SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT /73910 COORDINATION CONFERENCE TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT (TAU) ENERGY SECTOR JOINT UNDPIWORLD BANK ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (ESMAP) REGIONAL CAPA CITY-B UILDING PROGRAM FOR ENERGY SURVEYS AND POLICY ANALYSIS PART II TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT November 1991 SADCC ENERGY SECTOR REGIONAL CAPACITY-BUILDING PROGRAM FOR ENERGY SURVEYS AND POLICY ANALYSIS Reusu of Trning Progm Desip WorkrhoA Anuha, Tannua, April 21-25, 1991 in collaboration with ESMAP Operations Division Southern African Development and Industry and Energy Department Coordination Conference The World Bank Sector Technical and Administrative Unit Washington, D.C. Luanda, Angola U.S.A November 1991 This paper may not be published or quoted as representing the views of the World Bank Group, nor does the Bank Group accept responsibility for its accuracy and completeness. TABIL OF CONTENTS Part II: Technical Supplement Eag I. Report on the SADCC Reglonal Training Program Design Workshop, held In Arusha, Tanzan, April 21-25, 1991 ....................... 1 List of Workshop Participants ............ ..................... 6 Opening Remarks by Head, Energy Planning/Economics Department, SADCC Energy Sector, Technical and Administrative Unit . ........................................ 8 Opening Address by the Minister for Water Energy and Minerals, Tanzania .......... ..................... 10 Closing Speech by the Principal Secretary, Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals, Tanzania ..... ........... 12 Agenda of the Workshop .............. ..................... 14 Workshop Evaluation Form ............ ..................... 19 EI: The Desig of In-Service Professional Training Activities ..... ...... 24 Project Badkgound ......................................... 24 Principls for Program Design .......... ..................... 25 Design of the Regional Training Program ....... ............... 27 mI. Detailed Description of Subject Modules md Course Content .... ... 36 Senior Policy Seminar on Energy Strategy Isues for Household and Small-Enterprise Sectors ..... ........... 36 Module 1: Managing and Planning National Energ Projects .... ... 38 Module 2: Survey and Policy Analysis Applications ..... ......... 42 Module 3: Training of Trainers ........ .................... 55 L REPORT ON THE SADCC REGIONAL TRAINIG PROGRAM DESIGN WORKSIOP HELD IN ARUSHA, TANZNIA, APRIL 21 TO 25, 1991 1.1 The IiaDoing1wga D eWaMnrkibg; on Energ Surve Appatiom w hed in Arusha, Tanzania during April 21-25, 1991. It wa jointly ranized by SADCC-TAU ad ESMAP Ihis appendix gie a bried summary of the Workshop proceedmn which have bee used to develop the training program desp presented in the main body of this report 1.2 The main purpose of the Workshop was to undertake a compreheive diagnods of traig needs and priorities based on expeienceswith enerU suvey and analys n the SADCC regn. The Workshop utilized the perin , apertise and perpctie of invited professionals to review key isues and competency requirements for the effective application of methods ad techniques for energy survey and data analyes including the operational and institutionalization aspects of enery surve work 13 Ihe objectives of the workshop were as follows: (a) to identify constraints and peformance gaps in the planning, design, nnt, and implementation of household ener survme in srategy work; (b) to isolate specific constraints which can be alleviated by in-servie train (c) to develop a consensus about training needs and priorities for the ubregion whic need to be reflected in the proposed energy training program; (d) to identify the major impediments to effective training trafer of sIls/knowep to on-the-job situations; and (e) to oudine the main elements of a regional training program. 1A An Action Planbg Appvach wused for the Workshap, emphasizing the active involvement of all participants and resource perona The Workshop invited dialoe betwee usr and producen of energy istics/information. Participnts from the SADCC region er involved in working level exercises with Resource Perons from ESMAP, SADCC TAU, ESAM nd Statistic Sweden. Conduct of the Workah 13 An Eneru Specialit from ESMAP, a National Statisi Planning Consnt fm Statistics Sweden, and a Woodfuel Expert from SADCC TAU servd a the ro prons to the Workhop. A Senior t Conultant om ESAMI pided the workhop d a Facihtor. Also present at the workshp wro oberv from the United Naton AMl Houehold Survey Capacity Progrmme (AHSCP), the Minity of Enery, Watr ad Mina -2- (Tanzania), the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources (Zimbabwe), and the Stockholm Environmental Institute. A complete list of participants, resource persons and observers is contained in Section 1. 1.6 Opening remarks were given by a representative of the SADCC TAU and appear in Section 2. The Workshop was officially opened by the Honorable Lt. CoL J. Kikwete, Minister for Energy, Water and Minerals in the United Republic of Tanzania. A text of the Minister's opening speech is included as Section 3. Mr. M. J. Mwandoysa, Principal Secretary in the Tanzania Ministry of Energy, Water and Minerals closed the Workshop. Mr. Mwandoysa's speech is included as Section 4. 1.7 In his opening statement, the Honorable J. M. Kikwete noted that energy use in the residential sector is a crucial issue in most SADCC member countries, representing over 80% of total final energy demand. It warrants, therefore, a very special priority in the overall energy development efforts for the SADCC member states. The Minister expressed the view that the establishment of a capacity-building program in survey applications for the region would be an important breakthrough towards arriving at robust and sustainable national capabilities for energy strategy work. 1.8 Mr. Mwandosya noted in his closing remarks that the need for a capacity-building initiative arises from the lack of local expertise for the generation of reliable information and suitable analytical mechanisms for effectively informing planners and policymakers in the household sector. Mr. Mwandosya further noted that many of the techniques and methodologies discussed during the workshop deliberations would be useful in other energy subsectors as weL Agenda of the Workshop 1.9 The agenda for the Workshop was divided into three thematic modules, around which the Workshop was organized (see Section 5). Each day of the Workshop had its own specific theme. Each theme was examined in three stages. First, a 15 minute orientation was delivered by one of the resource persons. This was followed by discussions in groups of seven participants lasting about one hour. In the third stage, each working group presented, in the plenary session, the results of their deliberations, which was immediately followed by general discussion. The facilitator then gave a synthesis of the main issues raised in the group and plenary discussions. To facilitate group discussion, several pertinent exercises were given to the participants. 1.10 The first day's theme was 'Energy Strategies and Information Needs. This theme focused on the information requirements for energy strategy work. For background, a SADCC representative gave an overview of the SADCC Five Year Woodfuel Implementation Strategy. This was followed by a brief discussion of national experiences on energy survey work. One of the resource persons then gave a short presentation on "Data and Information Needs for Woodfuel Implementation Strategy". - 3 - 1.11 The theme of the second day was "Means of and Problems in Obtaining Energy Related Information." The second theme centered on the methods, practices and problems in generating, analyzing and utilizing energy information. Presentations on "Problems and Constraints in Obtaining and Using Energy Data," and "Data Analysis for Generating Meaningful Information Useful for Energy Strategy Formulation" were made. 1.12 On the third day, the theme was "Training Needs Assessment". Most of the day's discussion was on the identification of problems and constraints that can be addressed through training, the skills which should be imparted in training, and the appropriate target groups. A short presentation by the facilitator was made on the topic "Design of a Training Program." 1.13 The theme for the fourth day was "SADCC Regional Training Program and Proposed Plan of Action." Participants identified target groups and methodology for each of the training activities proposed, impediments to training transfer, institutional arrangements for effective energy survey work, and reviewed alternative training methodologies. The Workshop concluded with participant evaluations. A detailed program of Workshop activities is presented in Section 5. Results of the Workshop 1.14 Professionals from the SADCC member countries actively participated in plenary and small-group discussions to develop a consensus on training needs and priorities. Participants at the Workshop endorsed the concept of a regional capacity-building program on energy survey applications that would directly support strategy development. 1.15 There were five main outputs produced at the Workshop: a) a summary of primary information needs in energy strategy work; b) identification of the means of obtaining and sources of the needed data; c) identification of the problems encountered in planning, designing, and implementing national household energy surveys; d) a summary of impediments to training transfer and suggested ways of overcoming them; and e) an outline of the proposed training program on energy survey and policy analysis applications. 1.16 Participants observed that the information requirements for energy strategy work depended on the specific strategic decision or policy in question. Nevertheless, they classified information requirements under various categories, including: price, resource assessment, fuel -4- production and consumption, market distribution structures, institutional organization and policy, and the availability of alternative sources of energy. The list of information requirements developed by the participants was not exhaustive, but useful in illustrating certain points during the Workshop deliberations. 1.17 On the issues related to methods of obtaining and sources of relevant data, two supplementary approaches were discussed. These were: (i) secondary sources containing information in published form or on various computer data bases, and (ii) primary sources, including sample surveys, such as baseline energy surveys, large-scale integrated surveys with components on household energy sector, and monitoring and targeting surveys. 1.18 There was general agreement that effective survey work required: (i) a good sampling frame; (ii) sample design capability; (iii) questionnaire design capability; (iv) proper field organization; (v) data processing capacity; (vi) adequate analysis and timely dissemination of information; and (vii) a good understanding of project management. 1.19 Analytical techniques vary depending on the specific task, strategic decision or policy to be made. However, participants agreed that some of the most often used techniques include tabulations, exploratory analysis, energy balance analysis, fuel demand analysis, price analysis, market distribution analysis, fuel demand projections and forecasting, impact evaluation, and multi- sector analysis. 120 Primary impediments to training transfer in the SADCC region were identified as: (i) funding; (ii) misallocation of staff; (iii) staff turnover; (iv) abrupt changes of policies and practices; (v( logistics; (vi) poor working environment; (vii) minimal critical mass to promote change is often not present; and (viii) previous training experiences may not have been based on real needs. Workshop evaluation 1.21 At the end of the Workshop, participants had an opportunity to assess the effectiveness of different aspects of the Workshop. The main conclusions from the evaluation were that: (a) the themes of the Workshop were relevant and related to the objectives as expressed in the Workshop brief; (b) the Workshop brought into sharp focus the need for a regional energy training program in survey applications and analysis; and (c) the action planning approach used at the Workshop was very effective. 1.22 The evaluation instrument used is presented as Section 6. A sample of Workshop evaluation questionnaire responses is given in Box A.1. -5- BOX A.1: Sample of Workshop Evaluation Questionnaire Responses Q1. How well were the Workshop objectives articulated at the beginning ? very well 40% Well 60% Not well 0% Q2. Were all Workshop objectives achieved ? Yes 80% No 2D% Q3. How relevant was the Workshop themes to household energy strategy work ? Very relevant 40% Relevant 53% Somewhat relevant 7% Not relevant 0% Q12. Assessment of effectiveness of the 'action planning approach used hI the Workshop ? Very effective 27% Effectve 67% Somewhat effectve 6% Not effective 0% Q16. What was the overall rating of the Workshop ? Outstanding 6% Very good 47% Good 47% Fair 0% Poor 0% -6- SECTION 1: Ugr OF WORKSHOP PAITCIPANTS SADCC REGIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM DESIGN WORKSHOP ARUSHA, TANZANIA, APRIL 21-25, 1991 The Workshop was attended by 14 professionals representing the SADCC countries, 3 SADCC TAU officals, 4 Observers and 3 Wodd Bank staff and Consultants. SADCC country delegates included a mix of Energy Planners and Statisticians representing ceg departments, energy planning offices, and central statistical organizations. COUNTRY DELEGATES Mr. Joao S. Agostinho, Agronomist Ms. Luzia Conceicao, Economist Dept. of New & Renewable Sources of Energy Dept. of New & Renewable Sources of Energy Ministry of Energy and Petroleum Ministry of Energy & Petroleum Angola Angola Mr. Motlamedi M. Shatera, Statistician Mrs Majoel M. Molapo, Statistician Ministry of Mineral Resources & Water Affairs Energy Dept., Statistics Section, Botswana Ministry of Water, Energy & Mining Lesodho Ms Motselisi S. Lebesa, Economic Planner Mr. Arnold M. Juma, Senior Energy Economist Energy Dept., Ministry of Water, Energy & Mining Department of Economic Planning & Development LesOho Malawi Mr. Osvaldo Sousa, Forest Officer Ms. Precious Myeni, Senior Assistant Planning Officer Direccao Nacional De Florestas F. Tauna Bravia Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy (General Directorate of Forestry) Swaziland Mozmubique Mr. Natanael K Mwingira, Statistician Mr. Bashiri J. Mdndoko, Senior Executive Engineer Central Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals Tanzania Tanzania Mr. Silvester H. Hibajene, Chief Engineer Mrs. Peggie L Chiwele, Senior Energy Planner Dept of Energy, Ministry of Power, Dept. of Energy, Ministry of Power, Transport and Transport and Communiations Conmunications Zambia Zambia Mr. Washington Mapeta, Senior Statistician Mr. Kenneth Mukozho, Senior Administrative Officer Central Statistical Office DOERD, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources Zinbabwe and Development Zimbabwe OBSERVERS Mr. Robert J Pember, ILO/ECA Regional Advisor Mr. Wilfred D. Kipondya, Assistant Executive Engineer African Household Survey Capability Program Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals Economic Commission for Africa Tanzania Ethiopia Ms. Jill A. Boberg, Research Associate Mr. Johanres T. Chipwada, Senior Research Officer Stockhm Environmental Institute Ministry of Energy and Water Resources and Dcelopment Sweden Zimbabwe SECTION 1: UST OF WORKSHOP PAr CIPANTS (Continued SADCC ENERGY SECTOR TAU Mr. Antonio J. Pinto, Economist, Economics Department, SADCC Energy Sector TAU An]a Mr. Bariki KY Kaale, Biomass Fuels Adviser SADCC Energy Sector TAU AqDl Mrs. Sandra Dos Santos, Woodfuel Specialist SADCC Energ Sector TAU Agola WORLD BANK ESMbW Mr. Jeffery Dowd, Energy Specialist Industry and Energy Department, World Bank USA. CONSULTANTS Dr. Ven Mvano, Senior Management Consultant Eastern & Southern African Management Institute Tanzania Dr. Jan Eklof, National Statistics Planning Consultant Statistics Sweden Sweden -8- SECTION 2: Opening Remarks by Antonio M.M. Pinto Head of Energy Planning/Economics Department of SADCC Energy Sector Technical and Administrative Unit Honorable Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete Member of Parliament and Minister of Water, Energy and Minerals Distinguished Guests Ladies and Gentlemen On behalf of the regional coordinator of the SADCC energy sector, technical and administrative unit and the distinguished member states representatives, I should first and foremost like to express our sincere thans to the United Republic of Tanzania for accepting to host this SADCC Workshop and made the necessary provisions for all of us feel comfortable during the days we will stay here. Secondly, I should like to express my sincere thanks to the Honorable Minister of Water, Energy and Minerals fiom the United Republic of Tanzania for gracing the opening of this workshop. We know that you have left other very important tasks to be here with us and for that we are deeply grateful to you. I should also like to express our deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the World Bank-ESMAP which has, by its generous financial contribution, made the holding of this seminar possible. I take this opportunity to indicate our satisfaction at the fruitful cooperation between our organization (SADCC) and the World Bankl, cooperation which has made possible the preparation and organization of this workshop. I should also like to thank the representatives of member states, invitees for having favorably answered our invitation. Fmally, it is a great honor to me to welcome each of you to this workshop on "household energy survey applications". Excellency Ladies and gentlemen The major objective of the SADCC energy sector is to assist member states to ensure sustainable energy supply. To attain this the SADCC energy sector has initiated various strategies for the different sources of energy, one of them, being the "woodfuel five-year strategy for 1988-1992'. -9- The strategy is composed of three broad programmes, namely, institutional strengthening, demand management and increasing of the woodfuel supply potential. The demand management covers the household energy consumption surveys, inter fuel substitution and improvement of the end-use efficiency. This workshop is part of the ongoing efforts to implement the strategy. Its main objective is to increase capability of the SADCC member states experts to conduct effectively household energy consumption surveys by sharing existing experiences and explore possibilities for inter-fuel substitution. After giving this brief background now it is with great pleasure that I invite the honorable Minister to address us and officialy open the workshop. Thank you. - 10- SECTION 3: Opening address by the Minister for Water, Energy and Minerals Hon. UA Col. Jakaya Mrisho Klikwete at the SADCC Regional Workshop on Household Energy Survey Applications Arusha, Tanzania - 22nd April 1991 Mr. Chairman, distinguished participants, ladies and gentlemen, it is a pleasure and indeed a privilege for me to be availed this opportunity to address you at this workshop, the subject of which is household energy survey applications. May I take this opportunity to further extend to you a very warm welcome to Tanzania and to Arusha in particular. I hope you will enjoy the modest facilities that Arusha can offer. Mr. Chairman, to have the workshop held in Tanzania is in itself an honor to the people of the United Republic of Tanzania and their government. On behalf of the people of Tanzania, their government and on my own behalf, I thank the organizers of this workshop for choosing Arusha as the venue. May I also thank you, the participants to this workshop, for agreeing to convene in Arusha. Mr. Chairman this is a training programme design workshop on household energy survey applications. This is the kind of workshop which all of us the region need seriously. Mr. Chairman, any subject on household energy is indeed a crucial issue in most of the SADCC member states of which Tanzania is one. Household energy dominates the total final energy use to over 80 per cent in most of our countries. The household sector in Tanzania, for example, consumes over 90 per cent of total final energy demand. Thus, therefore, in the SADCC member states household energy demand and management should take a very special priority in the overaU energy development efforts. Mr. Chairman, most of the SADCC member states depend on woodfuels as their main source of energy for households. However, this resource is no longer easily accessible in sufficient quantities by the majority of our people. As a result, household energy costs take larger shares of the incomes of our people in the SADCC region. On the other hand long distances that women have to walk in search of firewood is not only exerting a heavy burden on them but also deprives them of their invaluable time to do productive economic activities and their precious time to look after the children and attend to family matters. Increasingly, large loads of woodfuels especially charcoal are being transported from the rural areas to urban centres causing immense deforestation and environmental degradation. Paradoxically, in a way our national economies indirectly subsidize the consumption of woodfuel since insignificant revenues are being collected in the form of taxes from the sales of woodfuels in urban areas. Mr. Chairman, this workshop is an important one as it has brought together experts and professionals to review key issues and competency requirements for effective applications of methods for household energy survey applications and data analyses. I am informed that this workshop will provide a forum for planners, statiscians and energy researchers in the SADCC region to develop case studies based on the outcome of this workshop. The agenda for the programme shows a number of topics that will be reviewed during the workshop such as information needs for energy strategy formulation; methodology and techniques for generating the needed data, - 11 - and practical mechanism for maintaining effective and sustainable information system essential for strategy development and implementation. May I suggest that your deliberations should be directed at possibilities of coming out with a tentative agreement on a draft outline for subsequent training programme for household energy planners in the SADCC region. In conclusion it is important that the action plan you will be preparing should contain a comprehensive programme for its implementation. However, without both reliable data and analytical mechanism of prioritization of information needs, primary data collection and processing, the implementation of such a plan will be difficult. Building local capacity in SADCC member states to design and execute household energy surveys based on reliable data will be a breakthrough. I trust that this workshop will take sometime to deliberate and propose workable and practical training programmes on household energy surveys applications. Indeed, I want to assure you, dear participants that, Tanzania will give high priority to your recommendations and proposals aimed at developing this important energy sub-sector. Mr. Chairman, last but not least, I would like on behalf of the government and peoples of the United Republic of Tanzania, to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to the ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme), the SADCC Energy Sector Technical and Administrative unit (TAU) and all those who made the organization of this workshop possible. I hope all of them will continue to support the SADCC region in her endeavors. Mr. Chairman, may I conclude by once again welcoming you all to Tanzania. Please feel free to see as much of the country as possible during your stay. With these brief remarks, it gives me great pleasure to declare the SADCC regional workshop on household energy survey applications open. I wish all of you a good stay and successfdul deliberations in your workshop. Thank you for your kind attention. - 12 - SECTION 4: Closing Speech by Prof. M. J. Mwandosya, Principal Secretary, Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals SADCC Regional Workshop on Household Energy Survey Applications April 22 - 25, 1991 Arusha, Tanzania Mr. Chairman, distinguished participants, ladies and gentlemen. In addressing this final session of the SADCC Regional Workshop on Household Energy Survey Applications. I would like to take the opportunity to reflect on the background, objectives and significance of the workshop. We are all at this point aware of the seriousness of the dual energy crisis facing most of the SADCC countries and the third world at large. High international oil prices and the uncontrolled exploitation of natural woodlands constitute major challenges to our development efforts. Much of the social and economic hardship faced by a large segment of the region's population can partly be attributed to the declining availability and increasing cost of households energy -- which in many instances is provided by woodfuel. Because woodfuel is the primary source of energy for the majority of the population of SADCC countries, it is evident that much can be gained -- from a social, economic and environmental point of view -- by better planning of the supply and use of energy in households. Planning, however, requires information. And since planing is a continuous process, it requires periodic feedback of information. This workshop has addressed the collection, analysis and utilization of information relating to household energy use for the purpose of first understanding the factors that determine this use and their interrelationships, and secondly planning energy supplies. The workshop has discussed information needs for energy strategy formulation and the methodology and techniques for generating the required data. At another level the workshop has had the objective of laying the groundwork for the preparation of a training programme which will develop the skills that are needed to effectively collect, analyze and use household energy information among SADCC nationals. The need for such a training programme arises from the fact that the institutions concerned with the collection and management of energy related-data in developing countries have not adequately reflected household energy supply and demand characteristics in their design of information-gathering instruments. More carefully despged instruments will make planners and policy makers better able to identify the important issues pertaining to household energy and quantify the potential impact of alternative policy options. Without comprehensive knowledge of how households acquire and use energy, attempts to develop policies, programmes and projects which seek to improve the supply of energy to households and at the same time protec the environment can have little success. But this can be said for any policy, program or project regarding any sector. Without knowledge, without information, the chances of success in any development endeavour are, at - 13 - best, slim. This workshop, therefore, has wider significance than its title would suggest. By addressing the need to acquire household energy information in a more scientific and efficient manner, it in fact addresses the more universal question of obtaining and using information to bring about more rapid development. Many of the techniques, methodologies and considerations discussed during the workshop will be useful in other energy sub- sectors as well as in non-energy sectors. Due to lack of local expertise for household energy analysis, most of our governments have had to rely heavily on expatriate advisors and consultants. There is now a consensus in the region that donor agencies should place greater emphasis on technical assistance programmes which aim explicitly to build in-house capacity for government agencies to perform effectively, and that training of local professionals is a vital component of the execution of household energy surveys. While the role of governments in the whole question of household energy must be central, the non-government sector also has a significant role to play in assisting governments and supplementing their efforts. Governments should therefore be receptive to recommendations from all quarters that are aimed at helping to improve the welfare and living standards of the people in the region. I wish to thank the organizers of this workshop, the SADCC Energy Sector, Technical and Administrative Unit (TAU), the Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) of the World Bankl, and all those who have contrbuted to the success of the workshop. I hope that the views and experiences exchanged will guide and assist in the building of the local capability that is necessary for the more effective design and execution of the household energy surveys. In conclusion, I wish you all safe and pleasant journeys to your respective countries, and hope that you have enjoyed your stay in Tanzania. With these few remarks I hereby declare the workshop on 'Household Energy Survey Applications' closed Thank you for your attention. - 14 - SECTION 5: AGENDA TO THE WORKSHOP SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATION CONFERENCE ENERGY SECTOR TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT (SADCC-TAU) in collaboration with the WORLD BANK/UNDP/Bilateral Aid ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (ESMAP) TRAINING PROJECT ON ENERGY SURVEYAPPLICATIONS ANNOUCMN To achieve the capacity building objectives of the SADCC Energy Sector's Frve Year implementation Strate for Woodfuels Demand Management, ESMAP is provding the SADCC-TAU with support to desgn and execute the proposed training program on household energy survey applications. Accordingly, the SADCC-TAU is pleased to announce that a PrWam Dsgn Yqk&hb for the proposed training project will be held at Arusha, Tanzanw, from April 21 to 25, 1991. WORKSHOP OBJECTIV The Workshop represents the design phase of the ESMAP assistance for the implementation of SADCC Energy Sector Project Nos. 5.0.12 and 513 (Household Energy Surveys and Interfuel Substitution respectively). The objective of the program is to build local capacity in member countries to design and execute household energy surveys. The specific objectives are: (a) to identify constraints and performance gaps in the planning, design, management and ifplementation of household energy surveys in strategy work; (b) to isolate specific constraints which can be alleviated by in-service training; (c) to develop a consensus about training needs and priorities for the sub-region which need to be reflected in the proposed energy training program; and (d) to identify the major impediments to effective training transfer of skiUs/knowledge to on-tew- job situations. - 15 - WORKSHOP DESIGN An Action Planning Approach will be used for the Workshop, emphasizing the active involvement of all participants and resource persons. To maximize the active contribution of aU participants, a Facilitator from ESAMI will guide the deliberations at the Workshop. Participants from the SADCC region will be involved in working level exercises with specialists of ESMAP, ESAMI and Statistics Sweden. ESMAP will provide background materials for the workshop, includiog a preliminary outline of the training program. WYORKSHIOP VENUJE The Workshop wil take place at the Arusha International Conference Center, Arusha, Tanzania. Participants will be accommodated at the Novotel Mount Meru HoteL AGENDA TO THE WORKSHOP The agenda for the program design workshop on household energy survey applications is divided into four modules. Module one covers energy strategy and infomauon needs. Module two focuses on the technique for generatigand utilizngthe needed data. Module three relates to the trainingneeds assessment with emphasis on mechanisms for maintaing an effective and sustainable information system for energy strategy development and implementation. Fmally, Module four focuses on the draft SADCC Regional Training Progrwn and proposed plan of action (see attached agenda to the Workshop, Box 1.1). CONTACr -ADDRESS Mr. Nazare Salvador Head of the NSRE/Woodfuels Department Technical and Administrative Unit SADCC Energy Sector Rua Gil Vicente No. 2 Box 2876, Luanda, Angola Telephone: 244 2 345288/345147 Telex: 4090 TAUANG AN Telefax: 244 2 343003 or Mr. Jeffery Dowd ESMAP Project Manager Industry and Energy Department World Bank Washington, DC 20433, USA Telephone: (202) 473-1555 Telex: RCA 248423 Telefax: (202) 473-0542 - 16 - i. 5 "~~~UO '. 1 .(IEO "NRG SUVY ?LCAI PRGA DEIG WOKS _~~~~~~ . RSA TANWU APX m12,1 Program o A tv les: :''SSyS::SSS' .'. '. .. Da .Sna 10/1Avtadcekmo iat - 17 - S= _udy2/49 Thieo h a'lfrito ed n en fOtiing ZurB R__te _a 900 100GopWd cimc ne-etra ikgsadLpennain[ie >~~~~~ytei . .I  i g4 IL lILa I i InFh ii 1 .1 Ti -. I 'ill I if. I 4.1.. h .1 1. I I - 19 - SECTION 6: WORKSHOP EVALUATION FORM HOUSEHOLD ENERGY SURVEY APPLICATIONS DESIGN WORKSHOP ARUSHA, TANZANIA, APRIL 21 - 25, 1991 WORKSHOP EVALUATION Please give your honest comments about the workshop and the way it was conducted. 1. How well were the workshop objectives articulated at the beginning? The objectives of the workshop were: a) to identify constraints and performance gaps in planning, design, management and execution of household energy surveys; b) to isolate constraints which can be alleviated by in-service training; c) to identify the major impediments to effective training transfer of skills/knowledge to on-the-job situations; and d) to develop a consensus about training needs and priorities need to be reflected in the proposed energy training programme. Very well Well_ Not well 2. Were all the workshop objectives achieved? If not, which ones were not achieved? 3. How relevant was the workshop themes to household energy strategy work? Very relevant Relevant Somewhat relevant Not relevant - 20 - 4. What did you personally benefit from the workshop? 5. What were the main strengths of the workshop? 6. What were the main weaknesses of the workshop? 7. What themes or topics in the workshop were not adequately discussed? 8. What themes or topics were most adequately covered? - 21 - 9. Which topics should have been added to make the workshop more complete? 10. Which topics, if any should not have been included in the workshop? 11. How helpful were the orientation presentations in explaining various themes/topics? Topic Very helpfulhelpful not helpful i. H. iv. v'1. V.. Vll. - 22 - 12. Please assess the effectiveness of the "action planning" approach used in executing the workshop? Very effective Effective Somewhat effective Not effective Comment 13. How effective do you think was the Facilitator? Very effective Effective Somewhat effective Not effective 14. How do you rate the following elements of the workshop Item Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor i. Conference room ii. Syndicate rooms iii. Hotel accom. iv. Secret. support v. Pre-workshop arrangements vi. Other - specify - 23 - 15. Was the duration a) Too short b) Just right c) or too long ? (Tick one) 16. What is your overall rating of the workshop? Outstanding Very good Good Fair Poor 17. Please suggest ways in which the workshop could have been improved? 18. You may give any additional comments/impressions about any aspect of the workshop? - 24 - II: THE DESIGN OF IN-SERVICE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING ACIVITIES Project Background 2.1 SADCC energy training issues were first identified during discussions between representatives of ESMAP and the SADCC TAU in Maputo, Mozambique in May, 1988. As a result of the deliberations at a one-day Seminar on "Planning and Policy Instruments for Energy Management" which was held as part of the May 1988 Conference of SADCC Energy Ministers, there emerged a consensus that a special effort had to be made by the SADCC TAU to assist member countries in developing their capacity for energy strategy work. To carry out this assistance, the conference recommended that SADCC TAU collaborate with ESMAP which had already supported energy strategy programs in SADCC member countries. 2.2 More recently, the need for training was emphasized by senior energy officials and planners from the Eastern and Southern African region who had participated in a training needs assessment in Livingstone, Zambia in February, 1990"/. Training activities in the following areas were recommended: (a) Application of Strategic Planning Methods to Energy Strategy Work; (b) Design and Execution of Surveys for Energy Demand Assessments; and (c) Economic and Financial Analyses of Energy Policy and Investment Options. 2.3 At the Livingstone Workshop, it was recommended that a pilot training activity on the subject "Design and Execution of Surveys for Energy Demand Assessments" be initiated as a SADCC regional activity. The pilot activity would place special emphasis on the SADCC Five Year Implementation Strategy for Woodfuelsv. 2.4 After subsequent discussions with SADCC TAU, ESMAP and SADCC TAU prepared a proposal to design a training activity on the application of methods and techniques for surveying and analyzing data for national strategic decision-making&/. The project represents ESMAP's contribution to the SADCC Energy Sector Project Nos. 5.0.12 and 5.0.13 (Household Energy Surveys and Interfuel Substitution, respectively). 2.5 A Training Program Design Workshop on Energy Survey Applications, jointly organized by the SADCC-TAU and ESMAP, was held in Arusha, Tanzania in April 1991. The Workshop utilized the experiences, expertise and perspectives of invited professionals to review key issues and competency requirements for the effective application of methods and techniques for energy survey and data analyses. Both the operational and institutional aspects of energy strategy work were emphasized in the deliberations. V World Bank, Manaung the Eaner= Transition in Eastern and Southern African Countr." Results of Executive Planning Workshop on Energy Training Needs, Lvingstone, Zambia, October 1990. 1V SADCC, Five Year Implementation Strategy for Woodfuels", in Proceedinun of a Seminar on Woodfuel in the SADCC n. Arumha, Tanzania, September 25-28, 1989, Annex 2B. V World Bank/ESMAP, Activi initiation Bref, March 1990. - 25 - 2.6 The results of the Workshop have been used to establish the groundwork for a comprehensive regional training program that represents the experiences and expressed opinions of SADCC professionals. Principles for Program Design 2.7 Several principles taken from the lessons of years of international experience in the delivery of technical assistance in training have been used to guide the development of the SADCC regional energy training program. For example, the evolution of technical assistance programs in statistics is characterized by: (i) the increased priority given to statistical organization, sample survey infrastructure, data processing and analysis, (ii) the increased attention now being given to producing subject-specific statistics linked to an overall policy framework, and (iii) the increased emphasis on individual and institutional capacity-building for data collection and policy analysis through mechanisms that rely on technical cooperation among countries. 2.8 Previous efforts at capacity-building in statistics and policy management suggest considerations that may lead to improvements in training program effectiveness. Based on a review of past programs, several elements of a strategy for improvement in training delivery are suggested: Generation of user-oriented data 2.9 This objective aims at developing a demand-driven information system, supported by the establishment of a statistical production capability that directly supports a specific policy agenda. Closer links between data collection and policy issues have to be forged. This requires promoting a greater understanding of the kinds of information required to formulate and attain policy objectives. In addition, operational collaboration between data producers and users of data at all levels should be encouraged. This, in turn, implies a need for team-building to draw together decision-makers and other data users, policy analysts, data collectors, and professionals from central statistical organizations. Data collection within a policy framework 2.10 Data collection has to be established within a framework of given policy objectives (i.e., the policy mandate of a ministerial agency). An essential starting point for any energ information collection effort should be the clarification of purpose, objective and scope. This critical step should be founded on the clear need by the policymaker for policy advice. There is often a tendency for data producers to lose sight of the main purpose of the survey activity. This is evidenced by the common tendency to begin the information collection process at the middle stage (e.g., design of questionnaire), before fully elaborating the policy issues to be addressed, or developing a plan for policy analysis. In the case of an energy sector activity, technical assistance in information collection needs to be organized within the context of an overall plan for national energy strategy. This fundamental principle can not be over-emphasized. Failure to adhere to this principle frequently has resulted in inappropriate survey designs and poor quality data for policy- making, thereby limiting the degree to which effective energy strategy can be developed. Regional coordination 2.11 Technical assistance should be conducted in a partnership framework based on technical cooperation among regional member countries, the central statistical organizations and ministries within each country, and the international donor community. Regional integration - 26 - requires a coordinated approach to program implementation that accounts for different stakeholders. Appropriately targeted and operationally relevant professional traiing 2.12 Relevant and targeted professional training is a critical element to a successful strategy. Suggested ways of achieving this objective include: (a) initiating training at all levels; (b) developing action-oriented courses and seminars; (c) giving greater attention to practical applications; (d) preparing training materials with an explicit policy orientation; (e) training in a sector-specific setting that is grounded in an understanding of the sector issues involved; and (f) giving greater emphasis to identifying user applications for incorporation at the initial stages of a training program. Intemalming regional experiences 2.13 Building teams of professionals as well as improved channels for institutional cooperation is an important aspect of the capacity-building process. Programs designed to forge closer links between data collection and policy issues and to encourage integrated efforts and collaboration between national institutions are likely to be more effective than programs which do not have these features. Keeping experiences internal to the region by building of networks of regional expertise is fundamental to achieving success in a capacity-building program. Another essential element is encouraging national and regional ownership and control over survey operations and analytical development. This might include control over the following aspects: (a) project planning and management; (b) field work; (c) data processing/information handling; (d) data tabulation, modeling and estimation; and (e) final publication and reporting outputs. Responding to recipient needs 2.14 Training should endeavour to respond to the recipient's needs. This objective is encouraged by active participation and discussion of officials in the early stages of program conceptualization and design. Participatory program design enhances beneficiary commitment. In addition, involvement of national and regionally-based institutions in the implementation phases shifts ownership to the beneficiaries. Over the long-term, the program is likely to be more sustainable, because through participation and ownership in the design and implementation phases, the beneficiaries will improve their program planning, management and implementation skills. This would be an important step toward creating the internal capacity for self-reliance at regional and/or national levels. - 27 - Need for a long-term program developmental perspective 2.15 Technical assistance in training needs to be based on the principle of "sustainable in- provement in capability," with a recognition of the value of (a) an incremental approach that builds upon ongoing programs; (b) a systematic assessment of needs and evaluation procedures; and (c) documentation of the practical experiences gained so that lessons can be learned. Design of the Regional Training Program 2.16 To achieve the capacity-building objectives of the SADCC Five Year Implementation Strategy for Woodfuels, the training implementation will initially take place over a three-year period. The training program is viewed as a pilot activity with emphasis on energy strategy development as it relates to demand management in the key woodfuel-consuming sectors (household, institutional, and informal enterprises). However, because of the generality of the training design concept, the training plan could easily be extended to include other energy subsectors, such as power, coaL, gas and oil. 2.17 The professional training would have both a regional and a country-level focus. The regional emphasis aims to effectively (i) deliver technical know-how, (ii) provide skills transfer, (iii) build consensus, and (iv) raise awareness among energy professionals. The country-level emphasis would be achieved by (i) placing the training within the context of country-specific energy strategy by using case studies from different SADCC countries, and (ii) training key professional operatives to enable them to train others at the working leveL 2.18 Over a three-year period, two rounds of training would be executed. Each would consist of twenty training weeks. 2.19 The training activities are designed to impart knowledge and skills in managerial technical and analytical areas, and to expose professionals to woodfuel energy policy issues and the utility of having appropriate information and policy inputs for decision-making. In addition to training in these areas, training activities would emphasize the applied and policy dimensions of survey and strategy work. 2.20 Towards this end, the following concepts would receive special emphasis: a) practical work: emphasis on concepts, meanings, applications and practical problems, rather than theory or derivations; b) realism: exercises drawn from real-life situations and involving the use of real projects from the region; c) action-learning: emphasis would be placed on active, close group involvement in discussions and exercises of issues relating directly to the day-to-day work of the participants; d) task decision-making: diagnosis of problem situations and problem-solving; e) team-buildng: group interaction in discussions and problem-solving exercises, encouraging dialogue between energy planners (data users) and statisticians (data producers); and -28 - f) cooperattve working practices: promoting working-level linkages between those agencies that specialize in survey and statistical analyses and those that require the data for policy and strategy work. 2.21 The training program is designed to encourage integrated efforts and collaboration between national institutions. To this end, at least two teams of three professionals from each participating country should attend, preferably staff representing the energy department, the energy planning office, and the central statistical organization. In addition, representatives from other agencies who might share some of the responsibility for implementing energy policies, such as the Forest Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture, and possibly a National Computing Center would be considered for inclusion, depending on the institutional arrangements in each individual member country. 2.22 The target audience for the training program is comprised of professionals from different occupational backgrounds, such as energy planners, statisticians, policy analysts, and computer specialists. These professionals would be invited to training at regional centers. Technicians, such as enumerators, field supervisors, data entry operators, would receive their on- the-job training at the national level through instruction from personnel trained at the regional leveL Senior executives, such as Directors and their deputies, and department heads, would be invited to participate in a Senior Policy Seminar. Trainees to receive direct training through the regional training courses/semminars: (a) senior policymakers and decisionmakers, such as Directors, Deputy Directors, and Heads of Departments, including Heads of statistical survey units; (b) energy planners and project managers; (c) survey managers, statisticians and survey field officers; and (d) computer specialists, policy analysts/government researchers. Trainees to receive in-direct training at the national level through instruction from trained trainers: (a) entry level or junior data entry operators and data processors; (b) survey field staff, such as field supervisors, field editors, enumerators; and (c) entry-level policy analysts/government researchers. Modules and Courses 2.23 The training program should be viewed as an integrated package composed of a number of interrelated thematic modules, each module in turn is comprised of a sequence of courses and one or more specific training activities. The modular approach is introduced because of its flexibility in allowing training activities to be matched to the specific needs of professionals from diverse backgrounds. 2.24 At the Training Program Design Workshop held in Arusha, Tanzania in April 1991, the consensus among SADCC TAU officials and SADCC country delegates was that highest priority in the training program be placed on the following modules: - 29 - Lenh of Tranf Module 1. Managing and Planning National Energy Projects 1.1 Principles of Project Management 2 weeks 1.2 Planning and Managing Energy Survey Projects 1 week Module 2. Survey and Policy Analysis Applications Block 1: Survey Design and Field Operations I.1 Sample survey design 2 weeks 1.2 Quesdonnaire design 2 weeks 13 Enumeration (interview) techniques I week Block 2: Data Preparation and Processing 11.1 Data Preparation (editin, coding, data entry, validation) 2 weeks 11.2 Design of energy survey processing system 1 week 113 Development of application program modules 2 weeks Block 3: Analysis and Presentation of Results 11.1 Analytical techniques for energy strategy studies 3 week 1II.2 Reporting survey and analysis results 2 weeks Module 3. Training of Trainers 2 weeks 3rand Total 20 weeks 2.25 A special effort will be taken to ensure that the courses are customized to match the needs of the region and to target energy sectors. The use of general subject matter material and "packaged" courses will be discouraged. 2.26 In addition to the training activities, senior executives from energy agencies and central statistical organizations, e.g., Directors and their deputies, and department heads, would be invited to participate in a Senior Policy Seminar on "Energy Strategy Issues for Household and Small-Enterprise Sectors" to familiarize decision-makers with the current energy issues in the major wood-consuming sectors. 2.27 Figure 1 illustrates how the various modules, including the senior policy seminar, are related. 2.28 There are direct linkages from the Energy Policy module to the other modules. For example, energy policy analysis is a theme which is an integral part of Module 1 and Module 2, Block 3. Analysis issues are also in part, addressed in Module 2, Block 1. This link establishes the requirements for energy information and analyses in the context of policy work. At the same time, there is a link from the Energy Survey module back to Energy Policy. This link reflects the feedback from the data producers concerning what data is available, and what can be obtained through survey activities. The modules on Energy Management and on Trainer Training are support activities to develop a sustainable national capability for energy survey taking and policy analyses. 2.29 For a few of the courses, two levels of required competence may be defined. On the basic leveL a fair understanding of the subject is sought, while, on the more advanced level, specialized knowledge of how to take full responsibility for the respective task on a national level is the objective. - 30 - Figure 1: Thematic Modules ENERGY POLICY o Senior Policy Seminar, and ModuLe 1 Familiarization; User applications; Information requirements; Energy planning o ModuLe 2, Block 3 AnalyticaL Methods ENERGY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ENERGY SURVEYS TRAINER TRAINING o Module 1 o ModuLe 2, Block 1 &2 oM1odute 3 Planning and management Survey design and field Energy survey trainer principLes; Survey management operations; training practices Data preparation/processing 2.30 Professionals from diverse disciplines, energy planners, statisticians, policy analysts, and computer specialists, would receive regional training. Energy planners and statisticians would be offered core courses in which they would receive instruction together. This would be the case with Module 1 courses. A number of courses would be applied using a two-tier format, comprised of "introductory' and "advanced" sessions. 2.31 Two-tier training means that data users and data producers would be instructed together despite their different areas of specialty. In the introductory tier, both energy planners and statisticians would receive instruction. The introductory sessions would be designed to provide shared learning experiences and to encourage team-building. For the advanced instruction of specialized subject matter, the energy planners and statisticians would be reconstituted by specialty area. Two-tier training would also be applied to courses in Module 2, where it would be advantageous to have energy planners and statisticians each receive some exposure to fields of competence required for the policy analyst and computer specialist. Through introductory sessions, energy planners would receive some exposure to survey and analysis techniques and be able to better relate to statisticians and analysts. On the other hand, statisticians and analysts will be exposed to energy sector policy concerns to enable them to better communicate with energy planners. Targeting the training effort and recommended course sequencing 2.32 Different professionals are expected to participate in different courses and blocks. For example, energy planners would take Module 1, 2 (Block 1 & 3), and Module 3. Survey managers/statisticians would take major portions of all Modules and Blocks. Policy analysts would take Module 2 (Block 2 & 3) and Module 3, and computer specialists/data processors would take - 31 - Module 2 (Block 2) and Module 3. In addition, when the training activities are actually implemented, the modules and courses will be sequenced to follow the natural "energy strategy development process", which goes from (a) policy issues review, (b) establishment of informational and analytical requirements, (c) data collection, (d) data processing, (e) policy analysis, and finally to (f) dissemination of findings. Course sequencing in combination with targeted instruction according to professional discipline would bring added efficiency in the delivery of training activities. The following participation by professional specialty and corresponding course sequencing is recommended: Table 1: Training Weeks Recommended For Each Round By Professional Speciality Professional Sneclailties Energy Statisticians/ Policy AnaiysV Co mp utr Planners Survey Government Spe8o*iastl Managers Reserchers Data Processors 1) Module 1: Principles of Project Managemrent 2 weeks 2 weeks 2) Module 2 /Block 1: Survey Design and Field Oper ations 1. Sample survey design 0.5 week (l) 2 weeks 1.2 Questionaire design 1 week 2 weeks 1.3 Enumeration (interview) techniques 0.5 week (*) 1 week 3) Module 1: Planning and Managing Enegy Survey Projects 1 weeks 1 week 4) Module 2 /Block 2: Data Prepratbon and Processing 11.1 Data Preprathon 0.5 week (1) 2 weeks 11.2 Design of energy survey processing system 1 week t week I week 11.3 Development of application program modules 0.5 week () 1 week (^) 2 weeks 5) Module 3: Training of Trainers 2 weeks 2 weeks 2 weeks 6) Module 2 /Block 3: Analysis and Presentation of Results 111.2 Analytical techniques for energy strategy work 1 week () 1 week (1) 3 weeks 111,2 Reporting survey and analysis results 1 week I week I week Total Required Training Weeks (nominal) 14 3 7 Note: (^) Indicates that trainee would not *ftfor thefulI course, but would only take introductory sessions 2.33 For each of the Round 1 and Round 2 training activities, (i) senior executives would attend a policy seminar; (ii) energy planners/project managers would nominally require 9 training weeks; (iii) statisticians/survey managers would nominally require 14 training weeks; (iv) policy analysts would normally receive 6 weeks of training; and (v) computer specialist/data processors would normally receive 7 weeks of training. - 32 - 2.34 In certain cases, the distinction of professionals by the functions they perform, such as energy planners and policy analysts, may be blurred, because the planners may also routinely perform analysis functions for the energy agency. Where an energy planner regularly performs multiple functions for an energy agency, then the person would need to combine the training weeks for the two functional specialties. The total required training weeks would be 9 + 6 = 15 weeks. For statisticians who also have regular responsibilities as computer specialists/data processors, they might also be required to take a few additional training weeks. 2.35 However, the maximum attendance requirement for any professional targeted for training would not likely be more than 15 training weeks. For each of the two rounds of training activities, training weeks would be spread over a period of 30-35 calendar weeks. Delivering each round of courses over 30-34 calendar weeks, and applying course sequencing would reduce the number of training weeks for participants, thus minimizing the time away from duty stations. Selection of Candidates for Training 2.36 A key element of the training program is the selection of appropriate professionals to receive training. Target personnel would be senior and middle-level professionals in sector and line ministries who are charged with day-to-day responsibilities for preparing and implementing policies and programs relating to the woodfuel sector. Preferably, these professionals would be key personnel in a position to help influence departmental priorities and practices, and mobilize project resources. 2.37 Several training program eligibility criteria have been established to assist in candidate selection. Prerequisites vary by subject module and course and should to be applied as follows: (a) candidates will have already received basic training in relevant subject areas through formal education in a higher level academic program, and they shall possess a minimum of a BS, BA or professional equivalent first college degree; (b) candidates must be experienced in fields of specialty relevant to energy policy planning, survey and statistics, or computer processing preferably with several years experience; and (c) candidates must be available for follow-up after training completion. 2.38 There is a risk that there may not be a sufficiently large pool of personnel with the appropriate educational and professional background to participate in the training program. Several SADCC countries may experience a shortage of staff who meet the minimum eligibility requirements for receiving training in survey and analysis applications. 2.39 This risk can be, in part, addressed by drawing participants as necessary from not only Energy Departments, but also from Energy Planning Offices, Forestry Commissions, Ministries of Agriculture and Community Development, and other agencies involved in the conduct of energy policies. This would considerably widen the number of agencies from which qualified candidates can be drawn. Coordination of the SADCC Regional Energy Training Program with other regional capacity-building initiatives that provide formal or in-service training for household survey and analysis capability will also address this problem. Examples of other initiatives where coordination would be fruitful are (i) the United Nations African Household Survey Capability Program, (ii) the - 33 - World Bank Social Dimensions of Adjustment Program, and (iii) the African Capacity Building Initiative. Where possible, these capacity-building programs should be utilized to improve the critical mass of personnel eligible to receive further training in energy survey and analysis applications. Case Studies 2.40 Training activities would employ a combination of in-service training workshops, seminars, classroom lectures, short field tours, and ex-post regional dissemination seminars, depending on the specific subject matter content and target audience. The training events would usually be delivered in workshop format to maximize the contribution of all participants. 2.41 Country-level case studies and case discussion exercises would be the basis for the learning experiences. Case studies would reflect actual experiences in the region and highlight special considerations for designing, executing, and analyzing energy surveys. The goal would be to address a number of pertinent issues such as (i) when it is appropriate to apply various methods and survey instruments; and (ii) the different types of data and analyses that are required for formulating, reviewing, and monitoring woodfuel demand management policies and programs in the SADCC region. 2.42 Two main aspects of woodfuel demand management strategy work would be addressed by the case studies. a) woodfuel conservation and end-use efficiency, emphasizing survey applications to obtain data on cooking habits, the absolute and relative efficiency of end-use practices, consumer preferences and characteristics, and the impact on development of marketing strategies for improved end-use appliances (e.g., stoves); and b) fuel switching, emphasizing survey applications to obtain data on consumers preferences, seasonal patterns of using woodfuels and other fuels (e.g., kerosene, electricity, LPG, coal), mechanisms and structures for adjusting prices, performance of wholesale and retail markets for distributing woodfuels, and alternative fuels and appliances, etc. Analytical tools for identifying target groups, market segments, market distribution constraints to substitution, and projecting future energy demand by fuel market segment would also be covered. 2.43 Other concerns and issues that might be addressed in the case studies include: a) experiences in obtaining reliable data on woodfuel use by home-based enterprises and institutional consumers (eg., schools, hospitals, etc.), and the impact of these informal undertakings on localized woodfuel supply and demand imbalances; b) experiences in the timely processing of survey data, policy analysis and dissemination of results in usable formats; - 34 - c) experiences with coverage of gender issues in energy strategy work for households and small-scale enterprises in the region, with a view towards defining some guidelines and introducing tools that could be applied to improve the treatment of gender issues in survey and analysis work;-I d) experiences with a range of alternative institutional arrangements for design and execution of surveys, particularly those that have forged closer operational linkages between survey data collection and analyses tasks on the one hand, and strategy formulation and policy evaluation work on the other hand; e) "best practice" experiences drawn from documented strategy exercise; and f) a retrospective" experience obtained from a previous study in which decision-making processes practiced, problems encountered, lessons learned and changes needed to improve effectiveness have been documented. 2.44 Where there is a relevant linkage to an ongoing national energy strategy study in a member country, that country may be considered as a case study country. This means that where opportunities are present, the various training activities would be integrated in time and place with the on-the-ground execution of an on-going country strategy. If a live case study is possible, training activities would then be timed to occur during ongoing national programming cycles, and to ensure that the subject coverage closely matched the context of the on-going national project. 2.45 Realistic instructional materials and exercises would be drawn from the country- level using recent energy strategy studies in the countries where the case studies are identified. Within the SADCC region, a sufficient amount of training material is available. This could be supplemented by training material drawn from relevant international studies. Criteria for selecting a Case Study Country 2.46 Several criteria for the selection of a case study country have been established. The selection of case study countries should aim to maximize the policy relevance and quality of SADCC regional experiences, and the training materials derived from such experiences. In light of this objective, the following criteria have been established for selecting the case study country: (a) demonstrated national commitment of the host country to woodfuel implementation strategy; (b) the energy department or planning office must be engaged in an energy survey for policy planning purposes; (c) the energy agency or national statistical organization must be willing to make available local professionals to participate in the energy survey and analysis work; i/ Some gender-related issues that might be addressed in case studies are: (a) incorporating women's user-perspectives regarding stove programs, cooking habits, including consideration of the role in woodfuel and stove distnrbution and marketing, and (b) home economics and the effects of changes in wood energy fuel supply on women's worldoad and family welfare. - 35 - (d) the country must have had a previous involvement in national energy activities in a key wood-consuming sectors; (e) a relatively well-developed national statistical services and infrastructure; and (f) a recent experience in undertaking energy survey work for strategy development. - 36 - mI: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT MODULES AND COURSE CONTENT Senior Policy Seminar on Energy Strategy Issues for Household and Small-Enterprise Sectors SEMINAR TITLE: Policy Planning for National Woodfuel Ener=v ImpIementatfon Strateuv RATIONALE: Senior officials may not have a full understanding of the key issues and options in the household/woodfuel sub-sector, including the data and informational inputs needed for sound policy planing, due to limited previous exposure to the household and woodfuel energy sector. This seminar is offered as an orientation to familiarize senior executives of major Govermnent departments and agencies with the issues cutting across both energy strategy planning, and information and analysis requirements. COURSE OBJEC`TVE: The aim of this seminar is to sensitize senior energy officials to key issues facing the household/woodfuel energy sector within the overall context of national energy planning. Special emphasis is placed on illustrating the problems facing the key wood-consuming subsectors, experiences with different policy instruments, and the data and informational requirements for informing policy and planning decisions. In addition, the importance of regional training for competence improvement and the utility of inter-agency cooperation in energy information production will be highlighted. EXPECFED RESULT: By the close of the seminar, senior energy officials will have (a) developed a greater awareness of the role of, and problems facing the household/woodfuel sector in context of the overall national energy system; (b) expanded their understanding of the kinds of data and information needed for policy and planning decisions on energy end-use; and (c) a greater appreciation of the importance of obtaining energy information on which to make sound energy policy planing decisions. SPECIFIC OUTPUTS: Senior officials will produce the following three outputs: (a) a group paper on the policy uses of data; (b) a group paper outlining subject matter requirements (from a policy-making perspective), including an outline of both informational inputs and reporting outputs; and (c) a generalized list of policy options for consideration in the preparation of an ener strategy for the target subsectors. - 37 - TARGET AUDIENCE: Senior energy officials at or near the policy-making levels, such as Directors or Deputy Directors of Department of Energy or Central Bureau of Statistics, or other relevant Government departments or agencies. ELIGIBILlTY CRITERIA: Standing as a senior executive of a relevant Government department or agency DETAILED CONTENTS: This seminar covers the following areas: (a) integrated national energy pbnning -- hierarchy of paning activities, including links between energy sector and the macro-economy, and cross-sectoral linkages between the major wood-consuming sectors (household, institutional & informal enterprise sectors) and the power, coal, gas and oil sub-sectors; (b) energy issues in the major wood-consuming sectors, including discussion of subsector energy programs, and appraisal of alternative strategy options; (c) strategies for systematically incorporating household/woodfuel subsector issues into national energy programs, including elaboration of specific data and informational needs to assist decision-making, and (d) the policy uses of data, including a review of information requests and needs profies for energy strategy work, requirements for personnel and their competence levels, and institutional mechanisms to facilitate effective data collection and analysis for policy work. DURATION: 2-4 days FORMAT: Workshop TRAINING MATERIALS: National development plans, economic reform documents, national energy policy documents, published project papers, seminar overview paper, case study illustrations from selted countries, audio-visual materials, etc. - 38 - Module 1: Managing and Planning National Energy Projects Module 1 is comprised of two courses: (i) basic principles of project management, and (ii) managerial and supervisory skills relating to project execution with special emphasis on surveys. The two courses are: 1.1 Principles of Project Management; and 12 Planning and Managing Energy Survey Projects The long-term aim of this training module is to equip those participants in national survey work with basic project management skills so as to ensure that these surveys will be completed in a timely and cost-effective way. COURSE TITLE: PrinciRles of Protect Management RATIONALE: The success of the national survey and policy review exercise depends not only on the technical expertise of its participants, but also on the ability to manage the associated human, financial, and material resources. Participants must understand all stages of the "project cycle, including conceptualization, design, planning, budgeting and cost control, commissioning, execution, evaluation and monitoring, etc. COURSE OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this course are to develop skills in: writing project proposals; planning information systems (including the policy analysis component); mobilizing resources required to complete the survey in a timely fashion; monitoring and reporting the progress of the survey exercise; and evaluating the quality and benefits of the completed products. EXPECTED RESULT: At the end of the course, participants will be able to plan projects more effectively, and to apply various project management techniques, such as planning work schedules, budgeting, establishing monitoring and evaluation procedures, and preparing reporting outputs. SPECIFIC OUTPUTS: Trainees wiU produce the following outputs: (a) a paper outlining energy project management requirements from an operational perspective, including work breakdown budgeting, resource requirements, etc; (b) a plan for coordination between Energy Departments, National Statistical Services, and other relevant ministries/agencies; (c) preliminary analysis and tabulation plans; and (d) an outline of project reporting outputs (for a case study project). TARGET AUDIENCE: This course is intended for energy planners and survey project leaders overseeing energy surveys, including survey managers of a national statistics service. - 39 - ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Those attending will need to have at least a first university degree, or equivalent, with at least of three years experience in a relevant energy or statistical agency. DETAILED CONTENTS: The course will emphasize basic principles and techniques of project management, including (a) phases of the project management cycle; (b) preparation of a project proposal; (c) project planning/schedulingtechniques, includingprojectdefinitionandworkbreakdown structure; schedule selection, and project implementation analysis; (d) budgeting and project accounting, (e) project monitoring and reporting on progress; (1) report-writing skills; (g) evaluating project performance; and (h) team-building and establishing inter-agency coordinating mechanisms. DURATION: 2 weeks FORMAT: Workshop with combined short lectures, group discussions and case study exercises. TRAINING MATERIALS: Management training subject materials; prepared case studies; national energy project documents; policy issues papers; etc. - 40 - COURSE TlTIE Plasong and Maqa Ku= Sul= lects RATIONALE: The management of the execution of an actual survey involves many interrelated operations Tasks include procurement and resource management; personnel recruitment and selection, and dealing with human resource problems as they arise; field supervision; and continuous monitoring and evaluation. Identification and diagnosis of management problems, potential difficulties with equipment and personnel encountered in the field, and continuous project monitoring are important areas where skill is needed. This course complements the Basic Principles course, but focuses on the "operational* aspects of management, with special emphasis on survey field management and supervision. The course will be action-oriented and emphasize management applications. Instructors will be expected to draw on experiences from the SADCC region as they prepare and present their lecture notes. COURSE OBJECTIVES: Objectives include the following (a) to apply the principles of management from the sister course to real life situations involving the management of national or regional energy surveys; (b) to expose participants to relevant experiences in managing energy survey operations, and to identify elements of a strategy to avoid common management mistakes; and (c) to enhance the participant's problem-solving skllls, as applied to field-level management decision-making. EXPECrED RESULT: At the end of the course, participants will be able to analyze effectively the project operating environment; plan field operations to apply various project management techniques to an operational situation; develop and implement a system for field monitoring; and identify management problems and correct them. SPECIPIC OUTPUTS: Participants will produce the following outputs (a) papers on energy survey operational requirements; and (b) a field activity schedule, work breakdown, field budget, and cost-accounting report. TARGET AUDIENCE: This course is intended for energy planners and survey project leaders overseeing natonal energy surveys, including survey managers of a national statistics service. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA. Those attending will need to have at least a first degree, or equivalnt, with a working experience of at least of three years. - 41 - DETAILED CONTENTS: The course will emphasmie real-world applcations and experiences in the management of national energy surveys. Coverage will include the following, (a) the energy strategy planning process; informational inputs; policy uses of data (this would rely on materials from the Senior Policy Seminar); (b) overview of survey management functions and field logistics; (c) overview of analysis tasks to be performed by policy analysis staff; (d) organization and supervision of survey field staff; (e) factors affecting the magnitude of the survey, and developing a realstic schedule for field work and analysis tasks; (f) setting up a field budget and cost-accounting procedures; (g) assessing available verses required project resources, and formulating a strategy for allocation and use of resources; (h) analyzing the field environment (personnel hardware, time schedule, logistics, etc.), including diagnosis of problem situations; (i) supervising survey field personnel and data processing personnel and procedures; G) monitoring and evaluating field performance; and (k) operationalizing inter-agency coordinating mechanisms. DURATION: 1 week FORMAT: Workshop with combined group discussions, and short study tours. TRAINING MATERIALS: Management training subject materials; prepared case studies; national energy project documents; policy issues papers; etc. A number of materials for this course would come from the outputs produced by Senior Executives at the Senior Policy Seminar. - 42 - Module 2: Survey and Policy Analysis Applications Module 2 is comprised of three blocks of courses on (i) survey desigp and field operations; (ii) data preparation and processing, and (iii) analysis and presentation of results. The main types of surveys covered in the training are (a) energy demand surveys, both structured and semi- structured; (b) market-chain surveys, including woodfuel transportation surveys; (c) monitoring and tracking surveysy Block I: Survey Design and Field Operations 1.1 Sample survey design 1.2 Questionnaire design 13 Enumeration (interview) techniques Block II: Data Preparation and Processing 11.1 Data Preparation (editing, coding, data entry, validation) 11.2 Design of energy survey processing system 113 Development of application program modules Block m: Analysis and Presentation of Results EIl Analytical techniques for strategy energy studies 1.2 Reporting survey and analysis results Each block is to be seen a single unit, with each individual course having a separate subject matter content result. It is recommended that the same individuals participate in all courses of the same unit. For data block It all computer-related training will be based on a personal computer environment, utilizing standard software packages. Specific elements of each block and course follow below. V Techniques for carfying out detailed bionimass assesnents and for developing comprehensive Managnct Information Systems (MIS) fal outside the scope of this training progam Rapid Rural Apprais surve methods are not presently induded but can be incorporated into the curricum at some point in the future. 43 - BLOCK I TITLE: SURVEY DESIGN AND FIELD OPERATIONS RATIONALE: The proper design of questionnaires and a fully representative sample are prerequisites for surveys to produce meaningful results. Since all data collection is associated with high costs, an efficient sample design is important in order to economize the entire operation. The qualit of a survey depends on the quality of the actual field operation. This imposes a critical responsibility on the field interviewers, their training, and the specification of appropriate field (measurement) techniques. OBJECTIVE: To train participants in the procedures involved in the design and field operation of a national energy survey. EXPECTED RESULT: After taking the courses in this block, each participant shall have the skills to lead the design stage and field operation of a national energy survey. TARGET AUDIENCE: Survey Statisticians and Energy Planners ELIGIBIIITY CRITERIA: At least a first university degree, or equivalent training in statistics, and a minimum of 3 - 5 years of practical experience in a national statistics office or department of energy. TRAINING MATERIALS: The foUowing material inputs are required for this module: (a) a master permanent sample frame, and actual sample data; (b) various subject matter requirement documents, guideline documents, prepared tabulation and analysis plans, published policy studies; (c) source materials, such as questionnaires, manuals (for interviewers, field supervisors, data entry and coding), and case study exercises; and (d) field equipment (measurement scales, hired vehicles for field tours, etc). Detailed contents and duration of each course are specified as follows: -44 - COURSE TITIE: Samnie Survey Deslan DETAILED CONTENTS: This course is to be given simultaneously on two levels: (i) an introductory level for energy plmanners, and (ii) an advanced level for statisticians Coverage will include: (a) specification of user requirements in terms of geographic coverage, precision, and level of detail for primary variables; (b) preparation of a sample frame for the survey, (c) definition of observation unit(s); (d) development of an (efficient) multi-stage sample design based on user requirements and available background data; (e) selection of ultimate sampling units; (f) derivation of estimators for basic characteristics (means, totals, proportions as well as sample variances for these) of primary survey variables; and (g) non-response handling and imputation. SPECIC OUTPUTS: Actual sample and estimators DURATION: 2 weeks FORMAT: Course comprised of formal lectures, case studies, and group discussions TRAINING MATERIALS: The following material inputs are required for this course: (a) a master permanent sample frame, and actual sample data; (b) various subject matter requirement documents, guideline documents, prepared tabulation and analysis plans, published policy studies; and (c) source materials, such as questionnaires and case study exercises. -45 - COURSE T1TLE: Ouestlonualre Desfn DETAILED CONTENTS: This course will cover the following area: (a) specification of user requirements in terms of subject matter coverage; (b) translation of the subject matter problem into specific questions for a survey instrument, (c) preparation of energy survey questionnaire(s)fJ; (d) definition of units of measurement (weights and measures); (e) preparation of code lists and standard classifications; (f) assessing process ability of survey questionnaire designs; (g) field testing of questionnaire(s); (h) evaluation of field tests and questionnaire modification; (i) formulation, wording and translation of specific questions; and (,) preparation of a tabulation plan based on specific user requirements (including dummy tables). SPECIFIC OUTPUTS: Prototype survey questionnaire(s); actual field experience in performing measurements; coding lsts and data editing rules guideline document; tabulation plan; creation of supervisor and interviewer manuals DURATION: 2 weeks FORMAT: Workshop comprised of combined informal lectures, case studies and field experiences TRAINING MATERIALS: The following material inputs are required for this course: (a) a master permanent sample frame; (b) various subject matter requirement documents, guideline documents, prepared tabulation and analysis plans; and (c) source materials, such as questionnaires, interview, field supervisor, and data nty and coding manuals, and Case Study exercises. / Both household and community/maket lewe surveys would be idude, as weil as dicusdon of whim t is appropriate to apply various ypes of sunreys in an energy strategy study. - 46 - COURSE TITLE: Enumeration (Interview) Technigues COURSE CONTENTS: This course will cover the following areas: (a) organization of enumerator training, (b) testing of enumerator competence; (c) interview techniques (wording, probing etc); (d) techniques for physical measurements (weights, volumes, classifications etc); and (e) field validation of responses and filled in questionnaires. SPECIFIC OUTPUTS: Supervisor (instruction) and Interviewer manuals; practice with enumeration (live testing in the field) DURATION: 1 week FORMAT: Workshop with combined case study, demonstration, and hands-on experience in the field TRAINING MIATERIALS: The following material inputs are required for this course: (a) source materials, such as questionnaires, interview, field supervisor, and data entry and coding manuals, and case study exercises; and (b) field equipment (measurement scales, hired vehicles for field tours, etc). - 47 - BLOCK II TITLE: DATA PREPARATION AND PROCESSING RATIONALE: Untimely and inefficient processing of collected questionnaires is a recurrent problem in the SADCC region. Processing problems lead to delays in the finalization of surveys, defective results, and overall lack of proper quality controL There have been cases where no results have been reported due to unmanageable problems in the data preparation and processing stages. OBJECTIVE: To train participants in all stages of the design and implementation of a computer-assisted data preparation and processing system. EXPECTED RESULT: At the conclusion of this course block, each participant should be able to design and establish a system for data preparation and processing of a national energy survey using available computer facilities and software packages. TARGET AUDIENCE: Computer Experts, Statisticians and Policy Analysts ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: At least a first degree, plus three years practical experience, including considerable knowledge of programming and systems design using micro-computers and standard software packages TRAINING MATERIALS: The following material inputs are required for this module: (a) source materials, such as sample data, completed questionnaires, data entry and coding manuals, and case study exercises; (b) various subject matter requirement documents, guideline documents, prepared tabulation and analysis plans, published policy studies; and (c) data processing hardware, data entry, statistical software, and data software. Detailed contents and duration of each course are specified as follows: - 48 - COURSE TITLE: Data Preparation (editing. codinR data entry. ildadon) COURSE CONTENTS: This course will cover the following areas: (a) checking questionnaire delivery and non-response (unit and item non-response); (b) design of systems for office editing, data cleaning, and consistency-checking; (c) development of office coding systems; (d) specification of validation tests in the data-entry phase; (e) development of data entry system based on a standard software package; (1) design of computer programs for cross-validation of entries from a questionnaire; (g) storing and retrieval of basic questionnaires; (h) preparation of error correction program; and (i) design of training program for data preparation staff. SPECIFIC OUTPUTS: Data preparation manual; data entry program, including documentation; data validation program, including documentation; and error correction program, including documentatin DURATION: 2 weeks FORMAT: Course with combined computer-based exercises and case studies TRAINING MATERIALS: The following material inputs are required for this course: (a) source materials, such as sample data, completed questionnaires, data entry and coding manuals and case study exercises; and (b) data processing hardware, data entry, statistical software, and data software. -49 - COURSE TITLE: Des4ln of Enera Survey Processing System COURSE CONTENTS: This course wi1l cover the following areas: (a) informational analysis of energy surveys (based on a thorough analysis of scope, objectives, and survey design); (b) data analysis of energy surveys; (c) data integration and program structuring; (d) systems documentation; (e) design of training/briefing program for data processing staff; (f) operational hardware requirements for setting up an energy information processi system; (g) choice of data processing strategy-, (h) trends in data processing (data entry, hardware and software developments); and (i) diagnosis of problems in the data processing environment and means for handling them. EUGIBILITY CRITERIA: In addition to the general eligibility requirements for this module, candidates for this course must possess a strong theoretical and practical background in computer work (including systems design and interfacing techniques) SPECIFIC OUTPUTS: Comprehensive systems design description; manual for program development and integration DURATION: 1 week FORMAT: Course with computer-based exercises and case studies TRAINING MATERIALS: The following material inputs are required for this course: (a) source materials, such as sample data, completed questionnaires, data entry and codig manuals, and case study exercises; and (b) data processing hardware, data entry, statistical and analysis software. - 50 - COURSE TITLE: Development of Application Program Modules COURSE CONTENTS: This course is based on the use of one or two standard software packages. The contents include: (a) refresher training in the use of selected standard software package(s); (b) definition of program module input and output; (c) preparation of calculation program(s) (raising factors, imputation and other non- response adjustments, estimation of characteristics, etc); (d) preparation of tabulation program; (e) preparation of graphics output; (f) design of system for retrieval of data for secondary analysis; (g) preparation of conversion program and program to generate computer readable output; (h) program testing; and (i) program documentation. SPECIFIC OUTPUTS: Application programs and Program documentation DURATION: 2 weeks FORMAT: Computer-based exercises, demonstration and simulation modules, case study exercises TRAINING MATERIALS: The following material inputs are required for this course: (a) source materials, such as sample data, completed questionnaires, data entry and coding manuals, and case study exercises; and (b) data processing hardware, data entry, statistical software, and data software. - 51 - BLOCK HI TITLE: ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS RATIONALE: The failure to use collected basic data often results from the fact that effective analysis tools and competence to transform the data into problem-oriented information are lacking. It is often found that basic data is not available for secondary use and analysis because the results of a survey were not presented in a user-friendly and comprehensive manner. This module focuses on policy analysis and presentation of results. OBJECrIVE: To train participants to use important analytical tools and techniques in energy strategy work, and to present basic survey results as well as findings from analytical work, in user-friendly ways. EXPECTED RESULT: At the conclusion of this course block, each participant will be able to apply a number of techniques on real data and produce policy-oriented information requested for energy strategy work. In addition, each participant will be able to prepare an outline for a comprehensive report from a national energy survey that addresses issues in energy demand, fuel substitution, end- use efficiency, pricing and market distribution, and forecasting trend and alternative policy scenarios. Also at the end of the training, participants will be able to present results and main findings in user-friendly ways. TARGET AUDIENCE: Energy Planners, Statisticians, Policy Analysts ELIGIBILXIY CRITERIA: Candidates must have at least a first degree with some economics training and 3 to 5 years of practical experience including considerable exposure to energy planning and analysis, as well as familiarity to work with Personal Computers. TRAINING MATERIALS: The following material inputs are required for this module: (a) source materials, such as sample data, questionnaires, data entry and coding manuals, and case study exercises; (b) various subject matter requirement documents, guideline documents, prepared tabulation and analysis plans, published policy studies; and (c) data processing hardware, data entry, statistical and analysis software, and data software. Detailed contents and duration of each course are specified as follows: 52 - COURSE TITLE: Analvtical Techniques for Ener& Stratej Studies7 COURSE CONTENTS: This course is based on the use of one or two standard statistics packages. Contents include the following (a) review of exploratory data analysis; descriptive statistics and variance analysis data aggregation; (b) preparation of sub-sectoral energy balances; (c) energy demand analysis (including regresion analysis of survey data); (d) energy demand forecasting and scenario analysis; (e) impact evaluation (e.g., impact of demand management policies on fiture demand and energy end-use); (f) sector linkage analysis including input-output techniques, (OPTIONAL); (g) pricing and market distribution analysis; (h) tools for gender analysis; (i) energy substitution analysis; U) indicative woodfuel gap analysis for assesing the extent of supply-demand imbalance; and (k) generation of comprehensive result tables and graphics (demand forecast, energy balance tables, etc.). S5PECIFI§C OUTPUTS: Outline of policy uses of data; data analysis and various reporting outputs such as tabular and graphics outputs. DURATION: 3 weeks FORMAT: Calculation workshop, demonstration models, group discussion, and case studies. V Not incuded in the cwerage of this course is taining in project financial and economic analysis of enery polie and investment options, or technical training i multi-sector analysis methods, such as Energy Input/Output analosis. These subjects require prior formal academic trang and are considered outsde the scope of the SADCC rainig propam - 53 - TRANING MATERIAI5: The following material inputs are required for this coure: (a) source materials, such as sample data, ques data entry and coding manuals, and case study exercises; (b) various subject matter requirement documents, guideline documents, prepared tabulation and analysis plans, published policy studies; and (c) data processing hardware, data entry, statistical and analysis software, and data softwar. - 54 - COURSE TITLE: Reporting Survey and Analysis Results COURSE CONTENTS: This course covers the following areas: (a) design (structuring) of survey publication(s); (b) problem-oriented reporting of results; (c) layout issues (combination of text, tables and graphic illustrations); (d) preparation of summaries; and (e) organmizing the presentation and review. SPECIFIC OUTPUTS: Reporting outputs; papers suggesting policy conclusions that might be drawn from the anabsis work. DURATION: 1 weeL FORMAT: Workshop, case studies, group discussion and presentations TRAINING MATERIALS: The following material inputs are required for this course: (a) case study exercises; (b) various subject matter requirement documents, guideline documents, prepared tabulation and analysis plans, published policy studies; and (c) data processing hardware, data entry, statistical and analysis software, and data software. - 55 - Module 3: Training of Trainers COURSE TITLE: Tralining of Trainers RATIONALE: In order to build in-house capability for energy survey and policy analysis work at the national level, there has to be a critical mass of well-trained people who are able to transfer their acquired knowledge to other agency staff. There is a need to train a core of energy personnel in training delivery methodologies, communication skills, training needs identification and curriculum development. These are the people who will, at the national level ensure that adequate numbers of other staff are trained in survey applications. COURSE OBJECrIVE: The primary aim of the this course is to develop training delivery skills so as to enhance the multiplier effects of the SADCC regional training program. EXPECTED RESULT: It is expected that trained trainers will be able to teach colleagues and subordinates the necessary techniques to carry out survey and analysis activities. SPECIFIC OUTPUTS: Training manuals for enumerators, supervisors, and data processors. TARGET AUDIENCE: Survey Statisticians and Energy Planners, Survey Managers, Computer personnel ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: A first degree, 2 to 3 years practical experience in subject matter (e.g., energy or statistics/survey project management; data processing). Trainers should have participated in all other modules. DETAILED CONTENTS: The course will cover topics in field supervision, analysis/diagnosis of problem situations, training needs identification, communication skills, curriculum development, training skdlls development, and training transfer strategies as they relate to energy survey and analysis work. In addition to lectures on training delivery techniques, extensive use will be made of simulation and role-playing exercises. Participants will also practice some of the skills acquired by staff undertaking on-going survey projects, such as enumerators and field staff supervisors. DURATION: 2 weeks FORMAT: Workshop with combined formal lectures; critical incident methods; simulation games and exercises; sensitivity training; and group discussions. TRAINING MATERIALS: The following kinds of material inputs are required for this course: (a) case study exercises; (b) guideline documents for data preparation and policy analysis; (c) field equipment (measurement instruments, etc), and data processing equipment; and (d) sample questionnaires.