tember 1998 19256 Sept. 1998 a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<; " i~~~~~ ii i~ ; ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ .. . ltter fom the Presildent IT IS A PLEASURE to introduce this special issue opment. Natural sites can be protected of Urban Age dealing with culture and devel- in the context of environmental oper- opment. This theme could not be more atnsadsomcmre The Bank does not claim to be the timely. At the threshold of the third millen- custodian of all knowledge in this area. g u ,: nium, the world is in the throws of unprece- We recognize that the very logic of dented globalization. Many individuals, these activities is that they must be especially in the developing countries, feel home grownandcountrydriven We especially in believe in working in partnership. themselves increasingly powerless against the Partnerships that bring together inter- vast, unseen forces of global change. Yet, along national, regional, national and local with globalization, has come an unprece- actors; that bridge formal and infor- dented assertion of indivi l i . mal, private and public sectors. Part- dented assertion of individual identity. nerships that bring in foundations, civil society and the communities This rich cultural diversity is not just a trea- themselves, as well as national governments and sure in which we can rejoice: rather, it deserves international agencies. to be protected every bit as much as our I am thus delighted to see more of our work planet's biodiversity. Moreover, the self-aware- being done in collaboration with the many ness and pride that comes from cultural iden- institutions that have been leaders in this field tity are an essential part of empowering over the years: the United Nations Educational, communities to take charge of their own des- Scientific and Cultural Organisation tinies. It is for these reasons (UNESCO), the International that, we at the World Bank, The self-awareness Centre for the Study of the believe that respect for the cul- and pride that comes Preservation and the Restora- ture and identity of peoples is frmcultural ny tion of Cultural Property an important constituent ele- .,entia (ICCROM), the International are an essential Coni onMnmetn ment in any viable approach to Council on Monuments and people-centered development, part of emu powerig Sites (ICOMOS), Getty, the We must respect the rooted- International American Devel- ness of people in their own soci- take charge of their opment Bank (IDB), the etal context. We must protect own destinies. World Monuments Fund the heritage of the past. But, we (WMF), the Aga Khan Trust must also foster and promote living culture in for Culture (AKTC) and many more. all its many forms. This makes sound business I am confident that as we advance in the sense, as recent economic analyses have consis- years ahead, this work will be essential for pro- tently shown. From tourism to restoration, moting social solidarity, responding to the chal- investments in cultural heritage and related lenge of inclusion, helping future generations industries promote labor-intensive economic retain their patrimony of natural and built her- activities that generate wealth and income. itage, as well as preserving the living cultures Much of this is already happening or begin- of the present-all of which will help build bet- ning to happen in the context of our conven- ter tomorrows. tional operations. Educational loans can take into account the needs of libraries and muse- ums-essential elements of the educational James D. Wolfensohn enterprise of any nation today. Historic districts President can be more sensitively treated in urban devel- The World Bank 2 cultural heritage an Ubn special- issue - iOtenberi998 8 Revitalizing Cities through Culture Culture is no longer a "soft" subject. Cities around the world are awakening to the positive economic influences that culture embodies. 'Y' ~~~~~~~~~~~~by Charles Landry II Culture & Development at the World Bank The World Bank is giving new emphasis to culture as a developmental issue in its programs and priorities. by Isnmail Serageldin 14 Conservation in the Old Walled City of Lahore A contextual approach to conserving historic structures and settings requires the participation, vision and discipline of all partners. by Katnnka Ebbe ;*9 -- a s > f j- ++ i6 The New Corporate Philanthrophy As cash-strapped cities and cultural organizations face new demands for cultural preservation projects, multinational corporations see an opportunity to support investment in worthwhile cultural causes. by Keith Eiiinberg 2, . :- l S 2 v . g i8 Development + Preservation = Landmarking Children see their world differently than adults. Asking them to define and photograph the landmarks of their city produces some surprising results. page 18 by Mahasti Afshar page 24 2z The Culture Bank The people of Fombori, a village in Mali, display and preserve their cultural artifacts in a community-built museum that is not only financially viable but also a positive focal point for community life. . by Todd Vincent Crosby and Katrinka Ebbe z4 Architecture of Independence The work of four architects from India and Bangladesh, now on exhibit - -ri r- . w-w~ws ;><- in the United States, highlights their struggle to create an identity through architecture that is at once modern and indigenous. by Jonathan Hale g 22>>-q- 28 The Challenge of Living Heritage Asia's local heritage groups reexamine their past through collaboration. by Khoo Salma Nasution z Letter from the President 4 Editor's Note 5 The Newsstand COVER: 29 Cultural Heritage Resource Guide Ferris NXWheel, Tuilleries Garden, Paris, 3i Calendar by ii-year-old photographer Justin Lee UrbanAge 3 This speciat issue of UrbanAge is funded by the Vice Presidency for ed'itor's note M ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Special Programs of the World Bank EDITORIAL STAFF Margaret Bergen, Editor THE BURDEN OF HISTORY is that it requires NickHarrison, Managing Editor Annabel Biles, Assistant Editor a collective memory and conscience. The Brian Noyes, Design question of who we are is answered by Nita Congress, Copy Editor another: where do we come from? This PatriciaMoran,Circulation constant act of remembrance is celebrated in EDiORIAL Atiourne Badiane, Urban Management Programme, all cultures. Its absence is a tragedy that denies Abid jan, Cote d'lvoire Yves Cabannes, Urban) Management Programme, people a sense of belonging and a claim to Quito, Ecuador James H. Carr, Fannie Mae Foundation, the past. Our cultural definitions are designed Washington D.C., USA Victor Falkenheim, University of Toronto, by the past and re-interpreted in the future. We re-affirm the philosophy first developed Toronto, Canada Michael Fishman, Sam Schwartz & Co., in Urban Age's Spring I997 issue on culture heritage where we defined culture as the sum- New York City, USA mation of humankind's experience made tangible. That stands. What we explore here are Randa Fouad, Urban Management Programme, some of the broader issues connecting culture to development and its implications for the Cairo, Egypt Roger Graef, FilIms of Record, London, England World Bank's programs on cultural heritage. Nigel Harris, University College, London, England The natural, built and spiritual environments are linked through our daily use of them Nadezhda Kosareva, Institute for Urban Economics, as fora to conduct our celebrations of everyday life. In this issue we address the following Moscow, Russia as ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Charles Larndry, Comedia, Stroud, England four questions to highlight the current debate in the world of culture and development. Robert H. McNulty, Partners for Livable If culture, as Ismail Serageldin states in his article, is the whole complex of distinctive Communities, Washington D.C., USA *1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mohamad Machnouk, Eco News Beirut, spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize society, can we use Beirut, Lebanon these features to defend, preserve and develop our cultural heritage in a way that makes LyndsayNeilson, University of Canberra, sense for new generations that will have to do the same? Canberra,Australia Can we build around the past instead of on top of it? The notion that protecting the Giovanni Paduta, IlMondo, NewaYork City, USA Jonas Rabirnovitch, United Nations Development cultural landscape is the ultimate means of selfpreservation is posed byMahasti Afshar, Programme, New York City, USA curator of the Getty Conservation Institute's Emiel Wegelin, Institute ofHousing and Urban Development Studies, Rotterdam, The show, Landmarks of a New Generation-the What we explore here Netherlands children's photographic document of their private are some Of the broader Yu Li, China Academy of Urban Planning and and public lives. Design, Beijing, China issues connecting A DVI SOR Y BO A RD H low can we translate these ideas into policies gFculture to development G. ShabbirCheema, United Nations Development that will have some power to affect change? and its implications for Programme, New York City, USAD.,US Charles Landry argues that one can create a cli- p John Flora, World Bank, Washington D.C., USA mate of acceptance for cultural investment at the the World Bank's Jacques Jobin, Federation of Canadian Municipalities, Ottawa, Canada local and national level if one recognizes that cul- programs oln cultural Bas M. van Noordenne, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ture has a well documented social and economic heritage. The Hague, The Netherlands value. In the context ofpolicy-making, he suggests REGIONAL EDITioNLS developing a strategy of advocacy that relies on partnership and collaboration among the BEIJING: Wanglingxia, Yu Li, QAn Fengxia, Cao Xinmin and Gao lian, China Academy of Urban many players at all levels of society. Pbanning and Design How does this work? What initiatives are played out that have, as their basis, an accep- CAIRO: Randa Fouad, UMP Arab States tance of the central idea of cultural integrity? Wagdi Riad, Chef, Environment Department, In this issue, we show you the Culture Bank in Mali where family artifacts are QuiTo:YvesCabannes, PeterCtaesson,and Richard offered as collateral for loans. The philosophy of the project is underpinned by a refusal Huber, UMP Latin America and the Caribbean MOSCOW: Nadezhda Kosareva and Yelena to create a museum for tourists-its aim is to have the villagers buy into the preserva- Yelagina, Institute for Urban Economics tion of their past before sharing it with others; the re-building of Lahore using a con- UrbanAge is published four times a year and is avail- textual approach to preservation; and an op-ed asserting the need of Asian heritage abletodevelopingcountrysubscribersfreeofcharge. experts to develop a more sophisticated local interpretation of their past leading to a vannualpey Editorialyoffices are at Room F4KS.256) $48 strengthened regional identity. We also highlight the creation of a memorial in Soweto H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA. Fax 202- 522-2125. E-mail: Editorial: mbergen@worldbank.org; to commemorate the struggle against apartheid as part of a growing movement in Subscriber Services: pmoran@worldbank.org;Adver- corporate philanthropy-that sees, as we do, investment in culture as a means of invest- Utsing nhaerrsont uothordband do notnecessariyrepd ing in people and society. resent the views of any one agency or organization. 0 1998 The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank, a8n8 H Street NW, Margaret BergenI Washington, DC 20433, USA. All rights reserved. Printed by United Lithographics on recycled paper Editor I using soy-based inks. ISSN 1560-0483 4 cultural heritage 4 cunuraialS wnu C H R I S T I A N J U B I L E E Rome celebrates millennium I POPE JOHN PAUL II has called for AL ~~a"Christian Jubilee" to be cele- brated in Rome from Christmas ACENI~ZA ROMANA i999 to Easter, o00i. The Jubilee IIE A FREiIARAZIC4F. ~ -. B P will highlight Rome's Christian heritage and history, and will be concentrated primarily in the city's historic center where most of its sacred sites and relics, including the Patriarchal Basilicas, are located. Forecasts indi- cate that the number of visitors to the historic cen- ter will increase during the Jubilee from the current figure of 7.8 million to 18.3 million per year. , n r * n M r * ~~~~~~~~~~U.S.-Ml4EX I CO I DE NT I TI E S To prepare for the influx, the ity launched a spe- cial action and investment plan in 1995 tO manage events, foster urban maintenance, finance cultural Culture at the border heritage activities, promote cultural events and inte- grate these activities with the local economy. The IN 1992, THE NEGOTIATIONS over the NorthAmerican Free plan covers a number of initiatives such as upgrad- Trade Agreement/ Tratado de Libre Comercio brought increas- ing museums and galleries, improving the central . ing attention to the U.S.-Mexico border. While economists archaeological area and. rehabilitating the historicaland politicians discussed the potential wide-ranging impacts of this agreement on international relations, labor, the economy itineraries of Christian Rome so that visitors can and the environment, folklife researchers from the Smithson- retrace the traditional routes taken by pilgrims since ian Institute focused on the people who live on this border. the Middle Ages. The plan also provides significant During I992-93, Mexican-U.S. research teams worked in resources for the maintenance of public spaces, several locations along the border from Tijuana, Mexico and streets and bridges. Funding for various plan initia- .San Ysidro, California, on the Pacific Ocean to Matamoros, 2 . . . . . Mexico and Brownsville, Texas, on the Gulf of Mexico. The tives iS being provided through bonds and corporate teams found that borderlands culture was neither homogenous sponsorships. For example, a new lighting system in nor merely the marginal outposts of two national cultures the Roma fora and other historical areas is being whose respective power centers were both geographically dis- sponsored by Rome's utilities company; Volkswagen tant and politically remote. The border has different meanings is sponsoring a visitor's center auditorium. To pub- for residents. For some native peoples, the border is a line that licize the Jubilee, information campaigns will be arbitrarily divides their land. For some Mexicans, the making of the border changed their very nationality. For others, the launched for tourists, locals and tour operators. For more information about the Jubilee, visit the Web site at ABOVE: Muralist Alonso Eneinas from La Sociedadde la Paz http//www.romagiub1leo.it in Ciudad Juxrez, Chihuahua, creates images of the borderland. UrbanAge 5 border provides a region of refuige and freedom, fostering both lawlessness and opportunities. On the other hand, the border not only divides cultures but also brings them together. It is the site of intensive interaction between people from different countries, cultures and back- grounds. Border culture invites people to continuously define their identity vis-a-vis each other and to take on multiple iden- tities. Thus, a person may decide to speak English, Spanish or a combination "Spanglish." As Enrique Lamadrid, a professor at the University of New Mexico and a project researcher, said, "The border is inside us. We negotiate our identity as border people every time we open our mouths." In short, the researchers found extensive cultural interactions flowing north and souħh across the line. And, at the 1993 Smit sonian Folklife Festival at which this project was highlighted, another form of exchange took place-people from different bor- der regions met and learned from each other. South Texan Mex- A S I A P A C I F I C D I S C U S S I O N icanos, Black Seminoles, Mexicali Chinese, Tijuana Mixtecos and Arizona Yaquis shared stories and Me border is perspectives. Muralists from bothcoun- H netw ork n -line inside us. We tries illustrated their histories with com- n,egotiate our mon symbols of street art. Migrant The Asia and West Pacific Network for Urban identit as border workers and us. border patrol agents Conservation (AWPNUC) has initiated an e- identiy as order joined in discussions of border crossing. people every time This program was only the begin- mail newsgroup/discussion list devoted to we open our ning of a continued collaboration urban conservation in the Asia Pacific region. mouths." between the Smithsonian and border T l f communities-a collaboration which has The list facilitates communication among since produced a bilingual educational kit, "Borders and Iden- professionals, researchers, scholars and others tity," for students to learn about border history, beliefs, expres- sive arts and occupational traditions. Additionally, a series of interested in Asian urban issues, and empha- workshops and performances have been held on both sides of the sizes cultural heritage, building technology border. In this series, " Talleres de la Frontera,"teachers, students and urban forms as well as contemporary and cultural activists engaged in lively discussions about their sense of place, their history and their cultural heritage. This col- urban problems and challenges. Subjects of laborative experience of working with the people in this region particular recent interest to list subscribers has compelled the Smithsonian to explore further with them and to probe the intricate relationships between local culture and the natural, social, cultural and economic environment. mentary; activist news and views; announce- ments of meetings and conferences; post- graduate work in progress; university courses and field expeditions; announcements of a m a_ONEY urban conservation projects; job announce- ments; conference papers; book reviews; newsletters; resources for teachers and schol- ars; and bibliographies, discographies and filmographies. To subscribe to the list, send a message that includes "SUBSCRIBE AWPNUC-L" and your first and last names to Border culture was highlighted at the Smithsonian Folkdife Festival. AWPNUC-SUBSC@DIRECT.NU 6 cultural heritage GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM Historical town analyses A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) is a software application for viewing and creating maps, a means of spatial visualization. The more recent Historical Town Information System (HIST) is a GIS that can be used to visualize analyses of his- - torical towns-a means of temporal visualization. HIST combines the disciplines of his- w 0 R L D M 0 N U M E N T S F U N D torical science, architecture and urban planning for use in the fields of urban sites development, housing and conservation. Heritage sites named Over the last few years, HIST has been used experimentally in the research project Housing in Historic Inner-City Areas of Southeast Asia, conducted by the Technical MALTA'S MNAJDRA TEMPLES, thought University of Darmstadt in Germany, to visualize urban development processes in four to be the world's oldest manmade struc- case studies-Hanoi, Yogyakarta, Singapore and Penang. By entering data from house- ture, and Constantin Brancusi's "Endless hold surveys gathered in distinct neighborhoods, HIST's digital maps can yield insights Column" sculpture in Romania, a monu- into how various influences determine changes in the historic setting. For example, ment to the fallen ofWorld War I, are two Singapore's conservation policy has caused a fundamental social change in the living of the latest sites recently identified by the pattern of inner-city residents. This change can be illustrated by thematic maps on World Monuments Fund as among the class structure and ethnic composition. In contrast, Penang's historic city on the eve of world's "ioo most endangered cultural the repeal of rent control is still characterized by a multi-ethnic and economically viable, heritage sites," and have been awarded extremely dense, land-use pattern. grants to assist in their conservation. Multiple applications are possible with HIST: using it as a spatial-temporal database; Established in I995 with a contribu- for compact, multimedia visualizations; and in flexible, process-oriented evaluations. tion of US$5 million from the American HIST makes it possible to compare historical photographs, postcard views, maps and Express Company, the World Monu- floor plans with present-day ones. Further, in countries where sufficient cartographic and ments Fund works globally, distributing a historical sources are not available, HJST can help create images of an area's history at dif- total of $i million annually in grants. ferent points in time. These funds provide emergency support Scanned paper maps are converted into digital vector and raster data. Historical data to sites of cultural heritage that have fallen are stored to locations such as quarters, streets or buildings. This nonspatial information victim to natural disaster, pollution or can be added or changed so thematic maps can be aggregated according to the evalua- neglect. The I9 sites awarded grants this tion parameters. Architects, for example, may be more interested in the form and spa- year span an historical spectrum of tial dimensions, whereas historians may emphasize the time-specific evolution processes. over five millennia-with the Mnajdra For more information, contact: Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz or Dr. Michael Toyka, Seid Fachgebiet Pla- Temples dating back to 36M o B.C. and nen und Bauen in Entwicklungslaendern TU Danmstadt, EI-Lissitzky-Strasse 1 64287 Dannstadt, architect Konstantin Melnikov's I9Z9 Germany. Tel: 061-5116-3637; fax: 061-5116-3937; e-mail: dh7c@hrzl.hrz.tu-darmstadt.de; Russakov Club Moscow masterpiece Web site: http:/AIww-a5.igd.fhg.de/projects/hist/ amongst the recipients. Other sites benefiting from this year's V grants include Fort Apache in Arizona, a U.S. cavalry outpost built in 1870, used as [7 * ~~~~~~~~~~~a base for numerous attacks launched ^ G- * § - - t 4 against Geronimo and other Apache c ;D . o c '$ . + tribes. A cultural center will be estab- \t°+ eZY~ ,- e 4 af 4 :lished by the White Mountain Apache V; o' s~ R I tribe to preserve the fort buildings and the historical legacy they represent. , For more information on the work of the '*3< ) Q 2 World Monuments Fund, to receive the next . X X a tF ~,° [S .§ 7> 211 ^ list of Endangered Sites or to nominate a site t 4 sf J >t *2 * e <: in need of preservation, please contact: The Q - )- * / ,' > 45rffi , i World Monuments Fund, New York, New 0 ,,f ',,{> - ~ York, 10028, USA. Tel: 212-517-9367; fax: 212-517-9494; e-mail: wmnf@wmf.org UrbanAge 7 In the world of cultural policymaking, recasting arguments about the economic and social importance of culture is the only way to influence strategy. by Charles Landry Cuzlture Has Alwfays Revitalied Cities : f : ~e tend to assume that vibra-nt cities were always so, and to forget the role 0 9 0 V played by culture and the arts in their original economic a-nd social develop- 00 : 00 X ment. In the 14th century, possession of a saint's relic made the fortunes of 0 ff ~places like Santiago di Campostela, Chartres and Canterbury. More recently, several American cities-including Pittsburgh, Baltimnore and Boston-have created thriving cultural districts in previously decaying city centers. In Europe, Barcelona engineered its revival through an ambitious cultural programn linking urban design with the creation of new cultural flagships and fes- tivals. Glasgow, an old industrial city, reinvented itself as a stylish and glamorous destination through investmcnt in culture-and thereby attracted international companies to locate there. Sydfney, as it approaches the zooo Olympics, has initiated a major program of investment to extend its cultural infrastructure and create new galleries, museums and interactive multimedia centers. The success of these cities shows the impact that the ar-ts can have. They ca-n attract people and make the streets safer, revitalize the evening economy and create a stylish ambience. Overall, this cul- tural approach to city development has four types of impact: economic benefits, such as the cre- ation of new jobs; physical a-nd environmental benefits; social benefits, like creating safer places 8 culltural heritage for public use; and symbolic benefits relat- Developing a Strategy of Influence ing to the image of cities. It is because of culture's flexibility and THE EXPERIENCE OF CITIES that have successfully used culture as a trigger for wide-ranging impacts that its role and development shows that a long process of advocacy is needed to persuade partners potential are now coming to be seen as to believe the claim of culture's potential. Here are Io tips for advocacy. strategically significant. For example: I. Form a culture advocacy and lobbying group to argue the economic, social and X Cultural activities create meaning and educational benefits of cultural investment to local authorities, government thus are concerned with and embody the agencies and the private sector. identity and values of a place. They express 2. Get experts, local authorities and the private sector together to brainstorm local distinctiveness-ever more important about using culture to regenerate an area or a city. in a world where places increasingly look 3. Audit local potential and problems to determine baseline resources and needs. and feel the same. The threat of loss will 4. Establish a cross-departmental arts, culture and economy committee to ensure make citizens realize how significant their that links between arts and the economy are constantly kept in mind. cultural heritage-both buildings and activ- 5. Investigate resources to harness people and funding for culturally inspired pro- ities-is as an expression of who they are, jects-such as foundations, private businesses, and public sector agencies thus engendering civic pride. This pride in involved in culture, economic development or tourism. turn can inspire and provide the energy to 6. Develop a broad cultural strategy that identifies a range of practical projects, face seemingly insurmountable tasks that some of which can be implemented cheaply in the shorter term and used to may have nothing to do with culture. inspire further development. * Cultural activities are inextricably 7. Research the success-and failure-of other cultural projects to learn about appro- linked to innovation and creativity, not priate and best practices. only in terms of how they push the bound- 8. Establish a local public-private sector cultural development agency task force; aries of a given art form, but especially this could be supported by a wider cultural forum of artists, the public, politi- when arts-trained people work in collabo- cians and business people. ration with others in different fields. His- 9. Establish, monitor and evaluate pilot projects to build confidence in-and torically, this creativity has been the awareness of-a cultural approach to regeneration. lifeblood of countries and cities as a means Io. Document project results; these writeups can be used in convincing local deci- of unleashing their capacity to survive and sion makers and making grant applications, and as marketing tools. adapt. As we move toward an economy less UrbanAge 9 based on manufacturing and more on growingintheworld'sdevelopedeconomies. general. Culture is a means of attracting knowledge, creativity will be at a premium. It is thus a sector of substantial scope, size international companies and their mobile X Culture's role in tourism is key: usually and importance. If we look at the cultural workforce who seek a vibrant, cultural life it is the primary reason a visitor comes to a sector in terms of its subcomponents-like for their employees. By helping create pos- city in the first place. Tourism might be the museums, design, music or theater-the itive images, the cultural sector has a direct first step that allows someone to explore and impact is less obviously visible. Taken in their impact on inward investment. know a place-and later, perhaps invest in it. entirety, their economic power is much more The first challenge in using tourism for urban apparent. Cultural employment represents development is to ensure that the tourism sec- between 1.5 and 3.5 percent of total employ- Moving Forward with tor understands that it feeds off culture and ment in most West European countries. In Cultural Investment depends on it-indeed, that culture is culturalhubssuchasLondonandNewYork, tourisms reason for being. Additionally, over 2oo,oo0 people are so employed-or 5 he primary challenge to promot- tourism policies should take city residents as percent of each city's total employment. ing cultural investment is that peo- well as visitors into account. Interventions Adding these components together, it ple and institutions of influence such as anti-litter drives, sign improvements, is obvious that culture is associated with are unlikely to believe what is being said. betterpolicing, street lighting, late nightpub- quality of life. For this reason, city or We need evidence of the impact of cultural lic transport, carpark safety and so on are regional marketing strategies the world investment. We also need advocacy: if a needed everywhere to enhance attractiveness over tend increasingly to focus on their cul- cultural approach to city development is to for both residents and visitors. tural offerings-the presence of artists, cre- be taken seriously, someone within key *The cultural sector is one of the fastest ative people and cultural industries in national and local institutions needs to become a project champion. Partnership will be key, since in this From Gate-Keeping to Gate-Opening way mutual aims can be achieved, a greater pool of ideas tapped, burdens and resources MANY LEADERS REMAIN UNCONVINCED of the potential benefits of cultural shared, and more influence harnessed. investment. Success will be impossible without their support and endorsement. Much of the potential of culture can be Following are strategies for working to change the role of city leadership from that explored through collaboration with other of gate-keeper to gate-opener, from that of controller of resources to enabler and local authority departments, non-culture facilitator of opportunities. ministries, agencies, the private sector, non- profits and the alternative sector. This link- Through Creative Use of Law and Intervention age should occur at each level of govern- A MAJOR STUMBLING BLOCK to the enhancement of the cultural sector in devel- ment and can help counteract arguments oping economies is an overemphasis on the power of law or decrees. Attitudes that a given city has powerful other priorities need to change from an environment in which everything is forbidden unless it is to address, such as reconstruction or hous- allowed to one in which everything is allowed unless it is forbidden. Thus, any law ing, since it shows the interrelatedness and relating to culture should draw wherever possible on the constitution and the civic mutual benefits of joint programming. code, thus obviating the need for specific cultural laws. This highlights the need At the same time, cultural strategies and to create a cascading set of regulatory mechanisms with varying degrees of enforce- policies need to be framed within an ability and power. The central notion behind this mode of operation is to devolve understanding of current economic and authority and decision making to the lowest possible level. Currently, many city political forces. Experience-especially in machines are clogged with responsibilities, procedures and activities that would be Europe, where cultural budgets have been better contracted out, handed over or simplified. If cities were to thus liberate under pressure for about a decade-suggests themselves, they would be far freer to focus on their core business-that of provid- that arguments for investment in arts and ing the framework within which culture operates. culture need to be recast in more relevant ways. Given competing pressures on pub- Through Creative Use of Money lic funds it simply cannot be assumed that THE CURRENT CULTURAL FUNDING SYSTEM in most countries predominantly investment in cultural activities is in some revolves around the grant relationship. Yet there are many other methods to help sense a "right"- that art for art's sake in and cultural institutions that may be more effective than grants. These include loos- of itself is good-without making a renewed ening up the regulatory system to enable cultural organizations to help themselves case for culture in 2ist century terms by providing tax incentives that promote self-sufficiency; providing loans rather including the social, political and eco- than grants to set up activities that might have a commercial return; providing nomic arguments outlined above. 1 incentives for nonpublic institutions to invest in culture; or even putting on man- agement, strategic planning and marketing courses for cultural organizations. Charles Landry is director of Comedia, In these and other ways, regulation and funding can be leveraged more cre- a strategic consultancy concerned with the atively for a multiplier effect. This will go far in changing entrenched ways of future of cities and culture. For the next working and thinking. year, he will be assisting the World Bank in its cultural heritage strategy. to cultural heritage - / UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF ITS VISIONARY PRESIDENT. James D. Wolfensohn, the World Bank has embarked on an effort to mainstream its concern for culture in its drive for poverty reduction, empowerment and social inclusion. This essay is intended to sketch out the cur- rent thinking in the Bank on what our programs are and what exactly the Bank is doing in this domain. Of course, the Bank had many early efforts to its credit. It was one of the first institutions to adopt for- mal policies on indigenous people and on cultural her- itage issues, but these were of the "do no harm" variety. Those efforts that dealt with historic cultural heritage in a proactive way, such as the project in Lahore City or in the Hafsia district of Tunis were few and depended more on the commitment of specific indi- viduals than a concerted institutional effort to be proactive on culture and development issues. More recent work on social issues, participation, empower- ment and social capital, has highlighted the need to revisit cultural issues with a different eye. But it was Mr. Wolfensohn's Hong Kong speech to the ministers of finance and governors of central banks of the world, Cul tUre S & Development at te eorid Bank Where does the World Bank stand today in its approach to culture? Briefly put, it has embarked on an effort to include concern for culture as an integral part of its drive for poverty reduction, empowerment and social inclusion. BY ISMAIL SERAGELDIN UrbanAge ii where he singled out the challenge of inclusion as his main theme go because we do not know who we are or where we came from. that clearly marked the way ahead for a more systemic and sys- t&w We intend to work in partnerships with the many institu- tematic effort by the Bank in the area of cultural heritage. This tions and actors who have been leaders in this field, in reinforced provided a new sense of promoting identity and empowerment networks of the committed so that the whole of our efforts is as a conscious part of a poverty reduction strategy. more than the sum of the parts. I 0 ½3½fl1 today: Let me say a word about each: ,,SoZtt' whese CIO uve stand &-c cntus LET US START with a definition of the term "culture." We use Cn tud constucts it in the same sense as it has been used by UNESCO and by the CONCEPTUALLY, ifwe recognize the unique and the specific that World Commission on Culture and Development, that gave so enriches us, we must also recognize the universal that binds us us the 1995 report on "Our Creative Diversity." Culture is the all in a common humanity. Yet, in many parts of the world, the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and defense of "tradition" and cultural specificity is used as a mantra emotional features that characterize a society or social group. It to legitimate the oppression of women and the perpetuation of includes not only arts and letters, but also modes of life, the intolerance and obscurantism. The pretense of "authenticity" is fundamental rights of human beings, value systems, traditions, used to vitiate the new, and to stifle creativity. So, we must rec- and beliefs. ognize that the claims of cultural speci- And how does this relate to the speci- ficity that would deprive women of their ficity of each society and to the sweeping I basic human rights, or mutilate them in currents of globalization? To education _ fwe the name of convention, should not be and technology? To knowledge and sci- reco nize given sanction. No society has progressed ence? How can we recognize the unique and without making a major effort at features of local communities while empowering its women through educa- affirming the universals that hold , h f h tion and the end of discrimination. nations together and that join us all in a V the specific that So, the approach to culture that we common humanity? How can we pro- 1 espouse is the one that encourages diver- mote employment and tourismwithout so enriches us, we I sity, creates a space offreedom in each denaturing the cultural assets that moti- reco nize society for minority expression and con- vate that tourism in the first place? How I must also recognize ' trarian view, while promoting inclusion can one translate responses to these and social cohesion. h is a rich and varie- questionsintospecificactionsbeneficial the universal that gated concept that we espouse, very to the developing countries of the world 2 much in keeping with the people-cen- and to the poor, who are our primary binds us all in a tered development paradigm which the concern? These are topics well discussed b us al i Bank is continuously working on. in the literature and the Bank has also common humanir On the economic and financial justi- made a few contributions of its own to J fications for borrowing for, and investing promoting a better understanding of - in, culture, we advocate absolute rigor in these issues. The challenge for us now is both financial and economic analyses. In to translate this into a systemic and effective program of assis- the public finance realm, we should always be guided by simple tance to the developing world. but powerful principles: who pays and who benefits? Current work, drawing from environmental economics is try- ing to get a more refined appreciation of the costs and benefits of L( Conceptual analyses of the contributions of cultural expres- managing cultural assets. The costs of the loss of irreplaceable sion to empowerment and linking of diversity with the challenge heritage are not easy to determine, and the benefits of preserving of inclusion. But we will also be putting special emphasis on the it beyond the utilitarian commercial benefits of, say, tourist rev- economic justification of investments in culture, recognizing its enues. Adapting a range of techniques-from hedonic pricing intrinsic existence value, its public goods character and the pos- and travel cost methods to contingent valuation-to estimate the itive externalities that it brings. That is essential. Remember that intangible benefits of cultural assets is one step in that direction. in environmental economics, the valuation of environmental assets-including the intrinsic existence value of biodiversity- THIS CONCEPTUAL WORK is needed to avoid limiting the ben- was a major help in getting the countries of the world to agree to efit stream to a fairly measurable, solid and understandable set: the creation of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), which tourism revenues. Indeed, a benefit stream that focuses exclu- has just been replenished at some US$2.7 billion. sively on tourist revenue not only misses the intrinsic value of the 4t We intend to support, financially and technically-in heritage but could lead to three erroneous conclusions that are alliance with others-the protection of the cultural heritage of the imbedded in the logic of such an analysis: past as well as the expression of local culture of today, for that will 1 That those areas of cultural heritage where one could not be the heritage of tomorrow. Even more important, cultural her- 1 generate a sufficiently large tourist stream are not worth itage is the wellspring of creativity and the foundation of identity, investing in. This is a denial of the intrinsic worth of the cultural without which we are all like amnesiacs: not knowing where we heritage, both for the people there and for the enrichment that it I2 cultural heritage brings to the world at large by its very existence. After all, many munities, societies and the world. of us will not visit any of the sites on UNESCO's World Heritage 1* Catalvzing the finance of others, notably the private sector, list, but we would feel impoverished to know of the loss of such which today accounts for the flow of over $250 billio n to devel- sites and feel enriched by their continued existence, regardless of oping countries, some five times the official development assis- whether we ever visit them. tance. Today the capital markets transact $1.3 trillion per day, I) That maximization of the number of tourists visiting a enough to buy and sell the GNP of the United States in a week. 3 * place and the amount they spend is desirable, since it tw Finally, and most importantly, working in partnership increases the benefit stream. In fact, in many cases, such a devel- with others. opment would destroy the charm of the place and denature the We support partnerships that will link us all into a network of activities that are endogenous to the cultural setting. the committed, a coalition of the caring. The Bank has been n That if another and mutually exclusive investment-say, working closely as one member of an informal alliance for culture in a casino on the beach-would result in increased tourist that includes the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- dollars for the country, we should leave the cultural heritage site tural Organisation (UNESCO), Getty, International Centre for without restoration and build the casino. the Study of the Preservation and the Restoration of Cultural Clearly, all these conclusions are neither justified nor defensi- Property (ICCROM), International Council of Museums (ICOM) ble. We must look for the intrinsic value of the cultural heritage International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), above and beyond what it is likely to generate in tourist dollars. World Monument Fund (WMF), the Aga Khan Trust for Culture This is an area where much current work is being done. (AKTC), Council of Europe and many more, to forge this rein- In addition, the issue of investing in culture has different forced network that would promote best practice, and assist in dimensions. We must not forget that there is an enormous ensuring complementarity in action, to make the whole of our growth in the culture-based industries, including the export of efforts more than the sum of the parts. artistic output as well as the hosting of tourists. But, can these > . industries continue to grow in a way that does not diminish or 'r kP Wfl1 ?3,`ii;7 14 trivialize the local cultures? That is the challenge. IT IS APPROPRIATE that, as we approach the millennium, we look back and look forward. That we should celebrate our achievements and confront our shortcomings. That we should OUR PROGRAM MUST TAKE ALL these aspects into account, rec- recognize our common humanity, promote a culture of peace ognizing: and rejoice in our diversity and enrich the lives of one and all by 06 the intrinsic worth of culture, not just what it generates in the celebration of this diversity. tourist revenues, We must, above all, take the occasion of this psychological t9 the educational content of culture, milestone to encourage the world to shift the emphasis of the t(' the special case of historic cities, development paradigm. To shift it towards the implicit holistic t' going beyond the "do no harrn posture, vision that has been sketched out and is just now being fleshed t9.. the need for a culture of participation, out in the project and analytical work and financing arrange- (t the importance of promoting the sense of community, ments underway. social inclusion and social cohesion. It is a vision that sees development like a tree, which is nur- This said, we at the Bank are willing to commit to the financ- tured in its growth by feeding its roots, not by pulling on its ing of operations in culture in all countries that seek such loans branches. It is a vision of sustainable development that is peo- and credits from us. We expect to provide support to no less than pie-centered and gender-conscious, that seeks equity for all 20 or 30 operations in as many countries in the next two years. and empowerment of the weak and the vulnerable everyvhere These will undoubtedly be small operations at first, but they will so that they may be the producers of their own welfare and lay the foundation for more in the future. Even more, they will bounty, not the recipients of charity or aid. A vision that rec- help bring the cultural dimensions into the mainstream of the ognizes that development must have a cultural content, that development paradigm. recognizes that governance and institution building, and ,. enhancing human capacities are all central parts of the devel- opment process-and may, in fact, be the keys that undergird MORE IMPORTANT Than the funding or analysis we can bring economic well-being. is the manner in which we commit to do it: But beyond the words, there must be action. So we must pur- L((- Complementing our support to education, health, science, sue our efforts on all three fronts: the conceptual and analytical technology, telecommunications, and all the other essential work to give this vision a stronger grounding; the operational investments. It is not an either/or proposition, it is both. support of projects and finance, and the promotion of partner- t( With the full participation of all the stakeholders that must ships of the committed-our coalition of the caring. This is the be part of the decision making process: the international, time to dedicate ourselves to this task, for the sake of the world regional, national and local governments, the private and pub- that needs a memory to have an identity, and for the people who lic sectors, the civil society and the international agencies, with need their identity to take charge of their own destinies. l special attention to the role of women and the empowerment of the poor. Ismail Serageldin is vice presidentfor Special Programs at the 0P Observing the cultural dimensions of relations among com- World Bank in Washington. UrbanAge 13 1R~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T HERE IS AN OLD PAKISTANI SAYING: A person who has its social, physical and economic problems. In 1983, the Govern- not seen Lahore is not born." Pakistanis do indeed consider ment of Pakistan and the World Bank began preparing a cultural the Old Walled City of Lahore to be the historic and cul- heritage conservation plan through the World Bank's Lahore tural heart of their country. The city's known history dates Urban Development Project. The Walled City component of back more than a thousand years, to a fort on the banks of the this plan focused on the repair and restoration of the Delhi Gate Ravi River which grew into a fortified city under the Afghans (a principal entrance to the Walled City), the Delhi Gate Bazaar and Turks. It flourished as a regional center under the Moguls in and the Shahi Hammam, located just inside the Delhi Gate. The the i7th and early i8th centuries, but fell into decline; in the mid- project also improved social services by financing the restoration Igth century, it came under British control. Today, the city is the and rehabilitation of eight schools and two community centers. political capital of the Pakistani Punjab and-once again-an Additionally it financed the upgrading of the water supply, sew- important industrial and commercial center. erage, drainage, paths and roadways, solid waste collection, elec- tricity and traffic management. Current 0ontBlt The Walled City, now a relatively small area The overarching goal of the restoration work in the Walled (z.6 square kilometers) in the northwestern corner of Lahore's City was to conserve historic structures and settings. Wherever sprawling metropolis, contains an astonishing possible, original construction techniques and array of cultural property, including mosques, materials were used for repairs; changes to build- forts, gateways, residential buildings, palaces, A , ings and streetscapes were made only as needed tombs, alleyways and open squares. In addition to 0 to accommodate contemporary uses and services. this architectural heritage, traditional cultural activities, economic pursuits and social relation- Me~~tep n Yodernl Techuiology ill HistoriLc Settiflgs - one ships continue to thrive. The flourishing of these t of the main challenges for the Walled City is pro- traditions is enhanced by the character of the viding modern urban services in a traditional set- Walled City, its individual buildings, bazaars and ty ring. Electricity, gas and telephone lines are the spaces within its narrow winding streets. extremely difficult and costly to provide without However, many buildings and much of the damaging historic architecture or creating visual Walled City's infrastructure are seriously threatened by over- discontinuity. In the Walled City, overhead transformers and crowding, inappropriate zoning, pollution and physical decay. The power lines disfigure street-scapes, and water and drainage lines, area, with a population of around 250,000, has the largest single which have been installed above ground, are unsightly and eas- concentration of Lahore's urban poor, living in some of the city's ily damaged. worst conditions. Nevertheless, land in the Walled City commands A contextual approach to service delivery in the Delhi Gate the highest prices in the area, and small businesses find it a highly House, for example, permitted the upgrading of its electrical and desirable location because of the availability of skilled labor and plumbing systems while respecting the existing setting. Since the numerous consumers. Thus, driven by business opportunities and Gate House was planned to accommodate a school, it needed the real estate market, demolition and rebuilding in the Walled good lighting and toilet facilities. Project architects concealed City are constantly diminishing its historic fabric. necessary electrical wires and ducts by using plaster over walls that had originally been finished with only a lime wash. They A Cultural Heritage ConservMtion Pian-' Because of the Walled added new structures to the site to provide toilets, but designed City's historical and cultural associations, as well as its commer- them to blend with the surrounding historic setting. cial importance, political leaders are very interested in addressing Replacement of the massive deodar tree roof beams in the I4 cultural heritage Delhi Gate's Magistrate Hall is an example of an exceptional inating time for full documentation of the site. Finally, overly effort to use traditional materials. During restoration, workers enthusiastic painters, comfortable with the local practice of recre- discovered that the beams were rotting due to water damage and ating missing parts of decorative schemes, finished the frescos insect attack. However, the project team could no longer obtain using conjecture rather than documentation. deodar beams in Pakistan of sufficient length and girth for the Such problems were not surprising to a well-known Pakistani roof support. The World Bank used its contacts with India to architect who was instrumental in promoting the preservation pro- locate beams of the correct size in Kashmir. Then, the Indian ject. Heviewed themistakes as partof alearningprocess thatwould and Pakistani governments gave special permission for their eventually lead to better practices. The project team identified sev- transport to the site across tense political borders. eral measures that could prevent such problems in the future, such as more discussion and sensitization on conservation principles for Adaptive Reuse of Historit Buildings- One of the most impor- contractors, artisans and the public; increased site supervision; and tant principles of successful conservation work is that historic more training in traditional practices and techniques. buildings must be put to active use. The underlying assumption is that no one takes care of property unless they have a vested rojt UItCOI106S` The conservation projects consolidated and interest in its maintenance. Planning for this restored several highly visible structures that are reuse and establishing commitments for mainte- of great symbolic importance to the Old Walled nance of historic buildings requires full commu- OPPOSITE LEFT Lack of City. These buildings are now used for socially nity involvement. mainterance has led to valuable activities and have the potential to stim- Project planners originally intended the reha- deterioration. RIGHT. Beating ulate private upgrading in the surrounding area. bilitated Shahi Hammam to be the office of the KaElsr lime, Shahi Hamnarn. Commercial activity in the upgraded areas Lahore Development Authority's Conservation ABOVE LEFT: Conservation has increased, proving that historic but deterio- and Upgrading Unit. However, the community work provides employmnent, rated inner-city centers can be rehabilitated did not support this proposal, so the building RIGHT: Dressmaking in class, without jeopardizing commercial interests of the was designated as a community center. During occupants. Property values in the Walled City restoration work, the project team realized that have gone up as a result. community center activities (including a wedding hall) were The project's need for craftsmen who practice traditional incompatible with the fragile nature of the historic interiors. forms of building and embellishment has identified lost skills, Today, the Hammam houses a women's vocational training notably fresco painting. It has also provided employment for school and the Punjab Tourism Development Corporation thosewho have traditional skills, and training for others. In some office, along with a craft exhibition space, library and tourist cases, the project has added to the understanding of old materi- information center, als such as traditional mortar mix and helped reestablish some historic forms of construction. Restoration Based on DocUfentation- In the case of the The project has created a ripple effect as the provincial and Hammam frescos, pressure from several different sources led to metropolitan governments have begun improving service to the varying degrees of success in meeting international standards for Walled City. restoration. The contractor began work using permanent non- removable paint on top of the original fresco, arguing that it was The author acknowledges the contribution of the Lahore necessary for the adhesion of new paint to old surfaces. Political authorities, Geoffrey Read, Graeme Lee and Toshiaki Keicho of the pressure encouraged rapid completion of the work, thereby elim- World Bank and Donald Hankey of Gilmore, Hankey, Kirke Ltd. UrbanAge IS 42~~~E{% A$StJ Multinational corporations are looking for cultural causes that not only demonstrate good corporate citizenship, but that also further their bottom-line interests. by Keith W. Eirinberg ROUND THE WORLD, cash-strapped govern- tion and grants. A company generally will not join a conservation ments and cultural heritage organizations are seek- effort in a country in which it has no staffed business presence. ing new sources of funding to conserve endangered cultural resources. At the same time, multinational Some global DECLARES HARVEY GOLUB, corporations entering new foreign markets are seek- chief executive officer of Ameri- ing to demonstrate their goodwill by supporting corporate can Express, "No industry has a worthy local causes. urnuju greater stake than ours [travel American Express, United Technologies, Exxon and Amoco initlatiives and tourism] in preserving his- are a few of the companies that support projects to conserve cul- tory and tradition, cultural dif- tural heritage in the foreign communities in which they do busi- ferences, or nature and the environment." ness. For example, the World Monuments Watch-a program To this end, American Express has funded preservation ini- that is attempting to save the world's ioO most endangered cul- tiatives throughout the world, such as through grants to both the tural heritage sites and monuments-is funded by a five-year, Europa Nostra awards for the best architectural restoration proj- US$5 million grant from the American Express Foundation. ects in Europe and to a similar awards programs in the Caribbean; and by supporting numerous restoration efforts in such places as Finding the Al THE FLOW OF FOREIGN St. Paul's Cathedral in London, war-damaged Dubrovnik, the Finding the investment into emerging mar- Arc de Triomphe in Paris, the Sphinx in Giza, the Preah Khan eigni matcii kets increases, the prospects temple complex at Angkor, the Temple of Literature in Hanoi brighten for greater corporate and the Teatro Colon in Buenos Aires. Its I998 World Monu- support for cultural heritage. Businesses have begun using cor- ments Watch grants to 19 endangered sites in need of emergency porate philanthropy to support their strategic marketing objec- preservation work include donations of $Ioo,ooo for the restora- tives in these foreign markets. This is the "new corporate tion of Brancusi's Endless Column in Romania and the restora- philanthropy." Multinationals are looking for causes that not tion of the dome of the Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City. The only demonstrate good corporate citizenship, but that also fur- company also funds conservation training and sponsors publica- ther their bottom-line interests. tions on cultural heritage. Multinationals that have supported cultural heritage projects At United Technologies Corporation, management believes carefuly study whether their participation can be effective both for in supporting the culture of the countries in which the com- the host country and their business interests. Corporate managers pany operates. One of its global heritage projects was an April review many aspects of a project: the strategic importance of the I996 photographic exhibition with catalogue in Beijing, "A Spir- market to the firm; capabilities of their staff; how far their money itual Resonance: The Vernacular Dwellings of China." goes in a particular country (considering the exchange rate and Impressed by the work of photographers who over Io years had costs); the merit of the project; the likelihood of success and sub- documented and preserved on film the vanishing traditional sequent impact; confidence in their potential partners; whether architecture of China, United Technologies supported the efforts they will have some measure of control in achieving maximum of the Jiangsu Fine Arts Press in reminding the public of the publicity for their investment; and how successfully they can influ- breadth, depth and excellence of Chinese culture and the need ence public opinion, increase government support, and stimulate to "preserve the past to benefit the future." public and private fundraising for conservation through recogni- Esso Chile, the Exxon Company's Chilean subsidiary, prefers i6 cultural heritage to lead fiindraising efforts to attract other inter- 0 * * ested donors. Esso chose to support the restora- Goodwill Combined with Sensitivt tion of i7th to zoth century wooden churches of Chilo6, originally built by Jesuit and then Fran- _ his writer visited South Aftica in March 1998 at the invitation of the Soweto Her- ciscan missionaries. These structures are consid- itage Trust and the Standard Bank of South Africa to study the possibilities for ered the most important ensemble of wooden I greater corporate support of the preservation effort in Soweto. Soweto-origi- religious buildings in all of Latin America. Esso nally an acronym for South Western Townships-a city located just outside Johan- took charge of the entire restoration of one of the nesburg, developed as a result of tertitorial and political segregation imposed by South seven churches that together had been declared a Aftica's successive apartheid governments. The city is renowned for its anti-apartheid national monument in the mid-i8th century by struggle, especially an uprising involving school children that occurred in 1976. Now providing funds to replace the roof and restore an effort is being made to memorialize Soweto's quest for freedom, justice and dignity the walls and imagery. Proud of its contribution through the preservation of its cultural legacy. to Chile's heritage, Esso used a drawing of the The Soweto Heritage Trust was established in 1997 with President Nelson Mandela church for its corporate Christmas card. as its patron to identify, preserve and promote cultural resources that represent Amoco, the largest foreign investor in Egypt Soweto's rich past. The organization, consisting of numerous stakeholders, under- and the country's largest crude oil producer, has stood from the start that the preservation of Soweto's heritage must take place within supported the archaeological work of Dr. Kent the context of sustainable development and other equally important interests such as Weeks at the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. Weeks nation building, reconciliation, environmental protection and community ownership. discovered the vast tomb complex intended as With busloads of tourists already visiting various undeveloped historic sites in Soweto, the burial place for the sons of Pharaoh Ramses the Trust is focused on creating a viable tourist industry that would provide interpre- the Great and is mapping the tombs where the tation to visitors and commercial spin-offs to local residents. ancient city of Thebes was located. Amoco's The centerpiece of this effort is the Hector Peterson Cultural Center, located at the grant to the American Universiry in Cairo, where intersection where a young boy was thought to be the first casualty of the violent sup- Weeks is a professor of Egyptology, has covered a pression of the 1976 uprising. Near the center is a house once occupied by President substantial portion of the project's expenses. Nelson Mandela, which is just down the street from the home of another Nobel Prize winner, Archbishop Desmond Tutu. The Trust foresees the establishment of a heritage Why support THERE ARE A FEW route incorporating these places and other nearby sites that represent a microcosm possible drawbacks of South Africa's struggle forfreedom. The Trust plans to fund the first stage of its plan herltage for companies con- for Soweto by raising 20 milGlon rand (approximatebl US$5 milion) in financial support. La9 ? sidering supporting From its inception, Standard Bank, one of the two largest banks in South Africa, has - rojectS. cultural heritage proj- been closely involved with the the Trust and has lent it extensive experience in opera- ects. A foreign com- tional alliances. The Bank and the Trust seek the support of multinatonal companies panys involvement in local culture is a sensitive active in South Aftica as well as those firms that are considering entering the market. matter and should be handled that way. A mis- Support for cultural hetitage preservation in Soweto has obvious benefits for the take that alienates the local population can do corporate benefactor. Above all, it demonstrates the donor company's sensitivity to the more harm than good for the company and the culture of the new South Africa. It indicates to the local community and the country that conservation effort. The lack of accountability the company recognizes and respects the heritage of all South Africans and that it by a companys local or international partner in understands that the Hector Peterson site has special significance in recent South the conservation project can drain resources and African history. The return to the company will be valuable goodwill from local staff, lead to failure. Bureaucratic tangles or thorny residents of Soweto, citizens of South Africa and the international community. legal problems can delay a project. Ultimately, this can frustrate a donor that wants to see suc- cessfil results by a certain date. jobs, which may improve the investment environment for the However, the benefits of supporting a conservation effort are donor company. A firm seeking to impress the host government numerous. The involvement of a foreign company in local culture can capture the attention of top government leaders. Since there shows its sensitivity to local heritage-especially important in some are relatively few examples of corporate support for cultural her- countries where national leadership has expressed concern over an itage projects compared with corporate support for other phil- influx of foreign cultural influences that have come through the anthropic causes, such beneficence will stand out against the same "open door" as foreign investment. A grant to save cultural charitable efforts of competitors. heritage says that a company is concerned about the long-term The successes of companies that have supported cultural her- interests of the country, which can be popular with the host gov- itage should be promoted. More thorough research should be ernment, the public and the firrn's local staff. This philanthropic act conducted to identify likely corporate prospects. Prompted by a provides good free publicity for an extended period. The company/s new approach, the private sector may then be more willing to involvement in a conservation project can add experience in deal- back the call of Harvey Golub and others to save global cultural ing with a government agency-usually the culture ministry-that heritage. may help foreign managers understand decision making. Corporate support for cultural heritage also helps to improve Keith Eirinberg is a cultural heritage andpolitical risk consultant the local economy by stimulating cultural tourism and creating based in Washington. UrbanAge I7 L U IS I G NAC IO R0M Y AN EZ Ciudad Nczahualc6yotl DEVEOPMET+PRSERATIOC7 "Landmarks should not merely be blind relics from the past, but part also of the present and the future. Development and preservation can work together so that ordinary people are touched by what 4 they see and what they are asked to remember." -Yvette Kruger, l 6years old, Cape Town, South Africa WHY DOES BUILDING SOMETHING NEW so often mean destroying something old? What if develop- ment instead went hand in hand with preservation? In nature, living organisms evolve around their ele- mentary building blocks, changing without renouncing their essence and identity. In the past, when supplies were more limited, societies less affluent and change less rapid, humanl settlements developed in much the sare natural way, as evidenced by the plethora of richly layered historic cities worldwide. There is no reason why future generations may not feel as grateful as we that Istanbul and Isfahan, Prague and Paris, Jaipur and Jerusalem have survived the fate of passing times and tastes. But is there any reason to hope that future generations will choose to build around the past instead of on top of it? Despite the pressures of urbanization, population growth and globalization, the answer is yes, pro- vided people find preservation both spiritually and economically valuable. And that value lies not only in the area of reguations, expertise and resources to be devoted to cultural heritage preservation, but in the extent to which a sense of custodianship of the living habitat evolves within the public. If peo- ALEIANDRA ESPANA NATERA Barrio del Nino Jesus 4; N.~~~~~~~~~~~~K ROCID JUARdZ ARGUETA La Vila -~~~~~~ ~~pie learn to recognize the cultural landscape as an - AL11 ~~~~~~~expression of their lives, they may come to see its pro- tection as a means of self-preservation. But who are the architects, developers, city planners and their a > ~~~~~~~~~~~patrons of the coming century, and will they respond to the call to preserve? In the fall Of I993, the Gerry Conservation Insti- tute asked eight young people from Los Angeles, Cal- ifornia, to capture on film what they felt qualified as a~~~~~~~ _ "landmarks" in their own neighborhoods and in the larger city they called home, and to think about which ones they wished to seepreserved and why. In thefrhree __ R E N E G GA R R 0 W O N G Colonia Polarnco months that followed, these teenagers learned to view ______ their familiar environment and the city's heritage sites through a different lens-one that made them ques- tion, think, discover and value their surroundings instead of just passing them by. They achieved a sense of awakening and involvement that surprised evety- one with its passion and maturity. They stretched and- humanized the term "landmark," applying it not only to architectural monuments, but also to a variety of living things and ephemeral events. In the process, they discovered deep feelings of pride of place as the every- day becamne transformed in their minds-and thus in ours-into the exotic, a-nd the extraordinary and the _____ historical found a place in their lives. -_-- R E NE G LCA R0R0 WO0N G Ciudad Universitaria The message that emerged from the youths' tZ Z L : : :: : : S~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ , : : - CHARLOTTE RICARD PlacedelaConcorde picture of their city was that place matters, but that it matters chiefly because of people. This per- sonalized view of the environment demonstrates that promoting cultural heritage preservation among the public would greatly benefit from a people-centered approach. In time, the Institute decided it was worth sharing this experience with others: thus, the Landmarks initiative was born. Interestingly enough, the participants in Cape Town, Bombay (Mumbai), Mexico City and Paris echoed the same J U S T I N L E E humanistic perspective. In answer to the question of what should be preserved, Rodrigo, a nine-year- Louvre Museum Gift Shop old from Mexico City, said, "Friends should be preserved ... food, too, in the refrigerator ... my lit- tle theater, my brother, my mom, my dad, my grandmother, my cousins, my school, my homework my childhood." How can one preserve the "childhood" of sites and cities, one wonders-their energy, their ability to grow and discover and inspire? This is a good question for both preservation- ists and preservation-minded developers. The resilience of the term "landmark" allowed the youths the freedom to explore its endless pos- sibilities, and so it was that they took pictures of barbershops and joggers, gangs and graffiti-filled tunnels, along with designated heritage sites. The exercise also engaged them in thinking broadly about whar should be preserved, how, why and by whom. In every project, the kids broke through conventional barriers, associating cultural heritage with living landmarks-or, as the Institute trans- lated the term in Romance languages, "monuments." "I used to think that a monument was something dead," said 13-year-old Ren6e in Mexico City, "like the remains of a war or an ancient civilization-a place that didn't speak my language." Then, placing a photo she had taken of her friend in a skateboarding park next to one of the ruins of Teoti- huacan, she continued, "Now, to me, a monument means something important that affects my way of life. It makes me the person I am." In ancient mythologies, there is a class of culture hero who, at the beginning of time, is said to A Landmarks User's Manual is now available on line and in print for those wishing to create independent projects, as has happened in several cities. Teaching Landmarks an interdisciplinary on-line tool thiat enables mniddle-school teachers to gen- crate a dialogue around landmarks in the classroom, has been produced recently by the Getty Education Institute. Information on the above is availabhe on http://www.LandmarksCentral.org Above: CHARLOTTE RICARD LaDefense,EspLanade Below: MATHIEIU BENSA-WEGNER Countdown to 0ooo at the Eiffel Tower walk around the land naming hills, streams, plants, animals and other features of the natural landscape. The act gives these elements external reality and turns them into reference points-landmarks- around which the hero and his generations then create and sustain human communities and cus- toms. In the real world, if enough people took notice of their landmarks and tried to change the way they treated them, we would end up with a Lw new class of world citizen, aware and caring. If this happens, future dictionaries may carry a new word, "landmarking," to mean noticing, valuing, remem -U bering, taking ownership of, caring for and pro- tecting-in other words, "marking" the special features of the cultural habitat as our societies develop and grow. The coming millennium needs , . a generation of people who, like culture heroes of myth, mark their living environment-making the Earth fit for human life, and cultivating a new humanism fit for the Earth. MahastiAfihar is group director of Heritage Recognition for the Getty Conservation Institute. L I N D A B O U R A B A A Forum des Halles UrbanAge 21 I N 1993, WHILE VISITING RELATIVES INANEARBYVILLAGE During the discussions, the concept of a "Culture Bank" was in Northern Mali, Assiata Ongoiba was amazed to see the born when the village decided to establish a program of credit in amount of money the local women made by organizing an exchange for the display of ceremonial objects. The village also exhibit and selling their crafts to passing tourists. Back home decided to improve the museum's infrastructure and to change in the small Dogon village of Fombori (population I,ooo), she the museum's tourist orientation to a local one, so it would con- told her women's group how willingly tourists bought carved stat- duct activities of interest to the surrounding population. ues and masks, beaded gourds and hand-woven materials. She During the winter and spring of 1997, the villagers renovated cautioned, however, that the foreigners were also very interested the interior of the museum using termite-resistant materials, in buying traditional ceremonial objects that should stay in the improved the ventilation system to control humidity and tem- village rather than be treated as souvenirs. Perhaps Fombori-just perature, and cemented the roof to protect against rain. The three kilometers southeast of the important market town of I remainder of the original grant ($390) was earmarked for financ- Douentza, could improve on its sister village's innovation by ing Culture Bank loans. The villagers set the lending ground rules establishing a museum where tourists could see ceremonial art- and elected a board of directors to manage the cash flow. work and purchase women's handicrafts. Today, individuals can qualify for a loan of $5 tO $40 when Serious planning for the museum and gift shop began in I994 they bring a family object to the museum as collateral. The size of when a grant of US$2,676 was secured from the U.S. Agency the loan depends on the amount of verifiable historical informa- for International Development. The local Peace Corps volunteer tion provided about the object. Upon repayment of the loans (four agreed to provide plan- to six months), the own- ning and technical assis- T H E ers have the choice of tance. Logistical suppor reclaiming their objects was contributed by or leaving them in the Canada's Unitarian Ser-- 9U W 9~f f 7 museum'~s collection for vice Committee (USC)* f H E othertloansobfincreased which had been work -3' value. The accumulated ing with local women's E ' interest from the loans groups through the AAUUTT lI1MU UM will be used to finance Gestion Amenagement A COMMUNITY-BASED MUSEUM PROVIDES MICRO-CREDIT the bank/museum oper- de Terrior project, sup- ation and conduct an porting women's liter- ativities program that acy, savings/credit and T H E P E O P L E O F F O M B O RI, inMali, includes artisan work- income-generating pro- are using their cultural artifacts as shops, concerts, theater grams. There were presentations and tradi- many meetings among collateral for loans to preserve their tional festivals, as well as the women's group, Lad- ah~ h 11 litrac classes and health Peace Corps voluinteuers, heritage and provide cash for the locals. seminars. village elders, a local So far, ioo percent of nongovernmental orga- BY TODD VINCENT CROSBY AND KATRINKA EBBE the loans have been nization, the town repaid. However, Fom- council and the district cultural officer. A site visit was also made bori has found that a loan fund of under $400 was insufficient to to the National Museum of Bamako. Finally, a five-room mud- generate the income needed to cover the museum's program of and-brick museum was built by the village men over the course activities. This year, the museum/bank received an infusion of of the next two dry seasons. The townspeople then elected a i$4,00 from the West African IMuseums Programme for these board of directors to oversee the museum's operation. activities -and USC has provided a museum specialist. The Opened in I996, the museum at first received a great deal of museum expects to be self-sufficient in five years. In the mean- attention from government officials, national radio and TV time, six other villages have written proposals to develop their reporters, and local visitors. It soon became apparent, however, own Culture Banks. that there would not be enough tourists to generate the income r Fombori's Culture Bank has become a means of transform- needed for operations. Furthermore, many villagers were reluc- ing the community's cultural resources into a lasting economic tant to place their ceremonial objects in the museum. The build- vehicle without relying on tourism, the illicit sale of artifacts or, ing was soon closed unless visitors were expected. Subsequently, constant outside funding. It has also cultivated awareness of the building was invaded by termites. Only five months after and respect for tradition, and made cultural preservation finan- inauguration, the museum objects had to be evacuated. cially sustainable in this isolated, rural community. The village then reevaluated the museum's design and pur- pose. It was decided that the museum must become not only Todd Vincent Crosby is a Peace Corps volunteer. He has been financially viable, but also a positive focal point of interest for the involved in the Culture Bank since its inception. Katrinka Ebbe community. It was also clear that an incentive was needed to works with the World Bank's Special Programs Vice Presiden cy encourage villagers to deposit their possessions in the museum. focusing on cuiture and development. 22 cultural heritage ODAY, individuals can qualify for a loan of $5 to $40 when they bring a family object to the museum as collateral. The size of the loan depends on the amount of verifiable I: thistorical information provided about the object. r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4 LEFI: One of the traditional Dogon statues in the museum collection. BELOW: Members of the Fombori women's group. rA'_ a-~~~~~~~~~~Z 4q UrbanAge '23 ARCHITECTURE OF The Making of Modern South Asia n identiy thr ahectu tat is at eern ad indgenos by Jonathan Hale ndian architect Balkrishna Doshi suggests that poverty is not, as the West defines it, the absence of material success, but the loss of significant meaning in the present. Doshi's view comes from deep study of the religious practices of his country, but it is also a use- ful standard to apply to the architecture of any country. Some might say that many of the newer suburbs and office parks of the United States, for example, were, in Doshi's sense, impoverished. OPPOSITE VIDYADHAR NACAR, planned newtownforIooo 00, Jaipur, Rajasthan, i986-BALKRISHNADOSHI, architect BELOW: NATIONAL DAIRY PLANT, Mehsana, Gujarat, /73 -ACHYUT KANVNDE, architect PhbtopgoPit by C AL Cort- [get~~a 1,;:V 19'P.tt' s, The show is a document of the strugle that also affects Western designers: Doshi is one of four architects, "An Architecture of Indepen- Using architecture to resolve social problems was also central to dence: The Making of Modern South Asia," organized by the their work, perhaps most emphatically so in the philosophy of Architectural League of New York. The show recently traveled to Muzharul Islam. While ancient symbols and patterns, such as the Heinz Architectural Center of the Carnegie Museum of Art the mandala, are often incorporated into these new buildings, in Pittsburgh. It represents the work of four leading architects of the structures do not so much incorporate indigenous elements the Indian subcontinent-Charles Correa, Achyut Kanvinde and as adapt modern structural and aesthetic systems to the culture Balkrishna Doshi of India, and Muzharul Islam of Bangladesh. Its and climate of their own region. The scope of these four archi- title notwithstanding, the show is not about all of South Asia, tects' work ranges from schools to museums and university cam- since the works shown are almost all in India and Bangladesh. puses to major libraries, factories and commercial office Rather, the keyword in the exhibit's title is "independence." This complexes. They have also designed low-cost housing, villas and refers, first, to the decade following India's independence in I947, high-rise luxury dwellings. This exhibition teaches lessons these during which time all four architects came to prominence. It is four practitioners have had to learn-that there are kinds of uni- also, importantly, about the broader issue of creating a post-colo- versality that go beyond structure, utility and even form. nial architecture. And Doshi's remark casts another perspective on The exhibition was curated by James Belluardo and Kazi the word, for independence also means prosperity and wealth. Ashraf. Belluardo is an American architect who has studied, An architecture of independence is, in this way, one that has sig- taught and traveled extensively in South Asia; Ashraf is a nificant meaning for the present. Bangladeshi architect who is completing doctoral studies at the These four architects began their careers at a key historical University of Pennsylvania. The tWo wrote the text for the book point, the era when British colonial rule ended over India. But the that accompanies the exhibition, which is published by the Archi- show is, in a sense, a document of the decades-long struggle of tectural League. these four masters with an artistic and professional problem that The exhibition is divided into four sections, one for each very much affects Western designers as well: how to create an architect. The Pittsburgh display added a fifth mini-exhibit architecture of meaning in the age of technology. The perceived showing the work of Charles-Edouard Le Corbusier and Louis nature of the problem and the criteria for its solution have shifted Kahn, both of whom influenced the architecture of India and somewhat during the several decades since 1947. In I950, mod- Bangladesh. James Belluardo points out that Correa's early LEFT: Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, memorial museum, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, I963 - CHARLES CORREA, architect. * CENTER: Incremental housing, Belapsur, NVew Bombay, i986- CHARLES CORR0A, architect * RIGHT: National Library, Dhaka, Bangladesh, i979 - MUZHARUL ISLAM, architect ernism, a science-based architecture free of tradition and style, Gandhi memorial museum in Ahmedabad is directly modeled appeared to be a way to achieve architectural independence. But upon Kahn's celebrated Bath House for the Jewish Community such a transcendence of time and place was no longer entirely Center in Trenton, New Jersey. But the influence was by no satisfactory by the I970s. means only West to East. It was through Islam, for example, that Creating a sense of place, both in time and location, is a prob- Louis Kahn came to build his monumental government com- lem that continues to confront the architecture of the West as plex at Dhaka, in Bangladesh, and that Paul Rudolph and Stan- well as of the Indian subcontinent. These architects, in four quite ley Tigerman also came to work in Bangladesh. different ways, show how it is possible for architecture to be mod- In the exhibition, six works of each architect are shown in a ern while taking on the historical color of its region. They do not variety of media: photographs, densely detailed models, renderings provide a stylistic model; rather, they offer a conceptual approach and plans. Many of them are beautiful objects in themselves, such to design that accepts both the old and the new, the local and the as Correa's cross-section of the Kanchanjunga apartment tower in international. Bombay done in subtle shades on rice paper, or Doshi's vibrant Today, 50 years after India gained its independence, the work painting in traditional style of an ancient/modern street vignette of these masters aims more than in their early days to express for the planned new town of Vidyadhar Nagar. The models, as locality and history, though generally without eschewing tech- well as the large and often exquisite renderings, give the show con- nology. The architects have wrestled throughout their careers siderable force. A large model showing part of Correa's Kanchan- c with the problem of creating an architecture at once modern and junga tower is particularly strong, as are intricate replicas of his two indigenous. As modernists, they at first focused primarily on complexes based on mandalas, the state assembly at Bhopal, and expressing and responding to climate, materials and technology. the Jawahar Kala Kendra cultural center at Jaipur. In Kanvinde's 26 cultural heritage how to create an architecture of meaning in the age of technology Harivallabhdas residence of i962, elements of an almost random In a brief essay, Correa points out that in India it is exterior geometry ramble beneath the tightly organizing form of a broad rather than interior spaces that are central and sacred. The sym- tabletop roof As one moves around the model of Islam's 1953 Col- bol of education, for example, is not "The Little Red School lege of Arts and Crafts at Dhaka, smooth, closed, circular sym- House of North America . .. not the closed box of a room ... but metry opens unexpectedly into a wall of windows. The model of the guru sitting under a tree." Climate, of course, is one cause of Doshi's I.25-million-square-foot Bharat Diamond Bourse at Bom- this cultural difference. But it cannot be said that Americans have bay reveals the building to be conceived visually as immense crys- entirely failed to understand spatial values in ways that are con- tals growing out of rock. One can explore such models with sidered Eastern. Frank Lloyd Wright famously loved to quote Lao endless satisfaction. Tsu's "It is in the spaces where there is nothing that the usefulness The work of all four expresses the sometimes conflicting of the room lies." Western architects can both learn from and demands between expressing tradition and national identity while identify with these four designers' often highly successful efforts to revealing the technology of construction. To combat modernism's create an architecture of independence and richness-an archi- weakness in expressing a sense of place or history, Doshi and Cor- tecture, in other words, of significant meaning in the present. rea, have sought in several projects to combine ancient forms and Although none of the four have the reputation in the United symbols directly with new shapes and materials. At times, they States that this exhibit demonstrates they deserve, Charles Cor- achieve a deep integration of old and new; at other times, the old rea is perhaps the best known, in part for his 1985 book, The New seems to be almost superficially applied to the new. Correa, for Landscape: On the Urbanization of the Third World, in which he example, turns the entire plan of the Jawahar Kala Kendra cul- urges localized, small-scale solutions. An illustrated monograph tural center complex into a nine-section mandala. The ninth sec- on Correa's work by Charles Correa and Kenneth Frampton was tion is pulled out and skewed away from the others. This is not, published last year by Thames and Hudson. Examples of such as it might appear, merely the sophisticated gesture of a modern projects by both Correa and Doshi appear in the show. The qual- sensibility, but a direct reference to the mandala plan of the city in ity of the work of all four over many decades, and the absence- which it was built. In the same complex, Correa puts a band of until now-of recognition in America points up how narrowly white trim around exterior walls of deep red sandstone. The effect the West has focused on the architecture of the United States of this embellishment is almost primitive, and yet it is combined (and, to some degree, of Mexico and Brazil); Europe (including LEFT: Kanchanjunga apartments, Bombay (Mumbai), Mabarashtra, I983 - CHARLES COR, architect U CENTER: Aranya housing, Incdore, Madhya Pradesh, £986 - CHARLES CORREA, architect U RIGHT NehruScience Center, Bombay (Mumbai), Maharashtrai 98o-ACHYUT KANVINDE, architect. with abstract spaces, planes and shapes that could only be of the the European culture of Australia); and Japan. During the Igth late zoth century. The building is decidedly non-Western, but it and early zoth centuries, the West was unaccustomed to looking does not replicate old styles to achieve its sense of "Indian-ness." to India for architectural leadership, and Indias architectural tra- Three of the architects-Kanvinde, Correa and Islam-stud- dition was weakened during the long colonial domination. As ied in the United States during the postwar years when modernism the show's text points out, Gandhi's goal for an independent India was in the ascendant. Although modernism was not indigenous to had been a village model, non-industrial, its architecture simple the Indian subcontinent, and America was part of the West, the and traditional. But post-colonial India was also post-Ghandi. United States still stood in those years as an example of a former Nehru, whose vision dominated the first decades of indepen- British colony that had created its own new path. As Columbia dence, followed a path of technological and industrial advance- University architecture professor Kenneth Frampton points out in ment. These four architects are seminal figures in creating a new his introduction to the text accompanying the exhibit, the United tradition, finding a new ethos for the architecture of the Indian States was a culturally acceptable source of training for an archi- subcontinent. One is eager to discover what succeeding genera- tecture of independence. Kanvinde acknowledges a tremendous tions have been producing. 1 debt to his teacher at Harvard University, Walter Cropius, who, The exhibition travels to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology this more than any individual, was the promulgator of international fall, and is expected to continue touring the United States and Canada modermism. Doshi studied with another creator of modernism, Le well into 1999. Corbusier, in the early 195os, working on the new city of Chandi- garh for several years in his In Corbusier's Paris atelier, and later Jonathan Hale is an architect and author of The Old Way of continuing in India as the city took shape. Seeing (Houghton Miffin, I994). UrbanAge 27 The Challenge of Living Heritage Conservation ofa living urban heritage must be predicated on appreciation andpreservation of traditional culture. BY KHOO SALMA NASUTION N FORMER COLONIAL COUNTRIES, the controversial nature of cultural identity has often impeded efforts to save the built environment. While nationalists quibbled over the preser- vation of a handful of colonial buildings, "progress" swept in, effectively transforming entire landscapes. All over Asia, diverse village cultures that had sur- export Australia's considerable heritage expertise to Asia, has vived several hundred years of colonialism were subverted initiated a partnership with the ASEAN secretariat to develop a overnight by the imperatives of globalized media, industrial work regional cultural heritage policy and strategy to "protect fragile patterns and homogenous high-rise housing-dictating how peo- cultures in an age of globalization." Information technology ple work, play, shop, cook, dry their clothes and mingle with has allowed the Asia and West Pacific Network for Urban Con- their neighbors. servation to play a more critical role in facilitating regional net- working. Perhaps ASEAN countries can even learn from each Looking Backward: Recapturing through Colonialism other on how to manage living heritage cities. B UT IN AN AGE of cultural tourism, colonial icons are no Looking Inward: Recapturing through Involvement Dlonger a reminder of the subjugated past but of a future as a tourist destination. Through annual awards given out by the A KEY RECOMMENDATION arising from the recent Asia- Pacific Asia Travel Association Foundation and rescue grants pro- A Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) tourism working vided by American Express through the World Monuments group workshop in Manila on promoting culture and history in Fund, the message was driven home that heritage sites are part of the region was that the local community should be involved in the cultural tourism infrastructure that no developing country both decision making and product development. Thus, the can afford to ignore. municipality of Phuket took advantage of a government experi- To restore their traditional culture and grand monuments, ment in decentralization to organize community participation. In Asia's first local heritage advocates more often than not turned to other Asian cities, cultural consultants have coordinated multi- former colonists for advice. The Europeans responded with gen- stakeholder forums to help reconcile the interests of disparate uine concern over a shared heritage. However, it was inevitable groups-tourism operators and local residents, land barons and that Europeans, who are used to working with a highly regulated squatters, developers and conservationists, planners and people. planning environment and underutilized buildings, sometimes These soft interventions potentially give the local people a voice misunderstood the complexities of cities that are not just living, in the planning process which they otherwise might not have. but teeming with life. And their local counterparts, government But the best chance for popular involvement in conservation bureaucrats and cultural aficionados, sometimes failed to translate is through local heritage movements. With the backing of the the ideas of urban rehabilitation into local realities. local tourism industry, Penang Heritage Trust is organizing a street festival with neighborhood groups to promote the restora- Looking Forward: Recapturing through Reimagining tion of the country's oldest carpenters' guild. Bandung Heritage Trust has mounted a popular effort with a one-day street bazaar, O P RESENT THE M SELVES to cultural tourists-as well as again with the backing of the local tourism industry. Tto each other-the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) will have to reexamine their history and re-imagine their THE UNIQUE CULTURAL HERITAGE of Asias cities and vil- past. In this regard, Asia's financial crisis may force the region's lages is of incalculable economic and aesthetic value. Planners conservation advocates to turn their attention to regional net- and developers in the West and East are looking at how to working, an avenue that has hitherto not been adequately tackle-and harness-modernism and commercialism, and explored. This process may lead to a regional narrative which will thereby help preserve Asia's heritage. provide a context for shared histories, leading to the strengthen- ing of regional identity. Khoo Salma Nasution is Honorable Secretary of the Penang Australia considers itself a logical partner in this process. Heritage Trust and a secretariat member ofthe Asia and Pacific AusHeritage, a government-backed network established to Networkfor Urban Conservation. 28 cultural heritage - < - ., <. academic urban conservation. Contact: AWPNUC Secre- 3349; e-mait: iccrom@iccrom.org; Web site: tariat, c/o Penang Heritage Trust, 120 Armen- http://www.iccrom.org Asian InstituteofTechnology. Contact: Dr. Yap ian Street, 10200 Penang, Malaysia. Fax: Kioe Sheng, Professor, Housing and Urban 604-263-3970; e-mail: lubisksn@tm.net.my InternationalCouncilonMonumentsandSites Development, Human Settlements Programme, (icoMos) is an international nongovernmental Asian Institute of Technology, GPO Box 2754, AusHeritage is a national network of heritage organization dedicated to the world's historic Bangkok 10501, Thailand. Tel: 66-2-524-5610; experts specializing in fields such as monuments and sites. ICOMOS is UNESCO'S prin- fax: 516-2126; e-mail: yapks@ait.ac.th urban/built environment, cultural tourism and ciple advisor in matters concerning the conser- museum management. Its purpose is to pro- vation and protection of monuments and sites. European University Centre for Cultural Her- vide practical quaLity support for cultural her- Contact: ICOMOS, 49-51 rue de ta Federation, itage. Contact: M. Dieter Richter Villa, Rufolo I- itage in the Asia-Pacific region through a strong, 75015 Paris, France. Tel: 331-4567-6770; fax: 8401o, Ravello, Italy. Tel: 39-8985-7669; fax: commerciallyviable networkforexportingAus- 331-4566-o622; e-mail: secretariat@icomos.org 39-8985-7711; e-mail: cuebc@amalficoast.it; tralia's cultural heritage services. Contact: Web site: http://www.amalficoast/cuebc Penny Ramsay, 33 Hurtle Square, Adelaide SA National Institute for the Conservation of 5ooo, Australia.Tel: 61-8-8232-7075; fax: 61-8- Cultural Property is a national forum for Heritage in Asia Research Group. Contact: Prof. 8223-4847; e-mail: ausheritage@peg.apc.org conservation and preservation activities in the W.S. Logan, Faculty of Arts, Deakin University, United States. Tel: 202-625-1495; Web site: 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Victo- Conservation and Development Forum (CDF) is http://www.nic.org/ ria, Australia. Tel: 61-3-9244-3904; fax: 61-3- an independent partnership of the University of 9244-3905; e-mail: wl@deakin.edu.au Florida, the Ford Foundation and a global net- Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC), work of scholars and practitioners. Contact: CDF, a network of cities listed on the UNESCO World Historic Preservation Program. Contact: Prof. Box 115531, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Heritage List, facilitates exchange of knowl- William Chapman, Director, Historic Preserva- 32611-5531 USA. Tel: 352-392-6548; fax: 352- edge, management techniques and financial tion Program, Department of American Studies, 392-0085; e-mail: cdf@tcd.ufl.edu resources for protecting monuments and sites. Moore 334, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hon- Contact: OWHC, 56 rue Saint-Pierre, Quebec GlK olulu, HI 96822, USA. Tel: 1-808-956-8826; fax: The Getty Conservation Institute works inter- 4A1, Canada. Tel: 1-418-692-0000; fax: 1-418- 1-808-956-4733. nationally to further appreciation and preser- 692-5558; e-mail: secretariat@ovpm.org; vation of the world's cultural heritage. Contact: Web site: http://www.ovpm.org - cultural Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 7oo, Los Angeles, CA 90049-1684, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- TheAga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) focuses USA. Tel: 310-440-7325; fax: 310-40-7702; tural Organization (UNESCO) promotes collabo- on the improvements of built environments in Web site: http://www.getty.edu/gci ration among nations through education, countries with predominant or significant Mus- science, culture and communication. Web site: lim populations. Contact: Dr. Stefano Bianca, International Centre forthe Studyof the Preser- http://www.unesco.org; publications Web site: Box 2049, 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland. Tel: 41- vation and Restoration of Cultural Property http://www.unesco.org/whc/pubs.htm 22-909-7200; fax: 41-22-909-7292; e-mail: (iCCROM), an intergovernmental organization cre- aktc@atge ated by UNESCO, is mandated to create or The World Conservation Union (IUCN) is an improve conditions for the effective conserva- international nongovernmental organization Asia West Pacific Network for Urban Conser- tion of cultural heritage resources worldwide. which advises the World Heritage Committee vation facilitates the exchange of cultural infor- Contact: ICCROM, 13 Via di San Michele, I-oO153 on selecting natural heritage sites and, through mation and technical expertise in the area of Rome, Italy. Tel: 39-6-585-531; fax: 39-6-5855- its worldwide network of specialists, reports UrbanAge 29 cultural hen"'. resource guide back on the state of conservation of listed sites. cal investigation, analysis, restoration, preser- World Heritage News. Biweekly. Focuses on IUCN, rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, vation and documentation of work of historic UNESCo heritage projects. Free. To subscribe, Switzerland. Tel: 41-22-999 o158; fax: 41-22- and artistic value. Published by the Getty Con- send message "subscribe whnews" to major- 999 0025; e-mail: mail@hq.iucn.org; Web site: servation Institute in association with the Inter- domo@unesco.org; or write to: Peter H. Stott, http://www.iucn.org/ national Institute for Conservation of Historic Editor, World Heritage Newsletter, c/o The World and Artistic Work. Contact: Getty Trust Publica- Heritage Center; e-mail: p.stott@unesco.org; The World Heritage Center was set up by tions at: http://www.getty.edu./publica- Web site: http://www.unesco.org/whc/wel- UNESCO to handle day-to-day management of tions/titles/aatajourn/index.html come.html the World Heritage Convention Concerning the Protection of the World's CulturaL and Natural Journal of Conservation & Museum Studies. World Heritage Newsletter. Three issues per Heritage. Contact: The World Heritage Center, 7 Technical information for the global conserva- year. Published by the UNESCO World Heritage place de Fontenoy 75352, Paris Cedex 07, tion and museum community. Published bythe Center, 7 place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris Cedex France. Tel: 331-45-68-18-89; fax: 331-45-68- Institute of Archaeology, University College Lon- 07, France. Fax: 331-45-68-55-70; e-mail: whed- 55-70; e-mail: wh-info@unesco.org; Web site: don. Web site: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeol- itor@unesco.org. Available in three versions: http://www.unesco.org.whc/ ogy/conservation/jcms/index.html Print: write to the above address giving your name and address; e-mail: send "subscribe World Monuments Fund (wMF) is a private, non- Preservation. Bimonthly. Ann ual individual whnews" to majordomo@unesco.org; Web site: profit organization that brings together public membership: US$20. The NationalTrustfor His- http://www.unesco.org/whc/news/index- and private support to safeguard monuments toric Preservation, 1785 Massachusetts en.htm. and works of art. Contact: WMF, 949 Park Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Tel: Avenue, New York, NY 10028, USA. Tel: 212- 1-800-944-6847 or 202-588-6000. 4V -t vd 517-9367; fax: 212-517-9494; Web site: video http://worldmonuments.org World Heritage Review. Published in English, Safeguarding OurCultural Heritage. This video French and Spanish. Annual individual subscrip- presents highlights of the 1996 National pgat rIr-es bookshelf htion: US$28 plus airmail charges. Web site: Summit on Emergency Response, a meeting http://www.unesco.org/whc/events/review.htm that addressed the goal. of protecting Changing Places: Rebuilding Communityin the museums, libraries and historic sites from the Age of Sprawl. Richard Moe. New York: Henry - t - newsletters devastating effects of natural disasters. Holt & Co., 1997. PI Contact: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Conservation, The GCI Newsletter. Three Getty Center Drive, Suite 7oo, Los Angeles, CA Financing Cultural/Natural Heritage and Sus- issues peryear. For professionals in conserva- 90049-1684. Tel: 310-440-7325; fax: 310-440- tainable Development. Report from May 1996 tion and related fields and to members of the 7702; Web site: http://www.getty.edu.gci Dubrovnik conference includes presentations public concerned about conservation. Pub- from organizations playing major roles in revital- lished in English and French. Free. Contact: The - ization of war-torn communities of Eastern Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center ron10m elorfes4 listservs Europe. NewYork: World Monuments Fund, 1996. Drive, Suite 7oo, Los Angeles, CA 90049-1684, CHDEV-L Cultural Heritage and Development USA. Tel: 310-440-7325; fax: 310-40-7702; Web Network Listerv. Automatically archived at: Historical and Philosophical Issues in the Con- site: http://www.getty.edu/gci http://listserv.nrm.se/archives/chdev-i. htmI servation of Cultural Heritage. Nicholas Stan- ley Price, M. Kirby TalLey, Jr., and Alessandra ICCROM Newslefter. Distributed free of charge. Melucco Vaccaro, eds. Los Angeles: Getty Con- Contact: ICCROM 13, Via di San Michele 1-00153 p o l . websites servation Institute. Rome, Italy. Tel: 39-6-585-531; fax: 39-6-5855- 3349; e-mail: iccrom@iccrom.org; Web site: PEoPLink is a nonprofit organization helping Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribal- http://www.iccrom.org producers in remote communities all over the ism are Reshaping the World. Benjamin R. Bar- world market their products on the Internet. ber. Ballantine Books, New York, 1995. Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC) Contact: PEOPLink, 11112 Midvale Road, Kens- Newsletter. General Secretariat OWHC, 56 rue ington, MD 20895, USA. Tel: 301-949-6625; fax: uNESCo, World Culture Report 1998: Culture, Saint-Pierre, Suite 401, Quebec GlK 4A1, Canada. 301-949-8693; e-mait:peoptink@peoplink.org; CreativityandMarkets. UNESCO, Paris, 1998 Tel: 1-418-692-0000; fax: 1-418-692-5558; e- Web site: http://www.peoplink.org/idiky or mail: secretariat@ovpm.org. Electronic version http://www.peoplink.org/ World Monuments Fund, 10 MostEndangered available at: http://www.ovpm.org/ovpm/eng- Sites, World Monument Fund, New York, 1996. lish/news/index.html International cultural heritage protection treaties and agreements are listed at: joumals us/IcoMos News. Newsletter of the U.S. http://www.tufts.edu/departments/fletcher/ nationalcommitteeforthe InternationalCoun- multi/cuLtural.html ArtandArchaeologyTechnicalAbstracts. Bian- cil on Monuments and Sites. Web site: nual. Lists abstracts and indices on the techni- http://www.icomos.org/usicomos/news/ 30 cultural heritage Melbourne, Australia-October 4-9, 1998. UNESCO 3rd International Gifu, Japan-November 18-20,1998. International Conference: Applications Forum: University and Heritage. Hosted by Deakin University and focus- ofVirtual Reality Systems and Multimedia to World Heritage. International ing on the Asia Pacific Region. Contact: Prof. W.S. Logan, Vice President, Society on Virtual Systems and MuLtimedia. E-mail: vsmm-sec@vsl.gifu- Forum UNESCO. Tel: 61-3-9244-3904; fax: 61-3-9244-3905; e-mail: third- u.ac.jp; Web site: http://www.vsmm.vsl.gifu-u.ac.jp/vsmm98 forum-UNESCO@deakin.edu.au; Web site: http://arts.deakin.edu.au/unesco/ Paris, France-December 2-4,1998. Facadism and Urban Identity. Multi- disciplinary conference hosted by the International Council on Monu- Recife, Brazil-October 5-10, 1998. Second International Seminar on ments and Sites (ICoMos). E-mail: icomos@cicrp.jussieu.fr Urban Conservation. Federal University of Pernambuco. Contact: Joseph King, International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restora- Tusnad, Romania-March 19-31, 1999. 8th International Scientific Confer- tion of Cultural Property, Via di San Michele, 13 05130, Rome, Italy. Tel: 39- ence on TheoreticaL and Practical Issues of Monument Preservation: Ver- 6-5855-3313; fax: 39-6-585-53-349; e-mail: itu@iccrom.org or nacularArchitectural Heritage. Contact: Theoretical and Practical Issues ceci@npd.ufpe.br; of Monument Preservation, 3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Official Post I., Web site: http://www.iccrom.org/eng/ACTIv/Pl3itue.htm C.P. 379. Tel./fax: 40-64-136 051/192 474; e-mail: tusnad@mail.soroscj.ro Amsterdam, The Netherlands-October 8-10,1998. Restoration '98: Inter- national Seminar for Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Art Collecting and Protecting. Contact: Mrs. Louise Roos, Project Man- RavelLo, Italy-November 4-11,1998. Intelligent Multimedia Systems and ager, Box 77777 NL - 1070 MS Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel: 31-20- Cultural Heritage. Intensive course to be held at European University Cen- 549-1212; fax: 31-20-646 4469; e-mail: mail@rai.nI ter for Cultural Heritage, Villa Rufolo 1-8401o, Ravello, Italy, Universita di Salerno. Tel: 39-89-85-76-69/85-81-oi; fax: 39-89-85-77-11; e-mail: Melburne AusraLi-Ocober9-16 199. Geera Conerene ofthe cuebc@amalficoast.it, Web site: http://www.amalficoast.it/cuebc International Council of Museums: Museums and Cultural Diversity. E-mail: nagatlowamov.vic.gov.au; Rome, Italy-November g-December 11,1998. Non-Destructive and Micro- Web site: http://www.mov.vic.gov.au/icom/icomhpge.htmI Destructive Analytical Methods for Conservation of Works ofArt and His- toric Buildings. AMNET 98 International Center for the Study of the Savannah, Georgia, USA-October 20-25, 1998. Fifty-second National Peevto n etrto fClua rpry -al Preservation Conference: TheArt and Preservation, includingeducational PrvationadRe and field sessions, and affinity activities. The National Trust for Historic training@iccr0m.org Preservation. Tel: 1-800-944-6847. Los Angeles, California-October 22-23, 1998. Communicating Culture. Internationalconference hosted bythe Getty Information Institute; atten- The European Heritage Days (EHD) Awards 1998-For a better dance by invitation only. Tel: 310-274-8787, ext.112; fax: 310-274-1306; understanding of the diversity of European cuLtural heritage. Six prizes e-mail: gii-info@getty.edu of ECU5,ooo maximum will be awarded to support cross-cultural activities in September 1998 in the framework of EHD. One prize foryoung people Denmark-October 28-31,1i998. Denkmal '98: European Trade Fairforthe and one for audiovisual. Contact: Coordination Office of EHD, tel: 32-2- Preservation of Historical Buildings and Urban Renewal. Fax: 49-3-416 549-02-77; fax: 33-1-512-00-35; e-mail: jep.ehd@kbs-frb.be; 788-762; E-mail: i.heineck@leipziger-messe.de Web site: http://culture.coe.fr/JEP 0 UrbanAge 31 12*> ~ ~ ~~ A0- 12* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <2*~~~~~OA ,,< i~ adth esos ~~~~~~~~~6r3 Dctes isthscheduledb This ~ is considered