BASELINE ASSESSMENT REPORT HYDROPOWER Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Hydropower Sector in Myanmar © International Finance Corporation 2017. All rights reserved. 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 Internet: www.ifc.org The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. IFC encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly, and when the reproduction is for educational and non-commercial purposes, without a fee, subject to such attributions and notices as we may reasonably require. 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Additionally, “International Finance Corporation” and “IFC” are registered trademarks of IFC and are protected under international law. Cover Photo: ICEM 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for the Hydropower Sector in Myanmar would not have been possible without the leadership of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC) and Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MOEE), with support from the Australian government. Myanmar government focal points for this study including Daw Thandar Hlaing, U Htoo Aung Zaw, U Nay Lin Soe and U Sein Aung Min played a critical role at all stages of the SEA process. U Hla Maung Thein, Daw Mi Khaing, U Tint Lwin Oo and Dr. San Oo guided the work of the SEA and focal points. These individuals provided technical inputs and facilitated working relations. International Centre for Environmental Management (ICEM) and Myanmar Institute for Integrated Development (MIID) prepared the SEA with IFC. ICEM’s technical team included Jeremy Carew- Reid, Rory Hunter, Edvard Baardsen, Jens Grue Sjørslev, John Sawdon, Kyaw Moe Aung, Lina Sein Myint, Lois Koehnken, Lwin Wai, Mai Ky Vinh, Peter-John Meynell, Rick Gregory, Stephen Gray, Vuong Thu Huong, Win Myint, Yan Min Aung, and Yinn Mar Swe Hlaing. The IFC team guiding the SEA included Kate Lazarus, Pablo Cardinale, Matt Corbett, Naung San Lin and Tiffany Noeske. Vikram Kumar, IFC Country Manager for Myanmar provided valuable inputs. We also recognize the ongoing support of IFC’s Environmental and Social Governance Department and Infrastructure Department, as well as the feedback and collaboration received from colleagues at The World Bank. We are thankful for the generous support from the Australian Government including John Dore, Rachel Jolly, Nick Cumpston, Dominique Vigie, Tim Vistarini, Ounheun Saiyasith and Thipphavone Chanthapaseuth. We are grateful to the dedicated civil society organizations, NGOs, SEA Advisory and Expert Groups, and the Hydropower Developers’ Working Group for contributing to this study and working to advance sustainability in Myanmar’s hydropower sector. ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank AWC Asia World Company, Myanmar BAU Business as usual BOT Build, operate and transfer CDM Clean development mechanism CDOI China Datang Overseas Investment Co. Ltd. CFRD concrete-faced rock-fill dam Chaung means river CHEC China Harbour Engineering Company CPI China Power Investment Corporation CPIYN China Power Investment Corporation - Yunnan Subsidiary CSC Chinese Consortium China CSG China Southern Grid CTG China Three Gorges Corporation d/s Downstream E/S Environmental and social ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate EDF Electricité du France EGATi Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand International EIA Environmental impact assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and social impact assessment F-JV/BOT Foreign Joint Venture/Build Operate and Transfer FSL Full supply level (normal operating level) FY Fiscal Year GE Google Earth GMS Greater Mekong Subregion GOM Government of Myanmar Hka means river HPP Hydropower plant/project HTCT HTCT Energy Investment Company Ltd IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFC International Finance Corporation IGOEC International Group of Entrepreneurs Company JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JV Joint venture JVA Joint venture agreement LCoE Levelized cost of energy MEMP Myanmar Energy Master Plan MoA Memorandum of agreement MoALI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation MoEE Ministry of Electricity and Energy MOEP Ministry of Electric Power (now MoEE) MONREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation MOPF Ministry of Planning and Finance MoU Memorandum of understanding Nam means river NEP Myanmar National Electrification Plan NHPC National Hydroelectric Power Corporation NPEP National Power Expansion Plan i PDP Project development permit PDR People’s Democratic Republic PRC People’s Republic of China RCC roller-compacted concrete SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SES Sustainable energy sector SPIC China State Power Investment Corporation (formerly CPI) TEI Trust Energy Investments, Pte. Ltd. of Singapore THA Thailand u/s Up stream UACBH Upstream Ayeyarwady Confluence Basin Hydropower Co. UNFCC United Nations Framework - Convention on Climate Change WB World Bank WWF World Wide Fund for Nature YEIG Yunnan Energy Investment Group YNIC Yunnan International Company Ltd. UNITS GWh gigawatt-hours = million kilowatt-hours hm3 million cubic meters km kilometers km2 square kilometers kV kilovolt = 1,000 volt (V) kW kilowatt = 1,000 watt (W) kWh kilowatt-hour l/s/km2 liters per second per square kilometer (mean annual flow divided by catchment area) m meters m3/s cubic meters per second MVA mega-volt-ampere MW megawatt = 1 million watts DEFINITIONS Basin refers to main river basins in Myanmar Power plant means an existing power plant or one under construction, and includes all main components (dam, headrace and powerhouse) Power project means a power plant at pre-investment stage, i.e. before main construction has started Sub-basin refers to subdivision of a basin along the main stream Watershed refers to the catchment of a tributary to a sub-basin ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................... I TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. III LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... V 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 1 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 8 3 MYANMAR POWER SECTOR ............................................................................................ 9 3.1 Institutional Framework .................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Power Supply ................................................................................................................ 12 3.3 Power Demand .............................................................................................................. 13 3.4 Power Transmission and Distribution ........................................................................... 16 4 HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... 18 4.1 Project Development Process........................................................................................ 18 4.2 Project Development Status .......................................................................................... 19 5 HYDROPOWER PROJECTS ............................................................................................. 24 5.1 Ayeyarwady Basin ........................................................................................................ 24 5.2 Ayeyarwady Headwaters .............................................................................................. 27 5.3 Middle Ayeyarwady...................................................................................................... 36 5.4 Chindwin Sub-basin ...................................................................................................... 49 5.5 Lower Ayeyarwady ....................................................................................................... 52 5.6 Thanlwin Basin ............................................................................................................. 55 5.7 Sittaung Basin ............................................................................................................... 71 5.8 Mekong basin ................................................................................................................ 79 5.9 Rakhine coastal basins .................................................................................................. 83 5.10 Tanintharyi Coastal Basins ....................................................................................... 87 5.11 Myit Ma Ka and Bago Basin..................................................................................... 89 5.12 Bilin Basin ................................................................................................................ 91 5.13 Impact assessment ..................................................................................................... 91 ANNEX A METHODOLOGY FOR COMPILING HPP DATABASE ........................................ 93 ANNEX B HYDROPOWER DATABASE ....................................................................................... 95 ANNEX B.1 HYDROPOWER DATABASE - AYEYARWADY RIVER BASIN ........................ 96 ANNEX B.2 HYDROPOWER DATABASE - THANLWIN RIVER BASIN ............................. 100 ANNEX B.3 HYDROPOWER DATABASE - OTHER RIVER BASINS ................................... 104 ANNEX C RESERVOIRS INUNDATION MAPS ........................................................................ 108 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Historical Hydropower Capacity Additions ......................................................................... 1 Figure 1.2: Existing and Planned Hydropower Development in Myanmar (>10 MW) .......................... 2 Figure 3.1: Institutional Framework of Myanmar Power Sector ............................................................ 9 Figure 3.2: Ministry of Electricity and Energy ..................................................................................... 10 Figure 3.3: The flow of electricity from generator to consumer ........................................................... 10 Figure 3.4: Demand and generation growth.......................................................................................... 14 Figure 3.5: Transmission and distribution losses .................................................................................. 15 Figure 3.6: Generation sources and losses ............................................................................................ 15 Figure 4.1: Duration between MoU and MoA, and between MoA and JVA for selected projects ...... 19 Figure 4.2: Hydropower development in Myanmar .............................................................................. 20 Figure 5.1: Hydropower development in the Ayeyarwady Basin ......................................................... 25 Figure 5.2: Ayeyarwady Headwaters hydropower potential................................................................. 28 Figure 5.3: Indicative Mali and N'Mai reservoir inundation ................................................................ 30 Figure 5.4: Confluence between N’Mai and Mali forming the Ayeyarwady ....................................... 35 Figure 5.5: Hydropower development in Namtabak Sub-basin ............................................................ 37 Figure 5.6: Existing and planned hydropower development on the Dapein Sub-basin ........................ 39 Figure 5.7: Existing and planned hydropower development in the Shweli Sub-basin.......................... 41 Figure 5.8: Myitnge River, Ma Gyi Chaung and Mu River hydropower development ........................ 45 Figure 5.9: Hydropower development in the Chindwin Sub-basin....................................................... 50 Figure 5.10: Hydropower development in the Lower Ayeyarwady...................................................... 53 Figure 5.11: Hydropower development in the Thanlwin Basin, Myanmar .......................................... 56 Figure 5.12: Proposed dams on Thanlwin mainstream ......................................................................... 59 Figure 5.13: Nam Ma hydropower development .................................................................................. 61 Figure 5.14: Planned Hydropower Development in the Nam Hka Sub-basin ...................................... 63 Figure 5.15: Nam Teng sub-basins ....................................................................................................... 65 Figure 5.16: Flow duration curve Baluchaung...................................................................................... 66 Figure 5.17: Hydropower development in Nam Pawn Sub-basin......................................................... 68 Figure 5.18: Sittaung Basin hydropower development ......................................................................... 72 Figure 5.19: Hydropower development in Paung Laung Sub-basin ..................................................... 73 Figure 5.20: Hydropower development in other Sittaung Sub-basins .................................................. 76 Figure 5.21: Mekong basin - Hydropower development in Myanmar .................................................. 80 Figure 5.22: Hydropower development in Rakhine Coastal Basins ..................................................... 85 Figure 5.23: Tanintharyi Coastal Basins - Hydropower development .................................................. 88 Figure 5.24: Myit Ma Ka & Bago basin and Bilin basin ...................................................................... 90 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Existing Hydropower and Multipurpose Dams ..................................................................... 3 Table 1.2: Dams under construction ....................................................................................................... 4 Table 1.3: Planned Hydropower and Multipurpose Projects (by basin) ................................................. 4 Table 3.1: Criteria to determine whether to apply IEE or EIA in hydropower projects ....................... 12 Table 4.1: Number of existing hydropower plants and planned projects by Owner/Development and Development Stage (>10MW) .............................................................................................................. 21 Table 4.2: Hydropower Installed Capacity (MW) by Owner/Developer and Development Stage (>10 MW) ............................................................................................................................................. 21 Table 4.3: Number of existing Hydropower Plants and Planned Projects by Basin and Development Stage (>10 MW) ................................................................................................................................... 22 Table 4.4: Existing and Planned Hydropower Installed Capacity (MW) by River Basin and Development Stage (>10 MW) ............................................................................................................. 23 Table 5.1: Hydropower Development (>10 MW) in the Ayeyarwady Basin ....................................... 26 Table 5.2: Existing and Under Construction Hydropower Plants (>10 MW) in the Ayeyarwady Sub- Basins .................................................................................................................................................... 26 Table 5.3: Planned Hydropower Projects (>10 MW) in the Ayeyarwady Sub-Basin .......................... 27 Table 5.4: Catchment areas of main river sections and tributaries with hydropower potential of the Ayeyarwady Headwaters Sub-basin ..................................................................................................... 28 Table 5.5: N’Mai River - Planned Projects - Key Data ........................................................................ 29 Table 5.6: N’Mai River - Planned Projects - Development Process ..................................................... 31 Table 5.7: Naw Chang - Planned Projects - Key Data .......................................................................... 32 Table 5.8: Naw Chang - Planned Projects - Development Process ...................................................... 32 Table 5.9: Nam Li/Dum Ban - Planned Projects - Key Data ................................................................ 33 Table 5.10: Nam Li/Dum Ban - Planned Projects - Development Process........................................... 33 Table 5.11: Mali River - Planned Projects - Key Data ......................................................................... 34 Table 5.12: Mali River - Planned Projects - Development Process ...................................................... 34 Table 5.13: Mainstream Ayeyarwady - Planned Projects - Key Data .................................................. 34 Table 5.14: Mainstream Ayeyarwady - Planned Projects - Development Process ............................... 35 Table 5.15: Middle Ayeyarwady Sub-basin - Catchment Areas of main river sections and tributaries36 Table 5.16: Namtabak - Existing power plants and under construction - Key Data ............................. 37 Table 5.17: Namtabak - Planned Projects - Key Data .......................................................................... 38 Table 5.18: Namtabak- Planned Projects - Development Process ........................................................ 38 Table 5.19: Dapein Sub-basin - Hydropower Facility Characteristics.................................................. 39 Table 5.20: Dapein Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key Data .............................................................. 40 Table 5.21: Dapein Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Development Process ........................................... 40 Table 5.22: Shweli Sub-basin - Hydropower Facility Characteristics .................................................. 42 Table 5.23: Shweli Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key Data ............................................................... 42 Table 5.24: Shweli Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Development Process ........................................... 43 Table 5.25: Ma Gyi Chaung - Existing Hydropower Characteristics ................................................... 44 v Table 5.26: Ma Gyi Chaung - Planned Projects - Key Data ................................................................. 44 Table 5.27: Ma Gyi Chaung - Planned Projects - Development Process.............................................. 44 Table 5.28: Myitnge Sub-basin - Hydropower Facility Characteristics................................................ 46 Table 5.29: Myitnge Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key Data ............................................................ 47 Table 5.30: Myitnge Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Development Process ......................................... 48 Table 5.31: Mu River - Power Plant Characteristics............................................................................. 49 Table 5.32: Chindwin Sub-basin - Power Plant Characteristics ........................................................... 51 Table 5.33: Chindwin Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key Data .......................................................... 51 Table 5.34: Chindwin Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Development Process ....................................... 52 Table 5.35: Mone Sub-basin - Power Plant Characteristics .................................................................. 54 Table 5.36: Lower Ayeyarwady Sub-basins - Planned Projects - Key Data......................................... 55 Table 5.37: Thanlwin Basin - Hydropower Development (>10 MW) .................................................. 57 Table 5.38: Thanlwin Basin - Existing and Under Construction Hydropower Plants (>10 MW) ........ 57 Table 5.39: Thanlwin Basin - Planned Hydropower Projects (>10 MW) ............................................. 57 Table 5.40: Proposed Thanlwin Mainstream Project Data ................................................................... 58 Table 5.41: Proposed Thanlwin Mainstream Project Development Stage............................................ 58 Table 5.42: Nam Ma Proposed Project Data......................................................................................... 62 Table 5.43: Nam Ma Proposed Project Development Stage ................................................................. 62 Table 5.44: Nam Hka Proposed Project Data ....................................................................................... 64 Table 5.45: Nam Hka Project Development Stage ............................................................................... 64 Table 5.46: Nam Teng - Power Plant Characteristics ........................................................................... 64 Table 5.47: Nam Pawn - Proposed Project Data ................................................................................... 69 Table 5.48: Nam Pawn - Proposed Project Development Status .......................................................... 69 Table 5.49: Baluchaung River - Power Plant Characteristics ............................................................... 70 Table 5.50: Sittaung Basin - Hydropower Development (>10 MW) .................................................... 71 Table 5.51: Paung Laung Sub-basin - Existing Power Plants............................................................... 74 Table 5.52: Paung Laung Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key Data ..................................................... 74 Table 5.53: Paung Laung Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Development Process ................................. 75 Table 5.54: Other Sittaung Sub-basins - Existing Hydropower Plants (>10 MW) ............................... 77 Table 5.55: Other Sittaung Sub-basins - Planned Projects - Key Data ................................................. 78 Table 5.56: Other Sittaung Sub-basins - Planned Projects - Development Process ............................. 78 Table 5.57: Nam Lwe Sub-basin - Existing Power Plant...................................................................... 81 Table 5.58: Nam Lwe Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key data ........................................................... 81 Table 5.59: Nam Lwe Sub-basin - Planned Project - Development Process ........................................ 82 Table 5.60: Nam Lin Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key data ............................................................ 82 Table 5.61: Nam Lin Sub-basin - Planned Project - Development Process .......................................... 82 Table 5.62: Nam Hkoke Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key data ....................................................... 83 Table 5.63: Nam Hkoke Sub-basin - Planned Project - Development Process..................................... 83 Table 5.64: Thahtay Sub-basin - Power plants under construction ...................................................... 86 vi Table 5.65: Other Rakhine State Basins - Planned Projects - Key data ................................................ 86 Table 5.66: Coastal Basins in Tanintharyi Region - Planned Projects - Key data ................................ 89 Table 5.67: Coastal Basins in Tanintharyi Region - Planned Project - Development Process ............. 89 Table 5.68: Bago River - Existing Hydropower Plant .......................................................................... 91 Table 5.69: Bilin Basin - Planned Projects - Key Data ......................................................................... 91 Table 5.70: Bilin Basin - Planned Projects - Development Process ..................................................... 91 vii 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This chapter outlines the status of hydropower development in in Myanmar. In absence of a hydropower policy or plan in Myanmar, the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) will assess the existing hydropower plants and planned projects in the major river basins and sub-basins. Sixteen years after the World’s first hydropower plant was commissioned in 1882 in Wisconsin, USA, the first hydropower plant in Myanmar was built on the Yeni River with an installed capacity of 460 kilowatt (kW). Only in 1960 was the first large hydropower plant completed in Myanmar, the first phase of the 168 megawatts (MW) Baluchaung II hydropower plant, taking advantage of part of the available 650-meter (m) head at Lawpita Falls in the Thanlwin Basin south of Loikaw in Shan State. Development of large hydropower power continued, accelerating after 2000, and has now reached about 3,331 MW, including small and mini hydropower plants. Twenty-nine power plants are in the range 10 MW - 790 MW, totalling 3,298 MW (Figure 1.1). Figure 1.1: Historical Hydropower Capacity Additions 3500 3,298 3000 Capacity Additions, MW 2500 2000 1,420 1500 1000 500 295 168 193 84 0 1960-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010-17 Of the 29 power plants already operating, twelve have been built by the Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MoEE, 1,474 MW), three by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI, 144 MW) and seven by MoEE and MoALI in cooperation (492 MW). A further four have been built by Myanmar private developers, and three by foreign developers in joint venture with MoEE. Thirteen of the dams already built by MoEE and MoALI are multipurpose dams with irrigation and hydropower (12 MW - 280 MW) being the main uses of the dam. Figure 1.2 shows the locations of existing hydropower plant and planned hydropower projects. 1 Figure 1.2: Existing and Planned Hydropower Development in Myanmar (>10 MW) The first local private sector development was the 10.5 MW Mali Creek hydropower plant in Kachin State providing electricity to Myitkyina; the power plant was completed in 2006. The second private 2 sector power plant, the 600 MW Sweli 1 HPP, was completed in 2009 by YUPD, PRC, in joint venture with MoEE. Since then, private sector has completed 677 MW (238 MW by local developers and 339 MW by foreign developers). See Table 1.1. An additional six power plants are under construction with an installed capacity of 1,564 MW, the largest being the 1,050 MW Shweli 3 hydropower plant in the Ayeyarwady Basin. See Table 1.2: Table 1.1: Existing Hydropower and Multipurpose Dams Installed Developer Hydropower Plant Investment by Capacity Completed (MW) MoEE Baluchaung 2 GOM 168 1974 MoEE Sedawgyi GOM 25 1989 MoEE Kinda GOM 56 1990 MoEE Baluchaung 1 GOM 28 1992 MoEE Zawgyi I GOM 18 1995 MoEE Zaungtu GOM 20 2000 MoEE Keng Tawng GOM 54 2009 MoEE Yeywa GOM 790 2010 MoEE Shwegyin GOM 75 2011 MoEE Kun Chaung GOM 60 2012 MoEE Nancho GOM 40 2013 MoEE Paung Laung (upper) GOM 140 2015 MoALI Kyee Ohn Kyee Wa GOM 74 2012 MoALI Myogyi GOM 30 2015 MoALI Myittha GOM 40 2017 MoEE/MoALI Thapenzeik GOM 30 2002 MoEE/MoALI Mone Chaung GOM 75 2004 MoEE/MoALI Paung Laung (lower) GOM 280 2005 MoEE/MoALI Yenwe GOM 25 2007 MoEE/MoALI Ka Baung GOM 30 2008 MoEE/MoALI Zawgyi II GOM 12 2011 MoEE/MoALI Phyu Chaung GOM 40 2015 Buga Co. Mali Local BOT 10.5 2006 Future Energy Baluchaung 3 Local BOT 52 2014 Gold Energy Thauk Ye Khat (2) Local BOT 120 2014 ESDC Mongwa Local BOT 66 2016 YUPD Shweli 1 F-JV/BOT 600 2009 China Datang Dapein 1 F-JV/BOT 240 2011 SPIC Chipwi Nge F-JV/BOT 99 2013 GOM: Government of Myanmar; BOT: Build, operate and transfer; F-JV: Foreign Joint Venture 3 Table 1.2: Dams under construction Installed Scheduled for Developer Hydropower Plant Investment by Capacity Completion (MW) MoEE Keng Tawng (upper) GOM 51 2020 MoEE Yeywa (upper) GOM 280 2021 MoEE Thahtay GOM 111 2021 MoALI Buywa GOM 42 2018 NeoEnergy Oasis Baluchaung (upper) Local BOT 30 2020 EDF SA Shweli 3 F-JV/BOT 1,050 2021 GOM: Government of Myanmar; BOT: Build, operate and transfer; F-JV: Foreign Joint Venture There are 69 identified hydropower projects totalling 43,848 MW in various stages of development. Table 1.3 lists the projects being considered by MoEE, and state and regional authorities that can approve the development of projects less than 30 MW that will not be connected to the national grid. Some of the projects listed are at a very early stage of development with no significant data and have been classified merely as “Identified as potential hydropower projects”. Table 1.3: Planned Hydropower and Multipurpose Projects (by basin) Basin/ Installed Investment Hydropower Status Sub-basin Capacity Developer Country by Plant (MW) Ayeyarwady Upper PRC/MY Myitsone JVA Ayeyarwady 6,000 CPIYN/AWC F-JV/BOT A Mainstem Chipwi JVA Nmae Hka 3,400 CPI PRC F-JV/BOT PRC/MY Gaw Lan JVA Naw Chang Hka 120 YEIG/IGOEC F-JV/BOT A Laza JVA Mali Hka 1,900 CPIYN PRC F-JV/BOT PRC/MY Tongxinqiao JVA Naw Chang Hka 340 YEIG/IGOEC F-JV/BOT A PRC/MY Hkankawn MoA Naw Chang Hka 140 YEIG/IGOEC F-JV/BOT A Khaunglanphu MoA Nmae Hka 2,700 CPI PRC F-JV/BOT PRC/MY Lawngdin MoA Naw Chang Hka 600 YEIG/IGOEC F-JV/BOT A Pisa MoA Nmae Hka 2,000 CPI PRC F-JV/BOT Renan MoA Nmae Hka 1,200 CPI PRC F-JV/BOT Wutsok MoA Nmae Hka 1,800 CPI PRC F-JV/BOT YBEP/Chan PRC/MY Dum Ban MoU Nmae Hka 130 F-JV/BOT Yinn Khuu A YBEP/Chan PRC/MY Nam Li MoU Nmae Hka 165 F-JV/BOT Yinn Khuu A Dapein 2 MoU Dapein 140 DUHD PRC F-JV/BOT Sedawgyi (upper) GOM Plan Ma Gyi Chaung 64 MoALI Myanmar GOM Buywa (upper) GOM Plan Mone Chaung 150 MoALI Myanmar GOM Mindon I Mindon 18 - - - 4 Basin/ Installed Investment Hydropower Status Sub-basin Capacity Developer Country by Plant (MW) Local Nam Tu Myitnge 100 NCEH Myanmar Local BOT MoU Deedoke MoU Myitnge 66 Andritz Hydro Austria F-JV/BOT PRC/MY Nam Hsim MoU Myitnge 30 PCR/SE F-JV/BOT A PRC/MY Nam Lang MoU Myitnge 210 PCR/SE F-JV/BOT A Yeywa (middle) MoU Myitnge 700 SN Power Norway F-JV/BOT China PRC/MY Nam Tabak I MoA Namtabak 141 Guodian/Tun F-JV/BOT A Thwin Mining China PRC/MY Nam Tabak II MoA Namtabak 144 Guodian/Tun F-JV/BOT A Thwin Mining Great Hor Nam Paw Covenant Shweli 20 Myanmar Local BOT Kham PRC/MY Shweli 2 MoA Shweli 520 HIE/AWC F-JV/BOT A Tamanthi Suspended Chindwin 1,200 NHPC India F-JV/BOT PRC/MY Manipur MoU Manipur 380 CHEC/Sein F-JV/BOT A U Yu Chaung I Uyu 12 - - - Chindwin Ta Nai Hka I 15 - - - Headwaters 2 Chindwin Ta Rung Hka I 150 - - - Headwaters 1 Chindwin Tawog Hka I 50 - - - Headwaters 1 Thanlwin Nam Hka MOU Nam Hka 210 YNIC PRC F-JV/BOT HydroChina/IG PRC/MY Mantong MoA Nam Ma 225 F-JV/BOT OEC A La Pha I La Pha 20 - - - Myet Taw Myet Taw I 10 - - - Chaung Chaung Yunzalin I Yunzalin 100 - - - Hawkham MoU Nam Pawn 180 TEI/HCTC SIN/MYA F-JV/BOT (upper) Hpak Nam MoU Nam Pawn 105 TEI/HCTC SIN/MYA F-JV/BOT Hpi Hseng MoU Nam Pawn 45 TEI/HCTC SIN/MYA F-JV/BOT Nam Pawn MoU Nam Pawn 105 TEI/HCTC SIN/MYA F-JV/BOT (lower) Nam Pawn MoU Nam Pawn 150 TEI/HCTC SIN/MYA F-JV/BOT (upper) 5 Basin/ Installed Investment Hydropower Status Sub-basin Capacity Developer Country by Plant (MW) Hanergy YN, PRC/MY KunLong JVA Main stem 1,400 F-JV/BOT MPC A Sinohydro + PRC/THA Hutgyi MoA Main stem 1,360 EGATi+IGOE F-JV/BOT /MYA C HydroChina/IG PRC/MY Naopha MoA Main stem 1,200 F-JV/BOT OEC A PRC/MY Ywathit MoA Main stem 4,000 CDOI/STH F-JV/BOT A Three Mong Ton MoU Main stem 7,000 PRC/THA F-JV/BOT Gorges+EGAT Sittaung Local Bawgata Bawgata 160 Thoolei Myanmar Local BOT MoU Paung Laung Energized MoU Paung Laung 100 SIN F-JV/BOT (middle) Myanmar Thauk Ye Khat 1 I Other Sittaung 150 - - - Mekong Local Suntac Power Mong Hsat Nam Hkoke 20 Myanmar Local BOT MoU Co. Nam Hkok I Nam Hkoke 30 - - - Local Nam Lin Nam Lin 36 MAM Myanmar Local BOT MoU He Kou MoU Nam Lwe 138 YNIC PRC F-JV/BOT Keng Tong MoU Nam Lwe 170 YNIC PRC F-JV/BOT Keng Yang MoU Nam Lwe 70 YNIC PRC F-JV/BOT Suo Lwe MoU Nam Lwe 240 YNIC PRC F-JV/BOT Rakhine State Coastal Basins Lemro 1 MoU Lemro 600 Tractabel France F-JV/BOT Lemro 2 MoU Lemro 90 Tractabel France F-JV/BOT Kyein Ta Li I Kyein Ta Li 28 - - - Mi Chaung I Kaladan 200 - - - Saing Din I Saing Din 77 - - - Than Dwe I Than Dwe 39 - - - Taninthayi Region Coastal Basins Taninthayi Suspended Tanintharyi 600 Italian-Thai Thailand F-JV/BOT Sar Ra Wa I Tanintharyi 11 - - - Chaung Tha Gyet Chaung I Tanintharyi 20 - - - Thein Kun I Tanintharyi 25 - - - Chaung Glohong Kra I Glohong Kra 40 - - - 6 Basin/ Installed Investment Hydropower Status Sub-basin Capacity Developer Country by Plant (MW) Belin Local Belin Bilin 280 HCDG Myanmar Local BOT MoU GOM: Government of Myanmar; BOT: Build, operate and transfer; F-JV: Foreign Joint Venture; MoU: Memorandum of Understanding; MoA: Memorandum of Agreement; JVA: Joint Venture Agreement; I: identified for hydropower development. 7 2 INTRODUCTION This chapter outlines the status of hydropower development in Myanmar. In absence of a hydropower policy or plan in Myanmar, the SEA will assess the existing hydropower plants and planned projects in the major river basins and sub-basins. The analysis firstly covers how hydropower has contributed to meeting power supply and demand at the national level and provides an overview and power transmission and distribution. The analysis then drills down to the status of existing plants and planned projects at a basin-by-basin level. The initial review of existing and planned HPPs included projects equal to 10 MW and greater, and includes information on the development process and key technical data for each project: • Development process: information on the investment status, date EIA or feasibility was submitted, foreign or local investment and year the project will be commissioned according to information provided by MoEE; and • Key technical data: Installed capacity (MW), generation (GWh/year), dam height, total storage, reservoir area, retention period, type (e.g. run-of-river, storage, multi-purpose) and export (%). Obtaining accurate GIS layers for the existing and proposed HPPs was a critical step in the baseline phase as it forms the basis for spatial analysis in the SEA. The most important information is the GIS coordinates (i.e. location) of the dam, and if available, the location of the powerhouse when not at the foot of the dam. In this chapter the objective was to identify the physical impacts of each hydropower plant as far as the information was available (inundation area and length, storage, dried-out river stretches, etc.). This is an essential piece of information to assess the impact, and cumulative impacts of projects in cascades or within a basin or sub-basin. The team will overlay the location of existing and planned HPPs on the basins and sub-basins to show the past and future trends in each of the key themes of the SEA: geomorphology and sediment, biodiversity, fisheries and aquatic ecology, economics, social and livelihoods and conflict in other chapters of this and subsequent reports. The following paragraphs and Annex 1 outline the process for developing the hydropower (HPP) database with MoEE and other stakeholders. The main source of information on the development process and key technical data was primarily through a series of consultations with MoEE and direct discussions with MONREC, MoALI, MOPF and other Ministries. To compile an accurate register of projects, the SEA team also sought information through meetings with hydropower developers and from other sources for example, presentations, newspaper articles, reports and EIAs, much of it available from the internet (see footnotes). Information garnered from those latter sources was then reviewed for accuracy with the MoEE technical advisors. At the start of the SEA study, the team reviewed the list of existing and planned HPPs provided by MoEE. The team also identified projects in various other lists available from the Internet and international organisations. In total, 135 existing and proposed single purpose hydropower dams and multipurpose dams with a hydropower component with an aggregate installed capacity of 64,600 MW and irrigation dams were identified. At a workshop with MoEE and other Ministries in December 2016, this list was reduced to 85 officially recognised dams consisting of single purpose hydropower and multipurpose dams with a hydropower plant 10 MW or greater. The original list had included multipurpose dams with power plant with a capacity less than 10 MW, and projects that had been identified in earlier years that MoEE informed were no longer in the official project list. Later the list grew to 104 HPPs after MoEE provided the names, locations and capacities of potential hydropower projects that have still to be studied at a more detailed level. To better analyse the data of the projects in the list, the SEA Consultant sought to prepare a HPP database which underwent the following stages: design of database structure, collection of data, quality control of information received, analysis and reporting, further information is provided in Annex 1. The HPP database forms the basis for the trend and spatial analysis in the SEA. 8 3 MYANMAR POWER SECTOR 3.1 Institutional Framework This section summarizes the institutional framework of the Myanmar power sector. Several key ministries manage the sector (Figure 3.1): • Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MoEE), • Ministry of Mineral Resources and Environmental Conservation, • Ministry of Industry, • Ministry of Education, and • Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation. Figure 3.1: Institutional Framework of Myanmar Power Sector Source: MoEE, Power Development Opportunities in Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Forum 2017, 6 - 7 June 2017. MoEE, the principal ministry responsible for the hydropower sub-sector, consists of several departments and enterprises (Figure 3.2). The Department Electric Power Planning (DEPP) is responsible for planning, and has been assigned the main MoEE counterpart for the SEA. 9 Figure 3.2: Ministry of Electricity and Energy Source: MoEE, Power Development Opportunities in Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Forum 2017, 6 - 7 June 2017. Figure 3.3 shows the relationship among the various parties involved in generating, transmitting and selling power to consumers. Figure 3.3: The flow of electricity from generator to consumer Source: MoEE, Power Development Opportunities in Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Forum 2017, 6 - 7 June 2017. 10 The following laws and regulations specifically govern the power sector: • Electricity Law (2014) • Electricity Rule (2015) • Myanmar Investment Law (2016) • The Environmental Conservation Law (2012) • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures (2015) • Electricity Regulations (being prepared under ADB financing) • Grid Code (being prepared under ADB/Norwegian financing) A state/region government can regulate HPPs with an installed capacity up to 30 MW and not connected to the national power grid. The Constitution, 4a of schedule 2 (refer to session 188) stets that: “Medium and small scale electric power production and distribution that have the right to be managed by the Region or State not having any link with national power grid, except large scale electric power production and distribution having the right to be managed by the Union”. Small scale electrical projects are defined as up to 10 MW capacity in the Electricity Law 2014, while mid-sized electrical projects are defined as 10 < to ≤ 30 MW. MoEE regulates large-scale projects (greater than 30 MW). Specific to the SEA, the EIA procedures require that “(3) Pursuant to Section 21 of the Law and Articles 52, 53 and 55 of the Rules, all Projects and Project expansions undertaken by any ministry, government department, organization, corporation, board, development committee and organization, local government or authority, company, cooperative, institution, enterprise, firm, partnership or individual (and/or all Projects, field sites, factories and businesses including expansions of such Projects, field sites, factories and businesses identified by the Ministry, which may cause impact on environmental quality and are required to obtain Prior Permission in accordance with Section 21 of the Law, and Article 62 of the Rules) having the potential to cause Adverse Impacts, are required to undertake IEE or EIA or to develop an EMP, and to obtain an ECC in accordance with this Procedure.” It further states that “(8) Any Project already in existence prior to the issuance of the Rules, or the construction of which has already commenced prior to the issuance of the Rules, and which, in either case, shall be required to undertake, within the timeframe prescribed by the Department, an environmental compliance audit, including on-site assessment, to identify past and/or present concerns related to that Project's Environmental Impacts, and to: a) develop an EIA or IEE or EMP; b) obtain an ECC; and c) take appropriate actions to mitigate Adverse Impacts in accordance with the Law, the Rules, and other applicable laws.” The EIA Procedures paras 38 and 65 states that “Not later than fifteen (15) days after submission of the IEE/EIA Report to the Department, the Project Proponent shall disclose the IEE/EIA Report to civil society, PAPs, local communities and other concerned stakeholders: (i) by means of national media (i.e. newspapers); (ii) the website(s) of the Project or Project Proponent; (iii) at public meeting places (e.g. libraries, community halls); and (iv) at the offices of the Project Proponent.” The EIA procedures classify projects as shown in Table 3.1. 11 Table 3.1: Criteria to determine whether to apply IEE or EIA in hydropower projects Hydropower Plants Carry out IEE if any apply Carry out EIA if any apply Installed Capacity (P) 1 MW ≤ P < 15 MW ≥15 MW Reservoir volume at FSL (V) V < 200,000 m3 ≥ 200,000 m3 Reservoir Area at FSL (A) A < 4 km2 ≥ 4 km2 The above clearly indicates that most projects being considered in the SEA should prepare or have prepared an IEE, EIA or EMP as appropriate to obtain an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC). The IEE, EIA or EMP should have been made public. However, the SEA team found few such documents available in the Internet. 3.2 Power Supply Electricity was introduced early to Myanmar. In 1937, a United States Department of Commerce publication listed 106 power plants in Myanmar, with six over 1 MW and several under 10 kW. The largest belonged to Burmah Oil Company, the Yenangyaung Plant of 20 MW in Magway Region. The 16.5 MW plant of the Rangoon Electric Tramway and Supply Company established in 1905 (and in 1953 nationalised as part of the Rangoon Electric Supply Board) supplied alternating current, while the great majority of the power plants using fossil fuel throughout the country supplied direct current at 220 Volt (V). The third largest was at Mansam near Namtu, Shan State (10 MW). Many power plants were destroyed during the Second World War.1 The first hydropower plant (460 kW) was built on the Yeni River, Mogok in 1898, and 16 years after the first hydroelectric plant in the World was built in Wisconsin, USA. During the 1950s, Japanese engineers surveyed the country to develop hydropower. These and other studies have estimated that Myanmar has more than 100,000 MW of capacity potential. The first large-scale hydropower plant was built in the Thanlwin Basin at the Lawpita Falls on the Baluchaung.2 The first phase of this run- of-river 84 MW power plant (Baluchaung II) was completed in 1960; the second phase was completed in 1974 with a further 84 MW. Since then hydropower has been the main source of electricity in Myanmar. In the 1980s an additional 25 MW were built in other parts of the country, followed by three projects totalling 102 MW in the 1990s, eight projects totalling 1,125 MW in 2000- 09, and 15 projects totalling 1,878 MW in 2011-17 (to date). Twenty-nine hydropower projects larger than 10 MW now total 3,298 MW. Additionally 32 mini hydropower plants totalling 33.3 MW have been built in connection with irrigation dams or as part of off-grid rural electrification. The total installed capacity in the first half of 2017 was 5,389 MW, of which 3,255 MW (60.4%) was from hydropower, 1,920 MW (35.6%) from gas, 120 MW (2.2%) from coal and 94.3 MW (1.75%) from diesel.3,4 MoEE5 owns about 60% of the total installed capacity, the rest being owned by private sector as IPP or joint venture (JV) with MoEE. There has been a significant increase in private participation in the power sector growing from 6.2% of annual generation in the fiscal year (FY) 2008-09 to 48.4% in FY2016-17. Presently, about 1,692 MW of hydropower installed capacity, 649 MW of gas-fired power projects and 470 MW of solar power is under construction or about to start construction. Due to its distinct wet and dry seasonal pattern, Myanmar experiences significant fluctuations in the supply of, and demand for, electricity. Its existing base load generation mix is dominated by hydropower, which reaches peak capacity towards the end of the wet season and tails off to produce shortages during the dry season. Available capacity is about 50% of installed capacity due to poor 1 Russel Andrus, J. Burmese Economic Life, 1948 2 The following words mean river or stream in Myanmar: Chaung, Hka and Nam. Therefore when naming a river with these words either attached or separate from the river name, the word “river” in English will be omitted. For example Baluchaung, Nam Li, Mali Hka will not be referred to as Baluchaung River, Nam Li River or Mali Hka River. 3 MoEE, Power Development Opportunities in Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Forum 2017, 6 - 7 June 2017. 4 There is a slight difference between MoEE’s data in the presentation of 6 - 7 June 2017 and the HP Database because the database includes some State/Regional projects and has used data provided by developers. 5 Formerly known as Ministry of Electric Power (MoEP). In this report MoEP is referred to under its new name MoEE. 12 maintenance. Two hydropower plants totalling 53 MW, Baluchaung 1 and Sedawgyi, are presently under rehabilitation under Japanese ODA loans. Seven older hydropower plants6 totalling 528 MW are scheduled for rehabilitation. In addition, one gas-fired (GT) power plant (57 MW Thaketa) is being rehabilitated under a JICA loan. 3.3 Power Demand Myanmar has the lowest grid-connected electrification rate in South East Asia at 38% in 2016-17, compared to only 16% in 1995. All 422 townships in the country have been electrified (100%), while only 31,781 villages (49.8%) have access to electricity.7 Within the country, Yangon City had the highest electrification ratio in 2016 of approximately 78%, followed by Loikaw (46%), Mandalay (40%), and Nay Pyi Taw (39%). The remaining rural areas are still poorly electrified, averaging less than 20%. In Kayin state and Tanintharyi region, the electrification rate remains under 10%. The GOM policy is to achieve 100% electrification by 2030. In terms of per capita electricity consumption, Myanmar is ranked one of the lowest countries in the world, with 300 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per capita (2016-17), which was much lower than the 2014 world average per capita consumption of 3,128 kWh.8 Only Nepal has a lower per capita consumption in Asia. From 2000-01 to 2009-10 annual demand for electricity grew at about 4.8% per year from 3,268 gigawatt-hours (GWh) to 5,000 GWh. Since then demand has accelerated, and from 2009-10 to 2013- 14 demand for electricity grew an average of 17.6% per year to 11,252 GWh compared to annual GDP growth of 7.2% from 2011 to 2014. In FY2016-17 demand reached 15,355 GWh. Figure 3.4 shows that hydropower generation followed the total consumption curve closely after 2009-10 up to 2013-14. As the economy grows and poverty reduction accelerates, demand for electricity is expected to rise by 9.6% annually to 49,924 GWh in 2030.9 MoEE has prepared a power demand forecast with the assistance of JICA-financed consultants that shows that by 2030 power demand would reach between 9,100 MW (low-case scenario) and 14,542 (high-case scenario) corresponding to an average growth of 8.1% and 11.7% respectively.10 The projection, starting in 2013, projected a peak load in 2017 in the range of 2,884 MW to 3,192 MW. On 23 May 2017 peak load reached 3,075 MW.11 6 Zaungtu (commissioned in 2000), Zawgyi II (2011), Ye Nwe (2007), Kinda (1990), Mone Chaung (2004), Thapenzeik (2002), and Kabaung (2008) 7 MoEE, Power Development Opportunities in Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Forum 2017, 6 - 7 June 2017 8 http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC 9 ADB, Report and Recommendations of the President to the Board of Directors: Proposed Loan to the Republic of the Union on Myanmar: Power Transmission Improvement Project, October 2015. 10 MoEE, Power Development Opportunities in Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Forum 2017, 6 - 7 June 2017 11 MoEE, Power Development Opportunities in Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Forum 2017, 6 - 7 June 2017. 13 Figure 3.4: Demand and generation growth 20,000 18,000 Demand and generation, GWh 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - Gross Generation Total consumption (obs.) Hydro Tx & Dx Losses Note: As of writing, loss data was not confirmed for 2015-2017 Since 2000, there has been a large gap between demand and generation, the difference being due to transmission and distribution losses and available capacity. Figure 3.5 shows that in 2013-14, losses were very large at 20% of generation or in absolute terms about 2,400 GWh. In relative terms, losses fell from more than 35% in 2000-01. However, in absolute terms losses have increased by 1,000 GWh from about 1,500 GWh. As a comparison, generation by gas in 2014-15 was 2,794 GWh, i.e. about 85% of gas generation went to covering losses. On the demand side, residential consumption in 2014-15 was 2,699 GWh, the same order of magnitude as losses. Figure 3.6 shows the generation by the various sources of electricity. Hydropower electricity generation has grown on average 10.4% annually from about 2,000 GWh in 2000-01 to 9,744 GWh in 2016-17. The growth in other sources of electricity remained constant up to 2013-14. However, generation with gas has since then increased from an average of about 1,200 GWh to 8,052 GWh in 2016-17. Generation by coal has reduced from below 1,000 GWh/year to less than 10 GWh. Diesel generation in off-grid systems (61 GWh) exceeds that of coal generation, but is expected to fall as the grid expands. From around 2006-07 to 2013-14, losses were about the same as the generation from gas turbines. Figure 3.6 shows the generation by the various sources of electricity. Hydropower electricity generation has grown on average 10.4% annually from about 2,000 GWh in 2000-01 to 9,744 GWh in 2016-17. The growth in other sources of electricity remained constant up to 2013-14. However, generation with gas has since then increased from an average of about 1,200 GWh to 8,052 GWh in 2016-17. Generation by coal has reduced from below 1,000 GWh/year to less than 10 GWh. Diesel generation in off-grid systems (61 GWh) exceeds that of coal generation, but is expected to fall as the grid expands. From around 2006-07 to 2013-14, losses were about the same as the generation from gas turbines. 14 Figure 3.5: Transmission and distribution losses Note: As of writing loss data was not available for 2014-2016 Figure 3.6: Generation sources and losses 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 Generation, GWh 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - Total generation Hydro Steam Gas Diesel Tx & Dx Losses Note: As of writing loss data was not confirmed for 2015-2017 15 3.4 Power Transmission and Distribution Myanmar’s transmission system comprises a network of 4,445 kilometers (km) of 230 kilo-volt (kV), 2,179 km of 132 kV and 4,678 km of 66 kV transmission lines, and 10,308 mega-volt-ampere (MVA) in substation capacity. These lines mainly transmit power from the central parts of Myanmar, where the hydropower plants are, southwards to the load centers in Yangon and Mandalay. The distribution voltages comprise 33 kV, 11 kV and 6.6 kV, although the latter will be replaced in favour of 11 kV. The Asian Development Bank (ADB),12 the Government of Japan,13 the International Finance Corporation (IFC)14 and the World Bank (WB)15 are the main supporters of transmission and distribution development. Ten transmission lines with a length of 965 km at 230 kV voltage level and a substation capacity of 1,900 MVA, and 13 transmission lines with a length of 925 km at 66 kV voltage level and a substation capacity of 155 MVA is under construction. The ADB is providing financing to the 230-kV power transmission ring in Yangon, including 230 kV transmission line and substations. The WB’s IDA credit of $400 million will finance activities that combine investment and capacity building in-grid and off-grid electrification. The project consists of three components that by 2021 will benefit about 1.2 million households through: (a) grid extension at medium and low voltage level; (b) about 457,000 households served with solar power in off-grid systems and 35,500 households connected to mini-grids, including contributing to IFC’s proposed Lighting Myanmar programme; and (c) technical assistance to support MoEE and the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development. A 454-km long 500-kV transmission line with corresponding 1,500 MVA substation capacity is under implementation from the hydropower rich north (Meiktila, Mandalay) to south (Yangon) through bilateral assistance. The first section of 146 km from Meiktila (in Mandalay) to Taungoo, financed by the Government of Serbia, is almost complete. The Government of the Republic of Korea has confirmed the financing of the 188 km middle section between Taungoo and Karmarnat, and the Government of Japan will finance the last 120 km section to Hlaingtharyar in Yangon.16 There are two high voltage transmission links between Myanmar and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the proposed Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) North-South Economic Corridor which was responsible for about 78% of cross border trade between Myanmar and neighbouring countries out of 15 locations:17,18 • One link of 500 kV AC transmission line 8.6 km long to the Myanmar-PRC border established in 2011 between the 240 MW Dapein 1 hydropower plant and a substation (s/s) in Dayingjiang in Yunnan Province. • One double circuit 23 km long link of 220 kV transmission line to the Myanmar-PRC border established in 2008 between the 600 MW Shweli 1 hydropower plant and Hannong s/s in Yunnan Province. On 26 August 2008, China Southern Power Grid Yunnan International (YNIC) started buying power from Shweli 1 and Dapein 1 hydropower stations. Up to 31 December 2015, the cumulative power purchase transmitted to the Yunnan grid reached 12,471 GWh.19 On 16 February 2015, a 39.1 km 110 kV transmission and transformer project connecting Menglong (Yunnan) with Keng Yang in the Nam Lwe sub-basin of the Mekong was ready for commercial operation. However, due to lack of intergovernmental agreement between GOM and PRC, the line is not yet operational. 12 https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/mya-power-transmission-improvement-project-rrp 13 https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/press/2014/150326_02.html 14 http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/pressroom/IFCPressRoom.nsf/0/1B5255A8588BD90B85257C8D000C1840 15 http://projects.worldbank.org/P152936?lang=en 16 ADB, Myanmar Energy Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map, December 2016 17 ADB, Greater Mekong Subregion - Energy Sector Assessment, Strategy, And Road Map, June 2016 18 ADB, Review of configuration of the Greater Mekong Subregion economic corridors, November 2016 19 http://www.ynic.csg.cn/en/Main_Businesses/Cross_border/201606/t20160612_387.html 16 On 5 November 2015, YNIC signed an agreement with the Ronglin Co., Ltd. of the Nandeng Special Region in the Wa Special Region (Shan State) for purchase and sales of electricity. According to the plan, a 110 kV transmission line would be constructed to connect Mangka in China with Nandeng in Myanmar by 30 June 2016, after which power would be transmitted to the Nandeng Special Region. The bilateral cooperation was estimated to last at least 20 years, and the power transmitted would be no less than 2 tera-watt hours in the first 10 years of the cooperation period.20 Like the transmission line to Keng Yang described above, the line is awaiting intergovernmental agreement between GOM and PRC before it can be energized. 20 http://www.ynic.csg.cn/en/Major_Events/201606/t20160612_394.html 17 4 HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT The scope of this chapter on hydropower development covers power sector development in Myanmar at a national level and how hydropower has contributed to meeting demand to mid 2017. 4.1 Project Development Process The first local private sector development was the 10.5 MW Mali Creek hydropower plant in Kachin State providing electricity to Myitkyina; the power plant was completed in 2006. The second private sector power plant, the 600 MW Sweli 1 HPP, was completed in 2009 by YUPD, PRC, in joint venture with MoEE. Since then, private sector has completed 677 MW (238 MW by local developers and 339 MW by foreign developers). Up until around 2011, projects were allocated to private sector companies based on bilateral negotiations between developers and the Government. Private sector development of hydropower projects21 has relied on companies proposing projects directly to the Government. The location and type of project either comes from previous hydropower studies or identified by the company. For projects 30 MW or larger the source of funds determines the type of contractual arrangement - i.e.: • Sole investment - financed by the GOM through either MoEE or MoALI; • Local Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) - developed by Myanmar private sector company; and • Foreign Joint Venture (JV)/BOT - developed by foreign company in JV with local company and MoEE for BOT. Regional or state governments can approve hydropower projects under 30 MW, but if a project is to be connected to the national grid, Section 4 Article 9 of the Electricity Law (2014) requires approval by the Union Government in consultation with the relevant ministries responsible for the power sector. The project development process has four main consecutive steps ending in the following progressive agreements that give the developer the right to move the project to the next stage: 1. Memorandum of Understanding (MoU); 2. Memorandum of Agreement (MoA); 3. Joint Venture Agreement (JVA); and 4. Project Development Permit (PDP). Figure 4.1 shows the duration between MoU and MoA, and between MoA and JVA for selected projects that appear on the HPP database prepared by SEA team and MoEE. For 18 of the projects, the duration between a MoU signature and MoA signature varied from as little as 12 months to 59 months, with half of the projects taking less than 27 months. The work that needs to be done during this period includes conducting a feasibility study and environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA), determining the financial viability of the project and preliminary negotiations on the power purchase agreement (PPA). In the search for project information on projects that have reached the MoA stage, the SEA team attempted to find EIAs that should have been completed, but was unable to do so. Of the eight projects that have reached JVA stage, it took four projects six to 11 months to sign the JVA, while the other four ranged from 45 to 67 months. 21The first private sector projects to be developed under a Foreign JV/BOT arrangement were the Shweli 1 and Dapein 1 hydropower plants, completed in 2002 and 2007 respectively. Not included in Figure 4.1. 18 Figure 4.1: Duration between MoU and MoA, and between MoA and JVA for selected projects In 2011, the Myitsone hydropower project in the Ayeyarwady Headwaters was suspended by the Government due to local opposition to the project. The project was expected to inflict significant social and environmental impacts. Questions about building such a large project on the mainstream Ayeyarwady River also resulted in national and international concern. The project is one of six hydropower projects being proposed by China State Power Investment Corporation (SPIC). Another project also being proposed by SPIC, the Chipwi hydropower project, had reached the JVA stage and preparatory works had started. However, local opposition to the project resulted in works at the project site being stopped in 2010. Therefore, the other projects being proposed by SPIC have also been put on hold until the Government makes a decision. Accordingly, the commissioning dates indicated in the HPP database and this report are unlikely to be achieved for many of the proposed projects. Additionally, a slower electricity demand growth in PRC may also impact on SPIC’s and the other Chinese developers’ decision to proceed with any of the export-oriented projects assigned to them. 4.2 Project Development Status Figure 4.2 shows the distribution of existing power plants and planned projects throughout Myanmar. Section 4 below shows maps for each of the basins describing the hydropower development in each basin and sub-basins. 19 Figure 4.2: Hydropower development in Myanmar 20 4.2.1 Hydropower Projects by Ownership The stage of development of 104 dams with a hydropower plant capacity of 10 MW or greater is summarised in Table 4.1 by the number of dams, and in Table 4.2 by installed capacity. The development stages listed commence with existing and under construction projects, then projects under development from most to least advanced, covering: (i) existing, (ii) under construction, (iii) covenant,22 (iv) Projects planned by GOM awaiting funding, (v) JVA/BOT for foreign companies; (vi) MoA, (vii) MoU for local companies, (viii) MoU for foreign companies, and (ix) projects with no agreement. The projects are also listed by owner/developer and by basin. Table 4.1: Number of existing hydropower plants and planned projects by Owner/Development and Development Stage (>10MW) Domestic Foreign Stage MoEE/MOAL Sum MoEE MOALI BOT JV/BOT I Existing 12 7 3 4 3 29 Construction 3 - 1 1 1 6 Covenant - - - 1 - 1 GOM Plan - - 2 - - 2 JVA (1) - - - - 6 6 MoA - - - - 13 13 MoU Local 5 5 MoU - - - - 22 22 No Agreement (2) - - - - 2 2 Sum 15 7 6 11 47 86 Unassigned projects at identification stage 18 Total 104 Notes: (1) Six JVAs have been signed, but one, Myitsone HP project, has been suspended; (2) Tamanthi (Chindwin Basin) and Taninthayi have been suspended. Table 4.2: Hydropower Installed Capacity (MW) by Owner/Developer and Development Stage (>10 MW) Domestic Foreign Stage Sum MoEE MoEE/MOALI MOALI BOT JV/BOT Existing 1,474 492(1) 144(2) 249(3) 939 3,298 Construction 442 - 42 30 1,050 1,564 Covenant - - - 20 - 20 GOM Plan - - 214 - - 214 JVA - - - - 13,160 13,160 MoA - - - - 16,030 16,030 MoU Local - - - 606 - 606 MoU - - - - 11,024 11,024 No Agreement - - - 1,800 1,800 Sum 1,916 492 400 905 44,003 47,716 Unassigned projects at identification stage 994 Total 48,710 Notes: (1) includes: Ka Baung, Mone Chaung, Lower Paung Laung, Phyu Chaung, Thapenzeik, Yenwe, Zawgyi II; (2) includes: Kyee Ohn Kyee Wa, Myittha, Myogyi; (3) includes: Mali, Mongwa, Baluchaung 3 and Thauk Ye Khat (2). There are 29 existing hydropower plants in Myanmar with a total installed capacity of 3,298 MW, and six power plants under construction with a total installed capacity of 1,564 MW. The remaining 51 22 Covenant is the domestic equivalent of JVA for foreign supported projects 21 projects with total installed capacity of 42,968 MW are in various stages of pre-construction development.23 These tables and the HPP database include some large projects that have been suspended. The tables show that, save for two projects proposed to be developed by MoAIL totalling 214 MW, the yet to be committed hydropower projects would be developed by the private sector: six projects totalling 596 MW by Myanmar developers and 43 projects totalling 42,158 MW by foreign developers in JV with MoEE. The 58 proposed project private sector development would represent 94% of all hydropower capacity installed. 4.2.2 Hydropower Projects by Basin The Ayeyarwady Basin (including Chindwin) has 14 hydropower plants in operation, with three projects under construction and 32 planned (Table 4.3). The Thanlwin Basin follows with four power plants in operation, two under construction and 15 planned. The third basin with a significant number of power plants is the Sittaung with nine in operation and three planned. Table 4.3: Number of existing Hydropower Plants and Planned Projects by Basin and Development Stage (>10 MW) Ayeyarwady Tanintharyi Thanlwin Sittaung Rakhine Mekong Bago Bilin Sum (*) Existing 14 4 9 1 - - 1 - 29 Construction 3 2 - - 1 - - - 6 Covenant 1 - - - - - - - 1 GOM Plan 2 - - - - - - - 2 JVA 5 1 - - - - - - 6 MoA 9 4 - - - - - - 13 MoU Local 1 - 1 2 - - - 1 5 MoU 8 7 1 4 2 - - - 22 No Agreement 6 3 1 1 4 5 - - 20 Sum 49 21 12 8 7 5 1 1 104 (*) Includes Chindwin The Ayeyarwady has the highest installed capacity in operation (2,100 MW). If all proposed hydropower projects are built, the Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin would have around 28,100 MW (58% of all hydropower) and 16,500 MW (34%) respectively (Table 4.4). The development of all proposed hydropower projects in the other basins (8%) would represent a much lower total installed capacities ranging from 20 MW to 1,070 MW. 23 It should be noted that this figure might change as feasibility studies are completed and designs finalized. 22 Table 4.4: Existing and Planned Hydropower Installed Capacity (MW) by River Basin and Development Stage (>10 MW) Ayeyarwady Tanintharyi Thanlwin Sittaung Rakhine Mekong Bago Bilin Sum Existing 2,100(*) 302 810 66 - - 20 - 3,298 Construction 1,372 81 - - 111 - - - 1,564 Covenant 20 - - - - - - - 20 GOM Plan 214 - - - - - - - 214 JVA 11,760 1,400 - - - - - - 13,160 MoA 9,245 6,785 - - - - - - 16,030 MoU Local 100 - 160 66 - - - 280 606 MoU 1,821 7,795 100 618 690 - - - 11,024 No Agreement 1,445 130 150 30 344 696 - - 2,794 Sum 28,077 16,493 1,220 780 1,145 696 20 280 48,710 (*) Includes Chindwin Seven countries are involved in hydropower development in Myanmar: PRC (34 projects totalling 34,976 MW), Singapore (6 projects - 685 MW), France (3 projects - 1,740 MW), Thailand (3 projects - 4,780 MW), Austria (1 project - 66 MW), India (1 project - 1,200 MW), and Norway (1 project - 700 MW).24 Eighteen of the projects being developed by PRC companies are in Kachin State (21,403 MW) and 11 in Shan State (12,303 MW). 24 Totals exceed the values in the above tables because companies from different countries are working on the same project. 23 5 HYDROPOWER PROJECTS This section describes (i) existing and under construction HPPs and (ii) planned HPPs25 in eight basins in Myanmar: • Ayeyarwady-Chindwin • Thanlwin • Sittaung • Mekong • Bago • Rakhine • Tanintharyi • Bilin 5.1 Ayeyarwady Basin The 2,170 km long Ayeyarwady River has a catchment area of 413,710 square kilometers (km2), and is divided into five hydro-ecological zones for analysis (Figure 5.1): 1. Ayeyarwady Headwaters - from its source in the mountains bordering PRC to the confluence of the Mali Hka and the N’Mai Hka at Myitsone in Myitkyina District. Its drainage area is 47,557 km2 (11.5% of the total Ayeyarwady basin drainage area). 2. Middle Ayeyarwady - from Myitsone to the confluence of the Chindwin River. Its drainage area in Myanmar is 132,195 km2 (the remaining 11% is in PRC). The Middle Ayeyarwady including the area in PRC represents 32% of the total Ayeyarwady basin drainage area) 3. Chindwin - a major tributary of the Ayeyarwady River. It is in Myanmar considered as a main river basin, but in the context of this analysis, we have taken it to be a tributary feeding its development environmental impacts into the Ayeyarwady. Its drainage area is 114,687 km2 (28% of the total Ayeyarwady basin drainage area) 4. Lower Ayeyarwady from the Chindwin River confluence to the delta at a small village called Ngapiseik; 5. Delta: The delta starts about 93 km upstream of Hinthada, the tidal influence expands to the town of Myan Aung. The Delta covers an area of around 31,000 km2 with a coastal front of 260 km. As there are no existing hydropower plants or planned projects in the Delta area, the analysis in this hydropower chapter only include the Headwaters, Middle and Lower Ayeyarwady and Chindwin. 25The text provides estimated dates for project completion provided by MoEE. These dates are based on earlier power development plans and many are no longer achievable. JICA is providing assistance to MoEE to prepare an update of the power development plan that will select hydropower projects from MoEE’s master list. MoEE is using the Wien Automatic System Planning (WASP) software maintain ed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that will result in new dates for project completion up to 2030. Not all the projects listed in this report are expected to go ahead by 2030. Preliminary WASP runs indicate that about 30 - 35 of the planned projects in this report would be included in the next Power System Development Plan. 24 Figure 5.1: Hydropower development in the Ayeyarwady Basin 25 Table 5.1-Table 5.2-Table 5.3 provide a summary of the hydropower development in the Ayeyarwady basin. The sections below provide a summary of the projects and their main characteristics in the hydro-ecological zones (excluding the Delta) and sub-basins. Table 5.1: Hydropower Development (>10 MW) in the Ayeyarwady Basin No. Installed Dam Total Reservoir Generation Inundated Development Status Power Capacity Height Storage Length (GWh) Area (km2) Plants (MW) (m) (hm3) (km) Existing and under construction 17 3,472 >14,987 1 - 150 >16,521 >846 >356 Planned 32 24,605 >136,456 27-223 >57,883 >1,406 >814 Sum 49 28,077 >151,443 1-223 >74,354 >2,252 >1,170 Note: “>” = “more than” Table 5.2: Existing and Under Construction Hydropower Plants (>10 MW) in the Ayeyarwady Sub- Basins No. Installed Dam Total Reservoir Generation Inundated Sub-Basin/River Power Capacity Height Storage Length (GWh) Area (km2) Plants (MW) (m) (hm3) (km) Ayeyarwady 1 99 NP 48 1.2 0.07 0.7 Headwaters Chipwi Hka 1 99 NP 48 1.2 0.07 0.7 Middle Ayeyarwady 12 3,142 14,117 >14,583 >733.2 306 Mali 1 11 54 NP NP NP NP Dapein 1 240 1,065 46 22 0.4 4 Shweli 2 1,650 7,422 47 - 150 5,451 119.1 76 Ma Gyi Chaung 1 25 134 57 448 40.5 16 Myitnge/Zawgyi 6 1,186 5,325 1 - 132 5,110 175.7 167 Mu 1 30 117 33 3,553 397.1 43 Chindwin 1 40 170 325 12.20 NP Myittha 1 40 170 63 325 12.20 NP Lower Ayeyarwady 3 191 700 1,612 113 49 Mone Chaung 3 191 700 42 - 138 1,612 113 49 Ayeyarwady Total 17 3,472 >14,987 1 - 150 >16,521 >846 >356 Note: NP = Data not provided; “>” = “more than” 26 Table 5.3: Planned Hydropower Projects (>10 MW) in the Ayeyarwady Sub-Basin No. Installed Dam Reservoir Generation Total Storage Inundated Sub-Basin/River Power Capacity Height Length (GWh) (hm3) Area (km2) Plants (MW) (m) (km) Ayeyarwady 13 20,495 118,853 44-223 32,33,393 >756 645 Headwaters N’Mai 5 11,100 66,540 141-223 7,334 84 263 Naw Chang Hka 4 1,200 5,459 42-79 77 30 21 Namli 2 295 844 44-81 36 NP 6 Mali 1 1,900 14,720 196 12,756 245 115 Myitsone 1 6,000 31,290 140 13,190 397 100+140 Middle 11 2,146 >8,859 27-92 >1,240 >65 >124 Ayeyarwady Nam Tamhpak 2 285 1,319 27-56 >14 >2 ~2 Dapein 1 140 642 59 55 NP 8 Shweli 2 540 2,897 54-92 124 >28 >21 Ma Gyi Chaung 1 64 NP 77 593 24 NP Myitnge 5 1,117 >4,001 27-160 >454 >11 >93 Chindwin 6 1,807 >8,588 242 22,565 >509 >45 Chindwin 6 1,807 8,210 242 22,479 >509 >45 Lower 2 168 >534 - >721 >76 NP Ayeyarwady Mone Chaung 1 150 534 NP 721 76 NP Mindon 1 18 NP NP NP NP NP Ayeyarwady 32 24,605 >136,456 27-223 >57,833 >1,406 >814 Total Note: NP = Data not provided; “>” = “more than” 5.2 Ayeyarwady Headwaters The Ayeyarwady Headwaters have a catchment area of 47,557 km2, and consist of five rivers and tributaries in three sub-basins where one hydropower plant has been built and 13 are proposed for development (Table 5.4) The Ayeyarwady is formed by the confluence of the N’Mai and Mali rivers at Myitsone. These two rivers both flow from glaciers in high mountains along the border with the PRC in northern Myanmar. The N’Mai Hka, the eastern branch, rises in the Languela glacier on the border with Tibet, PRC, and has the greater volume of water,26 but is virtually unnavigable because of its steepness and many rapids.27 About 19% of the upper N’Mai Basin where the river rises is in PRC. The Mali River, the western branch all within Myanmar, has a gentler gradient28 and, although interrupted by rapids, has some navigable sections. 26 SPIC has established several hydrologic gauging stations in the Mali Hka and the N’Mai Hka and estimated that the average unit flow is around 100 l/s/km2. 27 Between the Renam and Chipwi dam sites the N’Mai Hka drops about 615 m over a distance of 200 km, resulting in a gradient of 3.1 m/km. As it flows a further 100 km towards the Myitsone dam site, the river is less steep dropping 0.94 m/km or about 94 m. 28 The river drops about 0.75 m/km, or about 130 m, between the uppermost reach of the Laza reservoir and the Myitsone dam site, a distance of about 170 km. 27 Table 5.4: Catchment areas of main river sections and tributaries with hydropower potential of the Ayeyarwady Headwaters Sub-basin River Tributary Catchment Area (km2)29 % of sub-basin N’Mai (at Myitsone) 24,337 51% Naw Chang Hka 2,554 10.5% Chipwi Hka 712 2.9% Namli Hka 1,310 5.4% Mali (at Myitsone) 23,220 49% Figure 5.2: Ayeyarwady Headwaters hydropower potential 29 Catchment areas as provided in HydroSHEDS 28 5.2.1 Existing and under Construction Hydropower Plants Chipwi Nge: Only one hydropower facility has been built in the Ayeyarwady Headwaters, the 99 MW Chipwi Nge HPP in 2013, located in Myitkyina District, Kachin State on the Chipwi Hka, a tributary to the N’Mai Hka. This power plant has a 48 m high concrete gravity dam and a small reservoir inundating 0.07 km2 that stores 0.3 million cubic meters (hm3) of water. The dam on the Chipwi Hka serves as an intake to a headrace tunnel about 10 km long that leads the water to the powerhouse on the left bank of the N’Mai Hka about 9 km downstream of the confluence between the N’Mai Hka and the Chipwi Hka gaining a head of 433 m. According to the website30 for the Upstream Ayeyarwady Confluence Basin Hydropower Co. (UACBH) the power plant was built to provide power for the construction of the Myitsone and Chipwi hydropower projects.31 The power plant now provides power to Chipwi village and Myitkyina through a 132 kV transmission line, but due to low demand, only a fraction of its capacity is being used. 5.2.2 Planned Hydropower Projects The China Power Investment Corporation (SPIC),32 formerly China Power Investment Corporation (CPI), has proposed five projects totalling 12,700 MW in the N’Mai River: the 1,400 MW Renam HPP, the 3,000 MW Khaunglanphu HPP, the 2,400 MW Pisa HPP (also known as Hpizaw), the 2,500 MW Wutsok HPP, all in Puta-O District, Kachin State, and the 3,400 MW Chipwi HPP, upstream of Chipwi town (Table 5.5). Table 5.5: N’Mai River - Planned Projects - Key Data Dam Height (m) Capacity (MW) Reservoir Area Total Storage Period (days) Length (km) Generation (GWh/yr) Retention Reservoir Installed Type (#) Export (hm3) (km2) (%) HPP Renam 1,200 7,330 159 1,183 9.2 56 6 S NP Khaunglanphu 2,700 14,730 223 3,101 32.9 ~85 12 S NP Pisa 2,000 12,870 153 535 7.9 ~31 NP NP NP Wutsok 1,800 13,410 141 605 6.3 29 1 ROR NP Chipwi 3,400 18,200 206 1,910 27.7 62 2 ROR 50% 11,100 66,540 141 - 223 7,334 84.0 ~263 Source: MoEE/SPIC Notes: (#) ROR: Run-of-River, S: Storage; (NP) data not provided Concrete-faced rock fill dams (CFRD)33 are being considered for these sites and power plants will be at or close to the dams. One 100 km long arm of the Myitsone reservoir on the NMai Hka would reach the tailwater of the Chipwi powerhouse. If all projects were to be built, the N’Mai Hka would be continuously inundated for about 363 km. The total inundated area upstream of Chipwi dam would amount to 84 km2. Dam heights vary between 141 m and 223 m with the potential to store about 7,334 hm3. The very large depths of these reservoirs could cause significant water quality issues. Figure 5.3 shows an indicative extent of the inundation in the Mali and N’Mai rivers developed from GIS digital elevation model. A river profile provided by SPIC shows that starting at Myitsone and moving upstream each reservoir would reach the tailwater of the upstream hydropower plant. 30 http://www.uachc.com/Liems/esiten/detail/detail.jsp?newsNo=11794 31 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/gezhouba/2014-12/23/content_19144348.htm 32 SPIC was formed in 2015 when CPI and China State Nuclear Power Technology Corp. merged. (http://eng.spic.com.cn/AboutUs/cp/) 33 Shuibuya dam in PRC is the highest CFRD dam at 233 m. (http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/features/featuresharing-international-experiences-in-cfrds/featuresharing-international- experiences-in-cfrds-1.html) 29 Figure 5.3: Indicative Mali and N'Mai reservoir inundation MoEE and SPIC signed the MoA for Renam, Khaunglanphu and Pisa on 16 June 2009. They are all scheduled for completion in 2030 (in 13 years). No information is available on the transmission system to evacuate the power. It is also not clear what percentage of the power would be exported. The completion year for the proposed projects, except Chipwi HPP, is ach. 30 Table 5.6: N’Mai River - Planned Projects - Development Process of Foreign Developer Developer submitted Country EIA (1) Foreign Partner Signed Local Stage Year Date Date HPP Renam - MoA 16/06/09 SPIC - PRC 2030 Khaunglanphu - MoA 16/06/09 SPIC - PRC 2030 Pisa - MoA 16/06/09 SPIC - PRC 2030 Wutsok - MoA (2) SPIC - PRC 2030 Chipwi - JVA 3/06/10 SPIC - PRC 2020 Notes: (1) The date for submission of EIA has not been provided; (2) The MoU was signed on 28 December 2006. Renam: The 1,200 MW Renam HPP is the upstream-most project in the cascade. It would be built on the N’Mai Hka. Its 159 m high dam would create a reservoir storing 1,183 hm3 and inundating 9.2 km2 resulting in a 56 km long reservoir. Khaunglanphu: The 2,700 MW Khaunglanphu HPP is the next project downstream on the N’Mai Hka. Its 223 m high dam would create a reservoir storing 3,101 hm3 and inundating 33 km2 over a distance of 85 km along the N’Mai Hka. The reservoir would reach close to the Renam powerhouse tailrace. Pisa: The next downstream project would be the 2,000 MW Pisa HPP (also known as Hpizaw). Its 153 m high dam would create a reservoir storing 535 hm3 and inundating 7.9 km2 over a distance of 31 km. The reservoir would reach close to the tailrace of the Khaunglanphu HPP. Wutsok: The 1,800 MW Wutsok would be the next downstream project. Its 141 m high dam would create a reservoir storing 605 hm3 and inundating 6.3 km2 over a distance of 28 km. The reservoir would reach close to the tailrace of the Pisa HPP. Chipwi: The 3,400 MW Chipwi would be the last project before reaching the Myitsone reservoir. Its 206 m high dam would create a reservoir storing 1,910 hm3 and inundating 28 km2 over a distance of 56 km. MoEE and SPIC signed the JVA on 3 June 2010 for the Chipwi hydropower project, but there is no information available as to whether an EIA has been submitted for approval. The website 34 of UACBH35 states that preparatory works for the project began in December 2010. These works included infrastructure to support the hydropower station, such as roads, water supply, electricity (Chipwi Nge HPP), telecommunications as well as land levelling. Work was suspended due to a local conflict situation in the area, including opposition to the dam. The Chipwi hydropower plant was due to be completed by 2020, but this is unlikely now. Chipwi is the last project in the N’Mai cascade before joining the Mali River at the Myitsone site. 5.2.3 Naw Chang River The Naw Chang, an eastern tributary to the N’Mai, joins it downstream of Wutsok.36 This is a very steep river dropping about 1,130 m over a distance of 90 km (12.5 m/km on average) between Gaw Lan dam site and confluence with N’Mai Hka; flows are lower than in the N’Mai Hka at around 75 l/s/km2. 34 http://www.uachc.com/Liems/esiten/list/desc.jsp?newsType=2359¤tPageNo=1 35 According to the web site, the company is a Sino-Myanmar joint venture registered as a company in Nay Pyi Taw in 2010 to bring together government and private sector expertise so that it could share technical know-how, access to investment, breadth of experience and commitment to socially responsible development. The ownership structure of UACBH comprises: Myanmar’s MoEE owns 15%, Asia World Company (AWC) owns 5%, and SPIC (originally CPI Yunnan International Power Investment Company Ltd) has the remaining 80% shareholding. After fifty years of operation UACBH will become 100% Myanmar-owned. 36 The Wutsok project had originally been located on the Naw Chang Hka in the information provided to the SEA Team, but the elevation data did not support this. SPIC confirmed that it is located on the N’Mai Hka. 31 The Chinese developer Yunnan Energy Investment Group (YEIG) working with IGOEC (Myanmar) have proposed four run-of-river projects totalling 1,200 MW on this river.37 Table 5.7: Naw Chang - Planned Projects - Key Data Capacity (MW) Reservoir Area Total Storage Period (days) Length (km) Dam Height Generation (GWh/yr) Reservoir Retention Installed Export (hm3) (km2) Type (%) (m) HPP Gaw Lan 120 594 47 2 6.7 3 0 ROR NP Hkankawn 140 769 42 3 2.0 3 0 ROR NP Tongxingqiao 340 1,695 63 5 8.8 4 0 ROR NP Lawngdin 600 2,401 79 67 12.4 11 3 ROR NP 1,200 5,459 77 29.9 21 Table 5.8: Naw Chang - Planned Projects - Development Process of Foreign Developer Developer submitted Country Partner Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA HPP Gaw Lan 13/11/14 JVA 9/03/16 YEIG IGOEC PRC 2026 Hkankawn 13/11/14 MoA 23/07/10 YEIG IGOEC PRC 2026 Tongxinqiao 18/03/11 JVA 19/02/16 YEIG IGOEC PRC 2026 Lawngdin 13/11/14 MoA 23/07/10 YEIG IGOEC PRC 2026 Gaw Lan: The 120 MW Gaw Lan is a run-of-river project with a 47 m high concrete gravity dam creating a relatively small reservoir inundating 6.7 km2 and small storage of 2 hm3. The project is has a run-of-river with diversion layout. The powerhouse is about 11 km downstream of the intake dam creating a head on the turbines of 175 m. The power plant would be connected to Hawkawn s/s by a 15 km long double-circuit 230 kV transmission line. Hkankawn: The 140 MW Hkankawn is also a run-of-river project, its 42 m high concrete gravity dams creating a relatively small reservoir inundating 2 km2 and storing about 3 hm3. The project has also a run-of-river with diversion layout. Accurate coordinates for the dam and powerhouse were not provided, but the gross head on the turbine is about 130 m, which is higher than the dam, indicating that this is a diversion project and turbines are therefore not at the foot of the dam. The power plant would be connected to Tongxingqiao s/s by a 15 km long double-circuit 230 kV transmission line. Tongxingqiao: The next project downstream is the 340 MW Tongxingqiao HPP38 with a 63 m high concrete gravity dam and a diversion configuration. It has been estimated using GE and information on FSL and head on the turbine of 260 m that the powerhouse is about 13 km downstream. The power from this plant, Gaw Lan HPP, Hkankawn HPP and Lawngdin HPP would be transmitted from the 37 Earlier studies had identified the 60 MW Wu Zhongza in this sub-basin, but has now been excluded from MoEE’s master list 38The coordinates provided to the SEA Consultants for this project do not seem to be correct as they locate it downstream of the Lawngdin hydropower project. The river elevation at this location is around el.630 m. The Tongxingqiao FSL is at el.1,075 m and the catchment area provided for the project is smaller than that of the Lawngdin project. This indicates that Tongxingqiao should be upstream of Lawngdin. Therefore we have adjusted the coordinates based on the FSL and dam height. The powerhouse has also been located at some distance downstream from the dam based on information on design head. 32 substation at this power plant to Waimaw s/s close to Myitkyina by a 130 km long double-circuit 500 kV transmission line.39 Lawngdin: The 600 MW Lawngdin with a 79 m high dam is the last project in the cascade.40 The power plant would be connected to Tongxingqiao s/s by a 116 km long41 double-circuit 230 kV transmission line. The most advanced in the development process are the Gaw Lan and Tongxinqiao with JVAs signed in March and February 2016 respectively. The planned commissioning year of 2026 is achievable. 5.2.4 Namli River The Namli joins the N’Mai River from the south (left hand bank) about 50 km downstream of the proposed Chipwi hydropower plant and into the proposed Myitsone reservoir area. The projects are in two separate tributaries. Availability of flows is lower than in more northern basins and estimated at around 60 l/s/km2. Table 5.9: Nam Li/Dum Ban - Planned Projects - Key Data Dam Height Generation Area (km2) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (#) Storage Length Export Period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total (km) (%) (m) HPP Nam Li 165 473 44 2 NP 1 1 ROR 0% Dum Ban 130 371 81 34 NP 5 9 S 0% 295 844 36 NP 6 0% (#): ROR: Run-of-River, S: Storage Table 5.10: Nam Li/Dum Ban - Planned Projects - Development Process Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Foreign Partner Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA of HPP Chan Yinn Nam Li n.a. MoU 24/10/14 YPEP PRC 2020 Khuu Chan Yinn Dum Ban n.a. MoU 11/2/15 YPEP PRC 2020 Khuu Nam Li: the proposed 94 MW Nam Li HPP on the Namli Hka close to Hkritu village will have a 44 m high concrete gravity dam with a FSL at el. 590 m m.s.l.42 The head on the turbines is 322 m placing the powerhouse at around EL250 m,43 about 3.4 km downstream according to the data provided by MoEE. Dum Ban: The proposed 75 MW Dum Ban HPP on the Tampang Hka, a tributary to the Namli Hka, will have an 81 m high concrete gravity dam with FSL at el.405 m and a tunnel 4.6 km long. It should 39 Need confirmation whether this transmission line would be connected to the Myitsone transmission system for export to PRC. 40 Very little information was provided for this project. 41 This distance provided by MoEE needs checking – distance from Gaw Lan dam, the upstream most dam, to the confluence with the N’Mai is about 90 km. The Tongxingqiao is about half way to the confluence and Lawngdin is downstream of Tongxingqiao. A distance between them of 116 km seems excessive. 42 MoEE has reported the reservoir to have a surface area of 340 km2 at FSL405 m. This seems too high. 43 The Myitsone FSL is at 245 m. 33 be noted however, that if the tailwater elevation were correct (TWL218m), then the powerhouse would be drowned by the proposed Myitsone reservoir. YPEP/Chan Yinn Khuu is developing both projects, which are at the feasibility/EIA stage since the MoA has not yet been signed. The completion in 2020 is not achievable. 5.2.5 Mali Hka There is only one proposed hydropower project on the Mali Hka, Laza HPP. Table 5.11: Mali River - Planned Projects - Key Data Generation Area (km2) Height (m) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (#) Storage Length Export Period (days) (MW) (hm3) Dam (km) (%) HPP Laza 1,900 14,720 196 12,756 245 115 35 S 50% (#): ROR: Run-of-River, S: Storage Table 5.12: Mali River - Planned Projects - Development Process of Foreign Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Partner Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA HPP Laza - JVA 3/06/10 SPIC - PRC 2025 Laza: According to UACBH the 1,900 MW Laza HPP on the Mali River would be the next hydropower project to be developed by SPIC in the sub-basin after Myitsone because of its ease of access.44 The projects on the N’Mai Hka cascade are more difficult to access due to the steep and difficult terrain. The Laza dam height was limited to 196 m so not inundate Machanpow Town close to Putao City. The CFRD dam would nevertheless create a reservoir 115 km long45 inundating 245 km2 and storing 12,756 hm3, a volume almost as large as the Myitsone reservoir. MoEE and SPIC signed the JVA on 3 June 2010, on the same date as for Khaunglanphu and Chipwi. Fifty percent of the power is to be exported to PRC. Laza is proposed to be completed by 2025, but this seems unrealistic now if it were to go ahead. 5.2.6 Mainstream Ayeyarwady Table 5.13: Mainstream Ayeyarwady - Planned Projects - Key Data Area (km2) Height (m) Generatio (GWh/yr) Reservoir Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (#) Storage Length Export Period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total Dam (km) (%) (*) HPP n Myitsone 6,000 31,290 140 13,190 396.7 140 +100 10 S 90% (*) The reservoir has two branches: the one extending up the Mali Hka is 140 km long and reaches up to the tailwater of the Laza hydropower plant; the one extending up the N’Mai Hka is 100 km long and reaches up to the Chipwi power plant tailwater. The FSL of Myitsone was limited by the elevation of Chipwi Town. (#): S: Storage 44 http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/8074-ayeyarwady-hydro-dams-in-limbo.html 45 The gradient of the river over the 115 km long reservoir is 1.1m/km. 34 Table 5.14: Mainstream Ayeyarwady - Planned Projects - Development Process of Foreign Developer Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA HPP JVA Suspended Myitsone 1/06/11 Started 20/02/10 SPIC AWC PRC in 2011 construction Myitsone: The 6,000 MW Myitsone hydropower project planned at the confluence of the Mali Hka and the N’Mai Hka has been suspended since 2011. Its proposed 140 m high dam would create a large reservoir inundating 397 km2 and storing 13,190 hm3. Generation at this site would benefit from the large upstream storage projects proposed by SPIC. Ten percent of generation would be provided to Myanmar free (about 2,940 GWh or 27% of consumption in 2014). Although 90% is earmarked for export, Myanmar would have an option to purchase additional power from the project. Also, according to the UACBH website, water flows in the Ayeyarwady River downstream of the dam would increase 16% in the dry season and reduce by 3.5% during the flooding season. MoEE and SPIC/UACBH signed the JVA on 20 February 2010 and started construction of preliminary works. The EIA however was submitted to MONREC on 1 June 2011.46 Figure 5.4 shows the confluence of the N’Mai and Mali rivers upstream of the Myitsone dam site. Figure 5.4: Confluence between N’Mai and Mali forming the Ayeyarwady The N’Mai flows into the confluence from the right, and the Mali from the left hand side of the picture 5.2.7 Summary Developing all the proposed projects could have severe impact on the basin given that about 645 km of rivers would be inundated with a total estimated surface area of about 760 km2, an area about the same as the city of Singapore. The total storage would amount to 33,393 hm3, of which 19,235 hm3 would be dead storage. Potentially, 44 km of rivers would be dry during part of the year unless effective environmental flow arrangements were implemented. 46 MoU was signed on 28 December 2006; the feasibility submitted to MoEE on 28 November 2009, and MoA signed on 16 June 2009. 35 Of the 13 projects proposed for the Ayeyarwady Headwaters, plus one already operational (Chipwi Nge), SPIC is developing eight with a total installed capacity of 21,500 MW (94% of the proposed total installed capacity in the sub-basin) generating about 113,900 GWh or about 12 times more than hydropower generated in 2013-14 in Myanmar. Except for Chipwi Nge, all the projects proposed by SPIC would be very high concrete-faced rock fill dams (CFRDs) in the range 140 m to 223 m, creating large reservoirs with inundations up to 397 km2, and total storage up to 32,304 hm3. The height of the dams being developed by YEIG, totalling an installed capacity of 1,200 MW, would be in the range 42 m to 79 m,47 and inundation would be limited to about 30 km2 - all would be run-of- river. 5.3 Middle Ayeyarwady The Middle Ayeyarwady sub-basin stretches from the Myitsone dam site southward towards the Chindwin confluence. The overall catchment area of the Middle Ayeyarwady is 148,534 km2 of which 92% is in Myanmar, the rest (about 12,413 km2) in PRC. The river drops about 100 m between Myitsone and the confluence with the Chindwin to el.55 m over a distance of about 705 km, giving it a gentle gradient of about 0.14 m/km. About 50 km south of the confluence at Myitsone is the town of Myitkyina, the northernmost limit of seasonal commercial navigation. Bahmo, about 240 km south of the confluence, is the northern limit for year-round navigation. The following tributaries to the Ayeyarwady have existing hydropower or multipurpose facilities or proposed hydropower projects (listed from north to south): Table 5.15: Middle Ayeyarwady Sub-basin - Catchment Areas of main river sections and tributaries River Tributary Catchment Area (km2) % of sub-basin Namtabak 1,684 1.1% Dapein 7,053 4.4% Shweli 22,908 14.4% Ma Gyi Chaung 4,341 2.7% Myitnge 47,023 29.7 Zawgyi 4,813 10.2 Panlaung Chaun 2,794 5.9% Mu 19,750 12.5 Other tributaries 45,771 30.8 There are ten hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 1,812 MW in the sub-basins in the Middle Ayeyarwady. Their dams inundate about 590 km2 and store about 8,800 hm3. The cumulative length of the inundation reaches 179 km, and more than 15.5 km have been left dry or partly dry between dam and powerhouse. Two projects under construction on the Shweli and Myitnge would add 1,330 MW and inundate a further 70 km2 storing 5,769 hm3, an increase of 12% and 65% respectively. Four of the 12 projects also serve for irrigation. (Table 5.3 and sections below) In the Middle Ayeyarwady there are 11 proposed hydropower projects with a potential installed capacity of 2,146 MW: two in the Namtabak, one in the Dapein River, two in the Shweli River, one on the Ma Gyi Chaung River, two in the Myitnge River and three in tributaries of the Myitnge River upstream of the Upper Yeywa. (Table 5.1, Table 5.2 and sections below). 47Dam height is provided as a proxy to maximum water depth at the dam site. However, one must consider that dam height is normally given as the difference in elevation between top of dam and lowest foundation level. Typically the part of the dam between the natural ground level (or river bottom) and foundation could be 20% of the dam height, although this varies from site to site. The height difference between full supply level (FSL) and top of dam, the also varies depending on dam type and spillway arrangements but could typically vary between 5 m and 10 m. Therefore, assuming the above values, a 50 m high dam could have a water depth at the dam site of say 50 m - 0.2x50 m - 5 m = 35 m. 36 5.3.1 Mali Creek 5.3.1.1 Existing Hydropower Plants MoEE did not include any projects in this river. However, an Internet search48, 49 and inspection of Google Earth imagery based on reports from the field, resulted in two projects being identified in the area: the Mali HPP and the Dabak HPP. Mali HPP: The 10.5 MW Mali HPP was started in 1997 and completed by Buga Co. in 2006.50 Its location has been reported to be close to the village Gau Dau Yang. It provides power to Myitkyina and its environs. Table 5.16: Namtabak - Existing power plants and under construction - Key Data Total Storage Period (days) Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (#) (MW) (hm3) Stage Year (m) HPP Mali E 10.5 53.5 NP NP NP NP NP NP 2006 (NP) not available; (#): S: storage, ROR: run of river. Figure 5.5: Hydropower development in Namtabak Sub-basin 48 https://www.globalwitness.org/documents/15216/achoiceforchinapart2-37-72.pdf 49 http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs2/ELEC-Burma-4th-edition.pdf 50 http://www.wreutgroup.com/wreut.html 37 5.3.2 Namtabak The Namtabak rising in Yunnan Province, PRC is the first tributary with an identified hydropower potential. It has a catchment area of 1,684 km2 and flows from the east into the Middle Ayeyarwady. Four branches of the river in PRC, which cover 1,438 km2 (85% of the overall basin), are regulated by at least 19 run-of-river and storage dams (Figure 5.5). According to data received from MoEE, there are no hydropower plants with installed capacity exceeding 10 MW in the Myanmar section of this river. Dabak HPP: The Dabak HPP (24 MW) was reported started while it was assigned to Buga Co in 1997, but possibly with little progress. It has apparently been taken over by China Goudian who has expanded it to two power plants now called Nam Tabak I and Nam Tabak II totalling 285 MW. See Table 5.17. 5.3.2.1 Planned Hydropower Projects MoEE and China Goudian/Tun Thwin Mining signed the MoU on 20 January 2011 for two projects in cascade with installed capacity of 96 MW and 104 MW;51 with a MoA following in August 2015 after the feasibility study had been submitted in which the combined installed capacity had been further increased to 285 MW. The investor has not submitted ESIA Report. Projects are due for completion in 2027, but there is no information whether power would be for use in Myanmar, or for export (considering its closeness to an established grid across the border in PRC). Table 5.17: Namtabak - Planned Projects - Key Data Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (#) Storage Export Period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total (%) (m) Project Nam Tabak I 141 635 27 14 2.2 1 NP ROR NP Nam Tabak II 144 684 56 NP NP 1 NP ROR NP 285 1,319 >14 >2.2 2 NP (NP) not available; (#): S: storage, ROR: run of river. Table 5.18: Namtabak- Planned Projects - Development Process Country of Developer Developer Developer submitted Foreign Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA Project Nam Tabak China Tun Thwin - MoA 31/08/15 PRC 2027 I+II Guodian Mining Nam Tabak I: The 22 m high concrete gravity dam of the 141 MW Nam Tabak I would be built about 1 km downstream from the border with PRC. Its reservoir would stretch up to the border. The headrace will lead the water to a powerhouse about 6 km downstream. Nam Tabak II: About 3 km downstream of the Nam Tabak I powerhouse, a second 56 m high concrete gravity dam would serve as intake to the headrace of the 144 MW Nam Tabak II HPP.52 51 The Nam Tabak HPP had been earlier been assigned to Buga Co. with an installed capacity of 24 MW for one power plant only. It was then known as Tabak. 52 No coordinates have been provided. The Nam Tabak II configuration is approximate and based on estimations from FSL and dam height. 38 5.3.3 Dapein Sub-basin Dapein River, joining the Ayeyarwady at Bahmo from the east with a catchment area of 7,053 km2, is highly regulated in PRC with more than 18 hydropower run-of-river and storage dams (Figure 5.6). About 14% of the catchment is in PRC. The furthermost downstream power plant in PRC discharges its waters at the PRC-Myanmar border into the Dapein 1 Reservoir at Bahmo District, Kachin State. The identified hydropower potential in the Myanmar area of the sub-basin is 380 MW. Figure 5.6: Existing and planned hydropower development on the Dapein Sub-basin 5.3.3.1 Existing Hydropower Plants Table 5.19: Dapein Sub-basin - Hydropower Facility Characteristics Total Storage Distance dam Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) house (km) Developer Reservoir Reservoir to power- Capacity Stage (*) Installed (GWh) (MW) (hm3) Power Year (m) Plant China Dapein 1 E 240 1,065 46 22 0.35 0.4 4.3 2011 Datang (*): “E”: Existing, “C”: under construction Dapein 1 HPP was completed in 2011 by China Datang Corporation.53 It has a 46 m high dam and headrace tunnel that diverts water to the powerhouse some 4.3 km downstream. The small, narrow (average 130 m wide) reservoir inundates 0.35 km2, stores 22 hm3, and extends 2.6 km up to the 53China Datang Corporation (CDT) is a power generation enterprise group established in December 2002 on the basis of the partial power generation assets of former State Power Corporation of China. It is a solely state-owned corporation. 39 Myanmar-PRC border, immediately below a powerhouse within the PRC. Myanmar takes 19 MW (8%) of the power through a 37 km long 132 kV transmission line to Bamaw (Bahmo) s/s, while 221 MW is exported to PRC via a 500 kV transmission line. The hydropower plant has a similar layout to most of the run of river hydropower plants in the same river in PRC (i.e. intake dam with relatively small reservoir - headrace tunnel - powerhouse). The Dapein 1 hydropower plant was registered with the UNFCC CDM (Project 7731) on 4 February 2013. The crediting period is valid until 2020 and is renewable.54 5.3.3.2 Planned Hydropower Projects Table 5.20: Dapein Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key Data Generation Area (km2) Height (m) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (#) Storage Length Export Period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total Dam (km) (%) Project Dapein 2 140 642 59 55 NP 8 NP ROR 0% (NP) not available; (#): S: storage, ROR: run of river Table 5.21: Dapein Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Development Process Country of Developer Developer Developer submitted Foreign Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA Project Dapein 2 NP MoU 31/07/08 DUHD NP PRC 2022 Dapein 2: MoEE and United Hydropower Developing Co. (DUHD), PRC signed a MoU for the Dapein 2 HPP on 31 July 2007. The developer submitted the feasibility study to MoEE in December 2009. Since then, little progress seems to have occurred. The project would consist of a 59 m high concrete gravity dam on the Dapein River about 10 km downstream of the existing Dapein 1 HPP. MoEE did not provide the coordinates for the dam, but from information about FSL and TWL, we have deduced the approximate location of the dam site. The reservoir would be about 8 km long with a relatively small storage of 55 hm3 given the steepness of the river (gradient of 5.8 m/km). It is planned to be connected to the Dapein 1 s/s by a 16 km long 230 kV transmission line. The power is expected to be used in Myanmar. 5.3.4 Shweli Sub-basin Next tributary to join the Ayeyarwady from the east is the Shweli River with a catchment area of 22,908 km2. The Shweli River rises in PRC close to the N’Mai Hka and has in PRC a catchment area of about 9,960 km2 (43.5%) where it is regulated by more than 11 run of river and storage dams. Flow availability is about 30.5 l/s/km2 at the Myanmar sites, about one third of inflows in the N’Mai Hka. The identified hydropower potential in the Myanmar area of the sub-basin is 2,190 MW. 54 https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/JCI1350363892.83/view 40 Figure 5.7: Existing and planned hydropower development in the Shweli Sub-basin 41 5.3.4.1 Existing Hydropower Plants Table 5.22: Shweli Sub-basin - Hydropower Facility Characteristics power-house Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) Country of Developer Reservoir Reservoir Capacity Installed Distance Storage (GWh) dam to (MW) (hm3) Stage Total Year (km) Power (m) Plant YUPD, Shweli 1 E 600 4,022 47 24 1.30 10.50 9.5 2009 PRC EdF, Shweli 3 C 1,050 3,400 150 5,427 43.44 65.0 NP 2020 FRA Sum 1,650 7,422 47-150 5,451 44.74 75.5 9.5 Notes: (NP) = Not provided; (*): “E”: Existing, “C”: under construction Shweli 1: The 600 MW Shweli 1 HPP in Muse District, Shan State completed in 2009 about 23 km from the PRC-Myanmar border is the only hydropower plant operating on the river in Myanmar. Of the 600 MW, MoEE informed the SEA team that the 400 MW (67%) is consumed in Myanmar, and 200 MW exported to PRC through a double circuit 220 kV transmission line. The Shweli 1 HPP has a 47 m high concrete gravity dam that diverts water through a headrace tunnel to the powerhouse some 9.5 km downstream. The 10 km long reservoir created by the dam is also small and narrow (about 120 m wide on average) inundating 1.3 km2 and storing 24 hm3. It was built and is operated by YUPD55 of PRC. It has been connected to the Mansan s/s by a 96 km long 230 kV transmission line. Myanmar has bought back some of the power to cover shortages. Shweli 3: A second power plant is presently under construction about 90 km downstream of Shweli 1 powerhouse, the 1,050 MW Shweli 3 HPP in Kyaukme District, Shan State. The construction diversion tunnel has been completed and the dam area cleared. Construction has stalled for lack of funds. The roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam will be 150 m high, and would create a significantly large reservoir that will inundate 43 km2 and store 5,427 hm3. MoEE is negotiating with the French company Electricité du France (EdF) to take over as the developer. The plan is to connect this project to Meikhtila s/s by a 500 kV transmission line. 5.3.4.2 Planned Hydropower Projects Table 5.23: Shweli Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key Data Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (#) Storage Export Period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total (%) (m) Project Shweli 2 520 2,814 92 72 28 20 1 ROR 50% Nam Paw 20 83 54 52 NP 1.3 Daily ROR 0% Sum 540 2,897 54-92 124 >28 21.3 (NP) not provided; (#): S: storage, ROR: run of river Yunnan joint Power Development Co (YUPD) established in August 2006 by Yunnan Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Development 55 Co. and Yunnan Power Grid Co. 42 Table 5.24: Shweli Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Development Process of Foreign Developer Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA Project Shweli 2 23/11/13 MoA 24/11/10 HIE AWC PRC 2021 Great Hor Nam Paw - Covenant 16/3/16 - - 2019 Kham Shweli 2: The 92 m high CFRD of the 520 MW Shweli 2 HPP is being proposed about 19 km downstream of the Shweli 1 powerhouse. YUPD with Asia World Company (AWC, Myanmar) are developing the project and it is intended that 50% of the power would be exported to PRC. The company signed the MoA with MoEE on 24 November 2010.56 The EIA was submitted to MONREC on 23/1/13, but not much progress seems to have been made since then in view of local opposition to the project.57,58 It is unlikely that the 2021 completion date will be achieved. Shweli 2 would be connected to Shweli 3 by a 70 km long 230 kV transmission line. Nam Paw: The 20 MW Nam Paw HPP is being developed on the tributary with the same name that joins the Shweli left bank from the south at Muse Town on the Myanmar/PRC border. The powerhouse with an installed capacity of 20 MW will be located at the foot of the 54 MW high dam. The project will be developed by the Myanmar company Great Hor Kham (a listed company in the Yangon Stock Exchange) with headquarters in Muse, Shan State. The company web site59 is unusually detailed and up to date about progress compared to other project web sites. Initially, following the completion of a pre-feasibility study prepared by Kunming Engineering Co. Ltd (KHIDI) in October 2013, the Company signed a MoU with the Shan State Government on 7 October 2014. The Company engaged Hunan Hydro Power Design Institute to carry out the feasibility study in November 2014, and Myanmar Sustainable Development of Engineering Services (MSDES) in April 2015 to carry out the ESIA. It further engaged SYDRO Consult of Germany on 18 November 2015 to carry out a dam-break analysis, which resulted in an Emergency Preparedness Plan following discussions with local task forces and village administrations. Muse Town is downstream of the dam. However, since the Company planned to connect the power plant to the national grid, the Electricity Law of October 2014 (Section 4 Article 9) states that the developer needs a permit from the Union Government. The Company signed the MoA with the Union Government on 16 March 2016 for a BOT with a 50-year concession with up to 20 years extension. The company is negotiating the PPA with MoEE. Project is estimated to cost USD40.6 million with an IRR of 9%. The web-site further states that the project company will provide 1% of its net profits to Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) and 2% to the environmental management plan (EMP). Construction of preliminary works started on 27 April 2015 with access roads, power supply, and construction camp. Construction proper is scheduled to start in December 2017. The company is considering investing in three more hydropower projects (names not yet made public). The company is involved in Shweli 3 as contractor. The project is scheduled to be completed by 2019 according to data obtained from MoEE; 2010-21 is more realistic. 5.3.5 Ma Gyi Chaung The Ma Gyi Chaung rises in the Shan state and, as it flows towards the Ayeyarwady, forms the border between Mandalay Region and Shan State for much of its length. It has a catchment area of 4,341 km2 56 https://democracyforburma.wordpress.com/2010/12/03/shweli-2-hydropower-project-and-bilin-hydropower-project-were-awarded- to-asia-world-company-limited-for-the-construction/ 57 http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs13/Sheweli_Under_Siege(en)-red.pdf 58 https://www.earthrights.org/sites/default/files/publications/China-in-Burma-update-2008-English.pdf 59 http://www.greathorkham.com/?q=en/node/267 43 and joins the Ayeyarwady about 33 km upstream of Mandalay (Figure 5.7). The identified hydropower potential in the sub-basin is 89 MW. 5.3.5.1 Existing Hydropower Plants Table 5.25: Ma Gyi Chaung - Existing Hydropower Characteristics Total Storage Distance dam Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) house (km) Country of Developer Reservoir Reservoir to power- Capacity Installed (GWh) (MW) (hm3) Stage Year Power (m) Plant Existin Sedawgyi 25 134 47 448 41 16 - MoALI 1989 g Note: NP = Not provided; (*): “E”: Existing, “C”: under construction Sedawgyi: The third largest hydropower plant built in the country after the Baluchaung II was the ADB-financed60 25 MW multipurpose Sedawgyi hydropower dam on the Ma Gyi Chaung, in Pyinoolwin District, Mandalay Region. The water discharged through the turbines at the Sedawgyi reservoir is diverted for irrigation at a weir about 4 km downstream. The Ma Gyi Chaung joins the Ayeyarwady about 30 km upstream of Mandalay City. It was built and is being operated by MoALI. It is connected to the Kyaukpahto s/s by a 212 km long 132 kV transmission line. 5.3.5.2 Planned Hydropower Project Table 5.26: Ma Gyi Chaung - Planned Projects - Key Data Generation Area (km2) Height (m) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (#) Storage Length Export Period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total Dam (km) (%) Project Upper 64 NP 73 593 24 NP NP S 0 Sedawgyi (NP) not provided; (#): S: storage, ROR: run of river Table 5.27: Ma Gyi Chaung - Planned Projects - Development Process of Foreign Developer Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA Project Upper NP NP NP - MoALI - NP Sedawgyi Upper Sedawgyi: MoALI is planning one multipurpose dam about 13 km upstream of Sedawgyi dam in Shan State. The 73 m high Upper Sedawgyi dam will also include a 64 MW hydropower plant. The reservoir created by the dam would inundate 24 km2 and store 593 hm3. It is not clear when construction would start as construction depends on government budget allocation. The project would be connected to two substations (s/s) by 132 kV transmission lines: Kyaukpahto s/s 212 km away, and Aungpinle s/s 48 km away. 60 https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/72939/36112-mya-pcr.pdf - financing of electro-mechanical equipment. 44 5.3.6 Myitnge Sub-basin The Myitnge River is the largest tributary entering the Ayeyarwady from the east with a catchment area of 47,023 km2. The Myitnge River joins the Ayeyarwady a few kilometres downstream of Mandalay City. It has two tributaries joining it from the south close to the confluence with the Ayeyarwady: the Zawgyi River and the Panlaung Chaung. The availability of flows is relatively low at around 16 l/s/km2 compared with rivers in the north of the Ayeyarwady Basin that provide about 70 - 100 l/s/km2. The identified hydropower potential in the sub-basin is 2,292 MW. Figure 5.8: Myitnge River, Ma Gyi Chaung and Mu River hydropower development 45 5.3.6.1 Existing Hydropower Plants Table 5.28: Myitnge Sub-basin - Hydropower Facility Characteristics Dam Height (m) Distance dam to Capacity (MW) Reservoir Area Total Storage power-house Length (km) Power Plant Generation Developer Reservoir Stage (*) Installed (GWh) (hm3) (km2) Year (km) River Yeywa Myitnge C 280 1,409 97 342 26.94 60 0.3 MoEE 2021 (Upper) Yeywa E 790 3,550 132 2,607 59.00 75 - MoEE 2010 Myitnge Sum 1,070 4,959 2,949 85.94 135 - Zawgyi Zawgyi I E 18 35 - - - - 1.7 MoEE 1995 MoEE/ Zawgyi II E 12 30 44 639 38.47 8.2 - 1998 MoALI Myogyi E 30 136 79 444 22.72 10.7 - MoALI 2015 Zawgyi Sum 60 201 1,083 61.19 18.9 1.7 Panlaung Kinda E 56 165 72 1,078 28.57 13.3 MoEE 1985 Chaung Total 1,186 5,325 31 - 132 5,110 175.70 167.2 1.7 (*): “E”: Existing, “C”: under construction Yeywa: The largest hydropower plant in Myanmar, the 790 MW Yeywa HPP on the Myitnge River in Pyinoolwin District, Mandalay Region, was completed in 2010. The 132 m high dam, the highest so far in Myanmar, created a 75 km long and narrow reservoir along its main branch with an area of 59 km2 and storage of 2,607 hm3. The powerhouse is at the foot of the dam and flows downstream of the dam depend on the power plant operation. MoEE operates this power plant. The power plant is connected by double-circuit 230 kV transmission lines to Belin s/s (38 km) and Meiktila s/s (118 km) Upper Yeywa: MoEE is constructing a second hydropower plant, the 280 MW Upper Yeywa,61 in the upper reaches of the Myitnge River (also called Nam Tu) in Pyinoolwin District, Mandalay Region. The RCC dam will be 97 m high and it will create a 26.9 km2 reservoir storing 342 hm3. The reservoir will be about 60 km long reaching Hsipaw Town in Shan State. A 12 m wide, 32 km long access road connects the main project site to the Mandalay - Lashio Highway at milepost 95/0. A 10 m diameter, 308 m long construction diversion tunnel on the right bank was completed and the river diverted on 9 March 2015. Two 12.5 m diameter headrace tunnels, 473 m and 538 m long respectively, are being excavated on the left bank.62 MoNREC has approved the ESIA. Two villages with a total of 143 households and 486 inhabitants will be affected by the reservoir and need relocation to two existing neighbouring villages 13 km and 22 km away from the river. There have been recent protests against the completion of the dam.63, 64 The power plant will be connected to Shwesaryan s/s by a double- circuit 230 kV transmission line 130 km long. The project is 28% completed. Three hydropower plants, all in Taunggyi District, Shan State, have been built on the Zawgyi River, a tributary to the Myitnge River. Zawgyi I: The 18 MW run of river Zawgyi I HPP is the furthest upstream power plant; its low gate- less weir diverts water to a powerhouse 1.7 km downstream. Inundation and storage is minimal. The power plant is connected to Aungthapye s/s by a 76 km long 66 kV transmission line. 61 MoEE, “Upper Yeywa Hydropower Project – Presentation on Project Implementation”, August 2017 62 Main dam, power intake, headrace tunnel, powerhouse and resettlement works are being implemented. 63 http://english.panglong.org/2016/11/29/hundreds-protest-dam-on-namtu-river/ 64 http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/new-report-calls-halt-dams-namtu-river 46 Zawgyi II: The next hydropower plant downstream, the 12 MW Zawgyi II, is part of a multipurpose earth dam 44 m high that created a 8.2 km long reservoir with a surface area of 38.5 km2 and 639 hm3 storage. There have been problems filling the reservoir. The power plant is connected to Zawgyi I by a 23 km long 66 kV transmission line. Myogyi: The Zawgyi River is relatively steep dropping about 400 m as the river flows through a mountainous area from Zawgyi II for about 70 km (5.7 m/km) into the multipurpose Myogyi reservoir owned by MoALI. The 79 m high dam created a 10.7 km long reservoir that inundates 23 km2 and stores 444 hm3. At the foot of the dam, there is a 30 MW power plant. Downstream of the Myogyi dam, at least five diversion weirs extract water onto an irrigation system, parts of which has existed since the eleventh century, before reaching the Myitnge River. The power plant is connected to Taungtawgwin s/s by a 16 km long 33 kV transmission line. Kinda: The second large-scale hydropower plant built in the country after the Baluchaung II is the 56 MW multipurpose Kinda hydropower plant completed in 1985 on the Panlaung Chaung, in Taunggyi District, Shan State. The 72 m high dam has created a 13.3 km long reservoir. The water released from the Kinda dam and power plant is diverted to two irrigation canals at a weir close to Ingon Village some 17 km downstream of the dam. Before it joins the Myitnge River a few kilometres upstream of the confluence with the Ayeyarwady, at least three more irrigation weirs divert water from the Panlaung Chaung. On close observation, satellite imagery of the river shows that the river has been negatively affected, in some case reducing its size and hardly visible, while nearby canals can be easily seen. The power plant is connected to two substations by 132 kV transmission lines: Ingon (73 km) and Thazi (47 km). 5.3.6.2 Planned Hydropower Project There are five hydropower projects being considered in the Myitnge Sub-basin: two on the Myitnge River and three upstream from Upper Yeywa. Table 5.29: Myitnge Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key Data Reservoir Area Total Storage Period (days) Length (km) Dam Height Generation (GWh/yr) Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (#) Project Export (MW) (hm3) (km2) (%) (m) River Middle 700 3,253 160 454 11 70 NP NP 0% Myitnge Yeywa Deedoke 77 338 27 NP NP 19 NP NP 0% Nam Nam Tu 100 410 114 NP NP 4 NP NP 0% Tu/Myitnge Nam 30 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP 0% Tributaries to Hsim Myitnge Nam ? 210 NP NP NP NP NP NP 0% Lang NP Sum 1,117 4,001 >454 >11 >93 NP (NP) not provided; (#): S: storage, ROR: run of river 47 Table 5.30: Myitnge Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Development Process of Foreign Developer Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Project Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA River Middle n.a. MoU 2/7/14 SN Power NP Norway 2020 Yeywa Myitnge Andritz Deedoke 18/2/16 MoU 20/11/14 NP Austria 2020 Hydro Local Nam Tu NP 7/4/14 - NCEH - 2021 Tributaries MoU to Myitnge Nam Hsim n.a. MoU 9/3/16 PCR SE PRC 2020 Nam Lang n.a. MoU 9/3/16 PCR SE PRC 2020 Middle Yeywa: Following the MoU signing on 2 July 2014, the Middle Yeywa HPP being developed by SN Power, Norway is being studied to feasibility level. The project, located in Nawgn Khio Township, Shan State, comprises a 160 m high RCC/arch dam that would create a narrow 70 km long reservoir inundating 11 km2 and storing 454 hm3. The underground powerhouse about 200 m from the dam would have an installed capacity of 700 MW. An environmental flow outlet with a discharge of 45 m3/s has been incorporated in the design. MoEE’s schedule indicates it should be completed by 2021, but this is unlikely now. The power plant would be connected to the 500 kV Meikhtila s/s (length and voltage level of transmission line not yet decided) Deedoke HPP: MoEE and Andritz Hydro, Austria, signed the MoU on 20 November 2014. The developer submitted the EIA to MONREC on 18 February 2016. The proposed 27 m high dam with a run of river 77 MW power plant would be located downstream of Yeywa taking advantage of the river regulation of the Yeywa reservoir. It is scheduled for completion by 2020-21. The power plant would be connected to Yeywa s/s by a 21 km long 230 kV transmission line. Nam Tu: MoEE and NCEH, Myanmar, signed a local MoU on 7 April 2014. The proposed Nam Tu HPP on the upper reaches of the Myitnge (also called Nam Tu) in Hsipaw Township, Shan State, is planned with a dam 114 m high and a power plant with an installed capacity of 100 MW. It is scheduled for completion in 2020, but this does not appear to be realistic. Nam Hsim: MoEE and PCR, PRC, signed a MoU on 9 March 2016 for the development of the 30 MW Nam Hsim HPP in Shan State. No technical details are available about the project. Nam Lang: MoEE and PCR, PRC, signed a MoU on 9 March 2016 for the development of the 160 MW Nam Lang HPP in Shan State. No technical details are available about the project. 5.3.7 Mu Sub-basin Thapenzeik: This multipurpose facility owned by MoALI on the Mu River incorporates a 30 MW power plant. It joins the Ayeyarwady from the west about 40 km downstream of Mandalay City. Its 33 m high dam created the largest man-made reservoir in Myanmar to date with an inundation of 397 km2. It is 43 km long along its main branch. A diversion weir about 11 km downstream of the dam diverts water for irrigation on both banks of the Mu River. Although the Ayeyarwady has been little used for irrigation in the central dry zone, its tributary, the Mu River, has been used for this purpose since the 9th century. The Mu Valley Irrigation Project is among the largest in the country. It permits the dry-season cropping of corn, peanuts, sesame, wheat, cotton, millet, and other dry crops. About one-sixth of the total rice grown in Myanmar comes from the irrigated areas of Mandalay, Sagaing, and Magwe divisions.65 The power plant is connected to Ngapyadaing s/s by a 53 km long 132 kV transmission line. 65 https://www.britannica.com/place/Irrawaddy-River 48 There are presently no plans to develop more large-scale hydropower projects in the Mu River or any of its tributaries. Table 5.31: Mu River - Power Plant Characteristics Reservoir Area Total Storage Distance dam Length (km) Dam Height Generation house (km) Reservoir to power- Capacity Stage (*) Installed Country (GWh) (MW) (hm3) (km2) Year (m) Power Plant MoEE/ Thapenzeik E 30 117 33 3,552 397.05 42.8 - 2002 MoALI (*): “E”: Existing, “C”: under construction 5.4 Chindwin Sub-basin The 1,207 km long Chindwin has a catchment area of 114,687 km2, of which about 16% is in Manipur State, India. Several tributaries enter Myanmar from India to the west, the largest being the Manipur River, a tributary to the Myittha River, itself a tributary to the Chindwin (Figure 5.9). The identified hydropower potential in the sub-basin in Myanmar is 1,847 MW. 49 Figure 5.9: Hydropower development in the Chindwin Sub-basin 50 5.4.1 Existing Hydropower Plants Table 5.32: Chindwin Sub-basin - Power Plant Characteristics Capacity (MW) to power-house Reservoir Area Total Storage Distance dam Length (km) Dam Height Generation Developer Reservoir Stage (*) Installed (GWh) (hm3) (km2) Year (km) Power (m) Plant Myittha E 40 170 63 325 NP NP - MoALI 2017 (*): “E”: Existing Myittha: The 40 MW Myittha multipurpose project in Gangaw District, Magway Region is on the Myittha River, a tributary approaching from the south to the Chindwin right hand bank. It has been completed by MoALI in 2017. It comprises a 63 m high earth dam that will create storage of 325 hm3 and inundate 12 km2. The power plant will be connected to Gangaw s/s by a 40 km long 66 kV transmission line. 5.4.2 Planned Hydropower Project There are two hydropower plants identified in the Chindwin Sub-basin, one on the Chindwin mainstream and the other on the Manipur River, a tributary to the Myittha River. Table 5.33: Chindwin Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key Data Total Storage Period (days) Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (#) Export (MW) (hm3) (%) (m) HPP Htamanthi 1,200 ~6,307 74 20,925 509 NP NP S NP Manipur 380 1,903 168 1,554 NP 45 NP NP NP Tawog Hka 50 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Ta Rung 150 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Hka Ta Nai Hka 15 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP U Yu 12 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Chaung Sum 1,806 >8,210 >22,479 >509 >45 (NP) not provided; (#): S: storage, ROR: run of river The four last proposed projects in the table, which location is shown in Figure 5.9, have only been identified as potential sites and the installed capacity is a preliminary estimate.66 Earlier studies had identified two more large hydropower projects on the Chindwin Mainstem (the 520 MW Mawlaik HPP and the 660 66 MW Shwezaye HPP), but these have now been excluded form MoEE’s official hydropower development list. 51 Table 5.34: Chindwin Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Development Process of Foreign Developer Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA HPP Htamanthi n.a. Pre-MoU None NHPC NP India Suspended Manipur n.a. MoU 18/9/14 CHEC Sein PRC 2020 Htamanthi: NHPC Ltd67 proposed to develop the 1,200 MW Htamanthi HPP on the Chindwin at Hkamti, Sagain Region. The project with a 74 m high dam would create a reservoir inundating 509 km2 and storing 20,925 hm3, almost 30% and 60% respectively larger than the Myitsone inundation and storage. The reservoir would significantly control flooding in the lower reaches of the Chindwin and Ayeyarwady. A Swiss firm carried out preliminary studies. The project lies in an area with high seismicity and the river carries significant amounts of sediment. The social and environmental impacts would also be significant with about 50 villages and two towns being severely affected. The project was suspended before a MoU had been signed. Manipur: the 380 MW Manipur HPP is in Falam District, Chin State on the Manipur River, a tributary to the Myittha. Manipur River originates in Manipur State, India and has been regulated by other reservoirs there. MoEE and the China Harbour Engineering Company with Sein of Myanmar signed a MoU on 18 September 2014. A year later, they submitted the feasibility study to MoEE. The Manipur project would have a 168 m high dam with a reservoir storing 1,554 hm3. It is unlikely the project will be completed in 2021. The power plant would be connected to Gangaw-Kalay s/s by a 32 km long 230 kV transmission line. 5.5 Lower Ayeyarwady The Lower Ayeyarwady stretches between the Chindwin confluences to the delta at a small village called Ngapiseik. The catchment area is about 92,930 km2. The identified hydropower potential in the two sub-basins with hydropower potential in the sub-basin is 359 MW. 67 Originally National Hydroelectric Power Corporation, a Government of India Enterprise established in 1975. 52 Figure 5.10: Hydropower development in the Lower Ayeyarwady Note: Locations of Buywa and Upper Buywa are approximate. 53 There are no hydropower plants on the main stem of the Lower Ayeyarwady, but there are two multipurpose dams with hydropower capacity exceeding 10 MW on the Mone Chaung, a western tributary to the lower Ayeyarwady downstream of the confluence with the Chindwin River: the Mone Chaung and the Kyeeon Kyeewa HPPs (Figure 5.10). MoALI is constructing one multipurpose dam, and planning a second one, both upstream on Mone Chaung. One more potential hydropower site, the 18 MW Mindon HPP, has been identified in a sub-basin south of the Mone Chaung (See Figure 5.10) 5.5.1 Existing Hydropower Plants There are three multipurpose dams owned by MoALI on the Mone Chaung incorporating a hydropower plant operated by MoEE. One, the Buywa dam, is still under construction. Table 5.35: Mone Sub-basin - Power Plant Characteristics Generation Area (km2) house (km) Height (m) Reservoir Reservoir Stage (*) Capacity Installed Distance Country Storage /Owner Length power- (GWh) dam to (MW) (hm3) Total Power Year Dam (km) Plant Buywa C 42 NP 46 209 38 NP - MoALI 2018 Mone MoEE/ E 75 330 61 832 42 19 - 2002 Chaung MoALI Kyeeon Kyeew E 74 370 50 571 33 30 - MoALI 2012 a Sum 191 >700 1,612 113 49 (*): “E”: Existing, “C”: under construction; “NP”: not provided Mone Chaung: The Mone Chaung multipurpose facility completed in 2002 by MoALI consists of a 61 m high rock-fill dam with a 42 km2 reservoir that stores 832 hm3. The 75 MW power plant is located at the toe of the dam and discharges into the Kyeeon Kyeewa reservoir. The power plant is connected to Chauk s/s by a 160 km long 132 kV transmission line. Kyeeon Kyeewa: The Kyeeon Kyeewa multipurpose facility completed in 2012 has a 50 m high earth dam that created a reservoir inundating 33 km2 and storing of 571 hm3. Its 74 MW power plant is located at the toe of the dam. Two diversion weirs divert water for irrigation downstream of the Kyeeon Kyeewa power plant before the Mone Chaung reaches the Ayeyarwady. The combined inundation length reaches 50 km. The power plant is connected to Mann s/s by a 70 km long 132 kV transmission line. Buywa: The Buywa multipurpose facility being built by MoALI about 21 km upstream of Mone Chaung is scheduled for completion in 2018. The 46 m high dam will creates a reservoir that inundates 38 km2 and stores 209 hm3. The 42 MW power plant is at the foot of the dam. 5.5.2 Planned Hydropower Project One multipurpose dam to be built by MoALI is being planned. It will incorporate a hydropower plant to be operated by MoEE. Another hydropower project, the 18 MW Mindon HPP, has been identified as a potential project, but the SEA Team has no details on this project. 54 Table 5.36: Lower Ayeyarwady Sub-basins - Planned Projects - Key Data Total Storage Distance dam Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) house (km) Reservoir Reservoir to power- Stage (*) Capacity Installed Country /Owner (GWh) (MW) (hm3) Power Year (m) Plant Upper P 150 534 138 721 76 NP - MOALI NP Buywa Mindon I 18 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Sum 168 >534 >721 >76 NP Upper Buywa: The Upper Buywa multipurpose facility is being developed by MoALI is upstream of the Buywa dam.68 The 138 m high dam to be operated by MoEE will have a power plant of 150 MW. The reservoir will inundate 76 km2 and store 721 hm3. Construction is dependent of GOM budgetary allocations. 5.6 Thanlwin Basin The 2,400 km long Thanlwin River, the second longest river in South-East Asia after the Mekong, flows from 4,000 m asl on the Tibetan Plateau69 to the east then south through Yunnan in the PRC, entering Myanmar in the northeast and flowing south into the Bay of Martaban. The upper 53% of this 324,000 km2 narrow and mountainous basin is in the PRC, 42% in Myanmar and 5% in Thailand. The basin discharges an average of 4,978 m3/s. A 130 km section of the river forms the border between Myanmar and Thailand. The Thanlwin basin has four major tributaries with existing and identified large-scale hydropower potential in Myanmar: • Nam Ma - joining from the east • Nam Hka - joining from the east • Nam Teng - joining from the west • Nam Pawn - joining from the west (including its tributary, the Baluchaung) The Thanlwin basin has 302 MW installed hydropower capacity in four existing power plants, with a further two under construction totalling 81 MW (Table 5.38). These projects are all located on the Baluchaung and Nam Teng. An additional 15,980 MW of hydropower-installed capacity is planned in 12 projects. The identified hydropower potential in the basin in Myanmar is about 16,500 MW. 68 The coordinates of the project site have not been made available. The approximate location in the GIS map has been estimated from the catchment area (2,305 km2) in the HydroSHEDS database 69 The Thanlwin River is called “Nujiang” (‘Nu’) in the PRC and “Salween” in Thailand 55 Figure 5.11: Hydropower development in the Thanlwin Basin, Myanmar 56 Table 5.37: Thanlwin Basin - Hydropower Development (>10 MW) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) Inundated No. Power Reservoir Capacity Installed Storage Length (GWh) Plants (MW) (hm3) Total (km) (m) Sub-Basin/River Existing and under construction 6 383 2,423 0-35 193 10 >1 Planned 15 16,110 85,457 10-241 49,824 >1,088 >844 Sum 21 16,493 87,880 0-241 50,017 >1,098 >845 Table 5.38: Thanlwin Basin - Existing and Under Construction Hydropower Plants (>10 MW) Inundate Capacity Generati r Length Reservoi Installed Storage (GWh) d Area Height Power Plants (MW) (hm3) (km2) Total Dam (km) (m) No. on Sub-Basin/River Nam Teng 2 105 609 NP 189 0.1 1.0 Baluchaung 4 278 1,814 0-35 4 9.8 >0.2 Sum 6 383 2,423 193 9.9 >1.2 Note: NP = Data not provided Table 5.39: Thanlwin Basin - Planned Hydropower Projects (>10 MW) No. Power Inundated Generatio Reservoir Capacity n (GWh) Installed Storage Length Height Plants (MW) (hm3) (km2) Total Area Dam (km) (m) Sub-Basin/River Mainstream 5 14,960 80,868 51-241 47,269 1,002 >691 Tributaries 7 1,150 4,589 10-120 2,555 >86 >153 Nam Ma 1 225 936 109 1,215 11 86 Nam Hka 1 210 937 120 450 75 NP Nam Pawn 5 585 2,716 10-88 890 >0 >67.2 Yunzalin 1 100 NP NP NP NP NP Lam Pha 1 20 NP NP NP NP NP Myet Taw 1 10 NP NP NP NP NP Chaung Sum 15 16,110 >85,457 10-241 >49,824 >1,088 >844 5.6.1 Thanlwin Mainstream Five hydropower plants with a total installed capacity of 14,960 MW are being planned on the Thanlwin mainstream (Table 5.41 and Table 5.42).70 Three proposed dams are large, with dams 70The 4,540 MW Wei Gyi HPP between Ywathit and Hutgyi initially identified by Thailand on the border between Myanmar and Thailand has been excluded from the SEA as MoU has been terminated because it interferes with the Ywathit HPP. 57 higher than 100 m: Mong Ton (241 m), Hutgyi (118 m) and Kun Long (103 m). The projects are being proposed mainly for export. If built, the projects would inundate more than 1,000 km2 of land along more than 690 km of river storing about 47,300 hm3. Table 5.40: Proposed Thanlwin Mainstream Project Data Dam Height length (km) Export (%) Generation Area (km2) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Retention Reservoir Capacity Installed Type (+) Storage Period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total (m) (*) Project RO 1,400 7,142 100 659 65.40 1 55 50% Kun Long R RO 1,200 6,182 90 813 23.37 1 110 50% Naopha R Mong Ton 7,000 34,700 241 37,887 870.00 150 S ~380 90% Ywathit 4,000 25,519 51 7,401 43.47 11 S ~130 NP RO 1,360 7,325 118 509 NP 0.5 16 90% Hutgyi R Sum 14,960 80,868 51-241 47,269 >1,002 >691 (*): Reservoir lengths have been measured in Google Earth based on location of dam and FSL; (NP): Data not available; (+) ROR: run of river, S: storage. Table 5.41: Proposed Thanlwin Mainstream Project Development Stage Country of Scheduled Developer Developer Developer submitted Foreign Foreign Signed Local Stage Date Date EIA for Project Kun Long 5/04/12 JVA 21/05/14 Hanergy YN MPC PRC 2023 Naopha NP MoA 22/05/14 HydroChina IGOEC PRC 2026 Three Gorges/ Mong Ton NP MoU 10/11/10 - PRC/THA 2030 EGATi Ywathit NP MoA 18/01/11 CDOI STH PRC 2030 Hutgyi NP MoA 24/04/10 Sinohydro/ EGATi IGOEC PRC/THA 2020 (*): Not yet applicable as projects are still undergoing pre-feasibility study; (NP): Data not provided. 58 Figure 5.12: Proposed dams on Thanlwin mainstream Kun Long: the 1,400 MW Kun Long HPP at Kun Long, Shan State, is at an advanced state of development and has reached the JVA stage, signed by MoEE and Hanergy YN/MPC in May 2014. It would have a 103 m high dam that creates a 65.4 km2 reservoir storing 691 hm3. An EIA was 59 prepared by HydroChina and submitted to MONREC in April 2012, but this has not been made public and it is not clear if MONREC has approved it. Fifty percent of the power from the project (1,260 MW) will be exported to PRC. Preliminary works started at the site in 2015, but stopped when armed conflict broke out. The project is due for completion in 2024. The power plant would be connected to Theinni s/s by a 68 km long 230 kV double-circuit transmission line. Naopha: the 1,200 MW Naopha HPP at Lashio, Shan State, downstream of Kun Long has a 90 m high dam that will create a 110 km long reservoir. This project will export 600 MW (50%) of the power to PRC and supply the other half to Myanmar. MoEE and Hydro China/IGOEC signed the MoA in May 2014, but the EIA does not appear to have been submitted to MONREC for approval. The project is scheduled for completion in 2027.71 Mong Ton: the proposed 7,000 MW Mong Ton HPP, located downstream of Naopha at Monghsat, Shan State, with a 241 m high dam72 would create a 380 km long 870 km2 reservoir73 storing an estimated 37,887 hm3. By volume, the reservoir would be the largest in Myanmar and about the 26 th largest in the world74, slightly smaller than the Three Gorges reservoir (39,300 hm3).75 This project was being jointly developed by Chinese Consortium China (CSC - consisting of China Three Gorges Corporation (CTG),76 Sinohydro and China Southern Power Grid (CSPG)), Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand International (EGATi), International Group of Entrepreneurs Company (IGOEC) of Myanmar and MoEE. The consortium signed a MoU with MoEE in November 2010, and submitted the feasibility study to MoEE in November 2013.77 It is unclear if the EIA commenced by Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC) of Australia in October 2014 has been approved by MONREC.78 According to EGATs website the project design was modified at the request of GoM:79 “The original project has a generating capacity of 7,000 MW, but after the Government of Myanmar considered Feasibility Study Report, the Government of Myanmar requested developer to revising the project formulation by using Cascade Dams platform and reducing the height of the dam to reduce the impact on society and the environment”. EGAT states in the web-site that the proposed installed capacity is now 3,000 MW, with 90% of EGATi’s share (900 MW) to be sold to EGAT in Thailand and the other 10% provided to Myanmar free of charge. Recent alternative designs under discussion with MoEE indicate that the developer is considering two alternative cascade schemes, (a) a two-dam alternative (Mon Tong and Wangon); and (b) a three-dam alternative (Mon Tong, Wanpa and Nansu). Both alternatives would significantly reduce the volume of stored water and the area inundated, but would maintain the total length of the reservoirs to about 378 km, albeit at much smaller depths. Installed capacity would reduce by about 1,000 MW and 1,700 MW respectively. The ground-breaking ceremony for the project at the start of the investigations was conducted in March 2007 (when the project was named Tasang HPP) but there has been little activity at the dam site since 2008 when construction stalled because of local opposition. The project is scheduled for completion in 2030. 71 http://www.naopha.com/about/ 72 It would have been about the 15th highest dam in the world. 73 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasang_Dam 74 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_by_volume 75 The Kariba dam on the Zambezi River between Zambia and Zimbabwe created in 1959 is the largest reservoir in the world by volume (180,600 hm3). The Danjiangkou Dam on the Han River, a tributary to the Yangtze River in PRC, created in 1962 is the largest reservoir (51,600 hm3) in Asia (20th in the world). 76 http://www.mongtonhydro.com/eportal/ui?pageId=132108 77 EGATi’s website stated that in September 2015 MoEE had approved the feasibility report, but encouraged that the dam should be designed on safety basis and developer should adopt the cascade dams platform rather than single dam platform to relief environmental and social impacts. The revised project will be proposed to MoEE further. 78 Environmental Impact Assessment and Social Impact Assessment Public Scoping Meeting was held in Taunggyi District on 10 March 2015 - no further information is available in the company website (http://www.mongtonhydro.com/) 79 http://www.egati.co.th/en/investment/en-mongton.html 60 Ywathit: the 4,000 MW Ywathit HPP at Bawlake, Kayah State, downstream of Mong Ton, is proposed with a 51 m high dam creating a 130 km long reservoir. It would export 2,000 MW (50%) of the power to PRC. MoEE and CDOI/STH signed the MoA in January 2011. The EIA does not appear to have been submitted to MONREC for approval. The project in scheduled to be completed in 2030. Hutgyi: the last hydropower project on the mainstream is the 1,200 MW Hutgyi HPP at Hpapun, Kayin State. The project would have a 118 m high dam that would create a reservoir inundating 27.1 km2 and storing 509 hm3. The project is in limestone area with uncertain seepage issues. MoEE signed a MoA with Sinohydro (holding 50.5%) and EGATi (holding 36.5%) in April 2010.80 The EIA does not seem to have been submitted to MONREC for approval. The project is scheduled for completion in 2020, but at this stage that completion date is unachievable. Eighty seven percent (1,044 MW) of power is planned for export to Thailand. The power plant would be connected in Myanmar to Thaton s/s and Myainggyingu s/s by 230 kV and 33 kV transmission lines respectively. 5.6.2 Nam Ma Sub-basin One project, the Mantong HPP, is being planned on the Nam Ma, a tributary that joins the Thanlwin from the east about 5 km downstream of Naopha. The unit flow is around 32 l/s/km2, about half to a third that of the Ayeyarwady Headwaters. Figure 5.13: Nam Ma hydropower development 80 The remaining interest is held 10% by MoEE and 3% by IGOEC 61 Table 5.42: Nam Ma Proposed Project Data Capacity (MW) Reservoir Area to power house length (km) (*) Total Storage Distance dam Period (days) Dam Height Export (%) Generation (GWh/yr) Retention Reservoir Installed Type (+) (hm3) (km2) (km) (m) Project Mantong 225 936 109 1,215 10.46 146 S 86 NP 50% Table 5.43: Nam Ma Proposed Project Development Stage of Foreign Scheduled Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Partner Signed Local Stage Date Date EIA for Project Mantong ? MoA 22/05/14 HydroChina IGOEC PRC 2024 Mantong: the 225 MW Mantong hydropower project, on the Nam Ma about 3 km upstream of the confluence with the Thanlwin, would create a 10.5 km2 reservoir storing 1,094 hm3 (Table 5.43) in two main branches, one 51 km long and the other 35 km long. The CFRD dam would be 109 m high. MoEE and HydroChina/IGOEC signed a MoA in May 2015 (Table 5.43), even though the EIA has not yet been submitted to MONREC. Fifty percent of the power is earmarked for export to PRC. The power plant would be connected to Theini s/s by a 105 km long double circuit 500 kV transmission line. 5.6.3 Nam Hka Sub-basin One project is being planned on the Nam Hka, a tributary with a catchment area of 10,372 km2 that rises at an elevation of around 1260 m in Myanmar, running south for about 70 km forming a border with PRC until it reaches the border town of Paunghsang when it enters Myanmar completely and joins the Thanlwin from the east into the proposed Mong Ton reservoir about 160 km upstream of the dam. The unit flow is around 20 l/s/km2, about third to a quarter to that of the Ayeyarwady Headwaters. 62 Figure 5.14: Planned Hydropower Development in the Nam Hka Sub-basin 63 Table 5.44: Nam Hka Proposed Project Data Dam Height length (km) Export (%) Generation Area (km2) house (km) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Retention Reservoir Capacity Installed Distance Type (+) Storage dam to Period power (days) (MW) (hm3) Total (m) Project Nam Hka 210 937 120 450 75.15 NP NP 73 - 85 - 0% Table 5.45: Nam Hka Project Development Stage of Foreign Scheduled Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Partner Signed Local Stage Date Date EIA for Project Nam Hka ? MOU 27/9/07 YNIC - PRC 2025 Nam Hka: the 210 MW Nam Hka hydropower project is planned on the Nam Hka within Mong Sat Township about 60 km upstream of the confluence with the Thanlwin.81 The project has a 120 m high dam that would create a reservoir with storage of 450 hm3 and inundate 75 km2. A MoU for the project was signed by Yunnan International Company Ltd. (YNIC), incorporated by China Southern Grid (CSG), and MoEE in September 2007, with a feasibility report submitted to MoEE in November 2010. 5.6.4 Nam Teng Sub-basin The Nam Teng rises in the Shan Hills at around 1,150 m amsl north of Monkung, Shan State, and flows first roughly north-east and then southward for about 560 km before joining the Thanlwin from the west at Ta-Hsopteng in Linkhe District. Along its course it drops 1,010 m resulting in an average gradient of 1.8 m/km. Its catchment area is 15,342 km2. The only hydroelectric facilities greater than 10 MW in the Nam Teng Sub-basin are the existing Keng Tawng HPP and the under construction Upper Keng Tawng HPP, both close to Keng Tawng Town, developed for hydropower generation only. Table 5.46: Nam Teng - Power Plant Characteristics Generation Area (km2) house (km) Height (m) Reservoir Reservoir Stage (*) Capacity Installed Distance Country Storage Length (GWh) power- dam to (MW) (hm3) Total Year Dam (km) Power Plant Keng Tawng E 54 378 27 61 0.08 0.9 - MoEE 2016 Upper Keng C 51 231 56 128 NP NP NP MoEE 2019 Tawng Sum 105 609 27-58 189 >0.08 >0.9 (*): “E”: Existing, “C”: under construction 81The location shown in the map is approximate; it might be further south/downstream. The SEA Team was provided coordinates that locate the dam on a hill about 3 km west of the Nam Hka. We have positioned the dam due east of this location on the Nam Hka. However, at this location there is a possibility that the top of the dam may be at an elevation above the elevation of the Myanmar-PRC border town of Paunghsang. This indicates that the dam should be further downstream. The dam can only be positioned in the map up to about 12 km further downstream, or it would interfere with the Mong Ton reservoir (FSL 395 m). Since Nam Hka FSL is not available (only dam height), it is difficult to position the dam more accurately. 64 Figure 5.15: Nam Teng sub-basins 65 Keng Tawng: The 54 MW Keng Tawng HPP in Linkhe District, Shan State, is a storage facility82 with a 27 m high concrete gravity dam,83 a 2.2 km headrace canal on the right bank, a 792 m long penstock and power plant connected to the national grid by a 132 kV transmission line leading to Namsan s/s. The distance between the dam and the point where the tailrace return the water to the river is 2.2 km. The plant factor of this power plant is relatively high at 80%. The power plant would be connected to Namsan s/s by a 119 km long 132 kV transmission line. Upper Keng Tawng: The 51 MW Upper Keng Tawng HPP is under construction upstream of the existing Keng Tawng power plant, and is scheduled for completion in 2019. It will have a 56 m high rock fill dam diverting the water to a 526 m long headrace tunnel, followed by a 337 m long penstock leading to a semi underground powerhouse. The power plant will be connected to the Namsan s/s via a 132 kV transmission line.84 This is also a storage facility (~9 days retention period). The Norwegian Government is assisting the sustainable development of the project through the Sustainable Framework for Hydropower Development in Myanmar programme (In-House advisory services to DHPI for design and construction management).85 The power plant will be connected to Namsan s/s by a 73 km long 132 kV transmission line. 5.6.5 Nam Pawn Sub-basin The Nam Pawn rises at around 1,550 m amsl in Lai Hka, Shan State, and flows south for about 320 km before joining the Thanlwin at Hpsawng Town dropping about 1,400 m giving an average gradient of about 4.4 m/km. Its total catchment area is 19,390 km2 and the average flow is about 380 m3/s. Its largest tributary, the Baluchaung, joins the Nam Pawn from the west about 85 km upstream of the confluence with the Thanlwin. The Baluchaung has a catchment area of 7,833 km2. The Baluchaung is regulated by one large lake (Inle Lake) and one large reservoir (Mobye). Figure 5.16: Flow duration curve Baluchaung Source: EIA and SIA for Baluchaung 3 Hydropower Project, February 2011 82 Retention period estimated at 3.6 days assuming catchment area is about 8,450 km2 and inflows similar to Nam Paw flows (19.5 l/s/km2) and live storage of 52 hm3. 83 GE shows that about 7 km upstream of the dam site, the Nam Teng splits into two branches. The branches again join about 1.3 km downstream of the Keng Tawng tailrace. The dam is on the right hand branch, which in Figure 5.5 shows to be disconnected from the Nam Teng River. They should be joined at the top. 84 Through visual inspection in GE and applying the TWL 695m, the correct coordinates for this site appears to be 20.74558 oN 98.184077oE. GE shows a dam under construction at this site. Coordinates provided by MoEE 20.752128oN 98.106276oE are likely not to be correct. 85 http://spectrumsdkn.org/en/library/myanmar-s-energy-future/260-sustainable-framework-for-hydropower-development-in- myanmar/file 66 Inle Lake: The upstream Inle Lake has a surface area of about 116 km2, but it is not very deep. Average depth is 2.1 m with the deepest point being 3.7 m. The Inle Lake drains at its southern end into the Baluchaung, which flows for about 35 km before entering the Mobye Reservoir. Mobye reservoir: the 11 m high Mobye dam on the Baluchaung in Kayah State at el 880 m amsl creating the reservoir that was constructed (1967 - 1971) under a bilateral war reparation agreement between Japan and the then Burmese Government. The dam stores 827 hm3 of water in a 207 km2 reservoir for the downstream Lawpita River (now called Baluchaung) hydropower cascade complex and for irrigation of downstream agricultural land on either side of the Baluchaung. The dam supplies water to the Baluchaung I-III HPPs. The catchment area at the Mobye dam is 6,221 km2. The dam has altered the natural flows in the Baluchaung as shown in the flow duration curves for flows without Mobye dam and the outflow from Mobye dam in Figure 5.16. The curves show how river flows in the rainy season are stored and released in the dry season increasing firm flow from 5-10 m3/s to 29.7 m3/s, thus allowing a continuous power generation at the downstream power plants in the dry season. The Mobye dam and the three relatively low intake dams of the Baluchaung hydropower cascade disturbed the natural outflows from Inle Lake upstream for a distance of about 119 km from the uppermost end of Mobye reservoir to the confluence of the Baluchaung with the Nam Pawn. Both intake dams for Baluchaung 1 and 2 are gated, although Baluchaung 2 intake is not generally used. 67 Figure 5.17: Hydropower development in Nam Pawn Sub-basin 68 5.6.5.1 Nam Pawn MoEE and Trust Energy Investments Pte. Ltd. (TEI)86 with HTCT Energy Investment Company Ltd. (HCTC) signed a MoU87 in October 2015 for the development of five hydropower plants in the Nam Pawn. These projects consist of the 103 MW Hpak Nam, the 48 MW Hpyi Hseng, the 140 MW Upper Nam Pawn, the 147 MW Lower Nam Pawn and the 139 MW Haw Hkam. The projects are still at pre-feasibility stage, but initial analysis indicates that the Lower Nam Pawn and Haw Hkam are not viable for geological reasons, and the existence of a new bridge in one of the proposed reservoir areas. The Lower Nam Pawn reservoir would also severely impact several villages, which would result in excessive costs to mitigate. Table 5.47: Nam Pawn - Proposed Project Data Total Storage Distance dam Period (days) Dam Height length (km) Export (%) Generation Area (km2) house (km) (GWh/yr) Reservoir Retention Reservoir Capacity to power Installed Type (+) (MW) (hm3) (m) Project Hpak Nam 105 NP 20 20 NP NP ROR <1 7.0 0% Hpiy Seng 45 NP 10 4 NP NP ROR <1 8.0 0% Nam Pawn 150 NP 10 7 NP NP ROR <1 14.0 0% (upper) Nam Pawn 105 NP 88 526 NP NP NP 36 - 0% (lower) Hawkham 180 NP 72 333 NP NP NP 29 - 0% 585 ~2,716 10-88 890 - 67 29.0 0% (NP): Not provided; (+) ROR: run of river, S: storage Table 5.48: Nam Pawn - Proposed Project Development Status of Foreign Scheduled Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Partner Signed Local Stage Date Date EIA for Project Hpak Nam (*) MoU 27/10/15 TEI HTCT Singapore 2020 Hpi Seng (*) MoU 27/10/15 TEI HTCT Singapore 2020 Hawkham (*) MoU 27/10/15 TEI HTCT Singapore 2020 Nam Pawn (lower) (*) MoU 27/10/15 TEI HTCT Singapore 2020 Nam Pawn (upper) (*) MoU 27/10/15 TEI HTCT Singapore 2020 (*): Not yet applicable as projects are still undergoing pre-feasibility study. The three remaining upstream projects are proposed to be built in a relatively narrow and deep gorge where the river drops about 580 m over a distance of 34 km, providing a steep average gradient of 17 m/km. Availability of flows is low, estimated at about 20 l/s/km2, a third to a quarter of flows in the Ayeyarwady Headwaters. The three intakes would consist of 10-20 m high dams, each diverting water to headrace tunnels leading to their respective penstocks and powerhouses. If no environmental flow is allowed for, much of the 34 km of the riverbed could be relatively dry during part of the year. These projects are earmarked for domestic power supply only. It is unlikely they will be commissioned by 2020. 86 According to MoEE, Kansai Electric Power Company (KEPCO), a Japanese electricity utility, is assisting the developers preparing the projects. 87 The MoU validity is 34 months, with a preliminary assessment of the proposed Haw Kham hydropower project due within 18 months. 69 5.6.5.2 Baluchaung Watershed There are three existing and one under construction HPPs above 10 MW capacity in the Baluchaung watershed, a tributary of the Nam Pawn (Table 5.48), all within Loikaw Township, Kayah State. Table 5.49: Baluchaung River - Power Plant Characteristics power-house Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) Developer Reservoir Reservoir Stage (*) Capacity Installed Distance Storage (GWh) dam to (MW) (hm3) Total Year (km) (m) Power Plant Baluchaung I E 28 200 11 2.0 0 0.2 10.3 MoEE 1992 Baluchaung II E 168 1,190 - - - - 7.1 MoEE 1974 Future Baluchaung III E 52 334 i - - - 5.1 2014 Energy Upper NeoEnergy C 30 90 35 2.2 9.7 NP 3.0 2020 Baluchaung Oasis Sum 278 1,814 0 - 35 4.2 9.7 >0.2 25.5 (*): “E”: Existing, “C”: under construction Baluchaung I: the 28 MW Baluchaung I hydropower plant located immediately upstream of the Baluchaung II intake, was completed in 1992. This run-of-river hydropower facility consists of an 11 m gated diversion weir, a 7.45 km long headrace canal, a head-pond, a 2.2 km long penstock and an above-ground powerhouse with two 14 MW Francis generating units. The power plant is operated by MoEE generating on average 200 GWh/year at a high plant factor of 82%. It will soon undergo rehabilitation funded by Japanese ODA. Baluchaung II: construction of the 168 MW Baluchaung II HPP (previously named Lawpita HPP), the first large-scale hydropower plant in the country, started in 1954 and was completed in 1974. The power plant takes advantage of the Lawpita Falls, providing a turbine head of 422 m. The first phase of three generating units totalling 84 MW was completed in 1960, with the second phase of a further three generating units totalling 84 MW commissioned in 1974. It has recently been rehabilitated under Japanese ODA funds. MoEE operates the power plant. Baluchaung III: the third power plant in the cascade, the 52 MW Baluchaung III, was completed in 2014. The power plant discharges into the Nam Pawn a short distance downstream of the confluence with the Baluchaung. Future Energy, a member of the Shwe Taung Group, privately owns this project. Baluchaung I-III operate practically on the same river flow since water discharged from the Baluchaung I turbines directly enters the Baluchaung II headrace with virtually no intermediate catchment inflow, and Baluchaung II directly discharges water into the Baluchaung III headrace. The power plants are therefore in practice operated as one. When the central power dispatcher instructs to increase or decrease power from the Baluchaung system, all three power plants need to adjust their operation proportionally. The cascade utilizes a combined elevation difference of 650 m and generates on average about 1,724 GWh/year, transmitted through two 220 kV transmission lines to Yangon and Swemyo respectively, a 132 kV transmission line to Mandalay, and a 33 kV distribution line to Loikaw and the surrounding area. Upper Baluchaung: the 30 MW Upper Baluchaung is under construction in the upper reaches of the Baluchaung upstream of Mobye Dam, scheduled for completion in 2019. It has a 35 m high dam, which will create a reservoir that will inundate 10 km2 and store 2.2 hm3. A 2.6 km long headrace canal will lead to a penstock 266 m long connecting to two Francis turbines in an above ground power house. A 32 km 66 kV transmission line will connect the power plant to the Kalaw s/s. 70 5.7 Sittaung Basin The Sittaung originates in the northeast of Yamethin on the edge of Shan Plateau in south central Myanmar. It is 420 km long and has a basin of 48,100 km2. It has a mean annual flow of about 1,540 m3/s (equivalent to a unit flow of 32 l/s/km2) at its mouth in the Bay of Martaban. The river is navigable for 40 km year round and 90 km during three months in the monsoon.88 There are seven tributaries to the Sittaung on which there are nine dams with large hydropower plants, plus several irrigation dams. The nine hydropower plants in the Basin have an installed capacity of 810 MW. Two more projects are planned with an installed capacity of 260 MW. Table 5.50: Sittaung Basin - Hydropower Development (>10 MW) Generation Area (km2) Height (m) No. Power Inundated Reservoir Capacity Installed Storage Length (GWh) Plants (MW) (hm3) Total Dam (km) Sub-Basin/River Existing and under construction 9 810 2,936 61-94 8,213 538 >69 Planned 2 260 842 80-83 1,264 29 NP Sum 11 1,070 3,778 61-94 9,477 567 >69 https://sites.google.com/site/bagosittaungriverbasinanalysis/system-discription/a-phy/i-location-dimensions 88 71 Figure 5.18: Sittaung Basin hydropower development 72 5.7.1 Paung Laung Sub-basin The Paung Laung River has the largest catchment area among the Sittaung tributaries at 4,987 km2. Figure 5.19 shows the location of the existing power plants and proposed projects. Figure 5.19: Hydropower development in Paung Laung Sub-basin 73 5.7.1.1 Existing and Under Construction HPPs There are three existing multipurpose facilities which prime purpose is hydroelectric generation in the Paung Laung Sub-basin. The total installed capacity is 460 MW and the three power plants have created reservoirs that inundate 26 km2 and store 1,973 hm3. The total length of the reservoirs is 69 km. MoEE operates the three power plants. Table 5.51 shows the characteristics of each plant. Table 5.51: Paung Laung Sub-basin - Existing Power Plants Dam Height Generation Area (km2) house (km) Developer Reservoir Reservoir Capacity Installed Distance Storage Length (GWh) power- dam to (MW) (hm3) Total Year (km) (m) Power Plant Paung Laung 140 454 98 1,286 11 50 - MoEE 2015 (U) Nancho 40 152 72 9 0 3 5.2 MoEE 2014 Paung Laung (L) 280 911 131 678 15 16 - MoEE 2005 460 1,517 72 - 131 1,973 26 69 5.2 Upper Paung Laung: The 140 MW Upper Paung Laung HPP about 40 km upstream of the Lower Paung Laung dam was completed in 2015 after ten years construction. The 98 m high RCC dam has the largest reservoir in the cascade storing 1,286 hm3 and extending 50 km. The large reservoir will allow the river to be regulated to improve generation at Lower Paung Laung and increase the irrigation potential further downstream. The above ground power plant is connected to the Lower Paung Laung switchyard via the Nancho HPP by a 27 km long (to Nancho) 230 kV transmission line. Nancho: The 40 MW Nacho HPP completed in 2014 discharges into the Lower Paung Laung reservoir. Its 72 m high dam creates a relatively small reservoir that inundates 0.3 km2 and stores 9 hm3. It diverts water along a 2.36 km long headrace tunnel to a head pond and then 220 m long penstock. The above ground power plant about 5.2 km downstream of the dam is connected to the Lower Paung Laung switchyard by a 12.5 km long 230 kV transmission line. Lower Paung Laung: The 280 MW Lower Paung Laung HPP completed in 2005 about 20 km East of Nay Pyi Taw has the highest dam in the Sub-basin (131 m). Its underground power plant close to the toe of the spillway comprises four 70 MW Francis generating units. The reservoir inundates 15 km2 and stores 678 hm3. It is a multipurpose dam, which primary purpose is hydroelectric power generation, but also serves irrigated agriculture by providing water to an irrigation weir about 14 km downstream. The power plant was funded by PRC at a cost of $201.8 million. A 13 km double- circuit 230 kV connects the power plant to the Pyinmana s/s. 5.7.1.2 Planned Hydropower Project One hydropower plant is planned for the Paung Laung Sub-basin. Table 5.52: Paung Laung Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key Data Generation Area (km2) Height (m) Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (+) Storage (GWh) Export Period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total Dam Project Middle Paung 100 342 83 429 10 29 S 0% Laung (+) S: storage reservoir 74 Table 5.53: Paung Laung Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Development Process Date Signed Country of Developer Developer Developer submitted Foreign Foreign Local Stage Year Date EIA Project Middle Paung Energized n.a. MoU 21/10/15 - SIN 2021 Laung Myanmar Middle Paung Laung: The Middle Paung Laung about 22 km upstream of the Lower Paung Laung dam is earmarked for JV BOT arrangement. MoEE and Energized Myanmar signed a MoU on 21 October 2015 to implement a 100 MW project with a 110 m high RCC dam. It is at the feasibility study stage. Once this project has been completed, the total storage in the cascade will amount to 2,405 hm3, of which 1,454 hm3 (60%) will be live storage further increasing regulation and increasing power generation at Lower Paung Laung and irrigation potential. The power plant would be connected to Baluchaung - Shweymyo transmission line by an 8 km long double circuit 230 kV transmission line. 5.7.2 Other Sittaung Sub-basins There are six rivers in the Sittaung Basin in addition to the Paung Laung that have multipurpose facilities comprising hydropower plants larger than 10 MW, and one with one project planned. The rivers are: • Ka Baung Chaung (1,783 km2) • Thauk Ye Khat (2,461 km2) • Phyu Chaung (1,176 km2) • Kun Chaung (1,498 km2) • Shwegyin (1,759 km2) • Ye Nwe (1,267 km2) • Bawgata (1,229 km2) 75 Figure 5.20: Hydropower development in other Sittaung Sub-basins 76 5.7.2.1 Existing and Under Construction HPPs Six hydropower and multipurpose dams have been built between 2007 and 2015 on six tributaries to the Sittaung with a total installed capacity of 350 MW, inundating 512 km2 and storing 6,240 hm3. (Table 5.53). Table 5.54: Other Sittaung Sub-basins - Existing Hydropower Plants (>10 MW) Generation Area (km2) house (km) Height (m) Developer Reservoir Capacity Installed Distance Storage (GWh) power- dam to Power (MW) (hm3) Total Plant Year Dam River Ka Baung MoEE/ Ka Baung 30 120 61 1,468 ~150 - 2008 Chaung MOALI Gold Thauk Ye Thauk Ye 120 604 94 444 60 - Energy 2014 Khat Khat 2 (MYA) Phyu Phyu MoEE/ 40 120 75 780 16 - 2015 Chaung Chaung MOALI Kun Kun 60 190 73 1,468 ~150 2.9 MoEE 2012 Chaung Chaung Shwegyin Shwegyin 75 262 57 2,080 59 - MoEE 2011 MoEE/ Ye Nwe Ye Nwe 25 123 77 NP 77 - 2007 MOALI 350 1,419 57 - 94 > 6,240 >512 2.9 Ka Baung: The Ka Baung multipurpose facility in Oak Twin Township, Bago Region, completed in 2008 and operated by MoEE and MoALI comprises a 30 MW power plant. Its 61 m high dam has created a reservoir inundating89 150 km2 and storing 1,468 hm3, of which 26% is live storage. Water released by the facility is diverted for irrigation at an irrigation weir about 11 km downstream (one outlet in each bank). A 25 km long double-circuit 33 kV transmission line connects the power plant to Taungoo s/s. Thauk Ye Khat 2: Only one power plant, the 120 MW Thauk Ye Khat (2) in Taungoo Township, Kayin State, has been built by the private sector (Gold Energy) under a BOT arrangement in the Sittaung Basin purely for hydroelectric generation. Its 94 m high earth dam has created a reservoir that inundates 60 km2 and stores 444 hm3. The power plant is connected to Taungoo s/s by a 230 kV transmission line. Phyu Chaung: The Phyu Chaung multipurpose facility in Phyu Township, Bago Region, completed in 2015 and operated by MoEE and MoALI comprises a 40 MW power plant. Its 75 m high rock-fill dam has created a reservoir inundating 16 km2 and storing 780 hm3, of which 93% is live storage. Water released by the facility is diverted for irrigation at an irrigation weir about 4 km downstream (one outlet in each bank). An 8 km long 33 kV transmission line connects the power plant to Taungoo s/s. Kun Chaung: The Kun Chaung hydropower plant in Phyu Township, Bago Region, completed in 2012 and operated by MoEE comprises a 60 MW power plant. Its 75 m high rock-fill dam has created a reservoir inundating90 150 km2 and storing 1,468 hm3, of which 77% is live storage. The 2,125 m long headrace tunnel brings the water to the aboveground powerhouse 2.9 km downstream of the dam. Water released by the facility is diverted for irrigation at an irrigation weir about 4 km 89 The 150 km2 is a preliminary approximation to the reservoir area measured in GoogleEarth because the cauliflower shape of the reservoir makes it difficult to measure the area accurately. 90 The 150 km2 is a preliminary approximation to the reservoir area measured in GoogleEarth because the cauliflower shape of the reservoir makes it difficult to measure the area accurately. 77 downstream (one outlet in each bank). A 41 km long 33 kV transmission line connects the power plant to Chauk s/s. Phyu Chaung: The Phyu Chaung hydropower plant in Phyu Township, Bago Region, completed in 2011 and operated by MoEE comprises a 40 MW power plant. Its 75 m high rock-fill dam has created a reservoir inundating 24 km2 and storing 2,080 hm3, of which 70% is live storage. A 41 km long 230 kV transmission line connects the power plant to Tharyargone s/s. Ye Nwe: The Ye Nwe multipurpose facility in Kyauktaga Township, Bago Region, completed in 2007 and operated by MoEE and MoALI comprises a 25 MW power plant. Its 77 m high earth dam has created a reservoir inundating 77 km2. Water released by the facility is diverted for irrigation at an irrigation weir about 12 km downstream (one outlet at the left hand bank). A 27 km long double- circuit 33 kV transmission line connects the power plant to Tharyargone s/s. 5.7.2.2 Planned Hydropower Project The Bawgata project is planned for construction in the Sittaung River Basin outside the Paung Laung sub-basin. Table 5.55: Other Sittaung Sub-basins - Planned Projects - Key Data Area (km2) Height (m) Generatio Reservoir Retention Capacity n (GWh) Installed Type (+) Storage Project Export Period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total Dam River Bawgata Bawgata 160 500 80 835 19 NP 0% Thauk Ye Thauk Ye Khat 150 NP NP NP NP NP 0% Khat 191 Sum 310 >500 >80 >835 >19 (+) S: storage reservoir; (NP) No data Table 5.56: Other Sittaung Sub-basins - Planned Projects - Development Process Develope Develope Develope submitte Foreign Project Signed d EIA Local Stage Year Date Date River r r r Local Bawgata Bawgata n.a. 18/02/16 - Thoolei Thoolei 2020 MoU Bawgata: The 160 MW Bawgata HPP in Kyauk Gyi Township, Bago Region, will be the second private sector project to be developed in the Sittaung Basin. In 2014, the Norwegian Government provided assistance to support the peace building efforts in Myanmar through a prefeasibility study adopting international best practice in hydropower development. This includes extensive consultations with representative of local communities, in this case the Karen National Union, and people to be affected by the project. MoEE and Thoolei signed a local MoU on 18 February 2016 for the project to be developed under the BOT arrangement purely for hydroelectric generation. Its proposed 80 m high rock fill dam will create a reservoir that inundates 19 km2 and stores 835 hm3. The project is scheduled to be completed by 2021, which seems optimistic. 91This 150 MW proposed project upstream of Thauk Ye Khat 2 has only been identified as a potential hydropower site. No specific data is available to the SEA Team 78 5.8 Mekong basin There are three tributaries to the Mekong that have identified hydropower potential within Myanmar territory: the Nam Lwe, the Nam Lin and the Nam Hkoke. The Nam Lwe rises in PRC and flows into Shan State where Road S309 crosses the border near the town of Mangxienzhen, PRC. It flows for 326 km through Myanmar territory before discharging into the Mekong River at Su Lei checkpoint harbour at the border with Lao PDR. The catchment area is 15,209 km2, and unit flow is about 24 l/s/km2 resulting in a discharge into the Mekong of 365 m3/s. The Nam Lin, to the south of the Nam Lwe, rises in Keng Tung Township, Shan State at an elevation of about 1,500 m. At its confluence with the Mekong, the catchment area is 2,614 km2 and the mean annual flow about 46 m3/s. The Nam Hkoke rises in Keng Tung Township, Shan State at an elevation of about 1,200 m and flows south through Mong Hsat Township where it crosses the border into Thailand and joins a tributary to the Mekong. At the border, the catchment area is 3,380 km2 and mean annual flow about 50 m3/s. 79 Figure 5.21: Mekong basin - Hydropower development in Myanmar 80 5.8.1 Nam Lwe sub-basin Figure 5.21 shows the location of the identified dams on the Nam Lwe as well as the adjusted locations of Mongwa Keng Yang92 and Suo Lwe.93 5.8.1.1 Existing and Under Construction HPPs Table 5.57: Nam Lwe Sub-basin - Existing Power Plant house (km) Area (km2) Height (m) Developer Generatio Reservoir Reservoir Capacity n (GWh) Installed Distance Storage Length power- dam to (MW) (hm3) Year Dam (km) Power Plant Mongwa 66 331 51 78 8 31 - SSED Mongwa: MoEE signed a Covenant on 22 March 2016 with the Shan State East Development Company under a BOT arrangement to implement the 66 MW Mongwa HPP on the Nam Lwe in Kengtung District,94 Shan State. The project has a 51 m high dam that created a reservoir inundating 8 km2 and storing 78 hm3. It was completed in early 2017. 5.8.1.2 Planned Hydropower Project On 25 September 2007, MoEE and YNIC signed a MoU to develop four projects: Keng Tong (170 MW), Suo Lwe (240 MW), Keng Yang (70 MW) and He Kou (138 MW).95 The feasibility studies were submitted to MoEE on 8 June 2011, and on 27 January 2015 MoEE and YNIC signed an official agreement on transfer of hydropower development rights of the Nam Hka and Nam Lwe Rivers to Yunnan Power Grid Co. Ltd. 96 The projects are scheduled for completion in 2025-26. No information was made available on whether or not EIAs have been submitted to MONREC. Table 5.58: Nam Lwe Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key data Length (km) Dam Height Export (%) Generation Area (km2) Retention Reservoir Reservoir Capacity Installed Type (*) Storage (GWh) period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total (m) Project Keng 170 536 NP 32 1.2 ROR 8.4 26.0 NP Tong Suo Lwe 240 NP NP 1,338 46.4 S 40.9 72.0 NP Keng 70 155 NP 41 0.3 ROR 5.4 24.0 NP Yang He Kou 138 483 NP 68 0.4 ROR 6.5 27.0 NP 618 1,174 1,479 61.2 149 (*) ROR: run of river, S: storage; (NP): No data 92 When plotting the location of the projects in GE we found some anomalies that needed to be checked. The location of Mongwa does not seem correct since the elevation of the river at the given coordinates is el.794 m in GE. The FSL of the reservoir is at el. 555 m, i.e. the project should be located further downstream. At the location where the river elevation is around 530 m in GE taking into account the height of the dam, the satellite imagery shows a dam under construction. If this is Mongwa, then the coordinates provided for Keng Yang are also not correct since both catchment area and mean annual flow at this site is larger than at Mongwa, i.e. Keng Yang must be downstream of Mongwa, possibly at a location with coordinates about N21.3469o E100.5619o. The river elevation at this site is about 506 m. 93 The coordinates of Suo Lwe provide to the SEA Team are not correct as they locate the project on a field west of the Nam Lin Sub-basin about 50 km away from the Nam Lwe. We have adjusted the location based on catchment area considerations. 94 On adjusting the location to where the construction of a dam has been observed in GE, the township seems to be Mong Ywang 95 Earlier studies had identified the 25 Wan Ta Ping in the Nam Lwe sub-basin. The SEA Team does not have nay information on this project. 96 http://www.ynic.csg.cn/en/Major_Events/201606/t20160612_399.html 81 Table 5.59: Nam Lwe Sub-basin - Planned Project - Development Process Date Signed Country of Developer Developer submitted Foreign Foreign Partner Local Stage Year Date EIA Project Keng Tong - MoU 25/9/07 YNIC - PRC 2025 Suo Lwe - MoU 25/9/07 YNIC - PRC 2025 Keng Yang - MoU 25/9/07 YNIC - PRC 2025 He Kou - MoU 25/9/07 YNIC - PRC 2025 5.8.2 Nam Lin sub-basin Nam Lin: MoEE and MAM signed on 8 October 2015 a local MoU for the 36 MW run of river Nam Lin hydropower project to be developed as a BOT.97 MoEE has already approved the feasibility study. The power plant would be connected to Namsan s/s by a 119 km long 132 kV transmission line. Table 5.60: Nam Lin Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key data Total Storage period (days) Length (km) Dam Height Export (%) Generation Area (km2) Retention Reservoir Reservoir Capacity Installed Type (*) (GWh) (MW) (hm3) (m) Project Nam Lin 36 156 26 14 3 ROR 252 (+) NP 0% (*) ROR: run of river, S: storage; (NP): No data; (+): seems too large Table 5.61: Nam Lin Sub-basin - Planned Project - Development Process Country of Developer Developer Developer submitted Foreign Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA Project Nam Lin NP LocMoU 8/10/15 - MAM - 2021 5.8.3 Nam Hkoke sub-basin Two HPP have been proposed on the Nam Hkoke. Little information is available for any of the projects. 97The coordinates provided for the Nam Lin project locates it at the confluence between the Nam Lin and the Mekong on the border with Lao PDR. The project should be further upstream the Nam Lin at some distance from the confluence to avoid the flood level variations of the Mekong River. Other data about the project provided for the HP database seems suspect. 82 Table 5.62: Nam Hkoke Sub-basin - Planned Projects - Key data Capacity (MW) Reservoir Area Total Storage period (days) Length (km) Dam Height Export (%) Generation Retention Reservoir Installed Type (*) (GWh) (hm3) (km2) (m) Project Mong Hsat 30 NP NP NP NP - NP NP 0% Nam Hkok98 30 NP NP NP NP - NP NP 0% Sum 60 (*) ROR: run of river, S: storage; (NP): No data Table 5.63: Nam Hkoke Sub-basin - Planned Project - Development Process of Foreign Developer Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA Project Mong Hsat NP LocMoU 11/11/15 - Suntac Power Co. MYA NP Mong Hsat: Suntac Power Company signed a local MoU on 11 November 2015 for the development of the 30 MW Mong Hsat hydropower project on the Nam Hkoke about 20 km northeast of Mong Hsat town. Other than the installed capacity, no other data is available at the time of writing. 5.9 Rakhine coastal basins The Rakhine State in western Myanmar is flanked to the east by the Rakhine (Arakan) mountain range and to the west by the Bay of Bengal; in the north it borders Bangladesh. The distance between the mountain and the sea is relatively short, usually resulting in many small river basins draining high precipitation along the mountain range. The Rakhine mountains experience among the highest rainfall in the country, annual rainfall exceeding 5,000 mm (in Sandoway), compensating the small size of the catchments to provide enough flows to make hydropower development interesting. Several rivers have been identified as having hydropower potential,99 the most important presently being the Lemro River and the Thathay River. Four other rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal at Rakhine State with identified hydropower potential are Saing Din Creek, Kaladan, Than Dwe and Kyein Ta Li. The Lemro100 rises in Matupi Township of Mindat District, Chin state and flows south for 261 km through the northern part of Rakhine State into the Bay of Bengal at Sittwe. Its catchment area is 9,990 km2. At the Lemro project sites, the unit flow has been estimated at 62 l/s/km2, which would result to about 619 m3/s at the mouth of the river. The Thahtay rises at around 850 m asml in the Rakhine Mountains within Thandwe Township. It flows northwest and then west for about 120 km before discharging into the Bay of Bengal at Shwele Town. The catchment area at the mouth of the river is 1,293 km2. Given that rainfall is about 45% higher at this catchment than at the Lemro sites, and assuming the unit flow is about 90 l/s/km2, the flow at the river mouth would be about 100-120 m3/s. 98 This 30 MW proposed project downstream of the proposed Mong Hsat HPP has only been identified as a potential hydropower site. No specific date is available to the SEA Team 99 http://frontiermyanmar.net/en/rakhines-hydropower-pipe-dreams 100 Also spelled Leymo or Lay Mro 83 The Kaladan River (as Timit River) rises on the western flank of Mount Zinghmuh, Chin Hills in central Chin State at an elevation of 2,564 m. It forms the international border between Bangladesh and India before re-entering Myanmar and discharging into the Bay of Bengal at Sittwe. With a catchment area of 21,445 km2 and a mean annual discharge of 3,470 m3/s (162 l/s/km2) it is the fifth largest river in the world to remain completely unfragmented by dams anywhere in its catchment. The Mi Chaung is a tributary on its left bank where there is a proposed 200 MW hydropower site. India has carried preliminary studies to develop hydropower in the Kaladan River (also known as Koladyne River) with a potential exceeding 3,500 MW. The Than Dwe Basin runs parallel to the Thathay Basin just south of it rising about 900 m amsl in the Rakhine mountain range. It flows northwest for about 55 km before discharging into the Bay of Bengal creating a catchment area of 1,364 km2. Mean annual rainfall over the catchment exceeds 3,000 mm/year. The Kyein Ta Li rises close to the source of the Than Dwe River and flows first south to then turn roughly north west running about 90 km before discharging into the Bay of Bengal about 65 km south-southeast of the Than Dwe river mouth. Its catchment area is 1,065 km2. Mean annual rainfall over the catchment exceeds 3,000 mm/year. 84 Figure 5.22: Hydropower development in Rakhine Coastal Basins 85 5.9.1 Thahtay sub-basin One hydropower plant is under construction in the Sub-basin, the Thahtay HPP. Table 5.64: Thahtay Sub-basin - Power plants under construction Storage (hm3) Distance dam Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) house (km) Developer Reservoir Reservoir to power- Capacity Installed (GWh) (MW) Year (m) Power Plant Thahtay 111 NP 91 NP NP NP - MoEE 2020 Thahtay: The 111 MW Thathay HPP101 in Thandwe District is under construction by MoEE and reached almost 50% progress as of May 2017; construction started in 2008. 102 Depending on government funds, it is scheduled for completion in the 2023-24 fiscal year. It will have a 91 m rock fill high dam. The Norwegian Government is assisting the sustainable development of the project through the Sustainable Framework for Hydropower Development in Myanmar programme (improvements in handling environmental and social issues with Thahtay as a Pilot Project).103 The power station would be connected to the Oakshitpin-Taun Gup s/s by an 8.5 km 230 kV transmission line. 5.9.2 Other Basins in Rakhine State Little information has been provided to the SEA Team for the six proposed hydropower projects in Rakhine State totalling 1,034 MW.104 Table 5.65: Other Rakhine State Basins - Planned Projects - Key data Length (km) Dam Height Export (%) Generation Area (km2) Retention Reservoir Reservoir Capacity Installed Type (*) Storage (GWh) period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total (m) Basin Project Lemro Lemro 1 600 NP NP NP S NP 0% 3,850 229 Lemro 2 90 NP NP NP NP NP 0% Saing Din Saing Din 77 236 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Kaladan Mi Chaung 200 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Than Dwe Than Dwe 39 105 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Kyein Ta Kyein Ta 28 151 NP NP NP - NP NP 0% Li Li Sum 1,034 >4,342 (*) ROR: run of river, S: storage; (NP): No data Lemro 1 and 2: Two projects have been identified for development on the Lemro River, the 600 MW Lemro 1 and the 90 MW Lemro 2 hydropower projects. Preliminary indications show that combined they would generate 3,850 GWh/year. The combined inundation would be 229 km2. MoEE and 101 Also called Tha Htay Chaung 102 http://www.mmbiztoday.com/articles/rakhine-s-tha-htay-chaung-hydro-dam-nearly-50-percent-complete 103 http://spectrumsdkn.org/en/library/myanmar-s-energy-future/260-sustainable-framework-for-hydropower-development-in- myanmar/file 104 Work had begun on a seventh project, the 11 MW Ann HPP in about 2014, but has since then been abandoned. 86 Tractabel of France signed a MoU on 12 August 2016, after which, Tractebel started the feasibility studies and hence little project information is available. Figure 5.22 shows the location of the projects.105 Saing Din: The project was first proposed in about 1950, but work halted in 1952. Work resumed in 1988, but was again stopped three years later. Again, it was revived in 2009, but no much progress ensued. Mi Chaung: The 200 MW HPP would be the first and largest project in the Kaledan River. In 2007 it was being considered for export to Bangladesh, but this idea was later given up.106 5.10 Tanintharyi Coastal Basins The 1,700 km long Tanintharyi mountain range107 separates Myanmar from Thailand in southern Myanmar. The Tanintharyi Region is the southernmost region in Myanmar with an area of 43,328 km2. The Tanintharyi River108 is a major river in south eastern Myanmar. It rises at an altitude of 2,074 m in Dawei Township and flows into the Andaman Sea at Myeik. Rainfall in the coastal cities is high (3,921 mm at Myeik and 5,500 mm at Dawei, the Region Capital). The catchment area of the Tanintharyi basin is relatively large at 17,738 km2 (41% of the Region). Despite its high coastal rainfall, rainfall at the proposed dam site has been estimated at 2,930 mm and the unit flow at 48 l/s/km2, which may be explained by a possible rain shadow created by the mountain range between the coast and the basin, which borders Thailand. One hydropower plant has been identified in the southern tip of Myanmar close to the border with Thailand on the Glohong Kra. The river rises at an elevation of 220 m - 250 m close to the Thai- Myanmar border and flows south-southeast for about 65 km mostly as an international border river discharging about 89 m3/s from a drainage area of 1,585 km2. 105 These projects were considered for export to Bangladesh in 2007, but by around 2012 it had been given up. 106 http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsbangladesh-unlikely-to-import-hydro-power-from-myanmar 107 Also known as Thiokhao Tano Si in Thai and Tenasserim Range in Malay. 108 Also known as The Great Tenasserim River 87 Figure 5.23: Tanintharyi Coastal Basins - Hydropower development 88 Table 5.66: Coastal Basins in Tanintharyi Region - Planned Projects - Key data109 Dam Height Export (%) Generation Area (km2) Retention Reservoir Reservoir Capacity Installed Type (*) Storage Length (GWh) period (days) (MW) (hm3) Total (km) (m) Project Tanintharyi 600 3,476 NP 27,086 212 S 585 NP NP Sar Ra Wa Chaung 11 NP NP NP NP NP NP Ta Gyet Chaung 20 NP NP NP NP NP NP Thein Kub Chaung 25 NP NP NP NP NP NP Glohong Kra 40 NP NP NP NP NP NP Sum 696 >3,476 >27,086 >585 (*) ROR: run of river, S: storage; (NP): No data Table 5.67: Coastal Basins in Tanintharyi Region - Planned Project - Development Process of Foreign Developer Developer Developer submitted Country Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA Project Tanintharyi - MoU 9/10/08 Italian-Thai - Thailand NP Tanintharyi: One project has been listed in the HP Database for this region - the 600 MW Tanintharyi hydropower project. Its reservoir would inundate a large area of about 585 km2, while the total storage is also very large at 27,086 hm3. Italian-Thai, a Thai construction firm with experience in hydropower construction, signed a MoU with MoEE on 9 October 2008. During 2008 - 2011 Italian- Thai carried out surveys in the area, but local concerns slowed down the project. The MoU has been terminated. The power plant would have been connected to Dawei s/s by a 332 km long double-circuit 230 kV transmission line. MoEE only provided information on installed capacity and location for the four other projects in Table 5.62. However, a quick check using GIS information indicates that the installed capacity of Glohong Kra may be overestimated.110 5.11 Myit Ma Ka and Bago Basin The Bago River rises in the hills of the Pegu range and flows into the Myit Ma Ka, after which it is called the Yangon River. The basin has a catchment area of 5,348 km2 and the main river is 331 km long. The annual rainfall is 2,980 mm, resulting in an annual average flow of 112 m3/s. Only one hydropower plant greater than 10 MW exists in the Bago River. 109 There are indications a further five hydropower projects are being planned in the range 10 MW to 50 MW, but the SEA team has been unable to obtain information about these projects before issuing the report. 110 The WWF GMS database indicates that the mean annual flow at the project site at the given location by MoEE is a mere 3 m3/s for a catchment of about 60 km2. This would result in a unit flow of about 45 l/s/km2, which is the same order of magnitude as for the much larger Taninthayi HPP (48 l/s/km2). Assuming the maximum turbine discharge of 1.5 times the mean annual flow, the necessary head to generate 40 MW would be about 1,000 m. Considering that the river rises at about 220 – 250 m amsl, and even if the flows were to be doubled, then this is not plausible. 89 Figure 5.24: Myit Ma Ka & Bago basin and Bilin basin 90 Table 5.68: Bago River - Existing Hydropower Plant Storage (hm3) Distance dam Length (km) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) house (km) Developer Reservoir Reservoir to power- Capacity Installed (GWh) (MW) Power Year (m) Plant Zaungtu 20 76 45 407 15 19 - MoEE 1994 Zaungtu: The 20 MW Zaungtu hydropower plant completed in 1994 by MoEE. Its 45 m high embankment dam created a 19 km long reservoir with a surface area of 15 km2 and storage of 407 hm3. Figure 5.24 shows its location. Although the s/s outgoing voltage level at the power plant is 132 kV MoEE data says that the power plant is connected to Kamarnat s/s by a 73 km long 66 kV transmission line. 5.12 Bilin Basin The Bilin River rises in Papun Township, Kayin State and flows about 210 km southwards flowing into the Gulf of Martaban. The basin catchment area is 3,057 km2 (see Figure 5.24). Only one hydropower project is planned for this basin. Table 5.69: Bilin Basin - Planned Projects - Key Data Total Storage Period (days) Dam Height Generation Area (km2) Reservoir Retention Capacity Installed Type (+) (GWh) Export (MW) (hm3) (m) Project Belin 280 NP 131 9,711 310 578 S 0% (+) S: storage reservoir; (NP) No data Table 5.70: Bilin Basin - Planned Projects - Development Process submitted Develope Develope Develope Foreign Signed Local Stage Year Date Date EIA Project r r r Belin n.a. Local MoU 20/03/16 - HCDG HCDG 2021 Belin: The 280 MW Belin HPP in Belin Township in Mon State will have a 131 m high dam. The dam will create a large reservoir of 310 km2 storing 9,711 hm3. The mean annual inflow to the reservoir is 190 m3/s.111 HCDG of Myanmar signed a local MoU with MoEE on 20 March 2016 for the development of the project under a BOT arrangement. The project is presently at the feasibility stage. The power plant would be connected to Thaton s/s by a 61 km long 230 kV transmission line. 5.13 Impact assessment The status of existing HPPs at the basin level provides the foundation for analysis in this baseline report for each of the key themes. During the impact assessment phase, the SEA team will define the business as usual (BAU) case to 2035 based on analysis of the planned HPPs in each of the major basins. BAU is defined as projects ‘most likely’ to proceed in the next 20 years based on the development process and key technical data with in the HPP database. The team will overlay the 111 The unit flow of 84 l/s/km2 based on rainfall of 3,700 mm and catchment area at the dam site of 2,250 km2. 91 location of existing and pipeline hydropower projects on critical E&S values to categorise projects in terms of potential impact on significant biodiversity, geomorphology and sediment transport, fisheries and aquatic ecology, livelihoods, and conflict and ethnic minorities. The impact on other economic sectors will also be assessed. 92 ANNEX A METHODOLOGY FOR COMPILING HPP DATABASE Data Collection The SEA Consultant prepared a Microsoft EXCEL file with five sheets to help collect data on each of the existing hydropower plants and proposed projects in the list agreed to with MoEE. The first sheet: “Resources” aimed at collecting data on basin characteristics such as name of river, reservoir characteristics, hydro-meteorological data and sediment data. Except for the sediment data, it was possible to obtain relevant information for most projects. The second sheet: “TechData” aimed to collect technical information about each power plant such as location of dam and powerhouse, physical characteristics of the most important hydropower plant components (dam, headrace, penstock, power station including generation equipment, tailraces, switchyard, transmission line and access road). For existing power plants, it was possible to get much of the information. For many of the proposed projects, however, obtaining information was more difficult, the reason being that many of the projects is still at pre-feasibility or feasibility stage, and has not yet been approved by MoEE. The information about these projects may still change as the projects develop further. The third sheet: “Development” collected information about type of development agreement, name and country of developer, export arrangements, and dates of the various stages in the development process up to commissioning. The fourth sheet: “Econ&Financial” aimed at obtaining cost data for each of the main contract types: civil works, electro-mechanical, switchyard/s/s, transmission, access roads, environmental mitigation and resettlement compensation. Very little information was available here. The fifth sheet: “Socio-economic” aimed at obtaining information on social impacts such land acquisition, resettlement, etc. There was little specific socio-economic information available for any of the projects. Quality Control of Provided data On obtaining the names and coordinates of each project, we first plotted them on Google Earth (GE) since location is one of the most important data on the GIS mapping. For existing power plants, this allowed us to check that the coordinates were correct since the dams and power stations are visible in the satellite images. It was also possible to check location of power station (the coordinates for these were not provided by MoEE), type of headrace (tunnel or canal) and location of irrigation weirs downstream of the dam in the case of multipurpose projects. As reservoir inundation data was not available for some of the existing reservoirs, we also measured the reservoir area using the GE polygon measurement tool. As a double check, we used a tool in the Global Surface Water (GSW) web site,112 which shows information about change in the Earth’s water bodies (used for flooding, reservoir expansion and contraction, etc.) over the last 32 years. For those projects that could not be seen for a given set of coordinates, we made a visual search along the named rivers identifying dams, waterways and power stations. We used also this method to find existing projects in PRC and India for rivers that entered Myanmar from those two countries (Namtabak, Dapein, Shweli, and Manipur) and the coordinates of more than 100 existing irrigation dams in Myanmar. For proposed projects, we found that for a good number of the projects, the given coordinates did not make sense. The coordinates of some of the dams located the projects on top of a mountain or in rice fields far from the river they were supposed to be in, or in a different river all-together. For some projects the ground elevation at a given dam site did not correspond with the given full supply level (FSL) and the dam height (e.g., the cascade projects on N’Mai Hka in the Ayeyarwady Headwaters). We attempted to correct this by using the available information (dam height, FSL, head on turbine, 112 https://global-surface-water.appspot.com/ 93 visual inspection of suitability of site, comparison with drawings or photos obtained in the internet) to adjust the coordinates. The result is sufficiently accurate for the purpose of the SEA, but obviously not for detail design. When significant corrections are made, these are noted in the text in footnotes linked to the project in question. MoEE did not provide the coordinates of the proposed power station locations. When the head on the turbine exceeded the height of the FSL above the ground level at the dam site, we presumed the power station could be at some distance downstream from the dam. If the tailwater level (TWL) had been provided, we looked for the place on the river that equalled that elevation. If not, we computed the theoretical TWL by adding 10% to the head and subtracted from FSL. After finding the corresponding location in GE we checked that it was a reasonable place to physically locate the power station. Since reservoir lengths along the main river channel is often not provided in feasibility studies, once the coordinates of the dam site had been decided, we measured in GE the length of river upstream of the dam until the elevation of the river equalled FSL. In addition to performing a quality check on dam site and power station location, we also performed quality checks on various other sets of data: hydrology (checked that runoff coefficient was less than 1; sum of monthly flows corresponded to declared mean annual flow), reasonableness of reservoir volume and area (visual checks and rough measurements in GE), reasonableness of turbine discharge and head versus installed capacity, gross head exceeded design head, etc. When missing hydro- meteorological data, we obtained this from other GIS based databases. 94 ANNEX B HYDROPOWER DATABASE The tables below show a summary of the hydropower database with the main technical parameters relevant for the SEA study. 95 ANNEX B.1 HYDROPOWER DATABASE - AYEYARWADY RIVER BASIN D/S Distance to HP or ID Hydropower Plant Status Status 2 LAT N LON E State/Region District Township Village Basin Sub-Basin River/ Watershed irrigation extraction if Multipurpose not from dam (km) 9 Belin LocMoU P 17.519723 97.243546 Mon Thaton Bilin Bilin Bilin Bilin River HP 64 Myitsone JVA P 25.715000 97.535000 Kachin Myitkyina Myitkyina Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady HP 15 Chipwi Nge Built E 25.806073 98.184039 Kachin Myitkyina Chipwi Chipwi Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters Chipwi Hka HP 53 Laza JVA P 26.491779 97.776950 Kachin Puta-O Sumprabum Sumprabum Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters Mali Hka HP 14 Chipwi JVA P 25.890500 98.125720 Kachin Myitkyina Chipwi Chipwi Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters N'Mai Hka HP 44 Khaunglanphu MOA P 26.849507 98.376808 Kachin Puta-O Kanglanphu Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters N'Mai Hka HP 30 Pisa MOA P 26.598389 98.343090 Kachin Putau Kanglanphu Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters N'Mai Hka HP 103 Renan MOA P 27.525941 98.090192 Kachin Puta-O Khawbude Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters N'Mai Hka HP 125 Wutsok MOA P 26.403585 98.292511 Kachin Myitkyina Myitkyina Na Zun Baw Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters N'Mai Hka HP 21 Dum Ban MOU P 25.511556 97.907021 Kachin Myitkyina Wyunmaw Sadon Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters N'Mai Hka Tributary HP 71 Nam Li MOU P 25.369858 97.811427 Kachin Myitkyina Wyunmaw Sadon(Twn) Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters N'Mai Hka Tributary HP 23 Gaw Lan JVA P 26.051936 98.580461 Kachin Myitkyina Chipwi Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters Naw Chang Hka HP 28 Hkankawn MOA P 26.023865 98.429523 Kachin Myitkyina Tsawlaw Tsawlaw Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters Naw Chang Hka HP 51 Lawngdin MOA P 26.043012 98.277743 Kachin Myitkyina Tsawlaw Tsawlaw Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters Naw Chang Hka HP 121 Tongxinqiao JVA P 25.963646 98.360249 Kachin Myitkyina Myitkyina Tsawlaw Ayeyarwady Ayeyarwady Headwaters Naw Chang Hka HP 31 Tamanthi Suspended P 25.322227 95.296955 Sagaing Hkamti Htamanthi Homemalin Chindwin Chindwin Chindwin HP 58 Manipur MOU P 22.804356 93.943248 Chin Falam Kalay Chindwin Manipura Manipura HP 65 Myittha Built E 21.992222 94.036944 Magway GaNaw GaNaw Chindwin Myittha Myittha Multi 155 U Yu Chaung Identified I 24.865948 95.294431 Sagaing Hkamti Chindwin Uyu Uyu 149 Ta Rung Hka Identified I 26.718029 96.468290 Kachin Myitkyina TaKyet Chindwin Chindwin Headwater 1 Ta Rung Hka 150 Ta Nai Hka Identified I 26.294175 96.950080 Kachin Myitkyina Aung Lut Chindwin Chindwin Headwater 2 Ta Nai Hka 148 Tawog Hka Identified I 26.309687 96.529870 Kachin Myitkyina Nam Gawn Chindwin Chindwin Headwater 2 Nam Lanog Hka 17 Dapein 1 Built E 24.421451 97.525448 Kachin Bhamo Bhamo Ayeyarwady Dapein Dapein HP 18 Dapein 2 MOU P 24.368270 97.421400 Kachin Bhamo Moemauk Ayeyarwady Dapein Dapein HP 105 Sedawgyi Built E 22.348646 96.326937 Mandalay Pyinoolwin Mandalay Ayeyarwady Ma Gyi Chaung Ma Gyi Chaung Multi 3.8 106 Sedawgyi (upper) GOM Plan P 22.747640 96.206260 Shan Kyaukme Mandalay Ayeyarwady Ma Gyi Chaung Ma Gyi Chaung Multi 136 Mali Built E 24.984580 97.613500 Kachin Myitkyina Waingmaw Gau Dau Yang Ayeyarwady Mali Creek Mali Creek HP 160 Mindon Identified I 19.370890 94.712866 Magway Thayet Ayeyarwady Minodon 11 Buywa Construction C 20.658056 94.150833 Magway Minbu Setotaya Ayeyarwady Mone Chaung Mon Chaung Multi 10 Buywa (upper) GOM Plan P 20.766090 94.081800 Magway Minbu Setotaya Ayeyarwady Mone Chaung Mon Chaung Multi 49 Kyee Ohn Kyee Wa Built E 20.331000 94.416000 Magway Minbu Sidoktaya Ayeyarwady Mone Chaung Mon Chaung Multi 9.4 62 Mone Chaung Built E 20.479942 94.255325 Magway Minbu Setoktaya Aukpone Ayeyarwady Mone Chaung Mon Chaung Multi 118 Thapanzeik Built E 23.305918 95.358330 Sagaing Shwebo Kyun Hla Ngapyawtine Ayeyarwady Mu Mu River Multi 11.5 20 Deedoke MOU P 21.687230 96.404455 Mandalay Pyinoolwin Kyaukse Hngel Kyi Thaik Ayeyarwady Myitnge Lower Myitnge HP 129 Yeywa Built E 21.675196 96.474077 Mandalay Pyinoolwin Kyaukse Ye Yaman Ayeyarwady Myitnge Lower Myitnge HP 130 Yeywa (middle) MOU P 21.960240 96.873130 Shan Kyaukme Nawng Khio Yedwingyi Ayeyarwady Myitnge Lower Myitnge HP 131 Yeywa (upper) Construction C 22.254093 97.046741 Shan Pyinoolwin Kyautme Ayeyarwady Myitnge Lower Myitnge HP 68 Nam Hsim MOU P 22.560266 97.124079 Shan Hsipaw Ayeyarwady Myitnge Myitnge Upper HP 70 Nam Lang MOU P 22.155565 97.248615 Shan Hsipaw Ayeyarwady Myitnge Myitnge Upper HP 83 Nam Tu LocMoU P 22.720943 97.319365 Shan Kyaukme Hsipaw Ayeyarwady Myitnge Myitnge Upper HP 45 Kinda Built E 21.160437 96.321037 Shan Taunggyi Kyaukse Kanzwe Ayeyarwady Myitnge Panlaung Chaung Multi 16.8 66 Myogyi Built E 21.463490 96.391440 Shan Taunggyi Ywa Ngan Ayeyarwady Myitnge Zawgyi River Multi 8.9 134 Zawgyi I Built E 21.383300 96.901470 Shan Taunggyi Yaksauk Ayeyarwady Myitnge Zawgyi River HP 135 Zawgyi II Built E 21.564800 96.872600 Shan Taunggyi Yaksauk Ayeyarwady Myitnge Zawgyi River Multi 82 Nam Tabak I MOA P 25.090722 97.713906 Kachin Myitkyina Waingmaw Waingmaw Ayeyarwady Namtamhpak Namtamhpak HP 136 Nam Tabak II MOA P 25.119755 97.650627 Kachin Myitkyina Waingmaw Waingmaw Ayeyarwady Namtamhpak Namtamhpak HP 73 Nam Paw Covenant P 23.944341 97.911001 Shan Muse Muse Selan Ayeyarwady Shweli Nam Paw Creek HP 108 Shweli 1 Built E 23.698000 97.506000 Shan Muse Manthet Village Nam Hkan Ayeyarwady Shweli Shweli HP 109 Shweli 2 MOA P 23.653100 97.312350 Shan Muse Namkham Ayeyarwady Shweli Shweli HP 110 Shweli 3 Construction C 23.315000 96.769000 Shan Kyaukme Namkham Ayeyarwady Shweli Shweli HP 96 Catchment Mean annual inflow Dam Catchment Unit flow Qmin/ Full Supply Low Water Level Drawdown Reservoir Total Length of ID Hydropower Plant Annual rainfall (MAF) into reservoir Dam Type Height Area (km2) l/s/km2 MAF Level (FSL) (m) (LWL) (m) (m) Area (km2) reservoir (km) (mm) (m3/s) (m) 9 Bel i n 2,250 3,700 190.0 84.4 5% 131 310.0 64 Myi tsone 48,782 3,234 5,040.0 103.3 12% CFRD 140 245 230 15 397.0 140.0 15 Chi pwi Nge 552 40.1 72.6 12% CG 48 740 735 5 0.1 0.7 53 Laza 15,291 3,000 1,890.0 123.6 22% CFRD 196 370 340 30 245.5 115.0 14 Chi pwi 21,734 2,210.0 101.7 22% CFRD 203 400 385 15 27.7 62.0 44 Khaungl anphu 14,655 1,500.0 102.4 11% CFRD 223 875 825 50 32.9 85.0 30 Pi sa 16,689 3,000 1,730.0 103.7 4% CFRD 153 665 650 15 7.9 31.0 103 Renan 11,123 1,070.0 96.2 10% CFRD 159 1,010 980 30 9.2 56.0 125 Wutsok 18,225 1,910.0 104.8 11% CFRD 165 525 510 15 6.3 29.0 21 Dum Ban 660 2,822 38.4 58.2 29% CG 81 405 370 35 5.0 71 Nam Li 418 2,913 26.7 63.9 29% CG 44 590 577 13 1.0 23 Gaw Lan 740 3,500 56.1 75.8 8% CG 47 1,510 1,495 15 6.7 3.0 28 Hkankawn 1,326 3,625 96.5 72.8 32% 42 2.0 2.8 51 Lawngdi n 2,080 3,124 154.0 74.0 33% 79 12.4 10.7 121 Tongxi nqi ao 1,743 3,268 135.1 77.5 32% CG 63 1,075 1,060 15 8.8 4.0 31 Tamanthi 109 2,964 3,573.0 108.8 16% 74 509.0 58 Mani pur 11,549 1,500 193.0 16.7 34% 168 45.0 65 Myi ttha 1,813 43.9 24.2 4% Earth 63 12.2 155 U Yu Chaung 9,495 629.0 66.2 149 Ta Rung Hka 4,837 463.0 95.7 150 Ta Nai Hka 2,095 168.0 80.2 148 Tawog Hka 76 6.6 86.8 17 Dapei n 1 6,002 1,330 319.0 53.1 19% Concrete 46 250 0.4 3.6 18 Dapei n 2 6,220 1,330 331.0 53.2 19% CG 59 179 174 5 8.0 105 Sedawgyi 3,424 131.6 38.4 15% Rockfi l l 41 129 40.5 16.1 106 Sedawgyi (upper) 2,640 889 101.0 38.3 16% 73 24.0 136 Mal i 290 14.2 49.0 20% 160 Mi ndon 676 24.0 35.5 11 Buywa 3,108 46 38.1 10 Buywa (upper) 2,305 79.0 34.3 9% 138 76.2 49 Kyee Ohn Kyee Wa 5,100 126.9 24.9 10% Earth 50 120 32.8 29.8 62 Mone Chaung 3,695 97.3 26.3 10% Rockfi l l 61 167 41.5 19.4 118 Thapanzei k 9,338 209.0 22.4 9% Earth 33 159 397.1 42.8 20 Deedoke 28,695 1,300 491.4 17.1 21% RCC Gravi ty Dam 27 80 74 6 19.0 129 Yeywa 28,206 838 483.0 17.1 33% RCC 132 185 150 35 59.0 75.0 130 Yeywa (mi ddl e) 25,490 1,300 412.0 16.2 32% RCC/Arch dam 160 320 300 20 11.0 70.0 131 Yeywa (upper) 21,700 1,270 371.0 17.1 32% RCC 97 395 385 10 26.9 54.0 68 Nam Hsi m 1,368 35.4 25.9 19% 70 Nam Lang 6,664 1,150 143.0 21.5 17% 83 Nam Tu 6,832 129.6 19.0 21% CG 114 492 479 13 4.0 45 Ki nda 2,240 34.7 15.5 20% Rockfi l l 72 193 28.6 14.5 66 Myogyi 3,873 70.9 18.3 16% 79 193 9.7 10.7 134 Zawgyi I 1,406 30.0 21.3 16% - 833 - - 135 Zawgyi II 1,907 42.8 22.4 16% Earth 44 653 38.5 8.2 82 Nam Tabak I 1,121 2,500 79.4 70.8 7% CG 56 316 302 14 2.2 0.6 136 Nam Tabak II 1,289 2,500 80.0 62.1 20% CG 27 476 472 4 2.6 73 Nam Paw 1,025 1,418 32.6 31.8 18% 54 805 795 10 1.3 108 Shwel i 1 12,597 1,418 400.0 31.8 29% CG 47 745 1.1 10.5 109 Shwel i 2 13,265 1,418 405.2 30.5 25% CFRD 92 395 375 20 27.9 20.0 110 Shwel i 3 14,810 1,418 452.0 30.5 25% RCC 122 235 195 40 118.0 65.0 97 Distance along river Total Powerplant Reservoir Dead Reservoir Live Reservoir Total Reservoir Retention RoR or Turbine discharge/ Turbine Design Installed Annual Generation Firm Power ID Hydropower Plant between dam and Powerhouse Type Design Discharge Plant Factor Storage (hm3) Storage (hm3) Storage (hm3) period (days) Storage Min Flow Head (m) Capacity (MW) (GWh) (MW) powerhouse (km) (m3/s) 9 Belin 220 9,491 9,711 578 S - 280 - 64 Myitsone 8,687 4,503 13,190 10 S - Above ground 7,158 11.8 96 6,000 31,290 1,244 0.60 15 Chipwi Nge 1 0 1 0 RoR 16.7 Above ground 26 5.6 433 99 599 26 0.69 53 Laza 6,080 5,700 11,780 35 S - 1,844 4.4 118 1,900 14,720 0.88 14 Chipwi 1,530 380 1,910 2 RoR - Underground 2,762 5.7 141 3,400 18,200 0.61 44 Khaunglanphu 1,574 1,526 3,100 12 S - Underground 1,611 9.5 192 2,700 14,730 0.62 30 Pisa 306 229 535 2 RoR - Underground 1,804 15.4 127 2,000 12,870 0.73 103 Renan 605 578 1,183 6 S - Ground 1,082 16.1 127 1,200 7,330 0.70 125 Wutsok 455 150 605 1 RoR - 1,718 8.4 120 1,800 13,410 0.85 21 Dum Ban 4 30 34 9 S 3.4 Underground 83 7.5 178 130 371 16 0.33 71 Nam Li 0 1 2 1 RoR 15.0 33 4.3 322 165 473 19 0.33 23 Gaw Lan 0 1 1 0 RoR 11.0 Above ground 76 17.4 175 120 594 25 0.56 28 Hkankawn 2 3 5 0 RoR - 140 769 0.63 51 Lawngdin 27 40 67 3 RoR - 600 2,401 0.46 121 Tongxinqiao 2 4 5 0 RoR 13.0 Bankside 146 3.3 260 340 1,695 61 0.57 31 Tamanthi 6,312 14,610 20,922 47 S - 1,200 6,685 0.64 58 Manipur 769 874 1,643 52 S - 380 1,903 0.57 65 Myittha 153 172 325 45 S - 38 24.0 53 40 170 0.49 155 U Yu Chaung 12.0 149 Ta Rung Hka 150.0 150 Ta Nai Hka 15.0 148 Tawog Hka 50.0 17 Dapein 1 8 15 22 1 RoR 4.3 Above ground 240 1,065 30 0.51 18 Dapein 2 19 36 55 1 RoR - Above ground 380 5.9 42 140 642 18 0.52 105 Sedawgyi 104 344 448 30 S - Above ground 25 134 20 0.61 106 Sedawgyi (upper) 112 481 593 55 S - 64 - 136 Mali ROR 5.7 11 54 0.58 160 Mindon 18.0 11 Buywa 70 139 209 - - - 42 - 10 Buywa (upper) 602 119 721 17 S - 150 534 0.41 49 Kyee Ohn Kyee Wa - 571 571 52 S - Above ground 74 370 42 0.57 62 Mone Chaung 190 642 832 76 S - Above ground 75 330 38 0.50 118 Thapanzeik 481 3,072 3,552 170 S - Above ground 30 117 13 0.45 20 Deedoke 13 ROR - In dam 700 6.6 10 66 338 0.58 129 Yeywa 1,000 1,630 2,630 39 S - Above ground 840 5.3 91 790 3,550 175 0.51 130 Yeywa (middle) 258 196 454 6 S - Underground 592 4.5 135 700 3,253 0.53 131 Yeywa (upper) 145 196 341 6 S - Above ground 127 4.2 67 280 1,409 0.57 68 Nam Hsim - 30 70 Nam Lang - 210 83 Nam Tu 113 4.1 85 100 635 47 0.72 45 Kinda 207 871 1,078 290 S - Above ground 56 165 0.34 66 Myogyi 170 274 443 45 S - Above ground 30 136 16 0.52 134 Zawgyi I - - - RoR 1.7 Above ground 18 35 4 0.22 135 Zawgyi II 123 516 639 139 S - Above ground 12 30 3 0.29 82 Nam Tabak I 14 0 15 0 RoR 6.0 Above ground 113 19.3 144 141 684 28 0.54 136 Nam Tabak II ROR 10.0 Above ground 108 7.1 145 144 635 25 0.50 73 Nam Paw 21 31 52 11 S - At dam toe 59 10.3 39 20 83 3 0.48 108 Shweli 1 9.5 Above ground 230 2.0 299 600 4,022 175 0.77 109 Shweli 2 30 42 72 1 RoR - Bankside 526 5.2 110 520 2,814 138 0.62 110 Shweli 3 1,854 3,610 5,464 92 S - Above ground 1,200 10.5 88 1,050 3,400 532 0.37 98 Camp Transmission Line Installed Myanmar Export Export Estimated No. Construction ID Hydropower Plant TL Length (km) TL Connected to S/S Developer Country Investment by % use MYA followers Voltage level (kV) Capacity (MW) Selfuse (MW) (MW) to Workers (planned projects) X2 9 Belin 230 61 Thaton HCDG Myanmar Local BOT 280 280 100% - 1,100 2,200 64 Myitsone CPIYN/AWC PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 6,000 600 10% 5,400 PRC 14,200 28,400 15 Chipwi Nge 132 98 Waingmaw SPIC PRC Foreign JV/BOT 99 20 20% 79 53 Laza CPIYN PRC Foreign JV/BOT 1,900 950 50% 950 6,800 13,600 14 Chipwi CPI PRC Foreign JV/BOT 3,400 340 50% 1,700 PRC 10,700 21,400 44 Khaunglanphu CPI PRC Foreign JV/BOT 2,700 PRC 9,100 18,200 30 Pisa CPI PRC Foreign JV/BOT 2,000 <-PRC? 7,100 14,200 103 Renan CPI PRC Foreign JV/BOT 1,200 PRC 4,600 9,200 125 Wutsok CPI PRC Foreign JV/BOT 1,800 PRC 6,500 13,000 21 Dum Ban YBEP/Chan Yinn Khuu PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 130 130 100% - 500 1,000 71 Nam Li YBEP/Chan Yinn Khuu PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 165 165 100% - 700 1,400 23 Gaw Lan 230 15 Hawkawn YEIG/IGOEC PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 120 60 50% 60 500 1,000 28 Hkankawn 230 15 Tongxinqiao YEIG/IGOEC PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 140 70 50% 70 <-PRC? 600 1,200 51 Lawngdin 230 16 Tongxinqiao YEIG/IGOEC PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 600 300 50% 300 <-PRC? 2,400 4,800 121 Tongxinqiao 500 130 Winemaw YEIG/IGOEC PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 340 170 50% 170 <-PRC? 1,400 2,800 31 Tamanthi NHPC India Foreign JV/BOT 1,200 India 4,600 9,200 58 Manipur 230 32 GaNaw-Kalay In/out CHEC/Sein PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 380 380 100% - 1,500 3,000 65 Myittha 66 40 GaNaw MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 40 40 100% - 155 U Yu Chaung NA NA NA 50 100 149 Ta Rung Hka NA NA NA 600 1200 150 Ta Nai Hka NA NA NA 100 200 148 Tawog Hka NA NA NA 200 400 17 Dapein 1 132 37 Bamaw China Datang PRC Foreign JV/BOT 240 19 8% 221 PRC 18 Dapein 2 230 16 Dapein1 DUHD PRC Foreign JV/BOT 140 70 50% 70 600 1,200 105 Sedawgyi 132 212 Kyaukpahto MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 25 25 100% - 106 Sedawgyi (upper) 132 212+48 Kyaukpahto/Aungpinle MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 64 64 100% - 300 600 136 Mali Buga Co. Myanmar Local BOT 11 11 100% - 160 Mindon NA NA NA 100 200 11 Buywa MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 42 42 100% - 10 Buywa (upper) MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 150 150 100% - 600 1,200 49 Kyee Ohn Kyee Wa 132 70 Mann MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 74 74 100% - 62 Mone Chaung 132 160 Chauk MoEE/MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 75 75 100% - 118 Thapanzeik 132 53 Ngapyadaing MoEE/MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 30 30 100% - 20 Deedoke 230 21 Yeywa Andritz Hydro Austria Foreign JV/BOT 66 66 100% - 300 600 129 Yeywa 230 38 + 118 Belin, Meiktila MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 790 790 100% - 130 Yeywa (middle) TBD TBD 500kV Meilhtila S/S SN Power Norway Foreign JV/BOT 700 700 100% - 2,800 5,600 131 Yeywa (upper) 230 130 Shwesaryan MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 280 280 100% - 68 Nam Hsim PCR/SE PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 30 30 100% - 100 200 70 Nam Lang PCR/SE PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 210 210 100% - 900 1,800 83 Nam Tu NCEH Myanmar Local BOT 100 100 100% - 400 800 45 Kinda 132 73+47 Ingone,Thazi MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 56 56 100% - 66 Myogyi 33 16 Taungtawgwin MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 30 30 100% - 134 Zawgyi I 66 76 Aungthapye MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 18 18 100% - 135 Zawgyi II 66 23 Zawgyi1 MoEE/MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 12 12 100% - 82 Nam Tabak I China Guodian/Tun Thwin Mining) PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 141 <-PRC? 600 1,200 136 Nam Tabak II China Guodian/Tun Thwin Mining) PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 144 <-PRC? 600 1,200 73 Nam Paw Great Hor Kham Myanmar Local BOT 20 20 100% - 100 200 108 Shweli 1 230 96 Mansan YUPD PRC Foreign JV/BOT 600 400 67% 200 PRC 109 Shweli 2 230 70 Shweli3 HIE/AWC PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 520 260 50% 260 PRC 2,100 4,200 110 Shweli 3 500 420 Meikhtila EDF SA France Foreign JV/BOT 1,050 1,050 100% - 99 ANNEX B.2 HYDROPOWER DATABASE - THANLWIN RIVER BASIN ID Hydropower Plant Status Status 2 LAT N LON E State/Region District Township Village Basin Sub-Basin River/ Watershed 152 Yunzalin Identified I 18.294960 97.340810 Kayin Panan Thanlwin Yunzalin 33 Hutgyi MOA P 17.528000 97.747000 Kayin Hpapun Kamamung Thanlwin Thanlwin Mainstem Thanlwin Mainstem 48 KunLong JVA P 23.531667 98.611111 Shan Kunlong Kunlong Huli Thanlwin Thanlwin Mainstem Thanlwin Mainstem 57 Mong Ton MOU P 20.456389 98.650000 Shan Monghsat Mongtong Thanlwin Thanlwin Mainstem Thanlwin Mainstem 92 Naopha MOA P 22.987464 98.499151 Shan Lashio Tangyan Thanlwin Thanlwin Mainstem Thanlwin Mainstem 132 Ywathit MOA P 19.131059 97.521257 Kayah Bawlake Ywathit Bawlakhe Thanlwin Thanlwin Mainstem Thanlwin Mainstem 38 Keng Tawng Built E 20.598345 98.293050 Shan Linkhe Moenane Thanlwin Nam Teng Nam Teng 39 Keng Tawng (upper) Construction C 20.745580 98.184077 Shan Linkhe Keng Tawng Thanlwin Nam Teng Nam Teng 7 Baluchaung (upper) Construction C 20.484592 96.781918 Shan Taunggyi Pin Laung Indein Thanlwin Nam Pawn Baluchaung 2 Baluchaung 1 Built E 19.648000 97.287000 Kayah Loikaw Loikaw Thanlwin Nam Pawn Baluchaung 4 Baluchaung 2 Built E 19.557000 97.358000 Kayah Loikaw Loikaw Thanlwin Nam Pawn Baluchaung 6 Baluchaung 3 Built E 19.546000 97.397000 Kayah Loikaw Loikaw Thanlwin Nam Pawn Baluchaung 26 Hawkham (upper) MOU P 19.211667 97.399722 Kayah Bawlakhe Thanlwin Nam Pawn Nam Pawn 99 Hpak Nam MOU P 20.209251 97.456152 Shan Hpi Hseng Thanlwin Nam Pawn Nam Pawn 100 Hpi Hseng MOU P 20.118443 97.434970 Shan Hpi Hseng Thanlwin Nam Pawn Nam Pawn 55 Nam Pawn (lower) MOU P 19.555000 97.408611 Kayah Loikaw Thanlwin Nam Pawn Nam Pawn 77 Nam Pawn (upper) MOU P 20.062121 97.437368 Shan Hpi Hseng Thanlwin Nam Pawn Nam Pawn 59 Mantong MOA P 22.974690 98.557270 Shan Hopang Minemaw Thanlwin Nam Ma Nam Ma 67 Nam Hka MOU P 21.733821 98.950044 Shan Hopang Mong Sat Thanlwin Nam Hka Nam Hka 159 Myet Taw Chaung Identified I 15.682011 97.915769 Kayin Kawareik Thanlwin Myet Taw Chaung Myet Taw Chaung 153 Lam Pha Identified I 16.305021 98.348758 Kayin Kawareik Lam Pha Thanlwin Lam Pha Lam Pha 100 Catchment Total D/S Distance to Mean annual Dam Full Supply Low Water HP or Catchment Annual Unit flow Qmin/ Drawdown Reservoir Length of ID Hydropower Plant irrigation extraction if inflow (MAF) into Dam Type Height Level (FSL) Level Multipurpose Area (km2) rainfall l/s/km2 MAF (m) Area (km2) reservoir not from dam (km) reservoir (m3/s) (m) (m) (LWL) (m) (mm) (km) 152 Yunzalin 1,365 40.0 29.3 33 Hutgyi HP 311,167 2,436 4,409.0 14.2 32% RCC Gravity Dam 118 48 40 8 27.1 16.0 48 KunLong HP 128,989 1,910.0 14.8 27% CG 103 519 511 8 65.4 55.0 57 Mong Ton HP 183,265 2,776.0 15.1 32% 241 395 870.0 380.0 92 Naopha HP 141,127 2,250.0 15.9 27% RCC Gravity Dam 90 445 440 5 23.8 110.0 132 Ywathit HP 208,984 3,400.0 16.3 33% RCC Gravity Dam 167 215 200 15 43.5 130.0 38 Keng Tawng HP 8,450 164.8 19.5 22% CG 27 0.1 0.9 39 Keng Tawng (upper) HP 7,510 146.4 19.5 23% Rockfill 56 23.3 7 Baluchaung (upper) HP 356 1,925 11.1 31.1 43% 35 1,140 1,125 15 9.7 2 Baluchaung 1 HP 7,872 36.5 4.6 81% CG 11 867 864 3 0.0 0.2 4 Baluchaung 2 HP 7,910 38.0 4.8 79% Weir - 787 784 3 - - 6 Baluchaung 3 HP 8,042 40.2 5.0 75% Intake - 339 - - 26 Hawkham (upper) HP 16,884 1,100 334.0 19.8 18% 72 206 29.0 99 Hpak Nam HP 3,151 1,100 62.0 19.7 21% 20 900 1.0 100 Hpi Hseng HP 3,265 1,100 64.6 19.8 21% 10 665 1.0 55 Nam Pawn (lower) HP 7,860 1,100 155.6 19.8 19% 88 292 285 7 36.0 77 Nam Pawn (upper) HP 3,352 1,100 66.4 19.8 21% 10 570 0.2 59 Mantong HP 3,936 1,630 78.3 19.9 78% CFRD 109 492 477 15 10.5 86.0 67 Nam Hka HP 7,827 1,378 165.0 21.1 68% 120 483 460 23 75.1 80.0 159 Myet Taw Chaung 31 2.7 87.1 153 Lam Pha 81 3.7 45.7 101 Distance along Total Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir river between Powerplant Turbine Turbine Installed Annual Firm Transmission Live Total Retention RoR or Plant TL Length ID Hydropower Plant Dead Storage dam and Powerhouse Type Design discharge/ Design Capacity Generation Power Line Voltage Storage Storage period Storage Factor (km) (hm3) powerhouse Discharge Min Flow Head (m) (MW) (GWh) (MW) level (kV) (hm3) (hm3) (days) (km) (m3/s) 152 Yunzalin 100.0 33 Hutgyi 338 171 509 0 RoR - At dam toe 648 3.7 30 1,360 7,325 0.61 230 48 KunLong 483 208 691 1 RoR - At dam toe 620 6.1 54 1,400 7,142 0.58 230 68 57 Mong Ton 2,401 37,399 39,800 156 S - 7,000 34,700 0.57 92 Naopha 580 277 857 1 RoR - 1,200 6,182 0.59 132 Ywathit 7,427 3,330 10,757 11 S - Power House At Dam Toe 5,325 4.8 98 4,000 25,519 0.73 38 Keng Tawng 9 52 61 4 S 2.2 Above ground 51 4.2 130 54 378 43 0.80 132 119 39 Keng Tawng (upper) 19 110 128 9 S - Semi underground 154 4.6 38 51 231 0.52 132 73 7 Baluchaung (upper) 3.0 Above ground 16 3.3 148 30 90 3 0.34 66 32 2 Baluchaung 1 - 2 2 1 RoR 10.3 Above ground 46 1.6 70 28 200 26 0.82 132 5 4 Baluchaung 2 - - - - RoR 7.1 Above ground 48 1.6 422 168 1,190 155 0.81 230 153.79+193.2 6 Baluchaung 3 - - - - RoR 5.1 Above ground 51 1.7 114 52 334 0.73 132 5 26 Hawkham (upper) 333 - 360 5.9 180 755 0.48 99 Hpak Nam 20 10.3 Underground 65 4.9 105 557 0.61 100 Hpi Hseng 4 6.0 65 4.7 45 265 0.67 55 Nam Pawn (lower) 526 - At dam toe 260 8.7 105 618 0.67 77 Nam Pawn (upper) 7 17.8 65 4.6 150 782 0.60 59 Mantong 717 498 1,215 146 S - River-bank 282 9.1 86 225 936 63 0.47 500 105 67 Nam Hka 184 266 450 39 S - 210 937 0.51 159 Myet Taw Chaung 10.0 153 Lam Pha 19.5 102 Estimated No. Installed Camp Myanmar % use Export Construction ID Hydropower Plant TL Connected to S/S Developer Country Investment by Capacity Export to followers Selfuse MYA (MW) Workers (MW) X2 (MW) (planned projects) 152 Yunzalin NA NA NA 400 800 33 Hutgyi 230-kV TL Thaton SS and 33 kV TL Myainnggyingu SS MYA Sinohydro+EGATi+IGOEC PRC/THA/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 1,360 136 10% 1,224 Thailand 5,100 10,200 48 KunLong Theinni Hanergy YN, MPC PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 1,400 700 50% 700 PRC 5,200 10,400 57 Mong Ton Three Gorges+EGAT PRC/Thailand Foreign JV/BOT 7,000 700 10% 6,300 Thailand 14,500 29,000 92 Naopha HydroChina/IGOEC PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 1,200 600 50% 600 PRC 4,600 9,200 132 Ywathit CDOI/STH PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 4,000 400 10% 3,600 Thailand 11,900 23,800 38 Keng Tawng Namsan MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 54 54 100% - 39 Keng Tawng (upper) Namsan MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 51 51 100% - 7 Baluchaung (upper) Kalaw NeoEnergy Oasis Myanmar Local BOT 30 30 100% - 2 Baluchaung 1 Baluchaung 2 MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 28 28 100% - 4 Baluchaung 2 Taungoo and Shwemyo MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 168 168 100% - 6 Baluchaung 3 Baluchaung 3 Future Energy Myanmar Local BOT 52 52 100% - 26 Hawkham (upper) TEI/HCTC SIN/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 180 0% 700 1,400 99 Hpak Nam TEI/HCTC SIN/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 105 105 100% - 400 800 100 Hpi Hseng TEI/HCTC SIN/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 45 45 100% - 200 400 55 Nam Pawn (lower) TEI/HCTC SIN/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 105 105 100% - 400 800 77 Nam Pawn (upper) TEI/HCTC SIN/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 150 150 100% - 600 1,200 59 Mantong Theinni HydroChina/IGOEC PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 225 113 50% 113 PRC 900 1,800 67 Nam Hka YNIC PRC Foreign JV/BOT 210 105 50% 105 900 1,800 159 Myet Taw Chaung NA NA NA 40 80 153 Lam Pha NA NA NA 100 200 103 ANNEX B.3 HYDROPOWER DATABASE - OTHER RIVER BASINS ID Hydropower Plant Status Status 2 LAT N LON E State/Region District Township Village Basin Sub-Basin River/ Watershed 165 Sar Ra Wa Chaung Identified I 12.829406 98.981670 Tanintharyi Tanintharyi Tanintharyi 113 Taninthayi Suspended P 12.777000 98.940000 Tanintharyi Tenasserim Tanintharyi Tanintharyi Tanintharyi Taninthayi 157 Tha Gyet Chaung Identified I 12.132896 99.227161 Tanintharyi Tanintharyi Tanintharyi Tha Gyet 156 Thein Kun Chaung Identified I 11.769949 99.331205 Tanintharyi Myeik Tanintharyi Tanintharyi Thein Kun 158 Glohong Kra Identified I 10.775209 98.858324 Tanintharyi Tanintharyi Glohong Kra Glohong Kra 86 Nancho Built E 19.741200 96.450483 Naypyitaw Det Khi Na Pyinmana Sittaung Paung Laung Sin The Chaung 96 Paung Laung (lower) Built E 19.785000 96.335000 Naypyitaw Det Khi Na Pyinmana Zayyarthiri Sittaung Paung Laung Paung Laung Chaung 97 Paung Laung (middle) MOU P 19.860000 96.508000 Mandalay Nay Pyi Taw Pyinmana Sittaung Paung Laung Paung Laung Chaung 98 Paung Laung (upper) Built E 19.756000 96.598000 Mandalay Nay Pyi Taw Pyinmana Sittaung Paung Laung Paung Laung Chaung 101 Phyu Chaung Built E 18.506214 96.351028 Bago Taungoo Phyu Sittaung Other Sittaung Pyu Chaung 107 Shwegyin Built E 17.970227 96.935001 Bago Bago Shwegyin Sittaung Other Sittaung Shwegyin River 151 Thauk Ye Khat 1 Identified I 18.938587 96.719624 Kayin Sittaung Thauk Ye Khat Thauk Ye Khat 120 Thauk Ye Khat 2 Built E 18.914102 96.619907 Kayin Hpa-An Tangoo Sittaung Thauk Ye Khat Thauk Ye Khat 127 Yenwe Built E 18.085211 96.446152 Bago Bago Kyauktaga Myoechaung Sittaung Other Sittaung Ye Nwe Chaung 8 Bawgata LocMoU P 18.255561 96.848496 Bago Taungoo Kyauk Gyi Sittaung Bawgata Bawgata 161 Than Dwe Identified I 18.386144 94.493902 Rakhine Thandwe Thandwe Rakhine Than Dwe Than Dwe 116 Thahtay Construction C 18.640000 94.381000 Rakhine Thandwe Thandwe Rakhine Thahtay Thahtay 164 Saing Din Identified I 20.893779 92.652188 Rakhine BuuTheeTaung Rakhine Saing Din Creeek 52 Lemro 1 MOU P 20.857443 93.350503 Chin Mindat Rakhine Lemro Le Mro 54 Lemro 2 MOU P 20.740347 93.268689 Rakhine Mrauk Oo Mrauk Oo Rakhine Lemro Le Mro 162 Kyein Ta Li Identified I 17.950012 94.576508 Rakhine Rakhine Kyein Ta Li Kyein Ta Li 154 Mi Chaung Identified I 21.334187 93.073495 Chin Mindat Rakhine Kaladan Mi Chaung 133 Zaungtu Built E 17.755818 96.198980 Bago Bago Bago Myit Mo Hka & Bago Bago Bago River 27 He Kou MOU P 21.341291 100.720928 Shan He Kou Mekong Nam Lwe Nam Lwe 40 Keng Tong MOU P 21.617799 99.500985 Shan Mongkhak Mekong Nam Lwe Nam Lwe 41 Keng Yang MOU P 21.346900 100.561900 Shan He Kou Mekong Nam Lwe Nam Lwe 63 Mongwa Built E 21.396990 100.325821 Shan Mong Yawng KengTung Manlane Mekong Nam Lwe Nam Lwe 112 Suo Lwe MOU P 21.359543 100.176054 Shan Monghpyak Moemeik Mekong Nam Lwe Nam Lwe 72 Nam Lin LocMoU P 20.742516 100.241026 Shan Tachileik Tachileik Mekong Nam Lin Nam Lin 137 Mong Hsat LocMoU P 20.662222 99.375000 Shan Mong Hsat Mekong Nam Hkoke Nam Hkoke 163 Nam Hkok Identified I 20.196337 99.346670 Shan Mong Hsat Mekong Nam Hkoke Nam Hkoke 9 Belin LocMoU P 17.519723 97.243546 Mon Thaton Bilin Bilin Bilin Bilin River 104 D/S Distance to Catchment Mean annual Dam Full Supply Low Water HP or Catchment GIS Unit flow Qmin/ Drawdown Reservoir Total Length of ID Hydropower Plant irrigation extraction if Annual rainfall inflow (MAF) into Dam Type Height Level (FSL) Level (LWL) Multipurpose Area (km2) Rainfall l/s/km2 MAF (m) Area (km2) reservoir (km) not from dam (km) (mm) reservoir (m3/s) (m) (m) (m) 165 Sar Ra Wa Chaung 1,565 2,123 72.0 46.0 113 Taninthayi HP 9,870 2,930 2,123 470.0 47.6 12% - 585.0 157 Tha Gyet Chaung 1,104 2,123 36.0 32.6 156 Thein Kun Chaung 1,248 2,123 22.0 17.6 158 Glohong Kra 60 2,942 2.7 45.0 86 Nancho HP 821 1,650 1,269 18.3 22.3 17% 72 295 0.3 3.0 96 Paung Laung (lower) Multi 14 4,381 1,650 1,269 128.0 29.2 14% RCC 131 225 17.0 16.0 97 Paung Laung (middle) HP 2,722 1,800 1,269 84.6 31.1 15% RCC 110 284 9.6 10.0 98 Paung Laung (upper) HP 2,572 1,710 1,269 82.4 32.0 14% RCC 98 370 352 18 61.0 50.0 101 Phyu Chaung Multi 4 1,093 2,540 2,081 36.2 33.1 10% Rockfill 75 162 24.0 27.0 107 Shwegyin HP 878 3,700 2,081 39.3 44.8 10% Rockfill 57 84 58.4 35.0 151 Thauk Ye Khat 1 1,621 2,081 36.0 22.2 120 Thauk Ye Khat 2 HP 2,175 2,692 2,081 50.5 23.2 11% Earth 94 13.8 22.0 127 Yenwe Multi 12.35 793 2,081 39.1 49.3 7% Earth 77 103 76.7 36.0 8 Bawgata HP 260 2,806 9.5 36.5 9% Rockfill 80 19.4 161 Than Dwe 738 2,665 116 Thahtay HP 1,293 2,545 Zone type/Rockfill 91 81 50 31 32.0 164 Saing Din 926 4,428 52 Lemro 1 HP 6,535 3,560 2,750 404.0 61.8 #N/A 36.0 54 Lemro 2 HP 8,355 3,335 2,750 530.0 63.4 #N/A 193.0 162 Kyein Ta Li 880 2,665 154 Mi Chaung 1,296 2,665 133 Zaungtu HP 1,098 3,151 57.0 51.9 7% Embankment 45 65 52 13 14.9 18.5 27 He Kou HP 15,103 1,381 359.0 23.8 20% 6.5 27.0 40 Keng Tong HP 4,543 1,381 111.0 24.4 20% 8.4 26.0 41 Keng Yang HP 14,260 1,381 340.0 23.8 20% 5.4 24.0 63 Mongwa HP 13,800 1,535 1,381 285.0 20.7 19% Gravity Dam 51 555 552 3 8.0 30.5 112 Suo Lwe HP 7,315 1,381 178.0 24.3 20% - 40.9 72.0 72 Nam Lin HP 2,614 2,964 1,408 46.1 17.6 12% CG 26 397 137 Mong Hsat HP 1,284 1,368 21.2 13.4 15% 163 Nam Hkok 2,736 1,368 43.0 15.7 9 Belin HP 2,250 3,700 3,138 190.0 84.4 5% 131 310.0 105 Distance along Total Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir river between Powerplant Turbine Turbine Installed Annual Firm Transmission Dead Live Total Retention RoR or Plant ID Hydropower Plant dam and Powerhouse Type Design discharge/ Design Capacity Generation Power Line Voltage Storage Storage Storage period Storage Factor powerhouse Discharge Min Flow Head (m) (MW) (GWh) (MW) level (kV) (hm3) (hm3) (hm3) (days) (km) (m3/s) 165 Sar Ra Wa Chaung 11.0 113 Taninthayi 18,471 8,615 27,086 212 S - 600 3,476 0.66 230 157 Tha Gyet Chaung 20.0 156 Thein Kun Chaung 25.0 158 Glohong Kra 40.0 86 Nancho 5 4 9 2 RoR 5.2 Above ground 46 14.3 100 40 152 13 0.43 230 96 Paung Laung (lower) 340 350 690 32 S - 310 17.4 104 280 911 104 0.37 230 97 Paung Laung (middle) 215 214 429 29 S - 100 8.1 85 100 342 39 0.39 230 98 Paung Laung (upper) 426 860 1,286 121 S - Above ground 200 17.4 79 140 454 84 0.37 230 59 Mantong 717 498 1,215 146 S - River-bank 282 9.1 86 225 936 63 0.47 500 101 Phyu Chaung 52 727 780 233 S - Above ground 40 120 28 0.34 230 107 Shwegyin 630 1,450 2,080 427 S - Above ground 207 51.9 41 75 262 51 0.40 230 151 Thauk Ye Khat 1 150.0 120 Thauk Ye Khat 2 296 148 444 34 S - 120 604 101 0.57 230 127 Yenwe 149 149 - RoR - 25 123 14 0.56 33 8 Bawgata 557 278 835 339 S - 160 500 0.36 161 Than Dwe 39.0 105 0.31 116 Thahtay - - - Semi-Underground 200 - 64 111 386 34 0.40 230 164 Saing Din 76.5 236 0.35 52 Lemro 1 1,520 7,609 9,129 218 S - 600 3,576 0.68 54 Lemro 2 4 ROR - 90 273 0.35 162 Kyein Ta Li 28.0 151 0.62 154 Mi Chaung 200.0 133 Zaungtu 105 302 407 61 S - 20 76 9 0.43 66 27 He Kou 56 12 68 0 RoR - 138 483 0.40 40 Keng Tong 21 12 32 1 RoR - 170 536 0.36 41 Keng Yang 33 8 41 0 RoR - 70 155 0.25 63 Mongwa 56 22 78 1 RoR - Riverbed type 294 5.3 26 66 330 0.57 112 Suo Lwe 624 714 1,338 46 S 240 - 72 Nam Lin 2 12 14 3 RoR - Riverbed 304 53.0 14 36 156 15 0.49 132 137 Mong Hsat - 30 163 Nam Hkok 30.0 9 Belin 220 9,491 9,711 578 S - 280 - 230 106 Installed Estimated No. Camp TL Length Myanmar % use Export ID Hydropower Plant TL Connected to S/S Developer Country Investment by Capacity Export to Construction Workers followers (km) Selfuse (MW) MYA (MW) (MW) (planned projects) X2 165 Sar Ra Wa Chaung NA NA NA 50 100 113 Taninthayi 32 Dawei Italian-Thai Thailand Foreign JV/BOT 600 2,400 4,800 157 Tha Gyet Chaung NA NA NA 100 200 156 Thein Kun Chaung NA NA NA 100 200 158 Glohong Kra NA NA NA 200 400 86 Nancho 26.52+12.5 Upper Paunglaung MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 40 40 100% - 96 Paung Laung (lower) 13 Pyinmana MoEE/MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 280 280 100% - 97 Paung Laung (middle) 8 Bluchaung2-Shwemyo In/out Energized Myanmar SIN Foreign JV/BOT 100 100 100% - 400 800 98 Paung Laung (upper) 27 Nancho MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 140 140 100% - 59 Mantong 105 Theinni HydroChina/IGOEC PRC/MYA Foreign JV/BOT 225 113 50% 113 PRC 900 1,800 101 Phyu Chaung 8 Taungoo-Tharyargone In/out MoEE/MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 40 40 100% - 107 Shwegyin 41 Tharyargone MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 75 75 100% - 151 Thauk Ye Khat 1 NA NA NA 600 1200 120 Thauk Ye Khat 2 23 Taungoo Gold Energy Myanmar Local BOT 120 120 100% - 127 Yenwe 27 Tharyargone MoEE/MOALI Myanmar Sole Investment 25 25 100% - 8 Bawgata Thoolei Myanmar Local BOT 160 160 100% - 700 1,400 161 Than Dwe NA NA NA 200 400 116 Thahtay 9 Oakshitpin-Toungup In/out MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 111 111 100% - 164 Saing Din NA NA NA 77 300 600 52 Lemro 1 Tractabel France Foreign JV/BOT 600 600 100% - 2,400 4,800 54 Lemro 2 Tractabel France Foreign JV/BOT 90 90 100% - 400 800 162 Kyein Ta Li NA NA NA 100 200 154 Mi Chaung NA NA NA 800 1600 133 Zaungtu 73 Kamarnat MoEE Myanmar Sole Investment 20 20 100% - 27 He Kou YNIC PRC Foreign JV/BOT 138 69 50% 69 <-PRC? 600 1,200 40 Keng Tong YNIC PRC Foreign JV/BOT 170 85 50% 85 <-PRC? 700 1,400 41 Keng Yang YNIC PRC Foreign JV/BOT 70 35 50% 35 <-PRC? 300 600 63 Mongwa ESDC Myanmar Local BOT 66 66 100% - 112 Suo Lwe YNIC PRC Foreign JV/BOT 240 120 50% 120 ? 1,000 2,000 72 Nam Lin 48 Tacheleik MAM Myanmar Local BOT 36 36 100% - 100 200 137 Mong Hsat Suntac Power Co. Myanmar Local BOT 30 30 30 100 200 163 Nam Hkok NA NA NA 100 200 9 Belin 61 Thaton HCDG Myanmar Local BOT 280 280 100% - 1,100 2,200 107 ANNEX C RESERVOIRS INUNDATION MAPS The following reservoir inundation maps for planned hydropower projects have been developed from a digital elevation model (DEM) for Myanmar. The area represent the inundation at FSL provided to the SEA Team. It should be noted that these maps are indicative only as the coordinates for some of the proposed dams are approximate. When FSL was not available, it was estimated from dam height. One should keep in mind that reservoir areas on flat topography can result in large increases in inundated area for a small increase in elevation (e.g. Thamanthi), as opposed to reservoir areas in valleys with steep side slopes (e.g. most Thanlwin projects). 1. AYEYARWADY HEADWATERS 108 2. MIDDLE AYEYARWADY 109 3. CHINDWIN 110 4. RAKHINE STATE BASINS AND LOWER AYEYARWADY 111 5. UPPER THANLWIN 112 6. LOWER THANLWIN 113 7. SITTAUNG, BELIN AND BAGO BASINS 114 8. MEKONG BASIN 115 9. TANINTHARYI REGION BASIN 116 IFC Myanmar Country Office: No. 57, Pyay Road, 6 ½ miles, Hlaing Township Yangon www.ifc.org/hydroadvisory 117