32784
r)aykarN_elx>>>-KH
ÉksaryuT§saRsþvis½yCnbTrbs;km<úCa ³
eq<aHeTAkan;vDÆnPaBenACnbT nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

erobcMedayRkumFnaKarBiPBelaksMrab;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa

éf¶TI 15 Ex mifuna qñaM 2005

EpñkGPivDÆn_CnbT nig FnFanFmμCati
tMbn;GasuIxagekIt nig ):asuIhVik
                                 rUbiyvtßú nig GRtabþÚR)ak;
                              ÉktþarUbiyvtßú- R)ak;erolkm<úCa
                GRtabþÚrR)ak; ¬KitRtwmExmifuna qñaM 2005¦ ³ 4>285 erol

                                      qñaMsareBIBn§
                           ¬éf¶TI 1 Ex mkra dl; 31 Ex FñÚ¦




GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn;                        Jemal-ud-Din Kassum

naykRbcaMRbeTs                            Ian C. Porter

nayykRKb;RKgRbcaMRbeTs                    Nisha Agrawal

nayktamEpñk                               Mark D. Wilson

naykRKb;RKgtamEpñk                        Hoonae Kim

RbFanRkumkargar                           Marianne Grosclaude
BakübMRBYj

AAA          -   esvaviPaK nig pþl;RbwkSa
ADB          -   FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu
AEW          -   buK�likpSBVpSayksikmμ
AFD          -   TIPñak;gar)araMgedIm,IGPivDÆn_
AQIP         -   KMeragelIkkMBs;KuNPaBksikmμ
APIP         -   KMeragelIkkMBs;plitPaBksikmμ
ARD          -   karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ nig CnbT
AusAID       -   TIPñak;garGURsþalIGPivDÆn_GnþrCati
ASDL         -   \NTanGPivDÆn_vis½yksikmμ (ADB)
ASEAN        -   smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGeKñy_
CAEEP        -   KMeragpSBVpSayksikmμkm<úCa-GURsþalI
CAS          -   yuT§sa®sþCMnYyRbcaMRbeTs
CIAP         -   KMeragGuIrIkm<úCa-GURsþalI
CIDA         -   TIPñak;garkaNadaedIm,IGPivDÆn_GnþrCati
CLP          -   RkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydIFøI
CSES         -   Gegátesdækic©nigsg�mkic©km<úCa
C/SF         -   mUlniFiXuM¼sgáat;
DANIDA       -   CMnYydaNIm:aksMrab;GPivDÆn_GnþrCati
DAO          -   kariyal½yksikmμRsuk
DFID         -   RksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCati (UK)
DoF          -   naykdæanClpl
EBA          -   KMerag {GVI²TaMgGs;eRkABIGavuF} rbs;shPaBGWr:ub
EC           -   shKmn_GWr:ub
ECHO         -   kariyal½ymnusSFm’énKN³kmμkarshKmn_GWr:ub
FAO          -   Gg�kares,ógnigksikmμénGg�karshRbCaCati
FDI          -   vinieyaKkñúgRsukBIbreTs
FWUC         -   shKmn_ksikreRbIR)as;Twk
GDP          -   plitplkñúgRsuksrub
IMF         -   mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati
IFAD        -   mUlniFiGnþrCatisMrab;karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ
IFAPER      -   karvaytMélTMnukcitþ nig cMNaysaFarN³
JICA        -   TIPñak;garshRbtiþbtþikarGnþrCatiCb:un
LIL         -   \NTansMrab;karsikSanignvanuvtþn_
LMAP        -   KMeragRKb;RKgnigrdæ)aldIFøI
MLMUPC      -   RksYgerobcMEdndI nrKrUbnIykmμ nig sMNg;
MAFF        -   RksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT
MEF         -   RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú
MDG         -   eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_
MFI         -   RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú
MFO         -   Gg�karmIRkUhirBaØvtßú
MIME        -   RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl
MOC         -   RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ
MOE         -   RksYgbrisßan
MOEY        -   RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
MOI         -   RksYgmhaépÞ
MOWVA       -   RksYgkic©karnarI nig GtItyuT§Cn
MOWRAM      -   RksYgFnFanTwk nig ]tuniym
MRC         -   KN³kmμkarTenøemKg�
MRD         -   RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT
MTEF        -   Rkbx½N�cMNayry³eBlmFüm
NBC         -   FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa
NGO         -   Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
NPRS        -   yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
O&M         -   Rbtibtþikar nig karEfTaM
PDAFF       -   mnÞIrksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaTextþ
PRASAC II   -   kmμviFIsþarnigKaMRTvis½yksikmμenAkm<úCa
PRDC        -   KN³kmμkarGPivDÆn_CnbTextþ
PRIP        -   KMeragehdæarcnasm<½n§extþnigCnbT
PSIA   -   kar):an;RbmaNplb:HBal;énPaBRkIRknigsg�m
RDB    -   FnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbT
RGC    -   raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
RSSN   -   ÉksaryuT§sa®sþvis½yCnbT
SEDP   -   KMeragGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsg�mkic©
SIDA   -   TIPñak;gars‘uyEGtedIm,IGPivDÆn_GnþrCati
SME    -   shRKasxñattUcnigmFüm
TA     -   CMnYybec©keTs
UNDP   -   kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati
VAHW   -   bsueBTüPUmi
WHO    -   GgÃ?karsuxPaBBiPBelak
WTO    -   Gg�karBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak
                                           matika

GarmÖkfa                                                                               x

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN                                                                        xii
xøwmsarsegçb                                                                           1
Epñk I³ karGPivDÆn_RTRTg;GñkRkIRk nigkMeNIn³ cMNucsñÚlénkarPivDÆn_CnbT 1
    kMeNInknøgmkmin)annaMmknUvkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCaFMdMueT                              1
    CIvPaBrs;enA enAtMbn;CnbT enAmankMritedaysarkarxVHnUvkalanuvtþPaB nigPaBgayrgeRKaH 4
    karRKb;RKgdIFøInigFnFanFmμCatikMBugmankarERbRbYlya:gxøaMg                           9
    karGnuvtþn_kargarvis½yksikmμmankarxkcitþ                                          12
    esvaCamUldæan nigehdæarcnasm<½n§mankarxVHxatya:gxøaMg                             18
Epñk II ³ karbnSIúkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT - FatusMxan;ényuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_ ksikmμ
nigGPivDÆn_vis½yCnbTeq<aHeTArkGñkRk                                                   24
    karEklMGkarRKb;RKgnigbegáInlT§PaB)anTTYl)annUvsm,tþiFmμCatiEdlman plitPaB 26
       kMENTMrg;rdæ)aldIFøI nigkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgdIFøI                                 27
       kMENTMrg;elIkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI                                                     40
       kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgClpl                                                          53
       kMENTMrg;elIkarRKb;RKgTwk nigelIkarRKb;RKgTwkCMnn;                               61
   karbegáInR)ak;cMNUlksikmμ                                                            73
       karBRgwg nigRKb;RKgtamvis½y                                                      76
       karsMrYlesvaKaMRTbec©keTs nigesvaKaMRTTIpSar                                     83
       kMNt;kmμviFIsMrab;elIkkMBs;lT§plGnuvt þn_énGnuvis½ysMxan;Epñkksikmμ
       90
   pSarP¢ab;KMlatelIlT§PaBTTYl)anesvaKaMRT nigehdæarcnasm<½n§                         105
       GPivDÆn_esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§enAtMbn;CnbT                                         105
       karBRgIkesvahirBaØvtßúenAtMbn;CnbT
       111
karFanalT§PaB[)anTTYlesvasg�menACnbTEdlmanKuNPaB   115
EpñkTI III ³ karpþl;lT§pl nigCMhanbnÞab;                                           120
    BRgwgcMNgTak;TgcMeBaHrebobvar³ KaMRTtamvis½y
    123
        karRKb;RKgFnFansaFarN³                                                     124
        vimCÄkar nigGPi)alkic©mUldæan                                              126
        karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkMENTMrg;RbB½n§c,ab;nigtulakar                    130
        karGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCn nigesdækic©CnbTminEmnksikmμ                            134
   karRbmUlpþúMeTAelItYnaTIEpñksaFarN³sMxan;²                                      139
   tMrUvkarsMrbsMrYl rYmmankarKaMRTBIGñkpþl;CMnYy                                  142
   CMhanbnÞab;                                                                     146

ÉksareyagsMxan;²                                                                   194
]bsm<½n§ 1³ eKaledAGPivDÆn_shSsvtSkm<úCa                                           198
]bsm<½n§TI 2³ RbB½n§daMduH                                                         200
]bsm<½n§TI 3³ EpnTI                                                               206

tarag
tarag 1³ karrYmcMENktamvis½ycMeBaH GDP nigkargar ¬RbPB³RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ¦      2
tarag 2³ smamaRtPaKrymFüménRbPBepSg²KñaéncMNUl eFobnwgcMNUlRKYsarsrubenACnbT
         tambBa©PaK                                                          5
tarag 3³ km<úCa - kar)a:n;sμanénsiT§ikan;kab;¼eRbIR)as;dIFøI / 2004        12
tarag 4³ karRKb;dNþb;esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§-kareRbobeFobCamYyRbeTsCitxag                20
tarag 5³ vinieyaKEdl)anGnum½tk¼ ¬duløarGaemrik - tYelx)a:n;sμan¦                       22
taragTI6 ³ lkçN³sþIBIbec©kviTüaksikmμ nigktþaelIkTwkcitþvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarpþl;bec©kviTüa 83
taragTI 7³ plcMNUlénkareFVIvinieyaKsaFarN³kñúgvis½yksikmμ nigplb:HBal;eTAelIkarkat;
          bnßyPaBRkIRkenARbeTscin nig\N�a                                      123
taragTI 8³ vis½yEdlkMENTMrg;GnþrEpñkman\T§iBleTAelIesdækic©CnbT-]TahrN_eRCIserIs 135


RbGb;
RbGb;1³ lT§plsegçb nigGnusasn_dkRsg;BI karsikSavaytMélsßanPaBeynD½r enAkm<úCa 8
RbGb; 2³ lT§plénkarviPaKtMbn;esdækic©es,óg rbs;kmμviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak        10
RbGb; 3³ sßanPaBénesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§sg�m nigesdækic©enAtMbn;CnbT              19
RbGb;TI4 ³ bBaðaRbQménkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsacRsBxñatFMenAkm<úCa                 63
RbGb;TI 5 ³ bBaðaKnøwHén PEM enAkñúgvis½yksikmμ                                76
RbGb;TI6 ³ ]bsK�sMxan;²cMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmμ                             87
RbGb;TI 7³ EklMGPaBEdlGacBüakrN_)anénkic©snüa                                 130
RbGb;TI 8³ emeronbTBiesaFn_xøHEdl)anmkBIkarBinitüeLIgvijnaeBlfμI²énCMnYybreTs 140
                                              GarmÖkfa
         eRkayeBlegIbecjBIs®g�amry³eBl 3 TsvtSr_ km<úCa )anqøgkat;dMNak;kalGnþrkalEpñk esdækic©
neya)ay nig sg�m Gs;ry³eBlCagmYyTsvtSr_knøgmkenH . km<úCa )aneFVI[mankarERbRbYly:agelOn
elIEpñksßab½n karsþareLIgvijnUvsnþiPaB nig karpøas;bþÚrBIesdækic©EpnkarEbbmCÄkar eTACaesdækic©TIpSar nig
BIPaBÉekaeTAkareFVIsmahrNkmμcUlkñúgshKmn_tMbn;nigBiPBelak . smiT§plsMxan;²EdlsMerc)anrhUt
mkdl;eBlenH mandUcCa kare)aHeqñateRCIserIsRkumRbwkSaXuM¼sgáat;qñaM 2002 nig kare)aHeqñateRCIserIs
smaCiksPaGaNtþiTI 3 qñaM 2003 kMeNInesdækic©efr 6° kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_knøgmk nig karcUlCasmaCik
Gg�karBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ . eTaHbICa sßanPaBneya)aynigm:aRkUesdækic©mansßirPaB ehIy kMENTMrg;
                                                    i
rcnasm<½n§sMxan;²RtUv)anGnuvtþehIyk_eday k_esdækc©km<úCaenAEtgayTTYlrgeRKaH ehIykMeNInesdækic©
minTan;)ankat;bnßyPaBRkIRk[ )anTUlMTUlayenAeLIy . edaysarplitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬GDP¦ sMrab;
mnusSmñak;man 280 duløaGaemrik nig sUcnakrsg�mEdlbgðaj[eXIjfa mankarrIkcMerIntictYc cab;taMgBI
TsvtSr_qñaM 60 mk km<úCaenAEtsßitkñúgcMeNamRbeTsRkIRkbMputenAkñúgBiPBelak . plvi)akéns®g�am
kar)at;bg;mUlFnrUbv½nþnigsg�m kar)at;bg;FnFanmnusS nig RKab;mInEdlenAesssl; enAEtCa]bsK�cMeBaH
karGPivDÆn_RbeTsCati TaMgkñúgry³eBlxøI nigry³eBlEvg . elIsBIenHeTot esdækic©RTg;RTaytUcnig ebIkcMh
rbs;km<úCa k_CYbRbTHnwgbBaðaRbQm dUcCa karbegáItsßab½n nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§ EdlCYy[ esdækic©TTYl)an
nUvplRbeyaCn_ nigkat;bnßyhaniP½yEdlekItecjBIkareFVIsmahrNkmμcUlkñúg shKmn_tMbn;nigBiPBelak
kñúgbriyakasmYyEdlmankarRbkYtRbECgkan;EtxøaMgkøaenAkñúgtMbn; .

         karrIkcMerIn BwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgeTAelIsmiT§plEdlsMerc)anenACnbT . edaysar 90 PaKry én
RbCaCnRkIRkrs;enACnbT KMlatrvagtMbn;CnbTnigTIRkugkan;EtFM ehIy karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk kñúgGMLúgCag
mYyTsvtSr_knøgmkenHmankarrIkcMerIntictYc mankarÉkPaBCaTUeTAfa kMeNInesdækic© nigkarrIkcMerInkñúgkarkat;
bnßyPaBRkIRk RtUvBwgEp¥kesÞIrEtTaMgRsugeTAelIdMeNaHRsaybBaðacMbg² Edlesdækic©CnbT kMBugEtRbQmmux
. yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkqñaM 2003-2005 rbs; raCrdæaPi)al )anTTYls�al;BItMrUvkar[BRgwg nig
BRgIkkareFVIkMENTMrg; edayepþatFnFand¾tictYceTA elIsrsrRTUgTaMg 4 KW karGPivDÆn_ksikmμnigCnbT karGb;rM
suxaPi)al nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§ . eTaHbICa EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsg�mkic©R)aMqñaMelIkTIBIr nigyuT§sa®sþ-
Catikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk rbs;raCrdæaPi)al )ankMNt;nUvGaTiPaBTUeTAsMrab;vis½yCnbTk_eday k_enAmankic©kar
CaeRcIneTotEdlRtUveFVI edIm,IerobcM[mankmμviFIc,as;las;sMrab;sþaresdækic©CnbTeLIgvij edaycab;epþImBIkar
pSBVpSayskmμPaBCaGaTiPaB[)anc,as;las;nigmanyuT§sa®sþl¥Cagmun karpSarP¢ab;kMENTMrg;nig karvinieyaK
CamYynwgFnFanEdlmanRsab; karbegáInkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelITinñplniglT§pl nig karBRgwg kic©shkar
enAkñúgcMeNamPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs; edIm,IsMerc[)anlT§plCaGtibrma .
         FnaKarBiPBelak RtUv)anesñIsMu[cUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkarenH edaybnþeFVIkargarviPaK CaBiessbBa©Úl
sMeNIrbs;xøÜneTAkñúgÉksaryuT§sa®sþvis½yCnbT ¬RSSN¦ enH . dMNak;kalTImYyénkargar enH)annaM[man
ÉksarRBagEx mina 2003-mina 2004 . dMNak;kalTIBIr mina 2004-]sPa 2005 )anGnuBaØat
eGayrdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy nig édKUdéTeTotBiPakSaÉksarRBagenH nig)annaMdl;karerobcMÉksarenH EdlCa
karrYmcMENkcMeBaHkic©BiPakSakMBugRbRBwtþeTACuMvijGaTiPaBCayuT§saRsþ sMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbT nig
skmμPaBCak;lak; sMrab;Qandl;sMerclT§plEdl)anÉkPaBKña . KWkarerobcMÉksaryuT§sa®sþvis½yCnbT
enH . dMNak;kalTIBIr KW CMruj[ raCrdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy nigédKUdéTeTot mankarÉkPaBKña CaTUeTA
elIGaTiPaBCayuT§sa®sþ nigskmμPaBCak;lak;mYycMnYn edIm,IsMerc [)annUvlT§plEdlGacTTYlyk)an
TaMgGs;Kña .

        ÉksarenH              maneKalbMNgpþl;nUvRkbx½N�d¾TUlMTUlaymYysMrab;karBiPakSaelICMerIsTisedA
naeBlGnaKtrbs;km<úCa kñúgkarGPivDÆn_CnbT CamYynwg raCrdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy nig édKUdéTeTot .
elIsBIenHeTot ÉksarenH k¾maneKalbMNgpþl;nUvBt’manTak;TgnwgkarerobcMyuT§sa®sþCMnYyRbcaM RbeTsfμI
¬Country Assistance Strategy¦ rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak EdlkMBugEtdMeNIrkar edayman
karcUlrYmshkarBI FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu nig RksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCati (DFID) . ÉksarenH )anpþl;nUv
r)aykarN_sþIBIsßanPaBbc©úb,nñenAkñúgvis½yCnbTnigEpñkCaGaTiPaB edIm,IsMerc[)annUvGRtakMeNInd¾TUlM-
TUlaynigmankMritx<s;sMrab;CYy[vis½yCnbT bnþcUlrYmcMENkbegáIncMNUlenACnbT nig TIRkug¼TIRbCMuCn nig
kargar .
         ÉksarenH man 3 EpñkFM² ³ EpñkTI I bgðajBITidæPaBTUeTATak;Tgnwgesdækic©CnbT . EpñkTI II
BinitüemIleLIgvijelIbBaðacMbg² Edlmanplb:HBal;dl;vis½yCnbT nigesñIeLIgnUvktþamYycMnYnényuT§sa®sþ
GPivDÆn_ksikmμnigCnbTEdlCYydl;RbCaCnRkIRk nigEpñkTI III BiPakSaelIbBaðarYm Edlmanplb:HBal;elI
lT§pl k_dUcCa sMeNIsMu[manskmμPaBbnþBIÉksarenH .
                                   esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

r)aykarN_enHerobcMedayRkummYYyEdldwknaMeday Marianne Grosclaude nig Louise Scura nig
Stephen Mink edaymankarrYmviPaKTanBI Wael Zakout Malcolm Childress nig Keith Bell (dIFøI)

William B. Magrath nig Peter Jipp (éRBeQI) Douglas Olson (RKb;RKgFnFanTwk) Idah Pswarayi-

Riddihough (RKb;RKgeRKaHfñak;edayFmμCati) Ronald Zweig (Clpl) Steven Schonberger

(RKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati) Andrew Goodland (GaCIvkmμksikmμ »kaskargareRkABIksikmμ) Philippe

Boyer (ksikmμ) Christina Malmberg Calvo (ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT) nig Richard Burcroff . Steven

Schonberger nig cMerIn muTita )ansMrYldMeNIrkarRbwkSaenAkm<úCa edaymanCMnYy BI James Brew Tak;Tg

nwgvis½yÉkCn . RkumenH)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIsMNak; Bautista-Laguidao nig Cecilia B. Tan-Yap
enATIRkugv:asIunetan DC nig exov Gmra enAPñMeBj .

ÉksarsavtarBak;B½n§cMeBaHr)aykarN_enHRtUv)aneroberogeday Kent Helmers, John Gibson nig Pia
Wallgren (RbPBR)ak;cMNUlénRKYsarenACnbT) Olga Torres (hirBaØvtßúCnbT) Peter Millington

(RKb;RKgFnFanTwk) Joseph Ernstberger nig Liu Xueming (RbPBénkMeNIn) Christian Castellanet

(pSBVpSayksikmμ) Bruno Vindel nig Emmanuel Pousse (vishmCÄkarén esvaksikmμ) .


r)aykarN_enH)anTTYlmtieyabl;BIshesvikBinitüsareLIgvijrbs;xøÜn rYmman ³ Gershon Feder
(naykrbs; DECRG) Dina Umali-Deininger (SASAR) nig Louise Bevan (TIRbwkSa) nig

)anTTYlmtiBisþarBIkar Kazi Mahbub Al-Matin, Chorching Goh (EASPR), Magdi Amin (EASFP),
Imogene Jensen (EASTR), Luiz Tavares (EASUR), Gillian Brown (EACTF), Glen Morgan (EASES),
Rebecca Sekse (EASEG), Chandrasekar Govindarajalu (ENV), Rohit Khanna (ENVGC), Eric
Haythorne (LEGPS), Zhi Liu (EASIN),         nig                . CamYy KñaenHpgEdr
                                                  James Brew (IFC)

k¾)anTTYlkarENnaM Edlmansar³RbeyaCn_BI Nisha Agrawal (naykRKb;RKgRbcaMRbeTs EACSF)
Homi Kharas (nayktamvis½y EASPR) Mark D. Wilson (nayktamvis½y EASRD) nig Hoonae

Kim (naykRKb;RKgtamvis½y EASRD) .


RkumkargarsUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaH É>]> Kat Qn; eTsrdæm®nþI rdæm®nþIénRksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú
nig É>]> hg;CYn Naru:n GK�elxaFikarénRksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú Edl)anKaMRT nigsMrbsMrYl
dMeNIrkarRbwkSaCamYysßab½nnanarbs;rdæaPi)al nig PaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot nig cMeBaH c½nÞ tugGuIv
rdæelxaFikarRksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT É>]> Guwm Qunlwm rdæm®nþIRksYgRKb;RKg EdndI
nK�rrUbnIykmμ nigsMNg; É>]> suk suIpan;Na rdæelxaFikarRksYgBaNiC¢kmμ É>]> ev:g saxun
rdæelxaFikarRksYgFnFanTwk nig ]tuniym nig É>]> lI Fuc GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT cMeBaH
eBlevlaEdlÉk]tþmTaMgGs;Kña)ancMNayeBlevla kñúgkarsMrbsMrYl nig pþl;mtieyabl; cMeBaH
RksYgnImYy²rbs;xøÜn . eyIgk¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNpgEdr cMeBaHmtieyabl; nigkarrYmviPaKTan d¾man
tMélBIsßab½nnanarbs;rdæaPi)alenAPñMeBj nigenAbNþaextþ k¾dUcCaBIshKmn_m©as;CMnYy rYmmanbNþa
RbeTspþl;CMnYyEdl)anpþl;mtieyabl; tamry³Rkumkargarbec©keTsrYmKña rvagrdæaPi)al nig
m©as;CMnYy RBmTaMgsUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHtMNagCaeRcInénvis½yÉkCn viTüasßanRsavRCav nig
Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al Edl)anrYmviPaKTan TsSn³ nigmtieyabl;rbs;xøÜn cMeBaHesckþIRBagBIdMbUg .
ÉksarenHRtUv)anEksMrYleday Alicia Hertzner ehIyÉksarbkERbCaPasaExμrmanenAkñúgeKhTMB½r
rbs;RkumFnaKarBiPBelak (http://www.worldbank.org/easrd) EdlerobcMedayelak Ta savr:a¬?¦ .
                                         xøwmsarsegçb
 r)aykarN_sþIBIsßanPaBbc©úb,nñ nig TsSn³vis½ysMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbT
kMeNInesdækic©km<úCa mankMritx<s;mFümkñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_knøgmkenHk¾BitEmn b:uEnþkMeNInenH manEtenAkñúg
tMbn;TIRkug nigkñúgskmμPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaHmYycMnYntYcb:ueNÑaH ³ mansBaØamYycMnYn EdlbgðajeXIjfa
esdækic©km<úCaenATn;exSay ³ cab;taMgBIqñaM 1993 mk mUldæankMeNInesdækic© tUcceg¥ót ehIymYyPaKFMén
kMeNInenH)anmkBIvis½yplitkmμ nigeTscrN_ . KMlatcMNUlrvagTIRkug nigCnbT manTMhMFMNas; edaysar
kMeNInesdækic©rhUtmkdl;eBlenH maneRcInenAEttMbn;TIRkug cMENkenAtMbn;CnbT kMeNInesdækic©mankar
fycuH . vis½yksikmμEdlepþatxøaMgEteTAelIksikmμEdlCalkçN³RKYsar mankMeNInticbMput edaysar
plitPaBdIFøI nigkMlaMgBlkmμmankMritTabCagplitPaB nigkMlaMgBlkmμrbs;RbeTsepSgeTotenAkñúgtMbn; .
eTaHCay:agenHkþI vis½yksikmμEdlmanvisalPaB TUlMTUlay rYmTaMg kareRbIR)as;FnFanFmμCatiedaypÞal;
dUcCa RtI nig plitpléRBeQI KW enAEtCa RbPBsMxan;bMputEtmYyKt; Edlpþl;nUvkargar nig rbrciBa©wmCIvit
dl;RbCaCnExμrRbmaN 70 PaKry b:uEnþ tamlT§plénkarGegátnaeBlbc©úb,nñ)anbgðaj[eXIjfa smtßPaB
rbs;vis½yksikmμkñúgkarbnþ rYmcMENkedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH KW mankMrit ehIy cMnYnkargarfμIeRkABIksikmμEdl
begáIteLIgeday kMeNInesdækic© dUcCa enAkñúgvis½yplitkmμ nig eTscrN_ mantictYcNas; .

karrIkcMerInEpñkesdækic©CnbT nigkMeNIncMNUl RBmTaMgkargarEdlekItecjBIkMeNInenH mansar³sMxan;Nas;
kñúgkarsMerceKaledAGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsg�mkic©enAkm<úCa ³ edaysarkMeNIn RbCaCnenAEtbnþy:agelOn ehIy
karRsUbTajkMlaMgBlkmμcUlkñúgvis½yesdækic©epSgeToteRkABIvis½yksikmμ)antictYc dUecñH kMlaMgBlkmμenA
CnbT nwgenAEtbnþekIneLIgy:ageRcInkñúgry³eBlxøI nig mFüm EdlRtUvEsVgrkkargarenAkñúgEpñkplitkmμ
enACnbT . RbsinebIcMnYnRbCaCnbnþekIn eLIgkñúg GRtaRbEhl 2/5 PaKrykñúgmYyqñaM ehIy »kaskargar
eRkABIvis½yksikmμekIneLIgminTan;kMeNInenHeTenaH mnusSeBjkMlaMgBlkmμCaeRcInEdlecjBIkñúgcMeNam
mnusS 250>000nak; cUlbEnßmeTA elIkMlaMgBlkmμEdlmanRsab;Caerogral;qñaM nwgRtUvhUrcUleTAkñúgvis½y
ksikmμ . plvi)akCacMbgmYy EdlnwgekItmaneLIg KW karbegáInsMBaFeTAelIFnFanFmμCati dUcCa mUldæandIFøI
éRBeQI nig FnFan Clpl edaysarkalanuvtþesdækic© mantictYc ehIy RKYsarenACnbT RtUvRbkbrbr
ciBa©wmCIvit .

km<úCa sißtkñúgcMeNamRbeTsBIrenAkñúgtMbn; ¬mYyeTot KW saFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanitLav¦ Edlvis½y
ksikmμ mancMENkFMbMputenAkñúgplitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬GDP¦ nigkargar . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday vis½y

                                                                                                   1
ksikmμminTan;mankarrIkcMerInenAeLIy . kMeNInvis½yksikmμtamminTan;kMeNIn vis½yksikmμrbs;RbeTs
Citxag ehIyKMlatd¾FMénplitPaBksikmμnigkMlaMgBlkmμ )aneFVI[km<úCa sßitenAdac;q¶ayBIRbeTsksikmμ nig
RbeTsnaMecjplitplksikmμsMxan;²enAkñúgtMbn; . kñúgxN³ eBlEdlraCrdæaPi)aleRKagnwgeRbIR)as;vinieyaK
kñúgvis½yÉkCnnig ksikmμ Cak,alm:asuIn sMrab;CMruj kMeNInesdækic© km<úCaRtUverobcMxøÜncUlCasmaCikGg�kar
BaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak - WTO KWcMeBlEdlkar naMecjplitplksikmμ nig vinieyaKrbs;vis½yÉkCn eTAelI
vis½yksi-]sSahkmμFøak;cuH kñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgmkenH .

rbrciBa©wmCIvitenACnbT RbQmmuxnwghaniP½yx<s; Edl)ankMriteTAelIcMNUlenACnbTnignaM [manksikmμCa
lkçN³RKYsard¾eRcInelIslub ehIy BwgEp¥keTAelIFnFanFmμCatirYm CaBiessRKYsarRkIRkbMput . RKYsarRkIRk
RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit kñúgbriyakaseBareBjeTAedayhaniP½y nig maneRKaHmhnþrayx<s; dUcCa TwkCMnn;
karxUcxatpldMNaM nig karsøab;stV bNþalmkBICMgWratt,at bBaðasuxPaB k¾dUcCakardeNþImykdIFøI
BIsMNak;Rkum b¤buK�lmanGMNac . ksikmμCalkçN³RKYsar enAEtmanCaTUeTA ehIykareRbIR)as;FnFan
FmμCatisMrab;CamuxrbrciBa©wmCIvit enAEtCamuxrbrsMxan; rbs;RKYsarRkIRk . edaysarcMNUlBIksikmμ man
kMritTabnigmaneTAtamrdUv RKYsarenACnbTRtUvEsVgrkkargarepSgeToteFVI EdlPaKeRcInmanlkçN³
beNþaHGasnñ nig manR)ak;kMérTab .

karEklMGkargarRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCatimansar³sMxan;Nas; EdlCYyKaMRTdl;kMeNIn esdækic© CnbTEdl
BwgEp¥kelIkarBRgIktMbn;plitkmμksikmμ TnÞwmnwgenHFana[mankar eRbIR)as; FnFanFmμCatiedaynirnþrPaB .
Rkbx½N�RKb;RKgFnFanFmμCatibc©úb,nñ pþl;nUvplRbeyaCn_tictYcNas; cMeBaHkMeNInesdækic©CnbT nig
karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ehIy manktþamYycMnYnEdlbgðaj[ eXIjBIkarfy cuHénFnFanFmμCati . karBRgwg
nigBRgIkskmμPaBksikmμ TMngCabnþdak;sMBaFeTA elImUldæanFnFanFmμCati . eTaHbICaviFankarmYycMnYn
RtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,IepÞrsiT§ieRbIR)as; BIkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμCaRTg;RTayFM eTAkarRtYtBinitüedaypÞal;BI
raCrdæaPi)alnigshKmn_k¾eday k¾RbB½n§RKb;RKg EdlmanRbsiT§iPaB minTan;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg nig Gnuvtþ
edIm,IFana[RKYsarenACnbTmanlT§PaBeRbIR)as;FnFanTaMgenHenAeLIy . elIsBIenHeTot kareKogKrdIFøI
sMrab;GñkKμandIFøI nigGñkmandIFøIbnþicbnþÜceRbIR)as; tMrUv[mandMeNIrkarsμúKsμaj dUcCakarkat;bnßydI BIGñk
mandIFøIeRcIn k¾dUcCakarEkERbdIéRBeQIEdlhinehac TMnablicTwk nigdIrYm . edIm,IRKb;RKgmUldæanFnFan
[manRbsiT§iPaB rYmTaMg karEkERbdIFøI[ mannirnþrPaBpg raCrdæaPi)al RtUvEtEklMGmUldæanBt’manFnFan
begáIt[manynþkareFVIEpnkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigbegáItynþkarmYyEdlsg�mGacTTYlyk)an sMrab;epÞrsiT§i
eRbIR)as;[eTARKYsarksikr . elIsBIenHeTot karFana[manlT§PaBeRbIR)as; FnFanFmμCatiKWCamUldæan
mYyd¾caM)ac;sMrab;rkSa sßirPaBkMeNInesdækic©CnbT[)anTUlMTUlay nig karkat;bnßyPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH .

                                                                                                      2
karCMrujkarEkERbvis½yksikmμ BIksikmμCalkçN³RKYsar eTAksikmμTIpSarEdlmanRTg;RTayFM rYmTaMg
ÉkeTskmμkñúgtMbn;pg mansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarbegáInplitPaBksikmμ nigcMNUldl;ksikr ehIy
tamry³enH begáInel,ÓnkMeNInksikmμ nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . km<úCaGacplitRsUv)anRKb;RKan;
sMrab;p�t;p�g;xøÜnÉg eTaHbICatMbn;mYycMnYn enACYbRbTHkarxVHxatk¾eday . eTaHbICakarykcitþTukdak cMeBaH
tMrUvkarsnþisuxes,óg enAEtmansar³sMxan;enAkñúgEpñkxøH CaBiesstulüPaBGaharUbtßmÖ k¾RtUvmankarpøas;bþÚr
eTArkÉkeTskmμEdlx<s;Cagmun nigkartMrg;TisTIpSar . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday el,Ónénkarpøas;bþÚrenH
GaRs½yeTAelIkaryl;dwgrbs;RKYsarenAtMbn;CnbT cMeBaHdMeNIrkaredaHRsaybBaðahaniP½yTak;TgnwgkarBwg
Ep¥kelITIpSarcMeBaHtMrUvkarCamUldæan nigcMNUl . dMeNIrkarkat;bnßyPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH rbs;RKYsar
enACnbT manktþamYycMnYn dUcCakarbegáInkar FanasiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI karRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþrayFmμCati[man
RbsiT§iPaB ¬dUcCa TwkCMnn; CaedIm¦ kar kat;bnßybnÞúkelIGñkplit dUcCa éføeFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvfñl;eRkApøÚvkar nig
éføecjcUlpSar nigkarBRgwg TIpSar tamry³viFankarmYycMnYn dUcCa karkat;bnßyTunvinieyaKelIehdæarcna-
sm<½n§ nig karsMrbsMrYl[mankarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgExSsgVak;TIpSar .

karbegáInplitPaBksikmμ nig ÉkeTskmμ k¾nwgCYy[GñkplitenACnbT manlT§PaB TTYl)an Bt’man nig
bec©kviTüapgEdr . lT§PaBrbs;GñkplitenACnbT kñúgkarTTYl )anBt’man nig bec©kviTüa mansar³sMxan;
cMeBaHÉkeTskmμkñúgtMbn;elIkar daMduHdMNaM ksikmμ nig kñúgkarsMerc[)an nUvskþanuBl kñúgkardaMduHksikmμ Edl
dwg)antamry³ Tinñpld¾Tabén pldMNaMnigbsustVkñúg rdUvknøgmk . karBRgwgsmtßPaBRsavRCav nig
pSBVpSayksikmμ Edl)an cab;epþImGnuvtþ taMgBI 15 qñaMmun enAEtBwgEp¥kelIfvika CMnYydEdl . ebIBicarNa
eTAelIsmtßPaB nig bBaðakgVHfvikaenA kñúgvis½ysaFarN³ CakarcaM)ac; rdæaPi)al KYrEtykcitþTukdak;eTAelI
tYnaTIsMxan; rbs;vis½y saFarN³ nigbegáInkarcUlrYmBIvis½yÉkCn . edayRbQmmuxnwgbBaðarYm Tak;Tgnwgkar
eFVIRbBlvb,kmμ karbegáItnanaPaB nig ÉkeTskmμ kñúgtMbn; yuT§viFImYyEdlTTYl)an BIGñkpþl; esvaCaeRcIn
KWkarsMerclT§pl[)anelOnnigmannirnþrPaB CagkarBRgwgsmtßPaB pSBVpSayksikmμ CasaFarN³ .
elIsBIenHeTot eRkABIkarpþl;esvapþl;RbwkSa caM)ac;RtUvmankarbegáIn lT§PaB TTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßú nig
TunsMPar³RbkbedayKuNPaB dl;ksikrpgEdr .

eTaHbICamankarrIkcMerInk¾eday k¾esva nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§CamUldæan enAEtminTan;manRKb; RKan;enAeLIy ³
lT§PaBeRbIR)as;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ manTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§eTAnwgkMeNInesdækic©CnbT edaypSarP¢ab;Gñkplit
CamYynwgTIpSar kat;bnßycMNayelITunsMPar³bMerI[kardaMduHksikmμ begáInkar RbkYtRbECgelIkarnaMecjrbs;
km<úCa nig CMruj[vis½yÉkCneFVIkarvinieyaKenAtMbn;CnbT . eTaHbICa mankarvinieyaKeRcInkñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_
knøgmkenHk¾eday k¾tMbn;CnbT enACYbRbTHkgVH esvasg�m esdækic© nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§CamUldæanenAeLIy

                                                                                                          3
ehIy EpñkCaeRcIneTot tamminTan;RbeTsCitxag . esvahirBaØvtßúpøÚvkar b¤ Bak;kNþalpøÚvkar minGaceRbIkar
)anenAtambNþatMbn;CaeRcIn enACnbT . ehdæarcnasm<½n§Gb;rMnigsuxaPi)al nig esvakmμ k¾sßitenAeRkamkMrit
sþg;darkñúgtMbn; edaybegáInPaB gayTTYlrgeRKaHdl;RKYsarenACnbT nig kMriteTAelIlT§PaBrbs;RKYsar
TaMgenHkñúgkarTTYl)an kalanuvtþesdækic© .

karEklMGesvasg�mnigehdæarcnasm<½n§CamUldæank¾dUcCa karEklMGbriyakasGaCIvkmμ[)an kan;EtTUlMTUlay
k¾nwgCYybegáIt[manskmμPaBeRkABIksikmμEdlrYmcMENkCMruj[mankMeNInesdækic©CnbTEdr . skmμPaB
esdækic©CnbTeRkABIksikmμ EdlPaKeRcInminpøÚvkar)anrYmcMENky:ageRcInkñúg karbegáIncMNUldl;RKYsar
enACnbT . karbegáItnanaPaBcMNUl mantYnaTIkñúgkarRKb;RKghaniP½ypg nigbegáItcMNUlsMrab;RKYsarpg .
RKYsarenACnbT eFVIkargarCaeRcIn dUcCa ksikmμ sMNg; kardwk CBa¢Ún kargareragcRk esvakmμ nig kargarraCkar
EdlCa kargarmanR)ak;kMér b¤ mIRkUGaCIvkmμ rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarEkécñes,ógsMrab;lk; karpþl;esva karCYjdUr
plitplksikmμtictYc dUcCa RtInigstV RBmTaMg karplitnigkarCYjdUrplitplnana pgEdr .

TsSn³vis½ysMrab;karGPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbT ³ ÉksarenH pþl;Gnusasn_sMrab;kMENTMrg;Ca yuT§sa®sþ dUcCa
eKalneya)ay smtßPaBsßab½nenAfñak;CatinigmUldæan nig karbEgVrTisedAvinieyaK saFarN³ EdlRtUv
erobcMeLIg edIm,ICMruj[mankarGPivDÆn_vis½yksikmμ nigvis½yepSgeToteRkABI ksikmμenAtMbn;CnbTén
RbeTskm<úCa . yuT§sa®sþenH ekItecjBITsSnvis½yTak;TgnwgGVIEdlCa bMNgR)afña nig GVIEdlGaceFVI)an ³
vis½yCnbTenAkm<úCa EdlkñúgenaH manGPi)alkic©mUldæanl¥ nig shKmn_mUldæan )ancUlrYmkñúgkareFVIesckþI
sMercelIkarGPivDÆn_ nigkarviPaCFnFansMxan;² . lT§PaBeRbIR)as;FnFanFmμCatisMrab;plitkmμ man
lkçN³smRsb nigmantmøaPaB . skmμPaBEdlBak;B½n§nwgkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmμCati mannirnþrPaB .
\NTan manRKb;RKan;sMrab;vinieyaKelIskmμPaBksikmμ nigskmμPaBeRkABIksikmμ ehIyGacFanaeday
GclnRTBü dUcCa dIFøI CaedIm . karbegáIt[manskmμPaBRKb;RKan;sMrab;RsUbTajkMlaMgBlkmμ enAkñúgvis½y
]sSahkmμ nig esvakmμ begáIncMNUldl;RKYsarksikr tamry³»kaskargareRkABIksikmμeBjeBl nigknøHeBl
. cMnYnmnusSEdleFVIkargarERscMkar nigBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIksikmμCalkçN³RKYsar nig skmμPaB
eRkApøÚvkar)anfycuH . plitPaBksikmμ nig cMNUlBIksikmμ mankarekIneLIg . vibtþienAkñúgRKYsar RtUv)an
kat;bnßy edayRKYsarmansmtßPaBkat;bnßy nig RKb;RKg haniP½y . karbegáItnanaPaBdMNaM nig plitpl
RtUv)aneFVIeLIg edaysarksikr eqøIytbedayesrI eTAnwgkarERbRbYltMélTIpSar nigkarelIkTwkcitþeday
minlMeGog . ksikmμenAtamtMbn;nanaenAkñúgRbeTs mankarvivDÆn_eTAtamskþanuBlPaBxus²KñaéntMbn; TaMgenaH
. elIsBIenHeTot karGPivDÆn_esdækic© mankarrIkcMerInenATUTaMgRbeTs ehIy KMlatcMNUlrvagtMbn;CnbT nig
TIRkugkan;EttUc .

                                                                                                     4
ktþasMxan;²ényuT§sa®sþ

EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsg�mkic©R)aMqñaMelIkTI 2 qñaM 2001-2005 yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßy PaBRkIRkqñaM
2003-2005 nig yuT§sa®sþctuekaNfμIrbs;raCrdæaPi)al )anpþl;nUvTisedATUeTAdl; sßab½nnana EdleFVIkargar
xagGPivDÆn_CnbT . sMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbT eKRtUvykTisedATUeTATaMg enHeTAerobcMCayuT§sa®sþmYyeTot
[manlkçN³BisþareBjelj nig manTMnak;TMngKña . edIm,IrYm cMENkdl;karsMerceKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_
nig edIm,IFana[kMeNInesdækic©mannirnþrPaB TnÞwm nwgenH Fana)anfa RKYsarenACnbT CaBiess RKYsarRkIRk
bMput TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIkarGPivDÆn_ ksikmμ nig karGPivDÆn_CnbT kartMrg;TisedACayuT§sa®sþsMxan;²
xageRkamenH RtUv)anesñIeLIg . skmμPaBCaGaTiPaB enAkñúgPaKTI II énÉksarenH k¾mansegçbCUnenAkñúg
m:aRTIsCUnP¢ab; bnÞab;BIxøwmsarsegçbenH .

karBRgwgRkbx½N�c,ab; nig RbB½n§RKb;RKgbec©keTs sMrab;RKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati[man nirnþrPaB RtUvEtsMerc
[)an kñúgry³eBld¾xøIxagmuxenH . Rkbx½N�c,ab;RKb;RKgdIFøI éRBeQI Clpl nigFnFanTwk enAminTan;man
RKb;RKan; KYbpSMCamYynwgPaBTn;exSaykñúgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;nigbTdæan KtiyutþiEdlenACaFrman )ankMriteTAelIkar
Fana[RKYsarenACnbTmanlT§PaBeRbIR)as;FnFan bEnßmPaBminc,as;las;eTAelIbriyakasGaCIvkmμ nig
begáIt[manbriyakasCMruj[GñkRKb;RKgnigGñkeRbI R)as;FnFanFmμCaticg;)ankMér . karbegáIt[manCabnÞan;
nUvRbB½n§RKb;RKgEdlBRgwgkarTTYlxusRtUv enAmUldæan TnÞwmnwgenH Fana[mankareKarBcMeBaHnirnþrPaB
TUlMTUlay RtUvEteFVIeLIgCabnÞan; edIm,IBRgwgkarRKb;RKgFnFanEdlkMBugRtUv)aneFVIGaCIvkmμnaeBlbc©úb,nñ
CatMbn;ebIkcMhkareRbIR)as; edaymankarBartictYc b¤KμankarBaresaHcMeBaHsiT§ieRbIR)as;CaFmμta nigCa
lkçN³RKYsar . GaTiPaB rYmman ³

begáInkarFanasiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI CaBiess sMrab;RbCaCnRkIRk nig EdlsßitkñúgsßanPaB lM)aketaky:ak tamry³
karpþl;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI TnÞwmnwgenH k¾begáInnUvlT§PaBeRbIR)as; dIFøIdl;RbCaBlrdæEdlKμandIFøI nigRbCaBlrdæ
EdlmandIFøItic RBmTaMg edaHRsaybBaða EdlCabJsKl;énkar)at;bg;dIFøI .

GnuvtþRbB½n§RKb;RKgClplTwkéRbnigTwksab EdlbegáInlT§PaBeRbIR)as; dl;shKmn_ EdlBwgEp¥kelIFnFan
ClplenH TnÞwmnwgenH rkSa)annUvnirnþrPaBplsþúk .




                                                                                                         5
GnuvtþRbB½n§RKb;RKgéRBeQIrYm EdlCMruj[man karcUlrYmBIshKmn_mUldæan kMeNIn esdækic©kan;EtTUlMTUlay
nigCIvcMruH RBmTaMg plRbeyaCn_epSgeToténkarGPirkS eday epþateTAelIynþkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; EdlEp¥keTAelI
tmøaPaB nig karTTYlxuRtUvenAfñak;mUldæan nig fñak;elI .

begáIt nigGnuvtþsakl,g RbB½n§RKb;RKgFnFanTwkenAtamtMbn; edIm,Ikat;bnßyeRKaHfñak; bNþalmkBI
eRKaHTwkCMnn;nigraMgs¶Üt bBa©ÚlkarBRgwgRbB½n§ksikmμ nig Fana[manesva p�t;p�g;TwkEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ nig
mannirnþrPaB .

karEklMGCabnþbnÞab;nUvTIpSarplitplnigTunsMPar³ k¾dUcCa eKalneya)ay nig karviinieyaK edIm,IKaMRT
dl;karBRgIknigBRgwgkardaMduHdMNaMRKb;mux CatMrUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;CMruj[kMeNInesdækic© CnbTeLIgdl;BI 5 eTA
6 PaKryCaGb,brma kñúgmYyqñaM nig eqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarénkMlaMgBlkmμenA CnbT EdlecHEtekIneLIg
CalMdab; . enHKWCaGRtakMeNInesdækic©d¾x<s;mYy ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwg kargarEdl)anGnuvtþnaeBlbc©úb,nñ
enAkñúgvis½yenH ehIykarbegáInTinñplRsUv nwgRKan;EtQan eq<aHeTAsMerceKaledAenHb:ueNÑaH . karsMerc
[)annUvGRtakMeNInesdækic©x<s; tMrUv[mankar begáInkar daMduHdMNaMcMruH eRkABIRsUv EdlPaKeRcIn mantMrUvkar
BITIpSar nigelIsBIenHKWsMrab;naMecj . karRbkYtRbECgrbs;ksikrnigRKwHsßanksi-BaNiC¢kmμ nigkareFVI
smahrNkmμ cUlkñúgTIpSar BiPBelak enAmankMrit edaysarktþamYycMnYn dUcCa plitPaBTab ehdæarcnasm<½n§
plitkmμnig TIpSarexSay nigsßab½n ¬dUcCaGMeBIBukrlYyCaedIm¦ EdleFVI[TunsMrab;dMeNIrkarGaCIvkmμ eLIgx<s;
nigraraMgdl;karepÞrBt’manBITIpSareTAGñkplitenACnbT GñkdwkCBa¢Ún GñkEkécñ nigTIpSarhirBaØvtßúEdlkMBug
cab;kMeNItenACnbTénRbeTskm<úCa . edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaH ÉksarenH )anGHGagfa karRKb;RKgvis½y
ksikmμ RtUvkarEkTMrg;CacaM)ac; edaycab;epþImpSBVpSay GMBIkmμviFIGPivDÆn_ksikmμmYyc,as;las; Edl
epþateTAelIkarpþl;esvaksikmμRbkb edayKuNPaB bMeBjeTAtamtMrUvkar nig karedaHRsaycMNayRbtibtþikar
x<s;enAkñúgExSsgVak;TIpSar .

karerobcMeKalneya)ay nig karelIkTwkcitþ RtUvEtbnþeFVIeLIg edayBieRKaHeyabl; CamYyksikr nig
vis½yÉkCn edIm,IbegáInkareqøIytbeTAnwg Tinñpl dUcCa RsUv Clpl nig éRBeQI nig edIm,IsMrbsMrYl [man
karbegáItnanaPaB TaMgelIkardaMduH ksikmμ nig karEkécñedIm,ItMélbEnßm k¾dUcCa karkMNt;GMBIktþaEdl
CYyeFVI[RbCaBlrdæRkIRkenACnbT TTYl)antMélbEnßmmYyEpñkFM BIkardaMduHksikmμenACnbT . CMerIsnana nig
]TahrN_mYycMnYnmanenAkm<úCa sMrab;GnuvtþyuT§sa®sþ kMeNInesdækic©CnbTEdlCYydl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk
tamry³ karbegáItnanaPaBnaMmuxTIpSar rYmTaMg kareFVIkic©snüasMrab;ksikmμ smaKmTIpSar .l. b:uEnþ



                                                                                                      6
TaMgenHtMrUv[mankarpøas;bþÚrCaeRcInelI briyakasvinieyaKenACnbT nig rcnasm<½n§cat;taMg EdlpSarP¢ab;Gñk
plitenACnbT CamYynwgGñkEkécñ nig TIpSar .

karvinieyaKbEnßmeTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§CamUldæan nigesvasg�mkic© k¾dUcCakarbegáInlT§PaBTTYl)anesva
hirBaØvtßú mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarCMruj[mankMeNInesdækic©CnbT ³

vinieyaKbEnßmeTAelIkarGb;rMCamUldæan CaBiess edIm,IbegáInGRtaekμgRsIeron cb;kMritsikSa nImYy² enAtMbn;
CnbT KWCatMrUvkarcaM)ac; . karvinieyaK EdlelIk kMBs;suxPaBCaTUeTA Ca Biess suxPaB®sþI EdlmanCag 50
PaKry énkMlaMg Blkmμksikmμ nig kat;bnßytMél esvasuxPaB Gackat;bnßyRbPBcMbgénPaBgay
TTYlrgeRKaHrbs;RKYsar .

karbegáInlT§PaBTTYl)anpøÚvfñl; GK�isnI nig Twks¥ateRbIR)as; nwgCYybegáIn»kasecj cUlTIpSar ehIy
pþl;nUv»kassMrab;begáItskmμPaBeRkABIksikmμ .

karbegáInlT§PaBTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßúeRcInRbePT nwgkat;bnßyPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH rbs;RKYsarenACnbT
ehIy CatMrUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;KaMRTdl;kareFVInanaPaBesdækic©CnbT.

karbegáItnanaPaBRbPBcMnUl nig karpøas;bþÚrsMxan;² enAcenøaH nig enAkñúg tMbn; Rsuk¼x½N� nig XuM¼sgáat;
)anbgðajy:agc,as;fa KμandMeNaHRsayTUeTAcMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_CnbTeT . pÞúyeTAvij dMeNIrkarenH RtUvman
lkçN³Cak;lak; ehIy eqøIytbeTAnwgsßanPaBnigkal³eTs³enAkñúgmUldæan RBmTaMg begáIn[)anCaGtibrma
nUvkarcUlrYmBIsMNak;Gg�karnigRbCaCnkñúgmUldæan . karbegáInkar cUlrYmBINak;Gg�kar nigRbCaCnkñúgmUldæan
enAkñúgdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarnigerobcMtak;EtgeKalneya)ay          nwgrYmcMENkdl;karkMNt;GaTiPaBvinieyaK
saFarN³[)anl¥RbesIr . elIsBIenHeTot dMeNIrkareFVIEpnkar nigGPi)alkic©mUldæan RtUvkarkarKaMRT
BIfñak;Cati tamry³karedaHRsaybBaðaeKal- neya)aynigsßab½n Edlmanplb:HBal;elIvis½yCnbT .

karsMerc[)anlT§pll¥ nig dMNak;kalbnþbnÞab;

edIm,IsMerc[)anlT§pll¥ yuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_CnbTEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB RtUvEtBicarNaeTAelI TidæPaBbEnßm
mYycMnYn Edlman\T§iBll¥dl;tMbn;CnbT nig pSarP¢ab;yuT§sa®sþenHeTAnwgEpñkepSgeToténesdækic©Cati .


                                                                                                    7
TidæPaBTaMgenH mandUcCa TMnak;TMngExSTTwgCamYynwgrebobvar³Cati bBaða smtßPaBsßab½nEdlepþateTAelItYnaTI
sMxan;rbs;vis½ysaFarN³ nig karedaHRsaytMrUvkarsMrbsMrYl mYycMnYn rYmTaMg karKaMRTBIm©as;CMnYypg .

BRgwgTMnak;TMngCamYynwgrebobvar³rYm ³ karrIkcMerInxagEpñkGPivDÆn_ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT minRKan;Et
BwgEp¥kelIdMeNaHRsaybBaðaenAkñúgEpñkTaMgenHbu:eNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMg BwgEp¥¥kelI dMeNIkarGnuvtþn_rebobvar³
sMxan;² EdlmanTMnak;TMngtamExSTTwgCamYynwgvis½yepSgeTotpgEdr . yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkqñaM
2003-2005 nig EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsg�mkic©R)aMqñaMelIk TI 2 qñaM 2001-2005 )anbgðajnUv
sar³sMxan;énskmμPaBTaMgenH . karrIkcMerIntamvis½y RtUv)anTTYls�al;fa RtUvBwgEp¥keTAelIkarrIkcMerIn
RsbKñaénTidæPaBTaMg 3 rbs;GPi)alkic© EdlEtkMBugman PaBl¥RbesIreLIg dUcCa kMENTMrg;m®nþIraCkar
vimCÄkarnigGPi)alkic©mUldæan nig karRbqaMgnwgGMeBI BukrlYy . elIsBIenHeTAeTot manrebobvar³tamExSTTwg
Tak;TgnwgkarGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn EdlKaMRT dl;ExSsgVak;tMélEkécñksikmμ nig esdækic©CnbTeRkABIvis½y
ksikmμy:agTUlMTUlay . bBaðaenH )anbgðaj[eXIjnUvbriyakasEdlmankarGnueRKaHdl;karGPivDÆn_CnbT
nigCaktþasMxan;sMrab;tMrg;Tis edAkarGPivDÆn_CnbT[dMeNIrkareTAkñúgel,ÓnmYyEdlGacnaMmk nUvkarrIkcMerIn
EpñksuxumalPaBdl;RbCaCnenACnbT . karedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH PaKeRcIn KWminEmnCaTTYlxusRtUv
rbs;sßab½n EdlmanParkic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbTeT ehIykrNIEdlsßab½nTaMgenHmin)an cUlrYm
[)anskmμkñúg karedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH naM[mankMhusq�gekIteLIg . CadMbUg TisedAd¾TUlMTUlayén
kMMENTMrg; caM)ac;RtUvEtmanbJsKl;enAkñúgrebobvar³tamvis½yeTIbmanRbsiT§iPaB ehIykarerobcMrebobvar³tam
vis½yenH[suIsgVak;Kña nwgeFVI[sßab½nEdlman Parkic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigGPivDÆn_CnbTenH køayCaGñk
TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_muneKBIkarpøas;bþÜr . bnÞab;;mk enAkñúgtMbn;xøH sßab½nGPivDÆn_CnbTkMBugEtrk
dMeNaHRsaysMrab;rebobvar³ d¾TUlMTUlayenH ¬]TahrN_ ³ karEklMGRbB½n§epÞrhirBaØvtßúGnþrrdæaPi)al k¾dUcCa
kareFVIEpnkar nigkarGnuvtþn_KMeragGPivDÆn_mUldæan kñúgRkbx½N�kMENTMrg;vimCÄkarnaeBlfμI²enH¦ . sßab½n
tamvis½y GacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ tamry³karcUlrYmy:agskmμ b:uEnþcaM)ac;RtUvBRgwg smtßPaB sßabn½
rbs;xøÜnCamunsin .

epþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelItYnaTIsMxan;²rbs;vis½ysaFarN³ ³ bBaðaRbQmmYy EdlraCrdæaPi)alRtUv
edaHRsay KW karBRgwgsmßPaBsMrab;bMeBj[tYnaTIdwknaMkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© edIm,I CMruj[mankMeNInesdækic©
x<s; nigRbkbedaysmFm’ . elIsBIenHeTot raCrdæaPi)al )ane)aHbg; ecalskmμPaB Edlbnþdak;bnÞúkeTAelI
vis½ysaFarN³rbs;RbeTsCitxag dUcCa karcUlrYmpÞal;kñúg plitkmμ nig karKabsgát;BIrdæelIsßab½nTIpSar .
raCrdæaPi)al enAmankic©CaeRcIneTotRtUveFVI dUcCa karpþl;plitplsaFarN³ karedaHRsaybBaðakS½yFnEpñk
TIpSar nigkarpþl;esvasMxan;² Edlvis½yÉkCn TMngCayl;eXIjfaminTTYl)anplcMeNj .

                                                                                                       8
tYnaTImYycMnYneTot rYmman karCMruj[mankar ÉkPaBKñaelI karGnuvtþn_ nig karsMrbsMrYl[maneKalneya)ay
tamvis½y EdlBak;B½n§nwgeKaledACan;Kña . elIsBIenHeTAeTot raCrdæaPi)al mantYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarGnuvtþn_
eKalkarN_GPi)alkic©l¥ nig Gnuvtþn_viFankarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy . Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;mUlniFiCMnYysMrab;
vinieyaKsaFarN³ man bBaðaRbQmmYyeTotTak;TgnwgkarsMrbsMrYlskmμPaBrbs;m©as;CMnYy edIm,IeFVIy:agNa
CMnYyTaMgenHRtUvKñaCamYynwgGaTiPaBCati . kgVHsmtßPaBrbs;sßab½nrdæaPi)al CabBaðabEnßmmYyeTot sUm,IEt
smtßPaBpþl;esvanana Edlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHGñkplitenACnbT enAeBlEdlBYkeK Büayam begáItnanaPaB
sMrab;skmμPaB nigtMrg;TisedAeTA»kasTIpSar . karbegáItlkçx½N�TaMgenaHsMrab; eGaymankic©GPivDÆn_
vis½yÉkCn nigelIkkMBs;smtßPaB nigFnFanCabnþénvis½yÉkCn edIm,Ipþl; FatucUl nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§caM)ac;
edIm,IBRgwgkarksagesdækic©CnbT caM)ac;RtUvzitenARtg;cMNuc sñÚlénrebobvar³GPivDÆn_CnbT .

karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelItMrUvkarsMrbsMrYl rYmTaMg CMnYyKaMRTBIm©as;CMnYy ³ manbBaða RbQmmYyeTot
EdlraCrdæaPi)alRtUvedaHRsay KWtMrUvkarsMrbsMrYl ebIBicarNaeTAelIcMnYnd¾eRcInénsßab½nraCrdæaPi)al Edl
cUlrYmkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ksikmμnigCnbT cMnYnédKUxageRkAEdl)anpþl; hirBaØb,Tandl;kic©GPivDÆn_ nig smtßPaB
sMxan;²EdlmanenAkñúgmuxgarsaFarN³. kic©xitxMRbwgERbg sMrbsMrYlEdlkMBugGnuvtþnaeBlbc©úb,nñ nwgTTYl
)aneCaKC½yFMeFg RbsinebImankarcUlrYmxøaMgkøaBI fñak;dwknaMraCrdæaPi)al . KMeragmYyEdl)anGnuvtþenAqñaM
2003 edIm,IsMrbsMrYleKalneya)ay nig CMnYyKaMRTBIm©as;CMnYy EdlnaMeTAdl;karbegáItRkumkargarbec©keTs
rYmmYycMnYnrvagraCrdæaPi)al nig m©as;CMnYy ¬TWG¦ KWCakarcab;epþImmYyd¾l¥ . elIsBIenHeTot eKKYrEt
BicarNaeTAelImeFüa)aybRgYb bRgYmbBa©ÚlKña nig sMrbsMrYlrebobvar³rbs;RkumTaMgenH edayCMruj[man
TsSn³vis½ymYyTak;Tgnwg TMhMCMnYyEdlm©as;CMnYysnüapþl;[EpñkGPivDÆn_ksikmμnigCnbT rYmTaMg
smasPaBvis½yrYmpSMpg nig CakEnøgmYysMrab;tMrg;TisedACMnYy[RtUvnwgrebobvar³kMENTMrg;sMrab;karGPivDÆn_
ksikmμnigCnbT enA km<úCa .

dMNak;kalbnþbnÞab; ³ karpøas;bþÚreq<aHeTArkRkbx½N�rYmmYysMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbT ³ ÉksarenH GacCa
CMnYysMrab;karBiPakSaeKalneya)ay rvag raCrdæaPi)al nigédKU elIkarkMNt;GaTiPaB kMENTMrg;esdækic© nig
karvinieyaKenAtMbn;CnbT edayepþateTAelIdMeNIrkareq<aHeTAkMNt;rebobvar³ rYmsMrab;kMeNInesdækic© nig
karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enAtMbn;CnbTénRbeTskm<úCa . kic©BieRKaH eyabl;elIÉksarenH)anRbRBwtþeTA
CamYyrdæaPi)al nigCamYyPaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot rYmmanm©as;CMnYydéTeTot GñktMNagénvis½yÉkCn
viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGg�kareRkArdæaPi)al edIm,IFanaeGaymantulüPaB nigPaBRtwmRtUv . ÉksarenH
BuMmanbMNgbBaðajyuT§saRsþeBjeljeLIy eRBaHfa KMlatBt’mansMxan;² nig karcUlrYmtictYcCamYyrdæaPi)al
rhUtmkdl;eBlenH bnSl;Tukkic©karCa eRcInsMrab;dMNak;kalCabnþbnÞab; . karBieRKaHeyabl; elIÉksar

                                                                                                   9
nwgRtUveFVIeLIgCamYynwg raCrdæaPi)al nig PaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot rYmTaMg m©as;CMnYydéTeTot pg edIm,IeFVI
y:agNa[mantulüPaB nigPaBRtwmRtUv . ÉksarenH minTan;manyuT§sa®sþTUlMTUlay RKb;RCugeRCay
enAeLIy edaysarkgVHBt’mansMxan;² ehIyTMnak;TMngCamYyraCrdæaPi)alrhUtmkdl;eBlenHmantictYc dUecñH
kargarsMxan; nwgeFVIenAdMNak;kalbnþbnÞab;eTot . karBieRKaHeyabl; maneKalbMNgepÞógpÞat; bBa¢ak;TisedACa
yuT§sa®sþCamYynwgraCrdæaPi)al nigkMNt;GMBIvis½yrYmpSMCaGaTiPaB Bt’manEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;vaytMél
bEnßm nig EpñkCak;lak;Edlsßab½nb¤buK�lmYycMnYn)andwgc,as;las;rYcCaeRsc sMrab; cab;epþImGnuvtþrebobvar³
c,as;las; EdlnaM[TTYl)anlT§plCak; EsþgCamUldæan . FnaKarBiPBelakeRtomxøÜnCaeRsc edIm,I]btßmÖ
KaMRTdl;kargarCabnþbnÞab; Edl)anRBmeRBog nigsMrbsMrYl CamYynwgraCrdæaPi)al nig édKUrbs;raCrdæaPi)al .




                                                                                                   10
                                  taragm:aRTIsGnusasn_sþIBIEpnkarskmμPaBCaGaTiPaB ³
                                                   Rkbx½N�eBlevla nig FnFan

rebobbkRsaytaragm:aRTIs ³
  taragm:aRTIs minerobrab;BisþareT KWepþatEteTAelI skmμPaBsMxan;²b:ueNÑaH .
  kmμviFI KMerag nig édKU minRtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSaTaMgGs;eT . taragm:aRTIsenH KWCa {Éksarrs;} ehIyGaceFVIbc©úb,nñPaBCaeTogTat; edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMg
  vDÆnPaB edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkrebobvar³kMENTMrg; nig karekogKrFnFanbEnßmeTotEdl)anÉkPaB .
  XøaRbeyaKBN’exov KWCaskmμPaB EdlRtUvkarFnFanbEnßm ¬b¤ FnFanmanRsab; EdlminTan;)ankMNt;ykmkeRbIR)as;enAdMNak;kalenH¦ nig karyk
  citþTukdak;xøaMgkøaBI rdæaPi)al nig édKUrbs;xøÜn . XøaRbeyaKBN’exμA KWCaskmμPaB EdlkMBugEtGnuvtþ eRkamkmμviFInana EdlTTYl)anfvika]btßmÖBI
  rdæaPi)al Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy EpñkÉkCn b¤ PaKIBak;B½n§epSgeTot .
  taragm:aRTIs k¾bgðajGMBIeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ EdlmankarcUlrYmcMENkeRcInbMput nig edaypÞal; BIrebobvar³Edl)anesñIeLIg .
  skmμPaBTaMgenH manRbePT nig visalPaBxus²Kña ¬dUcCa esckþIsMercelIeKalneya)ay kMENTMrg;sßab½n vinieyaK karsikSaRsavRCav b¤ skmμPaBTaMg
  enHBIrb¤eRcInbBa©ÚlKña¦ GaRs½yeTAelItMrUvkarenAtamEpñk nigsßanPaBrIkcMerInénvis½ynana . ehtudUecñH skmμPaBenAkñúgtaragm:aRTIs
  mankMritmindUcKñaeT.
  cMeBaHBakübMRBYj sUmGanTMB½rxagedIménÉksarenH .



                                                                                                                                              11
kMENTMrg;dIFøI [eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRk nigPaBGt;XøanF¶n;F¶r - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 7 ³ FanacIrPaBbrisßan]
                            Rkbx½N�eBlevla
                            ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦                        ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007- ry³eBlEvg ¬eRkay 2010¦ FnFan                       édKU
                                                                         2010¦
BRgwgkarRKb;RKgdIFøI ³      •   erobcMbegðIyGnuRkwtüsþIBI          dIrdæ • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIdIrdæ     • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIdIrdæ LMAP       RksYgerobcMEdndI
- eFVIsniTankmμRbB½n§cat;       ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦                         • GnuvtþGnuRkwtþsþIBIsm,Tan • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIsm,Tan ASDL (ADB)   nKrUbnIykmμ nig
  fñak;dIFøI                •   erobcMbegðIyGnuRkwtüsþIBI                  esdækic©                       esdækic©                            sMNg; CLP nig
- eFVIsniTankmμRbB½n§           sm,Tanesdækic© ¬kMBug dMeNIrkar¦         • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIsiT§ikan; • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIsiT§i
                                                                                                                                   (LASED)    sßab½nCasmaCik
  esdækic© Clpl nig         •   GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIsm,Tan esdækic©         kab;dIFøIrbs;RbCaBlrdæ         kan;kab;dIFøIrbs;                   rbs;xøÜn
  éRBsm,Tan                 •   erobcMbegðIyGnuRkwtüsþIBIsiT§i             kñúgmUldæan                    RbCaBlrdækñúgmUldæan
- BRgwgkareFVIEpnkar            kan;kab;dIFøIrbs;RbCaBlrdæ kñúgmUldæan • GnuvtþkmμviFIsm,TandI          • GnuvtþkmμviFIsm,TandI               CC     rdæGMNacextþ
  eRbIR)as;dIFøI                ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦                           sg�mkic©                       sg�mkic©
- erobcMnigGnuvtþkmμviFI    •   GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIdIrdæ                                                                                      ADB, WB,
  sm,TandIsg�mkic©          •   GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIsiT§ikan;                                                                                  GTZ,
                                                                                                                                              FINNIDA,
                                kab;dIFøIrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgmUldæan                                                                             CIDA,
                            •   karerobcMkmμviFIEbgEckdIFøI                                                                                   NGOs

                                edayEp¥kelIlT§plénkar
                                vaytMélplb:HBal;PaBRkIRk nigsg�m
                                nig KMeragsakl,g ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦
                            •   GnuvtþkmμviFIdIsm,TandIsg�mkic©



                                                                                                                                                            12
BRgwgrdæ)aldIFøI ³            •   ksagsmtßPaBdl;KN³kmμkar                   •   pþl;kmμsiT§idIFøIcMnYn        • BRgIkkarcuHpþl;b½NÑ        LMAP

- BRgwgkaredaHRsay                surieyadI nig BinitütamdanlT§pl               1 lan c,ab; dl;extþ- kmμsiT§dIFøI eTA extþ-
  CMelaHdIFøI .                   kargarrbs;KN³kmμkarenH           ¬kMBug       RkugcMnYn 10 nig RkugdéTeTot
- begáInkarpþl;kmμsiT§i           dMeNIrkar enATUTaMg 24 extþ-Rkug¦             raCFanIPñMeBj          ¬kMBug • BRgwgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIenA   (LMAP 2)

  nigkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIEdl      •   pþl;kmμsiT§idIFøIcMnYn 1 lan c,ab;            dMeNIrkar¦                       extþ-RkugdéTeTot
  manlkçN³CaRbB½n§                dl;extþ-RkugcMnYn        10         nig   •   BRgIkkarpþl;b½NÑkmμsiT§
- BinitüEksMrYlmuxgar             raCFanIPñMeBj ¬kMBug dMeNIrkar¦               eTAextþ-RkugdéTeTot           ¬enATUTaMgRbeTs
  kariyal½ysurieyadI          •   BRgwgkariyal½ysurieyadI enAkñúgextþ-      •   BRgwgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIenA b½NÑkmμsiT§idIFøI RbEhl
-           begáItnigGnuvtþ       RkugcMnYn 10 ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦                 extþ-RkugdéTeTot              5 eTA 6 lanc,ab; ¦
  yuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBI        •   begáItnigGnuvtþyuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBI       •   GnuvtþyuT§saRsþRbqaMg
  BukrlYy                         BukrlYy                                       GMeBI BukrlYy
- EksMrYlrcnasm<½n§
  epÞrdIFøI Bn§dar nig
  eFVIkarvaytMél
  RTBüsm,tþi .
                              kMENTMrg;sMxan;² nig karvinieyaKRsbeBlCamYyKña ³ karBRgwgkarGnuvtþn_kic©snüa karBRgwg
                              RbB½n§tulakar karbegáItesvahirBaØvtßúCnbT nig esvaKaMRTehdæarcnasm<½n§nigksikmμ




                                                                                                                                                      13
kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgvis½yéRBeQI
¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 7 ³ FanacIrPaBbrisßan¦
                           Rkbx½N�eBlevla
                           ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦                      ry³eBlmFüm                 ry³eBlEvg                  FnFan    édKU
                                                                       ¬2007-2010¦               ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦
BRgwgkMENTMrg;RKb;RKg      •   begðIykarerobcMEksMrYl kic©snüaeLIgvij • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIdIrdæ • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIdIrdæ WB LIL
                                                                                                                                     - RksYgksikmμ
                                                                                                                            WB SAC
sm,TanéRBeQI³                  nig lubecalkic©snüaEdlmineKarB         • bnþksagEpnTI kare)aH     • bnþksagEpnTI kare)aH LMAP          rukçaRbmaj;  nig
-bBa©b;karerobcMRbB½n§         taml½kçx½N�sm,Tan                         beg�al Gegát nig           beg�al Gegát nig                  ensaT COMTWG
éRBsm,TaneLIgvij           •   ksagbBa©b;¼Gnum½t nig GnuvtþGnuRkwtü      sareBIP½N�dIéRB            sareBIP½N�dIéRB                   sþIBIéRBeQI
- eFVIsniTanPaBcMeBaHkar       sþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ                   • BRgIkkarGnuvtþn_sakl,g • BRgIkkarGnuvtþn_sak                  m©as;CMnYy  ¬WB
eRbIR)as;dIéRB             •   begáInel,ÓnkarksagEpnTI kare)aH           CabeNþI²                   l,gCabeNþI²                       SIDA .l.¦
-begáInkarRKb;RKg              beg�al Gegát nigsareBIP½N�dIéRB        • BRgwgsmtßPaBrdæ)al       • BRgwgsmtßPaBrdæ)al                MLMUPC, CLP,

tMbn;éRBeRkA]Tüannig       •   sikSaCMerIssMrab;RKb;RKg                  éRBeQIenAfñak;xus²Kña      éRBeQIenAfñak;xus²Kña            sßab½ntamvis½y
eRkAtMbn;karBar                tMbn;éRBeRkA]Tüan nigeRkAtMbn;karBar                                                                  GaCJaFrmUldæan
-BRgwgsmtßPaBedIm,I            eGaymannirnþrPaB                                                                                      Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
RtYtBinitükarGnuvtþn_tam   •   Gnuvtþsakl,gkarerobcMRKb;RKgfμI
l½kçx½N�sm,TanéRBeQI       •   BRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;rdæ)aléRBeQIenA
                               fñak;xus²Kña



                                                                                                                                                     14
BinitüemIlsaeLIgvij       •   bnþBiPaskSa nig sikSaCMerIsrkmti         •   Gnuvtþsakl,g nig            •   bnþksagsmtßPaB       WB LIL           RksYgksikmμ
nUvrcnasm<½n§énvis½y          eyabl;saFarN³enAmUldæan GMBIkar              BRgIkKMnitpþÜcepþImEdl          rdæ)aléRBeQI GaCJaFr KMnitpþÜcepþImén   sßab½nrdæaPi)aldéT
éRBeQI ³                      RKb;RKgéRBeQI nig karEbgEckR)ak;             kMBugTTYleCaKC½y                mUldæan nig shKmn_   shKmn_éRBeQI eTotBak;B½n§ nwg
-epþatelIkarerobcM            cMNUl                                    •   BRgwgsmtßPaBrdæ)al          •   tamdanplb:HBal;én mYycMnYn              karGnuvtþn_c,ab;
{ExbBa¢arEtmYy}           •   bnþsikSaCMerIsepSg² cMeBaHkarRKb;RKg         éRBeQI edIm,IGnuvtþmuxgar       kMENTMrg;                               m©as;CMnYy ¬ DFID
- eFVIsmahrNkmμ               éRBeQIsMrab;GPivDÆn_CIvPaBrs;enA nig         esvafμI                                                                 GTZ      DANIDA

GPivDÆCnbTenAbNþa             GPivDÆn_ksirukçkmμ                       •   BRgwgsmtßPaBenA                                                         SIDA WB .      .l.¦
extþ                      •   sikSaCMerIsnanaenAkñúgsßab½ndéTeTot          mUldæansMrab;RKb;RKg                                                    Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
- BRgIkkarraykarN_ GMBI       GaCJaFrmUldæan nig sg�msuIvil                éRBeQI                                                                  GaCJaFrmUldæan nig
]RkidækmμéRBeQI nig           cMeBaHkarRtYtBinitü karkab;eQIeday       •   tamdanplb:HBal;én                                                       shKmn_
erobcMecaTRbkan;              xusc,ab; nig ]RkidækmμéRBeQIdéTeTot          kMENTMrg;
sMrYlkarerobcM            •   eFVICMerOneragcRkGareQI nig Gegát        •   tamdanbMErbMrYlrcan         •   tamdanbMErbMrYlrcan                   RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ
]sSahkmμEkécñeQI              smtßPaB                                      sm<½n§enAkñúg]sSahkmμ           sm<½n§enAkñúg]sSahkmμ                 RksYgksikmμ
sareLigvij                •   sikSaCMerIs¼ktþaelIkTwkcitþ edIm,IeGay       EkrécñeQI EksMrYleKal           EkrécñeQI
                              mansmtßPaBvis½yÉkCnEdlmanTMhM                neya)ay nig ktþaelIk            EksMrYleKal
                              smRsb                                        TwkcitþtamkarcaM)ac;            neya)ay nig ktþaelIk
                          •   sikSaskþanuBlsMrab;naMecjplitpl                                              TwkcitþtamkarcaM)ac;
                              eQIEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;
                          kMENTMrg;sMxan;² nig karvinieyaKRsbeBlCamYyKña ³ karBRgwgRbB½n§tulakar nig Rkbx½N�
                          RKb;RKgdIFøI .



                                                                                                                                                              15
kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgvis½yClpl
[   eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 7 ³ FanacIrPaBbrisßan]
                         Rkbx½N�eBlevla
                         ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦                        ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-2010¦              ry³eBlEvg ¬eRkayqñaM FnFan                  édKU
                                                                                                          2010¦
BRgwgRkbx½N�sßab½n ³     •   begáItKN³kmμaFikarGnþrRksYg edIm,I       •   bNþúHbNþalbuK�liknayk           •   bNþúHbNþalbuK�likna       APIP (2004)
                                                                                                                                                      - RksYgksikmμ
sMrab;karRKb;RKgClpl         CYysMrbsMrYlkareRbIR)as;FnFan                dæanClpl                            yk dæanClpl                               rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT
- BRgwgsßab½n nig sMrb       varICati BRgwgRkumkargarbec©keTrvag          ¬rab;TaMgbuK�likenA fñak;extþ       ¬rab;TaMgbuK�likenA                     - m©as;CMnYy ¬TWG sþIBI
sMrYlsßab½n                  rdæaPi)alnigm©as;CMnYy                       nigfñak;Rsuk¦                       fñak;extþ nigfñak;Rsuk¦                   Clpl¦
- bnþBRgwgRkbx½N�c,ab;   •   ksagbBa©b;/ Gnum½tc,ab;Clpl nig              GMBIRbB½n§RKb;RKgfμI                GMBIRbB½n§RKb;RKgfμI                    - Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
tamry³kic©BieRKaH            EksMrYleTogTat;tamkarcaM)ac;             •   GnuvtþGnuRkwtü sþIBIshKmn_      •   GnuvtþGnuRkwtü                            nig sßab½nBak;B½n§déT
eyabl; nig               •   ksagbBa©b;GnuRkwtüsþIBIshKmn_                éRBeQI nig bTb,BaØtiþdéT            sþIBIshKmn_ éRBeQI
karsikSanana                 ensaT nigbTb,BaØtþisMxan;²déTeTot            eTot                                nig bTb,BaØtiþdéT eTot                  -RksYgksikmμ MRC
- tamdanplb:HBal;        •   bNþúHbNþalbuK�liknaykdæanClpl            •   begáItRbB½n§tamdaneTotTat;      •   tamdanbrimaNsþúk                          m©as;CMnYy Gg�kareRkA
énkMENTMrg;                  ¬rab;TaMgbuK�likenA fñak;extþ nigfñak;       cMeBaHbrimaNsþúkClpl                Clpl                                      rdæaPi)al shKmn_
- BRgwgsmtßPaBGnuvtþ         Rsuk¦GMBIkmμviFIRKb;RKgfμI                   edIm,ICUndMNwgcMeBaHesckIþ                                                    mUldæan
- BRgwgsmtßPaB           •   ksagsmtßPaBvaytMélCnlpl                      sMerceKalneya)ay nig
vaytMélbrimaNsþúk            Twksab nig TwkéRb edIm,ICUndMNwg             vinieyaK
                             cMeBaHkarrobcM eKalneya)ay



                                                                                                                                                                      16
BRgwgyuT§saRsþRKb;RKg    •   vaytMélplb:HBal;énkMENTMrg;vis½y     •   GnuvtþkmμviFIRKb;RKgshKmn_   •   GnuvtþkmμviFIRKb;RKg   PSIA     -   - RksYgksikmμ
FnFanClpl                    ClplnaeBlbc©úb,nñ ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦       ensaT[mannirnþrPaB               shKmn_ensaT            Clpl          rukçaRbmaj; nig
-eFVIsniTanPaBRbB½n§     •   BinitüemIlemeronBIKMeragsakl,g       •   Gnuvtþsakl,gnUvRbB½n§            [mannirnþrPaB          ¬DFID¦        ensaT DFID
sm,Tan                   •   erobcM[mankmμviFIshKmn_                  RKb;RKgtamCMerIsdéT                                                   DANIDA

-BinitüemIlkarGnuvtþn_       ensaTmYyRbkbedaynirnþrPaB                bnÞab;mkBRgIkRbB½n§enaH                                               Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
sakl,génshKmn_           •   sikSaGMBIlT§PaBEklMG nig/b¤ sikSa        elImUldæanénkarBinitüemIl                                             shKmn_ m©as;CMnYy
ensaT                        GMBICMerIsdéTCMnYs[RbB½n§sm,Tan          saeLIgvij                                                             déTeTot GaCJaFr
-EsVgrkCMerIsRKb;RKg         bc©úb,nñ                                                                                                       mUldæan RksYgksikmμ
epSgeTot                                                                                                                                    vis½yÉkCn Gg�kar
                                                                                                                                            eRkArdæaPi)al
                                                                                                                                            m©as;CMnYy




                                                                                                                                                           17
kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgFnFanTwk
¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 7 ³ FanacIrPaBbrisßan¦
                          Rkbx½N�eBlevla
                          ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦                       ry³eBlmFüm            ¬2007- ry³eBlEvg                          FnFan          édKU
                                                                      2010¦                        ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦
BRgwgRkbx½N�sßab½n nig    •   BRgwgkarsMrbsMrYlrbs;m©as;CMnYy         •   karsMrbsMrYl nig             •   karsMrbsMrYl nig           WB APIP EFRP
                                                                                                                                      ADB AFD JICA   m©as;CMnYy sßab½n
eKalneya)ay ³                 ¬TWG¦                                       eKalneya)ayRKb;RKg               eKalneya)ayRKb;RKg                         RKb;RKgFnFanTwk
- BRgwgkarsMrbsMrYltam    •   begáItKN³kmμaFikarGnþrRksYg edIm,I          Twk nig vinieyaK RBmTaMg         Twk nig vinieyaK RBmTaMg                   sMxan;²
vis½y                         elIkkMBs;karsMrbsMrYlbBaðaTwk nig           tamdanvDÆnPaB nig pl             tamdanvDÆnPaB nig pl                      MOWRAM
                                                                                                                                                     MIME
                              tamdanshRbtibtþikarrbs;sßab½n               b:HBal;CaeTogTat;                b:HBal;CaeTogTat;                         MRD

                              nana                                    •   GnuvtþGnusasn_ sþIBI         •   Gnuvtþc,ab; nig GnuRkwtü                  karKaMRTrbs;m©as;
                          •   begáItEpnkarskmμPaB edIm,IENnaM             karBinitümuxgarsareLIg           sþIBITwk ehIyEksMrYl                       CMnYym©as;CMnYy
                              sßab½nBak;B½n§ edaymankartamdan             vijenAfñak;kNþal nig             CaeTogTat;                                 ¬ADB )araMg Cb:un
                                                                                                                                                      WB ¦
                              CaeTogTat;rbs;GnþrRksYg                     fñak;mUldæan                 •   GnuvtþedaytandanCa
- bnþGPviDÆRkbx½N�c,ab;   •   Binitümuxgarsßab½nTwksMxan;² sarCafμI   •   Gnuvtþc,ab; nig GnuRkwtü         eTogTat;nUvvDÆnPaB nig
sMrab;RKb;RKgTwk              eLIgvij ¬MOWRAM MIME MRD¦                   sþIBITwk ehIyEksMrYl             plb:HBal;BIsMNak;PaKI
                          •   Gnum½tc,ab;sþIBITwk                         CaeTogTat;                       Bak;B½n§TaMgGs;
                          •   e)aHpSayc,ab; bNþúHbNþalbuK�lik         •   e)aHpSay bNþúHbNþal
                              Gnuvtþc,ab;                                 buK�likenARKb;fñak; Gnuvtþ
                          •   ksagbBa©b; nig Gnum½tGnuRkwtüsMxan;²        GnuRkwtü nig tamdan

                                                                                                                                                               18
-BRgwgPaBsuIsgVak;KñaCa         tamry³karBieRKaHeyabl;                    plb:HBal;
mYyvishmCÄkar nig           •   e)aHpSayGnuRkwtü nig bNþúHbNþal       •   GnuvtþedaytandanCa
vimCÄkar                        buK�lik                                   eTogTat;nUvvDÆnPaB nig
-elIkkMBs;karcUlrYmenA                                                    plb:HBal;BIsMNak;PaKI
kñúg MRC                                                                  Bak;B½n§TaMgGs;
                            •   BinitüemIlPaBsuIsgVak;Kña rvagkar     •   BRgwgkarsMrbsMrYl nig
                                erobcMeKalneya)ay karksag                 PaBsuIsgVak;KñaCamYy
                                Epnkar nig ksarsMerccitþ sþIBIkar         Rkbx½N�GPi)alkic©
                                vinieyaKenAkñúgsßab½nTwksMxan;² nig       enAmUldæan
                                Rkbx½N�GPi)alkic©enAmUldæan
                            •   BRgwgkarcUlrYmGMBIKMnitpþÜcepþIm      •   elIkkMBs;karsMrbsMrYl       •   bnþkarsMrbsMrYl kmμviFI
                                rbs;KNkmμkarTenøemKg� enAkñúg             kmμviFIkm<úCaCamYy              km<úCaCamYykmμviFI
                                RbeTsBak;B½n§ ¬rab;TaMgyuT§saRsþ          kmμviFIKN³kmμkar                KN³kmμkar
                                FnFanTwk TenøemKg�¦                       TenøemKg�RbcaMtMbn;             TenøemKg�RbcaMtMbn;

elIkkMBs;karksagEpn         •   bBa¢ak;c,as;las; nUvlkçN³vinicä½y     •   BRgIkeTAkan;Gag/GnuGag      •   BRgIkeTAkan;Gag/GnuGag      FnaKarGPivDÆn_    - RksYgFnFanTwk nig
karvinieyaKCayuT§saRsþ          eRCIserIs cMeBaHvinieyaKCaGaTiPaB         déTeTot bnÞab;BI)anBinitü       déTeTot bnÞab;BI)anBinitü   GasIu ¬RbB½n§       ]tuniym
-eFVIsniTankmμcMeBaHkar     •   Gnuvtþsakl,gnUvEpnkarGag                  emeronBIbTBiesaFn_nana          emeronBIbTBiesaFn_nana      FarasaRsþenAtMbn; -FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu
pþl;GaTiPaBvinieyaK             TenøemKg�enAtMbn;GaTiPaBmYy               sarCafμI                        sarCafμI                    Bay½Bü¦           -PaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot
-cab;epþImeFVIkarenAkMrit       ¬KMeragRKb;RKgFnFanTwkenAtMbn;        •   dak;bBa©Úl nig Gnuvtþ
Gag nig BRgwg                   Bay½Bü¦                                   skmμPaBrbs; WRM enA
smahrNkmμ CamYyEpn                                                        kMritmUldæan kñúgbribTén

                                                                                                                                                                   19
karGPivDÆn_esdækic©TUeTA³   •   BRgwgsmtßPaB edIm,IvaytMél                   KMnitpþÜcepþImGPivDÆn_
-ksagEpnkarGag nig              GtßRbeyaCn_cMeBaHBlrdæRkIRk nig erobcM       CnbTTUeTA
GnuGag                          eKalneya)ay nig vinieyaKepþatkar
sMrab;Gag¼GnuGag                ykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHBlrdæRkIRk
GaTiPaB
bRBa©abkareRtomlkçN³        •   BinitünigsMerc NDMP                      •   EbgEckFnFansmRsb             •   EbgEckFnFansmRsb                       KN³kmμaFikarCati
nig karbeBa©óseRKaH         •   bNþúHbNþal NCDM enAkñúgkar                   edIm,I Gnuvtþ NDPM               edIm,I Gnuvtþ NDPM                     Kb;RKgeRKaH mhnþray
mhnþray                         vaytMél vaykarN_ GMBIkarxUcxat           •   Gnuvtþ NDPM                  •   Gnuvtþ NDPM                            m©as;CMnYy
                            •   BinitüemIlbTBiesaFn_CamYykar             •   GnuvtþyuT§saRsþRKb;RKg       •   GnuvtþyuT§saRsþRKb;RKg
                                RKb;RKgeRKaHfñak;enAmUldæan                  haniP½y                          haniP½y
                            •   eFVIsmahrNkmμkarlkçN³eRtom nig
                                karbeBa©óskmμPaBnanakñúgvis½y
                                dUcCakaeRbIR)as;dIFøI nig karerobcM
                                ehdæarcnasm<½n§
ekogKrFnFansMrab;           •   elIkTwkcitþ[mankarcUlrYmBIvis½y          •   CMrujkarvinieyaKÉkCn         •   CMrujkarvinieyaKÉkCn - FnaKarBiPBelak -RksYg ]sSahkmμ Er:
p�t;p�g;Twk nig Gnam½y          ÉkCn tamry³ Rkbx½N�c,ab;nig              •   begáInkarvinieyaKenAtMbn;    •   begáInkarvinieyaKenAtMbn;               nigfamBl
enACnbT ³                       niy½tkmμ ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦                    dac;RsyalEdlKμan                 dac;RsyalEdlKμan                      -RksYgGPivDÆn_ CnbT
                            •   begáInkarvinieyaKenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal           karp�t;p�g;Twk)anRKb;RKan;       karp�t;p�g;Twk)anRKb;RKan;            -GaCJaFrmUldæan
                                EdlKμankarp�t;p�g;Twk)anRKb;RKan;                                                                                    - vis½yÉkCn




                                                                                                                                                               20
kMENTMrg;karelIkkMBs;lT§plGnuvtþn_kargarkñúgvis½yksikmμ
¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 7 ³ FanacIrPaBbrisßan¦
                         Rkbx½N�eBlevla
                         ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦                  ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-2010¦ ry³eBlEvg ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦                  FnFan         édKU
BRgwgkarRKb;RKgvis½y     •   edaymankarKaMRTBICMnYybec©keTs     •   GnuvtþkmμviFIksikmμ nig      •   GnuvtþkmμviFIksikmμ nig       ASDL (ADB)
                                                                                                                                                 - RksYgksikmμ
ksikmμ nig RbsiT§iPaB        begáItkmμviFIGPivDÆn_TUTaMgvis½y       eFVIbc©úb,nñPaBCaeTogTat;        eFVIbc©úb,nñPaBCaeTogTat;     (APIP WB)
                                                                                                                                   ADESS,
                                                                                                                                                   rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT
énkareRbIR)as;FnFan ³        ksikmμ edIm,IENnaMkarerobcM        •   erobcMFnFan[RsbeTAnwg        •   BRgIkeTAkan;RKb;extþTaMgGs;   RPRP (IFAD)   - m©as;CMnYy
                                                                                                                                   CAAEP II
- ksagkmμviFIGPivDÆn_        eKalneya)ay nig GPivDÆn_               GaTiPaBkmμviFI ¬Rkbx½N�                                        (AusAID)      - PaKIBak;B½n§epSgeTot
  ksikmμ                 •   erobcMFnFan[RsbeTAnwg                  cMNayry³eBlmFüm¦                                                             - RksYgesdækic© nig
- erobcMFnFanRsbtam          GaTiPaBkmμviFI ¬Rkbx½N�            •   erobcMkarcat;taMgmuxgarfμI                                                     hirBaØvtßú
  GaTiPaBkmμviFI             cMNayry³eBlmFüm¦                       rbs;RksYgksikmμ
- BinitüemIltYnaTIrbs;   •   BinitüemIlmuxgarrbs;                   rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT
  sßab½nsaFarN³              RksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nig            ¬TaMgenAfñak;mUldæan
                             ensaT                                  nigfñak;Cati¦                                                                ADB, IFAD, WB
                                                                                                                                                  FAO GTZ, AFB,
                         •   GnuvtþkarerobcMcat;taMgmuxgarfμI   •   BRgIkeTAkan;RKb;extþ                                                          AusAID,
                             rbs;RksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj;            TaMgGs;                                                                      JICA, SIDA    .l.
                             nigensaT ¬TaMgenAfñak;mUldæan
                             nigfñak;Cati¦
                         •   begðIykareFVIÉkCnPavUb-
                             nIykmμshRKasrdæenAkñúg

                                                                                                                                                             21
                             vis½yksikmμ
                         •   sikSaGMBICMerIssMrab;kareFVI
                             shvimCÄkaresvaksikmμ
                             ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦
                         •   Gnuvtþsakl,g ¬esvaksikmμ
                             EbbshvimCÄkar¦
BRgwgkarKaMRTesvasMxan;² •   ksagsmtßPaBpSBVpSay            •   BRgwgRbB½n§pSBVpSay          •   BRgwgRbB½n§pSBVpSay ksikmμ CAAEP II     - RksYgksikmμ
rab;TaMgkarcUlrYmrbs;        ksikmμenAkñúgextþcMnYn 13          ksikmμ nig BRgIk[)an             nig BRgIk[)an               ADESS
                                                                                                                             APIP          rukçaRbmaj; nig
vis½yÉkCnpgEdr               ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦                   RKb;extþTaMgGs;                  RKb;extþTaMgGs;             WB (AAA)      ensaT
- RbB½n§RsavRCav nig     •   BinitüemIlkarpSBVpSayksikmμ    •   BRgwgkarpþl;esvaksikmμ       •   BRgwgkarpþl;esvaksikmμ sñÚl ASLD        - RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ
   pSBVpSayksikmμcMruH       karRKb;RKgstVl¥itcéRg              sñÚl edayeFVIsniTankmμ           edayeFVIsniTankmμ           bsustV EU   - RksYgFnFanTwk nig
- CMruj[manGg�kar            ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦                   karcUlrYmrbs;vis½y               karcUlrYmrbs;vis½y                        ]tuniym
   rbs;plitkr            •   EpnkaremsMrab;karRsavRCav          saFarN³ nig vis½yÉkCn            saFarN³ nig vis½yÉkCn                   - CARDI
- suvtßiPaBes,óg nig         ksikmμ                         •   Gnuvtþsakl,gKMeragKaMRT      •   Gnuvtþsakl,gKMeragKaMRT
   sþg;dares,óg          • karsikSaRsavRCavBIesvaksikmμ         RPO                              RPO                                     - NDMC
- RbB½n§tamdan           • sikSaGtþsBaØaN¼tMrUvkar¼kar
                                                            •   BRgwgnigBRgIksmtßPaB nig     •   BRgwgnigBRgIksmtßPaB nig                - AusAID
   eGBIedmIsa®sþ         vaytMél RPO                            karGnuvtþn_enAfñak;mUldæan       karGnuvtþn_enAfñak;mUldæan              -IFAD
- esvaKaMRTksi-                                             •   BRgwgnigBRgIkRbB½n§tam                                                   - FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI
                         • erobcM[mansþg;dares,óg
   BaNiC¢kmμ                                                    danstVnigrukçCati                                                        - FAO WB WFP
                           bTb,BaØtiþ begáItsßab½n nig
- RbB½n§pþl;Bt’manCamun                                     •   begáItRbB½n§Bt’manksi-                                                   - EU
                           pSBVpSay ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦
                                                                BaNiC¢kmμ                                                                - m©as;CMnYydéTeTot
                         •   ksagsmtßPaB Bt’man saFarN³
                                                            •   BRgwgRbB½n§pþl;Bt’man
                             nigkarGnuvtþn_

                                                                                                                                                     22
                          •   begáItRbB½n§tamdaneGBIedmI-           CamunEdlmanRsab;
                              sa®sþstV ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦             ¬sUmGan yuT§sa®sþ
                          •   begáItRbB½n§ctþaLIs½k¼                kat;bnßyeRKaHmhnþray
                              tamdanrukçCati ¬Rkbx½N�c,ab;          FmμCati¦
                              sßab½n karksagsmtßPaB¦
                          •   begáItRbB½n§Bt’manksi-BaNiC¢kmμ
                          •   BRgwgRbB½n§pþl;Bt’manCa
                              munEdlmanRsab; ¬sUmGan
                              yuT§sa®sþbeBa©óseRKaH
                              mhnþrayFmμCati¦
- edaHRsay]bsK�[)an       •   erobcM[manyuT§sa®sþ vis½yRsUv     •   GnuvtþskmμPaBCak;lak;     •   BRgwg nig BRgIkRbB½n§   APIP            - RksYgksikmμ
Cak;lak;Tak;Tgnwg             edaymankarKaMRTTIRbwkSa               ¬RbePT nig kMrit eTAtam       VAHW [)anRKb;extþ-
                                                                                                                          -KMeragbsustV     rukçaRbmaj; nig
plitpl tamry³kmμviFI          bec©keTs                              esckþIsMercelIyuT§sa®sþ       RkugTaMgGs;             rbs; EU           ensaT
                                                                                                                          ASDP
smahrNkmμ nig PaBCa       •   BRgwg nig BRgIk RbB½n§ VAHW           nigeKalneya)aysþIBI                                   AFD             - PaKIBak;B½n§
édKUénvis½ysaFarN³ nig        ¬APIP kMBug dMeNIrkar                 dMNaMRsUv¦                                                            - FnaKarBiPBelak
ÉkCn                          enAkñúgextþ 4 -KMeragbsustVrbs;   •   BRgwg nig BRgIkRbB½n§                                                 - EU
- bBa¢ak;[)anc,as;BI          EU enAkñúgextþ 5 naeBlxagmux¦         VAHW [)anRKb;extþ-                                                    - Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
   yuT§sa®sþvis½ydMNaM    •   karsikSaelIExSsgVak;tMélbsustV        RkugTaMgGs;                                                           - RksYgesdækic© nig
   RsUv                   •   karbBa©b;kareFVIÉkCnPavUb-        •   edaHRsaybBaðacMbg²                                                      hirBaØvtßú
- BRgwgesvaKaMRT bsustV       nIykmμshRKasekAs‘U                    mYycMnYn EdlRtUv)an                                                   - FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI
- sMrbsMrYl[mankar            ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦                      kMNt;enAkñúglT§plén
   tMrg;Tisvis½yekAs‘U    •   karrkTIpSar¼karsikSaGMBIkarpþl;       karsikSaelIExSsgVak;                                                  -   ADB/AFD


                                                                                                                                                      23
- karKaMRT[mankareFVI           viBaØabnb½RtekAs‘U ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦ tMélbsustV
  BaNiC¢kmμClpl             •   kmμviFIKaMRTkarplitekAs‘URKYsar dak;bBa©ÚlviFIsaRsþRbB½n§daMduH                        - RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ
- karGPivDÆn_dMNaM          •   eFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμTIpSarekAs‘U / rYmTaMgRbB½n§ciBa©wmRtIkñúgERs                       - RksYgksikmμ
  sMrab;lk;¼mUldæanrwgmaM       GnuBaØat[begáIt shRKasEkécñ eTAkñúgkmμviFIpSBVpSaypgEdr                                  rukçaRbmaj; nig
  sMrab;plitpl                  ÉkCn                                • BRgIkkmμviFIKaMRTdl;                               ensaT
                            •   BinitüemIlbTBiesaFn_Tak;              GñkplitekAs‘UkñúglkçN³                           - m©as;CMnYy
                                TgRbB½n§ciBa©wmRtIkñúgERs             RKYsar
                            •   edaHRsay]bsK�mYycMnYn               • edaHRsay]bsK�mYycMnYn

                                Tak;TgnwgTIpSarnigkarnaMecjRtI        cMeBaHkarrkTIpSar nig kar
                            •   sikSaGMBI]bsK�b¤skþanuBl              naMecjRtI
                                sMrab;eFVIBiBiFkmμ nigrkCMerIsEdl
                                GacmansMrab;KaMRTdl;kic©GPivDÆn_
                            kMENTMrg;sMxan;² nig karvinieyaKRsbeBlCamYyKña ³ kMENTMrg;muxgarsaFarN³ rdæ)alnig
                            karRKb;RKgdIFøI karRKb;RKgFnFanTwk karGPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn .




                                                                                                                                  24
karGPivDÆn_mIRkUhirBaØvtßú nig hirBaØvtßúCnbT
¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan¦
                        Rkbx½N�eBlevla
                        ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦                 ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-2010¦             ry³eBlEvg                     FnFan   édKU
                                                                                                 ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦
eFVIbc©úb,nñPaB         •   elIkkMBs;karyl;dwg GMBI           •   tamdankarGnuvtþeKal            • tamdankarGnuvtþeKal                 MEF NBC RDB MFI/MFO

eKalneya)ayhirBaØvtßú       RbPBR)ak;cMNUlRKYsarenA               neya)ay nig                       neya)ay nig                         sßab½n tamvis½y m©as;CMnYy
CnbT ³                      CnbT nig yuT§saRsþsMrb                kareFVIbc©úb,nñPaB rYmmantam      kareFVIbc©úb,nñPaB                  Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
                            tamsßankar ³ sikSatMrUvkar            ry³kic©BiPakSaCaeTogTat;          rYmmantam                           vis½yÉkCn
                            esva nig karp�t;p�g;bc©úb,nñ          CamYy MFI/MFO                     ry³kic©BiPakSaCaeTogTat;
                            yuT§saRsþsMrbtamsßankar                                                 CamYy MFI/MFO
                            nig yuT§saRsþlMhUrsac;R)ak;
                        •   BinitüseLIgvij nig eFVIbc©úb,nñ
                            PaBeKalneya)ayCnbT nig
                            mIRkUhirhBaØvtßú tamry³ kar
                            sikSaRsavRCav nig kic©BiPakSa
                            CamYyPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs;




                                                                                                                                                        25
sMrYldl;karbegáItesva   •   EksMrYlbnÞúkBn§darrbs; MFI   •   GnuvtþGnusasn_sþIBIkarsikSa   - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú
hirBaØvtßú[)aneRcIn ³       eGaymanlkçN³samBaØ               mUlniFiFana b¤ sßab½nFana     - FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa
                        •   sikSaKMrUepSg²sMrab;begáIt                                     -FnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbT
                            mUlniFiFanaR)ak;beBaØIr b¤                                     -RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú
                            RKwHsßanpþl;karFana                                            -RbtibtþikrmIRkUhirBaØvtßú
                                                                                           - m©as;CMnYy
kat;bnßycMNayRbtibtþi sikSarkCMerIssMrab;begáIt          begáItkariyal½yB½t’man            MEF

karmIRkUhirBaØvtßú    kariyal½yB½tman\NTan               \NTan?                            m©as;CMnYy MFI
                      kat;bnßyhaniP½ybþÚrR)ak;           bnþRbwgERbgksagsmtßPaB            MEF NBC MFI MFO
                      sMrab;RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú      rbs;FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa nig        NBC MEF
                      nigRbtibtþikrmIRkUhirBaØvtßú       RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßúnig        NBC

                      CMrujEpnkarrbs;FnaKarCati          RbtibtþikrmIRkUhirBaØvtßú         m©as;CMnYy
                      énkm<úCakñúgkarepÞrR)ak;rvag
                                                                                           MFI MFO
                      bNþaextþnigedIm,IBRgIk
                      sPapat;Tat;mUlb,Tanb½Rt
                      enAtambNþaextþ
                      CMrujkarbegáItsmaKmn_én
                      RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú
                      EksMrYlkatBVkic©TTYlxusRtUv
                      rbs;PaKTunik
                      BRgwgkic©RbwgERbg cMeBaHkar
                      ksagsmtßPaBrbs;

                                                                                                              26
                             FnaKarCatiénkm<úCanig RKwHsßan
                             mIRkUhirBaØvtßúnigRbtibtþikrmIRkU
                             hirBaØvtßú
begáInlkçN³viC¢aCIv³cMeBaH   •   BRgwgsmtßPaBRtYtBinitürbs;                                                         FnaKarCati
Gñkpþl;\NTanxñattUc              FnaKarCati                                                                         m©as;CMnYy
                             •   begáInlT§PaByl;dwgrbs;                                                             MEF smaKmn_ MFI
                                 saFarN³Cn rdæaPi)al                                                                sßab½ntamvis½y
                                 m©as;CMnYy GMBIkic©Rbtibtþil¥
                                 enAkñúgmIRkUhirBaØvtßú

                             kMENTMrg;sMxan;² nig karvinieyaKRsbeBlCamYyKña ³ elIehdæarcnasm<½n§ karEklMGbriyakas
                             vinieyaK[l¥RbesIreLIg karGnuvtþn_kic©snüa nig karBRgwgvis½yc,ab; nig RbB½n§tulakar .




                                                                                                                                 27
karbegáItesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT
¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan¦
                        Rkbx½N�eBlevla
                          ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦              ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-2010¦                 ry³eBlEvg        FnFan                édKU
                                                                                                 ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦
BRgwgkarENnaM           •   BinitüemIleKalneya)ay        •   karkMNt;eKaledAnig            •   karkMNt;eKaledAnig            - RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT
CayuT§sa®sþ ³               nigyuT§sa®sþEdlkMBugGnuvtþ       vinieyaKGaTiPaB[kan;Et            GaTiPaBvinieyaK[)an           - RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig
                            karerobcMEpñksßab½n              RbesIr                            kan;EtRbesIr                    famBl
                            sMrab;RKb;RKg nig            •   BRgwgsmtßPaBdl;                                                 - RksYgFnFanTwk nig ]tþúniym
                            karpþl;hirBaØb,Tandl;esva        GaCJaFrmUldæan edIm,I                                           - RksYgsaFarNkar nig
                            ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT              kMNt;GaTiPaB eFVIEpnkar nig                                       dwkCBa¢Ún
                            kMNt;rkPaBxusKña nigPaB          RKb;RKgehdæarcna-                                               - RksYgmhaépÞ
                            minsuIsgVak;Kña RBmTaMg          sm<½n§nigkarpþl;esva enA                                        - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú
                            begáItEpnkarcg¥úlbgðaj           kñúgmUldæan                                                     - GaCJaFrmUldæan
                            sMrab;edaHRsaybBaða          •   CMruj[vis½yÉkCn[rYm                                             - m©as;CMnYy
                            TaMgenaH                         cMENkkñúgkarpþl;esva                                            - vis½yÉkCn
                        •   BRgwgPaBsuIsgVak;Kñaénkar        ¬tamry³lT§PaBTTYl)an
                            ksagEpnkar                       \NTan karFanara:b;rg
                            GPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§          karbgálkçN³gayRsYl
                            CamYykarksagEpnkarGnuv           dl;karsMulixitGnuBaØat¦
                            tþ enAmUldæan nig

                                                                                                                                                 28
                             enAkñúgtMbn;                  •   elIkkMBs;karsþarcMNay
                         •   BRgwgsmtßPaBdl;GaCJaFr            enAkñúgesvaehdæarcna-
                             mUldæan edIm,IkMNt;GaTiPaB        sm<½n§CnbT
                             eFVIEpnkar nig RKb;RKg
                             ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkarpþl;
                             esvaenAmUldæan
                         •   CMruj[vis½yÉkCn[rYm
                             cMENkkñúgkarpþl;esva
                             ¬tamry³lT§PaBTTYl)an
                             \NTan karFanara:b;rg
                             karbgálkçN³gayRsYl
                             dl;karsMulixitGnuBaØat¦
                         •   elIkkMBs;karsþarcMNay
                             enAkñúgesvaehdæarcna-
                             sm<½n§CnbT

Fana[eKalneya)ay         •   erobcM Gnum½t nig Gnuvtþ      •   GnuvtþeKalneya)ayCati   •   GnuvtþeKalneya)ayCati   - ADB         - RksYgsaFarNkarnig
dwkCBa¢Ún KaMRTeKaledA       eKalneya)ayCatisþIBI              sþIBIkardwkCBa¢Ún           sþIBIkardwkCBa¢Ún       - IDA
                                                                                                                                   dwkCBa¢Ún
                                                                                                                   - PRIP  nig
kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ³           kardwkCBa¢Ún EdledaHRsay                                                              PRIP- II
                                                                                                                                 - RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT

                             tMrUvkarpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgenA                                                           - KfW         - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú
                                                                                                                   (LBAT)
                             CnbT
                         •   erobcMeKalneya)ayCati

                                                                                                                                                     29
                               [RsbCamYynwgyuT§sa®sþ
                               pøÚvfñl;enACnbT
                           •   Gac)a:n;sμanCamun)an
                           •   begáItmUldæanFnFanrbs;
                               GaCJaFrmUldæan nigRbB½n§epÞr
                               sareBIBn§
karp�t;p�g;famBlnig        •   erobcM[manEpnkaremsþIBI          •   GnuvtþEpnkarem                    •   GnuvtþEpnkarem   - RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig
ePøIgGK�isnIenAtMbn;CnbT       karp�t;p�g;ePøIgGK�isnIenA       •   begáInlT§PaB)anTTYl                                      famBl
³                              CnbT edIm,IdwknaMkar                 hirBaØb,Tan CaBiess                                    - vis½yÉkCn
                               vinieyaKkñúgkarp�t;p�g;GK�isnI       sMrab;esvap�t;p�g;ÉkCn                                 - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú
                               eTACnbTtamEbbvimCÄkar                enACnbT
                           •   begáInlT§PaB)anTTYl              •   begáIt[manTsSnaTansþIBI
                               hirBaØb,Tan CaBiess                  tmøaPaB nigkarbMeBjxat
                               sMrab;esvap�t;p�g;ÉkCn               Ep¥kelIlT§plGnuvtþn_
                               enACnbT
                           •   begáIt[manTsSnaTansþIBI
                               tmøaPaB nigkarbMeBjxat
                               Ep¥kelIlT§plGnuvtþn_
-elIkkMBs;lT§PaBeTAkan;    •   erobcMkareFVIbBa¢�sareBIPN�      •   erobcMkareFVIbBa¢�sareBIPN� nig   •                    - RksYgsaFarNkarnig
CnbTtamry³karEfTaM             nig EpnTIpøÚvfñl;CnbT                EpnTIpøÚvfñl;CnbT                                        dwkCBa¢Ún
pøÚvfñl;EdlmanRsab;nig     •   Fana[manTMnak;TMngeBj            •   Fana[manTMnak;TMngeBj                                  - RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT

begáInlT§PaBpøas;TIenA         eljrvagbNþajpøÚvfñl;                 eljrvagbNþajpøÚvfñl;

                                                                                                                                               30
CnbT                            sMxan;² nigpøÚvfñl;enA             sMxan;² nigpøÚvfñl;enA mUldæan
                                mUldæan                        •   eRbIR)as;bec©kviTüasmRsb
                            •   eRbIR)as;bec©kviTüasmRsb           Ep¥kelIkMlaMgBlkmμ
                                Ep¥kelIkMlaMgBlkmμ                 sMrab;karEfTaMpøÚvfñl;
                                sMrab;karEfTaMpøÚvfñl;         •   GnuvtþGnusasn_énkarBinitüesva
                            •   BinitüemIlGtßiPaB lT§PaB           enACnbT
                                nigsuvtßiPaBénesvadwk          •   CMruj[vis½yÉkCncUlrYm
                                CBa¢ÚnenACnbT kMNt;rkPaB           pþl;esvaEpñkpøÚvfñl; nig
                                xusKña nig begáItGnusasn_          dwkCBa¢Ún
                                sMrab;lubbM)at;PaBxusKña
                                TaMgenaH
                            •   CMruj[vis½yÉkCn cUlrYm
                                pþl;esvaEpñkpøÚvfñl; nig
                                dwkCBa¢Ún
-pþl;hirBaØb,TanRKb;RKan;   •   eFVIkMENTMrg;                  •   begáItmUldæanFnFanrbs;           IFAPER           MEF

sMrab;EfTaMpøÚvnigsMrab;        FMRRedIm,IFana                     GaCJaFrmUldæan nigRbB½n§epÞr     tamBinitü emIl
CYsCulEklMGpøÚvenA              [mankarpþl;mUlniFisMrab;           sareBIBn§
mUldæan                         EfTaMpøÚvfñl;)anRKb;RKan;
                                Gac)a:n;sμanCamun)an
                            •   begáItmUldæanFnFanrbs;
                                GaCJaFrmUldæan nigRbB½n§epÞr
                                sareBIBn§

                                                                                                                           31
karp�t;p�g;famBl¼GK�IsnI   •   erobcM[manEpnkaremsþIBI          •   begáInlT§PaB)anTTYl                             - RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig
enAtMbn;CnbTkan;Et             karp�t;p�g;ePøIgGK�isnIenA           hirBaØb,Tan CaBiess                                famBl
RbesIr                         CnbT edIm,IdwknaMkar                 sMrab;Rkumh‘unp�t;p�g;ÉkCn                      - vis½yÉkCn
                               vinieyaKkñúgkarp�t;p�g;GK�isnI       enACnbT                                         - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú
                               eTACnbTtamEbbvimCÄkar            •   begáIt[manTsSnaTansþIBI
                           •   begáInlT§PaB)anTTYl                  tmøaPaB nigkarbMeBjxat
                               hirBaØb,Tan CaBiess                  Ep¥kelIlT§plGnuvtþn_
                               sMrab;Rkumh‘unp�t;p�g;ÉkCn
                               enACnbT
                           •   begáIt[manTsSnaTansþIBI
                               tmøaPaB nigkarbMeBjxat
                               Ep¥kelIlT§plGnuvtþ
                           kMENTMrg;sMxan;² nig karvinieyaKRsbeBlCamYyKña ³ vimCÄkar karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn karRKb;
                           RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ .




                                                                                                                                        32
karGb;rMenACnbT
¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI2³ sMerc[)anCaTUeTAkarGb;rMmUldæan-eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI3³ elIkkMBs;smPaBeynD½rnigpþl;siT§iGMNacdl;®sþI¦
                       Rkbx½N�eBlevla
                       ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦               ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-2010¦            ry³eBlEvg                         FnFan         édKU
                                                                                             ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦
bgárlkçN³eGayman       •   begáInkarvinieyaKenAkñúgtMbn;   •   begáInkarvinieyaK enAkñúg     • begáInkarvinieyaK enAkñúg       kMBugGnuvtþ - RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig
lT§PaBTTYl karGb;rM        RkIRk nig tMbn;EdlKμanesva          tMbn;RkIRk nig tMbn;Edl          tMbn;RkIRk nig tMbn;Edl        KMnitpþÜcepþIm kILa
enACnbTRbkbeday            Gb;rMRKb;RKan;                      KμanesvaGb;rMRKb;RKan;           KμanesvaGb;rMRKb;RKan;         mYycMnYn - RksYgkic©karnarI
smFm’ ³                •   erobcMeKalneya)ayedIm,I         •   Gnuvtþ nigBinitüeKalneya)ay                                                      nigGtItyuT§Cn
                           begáInkarcuHeQμaHcUleron                                                                                           - m©as;CMnYy
                           edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;                                                                                          - Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
                           CaBiesseTAelIbBaðaEynD½r                                                                                           - GñkeRbIR)as;
                                                                                                                                              - GaCJaFrmUldæan

elIkkMBs;KuNPaBGb;rM   •   bnþeFVIvimCÄkarkareFVIEpnkar    •   BinitütamdanKuNPaBénesva      •   BinitütamdanKuNPaBesvaGb;rM   kMBugGnuvtþ - RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig
enACnbT ³                  nig karRKb;RKgkarGb;rM              Gb;rMenACnbT                      enACnbT                       KMnitpþÜcepþIm kILa
                       •   begáInkarGPivDÆn_viC¢aCIv³                                                                          mYycMnYn - m©as;CMnYy
                           RKUbeRgon ¬R)ak;ebovtSr_                                                                                           - Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
                           pÞHsEm,g TisedAGaCIB¦                                                                                              - GñkeRbIR)as;
                       •   elIkkMBs;KuNPaBénkar                                                                                               - GaCJaFrmUldæan

                                                                                                                                                         33
                              bNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgón
                          •   begáItRbB½n§Fananigtamdan
                              KuNPaB
                          •   BinitüemIlkmμviFIsikSaeLIgvij
                              edIm,IbBa©ÚlRbFanbT
                              Tak;TgnwgshKmn_CnbT
EksMrYlkmμviFIGkçrkmμ ³   •   bEnßmxøwmsarsMxan;²enAkñúg                                                                                                      - RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig
                              kmμviFIGkçrkmμ edayeFVIy:ag                                                                                                       kILa
                              Na[kmμviFIenH manTMnak;                                                                                                         - sßab½nEdleFVIkargar
                              TMngkan;EteRcIneTAnwg                                                                                                             xagvis½yCnbT
                              shKmn_enACnbT                                                                                                                   - GñkeRbIR)as;
                                                                                                                                                              - m©as;CMnYy
                                                                                                                                                              - Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al

kMNt;eKaledA[kan;Et       •   erobcMkmμviFIvinieyaKelIkarGb;rM   •   erobcMkmμviFIvinieyaKelIkarGb;rM   •   erobcMkmμviFIvinieyaKelIkarGb;rM kMBugGnuvtþ      - RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig
RbesIrcMeBaHRkumBlrdæ         EdledaHRsaybBaðab¤ tMrUvkar            EdledaHRsaybBaðab¤ tMrUvkar            EdledaHRsaybBaðab¤ tMrUvkar      KMnitpþÜcepþIm     kILa
gayrgeRKaH ³                  Cak;lak;rbs;RkumBlrdæ                  Cak;lak;rbs;RkumBlrdæ                  Cak;lak;rbs;RkumBlrdæ            mYycMnYn         - Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
                              gayrgeRKaH ³ ekμgRsI                   gayrgeRKaH ³ ekμgRsI                   gayrgeRKaH³ ekμgRsI RKYsarRkIRk                   - m©as;CMnYy
                              RKYsarRkIRk CnCatiPaKtic               RKYsarRkIRk CnCati PaKtic              CnCati PaKtic                                     - RksYgkic©karnarI nig
                          •   bNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgonEdl             •   bNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgonEdl             •   bNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgonEdl                              GtItyuT§Cn
                              ecHniyayPasaenAmUldæan                 ecHniyayPasamUldæan                    ecHniyayPasamUldæan


                                                                                                                                                                          34
karEfTaMsuxPaBenACnbT
¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI4 ³ kat;bnßyGRtamrNPaBkumar . eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI5 ³ elIkkMBs;suxPaBmata. eKaledAGPivDÆn_
shsSvtSr_TI 6 ³ RbyuT§nwgemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ RKuncaj; nig CMgWdéTeTot¦
                                                           Rkbx½N�eBlevla
                          ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦        ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-2010¦                     ry³eBlEvg               FnFan                  édKU
                                                                                               ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦
begáInlT§PaBTTYl)an   •   EklMGkareFVIEpnkar nig kar   •   EklMGkareFVIEpnkar nig kar   •   bnþGPivDÆn_meFüa)ayEfTaM kMBugGnuvtþ    - RksYgsuxaPi)al
nigelIkkMBs;KuNPaB        cMNaysaFarN³ eTAelI              cMNaysaFarN³ eTAelI              suxPaBbzm bnþksagmnÞIr KMnitpþÜcepþIm   - GaCJaFrmUldæan
esvaEfTaMsuxPaB ³         mUldæansMPar³bMerI[kar           mUldæansMPar³bMerI[kar           eBTübEg¥kTIBIr           mYycMnYn       - GñkeRbIR)as;
                          EfTaMsuxPaB CaBiess              EfTaMsuxPaB CaBiess                                                      - vis½yÉkCn
                          tamry³ karviPaKkan;Et            tamry³ karviPaKkan;Et                                                    - Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
                          RbesIrGMBItMrUvkartamtMbn;       RbesIrGMBItMrUvkartamtMbn;                                               - m©as;CMnYy
                      •   bnþGPivDÆn_meFüa)ayEfTaM     •   bnþGPivDÆn_meFüa)ayEfTaM
                          suxPaBbzm bnþksagmnÞIr           suxPaBbzm bnþksagmnÞIr
                          eBTübEg¥kTIBIr                   eBTübEg¥kTIBIr




                                                                                                                                                        35
begáInlT§PaBr:ab;rg    •   BRgwgsmtßPaBRKb;RKgenA       •   BRgwgsmtßPaBRKb;RKgenA                             kMBugGnuvtþ
eRbIR)as;                  mUldæan                          mUldæan .                                          KMnitpþÜcepþIm
esvaEfTaMsuxPaB dl;    •   CMruj[manmUlniFiEdlman       •   CMruj[manmUlniFiEdlman                             mYycMnYn
RbCaBlrdæRkIRk ³           nirnþrPaBenAmUldæan              nirnþrPaBenAmUldæan .
                       •   BinitüemIleKalneya)ay        •   EksMrYleKalneya)ay
                           kMNt;éføeLIgvij edayepþat        kMNt;éføeLIgvij .
                           eTAelIkarbegáItynþkarkMNt;
                           eKaledA[manRbsiT§iPaB
                           cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk
                       •   epþatkarykcitþTuksarCafμI
                           elIsuxPaBsaFarN³ nig
                           karbgáar
CMruj[mankarcUlrYmBI   •   BinitüemIlbTBiesaFn_         •   BinitüemIlRkbx½N�        •   epþateTAelIvinieyaK                    - RksYgsuxaPi)al
vis½yÉkCn ³                Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;esvaÉkCn         eKalneya)aysMrab;kar         saFarN³enAtMbn;dac;                    - vis½yÉkCn
                           kñúgkarEfTaMsuxPaB               pþl;karEfTaMsuxPaBÉkCn       RsyalbEnßmeTot                         - m©as;CMnYy




                                                                                                                                                   36
bBaðarYm
                       TidæPaBsMxan;²sMrab;vis½yCnbT
karRKb;RKgvis½y        • kMENTMrg;muxgarsaFarN³ rYmTaMg karpþl;R)ak;ebovtSr_smrmü edIm,ITb;sáat;buK�likEdlmansmtßPaBkuM[rt;ecalCYr nig

saFarN³                   elIkkMBs;KuNPaBénkarpþl;esvasaFarN³
                       • kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ rYmTaMg karerobcMFnFansaFarN³EdlmansuIsgVak;KaCamYynwgskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBenACnbT

                          Edl)anÉkPaBKña ¬Rkbx½N�cMNayry³eBlmFüm¦ tmøaPaB nig lT§PaBBüakrN_elIkarEbgEckFnFan
GMeBIBukrlYy           • kMENTMrg;RbB½n§tulakar nig karGnuvtþn_c,ab;nigbTdæanKtiyutþi EdlenACaFrman

                       • karkat;bnßycMNayRbtibtþikarenAtamExSsgVak;TIpSar

                       • karEklMGlT§PaBBüakrN_énkic©snüa[)ankan;Etl¥RbesIreLIg

vimCÄkar nig           • karrIkcMerInenAkñúgdMeNIrkarEkTMrg;vimCÄkar nig shvimCÄkar

shvimCÄkar             • karcUlrYménsßab½nvis½yCnbTkan;EteRcInenAkñúgkic©BiPakSaelIeKalneya)ayvishmCÄkar

                       • karbnþGnuvtþKMeragsakl,gvishmCÄkarenAkñúgsßab½nvis½yCnbT ¬RksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT - RksYgFnFanTwk nig ]tuniym -

                          RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmμ nig sMNg;¦
karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn   • karGnuvtþn_kMENTMrg;briyakasvinieyaK rYmTaMg karedaHRsaybBaðabriyakasvinieyaKenACnbTpgEdr

                       • karbegáItyuT§saRsþvis½yÉkCn EdlykcitþTukdak;eTAelIshRKasxñattUcnigmFümenACnbT nig tMrUvkarEpñkksi-BaNiC¢kmμ




                                                                                                                                                     37
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Epñk I³ karGPivDÆn_RTRTg;GñkRkIRk nigkMeNIn³ cMNucsñÚlénkarPivDÆn_CnbT
________________________________________________________________________



kMeNInknøgmkmin)annaMmknUvkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCaFMdMueT
1>   mUldæanRKwHma:RkUesdækic©EdlmanlkçN³GMeNayplGnuBaØat[manGRtakMeNInx<s;enAkñúg
ry³eBleRkayCMelaHépÞkñúg. kMeNInesdækic©manPaBrwgmaM CamFümesμInwg 6° enAkñúgkMLúgqñaM
1994-2001 elIkElgenAkñúgqñaM 1998 bnÞab;BIRBwtiþkarN_vibtþineya)aynaBak;kNþalqñaM
1997. karegIbeLIgvijénesdækic©manel,ÓnelOnenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1999-2001 edayman
kMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬GDP¦RbcaMqñaMCamFüm 7PaKry. cMNUlsareBIBn§mankar
ekIneLIg GRtaGtiprNaRtUv)ankat;bnßy ¬eRkam 4°¦ ehIyGRtabþÚrR)ak;manesßrPaB. PaB
eCOnelOnénrcnasm<½n§sMxan;²RtUv)ansMerc)an edaymankarGnuvtþn_nUvkmμviFIpþl;GaCJab½NÑsar
CafμIcMeBaHFnaKarBaNiC¢ karbnþBRgwgrdæ)alBn§darnigKy nigkarerobcMesckþIRBagnUvc,ab;
BaNiC¢kmμsMxan;² EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IbMeBjlkçxN�énkarcUlCasmaCikGg�karBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak
¬WTO¦.
2> b:uEnþesdækic©RbeTskm<úCaenAEtmanPaBgayrgeRKaH edaymankMeNInmanmUldæantUcceg¥ót
niglMeGogeTArktMbn;TIRbCMuCn nigmanbrisßaneFVIGaCIvkmμminsUvGMeNaypl. karTTYl)annUv
kMeNInKYr[kt;sMKal;naTsvtSknøgmk PaKeRcInqøúHbBa©aMgBIkaregIbeLIgvijBIGtItkal ehIyBwg
Ep¥keTAelImUldæanEdltMrg;TiseTATIRbCMuCnEdlmanlkçN³tUcceg¥ót. kMeNInénEpñkkmμnþsal
manesßrPaBenAkñúgkMritCamFümesμInwg 14/7° kñúgmYyqñaMenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1993-2001 b:uEnþ
PaKeRcInEp¥kelI]sSahkmμkat;edr. esckþIrMBwgnaeBlGnaKtKWmanPaBminR)akdRbCaedaysar
karputkMNt;énkic©RBmeRBogvaynPN�eTVPaKIrvagshrdæGaemrik nigkm<úVCa enAcug qñaM2004 nig
karcUlCasmaCikGg�karBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelakrbs;RbeTscin. kMeNInenAkñúgvis½yesvakmμEdlrYm
cMENk 36° dl; GDP mankMritenAeLIy ehIyBwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTAelIEpñkeTscrN_ ¬sUmGan
taragTI1¦. TMnukcitþrbs;GñkvinieyaKTunenAmankMrit ehIybriyakasGaCIvkmμCaTUeTAshRKin



                                                                                     1
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
KitfamanPaBminl¥ edaysarmanGMeBIBukrlYyCabBaðacMbg1. ksikmμ2 EdlCavis½ysMxan;
CageKKitTaMgsmamaRtén GDP ¬37° enAqñaM2001¦ nigsmamaRténkMlaMgBlkmμ ¬74°/
GegátkMlaMgBlkmμ/ 2002¦ mankarekIneLIgRbEhl 3/5° RbcaMqñaM kñúgGRtaBit kñúg GMLúgqñaM
1993-2001 b:uEnþ)anCYbRbTHnUvkarERbRbYleLIgcuHya:gxøaMgBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM ehIyrYmcMENk
tictYckñúgkarbegáItkargar.
    tarag 1³ karrYmcMENktamvis½ycMeBaH GDP nigkargar ¬RbPB³RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ¦
      vis½y           smamaRtén           GRtakMeNIn    smamaRtén GRtakMeNIn       snÞsSn_PaBRkIRk
                      GDP             /   1993-         kargar    kargar/          tamRbPBcMNUl
                      2001                2001          2001      1998-            sMxan;² ¬1999
                      ¬°¦                               (%)       2000             CSES¦ °
      ksikmμ          37                  3.5%          73.7       1.55            78.9
      ]sSahkmμ        27                  14.7%         8.4        43.29           3.8
      esvakmμ         36                  1.9%          17.9       1.08            11

3> kargarpøÚvkareRkABIeFVIERsmankMrittictYc CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbT. kMeNInkargarenAkñúgEpñk
kmμnþsalmankMritxøaMg b:uEnþcab;epþImBImUldæand¾tUc. kmμkrRbEhl 220>000 ¬RsþImansmamaRt
x<s;¦- 8° énkMlaMgBlkmμ - \LÚvkMBugbMerIkargarenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edr. karbegáItkargarenA
kñúgvis½yesvakmμk¾mankMrittictYcEdrenAkñúgTsvtSknøgmk. eBlGvtþmanénkalanuvtþPaBepSg²
eTot PaKeRcInénGñkEdlcUlkñúgTIpSarBlkmμenAEtsßitenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT ehIyRtUv)anrab;faCa
EpñkmYyénkMlaMgBlkmμksikmμ edaymankMritx<s;énkargarmineBjelj EdlRtUv)anqøúHbBa©aMg
tamry³R)ak;ebovtSr_CnbTTab3. kMritTabénCMnajraraMgbEnßmeTotdl;ksikrCnbTv½yekμgnUv
lT§PaBTTYl)ankalanuvtþPaBesdækicænana.

1
  km<úCa³ karc,amykkalanuvtþPaBBiPBelak - karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK nigyuT§saRsþkMENTMrg;/ FnaKar
BiPBelak/ 2004
2
  ksikmμ b¤vis½yksikmμKWsMedAeTAelIskmμPaBdaMdMNaMRKb;RbePT bsustV éRBeQI nigClpl.
3
  3500-4000 erolkñúgmYyéf¶sMrab;ebovtSr_ksikmμ nig 3800-4200 erolsMrab;ebovtSr_minEmnksikmμ ¬Helmers
et al., 2003¦.

                                                                                                  2
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
4> GRtakMeNInRbCaCnx<s; ¬2/5° kñúgmYyqñaM¦ mansMBaFya:gxøaMgeTAelIesdækic©kñúgkarbegáIt
kargar ehIyvis½yksikmμkMBugEtRsUbykPaKeRcInénGñkcMNUlfμIkñúgTIpSarkargar. tYelxmYy
kñúgcMeNamtYelxCaeRcInEdlKYr[kt;sMKal; KwsmamaRtx<s; ¬55°¦ énRbCaCnGayueRkam
20qñaM. kMeNInd¾eRcInénRbCaCnekμg rYmTaMgcMnYnd¾eRcIn ¬150 000¦ énGtIteyaFin KwkMBugcUl
eTAkñúgTIpSarkargar edaymankalanuvtþPaBtictYckñúgkarrk)annUvkargarEdlTTYl)anplkMér.
RbCaCnRbEhlBI 220>000 eTA 250>000 nak;cUleTAkñúgTIpSarkargarkñúgmYyqñaM² PaKeRcInén
BYkeKTaMgenaHrs;enAtMbn;CnbT TnÞwmnwgenaHEdrmancMnYntictYceTEdlcUlnivtþn_. bBaðaRbQmd¾FM
mYykñúgcMeNambBaðaRbQmd¾FMnana Kwkarpþl;nUvkargarRbkbedayplitPaBcMeBaHkMlaMgBlkmμ
EdlecHEtekIneLIgya:gqab;rh½senH. kMeNInd¾qab;rh½senACnbT nwgedIrtYnaTId¾sMxan;kñúgkar
begáItkargar begáIncMMNUlCnbT nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa. Tinñpl nigcMNUlksikmμKYrEt
ekIneLIgRbkbedaynirnþrPaB ya:gehacNas;k¾manel,ÓnesμInwgkMeNInkMlaMgBlkmμ Edlkñúg
GRtaBitKwya:gehacNas;ekIneLIgBI 5° eTA 6° kñúgmYyqñaM edIm,IbnþRsYbykGñkcMNUlfμITaMg
enaHenAkñúgTIpSarBlkmμ. GRtakMeNInx<s;KYrEtTTYl)anedIm,IbegáInpgEdrnUvebovtSr_Bit. b:uEnþ
bnÞúkéndMeNaHRsaybBaðakargar minEmnzitenAEteTAelIvis½yksikmμEtmYymuxb:ueNÑaHeT. kar
bnþepþateTAelIkarbegáItbrisßanGMeNayplsMrab;kMeNInd¾qab;rh½sénvis½y]sSahkmμ nigesva-
kmμk¾tMrUv[manpgEdr.
5> kMeNInPaKeRcInpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;tMbn;TIRbCMuCn nigmin)annaMmknUvkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkd¾
TUlMTUlayenAkñúgtMbn;CnbTEdlmanRbCaCnPaKeRcInrs;enA. yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
rbs;km<úCa ¬NPRS¦ )a:n;sμanfa snÞsSn_énPaBRkIRk)anfycuHBI 39° énRbCaCnTaMgGs; enAqñaM
1993-94 mk 36° enAqñaM 19974. NPRS k¾)anrkeXIjpgEdr CamFüm GñkRkrs;enACit
bnÞat;PaBRkIRk ehIyehtudUecñHKwmanskþanuBlCaeRcInsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRktamry³kMeNIn
edaymansmFm’. pÞúymkvij ninñakarGacbRBa©asmkvij ehIyPaBRkIRkkan;EtF¶n;F¶rCagmun
CamYynwgkMeNInyWt b¤CamYykarEbgEcknUvplRbeyaCn_kan;EtmankMrit. karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
nigPaBeCOnelOneq<aHeTAsMerc)aneKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSr_ - TaMgenATIRbCuMCn nigTICnbT -
4
 b:uEnþ CamYynwgcMnYnRbCaCn)a:n;sμan 10lannak;enAqñaM 1993-94 nig 11/4lnanak;enAqñaM1997 ebIKitCatYelxdac;
xat cMnYnGñkRkIRkmankarekIneLIgenAkñúgTsvtSr_knøgmk BI 3/9lannak; eTA4/1lannak; ¬b¤ekIn5°CatYelxdac;xat¦
                                                                                                        3
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
bgðajfa kMeNInesdækic©knøgmkPaKeRcInpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;tMbn;TIRbCMuCn EdlmanRbCaCn
15° rs;enA edaymanEpøpáaBIkMeNInesdækic©RCabcuHmkeRkamdl;esdækic©CnbTtictYcb:ueNÑaH
ehIyBMumankarcg¥úlbgðajBIPaBeCOnelOnkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenACnbTeLIy. plitpl
kñúgRsuksrubsMrab;mnusSmñak;enAtMbn;CnbTRtUv)an)a:n;sμanfaman 119 duløarGaemrik ebIeRbob
eFobeTAnwg 280duløarsMrab;RbeTsTaMgmUl. edayman 90° énRbCaCnrs;enACnbT nig 79°
énGñkRkEdlBwgEp¥keTAelIEpñkksikmμd¾TUlMTUlaysMrab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkKat; PaBeCOnelOn
kñúgkarsMerc)annUveKaledAkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;rdæaPi)al niwgminGacsMerc)aneLIy RbsinebI
minedaHRsay edayhμt;ct; nigedaypÞal;nUvbBaðasMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlRtUv)anCYbRbTHedayesdæ-
kic©CnbT.
CIvPaBrs;enA enAtMbn;CnbT                          enAmankMritedaysarkarxVHnUvkalanuvtþPaB
nigPaBgayrgeRKaH5
6> karBwgEp¥keTAelIksikmμCIvRBwtþimankMritx<s;. km<úCaenAEtCaRbeTsksikmμenAeLIyeT eday
man 70° énRbCaCn nigPaKryénGñkRkIRkeRcIn ¬79°¦ Rbkbmuxrbrksikmμ ehIykareRbIR)as;
CIvRBwtþiRsUbyk 60-65° énTinñplksikmμ ¬FAO/ 2003¦. CamYynwgbnÞat;PaBRkIRkEdlRtUv
)ankMNt;edayEp¥kelIbrimaNhUbcukKitCakaLÚrI Gsnþisuxes,ógenAEtCaTidæPaBmYyd¾sMxan;én
PaBRkIRkenACnbT. enAeBlEdlcMNIGahar nigGgárCaTUeTAmankarekIneLIgenAkñúgb:unμanqñaMknøg
eTAfμI²enH nigGtierkGgár)anekItmaneLIg RKYsarenAtMbn;CnbTCaeRcInBMumanlT§PaBRKb;RKan;b¤
KYr[Tukcitþ)ankñúgkarTTYl)annUvkarp�t;p�g;es,ógGahar. rhUtdl; 2PaK3 én 1/6lanRKYsar
Edlrs;enACnbT CYbRbTHnUvkarxVHes,ógGahartamrdUvkñúgmYyqñaM² ehIy 50° énkumarGayu
eRkam 5qñaM manTMgn;minRKb; ¬NPRS¦. GgárEtmYymuxmanBI 25° eTA 30° énkarcMNaysrub
rbs;RKYsarRkIRk. enHbgðajR)ab;fa karbegáInnUvplitPaBksikmμsMedAcMeBaHksikrCIvRBwtþi Gac
manplb:HBal;d¾xøaMgkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬CaBiesskarhUbcukKitCakaLÚrI¦ nigsMrYldl;kar
pøas;bþÚrBIksikmμCIvRBwtþieTACaskmμPaBksikmμEdltMrg;TiseTArklkçN³BaNiC¢kmμ. PaBxus²Kña
5
  lT§plenAkñúgEpñkenHRtUv)andkRsg;ecjBI : RbPBcMNUlenAtMbn;CnbT : sikSaeday Helmers, Gibson, nig Wallgren
(2003), luHNaEtbBa¢ak;R)ab;xusBIenH.



                                                                                                       4
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
xøaMgéntMbn;PUmisaRsþ bgðajR)ab;fa bBaðakarxVHxat bBaðakardwkCBa¢Ún nigbBaðakalanuvtþPaB
rkcMNUlepSgeTotk¾ekItmaneLIgEdr.
7> kareFVIGaCIvkmμelIFnFanFmμCati ¬FnFanrYm¦ KWCayuT§saRsþrYmmYyedIm,IbMeBjKñaCamYynwg
cMNUlBIkareFVIERsBIdIFøIEdlkan;kab;bnþicbnþÜc. enAeBlEdlesdækic©rbs;RbeTsCatiminTan;RtUv
)aneFVIBiBiFkmμenAeLIy RTBüsm,tþiCadIFøI nigFnFanFmμCatienAEtedIrtYnaTId¾sMxan;enAkñúgCIvPaB
rs;enARbcaMéf¶rbs;RKYsarenACnbT. dUecñHkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvCIvPaBrs;enA nigkarkat;bnßy
nUvPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;RbCaCnCnbT KWBwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTAnwgKMrUénPaBCam©as;kmμsiT§i nig
lT§PaBTTYl)andIFøI nigFnFanFmμCati. eTaHbICamanPaBxusKñatamtMbn;k¾eday CaTUeTAkarkan;
kab;dIFøImanTMhMtUc KitCamFüm 1/5 hiktakñúgmYyRKYsar edaymanRKYsarRbEhlBak;kNþal
mandIeFVIERsticCag 0/75 hikta ¬CSES/ 1999¦. TMhMénkarkan;kab;dICamFümmankarrYjfy
cuHCamYynwgkMeNInRbCaCn EdlbNþal[mankareFVIcMNakRsukBICnbTmkTIRkug nigmktMbn;Edl
manRbCaCntic CalkçN³GciéRnþy_ b¤tamrdUv ehIyBwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTAelIkargareRkABIeFVIERsenA
eBlEdlkargarenaHman. RKYsarRkIRkCageKbMput KWCaRKYsarEdlmanlT§PaBtictYc b¤KñanesaH
kñúgkarTTYl)annUvdIFøIsMrab;eFVIksikmμ ¬ticCag 2hiktaenAkñúgTItaMgEdlminGMeNaypl¦ ehIy
CalT§pl KWBYkKat;BwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTAelIFnFanRTBüsm,tþirYm edIm,IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarCa
lkçN³CIvRBwtþirbs;BYkKat;. RKYsarEdlRkIRkCageKCaTUeTAk¾BMumankarCYy]btßmÖBIsac;jatirbs;
xøÜneT CaRKYsarekμgEdlmankUneRcInBI 5-12nak; manRTBüsm,tþitictYc ¬Kμan b¤stVBahan³
sMrab;eFVIERsmYy sMPar³]bkrN_sMrab;eFVIERstictYc¦ CYbRbTHnUvkgVHes,ógGaharrvag 3eTA8Ex
kñúgmYYyqñaM CMBak;bMNuleKeRcIn ehIyCaTUeTAKWBMumanlT§PaBsgbMNuleKvij b¤x©IeKbEnßmeTot)an
¬ADB/ 2001¦.
tarag 2³ smamaRtPaKrymFüménRbPBepSg²KñaéncMNUl eFobnwgcMNUlRKYsarsrubenACnbT
tambBa©PaK
                                      RbPBcMNUlRKYsarenACnbT tambBa©PaKénkarcMNay/ PaKry
                                      RkCageK             bBa©PaKTI bBa©PaKTI manCageK
                                                bBa©PaKTI 3
RbPBcMNUl                             bMput     2
                                                                    4
                                                                              bMput srub
ksikmμ                                50%           54%   54%    55%      37%      50%

                                                                                           5
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
EdlkñúgenaH RsUv                      26%           29%     28%         31%        17%        26%
            bsustV                    19%           19%     18%         16%        11%        17%
FnFanrYm                        21%                 16%     15%         12%        6%         14%
ebovtSr_                        9%                  9%      11%         10%        23%        13%
minEmneFVIERs                   8%                  12%     10%         14%        25%        14%
karepÞrR)ak;mk[ karepJIR)ak;mk[
epSg²                           12%                 9%      10%         9%         9%         9%


cMNUlRKYsar      KitCamFüm
¬1000erol¼1qñaM¦           2,553                    3,057   3,351       3,875      5,616      3,689
RbPB: CSES 1999 (B’NRbepHKWCatYelxFMCagtYelxmFüm¦
8> kargareRkABIeFVIERsminerobryKWCaRbPBd¾sMxan;éncMNUlsMrab;RKYsarenACnbT. RKYsarCnbT
edaHRsay)annwgkarxVHxat énkalanuvtþPaBkñúgkarrkkMérEdlmanlkçN³esdækic©nigeBjem:ag
edayeFVIBiBiFkmμénRbPBcMNUl6. karsikSaEdlBüayamKNnaCabrimaNnUvsar³sMxan;énRbPB
TaMgenaH)anrkeXIjfa 29° eTA 50° éncMNUl ¬sac;R)ak; nigCarbs;¦ KWmkBIksikmμ 14° eTA
22° mkBIskmμPaBClplnigéRBeQI nig 36° eTA 57° mkBIGaCIvikmμ nigebovtSénBlkmμ.
PaKeRcInénebovtSr_ nigcMNUlGaCIvkmμ KWmkBIebovtSr_énBlkmμkñúgEpñkksikmμtamrdUv nigFmμta
nigminEmnksikmμ nigkñúgskmμPaBmIRkUGaCIvkmμtamrdUv. lT§PaBTTYl)ankargareRkABIeFVIERs
EdlmanlkçN³esßrPaB nigTTYl)ankMér CaFmμtaGacGnuvtþ)anEtcMeBaHGñkEdlmanFnFaneRcIn
6
                                                       u
  karRsavRCavGMBIRbPBcMNUlenAkm<úCaKW niyayya:gl¥bMpt minTan;eBjelj edaymankarsikSaTUTaMgRbeTstictYc
nigBMusUvlMGit eTAelIbBaðaya:geRcInEdlmansar³sMxan;ya:gxøaMgkñúgkarkMNt;nUveKalneya)aynwgKMeragnanaedIm,I
RTRTg; karGPivDÆn_ CnbT. karsikSaEdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlaybMputenaHKWkareFVIGegátesdækic©sg�mkic©qñaM 1999 eTaH
bICamanKuNvibtiþxøH EdlBak;B½n§bTBiesaFn_kargarrbs;mRnþIeFVIsMPasn_ nigTMhMsMNakKMrUtUc ¬eTaHbICaGegátTUTaMg
RbeTsk¾eday¦. mankar xVHcenøaHCaBiessBak;B½n§nwgkarRsavRCavcMeBaHRbCaCnenAtMbn;x<g;rabnigmat;smuRT ehIyCa
TUeTAcMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;RsUv nigdMNaMepSg²eTot cMNUlminEmn)anmkBIkareFVIERs nigFnFanrYmcMeBaHcMNUlrbs;RKYsar
RkIRkenACnbT. b:uEnþCaTUeTA manPaBsIusgVak;KñaénlT§pld¾TUlMTUlayenAkñúgkareFVIGegátCaeRcInGMBIcMNUlenACnbT
EdlbgðajR)ab;falT§plRsavRCavGaceCOTukcitþ)an eTaHbICamanvisalPaB nigPaBRKbdNþb;tUck_eday (Helmers et
al., 2003).

                                                                                                          6
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
bMputb:ueNÑaH. smaCikRKYsarCnbT EdlCYbRbTHnwgcMNUlksikmμTabnigERbRbYltamrdUv kMBugEt
rkkargareFVICaRbcaM b¤eFVIskmμPaBepSg²EdlGacbegáItnUvcMNUl EdlPaKeRcInmanlkçN³beNþaH
Gasnñ nigTTYl)anpltictYc.
9> dUecñH karRc)ac;bBa©ÚlKñaCaTUeTAénskmμPaBEdlpþl;plEdlrYmcMENkdl;cMNUlRKYsarCnbT
KWmanPaBxus²KñaenARKb;RKYsar nigtMbn;. tMbn;ksi-eGkULÚhSIú niglT§PaBcUldl; nigEk,rTIpSar
KWmanTMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmkCamYYyRbPBcMNUlénRKYsarCnbT. PaBenAEk,r niglT§PaBTTYl
)annUvFnFanéRBeQInigClpl kMNt;nUvkarrYmcMENkdl;CIvPaBrs;enAenACnbT. karRsavRCav
)an rkeXIjnUvTMnak;TMngya:gxøaMgnigviC¢manrvagPaBenAEk,rpøÚv nigsar³sMxan;énskmμPaB
esdækic©eRkABIeFVIERscMkar. kalanuvtþPaBsMrab;kargar eRkABIeFVIERscMkar KWl¥RbesIrenAPaK
xagt,Úg nigGaeKñy_ EdlenATIenaHbNþajpøÚvfñl;)anTTYlkarGPivDÆn_. TaMgsMrab;cUldl;TIpSar
edIm,Ilk;TMnij nigesvakmμplitkñúgRsuk nigsMrab;lT§PaBTTYl)ankargarEdlmanebovtSr_
manpøÚvfñl; nigkñúgkMrit tictYcmYyGacdwkCBa¢ÚnTwk KWk¾CaktþamYysMxan;kñúgkarkMNt;nUvkMritcMNUl
pgEdr. RsþI EdlCaGñkcUlrYmcMENkPaKeRcInkñúgkMlaMgBlkmμksikmμ ¬54°¦ cUlrYmtictYc
kñúgskmμPaBrkcMNUl eRkABIeFVIERscMkar eTaHbICamanPaKeRcInRbkbrbrGaCIvkmμtUctackþI.
CnCatiPaKtic EdlRbmUlpþúMKñars;enAkñúgtMbn;dac;q¶ayBIeK nigmandg;sIuetTabéntMbn;PaK|san
BwgEp¥ky:ageRcIneTAelIksikmμ nigFnFanFmμCatisMrab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK.
10> karekIteLIgnUvPaBclacl nigvibtþiKWCaFmμtamanenARKb;kEnøg edayman 90° énRKYsarCa
mFümCYbRbTH nUvvibtþiEdlbNþal[)at;bg;nUvcMNUlenAkñúgry³eBlmYyqñaM. kar)at;cMNUlKWman
TMhMFM - Cit 30°éncMNUlRKYsarCnbTsrub)an)at;bg;erogral;qñaMedaysarPaBclacl nig vibtþi
RKYsar ¬ Helmers et al, 2003¦. karxUcxatdMNaM ¬PaKeRcInbNþalmkBITwkCMnn; nig¼b¤ stV
l¥itbMpøaj¦ karQWénsmaCikRKYsar nigGRtasøab;x<s;énbsustV KWCamUlehtud¾cMbgénkar)at;bg;
d¾xøaMgenH. CalT§plénvibtþi\tQb;Qr karCMBak;bMNulénRKYsarCnbTmankMritx<s;7 EdlrYm
cMENk[mankarlk;dIFøIedIm,IedaHRsayTukçlM)ak nigkarekIneLIgnUvPaBKμandIFøI. karsikSaBIPaB

7
 karRsavRCavk¾)anbgðajpgEdrfalkçxN�\NTanmanlkçN³GaRkk;sMrab;GñkRk EdleFVI[BYkKat;BwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTA
elIGñkrksIucgkarR)ak;eRkARbB½n§EdlykGRtakarR)ak;x<s;.
                                                                                                  7
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
                                                  ú
KμandIFøIbgðajfa 13-17° énRKYsarCnbTenAkm<CaminmandIFøIeT eTaHbICatYelxenHERbRbYl
ya:gxøaMgrvagextþ Rsuk nigXMu. RsþICaemRKYsarTTYlrgxøaMgnUvkarBMumandIFøI.
11> dUecñH lT§plTaMgenaHbgðajR)ab;fa yuT§saRsþedIm,IEklMGCIvPaBrs;enAtMbn;CnbTRtUvTam
Tar[mankBa©b;énskmμPaBEdlmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCaynigsμúKsμaj edayTTYls�al;nUvkarBwg
Ep¥krbs;RKYsarCnbTeTAelIBhuskmμPaB nigesckþIRtUvkaredIm,IeqøIytbEdlRtUv)antMrwm[Rsb
eTAnwgBhuPaBénsßanPaBenAmUldæan nigRKYsarCnbT. esckþIsgÄwmeTAGnaKtsMrab;kareRbIR)as;
RbkbedaynirnþPaBnUvdIFøI nigFnFanFmμCati k¾dUcCakareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvCIvPaBrs;enACnbT
nwgRtUv)anEkERbedayktþasMxan;bI³ ¬1¦ Rkbx½N�eKalneya)aynigbTb,BaØtiþEdlCH\T§iBldl;
lT§PaBTTYl)an nigkarRKb;RKgnUvFnFansMxan;²dUcCa dIFøI éRBeQI Clpl nigTwk ¬2¦ ¬2¦
yuT§saRsþrlUnmYysMrab;karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigCnbT nig ¬3¦ kalanuvtþPaBsMrab;kargareRkABI
eFVIERsCaBiessenAtMbn;CnbT. enAeBlEdlepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelImeFüa)ayedIm,IbegáIn
kalanuvtþPaBesdækic©enAtMbn;CnbT b¤mYycMeBaHksikmμ b¤mYymincMeBaHksikmμ CeRmIsKYrEtRtUv
)annaMmux edayesckþIRtUvkaredIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaH énRKYsarCnbTcMeBaHvibtþicMNUl
rYmman tamry³sMNaj;suvtßiPaB. edaymankarcUlrYmya:geRcInenAkñúgesdækic©CnbT nigPaB
gayrgeRKaH nigkgVHlT§PaBTTYl)ankalanuvtþPaB eKalneya)ay nigkmμviFIsMrab;karGPivDÆn_
tMbn;CnbTKYrFanafa tMrUvkarcaM)ac;Cak;lak;rbs;RsþIRtUv)anedaHRsay ¬sUmGanRbGb; 1¦.
RbGb;1³ lT§plsegçb nigGnusasn_dkRsg;BI karsikSavaytMélsßanPaBeynD½r enAkm<úCa
bBaðaKnøwH³ RsþICYbRbTHnUv]bsK�CaeRcInedaysarmanlT§PaBBMuesμIKñakñúgkarTTYl)annUvFnFanFmμCati nig
esva. RsþImantYnaTIya:gsMxan;kñúgplitkmμksikmμ nigmantYnaTIsMxan;CaskþanuBlkñúgkarkat;bnßyGsnþi-
suxes,óg. RsþIKWCaRkumPaKtickñúgcMeNamGñkTTYlplénCIvPaBrs;enARbkbksikmμnigCnbTEdlTak;Tg
nwgesvakmμ nigRTBüskmμ. GRtaGnkçrPaBx<s;nigxøwmsar nigTItaMgénkarBRgIkesva KWCa]bsK�cMbg2ya:g
kñúgkarEklMGlT§PaBrbs;RsþIkñúgkarTTYl)anesvapSBVpSayksikmμ. eTaHbICamanc,ab;dIFøIEdleqøIytb
bBaðaeynD½r RsþIk¾enAEtmanPaBgayrgeRKaHcMeBaHkarmineGIeBInUvsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIrbs;BYkKat;. kardwkCBa¢Ún
nigpøÚvCnbT k¾dUcCakarp�t;p�g;Twk nigkarpþl;esvahirBaØvtßú KWCaGaTiPaBsMrab;RsþI. RsþImantMNagticenAkñúg
kareFVIesckþIsMerccitþelIEpñkksikmμ nigenAkñúgesvasIuvil. b:uEnþ kmμviFIEdlRTRTg;edayGñkpþl;CMnYy nig


                                                                                                      8
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
rbs;rdæaPi)almankareqøIytbkan;EtxøaMgcMeBaHkarRBYy)armÖTaMgenaH. EpñkGPivDÆvis½yksikmμnigGPivDÆn_
CnbTenAkñúg NPRS rYmman cMNucedAnigsUcnakr Cak;lak;GMBIeynD½r.

Gnusasn_³ ¬1¦CMrujvimCÄkarkMeNIn nigBRgIkkic©xitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IbegáItkalanuvtþPaBkargar enAtMbn;Cn
bT edIm,IkMritnUvplb:HBal;sg�mCaGviC¢manénkareFVIcMNakRsukmkkan;tMbn;TIRbCMuCnrbs;RsþIekμg² ¬2¦KaM
RTkarGPivDÆn_shRKasFuntUc EdlGaceFVI)ankñúgry³eBlxøIedIm,Ipþl;kargardl;RsþI ¬3¦ begáItyuT§saRsþ
sMrab;elIkkMBs;GkçrPaB nigkMritCMnajrbs;RsþI ¬4¦ edaHRsayesckþIRtUvkarbgáarsg�mkic©cMeBaHkmμkr
cMNakRsukCaRsþI ¬5¦ GPivDÆkaréqñRbDitfμIedIm,Ipþl;Bt’manksikmμ nigesvapSBVpSayksikmμdl;RsþI
¬6¦FanaEklMG nigrkSa[)annUvlT§PaBTTYl)andIFøI nigFnFanFmμCatisMrab;RsþI ¬7¦bnþvinieyaKelIehdæa-
rcnasm<½n§CnbTEdl)anerobcMenAmUldæan edIm,I[esckþIRtUvkarrbs;bursnigRsþIRtUv)anTTYls�al;nigedaH
Rsay ¬8¦eFVI[esvasuxPaBGacmanlT§PaBTij)anedayRsþIRkIRk nig ¬9¦ begáInkarcUlrYmrbs;RsþIenAkMrit
fñak;PUmi.

karRKb;RKgdIFøInigFnFanFmμCatikMBugmankarERbRbYlya:gxøaMg
12> RbCasaRsþniglkçN³sm,tþiFnFanFmμCatibegáItnUvkarRbQmCak;lak;cMeBaHtMbn;epSg²Kña.
km<úCa)anTTYlGMeNayplBIFmμCatiya:geRcIn KWdI k¾dUcCaFnFanFmμCatid¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; Ca
Biess éRBeQI nigClpl nigRbePTepSg²KñaCaeRcInénCMrkFmμCatinigRbB½n§eGkULÚhSIú rYmman
éRBtMbn;x<g;rab nigTMnab tMbn;dIesImTwksab nigtMbn;EdlmanpøÚvTwkhUrkat;CaeRcIn. b:uEnþ 70°
énRbCaCn KWrs;enARbmUlpþMúelI 30° énépÞdIenAtamrebogTMnabBIRBMEdnéfenAPaKBay½Bü rhUt
dl;RBMEdnevotNamenAPaKGaeKñy_. épÞdIPaKeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;dMNaMRsUv nigeFVIensaT
enAtMbn;TMnablicTwk nigtMbn;manpøÚvTwkhUrkat; edaymansm<aFRbCaCnkan;EtkMBugKMramkMEhg
dl;RbB½n§eGkULÚhSIúbwgTenøsab ¬éRBlicTwk nigbwgensaT¦. pÞúyeTAvij éRBRkas; nigdg;sIuet
RbCaCnTabbgðajGMBItMbn;PaKxageCIg |san nignIrtI énRbeTs ¬sUmGanEpnTI ]bsm<½n§TI1¦.
tMbn;cenøaH rvagTMnabnigx<g;rab kMBugCYbRbTHkarekIneLIgéncMNUlRsuk nigkarTRnÞanykrbs;
ksikrnUvtMbn;éRBduH. yuT§saRsþnigeKalneya)aysMrab;karRKb;RKgFnFanéRBeQIcaM)ac;RtUvEt
TTYls�al;nUvPaBxusKñaTaMgenH nigpþl;kareqøIytbEdlRtUv)antMrwm[Rsbtam sßanPaBtMbn;nig
mUldæan - PaBxusKñaéndg;sIuetRbCaCn nigPaBxusKñaénksi-RbB½n§eGkULÚhSIú.
                                                                                                 9
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
13> karsikSaelIkmunEdl)aneFVIeLIgedaykmμviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak )anvaytMélnUvsar³
sMxan;énksi-RbB½n§eGkULÚhSIúxus²Kña dUcEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgRbGb;TI2xageRkam. viFIeRbob
eFobKñad¾elOn énkareFVIcMNat;fñak;enHedaymaneRbIEpnTIeRbIR)as;dI nigEpnTIénPaBRkIRk
¬sUmGanEpnTI kñúg]bsm<½nTI 1¦ bgðajfasnÞsSn_énPaBRkIRkmankMritx<s;enAtMbn;TMnabEdl
manePøógFøak;nigEdlhinehacéRBeQI EdlenATIenaHmanRbCaCnPaKeRcInrs;enApþúMKña. b:uEnþ EpnTI
énPaBeCOnelOnrbs; UNDP eq<aHeTAsMerc)annUveKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_km<úCa ¬sUmGan
]bsm<½n§ 1¦ bgðajBIsßanPaBepSgeTAvij edaymankarEbgEckya:gc,as;rvagbNþaextþPaKxag
eCIg EdlGacmankaryWtya:vkñúgkarsMerc)annUveKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_PaKeRcIn nigtMbn;
d¾éTeToténRbeTsEdlPaBeCOnelOneRcInkMBugRtUv)aneFVIeLIg GacsMerc)annUveKaledAGPivDÆn_
shsSvtSr_xøHb¤TaMgGs;. eTaHbICaKuNPaBénTinñn½yEdlykmkeRbIedIm,IeFVIEpnTIGacRtUv)an
RbQmnwgkarvaytMélk¾eday k¾EpnTITaMgenaHKaMRTnUvKMniténGaTiPaB nigGtßRbeyaCn_eFob
xus²KñatamtMbn;pgEdr.
RbGb; 2³ lT§plénkarviPaKtMbn;esdækic©es,óg rbs;kmμviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak
tMbn;TMnabmanePøógFøak;³ 45 Rsuk RbCaCn 2/9 lannak;
RbCaCnPaKeRcInBwgEp¥keTAelIEtkardaMRsUvmYymuxenArdUvvsSaedayBMumanRbB½n§FarasaRsþ EdlCaRbPB
cMNUlniges,ógGahard¾sMxan; karkan;kab;dIFøITMhMtUcedayÉkraCü cMNUlRtUv)anbMeBjbEnßmedayskmμ
PaBtamrdUvepSg². épÞdImanlkçN³rabesμI nigeRbIR)as;ya:gxøaMgkñúgkardaMduH.

tMbn;EdlmanpøÚvTwkhUrkat;³ 28 Rsuk RbCaCn 1/7 lannak;
RbCaCnPaKeRcInBwgEp¥kelIkardaMdMNaMsMrab;eFVIBaNiC¢kmμ daMRsUveLIgTwk b¤RsUvR)aMg ehIyensaTRtI sMrab;
snþisuxes,ógnigcMNUl. taMgTIlMenACab;nwgTenøsMxan;² b¤k¾enAkñúgXMuCab;nwgbwgTenøsab.

tMbn;TIRbCMuCn¼TIpSar³ 17 Rsuk RbCaCn)a:n;sμan 1/3 lannak;
BwgEp¥keTAelIkargarEdl)ancMNUlCaR)ak; nigeFVIGaCIvkmμtUcenAmCÄmN�lTIRbCMuCnrbs;rdæaPi)al.
tMbn;éRBrbs;¼BlkmμCab;kic©snüa³ 24 Rsuk RbCaCn 1/2 lannak;rs;enAtMbn;TaMgenaH
RbCaCnBwgEp¥kPaKeRcIneTAelIFnFanéRBeQIEdlecHEtricrileTA nigBlkmμEdlTTYl)anebovtSr_sMrab;
cMNUl. kardaMRsUvEdlmankMrittictYc minRKb;RKan;edIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkarRbcaMqñaM)aneLIy. RKYsarEdlBMumandI

                                                                                                  10
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
FøICaFmμtaEtgEteXIjenAtMbn;TaMgenaH. BYkeKTaMgenaHgayTTYlrgeRKaHcMeBaHkarfycuHénFnFanéRBeQI
edaykareFVIGaCIvkmμ nigenAdac;q¶ayBITIpSar nigpøÚvsMxan;².

éRBeQI³ 37 Rsuk RbCaCn 450>000 nak;
BwgEp¥kPaKeRcIneTAelIplitpléRBeQI sMrab;es,ógGahar nigcMNUl. BYkeKmanPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaHkñúg
karcUleTAdl;tMbn;EdlmanéRBeQI. mandg;sIuetRbCaCnTab ticCag 8nak;kñúgmYyKILÚEm:Rtkaer:.

tMbn;cMruH³ éRBeQI¼ERs ¬4 Rsuk RbCaCn 229>000 nak;¦/ éRBeQI¼pøÚvTWkhUrkat; ¬3 Rsuk RbCaCn
122>000 nak;¦/ éRBeQI¼éRBrbs; ¬9 Rsuk RbCaCn 230>900 nak;¦/ ERs¼éRBrbs;¼éRBeQI ¬3 Rsuk
RbCaCncMnYn 104>500 nak;¦/ minc,as;¼eRcInRbePT ¬7 Rsuk RbCaCn 565>000 nak;¦
14> karpøas;bþÚrfμI²éneKalneya)ayRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati)anTukecalnUvtMbn;d¾FMeFgénRbeTs
¬30° eTA 40°éntMbn;TaMgmUl¦edayBMumanviFankarRKb;RKgc,as;las;. bnÞab;BIkarlubecal
nUvéRBsm,TanEdlmin)aneFVIGaCIvkmμ RbEhl 1/6 lanhikta b¤tMbn;éRBeQI)anERbkøayeTACa
:éRBbMrugTuk : EdlviFankarRKb;RKgenAEtRtUv)ankMNt;. karlubecalnUvéRBsm,TanEdlmin)aneFVI
GaCIvkmμ RbmaN 186 lanhikta k¾kMBugRtUv)anBicarNapgEdr. épÞdITMhM 1/73 lanhikta
bEnßmeTot hak;bIdUcCadIEdlmanéRBrbs; mankMeNInminRKb;RKan; dIBMumaneQIFM² nigtMbn;mineRbI
R)as;dUcKñaEdlminTan;RbkasfaCakmμsiT§Cak;lak;NamYy mankarRKb;RKg b¤eRbIR)as;enAeLIy.
karlubbM)at;bEnßmeToténsm,Tanesdækic©xagelI TMhMEdl)anGnuBaØatitamc,ab;PUmi)alfμI nwg
 bnþbegáInnUvdIbMrugEdlmansMrab;karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ. b:uEnþ kareRbIR)as;Cak;EsþgéntMbn;TaMgenH nig
 skþanuBlsMrab;karGPivDÆn_tamRbB½n§ksikmμ b¤RbB½n§ksi-]sSahkmμ enAminTan;)anvaytMél enA
 eLIyeT ¬sUmGan EpñkTI II¦. enAkñúgvis½yClpl TMhMBak;kNþalkalBImunEdl sßitenAeRkam
TMrg; EbbbTsm,Tan ¬RbEhl 500/000 hikta¦ RtUv)anlubecalenAqñaM 2001 b:uEnþ karRKb;
RKgrYm EdlBak;B½n§nwgshKmn_mUldæanRtUvEtGPivDÆn_bEnßmeTot. enAkñúgry³eBlxøI karRKb;RKg
RbkbedaycirPaB nigtmøaPaBRtUvEterobcMeLIg edIm,IeCosvagkareRbIR)as;mincMTis nigkareFVI
GaCIvkmμhYskMriténFnFanTaMgenH.



                                                                                             11
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
tarag 3³ km<úCa - kar)a:n;sμanénsiT§ikan;kab;¼eRbIR)as;dIFøI / 2004
          RbePT                                  épÞdI ¬lanhikta¦              smamaRt °
           éRBminEmnsm,Tan                        4.7                            26.1

           tMbn;¼éRBeQI karBar                    3.3                            18.3

           tMbn;daMduH                             2.7                           15.0

           éRBsm,Tan                              3.1                            17.2

           dIéRBrbs; dIBMumaneQIFM² .l. 1.7                                      9.4

           TIRkugtUc ehdæarcnasm<½n§.l. 1.1                                      6.1

           sm,TanLÚt_ensaT                        0.5                            2.8

           sm,Tanksikmμ                           0.8                            4.4

           tMbn;dIEdlmanRKab;mIn                  0.1                            0.6

           srub                                    18.0                          100.00

         RbPB³siT§ikan;kab;dIenAkm<úCa - Tinñn½yEksMrYlfμI/ CDRI,2001, IFSR 2004, MAFF 2004

karGnuvtþn_kargarvis½yksikmμmankarxkcitþ
15>     enAeBlEdlkarrYmcMENkrbs;vis½yksikmμcMeBaHesdækic©mankMritx<s;Ep¥kelIsþg;dartMbn;
PaBTn;exSayénkarGnuvtþn_kargarksikmμ nigskþanuBlkMeNInKWmanPaBminc,as;las;. karrYm
cMENkd¾FMénvis½yksikmμcMeBaH GDP ¬37° enAqñaM 2001¦8 ehIysar³sMxan;rbs;vaEdlCa
RbPBcMNUl nigCIvPaBrs;enA KWCalT§plénlkçN³GBiBiFkmμénesdækic© CaCaglT§plénkMeNIn
d¾xøaMgenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ. kMeNInvis½yksikmμenAkm<úCaKWmankMritTabCageKbMputenAkñúgtMbn;enA
kñúgTsvtSqñaM90 ¬sYmemIl rYbPaB 1¦ eTaHbICakarGnuvtþn_manlkçN³RbesIrenAb:unμanqñaMfμI²enHk¾
eday. PaBvwkvrEpñkneya)ay vibtþihirBaØvtßúkñúgtMbn;kñúgqñaM 1998 nigTwkCMnn;d¾F¶n;F¶rkñúgqñaM2000
TaMgGs;enH )anrYmcMENkeFVI[kMeNInFøak;cuH. lkçN³sMKal;mYyeToténkMeNInBIkarGnuvtþn_
vis½yksikmμKWmankarERbRbYlya:gxøaMgBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIPaBgayrgeRKaHcMeBaH

8
 tYelxenHx<s;enAkñúgtMbn; ehIyeRbobeFobCamYy Lav 51°én GDP evotNam 23° cin 16° \N�ÚeNsIu 17°
hVIlIBIn 15° éfLg;d_ 8/5° nigma:eLsIu 8/1° kñúgqñaM2001.
                                                                                               12
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
lkçxN�GakasFatu nigbgðajR)ab;BIkareFVIvinieyaKminRKb;RKan;enAkñúgvis½yenH nigkareFVIGaCIvkmμ
hYsehtuénFnFanFmμCati.
                          eNInBi CamFüménvis ksik rates éleKal prices; Source:FAO)
         rUbPaB 1³GRtakMAveragetagricultural sector½ygrowth mμ ¬tM(real, 1995 qñaM1995/ RbPB³ FAO
                Figure 1:


            7
                                                                                                  5.9
            6                                                                        5.3
                           4.9                                                                       4.7
            5                                                   4.5                     4.6
                                                   4.1                       4.3
                                                                   3.9
            4                                                                                              1985-1990
    %




            3     2.3                        2.2        2.4               2.2                              1991-2000
                     1.8         2   2    1.8
            2
            1
            0




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16> kMeNInénEpñkksikmμRtUv)annaMmuxeday plitkmμdMNaM nigClpl. enAkñúgvis½yksikmμ
plitkmμdMNaM CaBiessplitkmμdMNaMRsUv mankMeNInelOnCagkMeNInRbCaCn enAkñúgkMrit 4/8°
kñúgmYyqñaM rvagqñaM 1993 nigqñaM 2001 ¬éføefr qñaM 2000¦. karvaytMélkMeNInkñúgEpñkClpl
KWmankarlM)ak BiIeRBaHkarxVHxatnUvTinñn½yEdlKYr[Tukcitþ)an b:uEnþRbPBnanaÉkPaBeFVIkar)a:n;
sμanfa karrYmcMENkénEpñkClplcMeBaHkMeNInvis½yksikmμTaMgmUl KWdUcKñaeTAnwgkarrYmcMENk
énEpñkdMNaMRsUv. tMélTinñplClplRtUv)an)a:n;sμanfaekIneLIg 6°kñúgmYYyqñaMkñúgGMLúg 1993-
20019. eTaHbICamansarsMxan;enAkñúgRbB½n§10énkareFVIERscMkarenAkm<úCak¾eday k¾tMélénTinñ-
plbsustV)anekIneLIgTabCagy:agxøaMgkñúgkMrit 2/4° kñúgmYyqñaM edaymankarERbRbYlxøaMgenA
kñúgqñaM edaysarPaBgayrgeRKaHeTAnwgCMgW nigTwkCMnn;. enAkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1993-2001 pldMNaM
rYmcMENkCamFüm 19° énkMeNIn GDP srub ÉClpl 12° bsustV 4° nigéRBeQIfycuH 6°



9
  Tinñn½ycugeRkaybMputenH KYrEtRtUv)anBicarNaedaymankarRbugRby½tñ edaysarEtmankarbBa©ÚlTinñn½yensaTRtI
xñattUcEtenAcugTsvtSqñaM 90.
10
   bsustVrYmcMENk 17°éncMNUlRKYsarCnbT KitCamFüm(Helmers et al., 2003) .
                                                                                                                       13
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
bnÞab;BIkarp¥ak karkab;eQICalk<N³BaNiC¢kmμenAkñúgtMbn;sm,Tan nigkarlubecalnUvéRB
sm,TanmYycMnYn11.
17> plitPaBksikmμenAkm<úCamankMritTab TaMgkMlaMgBlkmμ TaMgdIFøI edaymantMélTinñplsrub
)a:n;sμankñúgkMrit 200duløarGaemrikkñúgkmμkrmñak; nig 280duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyhikta. eTaHbICa
mankMeNInplitPaBk¾eday - edaykar)a:n;sμanBI 1/3 etankñúgmYyhiktaenAedImTsvtSqñaM90
eTA 2etankñúgmYyhiktacab;taMgBIqñaM2000 - TinñplRsUvenAEtmankMritTab ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg
karGnuvtþn_enARbeTsCitxag12 enHbgðajR)ab;faenAmankalanuvtþPaBeRcInsMrab;begáInplitPaB
EfmeTot. bBaðarcnasm<½n§d¾sMxan;mYyKW CICatidImankMritTab kñúgTMhM 50°énépÞdIdaMRsUv (Nesbitt,
1997), EdlPaKeRcInénksikrRbmUlpþúMenATIenaH. bBaðad¾éTeTotKWkareRbIR)as;CItictYc haniP½y

EdlBak;B½n§nwgTwkCMnn; nigkartMrg;TiseTArklkçN³CivRBwtþiénRbB½n§eFVIksikmμEdlmanenARKb;TI
kEnøg EdlrYmcMENkdl;kMritTabénkarvinieyaKelIFatucUlénvis½yksikmμ. CagenHeTAeTot KYr
kt;sMKal;fa plitPaBTabénkarplitRsUvKWk¾CakarqøúHbBa¢aMgBIsar³sMxan;énRbB½n§ksikmμEdlBwg
Ep¥keTAelITwkePøógenAtMbn;TMnab EdlkMBugEtGnuvtþedayksikrRbmaN 80°³ eK)a:n;sμanfa
manEt 17°b:ueNÑaHénépÞdIeFVIERsTTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_BIrcnasm<½n§RtYtBinitüTwk. plitPaBén
dMNaMsMxan;²epSgeTot ¬eBat dMLÚgeQI .l.¦ hak;bIdUcCaTabCageKTaMgGs;ebIeFobeTAnwg
RbeTsepSgeTotenAkñúgtMbn; ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI 2³ TinñplmFümsMrab;dMNaMsMxan;²enAkm<úCa¦.




11
   tYelxenHeRbobeFobCamYynwg karrYmcMENk 15° rbs;vis½yesvakmμ cMeBaHkMeNIn GDP nig 56°rbs;vis½y
]sSahkmμ enAkñúgGMLúgeBldUcKña.
12
   kñúgqñaM2002 )an 2/6etankñúgmYyhiktaenARbeTséf 3/3etan enAhIVlIBIn 3/5 etanenALav 4/4 etan
enA\N�ÚensIu 4/6 etan enAevotNam nig 6/3 etanenARbeTscin (FAO).
                                                                                                  14
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
             rUbPaB 2³TinñplmFümkñúgqñaM 2001 Ca etan¼hikta ¬RbPB³ FAO
                       Figure 2: Average yields in 2001 in ton/ha (source: FAO)

          20
                                                                                    Cambodia

          15                                                                        Vietnam
                                                                                    Thailand
                                                                                    Lao PDR
          10                                                                        China
                                                                                    Indonesia
                                                                                    Malaysia
             5


             0
                     Rice             Maize             Cassava          Soybeans
     Cambodia        2.07              2.76              10.5              0.85
     Vietnam         4.29              2.96               12               1.24
     Thailand        2.62              3.73              17.5              1.42
     Lao PDR         3.13              2.55               4                 0.9
     China           6.15              4.7                16               1.62
     Indonesia       4.39              2.84              12.9              1.22
     Malaysia        3.14              3.05               10




18> ksikmμkm<úCaKWminmanlkçN³BiBiFkmμ edayman 90°énépÞdIsrubsMrab;daMRsUv13 ¬2/3
lanhikta¦. RsUvedIrtYnaTId¾sMxan;sMrab;snþisuxes,ógEdlCaGaharcaM)ac;dMbUgbg¥s; k¾dUc
CarYmcMENkeTAnwgGtierktictYclμmsMrab;karnaMecj. kardaMdMNaMepSgeTotKWRtUveFVIeLIgenAkñúg
                                           U
kMritRKYsar nigmankarekIneLIgelOn b:uEnþBImldæandMbUgEdlmankMritTab EdlRKbdNþb; 8°én
tMbn;daMdMNaM. enAsl; 2° KWsMrab;daMdMNaM]sSahkmμ rYmman ekAs‘U nigfñaMCk;. ekAs‘UenAEtCamux
TMnijnaMecjrbs;km<úCa EdlQrenAcMNat;fñak;elxmYykñúgcMeNamkarnaMecjplitplksikmμ.
bsustVKWCaRbPBrYmmYyéncMNUlEdlbMeBj[KñaEfmeTotsMrab;RKYsarCnbT. sar³sMxan;énRsUv
kñúgcMeNamdMNaMnanaeFobeTAnwgRbeTsepSgeTotenAkñúgtMbn; KWminEmnCakarqøúHbBa©aMgénkarxVH
skþanuBlkñúgkareFVIBiBiFkmμdMNaMeLIy b:uEnþKWCalT§plmkBIkartMrg;TiseTArklkçN³CIvRBwtþén
ksikmμ. skþanuBlsMrab;kareFVIBiBiFkmμénRbB½n§ksikmμEdlkMBugmanGtßiPaB KWmansar³sMxan;
luHRtaEtbBaðasMxan;² dUcCa kgVHnUvehdæarcnasm<n½§ TMnukcitþTIpSar nigBt’manbec©keTs
lT§PaBTTYl )anesvahirBaØvtßú lT§PaBTTYl)annUvktþaplitkmμ GsnþisuxénsiT§ikan;kab; CaedIm
13
  tYelxenHeRbobeFobCamYyLav 80° evotNam 62° éfLg;d_ 57° \N�ÚensIu 38° hVIlIBIn 32° nigma:eLsIu
12° (IRRI, 2001).
                                                                                                15
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
RtUv)anedaHRsay ehIyksikrmanTwkcitþRKb;RKan;sMrab;karvinieyaKfμIkñúgTMrg;plitkmμ RbBl-
vb,kmμ nigeFVIBiBiFkmμdMNaMepSg²eToteRkABIRsUv.
19> kareFVIÉkeTskmμtamtMbn;kMBugdMeNIrkar eTaHbICamankMrittictYck¾eday. karekItmanenA
RKb;TIkEnøgénksikmμCIvRBwtþi mann½yfakareFVIERscMkarCaTUeTAminmanlkçN³ÉkeTskmμ eday
mankarelIkElgcMeBaHtMbn;xøHEdlmanplitPaBx<s;nigGacUldl;TIpSar)anRbesIrCag. b:uEnþtMbn;
plitkmμCalkçN³RbéBNIenAEtmanenAeLIy ¬]TahrN_ kardaMekAs‘UenAtMbn;dIRkhm 50°én
plitkmμRsUv)anmkBIextþcMnYnR)aM¦ ehIyÉkeTskmμtamtMbn;kMBugEtelcmuxCabnþbnÞab;. eday
sarEtrdæaPi)albMPøWkan;Etc,as;nUvyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_ksikmμrbs;xøÜn enaHkarKitKUrBicarNarKYrEt
eFVIeLIgedIm,IelIkkMBs;ÉkeTskmμedayEp¥kelIGtßRbeyaCn_eFobéntMbn;nigmUldæannana. enHnwg
TamTarnUvkarGPivDÆn_smtßPaBedIm,IviPaKBIskþanuBlksikmμenAfñak;mUldæan edIm,Ipþl;Bt’manGMBI
CMerIseKalneya)ay nigkarvinieyaKenAfñak;mUldæan nigCati.

20> eTaHbICamanPaBeCOnelOnkñúgkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμ karnaMecj
ksiplpøÚvkarenAmankMritTab ehIykareFVIBaNiC¢kmμeRkApøÚvkarKWmankarekIneLIg. CalkçN³
tMbn; km<úCaQrkñúgtarageRkameKbMputcMeBaHlT§PaBeFVIBaNiC¢kmμksikmμ14 nig smtßPaBnaMcUl
es,ógGahar15. bc©úb,nñ karnaMecjplitplksikmμtMNag[Et 6°énTMnijnaMecjTaMgGs; Edl
TMnijPaKeRcIn)anmkBIEpñkplitpleragcRkkat;edr ¬77°¦. kareFVIBaNiC¢kmμplitplksikmμ
rukçkmμ nigClpl)anFøak;cuHenAb:unμanqñaMfμI²enH-BI 252 landuløaGaemrikenAqñaM 1999 mkRtwm
89 landuløarGaemrikenAqñaM 2001 ¬mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati 2003¦ CacMbgedaysarkar
Føak;cuHkarnaMecjénplitpléRBeQIbnÞab;BImankarhamXat;karkab;eQI. karekIneLIgnUvkar
naMecjeRkApøÚvkarénplitplRsUv ¬)a:n;sμan 450>000 etanenAqñaM 2001¦ RtIRss; nig
Bahan³rs;eTARbeTsevotNam nigRbeTséfKWCasBaØaénbraC½y nigGRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgTIpSar
nigkarsMrYlBaNiC¢kmμ.
14
    lT§PaBeFVIBaNiC¢kmμksikmμ ¬GRtaénkarnaMcUlplitplksikmμsrubbUknwgkarnaMecj eTAnwg GDP ksikmμ¦ KWCa
rgVas;énkarebIkcMhénvis½yBaNiC¢kmμ.
15
    smtßPaBnaMcUles,ogGahar ¬GRtaéntMélkarnaMcUles,og eTAnwgkarnaMecjminEmnes,ogsrub¦ vas;nUvsmtßPaB
rbs;RbeTsmYyEdlmanrUbIybN½�breTsedIm,InaMcUles,ogGahar.
                                                                                                   16
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
21> r)aMgd¾cMbgcMeBaHkareFIVBaNiC¢kmμksikmμ hak;bIdUcCaGRbsiT§iPaBd¾sMxan;enAkñúgkarrkTIpSar
nigRckBaNiC¢kmμ. cab;taMgBIcugTsvtSr_qñaM 80 RbeTskm<úCa)anGnuvtþbnþicmþg²nUvesrIPavUb-
nIykmμesdækic© rYmman GRtakarR)ak;GENþt karlubbM)at;nUvkardak;kMhitCabrimaNkñúgkareFVI
BaNiC¢kmμ kat;bnßyGRtaBn§naMcUl bMEbksiT§ipþac;muxrbs;rdækñúgTIpSarFatucUjnigFatuecjsMxan;²
mYYycMnYn. eTaHbICa GRtaBn§naMcUlenAEtman EdlmankMritx<s;cMeBaHTMnijxøH karcUlfμI²enHCaelIk
dMbUgCasmaCikGas‘an ¬1999¦ nigrwtEtfμI²enHeTot CasmaCikGg�karBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak
¬2003¦ )andak;RbeTskm<úCaeTAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkareFVIvicarNkmμbEnßmeToténeKalneya)ay
BaNiC¢kmμ nigkarkat;bnßyCabeNþIr²énGRtaBn§naMcUl. bBaðasßab½n nigGPi)alkic© EdlbNþal
[manlMhUrkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμeRkApøÚvkard¾eRcIn ehIysßab½nTIpSar nigbBaðahirBaØb,Tan nigehdæarc-
nasm<½n§EdlCH\T§iBldl;karrkTIpSar nigkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμénTMnijsMxan;²RtUv)ankt;RtabBa©Úl
ya:gl¥enAkñúgÉksar ¬Rkbx½N�smahrNkmμ nigkargarfμIGMBIkarviPaKExSsgVak;tMél¦.
22> dUecñH km<úCaenABuMTan;manlT§PaBc,amykkalnuvtþPaB BIsaklPavUbnIykmμ énTIpSar nig
esrIPavUbnIykmμBaNiC¢kmμ dUcCakalanuvtþPaBEdl)anmkBIkarcUlCasmaCik WTO fμI² b¤ kmμviFI
qab;TTYlplrvagcin nig Gas‘an16 EdleFVIeGay)at;bg;skþanuBlR)ak;cMNUl cMeBaHshkmn_
CnbT nigesdækic©CatiTUeTA . km<úCaKWCa nwgenAEtCaesdækic©tUcmYy ehIykMeNIneTAGnaKtén
vis½yksikmμnwgBwgEp¥keTAelIsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarcYldl;TIpSar tMbn;nigGnþrCati EdlcaM)ac;
CaEpñkmYyedIm,ITUTat;kMeNInénkarnaMcUles,óg. karnaMcUlrbs; RbeTskm<úCanUvGgár eRbgbEnø
EpøeQInigbEnø bkSInigRCUk mankarekIneLIgenAkñúgTsvtS cugeRkayenH. plb:HBal;kñúg ry³eBl
xøIénesrIPavUbnIykmμ cMeBaHcMNUlCnbT nigPaBRkIRk enACnbT enAminTan;RtUv)anvaytMél
c,as;las;enAeLIyeT. CaeKalkarN_ karfycuHnUvGRta Bn§naMcUl GacRtUv)aneKrMBwgfanwgbegáIt
nUvsm<aFRbkYtRbECgbEnßmeTot eTAelIvis½yksikmμ nigEpñkkargarCnbTeRkABIERscMkar
edaybegáInnUvkarhUrcUlénTMnijbreTs nigplitplksikmμ. b:uEnþtamkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg

16
   enAExvicäika qñaM 2002 cin nig smaCikGas‘an ¬smaKmn_énRbCaCatienAGasuIGaeKñy_¦ rYmmankm<úCapgEdr )ancuH
htßelxaelIkmμviFITTYlpledImrdUv ¬EHP¦ énkic©RBmeRBogRkbx½N� sþIBIshRbtibtþiakaresdækic©eBjeljenAPñMeBj
RbeTskm<úCa . eKaledA KWCMrujBaNiC¢kmμTMnijksikmμ nig es,ógGarharCamYyRbeTscin tamry³kmμviFIkat;bnßy
Bn§naMcUl {edImrdUv} .
                                                                                                        17
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
r)aMgBn§Kyman RbsiT§PaBEtkMrittictYceT edayKiteTAdl;bBaða BRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab;
nigkarekIneLIgénBaNiC¢kmμeRkApøÚvkar.                       faetIEpñkCnbTGacegIbQr
RbQmnwgkarRbkYtRbECgCasklenAkñúgry³eBlmFüm             nigEvg)anKWCabBaðalM)ak;minGac
BüakrN_)an eTaHbICarebobvar³kMENTMrg;Edl)anesñIeLIg xageRkamenHGacsMralnUvvi)akF¶n;F¶r
)anxøH.

esvaCamUldæan nigehdæarcnasm<½n§mankarxVHxatya:gxøaMg
23> karGPivDÆn_esdækic©CnbTTamTarnUvkarp�t;p�g;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigesvasg�mCamUldæan.
lT§PaBTTYl)anehdæarcnasm<½n§KWmancMNgTak;Tgya:gCitsñiT§CamYynwgkMeNInesdækic©CnbT.
pøÚvsMrab;dwkCBa¢ÚnKWsMxan;Nas;sMrab;skmμPaBesdækic©CaeRcInenAtMbn;CnbT pSarP¢ab;GñkpliteTA
nwgTIpSar nigbnßycMNayBaNiC¢kmμ dUecñHkat;bnßycMNayFatucUlsMrab;ksikmμ nigbegáInéfø
plitplksikmμEdlQμÜjTijdl;kEnøg17. lT§PaBTTYl)annUvehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢Ún manpl
b:HBal;c,as;eTAelIkarGPivDÆn_énkalanuvtþPaBbegáItcMNUleRkABIrbreFVIERscMkar (Helmers et al.,
                                                   _
2003) ehIyvtþmanénTIpSarenAtamPUmiCaGciéRnþymanTMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmkCamYykMritcMNUl

x<s;rbs;RKYsar (Auffret, 2003). kareFIVBaNiC¢kmμsamBaØénTMnijnigesvakmμKWRtUv)anbnÞúcbg¥ak;
edayehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnTn;exSay nigGsmtßPaBkñúgkareFVIKmnaKmn_enAelIpøÚvd+_q¶ay.
GvtþmanénfamBl nigbNþajTUrKmnaKmn_xaXaMgdl;kareFVIvinieyaKÉkCnenAtMbn;CnbT.
TIbMput karGPivDÆn_nUvcMeNHdwgnigCMnajFnFanmnusSKWRtUv)anraraMgedaylT§PaBtictYckñúgkar
TTY)annUvmUldæansMPar³Gb;rM nigsuxaPi)al nigKuNPaBGnam½ynigkarp�t;p�g;TwkTn;exSay.
24> tMbn;CnbTminTTYl)anesvaRKb;RKan;xagEpñksg�mkic© esdækic© nigehdæarcnasm<½n§. ehdæa
rcnasm<½n§CnbTRtUv)anbMpøicbMpøajya:gdMNM nig¼b¤mineGIeBIkñúgkMLúgqñaMéncM)aMgraMgCl ehIyeTaH
bICaTTYl)ankarEklMGxøH²kñúgb:unμanqñaMfμI²enHk¾eday KWenAmanpøÚvEvgq¶ayNas;sMrab;eFVIdMeNIr
eTAmuxeTotedIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvlT§PaBTTYl)anrbs;Gñkrs;enACnbTnUvehdæarcnasm<½n§.
krNIenHBitR)akdcMeBaHtMbn;EdlmaRbCaCnticenAkñúgPaKxagBay½Bü nig|sanEdlenATIenaH
17
  b:uEnþ enHRbEhlCaminRKb;RKan; ehIyplcMeNjGacRtUv)anRbmUlykedayGñkCMnYjenAeBlEdlPaBpþab;muxekIt
man ]TahrN_ karpþl;\NTan.
                                                                                               18
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
eK)aneXIjnUvlMhUrcUlénRbCaCn. km<úCasßitenABIeRkayRbeTsepSg²enAkñúgtMbn;sMrab;sUcnakr
mYycMnYn ¬RbGb;TI 3 nigtaragTI 4¦. CagenHeTAeTot sßab½nEdlbMerI[tMbn;CnbTRtUv)an
RbQmmuxeday bBaðaénsmtßPaB karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ nigkarEbgEckFnFan nigGMeBI
BukrlYy. vimCÆkar nigkarepÞrkic©snüaGnuvtþkargareTAEpñkÉkCn manskþanuBlkñúgkarBRgwg
karEckcayesvaCnbT b:uEnþbBaðaRbQmd¾xøaMgcMeBaHGPi)alkic© nigsmtßPaBenAEtmandEdl.
RbGb; 3³ sßanPaBénesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§sg�m nigesdækic©enAtMbn;CnbT
karp�t;p�g;Twk nigGnam½y³ RKYsarticCag 25°manlT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥atsMrab;briePaK EdlkñúgenaH
man 4°kñúgcMeNamRKYsarRkIRkbMputénbBa©PaK ehIyRKYsarCnbTticCag 16° TTYl)anmUldæan
sMPar³Gnam½y sßitenAeRkamcMNucedAqñaM 2005 én 40° nig 20° erogKña. BMumanRbB½n§lUTwkenAxag
eRkATIRkugsMxan;²mYYycMnYn ehIykm<úCasßitkñúgcMeNamGRtax<s;bMputénCMgWEdlbNþalmkBITwkRkxVk;
enAelIBiPBelak.
kardwkCBa¢Ún³ RbEhl 6°énbBa©PaKRkbMputrs;enA RbmaN 5K>m> q¶ayBIpøÚvEdlenACItCageKbMput.
PUmiRbmaNticCag 30° GaceTAdl;tamcracryanynþenArdUvvsSa. bNþajpøÚvmanlkçN³Gn;exSay
edayman 52°énpøÚv RtUv)anraykarN_famanlkçN³Gn;fy ehIy 8°manlkçN³GaRkk; enAkñúgqñaM
2003.
esvafamBl nigTUrKmnaKmn_ manEtenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnFMnigRbCaCnrs;enAeRcIn. km<úCamanGRtaeRbI
R)as;GK�isnITabbMputenAkñúgcMeNamRbeTsGasIubUBa’ kñúgkMrit 5° enAtMbn;CnbT. cMeBaHTUrKmnaKmn_
ExSP¢ab;bNþajTUrs½BÞGcl½tsMrab;TUTaMgRbeTsmanEt 0/27 kñúg 100RKYsar cMENkÉbNþajTUrs½BÞ
cl½tman 1/27 kñúg100RKYsar enAqñaM 2000. visalPaBExSP¢ab;Gcl½t KWrwtEtTabenAtMbn;CnbT
EdlkarBRgIkvisalPaBnwgTamTarnUvkarvinieyaKd¾FM cMENkÉesvaTUrs½BÞcl½t)anBRgIkeTAtMbn;CnbT
xøH² edaymanGRtax<s;.
suxaPi)al³ PaKeRcInénGñkRkIRkrs;enAq¶ayBImN�lsuxPaB-GRtasøab;rbs;Tark nigmatamankMrit
x<s;. mUldæansMPar³EfTaMsuxPaBPaKeRcInpþúMenAEtmN�lTIRbCMuCnFM² TukecaltMbn;CnbTesÞIrEtTaMg
Gs;edaymin)anpþl;esvaRKb;RKan;.
Gb;rM³ manEt 46°énPUmiTaMgGs;mansalabzmsikSa.




                                                                                                19
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
tarag 4³ karRKb;dNþb;esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§-kareRbobeFobCamYyRbeTsCitxag
sUcnakr                              km<úCa             evotNam éf               Lav         cin
PaKryénpøÚvEdl)anQUsqay/ 1999 k¼ 16%                    25%         97%          44%         22%

bNþajExSTUrs½BÞsMxan;² kñúg 100 nak; 0.24               3.75        9.39         0.93        13.8

2001 k¼
PaKryénRbCaCnEdlmanlT§TTYl)an        16%                76%         82%          > 22%

GK�IsnI 2000 x¼
RbPBTwkEdl)anEklMG¬°RbCaCnCnbT 26%                      72%         81%          29%         66%

Edlman lT§PaBTTYl)an/ 2000¦ k¼
mUldæansMPar³Gnam½yEdl)anEklMG       10%                38%         96%          19%         24%

¬°RbCaCn CnbT EdlmanlT§PaBTTYl)an
2000¦ k¼
RbPB: k/ World Bank SIMA database; x/ ADB “Electric Utilities Data Book�, IEA “World Energy Outlook 2002�
25> RbB½n§FnaKarEdlmanlkçN³Tn;exSay minTan;bMerIGñkRkCnbT nigvis½yksikmμenAeLIy
eT. lT§PaBTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßúKWCaktþamYyd¾sMxan;edIm,ICYydl;RKYsar[GacedaHRsay)an
nwgkarERbRbYléncMNUlPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH nigGac[eqøIytb)aneTAnwgkalanuvtþPaBesdækic©
EdlmanRsab;. EpñkhirBaØvtßúTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIRkbx½N�l¥énc,ab;nigbTb,BaØtiþ. bnÞab;BIkar
Rbkas[eRbInUvc,ab;sþIBIsßab½nFnaKarnighirBaØvtßú qñaM1999 dMeNIrkarénkarEkERbrcnasm<½n§
FnaKarEdl)anbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaM 2002 )anbgðajBIeCaKC½ykñúgkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvkarTukcitþ
BIsaFarN³kñúgvis½yFnaKar. b:uEnþ skmμPaB[x©Irbs;FnaKar bnþenAnwgmYykEnøg18 ehIykMeNIn
kñúgkarpþl;\NTandl;EpñkÉkCnesÞIrEtKμankñúgGMLúgeBlBIrqñaMknøgmkenH19 eTaHbICamantMrUvkar

18
   ehtuplsMxan;Edl)anrkeXIjKW³ ¬1¦km©IPaKeRcInmanry³eBlxøI edaymankarR)ak;x<s; CasMxan;pþl;kareFIVhirBaØ-
b,Tandl;karnaMecj¼naMcUl nigsMrab;CaTunbgVilcMeBaHEpñkBaNiC¢kmμnigesvakmμ ¬eTscrN_¦/ ¬2¦FnaKarPaKeRcIn
manm©as;CaCnbreTs ehIyepþateTAelIkarpþl;esvadl;GtifiCnenARsukExμrEdlmkBIRbeTsdUcxøÜnEdr ¬3¦FnaKar
RbmUlpþúM EtenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCn edaymanEtFnaKarmYycMnYntUcmansaxaenAeRkATIRkugsMxan;² Tuk[RbCaCnCnbT
PaKeRcInBMumanlT§PaBTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßúpøÚvkar (ADB, 2002).
19
   \NTansMrab;EpñkÉkCn KW 7°én GDP mankMritTabCagya:gxøaMgénRbeTsGasIuepSgeTot enAkñúgdMNak;kal
GPivDÆn_dUcKña (IMF, 2003).
                                                                                                            20
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
xøaMgBI shRKasFuntUcnigmFümk¾eday. kar)a:n;sμanfμI²énlT§PaBTTYl)anmIRkU\NTan
bgðajfa manEt 15°énRbCaCnCnbTrbs;RbeTskm<úCa manlT§PaBTTYl)an\NTan
BIsßab½nerobry nigBak;kNþalerobry ¬FnaKa b¤sßab½ncuHbBa¢ImIRkUhirBaØvtßú¦ - bnSl;Tuk
85°énRbCaCnCnbT BwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIRbPBeRkApøÚvkar dUcCa miRtP½kþ sac;BaJati
GñkcgkarR)ak;b¤QμÜjkNþal. RbPBepSg²)a:n;sμanGMBIesckþIRtUvkar\NTanedayRKYsarCnbT
rvagBI 40landuløarGaemrik nig 125landuløarGaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM20. karsikSabgðajfa
vis½yerobrymankarsÞak;esÞIrkñúgkar[x©I     enAtMbn;CnbT       BIeRBaHmankarcMNayx<s;
mankalanuvtþPaBtictYc nigGsmtßPaBkñúgkarvaytMél haniP½y\NTanRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB.
pÞúymkvij ksikr nigshRKasFuntUcnigmFümCnbT KWBMumanlT§PaBcUldl;FnaKar Edl
enAeRkATIRkugsMxan;²)aneLIy ehIydUecñH R)afñagakeTArkTIpSar \NTanminerobry (Torres,
2004). lT§PaBTTYl)anesvasnSM KWrwtEtmankMritEfmeTot.


26> briyakasGaCIvkmμCnbT edayyl;dwgfaGMeBIBukrlYyKWCa]bsK�d¾cMbg. lT§plén
karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK21 bgðajfa TsSn³rbs;shRKinenAkñúgnigeRkARbeTskm<úCa KWfa
GMeBIBukrlYyKWmanenARKb;TIkEnøg ehIyfaRbeTsenAEtmanPaBgayTTYlrgGesßrPaB. PaBTn;
exSayénviFanc,ab; bnÞúkkariyaFibetyü nigGMeBIBukrlYy RtUv)anyl;dwgfaCa]bsK�cMbgcMeBaH
kareFVIGaCIvkmμenARbeTskm<úCa. GtßiPaBénktþaktþaplitkmμ - hirBaØvtßú CMnaj nigehdæarcna-
sm<½n§ - RtUv)anrkeXIjfaCa]bsK�TIBIr RbEhlmkBIlT§plénkMeNInEdlmanmUldæantUc nig
critlkçN³ énmIRkUshRKas nigshRKasFuntUcnigmFüm. b:uEnþ ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg Rkumh‘un
enATIRbCMuCn Rkumh‘unenACnbTmankarRBYy)armÖnwgGesßrPaBma:RkUesdækic©EdlGac ekItman
karcMNay hirBaØb,Tan kardwkCBa¢Ún nigGKI�snI.
27> karvinieyaKenAtMbn;CnbThak;bIdUcCamankarfycuH. :karvaytMélénsßanPaBksi-
]sSahkmμ enAkm<úCa : EdleFVIeLIgedayKerag PRASAC II rbs;KNkmμkarGWrub bBa¢ak;GMBI

20
     ADB  )an)a:n;saμ nBItMrUvkarhirBaØvtßúsrubRbEhl 120-130duløarGaemrikkñúgmYYyqñaM EdlkñúgenaH mYyPaKbIsMrab;
mIRkU\NTan kñúgTMrg;Cakm©IBI 50 eTA 300duløarGaemrik.
21
   km<úCa³ karc,amykkalanuvtþPaBBiPBelak -karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK nigyuT§saRsþkMENTMrg;sMrab;km<úCa/
FnaKarBiPBelak 2004.
                                                                                                               21
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
ninñakarfycuHénkarvinieyaKEdl)ancuHbBa¢IeTAelIvis½yksi-]sSahkmμ. karGnum½tkarvinieyaK
CarYm)anfycuHya:gxøaMg ehIyrwtEtCagenHeTotKWcMeBaHkarGnum½tGMBI]sSahkmμEdlBak;B½n§nwg
vis½yksikmμ. smamaRtén]sSahkmμEdlBak;B½n§nwgvis½yksikmμ)anfycuHBI 22° mkenARtwm
3° taMgBIqñaM 1998. ninñakarfycuHdUcKñaenHEdr KWRtUv)aneKsegáteXIjnUvcMnYneRcInénshRKas
fμIFuntUcnigmFümEdl)ancuHbBa¢I. elIsBIenHeTot karvinieyaKkñúgvis½yksikmμmanlkçN³eRcInCa
RbBlkmμedImTun nigRTRTg;nUvTMrg;ksikmμEdlmanlkçN³vibulkmμCaCagRbBlvb,kmμ edayman
karcUlrYmtictYceTAnwgkarbegþItkargarenACnbT (Van Acker, 1999). ninñakarTaMgenHnaM[mankar
RBYy)armÖ edayKitdl;karrMBwgTukfa vis½yksikmμ nigEpñkÉkCnnwgCMrujkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©
(SEDP II, NPRS) .


tarag 5³ vinieyaKEdl)anGnum½tk¼ ¬duløarGaemrik - tYelx)a:n;sμan¦
                                               1998         1999         2000           2001
         ksi-]sSahkmμ                            2,023        29,558       5,929            -
         karEkécñmðÚbGahar                       7,972        11,913          -           2,016
         karEkécñEs,k ¬sMlab;Es,k¦                  -           -           1,116           -
         fñaMCk;                                  7,195          -            -            3,652
         karEkécñeQI                             164,464       14,148         -            1,236
         srub                                    181,653       55,619       7,044          6,904
         vinieyaKEdl)anGnum½tsrub                832,531      482,240      226,014        197,710
         PaKryénksi-]sSahkmμ                    22%          12%         3%             3%
k¼
   tYelxBak;B½n§nwgvinieyaKEdl)anGnum½t karvinieyaKCak;EsþgGacmankMritTabCagenHxøaMg. RbPB³ PRASAC II (2003)
28> ksi-]sSahkmμmankarGPivDÆn_kMritTab ehIyCaTUeTA GnuvtþminTan;)anl¥. CatYelx
PaKeRcInénEpñkÉkCnrYmmanRkumh‘unksi-]sSahkmμxñattUc. eTaHbICavaGacmanlkçN³ Gtß-
RbeyaCn_eFobEdlbNþalmkBIcMNayBlkmμTab nigsMbUredaydITMenrk¾eday k¾tMélbEnßmenA
kñúgEpñkksi-]sSahkmμk¾enAmankMritTabebIeFobeTAnwgRbeTsepSg²eTotenAkñúgtMbn; b¤k¾vis½y
epSg²eTotdUcCa ]sSahkmμkat;edr22. kgVHxatnUvGtierkEdlKYr[Tukcitþ )anbg¥ak;kar
22
  km<úCa³ karc,amykkalanuvtþPaBBiPBelak -karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK nigyuT§saRsþkMENTMrg;sMrab;km<úCa/
FnaKarBiPBelak 2004.
                                                                                                           22
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
GPivDÆn_ksi-]sSahkmμ. elIsBIenHeTAeTot karenHbgðajfa karelIkkMBs;bec©kviC¢aenA
dMNak;kalbnÞab;BIkarRcUtkat; nigkarEkécñ bc©úb,nñenHenAmankMritenAeLIy edaykarxVHxatnUv
esva\NTansMrab;vis½yenH (FAO, 2003). b:uEnþ karRsavRCavKWRtUvkarbEnßmeTot edIm,IviPaKGMBI
]bsK�cMbg²EdlCYbRbTHedayRkumh‘unksi-GaCIvkmμ nigerobcMnUvkareqøIytbd¾smRsb.




                                                                                      23
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Epñk II ³ karbnSIúkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT - FatusMxan;ényuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_
ksikmμ nigGPivDÆn_vis½yCnbTeq<aHeTArkGñkRk
29> EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sg�mkic©elIkTIUBIr ¬SEDP II, 2001-2005¦ yuT§saRsþCatikat;
bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬NPRS, 2003-2005¦ nig MDGs rbs;km<úCa ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ 1¦ pþl;nUv
Rkbx½N�TUeTAmYy sMrab;naMpøÚvTIPñak;garnanaEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgkic©GPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbT. kalBI
eBlfμI²knøgeTAenH :yuT§saRsþctuekaN : fμIrbs;rdæaPi)al)anelIksMeNITisedAeKalneya)ay
esdækic©mYycMnYn edIm,IsMerceKaledAkMeNInesdækic© nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. TaMgGs;enH caM)ac;
RtUvERbkøayeTACayuT§saRsþeBjeljsMrab;GPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbTedayTIPñak;garnanaénvis½y
CnbT. PaBsμúKsμajnigPaBTak;TgeTABImYyeTAmYyénbBaðaCnbTEdl)anB’NnaenAkñúgEpñkTI I
énÉksarenH tMrUv[manyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_CnbTsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa [mankareRbIR)as;Rbkb
edaytulüPaBnUveKalneya)ay vinieyaK nigviFankarsßab½nsmRsb EdlBMuEmnRKan;Etman
\T§iBlmkelIksikmμEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾man\T§iBlTUeTAelIskmμPaBCnbTpgEdr. viFankar
TaMgenHrYmmanviFankarTaMgLayNaEdlmanlkçN³Cak;lak;cMeBaHvis½yCnbT dUcCakarRKb;RKg
dIFøI nigRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati ksikmμ nigsßab½nnanaenACnbT. CagenHeTAeTot eKalneya)ay
Edlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHesdækic©TaMgmUl dUcCaeKalneya)aysMrab;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ eKal
neya)aysMrab;vis½yhirBaØvtßú nigeKalneya)aysMrab;kMENTMrg;vis½ysaFarN³TUeTA k¾man
\T§iBly:ageRcInmkelIkarGPivDÆn_CnbTpgEdr.

30> eKaledArYmrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAtMbn;CnbTnwgsMerc)antamry³
karCMrujkMeNInksikmμ[kan;Etrh½snigmannirnþrPaB rYmmankarRKb;RKgvis½yéRBeQI bsustV
nigClpl nigCMrujkMeNIneRkABIskmμPaBksikmμenACnbT. karCMrujkMeNInksikmμ nig
karelIkkMBs;R)ak;cMNUlEpñkksikmμ caM)ac;RtUvrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkarbgálkçN³[ksikrmYycMnYnFM
gakBIksikmμCIvRBwtþimkksikmμEdleq<aHeTArkTIpSar. kñúgry³eBlxøI RbkarenHmann½yfaCakar
edaHRsayGMBIPaBxusKña nigkaredaHRsaybBaðaGRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgRkbx½N�énkarRKb;RKgdIFøI
nigFnFanFmμCati edIm,IFana[mansuvtßiPaBGMBIkmμsiT§dIFøI lT§PaBGac)anTTYlFnFanFmμCati
nigkareRbIR)as;FnFanTaMgenaHRbkbedaynirnþrPaB EdlCamUldæanRKwHd¾sMxan;énksikmμ nigCa
                                                                                      24
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
RbPBmYyénR)ak;cMNUlbMeBjbEnßmsMrab;RKYsarCnbTPaKeRcIn. RbkarenHk¾tMrUv[mankartP¢ab;
kan;EtRbesIrrvagksikrcMeBaHTIpSarkñúgRsuk nigTIpSarGnþrCatipgEdr ehIybegáItl½kçx½N�sMrab;eFVI
BiBiFPaBcMeBaHdMNaM bsustV nigClplEdlpþl;tMélx<s; edIm,IeqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarkñúgRsuk nig
tMrUvkarGnþrCati. kargarenHtMrUv[mankavinieyaKenAkñúgehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigsßab½nBak;B½n§nwgTIpSar
sMxan;² edIm,IelIkkMBs;PaBRbkYtRbECgénplitplksikmμrbs;km<úCa. eKeXIjmanPsþútag
kan;EteRcIn Edlbgðajfa]bsK�EpñkGPi)alkic©F¶n;F¶r eFVI[b:HBal;dl;PaBRbkYtRbECgén
plitplCnbTrbs;km<úCa. ehtuenH vDÆnPaBGMBIkMENTMrg;eKalneya)ay nigkMENTMrg;sßab½n
kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenHnwgnaMmknUvkarvinieyaKbEnßmeTot. karCMruj[mankareqøIytb
BIksikr kñúgkarp�t;p�g;EpñkksikmμEdlmannirnþrPaB [eqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarrbs;TIpSar k¾TamTar
[maneKalneya)aynigkarvinieyaK EdlFana[manlT§PaB)anTTYlktþaplitkmμdéTeTot
pgEdr dUcCaesvabec©kviTüa esvahirBaØvtßú nigesvasuxPaBstVVEdlRtUv)anelIkkMBs;. karelIk
kMBs;KuNPaBesvaCnbT ¬Gb;rM nigsuxaPi)al¦ edIm,IBRgwgmUlFnmnusSenAtMbn;CnbT k¾man
sar³sMxan;pgEdr kñúgkareqøIytbcMeBaHbBaðaRbQmmuxfμI²rbs;TIpSar nigCYysMrYlRbCaBlrdæ
enACnbT[gakBIvis½yksikmμ mkkan;vis½y]sSahkmμ nigesvakmμ eTaHbICaenAtMbn;CnbT
b¤enAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnkþI.
31> EpñkenHBiPakSaGMBIvis½ysMxan;²edIm,Icat;viFankarcaM)ac;sMrab;pþl;degðImcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_
enACnbT. viFankarTaMgenaHrYmman³
•   begáInlT§PaBTTYl)ankarRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCatiEdlmanplitPaB- kargarenHmansar³-
    sMxan;xøaMgNas;sMrab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk. bBaðasMxan;KWkareFVI[man tulüPaB
    elIGaTiPaBnanacMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgkareRbIR)as;dIFøI RtI Clpl nigTwk begáIt [man
    lT§PaBTTYl)anRbkbedaysmFm’cMeBaHkmμsiT§EdlmanesßrPaB nigEdlGacepÞr)an eday
    rYmbBa©ÚlshKmn_mUldæan nwgkat;bnßykarekItmanvibtþinana tamry³karelIkkMBs;
    karRKb;RKg TwkkñúgcMeNamkargardéTeTot .
•   begáInR)ak;cMNUlksikmμ-gakecjBIkareFVIÉkvb,kmμcMeBaHdMNaMRsUvsMrab;sV½yp�t;p�g; nigpþl;
    nUvkarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHkareFVIBiBiFkmμksikmμ. viFankarkñúgkarbegáInktþaplitPaBcMeBaHdIFøI
    nigBlkmμ Gacman\T§iBly:ageRcInmkelIPaBRkIRk ¬karbriePaKKitCakaLÚrI¦nwg CYysMrYl
                                                                                            25
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
    Gnþrkaleq<aHeTArkRbB½n§EdlepþatelIkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμ. karelIkkMBs;esvaRTRTg;ksikmμng      i
    dMeNIrkarTIpSar nwgCMruj[manplitPaBbEnßmeTot. caM)ac;RtUvmankarKaMRTcMeBaHkareFVI
    BiBiFkmμksikmμ nigesdækic©CnbT tamry³karkMNt;GtþsBaØaNnigkaredaHRsay]bsK�
    cMbg²cMeBaHkareFVIBiBiFkmμénRbB½n§daMduH nigkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©CnbTeRkABIksikmμ.
•   lubbM)at;]bsK�kñúgkarTTYl)anehdæarcnasm<½n§nigesvaRTRTg;enACnbT-EklMGkarEbgEck
    vinieyaKsaFarN³tamvis½y [mantulüPaBtamPUmisaRsþ. edaysarmanRbPBR)ak;cMNUl
    epSg²nigmanPaBxusKña²rvagtMbn;nigkñúgtMbn; rvagRsuknigXMu Cak;c,as;Nas;Edlfa Kμan
    dMeNaHRsayTUeTANamYysMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbTeLIy. pÞúyeTAvij dMeNIrkarenHcaM)ac;
    RtUvmanlkçN³Cak;lak;eTAtammUldæan eqøIytbnwgl½kçx½N� eqøIytbnwgbriyakasmUldæan
    nigelIkkMBs;[)anCaGtibrmanUvkarcUlrYmrbs;Gg�kar                nigRbCaBlrdænanaenAmUldæan
    CasMxan;KWtamry³kareFVIvishmCÄkar nigvimCÄkar.

karEklMGkarRKb;RKgnigbegáInlT§PaB)anTTYl)annUvsm,tþiFmμCatiEdlman
plitPaB
32> edayehtufaesdækic©rbs;RbeTsenAminTan;eFVIBiBiFkmμehIyksikmμ nigkarRbmUlpl
edaypÞal;énFnFanFmμCatimanlkçN³CamUldæan dIFøI nigsm,tþiFmμCatimantYnaTIsMxan;enAkñúg
karGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsg�mkic©rbs;km<úCa. CaTUeTAxN³EdlkarGPiDÆn_CnbT nigkarGPivDÆn_
esdækic©tMrUv[esdækic©km<úCaeFVIBiBiFkmμBIskmμPaBplitkmμ EdlmanlkçN³bzm kñúgry³eBl xøI
nigry³eBlmFüm karelIkkMBs;CIvPaBrs;enA nigkarkat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;RbCa-
BlrdæenACnbTBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelIninñakarvivtþn_énPaBCakmμsiT§ niglT§PaB)anTTYldI nigsm,tþi
FmμCatidéTeTot.
33> karRbemIlemIleTAGnaKtGMBIkareRbIR)as;dInigFnFanFmμCatiEdlmannirnþrPaB nigkar
elIkkMBs;CIvPaBenACnbT nwgBwgEp¥kelIeKalneya)aynigbTb,BaØtþinanaEdlmanplb:HBal;
dl;lT§PaB)anTTYlnigkarRKb;RKgFnFansMxan;² ¬dI éRBeQI Clpl nigTwk¦ karkMNt;
TisedACayuT§saRsþsMrab;GPivDÆksikmμnig»kaseFVIkargareRkABIksikmμ. kñúgcMeNamFnFan
FmμCatisMxan;² TaMg 4 KW dI éRBeQI RtI nigTwk eKcaM)ac;RtUvmanRbB½n§RKb;RKgFnFannImYy²
                                                                                          26
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
EdlmanlkçN³KnøwH RKbdNþb;elIkarvaytMélFnFan karEbgEck nig lT§PaB)anTTYl
kartamdan nigkarGnuvtþn_. cMeBaHFnFanFmμCatiTaMgGs; CaTUeTA RtUvmankarvaytMélEdlkan;Et
GaceCOTukcitþ)anGMBIsßanPaBFnFanTaMgenaH eFVICamUldæanRKwHrwgmaMsMrab;eFVIesckþIsMerccitþEpñk
eKalneya)aynigesckþIsMerccitþEpñkRKb;RKg. enARKb;krNITaMgGs; cMNuccab;epþImsmRsb
cMeBaHkarvaytMélEbbenHKWkarviPaKGMBIsmtßPaBFnFanenaHkñúgkarRTRTg;RbePT nigTMhMénkar
eRbIR)as;xus²Kña k¾dUcCakarvaytMélGMBIsmtßPaBsßab½nenAkñúg Gnuvis½yFnFanFmμCati edIm,I
RKb;RKgkareRbIR)as;TaMgenaH.
kMENTMrg;rdæ)aldIFøI nigkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgdIFøI
34> viFannanaGMBIsiT§icMeBaHdIFøImankarERbRbYlkalBIeBlfμI²enH. ExμrRkhmEdlRKb;RKg
RbeTskm<úCacab;BIqñaM 1975 dl;qñaM 1979 )aneFVIsmUhkmμdIFøITaMgGs; nig)anbMpøajTinñn½ydIFøI
edayrab;TaMgEpnTIsurieyadInigkmμsiTi§dIFøIpgEdr.rbbenH)aneFVI[RbCaBlrdæpøas;;TIy:agxøaMg
enAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþmnusSCati edaybgçM[RbCaBlrdærab;lannak; [cakecjBITIRkugnigTIRbCMuCn
nanaeTAkan;CnbT nigbgçM[cakecjBIkEnøgmYyénRbeTskm<úCaeTAkan;kEnøgmYyepSgeTot.
RbCaBlrdærab;Ban;nak;k¾)anqøgkat;RBMEdnpgEdr.siT§ikñúgkarkan;kab;dI EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgvij
enAqñaM 1989 GnuBaØat[ksikrkan;kab;siT§idIERsrhUtdl;5hikta bnÞab;BIkardaMduHCabnþbnÞab;
kñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM ehIypþl;[RKYsarnUvb½NÑkmμsiT§ielIdIsñak;enA EdlmanTMhMrhUtdl; 2000
Em:Rtkaer:. siT§iEpñksm,TanRtUv)anpþl;cMeBaHdIdaMduHEdlmanTMhMelIs5hikta. dIEdlTukecal
TMenrelIsBIbIqñaMRtUvkøayCakmμsiT§rbs;rdæ . bnÞab;BImankarGnum½tc,ab;PUmi)al eK)anerobcM
kmμviFImYysMrab;dak;BaküsMuviBaØabnb½RtkmμsiT§idIFøI edIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIsiT§ikan;kab;siT§I nigsiT§ieRbI
R)as;. eK)andak;BaküsMuCag 4 lanc,ab; b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH manEtviBaØabnb½RtkmμsiTi§
dIFøImYycMnYntUcEtb:ueNÑaH EdleK)anpþl; edaysarsmtßßPaBmankMritrbs;rdæaPi)al.
35> RksYgRKb;RKgEdndInKrUbnIykmμnigsMNg; ¬MLMUPC¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1998
manmuxgarcMbgkñúgkarRKb;RKgdIFøIrYmmankardwknaMbegáItRkbx½N�eKalneya)ay Rkbx½N�RKb;RKg
nwgkarsRmbsRmYlnUvkarksagEpnkarRbIR)as;dI kareFVIGegátelIkarvas;EvgdIFøI nigsurieyadI
ehIy k¾TTYlxusRtUvpgEdrkñúgkarsRmbsRmYlkarcuHbBa¢I nigkarRKb;RKgdIFøIRBmTaMgkarvaytMél
                                                                                                  27
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Gcln vtßúpgEdr. karGnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgGMBIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI karRKb;RKgelIkarTijlk;dIFøI nigkar
ksag EpnkareRbIR)as;dIFøIKWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;mnÞIr MLMUPC extþ-Rkug. RksYgksikmμ rukça
Rbmaj; nigensaT ¬MAFF¦manParkic©RKb;RKgdIéRBnwgdIesIm RBmTaMgRKb;RKgsm,Tanksikmμ
sm,TanéRBeQI nigsm,TanClplpgEdr.
36> karvaytMélmYyrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakenAqñaM 1998 )ankMNt;bBaðacMbgcMnYnR)aMBIr
enAkñúgvis½ydIFøI ³ ¬i¦manRkbx½N�c,ab; nigRkbx½N�RKb;RKgrdæ)aldIFøI nigkarRKb;RKgdIFøI
minRKb;RKan; ¬ii¦kgVHsmtßPaBEpñksßab½nnigxVHFnFanmnusSkñúgkarGnuvtþn_kmμviFIkMENTMrg; ¬iii¦
kgVHsuvtßiPaB EpñkkmμsiT§IcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæPaKeRcIn EdleFVI[mankarrMelaPykdIFøIBIsMNak;
GñkmanGMNac nigmanvivaTdIFøIy:ageRcIn ¬iv¦manRkbx½N�RKb;RKgminRKb;RKan; nigkarTTYl
xusRtUvEpñksßab½n minc,as;las; cMeBaHcMNat;fñak;nigcMNat;fñak;sareLIgvijéndIFøI rYmTaMg
niymn½yminc,as;las; GMBIRBMEdndIéRB tMbn;TTYlkarkarBar dIrdædéTeTot nigdIksikmμpgEdr-
RBMEdnénRbePTdITaMgGs;enH RtUv)aneKkMNt;elImUldæanEdlKμanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ ¬v¦karekIneLIg
nUvPaBKμandI EdleK)a:n;sμanfamancMnYn12eTA13PaKry23énRbCaBlrdæenACnbT ¬vi¦Kμankar
erobcMRKb;RKgedayc,ab;TMlab;nigKμanPaBR)akdRbCa GMBIlT§PaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkkñúgkar
TTYl)ansm,tþiFmμCatielIdIrbs;rdæ ¬vii¦ xVHbTb,BaØtþinigxVHtmøaPaBenAkñúgkarpþl;sm,Tan
esdækic©.
37> bc©úb,nñ bBaðaTaMgenHenAEtCabBaðakgVl;cMbgenAeLIy . eTaHCaya:gNak¾edayRbeTs
km<úCa)aneFVI[manvDÆnPaBya:geRcInkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðamYycMnYnénbBaðaTaMgGs;enH CaBiess
KW karbegáItRkbx½N�c,ab; nigRkbx½N�RKb;RKg muxgarnigkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHrdæ)al dIFøInigkar




23
     CSES-qñaM1997bgajfa13PaKryénRKYsarenACnbTKμandIksikmμ CSES       qñaM 1999 bgajfaRKYsarenACnbTEdlKμandIksikmμ
mancMnYn 15>8PaKry tamry³eRbIR)as;viFaneFVIsMNakGegát LADIT rbs; Oxfam enAqñaM2000bgajfa GñkKμandiFImancMnYn
12PaKry. Bt’manbBa¢ak;fμI²EdleK)aneFVIsMrab;karvaytMélGMBIplb:HBal;énskþanuBl sm,TandIsg�mkic©¬ PSIA 2004 ¦)an
rkeXIjfaGRtaKμandIFI mancMnYn12PaKrykñúgcMeNamRkumRKYsarenACnbT .
                                                                                                               28
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
RKb;RKgdIFøI24 . CaBiesseKsegáteXIjvDÆnPaBtamry³ : ¬i¦karbegáItRksYg RKb;RKgEdndI
nKrUbnIykmμ nigsMNg;enAqñaM 1998 edIm,IdwknaMkic©RbwgERbgrbs;rdæaPi)al cMeBaHrebobvar³
kMENTMrg;dIFøI ¬ii¦ karbegáItRkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydIFøIenAqñaM 2000 Edlman smaCikPaB
mkBIRksYgcMnYn 13 kñúgkardwknaMerobcMkarbegáIteKalneya)aydIFøI ¬iii¦ Gnum½teKal-
neya)ay Catis þIBIdIFøIedayRkumRbwkSardæm®n þIenAEx ]sPa qñaM 2001 ¬iv¦ karGnum½tc,ab;
PUmi)alfμIenAEx sIha qñaM 2001 nig ¬v¦ Gnum½tGnuRkwtüCaeRcInenAeRkamc,ab;PUmi)al rYmman
karp þl;b½NÑ kmμsiTi§dIFøIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nigmanlkçN³dac;edaydMu karcuHbBa©IdIFøI
KN³kmμkarsurieyadIsMrab;edaHRsayvivaTdIFøIeRkARbB½n§tulakar       nigsm,Tansg�mkic©sMrab;
EbgEckdI . enAmanGnuRkwtüCaeRcIneTotEdleKkMBugerobcM ehIyrMBwgfanwgGnum½tenAcugqñaM
2004/2005 rYmmankarRKb;RKgsm,Tanesdækic© karRKb;RKgdIrdæ nigkarTTYls�al; nigkar
cuHbBa©Is I þsiTi§dIFøI rbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic.
38> karBRgwgsuvtßiPaBkmμsiT§idIFøI               nigkarBRgIkkarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§i       .
suvt ßiPaBEpñkkmμsiT§i               manEcgenAkñúgbBaØt þiénc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM      2001
EdlEcgGMBIkarbegáItsiT§iEpñkkmμsiT§i nigbegáIt mUldæan sMrab;RbB½n§cuHbBa©IdIFøITMenIb.
bBaØt þienHEcgfasiT§is þIBIkmμsiT§iGacTTYlmkedaypÞal;BIkar                       kan;kab;
muneBlc,ab;PUmi)alRtUv)anGnum½t                   GaRs½yehtuenHp þl;[Gñkkan;kab;PaKeRcIn
TTYl)annUvkarkarBartampøÚvc,ab; . TnÞwmnwgenHpgEdrk¾mankarksagsmtßPaBbEnßmsMrab;
rdæaPi)aldIFøIedaymanCMnYyBIRbeTsp þl;CMnYy
nigmanvDÆnPaBmYycMnYnGMBIkarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§idIFøI
RBmTaMg)anBRgIkkarerobcMEpnTIPUmisa®s þ
nigkarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§iEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§enA TUTaMgRbeTskñúgry³eBl10qñaMeRkay
b:uEn þkarrIkcMerInRtUv)aneKrMBwgTukfamanel,ÓnyWtkñúgkar
24
   enAqñaM 2001rdæaPi)al)anp þÜcep þImKMeragRKb;RKgdIFøI nig rdæa)aldIFøI EdlKaMRTedayFanaKarBiPBelak ADB
nig            rdæaPi)alhVaMgLg;           nig         rdæaPi)alGaløWm:g;kñúgeKaledAbBa©b;nUvRkbx½N�bTbBaØat þi
begáItsßab½ncuHbB©aIdIFøIEdlmannirn þr – PaB nig ecjb½NÑkmμsiT§RbEhlmYylansnøwkenAqñaM 2007 .
                                                                                                            29
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
p þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§idIFøIcMnYnmYylansnøwkenAkñúgext þcMnYn 10 nigenAraCFanIPñMeBjenAqñaM 2007
Ca             eKaledAbc©úb,nñ.               karelIkkMBs;Cak;EsþgGMBIsiT§iEpñkkmμsiT§ibEnßmeTot
TamTareBlevlakñúgkar begáItRkbx½N�c,ab; nigbTb,BaØt þi rcnasm<½n§sßab½n
nigyn þkaredaHRsayvivaT                    .                eTaHCa               ya:gNak¾eday
edIm,I[TTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_eBjeljBIkMENTMrg;TaMgenaH                                eKGacGnuvtþ
Gn þraKmn_RsbKñaedIm,IsRmYlkic©GPivDÆn_TIpSardIFøI nigelIkkMBs;lT§PaB)anTTYl\NTan Edl
kareFVIEbbenHmansar³sMxan;Nas; . RbkarenHrYmmankarelIkkMBs;briyakaseKalneya)ay
cMeBaHTIpSarlk; nigTIpSarCYl dUcCaGnuBaØat[mankarcuHbBa©IGMBIkarCYlenAkariyal½ysurieyadI
karGnuvtþn_rcnasm<½n§Bn§elIkmμsiT§i edIm,IbnÞúcbg¥ak;karTukdIecalsMrab;lk;temøIgéføø karGnum½t
c,ab;s þIBIRbt ibtþikarEdlmankarFana              nigBRgwgvis½yhirBaØvtßúenAtMbn;CnbT          .
enAeBlEdleK                                                      minGacTTYl)an\NTanCaTUeTA
nigenAeBlKμanbN þajsuvtßiPaBsg�mEdlmanRbsiT§PaBenA                                   tMbn;CnbT
GacmanhaniP½yEdlfakarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§idIFøIeFVI[manbNþMúdIFøIkan;EteRcIn             eLIg² .
vtþmanénTIIpSardIFøIGnuBaØat[RbCaBlrdælk;dIkñúgkrNIEdleKRtUvkarR)ak;bnÞan; krNIenHk¾Gac
eFVI[manbNþMúdIFøI eRBaHfaGñkmanlT§PaB)anTTYl\NTanpþl;tMéldIkan;Et x<s; .

39> c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM 2001 EcgGMBIlT§kmμdI . enAeBlGnuvt þn_cMNucenH m©as;dIEdl)an
cuHbB©aI          RtUvmansiT§enAkñúgkar)anTTYlsMNg{edayRtwmRtUvnigyut þiFm’}          .
k¾b:uEn þeKBMueXIjman          GnuRkwtü        b¤bTb,BaØt þiCak;lak;NaTak;TgnwglT§kmμdIFøI
b¤kartaMgTIlMenAsarCafμIeLIy           .        kñúgkar        Gnuvtþn_       Cak;Es þg
rdæeRcIn)anTTYldIedaymincaM)ac;pþl;sMNg b¤)anTTYldItamry³karcrcaenA mUldæan
EdlKμanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ .
40> BRgwgkaredaHRsayvivaTdIFøI . edaysarPaBkMesayEpñksmtßPaBrbs;tulakarkñúgkar
edaHRsaybNþwgdIFøI KN³kmμkarCatiedaHRsayvivaTdIFøI nigKN³kmμkarnanarbs;ext þRtUv)an
begáIteLIgenAcugqñaM 1999 edIm,IedaHRsayvivaTdIFøIenAeRkARbB½n§tulakar . c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM
                                                                                             30
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
2001 EsVgrkkaredaHRsaycMNucxVHxatEdlenAesssl;enAkñúgRbB½n§edaHRsayvivaTtamry³
karGnuBaØati[begáItKN³kmμkarsurieyadIEdlCaRbB½n§edaHRsayvivaTeRkARbB½n§tulakar edIm,IedaH
RsayvivaTGMBIdIEdlKμankmμsiT§i nigp þl;karkarBarcMeBaHRKYsarnanaEdlBak;B½n§CamYynwgkrNI
rMelaPykdIFøIkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ enAfñak;Rsuk fñak;ext þ nigfñak;Cati . enAqñaM 2002 KN³kmμkar
surieyadIRtUv)anbegáItedayGnuRkwtü ehIyenAqñaM 2004 kariyal½yKN³kmμkarsurieyadI)anebIk
TVar                           nigmankarbN þúHbN þalbuK�likCaeRcIn                        .
eTaHbICamankarrIkcMerInGMBIyn þkaredaHRsayvivaTk þI
eKminGackat;bnßyTMnas;dIFøI[)aneRcInedayKμanBt’manc,as;las;s þIBIkareRbIR)as;dI eday
KμanBt’manc,as;las;s þIBIeKalneya)ay nigedayKμanBt’manc,as;las;s þIBIbTb,BaØt þi
sþIBIkar        cat;fñak;dIFøI        edaykgVHsmtßPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkaredaHRsayvivaTenaHHeLIy
ehIysMxan;bMputKWkar e)aHbeg�alRBMdIEdlTaMgGs;KñaTTYls�al; .
41> kareFVIsniTankmμGMBIkarcat;;fñak;dIFøIedIm,IeFVI[kareRbIR)as;FnFandIFøIkan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB
. dIenARbeTskm<úCaRtUv)ancat;TukfaCadIrdæ b¤dIÉkCn EdldIÉkCnmanRtwmEt 20° b:ueNÑaH .
b:uEn þkarEbgEckdICapøÚvkarrvagÉkCn                     nigsaFarN³manTMnak;TMngtictYcb:ueNÑaH
cMeBaHkareRbIR)as;           dIkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ          b¤          manTMnak;TMngtictYcb:ueNÑaH
RsbCamYydIsMrab;kareRbIR)as;Cak;lak;epSg²                                                    .
CalT§pleFVI[mantMbn;FM²CaeRcInEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ TukdIecalTMenr b:uEnþ
dITaMgenaHmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;kareRbIR)as;rbs;ÉkCnehIymYycMENkFMéndIsaFarN³rbs;
rdæEdlsßitenAkñúgkarkarBar b¤EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæRtUv)aneKrandI taMgTIlMenA
nigkMBugRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;skmμPaBksikmμ . GaRs½yehtuenH caM)ac;RtUveFVIsniTankmμ
CabnÞan;GMBIbrimaN nigRbePTdIEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ . CagenHeTAeTot
eKBMu)andwgc,as;las;GMBItMbn;Cak;Es þg                TItaMg           nigRBMEdndIrbs;rdæeLIy
ehIyk¾Kμankic©RBmeRBog bc©úb,nñNamYysþIBIkarTTYlxusRtUvEpñksßab½nkñúgkarkMNt; Gegát
nige)aHbeg�alkMNt;brievN dIrbs;rdæeLIy . dIrdæEckecjCaBIrRbePT : {dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ} nig
{dIÉkCnrbs;rdæ}            . dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæKWRKan;EtCadIsMrab;GPirkS nigRKb;RKg

                                                                                            31
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
dUecñHrdæminGacp þl;[eRbIR)as; kñúg lkçN³CaÉkCneLIy .                              pÞúyeTAvij
dIÉkCnrbs;rdæ²GaceFVIkarEbgEck[ÉkCneRbIR)as; nigeRcInEtp þl;kñúgrUbPaBCasm,Tan
CaCagkarEbgEckedayp Þal;tamry³karlk;                 b¤karp þl;[             Rtg;²          .
GnuRkwtükñúgeBlxagmuxs þIBI karRKb;RKgdIrdænwgp þl;Rkbx½N�RKb;RKgcMeBaHkarcat;fñak;
sarCafμI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvRKb;RKgdIrdæ nigbegáItCaRkbx½N�c,ab;edIm,I[mankarTTYl
xusRtUvEpñksßab½n sMrab;Gnuvt þParkic©TaMgGs;enH . eKrMBwgfardæaPi)alerobcMnigGnum½tGnuRkwtü
enHenABak;kN þalqñaM 2005 . GnuRkwtüenaHnwgGnuBaØat[mankarbBa¢ak;GMBIRbePTepSg²én
dIÉkCnrbs;rdæ nigdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ rYYmmandIéRB nigtMbn;Edl)anTTYlkarkarBar . kargar
sMxan;KWGnuRkwtüenaHnwgGnuBaØat[ mankareFVIsniTankmμelIbrimaNenAkñúgRkbx½N�saFarN³
rbs;rdæ nigkareFVIcMNat;fñak;sarCafμIéndI EdlminRtUvkar [mankarRKb;RKgEdlmanRbsiT§PaB
edayp þl;dIsMrab;kareRbIR)as;déTeTot .

42> karp þl;sniTankmμcMeBaHsm,Tanesdækic© . c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM 2001 GnuBaØat[man
sm,TandIksikmμ                            EdlenAkm<úCaeKs�al;CaTUeTAfaCasm,Tanesdækic©
EdlRtUvp þl;sMrab;eFVIksikmμ edIMm,Iykplitpllk;[TIpSarGn þrCati nigTIpSarkñúgRsuk .
cab;taMgBIkarcab;ep þImkmμviFIenHmk brimaNdIsrubcMnYn 827, 286 hikta
RtUv)aneKp þl;CadIsm,Tanksikmμ . eTaHCaya:genHk þI KitRtwmExsIha qñaM 2002
RksYgksikmμrukaçRbmaj;nigensaT)andkykmkvijnUvdIsm,Tan srubcMnYn 103,680 hikta
edayrkSaTuknUvdIsm,TancMnYn 26 kEnøg EdlmanépÞdIsrubcMnYn 723,606 hikta CadIsm,Tan
kñúgxN³EdlkMrwtkMNt;tampøÚvc,ab; cMeBaHdIsm,Tanksikmμ manTMhM 10,000 hiktakþI
CagBak;kN þalépÞdIsm,TanEdlmanTMhM                     463,606                 hikta
manTMhMelIsBIkMrwtkMNt;edayc,ab;. GaRs½yehtuenH tMrUv[mankareFVIsniTankmμCabnÞan;
brimaN nigRbePTdIsm,Tanesdækic© .
43> kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþgsm,Tanesdækic©mYyEpñkFMRtUv)anpþl;CadIéRB ehIyeTaHbICa
karBüÜrsm,TanelIkarkab;eQI)ancUlCaFrmancab;taMgBIqñaM2002elIdIéRBdéTeTotkþI l½kçx½N�
                                                                                          32
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
sm,Tan esdækic©GnuBaØat[kab;edImeQIenAkñúgtMbn;sm,Tan. CagenHeTAeTotenAelIdIsm,Tan
mYycMnYn karkab;edImeQIFmμCatienAkñúgtMbn;sm,TanKWCaskmμPaBEtmYyKt; EdleKGnuvtþn_
enAkñúgsm,Tan       eFVI[mankarRBYy)armÖfasm,Tanesdækic©RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;eCosvag
karhamXat;cMeBaHkarkab;eQInigkarkarBarfμI² nigkarkarBarfμI²sMrab;BinitüemIlsareLIgvij
nigsMrab;EbgEckéRBsm,Tan25. mantMrUvkarCabnÞan;[dMeNIrkarenHmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nig man
tmøaPaB elIrebobvaytMélnigpþl;sm,Tanesdækic© edayGnuvtþn_nUvRbB½n§BinitüemIlsareLIgvij
m:t;ct;nwgebIkcMhEdlmanlkçN³dUcKñanwgRbB½n§EdleKkMBugeRbIR)as;cMeBaHsm,TanéRBeQI.
44> TnÞwmnigenHpgEdreTaHbICasniTanPaBmYYy             kñúgcMeNamsniTanPaBnanacMeBaHsm,Tan
dIksikmμKWbegáItR)ak;cMNUlcMeBaHrdækþI kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg sm,Tanesdækic©BMu)anpþl;R)ak;
cMNUleRcIndl;rdæaPi)aleLIy.manmUlehtuCaeRcIncMeBaHbBaðaenH. TI 1 eTaHbICaBn§sYysar
RtUvykBIkarkab;eQIEdlTak;TgnwgkarrandIkþI manTwkR)ak;tictYcEtb:ueNÑaHEdl)anRbmUleRBaHfa
mUlniFiedImeQIQrenAkñúgtMbn;sm,TanBMumankarerobcMCaÉksar ehIybrimaNedImeQIEdleK
kab;k¾minRtUv)aneKtamdanRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBeLIy. TI 2 edayehtufaBn§sYysarcMeBaH
sm,Tanesdækic©RtUv)aneKKNnaelImUldæanénplitkmμ ehIydIsm,TanPaKeRcInEdleKmin)an
eRbIR)as;sMrab;ksikmμ RtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfamancMnYn 641>500 hikta eFVI[eKGacRbmUl
R)ak;cMNUl)antictYcb:ueNÑaH. GaRs½yehtuenH caM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIlmUldæanénkarKNnaR)ak;
cMNUlsarCafμI nigBRgwgRbB½n§RbmUlcMNUlnwgKNenyükmμ.
45> bBaðasMxan;mYykñúgcMeNambBaðasMxan;nanaKWKMrUsMrab;kat;bnßysm,Tan. kargarenHkMBug
RbRBwtþeTA KWCaEpñkmYyénkarerobcMGnuRkwtüsm,Tanesdækic© edIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIviFIkat;bnßy
sm,Tan EdlTTYlkarKaMRTBI ADB.
46> karedaHRsaybBaðaKμandIFøI tamry³karEbgEckdI . eTaHbICamankarEbgEckdIenAqñaM
1989 kþI cMnYnRKYsarenACnbTEdleKminTTYls�al;lT§PaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;dIFøI )anekIneLIgkñúg
ry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAfμI²enH. tamn½yesdækic© enAkm<úCaPaBKμandIFøImanlkçN³KYr[
kt;sMKal; edaysareKmin)aneFVIBiBiFkmμesdækic©. enACnbTedaymanCMerIstictYcGMBI»kas
25
     kMNt;sMKal;rbs;GñkbkERb³ XøaedImTMngCa)at;kiriyas½BÞ Require
                                                                                         33
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
kargareRkABIksikmμ lT§PaBenAkñúgkarmandIsMrab;plitkmμksikmμCIvRBwtþ niglT§PaBkñúgkar)an
TTYlFnFan déTeTotsMrab;RbmUlpledaypÞal;kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH KWbNþajsuvtßiPaBsg�m
EtmYyKt; cMeBaHRKYsarenACnbTkñúgry³eBlxøI. mUlehtumYyEpñkénkarekIteLIgnUvehtukarN_
énPaBKμandIFøIKWbNþalmkBIkarbgçMcitþlk;dI bJkarlk;dIedaysarkarrgsMBaFnana nigedaysar
kardkhUtkmμsiT§i BIEpñkeyaFanwgBIGñkEdlmanTMnak;TMngEpñkneya)ay . smamaRtKYr[kt;
                                                                    26



sMKal;énRKYsar EdlBMuEdlmandIFøI qøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvkarekIneLIgénsMBaFRbCasaRsþmkelIdIFøI
enAtMbn;Edl mandgsIuetRbCaBlrdæx<s;. PaBKμandIFøIekItmaneRcInbMputkñúgcMeNamRKYsarEdl
manRsþICa emRKYsarEtmñak; ¬21>2°¦. PaBKμandIFøIenH )anCMruj[cMnYnRKYsarCaeRcIncakecj
BIPUmisßan rbs;xøÜn .27




47> edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaKμandIFøI c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 manbBaØatþiEcgGMBI {sm,Tan
sg�mkic©} KWfapþl;GMeNaydIÉkCnrbs;rdæcMeBaHRKYsarnanakñúgeKalbMNgsg�mkic© EdleKGac
eRbIR)as;sMrab;daMduH bJsñak;enA ¬CMBUkTI2 maRta17 CMBUkTI5 maRta48-62 ¦ . GnuRkwtü
EdllMGitGMBI kareFVIsm,Tansg�mkic©)anTTYkarÉkPaBBIRkumRbwkSardæmRnþI kñúgEx mina qñaM
2003. man sniTanPaBEpñksg�my:ageRcIn kñúgkarepÞrsiT§GaRs½yplnig/b¤karepÞrkmμsiT§idI
mineRbIR)as; TaMgenHeTA[RKYsarKμandI ehIyeK)an)a:n;sμanfaCameFüa)aymYymansar³sMxan;
kñúgkarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRk. kmμviFIenHnwgGnuBaØat[ERbkøaydIEdleKmineRbIR)as;CaeRcIn[eTACa
dIplitkmμ EdlnwgeFVI[RbCaBlrdæRkIR)anTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_edaypÞal;. b:uEnþdUcEdlkarEbgEck
dIenAkm<úCa munenH)anbgðajy:agdUecñaHfa karEbgEckdIEtmYymuxKWRKan;EtCadMeNaHRsayRbesIr
bMputEdl manlkçN³beNþaHGasnñEtb:ueNÑaH. RbeTskm<úCamanmanRbCaCnekμgy:ageRcInEdl
rg;caMcUleTAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmμ EdlnwgekIneLIgy:agrh½sehIyEdldMeNaHRsayEbbenHminGac
ra:b;rg)an. GaRs½yehtuenH edIm,I[kmμviFIsm,TanmansniTanPaBsg�mkic©rwgmaM nwg[man
lkçN³RbesIrCagbNþajsuvtßiPaBsg�mbeNþaHGasnñ kmμviFIenHcaM)ac;RtUvCYyGñkTTYlpl [cak
putBI GaCIvkmμksikmμCIvRBwtþ nigERbkøaydIrdæEdlenATMenr [eTACadIEdlmanplitPaBx<s; begáIn

26
     kñúgcMeNamdIEdleK)andkhUt PaKInanaEdlTTYlxusRtUvmanCaGaT× ³ eyaFa ¬36 ° ¦ GaCJaFrextþ
¬36°¦kmμsiTÞikredIm¬13°¦ GaCJaFrmUldæan¬12°¦ sac;BaJati¬2°¦ nigGñkdéTeTot ¬LADIT, 2002¦
27
  PaBKμandIFI nigmeFüa)ayGPivDÆn_Bt’man ¬ LADIT ¦ qñaM2000
                                                                                       34
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
plitkmμnigplitPaBCatinigpþl;CaclkrsMrab;[mankMeNInenACnbTTUeTA nigedIm,IbegáIt»kas
kargar.
48> eKminrMBwgfadIÉkCnrbs;rdæTaMgGs;nwgRtUvEbgEckeTA[Gñkkan;kab;dItUc²eLIy b:uEnþCa
karrYmbnSMénsm,Tanesdækic©                   nigsm,TandIsg�mkic©EdlRKb;RKg)anl¥KWCaRbkarsmRsb.
muxgarsmRsbrbs;sm,Tanesdækic© kMBugRtUv)aneKBinitüm:t;ct; KWCaEpñkmYyénÉksarsavtar
Bak;B½n§sMrab;erobcMeKalneya)ay kMBugsßitenAkñúgdMNak;kalénkarerobcMGnuRkwtüsm,Tan
esdækic©. kargarfμI²EdleK)aneFVIedIm,IvaytMélPaBRkIRk nigvaytMélplb:HBal;sg�mén
sMeNIkmμviFIsm,TandIsg�mkic© )anbgðajfakalBIeBlfμI² dIksikmμl¥mYycMnYntUc RtUv)aneKTuk
ecalTMenr nigGacykmkEbgEck)an . RbPBdiEdlGacykmkEbgEckenAkñúgsm,Tan
                                                 28



sg�mkic© rYmman ³ sm,TanéRBEdleK)anlubecal nwgtMbn;déTeToténdIéRBEdlKμankar
RKb;RKg EdlminTamTar[mankarRKb;RKgéRB b¤mintMrUv[mankarkarBarEpñkbrisßan ehIyman
lkçN³smRsbsMrab;plikmμ sm,Tanesdækic©EdleKlubecal cMENkdItUc²rbs;rdæenAkñúgXuM
nana tMbn;saFarN³déTeTotrbs;rdæ EdlfμI²enHsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;TIPñak;gar
rdæaPi)al rYmman kgT½B nigdIEdl)anmktamry³karGnuvtþn_maRtaTI 18 énc,ab;PUmi)al .
edayehtufadIEdlRtUveFVIkarEbgEck caM)ac;RtUveFVIcMNat;fñak;CamuneTACadIksikmμ b¤dIenAtMbn;
TIRbCMuCn CadMbUgrdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvGnum½tGnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ EdlbgálkçN³[man
kareFVIcMNat;fñak;dIsarCafμI nwgEcgGMBIkarpþl;dI EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;sßab½nrdæ
epSg². TnÞwmnwgenHedayehtufa épÞdICaeRcInEdlmalkçN³smRsbsMrab;karEbgEckkñúgeBl
bc©úb,nñenH kMBugsßitenAkñúgsm,Tanesdækic© GMBITMhMtamc,ab; nig/b¤ sm,Tanesdækic©Edlmin
dMeNIrkar CakarsMxan;Nas;EdlrdæaPi)alRtUvGnum½tGnuRkwtüsþIBIsm,Tanesdækic© edImI,sMrYlkar
lubecalsm,TanTaMgenH nigbgálkçN³kñúgkarEbgEckdIFøI Edl)anmkBIkarlubecalsm,Tan.
GaRs½yehtuenHGnuRkwtüBIrEdlbMrugecj sþIBIsm,Tanesdækic© nigsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ mansar³-
sMxan;edIm,IFana[karGnuvtþn_kmμvIFIsm,TandIsg�mkic©TTYleCaKC½y.           PaBdMeNIrkar)anén
kmμviFIsm,TandIsg�mkic©GaRs½yelIqnÞ³neya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarGnum½tnigGnuvtþn_GnuRkwtü
TaMgenHk¾dUcCaGnuvtþn_c,ab;PUmi)al[manRbsiT§PaBpgEdr.
28
     esckþIRBagsþIBIkarvaytMélskþanuBlplb:HBal;énsm,TandIsg�mkic© ¬   PSIA   qñaM 2004 ¦ FnaKarBiPBelak
                                                                                                          35
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa

49>   enAkñúgvisalPaBTUeTA sm,Tansg�mkic©RtUv)aneRKagelImUldæanénkarEbgEckdIrdæEdl
TMenr dUecñHkmμviFIenHminRbQmmuxnwgbBaðalT§kmμdIFøIEdlRtUvcMNayeRcInenaHeLIy. eTaHCa
y:agenHkþI edIm,I[karEbgEckdItamry³sm,Tansg�mkic©pþl;CIvPaB EdlmannirnþrPaBdl;Gñk
TTYlpl nigbegáInplitplksikmμ caM)ac;RtUvmankarvinieyaKy:ageRcInelIehdæarcnasm<½n§
Edlpþl; plitPaB ¬karRKb;RKgTwk pUvfñl;¦ karepÞrbec©kviTüa karelIkkMBs;karcUleTAkan;TIpSar
nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§sg�m. karviPaKCMhandMbUgGMBIskþanuBlplb:HBal;mkelIPaBRkIRkénénkar
EbgEckdIFøI GHGagcMeBaHkarsegátBIbNþaRbeTsdéT Edlfaplb:HBal;TaMgGs;elIPaBRkIRk én
karEbgEckdImYymuxmankMrittictYceT ¬Auffret qñaM 2003¦. eTaHCay:agenHkþI karvinieyaK
bMeBjbEnßmcMeBaHehdæarcnasm<½n§sMxan;² nigesvaKaMRTEpñkbec©keTsCYybegáIn\T§iBlmkelI
PaBRkIRk. edIm,IvaytMélGMBIPaBeFVI)an nigvaytMélGMBInirnþrPaBsMrab;ry³eBlEvgénkmμviFImYy
karvaytMélGMBIkarcMNay nigplEdl)anTTYlénkBa©b;KaMRTxusKña² mansar³sMxan;Nas;.
CagenHeTAeTot ktþaEdlmansar³RbeyaCn_mYyeTotsMrab;Fana[kmμviFIEbgEckdIsg�mkic©man
eCaKC½y KWkardak;bBa¢ÚlnUvviFankarCak;lak;edIm,IedaHRsayhaniP½yGPi)alkic©bc©úb,nñ nig
]bsK�EpñksmtßPaB. karvaytMélplb:HBal;mklIPaBRkIRknwgmkelIsg�ménkmμviFIEbgEckdIFøI
EdlkMBugdMeNIrkarCakarsikSamanédKUcMruH Kb,Ipþl;nUvkaryl;dwgbEnßmeTotGMBIPaBeFVI)an nig
KMrUnanaénkmμviFIEbbenH. kargarkMBugGnuvtþcMeBaHkarerobcM karsikSarcnasm<½n§dIFøIenAqñaM 2005-
2006 ¬FnaKarBiPBelak¦ nwgpþl;Bt’manbEnßm cMeBaHkarerobcMsMeNIkmμviFIEbgEckdIsg�mkic©.

Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBGaTiPaBsMrab;kMENTMrg;rdæ)al nigkarRKb;RKgdIFøI
50> skmμPaBCaGaTiPaBxageRkamenHCaGnusasn_sMrab;pþl;sniTanPaBGMBIlT§PaB nigkar
EbgEckdI elIkkMBs;suvtßiPaBkmμsiT§dIFøI nigCMrujkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT:

GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgkarRKb;RKgdIFøItamry³kic©RbwgERbgsRmbsRmYlGn þrRksYg



                                                                                           36
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
karRKb;RKgdIFøIrYmmankareFVIcMNat;fñak; nigcMNat;fñak;dIsareLIgvijrvagdIRbePTepSg²Kña kar
ksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dI karEbgEckCatMbn; nigkarRtYtBinitüelIkarRKb;RKgelIkareRbIR)as;dI .
FatusMxan;²énkarRKb;RKgdIFøIEdlRtUvkarsMerc)annUveKaledACabnÞan;TaMgenHrYmman:
•   begáInel,ÓnkarGnuvtþn_bBa©b;GnuRkwtüsMrab;Gnuvt þc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM 2001 . GnuRkwtü
    TaMgenH rYmman: ¬k¦ RtUvGnum½tenABak;kN þalqñaM 2005: ¬i¦
    GnuRkwtüs þIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ nig ¬ii¦ karRKb;RKgsm,Tanesdækic© nig ¬x¦
    RtUvGnum½tcugqñaM            2005:           GnuRkwtüs þIBI         karTTYl         s�al;
    nigkarcuHbBa©IsiT§idIFøIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic .
•   eFVIsniTanPaBRbB½n§cMNat;fñak;dIFøI . GnuRkwtüs þIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrbs;rdæEdlecjkñúgeBl
    xagmuxsßitenAeRkamc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM                                                 2001
    nigp þl;nUvRkbx½N�RKb;RKgsMrab;kareFVIcMNat;fñak; nwgeFVIcMNat;fñak;sareLIgvijéndIrdæ
    rvagdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ nigdak;ecjnUv nitiviFIcMeBaHkarepÞrsiT§
    nigkarbeBa©jdIrbs;rdæ            .          enHRKan;EtCaCMh‘anTImYy        nigCakarGnuvtþn_
    GnuRkwtüenHEtb:ueNÑaHEdltMrUv[mankarep þatkarykcitþTukdak; nigRtUvkarCMnYy]btßm
    KaMRTya:geRcIn .
•   BRgwgkarksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dI                                                            .
    RbkarenHrYmmankarsRmbsRmYlkarksagEpnkars þIBI
    kareRbIR)as;dICamYynwgEpnkarGPivDÆn_sg�mkic© nigkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati vimCÄkarén
    karRKb;RKgdInigsmtßkic©ksagEpnkar kic©GPivDÆn_EpnkareRbIR)as;dIsMrab;tMbn;GaTiPaB .
    karksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dIKb,IsßitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu/sgáat; Edl
    mankarKaMRTBI MLMUPC nigkarKaMRTBIPñak;gardéTeTot .
•   karGnuvtþn_sakl,gnUvsm,Tansg�mkic© nigvaytMé;lPaBEdlGaceFVI)an edIm,IdMeNIrkar
    Gnuvt þkmμviFIsm,Tansg�mkic©eBjelj                           rYmmankarEbgEckdI
    nigesvaKaMRTBak;B½n§déTeTot                                                 .
    karGnuvtþn_KMeragsakl,gcab;ep þImenAkñúgRsukbYnxus²KñaenAcugqñaM          2003           .
                                                                                            37
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
     kmμviFIEbgEckdI nwgeFVIkarEbgEckdIÉkCnrbs;rdæEdlenATMenr[RKYsarEdlRtUv)ankMNt;fa
     mantMrUvkarCa                      GaTiPaBcMeBaHsm,TandIsg�mkic©                      .
     edIm,IsMerc)annUvGtßRbeyaCn_énsm,TandIsg�mkic©                                       eK
     caM)ac;RtUvp þl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§esdækic©nigsg�mkic©                 karbN þúHbN þal
     nigkic©GPivDÆn_shRKas                   dl;GñkTTYlplBIkarEbgEckdI29                   .
     kargarenHtMrUv[manviFIsa®s þEdlmankarsRmbsRmYl nigmanFnFaneRcInBIrdæaPi)al
     nigBIGñkp þl;CMnYy. karEbgEckdIenAkñúgkmμviFIsm,Tan sg�mkic© tMrUv[Gnuvt þmaRtaTI
     18 énc,ab;PUmi)al nigGnuvt þGnuRkwtüs þIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ nigsm,Tanesdækic©pgEdr .
•    kareFVIsniTankmμénRbB½n§sm,Tanesdækic© Clpl nigéRBeQI . CaviFIsa®s þmYyEdlman
     karsRmbsRmYl                 nitiviFIvaytMél            nigp þl;karÉkPaBCas þg;dar
     nigbegáInkarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUl               RBmTaMgelIkkMBs;kic©Rbtibt þielIkargarRKb;RKg
     EdlKb,IGnuvt þenAkñúgRbePTsm,Tan epSg² .
GaTiPaBTI 2 BRgwgrdæ)aldIFøIedIm,IbegáInsuvtßiPaBkmμsiT§dIFøI        nigKaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_TIpSardIFøI
[manRbsiT§PaB
eKaledAeKalneya)ayrYmKWkarbBa¢ak;[)anc,as; nigkt;RtakmμsiT§ nigsiT§idéTeTotGMBIkmμsiT§i
TaMgGs;¬saFarN³ nigÉkCn¦Rsbtamc,ab;PUmi)al .
•    BRgIktMbn;EdlsßitenAkñúgRkbx½N�énkarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§ nigkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI[manlkçN³Ca
     RbB½n§ . cMNucenHKb,IrYmmankarecjb½NÑkmμsiT§cMnYn 1 lansnøwkeRKagpþl;[rhUtdl;qñaM
     2007 k¾dUcCakarTTYls�al;siT§eRbIR)as;dIXMuEdlmanlkçN³CaBiesscMeBaHtMbn;x<g;rab .
•    BRgwg nigerobcMmuxgarénkariyal½ycuHbBa©IdIFøI edIm,IbgálkçN³[mankarcuHbBa©IkarTij
     lk;dIFøI[mantmøaPaB nigmanRbsiT§PaB .


29
  kMNt;sMKal;rbs;GñkbkERb³ GñkbkERbbktamkaryl;eXIjrbs;xøÜn eRBaHKitfasMeNAedImsresrxusk,Ün
evyüakrN_
                                                                                                 38
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
•   begáIt                                              nigGnuvtþyuT§sa®s þRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy
    edayep þatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarerobcMp þl;
    b½NÑkmμsiT§dIkñúglkçN³dac;edaydMuedIm,Ip þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§tamtMrUvkar
    niglubbM)at;karbg;R)ak; eRkApøÚvkar begáIt Gnuvt þ nigtamdans þg;daresvaGb,brma
    nigBRgwgkartamdanépÞkñúgGMBI GMeBIBukrlYy nigkarRbRBwt þxusq�gepSg² .
•   BRgwgkaredaHRsayvivaTdIFøI . KaMRTkarGnuvtþn_ nigtamdanlT§plGnuvt þn_énKN³kmμkar
    surieyadInana .
•   BinitüemIlsareLIgvij nigEksRmYlkarepÞrrcnasm<½n§dInigBn§dIFøI elIkarp þl;kmμsiT§dIkñúg
    lkçN³dac;edaydMu élya:gNa[mankarcUlrYmeBjeljkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI .
•   k¾mantMrUv[manpgEdrnUvskmμPaBbMeBjbEnßmenAkñúgEpñkbIdéTeTot                  élya:gNa[
    GtßRbeyaCn_énkarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§dIFøIGacGnuvt þ)an . RbkarTaMgenHrYmman:
    ¬i¦KaMRTcMeBaH                         karerobcMbTb,BaØtiþsþIBIRbtibt þikarEdlmankaFana
    ¬ii¦BRgwgvis½yhirBaØvtßúedIm,IbgálkçN³ [eRbIR)as;b½NÑkmμsiT§dIFøIeFVICavtßúbBa©aM nig
    ¬iii¦kMENTMrg;tulakaredIm,IbgálkçN³[man
    dMeNaHRsayvivaTdIFøIenAkñúgRbB½n§tulakarEdlkan;EtmanlkçN³smRsb .




                                                                                          39
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
kMENTMrg;elIkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI
51> eK)an)a:n;sμanfaéRBrbs;km<úCamanTMhMRbEhl 11/1 lanhikta RtUvCa 61° énépÞdI30



srub¬sUmGanEpnTIenAkñúg]bsm<½n§TI2¦.sYn]TüannigtMbn;EdlTTYlkarkarBarmanTMhM 3>3
lanhikta RtUvCamYyPaKR)aMénépÞdIsrub épÞdIenHPaKeRcInCaéRB b:uEnþKuNPaBenAkñúgkarRKb;RKg
nigkMriténkarkarBarFnFanenAmankMritTab. kalBIqñaM 1999 BITMhMépÞdIéRBsm,TancMnYn 6/8
lanhikta rdæaPi)al)ankat;bnßymkRtwmRbmaNCa 3/1 lanhikta. GegátqñaM2002rbs;
GTZ )anrkeXIjfaenATUTaMgRbeTs manenAsl;éRBeQItictYc nigmanRbePTeQIKuNPaBminl¥

RKb;dNþb;elIépÞdIRbEhl 80>000hikta EdleKTTYls�al;faCaéRBshKmn_ . dIéRBenAsl;
RbmaNCa 5 lanhikta sßitenAkñúgRkbx½N�saFarN³ CadIéRBEdlKμankarRKb;RKg bJKμankar
karBarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBeLIy.
52> vis½yéRBeQImanskþanuBly:ageRcIn kñúgkarrYmviPaKTanRbkbedaynirnþrPaBcMeBaHkic©
GPivDÆn_CnbTnwgCIvPaBrs;enACnbTenARbeTskm<úCa edaypÞal;nigRbeyal . karrYmviPaKTan
edaypÞal;rYmman³karbegáIncMNUlsaFarN³GMBIkareFVIGaCIvkmμéRBeQI nigFnFandéTeTotEdl
mankarRKb;RKg karbegáInR)ak;cMnUlnigkareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarEdlmanRbPBmkBIplitpl
edImeQInigGnupléRBeQI¬NTFPs¦ nigkarbegáIn»kaskargarnigR)al;cMNUlBI karEkécñ
                                         31



plitpléRBeQI . dIéRBk¾GacrYmviPaKTancMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_CnbTtamry³ karbMElgdIedayman
Epnkarc,as;las;eTACakareRbIR)as;déTeTotEdlpþl;plitPaB elIsBItMrUvkar[mankarRKb;RKg
éRBeQI[manRbsiT§PaB . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday eKalneya)aykñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ karerobcM
bTb,BaØtþinigkarerobcMRKb;RKgmankMritexSay tMrUv[mankarBRgwg[)anxøaMgkøaedIm,IbgálkçN³


30
   karBinitüemIlvis½téRBeQI kñúglkçN³ÉkraC ü qñaM2004 .
31
  RsbCamYynigRbeTsnanaEdlmankMritGPivDÆn_dUcKña KWcUlrYmviPaKTanCacMENkmYyy:agFMénCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCa
Blrdæ CnbTEdlrs;enACittMbn;éRBeQI . Gus nigFüÚg KW CaRbPBp�t;p�g;famBldl;RKYsarenACnbT karRbm:aj; nig
ensaTenAtamdgéRBCaskmμPaBcMeBaHRKYsarTUeTAenACnbTenAtabtMbn;dgTenehIykardgC½rRtUv)aneKKitfaCaRbPB
R)ak;cMNUlcMbg¬eK)a:n;saμ nfaC½rcMnYn20>000etanRtUv)aneKdgCaerogral;qñaMEdlmantMélRbEhlCa6ladula¦cMeBaH
RbmaNCa 100>000RKYsarEdlrs;enAtamdgéRB.
                                                                                                    40
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
³¬i¦ begáInkarrYmviPaKTanénvis½yenHcMeBaHcMNUlsaFarN³nigCIvPaBCnbTtamEbbmYy Edl
mannirnþPaB ¬ii¦rkSanUvtMéleGkULUsIu nigtMélvb,Fm’énsm,tþiéRBeQI .
                                            32




53> karbMElgéRBeQInigkic©GPivDÆn_dIFøI PaKeRcInKμankarksagEpnkarnigKμankarRKb;RKg .
rbkKMehIjénÉksarÉkraCüGMBIBinitüemIlsareLIgvijelIvis½yéRBeQI )a:n;sμanfakarkab;éRB
                                                                               33



eQI RbcaMqñaMmanGRta1° Edlkarxatbg;RbmUlpþuMeú nAtMbn;sMxan;²mYycMnYn¬enAtMbn;Bay½BüEk,r
RBMEdn éf enArtn³KIrI enAtampUvCatielx4 enAtammat;smuRT enAtaméRBlicTwk nwgenACMuvij
bwgTenøsab¦ EdlbNþalmkBIkarkarkab;eQIedayxusc,ab; nigKμankarhamXat; k¾dUcCakar
ERbkøaydIéRBCabnþbnÞab;mkCakareRbIR)as;sMrab;vis½yksikmμrab;TaMgxusc,ab; nigRsbc,ab; .
tMbn;éRBrbs;km<úCaKWCasMNl;EdlKμankar eRKagTukénmrtkFmμCatirbs;km<úCa karkab;eQIeday
xusc,ab; nigkarekIneLIg\tQb;QrnUvkar taMgTIlMenAEpñkksikmμ. karrMelaPbMBanCaeRcInrbs;
ksikreRcInekItmanbnÞab;BIkarkab;eQIedayxusc,ab; EdlsßanPaBenHCaTUeTA KWCakarKMramKMEhg
FMbMputcMeBaHFnFanéRBeQI b:uEnþkarbMElgenHk¾manTMrg;CakarGPivDÆn_daMdMNaM]sSahkmμ Edl
rdæaPi)al)anGnuBaØat tamry³sm,TandIFøI esdækic©EdlmanTMhMFMlVwgelVIy. kñúgxN³EdldIéRB
CaeRcInTMngCamanskþanuBlsMrab;kareRbIR)as;RbkbedaynirnþrPaBsMrab;ksikmμ nigsMrab;eRbI
R)as;kñúgeKaledAdéTeTot kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñkarERbkøaydIEbbenHkMBugbegáItCabBaða eRBaHfatMbn;
EdlmanskþanuBlsmRsbcMeBaHksikmμminRtUv)aneKvaytMél bJKμankarkMNt;GtþsBaØaN ehIy

32
   esvabrisßanCaBiesskarRKb;RKgpUvTwknigkarGPirkSdInigTwkCaEpñkmYyénPaBsμúKsμajénGtßRbeyaCn_epSg² Edl
manRbPBmkBIéRB.eTaHbICamansMeNIrenAkñúgsarBt’manedlmanRbCaRbiynigsMeNIrmkBIRbPBdéTEdlfakarkab;
éRBeQIKW CakarbMpajRbPBFnFanTwkenAkm<úCakþI CaBiessTensabkarviPaKrbs;KN³kmμakarTenemKg�karkkdI
mineFVIeGay épÞbwgxUcxateLIy ehIyépÞbwgk¾minkayCarak;Edr.
33
     enAkñúgqñaM 2003KN³kmμakarcMruHrbs;rdæaPi)al TIPñak;garpþl;CMnYynigGg�kar eRkArdæaPi)al)anbegáIt RkumGñk
CMnajkarÉjraCmYyedIm,IBinitüemIlbTBiesaFGMBIvis½yéRBeQIenAkm<úCanigCaBiessBinitüemIlmuxgarEdlmanlkçN³
pÞúyKña GMBImuxgarrbs;FnaKarBIPBelakkñúgkarKaMRTkareFVIkMENTMrg;sm,TanéRBeQI nig kñúgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;éRBeQI.
{karBinitüemIleLIgvijénvis½yéRBeQIkñúglkçN³ÉkraC } manbMNgpþl;nUvyfaTsSn_GMBIbBaaRbQmcMeBaHvis½yenH
nwg PaBRKb;RKan;éntulüPaB nig TMhMkmμviFIkMENTMrgRb‘URkamEdl)anGnuvtþn_edayrdæaPi)al .karBinitüemIleLIgvij
enHEdl)anbBa©b; enAqñaM2004 RtUv)aneKrMBwgfapþl;CacMnuccab;epþImmYysMrab;karBipakSaeKalneya)ay enAvis½y
éRBeQIbEnßmeTot.
                                                                                                          41
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
KμannItiviFI bJKμankarbeg�ItEpnkarNamYysMrab;RKb;RKgkarbMElgdIéRBeTArkkareRbIR)as;déTeTot
EdlFanabMerIplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ RtUv)aneKGnuvtþn_RbkbedaytmøaPaB nigtamry³EbbbT
RKb;RKgdIFøIl¥RbesIrenaHeLIy.

54> RksYgksikmμrukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT manParkic©RKb;RKgdIéRB RBmTaMgRKb;RKgsm,Tan
ksikmμ nigRKb;RKgéRBeQI . c,ab;éRBeQIqñaM 2002 EcgGMBIrdæ)aléRBeQIenAkñúg ¬RksYg
ksikmμ¦ rYmmanrcnasm<½n§pÞal; tamExSbeNþayEckCafñak;kNþal GK�arFikardæanRbcaMtMbn;
Gg�PaB Epñk nig BYk . KMrUenHmanmUldæanelIKMrUénbTBiesaFn_eRkayGaNaniKm ehIymanbMNg
GnuBaØateGay mankarRKb;RKgRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBénEdndIéRBrbs;Cati edaymankar
eRCotERCkkñúgkMrit Gb,brmaBIsMNak;GaCJaFrmUldæan . ExSbnÞat;rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgEtmYyenH
RtUv)anbegáItenAkñúg esckþIRbkasrbs;RksYgksikmμ sMrab;GnuvtþlMGitenAqñaM 2003 . rdæ)al
éRBeQIk¾CaTIPñak;gar cMbgmYyEdlmanPar³kic©rkeGayeXIj nigtamdankarkab;eQIeday
xusc,ab;.enHKWCakarBRgIkkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFanrbs;xøÜn ehIyEdlGnuelamtam
kic©RbtibtþiGnþrCati .

55> bBaðaGPi)alkic©EdlTak;Tgnwgkarkab;eQIedayxusc,ab;enAkm<úCa)anbegáInkarTak;Taj
karykcitþTukdak;CagkarykcitþTukdak;elIlkçN³déTeToténvis½yenH . xN³Edlvis½y
éRBeQIRbQmmuxnwgbBaðaGPi)alkic©CaeRcIn dUcCalaPkarEpñkmuxgarsaFarN³ KNenyüPaB
niglT§plGnuvtþn_ KWCaktþadUcKñaEdlvis½ydéTeTotRbQmmuxdUecñaHEdr bBaðadéTeTotman
lkçN³BiesscMeBaHvis½yéRBeQI ]TahrN_bBaðasþIBIkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; karyl;dwgGMBIGnþrvis½y
nigbBaða Cak;lak;GMBIkartamdanEdlmanlkçN³ÉkraCü. karkab;eQIxusc,ab;EdlekItman
enARKb;kEnøgedaymanl,ickly:agc,as;BImRnþICan;x<s;rbs;rdæaPi)al enABak;kNþalTsvtSr_
1990 eFVI[vis½yéRBeQIrbs;km<úCasßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgCacMbgrbs;shKmn_GnþrCati ehIy
dak;bBaðaéRBeQICacMNucsñÚlénkarBiPakSaGMBIGPi)alkic©nigkic©GPivDÆn_ . tYelx)a:n;sμanGMBI
GRtakab;eQIedayxusc,ab;enATsvtSr_ 1990 bgákarP½yxøacGMBIlT§PaBénkar)at;bg;skþa-
nuBlPaBBaNiC¢kmμénmUldæanFnFankñúgry³eBlEtb:unμanqñaMbu:eNÑaH. viFankarekáAenAcugTsvtSr_

                                                                                      42
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
1990 nig edImTsvtSr_enHTMngCa)anTTYleCaKC½ymYyEpñk b:uEnþTMhMénbBaðaEdlenAesssl;
BMumankarvas;sÞg;eLIy.
56> vtþmanénGñktamdanÉkraCü CamuxgarfμImYyEdlbMeBj edayGñkem:AkarÉkCn ¬SGS ¦
CYyeFVI[rdæ)aléRBeQImanvin½yenAkñúgmuxgarmYyEdleBareBjeTAedayeRKaHfñak;EpñksμartI .
CaeKalkarN_karkab;eQIxusc,ab;k¾cMNuHelIbBaØtþic,ab;déTeTotrbs;km<úCapgEdr ¬]TahrN_
bBaØtþisþIBIkarlYckmμsiT§GñkdéT¦ EdlsßitenAkñúgsmtßkic©ÉkraCürbs;sßab½ndéTeTot dUcCa
RksYg mhaépÞCaedIm. GaCJaFreyaFanignKr)al)ancUlrYmkñúgkarbRgáab kardkhUtbrikçar
bMerI[karkab;eQI nig skmμPaBdéTeTot b:uEnþkarsRmbsRmYlrvagRksYgGMBIkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;
éRBeQIRbRBwtþeTAedayKμanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ ehIymanGRbsiT§PaBy:agxøaMg.
57> kMENTMrg;sm,TanéRBeQIcaM)ac;RtUvrMBwgKitGMBIPaBxusKñanigbBaðaepSg² rvagkarerobcM nig
karGnuvtþn_. enABak;kNþalTsvtSr_ 1990 edaymankarerobcMmin)anRKb;RKan; RbeTskm<úCa)an
RbkasGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþsm,TanéRBeQI elImUldæanénkaryl;dwgmin)anRtwmRtUv Kμanvin½y
Edlsm,TaneLIgdl;kMritx<s;GtibrmaRKbdNþb;elIépÞéRB 6/8 lanhikta EdlrYmmanFnFan
edImeQIEdlmantMélBaNiC¢kmμ nigrYmmanpgEdrnUvdIdéTeTotEdlBMumanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;
eFVIGaCIvkmμBaNiC¢kmμ. edaymankarpþl;kar]btßmÖKaMRTBIGñkpþl;CMnYy RbB½n§enH)ankat;bnßy
CabeNþIr² ehIybc©úb,nñenHmansm,TancMnYnRbEhl12 RKbdNþb;elIépÞdIticCag 3/14 lan
hikta. TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH rdæaPi)al)ancab;epþImdak;[manRbB½n§RKb;RCugeRCaymYysMrab;erobcM
karksagEpnkarnigRbtibtþikarsm,Tan. dUcEdl)aneRKag bBaØtþiTaMgenHedaHRsaynUv
visalPaBeBjeljénkic©RbtibtþiTMenIbGMBIkardaMduHéRBeQI rYmmanviFIsaRsþdaMduH nigRKb;RKg
éRBeQI sareBIP½N� nigkarvaytMélFnFan karerobcMbøg;visVkmμ nigkarkarBarsg�mnigbrisßan.
kalBIeBlfμIenH Rbtibtþikarsm,TanRsbc,ab;RtUv)anp¥ak kñúgxN³EdlEpnkar nigdMeNIkar
pþl;kar ÉkPaBkMBugRtUv)anGnuvtþn_sakl,g. tamBitRbB½n§fμITaMgenH)anrYmviPaKTankñúgkareFVI[
RbB½n§sm,TancuHfy CalT§pll¥RsbtamkarcMNay nigpþl;KuNPaBcMeBaHkarGnuvtþn_. b:uEnþ
enAeBlEdlRbtibtþikarcab;dMeNIrkar ehIyPaBcMruHEbbénkarRtYtBinitübBaðaekIneLIg buK�lik
enAmUldæanmYycMnYnFMcUlrYmenAkñúgkarRtYtBinitüsm,Tan ehIylT§plCadMukMPYnénRbB½n§sm,Tan
ekIneLIg. enARtg;enH CakarRtwmRtUvkñúgkarrMBwgfamanbBaða nigkgVHxatbEnßmrvagKMeragnigkar
                                                                                      43
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Gnuvtþn_ . eKcaM)ac;RtUvrMBwgTukCamunnUvbBaðaTaMgGs;enH ehIyedaHRsayvatamry³CMnYy
bec©keTsEdlkMBugdMeNIrkar ély:agNa[mantmøaPaBkan;EteRcIn nig RbwgERbge)aHpSay
sþg;dar dMeNIrkarpþl;karÉkPaB nig l½kçx½N�pþl;karGnuBaØati.
58> karRKb;RKgsm,tþiéRBeQITueTA caM)ac;RtUv[manlkçN³TMenIbbEnßmeTot ehIyRtUvEjk
BIKñarvagdIéRBEdlmanGtßRbeyaCn_cMeBaHCatinigtMbn;déTeTot . CaTUeTA karRKb;RKgdIéRB
CaM)ac;RtUvdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_eKalneya)ayCatiEdlmanRbsiT§PaBsþIBIdIFøI nig
brimaNsm,tþiéRBeQIEdlcaM)ac;RtUveFVIsniTanPaB edayBicarNaGMBIsmtßPaBFnFanEdlman
nigsmtßPaBRKb;RKgsßab½n. karRKb;KgFnFanéRBenAkm<úCa caM)ac;RtUvmanlkçN³kan;EtTMenIb
caM)ac;RtUvRtYtBinitü nigerobcMCaÉksar. edayminTak;TgCamYyTisedAnigplitplénkar
RKb;RKg ¬edImeQI C½rcug stVéRB brisßan.l.¦ bJminTak;TgnwgEbbEpnénkarRKb;RKg¬sm,Tan
shKmn_ sßab½nsaFarN³¦rdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;sþg;darsMrab;GFib,ay BieRKaH edaHRsay
BüakrN_ vaytMél nigerobcMCaÉksar¦ ehIynaykRKb;RKgnImYy²RtUvGnuvtþn_. karbMElgdIéRB
EdlenAesssl;[eTACakareRbIR)as;smRsbdéTeTot KWCaGtßRbeyaCn_saFarN³. PaKeRcIn
énsm,tþiéRBeQIsaFarN³pUvkar minRtUv)anGegát nwgmin)ancuHbBa¢IsareBIP½N�eLIy b:uEnþtamkar
BitmanéRBeQIEtmYyEpñktUcb:ueNÑaHEdltMNagGtßRbeyaCn_CatiBitR)akd nigmanlT§PaBkñúg
karRKb;RKgelIsBIeKaledARKb;RKgenAmUldæan. CagenHeTAeTotdIéRBPaKeRcInBMumanenAkñúg
EpnkarsmRsbNamYyeLIykñúgxN³Edlrdæ)aléRBeQI)andak;viFankaredIm,Iély:agNa[sm,
tþism,TanEdlenAesssl;)anTTYlkarRKb;RKgsmRsb                   eKswgEtmancenøaHRbehagGMBI
eKalneya)aynigkarRKb;RKgtMbn;éRBdéTeTot CaBiesstMbn;éRBEdlsßitenAeRkAEdnkarBar .
rdæ)aléRBeQI EdlRtUv)anerobcMCarcnasm<½n§kalBIeBlfμI²enH minTMngCamanlT§PaBRKb;RKg
Rbkbeday RbsiT§PaBcMeBaHépÞdIFMTUlayenHeLIy ehtuenHFnFannigsmtßPaBtictYc Edl
rdæ)aléRBeQIman Kb,IepþateTAelIdIéRBtUc²tamGnuEpñkEdlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;RbeyaCn_Cati
CaBiessKWtMbn;sm,Tan nigtMbn;mYycMnYnEdlmanéRBeQImantMélx<s;.

59> tMbn;éRBEdlBMumanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;karbMElgeTACakareRbIR)as;déT karerobcMEpñk
rdæ)alelIvis½yéRBeQI              caM)ac;RtUvGPivDÆn_bEnßmeTotedIm,IGnuBaØat[mankarcUlrYmBImUldæan
                                                                                               44
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
[)ankan;EtTUlaykñúgkargarRKb;RKgéRBeQI . mantMrUvkareGaybegáItynþkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI
tamCMerIsdéTedaypþl;eGayshKmn_ nUvlT§PaBRKb;RKgéRBeQIkan;EtFM rab;TaMgeQIEdlman
tMélx<s;pgEdr . kñúgkrNIenHrdæ)aléRBeQImanGaNtiþRsbc,ab; eBjeljGaceFVI
shRbtibtþikarCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæan elIkargarerobcMcat;EcgRKb;RKgRbkb edayKMnitécñRbDit
Edlpþl;»kasdl;GaCJaFrmUldæanpþÜcepþImKMnit nigTTYls�al;plRbeyaCn_ énEbbbTRKb;RKg
edaynirnþrPaB . CMerIsmYyRtUv)anpþl; tamry³GnuRkwtüshKmn_éRBeQI EdlRkumRbwkSardæmRnþI
)anÉkPaBkalBIExFñÚqñaM2003 begáItCanitiviFIpþl;[shKmn_mUldæanmansiT§kñúgkarRtYtBinitü
RKb;RKgnigmanParkic©RtYtBinitü tamry³kardak;bTb,BaØtþisþIelIéRBeQIEdl BYkeKBwgGaRs½ynig
manlT§PaBkñúgkarbgðajnUvkarRtYtBinitünigsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜn . karGPivDÆn_ bEnßmeToténkar
RKb;RKgéRBeQIenAmUldæan nigkarsMerccitþ tMrUv[mankareFVIRbtiPUkmμénsmtßkic© nigkarkMNt;n½y
énRbB½n§RtYtBinitünigfwøgEføgrvagGaCJaFrmUldæannigGaCJaFrCati. kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñc,ab;km<úCa
sþIBIéRBeQIBMumanmUldæanc,as;las;sMrab;begáItcMNgTak;TgEbbenHeLIy . b:uEnþ enAkñúgRkbx½N�
éneKalkarN_nigbuBVsiT§iEdl)anbegáITenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIrdæ)alnigkarRKb;RKg
XMusgáat; mankarGnuBaØati[eFVIdUecñH.
          34




60> karerobcMshKmn_éRBeQItamry³shKmn_mUldæan )anTTYlkarBRgwgEpñksiT§IGMNac
kñúgkarRKb;RKgdIéRB EdlCasm,tþisaFarN³ TTYl)annUvkarelIkTwkcitþtamry³siT§irkSaTuknUv
éRBeQIEdlCaRbPBR)ak;cMNUlmYyEpñkFM )anGnuvtþenARbeTskm<úCa. tYelx)a:n;sμanGMBIcMNg
Tak;Tg énkarRKb;RKgshKmn_cMeBaHFnFanéRBeQIrbs;km<úCamanPaB xusKña²y:agxøaMg. fμI²enH
épÞdIticCag 100>000 hikta ¬RbmaNCa 80>000 hikta enAcugqñaM 2002¦ sßitenAkñúgkar
RKb;RKgCapUvkarrbs;shKmn_;. kñúgxN³EdlvisalPaBsMrab;BRgIkmanTMhMFM ehIyTMhMén
shKmn_éRBeQIKb,IBRgIkEp¥kelInitiviFIEdlmanlkçN³samBaØtamEdlGaceFVI)an nigKMerag
TTYlkarKaMRTBIm©as;CMnYynigGg�kareRkArdæaPi)al tamBiteTA tambBaØtþiénGnuRkwtüqñaM 2003
34
    CMBUkénc,ab;enH¬CaBiessmaRta42-47¦EcgfaRbtiPUkmμénmuxgar bJ k¾eFVIRbtiPUkmμénsmtßkic©cMeBaHmuxgar Cak;
lak;BIsMNak;GaCJaFrrbs;rdæeTAkan;RkumRbwkSaXMu.rIÉmaRta45 EcgfaRkumRbwkSaXuMBMumansmtßkic©kñúgkarsMerccitþcMeBaH
bBaa éRBeQIedayxYnÉgeLIy maRta42nig43GnuBaØatþieGaymankarpþl;eGay bJk¾eFVIRbtiPUkmμeTAeGay RkumRbwkSa
XuMBIsMNak;rdæ)aléRBeQI.TnÞwmnigenHEdrmaRta47EcgfaRksYgmhaépÞGacecjGnuRkwtü RbsinebIkarbBa¢ak;GMBI
muxgarsñÚl bJ muxgarEdl)aneFVIRbtiPUkmμcMeBaHRkumRbwkSaXMumankarcaM)ac;.
                                                                                                             45
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
sþIBIshKmn_éRBeQI manEtFnFanmYyEpñktUcénFnFanéRBeQIsrubb:ueNÑaH EdlGacdak;[
shKmn_RKb;RKgRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBenAkñúgGnaKtd¾xIøxagmux. eBlevlacaM)ac;sMrab;begáIt
smaKmshKmn_éRBeQI[)anRtwmRtUv cMNayénkarpþl;esvanigCMnYybec©keTs nigPaBbnÞan;én
karKMramKMEhgEdltMbn;TaMgenHRbQmmux tMrUv[cat;viFankarbnÞan; edIm,Ipþl;nUvkarkarBarnig
rRKb;RKg. karGnuvtþn_sakl,grbs;shKmn_éRBeQIkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ ¬Cag400shKmn_¦
karGnum½tGnuRkwtüsþIBIéRBeQI nigkarrMBwgGMBIkarlubecalnUvsm,TanéRBeQICit2lanhikta
begáIt[mandMNak;mYysMrab;skþanuBlPaBénkarBRgIképÞéRB EdlRKb;RKgedayshKmn_enA
km<úCa. mkTl;nwgbc©úb,nñenH shKmn_éRBeQIRtUv)anbegáItenAkñuúgtMbn;EdlmanéRBricril nig
begáITenAkñúgtMbn;Edlmandg;sIuetRbCaBlrdæx<s; CMuvijtMbn;TenøsabnwgeTAtamtMbn;TenøemKg�
EpñkxageRkam. skþanuBlkñúgkardak;bBa¢ÚltMbn;EdlmanbrimaNedImeQIeRcInbEnßmeTot KWtMbn;
EdlmanRbCaBlrdætic EdleTIbEtcab;epþImBinitüRsavRCavenAextþrtn³KIrI . RbkarenHbgðajfa
rdæ)aléRBeQIKb,IeRtomlkçN³kñúgkarksagsmtßPaBnigrcnasm<½n§sMrab;pþl;esva pþl;karsikSa
Epñkbec©keTs nigpþl;karKaMRTxagEpñksMPar³ tamry³rcnasm<½n§EdltMrg;TiseTArkmUldæan
rYmmanéRBeQIenAkMritXMu nigGg�PaBksikmμRBmTaMgsmaKnshKmn_éRBeQI.

61> kñúgcMeNamlT§PaBdéTeTotEdlGacBIcarNaKWkarbegáItPaBCaédKUrrvagsaFarN³ nig
ÉkCnenAfñak;mUldæan nigfñak;ext þsMrab;kic©snüaRKb;RKg . kic©karTaMgenHsMedATak;Taj
vinieyaKÉkCn[eFVIskmμPaBelIdIsaFarN³sßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitüénGaCJaFr nigshKmn_
mUldæansßiteRkamkarENnaMrbs;CatiedIm,I[mankarRKb;RKgRbkbedaynirn þrPaB . karcat;Ecg
EpñkhirBaØvtßútMrUv[mankarelIkkMBs;karRKb;RKgEdlmankarTTYlxusRtUv     nigkarRtYtBinitü
KuNPaBBIsMNak;GaCJaFrmUldæan .
62> caM)ac;RtUvBRgwgkarerobcM[mankarcUlrYmBIshKmn_mUldæankñúgkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI .
eTaHbI CatMbn;éRBEdlRtUvRKb;RKgCasMxan;edayrdæ)aléRBeQITak;TgeTAnwgkic©karrbs;Catik þI
¬R)ak;cMNUl karRBYy)armÖEpñkbrisßan.l.¦ eKeXIjmansar³sMxan;GMBIplvi)akenAmUldæan
GMBIkarRKb;RKg . plb:HBal;EbbenHGacrYmmankar)at;bg;lT§PaB)anTTYlFnFan edaysarkar
kab;eQI karkarBar manpøÚvfñl; b¤kic©GPivDÆn_GmedaykarRKb;RKgéRBeQI . karkarBar
                                                                                    46
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
suxumalPaBenAmUldæan nigély:agNa[TMnas;CamYyRbCaBlrdæenAmUldæanminsRmbsRmYl
tamry³kar kat;bnßyRbsiT§PaBénkarRKb;RKg nigtMrUv[mankic©RbwgERbgnignitiviFIRtwmRtUv
edIm,IBicarNaGMBIkgVl;enAmUldæan eTaHbICamanviFIsaRs þRtYtBinitütambnÞat;dwknaMEtmYyk þI
.                                                                          kalBIeBlfμI²enH
yn þkarsMrab;BieRKaHkñúgkMritenAmUldæanRbRBwt þeTAedayKμankareRKagTuk[)an c,as;las;
                                               M
ehIy tamkarBieRKaHmancritbuK�lya:gxøag begáItCa»kassMrab;karEsVgrkplcMeNj
nigGMeBIBukrlYy edayminKit b¤minykcit þTukdak;GMBIplRbeyaCn_énRkumBlrdægayrgeRKaH
nig eFVIesck þIsMerccit þ Edlmancritneya)ay . edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH
rdæaPi)alcaM)ac;                               RtUvbegáIn                         nigBRgIk
dMeNIrkarrbs;xøÜnkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñelIkic©GPivDÆn_nigkMENTMrg;rdæ)aléRBeQI . karerobcMc,as;
las;edIm,I[mankarBieRKaHenAmUldæan s þIBIRbtibtþikarRKb;RKgéRBeQICaRbcaM caM)ac;RtUvRbkas
[)andwgCamunkñúgry³eBlmYysmRsb                   muneBlcab;ep þImRbtibt þikar       nigKb,I
erobcMelImUldæanén bTBiesaFn_knøgmk . karGPivDÆn_RbB½n§tamdanEdlmankarcUlrYm GacCYy
[mantmøaPaB nig RbsiT§PaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;FnFan . viFIsaRs þsikSaeronsURtc,as;las;Gac
Gnum½tedayKMerag sakl,genAtamtMbn;mYycMnYnEdleRCIserIsEdltMbn;TaMgenaHmanéRB nig
lkçN³sg�mxus²Kña . kareFVIEbbenHGaceFVI[mansþg;darnigkarerobcMsmRsbEdl GacGnuvtþ
)an.

63> karRbmUlBn§sYysarKμanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ehIyk¾KμankartamdanRKb;RKan; . bnÞab;BIman
karBüÜrsm,TanelIkarkab;eQI R)ak;cMNUléRBeQIsrub)ancuHfyCamFümBI 8 eTA 12 lan
duløar enAkñúgTsvtSr_ 1990 mkRtwmRbmaNCa 2 landuløar enAqñaM 2002 . elImUldæanén
kar)a:n;sμand¾RbesIrbMputGMBIbrimaNéRBeQIEdlGnuBaØat[kab;RbcaMqñaM ¬AAC¦ elImUldæanRbB½n§
sm,Tan¬bc©úb,nñmanTMhM 3,1 lanhikta¦kñúgkMrwtRbEhl 250,000 Em:RtKUb
karbn þkab;éRB teTAeTotGacrMBwgfa)anR)ak;cMNUlcMnYnRbmaNCa 15 landuløar kñúgmYyqñaM


                                                                                        47
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
35
        . RbsinRtUv edaHRsaybBaðaGPi)albc©úb,nñ nig bBaðRabmUlR)ak;cMNUl
bEnßmelIR)ak;cMNUleRKagTuk                                                      Edl
R)afña[mankarRKb;RKgRbkbedaynirn þrPaBénsm,TanéRBeQIBn§ sYysark¾RtUvykBIkar
kab;eQIEdlBak;Bn§nwgkarrandI nigykBIkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμxñattUcén plitpl nigGnupl
éRBeQIpgEdr¬rYmman C½rcug srsr nigGus¦ . R)ak;cMNUlEdl)anmk BIRbPBTaMgenH TMngCa
mancMnYntic ehIyRtUv)an)at;bg;edaysarkarRtYtBinitümin)anl¥kñúgkarRbmUl nigkarRKb;RKg
cMNUl .
64> caM)ac;RtUvBinitüsareLIgvijnUveKalneya)ay]sSahkmμ rYmmankarvaytMélsmtßPaB
Ekécñbc©úb,nñ . yuT§saRs þGPivDÆn_vis½yéRBeQIenABak;kN þalTsvtSr_ 1990 maneKaledA
kñúgkarbegáIt]sSahkmμEkécñeQIxñatFM . smtßPaBEdlGacekItman GacmansmtßPaBelIsBI
sk þanuBlénmUldæanFnFan              eTaHCaRbkarenHcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarvaytMélk þI          .
Ep¥kelIkar)a:n;sμan                      smehtusmplGMBIsmtßPaBpliténmUldæanFnFan
RbeTskm<úCaminGacRTRTg;]sSahkmμeQI xñatFMEdl rdæaPi)al)aneRKagTukenAkñúgTsvtSr_
1990 eLIy . fμI²enH smtßPaBEkécñEdl eK)antemøIgedayRsbc,ab;
PaKeRcInenATukecalTMenr R)ak;QñÜl nigBn§darBIkarEkécñeQI mankMrwttictYc .
bEnßmelIsmtßPaBéneragcRkenAnwgkEnøg                          maneragcRkGareQItUc²CaeRcIn
ehIyCYnkalCaeragcRkGareQIxusc,ab; nigeragcRkGareQIcl½t EdleFVI[mansm<aFmkelI
mUldæanFnFan b:uEn þbrimaN nigsmasPaBénsmtßPaBenHeKmin)andwgfamanTMhMb:uNÑaeLIy
.              karkat;bnßyépÞdIsm,TanéRBeQI              caM)ac;RtUvtMrwmtamry³karbBa©úHTMhM
35
      tYelxenHmanlkçN³pÞuúyKñaCamYynwgkar)a:n;sμankalBIeBlmunrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak/FAO/UNDP Edlman
brimaNesμIrnwg 100landuløakñúgmYyqñaM . tYelxpøas;b þÚrenHmYyEpñkFMbN þalmkBIkarcuHfytMbn;sm,Tan
RbmaNCa 60PaKry nigkarFøak;cuHénéføRbfab;RtaEdleK)an)a:n;saμ nfakñúgkMrwtx<s;RbmaNCa 80duløakñúg
1Em:RtKUbenAqñaM               1996                    .                eRkABIenHenAkñúgry³eBlGn þrKmn_
8qñaMkarkab;eQIedayxusc,ab;)ankat;bnßysk þanuBlTinñplEdlman
nirn þrPaBehIytMrUveGaymanry³eBlEvgkñúgkars þarsßanPaBmuneBlGnuBaØateGaykrwténkarRbmUlplGacvilRt
lb; eTArksk þanuBlPaBrbs;xøÜnvij .
                                                                                                    48
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
nig/b¤erobcMsareLIgvijnUv                                         temøIgsmtßPaBeragcRk
¬nigkarRtYtBinitü[)anRbesIrelIsmtßPaBeragcRkcl½t¦                             BIeRBaHfa
tMrUvkarelIskMritenHeFVI[mansm<aFdl;karkab;eQIedayxusc,ab; nigeFVI[GaCIvkmμmankMrwteRcIn
hYsehtu .
65> xN³EdlkarGPivDÆn_]sSahkmμEkécñeQImaneKalbMNgkñúgkarpliteQIGar nigk þar
bnÞH RbeTskm<úCaKYrCaRbeTsmYyplitnUvsgðarwmEdleFVIGMBIeQIRbNIt . RbkarenHGaceqøIytb
nwgtMrUvkarkñúgkarGPivDÆn_yuT§saRs þRKb;RKgTUeTAEp¥kelIGaRtaRbmUlplyWt
enAkñúgtMbn;éRBlas; søwk ehIyGacGPivDÆn_tamry³PaBCaédKUCamYyplitkrGn þrCati .
CaCMhandMbUg              caM)ac;RtUvman        karsikSaRsavRCavGMBIsmtßPaBénTMnijRbNit
edIm,IRTRTg;karRbmUlplBaNiC¢kmμ .

66> edIm,ICYynaMmknUvkarkat;bnßyTMhM nigkarerobcMTisedAcaM)ac;enAkñúgGnuvis½y]sSahkmμ
eQI rdæaPi)alKb,Idak;GaTiPaBTI 1 cMeBaHkarykBn§eQI nigRbB½n§R)ak;cMNUléRBeQI edIm,Ip þl;
dMNwgTIpSarsmRsbdl;]sSahkmμenH . dUcEdl)ankMNt;n½ykñúgeBlfμI²enH karksag
EpnkarFnFanéRBeQI ya:gehacNas;Tak;TgnwgRbB½n§sm,Tan rYmmankar)a:n;sμanGMBIbrimaN
eQIEdlGnuBaØat[kab;edIm,IFana[mannirn þrPaB . CMhrrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarccareLIgvijGMBI
kic©snüasm,Tan CaBiessKWbBaØtþis þIBIBn§sYysarkMNt;ykBIGaCIvkmμeQI caM)ac;RtUvqøúHbBa©aMg
kar)a:n;sμansmRsbGMBIqnÞ³kñúgkarTUTat;rbs;]sSahkmμEdl)anksagmUldæansMPar³ k¾dUcCa éføø
bMrugTukrbs;rdæaPi)al ¬kñúgcMeNamkt þadéTeTot éføøenaHKb,IBicarNaGMBItMélsg�m nigtMél
brisßanénéRBeQIsm,Tanbc©úb,nñ¦ . rbbéføøeQIsmRsbmineFVI[eQImantMélefak tamEbb
sib,nimμit                                 edIm,I[eragcRkGareQIbn þRbtibtþikarenaHeLIy
b:uEn þCaéføønwgCMrujkarelIkTwkcit þ sMrabbiTeragcRkGareQImin[eFVIGaCIvkmμenH .
karbegáIt[manRbB½n§l¥RbesIrGMBIkarkab;eQI                                        RbcaMqñaM
swgEtGacp þl;Bt’mans þIBIéføøEdlminGackat;tMél)an            EdlGacdak;bBa©Úly:agRsYl
eTAkñúgkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§smTansareLIgvij . eTaHCaya:gNak¾edaykargarenHGacbgðajnUv
                                                                                       49
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
TidæPaBEdlkan;EtmanlkçN³RbQmcMeBaHkartamdan nigkarRtYtBinitü]RkidækmμéRBeQI nigKMrU
Cak;lak;caM)ac;RtUveFVIkarsikSa[)anm:t;ct; . eKsegáteXIjmanhaniP½yx<s;mYycMnYn Edlman
TMnak;TMngCamYyRbB½n§kab;eQI rYmmankarlM)akkñúgkarrkeGayeXIj nig karecaTRbkan;GMBI
]RkidækmμéRBeQI EdleFVIeGayshKmn_nanaRbQmmux nwg kar)at;bg;siT§iCaRbéBNI eFVIeGay
b:HBal;GviC¢mancMeBaHkic©RbwgERbgkñúgkarGPivDÆn_vinieyaKvis½yÉkCn enAkñúgvis½yéRBeQI ehIy
eFVIeGaykarRbmUlcMNUleQIkab;kan;EtCYbkarlM)ak kñúgsßanPaBEdlGacmanbrimaNeQIkab;
edjéføRbcaMqñaMCaeRcIn .
67> GaRtaEdlkarEktMrUvenHnwgRbRBwt þeTA GacnwgbegáInel,Ón tamry³bn§Úrbnßy katBVkic©
BüÜrkic©snüacMeBaHkarvinieyaKEkécñbEnßm¬CaCagkarsnüadéTrbs; Rkumh‘un¦nigtamry³ karFana
faman]bsK�tictYckarerobcMsarCafμI nigkarepÞrsmtßPaBeragcRkGareQIkñúgcMeNamsm,Tan
EdlenAesssl; . karGnuvtþn_katBVkic©p þl;GBaØab½NÑ bBaØtþic,ab;GMBITItaMgeragcRkGareQI nig
karRtYtBinitüdéTeTotKb,Ibn þeFVICaCMhanbnÞab;kñúgkarlb;bM)at;nUvsmtßPaBelIsBIPaBcaM)ac; .
sßitelImUldæanénsmtßPaBEdlenAesssl;bnÞab;BImanviFankarTaMgenH caM)ac;RtUvmankmμviFI
ry³eBlEvg sMrab;tamdan nigRtYtBinitükic©GPivDÆn_]sSahkmμéRBeQI GMBIsmtßPaBFnFan.
Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBsMrab;kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgéRBeQI
68> skmμPaBCaGaTiPaBxageRkamenHCaGnusasn_sMrab;eFVIsniTankmμelIkarEbgEckdIéRB
kar RtYtBinitükarbMElgdIéRBEdlmin)aneRKagTuk kar)at;bg;éRBeQI nigkarBartMéleGkULÚsIu
tMélesdækic© nigtMéldaMduHéRBeQI nigbegáInkarrYmviPaKTanEdlmannirnþrPaBelICIvPaBrs;enA
nigkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT. Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBTaMgenHKb,ITTYlkarBinitüsareLIgvijenAkñúg
bribTénkic©BiPakSaxagmuxGMBIlT§plén karBinitüeLIgvijnUvvis½yéRBeQIkñúglkçN³ÉkraCü.

GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgsm,TanéRBeQI
•   karerobcMrcnasm<½n§énRbB½n§sm,TanéRBeQIeBjeljsarCafμI karBinitüsareLIgvijrbs;
    rdæaPi)alcMeBaHEpnkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI sm,TanCayuT§saRsþ begáIteGaymanGnusasn_mYy

                                                                                      50
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
    cMnYn EdlbegáIt)anCasMeNIr kñúgkarbBaÄb;sm,TanbEnßmcMnYn 6 . kñúgxN³EdlmanPaB
    pÞúyKña GMBIsm,TancMnYn 6 EdlenAesssl; rdæaPi)alminRtUvGUsbnøaybEnßmeTot kñúgkar
    bBaÄb;sm,TanEdlminGacdMeNIrkar)an . sm,TanEdlzitenAeRkamkarBicarNa Kb,IesñIsuM
    eGaymankarpþl;eBlevlakñúgkarGnuvtþn_ sMrab;eqøIytbCamYykatBVkic©EpñkbTb,BaØtiþ.
    vDÆnPaBEdlsMerc)anenAkñúgkareFVIsniTanPaB cMeBaHRbB½n§sm,Tan éRBeQGacpþl;emeron
    mantMél edIm,I)anTTYlkarcat;Ecgkan;EtRbesIr elIRbePTsm,Tan déTeTot .
•   kareFVIsniTanPavUbnIykmμeRbIR)as;dIéRB . bnÞab;BIkarGnum½tGnuRkwtü sþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ
    cUreFVIkarvaytMéldIéRB rab;TaMgtMbn;TTYlkarkarBar edIm,IkMNt;EpñksMxan;²éndIéRB EdlcaM
    )ac;RtUvrkSaTukCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ edIm,IFanaeGaymankarkarBarRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB
    énCIvcMruH nig RbB½n§eGkULÚsuIsMxan;² RBmTaMgkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI k¾dUcCakarkMNt;faetI
    tMbn;enAesssl;manlkçN³smRsbsMrab;CYlsarCafμI cMeBaHkarbMElg sMrab;ksikmμ nig
    kareRbIR)as;déTeTot .
              o   CMrujel,ÓnkarksagEpnTIdIFøI kare)aHbeg�al Gegát nig kareFVIsareBIP½N�dIéRB
              o   sikSaCMerIsnanacMeBaHkarRKb;RKgtMbn;éRBeRkA]Tüan nig tMbn;TTYlkarkarBar
                  eGaymannirnþrPaB rab;TaMglT§PaBTMnak;TMngCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæan nig
                  karBinitüemIlsareLIgvij GMBIkarsakl,gshKmn_éRBeQIEdlkMBugdMeNIrkar
                  edIm,IvaytMélemeronEdl)andkBiesaFn_rhUtmkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñ nig skþanuBl
                  sMrab;BRgIkbEnßm .
•   BRgwgsmtßPaBrdæaléRBeQIenAfñak;epSg²Kña rab;TaMgsmtßPaBsMra;bRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþn_
    tamsm,TanéRBeQI .
•   begáInR)ak;cMNUlnigBRgwgkarRKb;RKg. BinitüemIlsareLIgvijnUvbTBiesaFn_GMBIkarRbmUl
    Bn§sYysar éføRbfab;RtanigéføeRbIR)as; erobcMnwgGnuvtþn_kmμviFImYy edIm,IelIkkMBs;kar
    RKb;RKgR)ak;cMNUlnigelIkkMBs;karRtYtBinitükarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUl.
GaTiPaBTI 2 BinitüemIleLIgvijrcnasm<½n§vis½yéRBeQI


                                                                                         51
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
•   epþatkarerobcM {bnÞat;bBa¢arEtmYy} cMeBaHtMbn;éRBEdlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHCati sm,Tan
    EdlenAesssl; éRBEdlmanRklaépÞFM GaceFVIBaNiC¢kmμ)an EdlmantMrUvkartictYcenA
    shKmn_ nig CatMbn;RtUvTTYlkarkarBar nigRKb;RKg sMrab;eKaledACatisþIBIéRBeQI . Kb,I
    Gnuvtþsakl,g cMeBaHbTb,BaØtiþCak;lak; Edl)anerobcMCaÉksar ehIy)anpSBVpSay
    TUlMTUlay edIm,ITTYlmtiEklMGBIsaFarN³CnenAmUldæan cMeBaHkarsMerccitþRKb;RKg nig
    karEckrMElkR)ak;cMNUl .
•   begáItdMeNaHRsaytamEbbdéT kñúgkareFVIsmahrNkmμBt’manrdæ)aléRBeQIeGayman
    karKaMRTGPivDÆn_CnbTenAfñak;extþ . enATIkEnøEdlFnFanéRBeQImanlkçN³dac;edayduM
    dac;²BIKña b¤CYnkalmanTMnak;TMnCitsñiT§CamYyCIvPaBrs;enA nigkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT esva
    éRBeQIminRtUvcat;taMgelImUldæanEdndIeLIy . pÞúyeTAvij zitenAkñúgb,BaØtþiénc,ab; éRBeQI
    rdæ)aléRBeQIGacRtUv)anerobcMsaCafμI elImYldæanepþateTArkesva edIm,IepþatelI
    karTTYlxusRtUvenAmUldæankñúgkarRTRTg;cMeBaHkardaMedImeQI karRKb;RKgdIéRBsMrab;CIvPaB
    rs;enAmUldæan nig sMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_ksirukçkmμ .
•   BRgIkmUldæanraykarN_bT]RkidæéRBeQI nigecaTRbkan;edIm,InaMmknUvTsSnvis½yTUlMTUlay
    kat;bnßyTMnas;plRbeyaCn_ nig begáInkarTTYlxusRtUv nigtMlaPaB xN³EdlkarGnuvtþn_
    c,ab;KWCaEpñkmYyénmuxgarRKb;RKgéRBeQIrbs;rdæ)aléRBeQI sßab½nsaFarN³mYycMnYnFM
    GaCJaFrmUldæan nig sg�msuIvilGacRtYtBinitüemIlkarkab;eQIEdlxusc,ab; nigkarrMelaP
    ykdIFøI nig ]RkidækmμéRBeQIdéTeTot .
GaTiPaBTI 3 sMrYlkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§én]sSahkmμEkécñeQI
•   sMrYlkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§én]sSahkmμEkécñeQIsarCafμI.     sMrYlkarerobcMTMhMsmRsbén
    smtßPaBxñatFMEdleK)antemøIgenAkñúg]SahkmμEkécñeQI eFVIGnþrkmμmkeTACaeragcRkEkécñ
    eQIEdlmankMlaMgplitTabplitplitpleQImanKuNPaBx<s;sMrab;TIpSarnaMecj nigrkSaTuk
    smtßPaBGb,rmakñúgkarEkécñeQIsMNg; sMrab;TIpSarkñúgRsuk.
•   eFVICMerOneragcRkGareQInigGegátsmtßPaBrbs;eragcRk. edIm,I[dwgc,as;GMBIsmtßPaBrbs;
    eragcRkGareQIsrub rab;TaMgsmasPaBnigbrimaNEkécñEdlmanenAkñúgeragcRkGareQI
    enAnwgkEnøgnigeragcRkGareQIcl½tpgEdr.
                                                                                       52
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgClpl
69> FnFanClplrbs;km<úCamanRbPBmkBITenø dIesIm nigCMrktameqñrsmuRT pþl;CaGahar
R)ak;cMNUl nigRTRTg;CIvPaBrs;enAdl;RbCaBlrdærab;lannak; . vis½yenHk¾CaRbPBskþanuBl
sMxan;mYyénBn§sYysarsMrab;rdæaPi)alpgEdr EdlmancMENkesμInwg 10° én GDP ksikmμ
                                                        36                                     37



nigCaTMnijnaMecjEdlmansar³sMxan;. FnFanClplrYmmanRtI stV nigvarICatidéTeTot
éRBlicTwkk¾mansar³sMxan;pgEdrsMrab;karGPirkSEpñkeGkULÚsIu GPirkSCMrkFmμCati eTscrN_-
esdækic© nigvb,Fm’pgEdr. ensaTTwksabEdlmansar³sMxan;Epñkesdækic©bMputmankMritesμInwg
80°én GDPClpl CaBiessKWClplEdl)anmkBIbwgTenøsab nigtMbn;Tenø tMbn;TenøemKg�           38



nigTenø)asak; nigtMbn;TenøemKg�EpñkxagelI . TenøsabenArdUvR)aMgmanTMhM 2>500 eTA
                39                                      40



3>000KILÚEm:Rtkaer: ehIyTMhMenHnwg ekIneLIgdl; 10>000 eTA 15>000 KILÚEm:Rtkaer: enArdUv
vsSa . karensaTKWCaRbPBcMNUlcMbgmYy sMrab;RKYsarrs;enAtambNþaextþGmTenøemKg�
RbEhl45° . tYelxsßitiClplminGaceCOTukcitþ)aneLIy b:uEnþtYelx)a:n;sμansrubEp¥kelI
               41



Bt’manbc©úb,nñbgðajfaRbeTskm<úCasßitenAkñúglMdab;TImYyeFobnwgtMbn;enH nigsßitenAlMdab;TI; 4
eFobnwgplensaTRtITwksabrbs;BiPBelak EdlmanplensaTRbcaMqñaMRbEhl 300>000 eTA
450>000 etan kñúgmYyqñaM.

36
   eTaHCay:agNak¾edayeKminGacmanenHkþItYelx)a:n;sμanRtwmRtUv GMBIcMNUlsrubEdleK)anRbmUl BIkaredjéfø
sm,Tan nigkarensaTcMNUlBIGaCJab½NÑeLIy .
37
  tYelxenHTMngCa)a:n;sμanminRKb;cMnYneRBaHeKmin)anKitGMBIkarensaTRtItamERs dUCamin)anKitpgEdrnUvtMélénstV
nig pliplvarICatiEdleK)anRbmUl
38
     KWCatMbn;ensaTTwksabEdlsMbUrRtIbMput nigrYmmanextþkMBugqñaMg eBaFisat; bnÞaymanC½y esomrab kMBg;FM
nigEb:kxageCIgénextþkNþal .
39
    CatMbn;ensaTTwksabsMbUrN_RtIbMput rYmmanextþkMBg;qñaMg eBaFisat; )at;dMbg bnÞaymanC½y esomrab kMBg;FM
nigPaKxageCIgénextþkNþal.
40
   mansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarensaTCIvRBwtþlkçN³RKYsar rYmmanextþRkecH nigsÞwgERtg
41
  eyagtamkarGegátmYyenAkñúgextþcMnYn8EdleK)aneFVIenAqñaM199810°énRKYsarcat;TukfaRbPBR)ak;cMNUlCamUldæan
nig35°eTotCaRbPBR)ak;cMNUlbnÞab;bnSM.tYelxmankMritTabenAfñak;CatiedayeRbIR)as;Tinñn½yCSESqñaM1999R)ak;cM
NUlEdl)anmkBIClplmancMnYnsrubesμInig6°énR)ak;cMNUlRKYsar¬Source:Helmersetal.,2003¦.
                                                                                                      53
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
70> CagenHeTAeTot eqñr smuRTrbs;km<úCamanRbEvg435KILÚEm:Rt rYmmanQUgsmuRT
                                     42



sMxan;²cMnYn 3 KW kMBg;esam ekaHkug nigkMBt nwgmantMbn;esdækic©pþac;muxtammat;smuTÞ ¬EEZ¦
                                                                                       43



manTMhM 55>600 KILÚEm:Rtkaer:EdlmancMgay 200ém:l_44 BIeqñrsmuRT Edlpþl;plitPaB
cMeBaHkarensaT. EdnsmuTÞtameqñr nigEdnsmuTÞenAÉnay énsmuRTkm<úCamanmcäaCatiRbEhl
474 mux kñúgenaH manmcäaCatiRbEhl30muxEdlmansar³sMxan;Epñkesdækic© . eK)a:n;sμanfaman
GñkensaTticCag 10>000 RKYsar . tYelxplRtITwkéRbEdlensaT)anCapUvkarEdlkMNt;
RbcaMqñaMRbEhl 30>000 etan CatYelxEdlmankMritTabCag plcab;Cak;EsþgeRBaHfatYelxTaMg
enaHRKan;EtBwgEp¥keTAelIplensaTén]bkrN_ensaTEdlmanGaCJab½NÑEtb:ueNÑaH ehIyeKmin
)anKitbBa©ÚlnUvtYelx)a:n;sμanénplcab;CaeRcInrbs;TUkensaTEdlKμanGaCJab½NÑeLIy kñúgenaH
manTUkensaTKμanGaCJab½NÑrbs;breTs EdlepÞrplcab;enAeRkARbeTskm<úCa TUkBaNiC¢kmμ
kñúgRsuk nigGñkensaTxñattUcEdlKμanGaCJab½NÑ.
71> tamc,ab; Rkbx½N�énkarensaTCarbs;rdæ ehIynaykdæanClpl ¬naykdæanéRBeQI
enAkñúgRksYgksikmμrukçaRbma:j; nigensaT - MAFF¦mansmtßkic©kñúgkarRKb;RKg karBar GPirkS
nigGPivDÆ FnFanClpl . CaBiessnaykdæanClplTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarGnuvtþn_bTb,BaØt þi
p þl; sm,Tan ecjGaCJab½NÑ nigRbmUlR)ak;bnÞúk b:uEn þsmtßPaBRKb;RKgexSay
karRKb;RKgCak;Es þg manGRbsiT§iPaBya:gxøaMg ehIyvis½yenHsMbUrN_edayTMnas;épÞkñúg
TMnas;Gn þrvis½y nigTMnas; Gn þrCati .
72> eTaHbICamanCMha‘nnanakalBIeBlfμI²kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaGPi)alkic©enAkñúgkarensaT
Twksabk þI PaBkMesaykñúgeBlbc©úb,nñGMBIRkbx½N�eKalneya)ay nigkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;caM)ac;RtUv
edaHRsay . Gs;ry³eBlCagmYyTsvt Sr_énkmμviFIRKb;RKgedaysmUhPaBenAkñúgGMLúg
eBlkan;kab;rbs;ExμrRkhm nigevotNam enAcugTsvtSr_ 1980 RbB½n§sm,TanensaTman
                                          ú
lkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwgRbB½n§EdleKeRbIR)as;kñgsm½yGnaniKmniym)araMg RtUv)andak;[eRbI-
42
  enAtamextþRkugnanaénekaHkug RkugRBHsIuhnu nigRkugEkb .
43
   kare)aHbeg�alkMNt; EEZdrbs;km<úCamanCMelaHCamYyRbeTsevótNamnigRbeTséf.
44
   kMNt;sMKal;rbs;GñkbkERb³ cMgay 200 Em:l_ = 200 x 1/852 K>m> = 370/4 K>m>
                                                                                      54
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
R)as;cMeBaHkarensaTTwksabeFVICameFüa)ayRKb;RKg nigCaRbPBR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;rdæaPi)al .
sm,TanEdlmanry³eBlBIrqñaMcMeBaHLÚt_ensaTRtUv)anrdæp þl;[Gñkha‘nedjéføø
x<s;bMputenAkñúg                          karedjéføøCasaFarN³45                         .
Rbtibt þikrLÚt_ensaTcaM)ac;RtUvGnuvt þtamviFanRKb;RKg                         EdlmanEcg
enAkñúgesovePA{bnÞúk}rbs;sm,Tan EdlEcgGMBI ¬i¦ tMbn;LÚt_ensaTEdlp þl;[sm,Tanik
eRbIR)as;p þac;mux nig :tMbn;rkSaTuksMrab;RbCaBlrdæ} enAkñúgLÚt_ensaTEdleKGnuBaØat[RbCa-
BlrdæensaT ¬ii¦ GMLúgeBlebIkrdUvensaT ¬KWBIEx tula dl;Ex]sPas;Mrab;tMbn;PaKxageCIg
TIRkugPñMeBj BIExvicäika dl;ExmifunasMrab;tMbn;xagt,ÚgTIRkugPñMeBj¦ ¬iii¦ RbePTnigcMnYnén
]bkrN_ensaTEdlc,ab;GnuBaØat . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karensaTedayxusc,ab;ekItman
CaTUeTA ehIycaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarvaytMélsareLIgvijnUvRbsiT§iPaBénRbB½n§sm,TanBaNiC¢kmμ
rab;TaMgvisalPaBénRbB½n§sm,TanEdlmanry³eBlBIrqñaM
kñúgkarp þl;karelIkTwkcit þ[mankar RKb;RKgFnFan Edlmannirn þrPaBpgEdr .
73> bEnßmelIkarensaTkñúgLÚt_ensaTEdlmanxñatFM enAkñúgc,ab;Clplbc©úb,nñ karensaTTwk
sabk¾rYmmanpgEdrnUvRbtibt þikrxñatmFüm
Edl)anTTYlGaCJab½NÑ[ensaTenAkñúgtMbn;ensaT-saFarN³¬eRkALÚt_ensaT tMbn;bMrugTuk
nigtMbn;karBar¦                      enAkñúgGMLúgeBlCak;lak;                     k¾dUcCa
Rbtibt þikrxñattUcEdlmintMrUv[manGaCJab½NÑ nigEdlTTYl)ankarGnuBaØati[ensaTRKb;eBl
evlakñúgtMbn;ensaTsaFarN³k¾dUcCaenAkñúgtMbn;saFarN³kñúgLÚt_ensaTpgEdr                  .
RtITwksabEdlxkxøÜnenAtamTIepSg²eRkayeBlTwkRsk k¾RtUv)aneKensaTBIvalERs sMrab;
p�t;p�g;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶pgEdr                  .                TaMgRbtibt þikrxñatmFüm
nigxñattUcRtUveKarBtambTb,BaØtiþ þClpl                                             TUeTA
rab;TaMgkareKarBtambTb,BaØt þis þIBIRbePT]bkrN_ensaTpgEdr . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday
karensaTRtIEdlmancritbMpøicbMpøaj nigensaTedayxusc,ab;ekItmanCaTUeTA .

45
     EdlmanbBaðaecaTGMBItmøaPaB nigniy½tPaB .
                                                                                      55
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
74> RbB½n§RKb;RKgEdlmanmUldæanelIRbB½n§mYysμúKsμajsMrab;karEjkecjBIKñanUvGaCIvkmμ
EdlmancritBaNiC¢kmμxñatmFüm nigxñattUc BiessKWkarensaTCIvRBwt þ )anbegáInsk þanuBl
TMnas;BIEpñkepSg²énkarensaTTwksab . bBaðaGPi)alkic©manlkçN³F¶n;F¶r ehIycMNaysg�m
mankMrwtx<s; . kareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμénLÚt_ensaT ¬kñúgeBlKμankarGnuvtþn_c,ab;Edlman
RbsiT§iPaB¦                  kardkhUtsiT§eRbIR)as;BIsMNak;RkumnigmRn þImUldæanmansmtßkic©
rab;TaMgRbFanPUmi                                                               nigRbFanXMu
minGnuBaØat[shKmn_manlT§PaBcUleTAensaTkñúgtMbn;GnuBaØatmYycMnYneLIy
tMbn;EdleKEtgensaTenAkñúgRbB½n§sm,Tankan;EteFVI[vivaTmanlkçN³RsYcRsal;bEnßmeTot 46
TnÞwmnwgenHpgEdrTMnas;épÞkñúgvis½yGMBIkareRbIR)as;TwksMrab;ksikmμ nigkareRbIR)as;sMrab;sMrab;
navacrN_ekItmanCaTUeTA.

75> kñúgqñaM 2000 LÚt_ensaTFM²RtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfamanTMhMCitesμInwg 10,000 KILÚEm:Rt
RkLaCatMbn;ensaTTwksabEdlp þl;plitPaBx<s;bMputrab;TaMgtMbn;tamdgTenø nigtMbn;valrab
FMlVwgelVIy Edlmannivasndæanrbs;RbCaBlrdærab;Esnxñg dIksikmμrab;Esnhikta nigCMrk
éRBlicTwk Edlmansar³sMxan;kñúgkarbn þBUC nigCamUldæanCMrksMrab;RtI nigmqäaCatiCaeRcIn .
kñúgExmifuna qñaM2001 bnÞab;BIman TMnas;edayGMeBIhwgSaelIkareRbIR)as;Twk rvagsm,Tanik
LÚt_ensaTnigksikrmk épÞTwkEdlsßitenAkñúgsm,TanensaTRtUv)ankat;bnßyCagBak;kN þal
mkRtwm 417>000 hikta . karlubsm,TanenH Edlkat;bnßyedayRbsiT§PaBnUvépÞdIksikmμ
k¾dUcCakat;bnßycMnYnRbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgtMbn; sm,Tan KYrNas;Etkat;bnßyTMnas;épÞkñúgvis½y
kñúgkMrwtNamYy.                                                       eTaHCaya:genHk þI
karlubecalenHRbRBwtþeTAedayKμankarBieRKaHGMBIviFIeRbIR)as;           FnFanbnÞab;BIkarlub
ehIyk¾min)anerobcMEpnkarBIedImdMbUg            sMrab;RKb;RKgFnFanEdr           eFVI[tMbn;
mYycMnYnkan;EtmanskmμPaBGaCIvkmμxøaMgeLIgelIFnFan nigbgá[manTMnas;kan;EteRcIneLIg

46
  mankarvaytMélmYycMnYnbgðajfatMbn;EdleKGnuBaØatKWCatMbn;EdlmanRtItitYcbMputehIymingaynwgcUleTAensaT
)aneLIy.
                                                                                                   56
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
enAépÞkñúgvis½y . tMbn; Edlp þl;[RtUvRKb;RKgrYmKñaedayRbB½n§RKb;RKgClplrbs;shKmn_
.
76> shKmn_ensaTRtUv)anGnuvt þsakl,geFVICaRbB½n§RKb;RKgtamCMerIsEbbepSg . edIm,I
edaHRsayvivaTrvagm©as;LÚt_ensaT nigGñkensaTxñattUc nigedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRKb;RKg
ClplTUeTAGMBIkareFVIGCIvkmμhYsehtu nigGMBIkareRbIbec©keTsensaTEdlmancritbMpøicbMpøaj
edIm,IsMerc)an nUveKaledArYménkareRbIR)as;Rbkbedaynirn þrPaBénkarensaT eK)anelIk
Gnusasn_sþIBI karrYmKñaRKb;RKgClpl EdlCakic©shkaredaysμ½RKcit þrvagPaKIBak;B½n§kñúgkar
ensaT           .         DoF          )anerobcMGnuRkwtümYys þIBIshKmn_ensaT             .
k¾b:uEn þrhUtmkTl;eBlenHenAkm<úCa BMumanbTBiesaFn_RKb;RKan; kñúgkarRKb;RKgrYmKñaeLIy .
CDRI           ¬qñaM2002¦)ankMNt;            Gt þsBaØaNshKmn_ensaTcMnYn             162
Edl)anbegáIteLIgcab;taMgBIcugTsvtSr_ 1990edayman kar]btßmÖKaMRTBIGñkp þl;CMnYy
nigBIGg�kareRkArdæaPi)al Bak;B½n§CamYyRbCaBlrdæCag 300,000 nak; nigRKbdN þb;elIépÞdI-
TwkRbmaNCa 225,000 hikta . mYyEpñkFM kargarTaMgenHKWCa kic©RbwgERbgEdlmancritbuK�l
EdleFVI[mankarsRmbsRmYlmanRbsiT§PaBtictYcb:ueNÑaH                     .               kar
tamdanskmμPaBGnuvt þsakl,g                           nigdkBiesaFn_emeronsMrab;Gnuvt þTUeTA
KWCakarsMxan;Nas; .
77> karRKb;RKgClplTwkéRbk¾CYb]bsK�pgEdredaybBaðaGPi)alkic©F¶n;F¶r nigxVHFnFan
sMrab;Gnuvt þbTb,BaØtþibc©úb,nñ . ensaTTwkéRbEckecjCaBIrEpñk ¬i¦ tameqñrEdlmanCMerATwk
ticCag 20 Em:Rt ¬ii¦ karensaTenAÉnaysmuRTEdlmanCMerATwkeRCACag 20 Em:Rt .
EdnTwkensaT
ÉnaysmuRTRtUv)anensaTp þac;muxedaykgensaTkñúgRTg;RTayFMEdlrYmmannava
manma:sIunmankMlaMgFMCag50esH. CaTUeTA TUkxñatFMTaMgenHmanm©as;CaCnCatiéf b¤CnCati
evotNam kñúgenaHman TUkmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdlmanGaCJab½NÑGnuBaØat[ensaTenAkñúgEdnTwk
km<úCa . TUkEdlmanm©as; CaBlrdækm<úCaensaTenAkñúgEdnTwktameqñrsmuRT TaMgenHrYmman

                                                                                       57
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
kgensaTEdlmanTUkxñattUcrYm manTUkKμanma:sIun b¤manma:sIuntUcEdleKGnuBaØat[ensaT
BMucaM)ac;manGaCJab½NÑ nigkgensaT EdlmanxñatmFüm rYmmannavaEdlmanma:sIunmankMlaMg
ticCag50esH RtUvmanGaCJab½NÑ . enAkñúgEdnTwkÉnaysmuRT manTMnas;CamYyCnCatiéf
nigCnCatievotNam CaTMnas;ekItman CaTUeTA ehIykarGnuvtþn_c,ab;ensaTs þIBInavabreTsEdl
KμanGaCJab½NÑ nigkarensaTedayxus c,ab; KWCabBaðacMbgmYykñúgxN³naykdæanClplman
FnFantictYcs þÜces þIg                 .              plensaTBI                 EdnTwk
ÉnaysmuRTminRtUv)aneKkt;Rta)anRtwmRtUveLIy            eRBaHfaplensaTmYyPaKFMRtUv)an
                                          I
eKepÞredaypÞal;eTAkan;evotNam nigéfEdleFV[karvay tMélsßanPaBFnFan CYbkarlM)ak .
edaymanKaMRTBI DANIDA kmμviFIRKb;RKgtMbn; mat;smuRTkMBugRtUv)anGnuvt þ edIm,IedaHRsay
bBaðamYycMnYnénbBaðaTaMgGs;enH .
78> Rkbx½N�eKalneya)ay nigRkbx½N�c,ab;sMrab;vis½yClplkMBugRtUv)anEklMG b:uEnþ
enAmankarRBYy)armÖmYycMnYnenAeLIy . esckþIRBagc,ab;ensaT esckþIRBagGnuRkwtümYycMnYn
k¾dUcCa)aneFVIesckþIRBagEpnkaremsMrab;kic©GpivDÆn_karensaT RtUv)anerobcM. c,ab;Edl)an
EksMrYlnigrYmbBa¢ÚlnUvkarepþþatkarykcitþTukdak;xøaMg GMBIkarcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_kñúgRKb;RKg
FnFanClpl y:agehacNas;k¾enAkñúgtMbn;TwksabEdr. mankarRBYy)armÖmYycMnYn ³
    •    karvaytMélkan;EtRbesIrGMBIFnFanCakarcaM)ac; edIm,ICYypþl;dMNwgcMeBaHkarsMerccitþelI
         eKalneya)ay.mansBaØaNEdlbgðajGMBIkarensaThYsehtu EdlmantMélénplcab;
         nigplcab;kñúgmYyÉktaénkic©RbwgERbgcuHfy. eTaHCay:agenHkþI sßitiClplKWCatYelx
         EdlminGaceCOTukcitþ)aneLIy ehIyKμankarvaytMélGMBIbrimaNsþúkénRbePTRtIepSg²
         sMrab;erobcMeKalneya)ay        nigerobcMkic©GPivDÆn_EdlRKb;RKgedaybTb,BaØtþieLIy
         eTaHCaenATwksab bJTwkéRbkþI.
    •    karerobcMRKb;RKgedaybTb,BaØtþicaM)ac;RtUvCUndMNwg edayeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavnigkic©
         BieRKaHCamYynigrbs;KUPaKIBak;B½n§ . karpþl;sm,TanenAqñaM 2000 enAkñúgRkbx½N�
         saFarN³ BMu)anRbRBwtþeTA edaykarsikSaGMBIlT§PaBGnuvtþn_)anRKb;RKan; nigBMu)ansikSa
         RKb;RKan;GMBIplb:HBal;eLIy         ehIytMrUv[mankic©karbEnßmeTotGMBIskþanuBlén

                                                                                         58
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
         PaBRkIRknig plb:HBal;mkelIsg�ménkMENTMrg; muneBlbBa©b;bTb,BaØtþisMxan;².
         CagenHeTAeTotnaykdæanClplmankarraErkkñúgkar BieRKaHeyabl; naykdæancaM)ac;
         RtUvmanlkçN³skmμbEnßmeTotkñúgkarcUlrYmBiPakSa EdlsaFarN³ . edIm,IedaHRsay
         kgVl;TaMgGs;enH karvaytMélGMBIplb:HBal;énkMENTMrg;fμI²Edl)anTTYlhirBaØb,TanBI
         DFID kMBugRbRBwtþeTAnigRtUv)anGñkpþl;CMnYy nigGg�kareRkArdæaPi)almYycMnYnbMeBj

         bEnßmelIkarBieRKaHeyabl; . TnÞwmCamYyenH eKRtUvkar[mankarsikSabEnßmeTot edIm,I
         CUndMNwgGMBIkic©GPivDÆn_ karRKb;RKgelImUldæanEdlGacsßitesßr ¬bJkarRKb;RKgrYmKña¦
         nigedIm,IEsVgrkEbbEpnénkarRKb;RKgdéTeTotEdlsmRsbCamYysßanPaBenAmUldæan
         nigRsbtamsmtßPaBrbs;naykdæanClpl . eKKb,IeFVIkarsikSamYy edIm,IeRbobeFob
         RbB½n§ :RKb;RKgrYmKña : CamYynwgRbB½n§RKb;RKgLÚt_ensaT edayBicarNaGMBIry³eBl
         RKb;RKgxøIcMnYn2qñaM.
     •   enAkñúgkarERbRbYlbrisßankm<úCay:agqab;rh½s PaBRKb;RKan;énb,BaØatirbs;c,ab;fμI nig
         bTb,BaØtþiCabnþbnÞab; naykdæanrukçaRbmaj; RtUvtamdaneGaymanCitsñiT§ ehIyRtUv
         Rbkan;ykviFIsaRsþskmμ kñúgkareFVIviesaFnkmμbBaØtþic,ab; nig bTb,BaØtþi RbsinebIrk
         eXIjfaman\T§iBlGviC¢man .
     •   smtßPaBrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; nigbTb,BaØtþiepSg²enACa]bsK�enAeLIy .
         karbegáItc,ab;fμI nigkarbegáItGnuRkwtüCabnþbnÞab;nwgmanplb:HBal;tictYc enAeBlEdl
         eKminGacGnuvtþn_c,ab; nigbTb,BaØtþinana)ansmRsb . bBaðaenHminGacedaHRsay)an
         eday naykdæanClpl EtmYy)aneT ehIytMrUv[manshRbtibtþikarrbs;PaKIBak;B½n§
         sMxan;² ¬ GaCJaFrmUldæan kgT½B .l. ¦ .         47




79> GtßRbeyaCn_bEnßmeTotGacTTYl)antamry³kic©GPivDÆn_varIvb,kmμ nigkarEklMGExS
sgVak;tMélénClpl . manskþanuBlCaeRcInsMrab;eFVIVvarIvb,kmμ rab;TaMgGtiplkMritTabdUcCakar
eFVIkarciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgvalERskñúgeFVIERs. eRkABIenH karbegáItbNþajTIpSartamry³karvinieyaK
ÉkCnenAelIRbB½n§RTRTg; dUcCakarplitTwkkk nigmeFüa)ayEkécñEdleqøIytb nigsþg;dar

47
  enHKWCabBaa RbQmsMxan;mYy Tak;TgnigbBaaenHmanr)aykarsþIBIkarvayRbharrbs;kgT½BnigmRnþI   DoF   Edl
BüayamGnuvtþn_bTbBaØtþi EdleFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;bBaðakgT½B .
                                                                                                 59
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
GnþrCati Gacpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_y:ageRcIndl;kic©GPivDÆn_sib,kmμ nwgBaNiC¢kmμClplTUeTA .
bBðaaTaMgGs;enHmanbBa¢ak;kñúgEpñkxageRkamenAkñúgEpñkniyayGMBI { karelIkkMBs;R)ak;cMNUl
ksikmμ } .

Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBsMrab;kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgClpl
GaTiPaBTI 1          BRgwgRkbx½N�sßab½nsMrab;RKb;RKgFnFanClpl
    kMENTMrg;nigkarBRgwgsßab½n.BinitüemIleLIgvijnUvRbB½n§bc©úb,nñ rab;TaMgkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;
    RksYgBak;B½n§ . begáItKN³kmμaFikarGnþrRksYgedim,IsRmbsRmYlnigeRbIR)as;FnFan
    varICati. BRgwgkarsRmbsRmYlrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYyenAkñúgvis½yClpl elIeKalkarN_
    yuT§saRsþTUeTA ¬eq<aHeTArkkmμviFITUeTAenAkñúgvis½y¦.
    tamdankarGnuvtþn_ nig plb:HBal;énRkbx½N�c,ab; nig bTb,bBaØatifμI edIm,IkMNt;tMrUvkarEdl
    GacmancMeBaHkarEktMrUvbEnßm .
    edaHRsayPaBxusKñarvagkarerobcMRkbx½N�eKalneya)ay / Rkbx½N�RKb;RKgedaybT-
    b,BaØtþiCamYynwgkarGnuvtþn_. BRgwgkareFVIvishmCÄkarkariyal½yClpl nwgvishmCÄkar
    smtßPaBsMrab;Gnuvtþc,ab;nigbTb,BaØtþibc©úb,nñenAfañk;mUldæan . BRgwgPaBCaédKUnigkic©-
    shkarCamYy nwgGaCJaFrmUldæan CamYyshKmn_ nigCamYyGg�kareRkArdæaPi)al.
    begáInsmtßPaBvaytMélbrimaNsþúkrbs;RtICabeNþI²cMeBaHensaTTwksab nigensaTTwk
    éRb . karvaytMélenHnwgRtUveRbIR)as;sMrab;CYykñúgkarerobcMeKalneya)ay bTb,BaØtþi nig
    ynþkarGnuvtþn_ edIm,IRKb;RKgbrimaNsþúkrbs;RtI[manRbsiT§PaB Fana[)annUvplensaT
    EdlmannirnþrPaB nwgkat;bnßykarensaThYsehtu nwgkat;bnßykarricril nUvtMélsþúkén
    FnFan . kargarTaMgGs;enHnwigrYmmankarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyPaKIBak;B½n§ ehIyKb,I
    BicarNaGMBIhaniP½yénplb:HBal;dl;vis½ynanamkelIkarensaT BIvis½ykic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμ
    GPIvDÆn_éRBeQI nigGPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§ . sMrab;ry³eBlEvg karvaytMél [kan;Et
    RbesIrnUvbrimaNsþúkénCIv³cMruH smasPaBClpl nigr)ayFnFanClplnimYy² nwgGnuBaØat
    [kMNt;nUvTinñplmannirnþrPaBEpñkesdækic©EdlenAkñúgTidæPaBepSg².

                                                                                         60
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
GaTiPaBTI 2           BRgwgyuT§saRsþRKb;RKgFnFanClpl
    eFVIsniTankmμRbB½n§sm,Tan . BinitüemIlsareLIgvijnUvRbsiT§PaBénRbB½n§sm,Tanbc©úb,nñ
    kñúgkareqøIytbnwgeKaledArYmrbs;rdæaPi)alGMBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanClplEdlmannirnþPaB
    nigmanRbsiT§PaB .
    BinitüemIleLIgvijnUvemeronBIbTBiesaFn_nanaCamYyshKmn_ensaT. BinitüemIleLIgvij
    nUvplitplkarGnuvtþn_sakl,g nigerobcMRbB½n§RKb;RKgenAtamshKmn_EdlGacsßitesßr
    rab;TaMgkarbegáItnitiviFIsMrab;dak;bBa©Úl nigkarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyPaKIBak;B½n§. CMnYybec©k-
    eTs / karsikSa k¾Kb,IEsVgrkenACMerIsénkarRKb;RKgdéTeTotsMrab; DoF pgEdr.
    dak;[mankMENTMrg;elIRKb;RKgClplEdledaHRsaysmRsbnUvnirnþrPaB lT§PaBensaT
    nwgbBaðasiT§irbs;GñkensaTxñattUc. Ep¥kelIkarBinitüemIlsareLIgvijxagelIenH nwgEp¥kelI
    bTBiesaFn_GnþrCati EsVgrkCMerIsRKb;RKgdéTeTot .

kMENTMrg;elIkarRKb;RKgTwk nigelIkarRKb;RKgTwkCMnn;
80> karRKb;RKgFnFanTwk karRKb;RKgFarasaRsþnigTwkCMnn; nwgkarp�t;p�gTwks¥atnigGnam½y
enACnbT nigmanmuxgarsMxan;enAkñúgrebobvar³GPivDÆn_CnbT . TwkKWCaFnFanFmμCatii
Edlmansar³sMxan; ehIykareRbIR)as;nigkarRKb;RKg)anRtwmRtUvKWCaKnøwHsMrab;GPivDÆn_CnbT
nigsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamviFIcMnYn 5 y:ag³ ¬i¦ CaktþaplitkmμsMxan;²sMrab;plitkmμ
ksikmμ-edIm,IelIkkMBs;CIvPaB[mansnþisuxes,ógnigGaharrUbtßmÖenACnbT ¬ii¦ KWCaRbPB
sMxan;bMputEtmYyKt;éneRKaHfñak;haniP½yenAeBlmanPaBraMgs¶ÜtnigenAeBlmanTwkCMnn; ¬iii¦
KWCaRbPBénTwks¥atsMrab;briePaK sMrab;gUt Gnam½y nigsMrab;kareRbIR)as;déTeTotedIm,Ikat;
bnßyCMgWEdlqøgedaysarTwk nigkat;bnßykarcMNayBak;B½n§énkarEfTaMsuxPaB nigkarb:HBal;
dl;kareFVIkar nigkarGb;rM ¬iv¦ CamUldæanénRbB½n§eGkULÚsIuvarICati-edIm,IeFVI[mannirnþrPaBcMeBaH
karensaTTwksab nig ¬v¦ CameFüa)aysMxan;mYysMrab;dwkCBa¢ÚnmnusSnigTMnij CaBiesssMrab;
tMbn;q¶aydac;RsyalenAkñúgrdUvvsSa.


                                                                                            61
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
81> RbeTskm<úCasMbUrN_FnFanTwk km<úCaTTYlTwkkñúgmYyqñaMRbEhl 475 BCM BIRbB½n§        48



TenøemKg�EdleRsacRsb;elIépÞRbeTsRbEhl85° . b:uEnþePøógFøak;manry³eBl 6Ex enArdUv
sSaehIymancMNuHGagtictYcsMrab;rkSaTwk nigsMrab;sMrYllMhUrTwkenArdUvvsSa . enAkñúg ry³eBl
6ExnardUvR)aMg karhYtEhgmankMritelIsBIePøógFøak; ehIykMBs;TwkenA              tamdgTenøFøak;;cuH
y:agxøaMg eFVI[RbPBFnFanTwkRsTab;elIdI EdlsßitenAeRkAcrnþTenøemKg�nig Tenøsab man
tictYcenArdUvR)aMg . TwkCMnn;ekIteLIgRbcaMqñaMehIyswgEtminGacRKb;RKg)an elIkElgEtTMnb;Twk
ExSRkvat;RkugPñMeBjEtb:ueNÑaH . kñúgxN³EdnTwkCMnn;RbcaMqñaMnaMmknUv GtßRbeyaCn_viC¢mancMeBaH
valTMnab eday)anbMeBjCIvCatinigdIl,b;RBmTaMgpþl;kEnøgsMrab;[RtIBg TwkCMnn;k¾bgá[man
karxUcxatdl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§pldMNaM nigRTBüsm,tþibuK�lpgEdr RBmTaMgeFVI[Gak;xandl
;sßanPaBesdækic©nigskmμPaBdéTeTotCaeRcIn . FnFanTwkeRkamdI RtUv)an)a:n;sμanfamanRbEhl
20      BCM      b:uEnþskþanuBlsMrab;eRbIR)as;TwkeRkamdI manlkçN³ xus²KñatamPUmisaRsþ
ehIyKμankartamdan nigBMu)anykmkeRbIR)as; . enAkñúgtMbn;CaeRcIn ClsilamanRsTab;
 sμúKsμaj nigmanCatiBulx<s;KWCabBaðaF¶n;F¶rmYyenAkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYnenAEk,r pUvTwkTenøemKg�.
82> caM)ac;RtUvBRgwgRkbx½N�sßab½neKalneya)ay nigRkbx½N�c,ab;sMrab;RKb;RKgTwk .
RksYg FnFanTwknig]tuniym ¬MOWRAM¦ EdlRtUv)anbegáItenAqñaM 1999 TTYlxusRtUv
kñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk rab;TaMgkarRKb;RKgTwkCMnn;kareRsacRsB nigkarbgÚðrTwkxñatFM .
Gg�PaBrbs; rdæaPi)aldéTeTotEdlTTYlxusRtUvTak;TgnwgbBaðaTwkrYmman³ ¬k¦ RksYg]sSa-
hkmμ Er: nig famBl ¬p�t;p�gTwks¥atnigGnam½yenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnnigEk,rTIRbCMuCn¦ RksYg
GPivDÆn_CnbT ¬p�t;p�g;Twks¥atnigGnam½yRBmTaMgRbB½n§eRsacRsBxñattUc ¦ RksYgsaFa-
rN³karnigdwkCBa¢Ún ¬bgðÚrTwk RKb;RKgTwkCMnn; nignavacrN_¦ RksYgbrisßan ¬KuNPaBTwk¦
RksYgksikmμrukçaRbma:j; nigensaT ¬karRKb;RKgdIesImnigRKb;RKgkarensaT¦ nwgRksYg
suxaPi)al ¬FnFanTwkEdl b:HBal;dl;suxPaB¦ ¬x¦GaCJaFrextþRkug ¬K¦ RkumRbwkSaXMunig ¬X¦
KN³kmμakarGPivDÆn_PUmi . kñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMcugeRkay mankarRbwgERbgy:ageRcInkñúgkar
GPivDÆn_eKalneya)ayFnFan Twk nigRkbx½N�c,ab; . RbkarEdlKYr[kt;sMKal;rYmmanman ¬i¦
eKalneya)ayCatisþIBI FnFanTwk rg;caMkarGnum½tBIRkumRbwkSardæmRnþI ¬ii¦ esckþIRBagc,ab;
48
     Ban;lanEm:RtKUb
                                                                                             62
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
fμIsþIBITwk rg;caMkarÉkPaBBI sPa ¬iii¦ yuT§saRsþFnFanTwk ¬iv¦ Rkbx½N�yuT§saRsþTwk ¬v¦
EpnkaryuT§saRsþsþIBITwk ¬vi¦ esckþIRBagyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_FnFanTwk . eKalneya)ay /
yuT§saRsþ / c,ab;TaMgenH)anTTYlkarKaMRT BIGñkpþl;CMnYyepSg²ehIyerobcM)anl¥ . eTaHCa
y:agenHkþI caM)ac;RtUv ³
•   eFVIsniTankmμ BRgwg nigGnum½t eKalneya)ay / yuT§saRsþ /c,ab;EdlmankñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ
•   erobcMnigGnum½tGnuRkwtünigbTb,BaØtþiepSg² sMrab;Gnuvtþn_bBaØtþinanaénc,ab;sþIBITwk e)aHpSay
    GnuRkwtünigbBaØtþiTaMgenaHRBmTaMgksagsmtßPaBrbs;TIPñak;garBak;B½n§kñúgkarGnuvtþn_
•   elIkkMBs;PaBCakmμsiT§rbs;rdæaPi)alnigbnþelIkkMBs;karsRmbsRmYlrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy
    Tak;Tgnwgrebobvar³sþIBIFnFanTwkenAkm<úCa
•   elIkkMBs;kargarsRmbsRmYlrvagsßab½nrdæaPi)alepSg² elIkarTTYlxusRtUvGMBITwkenARKb;
    fñak;
•   begáItEpnkarskmμPaBCayuT§saRsþ edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak; cMeBaHGg�PaBnanarbs;
    rdæaPi)al kñúgkardwknaMkmμviFIBak;B½n§nwgTwk kñúgbribTsþIBIeKalneya)ay/yuT§saRsþ/c,ab; nig
    BicarNaGMBIeKaledAGPiDÆn_tamvis½ydéTeTot ¬ksikmμ ensaT brisßan .l.¦
                                           ú
83> karksagEpnkarnigkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwkenAkñgkMriténGagTenøemKg�mansar³sMxan;kñúg
kar ély:agNa[kareRbIR)as;siT§inigFnFandIFøImannirnþrPaBsMrab;CaGtßRbeyaCn_énRbCaBlrdæ
CnbTkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñnwgeBlGnaKt . eKalkarN_GnþrCatisþIBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwkbgðajfa
karRKb;RKgFnFanTwkKb,IGnuvtþn_enAkñúgbribTGagTenøemKg� nigKb,I[mankarcUlrYmBIRksYgmnÞIr
enAfñak;kNþal GaCJaFrmUldæan GñkeRbIR)as;Twk nigPaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot. edayehtufaFnFanTwk
rbs;km<úCamanRbPBCacMbgmkBIGagTenøemKg� karksagEpnkarGagTenø emKg�enAkñúgGnu
GagTenøemKg�enAkm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþn_ enAkñúgbribTénkarksagEpnkarGagTenøemKg�Edl
sRmbsRmYledayKN³kmμkarTenøemKg� ¬MRC ¦. kalBIeBlfμI²enH RksYg MOWRAM )an
CMnYsRksYgsaFrN³karnigdwkCBa¢Únkñúgzn³Casßab½nrdæaPi)alTTYlbnÞúk nigTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkar
sRmbsRmYl karcUlrYmrbs;km<úCaenAkñúg MRC nigsmtßPaBrbs; MOWRAM kñúgkarGnuvtþn_
kargarenH caM)ac;RtUvBRgwg.

                                                                                            63
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
84> kic©GPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsacRsBcaM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþn_ enAkñúgbribTTUlayBIkareFVIBiBiFkmμksikmμ
enAkñúgbribTeKaledArYménkarbegáInR)ak;cMNUlenACnbT . ksikmμrbs;RbeTskm<úCamYy
cMENkFM BwgEp¥kelIdMNaMRsUvehIymandIERsRbEhlEt 20° bJ 473>000 hiktab:ueNÑaH
EdlmankmμviFIeRsacRsB . eTaHCay:agenHkþITMhMénkarersacRsBEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB mankMrit
ticCagenHq¶ayNas; . enAkñúgcMeNamkmμviFIeRsacRsBbc©úb,nñcMnYn 946 EdlRKbdNþb;
elIépÞdI 470>000 hikta nigmanépÞdIEt 250>000 hiktab:ueNÑaH Edl)anTTYlTwkRKb;RKan;
edaysarsßanPaBRTuDeRTamTUeTAnigedaysarkarerobcM            nigRKb;RKgkmμviFIBIdMbUgmin)anl¥.
PaKeRcIneKdaMRsUvedayKμankareRsacRsB KWdaMkñúgrdUvvsSa bJdaMenAcugrdUvvsSa nigdaMenAkñúgedIm
rdUvR)aMgelItMbn;FMlVwgelVIy EdlTwkRskbnSl;TukdIl,b;mansMeNImy:ageRcI;n-ehIyplitkmμBI
mYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaMmankarERbRbYly:agxøaMg eRBaHfaplitkmμRsUvBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelIGakasFatu
CaBiessKWeBlevlaePøógFøak; nigkMriténTwkePøóg . bc©úb,nñenHRbeTskm<úCaRtUv)ancat;Tukfa
CaRbeTsplitdMNaMRsUv {p�t;p�g;xøÜnÉg)anRKb;RKan;} KWkm<úCaeqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarTIpSarkñúgRsuk
ehIynaMecjGg�rmYycMnYntUceTAeRkARbeTs . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday plitkmμRsUvCaeRcInenA
RbeTskm<úCaRtUv)aneKbriePaKenAtamERscMkarehIybBaða Gsnþisuxes,ógenACabBaðacMbgsMrab;
RKYsarRkIRk . GaRs½yehtuenHviFankarepSg²dUcCakarelIk kMBs;bec©kviTüaksikmμenAkñúgtMbn;
ERsvsSa nigERsRbedjTwk nigkareFVInitism,TaRbB½n§eRsacRsBxñattUcEdlmincMNayx<s;
edIm,IbegáInplitkmμRsUvRbedjTwksMrab;ksikreFVIERsCIvRBwtþ kñúgkarbegáInplitkmμ GacCYytMbn;
mYycMnYn[eqøIytbnwgkgVHes,ógGahar ehIyGacbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikrTaMgenH nigGac
edaHRsayedaypÞal;nUvPaBRkIRk .
85> karBRgIkbJkarEklMGRbB½n§eRsacRsBxñatFMsMrab;plikmμRsUv  PaKeRcInKμanRbsiT§iPaB
kñúgkarcMNayeLIy GaRs½yehtuenHkic©GPivDÆn_ RbB½n§eRsacRsB Kb,IepþatelIdMNaMcMruHEdl
mantMélx<s;CagRsUv . bBaðaEdlfaetIRbeTskm<úCaGacnwgmanlT§PaBkñúgkarbegáIn ¬tamn½y
esdækic©¦karnaMecjRsUveRcInbJy:agNaenaH mYyEpñkFMGaRs½yelIkarvivDÆn_énktþaépÞeRkA dUcCa
smtßPaBplitkmμelIsBIkareRbIR)as;enARbeTsCitxag . CagenHeTAeTotplitkmμRsUvGacekIn
eLIgy:ageRcInedaymincaM)ac; mankarvinieyaKCaduMkMPYnelIehdæarcnasm<½n§eRsacRsBfμIxñatFM
eLIy . cMNaynigcMeNjbEnßménkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsacRsBfμIxñatFM caM)ac;RtUveRbobeFob
                                                                                         64
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
CamYycMNaynigkMeNInplcMeNjénkarbegáInplitkmμRsUvvsSa nignitism,TaénRbB½n§eRsac-
RsBbc©úb,nñEdlcMNaytic. PaBsßitesßrEpñkesdækic©énvinieyaKEbbenH caM)ac;RtUvmankar
vaytMél[)anRbesIrtamkrNICak;EsþgnImYy² . kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenHRbeTskm<úCanaMcUl
plitplmYycMnYndUcEpøeQI nigbEnøepSg²EdleKGacplitedaycMNayTab sMrab;bMerIesckþI
RtUvkarTIpSarkñúgRsuk RbsinebImankarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBdwkCBa¢ÚnnigynþkarnigrkTIpSarman
lkçN³RKb;RKan; . caM)ac;RtUvykcitþTukdak;elIRbB½n§eRsacRsBedaypSarP¢ab;CamYykardaMdMNaM
cMruHEdlpþl;tMélx<s;edayBicarNaGMBIPaBsμúKsμajTaMgGs; BIkargarEbbenH eBalKW]bsK�Epñk
vb,Fm’ kñúgkarERbkøayksikrdaMRsUv[daMdMNaMdéT katBVkic©BinitüKuNPaBEpøeQI nigbEnøepSg²
karrkTIpSar karEkécñ bBaðadwkCBa¢ÚnnigrkSaTuk niglT§PaB)anTTYl\TaNksikmμ)anTan;eBl
evla.
RbGb;TI4 ³ bBaðaRbQménkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsacRsBxñatFMenAkm<úCa
KMeragEdl)anTTYlhirBaØb,TanBIm©as;CMnYyPaKeRcInRbmUlpþMúlIkmμviFIeRsacRsBxñattUc nigxñat
mFüm elImUldæanEdlKitfaPaBsμúKsμajbEnßm énkmμviFIxñatFMmankarlM)akkñúgkarRKb;RKg enA
kñúgbribTsßab½nnigsg�mbc©úb,nñ ³
- man FWUCs CaeRcInenAkñúgkmμviFImYy enAeBlEdl FWUCs enAfμIenAeLIy Rkbx½N�c,ab;

   mineBjeljehIycaM)ac;RtUvBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs; MOWRAM
- PaBxusKñaénsmtßPaBRKb;RKgrbs; FWUC EdlGaceFVI[manTMnas;

-karlM)akkñúgkarsMerc)annUvkarerobcMkmμviFIeRsacRsBEdlmankarsRmbsRmYlCamYymnÞIr

   MOWRAM ¬DOWRAMs¦ enAfñak;extþ BMumanCMnajRKb;RKan;kñúgkarpþl;esva Edlman

   RbsiT§iPaB
-KμannitiviFI O&M sMrab;pþl;mUniFicMeBaHyfaRbePTehdæarcnasm<½n§xñatFM Edl MOWRAM

   rkSaTuk
-karlM)akmYycMnYnkñúgkareFVIy:agNa[ FWUCs enAkñúgkmμviFIFM eFVIshRbtibtþuikar

pÞúyeTAvij
- enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlvis½yÉkCnTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_GMBIbriyakasGaCIvkmμEdlmanlkçN³

   GMeNaypl karcUlrYmrbs;vis½yÉkCnenAkñúgkmμviFIFM²manlkçN³gayRsYlCag
                                                                                     65
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
-  manesdækic©maRtdæan sMrab;dMNaMfμI² ]TahrN_ kb,as sakvb,kmμ karciBa©wmRtI .l.
 -kareFVIksikmμ xñatFMtamEbbshkrN_ nigkarerobcMcat;EcgEpñkrkTIpSar manlT§PaBeRcIn

  kñúgkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarnwgmanPaBRbkYtRbECgGMBIéfø
 -eKkan;Etman»kasbEnßmeTotenAkñúgkarTTYlykbec©kviTüa nigelIkkMBs;RbsiT§iPaBénRbB½n§

  eRsacRsB .
eTaHCay:agenHk¾edaykm<úCaRtUvbegáItbrisßanGMeNayplEbbenH.

86> karpþl;GaTiPaBénvinieyaKkñúgkarRKb;RKg;FnFFanTwk       caM)ac;RtUveFVIsniTankmμeday
Ep¥kelIlkçN³vinicä½yc,as;las; nigEp¥kelIeKalkarN_Edl)anerobrab;xagelI. Éksarksag
Epnkar sMrab;karvinieyaKelIkargarRKb;RKgTwk¬dUcÉksarEdl)anerobcM SEDP II bJ NPRS¦
tamFmμta manbBa¢IsþIBIsMeNIkmμviFIsMrab;eFVInitism,TaEdlrdæaPi)alEsVgrkFnFanbEnßm .
rebobEdl sMeNIvinieyaKTak;TgCamYyeKaledArYmnigeKaledACak;lak;rbs;vis½yénkic©GPivDÆn_
enAmUldæan tamFmμtamanlkçN³minc,as;las;eT dUcKñaEdrcMeBaHGaTiPaB elIkargarvinieyaK.
87> karRKb;RKgTwkCMnn;Kb,IKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIkarrs;enACamYyTwkCMnn;       RbsinebIGaceFVI)an
dak;bBa©Úl nUvkarEfrkSanigkarelIkkMBs;GtßRbeyaCn_nigkat;bnßyplb:HBal;GviC¢man. TwkCMnn;
RbcaMqñaM eFVI[manplb:HBal;cMruHEbb ¬Epñksg�m-pÞHsMEbgsßitenAÉeka eKminGaceFVIdMeNIr
eRkABITUk kaNUt)aneT RbPBénTwks¥atRtUv)at;bg;enAeBlTwkhUrcUlGNþÚg karrIkraldalénCMgW
eBaHevon nigCMgWdéTeTot nigEpñkesdækic©- xUcxatpldMNaMCaeRcIn xUcxatpUvfñl;¦ . karxatbg;
EbbenH nwgekIneLIgbEnßmeTotenAeBlEdlesdækic©rbs;km<úCarIkcMerIn . eKalneya)ayrbs;
rdæaPi)al EdlBwgEp¥keTAelITIPñak;garGnþrCati [ra:b;rgcMeBaHkarxatbg;TaMgRsug kñúgkarbeBa©ós
eRKaH mhnþrayminGacsßitesßr)aneLIy ehIyrdæaPi)al RtUvetomlkçN³ErkBunelIkarxUcxat
TaMgenH mYyPaKFM . edIm,IeFVI[kic©RbwgERbgkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkmannirnþrPaB caM)ac;RtUvRKb;RKg
                     49




49
  enAkñúgeBlEdlmanTwkCMnn;enAqñaM2000/2001CMnYy]btßmÖKaMRTBIshKmn_GnþrCatimancMnYn CitesμInigkarxatbg;
edaypÞal;TaMgRsugbNþalmkBITwkCMnn;EdlmanbrimaNTwkR)ak;RbEhl160landula ¬ esμInwgBak;kNþaléncrnþ
rbs;rdæaPi)alsMrab;qñaM2000¦karx©IR)ak;BIFnaKarADB nigBIFnaKarBiPBelakmanbrimaNesμInwg50°énkarxUcxat
                                                                                                   66
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
haniP½yéneRKaHmhnþraytamEbbmYyEdlmanlkçN³skmμedayeRbIR)as;viFankarbgáa nig
viFankarbeBa¢ós eRbIR)as;Faturcnasm<½n§ ¬dUcCaehdæarcnasm<½n§bgÚðrTwk TMnb;TwkCaedIm¦ nigFatu
minEmnCarcnasm<½n§ .
88> eTaHbICamankarRbwgERbgCaeRcInkñúgkarksagsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜnkþI   KN³kmμaFikarCati
RKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþrayenAEtexSay nigKμanlT§PaBGnuvtþn_muxgarsRmbsRmYlrbs;xøÜneLIy .
NCDM      RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IsRmbsRmYlkic©RbwgERbgRKb;RKgmhnþrayenAkñúgRbeTs ehIy
KN³kmμaFikar enHmansmaCikPaBmkBIRksYgBak;B½n§CamYyTak;Tg nigkarRKb;RKgnwgbeBa©ós
eRKaHmhnþrayFmμCati . b:uEnþesckþIRBageKalneya)ayCati sþIBIkarRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþrayEdl
eK)ansesrenAqñaM 1997 rdæaPi)alenAminTan;Gnuvtþn_enAeLIy ehIyfVIt,itEtKN³kmμaFikarenH
raykarN_edaypÞal;eTAnaykrdæmRnþIkþI KN³kmμaFikarenHswgEtKμanGMNac sUm,IEtkarsRmb-
sRmYlskmμPaB dUcCakarvaytMélkarxUcxat nigkarbBa¢ÚnBt’maneTAkan;shKmn_gayrgeRKaH
muneBleRKaHmhnþrayekIteLIgkþI . Ep¥kelIlT§PaBénehtukarN_eRKaHmhnþrayenAGnaKt
caM)ac;RtUvmankarCYyeRCamERCgdl; NCDM [elIkkMBs;RbB½n§ nignitiviFIrbs;xøÜnsMrab;
vaytMélkarxUcxat vaytMélesckþIRtUvkar nigraykarN_GMBIeRKaHmhnþray k¾dUcCasmtßPaB
sRmbsRmYlrbs;xøÜnpgEdr.
89> caM)ac;RtUvmanviFIsaRsþEdlkan;EtmanlkçN³skmμ cMeBaHkarRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþray
FmμCati edayepþatelIviFankarbgáarnigbeBa©ós . bEnßmelIbTb,BaØtþisþIBIkarksagsmtßPaB
elIkic©RbwgERbgkñúgeBlGnaKtkñúgEpñkRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþrayenAkm<úCa caM)ac;RtUvmankarKaMRTBI
yuT§saRsþCatisþIBIkarRKb;RKgnigbeBa©óseRKaHmhnþrayEdlmanlkçN³skmμ           nigsMrbtam
lT§PaBrbs;rdæaPi)alCaBiessKWlT§PaBEpñksareBIBn§nigsmtßPaBEpñkbec©keTs. yuT§saRsþ
enHKb,Ipþl;RKb;x½N�RKb;RKghaniP½yeBjeljmYy EdlkMNt;GtþsBaØaN ¬ yl;dwgGMBI TMhM
haniP½ybc©úb,nñ nigvaytMélPaBgayrgeRKaHcMeBaHskþanuBlénplb:HBal;éneRKaHmhnþray
éneRKaHfñak;TaMgenaH¦ karkat;bnßyhaniP½y ¬ Rbkan;ykviFankaredIm,IeCosvageRKaHmhnþray
nigTb;Tl;CamYyplb:HBal;éneRKaHmhnþray¦ nigkarEckrMElk /epÞrhaniP½y ¬GnuvtþyuT§saRsþ
edaypÞal;. KiteTAkñúgTUTaMgBiPBelakCaTUeTACMnYy]btßmÖBIxageRkATUTat;ticCag10°   énkarxUtxatbNþamk
BIPaBGnþrayFmμCati .
                                                                                              67
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
nanasMrab;kat;bnßyplb:HBal;EpñkhirBaØvtßú éneRKaHmhnþraymkelIBlrdæRkIRk nigmkelI
esdækic©¦ . Rkbx½N�enHcaM)ac;RtUvmankarTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§CamYynwgesckþIsMerccitþEpñkeKal-
neya)ay edIm,IeFVIy:agNa[smaCiknanarbs; NCDM nigshKmn_ NGO CaédKUman RbsiT§iPaB
. karykcitþTukdak;kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñelIskmμPaBeRkayeBlmaneRKaHmhnþray caM)ac;RtUvman
tulüPaBCamYynigviFankarbgáarnigbeBa©ós . kareFVIsuRkitkmμényuT§saRsþenH caM)ac;;RtUvmankar
cUlrYm nigKb,IRbmUlmtieyabl;BIPaKIBak;B½n§nanaTak;Tgnwgkarpþl;mUlniFi elIkarRKb;RKgeRKaH
mhnþray.CaBiessRkbx½N�enHKb,Idak;bBa©Úlemeron EdlRtUveronsURtBI kic©Rbtibtþil¥²enA
GnþrCati nigenAkñúgRsuk nigeRbIR)as; bec©kviTüabc©úb,nñsMrab;RKb;RKgeRKaH mhnþray kñúgbribT
énkarekIteLIgnUveRKaHmhnþrayTwkEdlkan;EtmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶renAkm<úCa.
90> Tak;Tgnigkarkat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaHenAmUldæan caM)ac;RtUvmankarsikSabnþ enAkñúgEpñk
sMxan;cMnYn 3³ ¬i¦karRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþrayEp¥kelIshKmn_ . eRKaHmhnþrayFmμCati
manplb:HBal;y:agxøaMgmkelIRKYsarRkIRk nigeFVI[raMgsÞHdl;karpþl;esvasg�mCamUldæan dUcCa
Twks¥at suxaPi)al nigkarGb;rM . viFIl¥RbesIbMputkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaenHKWkarbgálkçN³
[mankarcUlrYmBIshKmn_              mUldæankñúgkarbegáItviFankarbeBa©ósnigviFankarsMrbxøÜntam
sPaBkarN_ . Gg�karNGOs mYycMnYn)annigkMBugEsVgrkviFIRTRTg;shKmn_mUldæanelIbBaðaenH
EdlmanlT§plKYr[Tukcitþ b:uEnþtMrUv[mankarsikSabEnßmeTot ¬ii¦ karRKb;RKgeRKaH
mhnþrayEp¥kelIshKmn_ caM)ac;RtUvBRgwgbEnßmnUvkmμviFiyl;dwgbEnßmBIsaFarN³Cnnig ¬iii¦
karksagbNþajsuvtßiPaBsg�mcMeBaHshKmn_nana edIm,ICyBYkeKkñúgkarsMrbxøÜneRkayeBlman
eRKaHmhnþray. bNþajsuvtßiPaBTaMgenHcaM)ac;RtUvelIkTwkcitþ[manCMenOCak;elIxøÜnÉg nig
eCosvagkareFVI[shKmn_BwgEp¥kelICMnYyCadrab tamey³karbegáItRbPBcMNUlminEmnksikmμ
karbegáItRKwHsßanFnaKar nigRKwHsßanhirBaØvtßúEdlpþl;esvasBa¢½y nigpþl;\NTan RBmTaMg
karvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§sMxan;² . RtUvkMNt;eKaledA)ansmRsbcMeBaHshKmn_Edl
manesckþIxVHxat caM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgGMBIynþkarsRmbsRmYlbc©úb,nñ nigyl;dwgfaetIRtUvBRgwg
ynþkarTaMgenaHedayrebobNa .
91> caM)ac;RtUvdak;bBa©ÚlviFankarbeBa©ósTwkCMnn;eTAkñúgkarerobcMehdæarcnasm<½n§ . karerobcM
bøg;bec©keTs CaBiesssMrab;bøg;bec©keTsehdæarcnasm<½n§ caM)ac;RtUvmaneKalbMNgcMruHEbb.
                                                                                         68
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
]TahrN_eKGacksagpøÚvedim,ITb;Tl;nwgeRKaHmhnþray nigeFVICaTITYlx<s;sMrab;mnusSnigstV
EdlsßitenAkñúgTItaMgminGMeNaypl . KMrUbøg;EdlmaneKaledAcMruHTaMgenHk¾GacCameFüa)ay
pþl;RbsiT§iPaBpgEdrGMBIkardak;bBa©ÚllkçN³BiesssþIBIkarbeBa©ósTwkCMnn;eTAkñúgKMrUbøg;bec©kTs
ehIyTidæPaBTaMgenHcaM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIl[)anm:t;ct;.karsikSabBaðaenH k¾caM)ac;RtUvsMedAyl;dwg
GMBIkarbegáItnigGnuvtþn_RkmksagnigRkmGFikarkic©50 k¾dUcCakarGnuvtþn_bTdæannana nigkarTTYl
xusRtUv. skmμPaBcugeRkayTaMgenHcaM)ac;RtUvTTYl karKaMRTBIRkbx½N�c,ab;nigBIeKalneya)ay
smRsb.
92> épÞp�t;p�g;Twks¥atnigGnam½yenACnbT enAkm<úCamankMritTab eTaHbIeRbobeFobnigsþg;dar
NakþI . manRKYsarenACnbTRbEhl25°)anTTYlTwks¥at EdlmansuvtßiPaBehIyRKYsarenA
CnbT RbmaNCa10°b:ueNÑaHEdlmanlT§PaBeRbIR)as;]bkrN_Gnam½y enAkñúgxN³EdltMrUvkar
Twks¥atkMBugekIneLIgenAtMbn;CnbT enAkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYn brimaNnigKuNPaBTwkenAépÞxagelI
nigRbPB TwkeRkamdImanminRKb;RKan;eLIy. enAeRkATIRkugPñMeBjKμanRbB½n§bgðÚrTwksMGuyeLIy.
bg�n;Gnam½yRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;enAtMbn;CnbT b:uEnþmantictYcEtb:ueNÑaH. RbeTskm<úCaKWCa
RbeTsmYyEdlmanCMgWEdlbNþalmkBITwkkxVk; manGaRtax<s;bMputenAkñúgBiPBelak. kareRbI-
R)as;TwkEdlKμansuvtßiPaB nig]bkrN_Gnam½yminl¥KYbpSMnwgGnam½yminRKb;RKan; RtUv)aneK
kMNt;GtþsBaØaNfaCamUlehtucMbgbMputcMeBaHGaRtamrN³/qøgCMgWkumarx<s;bMput. enAtMbn;mYy
cMnYnmankMriténCatiBulx<s;.
93> caM)ac;RtUveFVIkargarbEnßms þIBIyuT§saRsþp�t;p�g;Twk nigGnam½yenACnbT edIm,IENnaM
vinieyaKenAkñúgvis½yenH . MDGs sMrab;RbeTskm<úCatMrUv[p þl;karp�t;p�g;Twks¥atcMeBaH RbCa
BlrdæcMnYn 40 PaKry enAqñaM 2005 nigp þl;esvaGnam½yeTA[RbCaBlrdæcMnYn 20
PaKryenAqñaM 2005 . fμI²enHRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT ¬MRD¦ nigRksYg]sSahkmμEr: nigfamBl
¬MIME¦ )anbegáIt nigGnum½tRsbCamYyKñanUveKalneya)ayp�t;p�g;Twks¥at nigGnam½yenA
CnbTnigenATIRbCMuCn . eKBMueXIjmanyuT§saRs þp�t;p�g;Twk nigGnam½yenAtMbn;CnbT Edl

50
   kMNt;sMKal;rbs;GñkbkERb ³ BaküedImKW building codes and inspection codes . GñkbkERbminR)akdfaxøÜnyl;
KMnitrbs;GñkniBn§eLIy
                                                                                                      69
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
dak;ecjnUvskmμPaBnana nigkarvinieyaKBak;B½n§EdlRtUveqøIytbnwgeKaledArYmTaMgenaHeLIy .
edaysarsuxPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkMeNInesdækic© nigcMeBaHsuxumalPaB
Twks¥anigGanam½yenAtMbn;CnbT Kb,Icat;TukfaCavinieyaKsaFarN³GaTiPaB edayBicarNadl;
»kasvinieyaKÉkCnelIRbB½n§p�t;p�g;TwkedaybMBugTueyatUc² .
94> Kb,IRtUvBRgwgmuxgarrbs;PaKIBak;B½n§epSg² . MRD GnuvtþKMeragp�t;p�g;Twks¥at nig
Ganam½yenACnbTmYycMnYn                             eday)anTTYlmUlniFiBIGñkp þl;CMnYy
ehIyGg�kareRkArdæaPi)alk¾man             lkçN³skmμenAkñúgEpñkenHpgEdr                      .
CagenHeTAeTotkarp�t;p�g;Twks¥at         nigGanam½ymanKMerag                CaeRcInenAfñak;XMu
Edlp þl;hirBaØb,TanedayRkumRbwkSaXMueEp¥kelImUlniFiXMu-sgáat; ¬180 KMerag mantMél
627,476 duløarshrdæGaemrik enAqñaM 2002¦ . enAtMbn;CnbTmYycMnYnenAkñúg RbeTskm<úCa
vis½yÉkCnmanskmμPaBskmμCabg�Ür                     kñúgkarp�t;p�g;TwkenAtMbn;RTnab;TIRbCMuCn
nigman»kassMrab;Gnuvtþn_KMeragEbbenH. b:uEn þRtUvmankartamdanCasaFarN³ nigmankar
RKb;RKgKuNPaBTwkk¾dUcCaRKb;RKgsk þanuBlplb:HBal;GviC¢manmkelIClsilaEdlCaRsTa
b; TwkpgEdr .
Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBsMrab;kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgTwk nigTwkCMnn;

GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgRkbx½N�sßab½n nigeKalneya)aybc©úb,nñ

•   erobcM nigGnum½tGnuRkwtü nigbTb,BaØtiþnanaedIm,IGnuvt þbBaØtþi þc,ab;s þIBITwks¥at
    edayEp¥kelI emeronEdl)anTTYlBIKMeragepSg² nigeRbIR)as;karBieRKaHRKb;RCugeRCay .
    erobcMEpnkar                                                     skmμPaBCayuT§saRs þ
    edIm,IENnaMkmμviFIBak;B½n§nwgTwkrbs;RksYgsßab½nBak;B½n§rbs;rdæa-      Pi)al       .
    ksagsmtßPaBrbs;sßab½nTaMgenaH[Gnuvt þbTb,BaØtiþ þnanasþIGMBITwk .

                                                                                          70
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
•    bn þelIkkMBs;karsRmbsRmYlrbs;m©as;CMnYy51nigbegáItKN³kmμaFikarGcwé®nþy_rvagRksY
     g b¤RkumkargarepSg² edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðasRmbsRmYlenAkñúgvis½yTwk nigtamdan
     shRbtibt þikarépÞkñúgsßab½n                                                  .
     BRgwgkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RksYgsßab½nBak;B½n§edIm,IGnuvt þ skmμPaBEdl)anÉkPaB .
•    enAkñúgbribTvishmCÄkar nigvimCÄkar BinitürkemIlkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk kic©GPivDÆn_RbB½n§
     eRsacRsB karRKb;RKgTwkCMnn; nigkarp�t;p�g;Twk RBmTaMgCMerIsGnam½yenAkMrwtshKmn_ .
•    cUlrYmenAkñúgkic©p þÜcep þImrbs;KN³kmμkarTenøemKg�enATUTaMgRbeTs rYmmankarbegáIt
     yuT§saRs þFnFanTwkedaymankarcUlrYmBIPaKIBak;B½n§mkBIGnuGagTenøemKg�EdlmanGaTiP
     aB mYycMnYn. begáInkarcUlrYmenAkñúgKN³kmμkarTenøemKg�rab;TaMgkarelIkkMBs;cMNgTak;Tg
     nig         karsRmbsRmYlyuT§saRs þnigkmμviFIFnFanTwkrbs;km<úCaCamYykmμviFIRKb;RKg
     nigGPivDÆn_ FnFanTwkTenøemKg�qøgEdn .
GaTiPaBTI 2 ksagEpnkarnigvinieyaK[kan;EtmanlkçN³CayuT§saRsþ nigKaMRTeKaledArYm
énkic©GPivDÆn_esdækic©eTA .
•    eFVIsniTankmμcMeBaHkarpþl;GaTiPaBénKMeragvinieyaK eTaHbICaxñattUc bJ xñatFMkþI tamry³
     kareRbIR)as;lkçN³vinicä½yénkareRCIserIsc,as;las; .
•    cab;epþImeFVIkarenAkñúgkMritGagTenøemKg� nigFana[manPaBsIusgVak;KñaCamYyeKaledArYm rvag
     karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©TUeTAdéTeTot. erobcMGPivDÆ nigRKb;RKg
     RbB½n§FarasaRsþ nigRKb;RKgTwkCMnn;enAkñúgbribTénEpnkarGagTenøemKg�Edl ¬i¦ epþatkar
     ykcitþTikdak;elIGtßRbeyaCn_cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk¬i¦manlkçN³cuHsRmugCamYynigkar
     begáItGtßRbeyaCn_énkarensaT ¬i¦manlkçN³cuHsRmugCamYynigrbbTwkCMnn;FmμCatinig
     rbbTwkRsk ¬iv¦ manlkçN³sßitesßrtamn½yesdækic©nigpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaBlrdæ
51
                                    enAkñúgdMeNIrkarbc©úb,nñkñúgkarbegáItRkumkargarbec©keTsrYmKñarvagrdæaPi)al
nigGñkp þl;CMnYy¬TWG¦eK)anbegáIt               RkummYysMrab;RKb;RKgksikmμ                 nigTwk             .
elIsBIenHeTAeTotkmμviFImYyEdlp þl;hirBaØb,TanedayRbeTs)araMgkMBugKaMRT RkumkargaryuT§saRs þenARksYg
MOWRAM .

                                                                                                           71
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
                                                     ú
    mYyPaKFM ¬v¦ RtUv)anerobcMnigGnuvtþn_kñgTMnak;TMngCamYy nigKN³kmμaFikarksikr
    énGñkeRbIR)as;Twk .
•   begáItEpnkarnignitiviFisMrab;RKb;RKgTwksMrab;GnuGagGaTiPaBnigshKmn_ Edlnwg ³ ¬i¦
    kMritkareRbIR)as;Twk nigkMritkarbgðÚrTwkRtlb;mkvijeFobnwgbrimaNnigeFobnwgkMritKuNPaB
    TwkEdlEfrkSanigEdleFVI[brisßanmannirnþrPaB ¬ii¦ EbgEckTUeTAcMeBaHkareRbIR)as;epSg²
    ¬ brisßan eRsacRsBksikmμ TIRkug nig]sSahkmμ ¦nigl½kçx½N�bgðÚrecjmkvij edIm,I[
    eqøIytbnwgeKaledAEdlmannirnþrPaB ¬iii¦ erobcMnigGnuvtþn_RbB½n§tamdan nigRbB½n§RKb;RKg
    siT§i/ karbgðÚr edIm,IRKb;RKgkareRbIR)as;;Twk enAkñúgkMrit]bsK�TaMgenH .
GaTiPaBTI 3 erobcMeRtomlkçN³Tb;Tl;nigbeBa©óseRKaHmhnþray
•   BinitüemIlsarCafμInigÉkPaBcMeBaHEpnkarCati;RKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþray.       EsVgrkCMnYy
    bec©keTsEdlKaMRTedayGñkpþl;CMnYy EsVgrkkarbNþúHbNþalnigvinieyaK edIm,IelIkkMBs;
    smtßPaB elIkkMBs;RbB½n§nignitiviFIrbs; NCDM kñúgkarvaytMélkarxUcxatnigvaytMél
    esckþIRtUvkar nigelIkkMBs;smtßPaBkñúgkarraykarN_ . erobcMyuT§saRsþRKb;RKghaniP½y
    EdlmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCay føwgEføgviFIsaRsþbc©úb,nñcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþray
    FmμCatiCamYynwgviFIsaRsþmYyEdlmanlkçN³skmμ nigsMrbtamsmtßPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al
    km<úCa CaBiesssMrbtamsmtßPaBEpμksareBIBn§nigbec©keTs .
•   BinitüsareLIgvijnUvemronEdldkRsg;ecjBIbTBiesaFn_CamYynwgviFisaRsþénkarRKb;RKg
    haniP½yEp¥kelIshKmn_ BIsMNak;Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)alnigm©as;CMnYydéTeTot edayyk
    citþTukdak;eq<aHeTArkkarCUndMNwgGMBIkarerobcMKaMRTkñúgeBlGnaKt BIGg�kareRkArdæaPi)al nig
    shKmn_Gñkpþl;CMnYy.
•   eFVIsmahNkmμkareRtomlkçN³Tb;Tl; nigkarbeBa©óseRKaHmhnþrayeTAkñúgkarksag
    EpnkareRbIR)as;dInwgkarerobcM ehdæarcnasm<½n§.




                                                                                         72
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
GaTiPaBTI 4 ekogKrFnFansMrab;BRgIkkarp�t;p�g;Twk nigGnam½yenAtMbn;CnbT
•   bgálkçN³[mansmFm’cMeBaHkarp�t;p�g;Twks¥atnigGnam½yenACnbT            tamry³karbegáIn
    karvinieyaKkñúgkarCIkGNþÚgTwk nigksagbg�n;Gnam½yenAtamtMbn;q¶aydac;Rsyalk¾dUcCa
    RbB½n§bgðÚrTwksMGuy enAtamTIkEnøgsmRsb .
•   elIkTwkcitþ[mankarcUlrYmBIvis½yÉkCn.begáIt[mankarcUlrYmBIvis½yÉkCn[)ankan;Et
    eRcInbEnßmeTotenAkñúgkarp�t;p�g;Twks¥atenACnbT nigkic©GPivDÆn_EpñkGnam½y KYr)anTTYl
    karelIkTwkcitþedaysarEtbBaðakgVHxatmUlniFivinieyaKvis½ysaFarN³           nwgedaysar
    Rbtibtþikar nigkarRKb;RKgmeFüa)aymYycMnYn KYrTuk[vis½yÉkCnCaGñkra:b;rg . enA
    RbeTsdéTeTotvis½yÉkCnkMBugedItYkan;EtsMxan;eLIg² enAkñúgkarpþl;karp�t;p�g;Twks¥at nig
    esvaGnam½yEdlmanlkçN³Casarv½nþ .
karbegáInR)ak;cMNUlksikmμ
95> edIm,I[manvDÆnPaBelIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enAcMeBaHmuxGaRtakMeNInRbCaBlrdæx<s;
vis½yksikmμnigCnbTcaM)ac;RtUvrIkcMerIn y:agehacNas;mankMeNInBi 5 eTA 6° kñúgmYyqñaM
¬sUmGanEpñkTI 1¦ . enHKWCaGaRtakMeNInx<s;eFobniglT§plGnuvtþn_rbs;vis½ykñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ
ehIykarbegáInplitPaBdMNaMRsUv k¾nwgekIneLIgeq<aHeTArkkareqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarenH ³
          •    skþanuBlkñúgkarrYmviPaKTancMeBaHkMeNIn GDP BIkarbegáInplitkmμRsUv tamry³kar
               begáInbJBRgIktMbn;daMduHCYbnwgkarlM)akedaysarEtsmtßPaBRsUbrbs;TIpSarkñúgRsuk
               mankMrit manKuNPaBminl¥sMrab;karnaMecj enAmanesssl;smtßPaBenAkñúgtMbn;
               nigGaRs½yelIninñakarrYménéføFBaØCatienAkñúgtMbn; nigenAelIBiPBelakEdlman
               ry³eBlEvg
          •    bu;Enþ sUm,IEtenAkñúgkMhitCamYynigTIpSarkþI karbegáIneLIgnUvplitplRsUv nig
               RbsiT§iPaBkinRsUv GacmanskþanuBlkñúgkarrYmviPaKTanrhUtdl; 3° énkMeNIn
               RbcaMqñaM ¬ FAO qñaM 2003 ¦
          •    kMeNInénplitkmμéRBeQWnigClplGaRs½yelIsmtßPaBrbs;FnFankñúgkarpþl;pl
               nig tulüPaBrvagkarbegáInkarRbmUlplkñúgeKaledABaNiC¢kmμ nwgtMélFnFanenA
                                                                                        73
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
               kñúgbribTGtßiPaBénplitplminEmneQI enAkñúgbribTénbNþajsuvtßiPaBCnbT
               nigkñúgbribTénkareRbIR)as;déTeToteRkABIBaNiC¢kmμ.
96> edIm,IsMerc)annUvGRtakMeNInx<s; caM)ac;RtUveFVIBiBiFkmμeRkABIkareFVidMNaMRsUv EdlPaKeRcIn
RtUvepþatelITIpSar nigepþatelIkarnaMecj kñúgvisalPaBmYyFM ³
          •    viPaKTanbEnßmcMeBaHkMeNInEdl)anmkBIkareFVIBiBiFkmμeRkABIRsUv plitpléRBeQI
               nigClplEdlmanlkçN³CaRbéBNI caM)ac;RtUvmankarkMNt;TisedAkñúgkarnaMecj
               kñúgsßanPaBEdlR)ak;kñúgRsukmankMritTab mankarbNþMúénMR)ak;cMNUlx<s; manr)ay
               lMeGog EdlmankMhitelIkMeNInéntMrUvkarkñúgRsuk.
          •    tMrUvkarrbs;CatiGaceFVI[kMeNInvis½yksikmμ ekInCamFümRbEhl 4>4° kñúgmYyqñaM
               RbsinebI]bsK�Epñkplitkmμnig]bsK�EpñkTIpSarRtUv)anedaHRsay . tMrUvkares,óg
               GaharkñúgRsukekIneLIgnaeBlGnaKt EdlbNþalmkBI ¬i¦ kMeNInRbCaBlrdæ
               ¬RbEhl2>5°kñúg1qñaM¦ ¬ii¦ karpøas;;bþÚrsmasPaBmðÚbGahareFobnwgkMeNInén
               R)ak;cMNUlEdleFVI[pøas;bþÚrBIkarTTYlTan)ay eTACakarTTYlsac; RtI bEnø nig
               es,ógGaharEkécñ . eTaHbICamanskþanuBlCMnYskarnaMcUlGgárEdlmanKuNPaB
                                    52



               x<s; ¬100>000etan RtUv)aneKnaMcUlkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ ¦ nigCMnYsplitpnaMcUl
               déTeTotdUcCa bEnøbgáa EpøeQI sár eRbgrukçCati bsustV RCUk nigkarGnuvtþn_
               nUvskþanuBlTaMgenHGacRbRBwtþeTA)an enAeBlNaEdl]bsK�TIpSar ]bsK�sßab½n
               nig]bsK�Epñkehdæarcnasm<½n§RtUv)anlubbM)at; . fμI²enH plitkmμ kñúgRsukminGac
               RbkYtRbECgCamYyTMnijnaMcUlBIbreTseLIy              CaBiessTMnijnaMcUlBIRbeTs
               evotNamnigRbeTséfsMrab;plitplmYycMnYn .
52
  edayBicarNaGMBIkarfycuHenAcMENk cMNaysaFarN³enAeBlmankMeNInR)ak;cMNUl GaRtakMeNInR)ak;cMNUlesμInig
3°enATUTaMgRbeTs dUckar)a:n;sμanCaeKal² nwgeFVIeGaykMeNinksikmμ mankMritGtibrmaesμInig 4>4°kñúg1qñaM¬
karbUkpSMkMeNInRbCaBlrdæ2>5°nig1>9°eTot)anmkBIninñakarpas;bþÚrmÚbGahar 3° @63>5° Edl63>5° KWCa
cMENkénkMeNInR)ak;cMNUlEdl)ancMNayelIes,ogGahar¦.PaByWténR)al;cMNul¬income elasticity¦ sMrab;es,og
GaharxusKña²RtUv)aneL)a:n;sμanfaesμI 0>46 0>75 nig0>92 cMeBaH Ggár mÚbCamUldæanminEmnGgárnigsac; / RtI
¬ FAO, Ernstberger nig Liu, 2003¦.
                                                                                                   74
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa

          •    PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;ksikrnigGaCIvkmμksikmμ nigkareFVIsmahrNkmμCamYyTIpSar
               BiPBelakCYb]bsK� edaysarplitPaBTab ehdæarcnasm<½n§exSay nigktþa
               Epñksßab½ndéTeTot ¬dUcCaGMeBIBukrlYy¦ EdlTaMgGs;enHeFVI[cMNayekIneLIg
               nwgTb;sáat;karbBa¢ÚnsBaØananaBITIpSarRbkbRbsiT§PaBeTA[kan;plitkr GñkdwkCBa¢Ún
               nigGñkEkécñenACnbT nigsMrab;TIpSarhirBaØvtßúCnbTrbs;km<úCaEdlkMBugcab;kMeNIt.
97> caM)ac;RtUvbegáIteKalneya)ayKaMRT nigbegáItktþaelIkTwkcitþepSg² edIm,IbegáInkareqøIy
tb kñúgkarp�t;p�g;plitplRbéBNI dUcCaGgár Clpl nigbsustV edIm,I[manBiBiFkmμbEnßmelI
plitkmμnigkarEkécñtMélbEnßm k¾dUcCaCYysMrYldl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk ¬plitkrnigksikr¦ edIm,I
[manlT§PaBrYmcMENkmYYyPaKkan;EtFMelItMélbEnßm Edl)anmkBIplitkmμenAtMbn;CnbT.
eTaHbICamankarkat;bnßyPaBxusKña GMBItMrUvkarnigkareqøIytbkñúgkarp�t;p�g;EdlmanRbsiT§iPaB
nigEdl)aneFVIBiBiFkmμkþI karbgálkçN³gayRsYl[ksikrxñattUc nigGñklk;kMlaMgBlkmμ
enAtMbn;CnbT tMrUv[karelIkkMBs;RbsiTi§PaB elIkkMBs;smFm’ GMBIlT§PaBkñúgkar)anTTYl
FnFan EdlmanplitPaB nigTIpSarktþaBlkmμ rYmmandI Twk hirBaØvtßúnigbec©kviTüa .manCMerIs
¬nig]TahrN_mYycMnYnkMBugekItmanenAkm<úCa¦ sMrab;GnuvtþyuT§saRsþkMeNInenACnbT Edlepþat
elIRbCaBlrdæRkIRk tamry³kareFVIBiBiFkmμdwknaMedayTIpSar rab;TaMgkareFVIksikmμeyagkic©snüa
smaKmrkTIpSar .l. b:uEnþTaMgGs;enHtMrUv[pøas;;bþÚrCaeRcInenAkñúgbriyakasvinieyaKenACnbT
nigrcnasm<½n§sßab½nEdlpSarP¢ab;plitkrenACnbTCamYyGñkEkécñ nigCamYyTIpSar .
98> RbkarenHBak;B½n§CaBiessnUvkarERbkøayksikmμCIvRBwtþ EdlsMKal;edaykareFVIdMNaMRsUv
EtmYymux eRbIR)as;ktþaplitkmμtictYc ehIydIpþl;pltictYc eTAkan;ksikmμEdltMrg;eq<aHeTA
rkBaNiC¢kmμ nigksikmμcMruH. GnþrkalenH)ancab;epþImrYcehIy nigRtUvsRmbsRmYleday
eKalneya)ay nigkarvinieyaKKaMRT. kMENTMrg;Bak;B½n§nwgGnþraKmn_CabnþbnÞab; tMrUv[kat;bnßy
haniP½yEdleKdwgCamun GMBIkarbþÚrBIkareFVIksikmμCIvRBwtþeTACakareFVIksikmμ EdlmanlkçN³
BaNiC¢kmμ . ninñakarkñúgeBlGnaKtGMBIkareFVIksikmμ mYyEpñkFMGaRs½yelICMerIseKalneya)ay
cMruHrbs;rdæaPi)alsMrab;tMbn;CnbT EdlTak;Tgnwg ¬i¦ karkMNt;TissarCafμIéneKalneya)ay
ksikmμ karEbgEckFnFan nigesvaKaMRTedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarénRbB½n§ksikmμcMruH nig
                                                                                         75
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
¬ii¦edaHRsaykargarplitkmμ karrkTIpSar nigbBaðaBaNiC¢kmμ EdlTMnijsMxan;²RtUvRbQmmux
¬Ggár RtI bsustV ekAsU‘ ¦k¾dUcCa ¬iii¦ GaTiPaBénkarvinieyaKelIkarRKb;RKgRbB½n§FarasaRsþ
nigTwk ¬iv¦kargPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§pøÚvfñl;nigpøvPUmi CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyal nig
                                                  Ú
¬v¦karRKb;RKgdIFøI nigsuvtßiPaBEpñkkmμsiT§i. EpñkenHRbmUlpþúMCasMxan;elIcMNucTI ¬i¦ - ¬ii¦ -
¬iii¦ dl;TI ¬v¦ manBiPakSaenAkñúgEpñkEpñkTIBIrénr)aykareN_nH .
99> kareFVIBiBiFkmμénsßanPanenAmUldæan tMrUv[mankarykcitþTukdak;elIviFIsaRsþvimCÄkar
Edl mankarcUlrYmeRcInBIshKmn_. b:uEnþ]bsK�mYycMnYnmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ dUcCa]bsK�kñúgkar
rkTIpSar nigbriyakasRKb;RKgBaNiC¢kmμEdltMrUv[manskmμPaBsRmbsRmYl Bak;B½n§nwg
TIPñak;gar enAfñak;kNþal.karYmpSMrvag ¬i¦skmμPaBnana edIm,IBRgwgkarRKb;RKgtamvis½ysMrab;
GPivDÆn_ ksikmμ ¬ii¦esvasMrab;RTRTg; nigkarplit karrkTIpSarnigBaNiC¢kmμksipl ¬iii¦ kmμviFI
TMnijCak;lak;RtUv)anelIkCasMeNI .

karBRgwg nigRKb;RKgtamvis½y

100> karbegáItkmμviFIGPivDÆn_ksikmμc,as;las;KWCaGaTiPaB.              sßitenAkñúgGaTiPaBTI1
yuT§saRsþ rbs;rdæaPi)alsMrab;GPivDÆvis½yksikmμ caM)ac;RtUvbBa¢ak;[)anc,as; ehIyERbkøaynUv
GaTiPaB TUeTAnana[eTACakmμviFiCak;lak; EdlnwgTTYl)annUvkarKaMRTBIrdæaPi)alnigBIm©as;CMnYy
kan;Et eRcIn.ÉksarsþIBI NPRS kMNt;GtþsBaØaNGaTiPaBdUcteTA sMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_Epñkksikmμ
³ ¬i¦ karbegáInel,Ónkic©GPivDÆn_RbB½n§FarasaRsþEdlmannirnþrPaB ¬ii¦ begáInel,Ónkarpþl;b½NÑ
kmμsiT§idIFøI nigkarEbgEckdITMenreRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYg MAFF ¬iii¦ GPivDÆn_karnaMecj
plitplRsUv nigplitpldéTeTot nigGPivDÆn_meFüa)ayEkécñnigRtYtBinitüKuNPaB ¬iv¦
BRgwgesvasMxan;²sMrab;KaMRTvis½yksikmμ kñúgenaHrYmman karpSBVpSayksikmμ karRsavRCav
karrkTIpSar \NTan nigkarEbgEckktþaplitkmμ ¬v¦ karBRgIkplitkmμ bsustV edayman
karykcitþTukdak;eTAelIesvasuxPaBstV GaharUbtßmÖ karRKb;RKgnigkarbegáIt eragcRkEkécñsac;
¬vi¦kardak;[manbec©kviTüasmRsbsMrab;karkarciBa©wmRtIkñúgERs nig varIvb,kmμ ¬vii¦CMrujkar
RKb;RKgéRBeQInigClpledayshkmn_ ¬viii¦ BRgwgsmtßPaB enARKb;fñak;énsßab½ntamvis½y
                                                                                         76
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
enACnbT . b:uEnþÉksar NPRS min)ankMNt;yuT§saRsþc,as;las; sMrab;ksikmμeLIy
ehIycaM)ac;RtUvERbkøayTisedATUeTArbs;ÉksarenH[eTACakmμviFIGaTiPaB Cak;lak;bEnßmeTot.
101> eKeXIjmanyuT§saRsþnigeKalneya)ayGnuvis½yenAtamEpñkmYycMnYn b:uEnþmanbBaðaGMBI
PaBminsIusgVak;KñakñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg k¾dUcCamanbBaðaGMBIkmμsiT§iPaB nigmanbBaððaGMBIkar
KaMRTBIfñak;neya)ay .karrYmpSMénkmμviFIsIusgVak;KñamaneKaledAsMrab;eFVI[Gnuvis½ysMxan;²
                        53



)anrs;ranmanCivitsarCafμI ¬edaHRsayplitkmμ Edl)ankMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigedaHRsay
]bsK�énkarrkTIpSarEdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;PaBRbkYtRbECgénGnuvis½yCak;lak; ]TahrN_ RsUv
ekAs‘U RtI bsustV.l¦. ehIykmμviFInanamaneKaledAkñúgkarelIkkMBs;KuNPaBkarpþl;esva
cMeBaHvis½yksikmμ ¬]TahrN_ RbB½n§pSBVpSayksikmμ RbB½n§Bt’manTIpSaresvahirBaØvtßú sMrab;
GnuBaØat[mankareFVIBiBiFkmμbnþeToténplitkmμksikmμ kñúgkareqøIytbnigtMrUvkarrbs;TIpSar¦
nigpþl;CaRkbx½N�mYysMrab;eFVIsniTankmμ ehIykñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ RbmUlpþúMkic©RbwgERbgdac;²BIKña
rbs;PaKIBak;B½n§nanaenAkñúgvis½yenH . ynþsaRsþksikmμEdlGaceCOTukcitþ k¾KaMRTpgEdrnUv
kic©RbwgERbgRTRTg;rbs;RksYg MAFF edIm,I[begáInkarEbgEckfvikamk[vis½yenH .
102> FnFancM)ac;RtUvmanlkçN³RsbKñaCamYynwgyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_ksikmμ . Tak;Tgnwg
karEk lMGeKalneya)aykarRKb;RKgcMNaysaFarN³ karerobcMFnFanCamYynigeKaledA
GPivDÆn_yuT§saRsþ vis½yksikmμnigkargarGPivDÆn_CnbT edIryWtCagvis½ydéTeTot . cMNg
Tak;Tgrvag karksagEpnkarfvikanigkarkMNt;eKaledAeq<aH eTArkRbCaBlrdæRkIRkelIEpñk
FnFan )anelIkkMBs;vis½ysuxaPi)alnigGb;rM bu:EnþksikmμenACnbT caM)ac;RtUveFVI[mankarrik
cMerIndUcKñaenHEdr.    CamYynigkarBüakrN_énÉksarNPRSelIkarRbmUlcMNUlEdlmankMrit
TabCagy:ageRcIneFobnwg tMrUvkarkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØb,Tan kareFVIsniTankmμKYrCaGaTiPaBmYyx<s;.
CagenHeTAeTotkgVH eKalneya)aytamvis½yc,as;las;nigkgVH Bt’manGMBIlT§pl eFVI[
karvaytMélRbsiT§iPaBén cMNaysaFarN³kñúgkic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigGPivDÆn_CnbTCYbkar
lM)ak. CacugeRkay RtUvély:agNa[mankarerobcMkan;Etl¥RbesIrnUvGaTiPaBnanarbs;
53
  KYrkt;sMKal;fa ³ esckþIRBagc,ab; RKab;BUC nigyuT§saRsþRKab;BUC eKalneya)aybsustV yuT§saRsþ Gb;rMvis½y
ksikmμesckþIENnaMfñak;CatiGMBIkarpSBVpSayksikmμ esckþIRBagc,ab;GMBIc,ab;Clpl ¬CamYynigRkumRbwkSardæmRnþI¦
nigesckþIRBagGnuRkwtü bTbBaØtþi nwgsþg;darksikmμepSg² .
                                                                                                      77
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
raCrdæaPi)alrbs;km<úCa kñúgkarelIk kMBs;karRKb;RKgCMnYybreTs eRBaHfabrimaNCMnYybreTs
enAkñúgcMNaysrubrbs;rdæaPi)al- mancMnYnRbEhl 75° bJ x<s;CagenHsMrab;ksikmμnigkic©
GPivDÆn_CnbT .
103> bBaðaF¶n;F¶rénkarRKb;RKgcMNaysaFarN³eFVI[b:HBal;CaGviC¢mancMeBaHkarEbgEck
FnFanesdækic©enAtamPUmisaRsþ nigb:HBal;dl;RbsiT§PaBépÞkñúgvis½yenAtMbn;CnbT ehIykBa©b;
FnFan titYc CaTUeTA eFVI[man\T§iBltictYc. ÉksarBinitüsareLIgvijGMBI cMNaysaFarN³qñaM
2003 ¬IFAPER¦)ankMNt;bBaðacMbg²enAkñúgvis½yenHeday Ep¥kelIkarBinitüeLIgvijrbs;
RksYg MAFF nigRksYg MOWRAM :                54




RbGb;TI 5 : bBaðaKnøwHén PEM enAkñúgvis½yksikmμ
              •   FnFanrbs;rdæaPi)alEdlEbgEck[vis½y mancMnYntic ¬ticCag1duløarsMrab;
                  RbCaBlrdæmñak;¦ xN³EdlRbCaBlrdæPaKeRcInrs;enABwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ .
                  k¾b:uEn þcaM)ac;RtUvmankmμviFIkMeNInep þateTArkRbCaBlrdæRkIRkc,as;las;
                  EdlGac ERbkøayeTACa MTEF muneBleFVIvicarNkmμs þIBIkarbegáInfvika .
                  kMeNIncMNay
                  kalBIeBlfμI²enHKWCacMNayelIkarbMeBjxat¬BUCRsUv¦CaCagkarbegáIncMNay
                  eTA[vis½yGaTiPaB .
              •   kic©dMeNIrkarfvikargplb:HBal;CaxøaMgBIlMhUrfvikaeRkARbB½n§: karRbmUlcMNUl
                  eRkAfvikaEdlmanbrimaNeRcInKWCakarRBYy)armÖF¶n;F¶rmYy CaBiessenAkñúg
                  Gnuvis½yéRBeQI nigClplEdlKμankartamdankarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUl[man
                  RbsiT§PaB . Rkumh‘unekAs‘Urk)anR)ak;cMeNjtictYchYs ehIyKμankartamdan
                  BIRksYg MAFF cMeBaHshRKasksikmμrbs;rdæeLIy . karRKb;RKgCMnYy


54
  rbkKMehIjGnuvt þcMeBaHEpñknanaénvis½yksikmμ nigTwks¥aténesdækic©CnbT IFAPER min)anniyayBIsßab½nEdl
Bak;B½n§edaypÞal;EdlenAkñúgesdækic©CnbTeLIy
                                                                                                 78
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
                   rbs;Gñkp þl;CMnYyk¾CabBaðacMbgmYypgEdr edayKμankarkt;Rta nigKμankar
                   tamdankarEbgEckFnFan nigkarcMNayenAkñúg vis½yenH[)aneBjeljeLIy
              •    karEbgEckFnFanesdækic©manGRbsiT§PaB . cMENkéntYelxR)ak;ExeFobnwg
                   cMNaycrn þ)anFøak;cuHBak;kN þalkñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAnH           .
                   elITidæPaB                                                        viC¢man
                   cMNayRbtibt þikarnigcMNayEfTaMenAfñak;ext þ)anekIneLIg . karGnuvtþn_
                   min)anl¥enAedImqñaMnImYy² eFVI[b:HBal;dl;karRKb;RKgfvikaEdlmanplb:HBal;
                   GviC¢man CaBiesselIskmμPaBnanaEdlTak;TgnwgRbtiTinksikmμEdlmancrit
                   rdUvkal .
              •    karEbgEckFnFaneTAkan;Gnuvis½ynigEbgEcktamPUmisaRs þKμanRbsiT§PaB .
                   karEbgEckrbs; MAFF cMeBaHkarpSBVpSayksikmμmancMnYnticCagmYyPaKry
                   énfvika55          enAeBlEdlkarpSBVpSayksikmμsßitenAkñúgGaTiPaBx<s;enAkñúg
                   yuT§saRs þrbs;rdæaPi)alsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk¬ SEDP II, NPRS ¦
                   FnFan mYycMENkFMRtUv)anEbgEckeTA[RksYgenAfñak;kN þal ¬MAFF,
                   MOWRAM            ¦ . cMNay                       PAP     rbs; MAFF
                   CagBak;kN þalRtUv)ancMNayelIkardaMéRBeQI sareLIgvij kñúgenaH
                   mYycMENkFMRtUv)ancMNayelIlaPkarrbs;buKÃ?lik                              .
                   eKBMueXIjmanyn þkarkMNt;eKaledA/edIm,IFana[manfvika
                   nigcMNayeq<aHeTArk                  RbCaBlrdæRkIRkeLIy                  .
                   eKBMueXIjmanRbB½n§sMrab;tamdanfvika nigBt’man hirBaØvtßúrbs;naykdæan
                   nigEpñkBak;B½n§déTeTotrbs; MAFF eLIy .

104> caM)ac;RtUveFVITMenIbPavUbnIykmμsßab½nvis½yksikmμedIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgkarepÞrTisedAEpñk
esdækic©          BIesdækic©Epnkar          nigesdækic©ep þatelIkarplit   eTArkkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμ

55
     enARbeTséfesμIr 16°
                                                                                            79
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
nigkarep þateTAelI                                          TIpSar                                      .
karpøas;bþÚrrbs;km<úCaeq<aHeTArkksikmμEdlep þateTAelITIpSarRtUv)anbgðajtamry³                 kar
dkecjnUvkarvinieyaK/ÉkCnPavUbnIykmμEdlkMBugdMeNIrkarenAGtItshRKasEdlRKb;RKgeday
rdæ ¬AIC, KAMFIMEX cMkarekAs‘U ksidæanbN þúHBUC¦ nigkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμ BaNiC¢kmμ
ksikmμEdlGnuvt þbn þBIesrIPavUbnIykmμelIIéføøksikmμ                                             .
b:uEn þkarpøas;b þÚrTaMgenHmanel,ÓnyWt
ehIyenAbn þRbQmmuxnwgkarRbQmCaeRcInBIplRbeyaCn_ÉkCn . RsbCamYyKñaenH
sßab½nenA            tamvis½ycaM)ac;RtUverobcMEkTMrg;edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgnUvTisedAesdækic©fμI      .
TidæPaBbYnEdltMrUv[man                              karKaMRTrYmman                            ¬ i¦
karkMNt;eLIgvijnUvmuxgarénvis½ysaFarN³GMBIksikmμ                            ¬ii¦           Binitü
eLIgvijnUvmuxgarnigParkic©rbs;sßab½nsMxan;²CaBiessenAkñúgbribTénvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar
¬iii¦ Gnuvt þbBa©b;nUvkareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμEdlkMBugdMeNIrkar nig¬iv¦ edaHRsaybBaðakgVH
CMnaj sMxan;² .
105> karkMNt;sarCafμInUvmuxgarrbs;vis½ysaFarN³GMBIksikmμ . muxgarmYycMnYnénmuxgar
bc©úb,nñEdlGnuvt þedayRksYg MAFF nigsßab½nBak;B½n§Camuxgarcas;hYssm½y nigCamuxgar
EdlminsmRsbcMeBaHsßab½nsaFarN³enAkñúgesdækic©TIpSar . RksYg MAFF nigsßab½nksikmμ
saFarN³caM)ac;RtUvep þatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarp þl;TMnijsaFarN³
edaygakecjBIkarcUlrYm edaypÞal;enAkñúgkargarplitkmμ karEbgEckkt þaplitkmμ
nigkarrkTIpSar EdlkargarenHKYrEt Tuk[vis½yÉkCnCaGñkeFVI                  . ]TahrN_
plitkmμRKab;BUCenAksidæanbNþúHRKab;BUCrbs;rdæsMrab;           lk;nigb¤EckcayeTA[ksikr
nigkarEckcayCIKImI56 . müa:gvijeTotmuxgarsaFarN³sMxan;² mYycMnYnenAman
karGPivDÆn_tictYcenAeLIy ]TahrN_karviPaKesdækic©cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_ eKalneya)ay
karXøaMemIleGBIedmIsaRs þ             karCMrujRKwHsßanplitkmμCnbT           karGPivDÆn_
56
  kMNt;sMKalrbs;GñkbkERb³ GtßbTedImmin)anbBa¢ak;faetIksidæanbNþúHRKab;BUCrbs;rdæenHKb,IeFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμ
b¤y:agNaenaHeLIy.
                                                                                                       80
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
nigGnuvt þn_s þg;darsuvtßiPaBes,óg caM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIlsareLIgvijnUvmuxgarrbs;RksYg
MAFF                 enAkñúgRkbx½N�Gnuvt þ\NTanGPivDÆn_vis½yksikmμrbs;                ADB

nigp þl;CamUldæansMrab;Epnkar                               eFVITMenIbPavUbnIIykmμsßab½nenH
rYmmankarkMNt;sarCafμInUvmuxgarsMxan;²rbs;RksYg nigesck þI RtUvkarkñúgkarerobcMbuK�lik
nigCMnajsmRsb . karbegáInpþl;karKaMRTEpñkneya)ay nigbegáIn PaBCaGñkdwknaM
KWCakarcaM)ac;edIm,IGnuvt þnUvkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§sarCafμI    .           vDÆnPaBelIkMEN-
TMrg;muxgarsaFarN³k¾mansar³sMxan;pgEdrkñúgkarKaMRTkarpøas;b þÚrTaMgenH .
106> karBinitüemIlsarCafμInUvmuxgar nigParkic©rbs;sßab½nsaFarN³sMxan;² nigbegáInkic©
RbwgERbgrYmKñaCamYydMeNIrkarksagEpnkarenAmUldæan . karerobcM nigGaNt iþrbs; MAFF
enAfñak;kN þal nigkMritrdæ)alCan;Tab ¬fñak;ext þ nigfñak;Rsuk ¦ enAminTan;)anvivDÆedIm,IqøúH
bBa©aMgnUvkarpøas;b þÚrfμI² enAkñúgTisedAesdækic© nigrdæ)alrbs;km<úCaenAeLIyeT: muxgarfμIrbs;
vis½ysaFarN³enAkñúgesdækic©TIpSar ehIyfμI²enHKWmuxgarenAkñúgdMeNIrkarvimCÄkar nigsh-
vimCÄkar . CaBiessmuxgarrbs; PDAFF nig DAO Edlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;[mancMNg
                                                               57



Tak;TgmanRbsiT§rvagksikrnigRksYg minRtUv)aneKkMNt;c,as;las;eLIy EdleFVI[kat;bnßy
RbsiT§PaBénkarerobcMeKalneya)ay karGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ay nigkarp þl;esvaksikmμ .
mantMrUvkarbnÞan;kñúgkarkMNt;sarCafμIeLIgvij         nUvGaNt þikargarrbs;kariyal½yTaMgenaH
edIm,IbMerI      [)anRbesIrnUvmuxgarsñÚlénkarksagEpnkar             nigBuT§iénesdækic©enAmUldæan
CMrujplitPaBksikmμ           ¬KaMRTkarGPivDÆn_karerobcMrbs;ksikr          esvapSBVpSayksikmμ
esvaBt’manTIpSar kartamdan nigRtYtBinitüCMgWstV nigCMgWrukçCati nigkarRKb;RKgFnFanéRBeQI
nigClpl . vt þmanrbs; mnÞIrksikmμenAmUldæan/fñak;RsukkñúgkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayCati
p þl;dMNwgdl;RksYgGMBIkic©            GPivDÆn_ksikmμenAmUldæan          tamdankarGnuvtþn_c,ab;
nigGnuvtþn_bTb,BaØtiþ þTak;Tgnwgplitkmμ ksikmμ .l. k¾caM)ac;RtUvkMNt;sareLIgvij
[RsbKñaCamYynwgeKalneya)ayvimCÄkarrbs;                  rdæaPi)alpgEdr         .        dUcKñaEdr

57
     mnÞIrksikmμrukçaRbma:j; nigensaT nigkariyal½yksikmμRsuk
                                                                                              81
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
muxgarnigvt þmanrbs;esvapSBVpSayksikmμfñak;ext þ nigfñak;Rsuk k¾caM)ac;RtUvkMNt;sarCafμI
CaEpñkmYyénkarviPaKTUeTAGMBIvt þmanrbs; MAFF enAfñak;ext þ nigfñak;mUldæan
rYmmankIriténkarp þl;mUlniFi         nigkarerobcMbuK�liksmRsbenAkMritTaMgenaH        .
mankarp þÜcepþImkargarEdl)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIKMerag APIP nig ADESS GMBIesck þIRtUvkar
eFVITMenIbPavUbnIykmμén PDAFFs nig DAOs .
107> bBa©b;kareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμEdlkMBugRbRBwt þeTAenAshRKasrbs;rdæ
nigbegáItRkbx½N�                           bgálkçN³gayRsYlsMrab;vis½yÉkCn               .
ÉkCnPavUbnIykmμénshRKasrdæsMxan;²enAkñúgvis½y
ksikmμkMBugRbRBwt þeTAedaymankarKaMRTBI ADB 58. eKrMBwgfadMMeNIrkarenHnwgbBa©b;enAqñaM
2006 EdlrYmpSMCamYynwgkarEklMGbriyakasGaCIvkmμ nigebIkpøÚv[mankarcUlrYmkan;EteRcIn
BIvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarp þl;esvaelIkt þaplitkmμ nigesvaKaMRTkñúgkarrkTIpSar .
108> edaHRsayelIkgVHxatCMnajCak;lak;enAkñúgvis½y . kgVHkaryl;dwgGMBIEpñkhirBaØvtßú
nigesdækic©b¤kgVHxatCMnaj qøúHbBa©aMgtamry³kgVHsmtßPaB ¬enARKb;fñak;¦ kñúgkarerobcMeKal-
neya)ay karviPaKesdækic©sg�mkic©/karviPaKGMBIkarvinieyaK viTüasaRs þesdækic©GMBIkar
RKb;RKgTwknigksidæan karrkTIpSarksikmμnigbBaðaBaNiC¢kmμ nigCMnajGaCIvkmμTUeTAenACnbT .
eKRtUvkarCMnajTaMgenHCabnÞan; RbsinebIsßab½nBak;B½n§rYmviPaKTanRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB cMeBaH
karksagEpnkareKalneya)ay p þl;Gnusasn_l¥RbesIr edIm,I[mankarvinieyaKBIkMritksikr
eTAkan;kMritvis½y nigedIm,IvaytMéltfPaBBitR)akdénCMerIseKalneya)ay nigCMerIsvinieyaK .
karerobcMEpnkartamvis½yEp¥kelIlT§PaBp�t;p�g;                              nigEp¥kelIlT§pl
CaCagkarep þatelIR)ak;cMNUl CnbT/karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . mankaryl;dwgtictYc
b¤bTBiesaFn_sþÜcesþIgGMBIviFIsaRs þEdl mankarcUlrYm GMBIviFIsaRs þsþIBIRbB½n§eFVIksikmμ
nig/b¤esdækic©ksikmμenAkñúgRksYgCMnaj                  nigenAkñúgnaykdæanrbs;RksYgTaMgenaH
¬TaMgenAfñak;kN þal nigfñak;extþ¦ . bbuK�likrdæaPi)al TMngCaRbkan;ykviFIsaRs þBIelI-
58
     \NTanvis½yksikmμelIkTImYy nig\NTanGPivDÆn_vis½yksikmμenAeBlxagmux
                                                                                       82
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
cuHeRkamCaCagkarRbkan;ykviFIsaRs þ                                               kñúgzan³CaGñkp þl;esva
¬]TahrN_enAkñúgkarpSBVpSayksikmμ karRKb;RKgTwk¦ .
karsMrYlesvaKaMRTbec©keTs nigesvaKaMRTTIpSar
109> karpSBVpSayksikmμGacmanmuxgarsMxan;           kñúgkartP¢ab;KMlatEpñkbec©keTsbc©úb,nñ
enAkñúgplitkmμksikmμ nigenAkñúgkarcat;Ecg nigEkécñeRkayeBlRbmUlpl . GaNtþikargar
sMrab;esvapSBVpSayksikmμRtUv)anp þl;eTA[naykdæanmYyEdleTIbbegáIteLIg ¬qñaM 1998¦
KWnaykdæanpSBVpSayksikmμenAPñMeBj nigkariyal½ypSBVpSayksikmμ ¬fñak;ext þ fñak;Rsuk¦.
enAqñaM                                                                           1998
mankarbegáIteLIgnUvyuT§saRs þs þIBIkarpSBVpSayksikmμEdlmankarKaMRTBIGg�kar AusAID
nigmankarbN þúHbNþaldl;buK�likpSBVpSayksikmμ ¬AEW¦ enAfñak;ext þ nigenA
fñak;RsukenA 13ext þ ¬CAAEP nig CAAEP II¦ . RsbCamYyKñaenHGg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
mYycMnYn
nigkmμviFIEdlp þl;mUlniFiedaym©as;CMnYy)anbegáIteLIgnUvKMrUxus²KñasMrab;p þl;esva
pSBVpSayksikmμ59 rYmmanKMrUepÞrbec©kviTüaBIksikreTAksikr nigkarGnuvtþn_rYmpSMrvagkarpþl;
kBa©b;p\NTan nigkarpSBVpSayksikmμEdledAcMeBaHksikrRkIRk .
110> b:uEnþesvapSBVpSayenAmanlkçN³ ekμgx©IenAeLIy EdlksikrcMnYnEt 0>7°b:ueNÑaH Edl
manlT§PaB)anTTYlesvapSBVpSaykñúgTMrg;NamYy ehIybBaðaKuNPaBnigRbsiT§iPaBenAEtCa
                                                          60



bBaðaenAeLIy. kñúgcMeNamRbCaksikr RsþImancMnYn 54° b:uEnþmanksikrRsþIEt 10° b:ueNÑaH
Edl)anTTYlesvapSBVpSayksikmμ .CaTYeTABt’mannanamanTMrg;CaBt’manEdlpþl;BIelIcuHeRkam
ehIy]bsK�elICMnaj culturaland )aneFVI[raMgsÞHdl;karcUlrYmrbs; AEW elIkarpøas;;bþÚr
                                        61




59
   RtUv)anBinitüemIlsareLIgvijenAkñúgkarBinitüemIl{karpSBVpSayksikmμ} esck þIeRBógr)aykarN_ Castellanet
2003 sMrab;FnaKarBiPBelak
60
  Castellanet qñaM 2003.

 buK�likmnÞIrksikmμ cMnYnticCag25°manviBaØabnb½Rt bJ manlkçN³sm,tþix<s;CagenH GRtaPaKry enHGac
61



mankMritTabCagenH enAfñak;Rsuk . esckþIENnaMsþIBIkarksikmμkñúgeBlbc©©úb,nñ )a:n;sμanfa karerobcMbuK�lik RtUvkar
                                                                                                            83
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
KMniteTAvijeTAmkCamYyksikr. eKeXIjmansBaØaNénKMnitéqñRbDitepSg²EdlksikrpþÜcepþIm
b:uEnþsBaØaNTaMgGs;enaHminTan;)anerobcMcgRkgCaÉksar)anl¥enAeLIyeT ehIymankmμviFI
tictYcb:ueNÑaHEdlbgálkçN³[mankarpøas;;bþÚrmtieyabl;rbs;ksikr bJpøas;;bþÚreyabl;CamYy
smaKmksikr . eCaKC½ykñúgkarpþl;esvapSBVpSayksikmμkñúgEpñkÉkCnekItmanedaykRm ehIy
TMngCamanTMnak;TMngCamYysmtßPaBvinieyaKx<s; GnuBaØat[manyuT§saRsþEp¥kelIGtßRbeyaCn_
eBlEvgcMeBaHkarvinieyaK .ksikrEdlcUlrYmenAkñúgkmμviFIEbbenHTMngCaksikrEdlmanCIvPaB
FUrFarbMput nigmanRTBüsm,tþieRcIn. b:uEnþeKBMueXIjmankarvaytMélEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§
GMBIRbsiT§PaBénkmμviFIepSgKña²TaMgenaHeLIy.
111> karsikSaRsavRCavksikmμenATn;exSay                  PaKeRcInCakarsikSaRsavRCavEdl)anTTYl
karKaMRT tamKMnipþÜcepþImrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy . smiT§plEdlKYr[kt;sMKal;bMputKWkarbegáIt
CARDI 62 EdlCasßab½ncMbgrbs;Cati eFVIkarRsavRCavksikmμedayTTYlkar]btßmÖKaMRTBIGURsþalI.
sßab½n RsavRCavkñúgRsukenAmanPaBTn;exSaykñúgkareFVIsmahrNkmμCamYyvis½yÉkCn ¬ksikr
nig GaCIvkmμksikmμ¦ nigCamYysßab½ndéTeTot dUcCasßab½npSBVpSayksikmμ nigGb;rMksikmμ
CaedIm. enAeBlxagmux\NTanGPivDÆn_ksikmμ ¬ADB¦ nwgmankarerobcMEpnkaremsMrab;sikSa
RsavRCav ksikmμ edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaEdlvis½yenHRbQmmux . edaymankarKaMRTBIKMerag
APIP eK)anbegáItyuT§saRsþsMrab;Gb;rMksikmμ b:uEnþcaM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþenH .


112> bBaðacMbgsMrab;GnaKténRbB½n§CatipSBVpSayksikmμ EdlKaMRTedayvis½ysaFarN³
KWbBaða Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;hiBaØb,TannignirnþrPaB. fvikarbs; MAFF mancMnYn 1/4° én fvika
rbs; rdæaPi)al ¬ IFAPER qñaM 2003¦kñúgenaH mancMnYnEt 1° b:ueNÑaH Edlpþl;eTA[naykdæan
pSBVpSayksikmμ. RbB½n§pSBVpSayksikmμenAfñak;kNþalmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§saFarN³TaMgRsug
manlT§PaBcUleTAdl;shKmn_nigPUmiTaMgGs;             KWCaRbB½n§mYyEdlrdæaPi)alRtUvcMNayx<s;
eTaHbICakñúgry³eBlmFümkþI. bBaðaebovtSrbs;buK�likKWCakarsMxan; sMrab;Fana[esvapSBVpSay
ksikmμsaFarN³manRbsiT§PaBnigtmøaPaB. kMritR)ak;ebovtSbc©úb,nñenAfñak;Rsuk mankMritTab
mRnþIksikmμEdlmanCMnajcMnYn5nak; kñúgRsuknImYy²¬srubcMnYn900nak; sMrab;RbeTsTaMgmUl¦kñúgenaH manmRnþI
BI150eTA200nak;Edl)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþaCMh‘andMbUgrYcehIy .
62
  viTüasßanRsavRCavksikmμnigGPivDÆn_km<úCa
                                                                                                  84
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
q¶ayNas;eFobnwgkMritR)ak;ebovtS EdleKpþl;kñúgKMeragp�t;p�g;edaym©as;CMnYy bJedayGg�kar
eRkArdæaPi)al nigedayvis½yÉkCn EdleFVI[CYbkarlM)akkñúgkarrkSamRnþIraCkarEdlman
lkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;CamRnþIpSBVpSayksikmμenAfñak;Rsuk.            enAeBlEdlkMritR)ak;Exnig
fvikaRbtibtþikarminRKb;RKan; esvapSBVpSayksikmμsaFarN³nwgenAEtmanlkçN³Tn;exSay
teTAeTot . CagenHeTAeTotRbB½n§enH GacCaRbB½n§BMuEmnmanlkçN³RbesIrbMput kñúgkar
             63



pþl;GtßRbeyaCn_elIKMnitpþÜcepþImpÞal;nigelIsmtßPaBéqñRbDitrbs;ksikreLIy rab;TaMgkarpþl;
Bt’man BIksikreTAksikrpgEdr. karpSBVpSayksikmμ{ EbbBak;kNþal }EdlkMNt;eKaledA
        64



eday)anTTYlmUlniFiBIEpñksaFarN³ GnuBaØat[mankarKaMRTcMeBaHkarbegáItviFIsaRsþcMruH Edl
mankarRbkYtRbECgxøH²rvagGñkpþl;esvaepSg²Kña ¬ÉkCn Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al.l¦ Gac
dMeNIrkar)ankñúgbribTbc©úb,nñkan;EtRbesIr. eTaHCay:agenHkþIkarbBa¢ak;c,as;las;GMBIcMNab;
GarmμN_nigqnÞ³rbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkareFVIkargartamTisedAenHKWCakarcaM)ac; eRBaHfakalBImunman
karRbqaMgtbnwgviFIsaRsþEbbenHenAkñúg MAFF .             65




taragTI 6 ³ lkçN³sþIBIbec©kviTüaksikmμ nigktþaelIkTwkcitþvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarpþl;bec©kviTüa
TaMgenaH

63
    kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenHbuK�likpSBVpSayksikmμ RtUvbnþrkemIlRbPBR)ak;cMNUlbEnßmCaRbcaM EsVgrk {GtßRbeyaCn_ }
EdleFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;karksagEpnkarskmμPaBrbs;BYkeK .
64
       karbegáInR)ak;ExedIm,IRTRTg;RbB½n§pS BVpSayksikmμsaFarN³ Ep¥kelImUldæanénsMeNImkpSBVpSay ksikmμ
cMnYn5nak; kñúgmYyRsuk Edlpþl;laPkarkñúgkMritsmRsb edIm,IrkSaTukenAbuK�likEdlmanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;
¬RbEhl 150dulakñúg1Ex elImUldæanénKMerag/dR)ak;ebovtSvis½yÉkCnsmrab;Gñkbec©keTs ksikmμEdl)anTTYl
kar bNþúHbNþa¦ RtUvmanfvikaresμInig1>62landulaGaemrikkñúg1qñaM sMrab;cMNayelIR)ak;Ex suT§Edlman TMhM3dg
én fvikar crnþsrub sMrab;EpñkpSBVpSayksikmμ bJ ¬42°énfvikar PDAFFs srubbc©úb,nñ ¦.
65
  kñúgeBlkngeTAeKalneya)ay rbs; MAFF’s sþIBIkarpSBVpSayksikmμ BMumanlkçN³c,as;las; enAkñúg
kargnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgeLIy EdlRksYgGnuBaØatþieGaymankarbegáInRbB½n§pSBVpSayksikmμ edayELkenAkñúgnaykdæan
epSg²¬ IPM enAkñúg DAHP karpSBVpSayksikmμbsustVenAkñúg DAALI karpSBVpSaydMNaMekAs‘UenAkñúg DGPH
¦RsbCamYynigskmμPaBrbs; DAE BüayamenAkñúgkarP¢ab;CamYynigGñkpþl; esvaÉkCnelIkargarpSBVpSayksikmμ
CamYynigkmμviFIGnuvtþn_edayRksYg MAFF edayeFVIeGaymankarCMTas;y:agxøaMgkøaBIRksYg MAFF ¬]TahrN_ APIP
nigkarbNþúHbNþacMeBaH VAHWs eday by NGOs karpþl;eGayeFVIkic©snüaGMBIesvapSBVpSayksikmμ dl; Gg�kar
eRkArdæaPi)alrbs; CAAEP’s ¦ .
                                                                                                      85
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
 RbePTTMnij          TMnijsaFarN³                   sm,tþirYm        Bn§                ÉkCn
 lkçN³               minGacpat;ecj                  EdlGacRbkYt      EdlGacpat;         EdlGacpat;
                     nigminRbkYtRbECg               RbECgb:uEnþmin   ecj nigmin         ecj nigRbkYt
                                                    Gacpat;ecj       RbkYtRbECg         RbECg
 ]TahrN_             karBüakrN_GakasFatu            RKab;BUCEdl      karviPaKdI         RKab;BUCbgáat;
                     TMnak;TMngtamRbB½n§pSB         kekIteday        kmμviFIkMuBüÚT½r   plitplCIv³
                     pSayGMBIplitkmμnig             ÉkÉg             RKb;RKgksidæan     bec©kviTüa
                     GMBIB½t’manTIpSar              karRKb;RKg       karBieRKaHEpñk     eRKOgcRk
                     bec©keTsRKb;RKgeday            valesμArYm       ÉkCnsþIBIkar       ksikmμ nigfñaM
                     FmμCati                        ensaTrYm         daMduHnigkarrk     bsustV
                     karRKb;RKgkarqøgCMgW                            TIpSar
                     bsustV                                          fñaMrMgab;emeraK
                                                                     sMrab;bsustV
 lT§PaBénkar
              TabNas;                               Tab              x<s;Cag            x<s;
 pþl;rbs;ÉkCn
kMNt;sMKal;³ minGacpat;ecj = GñkEdlminbg;R)ak;enAEtGacTTYl)an. minRbkYtRbECg =
kareRbIrbs;buK�lmñak;mineFVI[b:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_rbs;Gñkmñak;eTotkñúgkareRbIR)as;
RbPB³ Umali-Deininger 1997; World Bank 2002
113> GvtþmanénTIpSar nigGvtþmanénesvaBaNiC¢kmμ RBmTaMgGRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgExSsgVak;
tMél eFVI[b:HBal;PaBRbkYtRbECgksikmμrbs;km<úCa. cab;taMgBIqñaM1994mk enAqñaM 2001
karnaMecj ksikmμ¬elIkElgEtéRBeQI¦ )ancuHfydl;kMritTabbMput kñúgkMritRtwm 54 lan
duløarGaemrik ¬kñúgenaH90°CaekAs‘U¦ kñúgxN³EdlkarnaMcUlEpñkksikmμ)anekIneLIgdl; 301
lan duløar ¬FAOSTATS¦ . RbsiT§PaBEpñkplitkmμminGaceRbobRFob)anc,as;las;eLIy .
Kμankar RsavRCavGMBIRbB½n§Bt’manTIpSarplitplEdlmantMélx<s; kñúgxN³EdlKμankarGnuvtþn_
[)ansmRsbnUvsþg;darsuvtßiPaB ctþaLIsk½þ sþg;darsuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar sþg;darsuvtßiPaBCIv³
                                                                                                    86
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
karGnuvtþn_c,ab;min)anl¥ cMNaydwkCBa¢Únx<s; karykR)ak;eRkApøÚvkareRcIn cMNayénkareFVI
GaCIvkmμekIneLIg KWCa]bsK�cMbgcMeBaHkarvinieyaKÉkCnenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ nigGaCIvkmμ
ksikmμ . dMeNIrkarcUleTAkñúgRbB½n§ WTO )anelIkbBaðaTaMgenH [rdæaPi)alykcitþTukdak;.
114> elIkElgcMeBaHsmaKmviC¢aCIv³énRkumeFVIksikmμ nigRkumeFVIksiGaCIvkmμ EdlmancMnYn
tictYc km<úCaesÞIrEtKμansßab½nrkTIpSarpøÚvkar nigsßab½nsMrYlBaNiC¢kmμesaHeLIy. man]bsK�
cMbgmYykñúgkarTTYlB½t’manGMBIkareFVIBiBiFkmμénplitkmμ . CagenHeTAeTot karepþatkarykcitþ
Tukdak;elIlT§plenAkñúgeKalneya)aysaFarN³kñúgeBlknøgeTA min)anykcitþTukdak;GMBI
tMrUvkarrbs;TIpSarelIKuNPaB nigsþg;darnanaeLIy. xN³EdlsmtßPaBrbs;plitkrxñattUc
kñúgkarTajyk]tþmPaBeBjeljGMBIkalanuvtþPaBTIpSarEdlkMBugekItman BwgEp¥kmYyEpñkFM
elIsmtßPaBrbs;BYkeK kñúgkareqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarrbs;TIpSarGMBIKuNPaBnigsþg;dar . sþg;dar
TaMgGs;enHKWCasþg;darnigCaRbB½n§Edlkan;EtTTYlnUvkarRKb;RKgeRcIneLIg² CaBiesssMrab;
BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatielIEpñkplitpl sþg;dar nigRbB½n§GnþrCati tamry³kic©RBmeRBogGnþrCati
nigkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI . vis½yÉkCnedIrtYnaTIkan;EtsMxan;enAkñúgkic©GPivDÆn_sþg;darKuNPaB .
plitPaBrbs;plitkrxñattUc eRcInEtBwgEp¥kelIKuNPaBénvtßúFatuedIm EdlCajwkjyGñkTij
CYbkarlM)akkñúgkar)a:n;sμanGMBIKuNPaB ehIyplitkrxñattUceRcInEtrgeRKaHBIplitplEkøg
køay . ]TahrN_EdlbBa¢ak;fabBaðaenHmansar³sMxan;KW KuNPaBRKab;BUC »sfsMrab;stV
sarFatupSMénCIrnigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it EdlkarbitpøaksBaØanigkarevcx¢b;cMeBaHplitplnImYy²
caM)ac;RtUvc,as;las; nigpþl;Bt’man[GñkTij)andwg . edaysarRbeTskm<úCakMBugbnþGnuvtþ
yuT§saRsþénkareFVIsmahrNkmμCamYyTIpSarGnþrCati ehIyCabnþbnÞab;² km<úCakøayCasmaCik
mYyénsmaKmBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiepSg² EdlmanParkic©kñúgkarerobcMBaNiC¢kmμ karRBYy)armÖ
Cak;lak;enAkñúgRsuk ¬]TahrN_kareRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it ¦ nigkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμ
GnþrCatibc©úb,nñkMBugCMrujrebobvar³ kñúgRsukedIm,I[mankarksagsmtßPaB.
115> CaEpñkmYyénkMENTMrg;karP¢ab;xøÜnCamYynwg ASEAN nig WTO karGPivDÆn_bTb,BaØtþi
sþIKuNPaBnigsþg;dar )anbegáInel,Ón. KMnitpþÜcepþImKYr[kt;sMKal;rYmman ³ ¬i¦esckþIRBagc,ab;
sþIBIbTb,BaðØtþibec©keTs nigsþg;darepSg²kMBugRtUv)anerobcM sMrab;viTüasßansþg;darCati rbs;km<úCa
¬EdledIrtYCacMNucTMnak;TMng eyagtamkic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþIBIr)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢kmμ ¦
                                                                                             87
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
nigsþIBIKuNPaBnigsuvtßiPaBénplitplnigesva ¬ii¦ eRkamsMBaF[edaHRsaykarRbQmmux
nwgeRKaHfñak;rbs;RbCaBlrdæCnbTcMeBaHfñaMsMlab;stVl¥itEdlgaybgáeRKaHfñak; rdæaPi)al)an
ecjGnuRkwtümYysþIBIsþg;darnigkarRKb;RKgsMPar³ksikmμnig)anbegáItkariyal½y ¬ BAMS¦
enAkñúgRksYg MAFF nigedIm,IGnuvtþn_nigtamdankarGnuvtþn_GnuRkwtüenH nig ¬iii¦ begáIt
KN³kmμaFikarCatisþIBIes,ógGahar. b:uEnþkarGnuvtþn_bTb,BaØtþienAEtCabBaðasMxan; .
116> ély:agNa[plitkrtUctacmanmeFüa)aykñúgkareqøIytb nigtMrUvkarTIpSar tMrUv[man
karbegáInkarKaMRT. RbeTskm<úCa)ancab;epþImerobcMRbPBepSg²énCMnYyGnþrCati edIm,IBRgwg
smtßPaBrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarRKb;RKgplitplksikmμ nigRKb;RKgsuvtßiPaBes,óg . eTaHbICaman     66



kic©RbwgERbgTaMgenHkþI kgVHsmtßPaBelIkarRKb;RKgTIpSarkñúgRsuk nigkarRKb;RKgEpñkGnam½y
nigPUtKamGnam½y ¬ SPS ¦ sMrab;karnaMecj enACa]bsK�pÞal;cMeBaHplitPaBrbs;plitkr
nigman]bsK�kñúgkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarnana . kgVHsmtßPaBénRbB½n§RtYtBinitübsustVrbs;km<úCa
mann½yfa eTaHbICakm<úCamanlT§PaBnaMcUlTIpSar         EU edayKμankardak;kMhitelIkUtakþI

b:uEnþenAkñúgkmμviFIEBA plitplsac;stV pliplbsubkSI nigplitplensaTkñúgRsukminbMeBj
taml½kçx½N�Gnam½ynigPUtKamGnam½yrbs; EC eLIy ehtudUcecñHkm<úCaminGacnaMcUlplitpl
TaMgenaHeTAkan;shKmn_GWr:ub)aneT . CagenHeTAeTot TIpSarnaMecjeRcInEtmansþg;darpÞal;
rbs;xøÜn EdleFVI[kan;EtmanPaBsμúKsμaj nigBi)akeRCotcUleTAkan;TIpSarTaMgenH .
RbeTskm<úCamanEpnkarnaMecjeRKOgsmuRTeTAkan;RbeTsCb:un ehIyeRKagnaMecjRtITwksabeTA
66
    eRkamkmμviFI APIP mCÄmN�lCatitamdansuxPaBniplitkmμstV ¬NAHPIC¦ RtUv)anerobcMsaCafμI nwgBRgwg eFVICa
mN�lénbNþajmnÞIrBiesaFCati Edlmansar³sMxan;CagEpñkmYyénRbB½n§RKb;RKgcMeBaHsuvtßiPaB es,ogGahar
kñúgRsuknigBaNiN¢kmμGnþrCatiGMBIbsustV nigsac;stV RbeTs nUEvlehSLg; tamry³KMeragKaMRT rbs; ASEAN
dak;bBa¢ÚlRbeTskm<úCaeTAkñúgskmμPaB sMrab;eFVIkic©GPivDÆn_smasPaBEpñkPUtþkamGnam½y rYmmanTinñn½y mUldæan
CatinigsþIBIPUttþKamGnam½y EdlCYykñúgkarecj lixitGnuBaØatþisMrab;naMcUlenAviBaØabnb½Rt naMecjkñúgcMeNam
smtßPaBdéTeTot.mandMNak;kalBIbEnßmeTotpþl;karbNþúHbNþadl;mRnþICan;x<s;erobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ sMrab;RbeTs
nImYy² UNESCAP ¬ )agkk¦ tamry³kar]btßmÖKaMRTEpñk bec©keTscMeBaH]sSahkmμ sMrab;karnaMecj ¬AAIEP¦
)anpþl;karKaMRT cMeBaHkm<úCa elIvis½yClpl kñúgkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaNtamry³karsikSaTIpSarsþIGMBIskþanuBlnaMecjfμI
rYmCamYyTIRbwkSamkBIRbeTs Infofish sikçsalasþIBI suvtßiPaBes,ognig HACCP; RbeTs UNIDO
)anpþl;karKaMRTpgEdrcMeBaHRbB½n§suvtßiPaBes,ogGaharGg�kar AusAid k¾kMBugpþl;CMnYypgEdrtamry³ KMerag
mYyrbs; ASEAN .
                                                                                                        88
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
RbeTsGg;eKøs b:uEnþRbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvelIkkMBs;GFikarkic© elIkkMBs;karevcx©b; karRKb;RKg
edIm,I[kic©karTaMgGs;enHGnuvtþn_[)ancb;sBVRKb;. munenHmankarRbwgERbgnaMecjRtIeTAkan;
GWr:ub b:uEnþminGacGnuvtþ)anedaysarKμankarBinitüKuNPaB . CagenHeTAeTot RbsinebIkarCMruj
karvinieyaKksi]Sahkmμbc©úb,nñenAkm<úCamanGMeNayplcMeBaHplitkmμxñatFM haniP½yekIteLIg
cMeBaHplitkrtUctac kñúgkarerobcMxøÜn[manCMnaj nigmanmeFüa)ayeqøIytbnwgl½kçx½N�én
TIpSarnaMcUlTaMgenaH .
117> bBaðamYyEdlBi)ak b:uEnþmansar³sMxan;sMrab;rdæaPi)alKW etIRtUvksagsmtßPaBkñúgRsuk
y:agdUcemþcedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðasuvtßiPaBes,óg nigedImm,IeqøIytbtaml½kçx½N�TIpSarnaMecj
edIm,I[manKuNPaBnigmansþg;dar ehIyCMruj[plitkrxñattUcmanlT§PaBTTYl)anRbB½n§nig
suvtßiPaBTaMgenHsMrab;eqøIytbnwgl½kçx½N�epSg² . RbkarenHtMrUv[manviFankarrYmKña
eKGaceFVItamry³Rkumplitkrkñúgkarkat;bnßycMNayRbtibtþikar edaymankarpSBVpSay nigman
lT§PaBTTYlBt’mansMxan;² edIm,ICYysMrYlsmtßPaBrbs;plitkr tUctac[cUlrYmenAkñúgTIpSar
bc©úb,nñ. mankargarRtUveFVIbEnßmeTot kñúgkarkMNt;rkCMerIsnana edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH
kñúgRkbx½N�énsmtßPaB nigFnFansmtßPaBCak;lak; nigkñúgkMriténFnFanrbs;km<úCa .

118> eTaHCay:agenHkþI karedaHRsaybBaðaBak;B½n§ Edlb:HBal;dl;karrkTIpSarnigbNþaj
BaNiC¢kmμ cMeBaHTMnijkm<úCaelIplitkmμksikmμ KWhYsBIkarTTYlxusRtUvEtÉgénsßab½nvis½y
CnbT ehIy tMrUv[manskmμPaBrYmKñaCamYysßab½ndéTeTotdUcCa RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ Ky nKr)al
nigeyaFa ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI5¦. enAkñúgxN³Edlsaßb½nksikmμmanmuxgarCMruj[mankarbegáIn
el,Ónkñúgkarpøas;;bþÚr rdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvpþl;KaMRTEpñkneya)ay kñúgzan³CaGñkdwknaM kñúgkar
eqøIytb cMeBaHkgVHxat edIm,IbgálkçN³sMrYlkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμ . karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;kñúg
vis½ysaFarN³ Kb,Isgát;F¶n;elIkarCMrujsuvtißPaBnigsþg;darmðÚbGahar Edlykl¥ karCMruj
KuNPaB KWeFVItamry³vis½yÉkCn . caM)ac;RtUvmankarEklMGlT§PaB[TTYl)annUvesvahirBaØvtßú
nigesva GaCIvkmμ edIm,IGnuBaØat[mankarvinieyaKelIbec©kviTüaEkécñ kñúgkarbegáIntMélrbs;
plitpl .

                                                                                        89
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
    RbGb;TI6 ³ ]bsK�sMxan;²cMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmμ
    - man]bsK�CaeRcInTak;TgnwgkarsRmbsRmYlBaNiC¢kmμ edaysarmanPaBTn;exSayenAkñúg

    naykdæanKy nigrdæakr
    - mansßab½nrbs;rdæaPi)almYycMnYnFMcUlrYmBak;B½n§kñúgkarerobcM nigeFVIGFikarkic©elIkarnaMcUl

    nigkarnaMecjeFVI[begáIncMNay nigbegáInkarGUsbnøayRbtibt þikarkñúgkarTijlk; .
    kñúgeBl bc©úb,nñc,ab;GnuBaØat[sßab½nmYykñúgcMeNamsßab½n 10 manvt þmanenARckRtYt
    BinitüGn þrCati Edlya:gehacNas;RtUvmantMNagsmtßkic©RbcaMkarcMnYnR)aM
    - karbg;R)ak;eRkARbB½n§/eRkApøÚvkarCalkçN³sMKal;énRbB½n§rkTIpSarenAkm<úCa rab;TaMgkar

    RbmUlBn§pøÚvfñl;pøÚvkar {R)ak;bnÞúk :ykBIGaCJab½NÑnaMecj nigR)ak;bnÞúkenAtamRBMEdn nig
    enATIpSar . karbg;R)ak;TaMgenH)anbegáInnUvcMNayBaNiC¢kmμya:geRcIn ehIyCMruj[man
    karrt;Bn§ . RbkarenHkan;EtmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶rbEnßmeTot edaysarmanRBMEdnEvgCamYy
    RbeTsCitxag nigdac;Rsyal Bn§naMcUlmanGRtax<s;elITMnijmYycMnYn dUcCaTMnijeRbIR)as;
    nigeRbg\n§n³CaedIm .
    - ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbTminl¥EdleFVI[cracrplitplCYbkarlM)akenAkñúgRbeTs ehIyeFVI[

    shKmn_ksikmμCaeRcInsßitenAÉeka BiessenArdUvvsSa
    - plitplksikmμmanKuNPaBminl¥edaysarksikrxVHkaryl;dwgGMBIbBaðaKuNPaB xVHkar

    yl;dwgelIbec©kviTüaEkécñ                            brikçarnigs þg;darEkécñCabrikçarcas;²
    nigkarxUcxatbN þalmkBI karcat;Ecgmin)anl¥kñúgkarTukdak;nigdwkCBa¢Ún
    - vis½yshRKasksikmμmanTMhMtUc GPivDÆmin)anl¥ begáIntMélbEnßm)antictYckñúgkar

    Ekécñplitpl . RbkarenHBak;B½n§nwgehdæarcnasm<½n§minl¥ nigBak;B½n§CamYy]bsK�cMeBaH
    karGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ rYmCamYyvtþmanénvis½yhirBaØvtßúTn;exSay GMeBIBukrlYyxøaMgkøa
    nigmanCMnajGaCIvkmμtictYc.
         ¬RbPB ³      Integrated Framework, 2001        ¦
kMNt;kmμviFIsMrab;elIkkMBs;lT§plGnuvt þn_énGnuvis½ysMxan;Epñkksikmμ


                                                                                            90
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
119> kñúgxN³EdlkareqøIytbcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_enATUTaMgRbeTs tamvis½ynana RbQmmuxnwg
bBaðaCaeRcInenAkMritxus²KñaénExSsgVak;TMnijRtUvkareBlevlaeRcIn dMeNaHRsaybBaðacMeBaHTMnij
Cak;lak;sMxan;²GacnwgTTYlkarKaMRT)anqab;rh½sniggayRsYlBIkmμviFIRTRTg;Cak;lak; . viFI
saRs þenHnwgGnuBaØat[BRgwgkarerobcMplitkr nig Ep¥kelIPaBCaédKUrvagvis½ysaFarN³ nig
ÉkCn edIm,IedaHRsay]bsK�nana .
Ggár
120> karrYmviPaKTanénGgárcMeBaHkMeNInksikmμmankMrittictYc    b:uEn þkarelIkkMBs;RbB½n§
bc©úb,nñ manlkçN³sMxan;sMrab;sn þisuxes,óg nigCamUldæanmYysMrab;kareFVIBiBiFkmμplitkmμ
. kmμviFIskmμPaBbc©úb,nñrbs; MAFF p þl;karykcitþTukdak;elIkarbegáInplitkmμRsUv nigkar
                                             67



naMecjGgár ¬EpnkarplitplsMrab;qñaM 2003-2004 KW 4,5lanetan BIkMrit 4lanetan enAqñaM
2002¦                      .                      b:uEn þsmtßPaBRsUbrbs;TIpSarkñúgRsuk
brimaNelIsénRsUvGgárenAelITIpSarGn þrCati
nigsmtßPaBplitkmμya:geRcInenARbeTsCitxagkñúgeBlbc©ub,nñ eFVI[km<úCaCYbkMhitelIsk þa-
nuBlénkarrYmcMENkrbs;vis½yplitkmμRsUvGgárcMeBaHkMeNInksikmμenAkm<úCa . CagenHeTAeTot
RbmaNCa 10° énRsUvGgárEdllk;enAkñúgRsuk RtUv)aneKnaMecjCapøÚvkar ¬RbmaN
60,000etan¦ nigRsUv 33° RtUv)anRbCaBlrdæksikr lk;ehIynaMecjeRkApøÚvkar ¬Cag
45,000etan¦ enAqñaM 2001 bgðajnUvExSsgVak;rkTIpSarfaKμanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ .
121> enAkMritksidæankarbegáInTinñplRsUvEtmYymuxKt;RKan;EtGacrYmviPaKTan)antictYcbu:eNÑaH
kñúgkarbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikr EdlR)ak;cMNUlBIkarplitRsUvRtUv)an)a:n;sμanfamancMnYn
100-150 duløarkñúgmYyhiktaKittaméføøbc©úb,nñ ehIyTMhMERsCamFümKW 1,5hikta b:uEn þman
lT§PaBenAkñúgkarFana[mansn þisuxes,ógkñúgry³eBlxøIcMeBaHplitkrCIvRBwt þenAkñúgtMbn;na
na                    EdlKμanCMerIsesdækic©déTepSgeTotkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñkñúg           .
sk þanuBlénkarbegáInkMritTinñplRsUv                                    RbBlPaBénplitplksikmμ
67
     snñisiT§RbcaMqñaMs þIBIksikmμensaT nigéRBeQIqñaM 2003-2004 MAFF
                                                                                          91
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
nigplitPaBkñúgmYyÉktaépÞdIenAkñúgRbB½n§eGkULÚsIuéndMNaMRsUv xus²KñamanlkçN³l¥RbesIr .
karbegáInplitPaBtMrUv[mankarbegáInTinñpltamry³kareRbIR)as;
nUvRbePTBUCepSg²EdlRtUv)anEklMG kareRbIR)as;CI nigkareRsacRsB . karpSBVpSayksikmμ
KWCabBaðasMxan;kñúgkarCMrujelIkareFVIGtiplPavUbnIykmμénRbB½n§ksikmμk¾dUcCakic©GPivDÆn_RbB½n§
RKab;BUCEdlbegáInlT§PaB[ksikrtUctac)anTTYlBUCl¥² . Tak;TgnwgRKab;BUC manvDÆnPaB
CaeRcInEdleKsMerc)ankñúgkic©GPivDÆn_ nigkñúgkarpSBVpSaynUvRbePTBUCfμI²CaBiessEdlmankar
KaMRTBIKMerag CIAP nig AQIP ¬AusAID¦ nigKMerag APIP ¬FnaKarBiPBelak¦ . eKcaM)ac;
RtUveFVIkarCaeRcInbEnßmeTotedIm,IGPivDÆnUvRkbx½N�c,ab; bTb,BaØtiþ nigsßab½ncaM)ac;edIm,I
GnuBaØat[mankic©GPivDÆn_vis½yRKab;BUCÉkCnEdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg nigmanRbsiT§PaB .
rYmCamYynwgkareRbIR)as;CIreRcInCagmun eRbIR)as;kñúgkMritmantulüPaB karEklMGBUC nigkar
RKb;RKgkardæankareRsacRsB)anl¥GacbegáInTinñpl nigbegáInkardaMduH CaBiessenAtMbn;EdldI
manCICatimFüm nigdImanCICatieRcInEdlGacpþl;plRsUvcMnYn 5etan kñúgmYyhiktakñúgmYyqñaM
esμInwgBIrdgénkMritplitPaBbc©úb,nñ ¬FAO 200¦ . b:uEn þKittaméføøbc©úb,nñ
karvinieyaKelIRbB½n§
eRsacRsBya:geRcIncMeBaHkareFVIdMNaMRsUvEtmYymuxBMumanlT§PaBp þl;plcMeNjeLIy ehIy
karvinieyaKelIRbB½n§eRsacRsB Kb,Idak;bBa©ÚlnUvviFankarbMeBjbEnßm edIm,IFana[manBiBiFkmμ
énRbB½n§ksikmμdMNaMRsUv ]TahrN_karciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgERs b¤RbB½n§énkareFVIdMNaMRsUv nigkar
cBa©wmstV b¤karGPivDÆn_plitplksikmμEdlmantMélx<s; .
122> karcMNayelIRsUvGgárk¾CacMENkmYyRtUvcMNayx<s;pgEdrenAkñúgmuxcMNayrbs;RKYsar
EdlRkIRkbMput
ehIyKb,IKitGMBIsk þanuBlplb:HBal;GviC¢manéneKalneya)ayénvis½yRsUvGgár
EdlbegáInéføøGgármkelIRbCaBlrdæRkIRk .
123> karGPivDÆn_plitkmμdMNaMRsUvEdlKuNPaBx<s;sMrab;naMecjGaRs½yelIbriyakasvinieyaK
CarYm . eKrMBwgfaplitkmμdMNaMRsUvEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; ¬{viFIsaRs þrbs;éf}¦
p þl;plx<s;Cag       karplitRsUvEdlmanKuNPaBminsUvl¥           b:uEnþp þl;Tinñplx<s;
                                                                                         92
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
¬{viFIsaRs þrbs;evotNam}¦.                                                         b:uEn þ
plitkmμdMNaMRsUvEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;eKGacplit)anEtmYyEpñkenAelIépÞdIEdlmanKuNPaBl¥
nigmanlkç½N�GMeNayplEpñkksikmμ            dUecñHmanEtksikrmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdlGaccUlrYm
kñúgkareFVIdMNaMRsUvRbePTenH . CagenHeTAeTotplitkmμ nigkarrkTIpSarénGgárEdlmanKuNPaB
x<s; cMNuHya:gxøaMgelIkarvinieyaKrbs;ÉkCn nigbriyakasbgálkçN³[manGaCIvkmμ68 .
karsikSaGMBIExSsgVak;tMélénRsUvGgár ¬FnaKarBiPBelakqñaM 2002¦ )an)a:n;sμanfask þanuBl
sMrab;karnaMecjGgárEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;mankMrit 200,000-300,000etan ¬ ADB qñaM
2002¦ ehIymanbrimaN 100,000 bEnßmeTotEdleKGacplit edIm,ICMnYsGgárnaMcUl
kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ69 .
124> karbegáInlkçN³RbkYtRbECgénGgárkm<úCasMrab;naMecj. karnaMecjGgáreTAkan;TIpSar
BiPBelakk¾tMrUv[mankarEklMGeRkayeBlRbmUlplpgEdr nigedaHRsay]bsK�nanacMeBaH
karrkTIpSar                                  nigBaNiC©kmμGgár                              .
éføøGgárenAksidæankñúgeBlbc©úb,nñBMu)anelIkTwkcit þkarvinieyaK               elIktþaplitkmμ
nigkarelIkkMBs;bec©kviTüaplitkmμeLIy ¬ADB qñaM 2002¦ . ]bsK�cMeBaH karrkTIpSar
nigkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμGgárcaM)ac;RtUvedaHRsay                     KWRtUvedaHRsayGMBIbBaðaKuNPaB
kar)at;bg;eRkayeBlRbmUlpl ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigesvaRTRTg;minl¥ PaBsIusgVak;KñaGMBIkar
p�t;p�g; nigtmøaPaBénRbtibt þikar . smaKmGñkkinRsUvkm<úCa)anbBa©ak;faman {PaBminFmμta}
Ca]bsK�cMbgcMeBaHkarnaMecjGgárCapøÚvkarBIRbeTskm<úCa . BiFIsarnaMecj rbbGFikarkic©
RtUvcMNayeBlevlayUr ehIynIharinRtUvcMNayx<s; EdleFVI[karnaMecjGgárRbRBwt þeTAtam
bN þajeRkARbB½n§70 . TnÞwmnwgenHeKk¾)aneFVIkar)a:n;sμanpgEdrskmμPaBEsVgrkGtßRbeyaCn_
68
    mankarvinieyaKÉkCnmYycMnYnelIeragcRkkinRsUvEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;kñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTA ehIy)anTTYl
eCaKC½ymYycMnYnsMrab;ksikr nigsMrab;karnaMecjeTAkan;TIpSarGn þrCati ¬karsikSaRbPBénkMeNIn FAO 2003¦
69
   tYelxenHeRbóbeFobCamYyplitkmμRsUvsrubRbmaNCabYnlanetanenAqñaM 2001 ¬ FAOSTATS ¦
70
     cMNaysrubénnitiviFInaMecj)anbEnßmcMNaycMnYn 14duløakñúgmYyetannUvcMNaysMrab;naMGgárecj ehIycMNay
cMeBaHbTb,BaØt þiEdlGRbsiT§PaBmancMnYnRbEhl                                                   85-126°
éncMNaysrubrbs;rdæaPi)alenAkñúgvis½yksikmμenAqñaM 1999 ¬ CIE nig MOC qñaM2002¦ .
                                                                                                    93
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
buK�lmancMENkesμInwg 20-30° énéføøEdlksikrTTYl . karkat;bnßycMNayRbtibt þikar
GacelIkkMBs;PaBRbkYtRbECgénGgárkm<úCaenAelITIpSarGn þrCati ehIyeFVI[éføøGgárenAksidæan
mantMélx<s; EdlmanlT§PaBeFVI[mankarvinieyaKbEnßmkñúgkarEklMGbec©kviTüaeragcRkkinRsUv
nigkarGnuvtþn_ eRkayeBlRbmUlpl .
125> karedaHRsay]bsK� nig GRbsiT§iPaBEdl)anrkeXIjenAtamExSsgVak;TIpSar kñúgsPaB
CaCamYyshRKinÉkCn RbsinebIeRbobeFobCamYyvis½ydéTeTot vis½ydMNaMRsUvTTYl;Gtß -
RbeyaCn_BIGg�karEdl manviC¢aCIv³x<s; ¬dUcCasmaKmGñkkinRsUv smaKmplitRKab;BUC¦
eTaHbICaenAmanlkçN³                        Tn;exSayenAeLIyk þI                       .
kic©karenHk¾p þl;GtßRbeyaCn_BIkarykcit þTukdak;                rbs;rdæaPi)albEnßmeTot
GMBIkarKaMRTelIkarRsavRCav nigkarpSBVpSaypgEdr . ]bsK�cMeBaH plitkmμ nigkarrkTIpSarman
ÉksarerobcMTukdak;)anl¥ ehIyGaTiPaBKWRtUvERbkøayGnusasn_[ eTACaskmμPaBGnuvt þ
Cak;Es þg .



bsustV
126> mansk þanuBlenAkñúgkarTTYl)annUvplitPaBTUeTA nigkMeNInR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgvis½y
bsustV . tMrUvkarcMeBaHsac;stVenARbeTsCitxagRtUv)aneKeRKagfanwgekIneLIg . RbeTséf
\N�ÚensIu ma:eLsIu )annaMcUlstVrs;ya:geRcIn . enAkñúgeBlGnaKtd¾xøIenAeBlNaCIvPaBrs;enA
nigkMlaMgTijenARbeTsevotNamekIneLIg eKrMBwgfakarpÃ?t;pÃ?g;sac;nwgmankgVHxat . manGMeBI
rt;Bn§eKa-RkbIrs;qøgEdnBIRbeTskm<úCaeTARbeTsevotNam ehIyk¾mankarnaMecjeKa-RkbIrs;
eTAkan;RbeTséf)anRbRBwt þeTAGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy edaymin)anRbkasBt’man
¬ADB qñaM2002¦ .
127> karelIkkMBs;plitkmμbsustV                      nigRbB½n§rkTIpSarGacnaMmknUvR)ak;cMeNjrh½ssMrab;
RbCaBlrdæmYyEpñkFMenAtMbn;CnbT . karciBa©wmbsustVKWCaEpñkmYyénRbB½n§ksikmμkm<úCa ehIy
                                                                                                 94
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
p þl;nUvkarrYmviPaKTansMxan;cMeBaHR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RKYsarPaKeRcIn 71 . karciBa©wmRCUk
nigbsubkSI KWCaRbPBcMbgénR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RKYsarenACnbTPaKeRcIn eTaHbICaplitkmμenHman
cMnYntictYc         ehIyGRtasøab;mankMritx<s;k þI        .           elIkElgEtbsubkSIecj
GRtakMeNInénbrimaNstV BMuman kMritx<s;eLIy . stVFM² ¬RkbI eKa¦
enAkMBugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CakMlaMgGUsTajehIykMeNIn                                       én
cMnYnstVTaMgenaH)ancuHfykñúgTsvtScugeRkayenH          sMxan;bMputKWedaysarEtkarekIneLIgnUv
yn þÚbPavUbnIykmμ . karciBa©wmRCUkenAcab;BIqñaM 1996 dl;qñaM 2000 )anrgeRKaHedayTwkCMnn;
nigedaysarbBaðaCMgWstV . bsubkSICamFümekIneLIg 8,8PaKrykñúgmYyqñaMcab;BIqñaM 1996
dl;qñaM             2000             ¬             ADB                qñaM        2002¦
b:uEn þkMeNInenHekIneLIgedaysarkarksagnUvGg�PaBplitkmμ
]sSahkmμxñatFMenAEk,rtMbn;TIRbCMuCnEdlRkYtRbECgedayp Þal;CamYynwgplitkrtUc² .
128> kñúgry³eBlxøIeTAry³eBlmFümeKsegáteXIjman»kassMrab;begáInRbsiT§PaBya:geRcIn
kñúgkarciBa©wmbsustVenAtampÞH edaysgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarp þl;esvasuxPaBstV nigGaharUbtßmÖ .
eTaHbICacaM)ac; mankargarCaeRcIneTotEdlRtUveFVIGMBIRbB½n§suxPaBstVenAfñak;Catik þI rYmman
karXøaMemIlEdlmanRbsiT§PaBGMBIEpñkeGBIedmIsaRs þ nigkarRtYtBinitütamRBMEdn karvinieyaK
kñúgkic©GPivDÆn_esvabsustVÉkCnenAtamPUmienAkñúgbN þaextþmYycMnYn)ankat;bnßynUvGRtasøa
b;én stVenAtamksidæanEdltMrUv[mankarBRgIkenAkñúgRkbx½N�CatinUvesvaEbbenaH .
eTaHbICacMNUl                           BIkarlk;bsustVmansar³sMxan;sMrab;esdækic©RKYsark þI
eKBMueXIjmanÉksarniyayGMBIExSsgVak;
énTIpSarbsustVeLIyehIyk¾BMueXIjmanÉksarEdlniyayGMBI»kassMrab;begáInRbsiT§PaBrbs;;
EpñkenHEdr . eTaHbICamansar³sMxan; sþIBIkarlk;bsustVcMeBaHesdækic©RKYsarkþI knøgmk»kas
sMrab;begáInRbsiT§iPaB énExSsgVak;TIpSarbsustV nig tMélbEnßmEdl)anTTYledayplitkrtUc
tac minsUv)aneKTTYlykcitþTukdak;eLIy . enAkñúgry³eBlEvg karRbemIlemIlcMeBaHkar
cBa©wmRCUk nigbsubkSItamry³ karcuHkic©snüaCamYyRkumh‘unplitGahar nigGaCIvkmμksikmμkñúg
71
     CamFümbsustVp þl; 17° éncMNUlRKYsarenAfñak;Cati ¬ Helmers et al enAqñaM 2003¦ .
                                                                                        95
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
zan³CavinieyaKin GacCaTMrg;vinieyaKEdlmansar³sMxan; . CamYynwgkarekIneLIgnUvplit
plksikmμmansk þanuBlsMrab; GPivDÆRbB½n§GaCIvkmμksikmμEdl)aneFVIsmahrNkmμtam
ExSbeNaþy elIksiplbsustV nigplitplensaTkñúgRsuk rYmmanplitkmμcMNIGaharxñattUc
nigxñatmFüm eragcRkEkécñGahar stVnigGaharRtI karciBa©wmRCUk bsubkSI nigcBa©wmRtI
edayeRbIR)as;GaharplitenAkñúgRsuk karEkécñRtI nigEkécñsac; . RbeTskm<úCa GacmanlkçN³
Qanmux eFobnwgbN þaRbeTsGasa‘n enAkñúgkarrksIuEbbenHeRBaHkm<úCa KWCaRbeTsEdl
karplitvtßúFatuedImmantMélefak sMrab;karEkécñGaharRtI nigGaharstV ¬FAO qñaM 2000¦ .
k¾b:uEn þbTBiesaFn_fμI²enH ¬eyagkrNI eragcRkcMNIstV CP rbs;éfbgðajfa
briyakasvinieyaK nigbBaðasRmYlelIkarnaMecj caM)ac;RtUv edaHRsayCamun .
ensaT
129> bBaðasMxan;enAkñúgEpñkenHKWkarciBa©wmRtI nigkarrkTIpSarénplitplClplBIkarensaT
nigBIkarciBa©wm . TidæPaBénkarRKb;RKgkarensaTRtUv)anBinitüemIlBIxagedImenARtg;cMNuc
niyayGMBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati . bEnßmelImuxgarénkarRKb;RKgkarensaT DoF k¾TTYl
xusRtUvpgEdrkñúgkarCMrujvarIvb,kmμ b¤karciBa©wmRtIk¾dUcCakarRtYtBinitüelIkarEkécñ BaNiC¢kmμ
nigskmμPaBnaMecjplitplRtIpgEdr .
130> varIvb,kmμ CaBiessRbB½n§énkarciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgERs p þl;»kassMrab;begáInkarciBa©wmRtI
EdlmanlkçN³CaRKYsar . fμI²enHvarIvb,kmμmankMhitelIskmμPaBCak;lak; dUcCakarrkSaTuk
bMb:nRtI[)anFat;FMedIm,Ilk;[)anéføø RsHtUc²sMrab;ciBa©wmRtITukbriePaKtamRKYsar nigkarciBa©wm
plitplClpldUcCa RkeBI GnÞg; kEgáb CaedIm72. CaerOy²varIvb,kmμtMrUv[mankarvinieyaK
eRcInelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigRtUvkarTunbgVileRcIn nigRtUvRbQmmuxnwghaniP½yx<s; TamTar[man
CMnajkñúgkarRKb;RKgl¥RbesIr edIm,IRKb;RKg[)annUvkarxatbg;BICMgW b¤BIeRKaHFmμCatiepSg² .
Tak;TgeTAnwgkMeNInkñúgeBlGnaKtsMrab;ry³eBlxøI varIvb,kmμsmuRTminRtUv)aneKrMBwgfanwgrYm
viPaKTaneRcIneLIy . karciBa©wmbg�aRtUv)anGaCIvkréfbegáItenAtameqñrsmuRTkm<úCa eTaHbICa
ksidæanPaKeRcInRtUv)aneKe)aHbg;ecalk¾eday                       edaysar)anplcMeNjtictYc
72
     eKkt;RtafaplitkmμRtImancMnYn 15,000etan nigRkeBIcMnYn 25,000k,al ¬ NIS qñaM 2001¦ .
                                                                                           96
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
bN þalmkBIktþa epSg²rYmmankarRKb;RKgmin)anl¥edaymanCMgWbg�aqøgenAkñúgtMbn; .
k¾b:uEn þTMrg;énvarIvb,kmμEdl           eKGnuvt þCaTUeTAGMBIkarciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgERsedayCIkGnøg;
eKRtUvcMNayR)ak;vinieyaKtictYc                      nig                         GacrkR)ak;cMNUl
EdlR)ak;cMNUlenaHGacmancMnYnx<s;CagkareFVIdMNaMRsUvEtmYymux73                                 .
plitplmanbrimaNx<s;CagenAkñúgtMbn;licTwk enAeBlEdlksikrm©as;kar)anl¥elIkarRKb;RKg
TwkCaBiessenAkñúgrdUvR)aMg . RbkarenHbgðajfak;ic©GPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsacRsBxñattUcBMuEmn
RKan;EtGacelIkkMBs;lT§plksikmμb:ueNÑaHeT
k¾b:uEn þk¾p þl;TinñplRtIx<s;pgEdrenAkñúgépÞdIdEdl EdleKeFVIdMNaMRsUv . CagenHeTAeTot
karciBa©wmRtIkñúgERstMrUv[mankareRbIR)as;CIrtictYc                                           nig
tMrUv[eRbIR)as;CIKImItickñúgkarTTYlTinñpldUcKña . k¾b:uEn þkarciBa©wmRtIkñúgERscaM)ac;erobcM nig
RKb;RKgedayykcit þTukdak;kñúgkarkat;bnßyhaniP½ycMeBaHRtI
bN þalmkBIkareRbIR)as;sarFatu KImIksikmμenAkñúgdMNaMRsUv .
131> edaHRsayGRbsiT§PaB énkarrkTIpSar nigbNþajBaNiC¢kmμ edIm,IbegáIn tMélbEnßm nig
begáInlT§plTUeTArbs;vis½yenH. kalBIb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAkarnaMecjRtICapøÚvkarenARbeTskm<úCa
mancMnYnBI 30/000 eTA 100/000 etan ¬RbEhl10 - 25°énbrimaNplensaTsrub¦
PaKeRcInKWkarnaMecjRtITwksabBMuTan;EkécñeTAevotNam kñúgxN³EdlkarnaMecjeRkApøÚvkar)annig
kMBugekIneLIg . TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH mankarxatbg;RtIy:ageRcInedaysarRtIs¥úy bNþalmkBI
kgVHbNþajTIpSarEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBeday rYmTaMgkgVHmeFüa)ayrkSaTukpgEdr . mUlehtuEdl
bNþal[manbBaðaenHKWedaysarRkbx½N�sßab½nmindMeNIrkarkñúgkarrkTIpSarRtI EdleFVI[)at;bg;
»kassMrab;begáIntMélbEnßmenAkñúgRsuk ehIybrimaNmYyEpñkFMéntMélnaMecjRtIRss;RtUvxat
bg;edaysarEtRtIxUcKuNPaBbNþalmkBIkarGUsbnøayeBlevalkñúgkarrkTIpSar nigkarrkSaTuk
min)anRtwmRtUv . RbB½n§rkTIpSarcaM)ac; RtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnplitplgayxUcKuNPaBeTAdl;TIpSarlk;[
)anqab;rh½s bJ RtUvmanbrikçarbBa©úHsItuNðPaB nigbrikçaEkécñ rkSaTukenAkñúgsIutuNðPaBRtCak; bJ

73
  plitkmμRsUvRbcaMqñaMtamFmμtamancMnYn 200 eTA 400 KILÚRkamkñúgmYyhikta b¤manbrimaN bYndgeTAR)aMbIdgeRcIn
CagBIkarensaTRtI
                                                                                                      97
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
meFüa)ayplitTwkkk edIm,IrkSaPaBRss;rbs;RtI . TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH edaysarGñkensaTCa
GñkensaTxñattUc ensaTRtI)antictYc KμanlT§PaBQaneTAdl;karensaT)anbrimaNRtIRKb;RKan;
[RbB½n§RbmUlTijEdlmanlkçN³sμúKsμaj EdlRKb;RKgedayGñkEckcaynigQμÜjkNþal.
CamYynigkarEklMGbNþajTIpSar rYmmankardwkCBa¢Ún kardak;Twkkk karbgák nigkarEkécμ
déTeTotsMrab;kareRbIR)as;kñúgRsuknigsMrab;naMecj tMélénkarRbmUlplniglT§plEpñkesdækic©
énvis½yenHnwgekIneLIg. edIm,IedaHRsay[manRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarrkTIpSarBaNiC¢kmμplitplRtI
eKk¾caM)ac;RtUvmanpg EdrnUvkarsRmbsRmYlBIsßab½nCaeRcIn¬Ky Clpl BaNiC¢kmμ ¦.
132> enAelIEpñkeKalneya)ay eKsegáteXIjmanvDÆnPaBmYycMnYnkñúgkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμ
énvis½yenH b:uEnþcMNayRbtibtþikar mankMritx<s;ehIykarsRmbsRmYlEpñkBaNiC¢kmμKμan
RbsiT§PaB . KAMFIMEX CaRkumh‘unrbs;rdæ EdldMeNIrkareRkamkaRKb;RKgrbs; MAFF
manPaBpþac;muxkñúgkarnaMecjRtIrhUtdl;cugqñaM2001 . cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk Cag 20 Rkumh‘un
déTeTot)anTTYlGaCJab½NÑkñúgkarnaMecj ehIymuxgarrbs; KAMFIMEX k¾)anFøak;;cuHCaxøaMg .
eTaHCay:agenHkþI TIpSarRtUv)anrMxanedaykarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar nigedaysarkartMrUv[bg;R)ak;
bnÞúkmYycMnYnEdlTMngCabMerIeKaledAtictYc. R)ak;bnÞúkpøÚvkarnigeRkApøÚvkar eFVI[b:HBal;dl;
R)ak;cMeNjelIBaNiC¢kmμRtI nigeFVI[eKbenßakéføTijBIGñkensaT .             74




133> vis½yrkTIpSarRtIk¾rgeRKaHy:agxøaMgBIkgVHvinieyaK BIvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarerobcMkEnøgsþúkTuk
EkécñnigdwkCBa¢Ún.RbB½n§\NTanClplekþabkþab;PaKeRcInedayGñkrksIucgkarÉkCn              Edl
RbRBwtþeTAenAeRkARbB½n§hirBaØvtßúpøÚvkar ehIyeKykGRtakarR)ak;y:agx<s;. eKBMumanBt’man
c,as;las;eTfa ehtuGVI)anCaRkumh‘unFM² EdlmanlT§PaBkñúgkarrkRbPB\NTan min)aneFVIkar
74
   karsikSafμImYysþIGMBIkarbg;R)ak; ¬ CDRI qñaM 2003¦ )anbBa¢ak;famankarbg;R)ak;27elIk epSg²Kña eTAeGay sßab½n
cMnYn15 enATIkEng16 enAtamExSsgVak;TIpSar sMrab;naMecjRtIRss; eTARbeTséf . R)ak;bnÞúkpÚvkarCaeRcIn minRtUv
)an eKbg;RKb;RKan;eLIy BaNiC¢krccabg;R)ak;elIbrimaNRtI EdleKraykarN_minRKb;cMnYn ehIybg;R)ak;eRkApÚvkarN_
bEnßm.karraykarN_minRKb;RKan;GacmanTMhMrhUtdl; 90° eFVIEbbenHcg;eGayBaNiC¢kr eCosvag enAkar bg;Bn§
naMecj 10° EdleKykelI RtInaMecjTaMgGs; .Bn§pÚvkarN_déTeTot rYmmanR)ak;bnÞúk { rbs;GñkEckcay }esμInig4°
énRtIsrubEdl)andwkCBa¢Ún tamextþeq<aHeTArkkarnaMecj .GaCJab½NÑsMrab;karnaMecj { Eckcay} EdlRbmUlR)ak;
bnÞúkTaMgenH RtUv)anpþl;tamry³dMeNIrkaredjéføEdlman lkçN³RbkYtRbECgb:uEnþ {Eckcay} minpþl;esvaNamYy
eTAeGayvis½yRtIeLIy .
                                                                                                           98
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
vinieyaKeTAelImeFüa)ayEkécñ nigrkSaTukClpl. mankarplitp¥k Rbhuk nigTWkRtImYycMnYn
eTaHbICakñúgRTg;RTaytUckþI ehIyPaKeRcIneKeFVICalkçN³RKYsar CaCageFVIsMrab;lk;dUr .
müa:gvijeTot eKRtUvkar[manvinieyaKCaeRcIn kñúgkarelIkkMBs;KuNPaB sþg;dar suvtßiPaB
es,ógGahar tamry³karpþl;viBaØabnb½Rt HACCP nigsþg;darGnam½yes,ógGahardéTeTot
edIm,IebIkpøÚveTAkan;TIpSarbreTsEdlmantMélx<s; ¬shrdæGaemrik bJ shPaBGWr:ub ¦ .
ekAs‘U
134> karerobcMrcnasm<½n§eLIgvijcMeBaHvis½y ekAs‘Umansar³sMxan;Nas; kñúgkarrkSakarRbKYt
RbECgrbs;vis½yenHenAelITIpSarBiPBelak xN³Edlkic©GPivDÆn_plitkmμekAs‘UxñattUc man
lkçN³rs;revIk Gacpþl;»kas nigpþl;R)ak;cMNUlepSgeTotcMeBaHplitkr . karBüakrN_sMrab;
ry³eBlEvg GMBIéføekAs‘UFmμCati¬NR¦ bgðaj[eXIjlkçN³GMeNaypl . sMrab;l½kçx½N�         75



eGkULÚsIuksikmμEdlmanGMeNayplcMeBaHdaMNaMekAs‘U km<úCamandICaeRcIn nigmancMNay
Blkmμefak km<úCarYmCamYynigRbeTsplitekAs‘UdéTeTotkñúgtMbn; dUcCa evotNam \N�ÚensIu
EckrMElknUvkarekIneLIgén]tþmPaBeRbobeFob GMBIplitkmμekAs‘U eFobnwgkarplitekAs‘UxñatFM
dUcCaRbeTsm:aeLsIu EdlkMBugkat;bnßykardaMdMNaMekAs‘U edaysaréføBlkmμ nigéfødIekIneLIg
y:agx<s; . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday ekAs‘Urbs;km<úCa fμI²enHrgeRKaHedaykarpþl;TinñplTab
kgVHkarTTYls�al;BIGnþrCati GMBIkarbBa¢ak;KuNPaB nigkgVHtmøaPaB nigkgVHkarRbkYtRbECg
enAkñúgdMeNIrkarrkTIpSar . GRbsiT§PaBTaMgGs;enH enAkñúgkarplitnigenAkñúgkarrkTIpSar eFVI[
b:HBal;CaGviC¢mandl;R)ak;cMNUléncMkarekAs‘U . sßanPaBenHRtUv)anEklMGxøH² edaysar
                                                        76




75
   karviPaKGMBIninñakarN_ ry³eBlEvgcMeBaH tMrUvkarplitkmμ ekAs‘UFmμCati bgajfaGacman kgVHekAs‘UFmμCati .
ekAs‘UFmμCatimancMENk 35eTA 40° énTIpSarekAs‘Usrub éfekAs‘UGnþrCatiFmμCati Edl)an cab;epþIm egIbeLIg mkvij
enAqñaM2002 ehIy)anQaneTAdl;éf 1/2dulakñúgmYyKILÚRkam enAcugqñaM2003 RtUv)aneKrMBwgfanig bnþekIneLIg nig
man esßrPaBkñúgtMél RbEhl2dulashrdæGaemrikkñúgmYyKILÚRkam enAeRkayqñaM2010¬ { kMeNItesdækic©nigGnaKt
ekAs‘UFmμCati } niBn§eday Burger nig Smit Yamoussoukro ExvicäikarqñaM 2001¦
76
   vis½ydMNaMekAs‘U RKb;dNþb;PaKeRcIn edayRkumh‘urdæcMnYn 7 ¬Cb; ERkk em:m:t; sñÜl cMkarGNþÚg bwgekt nig
BamCaMg¦ enAqñaM2001 kñúgépÞdIsm,TansrubcMnYn 68/709hikta manépÞdIRbmaN 90° sßitenA eRkamkar RKb;RKg
rbs;rdæcMnYn7 épÞdIRbmaNCa 1/5° ¬ 1033hikta ¦ Carbs;viTüasßanRsavRCav dMNaMekAs‘U ¬ IRCC¦ nigépÞdI 8/5°
Carbs;vis½yÉkCn enAextþtaEkv nigrtn³KIrI. Tak;TgeTAnigtMbn;eFVIGaCIvkmμ Rkumh‘unrdæTaMg7 RKb;dNþb; RbmaN
                                                                                                       99
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
karerobcMrcnasm<½n§ sareLIgvijEdl)anpþÜcepþImenAkñúg\NTanksikmμenAelIkdMbUg¬ADB¦
EdlmankardkecjnUvkarvinieyaKBIcMkarekAs‘UFM²TaMg 7 eRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs; MAFF nig
karERbkøayRkumh‘unTaMgenaHeTACashRKassaFarN³ÉkraCü . eTaHCay:agenHkþI dMeNIrkarenH
caM)ac;RtUvEtsIuCMerAbEnßmeTot edIm,IeFVI[vis½yenHmanlkçN³kan;EtRbkYtRbECg nigkan;Etman
lT§PaBkñúgkarRsUbykkargar EdlrYmviPaKTancMeBaHkMeNInbEnßménvis½yksikmμ ¬ADB, 2002¦
.
135> Ep¥kelIéføbc©úb,nñ¬éføekAs‘Ukm<úCaRtUv)aneKbBa©úHBI 20°eTA30° edaysarKμankarbBa©ak;
TTYls�al;BIGnþrCati ¦nigEp¥kcMNayplitkmμRbEhl0/5duløarkñúgmYyetan skþanuBlR)ak;
cMNUlsrubrbs;RbeTsBIdMNaMekAs‘URtUv)aneK)a:nsμanfamancMnYnRbEhl 180 landuløar kñúg
mYyqñaM EdlmancMNUlsuT§esμInig 90 landuløarkñúgmYyqñaM . cMeBaHm©as;cMkarekAs‘UtUc²
R)ak;cMnUlBIBlkmμRtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfamankMritBI4eTA5duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyéfø mann½yfa man
kMritesμI 4 bJ 5dgénR)ak;QñÜlRbcaMéf¶kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ cMeBaHvis½yksikmμ GaRs½yehtuenH
Tak;Taj [ksikrmancMNab;GarmμN_enAkñúg vis½ydMNaMekAs‘U .
136> rdæaPi)al)andak;ecjnUveKaledAEdlmanmhicätax<s; kñúgkarBRgIképÞdIdaMduH[)andl;
300/000 hikta . karBRgIk]sSahkmμÉkCnRtUv)anelIkTwkcitþBIsMNak;rdæaPi)alkñúgkic©Rbwg
ERbgGPivDÆn_cMkarekAs‘UxñattUc . RbsiT§PaBnigPaBRbkYtRbECgénRbB½n§plitkmμxñattUc)an
bgðaj[eXIjenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsdéTeTotkñúgtMbn; . cab;taMgBIqñaM 1999mk TIPñak;garGPivDÆn_
)araMg¬AFD¦ )annigkMBugpþl;hirBaØb,TancMeBaHKMeragGPivDÆn_cMkarekAs‘URKYsar rIÉFnaKar
BiPBelakvij )annigkMBugKaMRTkarsikSaRsavRCavekAs‘UxñattUc . GnþraKmn_TaMgBIrenHRtUv)an
erobcM edIm,IbBa¢ak;nUvskþanuBlcMeBaHlT§PaBGPivDÆn_ekAs‘UlkçN³RKYsarEdlmanxñatFMnaeBl
GnaKt . rhUtmkdl;eBlenH lT§plCMh‘andMbUg)anbgðajGMBIcMNab;GarmμN_rbs;ksikr
enAkñúgdMNaMekAs‘U nigPaBsmRsbénkic©GPivDÆn_dMNaMekAs‘Urbs;km<úCa . épÞdIrbs;km<úCa
sMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_dMNaMekAs‘U ¬cMkarekAs‘UFM² nigcMkarekAs‘URKYsar ¦ RtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfamanépÞdI
Ca84° énépÞdIsrub cMnYn 36/402hikta enAqñaM2001 R)ak;cMeNjnigR)ak;cMNUl )anmkBIRTBüsm,tþi kñúgeBl
bc©úb,nñ mankMritTab ehIyBMumanPaBRKb;RKan; kñúgkarTak;Taj cMNab;GarmμN_BivinieyaKKinEdlmanbMNg
vinieyaKeLIy .
                                                                                             100
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
RbEhl 150/000 hikta EdlmanskþanuBlplitkmμsrubcMnYn 180/000etan . b:uEnþ    77



eCaKC½yénkmμviFIGPivDÆn_ekAs‘UlkçN³RKYsarRtUv)aneKrMBwgfa GaRs½yelIkarelIkkMBs;tmøaPaB
PaBRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgvis½yenHTaMgmUl. Tal;EtRKYsarnanamanGarmμN_faBYkeKmansuvtßiPaB
GMBIkmμsiT§ielIdIFøIrbs;xøÜnb:ueNÑaH eKmanCMenOTukcitþfaplitplrbs;BYkeKGaclk;kñúglkçN³
RbkYtRbECg BMuenaHesatvinieyaKnigmandMeNIrkaryWt. karerobcMrcnasm<½n§sarCafμI nigkareFVI
ÉkCnPavUnIykmμenAeBlNamYyénshRKasekAs‘U nigpþl;CapøÚvRtYsRtay edIm,I[vis½yekAs‘U
manRbsiT§PaB nigpþl;briyakaselIkkMBs;sMrab;ekAs‘URKYsar ¬ ADB, 2002 ¦ TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH
karbegáItmeFüa)ayEkécñrbs;vis½yÉkCnEdlmanlkçN³ÉkraCüBiIcMkarekAs‘UFM² KYbpSMCamYy
nwgkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμénTIpSarekAs‘U nwgbegáIt)anCal½kçx½N�GMeNaypl sMrab;CMrujkic©
GPivDÆn_ekAs‘UEdlmanlkçN³RKYsar .
dMNaMpþl;R)ak;déTeTot nigplitplCamUldæan
137> ]bsK�cMeBaHkarplitnigkarrkTIpSarénplitplksikmμdéTeTot tMrUve[mankarviPaK
kan;EtRbesIrbEnßmeTot . fμI²enHmankarsikSamYycMnYnvaytMélGMBI]tþmPaBeRbobeFobrbs;
RbeTskm<úCaenAkñúgplikmμksiplminEmnRsUv¬dUcCaGahaes,óg¦nigplitplCamUldæan ¬eRKOg
eTs eRbgsMxan;² .l¦ tMrUvkarbc©úb,nñnigtMrUvkarGnaKtelITIpSarGnþrCati. eTaHCay:agenHkþI
dUcEdl)anBiPakSaBIxagedIm kareFVIBiBiFkmμEdlksikrkm<úCakMBugGnuvtþkñúgbriyakasbc©úb,nñ
KWCakarRbfuyRbfan. smtßPaBrbs;ksikrkm<úCa kñúgkarc,amykkalanuvtþPaBTaMgenaH
GaRs½yelIvDÆnPaBkñúgkarFanabriyakasesdækic©rbs;BYkeK ¬karelIkkMBs;ehdæarcnasm<½n§
lT§PaB)anTTYlhirBaØb,Tan lT§PaB)anTTYlBt’manTIpSar suvtßiPaBkñúgkar)anTTYlkmμsiT§idIFøI
.l.¦ nigkareFV smahrNkmμbEnßmeToténplikrenAtMbn;CnbTCamYyTIpSarCati nigTIpSar
GnþrCati . ksikrcaM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgkan;EtRbesIrGMBI]bsK�plitkmμ nig]bsK�TIpSar .

Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBGaTiPaBsMrab;vis½yksikmμ


77
  Ep¥kelITinñpl mFümkMritTab esμInig 1/2etan kñúgmYyhikta
                                                                                    101
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgkarRKb;RKgvis½yksikmμedIm,IbegáInRbsiT§PaB nig\T§iBlénkareRbIR)as;
FnFan
BRgwgkarRKb;RKgvis½yedIm,IbegáInRbsiT§PaBnig\T§iBlelIkmμviFIKaMRTEdlsRmbsRmYlmin)anl¥
kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñkñúgEpñkksikmμ ehIyENnaMkic©GPivDÆn_énkmμviFIGnaKt:
•      begáItkmμviFIGPivDÆn_ksikmμ                     edayep þatelIR)ak;cMNUlRKYsarenACnbT
       nigTTYls�al;sßanPaB nanaenAmUldæan nigTTYls�al;tMrUvkarrbs;RkumksikrepSg²Kña
       edayBieRKaHCamYyédKU          nigPaKIBak;B½n§sMxan;²         .        GaTiPaBTI1         KW
       yuT§saRs þrbs;rdæaPi)alcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμ                 caM)ac;RtUvbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;
       ehIyERbkøayGaTiPaBTUeTAeTACaEpnkarCak;lak; Edlman GaTiPaBsMrab;EbgEckFnFan .
       edIm,IeFVIkic©karenH                                cUreRbIkarsRmbsRmYlrbs;m©as;CMnYy78
       nigevTikaBieRKaHCamYyvis½yÉkCn nigPaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot .
•      kic©RbwgERbgbnÞan;nigBiess Kb,ImanTisedAeq<aHeTAkan; (i) karkMNt;CafμIrbs;vis½y
       saFarN³kñúgEpñkksikmμ nig CMrujkic©GPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn nig karcUlrYmrbs;vis½yenH
       kñgkarpþle; svaRTRTg;ksikmμ ¬ii¦ BinitüsareLIgvijnUvmuxgar nigParkic©rbs;sßab½nsaFarN³
         ú
       sMxan;²enAfñak;kN þalnigenAmUldæanedaycab;ep þImBI               MAFF        nigmnÞIrksikmμ
       nigkariyal½y fñak;Rsuk ¬karBinitüsareLIgvijnUvmuxgar¦ nig ¬iii¦
       bBa©b;nUvdMeNIrkarÉkCnPavUbnIykmμ .
•      erobcMFnFanCaCMhan²RsbCamYyGaTiPaBkmμviFIEdl)anÉkPaB nigelIkkMBs;karRKb;RKg
       saFarN³enAkñúgvis½yksikmμ

GaTIPaBTI 2 sRmbsRmYlesvaKaMRTbec©keTs nigKaMMRTTIpSar edIm,IGnuBaØat[mankareFVIBiBiFkmμ
           énksikmμEdlep þateTArkTIpSar
 BRgwgesvaKaMRTsMxan;²cMeBaHvis½yenHedayRbmUlp þúMFnFansaFarN³elITMnijsaFarN³:

78
     CaCMha‘ndMbUg karbegáItCapøÚvkarnUvRkumkargarksikmμrYmKñarvagrdæaPi)al nigGñkp þl;CMnYykMBugRtUv)anBiPakSa
                                                                                                                  102
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
•   GPivDÆCabn þnUvkarsikSaksikmμCati
    nigRbB½n§pSBVpSayksikmμeTAkñúgRbB½n§cMruHmanRbsiT§PaB                    RsbnwgcMNay
    nigERbRbYleTAtamtMrUvkar                    Ep¥kelImUldæanBinitüemIlsareLIgvijnUvtMrUvkar
   rbs;RkumksikrepSg²Kña nigEp¥kelItMrUvkarnigkareqøIytb GacmanGñkp þl;esvasaFarN³
   Gñkpþl;esvaminEmnrdæaPi)al                  nigGñkp þl;esvaÉkCn                           .
   gakecjBIkarp þl;karRbwkSasuT§saF elIEpñkbec©keTs .
• BRgwgsmtßPaBrbs; MAFF edIm,IGPivDÆ nigGnuvt þGMBIs þg;dasuvtßiPaB nigKuNPaB

   es,ógGaharedayshkarCamYysßab½nBak;B½n§ nigPaKIBak;B½n§eTAtamFnFan nigsmtßPaB
   rbs;RbeTs nigRsbtamsmtßPaBrbs;plitkrlkçN³RKYsar nigenAtamCnbT .
• sikSaGMBI]bsK�cMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_sßab½nplitkrCnbTbc©úb,nñ

   edIm,Ip þl;dMNwgGMBIkic©GPivDÆn_ yuT§saRs þksikmμ nigedIm,IrYmviPaKTankñúgkarkMNt;
   nigkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayGMBI                                  rebobvar³tamvis½yBak;B½n§
   Edlb:HBal;dl;smtßPaBrbs;plitkrenACnbT kñúgkareqøIytb nwgB½t’manTIpSar
   ¬briyakasvinieyaK kic©GPivDÆn_esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§ kic©GPivDÆn_esva hirBaØvtßú .l.¦ .
• BRgwgRbB½n§XøaMemIleGBIedmIsaRs þ ¬sMrab;rukçCati nigstV¦ nigRbB½n§p þl;Bt’manCamun

   edIm,I           tamdankarERbRbYlbriyakas               ¬TwkCMnn;              karraMgs¶Üt¦
   edIm,IGnuBaØat[mankarbegáInnUvkar eRtomlkçN³ nigkarbeBa©ósplb:HBal;GviC¢man .
GaTiPaBTI 3 begáItkmμviFIsmahrNkmμedIm,IelIkkMBs;lT§plGnuvt þénGnuvis½ysMxan;²GMBI
sar³énR)ak;cMNUlenACnbT
edaHRsay]bsK�Cak;lak;EdlGnuvis½yksikmμRbQmmux nigCMrujya:gskmμnUvkareqøIytbEdl
mankarsRmbsRmYledIm,IkMNt;rk]bsK�rbs;Gnuvis½y:
•   dMNaMRsUv:



                                                                                          103
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
              o begáItyuT§saRs þc,as;las;sMrab;vis½ydMNaMRsUvCMuvijeKaledABIrénsn þisuxe
                s,óg CaBiesscMeBaHplitkrCIvRBwt þ nigbegáInPaBRbkYtRbECgelIkarnaMecj
                .
             o shkarCamYyvis½yÉkCn ksikr nigsßab½nBak;B½n§déTeTotedIm,IedaHRsay

                ]bsK�cMeBaHPaBRbkYtRbECgénGgárkm<úCa .
•   bsustV: ep þatelIkarbegáInR)ak;cMNUl nigtMélbEnßmcMeBaHvis½ybsustVEdlmanlkçN³Ca
    RKYsartamry³
             o elIkTwkcit þkarBRgIkesvaeBTüstVÉkCnenAtamPUmi[)anrh½s

             o BRgwgRbB½n§tamdan ¬sUmGanEpñkxagedIm¦ .

             o eFVIkarviPaKExSsgVak;tMé;l

                nigsikSaGMBIRbtibt þikarp þl;hirBaØb,TanenAkñúgTIpSar cMeBaHplitplstV
                edIm,IkMNt;Cabn þnUvskmμPaBKaMRT ¬eKalneya)ay nig vinieyaK¦ .
•   begáIntMélbEnßm[)anCaGtibrimaBIkarEkécñ niglk;RtI nigvarIvb,kmμ
        o dak;bBa©ÚlRbB½n§ciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgERsenAkñúgkmμviFIKaMRTkareFVIBiBiFkmμénksikmμ

        o sikSaCMerIsnanaedIm,IsRmYlvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarTukdak; nigEkécñplitplRtI

        o edaHRsay]bsK�nanacMeBaHkarnaMecjRtIeTAkan;TIpSarEdlmantMélx<s;                 nigedaH-
             RsayGRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarsRmbsRmYlBaNiC¢kmμ .
    • erobcMrcnasm<½n§vis½ydMNaMekAs‘UsareLIgvij

        o begáInel,Ón nigbBa©b;nUvkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§ nigÉkCnPavUbnIykmμénRkumh‘uncMkar

             ekAs‘Urbs;rdæ .
        o begáItkmμviFITTYls�al;KuNPaBekAs‘UEdlTTYls�al;edayGn þrCati .

        o eFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμTIpSarekAs‘U

        o GnuBaØat[mankarbegáItnUvmeFüa)ayEkécñrbs;vis½yÉkCnEdlmanlkçN³

             ÉkraCüBIcMkarekAs‘UFM² .
        o Gnuvt þkmμviFIsMrab;GPivDÆcMkarekAs‘UlkçN³RKYsar .

    • begáInkarykcit þTukdak;elIdMNaMp þl;R)ak;nigbegáInplitplCamUldæan

                                                                                             104
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
           o   viPaKbEnßmeTotGMBI]bsK�þcMeBaHksikr edIm,IeFVIBiBiFkmμbEnßmeToteTAkan;plitpl
               EdltMélx<s;enAtMbn;xus²Kña ¬]TahrN_plitkrdMNaMp þl;GaharenAtMbn;valrab
               plitkreQIsIuEpøkñúgtMbn;Bay½Bü plitkrdaMbEnøenAtMbn;RTnab; Ek,rTIRkug¦ .
pSarP¢ab;KMlatelIlT§PaBTTYl)anesvaKaMRT nigehdæarcnasm<½n§
GPivDÆn_esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§enAtMbn;CnbT
138> ehdæarcnasm<½n§minp þl;esvaRKb;RKan;enAtMbn;CnbTeLIy . ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT
rgkar          xUcxatya:gF¶n;F¶r/minTTYl)annUvkarykcit þTukdak;enAkñúgGMLúgeBlmansRg�am
ehIyeTaHbICa                                      mankarEklMGkalBIb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAenHk þI
enAmanpøÚvd¾Evgq¶aybn þeTAeTotEdlRtUvelIkkMBs;
esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§[dl;kMritEdlGaceFobCamYyRbeTsCitxag nigCYyelIkkMBs;[Blrdæ
enACnbTmanlT§PaB)anTTYlesvasMxan;² ¬sUmGanEpñkTI1¦ . GegátnanaGMBIRKYsarenACnbT
bgðajfakarelIkkMBs;lT§PaB)anTTYlehdæarcnasm<½n§ CaBiesspøÚvfñl; nigkarp�t;p�g;Twk 79
CaGaTiPaBx<s;kñúgkarcMeNamGaTiPaBnana . kñúgcMeNamesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§Rbtibt þikarén
shRKastUc²enAtMbn;CnbTbgðaj[eXIjkarelIkkMBs;lT§PaBkñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún TMnak;Tng nig
esvafamBlKWCaGaTiPaB . kargarCaeRcInkñúgkaredaHRsay]bsK�Cak;lak;enAkñúgGnuvis½y
nImYy²TaMgenHkMBugdMeNIrkar                                     CaBiessCaEpñkénkarerobcM
b¤karGnuvtþn_énKMeragEdlp þl;hirBaØ-b,TanBIGñkp þl;CMnYy .
139> eKkMBugerobcM[manvDÆnPaBelIRkbx½N�eKalneya)aypøÚvfñl;CnbT nigkarTTYlxusRtUv
rbs;sßab½n. NPRS kMNt;Gt þsBaØaNfaRbB½n§pøÚvfñl;minRKb;RKan;Ca]bsK�cMbgcMeBaHkar
GPivDÆn_sg�m nigesdækic© . CaBiesskgVHlT§PaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;pøÚvfñl;enARKb;rdUv nigkgVH
ehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢Ún nigkgVHesvadéTeTotenAtMbn;CnbTRtUv)ancat;TukfaCa]bsK�kñúgkar
elIkkMBs;KuNPaBCIvitrs;enA nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAtMbn;CnbT . SEDP II bBa¢ak;bEnßmGMBI

79
     karp þl;esvap�t;p�gTwk nigGnam½ymanBiPakSaenAkñúgEpñkniyayGMBIkarRKb;RKgTwk .
                                                                                       105
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Ps þútagénkgVHkarerobcMCayuT§saRs þénvis½yenH kñúgkarrYmviPaKTan[manRbsiT§PaBcMeBaH
yuT§saRs þkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;km<úCa                                                .
karykcit þTukdak;enAkñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAén
karksagsareLIgvijep þatCasMxan;elIbN þaj nigpøÚvfñl;sMxan;²mYycMnYnenAtamTIRkug .
TnÞwmnwg
enHk¾mankarykcit þTukdak;pgEdrcMeBaHehdæarcnasm<½n§enAshKmn_tamry³kmμviFIsila
nigkmμ                  viFIdéTeTot                 .              eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday
CaTUeTAeKminsUv)anykcit þTukdak;cMeBaHbN þajpøÚvlM
nigpøÚvPUmiEdlsar³sMxan;kñúgkarbMeBjnUvkgVHxatnanaenAkñúgbN þajenH .
140> karTTYlxusRtUvEpñlsßab½ncMeBaHbN þajdwkCBa¢ÚnCnbTRtUv)anTTYlxusRtUvedayRksY
g                   saFarN³kar                    nigdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRKb;RKg
nigkarGPivDÆn_TUeTAénvis½ypøÚvfñl; nigdwkCBa¢Ún rab;TaMgpøÚvfñl;sMxan;² nigpøÚvfñl;bnÞab;bnSM
ehIyRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbTTTYlxusRtUv                cMeBaHpøÚvlM          nigpøÚvdéTeTot       .
eKkMBugerobcMesck þIRBagc,ab;s þIGMBIpøÚvfñl;EdlbBa©ak;GMBIParkic© rbs; MPWT nig MRD .
bc©úb,nñenH MRD TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHpøÚvfñl;Edlmanyanyn þ eFVIdMeNIrticCag 50 kñúgmYyéf¶
¬niymn½yenHmanlkçN³minc,as;las;eTBIeRBaHfaKμan
meFüa)ayEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§enAkñúgkarcat;EcgpøÚvfñl;enAeBlEdlmanyanyn þqøgkat;cM
nYn                         51                            kñúgmYyéf¶¦                      .
c,ab;s þIBIpøÚvfñl;nwgCYykMNt;faetIpøÚvNasßitenAeRkamsmtßkic©rbs;sßab½n
EdlmanmUldæanEp¥kelImuxgarCaCagEp¥kelIcMnYnyanyn þeFVIdMeNIrqøgkat; .
141> vis½ydwkCBa¢ÚnxVHeKalneya)aypøÚvfñl;nigeKalneya)ayvis½ydwkCBa¢ÚnEdlmanlkçN³
s¥itrmYtkñúgkarCMrujGnuvt þeKaledArbs;vis½y nigkñúgTMrg;sMerc)annUveKaledATaMgenH . b:uEn þ
MRD )anGnum½teKalneya)aymYycMeBaHpøÚvCnbTenAqñaM 2002 EdlmaneKaledAbegáInlT§PaB

eTAkan;CnbTtamry³karp þl;GaTiPaBkñúgkarEfTaMedaymanRbsiT§PaB
                                                                                         106
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
nigkareFVInItism,TacMeBaH pøÚvfñl;CnbT nigCMrujkareRbIR)as;bec©kviTüasmRsbEp¥kelIBlkmμ
¬LBAT¦ edaymankar cUlrYmBIIvis½yÉkCnenAmUldæan ¬Gñkem:AkarxñattUc nigxñatmFüm¦
kñúgkarGnuvtþn_kargarenH                                                            .
eKalneya)ayenHk¾p þl;esckþIENnaMpgEdrcMeBaHkarEbgEckPar³kic©cMeBaHpøÚvCnbT
BIRksYgenA         fñak;;kN þal       ¬MRD¦          nigmnÞIrext þrhUtdl;mnÞIrXMu   .
eTaHbICaeKGacelIkkMBs;)ank þI enAkñúg TidæPaBCaeRcIn enHCaeKalneya)aysmRsb
ehIyp þl;nUvRkbx½N�mYysMrab;RKb;RKgpøÚvCnbT                                         .
GaRs½yehtuenHkarykcit þTukdak;elIkic©karbEnßmeTotKb,IBicarNarkviFIGnuvt þ[)anRbesIr
cMeBaHeKalneya)ayenH ¬edIm,ICMnHv]bsK�Epñkkaryl;dwg bec©keTs nighirBaØvtßú¦ .
142> kic©GPivDÆn_pøÚvfñl;nigesvadwkCBa¢ÚnCYb]bsK�edayxVHkarksagEpnkar nigkarRKb;RKg
[manRbsiT§PaB RBmTaMgxVHdMeNIrkarerobcMfvika edIm,IFana[manmUlniFiRKb;RKan;sMrab;ksag
nigsMrab;EfTaM. mUlniFisMrab;CYsCulnigEfTaMpøÚvfñl; ¬FRMR¦ pþl;mUlniFitamEbbmYy
mineTogTat; CaBiesssMrab;kareFVInitism,TapøÚvfñl; KμanlkçN³vinicä½ykñúgkareRCIserIsKMrU bJ
kñúgkareRCIserIsyuT§saRsþsmRsbsMrab;EbgEckFnFan . eTaHbICamanPaBc,as;las;kþI ]bsK�
pÞal;kñúgkarpþl;mUlniFirbs; FRMR Bi)akpþl;mUlniFiRKb;RKan;sMrab;karCYsCul CaBiessKWenA
bNþajfñak;eRkam. cab;taMgBIqñaM 2002 mk karTTYlxusRtUvelIehdæarcnasm<½n§rbs;fñak;XuM
RtUv)aneFVIvimCÄkar[RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;EdlCab;eqñatfμI edaypþl;hirBaØb,TancMeBaHkarksag nig
nitism,TapøÚvfñl;enAtamXMusgáat; EdlmanCMnYybec©keTsmkBImnÞIrGPivDÆn_CnbTextþ . ynþkar
epÞrsareBIBn§rvagGaCJaFrGnþrdæaPi)alnigmUlniFiXMusgáat;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,Ipþl;hirBaØb,Tan
sMxan;cMeBaHkic©karenH nigcMeBaHParkic©déTeTotrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat; b:uEnþmUlniFimancMnYnbnþic
bnþÜc. tamry³sikçasalasþIBIsmahrNkmμRsuk)an[dwgfa karpþl;mUlniFirbs;m©as;CMnYy
nigNGOdéTeTot pþl;eTAkan;KMeragnigkmμviFIepSgKñaCaeRcIn epþatelIfñak;PUmi bJfñak;XMu ehIy
mUlniFienHminRtUv)aneKsRmbsRmYl)anl¥CamYynwgkic©RbwgERbgenAfñak;XMu nigsgáat;eLIy.
karpþl;hirBaØb,TancMeBaHbNþajenAmUldæan enAEtCabBaðaenAeLIy eRBaHeKmanmnÞilfa kic©Rbwg
ERbgTaMgenH minGacbegáIt)anCamUldæansMrab; BRgIkdl;fñak;CatieLIy.

                                                                                            107
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
143> esvafamBl nigTUrKmnaKmn_ manCamUldæanenAtMbn;TIRkug nigtMbn;TIRkugFM²Etb:ueNñaH.
RbeTskm<úCamanGnu)atGK�IsnIPavUbnIykmμTabCageKbMput kñúgcMeNambNþaRbeTsenAGasIuxag
ekIt KWmankMritRtwmEt 5°b:ueNÑaHenAtMbn;CnbT . rIÉTUrKmnaKmn_vij bNþajTUrs½BÞGcl½t
sMrab;RbeTskm<úCaTaMgmUlmankMritEt 0/27 b:ueNÑaHkñúgcMeNam 100RKYsar. rIÉTUrs½BÞvij enAqñaM
2000 mankMrit 1/27 kñúgcMeNam 100 RKYsar. TUrs½BÞGcl½telItu kan;EtmancMnYntic enAtMbn;
CnbT EdlkarBRgIkbNþajenHTamTar[mankarvinieyaKCaeRcIn kñúgxN³EdlesvaTUrs½BÞcl½t
)anBRgIkCaeRcIn edayGaRtax<s;eTAkan;tMbn;mYycMnYn. enAkñúgvis½yGK�IsnI Rkbx½N�sßab½n
manlkçN³exSay ehIykarp�t;p�g;famBlminGaceCOTukcitþ)an mantMélx<s; ehIyPaKeRcIn
sMrab;p�t;p�g;enAtMbn;TIRkugEtb:ueNÑaH . GñkPUmibMeBjtMrUvkarEpñkfamBlrbs;xøÜnedaylkçN³
samBaØ b:uEnþRtUvcMNayx<s; dUcCakareRbIR)as;GaKuyCaedIm . karBRgwgsßab½nCYb]bsK�eday ³
¬k¦kgVHbuK�likCMnajF¶n;F¶r ¬x¦ viFIsaRsþcak;b¤sepþatelIvis½ysaFarN³kñúgkarRKb;RKgRbB½n§
famBlsaFarN³ ¬K¦ GnþraKmn_Epñkneya)ay ¬X¦ kgVHtmøaPaBkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØb,Tan
manrcnasm<½n§Bn§KyGRbsiT§PaB éfømankMritx<s;bMputenAkñúgBiPBelak . karBRgIkenAbNþaj
TUrKmnaKmn_Gcl½teTAkan;tMbn;CnbT tMrUv[mankarvinieyaKeRcIn. cMeBaHesvaTUrs½BÞcl½tÉkCn
manktþaelIkTwkcitþmantictYcsMrab;eFVI[manvinieyaKBRgIképÞesvaTUrs½BÞ EdlmanKuNPaB .
144> RtUvmanviFIsaRsþEdlmanlkçN³yuT§saRsþbEnßmeTot cMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_esva ehdæarcna-
sm<½n§CnbT. kñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAenHmankic©RbwgERbgCaeRcIn enAkñúgkarEklMGehdæa
                                               ;
rcnasm<½n§CnbT rYmmanKMeragCaeRcInEdl)anpþlmUlniFiBIm©as;CMnYy edIm,IEklMGrcnasm<½n§enA
CnbT nigPaBCitsñiT§rvagkarksagEpnkarnigkarRKb;RKg. TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH eKalneya)ay
nigyuT§saRsþnanaRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaysßab½nTTYlxusRtUvBak;B½n§mYycMnYn. caM)ac;RtUvman
kartamdanbEnßmeTot edIm,Ipþl;dMNwgGMBIskþanuBlénkarEkERbeKalneya)ay yuT§saRsþ
kmμviFIKMerag CaBiesseFVIKMeragTak;TgnwgkareFVIvimCÄkareTAkan;RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat; nigvish-
mCÄkarénPar³kic©BIRksYgsßab½nfñak;kNþal eTAmnÞIrnigkariyal½yRsuk. mansar³sMxan;dUcKña
Edr KWlMhUrénmUlniFi EdlmansIuKñaEdrCamYynigParkic©TaMgGs;enH.



                                                                                       108
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa

Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBsMrab;EklMGesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT

GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgkarkMNt;TisedA yuT§saRsþvinieyaKehdæarcnasm<½n§
begáItyuT§saRsþsMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbTCamYykarKaMRTBIédKUdéTeTot       .
RbkarenHtMrUv[mankarBinitüemIleLIgvijnUvyuT§saRsþnigeKalneya)aykñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ nigkar
erobcMEpñksßab½nsMrab;RKb;RKgnigpþl;hirBaØb,TancMeBaHehdæarcnasm<½n§ CaBiessEsVgrkcMNg
Tak;Tgrvagehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkic©GPivDÆn_CnbTTUeTA . Ep¥kelIBt’manenH karvaytMélGMBIPaB
RKb;RKan;énRkbx½N�kargarbc©úb,nñcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§bc©úb,nñ caM)ac;RtUvmankar
kMNt;GtþsBaØaNGMBIkgVHxatnigplb:HBal;epSg²cMeBaHkarEbgEckFnFan nigkarRKb;RKg.
karvaytMélEbbenHnwgBicarNaGMBIlkçN³énRbePTxusKña² énehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigmuxgarrbs;
vis½ysaFarN³nigÉkCn enAkñúgGnuvis½yepSg² . CaBiessyuT§saRsþrYmman ³
•   BRgwgPaBsIusgVak;KñaénkarksagEpnkarGPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§CamYynwgkarksagEpnkar
    GPivDÆn_kñúgtMbn;
•   BRgwgsmtßPaBGaCJaFrmUldæan kñúgkarkMNt;GaTiPaBelIEpnkarnigkarRKb;RKgehdæarcna
    sm<½n§mUldæan nigpþl;esva
•   begáItkarrYmviPaKTanrbs; vis½yÉkCnkñúgkarpþl;esva ¬tamry³lT§PaB)anTTYl\NTan
    karFanara:b;rg PaBgayRsYlkñúgkarTTYllixitGnuBaØati¦
•   elIkkMBs;karsþarcMNayenAkñúgehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbTnigenAkñúgesvanana           edIm,I[man
    nirnþrPaB .
GaTiPaBTI 2 kic©GPivDÆn_[mannirnþrPaB nigmanlkçN³CayuT§saRsþénbNþajpøÚvfñl; edIm,I
sMrYlkareFVIsmahrNkmμtMbn;CnbTCamYynwgesdækic©kñúgtMbn;
•   ély:agNa[eKalneya)aydwkCBa¢ÚnKaMRT eKalneya)aykat;bnßy PaBRkIRk tamry³
              o   karbegáIt karGnum½t nigkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayPaBénkardwkCBa¢ÚnEdl
                  edaHRsaytMrUvkareFVIdMeNIrenACnbT

                                                                                       109
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
              o   erobcMeKalneya)ayCati nigyuT§saRsþ pøÚvfñl;enACnbT .
•   elIkkMBs;lT§PaBenACnbT tamry³karEfTaM sm,tþipøÚvfñl;bc©úb,nñ nigbegáIncracrN_enA
    CnbT ³
              o   erobcMsareBIBn§ enACnbT nigksagEpnTI
              o   ély:agNa[manTMnak;TMngRKb;RKan; ¬pøÚvbnÞab;bnSMnigpøÚvPUmi¦ rvagbNþajpøÚv
                  fñl; sMxan;² nigpøÚvfñl;enAmUldæan
              o   eFVI[mannirnþrPaBnigelIkkMBs;R)ak;cMNUlCnbT tamry³karEfTaMpøÚvCnbT
                  edayeRbIR)as;bec©kviTüasmRsbEp¥kelIBlkmμ ¬LBAT¦
              o   BinitüemIlsareLIgvij enAvtþmanlT§PaBrab;rg nigsuvtßiPaB énesvadwkCBa¢Ún
                  CnbT kMNt;rkkgVHxat nigGnuvtþGnusasn_nanaedIm,IlubbM)at;kgVHxatTaMgenaH
              o   dak;bBa¢Úlvis½yÉkCn kñúgkarpþl;esvapøÚvfñl;nig esvadwkCBa¢Ún .

•   pþl;hirBaØb,TanRKb;RKan;sMrab;karEfTaMpøÚvfñl; nigkarEklMGpøÚvenAmUldæan ³
              o   mUlniFikMENTMrg; sMrab;CYsCulnigEfTaM pøÚvfñl; ély:agNa[mankarpþl;mUlniFi
                  )anRKb;RKan; Gac)a:n;RbmaNCamun)ansMrab;EfTaMpøÚvfñl;CnbT
              o   begáItmUldæanFnFan GaCJaFrmUldæan nigRbB½n§epÞrsareBIBn§ .

GaTiPaBTI 3 karp�t;p�gfamBlGK�IsnI enACnbTnig karbegáInvisalPaBp�t;p�g;GK�isnI
begáInkarp�t;p�g;famBlGK�IsnI nigvisalPaBp�t;p�g;GK�isnIenAtMbn;CnbT ³
•   ksagEpnkaremkñúgkareFVIGK�IsnIPavUbnIykmμenAtMbn;CnbT    edIm,IENnaMvinieyaKvimCÄkar
    GMBIkareFVIGK�IsnIPavUbnIykmμenACnbT kMNttMbn;EdlRtUvpþl;bNþajGK�IsnI nigtMbn;
    sßitenAeRkABIkEnøgpþl;esvaGK�IsnI
•   elIkkMBs;lT§PaBkñúgkar)anTTYlhirBaØb,Tan CaBiesssMrab;Gñkp�t;p�g;enACnbT
•   begáItTsSnaTansþIBI tmøaPaBnigkarbMeBjxatEp¥kelIlT§plGnuvtþn_.

                                                                                       110
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
karBRgIkesvahirBaØvtßúenAtMbn;CnbT          80




145> elIkElgEt                  EdlmanGtItPaBCa MFI fμI²enH)an køayeTACaFnaKarmYy
                           ACLEDA                                        81



ehIyvis½yFnaKarpøÚvkarminbMerIRbCaBlrdæenACnbTeLIy . kñúgcMeNamextþTaMg24 man16extþ
KμanFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμ elIkElgEtsaxa rbs; ACLEDA ehIy9extþ KμanesvaFnaKarpøÚvkar
NamYyeLIy. enAxN³EdlmanesvaenAbNþaextþCMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj RkugRBHsIhnu nigCMuvij
tMbn;Tenøsab extþdéTeTotenAPaKxageCIg nigPaK|sanénRbeTskm<úCa nigenAekaHkugminTan;
mankarpþl;esvaenAeLIy . enAeBlmansaxanana saxaTaMgenaHCaTUeTA sßitenATIrYmextþ
ehIyswgEtKμansaxaenAmUldæanTal;EtesaH . lT§PaBrbs;RKYsarenACnbTkñúgkarTTYlesva
hirBaØvtßúpøÚvkarenAmanbrimaNtictYcbMput ¬sUmGanPaKTI 1 ¦ .
146> FnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbT ¬RDB¦RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday rdæaPi)al ¬edaymanCMnYy
breTs¦ enAqñaM 1998 nig)ankøayeTACaFnaKare)aHdMukñúgkarbBa¢ÚnmUlniFi BIshKmn_GnþrCati eTA
kan;mIRkUhirBaØvtßúkm<úCa ¬MFIs¦ enAqñaM2000 . enAqñaM2002 RDB )anpþl;\NTancMnYnRtwmEt
2/5landuløarshrdæGaemrik enAkñúgcMeNammUlniFirbs;xøÜncMnYnCag 20 landuløar Edllbgðaj
[eXIjsmtßPaBTn;exSayrbs; RDB nig MFI. eyagtamr)aykarN_svnkmμ elIlT§pl
Gnuvtþn_rbs; ADB sþIBIkmμviFIvis½yksikmμ bBa¢ak;fakarpþl;\NTanyWty:avenH eFVI[ ADB
lubecalTwkR)ak;cMnYn 14/8landuløar éncMNUlR)ak;km©IcMnYn 20/7 landuløarshrdæGaemrik
enAqñaM2002. muxgarrbs; RDB enAkñúgyuT§saRsþmYysMrab;elIkTwkcitþkic©GPivDÆn_esvahirBaØvtßú
CnbT EdlRtUveFVIkarBicarNasarCafμIeLIgvijGMBIbTBiesaFn_rbs;m©as;CMnYynig MFI CamYy
RDB kalBIeBlfμI².


147> vis½yhirBaØvtßúeRkApøÚvkar nigBak;kN þaleRkApøÚvkarbMeBjmuxgarya:gsMxan;kñúgzan³Ca
Gñkp þl;esva\NTanenAtMbn;CnbT . Gñkp þl;esvaenHQanmuxenAkñúgTIpSarKW ACLEDA
80
     EpñkenHdkRsg;ecjBIkargar EdldwknaMeday             Olga Torres   vis½yemRkUhirBaØvtßú nighirBaØvtßúCnbTenAkm<úCa
ExmkraqñaM 2004 .
81
    RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú ¬MFI¦KWCaRKwHsßanEdlepþateTAelIesvahirBaØvtßú Gg�karmIRkUhirBaØvtßú ¬MFO¦pþl;nUv
esvaTUeTA .
                                                                                                                111
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Edl RKbdN þb;elITIpSarcMnYn 58° KitelI\NTanEdl)anp þl; . ACLEDA
)ancab;dMeNIrkar                       Rbtibt þikarrbs;xøÜnkñúgzan³CaGg�kareRkArdæaPi)al
)ankøayCaFnaKarÉkeTs ehIyfμI²enHCa FnaKarBaNiC¢Edlp þl;esvahirBaØvtßúenAtMbn;CnbT
CaTUeTAKWbMerIshRKin . MFO FM²cMnYn 10 82 Edlp þl;\NTansrubcMnYn 90°
nigp þl;esvabMerIdl;Gñkx©IR)ak; 94° )aneRCIserIs [man karp þl;GaCJab½NÑ
nigkMBugRbtibt þikaredIm,I[mannirn þrPaB           .           RbkarenHk¾mann½ypgEdrfa
                                             ;
CaTUeTAeKGacsegáteXIjmankargakeTArkkarpþl\NTanFM²enAeBlEdlRKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú
)anQaneTAdl;karbMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;TIpSarfñak;elI       edayep þatelIkarpþl;\NTanbuK�l
¬CaCag pþl;\NTankñúglkçN³CaRkum¦ ehIybegáInnUvRbtibt þikarenAkñúgRKwHsßanrbs;xøÜn
¬CaCagenAtam                   PUmi¦            edIm,Ikat;bnßycMNay                    .
                                                 μ
GaRs½yehtuenHmanlT§PaBEdlfak;ic©GPivDÆn_kñúgeBlfI² elIkarp þl;esvamIRkUhirBaØvtßúBMu)an
p þl;GtßRbeyaCn_cMbgdl;RKYsarenACnbTeLIy ehIyCaBiess KWRKYsarRkIRk .
148> vis½ymIRkUhirBaØvtßúTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BIRkbx½N�RKb;RKgEdlmanlkçN³GMeNaypl
b:uEn þkarBinitüemIleLIgvijkalBIeBlfμI²enH
)anrkeXIjskmμPaBbIEpñkkñúgkarKaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_              vis½yhirBaØvtßúenACnbT     .
bTb,BaØt þisþIBIkarpþl;GaCJab½NÑEdlRKb;RKgedayc,ab;s þIBIRKwHsßan                  FnaKar
nighirBaØvtßúRtUv)anGñkp þl;mIRkUhirBaØvtßúcMbg²cat;Tukfa       CaCMhanviC¢mankñúgkarFana
nUvkarkarBarR)ak;beBaØI nigbgálkçN³[mankarrIkcMerIn . FnaKarCatiénkm<úCaCatiénkm<úCa
¬NBC¦ eFVIkarRtYtBinitü ehIysmtßPaBrbs;FnaKarenHkMBugRtUv)anBRgwg . karBRgIk
karp þl;esvahirBaØvtßúenAtMbn;CnbT caM)ac;RtUvedaHRsaynUvbBaðakgVl;cMbgBIr: ¬i¦ karbegáIn
CMenOTukcit þénRKYsarnanacMeBaHRKwHsßanhirBaØvtßú nig ¬ii¦ karkat;bnßycMNayénkarbMerI
RbCaBlrdæ . skmμPaBsMrab;edaHRsaykarRBYy)armÖTaMgenHrYmman:


82
     FnaKar ACLEDA EMT PCA TPC CEB silamiFi htßaksikr AMK \NTan VisionFund Cambodia
                                                                                      112
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
(i)   karpøas;b þÚrKMrUrBIvis½ydwknaMeday\NTaneTAkan;karp þl;esvamIRkUhirBaØvtßúeBjelj .
      MFI/MFO        PaKeRcInenAkm<úCaep þatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarpþl;\NTanenAeLIy .
      esvahirBaØvtßúdéTeTotCaBiesssBa¢½y mansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRkenA
      CnbT kñúgkarCYyBYkeKedaHRsayCamYyPaBgayrgeRKaH . kgVHesvasBa¢½yqøúHbBa©aMg
      [eXIjPaBGl;ÉkCaTUeTA kñúgkardak;R)ak;beBaØIenAkñúgvis½yhirBaØvtßúpøÚvkar/Bak;kN þal
      pøÚvkar nigRtUvcMNayx<s;kñúgkarekogKrR)ak;beBaØIenAtMbn;CnbT . \NTanry³eBlEvg
      k¾swgEtKμanesvaEbbenHEdr              .          kmμviFIsakl,gs þIBIkarFanara:b;rgsuxPaB
      enACnbTRtUv)an              dak;[eRbIR)as;edayGg�kareRkArdæaPi)almYy                  ¬GRET¦
      enAbN þaextþCMuvij TIRkugPñMeBj.
(ii) rkSabriyakasGMeNayplcMeBaHRbtibt þikrmIRkUhirBaØvtßú shRKinmIRkU nigvis½yÉkCn

      tamry³karkat;bnßycMNayminsmRsbénRbtibt þikar ¬CaBiessGMeBIBukrlYy PaBTn;-
      exSayéntulakar nigkgVHehdæarcnasm<½n§¦
(iii) elIkkMBs;karyl;dwgrYmGMBIviFIEdlRKYsarenACnbTeFVIesck þIsMerccit þGMBIRbPB

      nigkareRbI R)as;R)ak;cMNUl . MFI RbQmmuxnwg]bsK�rcnasm<½n§
      dUcshRKinmIRkUnigGaCIvkmμ xñattUcenAtMbn;CnbTpgEdrKW cMNayx<s;elIkardwkCBa¢Ún
      cMNayTMnak;TMngx<s; ehIyCaTUeTA briyakasGaCIvkmμminl¥ . CaenHeTAeTot
      ]bsK�mYycMnYnEdlman               cMeBaHvis½yenH            begáIn         cMNayRbtibt þikar
      dUcCakgVHkarpøas;b þÚrBt’mans þIBIGtifiCn bnÞúkEpñkBn§dar nighaniP½y rUbiyvtßú nig
(iv) karbegáIntmøaPaB                              nigbegáInviC¢aCIv³enAkñúgRbtibt þikarmIRkUhirBaØvtßú
      CaBiessGñkp þl;\NTan xñattUcEdlKμanGaCJab½NÑ KμankarRtYtBinitüBI                          NBC

      b¤KμankartamdanBIGñkp þl;CMnYy ¬b¤BI sßab½nrdæaPi)alkm<úCa¦ .
Gnusasn_cMeBaHskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBkñúgkarKaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_hirBaØvtßúCnbT



                                                                                                   113
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
GaTiPaBTI1 kat;bnßycMNayRbtibt þikarmIRkUhirBaØvtßúEdleFVI[kat;bnßycMNay\NTan
cMeBaHGñkx©I
•    kat;bnßycMNayRbtibt þikarmIRkUhirBaØvtßú tamry³CMerIsdUcxageRkam:
              o   begáItkariyal½y\NTansMrab;pøas;b þÚrBt’man
                  nigtamdanGtifiCnGMBIPaBCMBak; bMNul
              o   kat;bnßyhaniP½yb þÚrR)ak;cMeBaH                                      MFO

                  eRBaHfakarp þl;mUlniFiPaKeRcIncMeBaH                                   MFI

                  eFVICaduløarshrdæGaemrikEdlbegáInhaniP½ykñúgkarbMerIRbCaBlrdæCnbT
                  CamYynwgplitplCaR)ak;erol
              o   CMrujEpnkarrbs;NBC           kñúgkarepÞrR)ak;rvagbN þaextþepSg²CaR)ak;erol
                  nigBRgIk esvapat;Tat;mUlb,Tanb½RtenAtambN þaextþ
              o   CMruj[mankarbegáItsmaKm MFI
              o   EktMrUvkatBVkic©TTYlxusRtUvrbs;PaKTunikEdlman\Ti§Bl 83
              o   bn þkic©RbwgERbgksagsmtßPaBenAkñúgvis½yenHrab;TaMgkarksagsmtßPaBrb
                  s; NBC nig MFI /MFO pgEdr .
     •   begáIntmøaPaB                                           nigviC¢aCIv³énGñkp þl;\NTanxñattUc
         tamry³karbn þbegáIn[naykdæan              RtYtBinitürbs;            NBC   -

         elIkkMBs;karyl;dwgrbs;m©as;CnYy nigsßab½nrdæaPi)als þIBIbBaða mIRkUhirBaØvtßú
         nigbegáItyuT§nakarBt’mans þIBIRbtibt þikarl¥enAkñúgesvamIRkUhirBaØvtßú .
GaTiPaBTI2 sRmYlkic©GPivDÆn_esvahirBaØvtßúfμI²


83
  enAkñúgc,ab; NBC GactMrUv {PaKTunikEdlman\T§Bl}-eBalKWmancMENkTuneRcInCag 20° enAkñúg MFI
eGaybegáInkarrYmviPaKTanTunrbs;xøÜnEdleFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;vinieyaKinsk þanuBlBIkarsMerccit þCapøÚvkarrbs;BYke
K
                                                                                                       114
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
      •   KaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_esvahirBaØvtßúkñúgRTg;RTayFM . edIm,ICMrujCMenOTukcit þrbs;GtifiCn
          enAkñúgvis½yhirBaØvtßú BRgwgkarekogKrR)ak;beBaØI nigelIkTwkcit þsBa¢½ykñúgRsuk
          tamry³ karEsVgyl;bEnßmeTotGMBIlT§PaBkñúgkar:
             o begáItmUlniFiFanaR)ak;beBaØI     b¤begáItsßab½nFanakarsgR)ak;beBaØI nigkarBar
                   plRbeyaCn_rbs;GñkepJIR)ak;
             o eFVI[bnÞúkBn§rbs; MFI manlkçN³samBaØedIm,ICMrujkarp þl;\NTaneTA[

                   SME nigkic©GPivDÆn_esvasBa¢½ysMrab;GñkepJIR)ak;tUc².


      •   elIkkMBs;karyl;dwgTUeTAénRbPBR)ak;cMNUlrbs;RKYsarCnbT
          nigyuT§saRs þsRmbxøÜn CaBiessedIm,IsRmYlnUvkarBRgIkesvahirBaØvtßúenACnbT:
              o   tMrUvkaresvahirBaØvtßúBIsMNak; SME shRKasmIRkU ksidæan nigRKYsarenACnbT
                  nigkarp�t;p�g;bc©úb,nñ edIm,IRbwgERbgCMrujRbtibt þikarFnaKar nigbegáInkarsIuCMerA
                  énTIpSarhirBaØvtßúCnbT
              o   yn þkarsRmbxøÜn niglMhUrsac;R)ak;énRKYsarCnbTkñúgkarerobcMesvamIRkU
                  hirBaØvtßúsMrab;RbCaBlrdæenACnbT84 .

karFanalT§PaB[)anTTYlesvasg�menACnbTEdlmanKuNPaB
karGb;rMenACnbT
149> karGb;rMKWCaEpñksMxan;mYyénkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT . karFana[manlT§PaBTUeTAcMeBaHkar
Gb;rMenACnbTRbkbedayKuNPaB Kb,ICaEpñkmYyényuT§saRs þrYm sMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_CnbT .
karGb;rMmancMNgTak;TgCamYykic©GPivDÆn_CnbTtammeFüa)aysMxan;²BIr . TImYymancMNg
Tak;TgedaypÞal;rvagkMriténkarGb;rM nigkarGPivDÆn_CMnajRBmTaMgsmtßPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæ
enAtMbn;CnbTkñúgkarbegáInplitPaBksikmμ nigkarcUlrYmenAkñúg»kaskargar ERscMkarenAeBl
Edlman»kasTaMgenaH . karsikSaenATUTaMgBiPBelakbgðajfaRbsin ebIeKcat;Tukfakt þadéT
84
     eyagtamRbPBxus²Kña Cag 75° énGtifiCnmIRkU\NTanCaRs þI .
                                                                                               115
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
eTot\tERbRbYl ksikrEdlmankarGb;rMeRcInmanlT§PaBplitTinñplksikmμkan;Etx<s; .
CamYyKñaenHpgEdrkarGb;rMbEnßmbegáIneLIgya:geRcInnUvlT§PaBrbs;buK�lkñúgkarEsVgrkkargar
eRkABIERscMkar . TIBIrmanTMnak;TMngTUeTAtamry³kmμviFIGkçrkmμ CaBiesskmμviFIGkçrkmμEdl
ep þateTArkshKmn_CnbT . karGb;rMCYyelIkMBs;suxPaB nigGaharUbtßmÖenAshKmn_CnbT
nigedIm,IeFVIsmahrNkmμtMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyal nigEdlKμanlkçN³GMeNayplbBa©Úlmkkñúg
sgÃ?mCatiTaMgmUl .
150> bBaðaCak;lak;s þIBIlT§PaB)alTTYlkarGb;rMCamUldæanRbkbedayKuNPaBenAtMbn;Cnb
T                    RtUv)aneKTTYls�al;enAkñúgyuT§saRs þvis½yGb;rMeBjelj                 .
ckçúvis½ysMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_karGb;rM
CatiRtUv)andak;ecjenAkñúgEpnkaryuT§saRs þénvis½yGb;rMrbs;rdæaPi)al
EdlfμI²enHkMBugsßitenA kñúgkarEksRmYl . edIm,IKaMRTkarGnuvtþn_yuT§saRs þenH
RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa ¬ MOEYS¦ )anGnum½tnUvkmμviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMrMkil ¬ESSP¦
Edlp þl;hirBaØb,Tankñúgkic©shkarCamYym©as; CMnYyGn þrCati nigGg�kareRkArdæaPi)al .
ESSP      )anGnum½tnUvrebobvar³Edlmanmhicäitax<s; eq<aHeTArkRbCaBlrdæRkIRksMedA ¬i¦
begáInlT§PaBkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rMCamUldæan                 ¬fñak;TI1         dl;;fñak;TI9¦
cMeBaHkumarkñúgv½ysikSaTaMgGs;enAqñaM 2010 ¬ii¦ elIkkMBs;KuNPaB nigPaBTak;
TgénkarcUleron nig ¬iii¦ begáInkarRKb;RKg nigbegáInRbsiT§PaBénesvaGb;rM . ESSP k¾eb þCJa
ya:gmWugma:t;pgEdrcMdeBaHkareFVIvimCÄkarkñúgkarp þl;vimCÄkarelIkargarGb;rM
nigrYmmanpgEdrnUv kareFVIRbtiPUkmμénPar³kic©eTAkan;Rsuk kMrgsalaeron nigXMu .
151> eTaHCaya:gNak¾edaylT§PaBeTAkan;kMritxus²KñaénkarcUleron nigKuNPaBénsalaeron
manlkçN³mindUcKñaeTenAkñúgtMbn;epSg² . karcuHeQμaHcUleronenAsalakMritbzmsikSa
nigCaBiessmFümsikSamankMritTabCagenAbN þaRbeTsdéTeTotenAkñúgtMbn;)a:sIuhVikxaglic
. sßanPaBenHkan;EtmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶rbEnßmeTotenAtMbn;CnbT ehIyCaBiessKWcMeBaHekμgRsI
nigkumarmkBIRkumEdlKμanlkçN³GMeNaypl . enAkñúgtMbn;CnbTRbCaBlrdæ 20° kñúgRsTab;
RkIRkbMputmanGRtacuHeQμaHcUleronsuT§enAkMritbzmesμInwg 50° nigticCag 5° cMeBaHkumar
                                                                                       116
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
EdlmanGayucab;BI 12-14qñaM Edl)ancuHeQμaHcUleronenAkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi .
cMnYnqñaMCamFüménkarsikSacMeBaHmnusSeBjv½yenACnbTKW 4,4qñaM sMrab;burs nig 2,2qñaM
sMrab;Rs þI EdlkMritmankMritTabCagkIritmFümPaKenAfñak;Cati . eyagtamkarsikSarbs;
CDRI GRtakmμkrEdlminFøab;eTAsalaeronmancMnYneRcInenAkñúgcMeNamksikreFVIRsUvEdlmancMnYn

RbEhl 51° . mancMnYnEt 46°b:ueNÑaHénPUmienACnbTEdlmansalabzmsikSa .
152> salaeronenAtMbn;CnbT kRmsßitenAEk,rkEnøgEdlkumarrs;enA .GaRs½yehtuenH
kumarRtUvedIrelIcMgaypøÚvq¶ayeTAkan;salaeronEdlKμanfñak;eronRKb;RKan;kñúgkMritbzmsikSa .
KμanGVIKYr[PJak;ep¥IleLIy RbkarenHeFVI[manGRtaeronRtYtfñak;x<s; nigeFVIpmanGRtae)aHbg;
salaeroneRcInenAtamtMbn;CnbT .
153> KuNPaBénkarGb;rM KWCabBaðamYy . CamYyKñaenHpgEdrsalaeron enACnbTkRm pþl;kar
sikSaeBjeBl ehIymankar)armÖCaTUeTAGMBIKuNPaBénkarGb;rMenAkñúgsalaeronTaMgenaH .
bBaðamYyEpñkKWTak;TgnwgkgVHRKUbNþúHbNþal edaysarRKUbeRgonPaKeRcIn enAbzmsikSanig
mFümsikSaBMumanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;sMrab;beRgon . RbkarenHrYmpSM CamYynwgR)ak;ebovtS
Tabrbs;RKUbeRgon EdleFVI[RKUbeRgonkat;bnßyem:agsikSaRbcaMéf¶ edIm,IeFVIkargarepSg . kgVH
xatsalaeronk¾CMruj[mankarkat;bnßyem:ageron pgEdr edIm,IbegáInevneron 2 bJ 3 evn .
154> karykR)ak;eRkApøÚvkarcMeBaHkarcUlsalaeronk¾eFVI[b:HBal;dl;karcUleronCaxøaMgpgEdr
. eRkABIkarcMNayedaypÞal;BIkareronsURtenACnbT tMél»kask¾mankMritx<s;pgEdr .
manRKYsar CaeRcIndkkUnrbs;xøÜnBIsalaeron[mkCYyeFVIkar bJCYyemIlb¥Únrbs;xøÜn .
155> cMNgTak;TgTIBIr - KWcMNgTak;TgkmμviFIGkçrPaB nigkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT k¾man sar³sMxan;
pgEdrenAkñúgdMNak;kalenHénkic©GPivDÆn_km<úCa. CarYm GRtaGkçrPaB nigmankMritTabNas;
mnusSFMmancMnYnEt 67° b:ueNÑaH EdlGacGan)an ehIykñúgcMeNamenaHmanmnusSFM
35°enAtMbn;CnbT nigRsþIeBjv½yEt 46° b:ueNÑaHenAtMbn;CnbTEdlGacGan)an. kMritén
GnkçrPaBekIneLIgenAtMbn;x<g;rab. kmμviFIGkçrPaBeRcInEtxVHkarelIkeLIgGMBIkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg
nigxVHTMnak;TMngCamYyCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæCaeRcInenAtMbn;CnbT .

                                                                                       117
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Gnusasn_CaGaTiPaBcMeBaHkarGb;rMenACnbT
156> skmμPaBxageRkamenH CaGnusasn_CaGaTiPaBkñúg karKaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_enACnbT ³
•   bgálkçN³RbkbedaysmFm’ kñúgkar)anTTYlkarGb;rMenACnbT - tamry³karbegáInkar
    vinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ salaeron brikçar esovePA nigsMPar³epSg² enAkñúgtMbn;RkIRk nig
    tMbn;Edl)anTTYlesvaminRKb;RKan; KaMRTGnþraKmn_elItMrUvkarnigelIeKalneya)ay edIm,I
    begáInkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkarcUleron kat;bnßycMNayénkarcUleron tamry³karlubbM)at;
    katBVkic©bg;R)ak;pøÚvkar .
•   elIkkMBs; KuNPaBénkarGb;rMenACnbT -tamry³karBRgwgkarksagEpnkarGb;rM nig
    RKb;RKgtamEbbvimCÆkar nigkarksagEpnkarEklMGKuNPaBsalaerontamEbbvimCÄkar
    karbegáInkic©GPivDÆn_RKUviC¢aCIv³¬R)ak;ebovtS pÞHsMEbgnigviC¢aCIv³ ¦nigelIkkMBs;KuNPaBénkar
    bNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgon ¬CaBiesskarbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgon [niyayPasaenAmUldæan ¦
    begáItkarFana[manKuNPaBnigRbB½n§tamdan . Kb,IEklMGkmμviFIsikSa nigKYrdak;bBa¢Úl
    enARbFanbTEdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgshKmn_enACnbT dUcCaksikmμ éRBeQI suxPaBnig
    GaharUbtßmÖ RBmTaMgkarsikSaxagEpñkbrisßan .
•   karEksMrYlkmμviFIGkçrkmμ . caM)ac;RtUverobcMsareLIgvijnUvkmμviFIGkçrkmμ nigeFVIy:agNa
    [manTMnak;TMngCamYyshKmn_CnbT . RbkarenHGacekItman tamry³kargakecjBI
    vK�sikSaGkçrPaBsamBaØ eTAkan;kmμviFIEdlmanxwømsarRbtibtþieRcInCagmun edayepþateTArk
    shKmn_CnbT nigshKmn_ksikmμ EdlmanGkçrPaBTab.
•   karkMNt;eKaledAkan;EtRbesIreTArkRkumBlrdægayrgeRKaH . kumarenACnbTEdlmin
    cuHeQμaHcUleron bJ Edlqab;e)aHbg;sala eRcInbNþalmkBIsg�mBMumanlkçN³GMeNaypl
    eBalKWRbCaBlrdæRkIRk CnCatiPaKtic nigekμgRsI . PaBlMeGogy:agc,as;las;enH
    GaEktMrUvtamry³karelIkkMBs;lT§PaBcUleronenAsalaCnbT -tamry³karbegáIt salaeron
    bEnßm nigbMBak;brikçarbEnßmedaydak;TItaMgsalaeronsßitenACitTIkEnøgEdlkumarrs;enA -
    ehIybNþúHbNþaRKUbeRgon [niyayPasamUldæan .
                                                                                           118
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa

karEfTaMsuxPaBenACnbT
157> EpnkaryuT§saRsþrbs;rdæaPi)alTTYls�al;bBaðaRbQmCak;lak;GMBIlT§PaB)anTTYlesva
suxPaBenAtMbn;CnbT . cab;taMgBIqñaM1996mk RksYgsuxaPi)al)anbnþkareFVIkMENTMrg;
RKb;RCugeRCayelIEpñksuxaPi)al edayEp¥kelIeKalkarN_RKwHsþIBI smFm’ karTTYl)annUvsva
suxaPi)alCamUldæanRkbedayKuNPaB nigpþl;karkarBarcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk . edIm,IKaMRT
dl;karGnuvtþn_tameKaledAenH RksYg)anRbkasKMnitpþÜcepþIm nigeFVIkMENTMrg;kargarRKb;RKg
enATUTaMgvis½y edIm,IelIkkMBs;lT§plGnuvtþn_ tamry³karbegáItEpnkaryuT§saRsþrbs;vis½y
nigEpnkarRbtibtþiRbcaMqñaM RBmTaMgelIkkMBs;smtßPaBrKb;RKgrbs;vis½ysuxaPi)al. Epnkar
yuT§saRsþGMBIsuxaPi)alqñaM2003-2007 \LÚvenH)anTTYlkarGnum½tehIy. RbkarenHKaMRT
kareFVIvimCÄkarénesvasuxaPi)al karBRgwgrdæ)alsuxaPi)alfñak;extþ nigfñak;Rsuk eday
KUsbBa¢ak;GMBIesckþIRtUvkarkñúgkarbBa¢ak;GMBIvisalPaB niglT§PaBTTYlesva ¬rab;TaMglT§PaB
bg;R)ak;pgEdr ¦karykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHKuNPaB sar³sMxanénkarEfTaMsuxPaBbzm nig
tMrUvkarkñúgkarGPivDÆn_FnFanhirBaØb,TanEdlmannirnþrPaB .
158> eTaHCay:agenHkþI         RbCaBlrdæenACnbTPaKeRcInrs;enAq¶ayBImN�lsuxPaB-mN�l
suxPaB RtUv)aneKbegáItenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnFM² edayTuk[tMbn;CnbTswgEtmin)anTTYlesva
suxaPi)alesaHeLIy. CamYyKñaenH sßanPaBenAtMbn;CnbTCaTUeTAmanlkçN³Tn;exSay eday
mankarekIteLIgy:agx<s;nUvCMgWEdlmanRbPBmkBITwknigstVl¥it. GRtamrN³kumarnigGRtasøab;
edayqøgTenøk¾mankMritx<s;pgEdr.vibtþiEpñksuxPaB KWCaRbPBTI1énkar)at;bg;cMNUl ¬ Helmers.
et al., qñaM2003¦ehIy KWCamUlehtucMbgmYyénkarbgçMlk;dIFøI EdleFVI[ekIneLIgnUv PaBKμandIFøI.

karelIkkMBs;lT§PaB[)anTTYlesvasuxPaB EdlGacBlrdæenACnbTGac ra:b;rgcMNay
)anKWCaEpñkmYysMxan;kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaHénCIvPaBrs;enACnbT.
159> KuNPaBénesvasuxPaBenAtMbn;CnbT KWCabBaðamYyeTot . CaCageFVIdMeNIreTAkan;
mN�lsuxPaBsaFarN³ RKYsarenACnbTeRcInEteTABieRKaHCamYyGñklk;fñaMenAmUldæan Edl
GñkTaMgenaHBMuEmnCaGñkmanlkçN³sm,tþixagEpñkevC¢saRsþeLIy b:uEnþBYkeKmincMNayR)ak;kas
eRcInehIyGacTak;Tg)an b:uEnþKuNPaBénesvaenHbgáCacMeNaT. karbBa¢ak;GMBIkareRbIR)as;fñaM
                                                                                       119
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
EdlKμankarBinitüCak;Esþg bJKμankareFVIetsþ bJxVHkarBicarNaGMBIbc©½yGaRkk; EdlGacekItman
cMeBaH»sf RtUv)aneKlk;eTAtamkMritdUstic²minsmRsb KμankarENnaMevC¢saRsþc,as;las; .
160> CagenHeTAeTot vtþmanénkarykR)ak;eRkApøÚvkarcMeBaHkarEfTaMsuxPaBsaFarN³ nig /
bJ éførbs;Gñklk;fñaMeBTüÉkCn eFVI[manbnÞúkF¶n;F¶rmkelIRKYsarRkIRkenACnbT . GegátRKYsar
CaeRcIn)anbgðajfacMNayelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB           KWCaTidæPaBsMxan;mYyénPaBgayrgeRKaHén
RKYsarenACnbT nigCamUlehtusMxan;mYyénPaBCMBak;bMNul.
161> bBaðaRbQmcMbgcMeBaHvis½ysuxaPi)alenAkm<úCa dUcenARbeTsCaeRcIndéTeTotEdr KWRtUv
EsVgrknUvkarrYmpSMbesIrbMputénkarpþl;esvarvagsuxaPi)alÉkCnnigsaFarN³.          GVIEdleK
RtUvkar KWCakarrYmpSM EdlCMrujeTArkkarEbgEckFnFanEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB TnwÞmCamYyKñaenaH
GnuBaØat[mankarpþl;esvasuxPaBRKb;RKan;cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigpþl;esvaEfTaMsuxPaB dl;
GñkEdlsßitenAkñúgtMbn;EdlBi)akeTAdl;. cMNaycaM)ac;RtUvRbmUlpþMúeTAelIRbsiT§iPaBénkar
eRbIR)as;mN�lsuxPaBepSg² karerobcMcat;taMgeLIgvijnUvRbB½n§suxaPi)alsaFarN³ enATUTaMg
RbeTsKWCakarcaM)ac; nigkmμviFIbgáasuxPaB caM)ac;RtUvBRgwg. sMxan;bMput eKalneya)ay nig
kmμviFIcMNaycaM)ac;RtUvelIkkMBs;lT§PaBkñúgkar)anTTYlesvasuxaPi)alCamUldæan cMeBaHRbCa-
BlrdæRkIRkenACnbT . karykcitþTukdak;CaGaTiPaB k¾manlkçN³caM)ac;pgEdr kñúgkaredaHRsay
bBaðaRbQmsþIBIkgVHGaharrUbtßmÖ CaBiesskgVHGaharUbtßmÖkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKticenAtMbn;
x<g;rab .

Gnusasn_énskmμPaBKWCaGaTiPaBsMrab; karEfTaMsuxPaBenACnbT
162> skmμPaBxageRkamenHKWCaGnusasn_sMrab;karEfTaMsuxPaBenACnbT              kñúgkarKaMRT
kic©GPivDÆn_ enACnbT ³
•   begáInlT§PaBTTYlesvasuxaPi)alEdlmanKuNPaB- tamry³kic©GPivDÆn_CaRbcaM nUv
    meFüa)ayEfTaMsuxPaBbzm nigmnÞIreBTübEg¥kTI1 ¬srub¦nigTI2 ¬extþ¦ tamry³kar
    pþl;hirBaØb,Tan nitism,TanigkarksagfμI brikçarnigkarEfTaM .RbkarenHtMrUv[manTinñn½y

                                                                                    120
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
    [kan;EtRbesIrsþIBItMrUvkarEfTaMsuxPaBtamtMbn;       mankarksagEpnkarEdlkan;Etman
    RbsiT§iPaB nigcMNaysaFarN³ elImN�lsuxPaB.
•   elIkkMBs;lT§PaBbg;R)ak;enAesvasuxPaBsMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRknigRbCaBlrdæEdl)anTTYl
    esvaminRKb;RKan; -tamry³karBRgwgsmtßPaBRKb;RKgenAmUldæan nigbegáInkarpþl;mUlniFi
    nigmUldæanEdlmannirnþrPaB .karkMNt;éføesvaEfTaMsuxPaB Kb,IBinitünigføwgEføg
    eq<aHeTArkkarkat;bnßyéføesvasMrab;karEfTaMsuxPaBsaFarN³nigbgáasuxPaBehIybegáIt
    ynþkarkMNt;eKaledAkan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaBcMeBaHRKYsarRkIRk . epþatkarykcitþTukdak;Cabnþ
    elIkarEfTaMsuxPaB nigkarbgáasuxPaBEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBkñúgkarcMNayCaCagkarBüa)al
    CMgW .
•   CMrujkarcUlrYmrbs;vis½yÉkCn .karpþl;karEfTaMsuxPaB rbs;vis½yÉkCn Kb,IRtUv)an
    elIkkMBs;[GPivDÆn_tamkarcaM)ac; . TMngCamanvisalPaBtictYccMeBaHkic©karenH enA
    tMbn;CnbTdac;RsyalehIyrdæaPi)alKb,IedIrtYskmμenATIenaH .




                                                                                   121
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
EpñkTI     III   ³ karpþl;lT§pl nigCMhanbnÞab;
163> EpñkTI       énÉksarenH EsVgrkeKaledA nigeKalneya)ay 3 EdlGacCasñÚlén
                  II

yuT§saRsþ GPivDÆn_CnbT eq<aHeTArkRbCaBlrdæRkIRk EdlmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCay .TaMgGs;
enHrYmmaneKalneya)ay kMENTMrg;kmμviFI nigkMENTMrg;sßab½n edIm,I ³ ¬i¦ elIkkMBs;lT§PaB
)anTTYlmUldæanFnFanFmμCatirbs;km<úCa nigkarRKb;RKgmUldæanFnFanFmμCatikm<úCa ¬ii¦
begáInplitPaBksikmμ nigR)ak;cMNUlksikdæan ¬iii¦pþl;KuNPaBehdæarcnasm<½n§enACnbTnig
elIkkMBs;lT§PaBrbs;CnbT kñúgkarTTYlesvaesdækic©nigesvasg�m ¬rYmmanesvahirBaØvtßúpgEdr
¦. kñúgkarKaMRTeKaledATaMg 3enH Gnusasn_mYycMnYnRtUv)anesñIeLIg rYmman bBa¢Ién
GnþraKmn_CaGaTiPaB nigTMrg;déTeToténkarKaMRTRbtibtþikarEdlRtUvGnuvtþtamry³FnFanpÞal;
rbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCa bMeBjbEnßmeday\NTanBIFnaKarBiPBelak GnþraKmn_BIBhuPaKInig eTVPaKI
RBmTaMgskmμPaBrbs;Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)alnigvis½yÉkCn. edaycab;epþImecjBIbBa¢IsMeNI
skmμPaBEdl)anerobcMCMuvijeKaledA nigeKalneya)ayTaMg 3 mkkan;karkMNt;TisedA
Cak;Esþg énskmμPaBnigeKaledA caM)ac;RtUvBak;B½n§CamYyédKUdéTeTot nigcaM)ac;RtUvsRmb
sRmYl nigsrubbBa©ÚlKñatamry³kic©BieRKaHeyabl; CamYyPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs; .
164> edIm,Ipþl;lT§pl   caM)ac;RtUvBicarNaGMBIktþasMxan;²mYycMnYn ényuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_
CnbTEdl)anTTYlkarEklMG EdlmanTMnak;TMngeCamYytMbn;CnbT nigpSarP¢ab;eTAkan;Epñk
epSg²eToténesdækic© . TidæPaBTaMgenHRtUv)anelIkeLIgkñúgeBlbnÞab;enaHKW³ TMnak;TMngtam
ExSTTwg eTAkan;rebobvar³déTeTot ]bsK�suxPaBEpñksßab½n EdlesñIr[mankarykcitþTukdak;
cMeBaHvis½ysaFarN³ elImuxgarsMxan;² nigbnþGnuvtþn_enA esckþIRtUvkarsRmbsRmYl
mYycMnYnrYmmankarKaMRTrbs;m©as;CMnYy . cugeRkaysMeNIrsMrab;CMhanbnÞab; sMrab;ÉksarenH
nigeRkABIÉksarenH .




                                                                                 122
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
BRgwgcMNgTak;TgcMeBaHrebobvar³ KaMRTtamvis½y
165> vDÆnPaBelIkic©GPivDÆn_tMbn;ksikmμnigtMbn;GPivDÆn_CnbT           BMuEmnGaRs½yelIkar
edaHRsaybBaðaCak;lak;enAkñúgRkbx½N�TaMgenHeLIy k¾b:uEnþk¾Tak;TgCamYyvDÆnPaBnwgrebobvar³
Edlmansar³sMxan; EdlmanTMnak;TMngtamExSTTwgcMeBaHvis½yepSg²pgEdr . yuT§saRsþ
Catikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk¬NPRS, 2003-2005¦nigEpnkaresdækic©GPivDÆn_sg�mkic©5qñaMelIkTIBIr ¬
SEDPII,       2001-2005¦kMNt;bBaðaTaMgenHtamkarmansar³sMxan;bMput    . eKaledAénkic©
GPivDÆn_CatiEdlbBa¢ak;enAkñúgÉksarTaMgenHepþatelIkMeNInesdækic©      EdlmanlkçN³TUeTA
RKb;RKan;kñúgkardak;bBa¢Úlvis½ynanaEdlRbCaBlrdæRkIRkBwgGaRs½y kic©GPivDÆn_sg�mnig vb,Fm’
nigkareRbIR)as;RbkbedaynirnþrPaBnUvFnFanFmμCatiRBmTaMgkarRKb;RKgbrisßansmRsb .
kñúgxN³Edlkic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμnigCnbT KWCaGaTiPaBBIrkñúgcMeNamvis½yGaTiPaB 4 EdlRtUv)an
kMNt; vDÆnPaBtamvis½y RtUv)anTTYls�al;faBwgEp¥keTAelIPaBRsbKña énvDÆnPaBsþIBITidæPaB3
énkarelIkkMBs;GPi)alkic© ³karRKb;RKgFnFansaFarN³ vimCÄkarnigGPi)lkic©mUldæan nig
karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.eRkABIenH manrebobvar³tamExSTTwgsþIBIkic©GPivDÆn_tamvis½yÉkCn
EdlepþatelIExSsgVak;tMélEkécñksikmμ nigesdækic©CnbT eRkABIksikmμTUeTA .
166> bBaðaTaMgenHkMNt;briyakasbgálkçN³cMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT              ehIyKWCaPaBEdl
sMxan;² edIm,IGnuvtþn_[)anRtwmRtUv sMedA[mankic©GPivDÆn_CnbTRbRBwtþeTAtamel,Ón Edl
RtUvkar edIm,InaMmknUvkarelIkkMBs;suxmalPaBcMeBaHRbCaCnenACnbT . karRtYtBinitüelIkar
TTYlxusRtUvsMxan;² kñúgkarkMNt;nigdwknaMTisedAkMENTMrg;sñÚlcMeBaHbBaðaTaMgenHKWCaviFankar
EdlsßitenAeRkAsßab½nTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT b:uEnþkarcUlrYm
EdlmanlkçN³Gkmμ cMeBaHBYkeKKWCakMhusmYy . ¬TI1TisedAénkMENTMrg;caM)ac;RtUvmanRbPB
BIrebobvar³tamvis½yEdlRtUvmanRbsiT§iPaB nigkarerobcMrebobvar³tamvis½y nigdak;[sßab½n
EdlepþatelIEpñkCnbTTaMgenH enAkñúgrNsirSCYrmux énkarTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BIkarpøas;;bþÚr.
sßab½n tamvis½yGacTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_ tamry³karcUlrYmEdlmanlkçN³ksag b:uEnþcaM)ac;RtUv
elIkkMBs;enAsmtßPaBsßab½nrbs;xøÜnkñúgkareFVIkic©karenH . TI2 enAkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYn TIPñak;gar
karGPivDÆn_CnbTkMBugEsVgrkdMeNaHRsay EdlmanlT§PaBkñúgkarrYmviPaKTan enAkñúgrebobvar³
TUeTA¬dUcCakarelIkkMBs;karepÞrhirBaØvtßúGnþrrdæaPi)al k¾dUcCakarksagEpnkarnigkarGPivDÆn_
                                                                                        123
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
enAmUldæankñúgbribTénkMENTMrg;vimCÄkarfμI² Edlkan;EtmantmøaPaB nigkan;EtmanPaBTTYl
xusRtUv ¦.
karRKb;RKgFnFansaFarN³
167> karRKb;RKgcMNaysaFarN³ )anekIneLIgcab;taMgBIqñaM 1999 b:uEnþ enAmanbBaða enAkñúg
EpñkmYycMnYnenAeLIy . eKRtUvkar[manvDÆnPaBCaeRcInbEnßmeTot ehIybBaðaRbQmmYy
cMnYnkñúgkarGnuvtþn_eKaledAGPivDÆn_rbs;RbeTskm<úCa CaBiessKWkarEklMGkareKogKrFnFan
edIm,IFana[mannirnþrPaBEpñksaeBIBn§ kat;bnßyhaniP½ycMeBaHmUlniFisaFarN³ tamry³kareFVI
kMENTMrg;elIkarGnuvtþn_fvika karRKb;RKgsac;R)ak; nigRbB½n§RtYtBinitüsaFarN³ kareFVI
sniTankmμeKalneya)aysaFarN³ nigkarRKb;RKgedIm,IGPivDÆn_ SEDP II nig NPRS
nigkarRbkan;ykkareFVIkMENTMrg;saFarN³EdlmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCay edIm,Ipþl;nUv esva
kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬ IFAPER, 2003¦ .
168> eKRtUvkar[mankarkMENmuxgarsaFarN³ bnÞan;edIm,I elIkkMBs;karpþl;esvasaFarN³ .
bTBiesaFn_kñúgeBlknøgeTAenAkñúgvis½yenH)anbgðajfakMritR)ak;ExTabrbs;mRnþIraCkar KWCa
bBaðacMbgEdleFVI[man]bsK�cMeBaHvDÆnPaBénkMENTMrg; nigcMeBaHRbsiT§iPaBénkarpþl;esva.
dMeNaHRsaybeNþaHGasnñ             KWkarGnuBaØatii[mankarGnuvtþn_KMeragpþl;esvamanRbsiT§iPaB.
dMeNaHRsaybeNþaHGasnñKWkarGnuBaØati [mankarGnuvtþn_KMeragEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB EdlGñk
pþl;CMnYyPaKeRcIn/KMeragepSg²pþl;R)ak;]btßmÖbEnßm . xN³EdlRbkarenH)anpþl;ktþaelIk
TwkcitþcMeBaHbuK�likEdl)anTTYllaPkarkñúgkarRbwgERbgeFVIkargar TnÞwmCamYyKñapgEdr k¾begáIt
[manplb:HBal;kñúgkarGnuvtþn_ enAkmμviFIrbs;rdæaPi)alTUeTAtamry³karCMruj[man\riyabf
EsVgrkGtßRbeyaCn_buK�lrYm kareRCIserIsbuK�lik nigkartemøIgzan³edayKμantmøaPaB
EdlminGacbgáakarrkSaTuknUvbuK�likEdlmanlkçN³sm,tþinigTTYlkarelIkTwkcitþbMput enAkñúg
zan³sMxan;² Edlminpþl;hirBaØb,Tantamry³CMnYybreTs . bBaðaEdlrkSaTukbuK�likk¾)an
eFVI[b:HBal;dl;RbsiT§iPaBénkmμviFIksagsmtßPaBenAkñúgsßab½nCaeRcIn EdlbuK�lik)anTTYl
karbNþúHbNþal )ancakecjBIvis½ysaFarN³enAeBlEdlKMeragcb; . CagenHeTAeTot buK�lik
manCMnaj RbmUlpþúMenAtamsßab½nenATIRkugPñMeBj nigedaysarkMritR)ak;ExTabnigGvtþmanén
                                                                                        124
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
»kasesdækic©déTeTotenAtamextþnigtamRsuk eKBMueXIjmanktþaelIkTwkcitþesaHsMrab;[sisS
fμI² EdlbBa©b;karsikSa / bJbuK�likEdlmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;kñúgkarEsVgrkmuxtMENg enAtam
kariyal½ymnÞIrenAextþ bJtamRsukeLIy . GaRs½yehtuenH karGnuvtþn_GMBIeKalneya)ay
                                                 85



pþl;laPkarRKb;RKan; nigpþl;kargarRKb;RKan;cMeBaHmRnþIraCkar mansar³sMxan;enAkñúgkarpþl;nUv
TMnijnigpþl;esvasaFarN³ cMeBaHRbCaBlrdænigplitkrenACnbT CamYyenHRtUvkMNt;nigdwknaM
[)ankan;EtRKb;RCugeRCay minRtwmEtKitelIkar GPivDÆn_vis½yksikmμ nigCnbTb:ueNÑaHeT .
169> karerobcMFnFanCamYyeKalneya)ayvis½ynig GaTiPaBénkarvinieyaK .taragm:aRTIs
P¢ab;CamYYy nigxøwmsarsegçbénÉksarenH segçbskmμPaBGaTiPaBsMxan;²énrebobvar³CnbT
sMrab;ry³eBlxøI sMrab;ry³eBlmFümnig sMrab;ry³eBlEvg EdlmanBt’nanaenAkñúgEpñk TI II.
xwømsarsegçbenHk¾bBa¢ak;pgEdr GMBITIkEnøgEdlFnFan RtUv)ankMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigbgðaj
GMBIGvtþman nigkEnøgGaTiPaBEdlRtUvkMNt;FnFanbEnßmcaM)ac; ehIytMrUv[mankarykcitþ
Tukdak;bEnßmeTot –CaBiessenAkñúgry³eBlxøI .eTaHCay:agNak¾eday enAkñúgCMhanTI1
caM)ac;RtUvmanlkçN³c,as;las; nigmankic©RBmeRBogTUeTArvagrdæaPi)alnigédKUrbs;rdæaPi)al
elIsMeNIRkbx½N�GaTiPaB . karlM)akmYykñúgkarpþl;GaTiPaBbEnßmeTotcMeBaHvinieyaKsaFarN³
enAkm<úCa eRkABIkarerobrab; GMBIplRbeyaCn_én karvinieyaKsaFarN³ KWkgVHTinñn½yEdlGaceCO
Tukcitþ)an . man]TahrN_nanamkBIbNþaRbeTsenAGasIu ¬sUmGantarag7enAxageRkam¦
b:uEnþkarsikSaenAEttMrUv[mankarRsavRCavdUcKñaenAkm<úCa . TnwÞmCamYykarBRgwgdMeNIrkarksag
EpnkarenAmUldæan RtUvmankarBieRKaHkarBiPakSaCamYyPaKIBak;B½n§epSg²Kña edIm,IbegáIn
PaBeqøIytbénsßab½nenAvis½yCnbTnwgtMrUvkarmUldæan CamYynigkarBinitüeLIgvijnUvmUldæan
Tinñn½ybc©úb,nñsþIBIplb:HBal;énkarvinieyaKBIGtItkal enAkñúgtMbn;epSg²Kña eKGacpþl;GaTiPaB
CasaFarN³enAfñak;extþnigfñak;mUldæan.




85
  buK�likCag50° én    MAFF   enAkñúgkMritenH KμanlkçN³sm,tþieLIy ¬ IFAPER, 2003¦ .
                                                                                      125
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
taragTI 7 ³plcMNUlénkareFVIvinieyaKsaFarN³kñúgvis½yksikmμ nigplb:HBal;eTAelIkarkat;
bnßyPaBRkIRkenARbeTscin nig\N�a
                                                 plcMNUlesdækic©* kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk**
              Epñk                               cin    \N�a      cin      \N�a
              RsavRCav nig pSBVpSay              9.59   13.45     6.79     84.5


              FarasaRsþ                          1.88   1.36      1.33     9.7


              pøÚv                               8.83   5.31      3.22     123.8


              Gb;rM                              8.68   1.39      8.80     41.0


              GKIÃ?wsnI                           1.26   0.26      2.27     3.8


           km©IedIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk n.a. 1.09 1.13 17.8
*sMrab;RbeTscin plitplkñúgsrubKitCa yuan srub¼cMNayKitCa yuan ehIysMrab;\N�a

plitplkñúgsrubKitCa                Rupee          srub¼cMNayKitCa       Rupee

** sMrab;RbeTscin cMnYnGñkRkIRkEdlRtUv)ankat;bnßy¼tMélcMNay 10 000 yuan sMrab;

RbeTs\N�a cMnYnGñkRkIRkEdlRtUv)ankat;bnßy¼tMélcMNay 1000 000 Rupee
RbPB³ ÉksarBieRKaHGMBI karvinieyaKvis½yksikmμ/ FnaKaBiPBelak
vimCÄkar nigGPi)alkic©mUldæan
170> kMENTMrg;vimCÄkar           nigvishmCÄkarKWCacMNucsñÚlénkareFIVkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgenA
kñúgtMbn;CnbT. bnÞab;BIkare)aHeqñat eRCIserIsRkumRbwikSaXMusgáat;enAEx kumÖ³qñaM 2002
rdæaPi)al)ancUlrYm enAkñúgkmμviFIvimCÄkard_TUlMTUlaymYy. KNkmμaFikarCatiKaMRTXMusgáat;
KWCaGñkTTYlbnÞúkkñúgkareFVIkMENTMrg;vimCÄkar.          kmμviFIsila)anpþl;nUvemeronbTBiesaFn_
ya:geRcIn sMrab;karerobcM eFVIkMENTMrg;vimCÄkar BIkarerobcMEpnkarGPivDÆenAmUldæan karerobcM
fvika nigkarGnuvtþn_enAkñúgdMNak;kalsakl,gelIkdMbUgrbs;xøÜn ehIyelxaFikardæan
KN³kmμaFikardwknaMkargarén kmμviFIsila ¬esnaFikarRbtibtþirbs; KN³kmμaFikardwknaMkargarén
                                                                                        126
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
kmμviFIsila¦ sMrbsMrYlkar pþl;hirBaØb,Tanrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYyeTAnwgkarGnuvtþn_kareFIVkMENTMrg;
vimCÄkar86 ehIydUecñHtMNag [ TsSn³mYYyd_sxan;énkareFVIkMENTMrg;vimCÄkar.
                                               M
171> viFIsaRsþBIrya:gbMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTAmkkMBugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkm<úCaedIm,IeFVI[rebob
var³vimCÄkarQaneq<aHeTAmux. viFIsaRsþbTdæanmYy edaycab;epþImBIRkbx½N�TsSnaTanGMBIcrik
lkçN³ énrdæEdlCamUldæansMrab c,ab;Gg�kar nigviFIsaRsþEdlmanlkçN³GnuvtþCak;Esþg
edayEp¥kelIkareFVIBiesaFn_tamry³karsakl,gedayepþateTAelIkarpøas;bþÚrCabeNIþr² Edl
ksagbEnßmeTAelICMerIs b¤m:UEdlmYYycMnYnEdlGaceRbIR)as;CamUldæansMrab;karerobcMc,ab;eTA
GnaKt. viFIsaRsþnimYy²manPaBxøaMg nigexSayerog²xøÜn ehIyman\Ti§BlxøaMgNas;enAeBleRbI
rYmKña. viFIsaRsþbTdæan GnuvtþeTAmanhaniP½yEdl mU:EdlEtmYyeRbIsMrab;RKb;krNI minGac
Gnuvtþ)aneT ehIyR)ak;]btßmÖRtUvEterobcMsMrab;krNIBiessCak;EsþgénmuxgarsaFarN³ xus²Kña
KWfa GVIEdlGacdMeNIrkar)anl¥sMrab;karEckcayesvaGb;rM b¤suxPaBminGacsmRsb b¤man
RbsiT§iPaBsMrab;esvapþl;eyabl;ksikmμb¤GaCIvkmμ. dUcKñaenHEdr viFIsaRsþpøas;bþÜCabeNIþr²
raMgsÞHminGaceTAmux)anedaykarxVHxatnUvnItibBaØtþi EdlmanEcgGMBIeKalkarN_sMxan;²mYycMnYn
caM)ac;edIm,IBenøÓnkMENTMrg;TUlMTUlayenAmUldæan EdlvisalPaBsMrab;karEklMGnigkMENTMrg;Gac
mankMrit rhYtdl;nItibBaØtþifμIedaHRsaynUbBaðasMxan;²EdlBak;B½n§nwgkatBVkic©GaCJaFr nigkarTTYl
xusRtUvrvagfñak;kNþalnigextþRkug.
172> RkumRbwkSakMENTMrg;rdæ)al87TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarnaMmuxénkareFVIkMENTMrg;vishmCÄkar
Edl epþateTAelIkarepÞrGMNacrdæ)alnigmuxgareTAGPi)alextþ rdæ)alfñak;extþ nigRsuk.
eTaHbICaman                 karcab;GarmμN_BIGñkpþl;CMnYy              nigqnÞ³neya)ay
k_enAmankarxVHxatnUvvDÆnPaBkñúgkarbegáIteLIg nUveKalneya)ay nigyuT§saRsþvishmCÄkar.

86
   Gñkpþl;CMnYyEdlCYykmμviFIsilaman³ DFID, SIDA, UNDP, IFAD, DANIDA, UNICEF, FnaKarBiPBelak, WHO,
nig AusAID.
87
   RkumRbwkSakMENTMrg;rdæ)al nigGK�elxaFikarrbs;xøÜn manRkumkargarGnþrRksYgmYyshkarCamYyRkumkargar rbs;
RksYgcMnYn 11EfmeTotEdleFVIkargarBak;B½n§nwgbBaðavimCÄkarnigvishmCÄkar. RksYgTaMg 11enaHrYmman suxaPi)al
Gb;rM saFarN³kar kargarsg�mkic© GPivDÆn_CnbT Epnkar esdækic©nighirBaØvtßú RKb;RKgEdndI ]sSahkmμ mhaépÞ nig
ksikmμ. eKsgÄwmfanwgmanRksYgepSg²eTotnwgcUlrYmenAkñúgRkumkargarenHenAeBlEdlkatBVkic©kargar vimCÄkar
nigvishmCÄkardMeNIrkareTAmux.
                                                                                                      127
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
manTsSn³BIrdac;BIKñab:uEnþmanTMnak;TMngnwgKña cMeBaHvishmCÄkarénGMNacrdæ)al nigmuxgar.
TsSn³TImYyBak;B½n§nwgPaBbMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTA                   mkrvagvimCÄkarnigvishmCÄkar
nigtYnaTIBak;B½n§Kñarbs;GPi)alextþnigrdæ)alfñak;extþnigRsuk
kñúgkarpþl;karKaMRTdl;RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;. kñúgTidæPaBenH manPaBeCOnelOnl¥cMeBaHbBaðaenH
eRBaHfatYnaTIrbs;GPi)alextþRtUv)ankMNt;edayKN³kmμaFikarCatiKaMRTXMusgáat; enAkñúgRkbx½N�
bBaØtþivimCÄkartamry³Rbkas88 ehIyeKalkarN_ENnaM89fμI²mYy edayKN³kmμaFikardwknaM
kargar énkmμviFIsila pþl;nItiviFIGnþrkalsMrab;rcnasm<½n§RTRTg;fñak;extþ tamry³KN³kmμaFikar
GPivDÆn_ CnbTextþ rhUtdl;RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;. b:uEnþenAminTan;manvDÆnPaBl¥cMeBaHTidæPaB
TIBIreT EdlTidæPaBenaHBak;B½n§nwgtYnaTIrbs;GPi)alextþ nigrdæ)alextþ nigRsuk kñúgkarpþl;
nUvesvatam EpñknanaenAkMritfñak;extþ tamry³mnÞIrtamextþrbs;RksYgnana. c,ab;Gg�karsþIBI
vishmCÄkar maneKalbMNgpþl;nUvmUldæanKtiyutþisMrab;TidæPaBTIBIrénkMENTMrg;vishmCÄkar
b:uEnþc,ab;enH kMBugenAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgEnkarBiPakSa ehIyenAminTan;mankarÉkPaBKñaGMBI
eKalkarN_sMxan;²enAeLIyeT. bBaØtþivishmCÄkarnwgCMnYspgEdrnUvGnuRkitü nigRbkasEdl
)anGnuBaØati [sßab½n fñak;extþdUcCa KN³kmμaFikarGPivDÆn_CnbTextþ nigKN³kmμaFikar
Rbtibtþirbs;xøÜn EdlsßitenA eRkamkmμviFIsiladMeNIrkar)an.

173> bc©úb,nñenHmnÞIrtamextþrbs;RksYgnana BuMTan;mansiT§iGMNackñúgkarerobcMnigGnuvtþKMerag
GPivDÆn_nanaenAkñúgextþrbs;xøÜneT elIkElgEtkñúgkrNIBiessxøHénskmμPaBsakl,gnana dUcCa
mUlniFivinieyaKextþ          nigkarsakl,gnUvkmμviFIvishmCÄkartamEpñkfñak;CatiEdlenAeRkam
kmμviFIsila. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgEpñkksikmμ kareFVIvishmCÄkarRtUv)aneFVIkarsakl,gedayKMerag
KaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμenAkñúgkmμviFIsila ¬ADESS¦ Edlpþl;hirBaØb,TanedayGg�kar IFAD
EdldMeNIrkarenAtMbn;PaKBay½Bü edaymankarcUlrYmBIRksYgksikmμ nigmnÞIrksikmμextþkñúgkar
CYyRTRTg;nUvkarGPivDÆn_ksikmμedaymankarcUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk90.
skmμPaB TaMgenHpþl;dl;RksYgksikmμnUvbTBiesaFn_nigCMnajedIm,IcUlrYmCamYyKN³kmμaFikar
88
     RbkassþIBIRbtiPUkmμGMeNacdl;GPi)alextþRkugkñúgkarKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;.
89
                                   Y
     RbkassþIBIkarbegáItrcnasm½<n§tnaTInigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;KN³kmμaFikarGPivDÆn_CnbTextþRkugénkmμviFIsila.
90
     bnÞaymanC½y )at;dMbg esomrab nigeBaFisat;. extþBIrbEnßmeTotRtUv)anbBa©ÚlCabnþbnÞab;KW]tþrmanC½ynigéb:lin.
                                                                                                         128
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
dwknaMkargar énkmμviFIsila nigelxaFikardæanrbs;xøÜn kñúgkarBiPakSaGMBIeKalneya)ayedIm,I
erobcMeKalneya)ayvishmCÄkarenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ. RksYgksikmμrukçaRbmaj;nigensaT
)anpþl;karTTYlxusRtUveTAdl;Gg�PaBKaMRTkmμviFI ADESS nigRkumkargarsilaRksYgkiskmμ.
b:uEnþRkumkargar enARksYgksikmμenHmansiT§iGMNactictYc ¬KWfa tYnaTInigkargarrbs;xøÜnenA
minTan;)anbegáIteLIg CapøÚvkarb¤RtUv)anTTYls�al;enAeLIyeT KWRKan;EtCaEpñkénKMeragmYy
Etb:ueNÑaH¦ ehIydUcenH RksYgksikmμenAminTan;manPaBCam©as;¼TTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHGg�PaBenH
enAeLIy. enAkñúgRksYg erobcMEdndI karpþl;kmμsiT§idIFøIRtUv)aneFVIvishmCÄkareTAdl;kMritfñak;extþ
nigRsuk nigkariyal½y ehIyKN³kmμkarsUrieyadIEdlTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkaredaH RsayCMelaH
KWsßitenAeRkamkatBVkic©rbs; rdæaPi)almUldæan. CacugeRkay enARksYgFnFanTwk enAkñúgKMerag
APIP        kareFVI[dMeNIrkarerobcM EpnkarkñúgkarsþareLIgvijnUvKMerag FarasaRsþxñattUc
RsbKñaCamYynwgdMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkar fñak;mUldæanRtUv)anelIkTwkcitþ.91

174> dUcenH KWCakarsMxan;Nas;fa viFIsaRsþsakl,gCak;EsþgcMeBaHvishmCÄkarbnþdMeNIrkar
eTAmux edIm,ICMrab;R)ab;GMBIkargarerobcMc,ab;Gg�kar. Pñak;garrdæaPi)alnigGñkpþl;CMnYyKYrbnþ
sakl,g nUvviFIsaRsþEdl)anerobcMrYcehIycMeBaHvis½yepSg²kñúgkareFVIvishmCÄkar nigerobcM
ÉksarGMBIemeronbTBiesaFn_knøgmkcMeBaHTidæPaBsMxan;²énkarRKb;RKgnigrdæ)altamextþ dUcCa
tYnaTIrbs; GPi)alextþ TMnak;TMngrvagGPi)alextþ mnÞIrextþRkug nigRksYgnana karEbgEck
mUlniFirvagfñak; mCÄwmnigextþ karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarerobcMbuK�lik KNenyüPaBcMeBaH
smaCikFmμnuBaØfñak;mUldæannigtYnaTIrbs;RsukniXMu.

175> manGg�PaBGnþrRksYgcMnYnbIedaymankarpþl;nUvkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH              vimCÄkarnig
vishmCÄkar - KN³kmμaFikarCatiKaMRTXMusgáat; RkumRbwkSakMENTMrg;rdæ)al nigKN³kmμaFikar
dwknaMkargarénkmμviFIsila - nigRksYgsMxan;BIreTotKW mhaépÞ nigesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú. karsMrb
sMrYl)anl¥rvagGg�PaBnigPñak;garTaMgenHKWCakarsMxan;Nas;. CaCMhanviC¢manmYykñúgTisedAenH
RkumdwknaMkargarépÞkñúg enAkñúgRksYgmhaépÞ)anbBa©b;naeBl fμI²enHnUvr)aykarN_mYyEdlman

91
     RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbTKWCakrNImYyxusKñabnþiceTAnwgGNtþiCak;lak;mYysMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbTfñak;mUldæan.
                                                                                                       129
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
bIPaKsþIGMBIvimCÄkarnigvishmCÄkar ehIyrMBwgfanwgerobcMnUv karBiPakSamYYycMnYnGMBIbBaðaCak;
lak;xøHEdlCaCMhandMbUgeq<aHeTAkarerobcMesckþIRBagc,ab;Gg�kar sþIBIrdæ)alnigkarRKb;RKgfñak;
extþ EdlnwgGacdkRsg;nUvemeronbTBiesaFn_fμI². RkumkargarrdæaPi)al-Gñkpþl;CMnYyKYrEtcUl
rYmya:gskmμkñúgkarFana[)anRKb;RKan;nUvkarsMrbsMrYl. karbnþnUvkarcUlrYm nigkarKaMRTdl;
dMeNIrkarvimCÄkarnigvishmCÄkaredayPñak;garsMxan;²enACnbT dUcCaRksYgksikmμ nigRksYg
FnFanTwk KWk_CakarmYyd_sMxan;edIm,IFananUvPaB eCaKC½yénkareFVIkMENTMrg;EdlkMBugdMeNIrkar.
karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkMENTMrg;RbB½n§c,ab;nigtulakar
176> GMeBIBukrlYybEnßmeTAelIéføedImcMNayrbs;ksikr nigKMramdl;PaBRbkYtRbECgén
plitkrCnbTenAkm<úCa. RbeTskm<úCaRbEhlminEmnCakrNIrminFmμtaEdlplitkrCnbT
rbs;xøÜnCYb RbTHnUvkarbg;éføqøgkat;minpøÚvkarkñúgkardwkCBa¢Únksiplrbs;xøÜn CYbRbTHnUvkar
bg;éføminpøÚvkar edIm,IGaccUldl;TIpSarsaFarN³ nigcMNayrdæ)alEdlminRtUv)anGnuBaØati[man
kñúgkarTTYl)an nUvesvasaFarN³ b:uEnþTaMgenHKWCakarKYr[kt;sMKal;cMeBaHbnÞúkd_F¶n;F¶rEdl
elceLIgnUvkarcMNayTaMgenH.            karviPaKExScgVak;tMélénkareFVIma:eXtFIgnUvplitplRsUv
bgðajfa karbg;éfø minpøÚvkar)anbEnßmnUvtMélRbEhl 14duløa ¬BI10° eTA 15°¦
eTAelIéføGgárEdldwkdl;TIpSar. karsikSaRsavRCavfμI²Edl)aneFVIeLIgeday CDRI k_)an
KNnanUvéføminpøÚvkarEdlcMNayeday GñknaMRtIecjeTAlk;eRkARbeTs k_dUcCacMNayepSg²
mYycMnYneTotnigsßab½nEdlBak;B½n§kñúgbBaða enaHpgEdr ¬ CDRI, 2003¦. sMrab;ksikr
karcMNayminpøÚvkarTaMgenHbnßyedaypÞal;nUvcMNUlBIkarlk; ehIybNþal[eRCIserIsCIvPaB
rs;enABak;kNþalCIvRBwtþi. PaKeRcInénkarGnuvtþn_TaMg enHbnþekItmantamry³PaBGt;»n
nigvb,Fm’neya)aykñúgRsuk. karGPivDÆn_smaKmGñkplit enACnbTd_skmμ GacbegáIteLIgnUv
tulüPaBmYyd_sMxan; edayeFVIkarCamYyrdæaPi)almUldæanedIm,I kMNt;nigedaHRsaynUvkarlM)ak
énkarRbRBwtþTaMgenH.

177> Rkumh‘unCnbTminerobryEdlminrksIueFVIERscMkarkMNt;nUvkarGnuvtþn_dUcKñaenHEdrfaCa
]bsK�d¾cMbg b:uEnþfaenHKWCa]bsK�EdlminsUvF¶n;F¶rdUcGVIEdleKraykarN_faekItmancMeBaH
Rkumh‘unkñúg vis½yerobryeLIy. mIRkUshRKas nigshRKasFuntUcTaMgenHhak;dUcCaeCos
                                                                                      130
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
putnUvbBaða nig karcMNayCaeRcIn EdlRtUv)anRbQmmuxedayRbtibtþikarEdlmanlkçN³erobry
CagEdlman GnþrskmμPaBCaeTotTat;CamYyrdæaPi)al. Tinñn½yénkarvaytMélbriyakas
vinieyaKbgðajfa Rkumh‘unenACnbT ¬]TahrN_ Gñkp�t;p�g;TwkCnbT Gñkp�t;p�g;GK�IsnICnbT¦
manCYb]bsK� eday karsUk)a:n;ticCagRkumh‘unenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCndUcCa Rkumh‘unkat;edrsMelok
bMBak; b¤eTscrN_. RbsinebIGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgkMritEdlkMBugekItmanenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCn RtUv)an
dak;bnÞúkeTAelIksikr enaHksikrBMuGacdMeNIrkarrksIu)aneLIy. RbePTsMNUkEdlRtUv)an
cMNayedayvis½ykat;edr ¬Cag 1>000 duløarGaemrikkñúgmYykugEtn½r¦ GacelIsBIkMritcMeNj
énTMnijksiplCaeRcIn. TaMgsMNUknigviFankarN_rdæ)alnanaEdleFVI[GMeBIBukrlYyekIteLIg
rYmKñaeFVI[vis½yenACnbTmanPaB minerobry. dUecñH sßanPaBenHsmnwgTTYlnUvkarykcitþ
Tukdak; edIm,I[skmμPaBminpøÚvkarEdl manTMhMtUcmine)aHbg;ecalnUvkalanuvtþPaBsMrab;kar
BRgIknUvskmμPaB edayehtupléncMNay EdleKGacdwg)ankan;EteXIjc,as;.

178> karEklMGnUvkarBRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab;tulakarnigviFanc,ab;EdlKμanRbsiT§iPaBGacCYypþl;
plRbeyaCn_dl;vis½ysMxan;²nanasMrab;esdækic©CnbT. dUcEdl)anBiPakSaxagelI PaB
Tn;exSayén RbB½n§c,ab;nigtulakarRtUv)anyl;dwgedayFnaKarfaCa]bsK�d_cMbgkñúgkarBRgIkPaB
RKb;dNþb;én esvakmμTaMgPUmisaRsþ-enAtMbn;CnbT nigTaMgcritlkçN³énGtifiCn ¬shRKas
FuntUcnigmFüm nigmIRkUshRKas¦. karxVHxatnUvviFanc,ab; nigkarBRgIgkarGnuvtþc,ab;tulakar
rYmcMENkdl;kar yl;eXIjrbs;GñkvinieyaKinnUvbriyakasénkareFVIGaCIvkmμEdlmanlkçN³
minGMeNaypl. karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK ¬CaesckþIRBag¦ bgðajfasßab½nnigPñak;gar
saFarN³mYycMnYnEdl RtUv)anvaytMélGMBIsucritPaBrbs;xøÜnenaH RbB½n§tulakarRtUv)an
vaytMélTabCageKbMput. enAeBlEdlesdækicrIkcMerInnigmanlkçN³erobry RbB½n§tulakar
                                                Y
nwgkan;Etmansar³sMxan;eLIg² EdlCameFüa)aymYyedIm,IbgáarnUvsiT§iesdækic©énkareFVIGaCIvkmμ
nigelIkdMekIgnUvkic©snüa.

179> CagenHeTAeTot edaymanRbCaCnbIPaKbYnEdlBwgEp¥keTAelIFnFanFmμCatisMrab;CIvPaB
rs;enARbcaMéf¶rbs;xøÜn CMelaHEtgEtekItmaneLIgenACMuvijkareRbIR)as;nUvFnFanFmμCati b:uEnþbBaða
enH minGacedaHRsay)anedaysarkarxVHnUvc,ab;EdlmanlkçN³c,as;las; nigGacbgçMGnuvtþ)an
                                                                                         131
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
ehIyBIeRBaHEtplcMeNj Edl)anmkBIPaBbt;EbnénkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;GacmanTMhMFMeFgcMeBaH
RkummnusSEdlsßitenAkñúgtYnaTImanGMNac. karERbRbYléneKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alGMBIkar
pþl;nUvsmb,TanClplnigéRBeQI KWCaPsþútagénGMNacesdækic©nigneya)ayEdlCaGñkedIrtY
knøgmkEdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;kMeNInesdækic©EdlmanmUldæanTUlMTUlay nigsmFm’. edayeFVI
dMeNIreTAmuxeTot tmøaPaBkñúgkarerobcMeKalneya)ay nigkarerobcMnigkareRbIR)as;nUvynþkar
Gnuvtþn_nanaKWmansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;kñúgkarFananUvkmμsiT§iRTBüsm,tþi EdlnwgmanvDÆn³PaBCa
mYynwgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;tulakaredIm,IbgáarnUvsiT§iTaMgenaH.

180> PaBeCOnelOnRtUv)aneFVIeLIgkñúgkareFVIkMENTMrg;RbB½n§c,ab;nigtulakar b:uEnþenAmankic©kar
CaeRcIneTotEdlRtUveFVIedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgesckþIRtUvkarepSg²énvis½ynanaenACnbT.
yuT§saRsþkMENTMrg;RbB½n§c,ab; nigtulakarrbs;rdæaPi)alRtUv)anGnum½tedayKN³rdæmRnþIenAkñúgEx
mifunaqñaM2003          ehIykargarkMBugEtdMeNIrkareTAmuxedIm,IeFVIGaTiPaBkmμkareFVIGnþraKmn_elI
EpnkarskmμPaB kMENTMrg;RbB½n§c,ab;nigtulakaedIm,IGnuvtþyuT§saRsþenH. karxitxMRbwgERbgCa
eRcInKWRtUvkarCacaM)ac;edIm,IbMeBj[kic©GPivDÆn_TaMgenH. Ca]TahrN_ kic©snüaeFVIWERscMkarelIk
eLIgmineCos)annUvbBaðaFM²enAkm<úCaGMBIkarxVHxatnUvPaBEdlGacBüakrN_)anénkic©snüa Edl
CalkçxN�elIkkMBs;briyakasvinieyaKCnbT nigkarpþl;GMNacdl;GñkRkIRkCnbTenAkm<úCa.
PaBcaM)ac;sMrab;eFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvPaBEdlGacBüakrN_)anénkic©snüanwgCab;Bak;B½n§ nwgPaB
sμúRKsμajénsMNMuskmμPaBnana Edl)anerobrab;enAkñúg RbGb;elx 6 xageRkam.

181> karRsavRCavnigkarviPaKCaeRcInKWRtUvkarCacaM)ac;edIm,IkMNt;nUvkmμviFIkMENTMrg;EdlGac
pþl;nUvTMgn;smRsbminRtwmEtdl;Epñkp�t;p�g;énesvananaEtb:ueNÑaHeT ¬rYmman dMeNIrkarénkar
erobcM c,ab; esvaedaHRsayvivaTnigesvacuHbBa¢Ikariyal½y¦ b:uEnþEfmTaMgdl;EpñktMrUvkaresvanana
pgEdr rYmman karBieRKaHeyabl;sg�msIuvil karKaMRTdl;CMnYyEpñkc,ab; nigRkumsiT§isIuvil
niglT§PaB TTYl)annUvyutþiFm’. ]TahrN_ CaBiessedayBak;B½n§nwgkareKarBnUvKMnitpþÜcepþIm
xagEpñktMrUvkar KWCakarsMxan;Nas;EdlRtUvdwgfa TMrg;CalkçN³RbéBNICaeRcInrbs;km<úCakñúgkar
edaHRsayvivaTenACnbT k_dUcCakMritEdlshKmn_CnbTRtUvb¤GacRtUv)anerobcMedIm,Ipþl; ¬nigRtUv
)anemIleXIjfamansmtßPaB¼cab;GarmμN_kñúgkarpþl;¦ FatucUlGMBIKMnitpþÜcepþImnana. c,as;
                                                                                           132
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Nas; c,ab;nigsiT§i enAkm<úCanwgenAEtBMumann½yTal;EtesaHRbsinebIRbCaCnkm<úCaminGacyl;dwg
bgçM[Gnuvtþ nigTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BIc,ab;nigsiT§iTaMgenaHtamry³karTTYl)annUvPaByutþiFm’.
elIsBIenHeTot TMgn;d_smRsbk_RtUvEtpþl;CUnpgEdrdl;KMnitpþÜcepþImnana EdlkñúgkMritNamYy
enaHpþl;dl;TaMg TidæPaBp�t;p�g;nigtMrUvkar ehIyehAbBaðaenHfa {brisßanGMeNaypl :rYmman
karGb;rMCnbT¼sa-FarN³GMBIbBaðananaTak;TgnwgsiT§isIuvilnigRTBüsm,tþi nigkarpþl;nUvesva
CMnYyEpñμkc,ab;kñúgbBaða dIFøI nigminEmnRBhμTN�.

RbGb;TI 7³ EklMGPaBEdlGacBüakrN_)anénkic©snüa
•   TImYy> c,ab;kic©snüaRtUvkarCacaM)ac; ¬KWfa viFannanaEdlsg�mkm<úCaTTYlyk EdlCalT§pl
    énkarmankalanuvtþPaBkñúgkarEkERb EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgbBaðadUcCa etIGVIEdlRtUvmanenAkñúgkic©
    snüaedIm,I[mansuBlPaB etIbBaðaGVIEdlminEmnCaRbFanbTénkic©snüa.l.¦. TnÞwmnwg
    c,ab;kic©snüaelx 36 énqñaM 1988 EdlkMNt;nUvRkbx½N�d_TUlMTUlaysmRsbmYy KμanmaRta
    NamYyénc,ab;RtUv)anbkRsayedaytulakarkm<úCaeLIy ehIyc,ab;enHKWnwgRtUv)anCMnYseday
    karGnum½tRkmsIuvilEdlesckþIRBagRkmenHcaM)ac;RtUvEckcayya:gTUlMTUlayCamYynwgsg�m
    sIuvilnigEpñkÉkCnedIm,IBinitüeLIgvijnigpþl;eyabl;.
•   TIBIr c,ab;kic©snüaRtUvEtRtUv)ane)aHBumÖ nigpSBVpSay[)ansmRsb nigTUlMTUlay. b:uEnþkar
    e)aHBumÖpSaynUvc,ab;NamYyenARbeTskm<úCaenAEtCabBaðaenAeLIy k_dUcCakarpSBVpSayTUlM
    TUlayEdr.
•   TIbI c,ab;enHRtUvEtRtUv)anyl;dwg nigGnuvtþCaTUeTA TImYyedayecARkmnigGñkpþl;eyabl;Epñk
    c,ab; TIBIedayGñkEdlcab;GarmμN_kñúgkic©snüa. b:uEnþ karbgðat;beRgonGMBIc,ab;km<úCaenAEtCa
    lkçN³mUldæanenAeLIycMeBaHkarGnuvtþn_rbs;ecARkmnigGñkjpþl;eyabl;Epñkc,ab; minTan;rab;
    TaMgGñkEdlcab;GarmμN_kñúgkic©snüapg rYmmanGñkrkTTYlTanEpñkksikmμ.
•   TIbYn enAeBlmanbTelμIskic©snüanigc,ab;kic©snüaekIteLIg kic©snüanigc,ab;RtUvEtRtUv)an
    ykmkGnuvtþenAkúñglkçN³sIusgVak;nigminlMeGog edaytulakarEdlmansmtßPaB b¤ynþkar
    edaHRsayvivaTepSg². nig

                                                                                       133
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
•   TIR)aM karvinicä½yrbs;tulakarenAkñúgbBaðaTaMgGs;enaHRtUvEtsresrcgRkgeLIg edayEp¥keTAelI
    c,ab; sMrab;e)aHBumÖpSayTUlMTUlay nigRtUvmankarbþwg]TÞrN_cMeBaHsMeNInanaénkarGnuvtþn_
    c,ab;rbs;tulakarCan;Tab RtUvEtbgçM[GnuvtþRbkbedaymFü½tnigRbsiT§iPaB. karvinicä½yenAkñúg
    erOgkþIsIuvilnana minmanlkçN³sþg;dar_ mintamkarvinic½äymun² CaTUeTAminmankarBicarNaehtu
    plRtwmRtUv ¬KW)ann½yfa swgEtmineyageTAnwgfaetIc,ab;GnuvtþeTAnwgGVIEdlekItmaneLIgCak;;
    Esþgya:gdUcemþc¦ nigminRtUv)ane)aHpSay ehIyCajwkjab;minRtUv)anbgçM[Gnuvtþ. dUecñHkñúg
    karGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg karbgçMGnuvtþkic©snüaEp¥kya:gFMeTAelIkarFana[RKb;PaKITaMgGs;TTYl)an
    GtßRbeyaCn_RKb;RKan; edIm,I[manRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmkedIm,IelIkkMBs;lkçxN�kic©snüaTaMg
    Gs;.
karGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCn nigesdækic©CnbTminEmnksikmμ
182> mankarTTYls�al;kan;EtxøaMgeLIgnUvtYnaTIesdækic©minEmnksikmμkñúgkarGPivDÆn_CnbTenA
km<úCa. karekIneLIgya:gelOnkñúgEpñkkmμnþsalmin)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkarbegáItkargarfμI²
eLIy. PaKeRcInénRbCaCn 0/25lannak;EdlkMBugbEnßmcUlkñúgkMlaMgBlkmμCaerogral;qñaM RtUv
)anRsUbbBa©ÚleTAkñúgvis½yksikmμ nigEpñkminerobryEdlplitPaBBlkmμnigkMritcMNUlmanTab
CagenAkñúgEpñkkmμnþsalnigesvakmμ. eTaHbICamansar³sMxan;kñúgkarTajykGtßRbeyaCn_GMBI
skþanuBlkMeNInplitPaB nigBiBiFkmμksikmμk_eday k_enAkñúgry³eBlEvg EpñkksikmμnwgCYb
RbTHkan;EtxøaMgeLIgnUvKuNvibtþiénsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarbegáItkargar. dUecñH karbegáItkalanu-
vtþPaBkargareRkABIERscMkar KWCalT§PaBmYyd_sMxan;kñúgkat;bnßyPaBRkIRknigkat;bnßykMeNIn
KMlatcMNUlCnbT-TIRbCMuCnenAkm<úCa. kalanuvtþPaBkargareRkABIeFVIERscMkarenACnbTGac)an
mkBI³
• kareFVIBaNiC©kmμPavUbNIykmμénvtßúFatucUl cUlkñúgEpñkksikmμ éRBeQI nigClpl.

• GPivDÆn_ karEkéqñ karrkSaTuk kardwkCBa¢Ún ExScgVak;Tijlk;BIrbgvalERsrhUtdl;cMNuclk;

    ecjkñúgRsuk b¤naMecj. nig
• GPivDÆn_]sSahkmμkmμnþsalnigesvakmμGtiBlkmμμ.




                                                                                        134
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
183> kareFVIBiBiFkmμénRbPBcMNUlCnbTeRkABIERscMkarénEpñkepSg² TMhMénrebobvar³Edlnwg
edaHRsayedayeCaKC½ynUv]bsK�nanaEdlRbQmmuxnwgkarGPivDÆn_d_elOnén NFRE nigPñak;
garrdæaPi)alepSg²EdlmanGNtþiEdlBwgEp¥keTAelIEpñkxøHénrebobvar³enHbgðajcritrYménbBaða
RbQménkarGPivDÆn_.

184> karsikSaRsavRCavfμI²bgðajfaGnþrkaleq<aHeTACIvPaBrs;enAEdlEp¥kelIskmμPaBminEmn
eFVIERscMkarenHKWkMBugRbRBwtþeTA)anl¥            EdleTaHbICamankalanuvtþPaBtictYck_edaynaeBl
bc©úb,nñenH RbQmmuxnwgTsSn³CaRbéBNIEdlyl;facMNUlCnbTPaKeRcInelIslub)anmk
BIkareFVIERs. elIsBIenHeTAeTot nwgmansMBaFeTAelIesdækic©EdlminEp¥kelIkareFVIERscMkar
kñúgkaredIrtY naTIkan;EtFMCagmunedIm,IbegáInkMritRKYsarCnbTEdlKμandIFøI nigdIBMumanCICati.

185> eTaHbICamansar³sMxan;GMBIcMNUlminEmnERscMkark_eday eKmankardwgB¤tictYcNas;GMBI
lkçN³BitR)akdénskmμPaBTaMgenH. bc©úb,nñenH kalanuvtþPaBBlkmμEdlTTYlebovtSr_PaK
eRcInKWmanenAkñúgEpñkminerobry ehIydUecñHmankarlM)akkñúgkarvas;Evgnigcat;CaEpñkCaRkum.
b:uEnþGVIEdlc,as;enaH KWBiBiFkmμénRbPBkargar nigRbePTénmIRkUshRKas. RbEhlmYyPaKbIén
cMNUlEdlCaebovtSr_EdlEp¥kelIksikmμ k_KWmanlkçN³Ep¥ktamrdUvxøaMgpgEdr (Helmers et al,
2003). sMNg;KWCaRbPBFMTIBIr ¬RbEhl 20°¦ edaymanEpñkEdlenAsl;man kardwkCBa¢Ún

kargareragcRk esvakmμ ¬minbBa¢ak;¦ nigkargarrdæaPi)al. sMrab;mIRkUGaCIvkmμ rUbPaB
manlkçN³epSg²Kña³ karEkéqñcMNIGaharsMrab;lk; nigkarp�t;p�g;esvakmμ ¬minbBa¢ak;¦TaMgBIr
mancMENkRbEhlBak;kNþalGaCIvkmμenH ehIyEpñkenAsl;rYmman karlk;dUrtUctacénksipl
RtInigbsustV nigkarplitniglk;TMnijsib,kmμ.

186> ]bsK�cMbgcMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_kareFVIGaCIvkmμeRkABIeFVIERscMkarCnbT BwgEp¥kelITMhM nig
TItaMg nigPaBcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVIkarviPaK)anl¥. RbeTskm<úCaKYrEtsßitkñúgCMhmYyl¥edIm,IGPivDÆ
skmμPaBGtiBlkmμ b:uEnþTMrg;xøH²eToténPaBlMeGogkñúgkarerobcMeKalneya)aysaFarN³kMBug
RbRBwtþeTAedayRbqaMgeTAnwgkarGPivDÆn_énskmμPaBTaMgenH. karEbgEckekItmanrvagshRKas
FuntUcnigmFüm edaymannieyaCikTTYlebovtSr_EdldMeNIrkarPaKeRcInenATIRbCMuCn CnbT
                                                                                        135
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
tUc²92 nigmIRkUshRKaskMritPUmiEdlmanlkçN³eTAtamrdUvnigminerobry. karEbgEckenHman
sar³ sMxan;Nas;enAeBlKitBicarNaBIkarGPivDÆn_EpñkenH dUcEdlkarsikSaRsavRCav)anbgðajfa
shRKasTaMgBIrRbeTsenHman]bsK�xus²Kña.             karsikSaRsavRCavEdlkMBugdMeNIrkarGMBI
briyakasvinieyaKenAkm<úCa bMPøWc,as;GMBI]bsK�nanacMeBaHkareFVIGaCIvkmμshRKasFuntUcnig
mFümerobry enAtMbn;CnbTénRbeTs.

187> eRkABI]bsK�EdlBak;B½n§nwgGPi)alkic©Edl)anBiPakSaelIkmun ]bsK�sMxan;²d_éTeTot
man ecarkmμnigPaBRcbUkRcbl; PaBminc,as;las;éneKalneya)ayesdækic© GesßrPaBma:RkU
esdækic© nigkarRbRBwtþiRbqaMgnwgPaBRbkYtRbECgnigminyutþiFm’. KYr[PJak;ep¥IlEdr lT§PaBTTYl
)annUvGK�IsnI kardwkCBa¢Ún nigesvahirBaØvtßúminRtUv)anelIkeLIgedayGñkcUlrYmeqøIynwgGegát
faCa ]bsK�F¶n;F¶renaHeT93 eTaHbICaRbB½n§TIpSarEdlmanPaBexSayk_eday rYmmanehdæa
rcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢Ún nigesvakmμdwkCBa¢ÚnRtUv)anrkeXIjCajwkjab;fasMxan; nigminbMeBj)an
tMrUvkarPaKeRcIn cMeBaH\NTansMrab;eKaledAplitPaBenAtMbn;CnbTnigCaBiessenAPUminana.
CaTUeTA RbB½n§TIpSarenAtMbn;CnbTRtUv)anbgðajedaysmahrNkmμTIpSarkMritTab karRbkYt
RbECgkñúgEpñkCak; lak;NamYymanPaBpuyRsYy Cajwkjab;CamYynwghaniP½yénRkumh‘unrksIu
pþac;muxenAmUldæan ehIycMNayma:eXtFIgnigRbtibtþikarx<s;. karsikSaRsavRCavk_)anbMPøWpgEdr
BIsar³sMxan;énPaB enACitpøÚvdwkCBa¢Ún EdlCaktþakMNt;mYyénTMhMnigPaBxøaMgénskmμPaBminEmn
ERscMkarenAkñúgkar rkcMNUlRKYsarCnbT edaybgðajR)ab;fa enAeBlEdl]bsK�kardwkCBa¢Ún
minRtUv)aneKyl;faCa ]bsK�CaGaTiPaBbnÞan;mYycMeBaHskmμPaBTaMgenaH b:uEnþKWkalanuvtþPaB
BlkmμEp¥kelIebovtSr_ nig¼b¤ kalanuvtþPaBGaCIvkmμmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgkarcUldl;TIpSar
b¤shRKasEdlhYsBItMbn; CMuvijPUmi. PaKeRcIn ¬81°¦ énskmμPaBGaCIvkmμedayRKYsar
enAkñúgPUmiKWsßitenAkñúgPUmi b¤XMu ehIyBak;kNþalénBlkmμEp¥kelIebovtSr_KWsßitenAkñúgPUmib¤
XMuEtmYy )ann½yfa 50°eTotTam TarkareFVVIdMeNIr¼cakRsukeTAkEnøgepSgeTotenAkñúgRsuk extþ
b¤RbeTs ¬nigmþgmáaleTARbeTs Citxag¦.
92
   b:uEnþ TaMgenHmanTMhMtUcNas;edaymanCag 80° CYlnieyaCikticCag10nak; ehIyshRKasTaMgGs;enaHpþl;TMnij
nigesvakmμsMrab;TIpSarkñúgRsukEtb:ueNÑaH.
93
   mankarBnül;mYyfa GaCIvkmμEdlmansBVéf¶enHKWCak;EsþgCab;Bak;B½n§nwgskmμPaBminsUvcMNuHnwgktþaTaMgenaH.
                                                                                                   136
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
188> rdæaPi)alBMumaneKalneya)ayc,as;las;sMrab;CMrujshRKasnig]sSahkmμCnbTmin-
EmnERscMkar. shRKasCnbTminEmnERscMkarminRtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgEpnkaresdækic©sg�m-
kic© 5qñaMelIkTIBIreT ehIyRKan;EtelIkeLIgbnþicbnþÜcenAkñúgyuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.
Gñk erobcMeKalneya)ay)anpþl;karykcitþTukdak;bnþicbnþÜcdl;EpñkeRkABIERscMkar Edlbgáardl;
kareqøIytbCaTUeTAcMeBaHbBaðaRbQménEpñkenH. CaCMnYsvij KMnitpþÜcepþImnanaxitxMedaHRsaynUv
smasFatuepSg²KñaénbBaða b:uEnþsmasFatunimYy²TMngCaminrYmcMENkya:gsMxan;dl;karGPivDÆn_
skmμPaBeRkABIERscMkarenACnbTeLIy.

189> krNICak;lak;énksi-GaCIvkmμcaM)ac;eFVIkarviPaKEfmeTot. TnÞwmnwgksi-GaCIvkmμKYrEt
)anplcMeNjBIGtßRbeyaCn_eFobenAkm<úCa EdlEp¥kelIkarcMNayBlkmμTab niglT§PaBTTYl
)annUvFnFanFmμCati nigdIplitkmμ critlkçN³CIvRBwtþiénksikmμEdlbgðajedayplitPaBTabnig
GtierkTIpSarTab raraMgdl;skþanuBlsMrab;karEkéqñEdlpþl;tMélbEnßmenAkñúgEpñkenH. ]bsK�
cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_ksi-GaCIvkmμ kMBugEtepþatkarykcitþTukdak;TaMgkñúgrdæaPi)alnigGñkpþl;CMnYy
edayKitKUrGMBIKuNvibtþiCaskþanuBlEdlmann½ycMeBaHesdækic©CnbT. bEnßmeTAelI]bsK�briya-
kasGaCIvkmμTUeTA karsikSadMbUgnanacg¥úlbgðaj PaBxVHxatnUvlT§PaBTTYl)anhirBaØvtßú
¬]TahrN_ sMrab;karelIkkMBs;bec©kviC¢a¦ PaBxVHxatBt’manGMBItMrUvkarTIpSar nigPaBxVHxatnUv
CMnajGaCIvkmμmUldæan. edaysarmanplb:HBal;CaskþanuBleTAelIcMNUlRKYsarCnbT karsikSa
RsavRCavbEnßmeTotKWRtUvkarCacaM)ac;edIm,IviPaKnUvtMrUvkarCak;lak;énEpñkenHkan;Etl¥EfmeTot.

190> EpñkmYyeTotEdlTamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;BIGñkerobcMeKalneya)ayKWkarcUlrYmr
bs;vis½yÉkCnenAkñúgehdæarcnasm<½n§

191> yuT§saRsþvis½yÉkCnrbs;km<úCamYykMBugerobcMeLIgedIm,IedaHRsaynUvskmμPaBTUeTA
caM)ac; edIm,IRTRTg;karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn. karbBa©b;karerobcM nigkarGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþenH
nwgmansar³sMxan;ya:gxøaMg           edaymankarbBa©ÚlRKb;RKan;nUvesckþIRtUvkarshRKasCnbT
¬]TahrN_ hirBaØvtßú ehdærcnasm<½n§ CMnaj¦ edIm,Icab;epþImbMPøW[)anc,as;GMBImUldæanvinicä½ycMeBaH
skmμPaBCa GaTiPaBEdlcaM)ac;RtUvcab;epþImekIteLIgRsbKña. CMhanbnÞab;EdlmanRbeyaCn_
                                                                                            137
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Gaccab;epþIm GnuvtþCMnYybec©keTsedaymankarsikSaRsavRCavCaCMnYy GacerobcMEpnkar
skmμPaBnanaEdl GacCMruj[manbrisßanRTRTg;GaCIvkmμCnbT nigCYybegáInbec©kviC¢a CMnaj
GaCIvkmμnigbec©keTs nigma:eXtFIg karCavplitpl nigkarlM)akhirBaØb,Tan k_dUcCabBaða
TItaMg.
taragTI 8³ vis½yEdlkMENTMrg;GnþrEpñkman\T§iBleTAelIesdækic©CnbT-]TahrN_eRCIserIs
         kMENTMrg;             vimCÄkar &               kMENTMrg;RbB½n§c,ab;     RbyuT§GMeBI       karEklMG
        esvasIuvil            vishmCÄkar                    nigtulakar            BukrlYy          briyakas
                                                                                                    vinieyaK
dIFøI
EklMGesvacuH       EklMGesvacuH bBa¢IdIFøI EklMG nigkarbgçM                    EklMGdMeNaH lT§PaBTTYl)an
bBa¢IdIFøI                                 Gnuvtþkic©snüa                      RsayCMelaHdIFøI \NTan
                   EklMGEpnkar
                                           edaHRsayvivaT
cirPaBrdæ)al dIFøI eRbIR)as;dIFøI
                                                                               tmøaPaBnig    karvinieyaKkñúg
                                                                               KNenyüPaBén dIFøIEklMG
                                                                               Pñak;gardIFøI
Clpl
bNþúHbNþal              EklMGkarRKb;RKg     BRgwgkarGnuvtþn_                   kat;bnßy          vinieyaKÉkCn
pþl;ebovtSr_            mUldæan nigshKmn_én c,ab; nigbTbBaØtþi                 vivaTClpl         kñúgmUldæan
mRnþIClpl               FnFan Clpl          Clpl                                                 sMPar³ rkSaTuk
                                                                               BRgwkkarGnuvtþn_
                                                                                                 køaes nigEkéqñ
EklMGrdæ)al                                             lT§PaBTTYl)an          c,ab;nigbTbBaØtþi
Clpl                                                    FnFansMrab;                              PaBRbkYtRbECg
                                                                               lT§PaBTTYl)an
                                                        shKmn_                                   énkarnaMRtIecj
                                                                               FnFansMrab;
                                                                               shKmn_


                                                                                                   138
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
karRKb;RKgEpñkksikmμ
EklMGkarEbgEck EklMGEpnkar                              GPivDÆn_kareFVIksikmμ EklMGkarRbmUl kaGPivDÆn_
FnFan          GPivDÆn_ksikmμ                           Edlmankic©snüa R)ak;QñÜleFVI ksiGaCIvkmμ
               tMbn;nigmUldæan                                                GaCIvkmμ
EklMGesva                                               lT§PaBTTYl)an
saFarN³                                                 \NTanCnbT
esvaksikmμ
                        esvaGUsTajeday                  kalanuvtþPaB         EklMGkar      karpþl;esva
                        tMrUvkar                        sMrab;eFVIkic©snüa   Eckcay        ksikmμeday
                                                        esvakmμ              esvakmμ       EpñkÉkCn
kareFVIBaNiC¢kmμksikmμ
Pñak;garsMrbsMrYl                                       karBRgwgkarGnuvtþn_ EklMGPaB     vinieyaKÉkCn
BaNiC¢kmμRbkb                                           kic©snüa            RbkYtRbECgén kñúgbNþaj
edayRbsiT§iPaB                                                              plitplkm<úCa ma:eXtFIg
                                                        lT§PaBTTYl)an
                                                        \NTan
esvahirBaØvtßúCnbT
                        EklMGlT§PaBTTYl)an karBRgwgkarGnuvtþn_ kat;bnßycMNay kalanuvtþPaB
                                           kic©snüa            eFVIGaCIvkmμ  esdækic©
                        plitplEkéqñ)anl¥
esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§
begáIRbsiT§iPaB EklMGkarEfTaMnigkar karBRgwgkarGnuvtþn_ kat;bnßycMNay karvinieyaKÉkCn
nigKNenyüPaB erobcMEpnkarmUldæan kic©snüa               eFVIGaCIvkmμ

karRbmUlpþúMeTAelItYnaTIEpñksaFarN³sMxan;²
192> bBaðaRbQmmYysMrab;rdæaPi)al KWkareRCIserIskñúgkarepþatrbs;xøÜnénkarksagsmtßPaB
sMrab;bMeBjnUvtYnaTIkñúgkarENnaMkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© edIm,I[mankMeNInRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBnig
                                                                                              139
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
smFm’. enAkñúgkMritNamYyenaH rdæaPi)al)anlubecalnUvskmμPaBnanaEdlenAEtmanbnÞúkeTA
elIEpñksaFarN³enAkñúgRbeTsCitxag dUcCakarCab;Bak;B½n§pÞal;kñúgplitkmμ nig\T§iBlrbs;rdæeTA
elIsßab½nTIpSar. rdæaPi)alenAEtCYbRbTHnUvkatBVkic©d_FMkñúgkarpþl;nUvTMnijsaFarN³ edaHRsay
nUvPaBbraC½yénTIpSar nigpþl;esvad_manRbeyaCn_EdlEpñkÉkCnyl;eXIjfarksIumincMeNj.
tYnaTIbEnßmeTotrYmman karbegáItkarÉkPaB karGnuvtþn_nigkarsMrbsMrYleKalneya)aytamEpñk
EdlBak;B½n§nwgPaBcMrUgcMras;éneKaledA. elIsBIenHeTAeTot edaymanPaBd_sMxan;énGñkpþl;
CMnYykñúgkarpþl;mUlniFisMrab;karvinieyaKsaFarN³ KWmankarRbQmmuxbEnßmeToténkarsMrb
sMrYlskmμPaBrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgenaH edIm,I[sIusgVak;KñaCamYyGaTiPaBCati.

193> smtßPaBmankMriténPñak;garrdæaPi)al)ancat;TukkareRCIserIsmansar³sMxan;sUm,IEt
kñúgkar pþl;nUvesvaepSg²Edlnwgmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHplitkrCnbT EdlBYkeKEsVgrkkareFVI
BiBiFkmμ skmμPaB nigtMrg;TiseTArkkalanuvtþPaBTIpSar. ]TahrN_ cMeBaHkarpSBVpSayksikmμ
KWGacman plb:HBal;elOnCagdl;rdæaPi)alEdlEsVgrkédKUr kñúgviFIsaRsþmYyEdlmankar
sMrbsMrYlnigman Gñkpþl;eRcIncMeBaHGñkEbgEckesva CagmaneKalbMNgedIm,IksagsmtßPaB
d_TUlMTUlayenAkñúg EpñksaFarN³. Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al salabec©keTsksikmμ nigGñkp�t;p�g;
ÉkCnGacbEnßm smtßPaBkñúgkarpþl;nUvesvapSBVpSay eFVIkarkñúgPaBCaédKUrCamYyrdæaPi)al.
dUcKñaenHEdr esvasuxPaBBahn³GacBRgIkbEnßmeTotya:gelOn RbsinebIKMrUénGñkp�t;p�g;
ÉkCnRtUv)anGnuvtþeTaHbI CasMrab;yuT§nakarcak;vaksaMgCasaFarN³RbqaMgCm¶Wwqøgdl;Bahn³
FnFansaFarN³pþl;kic©snüa esvaTaMgenHsMrab;pþl;dl;ksikrtUctac.

194> kñúgkarxitxMRbwgERbgCMrujkareFVIBiBiFkmμdaMduH nigTIpSar EdlCaGñkdwknaMénkMeNIncMNUl
CnbT rdæaPi)alnwgRtUvkarcaM)ac;pþl;karykcitþTukdak;dl;KuNPaBplitpl nigbBaðasþg;dar.
tYnaTI rbs;EpñksaFarN³kMBugpøas;bþÚrkñúgvis½yenH EdlCaBiessTIpSarnaMecj b¤ExSsgVak;
p�t;p�g;Edl Ep¥kelIpSarTMenIbkMBugEtTTYl)annUvsar³sMxan;d_xøaMg. enAkñúgTIpSarkMeNInTaMgBIrenH
niyamKuNPaB nigsþg;darkMBugkan;EtRtUv)ankMNt;edaybNþajlT§kmμÉkCn edaylkçN³
bec©keTseRcInEtmindUcniyamsaFarN³. enAeBlTIpSarvivtþenAkñúgTisedAenH rdæaPi)al
nwgminsUvmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarRbmUlpþúMkarkMNt;niyamsaFarN³ nigkan;EtRbQmmuxkñúgkar
                                                                                          140
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Fana[manlT§plsg�msmRsbedayeFVIkarCamYyksikrtUctac nigsmaKmrbs;BYkeKedIm,Ipþl;
Bt’manGMBITIpSar nigbec©keTsplitkmμEdlGnuBaØati[BYkKat;bMeBj)annUvlkçxN�énkala-
nuvtþPaBTIpSa EdlkMBugEtekItmanTaMgenH.

195> rdæaPi)alCYbRbTHnUvkarRbQmCaeRcInEtenAkñúgtYnaTIEdlxøÜnGacGnuvtþ)an KWkarbegáItnUv
smasFatuepSg²EdlmanTMnak;TMngKña EdlcaM)ac;edIm,ICYydl;karEbgEckGtßRbeyaCn_sg�mén
FnFanFmμCatiEdlbc©úb,nñsßitkñúgsiT§iGMNacrdæ. dUcEdl)anEvkEjkxagelI karsMerc)annUvPaB
eCOnelOnkñúgvis½yenHKWCakarRbQmmuxmYykñúgcMeNamkarRbQmmuxnanad_sMxan;edIm,ITTYl)an
nUvkMeNInCnbTEdlRKb;RKan;sMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCnbT. PaBskmμniymrbs;rdæaPi)al nwg
CaFatumYyd_sMxan;enAkñúgsmasPaKesÞIrEtTaMgGs;énRbB½n§EdlcaM)ac;RtUvksageLIg rYmman³ kar
kMNt;nUvRBMEdnbec©keTsnigsg�mcMeBaHvisalPaBnigTItaMgénkarEbgEckeLIgvij karbegáIt
lkçN³vinicä½ysMrab;GtßRbeyaCn_Rsbc,ab; karFananUvviFankarRTRTg;EdlbMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTA
mk karksagnUvkarÉkPaBCasaFarN³EdlenABIeRkaykBa©b;énCMerIsnana nigkareRbIR)as;Rbkb
edayRbsiT§iPaBénkardak;TN�kmμ enAeBlEdlÉktþCnNamYyeFVI[xUcdl;karGnuvtþn_énCMerIs
saFarN³TaMgenH.

196> CacugeRkay kñúgtYnaTIedaHRsaynUvPaBbraC½yénTIpSar vis½ymYyEdlrdæaPi)alGac
ykmkBicarNavaytMélviFIsaRsþbc©úb,nñ     KWkarEklMGnUvlT§PaBTTYl)an\NTanhirBaØvtßú
nigesvasnSM edayplitkrCnbT b¤mYyksikrb¤mYyshRKintUc². karpþl;mUlFntamry³kmμviFI
\NTanrbs; rdæaPi)alsMedAdl;GñkTTYlplenACnbT KYrEtRtUv)aneCosvag edaysarvarYm
cMENktictYcdl; karksagsßab½nRbkbedayecrPaB EdlmansmtßPaBBRgIklT§PaBTTYl
)anesvahirBaØvtßúdl; RbCaCnCnbTEdlbc©úb,nñBMuEdlTTYlesvanana. kareRbIR)as;nUvFnFan
d_mankMritrbs;rdæaPi)al       TMngCaminekItmankñúgeBlNamYyd_qab;EdlCadMeNaHRsaymYy
d_smRsb edIm,IedaHRsaynUvtMrUv karEdlmin)anbMeBjenACnbTsMrab;esvahirBaØvtßú. karbegáIt
brisßanGMeNayplEdlCMrujkar GPivDÆn_sßab½nhirBaØvtßúEdlmanlkçN³l¥RbesIr ehIyGnþrkarI
hirBaØvtßúénkarsnSMCnbTeTACakar vinieyaKCnbTKWkarepþateTAelIEpñksaFarN³EdlGacTTYl
yk)an.
                                                                                   141
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa

tMrUvkarsMrbsMrYl rYmmankarKaMRTBIGñkpþl;CMnYy

197> bBaðaBhuPñak;gar. Pñak;garCaeRcInRtUv)anCab;Bak;B½n§kñúgkarGPivDÆn_CnbTnigksikmμ.
karTTYlxusRtUvnigFnFansMrab;ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT KWraldalenARksYgksikmμ rkçaRbmaj;
nigensaT RksYgFnFanTwknig]tuniym RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT nigRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmμ
nigsMNg; EdlbNþal[manrdæ)alsaFarN³elIslubsMrab;ksikmμ nigGPivDÆn_CnbT.
GaNtþiRtYtKña nigkarsMrbsMrYlTunexSayCH\T§iBldl;karGnuvtþn_kargarrbs;sßab½n TaMgenaH
EdlenAEtBwg Ep¥keTAelIkarKaMRTBIGñkpþl;CMnYy. Pñak;garepSgeTotdUcCa RksYgbrisßan
RksYgkic©karnarInig GtItyuT§Cn RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ RksYg]sSahkmμ Er:nigfamBl k_edIr
tYnaTIticCagmunkñúgEpñk ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT. karEklMGsmtßPaBedIm,IsMrbsMrYlyuT§saRsþ
nigskmμPaBsMrab; ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT KWmansar³sMxan; nigKYrEtTTYl)ankarykcitþ
Tukdak;. CapøÚvkar RkumRbwkSaGnþrRksYgsMrab;ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbTEdlmannaykrdæmRnþI
CaRbFan KWCameFüa)aymYysMrab;karsMrbsMrYl b:uEnþRkumRbwkSaenaHmanGtßiPaBPaKeRcIn enAelI
EtRkdasb:ueNÑaH kMrCYbRbCMu nigminTan;manRbsiT§iPaBenAeLIYy.

198> karsMrbsMrYlrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYykñúgkargar ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT KWCabBaðamYyd_sMxan;
sMrab;RbsiT§iPaBCMnYy b:uEnþenAmankMritenAeLIy. CMnYybreTskñúgkMritx<s;cMeBaHEpñkCnbTkñúg
TsvtSr_knøgmkmankarpÞúyKñaya:gxøaMgCamYyniwgkarxVHxatnUvPaBeCOnelOn kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaB
RkIRkCnbT nigkarGnuvtþn_kargarkMritmFüménesdækic©CnbT EdlnaM[manPaBegOgq¶l;GMBIRbsiT§i
PaBTUeTAénkic©xitxMRbwgERbgknøgmk. CMnYybreTsd_eRcInEdlCYydl;EpñkksikmμnigGPivDÆn_Cn
bT94 BhuPaBénRbPB nigcMENkd_sMxan;énmUlniFiCMnYy\tsMNgeRkAfvika ¬RbEhl 45°én
94
   Tinñn½yGMBIlMhUrCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkarKW)anmkBI CDC nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edaymankarRBmanCamunfaTinñn½yTaMgenHcaM
)ac;RtUvEklMGeLIgvij ]TahrN_ edIm,IedaHRsaynUvbBaðacMNat;fñak;dUcCaKMeragpøÚvfñl;edaymansmasPaBCnbTEdl
eKcputBIGtþsBaØaN nigkardak;bBa©Úl. Tinñn½y CDC bgðajfaGñkpþl;CMnYyp;þl;RbEhl 66landuløasMrab;ksikmμnig
GPivDÆn_CnbTkñúgqñaM2002. karpþl;BIfvikardæaPi)almanRbEhl 23landuløakñúgqñaM 2001. kñúgCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar
qñaM 2002 CMnYyeTVPaKIrYmmankarKaMRTBICb:un ¬16° énkarpþl;CMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkarTaMgGs;¦ BIGURsþalI daNWma:k
                                                                                                           142
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
CMnYybreTseTAdl;EpñkenH eyageTAtamtYelxrbs; CDC¦mann½yfa karxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IeFVI
[RbesIreLIgénkareFVI[fvikasIusgVak;RsbKñanwgGaTiPaBeKalneya)aynwgEp¥keTAelIkarEklMG
karsMrbsMrYlGñkpþl;CMnYy.

199> GnþrskmμPaBd_manRbsiT§iPaBkñúgcMeNamGñkpþl;CMnYy nigrvagGñkpþl;CMnYynigraCrdæa-
Pi)al nwgmansar³sMxan;sMrab;kareqøIytbRbkbedaylkçN³yuT§saRsþ nigsMrbsMrYleTAnwgPaB
RbQmCaeRcInénEpñkenH. karBinitüeLIgvijfμI²enHrkeXIjfaKMeragCaeRcInhak;bIdUcCa RtUv)an
Gnuvtþ edayBMumankarsMrbsMrYlRKb;RKan;b¤mYyCamYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk b¤mYyCamYyskmμPaBrbs;
km<úCaKñaÉg. karekIneLIgénKMeragnigyuT§saRsþekItmaneLIgCamYynwgskmμPaBEdlpþl;eday
Gñkpþl; CMnYyEdlmanlkçN³minsMrbsMrYl xVHnUvPaBCam©as;rbs;Cati nigdak;nUvnItiviFInigTisedA
epSg²eTA elIrdæaPi)al. mankarEckrMElkBt’mantictYcNas; EdlnaMmknUvCMnYyGPivDÆn_
enAtMbn;CnbTRtUv )anbgðajBIBhuPaBTaMgGñkpþl;CMnYynigviFIsaRsþrbs;xøÜn. KuNPaBénFatucUl
rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy eTAkñúgdMeNIrkarerobcMeKalneya)ayKWmindUcKñaeT. PsþútagCak;Esþgd_tictYc
EdlEp¥kelI bTBiesaFn_enATIkEnøg b¤karRsavRCavRtUv)anelIkykmkBicarNakñúgkarerobcM
eKalneya)ay ehIymankarxVHxatnUvkarvaytMélRbkbedayPaBRKb;RCugeRCay sIusgVak;
nigrwgmaMénplb:HBal; rbs;KMerag. b:uEnþmanbTBiesaFn_eCaKC½ymYycMnYnEdlGacRtUv)anBRgIk
EfmeTot ¬sUmGan RbGb;TI 7¦.

RbGb;TI 8³ emeronbTBiesaFn_xøHEdl)anmkBIkarBinitüeLIgvijnaeBlfμI²énCMnYybreTs
eFVIkartamry³nItiviFIrdæaPi)al. edIm,I)anRbsiT§iPaBGtibrma karGnuvtþn_KMeragKYrEteFVItamnItiviFI
EdlmanRsab;EdlGaceFVI)anCaCagkarbegáItRbB½n§RsbKñaEfmeTot. enAkñúgkMritNamYyEdlGac
eFVI)an Gñkpþl;CMnYyKYrEtGnuvtþtamnItiviFIhirBaØvtßúfμIrbs;rdæaPi)alnignItiviFIénkarGnuvtþn_KMerag
Edl)anpþÜcepþImeLIgbnÞab;BIkare)aHeqñatRkumRbwkSaXMu nigkarbegáItmUlniFiXMusgáat; (C/SF).
bMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTAmkCamYyédKUrepSg²eTot. km<úCaenAEtRtUvkarkareFVIGnþraKmn_BhuEpñk
edIm,IedaHRsaynUvmUlehtuénkarrIkraldalPaBRkIRkCnbT nigedIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgsnþisux
GalWøm:g; nig)araMg. Pñak;garBhuPaKIKaMRTdl; ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbTrYmmanFnaKaBiPBelak ¬RbEhl 22°énkar
pþl;qñaM 2002¦ ADB ¬14°¦ shKmn_GWr:ub ¬13°¦ IFAD ¬5°¦ nigPñak;gar UN ¬4°¦ (IFAPER, 2003).
                                                                                                   143
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
es,ógnigcMNUlrbs;RKYsar. edIm,IeCosevogKMeragsμúKsμaj EdlmankarlM)akkñúgkarGnuvtþn_
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eTotedIm,Ipþl;nUvesvaEdlbMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTAmkdl;GñkRkIRkCnbTedIm,IsMercnUvTisedArYm.
PaBEdlGacbt;Ebn)annigkarGnuvtþn_CaCMhan². karerobcMKMeragnigkmμviFIKYrEtGacbt;Ebn)an
edIm,IKitbBa©ÚlnUvPaBminR)akdRbCanighaniP½ykñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKMerag nigGnuBaØat[mankar
EksMrYlenAeBlEdlTTYl)anbTBiesaFn_bEnßm.

sßab½nmUldæan. sBVéf¶enH RksYg mnÞIrtamextþnana mRnþIRsuk nigRkumRbwkSaXMu mansmtßPaBenA
mankMrit. edaymankarxVHxatkarelIkTwkcitþEpñkhirBaØvtßú nigsμartITabrbs;mRnþI karpþl;nUvR)ak;
]btßmÖdl;mRnþIKWCakarcaM)ac;edIm,IFanakarbMeBjkargareBjem:ag b:uEnþTaMgenHKYrEtpSarP¢ab;KñaCa
mYykarTTYlxusRtUvnigKNenyüPaBsMrab;lT§plkargarrbs;mRnþIEdlBak;B½n§. sMrab;viFIsaRsþ
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sMrYlskmμPaBKMeragenAfñak;extþEdlCaEpñkmYyéntYnaTId_FMénkarsMrbsMrYlral;skmμPaBGPivDÆn_
CnbTenAkñúgextþ.

karcUlrYm nignirnþrPaB. smaCikshKmn_CnbTKYrEtcUlrYm[)aneBjeljkñúgkarerobcMEpnkar
nigkarGnuvtþn_skmμPaBrbs;kmμviFIedIm,IFananUvnirnþrPaB nigPaBCam©as;. KN³kmμaFikarCnbT
nigRkumRbwkSaXMuKYrEtrYmcMENkdl;karcMNayvinieyaK nigTTYlkarTTYlxusRtUvsMrab;Rbtibtþikar
nigkarEfTaMénkarvinieyaKehdæarcnasm<½n§xñattUcrbs;XMu.

viFIsaRsþGPivDÆn_. bTBiesaFn_)anbgðajfaCIvPaBrs;enArbs;GñkRkIRkGacRtUv)aneFVI[RbesIr
eLIgeRcInedaypþl; (i) CMnYyhirBaØvtßúpÞal; (ii) lT§PaBTTYl)anbec©kviC¢a esvahirBaØvtßú nig TIpSar
nig (iii) karksagsmtßPaBd_m:t;ct;.
bBa¢ak;c,as;las;énbec©kviC¢a. karbBa¢ak;c,as;las;énbec©kviC¢adMNaMnigbsustV nigviFIsaRsþpSBV
pSaysmRsbKWmanenAkñúgeKalkarN_ENnaMCatiénkarpSBVpSay                  nigCaTUeTAsmRsbeTAnwg
lkçxNmUldæannigPaBCak;lak;én]bsK�Epñkbec©keTsEdlnwgRtUvedaHRsay.

                                                                                             144
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PaBTTYl)anplcMeNjEpñkesdækic©énRbB½n§FarasaRsþ. KMeragnanabgðajBIPaBminc,as;las;én
plcMeNjEpñkesdækic© nignirnþrPaBhirBaØvtßúénKMeragFarasaRsþxñatFMnigmFümenAkm<úCa. Gñkpþl;
CMnYyKYrEtyknUvviFIRbugRby½tñedIm,IvinieyaKkñúgKMeragTaMgenH.
200> mankarebIkcMhfμI²enH sMrab;karEckrMElknUvbTBiesaFn_nananigkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUv
RbsiT§iPaBCMnYybreTssMrab;karGPivDÆn_ksikmμnigCnbT. enAqñaM2003 KMnitpþÜcepþImmYyedIm,I
sMrbsMrYleKalneya)aynigkarKaMRTrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy )annaMmknUvkarbegáItRkumkargarbec©k
eTsrYmKñarvagrdæaPi)alnigGñkpþl;CMnYy - evTikarsMrab;raCrdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYy nigGñkepSg²
eTotedIm,IeFVIkarCamYyKñakñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRktamry³karGPivDÆn_ksikmμnigCnbT nigsMrab;
(i) eKalneya)aytamEpñkEdlRTRTg;dl;GñkRkIRk (ii) sMrbsMrYlnigEckrMElkBt’man nig (iii)

tmøaPaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;nigeKogKrFnFanEdlmantictYc. TnÞwmnwgkarenHCakarGPivDÆn_CaviC¢man
bBaðabEnßmmYyeTotKWCMnYyEdlRtUvrMElkTuksMrab;sßab½n. edIm,IFanafaeKalneya)aytamEpñk
nigyuT§saRsþGnuvtþ manlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCaysmrmü karBinitüeLIgvijfμI²énCMnYybec©keTs
)anpþl;Gnusasn_fa Gñkpþl;CMnYyKaMRTkarpøas;bþÚrBI {karerobcMfvikasMrab;sßab½n{ mk
{karerobcMfvikasMrab;kmμviFI {ehIyRkumkargarTaMgenaHGacvaytMélfaetIenHKWCarebobvar³mYy
Tan;eBlevla sMrab;PaBCaédKUkm<úCa-Gñkpþl;CMnYyb¤ya:gNa.

201> kic©xitxMRbwgERbgbc©úb,nñenHsMrab;karsMrbsMrYlksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbTnwgman
RbsiT§iPaBx<s;RbsinebIGbeTAedayPaBCaGñkdwknaMxøaMgrbs;rdæaPi)al. RkumRbwkSaskmμsþIBIkar
GPivDÆn_ ksikmμnigCnbTGacCaCMerIsmYysMrab;kic©karenH RbEhledaymankarKaMRTBIelxa-
FikardæantUc b:uEnþGciéRnþy_ k_nwgRtUv)andwknaMpgEdredayraCrdæaPi)al RbEhledaymankarKaMRT
karpþl;CMnYy \tsMNgrYmrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYyedIm,IbMeBjfvikaRbcaMéf¶tictYc nigkmμviFIkargarEdl
sMedAEklMG nItiviFInigxøwmsarénkarBieRKaHeyabl;nigsMrbsMrYl. bTBiesaFn_kñúgEpñkdIFøIbgðaj
BIPaBeCOn elOnEdlGacsMerc)anenAeBlmanRkbx½N�yuT§saRsÉkPaBmYy nigPaBCaGñkdwknaM
xøaMgrbs; rdæaPi)alEdlCMruj[mankarsMrbsMrYlvis½yTaMgmUlnigRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB.



                                                                                      145
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
CMhanbnÞab;
202> karTTYl)ankarÉkPaBkñúgcMeNamédKUrGPivDÆn_nigkarkMNt;nUvGaTiPaBnana. ecjBI
smasFatuényuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_CnbTkñúkMNt;sMKal;enH eq<aHeTArebobvar³mYyEdlmanlkçN³
smahrNkmμnigEdl)ankMNt;GaTiPaB c,as;Nas;nwgmankargarnigkarBiPakSabEnßmeTot. kMrit
énkargarnigkarBiPakSaEdlKYrEtRtUv)anGnuvtþ GaRs½yeTAelIkMritFnFan - rdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;
CMnYy Gg�kareRkArdæaPi)al EpñkÉkCn- EdlmansMrab;karGPivDÆn_ksikmμnigCnbT. karBiPakSa
bEnßmeTotnigkarBinitüeLIgvijnUvFnFanEdlmanbc©úb,nñnigGnaKtKWRtUvkarCacaM)ac; edIm,Ivay
tMélKMlatFnFan ehIykñúgvis½ymYy² kMNt;nUvcMNucedAnana. rebobvar³kMENTMrg;cugeRkay
bMputnwgsMxan;bMputmanmUldæanTUlMTUlay nigmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCay. rebobvar³enHGacrYm
mansMNuMskmμPaBnigkMENTMrg;EdlsMedAedIm,ICYyCMrujkarEklMGCacaM)ac;kñúgplitkmμ nigplit
PaBCnbTTUeTA begáItkargarEdlmancMnYnkan;EtekIneLIgénRbCaBlrdæRkIRkenACnbT rYmmanRsþI
nigCMnYskar eFVIGaCIvkmμhYsehtuénFnFanFmμCati rbs;RbeTs CamYynwgkarareRbIR)as;
Ep¥kelIshKmn_EdlmannirnþrPaB .

203> sMrab;EpñkPaKeRcIn skmμPaBTaMgenHnwgpþl;EpøpáaenAkñúgry³eBlmFüm eTaHbICaxøH niwg
man\T§iBlCaEpøpáakñúgry³eBlxøI eTAelIcMNUlCnbT nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCnbT. b:uEnþedIm,I
[plRbeyaCn_TaMgenaHekItmaneLIg CMhannanakñúgkarerobcMnigGnuvtþrebobvar³ KYrEtcab;epþIm
naeBl\LÚvenH muneBlCMerIsesdækic©CnbTrbs;km<úCakøayCacMNab;xμaMgTaMgRsugcMeBaHplb:H
Bal;EdlBMumanRbsiT§iPaBénfamPaBRbCaCnCnbT. eRKagsMxan;²FM²énkMENTMrg;Edl)anesñI
eLIgPaKeRcInRtUv)andwgB¤rYcehIy ehIykarcMNayénkarBnüaeBlbEnßmeTotGacmanTMhMFM
CaBiesssMrab;GñkRkIRkCnbT. enHKWCakatBVkic©EdlTaMgrdæaPi)alnigshKmn_Gñkpþl;CMnYy
CMBak;dl;Gñkrs;enACnbTrbs;km<úCaEdlbnþrs;enAya:gekoknwgCIvPaBCIvRBwtþ.

204> ÉksarenHnwgrYmviPaKTan cMeBaHkic©RbwgERbgrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarkMNt;rebobvar³sMrab;
GPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbTkñúgry³eBlxøIeTAmFümrbs;xøÜn edayshkarCamYyédKUdéT . ÉksarenH
BuMmanbMNgbgðajyuT§saRsþRKb;RCugeRCaynaeBlenHeT edayehtufa kgVHBt’mansMxan;²
                                                                                   146
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
énr)aykarN_ nig karcUlrYmtictYcCamYyrdæaPi)alenAkñúgdMeNIrksagÉksarenH edaybnSl;
TukkargarCaeRcInsMrab;dMNak;kalCabnþbnÞab; . karBieRKaHCabnþ enAkñúgGMLúgeBlerobcMEpnkar
CatiGPivDÆn_CayuT§saRsþ 2006-2010 kñúgry³eBlxøI nig tamry³karBiPaSaEdlkMBugRbRBwtþ
eTAenAkñúg TWG rvagrdæaPi)al nig m©as;CMnYy kñgry³eBlmFümmaneKaledAbBa¢ak;TisedA
                                                  ú
yuT§saRsþrs;rdæaPi)al Ganuvis½yCaGaTiPaBsMrab;epþatkarykcitþTukdak; TMnak;TMng nigKMlat
Bt’man TamTareGaymankarEklMGCabnþeTot nig EpñkCak;lak;EdlmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;sMrab;
Gnuvtþrebobvar³Cak;Esþg . FnaKarBiPBelakmanCMheRtomlkçN³ enAkñúgkarKaMRTdMNak;kal
kargarCabnþbnÞab;enH kic©RBmeRBogCamYyrdæaPi)al.




                                                                                    147
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
ÉksareyagsMxan;²

Agrifood Consulting International,             karsikSaExScgVak;tMélRsUv³km<úCa ¬Rice Value Chain
Study: Cambodia       ¦ r)aykarN_erobcMedayFnaKaBiPBelak 2002.
Asian Development Bank,              kmμviFIGPivDÆn_Epñkksikmμ ¬Agriculture Sector Development
           ¦
Program TA-3695 CAM,              r)aykarN_RBagcugeRkay ExkBaØa 2002, Manila.
Asian Development Bank,              karvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm³km<úCa ¬Participatory
Poverty Assessment: Cambodia            ¦ ExFñÚr 2001, Manila.
Auffret, P., World Bank,            PaBRkIRkCnbTenAkm<úCa³ plb:HBal;énkarEbgEckdIFøI nigCMerIs
eKalneya)aynana ¬Rural              Poverty in Cambodia: Impact of Land Distribution and

Alternative Policies     ¦ esckþIRBag Exvicäikar 2003, Washington DC.
Boreak, Sik, and Desbarats, Jacqueline,             RbCaCnnigdIenACnbTkm<úCa ¬People and Land in
                     ¦
Rural Cambodia Cambodia Development Review, Volume 4 Issue 3, September 2000,
Phnom Penh.

Burger, Kees, and Smit, Hidde P.,                 kMeNInesdækic©nigGnaKténekAs‘UFmμCati ¬Economic
Growth and the Future of Natural Rubber                 ¦ Exvicäikar 2001, Yamoussoukro.
Cambodia Development Resource Institute (CDRI),                   siT§ikan;kab;dIFIøenAkm<úCa ¬Land Tenure
                ¦
in Cambodia – A Data Update, Working Paper 19, November 2001, Phnom Penh.


Castellanet, C.,    karBinitüeLIgvijénesvapSBVpSayksikmμenAkm<úCa ¬A review of agricultural
                                        ¦
extension services in Cambodia World Bank,                  Extula 2003, Washington DC.
Chea, Yim and McKenney, Bruce,                     karnaMRtIecjBIbwgTenøsab³ karviPaKGMBIRbB½n§bg;éfø
¬Great Lake Fish Exports: An Analysis of the Fee System¦ Cambodia Development
Review, Volume 7 Issue 3, Exkkáda-kBaØa 2003, Phnom Penh.

                                                                                                      148
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Deger, P., Van Acker, F., Van Zalinge, N., Thuok, N., and Vuthy, L., Taken for Granted:
vivaTelIFnFanRtITwksabrbs;km<úCa ¬Conflicts over Cambodia’s Freshwater Fish
Resources¦KN³kmμkarTenøemKg�¼sklviTüal½y Antwerp RksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj;nigensaT

Exmifuna 2000, Phnom Penh.
FAO, Investment Center Division,                  karviPaKRbPBénkMeNInenAtMbn;CnbT ¬Analysis    of

Sources of Growth in Rural Areas           ¦ esckþIRBag Exkkáda 2003, Rome.
GRET, IRAM, CEDAC,               sßanPaBtMbn;CnbTenAkm<úCa nigRbB½n§Gb;rMEpñkksikmμ RksYgksikmμ
¬scenario for the rural sector of Cambodia and the agricultural education system¦
RksYgksikmμ rkçaRbmaj;nigensaT APIP, ExFñÚr 2000, Phnom Penh.
Gummert, M., PRASAC II,      karvaytMélénsßanPaBksi]sSahkmμenAkm<úCa ¬Assessment of
the Agro-Industrial Situation in Cambodia¦ ExkumÖ³ 2003, KN³kmμkarshKmn_GWr:ub Phnom
Penh.

Helmers, K., Gibson., J., and Wallgren, P.,                karsikSaBIRbPBcMNUlCnbTnigyuT§saRsþén
CIvPaBrs;enA ¬Rural            Sources      of    Income    and   Livelihood   Strategies       ¦
                                                                                            Study

r)aykarN_cugeRkay ExFñÚr 2003, Washington DC.
International Monetary Fund, IMF                 r)aykarN_RbeTs    03/59 –  km<úCa³ bBaðaeRCIserIs
nig]bsm<½n§sßiti ¬Cambodia:           Selected Issues and Statistical    Appendix¦ Exmina 2003,
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2003/cr0359.pdf

Kingdom of Cambodia, Council for Social Development,                yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
¬National Poverty Reduction Strategy¦ 2003-2005, ExFñÚr 2002, Phnom Penh.
Millington,          Peter,        km<úCa-karsikSaRbvtþiGMBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwknigkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§
FarasaRsþ ¬Cambodia            - Background Study on Water Resources Management and

Irrigation/Drainage Development           ¦ erobcMsMrab;FnaKarBiPBelak 2003.

                                                                                               149
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,            snñisiT§RbcaMqñaMsIþBIksikmμ 2003-2004
¬Annual Conference on Agriculture, 2003-2004¦ bkERbeRkApøÚvkar Phnom Penh.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, GRET,                      sßanPaBbc©úb,nñenAkm<úCa
nigRbB½n§Gb;rMEpñksikmμ ¬Scenarios for the Rural Sector of Cambodia and the Agricultural
Education System      ¦ KMeragEklMGplitPaBksikmμ ExFñÚr 2000, Phnom Penh.
Ministry of Commerce,     smahrNkmμnigkarsikSaGMBIPaBRbkYtRbECg ¬Integration                    and

Competitiveness Study¦ Exvicäika 2001, Phnom Penh.


Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics,            Gegátesdækic©sg�mkic©km<úCa 1999
¬Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 1999¦ Phnom Penh.
National Institute of Statistics,    CMerOnTUeTAénRbCaCnkm<úCa 1998 ¬General Population
Census           of        Cambodia,       1998¦      Phnom       Penh,    Gacrk)antam
http://www.nis.gov.kh/Statistics.htm.

National      Institute    of Statistics, Yearbook         2001,    Phnom Penh,         Gacrk)antam
http://www.nis.gov.kh/Statistics.htm.

Oxfam,     r)aykarN_bzmGMBIlT§plén karGt;dIFøI nig]bkrn_Bt’manGPivDÆn_ ¬Interim Report
on Findings of Landlessness and Development Information Tool (LADIT) 2000, Phnom    ¦
Penh.

Royal Government of Cambodia,                     Epnkaresdækic©sg�mkic© ¬Second    Socioeconomic

Development Plan       ¦
Sophal, Chan and Sarthi Acharya,              karRbQmkarlM)akCIvPaBCnbT³ TidæPaBmYyénPUmicMnYn
9enAkm<úCa ¬Facing the Challenge of Rural Livelihoods: A Perspective from Nine Villages
                ¦
in Cambodia Working Paper 25, Cambodia Development Resource Institute (CDRI),
Phnom Penh.




                                                                                                150
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
Torres, Olga,     hirBaØvtßúCnbT nigEpñkmIRkUhirBaØvtßúenAkm<úCa ¬Rural finance and the Micro-
finance Sector in Cambodia         ¦ Exmkra 2004, Phnom Penh.
Umali-Deininger, Dina,          karpSBVpSayksikmμsaFarN³nigÉkCn³ édKUrb¤RbqaMg ¬Public and
Private Agricultural Extension: Partners or Rivals?                  ¦   The World Bank Research

Observer, Volume 12, Number 2,             ExsIha 1997, Washington DC.
Vindel, Bruno,        karsikSaviPaKénmnÞIrksikmμ rukçaRbmaj;nigensaTextþmYycMnYn ¬Diagnostic
Study of Selected Provincial Departments of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries                ¦
erobcMsMrab;FnaKarBiPBelak Extula 2003, Phnom Penh.
World Bank, esovePAvinieyaKksikmμ ¬Agriculture Investment Sourcebook¦ Gacrk)antam
http://www-esd.worldbank.org/ais

World Bank,         km<úCa-karvaytMéleynD½rTUTaMgRbeTs ¬Cambodia                – Country Gender

              ¦
Assessment 2003.

World Bank and Asian Development Bank,      km<úCa³ elIkkMBs;karEckcayesvatamry³
karEklMGkarEbgEckFnFannigkMENTMrg;sßab½n/ karvaytMélPaBRtwmRtUv nigkarBinitüeLIgvij
karcMNaysaFarN³ (IFAPER) ¬Cambodia: Enhancing Service Delivery through
Improved Resource Allocation and Institutional Reform, Integrated Fiduciary Assessment
and Public Expenditure Review (IFAPER)                  ¦ ExkBaØa 2003, Washington DC.
World Bank,    km<úCa³ karc,amykkalanuvtþPaBBiPBelak – karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK
nigyuT§saRsþkMENTMrg; ¬Cambodia: Seizing the Global Opportunity - Investment Climate
Assessment and Reform Strategy¦ 2004, Washington DC.

World Bank, karRKb;RKghaniP½yeRKaHFmμCatienAkm<úCa-kat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaH ¬Natural

Disaster Risk Management in Cambodia – Reducing Vulnerability¦ esckþIRBagcMlgsMrab;

BiPakSa, 2003.
World      Bank,      PPIAF,       MPDF,  eq<aHeTAyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCnsMrab;km<úCa
                                                IFC,

¬Towards a Private Sector Development Strategy for Cambodia¦ upcoming draft, 2004.
                                                                                             151
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
]bsm<½n§ 1³ eKaledAGPivDÆn_shSsvtSkm<úCa
sUcnakareRCIserIs                                          qñaMeKal          2015
MDG1³ PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nigPaBGt;Xøan                        lubbM)at;Bak;kNþalsmamaRtRbCaCn
                                                           EdlTTYlrgedaykarGt;Xøan
smamaRtRbCaCnEdlmancMNUlTabCagbnÞat;PaBRkIRkfñak;Cati 39 (1993)                 19.5

smamaRténbBa©PaKRkbMputkñúgcMNayfñak;Cati                   7.4 (1993)          11

GRtaeRbva:Lg;énkumarminRKb;TMgn;GayueRkam 5qñaM             45.2 (2000)         22.6

GRtaeRbva:Lg;énkumars�mGayueRkam 5qñaM                      15 (2000)           9
MDG 2: sMerc)anCasklkarGb;rMmUldæan 9qñaM                   Fana[kumarTaMgGs;bBa©b;karsikSa
                                                            mUldæanenAqñaM 2015
GRtaBitcUleronfμI                                           59 (1997)           100

GRtaBiténkarsikSakñúgkarGb;rMbzmsikSa                       78 (1997)           100

GRtaBiténkarsikSakñúgmFümsikSa                              14 (1997)           75

MDG 3: elIkkMBs;smPaBeynD½r nigpþl;GMNacdl; RsþI            kat;bnßyPaBxusKñaéneynD½renA
                                                            RKb;kMritsikSaTaMgGs;
GRtasisSRsþIeFobnwgsisSRbusenAmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi            47 (2002)           100

GRtasisSRsþIeFobnwgsisSRbuseRkaymFümsikSa                   19 (1997)           85

smamaRténGsn³rbs;RsþIenArdæsPa                              6 (1993)            30

MDG4: kat;bnþyGRtamrN³PaBkumar                              kat;bnßyGRtamrN³PaBkumarGayu
                                                            eRkam 5qñaM
GRtamrN³PaBGayueRkam 5qñaM ¬kñúg1000 kMeNItrs;¦             124 (2000)          65

GRtamrN³PaBTark ¬kñúg1000 kMeNItrs;¦                        95 (1997)           50

smamaRtkumarGayueRkammYyqñaMEdl)ancak;fñaMkarBarCMgWkRBa¢wl
                                                           41 (2000)         90
MDG5:     elIkkMBs;suxPaBmata                              kat;bnßyGRtamrN³PaBmata


                                                                                  152
esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa
GRtamrN³PaBmata ¬kñúg100 000 kMeNItrs;¦                          437 (2000)         140

smamaRténkarsMralkUnedaybuK�liksuxaPi)almanCMnaj                 32 (2000)          80

MDG6: RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgemeraK HIV/AIDS, RKuncaj; nig bnßykarraldalénCMgW HIV/AIDS,

CMgWepSg²                                                        RKuncaj; RKunQam nigrebg
GRtaeRbva:Lg;énemeraK HIV kñúgcMeNammnusSeBjv½y GayuBI 2.6 (2002)                   1.8

15-49 qñaM
GRtasøab;edayRKuncaj;raykarN_edayEpñksuxaPi)al
                                                                 0.4 (2000)         0.1
saFarN³
MDG7: FanacirPaBbrisßan                                          sMerccMNucedAsþg;darepSg²edIm,IFana
                                                                 cirPaBbrisßan
TMhMéRBeQICaPaKryénépÞdIsrub                                     61 (2002)          60

smamaRténRbCaCnCnbTEdlmanlT§PaBTTYl)an                           24 (1998)          50
RbPBTwks¥at
smamaRténRbCaCnCnbTEdlmanlT§PaBTTYl)anGnam½yl¥ 8.6 (1998)                           30
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                                                                                        153
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                                                                                          154
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                                  150
                                  (7%)
                                               25
                                               (1%)
                                                         300
                                                         (14%)
                                                                 160
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                                  150
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                                               56
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                                                                                              156
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d_sMxan;²sMrab;RbBlvb,kmμnaeBlGnaKt nigkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§TaMgenHrYmman karvivtþn_énGRta
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                                                                                                 158
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