.54 0.25 5 -0.23 0.26 5 0.05 0.41 5 -1.66 0.47 3 GEORGIA GEO -0.22 0.18 11 -0.54 0.19 10 -0.57 0.19 10 -0.74 0.20 8 -0.80 0.23 8 -0.47 0.25 6 -0.81 0.38 5 -1.16 0.38 4 GERMANY DEU 1.39 0.20 8 1.36 0.20 8 1.42 0.20 8 1.52 0.19 8 1.56 0.21 8 1.54 0.22 7 1.07 0.27 7 1.12 0.23 6 GHANA GHA -0.09 0.18 10 -0.12 0.17 11 -0.41 0.17 11 -0.31 0.18 10 -0.38 0.20 9 0.01 0.23 7 -0.02 0.32 7 0.19 0.33 5 GREECE GRC 0.79 0.20 8 0.86 0.20 8 0.87 0.20 8 1.05 0.19 8 1.01 0.21 8 0.89 0.22 7 0.84 0.27 7 0.77 0.23 6 GRENADA GRD 0.44 0.28 3 0.30 0.28 3 0.18 0.28 3 0.37 0.28 2 0.38 0.32 2 0.42 0.34 2 0.39 0.63 2 -0.12 0.73 1 GUAM GUM 0.60 0.35 1 0.60 0.33 1 0.68 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GUATEMALA GTM -0.09 0.19 10 -0.28 0.19 9 -0.13 0.19 9 -0.24 0.19 8 -0.10 0.21 8 -0.04 0.24 6 0.36 0.41 5 0.19 0.32 5 GUINEA GIN -1.05 0.18 10 -0.89 0.18 8 -1.10 0.19 8 -1.11 0.20 7 -0.92 0.22 7 -0.54 0.26 5 0.00 0.41 5 0.15 0.47 3 GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -1.06 0.21 6 -1.11 0.20 6 -1.14 0.20 6 -0.91 0.23 5 -0.97 0.25 5 -1.24 0.26 5 -1.68 0.41 5 0.18 0.57 2 GUYANA GUY -0.48 0.20 8 -0.39 0.22 7 -0.25 0.23 6 -0.23 0.23 5 -0.43 0.26 4 -0.17 0.30 4 0.17 0.48 4 0.24 0.47 3 HAITI HTI -0.82 0.21 7 -1.24 0.20 7 -1.35 0.21 7 -1.09 0.21 7 -1.03 0.23 6 -0.97 0.30 4 -1.12 0.48 4 -1.07 0.47 3 HONDURAS HND -0.44 0.19 10 -0.43 0.19 9 -0.36 0.19 9 -0.51 0.19 8 -0.37 0.21 8 -0.23 0.24 6 0.29 0.41 5 -0.30 0.32 5 HONG KONG HKG 1.95 0.20 8 1.86 0.20 8 1.83 0.20 8 1.72 0.19 8 1.54 0.21 8 1.69 0.22 7 1.78 0.27 7 1.59 0.23 6 HUNGARY HUN 1.10 0.17 12 1.11 0.17 12 1.13 0.17 12 1.15 0.16 12 1.26 0.18 12 0.94 0.19 10 1.12 0.25 9 0.66 0.22 8 ICELAND ISL 1.62 0.21 7 1.65 0.23 6 1.69 0.23 6 1.63 0.22 6 1.44 0.24 5 1.47 0.25 5 1.00 0.31 5 0.42 0.27 4 INDIA IND -0.15 0.18 11 -0.24 0.17 11 -0.38 0.18 11 -0.36 0.17 10 -0.35 0.19 10 -0.13 0.20 8 -0.28 0.26 8 0.02 0.23 7 INDONESIA IDN -0.26 0.17 12 -0.48 0.17 12 -0.50 0.17 12 -0.61 0.16 11 -0.68 0.19 11 -0.33 0.20 9 0.02 0.26 8 0.43 0.23 7 IRAN IRN -1.51 0.20 9 -1.48 0.19 9 -1.17 0.19 9 -1.12 0.19 8 -1.29 0.21 8 -1.54 0.28 5 -1.72 0.39 5 -1.73 0.35 4 IRAQ IRQ -1.46 0.22 6 -1.59 0.21 6 -1.60 0.21 6 -1.41 0.20 6 -2.20 0.23 6 -2.40 0.28 5 -2.90 0.39 5 -2.99 0.35 4 IRELAND IRL 1.75 0.20 8 1.59 0.20 8 1.63 0.20 8 1.67 0.19 8 1.73 0.22 7 1.78 0.22 7 1.59 0.27 7 1.31 0.23 6 ISRAEL ISR 0.91 0.20 8 0.82 0.20 8 0.82 0.20 8 0.92 0.19 8 0.95 0.21 8 1.14 0.22 7 0.92 0.27 7 1.07 0.23 6 ITALY ITA 0.84 0.20 8 0.88 0.20 8 1.05 0.20 8 1.04 0.19 8 0.95 0.21 8 0.86 0.22 7 0.81 0.27 7 0.68 0.23 6 JAMAICA JAM 0.25 0.19 9 0.26 0.19 9 0.16 0.19 9 0.19 0.19 8 0.25 0.21 8 0.22 0.24 6 0.35 0.41 5 0.52 0.40 4 JAPAN JPN 1.27 0.20 8 1.14 0.20 8 1.09 0.20 8 0.98 0.19 8 0.56 0.21 8 0.74 0.22 7 0.54 0.27 7 0.56 0.23 6 JORDAN JOR 0.41 0.18 11 0.25 0.17 11 0.32 0.18 11 0.21 0.17 10 0.12 0.20 9 0.30 0.23 7 0.69 0.30 7 0.27 0.28 6 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.42 0.17 12 -0.47 0.17 12 -0.63 0.18 11 -0.66 0.18 10 -0.78 0.20 10 -0.67 0.21 9 -0.28 0.33 7 -0.35 0.37 4 KENYA KEN -0.21 0.17 11 -0.25 0.17 11 -0.18 0.17 11 -0.13 0.18 10 -0.24 0.20 9 -0.32 0.23 7 -0.47 0.32 7 -0.28 0.33 5 KIRIBATI KIR -1.01 0.28 3 -1.00 0.28 3 -0.59 0.28 3 -0.97 0.35 2 -1.14 0.50 2 -1.04 0.47 2 -1.00 0.71 1 -0.36 0.73 1 KOREA, NORTH PRK -2.51 0.22 6 -2.24 0.21 6 -2.19 0.21 6 -2.02 0.23 4 -1.92 0.26 4 -2.15 0.35 3 -0.96 0.57 3 -2.25 0.55 2 KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.70 0.18 10 0.77 0.18 10 0.75 0.18 10 0.66 0.17 10 0.76 0.19 10 0.56 0.20 8 0.40 0.26 8 0.52 0.23 6 KUWAIT KWT 0.51 0.22 7 0.54 0.22 7 0.60 0.22 6 0.38 0.21 6 0.38 0.23 7 -0.05 0.28 5 -0.44 0.39 5 -0.01 0.35 4 KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.57 0.18 12 -0.66 0.19 11 -0.16 0.19 10 -0.25 0.19 9 -0.19 0.23 9 -0.33 0.24 7 -0.49 0.38 5 -0.46 0.42 3 LAOS LAO -1.09 0.20 9 -1.19 0.21 8 -1.19 0.22 7 -1.30 0.20 6 -1.26 0.25 6 -1.32 0.30 4 -1.20 0.52 3 -1.37 0.55 2 LATVIA LVA 1.06 0.18 11 1.03 0.17 11 1.04 0.18 11 1.06 0.17 11 0.94 0.19 11 0.68 0.21 8 0.97 0.33 7 0.88 0.34 5 LEBANON LBN -0.09 0.20 9 -0.19 0.19 9 -0.17 0.19 9 -0.20 0.19 8 -0.37 0.20 9 -0.30 0.25 6 0.02 0.36 6 0.08 0.33 5 LESOTHO LSO -0.62 0.19 9 -0.61 0.21 7 -0.58 0.21 7 -0.57 0.23 6 -0.36 0.26 5 -0.37 0.27 4 -0.41 0.43 4 -0.71 0.55 2 LIBERIA LBR -1.64 0.22 4 -1.63 0.21 4 -1.88 0.21 5 -1.76 0.23 4 -1.77 0.25 4 -1.79 0.28 4 -2.42 0.45 4 -3.17 0.57 2 LIBYA LBY -1.40 0.21 7 -1.27 0.20 7 -1.25 0.20 7 -1.60 0.20 7 -1.65 0.22 7 -1.81 0.28 5 -2.39 0.39 5 -2.13 0.35 4 LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.33 0.35 1 1.58 0.33 1 1.51 0.34 1 1.64 0.31 1 1.67 0.37 1 1.49 0.43 1 1.07 0.90 1 .. .. .. LITHUANIA LTU 1.02 0.18 10 1.14 0.17 11 1.18 0.18 11 1.12 0.17 11 1.10 0.19 11 0.67 0.21 9 0.73 0.33 7 0.69 0.34 5 LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.79 0.21 7 1.82 0.23 6 1.96 0.23 6 1.96 0.22 6 2.01 0.25 5 2.00 0.25 5 1.48 0.31 5 1.31 0.27 4 MACAO MAC 1.09 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 1.54 0.34 1 1.15 0.31 1 0.68 0.37 1 0.51 0.43 1 0.27 0.90 1 .. .. .. MACEDONIA MKD -0.06 0.18 11 -0.14 0.18 11 -0.11 0.18 11 -0.21 0.18 10 -0.15 0.21 8 -0.14 0.26 4 -0.24 0.42 4 -0.18 0.50 3 MADAGASCAR MDG -0.28 0.17 11 -0.32 0.18 9 -0.27 0.18 9 -0.19 0.20 8 -0.29 0.22 6 -0.56 0.26 5 -0.64 0.41 5 -0.57 0.47 3 MALAWI MWI -0.64 0.17 11 -0.57 0.17 10 -0.52 0.17 10 -0.46 0.18 9 -0.53 0.20 8 -0.24 0.24 6 -0.01 0.36 6 -0.17 0.40 4 MALAYSIA MYS 0.67 0.18 11 0.49 0.17 11 0.57 0.18 11 0.64 0.17 10 0.47 0.19 10 0.40 0.20 8 0.59 0.26 8 0.82 0.23 7 MALDIVES MDV 0.26 0.27 4 0.33 0.27 4 -0.06 0.26 4 0.48 0.24 3 0.66 0.31 3 0.62 0.33 3 0.68 0.63 2 0.28 0.73 1 MALI MLI -0.41 0.18 10 -0.47 0.18 9 -0.46 0.18 9 -0.45 0.20 8 -0.39 0.22 7 -0.18 0.26 5 0.16 0.41 5 0.19 0.47 3 MALTA MLT 1.22 0.23 6 1.21 0.25 5 1.30 0.25 5 1.28 0.24 5 1.06 0.29 3 1.09 0.35 3 1.13 0.57 3 0.86 0.55 2 MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -0.96 0.44 2 -0.77 0.46 2 -0.94 0.43 2 -0.77 0.35 2 -0.78 0.50 2 -0.78 0.47 2 -0.86 0.71 1 .. .. .. MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.33 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.93 0.37 1 1.00 0.43 1 0.27 0.90 1 .. .. .. MAURITANIA MRT -0.24 0.20 8 -0.16 0.21 6 -0.04 0.22 6 -0.11 0.24 5 0.22 0.27 4 -0.38 0.27 4 -0.58 0.43 4 -0.69 0.55 2 MAURITIUS MUS 0.58 0.18 9 0.41 0.18 8 0.40 0.20 7 0.65 0.21 6 0.59 0.24 6 0.61 0.26 5 0.54 0.32 5 0.29 0.54 2 MEXICO MEX 0.43 0.18 11 0.35 0.17 11 0.44 0.18 11 0.40 0.17 10 0.48 0.19 10 0.39 0.20 8 0.67 0.26 8 0.65 0.23 7 MICRONESIA FSM 0.15 0.28 3 0.14 0.28 3 -0.04 0.28 3 -0.58 0.35 2 -0.69 0.50 2 -0.82 0.47 2 -0.73 0.71 1 .. .. .. MOLDOVA MDA -0.36 0.17 12 -0.48 0.17 12 -0.63 0.18 11 -0.58 0.18 10 -0.44 0.20 9 -0.42 0.22 8 -0.24 0.33 7 0.17 0.34 5 MONGOLIA MNG -0.31 0.18 11 -0.33 0.20 9 -0.39 0.20 8 -0.36 0.19 7 -0.07 0.23 6 -0.04 0.29 5 0.17 0.48 4 -0.69 0.47 3 MONTENEGRO MNP -0.40 0.20 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MOROCCO MAR -0.15 0.17 11 -0.32 0.17 11 -0.18 0.17 11 -0.16 0.18 10 -0.09 0.19 10 0.00 0.23 7 0.14 0.32 7 0.22 0.33 5 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.49 0.17 11 -0.58 0.17 11 -0.38 0.17 11 -0.39 0.18 10 -0.29 0.20 8 -0.21 0.24 6 -0.18 0.36 6 -0.93 0.40 4 MYANMAR MMR -2.24 0.21 8 -2.26 0.20 8 -2.32 0.20 8 -2.03 0.20 7 -2.06 0.22 7 -1.89 0.28 5 -1.50 0.39 5 -1.09 0.35 4 NAMIBIA NAM 0.16 0.17 10 0.07 0.17 11 0.23 0.17 11 0.31 0.18 10 0.44 0.19 10 0.25 0.24 6 0.41 0.36 6 0.08 0.40 4 NEPAL NPL -0.56 0.19 10 -0.61 0.20 9 -0.64 0.20 8 -0.54 0.20 6 -0.57 0.25 6 -0.61 0.30 4 -0.62 0.52 3 -0.64 0.55 2 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.65 0.20 8 1.71 0.20 8 1.81 0.20 8 1.78 0.19 8 1.89 0.21 8 1.99 0.22 7 1.74 0.27 7 1.36 0.23 6 NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.33 1 0.61 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NEW CALEDONIA NCL 0.03 0.68 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.41 0.72 1 NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.68 0.20 8 1.69 0.20 8 1.81 0.20 8 1.72 0.19 8 1.62 0.22 7 1.54 0.22 7 1.81 0.27 7 1.60 0.23 6 NICARAGUA NIC -0.48 0.19 10 -0.33 0.19 9 -0.27 0.19 9 -0.34 0.19 8 -0.39 0.21 8 -0.04 0.24 6 0.25 0.41 5 -0.04 0.32 5 86 TABLEC4: RegulatoryQuality(cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. NIGER NER -0.56 0.18 9 -0.48 0.18 8 -0.60 0.19 8 -0.69 0.20 7 -0.63 0.22 6 -0.61 0.26 5 -0.55 0.41 5 -1.13 0.47 3 NIGERIA NGA -0.89 0.17 11 -0.92 0.17 11 -1.28 0.17 11 -1.12 0.18 10 -1.18 0.19 10 -0.65 0.21 8 -0.81 0.32 7 -1.12 0.33 5 NORWAY NOR 1.34 0.20 8 1.46 0.20 8 1.53 0.20 8 1.37 0.19 8 1.26 0.22 7 1.01 0.22 7 1.18 0.27 7 1.14 0.23 6 OMAN OMN 0.75 0.23 6 0.67 0.22 6 0.66 0.22 6 0.68 0.21 6 0.73 0.23 7 0.20 0.28 5 0.03 0.39 5 0.13 0.35 4 PAKISTAN PAK -0.39 0.18 11 -0.61 0.18 11 -0.88 0.18 11 -0.74 0.17 10 -0.81 0.21 9 -0.72 0.25 7 -0.51 0.36 6 -0.31 0.33 5 PANAMA PAN 0.33 0.19 10 0.27 0.18 10 0.31 0.19 9 0.37 0.20 8 0.51 0.22 8 0.71 0.23 7 0.95 0.36 6 0.62 0.33 5 PAPUANEWGUINEA PNG -0.70 0.20 9 -0.87 0.19 9 -0.76 0.19 9 -0.70 0.18 8 -0.60 0.21 7 -0.54 0.25 7 -0.48 0.41 5 -0.67 0.40 4 PARAGUAY PRY -0.68 0.19 9 -0.79 0.19 9 -0.64 0.19 9 -0.63 0.19 8 -0.55 0.21 8 -0.83 0.24 6 -0.50 0.41 5 0.83 0.40 4 PERU PER 0.11 0.19 10 0.10 0.18 10 0.13 0.18 10 0.12 0.18 9 0.11 0.20 9 0.50 0.23 7 0.69 0.30 7 0.69 0.28 6 PHILIPPINES PHL -0.06 0.18 11 -0.04 0.17 11 -0.29 0.18 11 -0.05 0.17 10 -0.06 0.19 10 0.16 0.20 8 0.52 0.26 8 0.64 0.23 7 POLAND POL 0.64 0.17 12 0.79 0.17 12 0.75 0.17 12 0.62 0.16 12 0.65 0.18 12 0.65 0.19 10 0.72 0.25 9 0.57 0.22 8 PORTUGAL PRT 1.00 0.20 8 1.19 0.20 8 1.21 0.20 8 1.25 0.19 8 1.28 0.22 7 0.98 0.22 7 1.22 0.27 7 1.10 0.23 6 PUERTORICO PRI 0.95 0.30 3 1.00 0.29 3 0.84 0.30 3 1.10 0.28 3 1.23 0.34 2 1.28 0.38 2 0.93 0.58 2 0.98 0.51 1 QATAR QAT 0.45 0.22 7 0.33 0.22 7 0.31 0.22 6 0.28 0.21 6 0.27 0.24 6 0.11 0.28 5 0.21 0.39 5 0.38 0.39 3 REUNION REU 1.09 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 1.16 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ROMANIA ROM 0.37 0.17 12 0.17 0.17 13 0.13 0.17 13 -0.10 0.16 12 0.03 0.19 11 -0.18 0.21 9 0.36 0.33 7 -0.24 0.32 6 RUSSIA RUS -0.45 0.17 12 -0.33 0.17 12 -0.26 0.17 12 -0.38 0.16 12 -0.44 0.18 12 -0.80 0.19 10 -0.46 0.25 9 -0.38 0.22 8 RWANDA RWA -0.64 0.19 7 -0.80 0.20 6 -0.56 0.20 6 -0.71 0.22 5 -0.75 0.24 5 -1.04 0.27 4 -1.22 0.43 4 -1.75 0.55 2 SAMOA SAM -0.03 0.28 3 0.03 0.28 3 -0.07 0.28 3 -0.07 0.24 3 -0.08 0.31 3 -0.09 0.30 4 -0.06 0.52 3 -0.19 0.55 2 SAOTOMEANDPRINCIPE STP -0.77 0.22 5 -0.85 0.23 4 -0.84 0.23 4 -0.62 0.26 3 -0.47 0.29 3 -0.85 0.29 3 -0.95 0.49 3 -0.36 0.73 1 SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.02 0.21 7 0.02 0.20 7 -0.02 0.20 7 -0.01 0.20 7 -0.09 0.21 8 -0.09 0.28 5 -0.02 0.39 5 -0.35 0.35 4 SENEGAL SEN -0.29 0.18 10 -0.32 0.17 9 -0.24 0.17 9 -0.23 0.18 9 -0.23 0.20 8 -0.06 0.24 6 -0.16 0.36 6 -0.31 0.40 4 SERBIA YUG -0.37 0.18 10 -0.51 0.18 10 -0.50 0.18 10 -0.63 0.18 10 -0.61 0.20 10 -0.68 0.33 3 -1.37 0.52 3 -1.28 0.49 3 SEYCHELLES SYC -0.63 0.22 5 -0.68 0.20 6 -0.70 0.20 6 -0.32 0.25 4 -0.67 0.29 3 -0.71 0.29 3 -0.73 0.49 3 -1.23 0.73 1 SIERRALEONE SLE -1.12 0.19 8 -1.04 0.19 7 -1.14 0.19 7 -1.26 0.21 6 -1.30 0.22 6 -1.37 0.28 4 -1.44 0.41 5 -0.81 0.47 3 SINGAPORE SGP 1.85 0.19 9 1.80 0.19 9 1.87 0.19 9 1.82 0.18 9 1.87 0.20 9 2.03 0.22 7 1.93 0.27 7 1.74 0.23 6 SLOVAKIA SVK 1.08 0.17 12 1.17 0.17 12 1.17 0.17 12 0.97 0.16 12 0.90 0.18 12 0.31 0.21 9 0.21 0.29 7 0.36 0.27 7 SLOVENIA SVN 0.78 0.18 11 0.81 0.18 11 0.92 0.18 11 0.90 0.16 12 0.84 0.18 12 0.64 0.19 10 1.09 0.33 7 0.86 0.34 5 SOLOMONISLANDS SLB -1.13 0.28 3 -1.07 0.28 3 -1.39 0.28 3 -2.36 0.35 2 -1.91 0.50 2 -1.63 0.47 2 -1.13 0.71 1 -1.31 0.73 1 SOMALIA SOM -2.70 0.22 4 -2.36 0.20 5 -2.29 0.21 5 -2.16 0.23 4 -2.14 0.27 3 -2.48 0.33 3 -2.63 0.48 4 -2.97 0.47 3 SOUTHAFRICA ZAF 0.68 0.17 11 0.51 0.16 12 0.52 0.16 12 0.59 0.17 11 0.57 0.18 11 0.47 0.19 9 0.20 0.24 9 0.17 0.23 7 SPAIN ESP 1.06 0.20 8 1.24 0.20 8 1.31 0.20 8 1.30 0.19 8 1.34 0.21 8 1.33 0.22 7 1.20 0.27 7 0.95 0.23 6 SRI LANKA LKA -0.11 0.18 11 -0.19 0.18 11 0.00 0.18 11 0.10 0.17 10 0.22 0.20 10 0.19 0.23 8 0.26 0.36 6 0.41 0.33 5 ST. KITTSANDNEVIS KNA 1.00 0.30 2 1.02 0.28 3 0.06 0.28 3 0.16 0.53 1 0.13 0.56 1 0.20 0.51 1 0.46 0.71 1 -0.12 0.73 1 ST. LUCIA LCA 1.08 0.30 2 1.02 0.28 3 0.15 0.28 3 0.16 0.53 1 0.13 0.56 1 0.20 0.51 1 0.46 0.71 1 -0.12 0.73 1 ST. VINCENTANDTHEGRENADINES VCT 0.90 0.30 2 0.98 0.28 3 0.14 0.28 3 0.16 0.53 1 0.13 0.56 1 0.20 0.51 1 0.33 0.71 1 -0.20 0.73 1 SUDAN SDN -1.15 0.18 9 -1.24 0.17 9 -1.11 0.17 9 -1.20 0.18 8 -1.20 0.21 8 -1.31 0.24 6 -1.49 0.36 6 -1.98 0.40 4 SURINAME SUR -0.36 0.23 6 -0.51 0.25 5 -0.53 0.25 5 -0.48 0.25 4 -0.71 0.29 3 -0.63 0.35 3 -0.51 0.57 3 -0.53 0.55 2 SWAZILAND SWZ -0.52 0.20 8 -0.61 0.21 7 -0.63 0.21 7 -0.56 0.23 6 -0.25 0.26 5 -0.46 0.27 4 -0.25 0.43 4 0.20 0.55 2 SWEDEN SWE 1.44 0.20 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.73 0.20 8 1.69 0.19 8 1.63 0.22 7 1.43 0.22 7 1.17 0.27 7 1.15 0.23 6 SWITZERLAND CHE 1.45 0.20 8 1.47 0.20 8 1.58 0.20 8 1.62 0.19 8 1.70 0.22 7 1.74 0.22 7 1.39 0.27 7 1.18 0.23 6 SYRIA SYR -1.24 0.20 9 -1.14 0.20 8 -0.81 0.20 8 -0.77 0.20 7 -0.93 0.22 7 -1.12 0.28 5 -1.33 0.39 5 -0.91 0.35 4 TAIWAN TWN 0.94 0.19 9 1.08 0.19 9 1.08 0.19 9 0.92 0.18 9 0.97 0.20 9 1.07 0.22 7 1.17 0.27 7 0.88 0.23 6 TAJIKISTAN TJK -0.98 0.18 12 -1.02 0.19 11 -1.06 0.19 10 -1.12 0.19 9 -1.29 0.23 9 -1.28 0.25 6 -1.99 0.38 5 -2.26 0.42 3 TANZANIA TZA -0.40 0.17 11 -0.45 0.17 11 -0.41 0.17 11 -0.40 0.18 10 -0.54 0.20 9 -0.22 0.23 7 -0.22 0.32 7 -0.02 0.33 5 THAILAND THA 0.37 0.18 11 0.40 0.17 11 0.13 0.18 11 0.25 0.17 10 0.16 0.19 10 0.48 0.20 8 0.33 0.26 8 0.59 0.23 7 TIMOR-LESTE TMP -1.47 0.26 4 -1.11 0.30 3 -1.12 0.29 3 -1.41 0.26 2 -1.28 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TOGO TGO -0.89 0.18 10 -0.87 0.18 8 -0.80 0.19 8 -0.75 0.20 7 -0.74 0.22 6 -0.63 0.26 5 -0.43 0.41 5 0.43 0.57 2 TONGA TON -0.78 0.28 3 -0.72 0.28 3 -0.77 0.28 3 -1.06 0.35 2 -1.24 0.50 2 -0.47 0.47 2 -1.13 0.71 1 -0.12 0.73 1 TRINIDADANDTOBAGO TTO 0.70 0.20 8 0.68 0.20 9 0.71 0.20 8 0.73 0.20 7 0.74 0.23 6 0.72 0.24 6 0.79 0.41 5 0.71 0.40 4 TUNISIA TUN 0.23 0.17 11 -0.10 0.17 11 0.09 0.17 11 0.06 0.18 10 -0.06 0.19 10 0.02 0.23 7 0.21 0.32 7 0.55 0.33 5 TURKEY TUR 0.21 0.18 12 0.16 0.17 12 0.08 0.18 12 0.12 0.17 11 0.08 0.19 11 0.22 0.20 9 0.68 0.26 8 0.58 0.23 7 TURKMENISTAN TKM -2.12 0.19 8 -2.10 0.19 8 -1.81 0.21 7 -1.81 0.20 7 -1.93 0.23 7 -2.02 0.26 5 -2.57 0.38 5 -2.71 0.42 3 TUVALU TUV -0.79 0.32 2 -0.50 0.32 2 -0.05 0.31 2 0.06 0.43 1 0.35 0.76 1 0.51 0.78 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. UGANDA UGA -0.18 0.17 11 0.07 0.17 11 -0.11 0.17 11 -0.06 0.18 10 -0.04 0.20 9 0.02 0.23 7 0.24 0.32 7 0.33 0.33 5 UKRAINE UKR -0.47 0.18 11 -0.29 0.17 11 -0.53 0.18 11 -0.65 0.17 11 -0.64 0.19 11 -0.73 0.21 9 -0.79 0.28 8 -0.50 0.28 6 UNITEDARABEMIRATES ARE 0.80 0.20 8 0.40 0.20 8 1.05 0.21 7 0.83 0.21 6 1.02 0.23 7 0.70 0.28 5 0.52 0.39 5 0.58 0.35 4 UNITEDKINGDOM GBR 1.76 0.20 8 1.55 0.20 8 1.76 0.20 8 1.65 0.19 8 1.71 0.21 8 1.70 0.22 7 1.67 0.27 7 1.48 0.23 6 UNITEDSTATES USA 1.47 0.20 8 1.48 0.20 8 1.47 0.20 8 1.47 0.19 8 1.47 0.21 8 1.61 0.22 7 1.44 0.27 7 1.28 0.23 6 URUGUAY URY 0.31 0.19 9 0.28 0.18 10 0.32 0.18 10 0.34 0.18 9 0.55 0.20 9 0.80 0.23 7 0.98 0.36 6 0.87 0.33 5 UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.66 0.19 10 -1.73 0.19 10 -1.63 0.19 10 -1.51 0.17 10 -1.59 0.21 10 -1.96 0.25 7 -2.22 0.35 5 -1.78 0.37 4 VANUATU VUT -0.12 0.28 3 0.01 0.28 3 -0.44 0.28 3 -1.28 0.35 2 -1.22 0.50 2 -0.73 0.47 2 -0.33 0.71 1 -0.04 0.73 1 VENEZUELA VEN -1.35 0.18 11 -1.24 0.17 11 -1.19 0.18 11 -1.11 0.17 10 -0.59 0.19 10 -0.43 0.20 8 -0.05 0.26 8 -0.14 0.23 7 VIETNAM VNM -0.49 0.18 11 -0.57 0.18 11 -0.53 0.18 11 -0.56 0.17 10 -0.71 0.20 10 -0.63 0.23 8 -0.33 0.30 7 -0.19 0.28 6 VIRGINISLANDS(U.S.) VIR 0.60 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 1.23 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. WESTBANKGAZA WBG -1.17 0.32 2 -1.02 0.30 3 -0.71 0.30 3 -1.10 0.29 2 -1.00 0.36 2 -0.96 0.43 1 -1.32 0.90 1 .. .. .. YEMEN YEM -0.68 0.20 9 -0.78 0.19 8 -1.02 0.19 8 -0.91 0.19 7 -0.82 0.21 7 -0.67 0.27 5 -0.82 0.41 5 -0.44 0.40 4 ZAMBIA ZMB -0.56 0.17 11 -0.59 0.17 10 -0.62 0.17 11 -0.58 0.18 10 -0.60 0.20 9 -0.17 0.23 7 0.40 0.32 7 0.36 0.33 5 ZIMBABWE ZWE -2.21 0.17 11 -2.36 0.17 11 -2.22 0.17 11 -2.21 0.18 10 -2.03 0.19 10 -1.49 0.21 8 -0.71 0.28 8 -0.73 0.28 6 87 TABLEC5: Rule of Law 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. AFGHANISTAN AFG -2.00 0.19 10 -1.83 0.20 8 -1.82 0.18 8 -1.80 0.21 6 -1.78 0.23 4 -2.02 0.24 3 -1.71 0.32 2 -1.34 0.77 1 ALBANIA ALB -0.70 0.15 14 -0.80 0.16 12 -0.90 0.16 11 -1.01 0.17 10 -0.94 0.17 10 -1.11 0.18 9 -1.23 0.21 7 -0.12 0.28 5 ALGERIA DZA -0.63 0.14 15 -0.73 0.14 15 -0.69 0.14 15 -0.71 0.14 12 -0.75 0.15 11 -1.08 0.15 9 -1.17 0.18 9 -1.21 0.23 6 AMERICANSAMOA ASM 1.15 0.36 1 1.15 0.34 1 0.86 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANDORRA ADO 1.19 0.35 2 1.18 0.32 2 1.29 0.29 2 1.23 0.29 2 1.49 0.31 1 1.53 0.29 1 1.54 0.33 1 .. .. .. ANGOLA AGO -1.29 0.14 16 -1.41 0.15 14 -1.36 0.14 14 -1.43 0.15 12 -1.46 0.15 11 -1.61 0.16 9 -1.56 0.18 9 -1.53 0.23 6 ANGUILLA AIA 1.68 0.36 1 1.67 0.34 1 1.17 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANTIGUAANDBARBUDA ATG 0.94 0.35 2 0.67 0.31 3 0.92 0.28 3 0.98 0.29 2 0.96 0.31 1 0.99 0.29 1 1.01 0.33 1 .. .. .. ARGENTINA ARG -0.58 0.13 17 -0.54 0.13 17 -0.71 0.13 17 -0.65 0.13 16 -0.89 0.13 14 -0.04 0.13 12 0.03 0.16 12 0.12 0.19 10 ARMENIA ARM -0.52 0.13 19 -0.46 0.15 15 -0.56 0.14 14 -0.44 0.15 13 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.50 0.17 9 -0.42 0.19 8 -0.45 0.26 5 ARUBA ABW 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.94 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. AUSTRALIA AUS 1.81 0.14 13 1.74 0.14 13 1.82 0.14 13 1.83 0.14 13 1.77 0.14 10 1.74 0.14 10 1.77 0.16 10 1.83 0.19 9 AUSTRIA AUT 1.87 0.14 13 1.83 0.14 12 1.81 0.14 12 1.81 0.14 12 1.84 0.14 11 1.83 0.14 11 1.83 0.16 10 1.86 0.19 9 AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.86 0.13 19 -0.81 0.13 17 -0.83 0.13 16 -0.84 0.14 15 -0.88 0.14 13 -1.06 0.14 11 -1.02 0.17 9 -0.94 0.21 6 BAHAMAS BHS 1.22 0.27 4 1.32 0.26 4 1.32 0.25 4 1.32 0.24 4 1.31 0.26 3 1.25 0.25 3 1.21 0.28 3 0.74 0.51 2 BAHRAIN BHR 0.62 0.15 12 0.70 0.15 12 0.83 0.15 12 0.75 0.15 11 0.76 0.15 11 0.57 0.16 8 0.65 0.19 7 0.16 0.23 6 BANGLADESH BGD -0.86 0.14 16 -0.87 0.14 15 -0.93 0.14 15 -0.88 0.14 13 -0.78 0.14 13 -0.80 0.14 11 -0.85 0.18 8 -0.78 0.23 6 BARBADOS BRB 1.00 0.21 5 1.12 0.25 5 1.21 0.24 5 1.31 0.24 4 1.39 0.27 2 1.35 0.26 2 1.19 0.30 2 -0.24 0.62 1 BELARUS BLR -1.16 0.15 13 -1.09 0.17 11 -1.28 0.16 11 -1.34 0.16 11 -1.29 0.17 10 -1.01 0.18 9 -0.73 0.21 7 -0.93 0.30 4 BELGIUM BEL 1.45 0.14 13 1.44 0.14 12 1.51 0.14 12 1.51 0.14 12 1.47 0.14 12 1.40 0.14 11 1.34 0.16 10 1.55 0.19 9 BELIZE BLZ -0.05 0.19 8 -0.02 0.22 7 0.06 0.21 7 0.20 0.22 6 -0.16 0.24 5 0.07 0.23 4 -0.08 0.27 4 0.79 0.54 2 BENIN BEN -0.54 0.15 14 -0.66 0.17 11 -0.64 0.20 9 -0.56 0.20 8 -0.37 0.21 7 -0.26 0.22 6 -0.13 0.26 5 -0.30 0.54 2 BERMUDA BMU 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 1.12 0.30 1 1.20 0.30 1 1.22 0.31 1 1.26 0.29 1 1.27 0.33 1 .. .. .. BHUTAN BTN 0.65 0.24 7 0.59 0.23 7 0.43 0.22 7 0.44 0.24 5 0.18 0.24 4 0.22 0.24 4 0.29 0.29 3 -1.34 0.77 1 BOLIVIA BOL -0.90 0.14 16 -0.79 0.14 15 -0.49 0.14 15 -0.44 0.14 13 -0.43 0.14 13 -0.38 0.14 10 -0.41 0.17 10 -0.31 0.23 7 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.53 0.14 14 -0.62 0.14 13 -0.65 0.14 13 -0.85 0.15 11 -0.73 0.15 11 -0.63 0.16 8 -0.66 0.20 6 -0.03 0.32 2 BOTSWANA BWA 0.63 0.15 14 0.66 0.15 13 0.66 0.14 13 0.64 0.15 12 0.59 0.15 12 0.57 0.16 8 0.55 0.19 8 0.62 0.26 5 BRAZIL BRA -0.48 0.13 18 -0.43 0.13 17 -0.33 0.13 17 -0.33 0.13 16 -0.34 0.13 15 -0.28 0.13 13 -0.26 0.16 12 -0.20 0.19 10 BRUNEI BRN 0.32 0.32 3 0.32 0.30 3 0.39 0.28 3 0.64 0.27 3 0.51 0.28 4 0.56 0.27 3 0.59 0.30 3 0.62 0.58 2 BULGARIA BGR -0.17 0.13 17 -0.17 0.13 14 -0.07 0.13 14 -0.09 0.14 14 -0.03 0.14 14 -0.15 0.14 12 -0.27 0.16 10 -0.11 0.20 7 BURKINAFASO BFA -0.49 0.15 15 -0.59 0.19 11 -0.58 0.19 11 -0.58 0.20 9 -0.59 0.20 8 -0.54 0.22 7 -0.71 0.25 6 -0.31 0.46 3 BURUNDI BDI -0.96 0.15 13 -1.21 0.20 9 -1.43 0.21 8 -1.37 0.22 7 -1.37 0.23 6 -1.45 0.24 4 -1.42 0.26 5 -0.88 0.54 2 CAMBODIA KHM -1.11 0.15 14 -1.11 0.15 13 -1.16 0.15 12 -1.16 0.16 11 -1.09 0.16 10 -0.93 0.16 8 -1.02 0.19 6 -1.09 0.26 4 CAMEROON CMR -1.02 0.15 14 -1.09 0.15 13 -1.15 0.15 12 -1.03 0.15 12 -1.17 0.16 11 -1.19 0.16 9 -1.18 0.19 8 -1.50 0.26 5 CANADA CAN 1.85 0.14 13 1.76 0.14 12 1.80 0.14 12 1.77 0.14 12 1.74 0.14 12 1.73 0.14 11 1.79 0.16 10 1.78 0.19 9 CAPEVERDE CPV 0.61 0.18 8 0.37 0.21 7 0.28 0.21 7 0.13 0.21 6 0.13 0.22 5 0.78 0.35 3 0.83 0.40 3 0.51 0.62 1 CAYMANISLANDS CYM 1.15 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 1.17 0.30 1 1.20 0.30 1 1.49 0.31 1 1.53 0.29 1 1.54 0.33 1 .. .. .. CENTRAL AFRICANREPUBLICCAF -1.55 0.20 8 -1.51 0.20 9 -1.65 0.20 8 -1.67 0.20 7 -1.13 0.21 6 -1.45 0.24 4 -1.48 0.28 4 -0.29 0.77 1 CHAD TCD -1.36 0.16 12 -1.33 0.18 10 -1.10 0.18 10 -1.08 0.19 8 -0.84 0.21 7 -0.91 0.23 5 -0.97 0.26 5 -0.88 0.54 2 CHILE CHL 1.15 0.13 16 1.17 0.13 16 1.18 0.13 16 1.14 0.13 15 1.18 0.13 14 1.21 0.13 12 1.08 0.16 12 1.24 0.19 10 CHINA CHN -0.40 0.13 16 -0.43 0.13 16 -0.39 0.13 16 -0.47 0.13 14 -0.36 0.13 14 -0.44 0.13 12 -0.40 0.16 11 -0.23 0.19 9 COLOMBIA COL -0.64 0.13 18 -0.74 0.13 17 -0.80 0.13 17 -0.92 0.13 15 -0.89 0.13 15 -0.91 0.13 13 -0.73 0.16 12 -0.65 0.19 10 COMOROS COM -0.93 0.25 5 -0.96 0.24 5 -0.97 0.24 5 -0.87 0.25 4 -1.04 0.26 3 -1.29 0.25 3 -1.28 0.29 3 .. .. .. CONGO COG -1.25 0.16 11 -1.46 0.15 11 -1.24 0.18 9 -1.16 0.19 8 -1.26 0.19 8 -1.38 0.19 7 -1.48 0.22 7 -1.38 0.36 4 CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.68 0.16 13 -1.72 0.16 12 -1.76 0.15 12 -1.84 0.17 10 -1.82 0.18 10 -1.99 0.19 8 -2.09 0.20 8 -2.06 0.31 5 COOKISLANDS COK 1.07 0.67 1 1.19 0.59 1 0.58 0.53 1 0.71 0.70 1 0.87 0.48 1 0.86 0.57 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. COSTARICA CRI 0.55 0.14 15 0.57 0.14 14 0.60 0.14 14 0.66 0.14 13 0.63 0.14 13 0.65 0.14 11 0.60 0.17 10 0.59 0.22 8 COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.51 0.16 11 -1.57 0.16 11 -1.44 0.15 12 -1.47 0.16 11 -1.29 0.16 11 -0.99 0.16 9 -0.90 0.19 8 -0.69 0.26 5 CROATIA HRV -0.03 0.13 16 0.07 0.13 15 0.11 0.13 15 0.06 0.14 14 0.03 0.14 14 0.10 0.14 10 -0.16 0.17 9 -0.57 0.21 6 CUBA CUB -0.91 0.17 11 -1.15 0.16 11 -1.08 0.15 11 -1.18 0.15 10 -1.04 0.16 10 -0.88 0.16 7 -0.77 0.19 7 -1.00 0.23 6 CYPRUS CYP 0.93 0.16 10 0.85 0.16 9 0.85 0.16 9 0.86 0.16 8 0.86 0.17 7 0.87 0.16 7 0.82 0.19 7 0.76 0.23 6 CZECHREPUBLIC CZE 0.73 0.13 16 0.75 0.13 15 0.70 0.12 16 0.79 0.13 16 0.73 0.13 16 0.68 0.13 14 0.83 0.15 12 0.84 0.17 10 DENMARK DNK 2.03 0.14 13 1.95 0.14 12 1.97 0.14 12 1.92 0.14 12 1.85 0.14 11 1.78 0.14 10 1.88 0.16 10 1.91 0.19 9 DJIBOUTI DJI -0.80 0.22 7 -0.90 0.22 7 -0.75 0.22 6 -0.82 0.23 5 -0.76 0.23 4 -0.78 0.23 4 -0.71 0.26 4 -0.24 0.62 1 DOMINICA DMA 0.66 0.29 3 0.62 0.27 4 0.62 0.25 4 0.69 0.26 3 0.63 0.28 2 0.48 0.26 2 0.52 0.30 2 .. .. .. DOMINICANREPUBLIC DOM -0.50 0.14 15 -0.63 0.14 14 -0.56 0.14 14 -0.50 0.14 12 -0.49 0.14 12 -0.51 0.15 9 -0.50 0.19 7 -0.56 0.25 5 ECUADOR ECU -0.96 0.14 16 -0.85 0.14 15 -0.69 0.13 16 -0.66 0.14 14 -0.69 0.14 13 -0.66 0.14 11 -0.67 0.16 11 -0.44 0.21 8 EGYPT EGY 0.00 0.13 17 0.02 0.13 16 0.02 0.13 16 -0.05 0.14 14 -0.06 0.14 13 -0.04 0.14 11 -0.08 0.16 11 0.08 0.20 8 ELSALVADOR SLV -0.52 0.16 13 -0.45 0.16 12 -0.41 0.16 12 -0.49 0.17 11 -0.53 0.16 11 -0.70 0.16 9 -0.54 0.19 8 -0.86 0.25 6 EQUATORIALGUINEA GNQ -1.21 0.17 9 -1.33 0.18 8 -1.29 0.18 9 -1.18 0.18 8 -1.19 0.18 7 -1.22 0.18 5 -1.34 0.21 5 -1.23 0.33 1 ERITREA ERI -0.99 0.18 9 -0.77 0.21 8 -0.57 0.21 8 -0.42 0.22 6 -0.41 0.23 5 -0.42 0.24 4 -0.22 0.28 4 -0.29 0.77 1 ESTONIA EST 0.91 0.13 15 0.82 0.13 15 0.84 0.12 15 0.72 0.13 15 0.72 0.13 15 0.57 0.13 12 0.49 0.17 9 0.50 0.21 6 ETHIOPIA ETH -0.64 0.15 15 -0.82 0.15 13 -0.74 0.16 13 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.84 0.17 10 -0.81 0.17 8 -0.70 0.20 7 -0.94 0.28 4 FIJI FJI -0.08 0.25 4 -0.06 0.24 4 -0.06 0.23 4 -0.08 0.23 4 -0.37 0.24 4 -0.56 0.23 4 0.06 0.27 4 0.21 0.54 2 FINLAND FIN 1.95 0.14 13 1.91 0.14 12 1.93 0.14 12 1.90 0.14 12 1.87 0.14 12 1.89 0.14 10 1.89 0.16 10 1.92 0.19 9 FRANCE FRA 1.31 0.14 13 1.33 0.14 12 1.41 0.14 12 1.36 0.14 12 1.28 0.14 12 1.35 0.14 11 1.41 0.16 10 1.45 0.19 9 FRENCHGUIANA GUF 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.55 0.30 1 0.94 0.30 1 0.96 0.31 1 0.99 0.29 1 1.01 0.33 1 .. .. .. GABON GAB -0.59 0.16 12 -0.51 0.15 12 -0.66 0.15 12 -0.53 0.15 11 -0.34 0.15 11 -0.33 0.15 10 -0.42 0.19 8 -0.93 0.25 5 GAMBIA GMB -0.28 0.16 10 -0.26 0.19 9 -0.24 0.19 9 0.18 0.20 8 -0.27 0.22 7 -0.12 0.22 6 0.03 0.25 6 0.40 0.46 3 GEORGIA GEO -0.61 0.13 17 -0.76 0.15 14 -0.80 0.14 14 -1.21 0.16 12 -1.25 0.16 11 -1.08 0.17 9 -1.18 0.20 7 -0.84 0.26 5 88 TABLE C5: Rule of Law (cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. GERMANY DEU 1.77 0.14 13 1.74 0.14 13 1.73 0.14 13 1.71 0.14 13 1.71 0.14 12 1.69 0.14 11 1.68 0.16 10 1.80 0.19 9 GHANA GHA -0.13 0.15 16 -0.20 0.14 16 -0.30 0.13 16 -0.20 0.14 15 -0.17 0.14 13 -0.06 0.15 10 -0.44 0.18 9 -0.39 0.23 6 GREECE GRC 0.64 0.14 13 0.65 0.14 12 0.81 0.14 12 0.75 0.14 12 0.69 0.14 12 0.81 0.14 11 0.68 0.16 10 0.90 0.19 9 GRENADA GRD 0.12 0.28 4 0.29 0.27 4 0.26 0.25 4 0.28 0.26 3 0.21 0.28 2 0.27 0.26 2 0.28 0.30 2 .. .. .. GUAM GUM 1.15 0.36 1 1.15 0.34 1 1.01 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GUATEMALA GTM -1.02 0.14 17 -1.05 0.15 15 -1.01 0.15 15 -1.07 0.15 14 -0.85 0.15 12 -0.82 0.15 10 -0.92 0.19 8 -0.83 0.23 7 GUINEA GIN -1.40 0.16 12 -1.26 0.19 10 -1.19 0.19 10 -1.07 0.20 9 -0.95 0.20 8 -1.34 0.22 6 -1.23 0.25 6 -1.39 0.46 3 GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -1.22 0.21 8 -1.29 0.21 8 -1.14 0.21 7 -1.24 0.22 6 -1.12 0.22 6 -1.39 0.22 6 -1.89 0.25 6 -1.68 0.58 2 GUYANA GUY -0.71 0.16 11 -0.75 0.19 10 -0.55 0.21 8 -0.53 0.21 7 -0.47 0.23 5 -0.47 0.22 5 -0.29 0.26 5 0.07 0.46 3 HAITI HTI -1.56 0.18 9 -1.68 0.20 9 -1.65 0.20 10 -1.65 0.19 9 -1.83 0.19 8 -1.56 0.22 6 -1.40 0.26 5 -1.43 0.46 3 HONDURAS HND -0.88 0.14 16 -0.80 0.15 14 -0.76 0.15 14 -0.86 0.15 12 -0.84 0.15 12 -0.93 0.15 10 -0.85 0.19 8 -0.79 0.23 7 HONG KONG HKG 1.45 0.15 11 1.47 0.15 10 1.37 0.15 10 1.29 0.15 10 1.11 0.15 10 0.92 0.14 9 1.02 0.17 8 1.13 0.20 7 HUNGARY HUN 0.73 0.12 17 0.72 0.12 16 0.83 0.12 16 0.82 0.13 16 0.82 0.13 16 0.81 0.13 14 0.76 0.15 12 0.85 0.17 10 ICELAND ISL 2.03 0.15 9 2.06 0.17 8 2.01 0.17 8 1.97 0.18 8 1.89 0.19 7 1.86 0.18 7 1.79 0.20 7 1.65 0.26 6 INDIA IND 0.17 0.13 17 0.12 0.13 16 0.00 0.13 16 -0.01 0.13 15 -0.02 0.13 14 0.19 0.13 12 0.15 0.16 11 0.26 0.19 9 INDONESIA IDN -0.82 0.13 19 -0.86 0.13 18 -0.84 0.13 18 -0.97 0.13 17 -1.00 0.13 15 -0.82 0.13 13 -0.77 0.16 11 -0.36 0.19 9 IRAN IRN -0.81 0.15 15 -0.78 0.15 14 -0.57 0.14 14 -0.56 0.14 12 -0.58 0.15 11 -0.39 0.15 8 -0.44 0.18 8 -0.98 0.21 7 IRAQ IRQ -1.95 0.18 8 -1.89 0.17 8 -1.93 0.16 8 -1.72 0.16 8 -1.52 0.17 8 -1.39 0.16 7 -1.52 0.19 7 -1.61 0.23 6 IRELAND IRL 1.62 0.14 13 1.60 0.14 12 1.58 0.14 11 1.55 0.14 11 1.64 0.14 10 1.59 0.14 10 1.59 0.16 10 1.72 0.19 9 ISRAEL ISR 0.69 0.15 13 0.73 0.15 11 0.75 0.14 11 0.74 0.15 11 0.91 0.15 11 0.99 0.14 10 1.02 0.17 9 1.21 0.19 9 ITALY ITA 0.37 0.14 13 0.53 0.14 13 0.65 0.14 13 0.76 0.14 13 0.77 0.14 12 0.86 0.14 11 0.85 0.16 10 0.97 0.19 9 JAMAICA JAM -0.60 0.15 13 -0.57 0.15 12 -0.47 0.15 12 -0.59 0.16 11 -0.50 0.15 11 -0.48 0.15 8 -0.35 0.19 7 -0.30 0.25 5 JAPAN JPN 1.40 0.14 13 1.35 0.14 13 1.34 0.14 13 1.32 0.14 13 1.32 0.14 12 1.43 0.14 11 1.50 0.16 10 1.54 0.19 9 JORDAN JOR 0.45 0.14 16 0.43 0.14 15 0.39 0.13 14 0.32 0.14 13 0.24 0.15 11 0.36 0.14 9 0.41 0.17 9 0.42 0.22 7 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.82 0.13 18 -0.79 0.13 17 -0.99 0.13 16 -0.98 0.13 15 -0.97 0.14 14 -0.90 0.13 13 -0.91 0.16 10 -0.83 0.20 6 KENYA KEN -0.98 0.14 18 -0.99 0.14 17 -1.01 0.13 17 -1.04 0.14 16 -1.03 0.14 13 -0.98 0.15 9 -1.11 0.18 9 -1.06 0.23 6 KIRIBATI KIR 0.84 0.27 4 0.76 0.26 4 0.27 0.24 4 0.34 0.44 3 0.62 0.38 2 0.40 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. .. KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.28 0.20 8 -1.05 0.19 8 -1.12 0.19 8 -0.94 0.22 6 -1.11 0.23 6 -0.79 0.24 4 -0.91 0.27 4 -1.23 0.46 3 KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.72 0.13 15 0.78 0.13 14 0.70 0.13 14 0.65 0.13 14 0.79 0.13 14 0.74 0.13 12 0.69 0.16 11 0.71 0.19 9 KOSOVO LWI -0.90 0.32 2 -0.97 0.32 1 -0.99 0.29 1 -1.14 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. KUWAIT KWT 0.75 0.16 11 0.73 0.16 10 0.71 0.16 9 0.69 0.16 9 0.72 0.15 10 0.77 0.16 7 0.81 0.19 7 0.74 0.23 6 KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.18 0.13 18 -1.07 0.15 15 -0.82 0.14 14 -0.82 0.15 13 -0.77 0.15 12 -0.88 0.16 10 -0.72 0.20 7 -0.64 0.28 4 LAOS LAO -0.95 0.16 14 -1.05 0.17 12 -1.04 0.17 11 -1.16 0.18 9 -1.08 0.18 9 -0.94 0.19 7 -0.88 0.23 5 -1.64 0.39 3 LATVIA LVA 0.52 0.13 15 0.47 0.13 14 0.51 0.13 14 0.52 0.14 14 0.34 0.14 14 0.22 0.14 10 0.18 0.17 9 0.13 0.21 6 LEBANON LBN -0.49 0.15 14 -0.33 0.15 12 -0.22 0.15 12 -0.38 0.15 11 -0.26 0.14 12 -0.12 0.15 9 -0.18 0.18 8 -0.22 0.23 6 LESOTHO LSO -0.25 0.16 11 -0.19 0.19 9 -0.08 0.18 9 -0.17 0.18 8 -0.01 0.19 7 -0.05 0.23 5 0.10 0.26 5 -0.30 0.54 2 LIBERIA LBR -1.16 0.24 6 -1.45 0.24 5 -1.71 0.23 6 -1.71 0.24 5 -1.82 0.24 6 -2.00 0.23 5 -2.07 0.26 5 -2.27 0.58 2 LIBYA LBY -0.74 0.17 11 -0.72 0.16 11 -0.56 0.15 11 -0.75 0.15 9 -0.87 0.16 9 -0.82 0.16 7 -0.91 0.19 7 -1.29 0.23 6 LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.27 0.35 2 1.04 0.32 2 1.17 0.29 2 1.10 0.29 2 1.50 0.30 2 1.53 0.29 1 1.54 0.33 1 .. .. .. LITHUANIA LTU 0.45 0.14 14 0.49 0.13 14 0.59 0.13 14 0.50 0.14 14 0.42 0.14 14 0.28 0.14 12 0.40 0.17 9 0.29 0.21 6 LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.83 0.16 9 1.91 0.19 8 1.98 0.19 8 1.93 0.20 7 1.98 0.22 6 1.89 0.20 6 1.92 0.22 6 1.64 0.30 5 MACAO MAC 0.51 0.36 2 0.79 0.33 2 1.40 0.30 1 1.20 0.30 1 0.69 0.31 1 0.19 0.29 1 0.21 0.33 1 .. .. .. MACEDONIA MKD -0.46 0.14 14 -0.34 0.14 13 -0.25 0.14 13 -0.57 0.15 12 -0.59 0.16 10 -0.63 0.17 6 -0.53 0.21 5 -0.16 0.25 3 MADAGASCAR MDG -0.30 0.15 15 -0.20 0.17 12 -0.20 0.18 11 -0.21 0.19 10 -0.24 0.21 7 -0.32 0.22 6 -0.67 0.25 6 -0.97 0.46 3 MALAWI MWI -0.46 0.14 17 -0.28 0.14 15 -0.29 0.14 14 -0.36 0.15 13 -0.54 0.15 12 -0.54 0.16 8 -0.52 0.19 8 -0.56 0.25 5 MALAYSIA MYS 0.58 0.13 17 0.57 0.13 16 0.55 0.13 16 0.44 0.13 15 0.41 0.13 14 0.35 0.13 12 0.43 0.16 11 0.70 0.19 9 MALDIVES MDV 0.20 0.26 5 0.24 0.25 5 0.09 0.23 5 0.31 0.25 4 0.28 0.25 3 0.29 0.24 3 0.43 0.30 2 .. .. .. MALI MLI -0.32 0.16 14 -0.17 0.17 12 -0.14 0.17 12 -0.04 0.18 11 -0.34 0.19 10 -0.47 0.22 7 -0.50 0.25 6 -0.60 0.46 3 MALTA MLT 1.47 0.18 8 1.39 0.21 7 1.39 0.21 6 1.54 0.21 6 1.38 0.26 3 1.33 0.25 3 1.27 0.28 3 0.43 0.51 2 MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -0.23 0.39 3 -0.08 0.37 3 -0.43 0.35 3 0.08 0.44 3 -0.09 0.38 2 -0.49 0.40 2 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. .. MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.99 0.30 1 0.94 0.30 1 1.22 0.31 1 1.26 0.29 1 1.27 0.33 1 .. .. .. MAURITANIA MRT -0.43 0.17 12 -0.54 0.20 9 -0.67 0.21 9 -0.42 0.21 7 -0.41 0.23 5 -0.34 0.23 5 -0.36 0.26 5 -0.88 0.54 2 MAURITIUS MUS 0.81 0.15 12 0.87 0.15 11 0.89 0.16 10 0.92 0.16 9 0.87 0.16 9 0.80 0.18 7 0.75 0.21 7 0.76 0.27 3 MEXICO MEX -0.49 0.13 18 -0.50 0.13 17 -0.40 0.13 17 -0.37 0.13 16 -0.37 0.13 15 -0.41 0.13 13 -0.51 0.16 12 -0.48 0.19 10 MICRONESIA FSM 0.69 0.27 4 0.73 0.26 4 0.52 0.24 4 -0.08 0.44 3 -0.26 0.38 2 -0.40 0.40 2 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. .. MOLDOVA MDA -0.61 0.13 16 -0.57 0.13 15 -0.65 0.13 14 -0.80 0.14 13 -0.74 0.14 12 -0.60 0.14 11 -0.28 0.17 9 -0.10 0.21 6 MONACO MCO 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MONGOLIA MNG -0.32 0.17 12 -0.22 0.18 11 0.07 0.19 10 0.07 0.20 8 0.22 0.20 7 -0.03 0.21 6 -0.04 0.26 5 0.07 0.46 3 MONTENEGRO MNP -0.52 0.17 10 -0.40 0.32 1 -0.38 0.29 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MOROCCO MAR -0.03 0.14 16 -0.10 0.14 15 0.04 0.14 15 -0.05 0.14 14 0.00 0.14 13 0.10 0.15 10 0.17 0.18 9 0.12 0.21 7 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.59 0.14 18 -0.69 0.14 16 -0.70 0.13 16 -0.77 0.14 14 -0.66 0.15 12 -0.79 0.16 8 -0.87 0.19 8 -0.90 0.25 5 MYANMAR MMR -1.45 0.18 11 -1.62 0.17 10 -1.59 0.16 10 -1.61 0.16 9 -1.57 0.17 9 -1.26 0.17 7 -1.33 0.21 6 -1.31 0.26 5 NAMIBIA NAM 0.17 0.15 12 -0.04 0.15 14 0.00 0.14 14 0.17 0.15 13 0.25 0.15 12 0.27 0.17 7 0.31 0.20 7 0.32 0.28 4 NAURU NRU 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NEPAL NPL -0.68 0.14 16 -0.80 0.15 13 -0.63 0.15 12 -0.54 0.18 10 -0.39 0.18 9 -0.28 0.19 7 -0.10 0.23 5 -0.15 0.39 3 NETHERLANDS NLD 1.75 0.14 13 1.72 0.14 12 1.77 0.14 12 1.73 0.14 12 1.75 0.14 12 1.75 0.14 11 1.81 0.16 10 1.81 0.19 9 NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.94 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.63 0.60 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.86 0.68 1 NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.93 0.15 12 1.91 0.15 11 1.92 0.14 11 1.86 0.15 11 1.79 0.15 9 1.76 0.14 9 1.87 0.17 9 1.98 0.20 8 NICARAGUA NIC -0.76 0.15 16 -0.65 0.16 14 -0.79 0.16 14 -0.62 0.16 13 -0.75 0.16 11 -0.87 0.16 8 -0.74 0.21 7 -0.36 0.25 6 NIGER NER -0.87 0.18 12 -0.88 0.19 10 -0.83 0.19 10 -0.78 0.20 9 -0.80 0.20 8 -0.89 0.22 6 -0.73 0.25 6 -0.89 0.46 3 89 TABLEC5: Ruleof Law(cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. NIGERIA NGA -1.27 0.14 18 -1.40 0.14 17 -1.58 0.13 17 -1.66 0.14 16 -1.50 0.14 14 -1.17 0.14 11 -1.34 0.18 9 -1.35 0.21 7 NORWAY NOR 2.02 0.14 13 1.95 0.14 12 1.97 0.14 12 1.91 0.14 12 1.86 0.14 11 1.84 0.14 10 1.90 0.16 10 2.00 0.19 9 OMAN OMN 0.71 0.17 9 0.70 0.17 9 0.85 0.16 9 0.76 0.16 8 0.74 0.16 9 0.79 0.16 7 0.87 0.19 7 0.87 0.23 6 PAKISTAN PAK -0.82 0.13 18 -0.86 0.14 16 -0.86 0.13 16 -0.81 0.14 15 -0.76 0.14 13 -0.80 0.14 11 -0.79 0.17 9 -0.59 0.21 7 PALAU PCI 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 -0.08 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. PANAMA PAN -0.13 0.14 15 -0.13 0.14 15 -0.09 0.14 14 -0.14 0.15 13 -0.10 0.15 11 -0.17 0.14 10 -0.17 0.18 9 -0.20 0.23 7 PAPUANEWGUINEA PNG -0.94 0.16 11 -0.99 0.16 11 -0.84 0.15 11 -1.06 0.15 10 -1.02 0.16 9 -0.86 0.15 9 -0.61 0.19 7 -0.56 0.25 5 PARAGUAY PRY -0.93 0.15 15 -1.00 0.15 14 -1.05 0.15 14 -1.12 0.15 12 -1.13 0.15 11 -1.02 0.15 9 -1.02 0.19 8 -0.49 0.25 6 PERU PER -0.75 0.14 17 -0.76 0.14 16 -0.62 0.13 16 -0.62 0.14 14 -0.59 0.14 13 -0.65 0.14 11 -0.68 0.16 11 -0.58 0.20 9 PHILIPPINES PHL -0.48 0.13 18 -0.44 0.13 17 -0.65 0.13 17 -0.62 0.13 15 -0.59 0.13 14 -0.54 0.13 12 -0.15 0.16 11 -0.03 0.19 9 POLAND POL 0.25 0.12 17 0.34 0.12 16 0.42 0.12 16 0.51 0.13 16 0.56 0.13 16 0.59 0.13 14 0.67 0.15 12 0.66 0.17 10 PORTUGAL PRT 0.97 0.14 13 1.09 0.14 13 1.19 0.14 13 1.24 0.14 13 1.22 0.14 11 1.14 0.14 10 1.22 0.16 10 1.13 0.19 9 PUERTORICO PRI 0.58 0.28 4 0.62 0.27 3 0.75 0.23 3 0.71 0.23 3 1.06 0.25 2 1.02 0.24 2 1.00 0.29 2 0.74 0.56 1 QATAR QAT 0.93 0.17 10 0.86 0.17 10 0.69 0.17 9 0.62 0.17 9 0.73 0.17 7 0.70 0.17 6 0.50 0.21 5 0.10 0.28 3 REUNION REU 1.15 0.36 1 1.15 0.34 1 1.09 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ROMANIA ROM -0.16 0.12 18 -0.22 0.12 17 -0.19 0.12 16 -0.23 0.13 15 -0.25 0.14 14 -0.20 0.14 12 -0.12 0.17 9 -0.16 0.20 7 RUSSIA RUS -0.91 0.12 19 -0.88 0.12 18 -0.84 0.12 18 -0.91 0.13 17 -0.88 0.13 16 -1.04 0.13 14 -0.85 0.15 12 -0.74 0.17 10 RWANDA RWA -0.59 0.18 11 -0.87 0.21 9 -0.79 0.20 9 -0.89 0.21 7 -0.97 0.21 7 -1.28 0.23 5 -1.47 0.26 5 -1.45 0.54 2 SAMOA SAM 0.92 0.27 4 1.09 0.26 4 0.87 0.24 4 1.07 0.25 4 1.04 0.25 3 0.71 0.22 4 0.61 0.28 3 -0.24 0.62 1 SANMARINO SMR 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SAOTOMEANDPRINCIPE STP -0.47 0.20 6 -0.61 0.24 5 -0.48 0.24 5 -0.51 0.25 4 -0.55 0.26 3 -0.11 0.25 3 -0.30 0.29 3 .. .. .. SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.17 0.16 12 0.18 0.15 11 0.26 0.15 11 0.28 0.15 11 0.21 0.14 12 0.18 0.15 9 0.42 0.18 8 0.44 0.21 7 SENEGAL SEN -0.33 0.15 16 -0.19 0.15 13 -0.22 0.15 13 -0.26 0.15 13 -0.14 0.15 12 -0.09 0.16 8 -0.15 0.19 8 -0.39 0.25 5 SERBIA YUG -0.59 0.15 14 -0.85 0.15 12 -0.72 0.14 12 -0.96 0.15 12 -0.90 0.15 12 -1.23 0.18 6 -1.29 0.21 5 -0.99 0.30 3 SEYCHELLES SYC 0.03 0.19 6 0.12 0.19 7 0.18 0.19 7 0.23 0.24 5 0.50 0.26 3 0.59 0.25 3 0.57 0.29 3 .. .. .. SIERRALEONE SLE -1.21 0.19 13 -1.19 0.20 10 -1.17 0.20 10 -1.28 0.20 9 -1.33 0.20 8 -1.38 0.23 6 -1.19 0.25 6 -1.30 0.46 3 SINGAPORE SGP 1.82 0.14 14 1.81 0.14 13 1.82 0.13 13 1.69 0.14 13 1.54 0.14 12 1.43 0.14 11 1.58 0.16 10 1.75 0.19 9 SLOVAKIA SVK 0.43 0.13 16 0.45 0.13 15 0.49 0.12 15 0.37 0.13 15 0.32 0.13 15 0.28 0.15 11 0.21 0.18 9 0.21 0.19 8 SLOVENIA SVN 0.79 0.13 15 0.79 0.13 14 0.85 0.13 14 0.89 0.13 15 0.96 0.13 15 0.80 0.13 13 0.85 0.17 9 0.86 0.21 6 SOLOMONISLANDS SLB -0.90 0.27 4 -0.93 0.26 4 -1.09 0.24 4 -0.72 0.44 3 -1.62 0.38 2 -1.70 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. .. SOMALIA SOM -2.53 0.25 5 -2.24 0.24 6 -2.26 0.23 6 -1.96 0.24 5 -1.98 0.26 4 -2.27 0.24 4 -2.25 0.26 5 -2.10 0.46 3 SOUTHAFRICA ZAF 0.24 0.13 19 0.18 0.13 18 0.15 0.12 18 0.04 0.13 17 0.07 0.13 16 0.12 0.13 13 0.24 0.16 12 0.28 0.19 9 SPAIN ESP 1.10 0.14 13 1.11 0.14 12 1.20 0.14 12 1.29 0.14 12 1.23 0.14 12 1.36 0.14 11 1.29 0.16 10 1.33 0.19 9 SRI LANKA LKA 0.01 0.14 16 0.05 0.14 15 0.01 0.14 15 0.04 0.14 14 0.15 0.14 13 0.00 0.14 11 -0.08 0.18 8 -0.12 0.23 6 ST. KITTSANDNEVIS KNA 0.82 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.74 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.27 0.52 1 0.44 0.50 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. .. ST. LUCIA LCA 0.82 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.69 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.27 0.52 1 0.44 0.50 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. .. ST. VINCENTANDTHEGRENADINES VCT 0.82 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.74 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.59 0.52 1 0.44 0.50 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. .. SUDAN SDN -1.33 0.17 12 -1.47 0.17 11 -1.45 0.16 11 -1.50 0.16 10 -1.22 0.17 10 -1.45 0.17 8 -1.57 0.20 7 -1.63 0.28 4 SURINAME SUR -0.21 0.20 8 -0.21 0.23 7 -0.23 0.23 7 -0.15 0.23 6 -0.23 0.26 4 -0.15 0.25 3 -0.20 0.28 3 -0.62 0.51 2 SWAZILAND SWZ -0.69 0.17 10 -0.78 0.20 9 -0.89 0.19 9 -0.88 0.19 7 -0.69 0.20 6 -0.65 0.23 5 -0.62 0.26 5 0.79 0.54 2 SWEDEN SWE 1.86 0.14 13 1.79 0.14 12 1.87 0.14 12 1.88 0.14 12 1.82 0.14 11 1.79 0.14 11 1.80 0.16 10 1.84 0.19 9 SWITZERLAND CHE 1.96 0.14 13 1.98 0.14 12 1.98 0.14 12 1.97 0.14 12 1.92 0.14 11 1.95 0.14 11 2.04 0.16 10 2.07 0.19 9 SYRIA SYR -0.55 0.16 13 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.31 0.15 12 -0.41 0.15 9 -0.36 0.16 9 -0.32 0.16 7 -0.28 0.19 7 -0.49 0.23 6 TAIWAN TWN 0.77 0.14 14 0.86 0.14 13 0.81 0.13 13 0.84 0.14 13 0.83 0.14 13 0.86 0.14 11 0.87 0.16 10 0.81 0.19 9 TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.06 0.14 17 -1.00 0.16 14 -1.14 0.15 13 -1.09 0.17 11 -1.30 0.16 11 -1.52 0.18 7 -1.74 0.22 6 -1.55 0.32 3 TANZANIA TZA -0.47 0.14 18 -0.43 0.14 15 -0.45 0.13 15 -0.42 0.14 14 -0.50 0.14 13 -0.46 0.15 9 -0.43 0.18 9 -0.42 0.23 6 THAILAND THA 0.03 0.13 17 0.11 0.13 16 0.05 0.13 16 0.07 0.13 14 0.22 0.13 14 0.44 0.13 12 0.39 0.16 11 0.54 0.19 9 TIMOR-LESTE TMP -1.16 0.22 7 -0.58 0.25 6 -0.84 0.26 6 -0.74 0.27 4 -1.17 0.31 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TOGO TGO -1.03 0.16 13 -1.09 0.19 10 -1.02 0.19 10 -0.96 0.20 9 -0.70 0.20 8 -0.65 0.22 7 -0.67 0.25 6 -1.36 0.58 2 TONGA TON 0.54 0.27 4 0.55 0.26 4 0.20 0.24 4 0.08 0.44 3 0.02 0.38 2 -0.07 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. .. TRINIDADANDTOBAGO TTO -0.26 0.15 11 -0.10 0.15 11 -0.08 0.15 10 0.12 0.16 9 0.27 0.16 8 0.36 0.15 8 0.36 0.19 7 0.53 0.25 5 TUNISIA TUN 0.38 0.14 15 0.21 0.14 15 0.27 0.14 14 0.05 0.14 12 0.15 0.14 12 -0.02 0.15 9 -0.03 0.18 9 -0.20 0.23 6 TURKEY TUR 0.08 0.13 18 0.08 0.13 18 0.09 0.13 18 0.00 0.13 16 -0.16 0.13 15 -0.06 0.13 13 -0.06 0.16 11 -0.01 0.19 9 TURKMENISTAN TKM -1.44 0.15 10 -1.46 0.14 10 -1.46 0.15 9 -1.31 0.16 9 -1.21 0.16 9 -1.13 0.17 7 -1.16 0.20 7 -1.27 0.28 4 TUVALU TUV 1.06 0.32 3 1.28 0.30 3 0.84 0.27 3 1.30 0.59 2 1.77 0.48 1 1.70 0.57 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. UGANDA UGA -0.50 0.14 18 -0.69 0.14 16 -0.76 0.13 16 -0.64 0.14 15 -0.74 0.14 13 -0.83 0.15 10 -0.62 0.18 9 -0.64 0.23 6 UKRAINE UKR -0.72 0.13 17 -0.57 0.13 17 -0.72 0.12 17 -0.86 0.13 17 -0.85 0.13 15 -0.97 0.13 13 -0.92 0.16 11 -0.54 0.19 8 UNITEDARABEMIRATES ARE 0.67 0.15 12 0.55 0.15 11 0.88 0.15 10 0.90 0.16 9 0.93 0.15 10 0.92 0.16 8 0.99 0.19 7 0.83 0.23 6 UNITEDKINGDOM GBR 1.73 0.14 13 1.63 0.14 12 1.73 0.14 12 1.75 0.14 12 1.75 0.14 12 1.72 0.14 11 1.79 0.16 10 1.83 0.19 9 UNITEDSTATES USA 1.57 0.14 12 1.53 0.14 11 1.48 0.14 12 1.55 0.14 12 1.57 0.14 11 1.66 0.14 10 1.70 0.16 10 1.74 0.19 9 URUGUAY URY 0.40 0.15 14 0.40 0.14 14 0.42 0.14 14 0.54 0.14 12 0.54 0.14 12 0.54 0.14 10 0.53 0.18 9 0.51 0.23 7 UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.44 0.14 15 -1.42 0.14 14 -1.36 0.13 14 -1.30 0.14 14 -1.41 0.14 13 -1.04 0.16 9 -1.03 0.20 7 -0.99 0.22 5 VANUATU VUT 0.46 0.27 4 0.53 0.26 4 0.03 0.24 4 -0.05 0.44 3 -0.25 0.38 2 -0.22 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. .. VENEZUELA VEN -1.39 0.13 18 -1.27 0.13 18 -1.20 0.13 18 -1.24 0.13 17 -1.13 0.13 15 -0.83 0.13 12 -0.69 0.16 12 -0.67 0.19 10 VIETNAM VNM -0.43 0.13 18 -0.41 0.14 16 -0.55 0.13 16 -0.58 0.14 15 -0.60 0.14 14 -0.50 0.13 12 -0.49 0.16 10 -0.63 0.20 8 VIRGINISLANDS(U.S.) VIR 1.15 0.36 1 1.15 0.34 1 1.22 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. WESTBANKGAZA WBG -0.63 0.30 3 -0.46 0.29 3 -0.37 0.27 3 -0.30 0.27 2 -0.36 0.29 2 -0.08 0.29 1 -0.05 0.33 1 .. .. .. YEMEN YEM -0.98 0.15 15 -1.12 0.16 12 -1.10 0.16 12 -1.12 0.16 10 -1.28 0.16 9 -1.19 0.16 7 -1.03 0.19 7 -1.15 0.25 5 ZAMBIA ZMB -0.61 0.14 17 -0.59 0.15 15 -0.62 0.13 16 -0.64 0.14 14 -0.51 0.14 13 -0.56 0.15 9 -0.60 0.18 9 -0.60 0.23 6 ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.71 0.14 18 -1.63 0.14 17 -1.69 0.14 16 -1.68 0.14 15 -1.47 0.14 13 -1.24 0.14 10 -0.47 0.17 10 -0.68 0.22 7 90 TABLE C6: Control of Corruption 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.47 0.23 7 -1.48 0.23 5 -1.49 0.21 6 -1.61 0.29 3 -1.54 0.31 2 -1.91 0.31 2 -1.91 0.37 1 .. .. .. ALBANIA ALB -0.67 0.14 11 -0.74 0.15 8 -0.77 0.15 8 -0.76 0.16 6 -0.81 0.18 6 -0.74 0.17 6 -1.07 0.20 5 0.03 0.48 2 ALGERIA DZA -0.39 0.16 10 -0.42 0.16 11 -0.60 0.15 11 -0.61 0.16 9 -0.76 0.17 8 -0.75 0.19 7 -0.83 0.19 7 -0.37 0.25 4 AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.33 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.77 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANDORRA ADO 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.08 0.38 1 1.30 0.37 1 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. .. ANGOLA AGO -1.14 0.16 12 -1.16 0.17 10 -1.24 0.15 11 -1.18 0.16 9 -1.20 0.17 8 -1.49 0.19 7 -1.38 0.19 7 -1.06 0.25 4 ANGUILLA AIA 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 0.81 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 1.27 0.39 1 0.75 0.33 2 0.83 0.35 2 0.82 0.37 1 0.86 0.39 1 0.92 0.39 1 0.96 0.37 1 .. .. .. ARGENTINA ARG -0.47 0.15 14 -0.42 0.14 14 -0.45 0.14 14 -0.43 0.15 12 -0.80 0.15 11 -0.38 0.15 10 -0.12 0.17 10 -0.18 0.20 7 ARMENIA ARM -0.58 0.13 15 -0.64 0.13 11 -0.72 0.14 10 -0.62 0.14 9 -0.69 0.16 8 -0.74 0.17 6 -0.77 0.18 6 -0.70 0.41 2 ARUBA ABW 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.13 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. AUSTRALIA AUS 1.99 0.16 10 1.97 0.15 10 2.06 0.14 11 1.96 0.14 11 1.89 0.15 9 1.96 0.17 8 1.96 0.18 8 1.85 0.20 7 AUSTRIA AUT 1.99 0.15 11 1.99 0.15 10 2.13 0.15 10 2.09 0.16 9 2.04 0.17 8 1.93 0.17 8 1.94 0.18 8 1.98 0.20 7 AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.99 0.13 15 -1.02 0.13 13 -1.16 0.13 12 -1.02 0.13 11 -1.02 0.13 10 -1.14 0.14 9 -1.12 0.17 7 -1.03 0.27 3 BAHAMAS BHS 1.37 0.33 2 1.32 0.30 2 1.36 0.33 2 1.37 0.33 2 1.44 0.34 2 1.39 0.36 2 1.42 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1 BAHRAIN BHR 0.58 0.18 8 0.64 0.17 8 0.74 0.17 8 0.76 0.18 7 0.93 0.18 7 0.69 0.21 5 0.68 0.21 5 0.02 0.25 4 BANGLADESH BGD -1.29 0.16 12 -1.23 0.16 11 -1.32 0.16 11 -1.17 0.15 9 -1.02 0.15 9 -0.93 0.16 8 -0.71 0.20 6 -0.49 0.25 4 BARBADOS BRB 1.20 0.25 3 1.21 0.30 3 1.16 0.31 3 1.22 0.32 2 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. .. BELARUS BLR -0.84 0.15 9 -0.96 0.15 7 -1.09 0.16 7 -0.95 0.15 7 -0.89 0.18 6 -0.58 0.19 5 -0.72 0.20 5 -0.99 0.57 1 BELGIUM BEL 1.40 0.16 10 1.46 0.15 9 1.51 0.15 9 1.57 0.16 9 1.60 0.16 9 1.54 0.17 8 1.35 0.18 8 1.39 0.20 7 BELIZE BLZ -0.30 0.23 5 -0.24 0.26 4 -0.30 0.27 4 -0.07 0.26 3 -0.22 0.32 2 -0.14 0.31 2 -0.09 0.31 2 .. .. .. BENIN BEN -0.81 0.18 10 -1.05 0.21 7 -0.66 0.24 5 -0.58 0.25 4 -0.74 0.30 3 -0.58 0.29 3 -0.69 0.29 3 .. .. .. BERMUDA BMU 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.26 0.38 1 1.30 0.37 1 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. .. BHUTAN BTN 0.89 0.25 6 0.87 0.25 6 0.81 0.26 6 0.89 0.23 4 0.55 0.23 3 0.56 0.24 3 0.66 0.31 2 .. .. .. BOLIVIA BOL -0.64 0.16 13 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.79 0.15 12 -0.81 0.16 9 -0.85 0.16 9 -0.55 0.16 8 -0.55 0.18 8 -0.94 0.25 4 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.32 0.14 10 -0.25 0.14 10 -0.40 0.14 10 -0.39 0.14 7 -0.45 0.16 7 -0.57 0.19 4 -0.37 0.20 4 -0.25 0.33 1 BOTSWANA BWA 0.81 0.17 11 1.10 0.17 10 0.91 0.17 10 1.12 0.17 9 0.70 0.18 9 0.77 0.21 6 0.75 0.22 6 0.38 0.28 3 BRAZIL BRA -0.33 0.15 14 -0.29 0.14 13 -0.04 0.14 14 0.05 0.15 12 -0.09 0.15 11 0.09 0.15 10 0.00 0.17 10 -0.18 0.20 7 BRUNEI BRN 0.24 0.33 2 0.25 0.30 2 0.39 0.33 2 0.29 0.33 2 0.33 0.34 2 0.35 0.36 2 0.44 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1 BULGARIA BGR -0.05 0.12 14 -0.01 0.13 11 0.07 0.13 11 -0.05 0.13 10 -0.14 0.14 10 -0.24 0.14 9 -0.32 0.16 8 -0.76 0.25 4 BURKINA FASO BFA -0.44 0.17 11 -0.04 0.23 7 -0.03 0.23 7 0.06 0.24 5 0.12 0.27 4 -0.01 0.28 4 -0.05 0.28 4 -0.33 0.69 1 BURUNDI BDI -1.08 0.18 9 -0.89 0.25 5 -0.93 0.24 5 -0.94 0.25 4 -0.95 0.30 3 -1.13 0.29 3 -1.25 0.29 3 .. .. .. CAMBODIA KHM -1.19 0.17 10 -1.12 0.16 10 -0.99 0.19 8 -0.90 0.17 7 -0.96 0.17 6 -0.91 0.19 5 -1.05 0.22 4 -1.11 0.29 2 CAMEROON CMR -0.94 0.17 11 -1.13 0.17 10 -0.88 0.17 9 -0.79 0.17 8 -1.06 0.19 7 -1.09 0.21 6 -1.24 0.22 6 -1.15 0.28 3 CANADA CAN 1.90 0.15 11 1.92 0.15 10 1.92 0.15 10 2.06 0.16 9 2.06 0.16 9 2.02 0.17 8 2.08 0.18 8 2.21 0.20 7 CAPE VERDE CPV 0.66 0.22 6 0.38 0.25 5 0.31 0.25 5 0.29 0.27 4 0.41 0.29 4 0.20 0.40 2 -0.32 0.42 2 .. .. .. CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.22 0.38 1 1.30 0.37 1 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. .. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.06 0.26 4 -1.21 0.25 5 -1.31 0.24 5 -1.15 0.25 4 -1.11 0.30 3 -1.35 0.29 3 -1.21 0.29 3 .. .. .. CHAD TCD -1.18 0.19 8 -1.35 0.22 6 -1.14 0.22 6 -1.11 0.23 5 -0.92 0.28 4 -0.87 0.29 3 -0.96 0.29 3 .. .. .. CHILE CHL 1.31 0.15 13 1.35 0.14 13 1.41 0.14 12 1.21 0.15 11 1.47 0.15 11 1.39 0.15 10 1.35 0.17 10 1.29 0.20 7 CHINA CHN -0.53 0.14 13 -0.68 0.13 13 -0.57 0.13 13 -0.49 0.13 11 -0.40 0.14 11 -0.36 0.15 10 -0.22 0.15 10 -0.09 0.20 7 COLOMBIA COL -0.22 0.14 15 -0.22 0.14 14 -0.24 0.14 13 -0.44 0.15 11 -0.54 0.15 11 -0.61 0.15 10 -0.73 0.17 10 -0.52 0.20 7 COMOROS COM -0.59 0.27 4 -0.84 0.26 4 -0.84 0.26 4 -0.84 0.27 3 -0.85 0.30 3 -1.06 0.29 3 -1.19 0.29 3 .. .. .. CONGO COG -1.06 0.17 10 -1.04 0.17 9 -0.95 0.20 7 -0.97 0.20 6 -1.00 0.22 6 -1.02 0.22 5 -1.22 0.23 5 -0.87 0.45 2 CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.43 0.17 10 -1.41 0.17 9 -1.38 0.16 9 -1.44 0.19 7 -1.48 0.20 7 -1.60 0.20 6 -1.69 0.21 6 -2.08 0.37 3 COOK ISLANDS COK 0.66 0.76 1 0.63 0.70 1 0.08 0.74 1 -0.19 0.43 1 -0.19 0.32 1 -0.10 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. COSTA RICA CRI 0.37 0.16 11 0.39 0.15 11 0.44 0.15 11 0.80 0.16 9 0.80 0.16 9 0.85 0.16 8 0.74 0.18 8 0.73 0.24 5 COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.16 0.20 7 -1.24 0.19 7 -1.14 0.18 8 -1.00 0.18 7 -0.86 0.19 7 -0.52 0.21 6 -0.38 0.22 6 0.38 0.28 3 CROATIA HRV -0.02 0.12 13 0.10 0.13 12 0.06 0.13 12 0.05 0.13 10 0.19 0.14 10 -0.01 0.15 8 -0.30 0.17 7 -0.59 0.27 3 CUBA CUB -0.26 0.20 6 -0.24 0.18 7 -0.29 0.18 7 -0.30 0.18 6 -0.16 0.19 6 -0.23 0.21 5 -0.04 0.21 5 0.02 0.25 4 CYPRUS CYP 0.83 0.19 7 0.70 0.17 6 0.75 0.18 6 0.94 0.19 5 0.89 0.19 5 0.79 0.21 5 0.82 0.21 5 1.62 0.25 4 CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.36 0.12 13 0.42 0.12 12 0.36 0.12 13 0.39 0.12 12 0.35 0.13 12 0.26 0.13 11 0.43 0.15 10 0.58 0.20 7 DENMARK DNK 2.39 0.15 11 2.24 0.15 10 2.42 0.15 10 2.31 0.16 9 2.27 0.17 8 2.18 0.17 8 2.23 0.18 8 2.29 0.20 7 DJIBOUTI DJI -0.67 0.27 4 -0.68 0.26 4 -0.50 0.26 4 -0.84 0.27 3 -0.68 0.30 3 -0.89 0.29 3 -0.75 0.29 3 .. .. .. DOMINICA DMA 0.66 0.31 2 0.66 0.28 3 0.61 0.29 3 0.46 0.29 2 0.54 0.32 2 0.44 0.31 2 0.58 0.31 2 .. .. .. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.59 0.16 12 -0.65 0.15 11 -0.52 0.16 10 -0.53 0.16 8 -0.43 0.17 8 -0.40 0.19 6 -0.41 0.21 5 -0.37 0.28 3 ECUADOR ECU -0.75 0.16 12 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.76 0.15 13 -0.79 0.16 10 -1.02 0.16 10 -0.92 0.16 9 -0.83 0.18 9 -0.83 0.25 5 EGYPT EGY -0.41 0.16 13 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.44 0.16 10 -0.34 0.16 10 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.22 0.17 9 0.06 0.23 6 EL SALVADOR SLV -0.18 0.19 9 -0.35 0.18 8 -0.28 0.19 8 -0.34 0.19 7 -0.55 0.18 7 -0.41 0.20 6 -0.57 0.21 6 -0.84 0.28 3 EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.53 0.22 6 -1.54 0.21 5 -1.62 0.21 6 -1.48 0.21 5 -1.49 0.22 5 -1.62 0.24 4 -1.41 0.24 4 -1.05 0.33 1 ERITREA ERI -0.17 0.22 7 -0.28 0.24 6 -0.23 0.24 6 0.00 0.25 4 0.25 0.30 3 0.66 0.29 3 0.73 0.29 3 .. .. .. ESTONIA EST 0.87 0.13 11 0.88 0.12 11 0.93 0.12 12 0.80 0.12 11 0.69 0.14 11 0.62 0.13 10 0.41 0.17 7 -0.02 0.27 3 ETHIOPIA ETH -0.55 0.18 11 -0.77 0.17 10 -0.67 0.18 9 -0.68 0.19 7 -0.50 0.21 6 -0.48 0.24 5 -0.59 0.24 5 -1.13 0.31 2 FIJI FJI -0.35 0.29 3 -0.60 0.29 2 -0.09 0.31 2 -0.29 0.29 2 0.09 0.32 2 0.15 0.31 2 0.24 0.31 2 .. .. .. FINLAND FIN 2.57 0.15 11 2.41 0.15 10 2.54 0.15 10 2.42 0.16 9 2.46 0.16 9 2.34 0.17 8 2.28 0.18 8 2.29 0.20 7 FRANCE FRA 1.44 0.15 11 1.40 0.15 10 1.39 0.15 10 1.47 0.16 9 1.37 0.16 9 1.50 0.17 8 1.50 0.18 8 1.45 0.20 7 FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.77 0.38 1 0.82 0.37 1 0.86 0.39 1 0.92 0.39 1 0.96 0.37 1 .. .. .. GABON GAB -0.84 0.17 10 -0.66 0.17 9 -0.69 0.16 9 -0.49 0.17 8 -0.53 0.17 8 -0.60 0.19 7 -0.75 0.21 6 -1.27 0.28 3 GAMBIA GMB -0.64 0.19 7 -0.71 0.21 6 -0.60 0.22 6 -0.37 0.23 5 -0.51 0.27 4 -0.40 0.28 4 -0.53 0.28 4 0.37 0.69 1 91 TABLE C6: Control of Corruption (cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. GEORGIA GEO -0.36 0.13 13 -0.52 0.14 11 -0.75 0.14 11 -0.92 0.14 8 -1.07 0.17 7 -0.90 0.16 6 -0.84 0.18 5 -1.12 0.41 2 GERMANY DEU 1.78 0.15 11 1.92 0.15 11 1.90 0.15 11 2.01 0.16 10 1.99 0.16 9 2.00 0.17 8 2.08 0.18 8 2.08 0.20 7 GHANA GHA -0.12 0.17 12 -0.41 0.15 13 -0.34 0.15 13 -0.27 0.16 11 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.25 0.19 7 -0.34 0.19 7 -0.50 0.25 4 GREECE GRC 0.39 0.15 11 0.40 0.15 10 0.55 0.15 10 0.58 0.16 9 0.56 0.16 9 0.72 0.17 8 0.68 0.18 8 0.38 0.20 7 GRENADA GRD 0.59 0.29 3 0.66 0.28 3 0.61 0.29 3 0.62 0.29 2 0.70 0.32 2 0.61 0.31 2 0.72 0.31 2 .. .. .. GUAM GUM 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.36 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GUATEMALA GTM -0.70 0.16 13 -0.81 0.16 12 -0.53 0.16 12 -0.66 0.17 10 -0.65 0.17 8 -0.58 0.17 7 -0.56 0.21 6 -1.02 0.25 4 GUINEA GIN -0.96 0.20 8 -0.86 0.23 6 -0.92 0.23 6 -0.83 0.24 5 -0.65 0.26 5 -0.78 0.28 4 -0.80 0.28 4 0.37 0.69 1 GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -0.99 0.24 5 -1.07 0.24 5 -1.16 0.24 5 -1.05 0.26 4 -0.87 0.27 4 -0.89 0.28 4 -1.13 0.28 4 -1.03 0.69 1 GUYANA GUY -0.61 0.19 8 -0.57 0.21 7 -0.49 0.25 5 -0.41 0.25 4 -0.44 0.29 3 -0.38 0.29 3 -0.40 0.30 3 -0.33 0.69 1 HAITI HTI -1.47 0.22 6 -1.47 0.24 6 -1.36 0.25 6 -1.73 0.22 6 -1.70 0.25 4 -1.43 0.29 3 -1.37 0.30 3 -1.03 0.69 1 HONDURAS HND -0.78 0.16 12 -0.68 0.16 10 -0.69 0.17 10 -0.71 0.17 8 -0.80 0.17 8 -0.77 0.17 7 -0.65 0.21 6 -1.03 0.25 4 HONG KONG HKG 1.71 0.14 11 1.69 0.13 10 1.59 0.13 10 1.50 0.14 9 1.45 0.15 9 1.31 0.16 8 1.30 0.16 8 1.53 0.20 6 HUNGARY HUN 0.51 0.12 13 0.60 0.12 12 0.67 0.12 12 0.63 0.12 12 0.58 0.13 12 0.69 0.13 11 0.71 0.15 10 0.63 0.20 7 ICELAND ISL 2.46 0.16 8 2.50 0.17 7 2.36 0.17 7 2.38 0.19 6 2.22 0.20 5 2.21 0.21 5 2.01 0.21 5 1.81 0.26 4 INDIA IND -0.21 0.13 15 -0.33 0.12 14 -0.37 0.13 14 -0.38 0.13 12 -0.41 0.14 11 -0.33 0.15 10 -0.27 0.15 10 -0.36 0.20 7 INDONESIA IDN -0.77 0.13 17 -0.87 0.12 16 -0.93 0.13 16 -0.97 0.13 14 -1.17 0.13 12 -1.01 0.14 11 -1.11 0.15 10 -0.55 0.20 7 IRAN IRN -0.59 0.18 11 -0.50 0.17 10 -0.48 0.17 10 -0.34 0.17 8 -0.30 0.17 8 -0.51 0.20 6 -0.46 0.21 6 -0.90 0.25 5 IRAQ IRQ -1.40 0.20 6 -1.30 0.18 6 -1.47 0.18 6 -1.13 0.18 6 -1.46 0.19 6 -1.45 0.21 5 -1.51 0.21 5 -1.39 0.25 4 IRELAND IRL 1.60 0.16 10 1.69 0.15 10 1.48 0.15 10 1.67 0.16 9 1.61 0.17 8 1.59 0.17 8 1.64 0.18 8 1.85 0.20 7 ISRAEL ISR 0.83 0.15 11 0.77 0.15 9 0.80 0.15 9 0.97 0.16 8 1.04 0.16 8 0.98 0.18 7 1.11 0.18 7 1.47 0.20 7 ITALY ITA 0.31 0.15 11 0.41 0.15 11 0.56 0.15 11 0.75 0.16 10 0.77 0.16 9 0.98 0.17 8 0.72 0.18 8 0.48 0.20 7 JAMAICA JAM -0.36 0.17 9 -0.47 0.16 8 -0.52 0.17 8 -0.54 0.17 7 -0.50 0.18 7 -0.25 0.19 6 -0.25 0.21 5 -0.37 0.28 3 JAPAN JPN 1.31 0.14 12 1.25 0.13 12 1.16 0.13 12 1.07 0.14 11 1.13 0.14 10 1.24 0.16 9 1.10 0.16 9 1.21 0.20 7 JORDAN JOR 0.38 0.15 12 0.33 0.15 11 0.46 0.15 11 0.29 0.15 10 0.01 0.17 8 0.04 0.18 7 0.13 0.18 7 -0.15 0.24 5 KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.92 0.13 14 -0.94 0.13 13 -1.17 0.13 12 -1.10 0.13 11 -1.08 0.15 10 -0.97 0.15 9 -0.89 0.17 8 -0.92 0.26 4 KENYA KEN -0.97 0.15 15 -1.00 0.15 14 -0.80 0.15 14 -0.86 0.16 12 -1.02 0.17 9 -0.97 0.19 7 -1.13 0.19 7 -1.11 0.25 4 KIRIBATI KIR 0.08 0.30 3 0.22 0.27 3 0.36 0.30 3 0.12 0.31 2 -0.04 0.27 2 -0.22 0.30 2 -0.61 0.51 1 .. .. .. KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.69 0.26 4 -1.36 0.23 4 -1.58 0.24 4 -1.97 0.33 2 -1.13 0.34 2 -1.93 0.36 2 -1.86 0.36 2 -0.33 0.69 1 KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.31 0.14 13 0.47 0.13 12 0.22 0.13 12 0.40 0.13 11 0.33 0.14 11 0.14 0.15 10 0.07 0.15 10 0.52 0.20 7 KOSOVO LWI -0.63 0.21 3 -0.67 0.20 2 -0.97 0.22 1 -0.89 0.21 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. KUWAIT KWT 0.67 0.18 7 0.83 0.17 7 0.88 0.18 6 0.92 0.18 6 1.09 0.18 7 1.04 0.21 5 1.11 0.21 5 0.61 0.25 4 KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.09 0.13 14 -1.06 0.14 11 -0.98 0.14 10 -0.85 0.14 9 -0.85 0.15 8 -0.89 0.15 7 -0.70 0.18 5 -0.85 0.41 2 LAOS LAO -1.05 0.19 9 -1.08 0.19 8 -1.01 0.21 7 -0.97 0.19 5 -0.92 0.19 5 -0.90 0.20 4 -0.69 0.25 3 -1.00 0.53 1 LATVIA LVA 0.38 0.13 11 0.37 0.13 10 0.24 0.13 11 0.25 0.13 10 0.07 0.14 10 0.13 0.14 9 0.09 0.17 7 -0.65 0.27 3 LEBANON LBN -0.57 0.18 10 -0.38 0.17 8 -0.46 0.17 8 -0.46 0.17 7 -0.38 0.17 8 -0.31 0.19 6 -0.24 0.20 6 -0.23 0.25 4 LESOTHO LSO -0.05 0.18 9 -0.12 0.22 7 -0.21 0.21 7 -0.31 0.22 6 -0.29 0.25 5 -0.17 0.29 3 -0.16 0.29 3 .. .. .. LIBERIA LBR -0.85 0.30 4 -1.12 0.28 3 -1.25 0.27 4 -1.21 0.31 3 -1.20 0.31 3 -1.65 0.28 4 -1.76 0.28 4 -1.73 0.69 1 LIBYA LBY -0.89 0.20 7 -0.87 0.18 7 -0.84 0.18 7 -0.81 0.18 6 -0.82 0.19 6 -0.83 0.21 5 -0.78 0.21 5 -0.97 0.25 4 LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.31 0.38 1 1.30 0.37 1 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. .. LITHUANIA LTU 0.11 0.14 10 0.22 0.13 11 0.31 0.13 11 0.28 0.13 10 0.25 0.14 10 0.27 0.14 9 0.18 0.17 7 -0.18 0.27 3 LUXEMBOURG LUX 2.01 0.17 7 1.84 0.19 6 2.03 0.19 6 1.89 0.22 5 2.21 0.26 4 2.05 0.25 4 2.03 0.25 4 1.94 0.29 3 MACAO MAC 0.41 0.28 2 0.55 0.20 2 1.35 0.38 1 0.82 0.37 1 -0.06 0.39 1 0.45 0.39 1 0.48 0.37 1 .. .. .. MACEDONIA MKD -0.37 0.14 11 -0.43 0.14 10 -0.52 0.14 10 -0.59 0.14 8 -0.76 0.17 6 -0.56 0.19 4 -0.44 0.20 4 -1.05 0.33 1 MADAGASCAR MDG -0.25 0.17 11 0.03 0.20 8 -0.11 0.21 7 0.11 0.22 6 0.09 0.27 4 -0.07 0.28 4 -0.44 0.28 4 0.37 0.69 1 MALAWI MWI -0.74 0.15 13 -0.84 0.16 11 -0.82 0.16 10 -0.82 0.17 9 -0.95 0.18 8 -0.45 0.20 6 -0.39 0.21 6 -0.50 0.28 3 MALAYSIA MYS 0.38 0.13 15 0.25 0.12 14 0.31 0.13 14 0.37 0.13 12 0.33 0.14 11 0.39 0.15 10 0.59 0.15 10 0.49 0.20 7 MALDIVES MDV -0.51 0.28 4 -0.32 0.27 4 -0.15 0.28 4 0.06 0.24 3 -0.13 0.23 3 -0.14 0.24 3 0.11 0.31 2 .. .. .. MALI MLI -0.56 0.18 10 -0.36 0.20 8 -0.45 0.20 8 -0.44 0.22 7 -0.31 0.26 6 -0.63 0.28 4 -0.60 0.28 4 -0.33 0.69 1 MALTA MLT 1.19 0.21 5 1.04 0.24 4 1.20 0.25 4 1.23 0.26 4 0.82 0.34 2 0.83 0.36 2 0.55 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1 MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -0.53 0.43 2 -0.44 0.42 2 -0.60 0.43 2 -0.84 0.31 2 -0.95 0.27 2 -0.68 0.30 2 -0.61 0.51 1 .. .. .. MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.86 0.38 1 0.82 0.37 1 0.86 0.39 1 0.92 0.39 1 0.96 0.37 1 .. .. .. MAURITANIA MRT -0.60 0.19 9 -0.21 0.24 6 -0.17 0.24 6 0.27 0.25 4 0.19 0.30 3 -0.19 0.29 3 -0.23 0.29 3 .. .. .. MAURITIUS MUS 0.37 0.17 8 0.32 0.17 7 0.29 0.17 7 0.37 0.18 6 0.44 0.18 6 0.40 0.21 5 0.40 0.21 5 0.45 0.29 2 MEXICO MEX -0.35 0.14 15 -0.40 0.14 14 -0.32 0.14 14 -0.19 0.15 12 -0.31 0.15 11 -0.42 0.15 10 -0.47 0.17 10 -0.39 0.20 7 MICRONESIA FSM -0.27 0.43 2 -0.28 0.42 2 0.01 0.30 3 -0.36 0.31 2 -0.38 0.27 2 -0.32 0.30 2 -0.25 0.51 1 .. .. .. MOLDOVA MDA -0.65 0.13 13 -0.73 0.13 12 -0.96 0.13 11 -0.87 0.13 9 -0.91 0.15 8 -0.73 0.15 8 -0.36 0.17 7 -0.26 0.27 3 MONGOLIA MNG -0.54 0.19 8 -0.57 0.21 7 -0.43 0.24 6 -0.19 0.22 5 0.06 0.22 4 -0.31 0.24 4 -0.32 0.30 3 0.37 0.69 1 MONTENEGRO MNP -0.48 0.15 8 -0.51 0.21 1 -0.60 0.22 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MOROCCO MAR -0.06 0.16 13 -0.11 0.16 11 -0.01 0.15 11 -0.10 0.16 10 -0.08 0.16 9 0.04 0.19 7 0.13 0.19 7 0.22 0.25 5 MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.57 0.15 14 -0.61 0.15 12 -0.69 0.15 12 -0.70 0.16 10 -0.71 0.18 8 -0.68 0.20 6 -0.71 0.21 6 -0.39 0.28 3 MYANMAR MMR -1.68 0.22 6 -1.54 0.21 6 -1.63 0.20 6 -1.36 0.21 5 -1.35 0.21 5 -1.37 0.25 4 -1.37 0.25 4 -1.21 0.28 3 NAMIBIA NAM 0.16 0.17 9 0.05 0.17 11 -0.04 0.17 11 0.06 0.17 10 0.05 0.18 9 0.58 0.24 5 0.69 0.24 5 0.69 0.31 2 NEPAL NPL -0.75 0.17 12 -0.73 0.17 9 -0.58 0.19 8 -0.23 0.19 6 -0.33 0.19 5 -0.43 0.20 4 -0.36 0.25 3 -0.31 0.53 1 NETHERLANDS NLD 2.05 0.15 11 1.99 0.15 10 2.04 0.15 10 2.08 0.16 9 2.17 0.16 9 2.18 0.17 8 2.22 0.18 8 2.22 0.20 7 NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 0.59 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NEW CALEDONIA NCL -1.33 0.57 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1.03 0.69 1 NEW ZEALAND NZL 2.38 0.16 9 2.25 0.15 8 2.39 0.15 8 2.33 0.16 8 2.28 0.17 7 2.16 0.18 7 2.21 0.18 7 2.28 0.20 6 NICARAGUA NIC -0.76 0.18 12 -0.62 0.18 11 -0.34 0.19 10 -0.45 0.19 9 -0.45 0.18 7 -0.94 0.20 6 -0.82 0.25 5 -0.21 0.28 3 92 TABLEC6: Control of Corruption(cont.) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996 Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. NIGER NER -0.97 0.21 8 -0.83 0.23 6 -0.89 0.23 6 -1.01 0.24 5 -1.05 0.27 4 -0.96 0.28 4 -1.01 0.28 4 -0.33 0.69 1 NIGERIA NGA -1.29 0.15 15 -1.23 0.15 14 -1.32 0.15 14 -1.24 0.16 12 -1.37 0.16 10 -1.14 0.17 8 -1.12 0.19 7 -1.25 0.25 5 NORWAY NOR 2.13 0.15 11 2.05 0.15 10 2.10 0.15 10 2.13 0.16 9 2.18 0.17 8 2.14 0.17 8 2.21 0.18 8 2.30 0.20 7 OMAN OMN 0.71 0.20 6 0.69 0.18 6 0.80 0.18 6 0.62 0.18 6 0.95 0.18 7 0.83 0.21 5 0.85 0.21 5 0.06 0.25 4 PAKISTAN PAK -0.93 0.16 15 -1.03 0.15 13 -1.03 0.15 13 -0.74 0.15 11 -0.83 0.15 9 -0.76 0.17 8 -0.88 0.20 7 -1.04 0.25 5 PANAMA PAN -0.28 0.16 12 -0.27 0.15 12 -0.12 0.16 11 -0.22 0.16 10 -0.29 0.16 9 -0.31 0.16 8 -0.22 0.20 7 -0.52 0.25 4 PAPUANEWGUINEA PNG -1.13 0.18 9 -1.12 0.17 9 -0.97 0.17 9 -0.88 0.16 8 -0.77 0.16 7 -0.78 0.17 7 -0.67 0.21 5 -0.31 0.28 3 PARAGUAY PRY -1.02 0.16 12 -1.23 0.16 11 -1.21 0.17 10 -1.24 0.17 8 -1.20 0.17 8 -1.19 0.17 7 -1.29 0.21 6 -0.51 0.28 3 PERU PER -0.35 0.16 14 -0.49 0.15 13 -0.39 0.15 13 -0.15 0.16 10 -0.28 0.16 10 -0.33 0.16 9 -0.32 0.18 9 -0.14 0.23 6 PHILIPPINES PHL -0.69 0.13 16 -0.59 0.12 15 -0.54 0.13 15 -0.41 0.13 12 -0.53 0.14 11 -0.50 0.15 10 -0.37 0.15 10 -0.47 0.20 7 POLAND POL 0.14 0.12 14 0.17 0.12 13 0.16 0.12 13 0.41 0.12 12 0.34 0.13 12 0.48 0.13 11 0.56 0.15 10 0.39 0.20 7 PORTUGAL PRT 1.11 0.15 11 1.15 0.15 11 1.17 0.15 11 1.30 0.16 10 1.32 0.17 8 1.24 0.17 8 1.36 0.18 8 1.57 0.20 7 PUERTORICO PRI 0.68 0.29 4 1.11 0.27 3 0.96 0.26 3 1.01 0.26 3 1.22 0.31 2 1.18 0.31 2 0.84 0.31 2 1.22 0.57 1 QATAR QAT 0.83 0.20 7 0.82 0.19 7 0.70 0.21 6 0.69 0.21 6 0.88 0.20 5 0.84 0.25 4 0.83 0.25 4 -0.12 0.28 3 REUNION REU 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.95 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ROMANIA ROM -0.18 0.12 15 -0.24 0.12 14 -0.26 0.12 13 -0.30 0.12 11 -0.35 0.14 10 -0.34 0.14 9 -0.35 0.17 7 -0.23 0.25 4 RUSSIA RUS -0.76 0.12 16 -0.78 0.12 15 -0.77 0.12 15 -0.78 0.12 13 -0.92 0.13 12 -0.94 0.13 11 -0.92 0.15 10 -0.84 0.20 7 RWANDA RWA -0.12 0.23 7 -0.67 0.26 5 -0.57 0.26 5 -0.70 0.27 3 -0.57 0.30 3 -0.71 0.29 3 -0.84 0.29 3 .. .. .. SAMOA SAM 0.22 0.30 3 0.17 0.27 3 0.11 0.30 3 0.11 0.24 3 0.03 0.23 3 -0.02 0.24 3 -0.09 0.31 2 .. .. .. SAOTOMEANDPRINCIPE STP -0.53 0.23 5 -0.81 0.26 4 -0.76 0.26 4 -0.58 0.27 3 -0.29 0.30 3 -0.04 0.29 3 -0.46 0.29 3 .. .. .. SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.18 0.20 7 0.24 0.18 7 0.20 0.18 7 0.32 0.18 7 0.51 0.17 8 0.50 0.20 6 0.45 0.21 6 -0.42 0.25 5 SENEGAL SEN -0.42 0.17 13 -0.25 0.16 10 -0.27 0.17 9 -0.35 0.17 9 -0.14 0.18 8 -0.28 0.20 6 -0.32 0.21 6 -0.42 0.28 3 SERBIA YUG -0.35 0.14 12 -0.47 0.13 10 -0.51 0.14 9 -0.52 0.14 9 -0.76 0.16 8 -1.08 0.20 4 -1.08 0.21 4 -0.99 0.31 2 SEYCHELLES SYC 0.14 0.23 5 0.12 0.21 6 0.20 0.21 6 0.25 0.25 4 0.38 0.30 3 0.55 0.29 3 0.43 0.29 3 .. .. .. SIERRALEONE SLE -1.22 0.22 9 -1.08 0.24 6 -0.88 0.24 6 -0.88 0.26 5 -0.78 0.27 4 -0.98 0.28 4 -0.91 0.28 4 -1.73 0.69 1 SINGAPORE SGP 2.30 0.14 12 2.25 0.13 11 2.44 0.13 11 2.36 0.14 10 2.33 0.14 10 2.25 0.16 9 2.29 0.16 9 2.25 0.20 7 SLOVAKIA SVK 0.35 0.12 12 0.43 0.12 11 0.43 0.12 11 0.34 0.12 11 0.11 0.14 11 0.16 0.14 9 -0.01 0.17 7 0.40 0.24 5 SLOVENIA SVN 0.92 0.13 11 0.84 0.12 10 0.97 0.13 10 0.84 0.12 11 0.79 0.14 11 0.73 0.13 10 0.72 0.17 7 1.05 0.27 3 SOLOMONISLANDS SLB -0.29 0.30 3 0.02 0.27 3 -0.53 0.30 3 -1.27 0.31 2 -1.35 0.27 2 -0.98 0.30 2 -0.61 0.51 1 .. .. .. SOMALIA SOM -1.77 0.30 3 -1.60 0.27 4 -1.73 0.27 4 -1.74 0.31 3 -1.13 0.34 2 -1.75 0.29 3 -1.71 0.30 3 -1.73 0.69 1 SOUTHAFRICA ZAF 0.56 0.14 16 0.56 0.14 15 0.40 0.13 15 0.34 0.15 13 0.34 0.15 12 0.57 0.16 10 0.58 0.17 10 0.62 0.20 7 SPAIN ESP 1.18 0.15 11 1.34 0.15 10 1.39 0.15 10 1.46 0.16 9 1.42 0.16 9 1.43 0.17 8 1.40 0.18 8 1.08 0.20 7 SRI LANKA LKA -0.29 0.16 12 -0.30 0.16 11 -0.18 0.16 11 -0.21 0.15 10 -0.21 0.15 9 -0.18 0.16 8 -0.17 0.20 6 -0.27 0.25 4 ST. KITTSANDNEVIS KNA 0.96 0.31 2 0.98 0.28 3 0.23 0.29 3 0.26 0.42 1 0.30 0.49 1 0.09 0.45 1 0.12 0.51 1 .. .. .. ST. LUCIA LCA 1.13 0.31 2 1.11 0.28 3 0.28 0.29 3 0.26 0.42 1 0.30 0.49 1 0.47 0.45 1 0.12 0.51 1 .. .. .. ST. VINCENTANDTHEGRENADINES VCT 0.96 0.31 2 0.98 0.28 3 0.28 0.29 3 0.26 0.42 1 0.30 0.49 1 0.09 0.45 1 0.12 0.51 1 .. .. .. SUDAN SDN -1.12 0.20 9 -1.39 0.19 8 -1.31 0.18 8 -1.26 0.18 7 -1.00 0.19 7 -0.89 0.21 6 -1.00 0.24 5 -1.13 0.31 2 SURINAME SUR -0.21 0.22 5 0.06 0.27 4 0.33 0.28 4 0.36 0.30 3 0.19 0.34 2 0.42 0.36 2 0.00 0.36 2 -0.33 0.69 1 SWAZILAND SWZ -0.47 0.21 8 -0.61 0.23 7 -0.64 0.21 7 -0.50 0.22 5 -0.29 0.26 4 -0.13 0.29 3 0.01 0.29 3 .. .. .. SWEDEN SWE 2.24 0.15 11 2.10 0.15 9 2.17 0.15 9 2.21 0.16 9 2.25 0.17 8 2.23 0.17 8 2.23 0.18 8 2.26 0.20 7 SWITZERLAND CHE 2.19 0.15 11 2.13 0.15 10 2.12 0.15 10 2.17 0.16 9 2.17 0.17 8 2.13 0.17 8 2.24 0.18 8 2.20 0.20 7 SYRIA SYR -0.66 0.18 9 -0.58 0.18 8 -0.59 0.18 8 -0.50 0.18 6 -0.30 0.19 6 -0.61 0.21 5 -0.58 0.21 5 -0.79 0.25 4 TAIWAN TWN 0.53 0.14 12 0.64 0.13 11 0.67 0.13 11 0.66 0.14 10 0.71 0.14 10 0.79 0.16 9 0.83 0.16 9 0.74 0.20 7 TAJIKISTAN TJK -0.91 0.14 13 -1.07 0.15 10 -1.16 0.16 9 -1.02 0.15 7 -1.03 0.16 7 -1.20 0.17 5 -1.33 0.21 4 -1.74 0.57 1 TANZANIA TZA -0.37 0.15 14 -0.73 0.15 11 -0.65 0.15 11 -0.88 0.16 10 -1.00 0.17 9 -1.07 0.19 7 -1.07 0.19 7 -1.09 0.25 4 THAILAND THA -0.26 0.13 15 -0.22 0.12 14 -0.25 0.13 13 -0.35 0.13 11 -0.34 0.14 11 -0.13 0.15 10 -0.20 0.15 10 -0.39 0.20 7 TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.89 0.23 5 -0.79 0.27 4 -0.52 0.33 4 -0.51 0.29 3 -0.53 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TOGO TGO -1.00 0.19 9 -0.76 0.22 7 -0.82 0.23 6 -0.83 0.24 5 -0.65 0.27 4 -0.63 0.28 4 -0.60 0.28 4 -1.03 0.69 1 TONGA TON -1.29 0.30 3 -1.29 0.27 3 -0.51 0.30 3 -0.62 0.31 2 -0.72 0.27 2 -0.58 0.30 2 -0.25 0.51 1 .. .. .. TRINIDADANDTOBAGO TTO -0.15 0.17 9 0.02 0.16 9 0.03 0.17 8 0.06 0.17 7 -0.06 0.18 6 0.14 0.19 6 0.29 0.21 5 0.87 0.28 3 TUNISIA TUN 0.20 0.16 11 0.03 0.16 11 0.38 0.15 11 0.42 0.16 9 0.45 0.16 9 0.12 0.19 7 0.15 0.19 7 -0.10 0.25 4 TURKEY TUR 0.06 0.14 15 -0.05 0.14 15 -0.20 0.14 15 -0.24 0.15 12 -0.43 0.15 11 -0.19 0.16 9 -0.24 0.17 9 0.01 0.20 7 TURKMENISTAN TKM -1.28 0.15 7 -1.32 0.14 7 -1.36 0.15 6 -1.13 0.14 6 -1.19 0.17 6 -1.03 0.17 5 -1.05 0.18 5 -1.52 0.41 2 TUVALU TUV -0.07 0.37 2 -0.09 0.32 2 0.56 0.35 2 -0.72 0.43 1 0.13 0.32 1 0.11 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. UGANDA UGA -0.71 0.15 14 -0.87 0.15 12 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.77 0.16 11 -0.98 0.17 9 -0.96 0.19 7 -0.86 0.19 7 -0.54 0.25 4 UKRAINE UKR -0.67 0.13 14 -0.62 0.12 14 -0.92 0.13 14 -0.90 0.13 13 -0.98 0.14 11 -1.00 0.14 10 -1.08 0.15 9 -0.82 0.24 5 UNITEDARABEMIRATES ARE 1.16 0.18 7 1.12 0.17 7 1.33 0.17 7 1.18 0.18 6 1.16 0.18 7 0.83 0.21 5 0.75 0.21 5 0.13 0.25 4 UNITEDKINGDOM GBR 1.86 0.15 11 1.94 0.15 10 1.99 0.15 10 2.08 0.16 9 2.10 0.16 9 2.13 0.17 8 2.12 0.18 8 2.21 0.20 7 UNITEDSTATES USA 1.30 0.15 12 1.57 0.15 11 1.76 0.13 12 1.74 0.14 11 1.90 0.14 10 1.77 0.17 8 1.70 0.18 8 1.75 0.20 7 URUGUAY URY 0.80 0.17 10 0.82 0.15 11 0.64 0.15 11 0.73 0.16 9 0.77 0.16 9 0.76 0.16 8 0.79 0.20 7 0.43 0.25 4 UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.02 0.14 11 -1.17 0.13 10 -1.14 0.14 10 -1.07 0.13 10 -1.02 0.14 9 -0.96 0.16 6 -1.02 0.19 5 -1.05 0.27 3 VANUATU VUT 0.20 0.30 3 0.26 0.27 3 -0.62 0.30 3 -0.64 0.31 2 -0.79 0.27 2 -0.85 0.30 2 -0.25 0.51 1 .. .. .. VENEZUELA VEN -1.05 0.14 15 -1.01 0.14 15 -0.99 0.14 15 -1.08 0.15 13 -0.97 0.15 11 -0.59 0.15 10 -0.84 0.17 10 -0.83 0.20 7 VIETNAM VNM -0.66 0.15 15 -0.76 0.13 13 -0.79 0.14 13 -0.63 0.13 12 -0.69 0.13 11 -0.72 0.15 10 -0.65 0.16 9 -0.67 0.23 6 VIRGINISLANDS(U.S.) VIR 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.63 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. WESTBANKGAZA WBG -1.09 0.32 3 -0.99 0.30 3 -0.48 0.31 3 -0.95 0.32 2 -0.93 0.36 2 -0.96 0.39 1 -0.95 0.37 1 .. .. .. YEMEN YEM -0.60 0.18 11 -0.64 0.18 8 -0.82 0.18 8 -0.67 0.18 7 -0.69 0.19 6 -0.66 0.21 5 -0.59 0.21 5 -0.29 0.28 3 ZAMBIA ZMB -0.78 0.15 13 -0.81 0.16 11 -0.88 0.15 12 -0.85 0.16 10 -0.95 0.17 9 -0.90 0.19 7 -0.86 0.19 7 -1.04 0.25 4 ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.36 0.15 14 -1.28 0.15 13 -1.29 0.15 12 -1.19 0.16 11 -1.21 0.16 9 -0.93 0.17 8 -0.42 0.18 8 -0.17 0.24 5 93