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7-
Environmental
Assessment
Report
for the Combined Cycle Development
at Fhumy II, Vietnam
Volume 1 Main Report
August 1995
ESB INTERNATIONAL
ESBI ENGINEERING LTD)
Stephen Court, 18    St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2. IreYand,
Telephone +353-1-703 8000 Fax :+353-1-661 5359
Telex 30598 ESBT El



Reference:          PE61 I-F12-1
Client:             Electricity of Vietnam (EVN)
Report No:          PE61 1-R2
Report Title:       Environrental Assessment Report for the
Combined Cycle Development (Phumy II)
at Phumy, Vietnam
Volume  1  of       2
Approved:
Date:               4 September 1995
ESBI ENGINEERING LIMITED
Stephen Court, 18/21 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, aeland.
Telephone: +353-1-7038000 Fax: +353-1-6764400 2, IreNand.
Telex: 30691 ESBT El                                        ESB INTERNATIONAL
QFl4-1
EB222.Misc



TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUMEI                                                                PAGE NO.
1.    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework                        1.1
The Developer                                                     1.1
IBRD Requirements and Guidelines                                  1.1
Vietnamese Environmental Policy and Regulations                   1.2
EIA Review and Approval Process                                   1.2
Summary of Main Environmental Issue                               1.2
Project Description                                               1.3
Baseline Data                                                     1.4
Environmental Impacts                                             1.6
Summary of Alternatives                                           1.8
Summary of Mitigation Measures                                    1.12
Consultation with Affected Groups                                 1.13
Environmental Management and Training                             1.14
Environmental Monitoring                                          1.15
2.    POLICY LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
Introduction                                                      2.1
The Developer                                                     2.1
IBRD Requirements and Guidelines                                  2.1
Vietnamese Environmental Policy and Regulations                   2.2
EIA Review and Approval Process                                   2.2
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3.      DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Geographical and Social Context of the Development               3.1
Description of Phumy II                                          3.1
Structures Required by the Proposed Development                  3.2
Description of Phumy I                                           3.2
Description of Proposed Cooling Water System                     3.3
Sources of Air Emissions from the Proposed Plant                 3.3
Sources and Treatment of Aqueous Emission                        3.4
Sources of Waste Material                                        3.4
Consumption of Natural Gas, Oil, and Fresh Water                 3.5
Offsite Developments associated with the Project                 3.5
Schedule of Construction                                         3.5
4.      BASELINE DATA
Study Area                                                       4.1
Ambient Air Quality                                              4.1
Meteorological Data                                              4.1
Noise                                                            4.2
Terrestrial Ecology - Plants                                     4.3
Terrestrial Ecology - Animals                                    4.5
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Thi Vai River       4.5
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Sao Stream          4.6
Ecology of River Systems                                         4.6
Socio-economics of Phumy Area                                    4.8
Socio-economics of Groups directly affected by the Project       4.9
New Developments not associated with Project                     4.9
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5.      ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Summary of Positive Impacts                                      5.1
Summary of Negative Impacts                                       5.1
Construction        -  Socio economics                            5.1
-  Land Use Impacts                           5.6
-  Air, Water and Noise                      5.6
-  Dredging for Jetty and Cooling Water Outlet   5.7
-  Transmission Line and Gas Pipe Line        5.7
Operation Phase     -  Impact of Air Emissions                    5.7
-  Noise                                      5.8
-  Physical Impact of Cooling Water Discharge    5.9
-  Ecological Impact of Cooling Water Discharge  5.9
-  Ecological Impact of Cooling Water Intake  5.10
-  Waste Water Streams                       5.11
-  Oil Spill Risks                            5.12
-  Dredging Activity Impacts                  5.13
6.      REVIEW  OF ALTERNATIVES
Introduction                                                      6.1
Altemative Designs                                                6.2
Alternative Cooling Systems                                       6.2
Alternative Sites                                                 6.3
Altemative Generation Source - Hydro Power                        6.4
The Importation of Power Via the 500kV Line                       6.5
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7.      MITIGATION MEASURES
Compensation for People affected by the Project                   7.1
Mitigation Measures for Construction Impacts                      7.1
Air Emission and Noise Control                                    7.1
Oil and Chemical Spill Risk Control                               7.2
Treatment of Aqueous Emissions                                    7.2
Mitigation Measures for Cooling Water System                      7.3
Control of Waste Materials                                        7.3
8.    CONSULTATION WITH AFFECTED GROUPS
9.    ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING
10.   ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING RECOMMENDATIONS
Monitoring during Construction                                     10.1
Monitoring during Operation                                        10.1
Responsibility for Non-Compliance                                  10.3
Appendix I         List of EIA Report Preparers
Appendix II        References
Appendix III       Summary of World Bank and Vietnamese Environmental Controls and
Standards
EBI 71.R.EP



YVLIME-I
Appendix IV       Ambient Air Quality and Noise
Appendix V        Meteorological Data
Appendix VI       Terrestrial Ecology
Appendix VII      Physical and Chemical Parameters of Thivai River
Appendix VIII     Aqueous Ecology Studies
Appendix IX       Socioeonomic Data
Appendix X        Air Dispersion Calculation
Appendix XI       Thermal Plume Calculation
Appendix XII      Oil Spill Dispersal Modeling
Appendix XIII     Prevention and Management of Oil Spills
Appendix XIV      Handling and Storage of Chemicals
Appendix XV       Chimney Height Calculations for Phumy I
Appendix XVI      Site Photographs
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LIST OF TABLES
Appendix IV       Ambient Air Quality and Noise
Table 3.23   Ambient Air Quality Data
Table 3.24   Noise Levels in Project Area
Appendix V        :Meteorological Data
Table 3.1    Air Temperature
Table 3.3    Atmospheric Pressure
Table 3.4    Relative Humidity
Table 3.5    Evaporation
Table 3.6    Rain fall
Table 3.9    Wind Velocity
Table 3.10   Wind Rose
Appendix VI       Terrestrial Ecology
Table 3.30   List of Plant Species
Table 3.31   List of Animal Species
Appendix VII      Physical and Chemical Parameters of Thivai River
Table 3.12   Water Level of Thivai River
Table 3.13   Water Quality of Thivai River, 1993
Table 3.15   Water Quality, 1995
Table 3.16   Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Levels
Table 3.17   Salinity Levels
Table 3.18   Bacterial Contamination
Table 3.22   Contamination Levels in Sediments
Appendix VIII    Aqueous Ecology of Thivai River
Table 3.32   Composition of Phytoplankton
Table 3.33   Composition of Zooplankton
Table 3.36   Composition of Zoobenthos
Table 3.37   Quantitative Zoobenthos Data
Table 3.38   Fish Species in Thivai River
Table 3.39   Shrimp and Cappalid Species
Table 3.40   Summary of Fish Eggs / Ichthyoplankton Surveys
Table 3.41   Fish Egg Survey, 1991
Table 3.42   Fish Egg Survey, 1992
Table 3.43   Fish Eggs and Larvae, Thivai River, 1995
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Table 3.44   Growth Stages of Ichthyoplankton 1995
Table 3.45   Number of Ichthyoplanktons in Thivai River, 1995
Table 3.46   Number of Ichltyoplanktons at various depths, 1995
Appendix IX       Socioeconomic Data
Table 3.47   Shrimp Pond Areas along the Thivai River
Table 3.50   Production of Fishery in Thivai River
Table 3.51   Distribution of Occupations of Affected Groups
Table 3.52   Current Land use in Project Area
Table 3.53   Inventory of Infrastructure and Land affected by the
Project
Table 3.54   Income Distribution by Source of affected Households
Table 3.55   Living Facilities of affected Households
Table 3.56   Status of Employment of Affected People
Table 4.1    Expectation of Profession of Affected Households
EBI 71.REP



CHAPTER 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Policy, Legal & Administrative Framework
1.1    This environmental impact assessment report (EIA) addresses the impacts of a
project to develop power generating capacity at Phumy in the South of Vietnam.
The proposed development will consist of two blocks of combined cycle plant of
approximately 800 MW total. Each block will likely consist of gas turbines, waste
heat boilers and a steam turbine. This project (Phumy II) is likely to be part funded
by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
1.2    A separate power development project (Phumy I) consisting of 600 MW  of
conventional thermal plant is also planned for the site at Phumy and an EIA for this
project has already been prepared. For completeness of information this EIA will
address the impacts of the complete site development, i.e. Phumy I and Phumy II.
The Develolper
1.3    The Developer of the proposed project is Electricity of Vietnam (EVN), a state
owned company which is responsible for supplying power to all of Vietnam.
Shortage of adequate base load capacity together with high growth in demand has
led EVN to develop this additional power generation capacity. Natural gas from the
offshore White Tiger gas field will be available to Phumy in 1997 making it an ideal
site for development of combined cycle plant.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Requirements
& Guidelines
1.4    This environmental assessment report is prepared for EVN according to the scope
and format detailed in IBRD's Operational Directive OD 4.01. It is IBRD policy
that all major projects shall be subject to an environmental assessment.
1.5    Environmental Guidelines have been issued by the IBRD to cover a wide range of
specific industries. Each guideline contains emission limits as well as permitted
ambient levels for all relevant media and likely contaminants. Values are intended
as a guideline and mostly relate emissions to units of production. These guidelines
are addressed where appropriate in assessing the impacts of the proposed
development, and the ones relevant to this proposed project are summarised in
Appendix IV. Suitable environmental control technology is also specified in this
document. It is IBRD policy that where there exist different limits between its
guidelines and national controls, the stricter of the two shall be applied.
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Vietnamese Environment Policy And Regulations
1.6    A comprehensive environmental plan was adopted by Vietnam in 1991 called "The
National Plan for Environmental and Sustainable Development: A Framework for
Action". This plan provides the framework for establishing environmnental issues.
The implementation of this plan rests with the Vietnarn State Committee for Science
and Technology (SCTC).
1.7    Within this context national regulations and guidelines have been adopted giving
permitted levels of contaminants in air, water and soils. These regulations are
addressed where appropriate in this report and the relevant guidelines are
summarised in Appendix IV. Several provincial centres including Ho Chi Minh City
have also issued local environmental guidelines.
1.8    This law extends environmental impact assessment requirements to a broad range of
public and private sector development activities, proposes procedures for screening
and incorporating of mitigation plans into project design, and explicitly links EIA
review to the project approval process.
1.9    The core agency with environmental mandate is the Ministry for Science,
Technology and Environment (MSTE) which was formed in 1992 from the State
Committee for Science. Within MSTE, the Department of Environmnent and Natural
Resources (DENR) is the environmental arm with the main responsibility for
carrying out these environmental functions.
EIA Review And Approval Process
1.10    Responsibility for project approval, for projects such as the current one under
Vietnam's investment policy is given to the National Project Evaluation Board
(NPEB) under the chainnanship of the State Planning Commission (SPC). As a
member of the NPEB, the Ministry for Science Technology and Environment has
the formal authority to comment on environmental aspects of the project. This
function would normally be carried out by the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources and a copy of the EIA has been submitted for their approval.
1.11    At the provincial level Environmental Committees also have formal authority to
review and comment on environmental aspects of investment applications. The
Environmental Committee at Vung Tau is the one of most relevance to the present
proposed project and this EIA has been submitted for their approval. A copy has
also been made available to the public in the municipality of Phumy where the
project is being developed.
1.12    Within the IBRD EIAs are reviewed and assessed within the appropriate divisions.
Both the EIA and the EIA summary are made available for public scrutiny.
Summary of Main Environmental Issues
1.13    The proposed development has major environmental benefits in the provision of an
extra 800MW of combined cycle plant. Combined cycle plant is the most benign of
thermal power plants with higher efficiencies and lower emissions per unit of
EB171.REP                          1-2



electricity generated. This extra generation capacity will allow the strengthening of
the power supply system, the improvement of living standards and the development
of industry and other economic activities in the region.
1.14    The overall development would directly affect 157 families in the Phumy area. A
separate Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP) is being carried out to World Bank (OD
4.30) guidelines.
1.15    The use of natural gas as a fuel and the availability of an extensive body of water for
dispersing heat will ensure only minor impacts from stack emissions and cooling
water emissions. A variety of mitigating measures will ensure that the impacts of
all other emissions from the proposed plant will not be significant.
1.16    It is recommended that monitoring programmes during the construction and
operating phases be put in place for the successful implementation of the Project.
Recommendations are also made for the establishment of an environmental unit at
Phumy as well as that of an environmental co-ordinator within EVN as its thermal
program expands with the function of developing environmental policy and
ensuring compliance with regulations. This co-ordinator would also liaise with
other groups such as a Coastal Zone Management Group in order to promote the
protection and sustainable development of the delicate coastal area. It is also
stressed in the report that oil spills represent a particular hazard and that strict
procedures, rnust be put in place to minimise this risk.
Project Description
1.17    The project is for the development of 800MW of combined cycle plant at Phumy in
the South of Vietnam. Combined cycle plant consist of gas turbines which generate
electricity directly as well as waste heat boilers which utilise the hot gases exhausted
from the gas turbines to raise steam and generate fiurher electricity in the steam
turbines. Combined cycle plants have advantages in terms of higher efficiency and
lower environmental emissions. Figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 illustrate the location and
layout of the project.
1.18    The plant will bum natural gas which will be available in mid 1997. At this stage
the only stack emissions of significance would be NOx (oxides of nitrogen) which
will be maintained below a level of 50 ppm by use of low NOx bumers. The first
two gas turbines will, however, be commissioned in December 1996 and will burn
distillate fuel oil for about 6 months until natural gas is available. During this phase
emission of NOx will be rather high at about 300 ppm as it is not justifiable to
install NOx reduction measures for such a short period.
1.19    A conventional thermal plant called Phumy I as also planned for the site and will
consist of 3 x 200MW units. Phumy I will also burn natural gas. Residual fuel oil
will be used for emergency standby. For completeness of information this EIA
considers total emissions from the site, i.e. Phumy I and H.
EB171.REP                           1-3



1.20    Cooling water for the plants will be taken from the Sao stream at the rate of 60m31s
and will be discharged to the Thivai estuary. Chlorination of the system in order to
reduce fouling will be carried out so that the residual chlorine level at the discharge
is <0.02 ppm.
1.21    Waste water streams will include water treatment plant waste, sewage, surface
drains, boiler washings and other minor sources typical of a power station. They
will be treated as appropriate so that the effluents will satisfy IBRD and Vietnamese
regulations.
1.22    The plant will require fresh water for boiler make-up and domestic use at a
maximum rate of about 2000 m3/day. This will be supplied by wells on site. Gas
will be delivered by pipeline and distillate and heavy fuel oil by tanker. A 4km
power line will be constructed to join the existing transmission system.
Baseline Data
1.23    The Phumy site is located in a rural area about 70km south east of Ho Chi Minh
City. The population of the small townlet is about 8000 and the main economic
activities are farming and fishing. The average income is low even compared to
nearby districts and infrastructure and services such as electrical supply, roads,
health services and education are also poor.
1.24    About 157 families in Phumy will be directly affected by the project implementation
consisting of:-
6 families who live on the site (Phumy I).
135 families who own land and farm on the site (47 for Phumy II, 88 for
Phumy I).
*       16 families who will have to be rehoused because the construction of a
transmission line (Phumy II).
1.25    A survey of these people showed that in general they welcomed the project as a
source of jobs for their children, but were worried about the amount of
compensation they would receive. A separate Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP)
report is being prepared which will include full details of all these affected people,
including land, assets, crops, so that fair and adequate compensation can be agreed.
1.26    Given the rural nature of the site air quality is expected to be good. Limited
measurements on the site show that this is so with levels of NO2 of 0 - 0.06 mg/mr3
and levels of SO2 of 0.010 - 0.02 mg/m3.
1.27    Noise measurements carried out at 3 locations show levels of about 40 dBA at night
and higher levels at day time, probably due to nearby construction activities for a
harbour development. For power station design night time levels are the most
significant as the permitted noise levels are lowest during night.
E8171.REP                           1-4



1.28    The most significant ecological system is that of the mangrove forest and associated
fish, shell fish and other animal species. This appears under threat in this region as
it does in many parts of South East Asia due to:-
Excessive siltation and organic pollution
Harvesting for firewood and charcoal manufacture
Operation of shrimp and fish aquaculture enterprises which may involve
clearing mangrove areas as well as, depending on the stocking level, water
pollution from biocides and other wastes.
1.29    There is evidence of all the above activities near Phumy; however successful
replanting of mangroves has also taken place in areas where they were cut down.
Development of shrimp aquaculture probably represents the single greatest threat.
1.30    A survey of mangrove trees in the site and nearby study area indicated the presence
of 32 species. The distribution depends on submersion and salinity levels as well as
impacts of artificial replanting. The survey also found the following numbers of
animal species which are largely associated with the mangrove areas;
30 species of birds
17 species of mammals
8  species of amphibians
16 species of reptiles
1.31    The site itself, which is 150ha in extent contain, about 20 ha of mangrove area. The
rest is mostly cultivated for rice, cashew nut trees, eucalyptus and other crops.
Apart from the mangroves there are no significant habitats or wild life areas on the
site or in the surrounding area. A study carried out showed the presence of 201
species of plant in the study area of which 101 occurred in the actual site area.
1.32    The Thivai river estuary, which runs by the site, will be utilised to disperse the heat
in the cooling water discharged from the plant. It is wide (400m) and deep (15 -
30m) with a tidal variation of about 3m and a large tidal flow (10,000m3/s).
Analyses of the water quality of the Thivai estuary indicated the following main
features:-
*       High salinity levels, particularly in the dry season.
*       Some evidence of oil pollution.
*       Organic pollution from domestic sources.
*       Moderate levels of dissolved oxygen.
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1.33    Surveys of the aquatic ecosystem of the Thivai river indicate that it is typical of the
nearby large area of delta. It is rich in numbers of species but with some evidence
of an impact from organic pollution. The baseline surveys identified the following
numbers of species:-
72 species of phytoplankton and 31 species of zooplancton.
60 species of fish and 22 species of shellfish.
*      42 species of zoobenthos (near site).
1.34    Fish eggs and larvae are considered particularly sensitive to environmental
disturbance. A survey of eggs and larvae in the Thivai estuary showed numbers and
species composition typical of the delta area. The larvae were found to migrate
from surface layer to the bottom depending on the time of day.
Environmental Impacts
1.35    The positive impacts of the proposed project are summarised below. The negative
impacts are summarised in tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 and described below.
1.36    The proposed project, consisting of combined cycle plant burning natural gas, is the
most environmentally benign form of thernal power plant. It has a very high
efficiency, close to 50%, and lower air emissions and cooling water requirements
per unit of electricity generated than for conventional plant. In particular, when
burning natural gas with a low NOx burner as is planned for this project, there are
no significant emissions of NOx or SO2 and emissions of carbon dioxide are 50%
lower than for conventional plant burning fuel oil or coal.
1.37    A major and positive impact will be the provision of 800MW generating capacity.
This will impact on a regional basis by strengthening the electricity supply network
and allowing the connection of extra consumers and the development of industry
and services in the region. The employment of large number of people during the
construction and operation phase will also benefit the local economy.
1.38    The main groups of people directly affected by the overall development include six
families, who live on the site, 135 families who own land on the site and 16 families
who will be displaced from their homes because of power line construction. A
separate RAP report will be carried out to IBRD guidelines which will detail the
compensation to be awarded to those people for their land, houses, crops and other
assets. The process will ensure that no families will suffer a drop in standard of
living as a result of the project.
1.39    While some disturbance will be caused to the townlet of Phumy the overall impact
should be positive by the provision of jobs and improvement of infrastructure.
1.40    During the construction phase there will be a permanent loss of 2 ha of mangrove
forest due to the construction of a jetty and a loss of about 0.5 ha of mangrove at the
cooling water intake. There will be a temporary loss of 1 ha due to construction of
the cooling water outlet pipes. As these will be buried the areas can be replanted.
EB171.REP                           1-6



1.41    Dredging of the Thivai river in order to allow berthing of tankers of 10,000 dw
tonnage as well as all the cooling water system construction will cause a local and
temporary loss of benthnic animals as well as disturbance of fish and other
organisms.
1.42    Impacts of other construction activities such as noise, dust, sewage, after taking into
account mitigation measures, will be minor.
1.43    The Phumy I and II Power Stations will burn natural gas and the only stack
emission of interest will be NOx. A dispersion analysis was carried out for the case
of plants on full load and showed that the maximum hourly ground level
concentration of NO2 when burning natural gas would be 0.11 mg/m3 while the
maximum annual average will be 0.002 mg/m3. These relatively low values will be
well below IBRD and Vietnamese air quality regulations and will be of minor
significance to air quality in the area.
1.44    For about six months the first two gas turbines to be commissioned will burn
distillate until natural gas reaches the site. The rate of emission of NOx will be
quite high at 300 ppm as methods of reducing NOx levels such as water injection
are not considered feasible for this short period. However as they will be on open
cycle for this period the high exit temperature will provide good dispersion
characteristics. A dispersion analysis for this case showed that maximum hourly
ground level concentrations of NO2 would be 0.100 mg/m33 This level will not
break ambient air quality standards nor will it have a significant impact over the
short period involved.
1.45    Specification for the proposed plant will be such that noise levels at the site
perimeter will not exceed permitted levels for residential areas. This will ensure
that no noise nuisance is caused at nearest residences.
1.46    Cooling water discharge will be at a maximum rate of 60m3/s and a temperature rise
of 70C. The discharge will be deep into the Thivai estuary which has a large tidal
flow of 10,000 m3/sec. A thermal diffusion study indicates that the physical impact
will be minor with, for the worst case, a thermal plume of 1�C extending across the
estuary. Beyond the immediate outfall the maximum temperature rise will be 1.5�C.
1.47    Ecological impacts of the thermal plume are not predicted to be significant.
However, because it is a deep discharge some scouring will take place at the outfall.
No significant impacts will be caused to aquaculture or commercial fishery on the
Thivai River.
1.48    Chlorination of the cooling water will take place at a rate that will leave a residual
level of <0.02 ppm at the outfall. At this concentration the chlorine should not have
any significant impacts beyond the discharge point.
1.49    A large number of organisms including fish eggs and larvae will be entrained by the
cooling water system and significant mortality will occur due to pressure,
temperature rise and chlorination. This is not predicted to have an overall impact on
fish numbers in the area due to the large amount of similar habitat in the region and
due to the small ratio of CW flow to overall tidal flow.
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1.50    Other waste water streams from the plant include water treatment plant effluent,
sewage, surface drains, boiler washes and acid cleans. These will all be treated as
appropriate so that the effluents will satisfy Vietnamese regulations and will have no
environmental impacts on the receiving water.
1.51    Oil spillage into the sensitive mangrove ecosystem represents a serious menace. In
order to minimise this risk strict procedures will be implemented for the delivery,
unloading, storage and handling of oil as well as an emergency response plan and
clean up procedures.
1.52    Dredging will be required occasionally in order to maintain navigable depth at the
jetty. This will create a local and temporary disturbance to biota in the area. The
dredged material will be transported for land reclamation to an area not yet
designated.
Summary of Alternatives
1.53    Alternatives to the proposed project should be seen in the context of a high
predicted growth in electricity demand in the South Vietnarn area over the next
twenty years. This growth is required for economic development and improvement
in standard of living. A mixture of thermal and hydroelectric power, which are
complimentary to each other, is required to satisfy this demand. Alternative designs
and sites were considered.
1.54    A natural gas fired combined cycle plant, such as the present design, has the
following major advantage over other types of thermal plant which might be
considered
*       Lower capital cost
*       Shorter lead times to power production
Small land area requirements
*       IHigher efficiencies
*       Lower air emissions per unit of electricity generated
*       Lower cooling water requirements per unit of electricity generated.
1.55    A number of alternative sites were considered and evaluated on the following
criteria:-
*       Proximity to Bach-Ho - Thu Duc gas pipeline
*       Distance to transmission lines
*       Cooling water availability
*       Environmental and socioeconomic issues
*       Site area available
*       Construction and engineering issues.
The site at Phumy was judged as the optimum available.
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TABLE 1
Summary of Environmental Impacts
During Construction Phase
Source          Environmental      Mitigation Measures     Residual Impact
Impact
Site            Displacement of    Adequate and timely     Temporary
Acquisition     people living and   resettlement and/or    disturbance - no
owning land on site  compensation         reduction in
assets or income
Transmission line Displacement of 16  Adequate and timely  Temporary
construction    families           resettlement            disturbance only
Construction of   Loss of 2ha of   None                    Local but
Jetty           Mangrove                                   permanent
Construction of   Loss of I ha     Pipes are buried and area   Temporary
C.W. outlet     Mangrove           will be replanted
Dredging        Loss of benthnic    None                   Local and
activities      fauna                                      Temporary loss
Sanitation      Sewage discharge   Effluent will be treated to   Minor
facilities                         Vietnamese standards
Noise           Noise during piling  Restrict piling to day light  Minor and
and steam purging   hours. Notify residents of  temporary
operations        steam blows
Dust            Dust generated     Spraying of access roads   Minor
and truck tyres
Construction    Traffic Increase   Road Improvement        Minor
Work
Work during     Short term                                 Beneficial short
construction    employment for                             term
over 1000 workers
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TABLE 2
Summary of Impacts of Atmospheric Emissions for Phumy I and II
When Burning Natural Gas
Impact                              Predicted  Vietnamese  IBRD
Regulations
Nitrogen Oxide (NO2)
Ambient
I-hour maximum             jig/m3   110       300
24-hour maximum            gg/rM3
Max. annual average        jig/M3   2         80          100
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) (a)
Ambient
I-hour maximum             jig/m3      0      300
24-hour maximum             g/rM3      0                  500
Max. annual average        jig/M3      0      80          100
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (a)
Emission
Tonnes/annum (total)                4.7 x 106
Noise (dB (A))
Noise Levels at Boundary fence      55                    55 (b)
Residential Area                    <55       55/60 (b)    55 (b)
Particulates
24-hour maximum            Ag/M3   <1         200         500
(a)  100% load factor
(b) Varies with day / night; indoors and outdoors and other factors
EB171.REP                           1-10



TABLE 3
Summary of Environmental Impacts
During Olperation of Plant - Aqueous Emissions of Phumy I and II
Source           Environmental     Mitigation Measures      Residual impact
Impact
Water Treatment  Contains strong   Treated in neutralisation    Negligible
Plant Waste      acids and alkalis   tank to pH 6-9.
Effluent will comply with
waste water standards
(Ref.8)
Oil Contaminated  Adverse impact on  All surface drains will be   Minor
Surface Water    marine organisms   routed through oil
if discharged     interceptors.
directly          Effluent will comply with
waste water standards
(Ref.8)
Sewage           High BOD and      Sewage will be treated to   Minor
micro biological    <20 mg/l BOD before
pollutants        discharge
Boiler Blowdown  Contain very low    No treatment necessary  Negligible
concentration of
contaminants
Boiler Acid      Utilises toxic    These will be treated with   Minor
Clean            chemicals. This    the waste removed off site
process arises only  for disposal. Effluent
rarely.           discharged will satisfy
waste water regulations
(Ref.8)
Chemical         Bulk chemicals    Stored bulk chemicals will Negligible
Spillage         stored on site, in    be bunded so that any
particular acid and   spillage will be contained
alkali            and controlled
Boiler Washing   If burning residual  Metals will be precipitated  Minor
fuel oil can contain  by chemical treatment and
vanadium and other removed offsite to land fill
metals
EBI71.REP                          1-11



Table 4
Summary of Impacts of Cooling Water System Operation
for Phumy I and II
Source          Environmental   Mitigation         Residual
Impact          Measures           Impact
Intake of 60 m3/s  Loss of fish eggs  None          Small in relation
and plankton                       to overall
abundance in the
area
Intake screens    Loss of fish   Optimum measures  Minor
through         not yet selected
impingement
Discharge of    Impact on        Discharge designed  Minor
heated water    sensitive        so that temperature
organisms       rise will not exceed
1�C
Chlorination of   Impact of      Residual chorine    Negligible
C.W. system     residual chlorine  levels will be kept
on ecosystem    to <.02ppm
Discharge of CW   Scouring of    None               Permanent  but
bottom                            local disturbance
of area
Summary of Mitigation Measures
1.56   In order to reduce environmental impacts from the proposed development mitigation
measures, summarised below, have already been put in hand or are planned. Apart
from these, and taking into account the minor residual impacts of the proposed
development, no further mitigation measures are considered necessary.
1.57    About 157 families who own land, houses and other assets in the area will be
impacted directly by the project. A Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP) process will
be completed to IBRD guidelines to ensure compensation will be given in a fair and
timely way. This will ensure that all the people affected, will, at the end of the
process, be at least as well off as they were previously.
1.58    Mitigation measures to apply during the construction phase include the following:-
Provision of housing, clean water, sanitation facilities, health services to
the construction workers.
EB17I.REP                          1-12



Sewage treatment.
Dust suppression control
-  .   Noise control
1.59    During the operation phase air emissions will be controlled by burning natural gas
and installing low NOx burners.
1.60    Noise control will be by housing and acoustic cladding of noisy plant to ensure
noise levels at the site perimeter are within regulations. Other noise reduction
measures such as tree plantations may be used as appropriate.
1.61    Impacts of the cooling water system will be mitigated by:-
Design of outfall to reduce extent of thermal plumes.
Maintaining residual chlorine levels at less than 0.02 ppm.
*      Measures to reduce impingement of fish at the intake.
1.62    All other waste water streams will be treated so that effluents will satisfy
Vietnamese regulations and will not cause any significant impacts.
1.63    In order to avoid risks of ground water pollution or soil contamination all waste
materials that will arise at the site will be monitored as to type and quantity and
removed offsite for disposal or recycling.
Consultation with Affected Groups
1.64    The groups directly affected by the project are:
*       6 families who live on the project site (Phumy I).
*       135 other families who own land and other assets on the site (88 for
Phumy 1, 47 for Phumy II).
16 families who live in houses along the proposed route of the
transmission line and who will have to move (Phumy II).
1.65    These people are represented by the Peoples Committee of Phuny who also look
after their interests in relation to compensation and resettlement. The company
responsible for this project (EVN) have had discussions with the Peoples
Committee about plans for the project and compensation issues and the Peoples
Committee have informed the families concerned. A representative of EVN has
also spoken individually to each of the project affected families.
1.66    As already described in Chapter 4, a survey was carried out of the families affected
by the project by Envirornmental Protection Centre (EPC), H.C.M City. This
survey established details of the area of land owned by each family, the type and
EB171.REP                          1-13



quantity of crops grown on each property, the annual income as well as the attitude
of the families towards the project and the preferred type of compensation. No
objection was voiced to the project as long as proper compensation was agreed.
1.67    On July 15th Dr. C. McMahon of the Consultancy Company, ESBI, visited the
Phumy area in order to have independent discussions with the affected groups. In
an open discussion with the Peoples Committee the same views as above were
expressed i.e. the project is welcome because of the provision of badly needed jobs
in the community as well as improvements in infrastructure such as roads and
electricity supply. There was an issue about compensation for land, crops and
trees. It was felt that the preliminary amount suggested was not sufficient for
people to purchase equivalent land elsewhere. Apart from this the only issue raised
was that of dust from trucks passing by during construction and a request to hard
surface the road. This is already planned.
1.68    Discussions were also held with several individuals who live or own land on the
site. These all expressed the view that they were happy with the representation of
the Peoples Committee and the way they were kept informed of the project, but
were worried about the amount of compensation being talked about for their land,
crops and other assets. No firm offers had yet been made. Apart from this they
welcomed the project, particularly as regards the likelihood of providing jobs for
their children.
1.69    It should be noted that a Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP) is being fmalised by
EVN and is being done to World Bank (OD 4.3) criteria and guidelines. The
criteria for resettlement/compensation is that overall no affected person should
suffer in terms of standard of living and must be given full rights to participate in
the RAP process.
Environmental Management and Training
1.70    It is recommended that an environmental unit be set up as part of the management
structure in the new development at Phumy. The main function of this unit would
be the monitoring and control of waste water streams and other emissions from the
plant. This function could be combined with the already planned water quality
analysis programme at little additional expense.
1.71    It is also recommended that as EVN expands its generation programme, an
environmental co-ordinator be established with the function of developing
environmental policy, issuing in-house guidelines and establishing compliance
with standards and regulations and setting up an environmental management
system.
1.72    It is further recommended that this co-ordinator would also liaise with other groups
such as a coastal zone management group in order to promote strategies for the
protection and sustainable development of the delicate coastal zone.
EB171.REP                          1-14



Environmental Monitoring
1.73    In order to fully control the implementation of the proposed project, it is
recommended that the following monitoring programme be put in place:-
*    Monitoring programme of the waste water streams from the new project.
*    Extension of the existing air monitoring programme.
*    Noise monitoring at the site perimeter.
*    Monitoring of waste materials arising on site.
*    A review of the baseline ecological study of the Thivai river estuary
particularly in the area near the power plant site.
1.74    During the construction phase monitoring for dust levels, noise levels, sewage
effluent should be carried out to ensure no nuisance is created.
1.75    Recommendations are made for training programs for management and staff at the
proposed plant.  Particular attention should be given to staff involved in
environmental work, to those handling oil and chemicals and those involved in
emergency and safety procedures.
EB171.REP                           l-lf



CHAPTER 2
POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
Introduction
2.1    This environmental impact assessment report (EIA) addresses the impacts of a
project to develop power generating capacity at Phumy in the South of Vietnam.
The proposed development will consist of two blocks of combined cycle plant of
approximately 800 MW total. Each block will likely consist of two gas turbines, two
waste heat boilers and a steam turbine. This project (Phumy II) is likely to be part
funded by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
2.2    A separate power development project (Phumy 1) consisting of 600 MW  of
conventional thermal plant is also planned for the site at Phumy. For completeness
of information this EIA will address the impacts of the complete site development,
i.e. Phumy I and Phumy II.
The Developer
2.3    The developer of the proposed project is Electricity of Vietnam (EVN), a state
owned company which is responsible for supplying power to all of Vietnam.
Shortage of adequate base load capacity together with high growth in demand has
led EVN to develop this additional power generation capacity. Natural gas from the
offshore White Tiger gas field will be available to Phumy in 1997 making it an ideal
site for development of combined cycle plant (Ref. 14).
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Requirements
& Guidelines
2.4    This environmental assessment report is prepared for EVN according to the scope
and format detailed in IBRD's Operational Directive OD 4.01 (Ref. 18). It is IBRD
policy that all major projects shall be subject to an environrental assessment.
2.5    Environmental Guidelines have been issued by the IBRD to cover a wide range of
specific industries. Each guideline contains emission limits as well as permitted
ambient levels for all relevant media and likely contaminants. Values are intended
as a guideline and mostly relate emissions to units of production. These guidelines
are addressed where appropriate in assessing the impacts of the proposed
development, and the ones relevant to this proposed project are summarised in
Appendix III. Suitable environmental control technology is also specified in this
document. It is IBRD policy that where there exist different limits between its
guidelines and national controls, the stricter of the two shall be applied.
EB17I.REP                          2-1



Vietnamese Environment Policy And Regulations
2.6    A comprehensive environmental plan was adopted by Vietnam in 1991 called "The
National Plan for Environmental and Sustainable Development: A Framework for
Action". This plan provides the framework for establishing environmental issues.
The implementation of this plan rests with the Vietnam State Committee for Science
and Technology (SCTC) (Ref. 17).
2.7    Within this context national regulations and guidelines have been adopted giving
permitted levels of contaminants in air, water and soils. These regulations are
addressed where appropriate in this report and the relevant guidelines are
summarised in Appendix IV. Several provincial centres including Ho Chi Minh City
have also issued local environmental guidelines.
2.8    It is also under this plan that the new Law on Protection of Environment was
enacted in December 1993.  This law (a) identifies in general terms the
responsibilities of the state, organisations and individuals to prevent and remedy
environmental deterioration and pollution and carry out specified environmental
protection functions; (b) provides for development of environmental criteria
(standards) and submission of environmental impact reports on new and existing
facilities; (c) provides for responsible parties to pay compensation for environmental
damage; (d) establishes the right of individuals and organisations to petition for
enforcement of environmental regulations; (e) calls for civil and criminal penalties
for violations; and (f) encourages international co-operation.   The full
implementation of this law will require the issuing by the Government of detailed
environmental regulations.
2.9    This law extends environmental impact assessment requirements to a broad range of
public and private sector development activities, proposes procedures for screening
and incorporating of mitigation plans into project design, and explicitly links EIA
review to the project approval process.
2.10    The core agency with environmental mandate is the Ministry for Science,
Technology and Environment (MSTE) which was formed in 1992 from the State
Commnittee for Science. Within MSTE, the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) is the environmental arm with the main responsibility for
carrying out these environmental functions.
EIA Review And Approval Process
2.11    Responsibility for project approval, for projects such as the current one under
Vietnam's investment policy is given to the National Project Evaluation Board
(NPEB) under the chairmanship of the State Planning Commission (SPC). As a
member of the NPEB, the Ministry for Science Technology and Environment has
the formal authority to comment on environmental aspects of the project. This
function would normnally be carried out by the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources and the EIA has been submitted for their approval.
EB171.REP                          2-2



2.12    At the provincial level Environmental Committees also have formal authority to
review and comment on environmental aspects of investment applications. The
Environmental Committee at Baria/Vung Tau is the one of most relevance to the
present proposed project and this EIA has been submitted for their approval. A
copy of the EIA has also been made available to the public in the municipality of
Phumy where the proposed project will be developed.
2.13    Within the IBRD EIAs are reviewed and assessed within the appropriate divisions.
Both the EIA and the EIA summary are made available for public scrutiny.
EB17I.PEP                          2-3



CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Geographical and Social Context of the Development
3.1    The Phumy site is situated in the Vung Tau Province of Vietnam about 65 km from
Ho Chi Minh City. It is located in the administrative unit of Phumy with a
population of about 8000 people. The site is 30 km from the town of Vung Tau
which is the provincial capital and also a deep sea port taking ships up to 7000 dw
tonnes. Figures 3.1 and 4.1 illustrate the location. The site is adjacent to the Thivai
River estuary which is a source of cooling water for the proposed plant as well as a
means of transportation to the site. The estuary is deep (15 - 30m) and developments
planned for the area include a port and a rolling steel mill.
3.2    The site itself has an area of 1.5 km2 as shown in figure 4.1. The elevation varies
between + 1.0m and + 8.Om sloping down to the river estuary. The area of the site
near the estuary is swampy and submersed in the rainy season and at high tide. This
is a mangrove area with some shrimp, and fish ponds. The higher areas which
compose the majority of the site are cultivated with rice, cashew nuts and eucalyptus
being the main crops.
Description of Phumy II
3.3    The scope of this project is the development of two blocks of combined cycle power
plant providing a total capacity of 800 MW. Each block is likely to consist of gas
turbines (100 - 150 MW size) waste heat boilers and a steam turbine.
3.4    Combined cycle plants utilise the following process:-
Gas turbines burn either gaseous or liquid fuels with the hot gases driving
a turbine linked to a generator, to produce electricity.
The exhaust gases from the gas turbines, typically at a temperature of over
500�C, pass through heat recovery boilers to generate steam. The exhaust
gas then leaves the boilers through stacks, in this case 50m high, and at a
temperature of about 140�C.
The steam generated in the heat recovery boiler is used to drive a steam
turbine which in tum drives a generator to produce further electrical
energy.
The steam is condensed in the condenser by water cooling and the
condensate is returned to the boilers. The cooling water thermal load is
dissipated in the estuary.
E;B171.REP                         3-1



The benefits of combined cycle plant are:-
High overall efficiency which is 49%  compared with about 36%  for
conventional thermal plant or 30% for stand alone gas turbine plant.
As a result. low consumption of fuel per unit of electricity produced and
lower emissions of pollutants.
Low capital cost and fast erection times.
Low rejection of heat per overall unit of electricity generated.
Figure 3.3 illustrates the combined cycle process.
Structures Required By The Proposed Development
3.5     The development will involve the erection of the following structures:-
*       Gas Turbines and heat recovery boilers each enclosed in a building.
*       Two steam turbine buildings.
&       A laboratory and water treatment plant.
*       Electrical building and switch yards.
*       Raw water reservoir and treated water storage tanks.
I Unit and auxiliary transformers.
*       Unloading Jetty
*       Distillate oil storage tanks
*       Cooling water intake and outfall system
a       Offsite  developments  including  gas pipeline, road  improvement,
transmission line.
A preliminary layout is shown in Figure 3.2.
Description of Phumy I
3.6     A conventional thermal power plant called Phumy I is also planned for the site This
will consist of 3 x 200 MW units burning natural gas. Residual fuel oil will be used
as a standby fuel source (Ref. 3).
Phumy I will include boiler and turbine houses, 3 x 200m high stacks, and tanks for
storage of residual fuel oil. It will share the cooling water system, jetty unloading
facilities, gas intake system, as well as other facilities on the site with Phumy II.
EB171.REP                            3-2



For completeness of information total discharges from the site, i.e. Phumy I and II
are considered in this EIA in assessing environmental impacts of the proposed
combined circle project of Phumy II.
Description of Proposed Cooling Water System
3.7     Cooling water for all the proposed plant on the site will be taken from the Sao river
estuary and discharged, after passing through condensers, into the Thivai estuary
(fig 3.2). The maximum flow rate will be 60m 3/sec with a temperature rise across
the condenser of 7�C to a maximum temperature of 37�C. Screens will protect the
intake from debris and fish. The cooling water will be chlorinated in order to protect
against slime and mollusc growth in the system. Dosage of chorine will be limited
to maintain residual levels at the outfall to < 0.02 ppm. The cooling water discharge
will be via a lkm canal into deep water where there is no danger of recirculation and
where the heat will be dispersed by large tidal flows.
Sources of Air Emissions from the Proposed Project
3.8     For the combined cycle development of Phumy II the main fuel (except for the first
several months) will be natural gas. Distillate will be used for standby with an
expected load factor of 2-3% with a sulphur content of 0.7%. The plant will be
equipped with dry low NOx burners for gas but not for distillate (Ref. 14).
Emissions concentrations for relevant pollutants will be:
Phumy II (Combined Cycle Plant)
l _____________________ _ lGas                          Distillate
NOx (mg/Nm3)                      50                      600
NOx (ng/J)                        83                      500
S02 (mg/Nm3)                       0                      360
Particulate (mg/Nm3)               0                       < 5
3.9     The first two gas turbines at Phumy are expected to be commissioned in late 1996.
They will burn distillate in an open cycle operation (i.e. without waste heat boilers)
for about six months until natural gas is available at the site in mid 1997. For this
period NOx levels in the emissions will be rather high at about 300 ppm, as it is not
considered feasible to install NOx reduction measures such as water injection for
such a short operating period. During this short period NOx emissions in terms of
ng/j will be higher than IBRD guidelines of 130 for liquid fuels. After natural gas
reaches the site distillate will only be used for emergency standby.
3.10    For the conventional plant of Phumy I the main fuel will also be natural gas with
residual fuel oil, with sulphur content of 2.8% max., used as back up (Ref. 3). The
plant will be equipped for low NOx burners and will have the following emission
concentrations:
EB171.REP                            3-3



Phumy I (Conventional Plant)
Gas                   Fuel Oil
NOx (mg/Nm3)                     240                      335
NOx (ng/J)                       70                       1oo
S02 (mg/Nm3)                      0                      4962
S02 (t/day)                       0                       175
Particulate (mg/Nm3)              0                       250
These emission factors, even for residual fuel oil, will not break IBRD guidelines
assuming, as is the case, that the site is unpolluted.
Sources and Treatment of Aqueous Emissions
3.11    Regular sources of effluents include:
.       Water Treatment Plant effluent which will be treated by neutralisation.
*       Sewage discharge for staff of about 500 employees which will be treated
biologically and by filtration.
*       Surface drains which will be treated through oil interception.
*      Boiler Blowdowns which require no treatment.
The resulting effluent, will satisfy Vietnamese and IBRD regulations.
3.12    Irregular sources of effluents include:
Boiler Gas Side Wash which will be treated for precipitation of metal
contaminants.
Acid wastes which will be treated by neutralisation
Boiler storage effluents which arise very rarely and usually do not acquire
any treatment.
The resulting effluents will satisfy Vietnamese and IBRD regulations.
Sources of Waste Materials
3.13    Waste materials which will arise on site will include waste oils, sludges from
sewage and oil interceptors, chemical precipitates, solvents, electrical, chemical,
civil and domestic waste. In order to avoid risk of contamination this will be
segregated into hazardous and non-hazardous waste and removed offsite for disposal
or recycling.
EB171.REP                           34



Consumption of Natural Gas, Oil, Fresh Water
3.14    Phumy 1 will burn natural gas at a maximum rate of 33 kg/sec. Standby residual
fuel oil, which will only be used when gas is not available, will be burned at a
maximum rate of 38 kg/sec. Phumy 2 will burn natural gas at a maximum rate of 35
kg/sec. Standby distillate oil which again will only be used when gas is not
available will be burned at a minimum rate of 35 kg/sec. Load factors, for standby
fuels are expected to be less than 5%. Fresh water requirements for boiler make up
and domestic use will be about 2000m3/day. This will be obtained initially from
wells on site and will require treatment by clarification, filtration and de-ionisation.
Eventually a municipal source of water is planned for the year 2000.
Offsite Developments Associated with the Project
3.15    Offsite developments include:
*      Improvement and hard surfacing of about 1.8km of road leading from the
site to National Road 51.
A new gas pipeline extending 5km from the existing Bach Ho - Thu Duc
pipeline to the site. The pipe will be buried and its proposed route is
shown in Figure 4.1.
*      Construction of 4km of 220 kV transmission line to connect the plant to
the existing power distribution system.
These are shown in Fig. 4.1.
Schedule of Construction
3.16    The first two gas turbines are planned for commissioning in December 1995. While
no other plant has as yet a definite commissioning date, a likely schedule for their
commissioning is as follows:
Phumy II  two gas turbines (1st Phase)    December 1996
Phumy II  waste heat boilers/steam turbine    December 1998
Phumy II  gas turbines (2nd Phase)        Mid 1999
Phumy II  waste heat boiler/steam turbine  Mid 1999
Phumy I   Unit 1                          2000
Unit 2                         2000
IJnit 3                        2001
Natural gas will be available on site in mid 1997 and after that all units will burn gas
apart from breakdowns in the gas supply system.
EB 71.REP                          3-s



F.g3ure 3.' Vietnam Power Grid
1o0
CHINA
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Bc�mnh UonB&
LAO PEOPLE'S.                                         VIET NAM S TE
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REPUBLIC                       Pn OPOSEO *ISUflNG
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\      rH                    ~~~~~~~~~~- 230 kV UNES
(  K ic nh    0           S00 Kv STEP UP SUB STATION
o           500  kVERMPNAL SUB STATION
< VlfNTIANE                                    -             500 kV UNES
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PIIELIMINAIIY SITE LAYOUT
|   W  .   ESnCE[u*EM  LTD.         C
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BY-PASS STACK
HEAT RECOVERY BOILER
GAS TURBINE GENERATOR
H.P. STEAM
|  <   STEAM TURBINE  v             N    GENERATOR
L.P. STEAM
CONDENSE
HEAT RECOVERY BOILER
DE AERATOR                            LNG WATER
FEEDWATER TANK          CONDENSATE EXTRACTION PUMP
lH.P. F.W. PUMP
GAS TURBINE GENERATOR                                       ____         ._.
4;;Ftr       t   ~~H.P. STEAMt.<
HIGH PRESSURE STEAM                                              O    GAS                                 O    WATER
*   LOW PRESSURE STEAM                                                     COOLING WATER
_._.      4CIEEN          -  -tOlECT                                             tCTf                        "OJE' ",Cr        M A. u     ,   |
E.S.B. OPERATIONS                   Combined Cycle Development      Typical Combined Cycle Plant   a.K                5
ESP intenat;ional Consulanis                                                                       - SCHEMATIC                    |          J     9 .
Stepehn Coun, 1 Sf21 St Slephen's Green.                                                                                                    I  Ju
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Telephone 353-1-785155 Fax: +353.1.616600                                                                                                4YO03     |      Figure 3.3



CHAPTER 4
BASELINE DATA
Study Area
4.1    For socioeconomics the study area includes the site itself and Phumy Townlet which
are shown in Figures 4.1. For terrestrial ecology the study area includes the site and
relevant surrounding areas - particularly mangrove forests along the river banks. For
aquatic ecology the study area stretches from the start of the tidal area of the Thivai
river to the mouth of the estuary as shown in figure 4.3; although concentrating on
the area near the proposed cooling water discharge. The ambient air measurements
concentrate on the site itself while ambient noise measurements extend to the site
boundary and nearest residences. Much of this baseline data had been carried out
for the preparation of the EIA.
Ambient Air Quality
4.2    Hourly measurements over a 24 hour period were carried out in February 95 at 3
locations near the site for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon
MoNOxide (CO) and particulate matter. NO2 levels varied between 0.00 and 0.06
mg/mi3 with higher level occurring during daytime possibly due to traffic and
construction activities.
4.3    S02 levels varied between 0.01 and 0.02 mg/mn3 also with the higher concentration
at day time. Particulate matter concentrations varied between 0.1 and 2.4 mg/mr3.
This are high values and reflect local activities of day time. CO values were close to
zero. These ambient air measurements are not satisfactory in giving an overall
picture of spatial and temporal variation in air quality at the site which appears to be
in a rural unpolluted setting. The Environmental Protection Centre, Ho Chi Minh
City, (EPC) are carrying out continuous measurements at 3 locations (see Figure
4.2) on the site in order to rectify this situation.
Meteorological Data
4.4    A local meteorological station at Phumy, just 2km from the project site has been
recording data for several years. Typical Data for the wet season (May - November)
and dry season (December - June) are summarised in Table 4.1 Details are given in
Appendix V.
4.5    Monthly wind speed averages are 2.3 - 3.6 m/s in the wet season and from a South
West direction. Monthly means in the dry reason are 2.3 - 4.0 m/s with winds from a
North East direction. For the purposes of dispersion calculation atrnospheric
stability is considered in the C - D category at day and D for night-time.
EBI 71.REP                         4-1



TABLE 4.1
Meteorological Data of Phumy Monthly Average
Temp C   Solar         Atmospheric   Humidity %   Monthly
Radiation    Pressure                 Mean
Daily Total  Mean                     (mm)
Mean      kcal/m2      mb            Mean
Wet season   27.2      110          1013         86.6         250
Dry Season  26.1       160          1009         76           15
Noise
4.6    From an environmental point of view the base line noise data of most relevance is
that at the site perimeter and particularly at the nearest residence. The site is of a
rural nature with little man made sources of noise. The exception is construction
activities nearby for the development of port facilities and a steel mill.
4.7    Noise measurements carried out by E.P.C at the site perimeter indicate values in the
range 40 - 70 dBA and these are given in Appendix IV. The rather high levels
which occurred during day time reflected construction activities at a nearly steel
mill.
4.8    The Vietnamese regulations (ref. 7) put the permitted levels of noise at public places
at 60 dBA during day time and 55 dBA at night where dBA is the measured sound
pressure in decibels corrected to the A scale in order to reflect the perception of the
human ear. These levels are permitted to rise depending on the percentage of time
spent at a particular location and other factors (see Appendix III). The permitted
levels indoors are 40 dBA during day time and 30 dBA at night.
4.9    The IBRD guidelines for noise state that the limits at residences should be Ldn 45
indoor and L& 55 outdoors where Ldn is the day - night average A weighted
equivalent sound level with a 10 decibel weighting applying to night time levels.
(Ref.20)
4.10    At the moment the ambient levels of noise do not break the guidelines for residential
levels. Because of the large site area there is flexibility in the control of noise at the
site perimeter from the proposed plant by distance, insulation or planting of trees for
noise shielding.
EB171.REP                          4-2



Terrestrial Ecology - Plants
4.11    Mangrove forests form the most significant ecosystem in the region and these are
extensive along the estuarine region shown in the Figure 4.2. These forests are one
of the main primary producers in the coastal region providing nutrients, food, shelter
and habitat to many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests and the natural
fisheries associated with them are under increasing threat here as in many parts of
South East Asia from:-
*      Increased siltation in rivers.
*      Pollution levels, particularly sewage and herbicides.
*      Harvesting of mangroves for firewood and charcoal.
*      Coastal development.
*      Shrimp aquaculture.
The greatest single threat probably comes from the development of shrimp farms
which are a fast growing activity in many parts of South East Asia as well as the Thi
Vai estuary area. The damage comes from the cutting down of mangrove trees to
construct the ponds for shrimp aquaculture as well as the polluted water, containing
biocides and other waste material, released back into the estuary. (Ref. 6, 10, 15)
4.12    As indicated in Table 4.2 there are various levels of shrimp aquaculture and it is the
intensive levels with very high stocking rates of shrimps which cause the main
environmental damage described above. With the low to medium intensity systems
of aquaculture which are currently practiced in these areas environmental damage is
much less and mangrove trees are an essential part of the aquaculture system in
providing stability for the dikes and shade and habitat for the shrimps. The areas of
shrimp farming near the proposed power station site are shown in Table 3.47,
Appendix IX. The total area is 1749 ha.
EBI 71.REP                          4.3



TABLE 4.2
CULTURE SYSTEMS OF SHRIMPS (REF 15)
Traditional  Extensive      Semi-Intensive   Intensive
Stocking rate  10 000    <10 000-30 000   <30 000-100 000 <100 000-300 000
(per ha)
Feed         natural food  natural food +    natural food +    formulated feed
occasional     supplementary
supplement      (unprocessed or
formulated feed)
Water        tidal       tidal, pumping   tidal + pumping, pumping +
management               optional        aerational       aeration
optional
Production    100-500 kg  0.6-1.5 tons    2-6 tons        7-15 tons
yr-1 ha-]
4.13    A base line study found 32 species of mangrove in the area with distribution of
species varying according to levels of submersion and salinity. The mangroves
growing on the Phumy side of the estuary form a natural forest consisting of a
mixture of species such as Phoenix Paludose, Acriennia, Sonneratia and Bruguiera.
On the far side of the estuary it consists of Rhizophara Aciculate which has been
planted since 1975. Some of these mangroves have been exploited for charcoal
production leading to a reduction in numbers and problems with erosion. Details of
mangrove species found in the study are given in Appendix VI.
4.14    In the site area itself mangroves grow to a small extent in the lower areas along the
Thi Vai, Muong and Sao streams. These are indicated in figure 4.1. The baseline
studies did not indicate the presence of any endangered species on the site itself or
nearby.
4.15    Apart from the mangrove ecosystem there are no other natural or unusual habitat
areas either in the site itself or nearby. These areas are intensely cultivated for rice,
cashew nuts, eucalyptus and other crops. In a base line study of the area over 200
species of plant were identified in the study area of which 101 were also found in
the site area itself. They are listed in Appendix VI along with an indication of the
type of plant, its usage and the extent of its distribution.
EB1717.REP



Terrestrial Ecology - Animals
4.16    30 species of birds were identified in the site area, mostly associated with the
mangrove forests as well as water fowl that feed in tidal areas of the Thi Vai
estuary. These are listed in Appendix VI. None are considered particularly rare or
endangered.
4.17    17 species of mammals were identified in the area including wild pigs, wild cat,
otters, rabbits, monkeys that mostly live in higher areas of mangrove forest and
shelter under the canopy. Eight species of amphibian and 16 of reptile were found
and these are all listed in Appendix VI.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Thivai River
4.18    The Thivai River is about 40km in length originating from Long Thanh in Dong Nai
province, running through Tan Thanh district and discharging into the South China
Sea as shown in figure 4.3. The flow in the river is substantial during the wet
season but negligible in the dry season. The Thivai estuary is tidal up to the Godan
station which is about 10km upstream of Phumy site. At Phumy site the estuary is
about 400m wide and varying in depth from 15 - 30m. Tidal range is about 3m.
Tidal flows are recorded as up to 10,000 m3/s. (Ref. 5, 14).
4.19    Water quality in the Thivai River estuary was assessed by EPC in 1993 based on
samples taken at 6 locations at high and low tide. Parameters measured included,
pH, colour, suspended solids, total solids, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen
demand (COD), anions, metals, oil and coliforms. Further analyses near the Phumy
site were carried out in 1995. The results are given in Appendix VII.
4.20    The main points to emerge were as follows:
Salinity levels are high at an average of 25ppt with a minimum of 21ppt in
the wet season and a maximum of 32ppt in the dry season.
Organic pollution of the river is significant as indicated by high COD (10-
19 mg/l) and BOD (5-15 mg/l) levels. The likely sources are waste water
from cities and industries upstream as well as natural biomass decay. In
the dry season pollution is much less evident.
There is no evidence of contamination by heavy metals or phenols.
There is some evidence of oil pollution.
* .    The presence of pathogenic bacteria is high in some places in the rainy
season indicating pollution from human sources.
4.21    A separate survey of dissolved oxygen (DO) was carried out at 3 locations and
several depths near the site. Results are given in Appendix VII. They show DO
levels from 3.2ppm to 4.7ppm with relatively little variation between depths. This
represents oxygen saturation levels of just over 50%.
EBI 71.REP                         4-5



4.22    Samples of river sediment were taken at 3 locations and analysed for heavy metals
and organochlorines. Relatively high concentrations of chromium (Cr) and
cadimium (Cd) were found in some samples. The source of the contamination is not
known. Details are given in Appendix VII.
Physical and chemical characteristics of the Sao Stream
4.23    The Sao stream originates from the Thivai mountain, flows by the Northern
boundary of the project area and joins with the Muong creek before discharging to
the Thivai river. See figures 4.2 and 4.3. Flow rates are 0.2 - 0.5 m3/s in the rainy
season and zero in the dry reason. (Ref. 3)
4.24    Results of water quality analysis show that this stream is significantly polluted by
organic matter with BOD values ranging from 6-19 mg/l and COD values from 8-23
mg/l. Iron concentration at 1.3 - 3.6 mg/l are relatively high and high counts of
coliforms shown contamination by domestic waste.
Ecology of River Systems
4.25    Baseline studies of the ecosystem of the Thivai River show that overall it is typical
of the vast area of delta in the region as shown in Figure 4.3. It is rich in numbers of
species of fish, plankton and other organisms but shows some evidence of
degradation from pollution.
4.26    Studies carried out by Institute for Ecology and Biological Resources showed the
presence of 79 phytoplankton species and 31 zooplankton species in the general area
of Thi Vai estuary. Differences in abundance between studies carried out in 1989
and 1995 indicate a possible reduction in population perhaps related to an increase
in water pollution. See Appendix VIII for details. The study did not indicate the
presence of any endangered species.
4.27    Samples taken at transects in the vicinity of Phumy site identified 42 zoobethnic
species consisting of the following families:-
Polychacta         25 species
Crustarea          10 species
Mallusca           6 species
Lanodermata        1 species
4.28    Unlike many parts of the river the bed near the project area is soft and a good habitat
for these species. Many of these animals live in nests made from mangrove plant
debris. Overall population density is similar to the adjoining Saigon - Dongnai
rivers (100 - 500 individuals/m2).
4.29    The population density of certain species indicate that the river is contaminated by
organic substances and if this continues it could lead to development of a
zoobenthos distribution typical of polluted rivers (high frequency of Nephtlys
Polyhranchia, Ceratonereis Bumiensis, Scolophos Armiger and low levels of
EBI 71.REP                        4-6



Bispira Polymorpha). It is noted that two specifies of Zoobentha i.e. Balance
Amffritrite and Ostrea spp. may cause damage to underwater structures and ships.
Details are given in Appendix VIII.
4.30    From examination of local fish catches and independent sampling, sixty two
specifies of fish and 20 species of shrimps and crabs were identified in the estuary
areas as detailed in Appendix VIII. Fish species are distributed throughout the area
but with a higher population down stream. Shrimps have a higher population density
upstream. Twenty species of fish and 11 species of shrimp and crab are of economic
importance.
4.31    Fish species may be broken down broadly into two groups:-
Brackish water fish families living in the river estuary and rarely migrating
to the ocean or fresh water regions. They include Eleotridae, Gobiidae,
Apocryptidae, Contropomidae, Scatophagidae.
*      Groups of saline water fish families usually living in the sea but migrating
periodically into the river estuary. The major families are Engraulidae,
Ariidae, Scian idae, Mugilcidae.
The sea fish species may breed in the estuary or the sea while the brackish water
fish breed and grow only in the estuary.
4.32    A survey carried out in 1982 identified the composition of fish eggs and
ichthyplantston in the delta area as shown in Table 4.3. (Ref. 3)
Table 4.3
No.                Family               Percentage (%)  Density
Scientific       Vietnamese       in total       (individuals/
Name             Name             planktons       100 m3
1    Gobiide          Bong trang        22.0           16.5
2    Bregmacerotidae   Tuyet te giac    17.4           13.0
3    Cymoglossidae    Bon cat           11.3           8.5
4    Engraulidae       Trong            9.4            6.0
5    Ambassidae        Son bien         7.2            5.4
6    Clupeidae         Trich            6.5            4.9
7    Sciaemidae        Du               5.7            4.3
8    Synodotidae       Moi              4.1            3.1
9    Leiognathidae     Liet ngang       3.6            2.7
10   Carangidae        Khe              2.5            1.9
11   Decagiterus      Nuc               No detectable   0
The composition is typical for estuarine fish specifies as are the concentration
levels.
EBI 71.REP                         4-7



4.33    Further studies on fish eggs and ichthyoplankton in the vicinity of the project site
were carried out in 1991, 1992 and 1995 and details are given in Appendix VIII.
The results show that members of the Gobiidae family predominate, occupying 83 -
98% of the total number of ichthyplankton. Members of Ambassidae comprised
6.7% of the total while other fish families took up only 6% of the total.
4.34    The results also show that the ichthoplankton concentration varies with the depth
and time of day. At noon time and night time they concentrate mainly at the surface
layer with densities of 233 and 100 individuals per m3 and with only 13 and 50
individual / m3 respectively at the bottom layer. In the afternoon they concentrate at
3
the bottom layer with a density of 157 individual per m3.
Socioeconomics of Phumy Area
4.35    Phumy townlet is a recently set-up administration unit of Tan Thanh district, in Ba
2
Ria - Vung Tau province. It covers an area of about 20kmr with a population of
8126 and a total number of house-holds of 1481. The population growth rate is
about 1.9%. Phumy Peoples Committee, which administers the area, is a locally
elected body and this committee will represent the interests of people affected by the
project.
4.36    The main industries are agriculture, fishing, salt production, forestry as well as
service and handicrafts. Over 60% of the inhabitants live on agricultural activities
concentrated on cashew nuts, rice and aquaculture. Soil conditions are not favorable
to rice cultivation and the output, at 2 tonnes/ha, is low. Annual income of farmers,
quoted at about 89$US, is lower than the average in the province.
4.37    Aquaculture is widely practiced in ponds along the Thivai River. The mnajor shrimp
species grown is Penaeus merguiensis as well as several types of saline fish and
crabs. Details of fish and shrimp production as well as pond areas are indicated in
Appendix IX. The total area of shrimp pond along the Thevar River is 1749 ha of
which about 20 ha occurs on the site itself.
4.38    Fishery production on the Thi Vai river is about 2600 tonnes per annum with details
of the catch and fishing gear given in Appendix IX. Not all this is carried out by
people from Phumy Townlet.
4.39   Infrastructure services are poor with just two thirds of house holds having electricity
supply and with 60 wells, funded by UNICEF's clean water programme, providing a
water supply to the area. One health service clinic, staffed by 4 assistant doctors,
provides a limited service. Malaria still occurs in families living along the river but
is decreasing in prevalence. There is an elementary and secondary school; most
students do not finish secondary school and are forced to work due to economic
necessity. There is high unemployment and underemployment.
EB171.REP                          4-8



Socioeconomics of Families directly affected by the Project
4.40    The groups directly affected by the project are:
6 families who live in the site area (Phumy I)
135 families who own agricultural land and other assets on the site (88 for
Phumy 1, 47 for Phumy II).
16 families who have to relocate their houses due to construction of
transmission lines (Phumy II).
4.41    Most of these families are dependent on agriculture for their income which is mostly
from cashew nuts, fruit crops, rice and aquaculture. In general the only worry about
the project expressed by the families affected has been that of adequate
compensation for their land, houses and crops.
4.42    A socio economic survey of the families who own land on the site has been carried
and some of these findings are presented in Appendix IX. Consultations with these
groups have also taken place as out-lined in Chapter 8. A separate Rehabilitation
Action Plan (RAP) is being undertaken and will detail exactly the land, crops,
income and other assets owned by all affected families as well as the compensation
process which will ensure they do not suffer any loss in standard of living as a result
of the implementation of the project.
New Developments not associated with the Project
4.43    It is planned to develop the area along the Thivai estuary near Phumy and to attract
appropriate industries.  A harbour is already under construction about 2km
downstream  of the Phumy site.  A nearby rolling steelmill is also under
construction.
EB171.REP                           4-9



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21              22              23              24               25
ROAD 1
NO CHI
2  a ., ..  ..                                                   -  -----------
i    \o)/   n  WATER  i   =   *-WHAULMT
i  \/ <    ~~MONITORINGi                    ,i/
\9   (  ,+-Z ~STATION         .               .i
} t B 3 ! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r  --     -- _    i    
C.W. DISCH. CANAL
SITE OUNDARY
--- a R-   O .
'S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A
:AIR MONITORING ,  G AS
1'  .'   ^ it:  "    '  '   '                    iSTATION
' ,i,"    ,   i  'S "'~~~~~ ~    ~ ~       ~    ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ' "  i  i,o  
.;z   ..  ;, ;, < . .it.....  ............................................ f,..............;. ....... .....  .........., .
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7  MM(v/,  v  ( ,/   N                 i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,   /   ,i,
<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /St/  / i                  a ' S 
,',':.iFIGURE 4.2i
LOCATION OF AIR AND 
/    iWATER MONITORING    i
STATIONS
4- - - - - -- - - - -- -- - - - - - -- - - - --                --- - - - - -- -



FIGURE 4.3
DELTA AREA NEAR PHUMY
Phumy              > 
Vi nh hn o        rani        _
;~~~] f1 l: 1: 175.000
Aii           ,         62
Nlidn                                uti i An~~~~~~~~25



CHAPTER 5
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Summary Of Positive Impacts
5.1     The proposed project, consisting of combined cycle plant burning natural gas, is
the most environmentally benign form of thermal power plant. It has a very high
efficiency, close to 50%, and lower air emissions and cooling water requirements
per unit of electricity generated than for conventional plant. In particular, when
burning natural gas with a low NOx burner as is planned for this project, there are
no significant emissions of NOx or S02 and emissions of carbon dioxide are 50%
lower than for conventional plant burning fuel oil or coal.
5.2     A major and positive impact will be the provision of 800 MW generating capacity.
This will impact on a regional basis by strengthening the electricity supply network
and allowing the connection of extra consumers and the development of industry
and services in the region. The employment of a large number of people during the
construction and operation phase will also benefit the local economy.
Summary of Negative Impacts
5.3     Impacts during construction and operation of the proposed plant are summarised in
Tables 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 as well as described below.
Construction Phase Impacts
Socioeconomic Impacts
5.4     The main groups of people affected are those who live or own land in the site area.
Six families, will have to move from the site (Phumy I). They will be fully
compensated for their land, their crops and their houses enabling them to acquire
equivalent land nearby, build houses, and continue their livelihood without any loss
of income. A separate Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP) will give full
compensation details of these and other families affected by the project
implementation.
5.5     A total of 135 individuals also own land, but do not live on the site (Phumy I and
II). Full details of the areas of these plots and the quantities of rice, cashew nuts
and other crops are given in the RAP report as well as details of the compensation
process and the actual compensation awarded for each family.
5,6     Sixteen families live in houses which will be affected by transmission line
construction (Phumy II). These will be relocated to equivalent or better houses
nearby.
EBI 71.REP                         5-1



TABLE 5.1
Summary of Environmental Impacts
During Construction Phase
Source           Environmental    Mitigation Measures       Residual
Impact                                     Impact
Site             Displacement of    Adequate and timely     Temporary
Acquisition      people living and   resettlement and/or    disturbance - no
owning land on site  compensation          reduction in
assets or income
Transmission line  Displacement of 16  Adequate and timely  Temporary
construction     families          resettlement             disturbance only
Construction of   Loss of 2ha of   None                     Local but
Jetty            Mangrove                                   permanent
Construction of   Loss of Mangrove   Pipes are buried and area   Temporary
C.W. outlet                        will be replanted
Dredging         Loss of benthnic    None                   Local and
activities       fauna                                      Temporary loss
Sanitation       Sewage discharge   Effluent will be treated to   Minor
facilities                         Vietnamese standards
Noise            Noise during piling  Restrict piling to day light  Minor and
and steam purging   hours. Notify residents of  temporary
operations        steam blows
Dust             Dust generated    Spraying of access roads   Minor
and truck tyres
Construction     Traffic Increase  Road Improvement         Minor
Work
Work during      Short term                                 Beneficial short
construction     employment for                             term
over 1000 workers
EB171.REP                           5-2



TABLE 5.2
Summary of Environmental Impacts
During Operation of Plant - Aqueous Emissions of Phumy I and II
Source          Environmental    Mitigation Measures       Residual
Impact                                    impact
Water Treatment  Contains strong   Treated in neutralisation    Negligible
Plant Waste     acids and alkalis   tank to pH 6-9.
Effluent will comply with
waste water standards
Oil Contaminated  Adverse impact on  All surface drains will be   Minor
Surface Water    marine organisms   routed through oil
if discharged     interceptors.
directly          Effluent will comply with
waste water standards
Sewage          High BOD and       Sewage will be treated to   Minor
micro biological    <20 mg/l BOD before
pollutants        discharge
Boiler Blowdown  Contain very low    No treatment necessary  Negligible
concentration of
contaminants
Boiler Acid     Utilises toxic     These will be treated with   Minor
Clean            chemicals. This    the waste removed off site
process arises only  for disposal. Effluent
rarely.           discharged will satisfy
waste water regulations
Chemical         Bulk chemicals    Stored bulk chemicals will Negligible
Spillage        stored on site, in    be bunded so that any
particular acid and  spillage will be contained
alkali            and controlled
Boiler Washing   If burning residual  Metals will be precipitated  Minor
fuel oil can contain  by chemical treatment and
vanadium and other removed offsite to land fill
metals
EB171.REP                          5-3



TABLE 5.3
Summary of Impacts of Atmospheric Emissions for Phumy I and II
When Burning Natural Gas
Impact                             Predicted  Vietnamese  IBRD
l __________________________________  __________   R egulations
Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) (a)
Ambient
1 -hour maximum            jg/M3   110       300
24-hour maximum            jg/M3
Max. annual average        gg/M3   2          80           100
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) (b)
Ambient
1 -hour maximum            jg/rm3   0         300
24-hour maximum            ig/mr3   0                     500
Max. annual average        jg/m3   O          80           100
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Emission
Tonmes/annum (total) (a)           4.7 x 106
Noise (dB (A))
Noise Levels at Boundary fence     55                      55 (b)
Residential Area                   <55        55/60 (b)    55 (b)
Particulates
24-hour maximum            gg/M3   <1         200          500
(a)  100% load factor
(b) Varies with day / night; indoors and outdoors and other factors
EB17I.REP                          5-4



Table 5.4
Summary of Impacts of Cooling Water System Operation
for Phumy I and II
Source          Environmental   Mitigation         Residual
Impact          Measures           Impact
Intake of 60 m3/s  Loss of fish eggs  None         Small in relation
and plankton                      to overall
abundance in the
area
Intake screens    Loss of fish   Optimum measures Minor
through         not yet selected
impingement
Discharge of    Impact on        Discharge designed  Minor
heated water    sensitive        so that temperature
organisms       rise will not exceed
l�c
Chlorination of   Impact of      Residual chorine    Negligible
C.W. system     residual chlorine  levels will be kept
on ecosystem    to < 0.02ppm
Discharge of CW   Scouring of    None              Permanent but
bottom                             local disturbance
of area
5.7    The principals under-lying the rehabilitation, resettlement and compensation for
people affected by the project are:
Loss of houses will be compensated by replacement residential land and
cash compensation sufficient to replace the structure.  A disturbance
allowance will also be given.
Other assets such as crops and trees will be compensated for at full market
price.
*      People affected by the project will have rights to argue their case and any
grievances at local and district government level and, if not resolved, to
district courts without incurring legal fees.
The rehabilitation/resettlement process will be monitored by an external
agency.
EB171.REP                          5-5



As a result of this RAP process the people affected by the project will improve their
living standard, or at least maintain their existing one.
5.8     The impact on the townlet of Phumy should over-all be positive by the provision of
jobs and the improvement of infrastructure including roads and electricity
distribution. Up to 2000 people are expected to be employed on the construction for
several years and several hundred permanent jobs will be created during the
operating phase. It is normal practice for a proportion of these jobs to be given to
local people. (Ref. 3)
5.9     The large construction force of up to 2000 workers will mostly live in serviced
camps. They will be employed as drivers, excavators and construction workers. The
presence of these people, who will come largely from other areas, with relatively
large incomes and different life styles, may cause some social tension in this
traditionally quiet area. Training programmes will be run to mitigate these potential
difficulties. The camps will consist of temporary houses which will be serviced
with sanitation facilities, fresh water and domestic waste removal services. A health
centre will be responsible for control of infectious diseases as well as occupational
health issues.
Land Use Impacts
5.10    The areas to be cleared for construction of buildings, hard surfaces, tanks, cooling
water system and jetty are indicated in layout drawing 3.3. The main items of
significance are the permanent loss of an area of mangrove forest of about 65m x
340m for the jetty. The number of trees lost will be about 2000. Dredging for the
cooling water outlet pipes will clear an area of mangrove of about 1 ha. As these
pipes will be buried the area can be replanted successfully and will return to its
former state after several years. Construction of the cooling water intake will also
destroy about 0.5 ha of mangrove area composing about 1000 trees.
Construction Phase - Air, Water and Noise Emissions
5.11    Dust generation is always a problem during construction activities. It will be
controlled as much as possible with water spraying. The road passing through
Phumy townlet passes by many residences and particular precautions will be taken
to prevent dust here. Hard surfacing of this road, as is planned, will keep dust levels
down.
5.12    The main sources of noise will be piling operations. Restricting this to day light
hours as is customary, will prevent disturbance to neighboring residences.
Restriction of speeds of trucks when passing residential areas will also help.
5.13    When the boilers are being commissioned, steam is blown through the turbines and
boilers to purge them. This steam is exhausted to atmosphere causing high noise
levels for several hours per day over a few days. The procedure is a once off
occurrence and confined to day light hours. Silencers will be used to reduce the
impact and local residents will be given prior notice of these events.
EBI 71.REP                           5-6



5.14    Sewage discharges will arise from the sanitation facilities provided for the
construction workers. These will be treated so that the effluent satisfies Vietnamese
regulations.
Dredging for Jetty and Cooling Water Outfall
5.15    The jetty is planned to take tankers up to 10,000 dw tonnage requiring water depth
of 12m. Although the estuary is deep some local dredging will be required.
Dredging will also be required for the cooling water outlet pipes and inlet structure.
5.16    The river bed near the plant is covered by a soft grey sediment, mixed with decayed
organic matter. Dredging activities will have the following negative impacts
Destniction of benthnic animals.
Disturbance of fish and other animals.
Increased pollution from suspended solid as well as organic matter and
other materials present in the river sediment.
Risk of oil spill and other waste materials from dredging operation.
These impacts are local and temporary and after ceasing dredging operations the
area will revert to a similar ecological state as before.
Transmission Line and Gas Pipe Line
5.17    A 4km long 220 kV power line will be required to transmit power to the existing
transmission line. A right of way of 22m will be required and this will entail the loss
of 16 houses. All project affected people will be fully compensated as detailed in the
project RAP report.
5.18    A 5km natural gas pipeline will be required to connect the site to the existing Bach-
Ho - Thu Duc gas pipeline. The route will be selected to avoid disturbance to any
residences and it will not cross any sensitive areas. The proposed route is shown in
Figure 4.1.
Air Operation Phase Emission Impacts
5.19    Phurny I and Phumy II will burn natural gas with negligible sulphur content. The
plants will be equipped with low NOx bumers which will limit emission of NOx (as
NO2) to 125 ppm for Phumy I and less than 50 ppm for the combined cycle plant of
Phumy II. Emission of SO2 and particulates would be negligible.
5.20    A gaussean air quality dispersion model was used to compute ground level
concentrations for the case of all the plants on full load burning natural gas. The
model used was the Industrial and Source Complex (ISC2) which was developed by
the US EPA to predict short and long term ground level concentrations for single
and multi point emission sources. Details of the study are given in Appendix X.
EB171.REP                          5-7



FIGURE 5.1
20                           II
18~~~~~~~~~~~6
186
14
12
10
8    l 
8           _   _
4
2
-2
-4
-8 
10
12-
14-
18                                            o
-20-18-18-'14-12-10-86 -4 -2 0  2  4  8  8  10 12 14 18 18 2
km from.Site              ~~~ENVIROCON LTD
MAXIUM HOURLY NO2 GROUND LEVEL3
CONCENTRATIONS -PHUIMY  AND PHUMY ll(UG/M)



FIGUFRE-5.2
).0
O _ ~ t N / 1.0    |    ACz   C  s0
.0
..0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l
.0                             C
.5                                                           0(
.0
.5             4'
.O.                   I  
o .  |    /,  | .    ,/  .      ,       . ~~~~~~~~~~~0 Z
-20.0-17.515.12. 10.0-7.5-5.0-2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.
km from Site                  EI4VIRQCON LTD
ANNUAL AVERAGE NO2 GROUND LE3VEL
CONCENTRTONS -PHM   I  NDPHM   rr(uG/M3)



5.21    The maximum hourly NO2 concentration is predicted to be about 0.100 - 0.110
mg/m3 within 5km of the power plant and with maximum levels of about 0.050
mg/m3 between about 5 - 20km down wind. At larger distances the predicted hourly
NO2 concentrations were less than 0.050 mg/m3 (Figure 5.1). Given the low
existing levels of NO2 in the area there is no danger of any breach of Vietnamese
(0.3 mg/m3, hourly max.) regulations.
5.22    Annual average ground level concentrations of NO2 were also calculated on the
basis of 100% load factor. The results are shown in Figure 5.2. The maximum
annual average contribution of 0.002 mg/m3 would not break any standards or
impact significantly on air quality, for comparison Vietnamese regulations limit
annual mean values to 0.080 mg/m3 (Ref. 12) while IBRD limits are 0.100 mg/m3.
(Ref. 20).
5.23    The first two gas turbines on the site will be commissioned in December 1996 and
natural gas will not be available on the site until the middle of 1997. These gas
turbines will therefore bum distillate for about 6 months. As there are no low NOx
burners yet available for distillate, and other NOx reduction methods are not feasible
for such a short period of distillate burning, NOx emissions will be relatively high at
about 300 ppm during this period.
5.24    A dispersion study showed that during this period the maximum hourly ground level
concentration of NO2 would be about 0.100 mg/m3 within 2km of the plant and
with peaks of 0.050 - 0.070 mg/m3 between 2-7km downwind. These levels will not
break any Vietnamese or IBRD regulations. Details are given in Appendix X.
5.25    The conventional plant at Phumy I will burn natural gas as its primary fuel. It will
however bum residual fuel oil as a backup if gas supplies fail. A dispersion analysis
showed that when burning this fuel oil with a sulphur content of 2.8% the tall stack
of Phumy I (200m) is sufficient to disperse the stack emissions so that hourly and
daily values of S02 do not exceed regulations. Details are in Appendix X.
Noise
5.26    The main sources of noise from the operation of the proposed development are:-
* -   Gas Turbines
*      Steam Turbines
*      Boilers
*      Ancillary equipment including Transformers, Fans, Water Treatment Plant
and Cooling Water Pump.
5.27    The gas turbines will be the dominant source of noise and these will be enclosed in
insulated buildings. The steam turbines and boilers will also be enclosed to allow
for the easy addition of acoustic cladding and exhaust silencing. The specification
EB171.REP                          5-8



for the noise insulation will be such that noise emissions from the site, measured at
the site perimeter, will satisfy Vietnamese noise regulations which, for residential
areas at night, is 55 dBA.
5.28    Other measures such as tree planting and berms (mounds of earth placed with
vegetation) may also be used in selected locations in order to reduce noise levels
there. As a result of these measures noise emissions from the plant will not
represent a significant nuisance to local residents.
Physical Impact of Cooling Water Discharge
5.29    Cooling water for Phumy I and 1I will be taken from the Sao River at a total
maximum rate of 60 m3/s and discharged to the Thivai River (Figure 3.2). The
temperature rise across the condenser will be 70C. The discharge will be through
underground pipes, at a final depth of 1 3m in order to disperse the heat as quickly as
possible into the Thivai estuary.
5.30    A thermal diffusion (Ref. 13) study for the site was carried out for a total cooling
water discharge of 80 m3/s at a temperature rise of 7�C. This study is given in
Appendix XI. 'The results show relatively small thermal plumes extending from the
outfall at various tidal phases. The worst case is at still water during high and low
tides when the 1�C isotherm extends across the estuary. The maximum rise is
calculated to be 1 .5�C near the outfall. (See Figure 5.3).
5.31    The actual thernmal impacts of the proposed development of Phumy I and II will be
considerably less than this as the flow of cooling water will be just 60 m3/sec. There
is also likely to be a drop of 1�C in the temperature of the water as it travels lkm
through open channels to the discharge points and this has not been taken into
account in the calculation. The thermal impact on the Thivai estuary will therefore
be minor, as expected, given the large flow (10.000m3/s) and the depth of the
estuary.
Ecological Impact of Cooling Water Discharge
5.32    The ecological impacts of the cooling water discharge are likely to be of four main
types
*       Scouring at outfall
*       Chlorine effects
*       Impact of heated water
*       Impacts on dissolved oxygen levels.
5.33    Because of the depth of the discharge, scouring will take place at the immediate
outfall. This is likely to have significant impacts on benthnic animals living in the
immediately vicinity.
EB717.REP                            5-9



-~~~ ~~                        -- - -.                .
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 
,:       0                 ,          i                                 /                        f0  



5.34    Chlorination olf the cooling water intake will be carried out in order to prevent
fouling of the C.W system by mussels, slime or other organisms. Chlorine will be
added at a rate that will leave a residual level of <0.02 ppm at the outfall. Because of
the long outfall channel this level can be achieved with careful monitoring. At this
concentration the chlorine should not have any significant impacts beyond the
discharge point.
5.35    The thermal diffusion analysis shows temperature increases in the receiving water
limited to 1�C except at the immediate outfall. Figure 5.1 shows the resultant
thermal plumes for the cases of low tide and tidal outflow. There is no evidence
from a review of the literature that such a rise has significant impact on aqueous
ecology or on mangrove ecosystems. (Ref. 8, 9, 16) This compares with
Vietnamese regulations which limit temperature to 400C in the receiving water and
IBRD regulations which limits temperature rise in the receiving water to 3�C. (Ref.
20).
5.36    Because of a rise in cooling water temperature, power plants can have a negative
impact on dissolved oxygen (DO) content. In practice this only happens when
dissolved oxygen levels, in the intake water are high. The impact of the Phumy,
plant, where existing DO levels, are rather low, should be neutral or slightly positive
because of turbulence created during passage through the C.W. system. (Ref. 8, 9).
Ecological Impact of Cooling Water Intake
5.37    There is no doubt that the cooling water, at a flow rate of 60 m3/s, will entrain large
numbers of organisms including zooplankton, phytoplankton, fish eggs and larvae.
The base line study shows that these exist in substantial numbers in the area and
they will experience significant impacts from the combined effects of chlorination,
temperature increase and pressure change while passing through the CW system.
5.38    Studies from other power stations show a large variation in mortality rates for
entrained plants and animals and that it is difficult to separate out the impacts of the
different stress mentioned above. While it is impossible to predict exactly the
impacts of Phumy cooling system on entrained organisms it must be assumed that
mortality rates will be high, particularly for the sensitive fish eggs and
ichtyoplankton. (Ref. 8, 9)
5.39    Although a significant loss will occur in the entrainment process there is no
evidence from studies on other power stations that this leads to an overall impact on
fish nurnbers in the area. This is likely to be particularly so in the case of Phumy
where there is a large amount of similar habitat available and where the intake CW
flow is a very small proportion of overall flow in the estuary. (Ref. 8, 9)
5.40    Because of the difficulties of predicting accurately the physical and ecological
-     impacts of cooling water systems it is recommended that studies be carried out after
each step wise increase in commissioning of plant involving cooling water discharge
to confirm that, as predicted here, there are no significant changes in the baseline
ecology. Although there are no direct mitigation measures for reducing entrainment
loss, if the study shows a reduction in concentration in some fish specifies in the
vicinity of the plant, then a fish hatchery could be set up to redress this loss.
EB171.REP                           5-10



Waste Water Streams
5.41    The aqueous discharges likely to arise from the proposed development are as
follows:-
*      Waste water arising from regeneration of ion exchange resin with acid and
alkali.
*      Station sewage discharged from the administration block.
O      Station surface drains.
*      Boiler blow down.
*      Irregular discharges including water and acid boiler washes, and accidental
spillages.
5.42    Fresh water for boiler make-up is required at a rate of 2000 m3/day for the proposed
development. The source of this fresh water will initially be wells on site and after
the year 2000 a municipal supply. The quality of this water is given in Table 5.5
(Ref. 5).
TABLE 5.5
Ba Ria Fresh Water Parameters
Test                                   Result
pH                                     6.8
Ca          (ppmasCa)                  1.6
Mg          (ppm as my)                0.9
Fe          (ppm as Fe                 0.2
S02        (ppm as SIS2)              19.5
C1          (ppm as Cl                 7.1
S04         (ppm as S04                7.2
Bicarbonate  (ppm as CaCo2)            6.1
Carbonate   (ppm as CaCo3)             0
5.43    This water is purified in the water treatment plant by filtration and by
demineralisation in cation, anion and mixed bed ion exchange units. The waste from
the plant comes from the regeneration of the ion exchange resin with caustic
(sodium hydroxide) and acid (either hydrochloric or sulphuric). The waste is
collected to a neutralisation tank where it will be neutralised to a pH between 6 and
9. The effluent from this tank consists largely of a solution of sodium chloride (or
sodium sulphate) as well as smaller quantities of whatever material had been
removed from the fresh water supply which is mostly calcium, sodium and
magnesium salts. This discharge would not breach any environmental standards or
have any significant impact on the receiving waters.
EBI 71.REP                         f-ll



5.44    The sewage discharge arising from the approximately 500 operating staff would be
treated biologically to a minimum effluent quality of 20mg/l BOD and 30 mg/l
suspended solids. A tertiary filtration will ensure a final effluent quality of 10/10.
This will satisfy Vietnamese regulations. (Ref. 11).
5.45    The routing of all drains through oil interceptors will prevent contamination from
any oil spillage. The oil interceptors will be inspected and cleaned regularly and any
sludge taken off site for disposal. The drainage effluent will be tested for oil
contamination to ensure the Vietnamese regulation of 10 ppm is complied with.
5.46    Blowdown of the drum in each boiler would take place for a few hours each week.
The blowdown water will be discharged via a pressure reducing flash tank to the
station drains. This very pure water only contains traces of ammonia and sodium
triphosphate at a concentration of a few ppm and requires no treatment before
disposal.
5.47    Acid cleaning of the boilers will normally occur during commissioning and at
irregular intervals of about 5 years. Hydrochloric acid is usually used for this
cleaning with the effluent largely containing compounds of Iron as well as smaller
amounts of other metals. The effluent from this process would be neutralised with
either lime or sodium hydroxide and the precipitated material would be collected
and taken off site for disposal in a land fill site while the liquid portion would be
safely discharged.
5.48    Water washing of the gas side of the boiler is occasionally required to remove
deposits. With natural gas or distillate as the fuel, these deposits are not significant.
However if residual fuel oil is used to any extent in Phumy 1 then deposits of
Vanadium and other metals will occur on the boiler tubes. Washing will produce an
effluent which will have to be treated separately in order to precipitate out these
metals. The precipitated sludge will be taken offsite for disposal.
5.49    The danger of spillage of chemicals will be avoided by proper bunding of the
containers of the main chemicals to be stored on site. - Sodium Hydroxide,
Hydrochloric (or Sulphuric) Acid, Ammonia and Hydrazine. Appendix VII gives
details of procedures to be employed for management and storage of these
chemicals.
5.50    Overall no significant impact is predicted from the operation of the proposed
development on the ecology of the Thivai River or the aquaculture and commercial
fisheries carried out along the river.
Oil Spillage Risks
5.51    The spillage of residual fuel oil, distillate, lubricating or other oils represents a
major risk factor to the aqueous environment. As all fuel tanks will be fully bunded
the major risk will be during the fuel unloading process; however risks also will
occur from oil pipeline leaks, transforner leaks, and handling of drummed and
waste oils.
EB171.REP                          5-12



5.52   In order to minimise these risks strict procedures will be implemented for:
Oil delivery
Bunding and inspection of tanks
Pipeline inspection
Storage and handling of drummed oil
Oil spill clean up procedures
Emergency response plan for a major spill
These procedures are detailed in Appendix XIII.
5.53    The impacts of an oil spill on the Thivai river can be summarised as follows:-
*      Oil film obstructs the absorption of oxygen into the water, decreasing
concentration of dissolved oxygen
*      Oil film adheres to vegetation and hinders respiration and photosynthesis.
Mangrove trees are particularly sensitive because of their exposed root
system
*      Water soluble components of oil are toxic to fish and shrimps, particularly
larvae and juveniles.
*      Water polluted by oils may create favorable conditions for the
development of certain algae species which are toxic for fish and shrimp.
5.54    The impact of an oil spill on the Thivai estuary would depend on the quantity and
type of oil spill as well as the location. A spill of over 100 tonnes, which is not
immediately dealt with, is likely to have major ecological consequences as well as
economic losses for local fishery and aquaculture. (Ref. 4)
5.55    An analysis of the diffusion of oil spills of various quantities at the proposed Phumy
jetty has been carried out and is given in Appendix XII. These studies will assist
with the design of the Emergency Response Plan to control and clean up any such
spills,
Dredging Activity Impacts
5.56    Because of high levels of sedimentation dredging will be required occasionally
(once a year or less) in order to main depth at the jetty. This will create a local and
temporary disturbance to biota in the area. The dredged material will be transported
for land reclamation to an area not yet designated.
EB171.REP                          5-13



CHAPTER 6
REVIEW OF ALTERNATIVES
Introduction
6.1    The evaluation of alternatives to the proposed project at Phumy should be seen in
the context of existing very low electricity usage per head of population in the south
Vietnamese region (about 180 kWh/year) and a high predicted growth in demand to
the year 2100 in order to allow for the expansion of the economy and the
improvement in living conditions. (Ref. 17). This requires the addition of new
generating plant of 150 to 100MW per year during the 1990's.
6.2    The key strategic issues relating to the development of generation capacity in this
region over that period for supply of this demand are as follows:
*      The potential for hydro development within the region.
*      The availability of imported power from the PC1, PC3 region, utilising the
new 500kV line.
*      The availability of natural gas from off shore fields from the mid nineties.
*      The possibility of importing coal from the north of the country.
e      Limited availability of investment funds, particularly foreign currency.
e      Environmental issues which are viewed on a national basis as putting some
constraints on hydrD and coal development but with little impact on gas-
fired plant developments.
6.3    On the basis of the predicted demand forecast and the above issues the generation
requirement and breakdown of type of plant used till the year 2005 has been
evaluated. This will consist of a mixture of thermal and hydro plant which is
required to provide a balanced mixture of peak and base load plant over the wet and
dry seasons. The present proposal, which consists of 800MW of combined cycle
plant, is planned as the first new thermal plant for base load operation because of its
perceived low capital and operational costs, low environmental impacts and short
construction schedule.
6.4    Within the above context the alternatives to the proposed project at Phumy
evaluated here are:
*      Alternative designs
*      Alternative sites
EBI71.REP                          6-1



Hydro power as an altemative
*      Importation of power via new 500kV line
Alternative Design
6.5    Where natural gas is available as in this case combined cycle plants have many
advantages over all conventional thermal plant including the following:
*      Lower Capital cost.
*      Shorter lead times to power production.
*      Smaller land requirements.
*      Higher efficiencies.
*      Lower air emissions for unit of electricity generated.
*      Lower cooling water requirements per unit of electricity generated.
Alternative Cooling Systems
6.6    For a combined cycle plant the possibilities for design alternatives are limited but
include:
General layout, size and number of gas and steam turbines.
*      Single or dual pressure system.
*      Vertical or horizontal type boilers.
*      Alternative cooling systems.
These project design features are not yet optimised. Environmental impacts related
to the first three design options are not significant. The fourth item has significant
environmental implication and is discussed below.
6.7    A direct cooling water system is usually economically favorable where, as in the
case of Phumy, an adequate body of water is available which can disperse the heated
cooling water without significant ecological impacts. Alternative cooling systems
such as mechanical cooling towers or air cooled condensers need not therefore be
considered here.
6.8    A number of possible locations for the cooling water intake and discharge points
were analysed and these are discussed in Appendix XI. A deep discharge at the
position chosen as shown in layout Figure 3.3 was found to be the most favorable
from the point of view of heat disposal and least ecological impacts.
EB 71,REP                           6-2



Alternative Sites
6.9    An initial 9 possible sites for the new combined cycle plant were short listed to 3 -
Bien Hoa, Nhom Trach, Phumy (Ref. 14). Bien Hoa and Nhom Trach are about 30
km and 15 km respectively north of Phumy.
6.10    The evaluation of these sites was based on the following main issues:
a      Closeness to Bach Ho - Thu Duc gas pipeline.
*      Connection to electrical grid.
*      Cooling water availability.
*      Site area available.
*      Environmental and Socioeconomic issues.
*      Construction and Engineering issues.
Based on an analysis of these issues Phumy was chosen as the optimum site (Ref.
14). The other sites are likely to be selected in the future for power development
projects.
Alternative Generation Source - Hydro Power
6.11    Vietnam has a theoretical hydro potential of 300 billion kWh/year with a technically
exploitable hydro potential of about 91 billion kWh/year of which only 2% has been
so far harnessed. In the PC2 region there are existing hydrostations at Da Nhim
(160 MW) and Tri An (400 MW) while two further stations are under development
at Han Thuran (470 MW) and Thac Mo (150 MW). These will come into operation
in the mid to late nineties and their output has already been factored into the
predicted power requirements for PC2.
6.12    Several potential hydro sites are also under consideration and preliminary feasibility
work has been carried out. The levelised costs for hydro generation from some of
these plants are in general higher than those costs for the conversion of gas turbine
plant to combined cycle plant (Ref 17). Also the time scale for the commissioning
of any new hydro schemes would be into the next century, while the requirement for
power from the present project is from 1997 onwards.
While the development of hydro power will certainly play a major role in providing
future generation capacity it does not represent a viable alternative to the present
project at Phumy, particularly as the base load combined cycle plant, which will be
required for operation in the next few years will be complementary to hydro power
development.
EB171.REP                          6-3



The Importation of Power Via the 500 kV Line
6.13    This 1500 km transmission line, completed in 1994, is intended to provide for the
transmnission of surplus hydro power from PCI network to PC2 and later, from the
large new hydro development at Yali in PC3 to PC2. The supply is envisaged by
PC2 as supplying base load at a level rising from 200 MW in 1994 to 500 MW in
1998 and eventually to 550 MW by 2001. This output has already been factored
into the predicted PC2 power requirement.
EB171.REP                          6-4



CHAPTER 7
MITIGATION MEASURES
7.1    In order to reduce environmental impacts from the proposed development mitigation
measures, summarised below, have already been put in hand or are planned. Apart
from these, and taking into account the relatively minor residual impacts of the
proposed development, no further mitigation measures are considered necessary.
Compensation for people affected by the project
7.2    About 157 families who own land, houses and other assets in the area will be
affected by site acquisition and transmission line construction. Details are given in
section 4.15. A Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP) process will be completed to
World Bank guidelines (Ref. 19) to ensure compensation will be awarded in a fair
and timely way. This will ensure that all the people affected will, at the end of the
process, be at least as well off as they were previously. Full details will be given in
a separate RAP report.
Mitigation Measures for Construction Impacts
7.3    A complex of temporary houses will be provided for the construction workers for
the proposed project. Clean water, sanitation facilities and a rubbish removal
service will be provided. A health centre will be responsible for prevention of
infectious diseases, as well as occupational health issues. Education and training
will be provided in order to promote good relations with local people.
7.4    Sewage treatment facilities for the complex will be provided so that the effluent
discharged will satisfy Vietnamese regulations as regards BOD and suspended
solids.
7.5    Measures to limit pollution by dust during the construction phase will include:
Water spraying at the site and of truck wheels.
Covering construction material during its transportation.
Hard surfacing the road to the site.
7.6    Noise control during construction will be by limiting noisy activities, such as piling,
to day light hours and limiting truck speeds passing residential areas.
Air Emission and Noise Control
7.7    The proposed plant will burn natural gas with insignificant sulphur content. Low
NOx burners will reduce the specified NOx emissions to 50ppm and probably much
lower. This will ensure that the plant has only minor impacts from stack emissions.
EBI 71.REP                          7-1



7.8    Noise insulation for the gas turbine, boilers, steam turbines and ancillary plant will
be specified such that noise levels at the site perimeter will meet the Vietnamese
regulations for noise at night (which is the strictest time) at residential areas. This
will ensure no disturbance by noise from the plant at nearest residences. Other
measures such as berms (earthen mounds planted with vegetation) and tree
plantations will also be employed as appropriate to improve noise ambient levels.
Oil and Chemical Spill Risk Control
7.9    An oil spill into the sensitive mangrove ecosystem could have major environmental
implication. In order to minimise these risks strict procedures will be adhered to in
relation to:
*      Oil Delivery
*      Bunding and inspection of fuel and tanks
*      Pipeline inspection
*      Storage and handling of drummed oil
*      Oil spill clean up
*      Emergency response plan for a major spill
These procedures are detailed in Appendix XIII.
7.10    The risk of chemical spillage will be avoided by implementing procedures for the
management of their transport, unloading and storage. Appendix VII gives detail of
these procedures.
Treatment of Aqueous Emission
7.11    Regular sources of aqueous emission will arise from the following sources:
*      Water treatment plant effluent
*      Sewage discharge
*      Surface drain
*      Boiler blowdown
These will be treated as described in sections 5.42 - 5.48, so that the effluent will
satisfy Vietnamese standards and will have no significant impact on the receiving
waters.
EBI 71.REP                          7-2



7.12    Irregular sources of aqueous emissions will include the following:
Boiler gas side washes
Acid washes
Boiler storage effluent
Chemical spill
These will be treated as described in Sections 5.45 - 5.48 so that the effluent will
satisfy Vietnamese standards and will not have significant impacts on the receiving
water.
Mitigating measures for Cooling Water System
7.13    Chlorine residual levels will be maintained at a low level, < 0.02ppm, in order to
prevent any impacts beyond the immediate outfall.
7.14    The design of the outfall is such as to minimise thermal impacts at the cooling water
discharge as described in Sections 5.29 - 5.31.
7.15    Screens will be operated at the intake of the CW system in order to prevent intake of
fish and debris. Measures will be put in place in minimise impact on fish. Details
are not yet decided and may include fish buckets to allow fish escape or behavioral
barriers.
Control of Waste Materials
7.16    Disposal of waste materials can lead to soil contamination and ground water
pollution. Many types of hazardous and non-hazardous waste materials will arise at
the proposed plant including waste oils and solvents, chemicals, sludge's, electrical,
mechanical, civil and office waste. These will be segregated into types, monitored
by type, quantities and disposal route and removed off site to a landful site or for
recycling.
EB171.REP                            7-3



CHAPTER 8
CONSULTATION WITH AFFECTED GROUPS
8.1     The groups directly affected by the project are:
a   6 families who live on the project site (Phumy 1).
*   135 other families who own land and other assets on the site (88 for Phumy I,
47 for Phumy II).
*   16 families who live in houses along the proposed route of the transmission
line and who will have to move (Phumy I).
8.2     These people are represented by the Peoples Committee of Phumy who also look
after their interests in relation to compensation and resettlement. The company
responsible for this project, Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) have had discussions
with the Peoples Committee about plans for the project and compensation issues
and the Peoples Committee have informed the families concerned.   A
representative of EVN has also spoken individually to each of the project affected
families.
8.3     As already described in Chapter 4, a survey was carried out of the families affected
by the project by Environmental Protection Centre (EPC), H.C.M City. This
survey established details of the area of land owned by each family, the type and
quantity of crops grown on each property, the annual income as well as the attitude
of the families towards the project and the preferred type of compensation. No
objection was voiced to the project as long as proper compensation was agreed.
8.4     On July 15th Dr. C. McMahon of the Consultancy Company, ESBI, visited the
Phumy area in order to have independent discussions with the affected groups. In
an open discussion with the Peoples Committee the same views as above were
expressed i.e. the project is welcome because of the provision of badly needed jobs
in the community as well as improvements in infrastructure such as roads and
electricity supply. There was an issue about compensation for land, crops and
trees. It was felt that the preliminary amount suggested was not sufficient for
people to purchase equivalent land elsewhere. Apart from this the only issue raised
was that of dust from trucks passing by during construction and a request to hard
surface the road. This is already planned.
8.5     Discussions were also held with several individuals who live or own land on the
site. These all expressed the view that they were happy with the representation of
the Peoples Committee and the way they were kept informed of the project, but
were worried about the amount of compensation being talked about for their land,
crops and other assets. No fim offers had yet been made. Apart from this they
welcomed the project, particularly as regards the likelihood of providing jobs for
their children.
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8.6     It should be noted that a Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP) is being finalised by
EVN and is being done to World Bank (OD 4.30) (Ref. 19) criteria and guidelines.
The criteria for resettlement/compensation is that overall no affected person should
suffer in terms of standard of living and must be given full rights to participate in
the RAP process.
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CHAPTER 9
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING
9.1    For the implementation of the present proposal the establishment of an
environmental unit at Phumy is of most importance. A laboratory is already
planned for the Phumy combined cycle development and the chemist / technician
who would run the water quality analysis programme would be the obvious choice
to run the environment unit. The most important function of this unit would be
monitoring, corntrol and optimisation of the waste water streams and other
emissions. The procedures are standard and a university trained graduate chemist,
for example, would be able to take on this role with little further training.
9.2    As EVN expands its thermal power plant programme the establishment of a central
environmental co-ordinator with the following functions is recommended:
a      Ensuring compliance with standards and laws.
*      Developing environmental policy.
-      Issuing in-house guidelines and standards and procedures.
*      Co-ordinating information and public relations.
*      Carrying out environmental studies.
*      Setting up an enviromnental management plan.
*      Carrying out environmental audits.
9.3    One other important function would be liaison with other environmental groups
such as a Coastal Zone Management Group in order to co-ordinate strategies for the
protection of the coastal environment. Through activities such as this EVN could
positively promote the protection and sustainable development of the sensitive
coastal zone. The impact of power station development on the Thivai river system
will be a minor factor in its effects on this important local resource. The
development of farming and aquaculture, the management of river flow and the
levels of sewage and industrial pollutant are quantities which are less well
documented and are likely to have a far greater impact than the proposed power
plant.
9.4    The interests of all activities utilising the Thivai river system would be best served
in the long term by a co-ordinated management approach. The establishment of an
overall management system may require a co-ordinating authority with the
necessary power to prevent uncontrolled development, monitor environmental
quality and encourage the sustainable development of the delicate estuarine region.
One useful joint activity would be the establishment of a oil spill emergency
response plan for all bodies operating on the estuary.
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9.5     The main training requirements relating to the environmental aspects of the
proposed project are:
For Station  Management, training  in  the  overall environmental
significance of the station activities and the integration of environmental
issues into management systems.
For the manager of the environmental unit at Phumy, training in laboratory
operation and technical monitoring and control of station emissions. A
period of time spent as work experience in an environmentally well run
power plant of similar type would be a good way of achieving this.
For the environmental co-ordinator, when appointed, training will be
required on the environmental aspects mentioned in 8.2 as well as the
overall ecological dynamics of systems such as the Thivai river estuary.
For all station staff, basic training should be provided in the environmental
aspects of their work including storage and handling of bulk chemicals and
fuel oil, handling of station waste and emissions and reporting procedures
for environmental issues.
9.6     Training will be required in safety and emergency procedures in the following areas:
*       Oil spill risk control procedures as outlined in Appendix III.
*       Chemical spill control procedures as outlined in Appendix IV.
*       Emergency response plan for oil spills into the Thivai River involving co-
ordination of several responsible bodies.
*       Fire safety and response plans particularly in relation to gas and oil fires.
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CHAPTER 10
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING RECOMMENDATIONS
10.1   In order for the proper control of the construction and operation phases of the
project, as well as extending base line data the following monitoring programme is
recommended.
Monitoring during Construction
10.2    Dust levels at the site and roads leading to the site should be monitored to ensure
that regulated levels are not exceeded and no nuisance is created. EPC should be
contracted to monitor these and other construction activities.
10.3   EPC should also be contracted to monitor occasionally for noise levels at the nearest
residence and effluent from the sewage treatment plant to ensure these are within
regulations. They should also carry out a visual inspection of the work for Jetty and
C.W. outlet and inlet construction to ensure minimum destruction of mangrove
areas and that plans in this regard are strictly adhered to.
Monitoring during Operation
10.4   The most important monitoring requirement for the proposed development is that of
the various waste water streams described in Section 5. This is one area where the
station has control over its discharges. This monitoring should be the responsibility
of the chemical / environmental manager in charge of the laboratory. A summary of
a typical monitoring programme for power station aqueous effluents is given in
Table 10.1
10.5    The monitoring at the site for particular matter, S02 and NOx has been carried out
by EPC at three locations. It is planned to extend these measurements both in time
and location in order to obtain a better overall picture of ambient air quality so as to
provide a baseline against which to mark any changes.
10.6   For the operation phase a number of air monitoring stations should be set up in
down wind direction(s) at the plant. These should be designed to allow for the
confirmation of the predicted low increases in S02/NOx from the plant; in practice
it is difficult to pick out the contribution from power plants over natural variations.
These monitoring stations could be run by EPC or station personnel.
10.7    Continuous measurements of SO2 or NOx are not absolutely necessary in the stack
exhaust gases as these concentrations are set by design factors and sulphur content
of the fuel. If continuous N02 measurement is not being used then occasional
checks for NO2 levels should be carried out to ensure the correct operation of low
NOx bumers.
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Table 10.1
Typical Monitoring Programme for Aqueous Effluent
Continuous  Daily         Weekly       Monthly       Two-        Infreq/
|______________   ___________   __________                __________    m onthly    baseline
Efuent No. 1Il
Cooling water     Temp          trc          cdty*        (tests on    diss .02     See
discharge                       oiUgr*       pH           CW inlet)                 Note I
S/s
Effluent No. 2
Water treatment   pH                         oil/gr*                                See
plant effluent                               cdty                                   Note 1
pH
Effluent No. 3
Boiler washings                                                                     See
and other                                                                           Note I + 2
occasional
effluents
Efuent No. 4
Station drains                  oil/gr*      cdty         oilVgr                    See
pH                                    Note I
S/s
Effluent No. 5
Sewage effluent                              oil/gr*      BOD                       See
pH                                    Note I
s/s
oil/gr   =    oil or grease           *    visual examination
temp    =    temperature             (I)  Once off - full analysis
cdty     =    conductivity           (2)  Analysis as required for treatment and disposal
s/s      =    suspended solids       (3)  Frequency of analyses suggested above will change
trc      =    total residual chlorine      depending on variability of effluent characteristics
EB171.REP                               10-2



10.8    Noise measurements at the site perimeter should be carried out, ideally by station
personnel, after commissioning of each stage of plant. This will allow the
confirmation of predicted noise levels as well as the calculation of insulation
requirements for future plant. It will also point out, if any anomalies are found, the
need for extra measures such as tree planting or berms (mounds of earth planted
with vegetation).
10.9    Many different types of waste materials will arise from station activities. These
should be monitored by recording the source, type and quantity of each waste
material as well as the destination, means of disposal and name and licence of the
contractor who carries out the disposal. The Services Supervisor or equivalent is
normally given the responsibility for this monitoring.
10.10   It is recommended that after each stage of plant requiring cooling water is
commissioned a thermal plume study be carried out to confirm that the physical
extent of the plume is as predicted. It is also recommended that a study of the
aqueous ecosystem in the vicinity of the plant be carried out and compared to base
line data already available.
Responsibility for Non-Compliance
10.11    During the construction phase all monitoring results, particularly those showing
problems, should be given in a timely manner to the Site Manager who, instructed
by the owner, is responsible for environmental compliance.
10.12    During the operating phase monitoring results of significance should be made
known to the Station Manager who has responsibility for taking action to remedy
environmental problems.  An outside body such as Ministry of Science and
Technology should occasionally audit the plant for environmental compliance.
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APPENDIX I
LIST OF KEY PARTICIPANTS IN THIS ES STUDY
NAMES                                 PROFESSION
1.    Le Trinh                              Eia Expert (Team Leader)
2.    Vuong Quang Viet                      Environmental Chemist
3.    Pham Van Mien                         Aquatic Biologist
4.    Vu Ngoc Long                          Botanist
5.    Phung Chi Sy                          Air Pollution Expert
6.    Nguyen Van Trong                      Fishery Expert
7.    Nguyen Van Khoi                       Fishery Expert
8.    Nguyen Van Nhan                       Oceanographic Expert
9.    Nguyen Thi Lan                        Economist
10.   Nguyen Thanh Tam                      Energy Engineer
11.   Nguyen Nhu Dzung                      Water Pollution Engineer
12.   Nguyen Le Ninh                        Water Chemist
13.   Che Thuy Nga                          Water Chemist
14.   Pham Hong Nhat                        Ecotoxicologist
15.   Nguyen Tac An                         Oceanographic Expert
16.   Le Thi Ngoc                           Bachelor of Law
17.   D. L. Graybill                        Environmental Expert
18.   H. Ogawa                              System Analyst
19.   C. Mcmahon                            Environmental Engineer
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APPENDIXII
REFERENCES
1.      EPA, "Guidelines on Air Quality", US-EPA 450/4-77-001, Volume 10.
2.      Environmental Protection Centre (EPC), (H.C.M. City), Data Collected
July/August 1995.
3.      Environmental Protection Centre (EPC), (H.C.M. City), E.I.A. Phumy I
Thermal Plant, 1995.
4.      Environmental Protection Centre (EPC), (H.C.M. City), "Report on 3 Oil
Slicks caused by Waterborne Transportation in H.C.M. City and Vungau",
1995.
5.      Electricity of Vietnam (EVN), Information Sheets, 1995.
6.      Ferguson  F.J., Johannes R.E., Tropical Marine  Pollution, Elsevier
Oceanography Series, 12, 1975.
7.      Hanoi Environmental Committee, "Allowable Noise Levels at Populated
Areas, 5083, QDIUB, 1990.
8.      Langford T.L., Ecological effects of Thermal Discharges, Elsevier, 1990.
9.      Langford T.L., Electricity Generation and the Ecology of Natural Waters,
Liverpool University Press, 1983.
10.     Lundin C and Linden 0,- "Coastal Ecosystems;  Attempts to manage a
threatened Resource"; Ambio Volume 22, No. 7, November 1993.
11.     Ministry of Science and Technology (MOSTE) Hanoi, "Maximum Permissible
Limits of Waste Water Constituents Discharging into Water Sources", 1993.
12.     Ministry of Science and Technology (MOSTE) Hanoi, "Ambient Air Quality
Standards", 1993.
13.     Newjec, Study Report of Thermal Diffusion in the Thi Vai River - PIDC2,
1995.
14.     Power Investigation and Design Co. No. 2 (PIDC2), Feasibility Study of
Phumy Combined Cycle Plant, 1995.
15.     Primavera, J, "Intensive Prawn Farming in the Philippines;  Ecological
Social and Economic Implications", Ambio Volume 20, No. 1, February
1991.
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16      Roesster M.A., Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 2, (6), Environmental
Changes Associated with a Florida Power Plant".
17.     Viet Nam State Committee for Sciences and Technology, "National Plan for
Environment and Sustainable Development", 1991.
18.     World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.01.
19.     World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.30.
20.     World Bank, Environmental Guidelines, 1988.
21.     World Bank Report. 10842-VN; Vietnam; Energy Sector Investment and
Policy Review.
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APPENDIX HI
SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK AND VIETNAMESE
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS AND STANDARDS
Water
World Bank: (IBRD) (Ref. 16)
The management of liquid effluents shall ensure that all aqueous effluents discharged will not
result in any risk of toxic contamination of any water resources. All releases shall be
managed in a comprehensive programme to acceptable standards, this shall include;
a       sampling and analysis of effluents
*       flow measurements of all waste streams
*       all effluent streams shall be to acceptable quality standards
*       discharges required to be treated to appropriate standards.
Spillage Containment
It is requirement of the World Bank that due consideration be given to the prevention and
containment of any accidental spillages of all deleterious materials which are likely to impact
on aquatic life forms in the event of them finding their way into watercourses.
Vietnam:
The discharge of aqueous effluents from power plant must comply with Vietnamese
Environmental criteria 6 entitled "Maximum Limit for Wastewater Constituents Discharged
to Water Sources" whose 21 characteristics and paramneters are detailed in Table III.1.
Different limits apply depending on the quality and use of the receiving waters. (Ref. 7).
Class 1 receiving waters includes those which are sources for water supply systems, amenity
for tourism or fishing resource. All effluent discharge points should be located at least 500m
from the protected area. Class 2 receiving waters are not used for any of the above.
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Table I1I.1
Criteria 6 Wastewater Discharge Parameters
Wastewater                   Discharge Limits
Parameter
Class 1           Class 2
pH                             5 - 8             4 - 9
Suspended Solids                50                100
Colour                         200                500
BOD                             80                100
COD                            160                200
Oil & Grease                    1                 10
Phenol                          1                  5
Cyanide                        0.2                 1
Chromium                       0.5                 2
Zinc                             1                 5
Copper                         0.5                 3
Cadmium                        0.02               0.1
Mercury                        0.01              0.05
Arsenic                        0.1                0.5
Lead                            0.2                1
Manganese                       2                 10
Sulfide                        0.5                 1
Chloride                       500               1000
Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons                   0.01              0.02
Total Pesticides              0.005              0.01
Total Coliforms                5000              10000
All values in mg/l with the exception of pH and Total Coliforms.
Total Coliforms expressed as number/lO0Oml.
Air
World Bank:
(1)    Dust/Suspended Particulates:
It is likely that any dust emissions will arise during the construction phase and not
during subsequent plant operation. The impact of dust on human health and the
enviromnent depends on the particle size distribution, rate of deposition, and on the
chemical and physical nature of the particulates. A guideline has been issued and
limits contained therein should not be exceeded.
EBl71S.EP                          IZI-2



Dust Guideline Values                                  Limit
Stack Emissions: areas affected by                      100 mg/m3
high dust levels)
Ambient Air Quality:
Annual Geometric Mean                                   100 gIg/m3
24 hour Maximum Concentration                           100 jig/M3
Vegetation affected by dust deposits in areas meeting the above ambient air quality limits will
require that the limits be revised downwards.
(2)    Sulphur Dioxide: World Bank guidelines on the control of S02 are achieved
through two steps;
*      Ambient Air Standards: set air quality limits which must not be exceeded
within an industrial area or community.
Emission Levels: these specify permitted limits for the control of S02
emitted from a pollution source, depending on air quality within its
immediate area.
All World Bank projects are required to meet the SO2 ambient air quality standards
detailed in Table III.2
Table I112
World Bank Ambient S02 Air Quality Limits
Annual
Location            Arithmetic     Max 24-hr
Mean            Peak
Inside Plant Site           100             1000
Outside Plant Site          100             500
(all values in micrograms/cu.m)
World Bank procedure on the control of S02 emissions is based on 2 criteria. Each
criteria specifies an upper concentration limit for S02 which must not be exceeded.
Where the actual concentrations resulting from the development exceeds either of
these limits the largest excess will determine a sulphur removal requirement (SRR).
The criteria are based on different inputs and may both yield different SRR values.
The largest of the SRR is the one which must be applied.
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Areas are classed as unpolluted to highly polluted depending on the measured
ambient conditions. For each of these classes a limit is imposed under Criteria I and
II. The definitions of each criteria are as follows:-
Criteria I:   defines the maximum permitted uncontrolled SO2 emission and is
dependent on the fuel sulphur content.
Criteria II:   this fixes the permitted increase in ambient ground level SO2
concentrations. A dispersion model will be required to determine
these values.
Table III.3 details the ambient air quality limits for each of the four area
classifications. Alongside are the respective limits which must be complied with as
required by Criteria I and II. These limits define the sulphur removal rates when
exceeded.
Table IIL3
S02 Emission Controls
Ambient Air Quality      Annual   Max. 24-hr
Average     Interval    Criteria I   Criteria II
Unpolluted Area              <50          <200         500          50
Low Pollution                 50          200          500         50
High Pollution                100         400          100          10
Highly Polluted              >100         >400         100          10
(all values in micrograms/cu.m)
Emissions of SO2 from the natural gas fired combined cycle plant at Phumy will not
result in any significant increase in ambient S02 concentrations in the vicinity of the
plant. This is by the nature of the fuel itself which has an extremely low sulphur
content. For this reason there will not be a requirement to control SO2 emissions.
(3)    Nitrogen Oxides: Standards for the control of NOx emissions are similar to those
that exist for SO2, in so far as both standards for ambient air quality and emission
levels are specified. All Word Bank projects must meet an ambient air quality of
lOOp.g/m3 as an annual arithmetic mean. Guidance values for emission levels
include 85ng/J of heat input for steam generators fired on gaseous fossil fuels. This
is equivalent to about 143 ppm of NO2 depending on conditions. For liquid fuels
the equivalent value is 130 ng/J of heat or 217 ppm.
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Vietnam:
(1)    Dust/Suspended Particulates:  Indirect control by Vietnamese Environmental
Criteria 18 entitled "Sanitary Protective Distance Requirement for Thermoelectric
Power Plants and Boilers", sets out the distance to be maintained between dwellings
and power stations.  Distances are calculated on the basis of hourly fuel
consumption and fuel percentage ash content.  Plants burning gas have a
predetermined distance of 16m irrespective of size. Oil fired plants must respect
limits applicable to fuels of less than 10% ash according to Table III.4
Table 1I.4
Sanitary Protective Distances (m)
Fuel Ash              Levels of maximumfuel combustion, tonne/hour
%           <3          3-5          5-10        10-15        15-20
<10          25           30           40           50           60
10- 15        35           40           50           60           80
There is no national requirement to control the quality of emissions or the level of
efficiency of installed pollution abatement equipment.  However the nearby
province of Dongnai has a local limit of 250 mg/NM3 for new sources.
(2)    Sulphur Dioxide: No national standard exists to control the emissions of SO2 from
industrial stacks.  However a control does exist to minimise ground level
concentrations. Vietnamese Environmental Criteria 16 entitled" Requirement of
the Chimney Height for Places of Fuel Combustion" details necessary chimney
heights for installations on the basis of their fuel sulphur content and rate of
consumption. Values listed in Table III.5 are for plant operating without flue gas
desulphurisation.  Different values apply to installations operating flue gas
desulphurisation plant (FGD).
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Table III5
Required Chimney Heights When Burning Sulphur Rich Fuels
Fuel
Consumption                   Required Chimney Height
tonne/hour            Sulphur       Sulphur       Sulphur
5%           3%            1%
0.5                   45            35            20
0.5 -1.0                63            50            30
1.0- 1.5               77            60            35
1.5 - 2.0              90             70           40
2.0 - 5.0              140           110            63
5.0- 10.0               200           154           90
10.0- 15.0              244           190           110
15.0 - 20.0             280           220           125
(3)    Oxides of Nitrogen: There are no national standards for control of emissions of
NOx from industrial stacks.
(4)    Ambient Air Quality:    Vietnamese Environmental Criteria for Maximum
Permissible Concentration for Toxic Chemicals in Ambient Air are contained in
Table III.6.
Table HLI6
Ambient Air Quality Standards (mg/Nm3)
Administrative Unit        10        30         1        1         1
Promulgating Ambient        min       min      hour       day      year
Standards                                        _
MOSTE
S02                                             0.3                0.08
NOx                                             0.3                0.08
Particulates                                    0.5       0.2      0.06
Baria Vungtau Province
S02                                             0.3                0.08
NOx                                             0.3                0.08
Particulates                                    0.5       0.2      0.06
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World Bank:
The environmental impact of noise can adversely affect the quality of life of people living
close to a source of obtrusive sound. This is of particular concern during the night-time hours
when noise levels may interrupt the sleeping patterns of the local population. In evaluating
the possible impact a project may have in terms of noise, it is necessary to quantify any
increases in noise levels during the construction and operational phases of the project.
In the World Bank guideline on noise pollution figures are quoted from the US EPA on levels
to ensure adequate protection of public health and welfare (Table III.7). Noise pollution
values for the area classification "Residential with Outside Space and Farm Residences" shall
not exceed 55 dBA as a day/night average. The night time levels have a I OdBA weighting.
Table III. 7
EPA Permitted Sound Pressure Levels (dBA)
Area Class             Indoor            Outdoor
Residential                   45                55
Industrial                    70                70
Farmland                                        70
Residential limits are average day/night values (Ldn) others are
24 hour equivalents (Leq)
Vietnam:
Vietnarnese Environmental Criteria 13 entitled "Allowable Noise Levels in Populated Areas"
gives noise limits which must be observed. Relevant values are contained in Table III.8.
Table III.8
Vietnamese Sound Pressure Limits (dBA)
Time               Permitted Sound Pressure Levels
(24 hour)           Public Areas        Indoor Areas
7 - 23                 60                   40
23 - 7                 55                   30
All values in dBA
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Extensions to these values may be permitted where the duration is controlled. A maximum
additional 15 dBA is allowed where the noise duration does not exceed 6% of (time interval).
Secondara Environmental Effects
World Bank:
The influx of population to a previously rural area can cause a severe deterioration in the
environment due to an insufficient sanitary infrastructure. This is of particular importance in
relation to sewage collection and disposal. In such instances it is important to estimate the
total influx of population.
I
ER) 71.REP                          111-8