Kerala Jobs Most people in Kerala work off the farm, with nearly two-thirds of the workforce engaged in wage employment. But, many among them earn casual wages. This is not surprising since most of the new jobs created in Kerala were in construction. Still, overall job creation in the state has lagged behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school. Moreover, Kerala faces a growing deficit of jobs, especially for women, who have withdrawn from the labor force in large numbers.   A large majority of the people in Kerala work off the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100 52 64 74 80 60 ■ Non-farm ■ Farm 40 48 36 20 26 0 1994 2005 2012 Kerala’s non-farm employment is among the highest in the country Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100 100 96 80 74 73 65 64 61 61 60 58 57 51 51 51 51 50 50 50 48 47 45 44 44 43 42 41 40 38 40 38 32 27 20 0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India. 1 June 20, 2017 Kerala Jobs Little job growth in Kerala after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn) Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%) WB WB 1.8 UP UP 0.8 RJ RJ 1.1 MH MH 0.5 CG CG 1.6 BH BH 0.5 OD OD 0.7 AP AP 0.3 DL DL 2.2 MP MP 0.4 GJ GJ 0.3 TN TN 0.2 PJ PJ 0.5 TR TR 4.4 HP HP 1.3 SK SK 3.9 MG MG 0.7 GA GA 1.3 MZ MZ 1.1 MN MN 0.1 AR AR -0.1 AS AS 0.0 KL KL -0.1 JH JH -0.2 HR HR -0.3 NL NL -3.6 UK UK -1.0 KA KA -0.5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India. Most new jobs in Kerala after 2005 were created in construction Number of jobs, (mn) Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%) FARM FARM -5 THR THR 1 MANU MANU -1 PUB PUB 1 CONS CONS 7 TRAN TRAN 2 FIRB FIRB 4 MINE+UTIL MINE+UTIL -4 0 1 2 3 4 5 ■ 2005 ■ 2012 2 June 20, 2017 Kerala Jobs Wage employment increased in Kerala after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100 36 40 80 Wage Labor 60 19 22 40 44 38 Self Employed 20 0 2005 2012 ■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried ■ Self Employed The share of workers with salaried jobs in Kerala is slightly above the national average Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63 60 60 50 40 30 28 27 26 25 24 24 23 22 22 22 21 20 19 18 18 18 18 17 17 14 14 13 13 11 11 11 10 10 10 6 0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India. 3 June 20, 2017 Kerala Jobs Not enough jobs for the size of the working age population in Kerala, especially for females Million Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%) 25 25 +1.1 ■ 2005 ■ 2012 Working age population 0.7 20 20 not in school 15 15 All Workers -0.1 +0.1 10 10 +0.2 Male Workers 0.3 5 5 -0.3 Female Workers -1.1 0 0 Working age All Male Female -1.5 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.01.5 1.5 population not Workers Workers Workers in school Since 2005, fewer women are participating in the labor force in Kerala Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 83 81 77 80 81 79 75 Rural Male 60 Urban Male 42 Rural Female 40 36 Urban Female 33 39 33 28 20 0 1993-94 2004-05 2011-12 4 June 20, 2017