56130 ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES Ernesto Valenzuela, Johanna Croser, Esteban Jara, Signe Nelgen and Kym Anderson ernesto.valenzuela@adelaide.edu.au johlou@gmail.com jara.esteban@gmail.com signe.nelgen@googlemail.com kym.anderson@adelaide.edu.au Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 74, September 2008 The authors are all at the University of Adelaide in Australia except Jara, who is a Ph D student at the Catholic University of Chile in Santiago. This is a product of a research project on Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, under the leadership of Kym Anderson of the World Bank's Development Research Group. The authors are grateful for helpful comments from workshop participants and for funding from World Bank Trust Funds provided by the governments of Japan, the Netherlands (BNPP) and the United Kingdom (DfID). This Working Paper series is designed to promptly disseminate the findings of work in progress for comment before they are finalized. The views expressed are the authors' alone and not necessarily those of the World Bank and its Executive Directors, nor the countries they represent, nor of the institutions providing funds for this research project. ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES Ernesto Valenzuela, Johanna Croser, Esteban Jara, Signe Nelgen and Kym Anderson This Working Paper summarizes the annual estimates, for each of the world's main high-income countries, of key distortion indicators defined in Anderson et al. (2008), and provides some summary statistics for the group's estimates. It begins with tables for the countries of Western Europe, followed by Japan, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Shorter versions for subsets of countries are reproduced also as Appendixes in Anderson, Lattimore, Lloyd and MacLaren (2008), Gardner (2008), Honma and Hayami (2008), and Josling (2008). Four tables are provided for each country: (a) the Nominal Rate of Assistance to individual farm products covered in the study and their weighted average, using as weights production valued at undistorted prices; (b) the Relative Rate of Assistance to producers of agricultural (relative to non-agricultural) tradables, again using as weights production valued at undistorted prices, and the component parts of the RRA calculation; (c) the weights themselves for individual covered farm products and for the residual non-covered group of products, shown as percentages and so they sum to 100 percent; and (d) the trade status of each covered product each year. In the case of the EU countries of Western Europe, the trade status is assumed to be that of the EU membership in any given year, since the NRA for each product is assumed to be the same for each EU member (with the membership growing progressively from initially 6 to 9 (from 1973), 12 (from 1986), and 15 (from 1995).1 The average NRAs for all covered products differ across EU member countries though, because of their different weights for each product in their national value of agricultural production. 1 For NRAs for the new members following eastern enlargements in May 2004 and January 2007, see the appendix to Valenzuela et al. (2007a). NRAs for the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America are available in Valenzuela et al. (2007b, c and d). The Nominal Rate of Assistance (NRA) in the case of a product having just its output price distorted by government policies is the percentage by which the domestic producer price exceeds the price that would prevail under free markets, that is, the border price appropriately adjusted to account for differences in product quality, transport costs, processing costs, etc. A negative value indicates the domestic price is below that comparable border price. If producers of that product also are affected by distortions to product-specific input prices, their ad valorem equivalent is accounted for by subtracting the ad valorem input price distortion times its input-output coefficient from the farm industry's output NRA to get the total nominal rate of assistance to production of that farm product. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. The sources of these tables are the previously cited Working Paper versions of the chapters in Anderson (2009), each of which is downloadable in the Working Paper section of the project's website, www.worldbank.org/agdistortions. Also available at that website is the complete global distortions database (Anderson and Valenzuela 2008). The references are provided below. References Anderson, K. (ed.) (2009), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives: A Global Perspective, 1955 to 2007, London: Palgrave Macmillan and Washington DC: World Bank (forthcoming). Anderson, K., M. Kurzweil, W. Martin, D. Sandri and E. Valenzuela (2008), "Methodology for Measuring Distortions to Agricultural Incentives," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 02, World Bank, Washington DC, revised January. Anderson, K., R. Lattimore, P.J. Lloyd and D. MacLaren (2008), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Australia and New Zealand', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 09, World Bank, Washington DC, revised September. Anderson, K. and W. Martin (eds.) (2009), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Asia, Washington DC: World Bank (forthcoming). Anderson, K. and W. Masters (eds.) (2009), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Africa, Washington DC: World Bank (forthcoming). Anderson, K. and J. Swinnen (eds.) (2008), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Europe's Transition Economics, Washington DC: World Bank. Anderson, K. and A. Valdés (eds.) (2008), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America, Washington DC: World Bank. Anderson, K. and E. Valenzuela (2008), Global Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, 1955 to 2007, database spreadsheets available at www.worldbank.ord/agdistortions, October. Gardner, B.L. (2008), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in the United States and Canada', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 62, World Bank, Washington DC, revised September. Honma, M. and Y. Hayami (2008), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Japan, Korea and Taiwan', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 35, World Bank, Washington DC, revised September. Josling, T. (2008), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Western Europe', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 61, World Bank, Washington DC, revised August. Valenzuela, E., E. Jara, M. Kurzweil, J. Croser and K. Anderson (2007a), "Annual Estimates of Latin American Distortions to Agricultural Incentives," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 49, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Also published in Appendix B of Anderson and Valdés (2008). Valenzuela, E., M. Kurzweil, J. Croser, S. Nelgen and K. Anderson (2007b), "Annual Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Europe's Transition Economies," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 57, World Bank, Washington DC, December (revised August 2008). A summary appears in Ch. 1 of Anderson and Swinnen (2008). Valenzuela, E., M. Kurzweil, J. Croser, S. Nelgen and K. Anderson (2007c), "Annual Estimates of African Distortions to Agricultural Incentives," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 55, World Bank, Washington DC, December. A subset appears in Appendix B of Anderson and Masters (2009). Valenzuela, E., M. Kurzweil, J. Croser, S. Nelgen and K. Anderson (2007d), "Annual Estimates of Asian Distortions to Agricultural Incentives," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 48, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Also published in Appendix B of Anderson and Martin (2009). Table 1: Annual distortion estimates, Austria, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Pig Rap She Sun All Barl Bee Mai Mil mea Pota Pou esee epm Sug flo Wh Win cov ey f Egg ze k Oat t to ltry d eat ar wer eat e ered 1956 48 na na 110 na 47 na 0 na 53 na 179 53 44 0 31 1957 81 na na 170 na 65 na 0 na 55 na 98 55 59 0 33 1958 97 na na 211 na 68 na 0 na 55 na 177 55 59 0 39 1959 88 na na 184 na 81 na 0 na 47 na 220 47 58 0 44 1960 87 na na 179 na 66 na 0 na 45 na 220 45 62 0 47 1961 122 na na 256 na 108 na 0 na 41 na 248 41 64 0 55 1962 101 na na 116 na 97 na 0 na 40 na 240 40 109 0 57 1963 99 na na 95 na 94 na 0 na 38 na 24 38 102 0 44 1964 98 na na 106 na 119 na 0 na 37 na 92 37 103 0 51 1965 98 na na 113 na 121 na 0 na 34 na 432 49 120 0 68 1966 82 na na 92 na 98 na 0 na 32 na 471 47 87 0 60 1967 91 na na 93 na 94 na 0 na 33 na 325 48 77 0 52 1968 104 na na 96 na 87 na 0 na 34 na 200 50 73 0 48 1969 66 na na 87 na 80 na 0 na 32 na 162 47 74 0 47 1970 70 na na 66 na 83 na 0 na 31 na 97 46 37 0 35 1971 93 na na 68 na 61 na 0 na 29 na 58 43 59 0 43 1972 42 na na 103 na 54 na 0 na 27 na 40 39 9 0 26 1973 6 na na 27 na 14 na 0 na 19 na -14 28 -28 0 -3 1974 4 na na -2 na 12 na 0 na 15 na -52 23 -23 0 -13 1975 25 na na 17 na 33 na 0 na 18 na 12 24 -9 0 8 1976 17 na na 25 na 9 na 0 na 19 na 81 25 -19 0 6 1977 67 na na 66 na 38 na 0 na 16 na 205 27 -22 0 26 1978 66 na na 79 na 89 na 0 na 19 na 212 30 21 0 42 1979 83 na na 62 na 99 na 0 na 19 na 50 28 41 0 41 1980 21 na na 54 na -23 na 0 na 19 na -10 31 49 0 19 1981 7 na na 30 na 0 na 0 na 16 na 47 23 44 0 20 1982 8 na na 56 na 30 na 0 na 16 na 124 22 60 0 32 1983 36 na na 25 na 8 na 0 na 16 na 182 21 44 0 31 1984 10 na na 7 na 5 na 0 na 10 na 230 14 48 0 22 1985 31 na na 25 na 15 na 0 na 12 na 251 16 72 0 40 1986 203 70 12 32 128 134 23 0 5 23 0 332 24 70 0 62 1987 323 51 3 75 91 109 41 0 -1 34 0 302 28 136 0 66 1988 137 78 58 41 78 40 28 0 58 25 10 275 21 115 0 64 1989 82 85 76 24 71 49 8 0 97 47 23 206 47 29 0 47 1990 153 94 56 67 129 108 19 0 79 94 19 143 62 109 0 70 1991 179 93 61 61 129 96 33 0 67 85 15 191 49 201 0 79 1992 166 105 68 113 144 104 27 0 77 82 14 219 58 171 0 85 1993 206 113 79 33 151 96 75 0 65 50 14 208 32 114 0 96 1994 176 124 104 103 157 101 53 0 71 78 16 194 50 170 0 98 1995 41 69 12 53 79 40 16 15 129 0 77 119 0 16 4 43 1996 2 68 5 14 70 34 16 14 77 0 45 140 0 0 4 35 1997 7 117 1 19 78 25 13 12 55 0 27 147 0 0 5 38 1998 64 121 11 32 100 50 22 11 51 0 38 186 0 26 3 53 1999 44 125 16 39 106 84 57 11 90 0 37 245 0 37 2 66 2000 3 113 3 27 57 59 32 10 57 1 26 176 0 11 2 43 2001 0 140 0 14 40 29 24 10 52 0 48 138 0 4 2 34 2002 0 157 0 9 75 0 24 10 56 0 35 161 0 0 2 44 2003 1 157 0 34 70 1 33 10 54 0 46 240 0 2 2 48 2004 1 92 0 39 62 23 27 10 101 0 33 238 0 2 1 40 2005 0 109 0 19 33 24 19 10 69 0 54 168 0 0 2 24 2006 0 81 0 19 25 0 14 10 69 0 74 66 0 0 1 20 2007 0 71 0 23 0 0 18 10 100 0 68 99 0 0 1 15 Table 1 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Austria, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 31 4 na 21 21 0 26 21 3 17 1957 33 5 na 23 23 0 30 23 3 20 1958 39 5 na 26 26 0 34 26 3 22 1959 44 6 na 29 29 0 40 29 4 24 1960 47 6 na 31 31 0 40 31 4 26 1961 55 6 na 35 35 0 47 35 4 29 1962 57 7 na 37 37 0 49 37 4 32 1963 44 6 na 29 29 0 39 29 4 24 1964 51 7 na 33 33 0 49 33 4 28 1965 68 8 na 42 42 0 60 42 4 37 1966 60 8 na 39 39 0 54 39 4 34 1967 52 8 na 35 35 0 50 35 4 30 1968 48 7 na 32 32 0 47 32 4 27 1969 47 7 na 31 31 0 45 31 3 27 1970 35 5 na 24 24 0 35 24 3 20 1971 43 6 na 29 29 0 40 29 3 25 1972 26 4 na 18 18 0 25 18 3 15 1973 -3 0 na -2 -2 0 -3 -2 3 -4 1974 -13 -2 na -10 -10 0 -12 -10 2 -11 1975 8 1 na 6 6 0 8 6 2 4 1976 6 1 na 4 4 0 6 4 1 3 1977 26 4 na 18 18 0 24 18 1 17 1978 42 7 na 28 28 0 40 28 1 27 1979 41 6 na 27 27 0 38 27 1 26 1980 19 3 na 13 13 0 17 13 1 12 1981 20 3 na 13 13 0 18 13 1 13 1982 32 5 na 23 23 0 32 23 1 22 1983 31 5 na 22 22 0 30 22 1 21 1984 22 4 na 16 16 0 21 16 1 15 1985 40 5 na 27 27 0 35 27 1 26 1986 62 14 1 55 55 56 50 55 1 55 1987 66 17 1 59 59 69 42 59 1 58 1988 64 11 1 64 64 61 78 64 1 63 1989 47 6 1 40 40 39 39 40 1 39 1990 70 9 2 57 57 56 56 57 1 57 1991 79 11 2 67 67 68 52 67 1 66 1992 85 9 4 71 71 46 92 71 1 70 1993 96 10 3 81 81 67 94 81 1 80 1994 98 0 4 80 80 76 124 80 1 79 1995 43 0 5 38 55 4 46 38 1 37 1996 35 16 4 34 50 10 38 34 1 33 1997 38 21 4 39 55 13 42 39 1 38 1998 53 30 4 52 68 21 57 52 1 51 1999 66 37 4 63 81 24 72 63 1 62 2000 43 23 3 42 59 11 50 42 1 41 2001 34 18 4 34 51 8 39 34 1 33 2002 44 23 5 44 61 10 51 44 1 43 2003 48 25 5 47 67 10 56 47 1 46 2004 40 21 4 40 58 7 49 40 1 39 2005 24 11 4 22 41 1 34 22 1 21 2006 20 10 4 19 40 1 28 19 1 18 2007 15 7 4 16 34 0 22 16 1 15 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Appendix Table 1 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Austria, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products (percent) Non - Pig Rap She Sun cov Barl Bee Mai Mil mea Pota Poul esee epm Sug flow Wh Win ered ey f Egg ze k Oat t to try d eat ar er eat e 1956 8 na na 2 na 8 na 29 na 0 na 2 0 12 1 38 1957 6 na na 2 na 6 na 31 na 0 na 4 0 10 5 36 1958 6 na na 1 na 6 na 30 na 0 na 3 0 11 5 38 1959 5 na na 2 na 6 na 25 na 0 na 3 0 11 8 40 1960 8 na na 2 na 6 na 27 na 0 na 3 0 12 3 39 1961 7 na na 2 na 5 na 24 na 0 na 2 0 14 5 41 1962 8 na na 3 na 5 na 26 na 0 na 2 0 11 4 40 1963 8 na na 3 na 5 na 21 na 0 na 8 0 9 7 39 1964 8 na na 3 na 4 na 18 na 0 na 5 0 10 12 40 1965 9 na na 5 na 4 na 19 na 1 na 2 0 11 8 43 1966 10 na na 4 na 4 na 19 na 1 na 2 0 13 7 41 1967 9 na na 4 na 4 na 17 na 1 na 2 0 14 12 39 1968 8 na na 4 na 4 na 18 na 0 na 2 0 13 12 39 1969 11 na na 8 na 3 na 15 na 0 na 3 0 11 11 38 1970 10 na na 7 na 3 na 14 na 0 na 3 0 12 14 37 1971 10 na na 8 na 3 na 15 na 0 na 4 0 12 9 38 1972 12 na na 6 na 3 na 12 na 0 na 5 0 14 11 36 1973 12 na na 10 na 3 na 10 na 0 na 7 0 16 7 34 1974 13 na na 10 na 3 na 9 na 0 na 12 0 16 5 32 1975 10 na na 11 na 3 na 9 na 0 na 8 0 14 8 37 1976 13 na na 9 na 3 na 8 na 0 na 4 0 20 8 34 1977 10 na na 10 na 3 na 8 na 0 na 3 0 20 8 38 1978 12 na na 10 na 2 na 9 na 0 na 2 0 14 10 40 1979 9 na na 13 na 2 na 11 na 0 na 5 0 10 9 41 1980 15 na na 10 na 5 na 7 na 0 na 8 0 10 8 37 1981 15 na na 14 na 4 na 7 na 0 na 6 0 10 6 38 1982 16 na na 13 na 3 na 5 na 0 na 4 0 10 12 36 1983 14 na na 16 na 4 na 6 na 0 na 3 0 14 9 34 1984 16 na na 17 na 3 na 7 na 0 na 2 0 14 6 34 1985 14 na na 18 na 3 na 6 na 0 na 2 0 13 4 38 1986 3 16 4 9 16 1 20 3 4 0 0 1 0 7 3 15 1987 2 17 4 7 19 1 19 2 4 0 0 1 0 5 3 16 1988 0 18 3 11 25 0 25 0 3 0 1 1 0 8 1 2 1989 4 12 2 7 17 1 20 2 2 1 0 1 0 7 4 19 1990 4 12 2 6 13 1 19 3 2 1 0 1 0 5 7 24 1991 3 14 3 6 15 1 20 3 3 1 1 1 0 3 6 21 1992 3 12 2 3 15 1 22 2 3 1 1 1 0 4 5 24 1993 2 14 3 8 17 1 17 2 4 1 1 2 1 4 3 21 1994 3 12 2 3 17 1 19 3 3 2 1 1 1 4 6 22 1995 3 10 2 5 17 0 20 4 1 2 0 2 0 5 6 22 1996 4 9 3 6 16 0 22 2 2 1 0 2 0 5 5 22 1997 4 7 3 5 16 1 25 2 2 1 1 2 0 5 5 23 1998 3 8 2 5 17 0 20 3 2 1 1 2 1 4 8 23 1999 3 8 2 5 18 0 16 4 2 1 1 2 1 4 9 23 2000 3 8 2 5 21 0 19 2 2 1 1 1 0 4 8 22 2001 3 6 2 5 21 0 22 2 2 1 1 2 0 5 6 22 2002 3 6 3 6 18 0 21 2 2 1 1 2 1 5 6 23 2003 3 6 3 5 19 0 20 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 7 24 2004 3 7 2 4 19 0 19 3 2 1 1 1 1 6 7 23 2005 4 6 4 6 7 0 21 3 2 1 1 1 1 7 12 24 2006 4 8 3 6 8 1 20 4 1 1 1 2 1 7 10 24 2007 5 7 2 7 15 1 15 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 24 Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet a. At farmgate undistorted prices, Table 1 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Austria, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat Pigmeat Potato Poultry Rapeseed 1956 M na na M na M na M na M 1957 M na na M na M na M na M 1958 M na na M na M na M na M 1959 M na na M na M na M na M 1960 M na na M na M na M na M 1961 M na na M na M na M na M 1962 M na na M na M na M na M 1963 M na na M na M na M na M 1964 M na na M na M na M na M 1965 M na na M na M na M na M 1966 M na na M na M na M na M 1967 M na na M na M na M na M 1968 M na na M na M na M na M 1969 M na na M na M na M na M 1970 M na na M na M na M na M 1971 M na na M na M na M na M 1972 M na na M na M na M na M 1973 M na na M na M na M na M 1974 M na na M na M na M na M 1975 M na na M na M na M na M 1976 M na na M na M na M na M 1977 M na na M na M na M na M 1978 M na na M na M na M na M 1979 M na na M na M na M na M 1980 M na na M na M na M na M 1981 M na na M na M na M na M 1982 M na na M na M na M na M 1983 M na na M na M na M na M 1984 M na na M na M na M na M 1985 M na na M na M na M na M 1986 M X M X X M X M M M 1987 M X M X X M M M M M 1988 M X M X X M X M M M 1989 M X M X X M X M M M 1990 M X M X X M X M M M 1991 M X M X X M X M M M 1992 M X M M M M X M M M 1993 M X M X M M X M M M 1994 M X M M M M X M M M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M 1996 X M M M M M M M M X 1997 X M M M M M M M M X 1998 M M M M M M M M M X 1999 M M M M M M M M M X 2000 X M X M M M M M M X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M 2002 X M X M M M M M M X 2003 X M X M M M M M M X 2004 X M X M M M M M M X 2005 X M M M M M M M M X 2006 X M M M M M M M M X 2007 X M M M M M M M M X Sheep Sunflo Wheat Wine Wool meat Sugar wer 1956 na M X M X na 1957 na M X M X na 1958 na M X M X na 1959 na M X M X na 1960 na M X M X na 1961 na M X M X na 1962 na M X M X na 1963 na M X M X na 1964 na M X M X na 1965 na M X M X na 1966 na M X M X na 1967 na M X M X na 1968 na M X M X na 1969 na M X M X na 1970 na M X M X na 1971 na M X M X na 1972 na M X M X na 1973 na M X M X na 1974 na M X M X na 1975 na M X M X na 1976 na M X M X na 1977 na M X M X na 1978 na M X M X na 1979 na M X M X na 1980 na M X M X na 1981 na M X M X na 1982 na M X M X na 1983 na M X M X na 1984 na M X M X na 1985 na M X M X na 1986 M M X X X M 1987 M X X X X M 1988 M M X X X M 1989 M X X X X M 1990 M M X X X M 1991 M X X X X M 1992 M M X X X M 1993 M X X X X M 1994 M M X X X M 1995 M M M M X na 1996 M M M X X na 1997 M M M X X na 1998 M M M X X na 1999 M M M X X na 2000 M M M X X na 2001 M M M X X na 2002 M M M X X na 2003 M M M X X na 2004 M M M X X na 2005 M M M X X na 2006 M M M X X na 2007 M M M X X na a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 2: Annual distortion estimates, Denmark, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Shee All Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Suga Tom Whe cove y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t r ato at red 1956 -4 -3 -8 157 -12 39 -24 8 5 na 135 na -3 30 1957 7 -9 -4 174 -13 23 -6 6 5 na 43 na 1 29 1958 38 -13 8 96 6 22 52 11 5 na 102 na 3 34 1959 26 -9 -19 199 -32 22 88 -4 5 na 138 na 0 42 1960 9 2 -15 127 -12 15 -32 -5 5 na 120 na -1 22 1961 49 -9 -15 202 17 22 47 -13 4 na 150 na -1 41 1962 -1 1 -9 240 -8 68 124 -29 4 na 184 na 25 52 1963 5 -6 -6 210 -3 57 40 -17 4 na -3 na 19 42 1964 -1 -27 5 146 4 53 30 -26 4 na 42 na 13 34 1965 -2 -39 6 173 3 73 86 -25 3 na 301 na 14 40 1966 1 -39 -1 162 4 90 49 -23 3 na 388 na 6 43 1967 5 -38 1 175 2 88 67 -43 3 na 249 na 6 44 1968 19 -35 7 177 3 84 43 -39 3 na 177 na 12 46 1969 17 -32 -9 163 19 88 167 -36 3 na 161 na 7 45 1970 6 -30 -6 257 9 28 94 -21 3 na 99 na 6 37 1971 26 -32 -10 263 0 37 20 15 3 na 50 na 29 46 1972 12 -14 -8 232 -3 27 43 -15 3 na 37 na 0 37 1973 -7 34 -17 208 0 106 57 74 0 322 -30 22 -30 49 1974 3 -4 30 210 7 69 18 54 0 255 -51 22 -23 33 1975 23 11 16 264 23 65 49 60 0 267 28 22 -9 58 1976 20 26 5 366 10 122 327 69 0 342 99 22 -16 85 1977 56 11 41 598 35 65 71 61 0 281 230 22 -21 83 1978 49 11 13 488 74 78 -15 49 0 263 230 22 23 84 1979 75 0 41 440 80 109 17 38 0 230 70 22 35 91 1980 17 -1 22 434 -27 71 7 37 0 207 13 22 45 58 1981 7 23 2 330 -2 148 73 72 0 183 74 11 44 80 1982 8 49 18 313 22 125 95 99 0 181 152 31 51 81 1983 32 264 40 287 -1 129 87 73 0 203 196 19 28 116 1984 6 265 3 311 8 81 -24 95 0 172 268 26 20 74 1985 18 293 8 282 -6 22 11 91 0 95 297 26 31 65 1986 157 188 31 361 83 40 17 79 153 134 247 17 119 120 1987 233 107 21 533 77 11 17 90 145 211 301 15 143 106 1988 85 80 21 192 14 34 17 69 112 215 201 15 94 82 1989 45 79 29 84 15 14 17 66 140 167 90 0 31 45 1990 94 98 12 125 48 7 16 100 200 154 109 2 57 58 1991 119 157 13 128 39 20 16 83 97 128 191 0 146 73 1992 103 93 15 118 63 0 17 118 0 112 212 0 65 42 1993 105 63 10 123 44 18 17 110 0 38 169 8 58 54 1994 100 53 0 117 43 18 16 114 0 55 129 11 48 49 1995 41 69 12 79 40 16 15 129 0 77 119 0 16 37 1996 2 68 5 70 34 16 14 77 0 45 140 2 0 27 1997 7 117 1 78 25 13 12 55 0 27 147 0 0 29 1998 64 121 11 100 50 22 11 51 0 38 186 0 26 48 1999 44 125 16 106 84 57 11 90 0 37 245 0 37 66 2000 3 113 3 57 59 32 10 57 1 26 176 0 11 37 2001 0 140 0 40 29 24 10 52 0 48 138 0 4 28 2002 0 157 0 75 0 24 10 56 0 35 161 0 0 35 2003 1 157 0 70 1 33 10 54 0 46 240 2 2 37 2004 1 92 0 62 23 27 10 101 0 33 238 2 2 33 2005 0 109 0 33 24 19 10 69 0 54 168 0 0 18 2006 0 86 0 24 0 15 10 69 0 74 62 0 0 14 2007 0 66 0 0 0 17 10 100 0 68 99 0 0 11 Table 2 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Denmark, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 30 10 na 26 26 41 -5 26 1 24 1957 29 10 na 25 25 36 1 25 1 23 1958 34 16 na 30 30 34 22 30 2 28 1959 42 16 na 36 36 46 10 36 2 33 1960 22 8 na 19 19 25 3 19 2 17 1961 41 20 na 36 36 40 29 36 2 34 1962 52 19 na 44 44 67 1 44 2 41 1963 42 15 na 36 36 51 4 36 2 33 1964 34 12 na 29 29 43 1 29 2 27 1965 40 15 na 34 34 54 0 34 1 32 1966 43 16 na 37 37 57 2 37 1 35 1967 44 17 na 37 37 56 4 37 1 36 1968 46 19 na 40 40 55 13 40 1 38 1969 45 20 na 39 39 56 14 39 1 38 1970 37 15 na 32 32 48 5 32 1 30 1971 46 20 na 40 40 53 19 40 1 39 1972 37 16 na 32 32 50 8 32 1 31 1973 49 33 na 46 46 10 66 46 1 45 1974 33 30 na 33 33 17 41 33 1 32 1975 58 45 na 55 55 40 62 55 1 54 1976 85 60 na 79 79 93 77 79 1 78 1977 83 65 na 79 79 73 82 79 1 78 1978 84 64 na 80 80 67 86 80 0 79 1979 91 68 12 98 99 86 86 98 0 97 1980 58 57 12 70 72 42 66 70 0 69 1981 80 58 10 85 86 32 100 85 0 84 1982 81 58 9 85 88 31 104 85 0 85 1983 116 63 9 112 115 49 128 112 0 111 1984 74 44 8 76 78 24 91 76 0 75 1985 65 44 10 70 73 37 70 70 0 69 1986 120 70 3 112 114 97 110 112 0 111 1987 106 75 3 102 105 120 96 102 0 101 1988 82 47 3 77 80 64 75 77 0 76 1989 45 22 3 43 46 29 42 43 0 42 1990 58 29 4 55 58 40 52 55 0 54 1991 73 38 5 70 74 51 66 70 1 69 1992 42 27 5 43 51 38 39 43 0 42 1993 54 31 5 54 66 37 51 54 0 53 1994 49 28 4 49 63 39 45 49 0 48 1995 37 19 5 37 54 25 34 37 0 37 1996 27 14 4 28 44 7 33 28 0 27 1997 29 16 4 30 46 9 33 30 0 29 1998 48 25 4 46 63 26 47 46 0 45 1999 66 33 4 62 79 32 66 62 0 61 2000 37 18 3 36 54 11 43 36 0 35 2001 28 14 4 28 45 7 31 28 0 28 2002 35 18 5 36 53 9 41 36 0 35 2003 37 19 5 38 57 8 45 38 0 37 2004 33 16 4 33 51 7 39 33 0 32 2005 18 9 4 18 37 0 25 18 0 17 2006 14 7 4 15 37 0 20 15 0 15 2007 11 6 4 13 31 0 18 13 0 12 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 2 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Denmark, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Shee Non- Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Suga Tom Whe cover y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t r ato at ed 1956 15 6 8 11 6 21 6 1 0 na 1 na 2 23 1957 14 7 7 10 5 23 5 1 0 na 3 na 2 23 1958 13 7 6 12 4 25 4 2 0 na 2 na 2 22 1959 12 7 7 11 3 27 4 2 0 na 1 na 2 23 1960 13 7 6 11 4 27 6 2 0 na 1 na 2 22 1961 12 8 7 9 3 28 3 3 0 na 1 na 3 23 1962 17 9 5 8 3 22 3 3 1 na 1 na 3 24 1963 15 10 5 9 3 23 3 3 0 na 3 na 2 24 1964 17 9 3 10 3 24 2 3 1 na 2 na 2 23 1965 19 11 4 9 3 22 2 3 1 na 1 na 3 23 1966 19 12 4 10 4 21 2 3 0 na 1 na 2 24 1967 18 12 4 9 4 21 2 3 1 na 1 na 2 24 1968 19 12 4 9 4 21 2 3 0 na 1 na 2 23 1969 23 12 4 9 3 19 1 3 0 na 1 na 2 23 1970 22 11 4 8 3 20 2 3 0 na 1 na 3 23 1971 21 11 3 9 3 21 2 2 1 na 2 na 3 23 1972 26 8 3 9 3 19 1 2 1 na 2 na 4 23 1973 25 9 3 8 2 19 2 2 1 0 3 0 4 22 1974 25 13 1 8 2 16 2 2 1 0 5 0 4 20 1975 20 14 2 9 1 21 2 2 2 0 3 0 3 21 1976 23 15 2 8 1 18 1 2 1 0 2 0 4 22 1977 20 16 2 5 1 22 2 3 1 0 1 0 4 22 1978 22 16 2 6 1 21 2 3 1 0 1 0 3 22 1979 20 18 2 7 0 19 2 3 1 0 3 0 3 22 1980 23 16 2 6 1 21 2 2 1 0 4 0 2 20 1981 26 13 2 8 1 17 2 2 2 0 2 0 3 22 1982 28 10 2 8 1 16 2 2 3 0 2 0 4 22 1983 19 5 2 11 0 21 2 3 3 0 1 0 7 25 1984 24 4 2 8 1 19 3 2 5 0 1 0 9 23 1985 18 4 2 8 1 29 2 2 5 0 1 0 6 22 1986 10 6 2 9 0 32 3 2 4 0 1 0 6 24 1987 7 9 2 6 0 38 3 2 3 0 1 0 6 23 1988 12 8 1 12 1 27 3 2 3 0 1 0 5 24 1989 10 6 1 15 0 29 3 2 3 0 2 0 8 22 1990 8 5 1 12 0 32 3 2 3 0 2 0 8 23 1991 8 4 1 13 0 33 4 2 3 0 1 0 6 25 1992 4 5 1 12 0 41 3 2 1 0 1 0 7 23 1993 5 7 1 13 0 34 2 2 2 0 1 0 9 23 1994 5 6 2 13 0 34 4 2 2 0 2 0 7 23 1995 7 5 1 14 0 31 5 1 1 0 1 0 10 23 1996 8 4 1 14 0 32 2 2 1 0 1 0 12 22 1997 7 3 1 13 0 35 2 2 1 0 1 0 11 23 1998 5 4 1 15 0 31 4 3 2 0 1 0 10 24 1999 7 4 1 16 0 26 5 2 2 0 1 0 9 26 2000 8 3 1 17 0 30 2 2 1 0 1 0 9 23 2001 7 2 1 16 0 34 3 2 1 0 1 0 8 23 2002 8 3 1 15 1 33 3 3 1 0 1 0 8 24 2003 7 3 2 15 0 30 3 2 2 0 1 0 10 25 2004 6 3 1 16 0 31 4 2 2 0 1 0 10 24 2005 9 2 2 3 0 41 3 2 2 0 0 0 11 24 2006 7 2 1 3 1 40 4 2 2 0 1 0 12 24 2007 10 2 1 10 1 29 4 2 3 0 0 0 14 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 2 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Denmark, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Shee Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Toma Whea y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t Sugar to t 1956 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1957 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1958 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1959 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1960 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1961 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1962 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1963 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1964 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1965 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1966 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1967 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1968 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1969 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1970 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1971 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1972 M X X X M X X X X na X na M 1973 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1974 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1975 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1976 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1977 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1978 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1979 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1980 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1981 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1982 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1983 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1984 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1985 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1986 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1987 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1988 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1989 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1990 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1991 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1992 M M M M M M M M X M M X M 1993 M M M M M M M M X M M X M 1994 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1996 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 1997 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 1998 M M M M M M M M X M M X X 1999 M M M M M M M M X M M X X 2000 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M M X X 2002 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2003 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2004 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2005 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 2006 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 2007 X M M M M M M M X M M X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 3: Annual distortion estimates, Finland, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Shee All Barle Pigm Potat Poult pmea Whea cover y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry t Sugar t ed 1956 77 109 na 163 62 57 15 na na 194 20 83 1957 103 109 na 213 75 57 15 na na 129 28 103 1958 126 109 na 138 93 57 15 na na 184 38 94 1959 108 109 na 178 113 57 15 na na 207 40 107 1960 102 109 na 127 96 57 15 na na 201 44 89 1961 135 109 na 213 138 57 15 na na 215 42 121 1962 111 109 na 251 128 57 15 na na 208 83 131 1963 107 109 na 174 135 57 15 na na 75 86 113 1964 94 109 na 117 174 57 15 na na 110 92 106 1965 82 109 na 143 183 57 15 na na 284 113 116 1966 82 109 na 125 180 57 15 na na 331 100 109 1967 100 109 na 131 202 57 15 na na 260 109 118 1968 132 109 na 140 257 57 15 na na 199 151 139 1969 81 109 na 123 242 57 15 na na 166 150 126 1970 74 109 na 115 234 57 15 na na 118 88 116 1971 107 109 na 99 219 57 15 na na 84 123 120 1972 38 109 na 73 204 57 15 na na 68 34 89 1973 3 109 na 31 155 57 15 na na 35 6 61 1974 -8 109 na 18 144 57 15 na na 20 11 58 1975 8 109 na 20 232 57 15 na na 45 48 82 1976 -10 109 na 39 189 57 15 na na 68 37 75 1977 16 109 na 92 240 57 15 na na 95 27 90 1978 10 109 na 55 370 57 15 na na 84 98 98 1979 19 109 na 55 430 57 15 na na 40 131 113 1980 -24 109 na 55 17 57 15 na na 24 39 40 1981 -37 109 na 55 72 57 15 na na 42 50 54 1982 -42 109 na 55 149 57 15 na na 57 82 58 1983 -31 109 na 55 97 57 15 na na 53 52 46 1984 -44 109 na 55 77 57 15 na na 69 59 36 1985 135 109 na 55 84 57 15 na na 70 242 93 1986 414 109 68 195 258 57 15 62 233 325 224 153 1987 581 131 42 230 215 70 15 82 355 489 403 163 1988 302 202 60 227 125 95 15 104 425 204 297 173 1989 242 147 69 200 168 88 15 59 335 124 239 152 1990 345 173 105 213 251 86 15 64 381 103 198 172 1991 339 167 73 226 193 75 15 27 346 216 267 166 1992 277 164 74 207 165 51 15 7 271 372 208 142 1993 258 130 52 182 113 90 15 6 126 243 145 137 1994 305 151 73 194 181 98 15 23 155 208 272 156 1995 41 69 12 79 40 16 15 129 77 119 16 51 1996 2 68 5 70 34 16 14 77 45 140 0 39 1997 7 117 1 78 25 13 12 55 27 147 0 45 1998 64 121 11 100 50 22 11 51 38 186 26 69 1999 44 125 16 106 84 57 11 90 37 245 37 78 2000 3 113 3 57 59 32 10 57 26 176 11 45 2001 0 140 0 40 29 24 10 52 48 138 4 35 2002 0 157 0 75 0 24 10 56 35 161 0 43 2003 1 157 0 70 1 33 10 54 46 240 2 45 2004 1 92 0 62 23 27 10 101 33 238 2 43 2005 0 109 0 33 24 19 10 69 54 168 0 25 2006 0 81 0 24 0 14 10 42 74 66 0 17 2007 0 66 0 0 0 18 10 99 68 99 0 8 Table 3 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Finland, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 83 29 na 69 69 50 82 69 10 54 1957 103 38 na 86 86 61 105 86 9 71 1958 94 35 na 78 78 70 84 78 8 64 1959 107 41 na 90 90 77 100 90 8 76 1960 89 31 na 74 74 67 79 74 7 63 1961 121 46 na 101 101 89 109 101 6 89 1962 131 46 na 108 108 76 128 108 6 97 1963 113 41 na 94 94 83 101 94 4 87 1964 106 38 na 88 88 88 88 88 4 81 1965 116 42 na 97 97 100 94 97 5 88 1966 109 38 na 91 91 94 88 91 5 82 1967 118 42 na 98 98 105 93 98 4 90 1968 139 53 na 116 116 137 101 116 7 103 1969 126 46 na 105 105 119 94 105 3 99 1970 116 41 na 96 96 116 79 96 2 92 1971 120 41 na 99 99 122 79 99 2 96 1972 89 29 na 74 74 90 59 74 2 70 1973 61 16 na 50 50 64 39 50 2 48 1974 58 14 na 48 48 57 42 48 1 46 1975 82 24 na 68 68 92 48 68 1 66 1976 75 21 na 62 62 75 48 62 1 60 1977 90 22 na 73 73 83 64 73 1 72 1978 98 26 na 80 80 98 64 80 1 79 1979 113 32 na 93 93 127 65 93 1 92 1980 40 1 na 32 32 9 57 32 1 31 1981 54 2 na 42 42 22 61 42 1 41 1982 58 6 na 46 46 34 58 46 1 45 1983 46 3 na 37 37 32 42 37 1 36 1984 36 -1 na 28 28 17 43 28 1 27 1985 93 21 na 75 75 83 63 75 0 74 1986 153 49 10 148 148 152 45 148 1 147 1987 163 37 15 161 161 155 86 161 1 159 1988 173 27 10 157 157 140 156 157 1 155 1989 152 23 9 137 137 148 56 137 1 135 1990 172 34 8 154 154 174 24 154 1 152 1991 166 27 9 149 149 161 22 149 1 147 1992 142 13 9 126 126 139 35 126 1 124 1993 137 17 6 118 118 134 34 118 1 116 1994 156 0 6 125 125 172 78 125 1 123 1995 51 0 5 43 60 na 51 43 1 42 1996 39 19 4 38 54 12 43 38 1 37 1997 45 22 4 43 60 16 48 43 1 42 1998 69 33 4 63 80 35 64 63 1 62 1999 78 38 4 72 89 38 72 72 1 70 2000 45 22 3 43 60 11 52 43 1 42 2001 35 17 4 34 51 8 39 34 1 33 2002 43 20 5 42 59 12 48 42 1 41 2003 45 22 5 44 63 11 52 44 1 42 2004 43 19 4 41 59 9 49 41 1 40 2005 25 12 4 23 42 0 35 23 1 22 2006 17 8 4 17 39 0 23 17 1 16 2007 8 4 4 10 29 0 13 10 1 9 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 3 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Finland, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Shee Non- Barle Pigm Potat Poult pmea Suga Whe cover y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry t r at ed 1956 6 6 na 21 14 7 16 na na 0 4 25 1957 7 6 na 20 16 8 13 na na 1 4 26 1958 6 6 na 24 14 8 11 na na 0 5 26 1959 7 6 na 22 15 8 10 na na 0 4 27 1960 6 5 na 26 14 8 11 na na 0 5 26 1961 5 7 na 19 15 9 8 na na 1 9 27 1962 5 10 na 20 12 8 9 na na 1 8 27 1963 7 10 na 21 13 7 8 na na 2 6 27 1964 5 13 na 25 10 8 5 na na 1 7 26 1965 7 14 na 19 13 6 8 na na 0 7 26 1966 8 14 na 21 12 6 7 na na 0 5 26 1967 8 14 na 19 12 8 5 na na 0 7 26 1968 8 13 na 19 13 7 5 na na 0 7 27 1969 10 15 na 18 13 7 4 na na 0 6 26 1970 11 13 na 15 15 7 6 na na 1 6 26 1971 10 14 na 16 16 8 4 na na 1 5 26 1972 13 12 na 15 14 8 4 na na 2 7 25 1973 12 13 na 15 14 8 4 na na 2 9 24 1974 11 18 na 14 12 7 3 na na 3 10 22 1975 11 16 na 13 13 9 4 na na 1 9 24 1976 15 14 na 10 16 7 4 na na 1 10 24 1977 13 19 na 9 11 12 5 na na 1 6 24 1978 15 20 na 11 9 11 5 na na 1 3 25 1979 14 22 na 12 10 10 5 na na 2 2 24 1980 14 18 na 9 19 9 4 na na 3 3 21 1981 14 19 na 15 14 9 3 na na 1 2 22 1982 19 15 na 14 13 8 3 na na 1 4 22 1983 18 6 na 15 18 9 5 na na 1 6 22 1984 20 6 na 14 17 10 5 na na 1 5 22 1985 18 6 na 14 14 13 4 na na 1 4 25 1986 5 16 5 26 5 19 3 2 0 1 4 14 1987 3 17 6 27 4 21 3 2 0 0 1 14 1988 8 11 5 25 7 17 4 2 0 2 2 18 1989 8 12 4 22 9 15 5 2 0 2 3 18 1990 6 11 3 23 7 16 5 2 0 2 5 19 1991 7 12 4 23 6 17 4 4 0 1 3 19 1992 6 11 4 23 6 19 4 4 0 1 2 20 1993 7 10 4 24 8 14 3 4 0 1 3 20 1994 7 10 3 23 6 13 6 4 0 1 2 24 1995 9 9 3 24 6 11 9 1 0 1 3 24 1996 13 8 4 24 7 12 4 2 0 1 4 24 1997 12 6 3 23 7 14 3 2 0 2 3 24 1998 6 8 3 27 5 12 6 3 0 1 3 26 1999 9 8 3 26 4 9 9 2 0 1 2 27 2000 12 6 3 27 6 10 4 2 0 1 3 24 2001 10 4 3 30 6 12 4 3 0 1 3 24 2002 10 5 3 25 10 11 5 3 0 1 3 25 2003 10 5 4 25 7 10 4 3 0 1 5 26 2004 10 6 3 28 4 11 5 2 0 1 5 25 2005 17 6 4 13 5 15 5 3 0 1 6 24 2006 14 5 3 24 8 9 5 2 0 1 5 24 2007 21 3 2 17 10 7 5 2 0 0 8 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 3 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Finland, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Shee Barle Pigm Potat Poult pmea Whea y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry t Sugar t 1956 X M na M X X M na na M M 1957 X M na M X X M na na M M 1958 X M na M X X M na na M M 1959 X M na M X X M na na M M 1960 X M na M X X M na na M M 1961 X M na M X X M na na M M 1962 X M na M X X M na na M M 1963 X M na M X X M na na M M 1964 X M na M X X M na na M M 1965 X M na M X X M na na M M 1966 X M na M X X M na na M M 1967 X M na M X X M na na M M 1968 X M na M X X M na na M M 1969 X M na M X X M na na M M 1970 X M na M X X M na na M M 1971 X M na M X X M na na M M 1972 X M na M X X M na na M M 1973 X M na M X X M na na M M 1974 X M na M X X M na na M M 1975 X M na M X X M na na M M 1976 X M na M X X M na na M M 1977 X M na M X X M na na M M 1978 X M na M X X M na na M M 1979 X M na M X X M na na M M 1980 X M na M X X M na na M M 1981 X M na M X X M na na M M 1982 X M na M X X M na na M M 1983 X M na M X X M na na M M 1984 X M na M X X M na na M M 1985 X M na M X X M na na M M 1986 X X X X X X M H H M X 1987 X X X X X X M H M M M 1988 X X X M X X M M M M M 1989 X X X X X X M M M M M 1990 X X X X X X M M M M X 1991 X X X X X X M X M M X 1992 X X X X X X M M M M M 1993 X X X X X X M M M M M 1994 X X X X X X M M M M M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M M 1996 X M M M M M M M M M X 1997 X M M M M M M M M M X 1998 M M M M M M M M M M X 1999 M M M M M M M M M M X 2000 X M X M M M M M M M X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M X 2002 X M X M M M M M M M X 2003 X M X M M M M M M M X 2004 X M X M M M M M M M X 2005 X M M M M M M M M M X 2006 X M M M M M M M M M X 2007 X M M M M M M M M M X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 4: Annual distortion estimates, France, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Pigmea Rapese Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat t Potato Poultry ed 1956 8 -13 18 -22 196 -24 19 na 190 73 1957 21 -3 38 1 245 6 45 na 198 71 1958 74 17 89 43 154 22 36 na 178 64 1959 30 -5 50 20 187 -7 8 na 124 32 1960 20 9 29 8 91 -22 5 na 61 -46 1961 40 3 26 -9 201 36 25 na 91 21 1962 75 127 22 47 421 49 120 na 80 0 1963 69 103 11 44 339 51 117 na 73 0 1964 60 86 25 41 277 41 87 na 57 0 1965 52 62 32 45 320 48 133 na 61 0 1966 54 51 16 36 296 42 149 na 59 0 1967 69 53 15 49 310 43 129 na 51 0 1968 99 73 20 77 337 54 132 na 51 0 1969 54 73 16 66 307 41 152 na 48 0 1970 54 71 -4 41 308 48 142 na 43 0 1971 89 69 3 48 317 31 136 na 162 0 1972 37 89 -5 73 300 14 114 54 106 0 1973 -7 34 -17 19 208 0 106 57 74 0 1974 3 -4 30 2 210 7 69 18 54 0 1975 23 11 16 22 264 23 65 49 60 0 1976 20 26 5 39 366 10 122 327 69 0 1977 56 11 41 72 598 35 65 71 61 0 1978 49 11 13 81 488 74 78 -15 49 0 1979 75 0 41 67 440 80 109 17 38 0 1980 17 -1 22 62 434 -27 71 7 37 0 1981 7 23 2 43 330 -2 148 73 72 0 1982 8 49 18 66 313 22 125 95 99 0 1983 32 264 40 29 287 -1 129 87 73 0 1984 6 265 3 15 311 8 81 -24 95 0 1985 18 293 8 28 282 -6 22 11 91 0 1986 157 188 31 110 361 83 40 17 79 153 1987 233 107 21 170 533 77 11 17 90 145 1988 85 80 21 79 192 14 34 17 69 112 1989 45 79 29 62 84 15 14 17 66 140 1990 94 98 12 108 125 48 7 16 100 200 1991 119 157 13 120 128 39 20 16 83 97 1992 103 93 15 103 118 63 0 17 118 0 1993 105 63 10 69 123 44 18 17 110 0 1994 100 53 0 45 117 43 18 16 114 0 1995 41 69 12 53 79 40 16 15 129 0 1996 2 68 5 14 70 34 16 14 77 0 1997 7 117 1 19 78 25 13 12 55 0 1998 64 121 11 32 100 50 22 11 51 0 1999 44 125 16 39 106 84 57 11 90 0 2000 3 113 3 27 57 59 32 10 57 1 2001 0 140 0 14 40 29 24 10 52 0 2002 0 157 0 9 75 0 24 10 56 0 2003 1 157 0 34 70 1 33 10 54 0 2004 1 92 0 39 62 23 27 10 101 0 2005 0 109 0 19 33 24 19 10 69 0 2006 0 86 0 19 24 0 15 10 69 0 2007 0 71 0 21 0 0 18 10 100 0 All Sheep Soybea Sunflo covere Rice meat n Sugar wer Tomato Wheat Wine d 1956 57 222 na 118 5 na 51 -31 32 1957 42 261 na 66 15 na 15 -16 47 1958 25 219 na 153 20 na 33 78 73 1959 9 180 na 205 9 na 23 -6 40 1960 8 118 na 125 9 na 18 -42 16 1961 -9 176 na 160 3 -17 23 -39 32 1962 -15 279 na 185 0 22 78 4 79 1963 -20 231 na 13 0 22 86 4 71 1964 -19 226 na 63 0 22 70 4 67 1965 8 203 na 330 0 22 74 4 72 1966 -12 372 na 410 0 22 63 4 71 1967 -24 373 na 319 0 22 64 4 73 1968 -2 382 na 232 0 22 73 4 82 1969 25 386 na 183 0 22 62 4 77 1970 43 372 na 100 0 22 24 4 60 1971 -12 367 na 47 0 22 55 4 73 1972 -31 385 na 46 0 22 -2 4 59 1973 -61 322 0 -30 0 22 -30 4 24 1974 -55 255 0 -51 0 22 -23 4 16 1975 -19 267 0 28 0 22 -9 4 37 1976 0 342 0 99 0 22 -16 4 52 1977 -10 281 0 230 0 22 -21 4 52 1978 16 263 0 230 0 22 23 4 59 1979 -15 230 0 70 0 22 35 4 57 1980 -38 207 0 13 0 22 45 4 50 1981 1 183 0 74 0 11 44 17 68 1982 17 181 0 152 0 31 51 15 78 1983 -10 203 0 196 0 19 28 10 89 1984 41 172 0 268 0 26 20 7 69 1985 105 95 0 297 0 26 31 -25 61 1986 127 134 211 247 144 17 119 9 114 1987 190 211 169 301 150 15 143 9 118 1988 162 215 108 201 96 15 94 7 82 1989 148 167 118 90 150 0 31 6 50 1990 152 154 147 109 143 2 57 8 66 1991 144 128 159 191 111 0 146 9 90 1992 143 112 0 212 0 0 65 13 62 1993 106 38 0 169 0 8 58 13 60 1994 133 55 0 129 0 11 48 10 50 1995 88 77 0 119 0 0 16 4 39 1996 33 45 0 140 0 2 0 4 28 1997 31 27 0 147 0 0 0 5 32 1998 18 38 0 186 0 0 26 3 43 1999 0 37 0 245 0 0 37 2 49 2000 1 26 0 176 0 0 11 2 33 2001 42 48 0 138 0 0 4 2 27 2002 24 35 0 161 0 0 0 2 32 2003 18 46 0 240 0 2 2 2 36 2004 1 33 0 238 0 2 2 1 31 2005 2 54 0 168 0 0 0 2 17 2006 3 74 0 66 0 0 0 1 15 2007 1 68 0 99 0 0 0 1 11 Table 4 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, France, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 32 9 na 27 27 -11 41 27 10 15 1957 47 18 na 40 40 1 54 40 11 25 1958 73 36 na 64 64 50 68 64 14 44 1959 40 18 na 35 35 7 45 35 13 19 1960 16 2 na 13 13 -20 25 13 12 1 1961 32 11 na 27 27 -15 46 27 12 14 1962 79 58 na 75 75 20 111 75 12 56 1963 71 49 na 67 67 19 94 67 12 50 1964 67 46 na 62 62 18 85 62 11 46 1965 72 50 na 68 68 22 91 68 11 51 1966 71 49 na 67 67 22 87 67 10 51 1967 73 47 na 68 68 22 87 68 11 51 1968 82 54 na 76 76 22 102 76 8 63 1969 77 51 na 72 72 24 92 72 7 60 1970 60 43 na 57 57 16 77 57 7 47 1971 73 48 na 68 68 31 89 68 6 58 1972 59 36 na 55 55 20 71 55 6 46 1973 24 15 na 22 22 5 31 22 5 16 1974 16 11 na 15 15 8 18 15 4 11 1975 37 25 na 35 35 16 44 35 4 30 1976 52 32 na 48 48 18 58 48 4 43 1977 52 31 na 48 48 26 56 48 4 42 1978 59 37 na 55 55 28 66 55 5 47 1979 57 39 12 66 67 31 63 66 5 58 1980 50 33 12 58 60 29 52 58 4 51 1981 68 39 10 71 73 31 71 71 4 65 1982 78 45 9 80 82 30 86 80 4 73 1983 89 50 9 89 92 30 99 89 4 81 1984 69 39 8 70 72 19 80 70 4 64 1985 61 40 10 67 70 7 81 67 6 58 1986 114 68 3 107 109 38 128 107 6 95 1987 118 70 3 111 113 46 129 111 6 98 1988 82 45 3 77 80 31 87 77 5 68 1989 50 26 3 48 51 15 55 48 5 41 1990 66 35 4 63 67 20 74 63 5 56 1991 90 48 5 85 90 30 96 85 5 76 1992 62 37 5 61 69 24 69 61 5 54 1993 60 35 5 59 72 24 65 59 5 52 1994 50 30 4 50 65 21 55 50 5 43 1995 39 24 5 41 58 13 45 41 5 34 1996 28 16 4 30 46 5 43 30 5 23 1997 32 19 4 34 50 7 47 34 5 27 1998 43 26 4 44 61 15 59 44 5 37 1999 49 32 4 50 67 17 69 50 5 43 2000 33 20 3 34 51 8 50 34 5 27 2001 27 16 4 29 46 5 39 29 5 22 2002 32 19 5 34 51 4 52 34 5 27 2003 36 22 5 38 57 5 59 38 5 31 2004 31 19 4 33 51 4 52 33 5 26 2005 17 9 4 17 36 1 39 17 4 13 2006 15 7 4 16 37 1 33 16 4 11 2007 11 6 4 13 31 0 29 13 4 8 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 4 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, France, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Pigmea Rapese Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat t Potato Poultry ed 1956 8 10 5 2 8 6 7 na 3 0 1957 4 10 5 1 8 3 8 na 3 0 1958 4 11 5 1 11 4 9 na 4 0 1959 5 10 5 1 8 3 9 na 3 0 1960 6 9 5 2 10 3 9 na 3 0 1961 5 10 5 1 8 2 8 na 3 0 1962 5 8 4 1 5 2 7 na 4 0 1963 6 9 4 3 6 2 7 na 4 0 1964 5 10 4 2 6 2 7 na 4 1 1965 6 12 4 3 6 2 6 na 4 1 1966 6 13 4 3 7 2 6 na 3 1 1967 7 13 4 3 7 2 6 na 3 1 1968 5 13 4 3 7 2 6 na 3 1 1969 7 13 4 4 7 2 6 na 4 1 1970 5 11 4 5 6 1 5 na 3 1 1971 5 12 4 6 6 2 6 na 2 1 1972 7 10 4 4 6 2 5 2 2 1 1973 6 9 4 5 6 1 5 2 2 1 1974 6 14 2 6 6 1 5 2 2 1 1975 5 15 3 5 6 1 6 2 3 1 1976 6 15 3 4 5 1 6 1 3 1 1977 5 15 2 4 4 1 7 3 3 1 1978 5 16 3 4 4 1 6 3 3 1 1979 5 18 2 5 5 1 5 3 4 1 1980 7 18 3 4 5 2 6 2 4 1 1981 7 16 3 5 7 1 5 2 4 1 1982 7 13 3 5 7 1 5 2 4 2 1983 6 6 3 7 8 1 5 2 4 1 1984 7 5 3 7 7 1 5 3 3 2 1985 6 5 3 7 7 1 7 3 3 2 1986 3 8 3 6 8 0 8 3 5 1 1987 2 11 3 4 5 1 9 3 4 2 1988 3 11 2 6 10 1 6 2 4 2 1989 3 8 2 5 14 0 8 2 4 1 1990 3 9 2 3 12 0 8 2 3 1 1991 3 7 3 5 13 0 8 3 4 1 1992 3 9 2 4 12 0 10 2 3 1 1993 2 10 3 5 13 0 8 1 4 1 1994 2 10 3 5 12 0 8 3 4 2 1995 2 9 2 4 14 0 8 3 3 2 1996 3 7 3 6 12 0 8 2 4 2 1997 3 6 3 6 12 0 9 2 4 3 1998 2 6 2 5 12 0 7 3 5 3 1999 2 6 2 5 12 0 5 3 4 3 2000 3 6 3 5 15 0 7 2 4 2 2001 3 4 3 6 17 0 9 2 5 2 2002 3 5 3 6 13 0 7 2 4 2 2003 3 5 4 4 14 0 7 2 4 3 2004 3 5 3 5 14 0 7 3 3 3 2005 4 4 3 4 4 0 8 2 4 3 2006 4 4 3 4 4 0 7 3 4 4 2007 5 3 3 5 6 0 5 1 3 4 Non- Sheep Soybea Sunflo covere Rice meat n Sugar wer Tomato Wheat Wine d 1956 0 1 na 1 0 na 8 16 24 1957 0 1 na 2 0 na 15 15 24 1958 0 1 na 2 0 na 14 10 25 1959 0 1 na 1 0 na 15 14 24 1960 0 1 na 1 0 na 13 16 23 1961 0 1 na 2 0 2 12 17 24 1962 0 1 na 1 0 1 12 27 20 1963 0 1 na 3 0 1 8 25 20 1964 0 1 na 2 0 1 11 23 20 1965 0 1 na 1 0 1 11 22 20 1966 0 1 na 1 0 2 9 21 20 1967 0 1 na 1 0 1 11 19 21 1968 0 1 na 1 0 1 11 22 20 1969 0 1 na 1 0 1 11 18 21 1970 0 1 na 2 0 1 11 24 19 1971 0 1 na 3 0 1 11 20 20 1972 0 1 na 3 0 1 16 16 20 1973 0 1 0 4 0 1 16 19 18 1974 0 1 0 6 0 1 16 14 18 1975 0 1 0 3 0 1 12 16 19 1976 0 1 0 2 0 2 17 14 20 1977 0 1 0 2 0 1 18 12 21 1978 0 1 0 2 0 2 14 13 20 1979 0 1 0 3 0 2 11 16 20 1980 0 1 0 5 0 2 12 8 21 1981 0 2 0 4 0 2 13 6 22 1982 0 2 0 2 1 2 14 9 22 1983 0 1 0 2 1 2 17 10 22 1984 0 1 0 1 1 1 19 9 22 1985 0 1 0 2 2 2 15 14 21 1986 0 1 0 2 2 2 11 16 22 1987 0 1 0 2 2 2 10 14 22 1988 0 1 0 2 2 1 11 12 22 1989 0 1 0 2 2 2 14 12 20 1990 0 1 0 3 2 2 13 15 21 1991 0 1 0 2 2 2 10 11 24 1992 0 1 0 2 2 2 11 14 21 1993 0 1 0 2 2 2 11 13 21 1994 0 1 0 2 2 2 10 14 20 1995 0 1 0 2 2 1 12 15 20 1996 0 1 0 2 1 1 15 13 20 1997 0 1 0 2 1 1 13 13 20 1998 0 1 0 2 2 2 12 16 20 1999 0 1 0 2 1 2 11 19 20 2000 0 1 0 2 1 2 12 15 20 2001 0 1 0 2 1 2 10 14 20 2002 0 1 0 2 1 2 13 14 21 2003 0 1 0 1 1 2 11 15 21 2004 0 1 0 1 1 1 14 15 20 2005 0 1 0 1 1 2 13 21 24 2006 0 1 0 2 1 2 15 19 24 2007 0 1 0 1 1 1 19 18 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 4 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, France, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Pigme Poultr Rapes Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat at Potato y eed 1956 M M M M M M M na M M 1957 M M M M M M M na M M 1958 M M M M M M M na M M 1959 M M M M M M M na M M 1960 M M M M M M M na M M 1961 M M M M M M M na M M 1962 M M M M M M M na M X 1963 M M M M M M M na M M 1964 M M M M M M M na M X 1965 M M M M M M M na M M 1966 M M M M M M M na M M 1967 M M M M M M M na M M 1968 M M M M M M M na M M 1969 M M M M M M M na M M 1970 M M M M M M M na M M 1971 X M M M M M M na M M 1972 X M M M M M M M M M 1973 X M M M M M M M M M 1974 X M M M M M M M M M 1975 X M M M M M M M M M 1976 M M M M M M M M M M 1977 X M M M M M M M M M 1978 X M M M M M M M M M 1979 X M M M M M M M M M 1980 X M M M M M M M M M 1981 X M M M M M M M M M 1982 X M M M M M M M M M 1983 X M M M M M M M M M 1984 X M M M M M M M M M 1985 X M M M M M M M M M 1986 M M M M M M M M M M 1987 M M M M M M M M M M 1988 M M M M M M M M M M 1989 M M M M M M M M M M 1990 M M M M M M M M M M 1991 M M M M M M M M M M 1992 M M M M M M M M M X 1993 M M M M M M M M M X 1994 M M M M M M M M M M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M 1996 X M M M M M M M M X 1997 X M M M M M M M M X 1998 M M M M M M M M M X 1999 M M M M M M M M M X 2000 X M X M M M M M M X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M 2002 X M X M M M M M M X 2003 X M X M M M M M M X 2004 X M X M M M M M M X 2005 X M M M M M M M M X 2006 X M M M M M M M M X 2007 X M M M M M M M M X Sheep Soybe Sunflo Tomat Rice meat an Sugar wer o Wheat Wine 1956 X M 0 M M na M X 1957 X M 0 M M na M X 1958 X M 0 M M na M X 1959 X M 0 M M na M X 1960 X M 0 M M na M X 1961 X M 0 M M X M X 1962 X M 0 M M X M X 1963 X M 0 M M X M X 1964 X M 0 M M M M X 1965 X M 0 M M M M X 1966 X M 0 M M M M X 1967 X M 0 M M M M X 1968 X M 0 M M M M X 1969 X M 0 M M M M X 1970 X M 0 M M M M X 1971 X M 0 M M M M X 1972 X M 0 M M M M X 1973 X M M M M M M X 1974 X M M M M M M X 1975 X M M M X M M X 1976 X M M M M M M X 1977 X M M M M M M X 1978 X M M M M M M X 1979 X M M M M M M X 1980 X M M M M M M X 1981 X M M M X M M X 1982 X M M M X M M X 1983 X M M M X M M X 1984 X M M M X M M X 1985 X M M M X M M X 1986 X M M M M M M X 1987 X M M M M M M X 1988 X M M M M M M X 1989 X M M M M X M X 1990 X M M M M X M X 1991 X M M M M X M X 1992 X M M M M X M X 1993 X M M M M X M X 1994 X M M M M X M X 1995 X M M M M X M X 1996 X M M M M X X X 1997 X M M M M X X X 1998 X M M M M X X X 1999 X M M M M X X X 2000 X M M M M X X X 2001 X M M M M X X X 2002 X M M M M X X X 2003 X M M M M X X X 2004 X M M M M X X X 2005 X M M M M X X X 2006 X M M M M X X X 2007 X M M M M X X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 5: Annual distortion estimates, Germany, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Pigmea Rapese Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat t Potato Poultry ed 1956 35 32 33 na 453 15 25 na 23 64 1957 51 41 38 na 434 19 32 na 28 74 1958 74 43 66 na 460 29 19 na 27 75 1959 72 52 37 na 412 44 29 na 23 57 1960 70 80 27 na 390 32 20 na 20 35 1961 96 77 39 na 361 57 39 na 31 24 1962 75 127 22 47 421 49 120 na 80 0 1963 69 103 11 44 339 51 117 na 73 0 1964 60 86 25 41 277 41 87 na 57 0 1965 52 62 32 45 320 48 133 na 61 0 1966 54 51 16 36 296 42 149 na 59 0 1967 69 53 15 49 310 43 129 na 51 0 1968 99 73 20 77 337 54 132 na 51 0 1969 54 73 16 66 307 41 152 na 48 0 1970 54 71 -4 41 308 48 142 na 43 0 1971 89 69 3 48 317 31 136 na 162 0 1972 37 89 -5 73 300 14 114 54 106 0 1973 -7 34 -17 19 208 0 106 57 74 0 1974 3 -4 30 2 210 7 69 18 54 0 1975 23 11 16 22 264 23 65 49 60 0 1976 20 26 5 39 366 10 122 327 69 0 1977 56 11 41 72 598 35 65 71 61 0 1978 49 11 13 81 488 74 78 -15 49 0 1979 75 0 41 67 440 80 109 17 38 0 1980 17 -1 22 62 434 -27 71 7 37 0 1981 7 23 2 43 330 -2 148 73 72 0 1982 8 49 18 66 313 22 125 95 99 0 1983 32 264 40 29 287 -1 129 87 73 0 1984 6 265 3 15 311 8 81 -24 95 0 1985 18 293 8 28 282 -6 22 11 91 0 1986 157 188 31 110 361 83 40 17 79 153 1987 233 107 21 170 533 77 11 17 90 145 1988 85 80 21 79 192 14 34 17 69 112 1989 45 79 29 62 84 15 14 17 66 140 1990 94 98 12 108 125 48 7 16 100 200 1991 119 157 13 120 128 39 20 16 83 97 1992 103 93 15 103 118 63 0 17 118 0 1993 105 63 10 69 123 44 18 17 110 0 1994 100 53 0 45 117 43 18 16 114 0 1995 41 69 12 53 79 40 16 15 129 0 1996 2 68 5 14 70 34 16 14 77 0 1997 7 117 1 19 78 25 13 12 55 0 1998 64 121 11 32 100 50 22 11 51 0 1999 44 125 16 39 106 84 57 11 90 0 2000 3 113 3 27 57 59 32 10 57 1 2001 0 140 0 14 40 29 24 10 52 0 2002 0 157 0 9 75 0 24 10 56 0 2003 1 157 0 34 70 1 33 10 54 0 2004 1 92 0 39 62 23 27 10 101 0 2005 0 109 0 19 33 24 19 10 69 0 2006 0 81 0 19 25 0 14 10 42 0 2007 0 66 0 21 0 0 18 10 99 0 All Sheep Soybea Sunflo covere meat n Sugar wer Tomato Wheat Wine d 1956 -10 na 160 na na -16 28 63 1957 -5 na 75 na na -18 161 70 1958 -11 na 177 na na 2 70 80 1959 -5 na 222 na na -17 20 75 1960 -6 na 219 na na -8 116 75 1961 11 na 246 na na 15 -8 89 1962 279 na 185 na 22 78 na 136 1963 231 na 13 na 22 86 na 114 1964 226 na 63 na 22 70 na 102 1965 203 na 330 na 22 74 na 119 1966 372 na 410 na 22 63 na 115 1967 373 na 319 na 22 64 na 110 1968 382 na 232 na 22 73 na 122 1969 386 na 183 na 22 62 na 115 1970 372 na 100 na 22 24 na 101 1971 367 na 47 na 22 55 na 107 1972 385 na 46 na 22 -2 na 83 1973 322 na -30 na 22 -30 4 44 1974 255 na -51 na 22 -23 4 28 1975 267 na 28 na 22 -9 4 53 1976 342 na 99 na 22 -16 4 92 1977 281 na 230 na 22 -21 4 71 1978 263 na 230 na 22 23 4 71 1979 230 na 70 na 22 35 4 75 1980 207 na 13 na 22 45 4 56 1981 183 na 74 na 11 44 17 85 1982 181 na 152 na 31 51 15 94 1983 203 na 196 na 19 28 10 122 1984 172 na 268 na 26 20 7 87 1985 95 na 297 na 26 31 -25 78 1986 134 na 247 na 17 119 9 123 1987 211 na 301 150 15 143 9 109 1988 215 na 201 96 15 94 7 82 1989 167 118 90 150 0 31 6 49 1990 154 147 109 143 2 57 8 62 1991 128 159 191 111 0 146 9 84 1992 112 0 212 0 0 65 13 59 1993 38 0 169 0 8 58 13 64 1994 55 0 129 0 11 48 10 55 1995 77 0 119 0 0 16 4 43 1996 45 0 140 0 2 0 4 35 1997 27 0 147 0 0 0 5 39 1998 38 0 186 0 0 26 3 54 1999 37 0 245 0 0 37 2 65 2000 26 0 176 0 0 11 2 40 2001 48 0 138 0 0 4 2 31 2002 35 0 161 0 0 0 2 41 2003 46 0 240 0 2 2 2 43 2004 33 0 238 0 2 2 1 36 2005 54 0 168 0 0 0 2 19 2006 74 0 66 0 0 0 1 15 2007 68 0 99 0 0 0 1 11 Table 5 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Germany, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 63 7 na 46 46 2 55 46 4 41 1957 70 6 na 50 50 5 58 50 3 45 1958 80 9 na 57 57 5 68 57 3 52 1959 75 12 na 56 56 2 67 56 3 50 1960 75 11 na 55 55 11 64 55 3 50 1961 89 13 na 65 65 -1 80 65 3 59 1962 136 63 na 113 113 67 122 113 3 106 1963 114 51 na 96 96 56 103 96 3 89 1964 102 49 na 88 88 56 93 88 3 83 1965 119 59 na 102 102 70 107 102 2 98 1966 115 58 na 98 98 65 104 98 2 95 1967 110 50 na 93 93 54 99 93 2 89 1968 122 54 na 103 103 56 110 103 1 100 1969 115 58 na 99 99 64 105 99 2 96 1970 101 53 na 88 88 58 93 88 1 85 1971 107 49 na 91 91 62 98 91 1 89 1972 83 41 na 73 73 41 80 73 1 71 1973 44 23 na 39 39 12 46 39 1 37 1974 28 16 na 26 26 16 28 26 1 24 1975 53 30 na 48 48 32 51 48 1 46 1976 92 51 na 82 82 63 85 82 1 81 1977 71 40 na 64 64 50 67 64 1 63 1978 71 39 na 63 63 47 68 63 1 62 1979 75 43 12 80 81 59 70 80 1 79 1980 56 37 12 63 65 41 54 63 1 62 1981 85 48 10 86 88 40 86 86 1 85 1982 94 53 9 94 96 41 98 94 1 93 1983 122 62 9 115 118 48 125 115 1 114 1984 87 44 8 85 87 26 92 85 1 84 1985 78 42 10 79 83 33 80 79 1 78 1986 123 66 3 112 114 72 115 112 1 111 1987 109 63 3 101 103 81 100 101 1 100 1988 82 44 3 76 79 49 77 76 1 75 1989 49 24 3 46 49 25 46 46 1 45 1990 62 31 4 59 62 34 59 59 1 58 1991 84 42 5 78 83 40 79 78 1 77 1992 59 32 5 58 65 33 57 58 1 57 1993 64 33 5 62 74 32 62 62 1 61 1994 55 29 4 53 68 32 52 53 1 52 1995 43 22 5 43 60 21 41 43 1 42 1996 35 17 4 34 51 8 41 34 1 34 1997 39 20 4 38 55 10 46 38 1 37 1998 54 28 4 52 69 21 59 52 1 51 1999 65 34 4 62 79 25 70 62 1 61 2000 40 21 3 39 57 10 50 39 1 38 2001 31 16 4 31 48 6 37 31 1 31 2002 41 21 5 41 58 7 52 41 1 40 2003 43 22 5 43 62 8 55 43 1 42 2004 36 18 4 36 54 6 47 36 1 35 2005 19 9 4 19 37 0 31 19 1 18 2006 15 7 4 16 37 0 24 16 1 15 2007 11 6 4 13 31 0 19 13 1 12 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 5 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Germany, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Pigmea Rapese Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat t Potato Poultry ed 1956 5 10 6 na 6 5 24 na 1 0 1957 4 11 6 na 7 4 24 na 1 0 1958 4 11 5 na 7 4 26 na 1 0 1959 4 11 6 na 7 3 24 na 1 0 1960 4 9 6 na 8 4 25 na 1 0 1961 3 10 7 na 8 3 24 na 1 0 1962 6 11 7 0 9 4 20 na 2 1 1963 5 11 8 0 9 3 20 na 2 1 1964 5 12 6 0 11 3 22 na 2 1 1965 5 15 8 0 10 3 19 na 2 1 1966 5 16 8 0 11 3 18 na 2 1 1967 6 15 8 0 10 3 17 na 2 1 1968 5 14 8 0 10 3 18 na 2 1 1969 6 15 8 0 10 3 18 na 2 1 1970 5 15 9 0 9 2 17 na 2 1 1971 5 15 9 0 9 3 17 na 1 1 1972 6 11 8 0 8 3 15 9 1 1 1973 7 12 7 0 8 3 13 8 1 1 1974 7 15 4 0 7 3 13 8 1 1 1975 6 16 4 0 8 3 17 6 2 1 1976 7 16 6 0 7 2 15 6 2 1 1977 6 17 4 0 4 2 18 8 2 1 1978 7 18 5 0 6 2 17 8 2 1 1979 5 21 3 0 6 2 14 9 2 1 1980 8 19 4 0 6 3 16 6 2 1 1981 9 17 5 1 9 3 13 6 2 1 1982 11 16 4 1 10 3 13 5 2 1 1983 9 7 5 1 12 2 15 6 2 1 1984 11 6 5 1 9 3 16 9 2 2 1985 9 5 4 1 10 3 22 8 1 2 1986 5 9 4 1 10 1 23 8 2 2 1987 3 13 4 0 7 1 25 9 2 1 1988 5 13 3 1 14 2 18 7 2 1 1989 5 10 2 1 18 1 20 6 1 1 1990 4 10 3 1 15 1 22 6 1 1 1991 5 9 3 1 16 1 20 6 1 2 1992 4 10 3 1 16 1 24 4 1 2 1993 4 11 3 1 18 1 18 4 2 3 1994 3 10 3 1 17 1 17 7 1 3 1995 4 9 2 1 19 0 16 8 1 3 1996 5 8 3 1 19 1 17 4 2 2 1997 6 6 3 1 18 1 19 4 2 3 1998 4 7 3 1 19 0 15 7 2 4 1999 5 7 2 1 19 0 12 8 2 4 2000 5 6 3 1 21 0 16 4 2 3 2001 5 4 3 1 22 0 18 4 2 3 2002 4 5 3 2 19 0 17 5 2 4 2003 5 5 4 2 20 0 16 4 3 4 2004 5 5 2 1 19 0 15 7 2 4 2005 7 4 4 2 3 0 23 6 2 6 2006 6 5 3 1 7 0 20 7 2 6 2007 7 4 3 2 11 0 15 6 1 6 Non- Sheep Soybea Sunflo covere meat n Sugar wer Tomato Wheat Wine d 1956 0 na 2 na na 8 1 31 1957 0 na 2 na na 8 1 32 1958 0 na 2 na na 7 1 32 1959 0 na 2 na na 8 2 31 1960 0 na 1 na na 8 2 32 1961 0 na 2 na na 7 3 32 1962 1 na 2 na 0 7 na 32 1963 0 na 5 na 0 6 na 29 1964 0 na 3 na 0 6 na 28 1965 0 na 1 na 0 6 na 29 1966 0 na 1 na 0 6 na 29 1967 0 na 1 na 0 7 na 29 1968 0 na 2 na 0 8 na 28 1969 0 na 2 na 0 7 na 28 1970 0 na 2 na 0 8 na 28 1971 0 na 3 na 0 8 na 27 1972 0 na 3 na 0 10 na 25 1973 0 na 5 na 0 11 2 22 1974 0 na 7 na 0 10 1 21 1975 0 na 4 na 0 9 2 22 1976 0 na 2 na 0 11 2 24 1977 0 na 2 na 0 11 2 23 1978 0 na 2 na 0 8 2 23 1979 0 na 3 na 0 7 2 23 1980 0 na 5 na 0 6 1 22 1981 0 na 4 na 0 7 1 23 1982 0 na 2 na 0 7 1 24 1983 0 na 2 na 0 10 2 25 1984 0 na 2 na 0 10 1 24 1985 0 na 2 na 0 8 1 24 1986 0 na 2 na 0 7 2 25 1987 0 na 2 0 0 6 2 25 1988 0 na 2 0 0 6 2 24 1989 0 0 2 0 0 7 2 23 1990 0 0 3 0 0 6 2 23 1991 0 0 2 0 0 5 3 25 1992 0 0 2 0 0 7 2 24 1993 0 0 2 0 0 7 2 24 1994 0 0 2 0 0 7 3 23 1995 0 0 2 0 0 8 3 23 1996 0 0 2 0 0 10 3 22 1997 0 0 2 0 0 10 3 23 1998 0 0 2 0 0 8 4 23 1999 0 0 2 0 0 8 5 24 2000 1 0 2 0 0 9 3 23 2001 0 0 2 0 0 9 3 22 2002 1 0 2 0 0 9 3 23 2003 1 0 1 0 0 9 3 24 2004 1 0 1 0 0 11 3 23 2005 1 0 1 0 0 13 5 24 2006 0 0 1 0 0 12 4 24 2007 0 0 1 0 0 15 4 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 5 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Germany, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Pigme Poultr Rapes Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat at Potato y eed 1956 M M M na M M M na M M 1957 M M M na M M M na M M 1958 M M M na M M M na M M 1959 M M M na M M M na M M 1960 M M M na M M M na M M 1961 M M M na M M M na M M 1962 M M M M M M M na M X 1963 M M M M M M M na M M 1964 M M M M M M M na M X 1965 M M M M M M M na M M 1966 M M M M M M M na M M 1967 M M M M M M M na M M 1968 M M M M M M M na M M 1969 M M M M M M M na M M 1970 M M M M M M M na M M 1971 X M M M M M M na M M 1972 X M M M M M M M M M 1973 X M M M M M M M M M 1974 X M M M M M M M M M 1975 X M M M M M M M M M 1976 M M M M M M M M M M 1977 X M M M M M M M M M 1978 X M M M M M M M M M 1979 X M M M M M M M M M 1980 X M M M M M M M M M 1981 X M M M M M M M M M 1982 X M M M M M M M M M 1983 X M M M M M M M M M 1984 X M M M M M M M M M 1985 X M M M M M M M M M 1986 M M M M M M M M M M 1987 M M M M M M M M M M 1988 M M M M M M M M M M 1989 M M M M M M M M M M 1990 M M M M M M M M M M 1991 M M M M M M M M M M 1992 M M M M M M M M M X 1993 M M M M M M M M M X 1994 M M M M M M M M M M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M 1996 X M M M M M M M M X 1997 X M M M M M M M M X 1998 M M M M M M M M M X 1999 M M M M M M M M M X 2000 X M X M M M M M M X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M 2002 X M X M M M M M M X 2003 X M X M M M M M M X 2004 X M X M M M M M M X 2005 X M M M M M M M M X 2006 X M M M M M M M M X 2007 X M M M M M M M M X sheep soybea sunflo meat n sugar wer tomato wheat wine 1956 M na M na na M X 1957 M na M na na M X 1958 M na M na na M X 1959 M na M na na M X 1960 M na M na na M X 1961 M na M na na M X 1962 M na M na X M na 1963 M na M na X M na 1964 M na M na M M na 1965 M na M na M M na 1966 M na M na M M na 1967 M na M na M M na 1968 M na M na M M na 1969 M na M na M M na 1970 M na M na M M na 1971 M na M na M M na 1972 M na M na M M na 1973 M na M na M M X 1974 M na M na M M X 1975 M na M na M M X 1976 M na M na M M X 1977 M na M na M M X 1978 M na M na M M X 1979 M na M na M M X 1980 M na M na M M X 1981 M na M na M M X 1982 M na M na M M X 1983 M na M na M M X 1984 M na M na M M X 1985 M na M na M M X 1986 M na M na M M X 1987 M na M M M M X 1988 M na M M M M X 1989 M M M M X M X 1990 M M M M X M X 1991 M M M M X M X 1992 M M M M X M X 1993 M M M M X M X 1994 M M M M X M X 1995 M M M M X M X 1996 M M M M X X X 1997 M M M M X X X 1998 M M M M X X X 1999 M M M M X X X 2000 M M M M X X X 2001 M M M M X X X 2002 M M M M X X X 2003 M M M M X X X 2004 M M M M X X X 2005 M M M M X X X 2006 M M M M X X X 2007 M M M M X X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 6: Annual distortion estimates, Iceland, 1979 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) All Pigmea Sheep covere Beef Egg Milk t Poultry meat Wool d 1979 74 296 430 146 552 192 0 219 1980 101 233 407 130 475 199 32 233 1981 143 268 344 168 466 137 50 192 1982 156 326 305 219 634 275 58 267 1983 134 290 291 209 682 207 23 225 1984 185 276 407 251 684 227 15 269 1985 267 243 1032 233 524 256 57 390 1986 203 456 592 337 624 167 39 279 1987 134 354 858 306 744 323 20 379 1988 103 463 387 427 629 352 2 298 1989 95 493 272 228 573 282 -8 237 1990 129 377 589 203 530 248 32 319 1991 234 355 538 276 497 314 70 373 1992 121 417 431 196 681 236 99 295 1993 64 372 449 297 660 109 97 207 1994 30 345 402 227 633 100 26 171 1995 33 420 276 176 615 139 39 172 1996 45 277 361 106 524 0 148 116 1997 99 279 299 112 521 0 128 115 1998 117 350 390 229 595 109 213 206 1999 128 395 395 339 571 108 185 214 2000 110 240 192 179 614 84 141 142 2001 95 153 133 95 494 75 153 115 2002 95 146 430 101 471 26 87 141 2003 94 171 378 85 377 20 115 135 2004 71 174 340 140 534 0 97 141 2005 108 288 422 182 648 3 148 162 2006 70 210 339 170 634 11 142 149 2007 57 177 154 197 516 14 170 113 Table 6 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Iceland, 1979 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1979 219 219 10 229 229 na 229 229 10 199 1980 233 233 11 243 245 na 243 243 10 213 1981 192 192 10 202 202 na 202 202 10 175 1982 267 267 15 282 282 na 282 282 11 244 1983 225 225 17 242 243 na 242 242 11 209 1984 269 269 20 290 290 684 262 290 9 259 1985 390 390 43 434 435 292 411 434 9 392 1986 279 279 25 303 303 276 337 303 6 280 1987 379 379 26 405 408 341 539 405 6 376 1988 298 298 23 321 324 370 161 321 6 298 1989 237 237 27 264 266 226 246 264 6 243 1990 319 319 26 345 348 213 437 345 4 329 1991 373 373 21 394 397 418 288 394 4 376 1992 295 295 14 310 311 313 266 310 4 295 1993 207 207 9 216 216 70 264 216 4 204 1994 171 171 8 179 179 29 239 179 4 169 1995 172 172 7 179 179 218 156 179 4 169 1996 116 116 7 123 149 150 107 123 4 115 1997 115 115 6 121 147 49 234 121 6 109 1998 206 206 12 218 247 154 284 218 4 205 1999 214 214 9 223 253 157 377 223 4 210 2000 142 142 8 149 175 100 201 149 4 140 2001 115 115 7 122 155 107 126 122 3 115 2002 141 141 8 150 179 70 362 150 3 142 2003 135 135 10 146 179 60 277 146 3 139 2004 141 141 12 153 185 68 247 153 3 146 2005 162 162 16 178 211 83 308 178 2 172 2006 149 149 10 159 194 91 235 159 2 153 2007 113 113 8 121 155 96 131 121 2 116 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 6 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Iceland, 1979 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Pigmea Sheep covere Beef Egg Milk t Poultry meat Wool d 1979 10 3 19 2 1 37 8 20 1980 7 4 20 3 1 39 6 20 1981 6 3 19 2 1 44 5 20 1982 6 4 25 3 1 37 5 20 1983 7 4 27 3 1 34 5 20 1984 6 4 23 4 1 34 7 20 1985 7 6 15 5 3 38 6 20 1986 8 3 17 4 2 42 6 19 1987 12 4 15 5 2 35 7 20 1988 12 2 27 4 1 26 9 20 1989 11 2 31 5 1 25 6 19 1990 13 3 23 7 2 32 5 15 1991 10 4 28 7 2 32 3 15 1992 15 3 32 8 2 18 5 17 1993 19 4 16 7 2 27 4 23 1994 19 4 15 8 2 24 6 24 1995 16 3 19 9 2 19 6 26 1996 13 3 13 9 2 30 2 28 1997 9 3 15 9 2 34 2 26 1998 10 2 16 7 3 37 2 23 1999 10 2 16 6 3 39 2 22 2000 9 2 22 7 2 42 2 13 2001 7 2 23 10 3 35 2 17 2002 7 3 14 9 3 38 1 24 2003 8 4 18 9 4 41 2 15 2004 10 3 21 9 3 34 3 18 2005 10 2 17 8 4 40 2 16 2006 12 3 20 10 4 37 2 12 2007 12 3 30 8 4 31 2 12 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 6 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Iceland, 1979 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Pigme Poultr Sheep Beef Egg Milk at y meat Wool 1979 M M M M M M M 1980 M M M M M M M 1981 M M M M M M M 1982 M M M M M M M 1983 M M M M M M M 1984 M M M M X M M 1985 M X M X X M M 1986 X X X M X X X 1987 M X M X X X H 1988 M M X M M X M 1989 X M M M M X M 1990 X M M M M X M 1991 M M X M M X H 1992 X M X M M M X 1993 X M M M M M X 1994 X M M M M M X 1995 M X M X X M X 1996 M X M X M M X 1997 X M M M X X X 1998 M M M X X X M 1999 X M M X X X M 2000 M M M X M X X 2001 M M M X X X X 2002 X M M X X X M 2003 M M M X X X X 2004 M M M X X X X 2005 M M M X X X X 2006 M M M X X X X 2007 M M M X X X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 7: Annual distortion estimates, Ireland, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Shee All Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Suga Tom Whe cover y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t r ato at ed 1956 6 na na 5 1 36 na na na na 257 na 11 16 1957 22 na na 25 6 36 na na na na 153 na 21 28 1958 35 na na -5 11 35 na na na na 269 na 23 22 1959 25 na na 11 16 36 na na na na 314 na 27 31 1960 21 na na -9 3 25 na na na na 295 na 21 21 1961 41 na na 25 27 41 127 na na na 322 na 27 62 1962 27 na na 40 19 91 95 na na na 316 na 59 70 1963 24 na na 10 16 68 126 na na na 51 na 53 57 1964 16 na na -13 23 66 167 na na na 143 na 44 54 1965 9 na na -3 17 114 141 na na na 556 na 51 68 1966 9 na na -10 14 96 141 na na na 687 na 58 61 1967 20 na na -7 17 103 144 na na na 508 na 56 65 1968 39 na na -4 22 145 153 na na na 364 na 57 77 1969 9 na na -11 13 144 139 na na na 295 na 29 61 1970 5 na na -14 8 149 138 na na na 171 na -2 55 1971 24 na na -20 0 183 121 na na na 91 na 17 60 1972 -17 na na -31 -14 205 109 na na na 53 na -21 41 1973 -7 34 -17 208 0 106 57 74 na 322 -30 22 -30 74 1974 3 -4 30 210 7 69 18 54 na 255 -51 22 -23 42 1975 23 11 16 264 23 65 49 60 0 267 28 22 -9 62 1976 20 26 5 366 10 122 327 69 0 342 99 22 -16 109 1977 56 11 41 598 35 65 71 61 0 281 230 22 -21 87 1978 49 11 13 488 74 78 -15 49 0 263 230 22 23 88 1979 75 0 41 440 80 109 17 38 0 230 70 22 35 81 1980 17 -1 22 434 -27 71 7 37 0 207 13 22 45 60 1981 7 23 2 330 -2 148 73 72 0 183 74 11 44 94 1982 8 49 18 313 22 125 95 99 0 181 152 31 51 109 1983 32 264 40 287 -1 129 87 73 0 203 196 19 28 177 1984 6 265 3 311 8 81 -24 95 0 172 268 26 20 152 1985 18 293 8 282 -6 22 11 91 0 95 297 26 31 161 1986 157 188 31 361 83 40 17 79 153 134 247 17 119 194 1987 233 107 21 533 77 11 17 90 145 211 301 15 143 180 1988 85 80 21 192 14 34 17 69 112 215 201 15 94 112 1989 45 79 29 84 15 14 17 66 140 167 90 0 31 73 1990 94 98 12 125 48 7 16 100 200 154 109 2 57 96 1991 119 157 13 128 39 20 16 83 97 128 191 0 146 116 1992 103 93 15 118 63 0 17 118 0 112 212 0 65 87 1993 105 63 10 123 44 18 17 110 0 38 169 8 58 77 1994 100 53 0 117 43 18 16 114 0 55 129 11 48 72 1995 41 69 12 79 40 16 15 129 0 77 119 0 16 64 1996 2 68 5 70 34 16 14 77 0 45 140 2 0 54 1997 7 117 1 78 25 13 12 55 0 27 147 0 0 67 1998 64 121 11 100 50 22 11 51 0 38 186 0 26 85 1999 44 125 16 106 84 57 11 90 0 37 245 0 37 93 2000 3 113 3 57 59 32 10 57 1 26 176 0 11 63 2001 0 140 0 40 29 24 10 52 0 48 138 0 4 56 2002 0 157 0 75 0 24 10 56 0 35 161 0 0 75 2003 1 157 0 70 1 33 10 54 0 46 240 2 2 76 2004 1 92 0 62 23 27 10 101 0 33 238 2 2 59 2005 0 109 0 33 24 19 10 69 0 54 168 0 0 57 2006 0 81 0 25 0 14 10 69 0 74 62 0 0 37 2007 0 71 0 0 0 17 10 100 0 68 99 0 0 24 Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ireland, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 16 6 na 14 14 13 14 14 12 1 1957 28 11 na 23 23 24 23 23 13 9 1958 22 11 na 19 19 10 32 19 12 6 1959 31 13 na 26 26 18 34 26 11 14 1960 21 9 na 17 17 7 27 17 9 7 1961 62 20 na 48 48 56 38 48 9 37 1962 70 22 na 54 54 64 41 54 9 42 1963 57 16 na 43 43 55 26 43 8 32 1964 54 16 na 41 41 47 30 41 8 30 1965 68 18 na 50 50 62 32 50 8 39 1966 61 17 na 44 44 52 31 44 9 32 1967 65 19 na 47 47 52 41 47 9 35 1968 77 24 na 58 58 62 50 58 8 46 1969 61 16 na 45 45 58 26 45 7 35 1970 55 12 na 39 39 58 14 39 7 30 1971 60 14 na 43 43 58 23 43 7 34 1972 41 5 na 28 28 55 -7 28 7 20 1973 74 41 na 66 66 29 76 66 6 57 1974 42 33 na 40 40 33 42 40 3 36 1975 62 48 na 59 59 58 59 59 5 51 1976 109 76 na 102 102 125 98 102 1 100 1977 87 71 na 83 83 94 81 83 0 82 1978 88 71 na 84 84 92 82 84 0 83 1979 81 70 12 91 92 105 73 91 0 90 1980 60 65 12 73 75 68 60 73 0 72 1981 94 68 10 98 100 56 99 98 0 97 1982 109 71 10 110 112 57 115 110 0 109 1983 177 90 9 163 165 69 183 163 1 161 1984 152 78 8 141 143 46 167 141 1 140 1985 161 83 10 150 153 61 166 150 1 149 1986 194 104 3 173 175 130 176 173 0 172 1987 180 112 3 166 168 167 162 166 0 165 1988 112 59 3 102 105 77 102 102 1 101 1989 73 36 3 66 70 36 68 66 1 66 1990 96 48 4 87 91 52 88 87 0 86 1991 116 57 5 105 110 54 107 105 0 104 1992 87 45 5 81 89 51 80 81 0 81 1993 77 41 5 73 85 54 70 73 1 72 1994 72 38 4 68 83 50 66 68 1 67 1995 64 32 5 61 77 35 59 61 1 60 1996 54 27 4 51 67 18 54 51 1 50 1997 67 33 4 63 79 23 67 63 1 62 1998 85 42 4 78 95 39 80 78 1 77 1999 93 46 4 85 102 44 87 85 1 84 2000 63 31 3 58 76 18 64 58 1 58 2001 56 29 4 53 70 12 58 53 1 52 2002 75 37 5 70 87 20 77 70 1 69 2003 76 39 5 71 91 18 80 71 1 70 2004 59 28 4 55 73 13 61 55 1 54 2005 57 28 4 47 66 0 67 47 1 47 2006 37 19 4 33 54 0 42 33 1 32 2007 24 12 4 22 41 0 30 22 1 22 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ireland, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Shee Non- Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Suga Tom Whe cover y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t r ato at ed 1956 8 na na 23 15 14 na na na na 1 na 12 27 1957 9 na na 21 11 15 na na na na 3 na 14 28 1958 7 na na 26 11 19 na na na na 2 na 9 27 1959 10 na na 21 11 18 na na na na 2 na 10 28 1960 9 na na 16 11 20 na na na na 2 na 12 31 1961 8 na na 10 6 16 16 na na na 1 na 10 33 1962 10 na na 9 7 13 19 na na na 2 na 7 33 1963 10 na na 12 6 14 15 na na na 4 na 5 34 1964 10 na na 16 5 16 11 na na na 3 na 5 35 1965 11 na na 15 5 15 13 na na na 1 na 4 36 1966 11 na na 16 5 14 13 na na na 1 na 3 37 1967 10 na na 17 5 11 13 na na na 1 na 5 38 1968 10 na na 18 4 12 11 na na na 2 na 7 37 1969 12 na na 18 4 14 10 na na na 2 na 6 36 1970 12 na na 17 3 13 10 na na na 2 na 7 36 1971 11 na na 17 3 12 10 na na na 4 na 6 37 1972 15 na na 18 3 13 7 na na na 3 na 6 36 1973 9 23 3 13 2 7 6 2 na 4 4 1 4 23 1974 8 36 2 11 1 6 4 1 na 3 3 1 3 21 1975 7 41 2 10 1 5 4 1 0 3 2 1 2 21 1976 8 35 2 11 1 5 5 2 0 3 2 1 3 23 1977 8 41 1 7 1 6 6 2 0 3 1 1 3 22 1978 8 42 2 9 1 6 4 2 0 3 1 1 2 21 1979 7 43 1 10 0 5 4 2 0 3 2 1 2 21 1980 10 43 1 8 1 5 3 2 0 3 2 1 1 19 1981 13 31 2 14 1 5 2 2 0 4 2 1 2 22 1982 13 29 1 15 1 5 3 2 0 4 1 0 2 23 1983 13 15 2 21 1 6 4 3 0 4 2 1 4 27 1984 15 14 2 18 1 6 5 2 0 4 1 0 5 26 1985 11 15 2 21 1 8 3 2 0 5 1 0 4 26 1986 6 26 1 19 1 8 3 3 0 5 1 0 2 26 1987 4 33 2 13 1 9 4 3 0 3 1 0 2 25 1988 5 29 1 22 1 5 2 3 0 3 1 0 2 25 1989 5 23 1 30 1 6 2 2 0 3 1 0 2 24 1990 4 24 1 25 1 8 3 2 0 4 1 0 2 25 1991 3 20 1 26 1 8 3 2 0 5 1 0 2 27 1992 3 24 1 24 0 10 2 2 0 5 1 0 2 25 1993 2 27 1 24 0 7 1 2 0 8 1 0 2 24 1994 2 25 1 25 0 8 3 2 0 7 1 0 2 24 1995 3 24 1 28 0 7 4 1 0 5 1 0 2 24 1996 4 22 1 27 0 8 2 2 0 6 1 0 3 24 1997 4 20 1 27 0 9 1 2 0 7 1 0 3 25 1998 2 23 1 26 0 7 2 2 0 7 1 0 2 26 1999 3 24 1 25 0 6 3 2 0 7 1 0 2 26 2000 4 20 1 29 0 7 1 2 0 7 1 0 2 25 2001 4 15 1 34 0 9 1 2 0 6 1 0 2 24 2002 3 16 1 30 1 8 2 3 0 7 1 0 3 26 2003 4 17 1 30 0 6 2 3 0 6 1 0 3 27 2004 4 19 1 31 0 6 2 2 0 6 1 0 3 25 2005 6 27 2 6 0 12 2 4 0 10 1 0 5 24 2006 5 17 2 30 1 7 2 2 0 6 0 0 4 24 2007 9 15 1 28 1 7 3 2 0 6 0 0 5 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ireland, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Shee Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Toma Whea y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t Sugar to t 1956 M na na X M X na na na na M na M 1957 M na na X M X na na na na M na M 1958 M na na X M X na na na na M na M 1959 M na na X M X na na na na M na M 1960 M na na X M X na na na na M na M 1961 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1962 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1963 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1964 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1965 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1966 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1967 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1968 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1969 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1970 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1971 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1972 M na na X M X X na na na M na M 1973 X M M M M M M M na M M M M 1974 X M M M M M M M na M M M M 1975 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1976 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1977 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1978 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1979 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1980 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1981 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1982 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1983 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1984 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1985 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1986 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1987 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1988 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1989 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1990 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1991 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1992 M M M M M M M M X M M X M 1993 M M M M M M M M X M M X M 1994 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1996 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 1997 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 1998 M M M M M M M M X M M X X 1999 M M M M M M M M X M M X X 2000 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M M X X 2002 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2003 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2004 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2005 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 2006 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 2007 X M M M M M M M X M M X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 7: Annual distortion estimates, Italy, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Pigmea Rapese Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat t Potato Poultry ed 1956 -12 -25 5 -17 211 -61 26 na 25 -38 1957 1 -9 24 -24 284 -72 24 na 16 -33 1958 13 -2 25 -11 215 -69 16 na 3 -28 1959 4 -7 6 -21 264 -64 15 na -8 -38 1960 1 26 7 -23 224 -60 1 na -2 -35 1961 17 4 10 -1 325 -61 11 na -5 -43 1962 75 127 22 47 421 49 120 na 80 0 1963 69 103 11 44 339 51 117 na 73 0 1964 60 86 25 41 277 41 87 na 57 0 1965 52 62 32 45 320 48 133 na 61 0 1966 54 51 16 36 296 42 149 na 59 0 1967 69 53 15 49 310 43 129 na 51 0 1968 99 73 20 77 337 54 132 na 51 0 1969 54 73 16 66 307 41 152 na 48 0 1970 54 71 -4 41 308 48 142 na 43 0 1971 89 69 3 48 317 31 136 na 162 0 1972 37 89 -5 73 300 14 114 54 106 0 1973 -7 34 -17 19 208 0 106 57 74 0 1974 3 -4 30 2 210 7 69 18 54 0 1975 23 11 16 22 264 23 65 49 60 0 1976 20 26 5 39 366 10 122 327 69 0 1977 56 11 41 72 598 35 65 71 61 0 1978 49 11 13 81 488 74 78 -15 49 0 1979 75 0 41 67 440 80 109 17 38 0 1980 17 -1 22 62 434 -27 71 7 37 0 1981 7 23 2 43 330 -2 148 73 72 0 1982 8 49 18 66 313 22 125 95 99 0 1983 32 264 40 29 287 -1 129 87 73 0 1984 6 265 3 15 311 8 81 -24 95 0 1985 18 293 8 28 282 -6 22 11 91 0 1986 157 188 31 110 361 83 40 17 79 153 1987 233 107 21 170 533 77 11 17 90 145 1988 85 80 21 79 192 14 34 17 69 112 1989 45 79 29 62 84 15 14 17 66 140 1990 94 98 12 108 125 48 7 16 100 200 1991 119 157 13 120 128 39 20 16 83 97 1992 103 93 15 103 118 63 0 17 118 0 1993 105 63 10 69 123 44 18 17 110 0 1994 100 53 0 45 117 43 18 16 114 0 1995 41 69 12 53 79 40 16 15 129 0 1996 2 68 5 14 70 34 16 14 77 0 1997 7 117 1 19 78 25 13 12 55 0 1998 64 121 11 32 100 50 22 11 51 0 1999 44 125 16 39 106 84 57 11 90 0 2000 3 113 3 27 57 59 32 10 57 1 2001 0 140 0 14 40 29 24 10 52 0 2002 0 157 0 9 75 0 24 10 56 0 2003 1 157 0 34 70 1 33 10 54 0 2004 1 92 0 39 62 23 27 10 101 0 2005 0 109 0 19 33 24 19 10 69 0 2006 0 86 0 19 24 0 14 10 69 0 2007 0 66 0 23 0 0 17 10 99 0 All Sheep Soybea Sunflo covere Rice meat n Sugar wer Tomato Wheat Wine d 1956 -53 89 14 -11 5 1 15 -43 4 1957 -54 99 13 -31 15 -2 6 -53 -1 1958 -59 126 13 46 20 23 -3 2 23 1959 -81 120 12 59 9 -13 7 -52 -3 1960 -89 105 12 -30 9 11 23 -53 0 1961 -87 117 11 12 3 -6 9 -33 12 1962 -15 279 na 185 0 22 78 4 52 1963 -20 231 na 13 0 22 86 4 46 1964 -19 226 na 63 0 22 70 4 45 1965 8 203 na 330 0 22 74 4 51 1966 -12 372 na 410 0 22 63 4 49 1967 -24 373 na 319 0 22 64 4 47 1968 -2 382 na 232 0 22 73 4 55 1969 25 386 na 183 0 22 62 4 49 1970 43 372 na 100 0 22 24 4 42 1971 -12 367 na 47 0 22 55 4 50 1972 -31 385 na 46 0 22 -2 4 44 1973 -61 322 0 -30 0 22 -30 4 17 1974 -55 255 0 -51 0 22 -23 4 12 1975 -19 267 0 28 0 22 -9 4 26 1976 0 342 0 99 0 22 -16 4 40 1977 -10 281 0 230 0 22 -21 4 38 1978 16 263 0 230 0 22 23 4 40 1979 -15 230 0 70 0 22 35 4 37 1980 -38 207 0 13 0 22 45 4 34 1981 1 183 0 74 0 11 44 17 51 1982 17 181 0 152 0 31 51 15 64 1983 -10 203 0 196 0 19 28 10 65 1984 41 172 0 268 0 26 20 7 58 1985 105 95 0 297 0 26 31 -25 48 1986 127 134 211 247 144 17 119 9 74 1987 190 211 169 301 150 15 143 9 74 1988 162 215 108 201 96 15 94 7 57 1989 148 167 118 90 150 0 31 6 36 1990 152 154 147 109 143 2 57 8 44 1991 144 128 159 191 111 0 146 9 51 1992 143 112 0 212 0 0 65 13 42 1993 106 38 0 169 0 8 58 13 42 1994 133 55 0 129 0 11 48 10 37 1995 88 77 0 119 0 0 16 4 31 1996 33 45 0 140 0 2 0 4 23 1997 31 27 0 147 0 0 0 5 27 1998 18 38 0 186 0 0 26 3 30 1999 0 37 0 245 0 0 37 2 33 2000 1 26 0 176 0 0 11 2 24 2001 42 48 0 138 0 0 4 2 22 2002 24 35 0 161 0 0 0 2 26 2003 18 46 0 240 0 2 2 2 27 2004 1 33 0 238 0 2 2 1 23 2005 2 54 0 168 0 0 0 2 10 2006 3 74 0 66 0 0 0 1 8 2007 1 68 0 99 0 0 0 1 8 Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Italy, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 4 2 na 3 3 -35 36 3 3 0 1957 -1 1 na -1 -1 -43 41 -1 3 -4 1958 23 10 na 20 20 -1 36 20 4 15 1959 -3 1 na -2 -2 -45 43 -2 4 -5 1960 0 2 na 0 0 -45 50 0 3 -3 1961 12 7 na 11 11 -31 52 11 3 8 1962 52 47 na 51 51 14 101 51 3 47 1963 46 39 na 45 45 13 83 45 3 41 1964 45 37 na 44 44 12 67 44 3 39 1965 51 41 na 49 49 14 75 49 2 46 1966 49 38 na 47 47 13 69 47 2 44 1967 47 37 na 45 45 11 69 45 2 42 1968 55 42 na 52 52 13 79 52 2 50 1969 49 40 na 47 47 13 72 47 1 45 1970 42 32 na 40 40 11 58 40 1 38 1971 50 38 na 48 48 13 70 48 1 46 1972 44 31 na 42 42 9 60 42 1 40 1973 17 11 na 16 16 -1 27 16 1 15 1974 12 9 na 12 12 1 17 12 1 11 1975 26 19 na 24 24 8 33 24 1 24 1976 40 26 na 37 37 12 47 37 0 37 1977 38 28 na 37 37 13 48 37 0 36 1978 40 30 na 38 38 15 50 38 0 38 1979 37 31 12 48 50 15 47 48 0 48 1980 34 28 12 45 47 14 40 45 0 45 1981 51 34 10 58 59 28 55 58 0 58 1982 64 42 9 69 71 29 72 69 0 69 1983 65 42 9 69 72 21 79 69 0 69 1984 58 37 8 62 64 20 69 62 0 62 1985 48 39 10 56 59 2 67 56 0 56 1986 74 55 3 74 76 31 90 74 0 74 1987 74 58 3 74 77 36 87 74 0 74 1988 57 40 3 58 60 27 66 58 0 58 1989 36 23 3 36 39 11 53 36 0 36 1990 44 30 4 45 48 15 66 45 0 45 1991 51 36 5 54 58 15 82 54 0 54 1992 42 32 5 45 52 18 61 45 0 45 1993 42 31 5 45 58 20 58 45 0 45 1994 37 28 4 39 54 18 51 39 0 39 1995 31 24 5 34 51 10 47 34 0 34 1996 23 16 4 25 42 7 38 25 0 25 1997 27 19 4 30 46 7 44 30 0 30 1998 30 23 4 33 49 8 54 33 0 33 1999 33 27 4 36 53 9 66 36 0 36 2000 24 17 3 26 43 5 47 26 0 26 2001 22 15 4 24 41 4 40 24 0 24 2002 26 18 5 29 46 5 50 29 0 29 2003 27 19 5 30 49 5 55 30 0 30 2004 23 18 4 27 45 4 49 27 0 27 2005 10 5 4 12 31 1 31 12 0 12 2006 8 5 4 11 32 1 24 11 0 11 2007 8 4 4 10 29 0 21 10 0 10 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Italy, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Pigmea Rapese Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat t Potato Poultry ed 1956 1 2 1 6 7 1 5 na 0 0 1957 1 2 1 5 6 1 5 na 1 0 1958 1 2 1 5 9 1 5 na 1 0 1959 1 2 1 5 7 1 5 na 1 0 1960 0 2 1 5 8 1 6 na 1 0 1961 0 2 1 4 6 1 6 na 1 0 1962 0 5 4 3 3 1 3 na 3 0 1963 0 6 5 4 3 1 3 na 4 0 1964 0 6 4 4 4 0 4 na 4 0 1965 0 8 5 4 4 1 3 na 5 0 1966 0 9 5 4 4 0 3 na 5 0 1967 0 10 4 4 4 1 3 na 4 0 1968 0 10 4 3 4 0 3 na 5 0 1969 0 10 4 4 3 0 3 na 4 0 1970 0 10 5 4 3 0 3 na 4 0 1971 0 11 5 4 4 0 3 na 3 0 1972 0 10 5 3 4 0 4 1 3 0 1973 0 10 5 4 3 0 3 1 3 0 1974 0 13 3 5 3 0 3 1 4 0 1975 0 11 3 5 3 0 4 1 4 0 1976 1 12 4 5 3 0 4 1 4 0 1977 0 14 3 5 2 0 6 1 5 0 1978 1 13 4 4 2 0 5 1 5 0 1979 0 15 2 4 3 0 4 1 5 0 1980 1 16 3 4 3 1 5 1 5 0 1981 1 14 4 6 4 0 5 1 5 0 1982 1 13 4 6 5 0 5 1 5 0 1983 1 5 3 7 4 0 5 1 5 0 1984 2 5 3 7 4 0 6 1 4 0 1985 1 5 3 6 4 0 8 1 4 0 1986 1 7 3 4 4 0 7 1 5 0 1987 1 9 3 3 3 0 9 1 4 0 1988 1 10 3 4 6 0 7 1 5 0 1989 1 8 2 3 8 0 8 1 4 0 1990 1 8 3 3 7 0 9 1 3 0 1991 1 6 3 3 7 0 8 1 4 0 1992 1 8 3 3 7 0 10 1 3 0 1993 1 10 3 4 8 0 8 1 3 0 1994 0 10 3 4 7 0 7 1 3 0 1995 1 9 2 4 9 0 7 2 2 0 1996 1 7 3 5 8 0 8 1 3 0 1997 1 6 3 5 9 0 9 1 4 0 1998 0 6 2 4 8 0 6 1 3 0 1999 0 6 2 4 8 0 4 1 2 0 2000 1 6 3 5 10 0 6 1 3 0 2001 1 4 3 5 11 0 8 1 3 0 2002 1 5 3 6 9 0 7 1 3 0 2003 0 5 4 4 9 0 7 1 3 0 2004 1 6 3 5 9 0 7 1 2 0 2005 1 2 3 4 3 0 7 1 1 0 2006 1 3 3 4 3 0 8 1 1 0 2007 1 3 2 5 7 0 6 1 1 0 Non- Sheep Soybea Sunflo covere Rice meat n Sugar wer Tomato Wheat Wine d 1956 3 1 0 0 0 2 19 30 22 1957 3 1 0 0 0 3 17 34 21 1958 3 1 0 0 0 4 21 24 23 1959 3 1 0 0 0 3 16 35 21 1960 3 1 0 0 0 3 13 36 21 1961 3 1 0 0 0 4 16 31 22 1962 2 1 na 1 0 9 11 38 16 1963 2 1 na 2 0 9 9 36 16 1964 2 1 na 1 0 11 9 33 16 1965 1 1 na 1 0 10 10 33 17 1966 1 0 na 1 0 11 10 29 17 1967 2 0 na 1 0 10 10 31 17 1968 2 0 na 1 0 10 9 30 17 1969 1 0 na 1 0 10 9 32 17 1970 1 0 na 1 0 9 11 29 17 1971 2 0 na 2 0 10 10 28 17 1972 2 0 na 2 0 9 13 24 18 1973 4 0 0 2 0 9 12 25 16 1974 3 0 0 3 0 11 12 22 16 1975 2 0 0 2 0 11 11 24 17 1976 2 0 0 2 0 11 13 18 19 1977 2 1 0 1 0 11 10 21 18 1978 2 1 0 1 0 13 9 22 18 1979 2 1 0 2 0 14 7 22 17 1980 2 1 0 3 0 15 7 15 18 1981 2 1 0 3 0 14 8 12 20 1982 2 1 0 1 0 13 8 16 20 1983 2 1 0 1 0 17 8 18 20 1984 2 1 0 1 0 18 9 17 20 1985 1 1 0 1 0 18 7 21 19 1986 1 1 1 1 1 17 5 23 18 1987 1 1 2 1 0 16 5 22 19 1988 1 1 2 1 1 14 4 20 19 1989 1 1 2 2 0 17 5 20 18 1990 1 1 2 1 0 18 4 20 18 1991 1 1 1 1 0 19 4 21 19 1992 1 1 1 1 0 15 4 22 18 1993 1 1 1 1 0 15 4 20 18 1994 1 1 1 1 1 16 4 22 18 1995 1 1 1 1 1 14 4 23 18 1996 2 1 1 1 0 16 5 21 18 1997 2 1 1 1 1 15 4 20 18 1998 2 1 1 1 1 17 4 25 17 1999 2 1 1 1 0 20 3 25 18 2000 2 1 1 1 0 21 3 20 18 2001 1 1 1 1 0 17 3 21 18 2002 1 1 1 1 0 18 4 22 18 2003 1 1 0 0 0 20 3 22 19 2004 2 1 1 1 0 17 4 23 19 2005 1 0 1 0 0 20 4 28 24 2006 2 0 1 0 0 18 4 27 24 2007 2 0 1 0 0 18 6 21 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Italy, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Pigme Poultr Rapes Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat at Potato y eed 1956 M M M M M M M na M M 1957 M M M M M M M na M M 1958 M M M M M M M na M M 1959 M M M M M M M na M M 1960 M M M M M M M na M M 1961 M M M M M M M na M M 1962 M M M M M M M na M X 1963 M M M M M M M na M M 1964 M M M M M M M na M X 1965 M M M M M M M na M M 1966 M M M M M M M na M M 1967 M M M M M M M na M M 1968 M M M M M M M na M M 1969 M M M M M M M na M M 1970 M M M M M M M na M M 1971 X M M M M M M na M M 1972 X M M M M M M M M M 1973 X M M M M M M M M M 1974 X M M M M M M M M M 1975 X M M M M M M M M M 1976 M M M M M M M M M M 1977 X M M M M M M M M M 1978 X M M M M M M M M M 1979 X M M M M M M M M M 1980 X M M M M M M M M M 1981 X M M M M M M M M M 1982 X M M M M M M M M M 1983 X M M M M M M M M M 1984 X M M M M M M M M M 1985 X M M M M M M M M M 1986 M M M M M M M M M M 1987 M M M M M M M M M M 1988 M M M M M M M M M M 1989 M M M M M M M M M M 1990 M M M M M M M M M M 1991 M M M M M M M M M M 1992 M M M M M M M M M X 1993 M M M M M M M M M X 1994 M M M M M M M M M M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M 1996 X M M M M M M M M X 1997 X M M M M M M M M X 1998 M M M M M M M M M X 1999 M M M M M M M M M X 2000 X M X M M M M M M X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M 2002 X M X M M M M M M X 2003 X M X M M M M M M X 2004 X M X M M M M M M X 2005 X M M M M M M M M X 2006 X M M M M M M M M X 2007 X M M M M M M M M X Sheep Soybe Sunflo Tomat Rice meat an Sugar wer o Wheat Wine 1956 X M M M M X M X 1957 X M M M M X M X 1958 X M M M M X M X 1959 X M M M M X M X 1960 X M M M M X M X 1961 X M M M M X M X 1962 X M na M M X M X 1963 X M na M M X M X 1964 X M na M M M M X 1965 X M na M M M M X 1966 X M na M M M M X 1967 X M na M M M M X 1968 X M na M M M M X 1969 X M na M M M M X 1970 X M na M M M M X 1971 X M na M M M M X 1972 X M na M M M M X 1973 X M M M M M M X 1974 X M M M M M M X 1975 X M M M X M M X 1976 X M M M M M M X 1977 X M M M M M M X 1978 X M M M M M M X 1979 X M M M M M M X 1980 X M M M M M M X 1981 X M M M X M M X 1982 X M M M X M M X 1983 X M M M X M M X 1984 X M M M X M M X 1985 X M M M X M M X 1986 X M M M M M M X 1987 X M M M M M M X 1988 X M M M M M M X 1989 X M M M M X M X 1990 X M M M M X M X 1991 X M M M M X M X 1992 X M M M M X M X 1993 X M M M M X M X 1994 X M M M M X M X 1995 X M M M M X M X 1996 X M M M M X X X 1997 X M M M M X X X 1998 X M M M M X X X 1999 X M M M M X X X 2000 X M M M M X X X 2001 X M M M M X X X 2002 X M M M M X X X 2003 X M M M M X X X 2004 X M M M M X X X 2005 X M M M M X X X 2006 X M M M M X X X 2007 X M M M M X X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 8: Annual distortion estimates, Netherlands, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Shee All Barle Maiz Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Suga Tom Whe cove y Beef Egg e Milk Oat eat o ry seed t r ato at red 1956 -23 61 -32 na 149 1 43 na 82 na 110 103 53 -48 46 1957 -12 89 -25 na 221 6 54 na 72 na 97 48 41 -67 61 1958 5 82 -15 na 121 11 39 na 74 na 38 125 28 -68 48 1959 -9 86 -24 na 204 16 52 na 70 na 7 163 30 -82 58 1960 2 114 -25 na 132 3 35 na 67 na 16 164 33 -73 45 1961 -9 100 -28 na 244 27 52 na 38 na 73 173 36 -88 61 1962 75 127 22 47 421 49 120 na 80 0 279 185 22 78 135 1963 69 103 11 44 339 51 117 na 73 0 231 13 22 86 114 1964 60 86 25 41 277 41 87 na 57 0 226 63 22 70 105 1965 52 62 32 45 320 48 133 na 61 0 203 330 22 74 123 1966 54 51 16 36 296 42 149 na 59 0 372 410 22 63 118 1967 69 53 15 49 310 43 129 na 51 0 373 319 22 64 117 1968 99 73 20 77 337 54 132 na 51 0 382 232 22 73 128 1969 54 73 16 66 307 41 152 na 48 0 386 183 22 62 121 1970 54 71 -4 41 308 48 142 na 43 0 372 100 22 24 110 1971 89 69 3 48 317 31 136 na 162 0 367 47 22 55 125 1972 37 89 -5 73 300 14 114 54 106 0 385 46 22 -2 107 1973 -7 34 -17 19 208 0 106 57 74 0 322 -30 22 -30 68 1974 3 -4 30 2 210 7 69 18 54 0 255 -51 22 -23 50 1975 23 11 16 22 264 23 65 49 60 0 267 28 22 -9 75 1976 20 26 5 39 366 10 122 327 69 0 342 99 22 -16 128 1977 56 11 41 72 598 35 65 71 61 0 281 230 22 -21 101 1978 49 11 13 81 488 74 78 -15 49 0 263 230 22 23 91 1979 75 0 41 67 440 80 109 17 38 0 230 70 22 35 93 1980 17 -1 22 62 434 -27 71 7 37 0 207 13 22 45 75 1981 7 23 2 43 330 -2 148 73 72 0 183 74 11 44 107 1982 8 49 18 66 313 22 125 95 99 0 181 152 31 51 122 1983 32 264 40 29 287 -1 129 87 73 0 203 196 19 28 145 1984 6 265 3 15 311 8 81 -24 95 0 172 268 26 20 110 1985 18 293 8 28 282 -6 22 11 91 0 95 297 26 31 93 1986 157 188 31 110 361 83 40 17 79 153 134 247 17 119 114 1987 233 107 21 170 533 77 11 17 90 145 211 301 15 143 95 1988 85 80 21 79 192 14 34 17 69 112 215 201 15 94 78 1989 45 79 29 62 84 15 14 17 66 140 167 90 0 31 46 1990 94 98 12 108 125 48 7 16 100 200 154 109 2 57 51 1991 119 157 13 120 128 39 20 16 83 97 128 191 0 146 63 1992 103 93 15 103 118 63 0 17 118 0 112 212 0 65 52 1993 105 63 10 69 123 44 18 17 110 0 38 169 8 58 58 1994 100 53 0 45 117 43 18 16 114 0 55 129 11 48 51 1995 41 69 12 53 79 40 16 15 129 0 77 119 0 16 44 1996 2 68 5 14 70 34 16 14 77 0 45 140 2 0 41 1997 7 117 1 19 78 25 13 12 55 0 27 147 0 0 45 1998 64 121 11 32 100 50 22 11 51 0 38 186 0 26 55 1999 44 125 16 39 106 84 57 11 90 0 37 245 0 37 66 2000 3 113 3 27 57 59 32 10 57 1 26 176 0 11 44 2001 0 140 0 14 40 29 24 10 52 0 48 138 0 4 34 2002 0 157 0 9 75 0 24 10 56 0 35 161 0 0 46 2003 1 157 0 34 70 1 33 10 54 0 46 240 2 2 48 2004 1 92 0 39 62 23 27 10 101 0 33 238 2 2 43 2005 0 109 0 19 33 24 19 10 69 0 54 168 0 0 28 2006 0 81 0 19 25 0 15 10 42 0 74 66 0 0 21 2007 0 66 0 23 0 0 18 10 100 0 68 99 0 0 16 Table 8 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Netherlands, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 46 14 na 38 38 27 39 38 3 34 1957 61 16 na 48 48 37 50 48 3 44 1958 48 16 na 39 39 29 41 39 3 35 1959 58 19 na 47 47 32 51 47 3 43 1960 45 11 na 36 36 25 38 36 3 33 1961 61 20 na 50 50 32 54 50 3 46 1962 135 64 na 114 114 63 126 114 3 108 1963 114 53 na 97 97 54 106 97 3 92 1964 105 50 na 90 90 62 94 90 3 84 1965 123 60 na 106 106 74 111 106 3 100 1966 118 58 na 101 101 68 107 101 3 95 1967 117 55 na 100 100 63 106 100 4 93 1968 128 58 na 108 108 65 115 108 3 102 1969 121 60 na 104 104 67 110 104 3 98 1970 110 56 na 95 95 63 100 95 3 90 1971 125 56 na 106 106 69 113 106 3 101 1972 107 53 na 94 94 61 99 94 3 89 1973 68 34 na 60 60 37 63 60 3 56 1974 50 28 na 45 45 43 45 45 2 42 1975 75 41 na 67 67 60 68 67 2 63 1976 128 67 na 113 113 99 115 113 2 109 1977 101 56 na 90 90 87 91 90 2 87 1978 91 48 na 80 80 67 82 80 2 77 1979 93 49 12 94 95 73 83 94 1 92 1980 75 41 12 79 80 64 67 79 1 77 1981 107 53 10 103 105 67 97 103 1 101 1982 122 60 9 115 117 74 111 115 1 113 1983 145 72 9 135 137 72 134 135 1 132 1984 110 56 8 105 107 50 103 105 1 103 1985 93 46 10 92 95 56 85 92 1 90 1986 114 60 3 104 106 77 103 104 1 101 1987 95 53 3 88 90 80 85 88 1 85 1988 78 41 3 72 75 53 71 72 1 70 1989 46 23 3 43 46 22 44 43 1 42 1990 51 26 4 49 53 27 49 49 1 48 1991 63 31 5 61 65 27 61 61 1 59 1992 52 28 5 51 58 31 49 51 1 49 1993 58 30 5 56 69 33 55 56 1 55 1994 51 26 4 49 64 30 48 49 1 48 1995 44 22 5 44 60 21 42 44 1 42 1996 41 20 4 40 56 17 40 40 1 38 1997 45 22 4 44 60 18 44 44 1 42 1998 55 27 4 52 69 24 54 52 1 51 1999 66 34 4 62 79 25 65 62 1 60 2000 44 23 3 43 60 12 48 43 1 41 2001 34 18 4 34 51 8 37 34 1 33 2002 46 23 5 45 62 11 50 45 1 43 2003 48 25 5 47 67 11 54 47 1 46 2004 43 21 4 42 60 10 47 42 1 40 2005 28 14 4 25 44 0 32 25 1 24 2006 21 11 4 20 41 0 23 20 1 19 2007 16 8 4 17 35 0 19 17 1 15 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 8 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Netherlands, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Shee Non- Barl Maiz Pigm Potat Poult Rape pme Suga Tom Whe cove ey Beef Egg e Milk Oat eat o ry seed at r ato at red 1956 2 9 17 na 16 4 17 na 1 na 0 2 1 3 27 1957 2 8 17 na 14 4 16 na 2 na 0 3 2 3 28 1958 2 9 16 na 17 3 16 na 2 na 0 2 3 3 27 1959 2 8 20 na 14 2 15 na 2 na 0 2 3 4 27 1960 2 7 18 na 16 2 16 na 3 na 0 2 3 4 27 1961 2 8 19 na 12 2 17 na 3 na 0 2 4 3 27 1962 2 10 16 0 12 4 14 na 5 0 1 2 4 3 29 1963 2 11 16 0 12 3 14 na 5 0 0 3 3 3 27 1964 2 11 11 0 14 2 15 na 6 0 0 3 5 3 27 1965 2 14 11 0 13 2 15 na 6 0 1 1 4 3 27 1966 2 14 10 0 14 2 14 na 7 0 0 1 4 3 28 1967 2 14 8 0 13 2 15 na 8 0 0 2 5 3 28 1968 1 14 9 0 13 1 16 na 8 0 0 2 4 3 28 1969 2 14 9 0 13 1 15 na 8 0 0 2 4 3 28 1970 1 14 9 0 12 1 16 na 9 0 0 3 4 3 28 1971 1 15 9 0 13 1 17 na 5 0 0 4 4 3 28 1972 1 11 8 0 13 0 15 9 6 0 0 4 4 3 25 1973 1 12 8 0 12 0 15 9 5 0 0 6 4 4 24 1974 1 16 4 0 12 1 15 8 5 0 0 7 4 3 23 1975 1 17 5 0 12 0 18 8 5 0 1 4 4 2 24 1976 1 16 7 0 11 0 16 7 5 0 0 3 5 4 25 1977 1 17 6 0 7 0 20 9 5 0 1 2 4 3 24 1978 1 16 7 0 9 0 18 10 5 0 1 2 4 2 24 1979 1 19 6 0 9 0 15 10 5 0 1 3 4 2 24 1980 1 17 8 0 9 0 16 9 5 0 1 5 4 2 24 1981 1 15 10 0 13 0 14 8 5 0 1 3 4 2 25 1982 1 13 10 0 15 0 14 8 5 0 0 2 4 2 26 1983 0 6 10 0 17 0 16 9 6 0 0 2 4 3 26 1984 1 6 11 0 14 0 18 12 4 0 0 2 4 3 25 1985 0 5 9 0 13 0 25 10 4 0 0 1 4 2 25 1986 0 8 7 0 12 0 23 10 5 0 0 2 5 1 25 1987 0 11 8 0 8 0 26 11 4 0 0 1 4 1 25 1988 0 11 6 0 16 0 21 9 5 0 0 2 4 1 25 1989 0 8 5 0 20 0 23 8 3 0 0 2 4 2 23 1990 0 8 6 0 16 0 25 9 3 0 0 2 5 1 23 1991 0 7 6 0 17 0 22 11 4 0 0 2 5 1 25 1992 0 9 5 0 18 0 27 7 3 0 0 1 4 1 24 1993 0 12 6 0 18 0 22 6 4 0 1 2 4 1 24 1994 0 11 6 0 17 0 20 11 4 0 0 2 4 1 24 1995 0 10 4 0 20 0 19 14 3 0 0 2 3 1 23 1996 0 9 6 0 20 0 22 7 5 0 0 1 3 2 23 1997 0 7 6 0 21 0 21 7 6 0 1 2 3 2 24 1998 0 8 6 0 21 0 19 9 6 0 0 1 4 1 25 1999 0 7 5 0 20 0 14 16 5 0 1 1 4 1 26 2000 0 6 7 0 24 0 18 8 5 0 1 1 4 1 24 2001 0 4 6 0 26 0 19 8 6 0 1 1 4 1 23 2002 0 4 7 0 23 0 17 9 6 0 1 1 5 1 24 2003 0 4 7 0 25 0 15 9 5 0 1 1 5 2 25 2004 0 5 6 0 25 0 15 13 4 0 1 1 4 2 24 2005 1 6 9 0 5 0 23 12 7 0 1 1 8 2 24 2006 0 4 6 0 22 0 16 13 5 0 1 1 6 2 24 2007 1 4 6 0 21 0 15 15 5 0 0 1 6 3 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 8 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Netherlands, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Shee Barl Maiz Pigm Potat Poult Rape pme Suga Tom Whe ey Beef Egg e Milk Oat eat o ry seed at r ato at 1956 M M M 0 M M M na M na M M X M 1957 M M M 0 M M M na M na M M X M 1958 M M M 0 M M M na M na M M X M 1959 M M M 0 M M M na M na M M X M 1960 M M M 0 M M M na M na M M X M 1961 M M M 0 M M M na M na M M X M 1962 M M M M M M M na M X M M X M 1963 M M M M M M M na M M M M X M 1964 M M M M M M M na M X M M M M 1965 M M M M M M M na M M M M M M 1966 M M M M M M M na M M M M M M 1967 M M M M M M M na M M M M M M 1968 M M M M M M M na M M M M M M 1969 M M M M M M M na M M M M M M 1970 M M M M M M M na M M M M M M 1971 X M M M M M M na M M M M M M 1972 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1973 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1974 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1975 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1976 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1977 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1978 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1979 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1980 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1981 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1982 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1983 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1984 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1985 X M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1986 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1987 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1988 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1989 M M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1990 M M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1991 M M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1992 M M M M M M M M M X M M X M 1993 M M M M M M M M M X M M X M 1994 M M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1996 X M M M M M M M M X M M X X 1997 X M M M M M M M M X M M X X 1998 M M M M M M M M M X M M X X 1999 M M M M M M M M M X M M X X 2000 X M X M M M M M M X M M X X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M M M X X 2002 X M X M M M M M M X M M X X 2003 X M X M M M M M M X M M X X 2004 X M X M M M M M M X M M X X 2005 X M M M M M M M na X M M X X 2006 X M M M M M M M na X M M X X 2007 X M M M M M M M M X M M X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 9: Annual distortion estimates, Norway, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Shee All Barle Pigm Potat Poult pmea Whea cover y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry t t Wool ed 1956 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 249 1957 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 259 1958 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 258 1959 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 256 1960 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 257 1961 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 258 1962 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 264 1963 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 260 1964 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 270 1965 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 262 1966 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 261 1967 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 269 1968 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 270 1969 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 269 1970 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 271 1971 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 275 1972 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 275 1973 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 275 1974 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 274 1975 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 280 1976 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 278 1977 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 278 1978 426 385 355 284 244 252 169 431 119 169 na 279 1979 416 385 355 441 374 252 169 431 119 236 281 324 1980 242 385 355 377 194 252 169 431 119 181 na 287 1981 284 385 355 315 133 252 169 431 119 311 na 283 1982 454 385 355 235 234 252 169 431 119 344 na 291 1983 358 385 355 251 264 252 169 431 119 210 na 292 1984 269 385 355 300 170 252 169 431 119 155 na 276 1985 391 385 355 433 226 252 169 431 119 196 na 314 1986 507 506 387 593 287 252 na 431 206 198 147 405 1987 666 347 239 620 241 207 na 529 318 317 91 372 1988 352 272 356 271 142 289 na 431 355 310 64 272 1989 245 262 357 227 146 179 na 417 281 210 101 226 1990 360 319 247 486 234 179 na 390 287 309 221 329 1991 329 482 240 391 161 210 na 362 259 420 330 329 1992 295 300 303 304 156 127 na 512 213 237 357 254 1993 287 213 209 350 112 200 na 372 100 214 352 247 1994 286 181 175 307 143 166 na 301 97 235 207 224 1995 155 167 234 175 143 125 na 277 127 120 205 161 1996 79 205 97 219 104 98 na 197 70 77 207 153 1997 112 315 120 246 116 97 na 167 47 131 181 179 1998 231 294 173 297 171 200 na 201 82 134 227 239 1999 189 286 254 279 238 297 na 244 91 220 236 252 2000 93 242 94 179 161 148 na 253 73 136 168 163 2001 92 386 94 151 110 102 na 174 83 121 163 151 2002 140 420 116 323 74 187 na 439 70 165 216 237 2003 111 382 56 161 102 205 na 395 69 140 192 170 2004 89 234 99 123 117 140 na 446 39 98 187 129 2005 112 193 141 110 144 106 na 310 42 148 216 127 2006 104 205 139 105 74 123 na 442 68 111 227 130 2007 12 206 114 16 31 153 na 247 93 29 261 65 Table 9 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Norway, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 249 63 na 184 184 0 223 184 2 179 1957 259 65 na 191 191 0 231 191 2 184 1958 258 65 na 190 190 0 231 190 2 184 1959 256 64 na 189 189 0 229 189 2 183 1960 257 65 na 189 189 0 230 189 2 183 1961 258 65 na 190 190 0 231 190 2 184 1962 264 66 na 194 194 0 236 194 2 188 1963 260 65 na 191 191 0 232 191 2 186 1964 270 68 na 198 198 0 241 198 2 193 1965 262 66 na 193 193 0 234 193 2 188 1966 261 66 na 192 192 0 234 192 2 188 1967 269 68 na 197 197 0 240 197 1 194 1968 270 68 na 198 198 0 241 198 1 195 1969 269 68 na 197 197 0 240 197 1 195 1970 271 68 na 199 199 0 242 199 1 197 1971 275 69 na 201 201 0 245 201 1 200 1972 275 70 na 202 202 0 246 202 1 200 1973 275 70 na 202 202 0 246 202 0 200 1974 274 69 na 201 201 0 244 201 0 200 1975 280 71 na 205 205 0 250 205 0 204 1976 278 70 na 203 203 0 248 203 0 203 1977 278 70 na 203 203 0 248 203 0 202 1978 279 71 na 205 205 0 249 205 0 204 1979 324 71 25 276 444 186 276 276 0 276 1980 287 68 21 247 394 131 257 247 0 246 1981 283 70 20 241 389 173 266 241 0 240 1982 291 70 15 241 389 231 216 241 0 240 1983 292 70 15 243 394 235 212 243 0 241 1984 276 69 13 229 375 214 218 229 0 228 1985 314 70 12 248 420 223 249 248 0 246 1986 405 73 43 319 344 12 347 319 0 317 1987 372 70 44 301 326 8 323 301 0 300 1988 272 49 39 230 254 6 237 230 0 229 1989 226 39 34 195 216 8 197 195 0 194 1990 329 63 39 264 288 10 280 264 0 263 1991 329 60 44 267 297 0 277 267 0 266 1992 254 46 44 222 255 0 218 222 0 220 1993 247 45 43 217 252 0 212 217 0 216 1994 224 41 44 204 240 0 194 204 0 203 1995 161 28 40 159 187 0 141 159 0 157 1996 153 26 44 155 182 0 133 155 0 154 1997 179 33 53 181 212 0 155 181 0 180 1998 239 47 59 227 261 0 206 227 0 226 1999 252 51 58 232 274 0 216 232 0 231 2000 163 31 49 168 209 3 143 168 0 167 2001 151 29 47 156 197 0 132 156 0 155 2002 237 46 58 223 278 4 203 223 0 221 2003 170 38 34 156 235 3 149 156 0 154 2004 129 31 29 124 191 3 115 124 0 123 2005 127 28 11 116 201 149 126 116 0 115 2006 130 28 11 117 199 146 129 117 0 116 2007 65 14 8 60 119 122 63 60 0 60 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 9 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Norway, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Barle Pigme Poultr Sheep Whea cover y Beef Egg Milk Oat at Potato y meat t Wool ed 1956 3 6 3 19 3 5 22 0 4 1 na 35 1957 4 6 3 21 2 6 18 0 4 1 na 35 1958 4 6 3 21 2 6 18 0 4 1 na 35 1959 4 6 3 21 2 6 20 0 4 0 na 35 1960 4 6 3 21 2 6 19 0 4 0 na 35 1961 5 6 3 19 3 6 19 0 4 0 na 35 1962 4 7 3 21 2 7 16 0 4 0 na 35 1963 5 6 3 20 2 6 19 0 4 0 na 35 1964 6 7 3 22 2 6 14 0 4 0 na 35 1965 5 6 3 20 2 6 18 0 4 0 na 35 1966 4 7 3 21 1 6 18 0 4 0 na 35 1967 6 6 3 22 2 7 14 0 5 0 na 36 1968 7 6 3 21 3 7 14 0 4 0 na 36 1969 5 7 3 21 2 7 14 0 4 0 na 35 1970 6 6 3 20 3 7 13 0 4 0 na 36 1971 6 7 3 22 4 8 11 0 4 0 na 36 1972 6 7 3 22 4 9 10 0 4 0 na 36 1973 5 7 3 22 5 8 10 0 4 0 na 36 1974 6 7 2 20 4 8 11 0 4 1 na 36 1975 4 9 3 24 3 9 6 0 4 1 na 36 1976 4 8 3 25 3 9 7 0 4 1 na 36 1977 5 8 2 23 4 9 7 0 4 1 na 36 1978 5 8 3 23 4 9 7 0 5 1 na 36 1979 4 18 7 6 3 23 6 3 1 1 1 29 1980 6 14 6 6 4 21 10 3 1 1 na 28 1981 5 13 7 10 7 18 6 3 2 0 na 29 1982 4 14 7 14 5 18 6 2 1 0 na 29 1983 5 14 7 13 4 19 5 2 1 1 na 29 1984 6 10 7 11 7 18 6 2 1 2 na 29 1985 4 11 7 10 5 18 6 3 2 2 na 32 1986 4 10 4 16 5 12 na 1 6 2 2 39 1987 3 12 4 15 6 13 na 0 4 3 2 38 1988 4 11 2 26 5 8 na 1 3 1 2 36 1989 5 11 2 26 5 10 na 1 3 2 1 35 1990 6 11 3 17 6 11 na 1 3 2 1 39 1991 5 8 3 22 6 11 na 1 3 2 0 39 1992 3 10 2 25 3 13 na 1 3 2 0 36 1993 4 13 3 21 4 9 na 1 6 3 0 36 1994 3 14 3 24 2 10 na 1 6 2 0 35 1995 4 12 2 28 3 10 na 1 4 3 0 33 1996 7 10 3 23 3 11 na 1 5 3 0 33 1997 6 8 3 23 3 12 na 1 6 3 0 35 1998 4 10 2 24 3 10 na 1 5 3 0 37 1999 5 11 2 24 2 8 na 1 6 2 0 38 2000 5 10 3 27 2 9 na 1 6 3 0 34 2001 6 7 3 28 2 11 na 2 6 2 0 33 2002 6 8 3 21 3 10 na 1 7 3 0 38 2003 5 7 4 25 3 9 na 1 6 3 0 37 2004 5 9 3 25 2 9 na 0 7 3 0 35 2005 6 12 3 34 3 13 na 3 6 4 0 18 2006 6 12 3 33 3 14 na 2 6 4 0 18 2007 7 8 2 40 3 9 na 2 4 5 0 19 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 9 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Norway, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Shee Barle Pigm Potat Poult pmea Whea y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry t t Wool 1956 M M M M M M M M M M na 1957 M M M M M M M M M M na 1958 M M M M M M M M M M na 1959 M M M M M M M M M M na 1960 M M M M M M M M M M na 1961 M M M M M M M M M M na 1962 M M M M M M M M M M na 1963 M M M M M M M M M M na 1964 M M M M M M M M M M na 1965 M M M M M M M M M M na 1966 M M M M M M M M M M na 1967 M M M M M M M M M M na 1968 M M M M M M M M M M na 1969 M M M M M M M M M M na 1970 M M M M M M M M M M na 1971 M M M M M M M M M M na 1972 M M M M M M M M M M na 1973 M M M M M M M M M M na 1974 M M M M M M M M M M na 1975 M M M M M M M M M M na 1976 M M M M M M M M M M na 1977 M M M M M M M M M M na 1978 M M M M M M M M M M na 1979 M M X X M M M M M M M 1980 M M M X X M M M M M na 1981 M M M X X X M M M M na 1982 X X M X X X M M M M na 1983 M X X X M X M M M M na 1984 M X X M X X M M M M na 1985 M M X X M X M M M M na 1986 M M M M M M na M M M X 1987 M M M M M M na M M M X 1988 M M M M M M na M M M X 1989 M M M M M M na M M M X 1990 M M M M M M na M M M X 1991 M M M M M M na M M M M 1992 M M M M M M na M M M M 1993 M M M M M M na M M M M 1994 M M M M M M na M M M M 1995 M M M M M M na M M M M 1996 M M M M M M na M M M M 1997 M M M M M M na M M M M 1998 M M M M M M na M M M M 1999 M M M M M M na M M M M 2000 M M M M M M na M M M X 2001 M M M M M M na M M M M 2002 M M M M M M na M M M X 2003 M M M M M M na M M M X 2004 M M M M M M na M M M X 2005 M M X M M M na M M M X 2006 M M X M M M na M M M X 2007 M M X M M M na M M M X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 10: Annual distortion estimates, Portugal, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Pigmea Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat t Potato Poultry Rice 1956 na na na na na na na na na na 1957 na na na na na na na na na na 1958 na na na na na na na na na na 1959 na na na na na na na na na na 1960 na 42 na 45 0 na na na na 2 1961 na 52 na 12 0 na na na na 4 1962 na 53 na 14 0 na na na na -36 1963 na 58 na 19 0 na na na na -3 1964 na 26 na 19 0 na na na na 5 1965 na 24 na 39 0 na na na na 24 1966 na 40 na 27 0 na na na na 11 1967 na 66 na 27 22 na na na na 6 1968 na 77 na 24 19 na na na na 9 1969 na 67 na 23 18 na na na na 31 1970 na 46 na 7 19 na na na na 27 1971 na 42 na 33 9 na na na na -12 1972 na 42 na 47 12 na na na na 37 1973 na 66 na 0 12 na na na na -16 1974 na 55 na -22 11 na na na na -39 1975 na 123 na 30 5 na na na na -12 1976 na 151 na 30 4 na na na na 0 1977 na 140 na 35 3 na na na na -10 1978 na 122 na 32 2 na na na na -6 1979 na 123 na 24 2 na na na na 7 1980 na 86 na 18 5 na na na na 13 1981 na 63 na 14 7 na na na na -21 1982 na 41 na 34 6 na na na na 1 1983 na 69 na 35 31 na na na na 13 1984 na 38 na 31 3 na na na na 18 1985 na 38 na 31 3 na na na na 18 1986 157 188 31 110 361 83 40 17 79 127 1987 233 107 21 170 533 77 11 17 90 190 1988 85 80 21 79 192 14 34 17 69 162 1989 45 79 29 62 84 15 14 17 66 148 1990 94 98 12 108 125 48 7 16 100 152 1991 119 157 13 120 128 39 20 16 83 144 1992 103 93 15 103 118 63 0 17 118 143 1993 105 63 10 69 123 44 18 17 110 106 1994 100 53 0 45 117 43 18 16 114 133 1995 41 69 12 53 79 40 16 15 129 88 1996 2 68 5 14 70 34 16 14 77 33 1997 7 117 1 19 78 25 13 12 55 31 1998 64 121 11 32 100 50 22 11 51 18 1999 44 125 16 39 106 84 57 11 90 0 2000 3 113 3 27 57 59 32 10 57 1 2001 0 140 0 14 40 29 24 10 52 42 2002 0 157 0 9 75 0 24 10 56 24 2003 1 157 0 34 70 1 33 10 54 18 2004 1 92 0 39 62 23 27 10 101 1 2005 0 109 0 19 33 24 19 10 69 2 2006 0 86 0 11 25 0 14 10 69 3 2007 0 71 0 21 0 0 18 10 100 1 All Sheep Sunflo covere meat Sugar wer Tomato Wheat Wine d 1956 na -16 na na na 0 0 1957 na -44 na na na 0 0 1958 na -6 na na na 0 0 1959 na 7 na na na 0 0 1960 8 5 na 0 56 0 14 1961 16 5 na 0 52 0 11 1962 12 10 na 0 48 0 6 1963 16 -63 na 0 51 0 9 1964 18 -50 na 0 46 0 6 1965 14 44 na 0 83 0 10 1966 25 89 na 0 65 0 10 1967 31 53 na 0 60 0 13 1968 29 20 na 0 68 0 13 1969 33 8 na 2 79 0 16 1970 30 -18 na 6 56 0 12 1971 33 -42 4 11 88 0 17 1972 29 -46 4 12 59 0 19 1973 30 -69 3 0 -10 0 5 1974 27 -80 2 62 -26 0 18 1975 32 -41 2 41 -8 0 34 1976 35 3 2 11 4 0 26 1977 27 83 3 0 17 0 27 1978 24 130 3 7 20 0 30 1979 31 0 3 26 39 0 31 1980 16 -41 3 37 24 0 30 1981 4 51 2 24 11 0 21 1982 8 126 2 7 27 0 14 1983 14 57 2 4 27 0 14 1984 5 115 1 13 38 0 13 1985 5 218 2 13 38 0 10 1986 134 247 144 17 119 9 55 1987 211 301 150 15 143 9 55 1988 215 201 96 15 94 7 56 1989 167 90 150 0 31 6 31 1990 154 109 143 2 57 8 28 1991 128 191 111 0 146 9 38 1992 112 212 0 0 65 13 36 1993 38 169 0 8 58 13 37 1994 55 129 0 11 48 10 32 1995 77 119 0 0 16 4 27 1996 45 140 0 2 0 4 21 1997 27 147 0 0 0 5 22 1998 38 186 0 0 26 3 23 1999 37 245 0 0 37 2 29 2000 26 176 0 0 11 2 22 2001 48 138 0 0 4 2 19 2002 35 161 0 0 0 2 23 2003 46 240 0 2 2 2 25 2004 33 238 0 2 2 1 23 2005 54 168 0 0 0 2 16 2006 74 62 0 0 0 1 13 2007 68 99 0 0 0 1 13 Table 10 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Portugal, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 0 -22 na -7 -7 -5 -16 -7 10 -15 1957 0 -20 na -7 -7 -5 -16 -7 9 -14 1958 0 -12 na -4 -4 -2 -13 -4 9 -12 1959 0 -13 na -5 -5 -3 -14 -5 10 -13 1960 14 -14 na 8 8 -3 19 8 10 -2 1961 11 -14 na 5 5 -4 14 5 10 -4 1962 6 -13 na 2 2 -3 8 2 10 -8 1963 9 -20 na 3 3 -5 13 3 10 -6 1964 6 -21 na 1 1 -5 8 1 8 -7 1965 10 -21 na 5 5 -5 16 5 9 -4 1966 10 -22 na 4 4 -7 12 4 8 -4 1967 13 -16 na 7 7 -5 16 7 8 -1 1968 13 -15 na 8 8 -4 19 8 8 0 1969 16 -15 na 9 9 -5 19 9 8 1 1970 12 -13 na 7 7 -3 16 7 9 -1 1971 17 -16 na 11 11 -5 22 11 7 3 1972 19 -12 na 12 12 -3 22 12 7 5 1973 5 -11 na 2 2 -2 4 2 6 -3 1974 18 -13 na 12 12 -3 22 12 47 -24 1975 34 -6 na 25 25 -1 38 25 5 20 1976 26 -3 na 20 20 1 30 20 5 14 1977 27 4 na 22 22 6 29 22 4 17 1978 30 18 na 27 27 16 32 27 3 23 1979 31 11 na 27 27 8 41 27 2 24 1980 30 3 na 24 24 5 35 24 2 21 1981 21 1 na 17 17 4 24 17 2 14 1982 14 1 na 11 11 3 15 11 2 9 1983 14 3 na 11 11 3 16 11 2 9 1984 13 4 na 11 11 3 15 11 1 9 1985 10 -5 na 6 6 -4 14 6 1 5 1986 55 40 3 56 58 25 64 56 1 54 1987 55 44 3 57 59 27 66 57 1 54 1988 56 36 3 55 57 33 57 55 0 55 1989 31 21 3 32 35 10 46 32 0 32 1990 28 25 4 31 35 11 51 31 0 31 1991 38 28 5 41 46 13 62 41 0 41 1992 36 26 5 39 47 16 48 39 0 39 1993 37 27 5 40 52 18 49 40 0 40 1994 32 24 4 35 50 17 43 35 0 35 1995 27 20 5 31 47 9 41 31 0 31 1996 21 17 4 24 40 8 34 24 0 24 1997 22 18 4 26 42 7 37 26 0 26 1998 23 19 4 26 43 6 43 26 0 26 1999 29 24 4 32 49 7 56 32 0 32 2000 22 16 3 24 42 5 41 24 0 24 2001 19 14 4 22 39 4 34 22 0 22 2002 23 17 5 27 44 5 43 27 0 27 2003 25 19 5 28 48 5 47 28 0 28 2004 23 18 4 26 44 4 44 26 0 26 2005 16 9 4 16 35 1 37 16 0 16 2006 13 7 4 14 36 1 30 14 0 14 2007 13 7 4 14 32 1 26 14 0 14 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 10 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Portugal, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Pigmea Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat t Potato Poultry Rice 1956 na na na na na na na na na na 1957 na na na na na na na na na na 1958 na na na na na na na na na na 1959 na na na na na na na na na na 1960 na 4 na 5 3 na na na na 6 1961 na 5 na 6 3 na na na na 7 1962 na 4 na 6 2 na na na na 4 1963 na 4 na 6 2 na na na na 4 1964 na 4 na 6 3 na na na na 4 1965 na 6 na 4 2 na na na na 2 1966 na 8 na 6 3 na na na na 4 1967 na 6 na 5 2 na na na na 4 1968 na 6 na 4 2 na na na na 3 1969 na 8 na 5 3 na na na na 3 1970 na 8 na 5 2 na na na na 2 1971 na 8 na 5 3 na na na na 3 1972 na 7 na 4 3 na na na na 4 1973 na 8 na 4 3 na na na na 6 1974 na 10 na 5 3 na na na na 3 1975 na 12 na 4 3 na na na na 3 1976 na 10 na 4 3 na na na na 2 1977 na 13 na 4 2 na na na na 3 1978 na 15 na 4 2 na na na na 2 1979 na 13 na 3 2 na na na na 3 1980 na 15 na 4 2 na na na na 4 1981 na 18 na 4 4 na na na na 3 1982 na 15 na 4 4 na na na na 3 1983 na 6 na 6 5 na na na na 3 1984 na 5 na 6 4 na na na na 2 1985 na 4 na 5 4 na na na na 1 1986 0 5 2 3 3 1 8 7 5 1 1987 0 6 3 2 3 1 10 7 4 1 1988 0 9 3 4 7 1 9 6 5 1 1989 0 7 2 3 8 1 10 5 3 1 1990 0 4 2 2 6 0 11 4 2 1 1991 0 4 3 2 7 0 10 6 3 1 1992 0 6 3 2 8 0 16 5 4 1 1993 0 7 3 2 8 0 13 3 4 0 1994 0 5 3 2 7 0 11 6 4 1 1995 0 5 2 3 9 0 11 8 3 1 1996 0 4 3 3 9 0 12 3 4 1 1997 0 4 3 3 9 0 12 2 5 1 1998 0 3 2 3 7 0 8 4 5 1 1999 0 3 2 3 8 0 7 6 4 1 2000 0 3 3 3 11 0 9 3 5 1 2001 0 2 3 3 12 0 11 3 5 1 2002 0 3 3 3 10 0 10 4 5 1 2003 0 3 4 3 10 0 9 4 4 1 2004 0 4 3 2 10 0 8 5 3 1 2005 0 3 3 1 7 0 9 2 4 1 2006 0 2 4 2 7 0 8 3 4 1 2007 1 2 4 3 9 0 8 3 4 1 Non- Sheep Sunflo covere meat Sugar wer Tomato Wheat Wine d 1956 na 0 na na na 70 30 1957 na 0 na na na 67 33 1958 na 0 na na na 65 35 1959 na 0 na na na 64 36 1960 2 0 na 7 12 39 22 1961 3 0 na 9 9 35 23 1962 2 0 na 7 7 48 21 1963 3 0 na 9 7 45 20 1964 3 0 na 13 5 43 19 1965 3 0 na 15 5 44 18 1966 2 0 na 21 4 33 20 1967 2 0 na 21 6 33 21 1968 1 0 na 18 6 38 20 1969 2 0 na 24 4 30 21 1970 2 0 na 18 6 36 21 1971 2 0 0 19 8 32 20 1972 2 0 0 24 8 27 21 1973 2 0 0 24 7 26 20 1974 2 0 0 21 6 30 20 1975 2 0 0 27 7 21 21 1976 2 0 0 24 10 24 22 1977 3 0 0 29 4 20 23 1978 3 0 0 30 3 18 23 1979 2 0 0 19 2 32 24 1980 3 0 0 20 3 24 23 1981 3 0 0 19 3 24 23 1982 3 0 0 19 4 25 23 1983 4 0 0 24 4 24 25 1984 3 0 1 26 5 22 27 1985 3 0 0 24 3 31 26 1986 2 0 0 21 2 20 19 1987 2 0 0 17 2 24 18 1988 2 0 1 19 2 11 21 1989 1 0 0 20 3 18 18 1990 1 0 0 19 1 31 15 1991 1 0 0 20 2 22 19 1992 2 0 0 15 1 18 19 1993 2 0 0 19 2 16 19 1994 2 0 0 19 1 19 18 1995 1 0 0 16 1 20 18 1996 2 0 0 17 2 23 17 1997 2 0 0 16 1 24 17 1998 2 0 0 21 0 25 17 1999 2 0 0 20 1 26 18 2000 2 0 0 19 1 23 18 2001 2 0 0 17 0 22 18 2002 2 0 0 17 1 23 18 2003 2 0 0 18 1 24 19 2004 2 0 0 17 1 24 18 2005 2 0 0 17 0 27 24 2006 2 0 0 16 1 25 24 2007 2 0 0 15 1 21 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 10 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Portugal, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Pigme Poultr Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat at Potato y Rice 1956 na na na na na na na na na na 1957 na na na na na na na na na na 1958 na na na na na na na na na na 1959 na na na na na na na na na na 1960 na M na M M na na na na M 1961 na M na M M na na na na M 1962 na M na M M na na na na M 1963 na M na M M na na na na M 1964 na M na M M na na na na M 1965 na M na M M na na na na M 1966 na M na M M na na na na M 1967 na M na M M na na na na M 1968 na M na M M na na na na M 1969 na M na M M na na na na M 1970 na M na M M na na na na M 1971 na M na M M na na na na M 1972 na M na M M na na na na M 1973 na M na M M na na na na M 1974 na M na M M na na na na M 1975 na M na M M na na na na M 1976 na M na M M na na na na M 1977 na M na M M na na na na M 1978 na M na M M na na na na M 1979 na M na M M na na na na M 1980 na M na M M na na na na M 1981 na M na M M na na na na M 1982 na M na M M na na na na M 1983 na M na M M na na na na M 1984 na M na M M na na na na M 1985 na M na M M na na na na M 1986 M M M M M M M M M X 1987 M M M M M M M M M X 1988 M M M M M M M M M X 1989 M M M M M M M M M X 1990 M M M M M M M M M X 1991 M M M M M M M M M X 1992 M M M M M M M M M X 1993 M M M M M M M M M X 1994 M M M M M M M M M X 1995 M M M M M M M M M X 1996 X M M M M M M M M X 1997 X M M M M M M M M X 1998 M M M M M M M M M X 1999 M M M M M M M M M X 2000 X M X M M M M M M X 2001 X M X M M M M M M X 2002 X M X M M M M M M X 2003 X M X M M M M M M X 2004 X M X M M M M M M X 2005 X M M M M M M M M X 2006 X M M M M M M M M X 2007 X M M M M M M M M X Sheep Sunflo Tomat meat Sugar wer o Wheat Wine 1956 na M na na na X 1957 na M na na na X 1958 na M na na na X 1959 na M na na na X 1960 M M na M M X 1961 M M na M M X 1962 M M na M M X 1963 M M na M M X 1964 M M na M M X 1965 M M na M M X 1966 M M na M M X 1967 M M na M M X 1968 M M na M M X 1969 M M na M M X 1970 M M na M M X 1971 M M X M M X 1972 M M X M M X 1973 M M X M M X 1974 M M X M M X 1975 M M X M M X 1976 M M X M M X 1977 M M X M M X 1978 M M X M M X 1979 M M X M M X 1980 M M X M M X 1981 M M X M M X 1982 M M X M M X 1983 M M X M M X 1984 M M X M M X 1985 M M X M M X 1986 M M M M M X 1987 M M M M M X 1988 M M M M M X 1989 M M M X M X 1990 M M M X M X 1991 M M M X M X 1992 M M M X M X 1993 M M M X M X 1994 M M M X M X 1995 M M M X M X 1996 M M M X X X 1997 M M M X X X 1998 M M M X X X 1999 M M M X X X 2000 M M M X X X 2001 M M M X X X 2002 M M M X X X 2003 M M M X X X 2004 M M M X X X 2005 M M M X X X 2006 M M M X X X 2007 M M M X X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 11: Annual distortion estimates, Spain, 1955 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Pigmea Rapese Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat t Potato Poultry ed 1956 6 na na 44 na -16 16 na na na 1957 22 na na 75 na -11 25 na na na 1958 35 na na 105 na -8 24 na na na 1959 30 na na 82 na -3 22 na na na 1960 39 na na 74 na -14 45 na na na 1961 53 na na 117 na 6 41 na na na 1962 27 na na 31 na -1 44 na na na 1963 24 na na 17 na -3 25 na na na 1964 9 na na 13 na -12 -1 na na na 1965 16 na na 25 na -5 -10 na na na 1966 24 na na 30 na -2 -16 na na na 1967 31 na na 32 na -3 -15 na na na 1968 65 na na 58 na 10 -7 na na na 1969 37 na na 53 na 8 -11 na na na 1970 28 na na 24 na 1 -14 na na na 1971 58 na na 38 na -3 -11 na na na 1972 6 na na 65 na -9 -11 na na na 1973 -13 na na 19 na -21 -33 na na na 1974 4 na na -15 na -29 -47 na na na 1975 19 na na 30 na 18 -33 na na na 1976 0 na na 33 na -15 -29 na na na 1977 25 na na 45 na -3 -48 na na na 1978 15 na na 50 na 32 -49 na na na 1979 48 na na 60 na 62 -49 na na na 1980 -4 na na 48 na -40 -58 na na na 1981 -11 na na 32 na -17 -48 na na na 1982 -7 na na 50 na 10 -32 na na na 1983 4 na na 15 na -16 55 na na na 1984 -2 na na 8 na -11 64 na na na 1985 13 na na 24 na -12 91 na na na 1986 157 188 31 110 361 83 40 17 79 153 1987 233 107 21 170 533 77 11 17 90 145 1988 85 80 21 79 192 14 34 17 69 112 1989 45 79 29 62 84 15 14 17 66 140 1990 94 98 12 108 125 48 7 16 100 200 1991 119 157 13 120 128 39 20 16 83 97 1992 103 93 15 103 118 63 0 17 118 0 1993 105 63 10 69 123 44 18 17 110 0 1994 100 53 0 45 117 43 18 16 114 0 1995 41 69 12 53 79 40 16 15 129 0 1996 2 68 5 14 70 34 16 14 77 0 1997 7 117 1 19 78 25 13 12 55 0 1998 64 121 11 32 100 50 22 11 51 0 1999 44 125 16 39 106 84 57 11 90 0 2000 3 113 3 27 57 59 32 10 57 1 2001 0 140 0 14 40 29 24 10 52 0 2002 0 157 0 9 75 0 24 10 56 0 2003 1 157 0 34 70 1 33 10 54 0 2004 1 92 0 39 62 23 27 10 101 0 2005 0 109 0 19 33 24 19 10 69 0 2006 0 81 0 11 25 0 14 10 69 0 2007 0 66 0 21 0 0 18 10 99 0 All Sheep Soybea Sunflo covere Rice meat n Sugar wer Tomato Wheat Wine d 1956 -11 na na 191 0 0 17 0 11 1957 -16 na na 94 0 0 23 0 15 1958 -20 na na 177 0 0 29 0 20 1959 -24 na na 211 0 0 31 0 19 1960 -30 na na 202 0 0 35 0 23 1961 -33 na na 223 0 0 40 0 24 1962 -29 na na 212 0 0 56 0 23 1963 -34 na na 13 0 0 29 0 11 1964 -44 na na 79 0 0 13 0 3 1965 -19 na na 427 0 0 30 0 12 1966 -31 na na 556 0 0 28 0 10 1967 -45 na na 393 0 0 23 0 10 1968 -33 na na 308 0 0 41 0 22 1969 -4 na na 264 0 0 44 0 19 1970 7 na -39 150 0 0 3 0 7 1971 -32 na -36 88 0 0 32 0 16 1972 -47 na -31 66 0 0 -10 0 1 1973 -71 na -18 -1 0 0 -31 0 -17 1974 -65 na -16 -43 0 0 -32 0 -21 1975 -21 na 55 76 0 0 -2 0 0 1976 -18 na 35 168 0 0 -16 0 -3 1977 -38 na -1 251 0 0 -28 0 -10 1978 -21 na 10 171 0 0 0 0 -7 1979 -32 na 23 45 0 0 40 0 -7 1980 -49 na 37 -6 0 0 43 0 -18 1981 -22 na 46 105 0 0 38 0 -14 1982 -9 na 49 201 0 0 45 0 -2 1983 -28 na 17 159 0 0 8 0 19 1984 15 na 2 269 0 0 16 0 17 1985 63 na 13 268 0 0 43 0 30 1986 127 134 211 247 144 17 119 9 75 1987 190 211 169 301 150 15 143 9 76 1988 162 215 108 201 96 15 94 7 63 1989 148 167 118 90 150 0 31 6 35 1990 152 154 147 109 143 2 57 8 40 1991 144 128 159 191 111 0 146 9 52 1992 143 112 0 212 0 0 65 13 38 1993 106 38 0 169 0 8 58 13 42 1994 133 55 0 129 0 11 48 10 39 1995 88 77 0 119 0 0 16 4 32 1996 33 45 0 140 0 2 0 4 21 1997 31 27 0 147 0 0 0 5 22 1998 18 38 0 186 0 0 26 3 30 1999 0 37 0 245 0 0 37 2 36 2000 1 26 0 176 0 0 11 2 22 2001 42 48 0 138 0 0 4 2 22 2002 24 35 0 161 0 0 0 2 24 2003 18 46 0 240 0 2 2 2 27 2004 1 33 0 238 0 2 2 1 24 2005 2 54 0 168 0 0 0 2 15 2006 3 74 0 62 0 0 0 1 13 2007 1 68 0 99 0 0 0 1 10 Table 11 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Spain, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 11 1 na 8 8 -1 16 8 13 -4 1957 15 3 na 12 12 -1 22 12 13 -1 1958 20 4 na 16 16 -1 29 16 14 1 1959 19 5 na 16 16 -2 30 16 3 12 1960 23 6 na 19 19 -2 35 19 6 12 1961 24 8 na 20 20 -3 44 20 6 13 1962 23 7 na 18 18 -2 40 18 6 12 1963 11 3 na 9 9 -3 20 9 5 3 1964 3 1 na 3 3 -3 9 3 5 -2 1965 12 3 na 9 9 -1 19 9 4 5 1966 10 3 na 8 8 -2 17 8 5 3 1967 10 2 na 8 8 -4 16 8 4 3 1968 22 5 na 17 17 -2 32 17 4 13 1969 19 5 na 15 15 0 27 15 4 11 1970 7 2 na 6 6 0 9 6 3 2 1971 16 4 na 13 13 -2 24 13 3 9 1972 1 0 na 1 1 -3 3 1 4 -3 1973 -17 -6 na -14 -14 -8 -18 -14 3 -17 1974 -21 -6 na -17 -17 -5 -25 -17 2 -19 1975 0 0 na 0 0 -1 0 0 2 -3 1976 -3 -1 na -2 -2 -1 -3 -2 2 -4 1977 -10 -3 na -8 -8 -2 -11 -8 3 -10 1978 -7 -2 na -6 -6 -1 -9 -6 2 -8 1979 -7 -2 na -6 -6 -2 -8 -6 2 -8 1980 -18 -5 na -15 -15 -4 -21 -15 3 -18 1981 -14 -4 na -12 -12 -2 -17 -12 3 -14 1982 -2 -1 na -2 -2 -1 -3 -2 3 -5 1983 19 2 na 14 14 -1 23 14 3 11 1984 17 2 na 13 13 1 18 13 3 10 1985 30 5 na 23 23 2 33 23 4 19 1986 75 50 3 73 75 29 85 73 3 69 1987 76 51 3 74 77 32 86 74 2 71 1988 63 38 3 61 64 30 66 61 0 61 1989 35 22 3 35 39 11 46 35 0 35 1990 40 27 4 42 45 14 56 42 0 42 1991 52 33 5 53 57 16 67 53 0 53 1992 38 28 5 41 48 19 47 41 0 41 1993 42 30 5 45 57 20 51 45 0 45 1994 39 26 4 40 55 19 45 40 0 40 1995 32 22 5 34 51 11 40 34 0 34 1996 21 14 4 24 40 7 32 24 0 24 1997 22 16 4 25 41 8 32 25 0 25 1998 30 22 4 33 50 9 44 33 0 33 1999 36 27 4 39 56 10 58 39 0 39 2000 22 16 3 24 42 5 41 24 0 24 2001 22 14 4 24 41 5 34 24 0 24 2002 24 16 5 27 44 5 40 27 0 27 2003 27 17 5 30 49 5 46 30 0 30 2004 24 17 4 27 45 5 42 27 0 27 2005 15 8 4 16 35 1 35 16 0 16 2006 13 7 4 14 35 1 29 14 0 14 2007 10 6 4 12 31 0 27 12 0 12 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 11 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Spain, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Pigmea Rapese Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat t Potato Poultry ed 1956 7 na na 3 na 2 6 na na na 1957 8 na na 2 na 3 6 na na na 1958 7 na na 2 na 2 6 na na na 1959 7 na na 2 na 2 6 na na na 1960 8 na na 3 na 2 5 na na na 1961 6 na na 2 na 2 6 na na na 1962 7 na na 3 na 2 6 na na na 1963 7 na na 4 na 2 8 na na na 1964 6 na na 4 na 1 9 na na na 1965 7 na na 4 na 1 10 na na na 1966 6 na na 3 na 1 12 na na na 1967 7 na na 3 na 1 14 na na na 1968 8 na na 4 na 1 13 na na na 1969 11 na na 4 na 1 13 na na na 1970 8 na na 5 na 1 14 na na na 1971 9 na na 5 na 1 13 na na na 1972 11 na na 4 na 1 12 na na na 1973 10 na na 4 na 1 15 na na na 1974 11 na na 4 na 1 18 na na na 1975 12 na na 3 na 1 16 na na na 1976 11 na na 3 na 1 17 na na na 1977 10 na na 3 na 1 21 na na na 1978 12 na na 3 na 1 23 na na na 1979 8 na na 3 na 1 28 na na na 1980 13 na na 3 na 2 28 na na na 1981 10 na na 4 na 1 31 na na na 1982 11 na na 3 na 1 29 na na na 1983 14 na na 4 na 1 14 na na na 1984 21 na na 5 na 2 11 na na na 1985 19 na na 7 na 1 11 na na na 1986 5 4 4 3 4 0 12 4 5 0 1987 4 5 5 2 2 0 14 4 4 0 1988 8 5 4 3 5 1 12 3 5 0 1989 6 4 3 2 7 0 14 4 4 0 1990 5 4 3 2 5 0 15 4 3 0 1991 5 3 4 2 6 0 15 5 4 0 1992 3 5 3 2 6 0 20 3 3 0 1993 5 6 3 1 7 0 16 2 3 0 1994 4 6 4 2 7 0 16 4 3 0 1995 3 6 3 2 8 0 18 5 3 0 1996 7 4 3 3 6 0 16 2 3 0 1997 5 4 3 3 6 0 17 1 3 0 1998 4 4 2 2 6 0 14 2 4 0 1999 4 5 2 2 6 0 12 3 3 0 2000 6 4 3 2 6 0 14 1 3 0 2001 3 3 3 3 8 0 18 2 4 0 2002 4 3 3 3 7 1 16 2 4 0 2003 5 3 4 2 7 0 14 1 4 0 2004 5 4 3 2 7 0 15 2 3 0 2005 2 3 3 2 6 0 12 1 3 0 2006 5 3 3 2 5 1 12 2 3 0 2007 11 2 2 2 5 1 10 2 2 0 Non- Sheep Soybea Sunflo covere Rice meat n Sugar wer Tomato Wheat Wine d 1956 2 na na 1 0 8 22 22 26 1957 2 na na 2 0 9 25 18 26 1958 3 na na 1 0 10 25 18 27 1959 3 na na 1 0 11 23 20 26 1960 3 na na 2 0 12 22 16 28 1961 4 na na 2 0 14 17 19 27 1962 3 na na 1 0 13 17 21 27 1963 3 na na 2 0 12 16 20 26 1964 3 na na 2 0 14 12 23 26 1965 2 na na 1 0 13 15 20 28 1966 3 na na 1 0 12 14 20 27 1967 3 na na 1 0 11 16 15 27 1968 3 na na 1 0 12 15 15 28 1969 2 na na 1 0 12 13 14 28 1970 1 na 0 2 1 14 13 13 27 1971 2 na 0 3 1 14 13 12 27 1972 2 na 0 3 1 14 15 11 26 1973 4 na 0 4 1 13 13 11 24 1974 2 na 0 4 1 15 12 8 24 1975 2 na 0 3 2 18 11 7 26 1976 2 na 0 3 1 17 14 5 26 1977 2 na 0 1 1 18 13 4 26 1978 1 na 0 2 1 17 9 6 26 1979 2 na 0 2 1 14 7 8 26 1980 2 na 0 3 1 13 7 5 24 1981 2 na 0 2 1 14 5 5 25 1982 1 na 0 2 2 13 7 5 26 1983 1 na 0 3 3 16 9 5 29 1984 1 na 0 1 4 13 10 4 27 1985 1 na 0 1 3 14 8 5 29 1986 1 3 0 1 2 11 4 17 20 1987 1 3 0 1 2 11 4 17 21 1988 1 2 0 1 2 10 5 11 21 1989 0 2 0 1 1 12 5 15 19 1990 0 2 0 1 2 13 3 19 19 1991 1 2 0 1 1 12 3 16 21 1992 1 2 0 1 2 10 3 17 19 1993 0 4 0 1 2 11 3 15 20 1994 0 4 0 1 2 13 3 12 20 1995 0 3 0 1 1 11 3 13 20 1996 1 3 0 1 1 11 5 15 19 1997 1 4 0 1 2 11 3 18 18 1998 1 3 0 1 2 13 3 18 19 1999 1 4 0 1 1 14 3 20 19 2000 1 3 0 1 1 12 4 20 18 2001 1 3 0 1 1 12 3 16 19 2002 1 4 0 1 1 13 4 16 19 2003 1 4 0 0 1 13 4 16 21 2004 1 4 0 0 1 11 4 17 20 2005 1 3 0 0 0 14 2 24 24 2006 1 3 0 0 1 11 3 24 24 2007 1 2 0 0 1 10 6 19 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 11 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Spain, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Pigme Poultr Rapes Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Oat at Potato y eed 1956 M na na M na M M na na na 1957 M na na M na M M na na na 1958 M na na M na M M na na na 1959 M na na M na M M na na na 1960 M na na M na M M na na na 1961 M na na M na M M na na na 1962 M na na M na M M na na na 1963 M na na M na M M na na na 1964 M na na M na M M na na na 1965 M na na M na M M na na na 1966 M na na M na M M na na na 1967 M na na M na M M na na na 1968 M na na M na M M na na na 1969 M na na M na M M na na na 1970 M na na M na M M na na na 1971 M na na M na M M na na na 1972 M na na M na M M na na na 1973 M na na M na M M na na na 1974 M na na M na M M na na na 1975 M na na M na M M na na na 1976 M na na M na M M na na na 1977 M na na M na M M na na na 1978 M na na M na M M na na na 1979 M na na M na M M na na na 1980 M na na M na M M na na na 1981 M na na M na M M na na na 1982 M na na M na M M na na na 1983 M na na M na M M na na na 1984 M na na M na M M na na na 1985 M na na M na M M na na na 1986 M M M M M M M M M M 1987 M M M M M M M M M M 1988 M M M M M M M M M M 1989 M M M M M M M M M M 1990 M M M M M M M M M M 1991 M M M M M M M M M M 1992 M M M M M M M M M X 1993 M M M M M M M M M X 1994 M M M M M M M M M M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M 1996 X M M M M M M M M X 1997 X M M M M M M M M X 1998 M M M M M M M M M X 1999 M M M M M M M M M X 2000 X M X M M M M M M X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M 2002 X M X M M M M M M X 2003 X M X M M M M M M X 2004 X M X M M M M M M X 2005 X M M M M M M M M X 2006 X M M M M M M M M X 2007 X M M M M M M M M X Sheep Soybe Sunflo Tomat Rice meat an Sugar wer o Wheat Wine 1956 X na na M M X M X 1957 X na na M M X M X 1958 X na na M M X M X 1959 X na na M M X M X 1960 X na na M M X M X 1961 X na na M M X M X 1962 X na na M M X M X 1963 X na na M M X M X 1964 X na na M M X M X 1965 X na na M M X M X 1966 X na na M M X M X 1967 X na na M M X M X 1968 X na na M M X M X 1969 X na na M M X M X 1970 X na M M M X M X 1971 X na M M M X M X 1972 X na M M M X M X 1973 X na M M M X M X 1974 X na M M M X M X 1975 X na M M M X M X 1976 X na M M M X M X 1977 X na M M M X M X 1978 X na M M M X M X 1979 X na M M M X M X 1980 X na M M M X M X 1981 X na M M M X M X 1982 X na M M M X M X 1983 X na M M M X M X 1984 X na M M M X M X 1985 X na M M M X M X 1986 X M M M M M M X 1987 X M M M M M M X 1988 X M M M M M M X 1989 X M M M M X M X 1990 X M M M M X M X 1991 X M M M M X M X 1992 X M M M M X M X 1993 X M M M M X M X 1994 X M M M M X M X 1995 X M M M M X M X 1996 X M M M M X X X 1997 X M M M M X X X 1998 X M M M M X X X 1999 X M M M M X X X 2000 X M M M M X X X 2001 X M M M M X X X 2002 X M M M M X X X 2003 X M M M M X X X 2004 X M M M M X X X 2005 X M M M M X X X 2006 X M M M M X X X 2007 X M M M M X X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 12: Annual distortion estimates, Sweden, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Shee All Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Suga Whe cover y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t r at ed 1956 17 83 na 269 -17 69 46 33 26 65 97 10 77 1957 34 121 na 335 -18 61 131 33 27 65 65 18 102 1958 54 118 na 225 10 54 204 33 27 65 92 15 100 1959 44 120 na 324 42 49 220 33 24 65 104 14 115 1960 43 168 na 265 21 40 65 33 23 65 101 25 96 1961 68 167 na 401 29 62 250 33 21 65 108 33 131 1962 66 174 na 462 43 109 223 33 20 65 104 83 155 1963 70 131 na 354 37 114 289 33 19 65 38 80 144 1964 64 86 na 297 55 96 329 33 19 65 55 65 121 1965 60 64 na 381 54 133 286 33 17 65 142 82 132 1966 57 61 na 377 52 157 270 33 16 65 166 72 138 1967 74 78 na 404 65 133 281 33 16 65 130 63 132 1968 91 108 na 457 77 139 276 33 17 65 99 66 147 1969 64 112 na 430 50 154 282 33 16 65 83 64 141 1970 36 105 na 417 25 160 218 33 16 65 59 5 111 1971 69 109 na 454 20 152 208 33 15 65 42 33 121 1972 19 116 na 448 9 121 184 33 13 65 34 -12 94 1973 -2 65 na 356 -11 106 136 33 10 65 18 -36 60 1974 -8 30 na 349 -15 92 126 33 8 65 10 -33 42 1975 24 43 na 406 20 79 135 33 9 65 23 -9 74 1976 17 62 na 554 2 132 159 33 9 65 34 -18 82 1977 53 45 na 885 21 87 129 33 8 65 48 -26 89 1978 37 48 na 749 53 127 122 33 9 65 42 3 112 1979 53 33 na 667 62 168 111 33 9 65 20 14 119 1980 6 28 na 633 -34 121 97 33 10 65 12 28 74 1981 8 45 na 401 -1 165 138 33 8 65 21 39 83 1982 3 63 na 371 22 165 144 33 8 65 29 45 92 1983 17 299 na 345 -10 157 68 33 8 65 26 15 103 1984 5 315 na 363 -5 107 86 33 5 65 35 23 82 1985 29 334 na 334 3 47 82 33 6 65 35 47 88 1986 163 52 69 267 87 35 95 33 11 65 254 134 115 1987 223 76 58 213 54 52 68 45 17 187 227 144 117 1988 97 103 87 167 17 32 76 53 12 177 127 85 91 1989 70 89 86 150 36 26 53 51 12 173 97 65 78 1990 105 78 82 218 63 27 66 35 141 165 143 129 103 1991 121 172 177 230 44 35 73 32 136 210 219 147 121 1992 108 112 154 176 47 38 99 21 131 98 160 75 103 1993 74 102 173 146 2 52 44 13 51 54 102 40 81 1994 102 75 351 144 39 26 70 11 115 59 125 41 83 1995 41 69 12 79 40 16 15 129 0 77 119 16 46 1996 2 68 5 70 34 16 14 77 0 45 140 0 36 1997 7 117 1 78 25 13 12 55 0 27 147 0 40 1998 64 121 11 100 50 22 11 51 0 38 186 26 61 1999 44 125 16 106 84 57 11 90 0 37 245 37 76 2000 3 113 3 57 59 32 10 57 1 26 176 11 45 2001 0 140 0 40 29 24 10 52 0 48 138 4 35 2002 0 157 0 75 0 24 10 56 0 35 161 0 44 2003 1 157 0 70 1 33 10 54 0 46 240 2 45 2004 1 92 0 62 23 27 10 101 0 33 238 2 40 2005 0 109 0 33 24 19 10 69 0 54 168 0 25 2006 0 81 0 24 0 14 10 42 0 74 62 0 19 2007 0 66 0 0 0 17 10 99 0 68 99 0 10 Table 12 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Sweden, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 77 40 na 68 68 19 126 68 2 64 1957 102 55 na 90 90 25 170 90 2 86 1958 100 51 na 87 87 30 154 87 3 83 1959 115 62 na 101 101 35 186 101 3 96 1960 96 50 na 85 85 29 153 85 3 80 1961 131 75 na 117 117 41 226 117 3 111 1962 155 83 na 136 136 63 232 136 3 130 1963 144 70 na 124 124 63 192 124 2 118 1964 121 63 na 106 106 59 168 106 2 101 1965 132 68 na 115 115 65 180 115 2 110 1966 138 66 na 119 119 73 169 119 2 114 1967 132 68 na 115 115 68 178 115 2 111 1968 147 77 na 129 129 75 202 129 2 125 1969 141 72 na 123 123 69 192 123 2 119 1970 111 61 na 98 98 46 174 98 1 95 1971 121 68 na 107 107 54 187 107 1 104 1972 94 62 na 86 86 27 188 86 1 84 1973 60 40 na 55 55 8 133 55 1 53 1974 42 28 na 39 39 1 99 39 1 38 1975 74 43 na 67 67 24 131 67 1 65 1976 82 53 na 75 75 21 168 75 1 74 1977 89 57 na 81 81 25 176 81 1 80 1978 112 60 na 99 99 47 171 99 0 98 1979 119 57 na 103 103 64 146 103 0 102 1980 74 41 na 66 66 20 130 66 0 65 1981 83 46 na 74 74 33 133 74 0 73 1982 92 51 na 82 82 39 146 82 0 81 1983 103 66 na 94 94 33 202 94 0 93 1984 82 64 na 78 78 21 201 78 0 77 1985 88 64 na 82 82 25 199 82 0 82 1986 115 78 0 108 108 109 105 108 0 108 1987 117 76 1 110 110 108 113 110 0 109 1988 91 43 1 82 82 84 63 82 1 81 1989 78 23 2 68 68 71 37 68 0 67 1990 103 39 5 91 91 93 56 91 0 91 1991 121 61 9 113 113 102 110 113 0 112 1992 103 51 5 95 95 88 94 95 1 93 1993 81 48 2 75 75 70 79 75 1 73 1994 83 0 2 65 65 88 69 65 1 63 1995 46 0 5 40 56 na 46 40 1 39 1996 36 17 4 35 51 8 42 35 1 34 1997 40 20 4 40 56 11 46 40 1 39 1998 61 30 4 58 74 27 61 58 1 56 1999 76 38 4 70 87 34 74 70 1 69 2000 45 23 3 43 61 11 54 43 1 42 2001 35 18 4 35 52 7 42 35 1 34 2002 44 21 5 43 61 8 54 43 1 42 2003 45 23 5 44 64 8 57 44 1 43 2004 40 19 4 39 57 7 50 39 1 38 2005 25 13 4 24 42 0 38 24 1 23 2006 19 9 4 19 40 0 25 19 1 18 2007 10 5 4 12 30 0 17 12 1 11 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 12 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Sweden, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Shee Non- Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Suga Whe cover y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t r at ed 1956 6 8 na 13 12 13 9 1 0 0 2 10 25 1957 5 8 na 13 9 16 7 1 3 0 3 8 25 1958 5 8 na 15 9 17 6 1 3 0 2 8 26 1959 6 9 na 13 9 20 5 1 2 0 2 7 26 1960 6 7 na 15 8 18 8 1 3 0 1 9 25 1961 7 7 na 11 12 16 6 2 3 0 2 9 25 1962 8 9 na 10 11 13 7 2 3 0 1 8 26 1963 9 10 na 11 10 12 7 2 2 0 3 6 27 1964 10 10 na 12 10 12 4 1 3 0 2 8 26 1965 11 12 na 11 10 10 5 1 5 0 1 8 26 1966 11 16 na 12 9 11 5 2 2 0 1 5 27 1967 10 13 na 10 10 10 4 2 5 0 1 9 26 1968 10 12 na 9 10 11 5 2 5 0 1 8 26 1969 12 14 na 10 8 11 3 2 4 0 1 7 26 1970 13 12 na 8 11 10 5 1 4 0 2 9 25 1971 12 11 na 9 13 10 4 1 5 0 2 7 25 1972 13 9 na 8 11 10 4 1 6 0 3 11 24 1973 12 10 na 8 8 10 3 1 6 0 4 14 23 1974 13 11 na 7 9 8 3 1 6 0 6 14 22 1975 11 13 na 8 8 12 3 1 6 0 3 12 24 1976 12 12 na 7 9 10 3 1 4 0 2 18 23 1977 9 14 na 5 8 13 4 1 5 0 1 16 23 1978 12 15 na 6 7 12 5 2 5 0 2 9 25 1979 11 17 na 7 7 11 5 2 4 0 3 7 26 1980 12 15 na 6 14 10 4 1 4 0 4 6 24 1981 16 13 na 8 13 8 3 1 4 0 2 6 24 1982 17 12 na 10 10 9 3 1 5 0 2 8 24 1983 14 5 na 12 11 10 4 2 5 0 2 13 24 1984 18 4 na 9 13 10 5 1 7 0 1 10 22 1985 14 4 na 10 12 15 4 1 6 0 1 8 23 1986 6 13 4 17 5 19 4 2 3 0 2 6 18 1987 4 12 4 21 6 18 4 2 2 0 1 6 19 1988 6 10 3 21 7 17 4 1 2 0 2 5 21 1989 7 9 3 19 6 16 4 2 3 0 2 7 22 1990 6 10 3 15 6 16 6 2 3 0 2 7 25 1991 6 7 2 16 7 18 6 3 2 0 1 4 28 1992 4 10 2 20 4 17 5 3 2 0 2 6 26 1993 5 9 2 19 6 14 4 3 3 0 2 7 25 1994 11 9 1 18 5 16 5 3 1 0 2 5 24 1995 9 7 3 20 4 14 4 2 1 0 2 10 24 1996 9 7 3 20 4 14 4 2 1 0 2 10 23 1997 8 6 3 20 4 16 3 2 1 0 2 9 24 1998 5 7 3 21 4 13 7 3 1 0 2 9 25 1999 7 8 3 23 3 10 7 2 1 0 2 7 26 2000 7 7 4 25 3 11 3 2 1 0 2 10 24 2001 7 5 3 27 3 13 4 3 1 0 2 10 24 2002 7 5 4 22 6 12 4 3 2 0 2 9 24 2003 7 5 4 23 4 11 4 3 1 0 1 11 25 2004 7 6 3 24 3 11 5 2 2 0 1 11 24 2005 9 7 5 13 3 14 5 3 2 1 1 13 24 2006 6 5 4 23 4 11 5 2 3 0 2 11 24 2007 11 4 3 17 5 8 5 2 3 0 1 18 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 12 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Sweden, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Shee Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Whea y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t Sugar t 1956 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1957 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1958 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1959 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1960 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1961 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1962 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1963 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1964 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1965 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1966 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1967 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1968 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1969 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1970 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1971 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1972 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1973 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1974 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1975 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1976 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1977 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1978 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1979 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1980 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1981 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1982 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1983 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1984 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1985 X M na M X X M M X M M X 1986 X X X X X X M X X M X X 1987 X X X X X X M X X M M X 1988 X X X X X X M X X M X X 1989 X X X X X X M X X M X X 1990 X X X X X X M X X M X X 1991 X M X X X X M X X M M X 1992 X M X X X X M X X M M M 1993 X M X X X X M X X M X X 1994 X M X X X X M X X M M M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M M M 1996 X M M M M M M M X M M X 1997 X M M M M M M M X M M X 1998 M M M M M M M M X M M X 1999 M M M M M M M M X M M X 2000 X M X M M M M M X M M X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M M X 2002 X M X M M M M M X M M X 2003 X M X M M M M M X M M X 2004 X M X M M M M M X M M X 2005 X M M M M M M M X M M X 2006 X M M M M M M M X M M X 2007 X M M M M M M M X M M X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 13: Annual distortion estimates, Switzerland, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Shee All Barle Maiz Oilse Pigm Poult pmea Suga Whe cove y Beef Egg e Milk Oat ed eat ry t r at red 1956 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 255 1957 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 256 1958 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 256 1959 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 256 1960 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 255 1961 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 253 1962 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 256 1963 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 253 1964 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 253 1965 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 251 1966 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 251 1967 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 251 1968 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 249 1969 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 246 1970 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 246 1971 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 244 1972 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 244 1973 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 241 1974 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 242 1975 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 240 1976 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 242 1977 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 240 1978 na 252 285 156 295 na na 160 334 124 384 296 241 1979 405 252 285 156 295 444 481 160 334 124 384 296 237 1980 303 202 232 137 243 296 542 160 309 120 230 222 204 1981 256 230 234 89 169 199 499 160 347 75 102 175 178 1982 305 287 293 137 166 268 597 160 369 133 194 240 194 1983 422 369 351 131 228 418 589 160 420 181 339 273 234 1984 292 398 310 102 257 270 275 160 409 168 414 209 242 1985 384 423 329 134 437 313 423 160 398 164 472 254 298 1986 1092 454 554 192 712 na 440 160 578 305 334 278 398 1987 1770 314 469 249 795 na 746 218 702 476 365 315 419 1988 1148 242 599 297 826 na 499 260 604 545 353 312 432 1989 609 236 502 217 248 na 452 141 529 464 283 218 230 1990 605 329 441 194 548 na 646 206 596 524 213 248 349 1991 1057 473 432 201 418 na 639 245 536 485 271 248 367 1992 609 191 513 154 264 na 616 115 591 399 345 264 224 1993 520 209 457 175 385 na 432 207 600 251 321 282 299 1994 579 295 460 118 319 na 321 225 613 262 323 267 292 1995 617 191 574 130 153 na 397 154 643 368 277 283 184 1996 274 100 377 92 271 na 353 157 499 178 244 153 201 1997 na 129 393 116 252 na 277 140 388 132 231 196 201 1998 na 134 422 151 256 na 259 210 459 183 195 230 225 1999 na 120 463 131 270 na 385 278 492 173 217 206 239 2000 na 221 292 92 197 na 322 187 463 147 280 143 198 2001 na 194 283 58 174 na 259 138 409 147 229 56 161 2002 na 147 237 101 233 na 253 181 527 117 225 81 198 2003 na 126 178 117 160 na 232 214 534 92 263 67 166 2004 na 172 263 78 122 na 234 182 581 65 279 48 142 2005 na 156 287 91 131 na 287 131 464 37 251 48 136 2006 na 176 261 78 57 na na 118 492 71 145 64 98 2007 na 69 202 22 14 na na 82 376 70 124 34 44 Table 13 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Switzerland, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 255 246 na 252 252 310 210 252 5 236 1957 256 247 na 254 254 311 214 254 5 238 1958 256 247 na 253 253 311 212 253 5 235 1959 256 243 na 252 252 309 212 252 5 235 1960 255 241 na 251 251 308 211 251 6 233 1961 253 244 na 251 251 310 209 251 6 232 1962 256 247 na 253 253 311 214 253 5 235 1963 253 246 na 251 251 310 211 251 5 233 1964 253 244 na 250 250 311 212 250 5 232 1965 251 246 na 249 249 312 210 249 6 231 1966 251 247 na 250 250 312 210 250 6 232 1967 251 246 na 250 250 312 211 250 6 231 1968 249 245 na 248 248 312 209 248 6 229 1969 246 245 na 246 246 313 207 246 5 228 1970 246 245 na 246 246 312 207 246 4 232 1971 244 245 na 244 244 314 206 244 4 230 1972 244 245 na 244 244 315 206 244 5 229 1973 241 243 na 241 241 314 202 241 4 228 1974 242 246 na 243 243 316 206 243 3 232 1975 240 246 na 242 242 315 202 242 4 228 1976 242 242 na 242 242 313 204 242 4 229 1977 240 241 na 240 240 313 201 240 3 229 1978 241 243 na 242 242 314 203 242 4 230 1979 237 242 13 251 264 342 227 251 3 240 1980 204 243 12 223 237 344 199 223 3 215 1981 178 242 11 200 213 343 175 200 3 192 1982 194 238 12 213 227 337 189 213 3 204 1983 234 240 16 251 270 341 224 251 3 242 1984 242 243 16 258 277 344 231 258 2 249 1985 298 243 18 304 328 345 279 304 2 295 1986 398 242 37 393 411 558 261 393 3 381 1987 419 265 37 415 436 615 270 415 2 403 1988 432 264 32 418 440 632 269 418 2 406 1989 230 115 19 217 236 207 191 217 2 210 1990 349 211 21 332 354 443 244 332 2 323 1991 367 176 22 330 361 339 286 330 2 320 1992 224 111 17 209 236 219 170 209 3 201 1993 299 151 24 280 318 314 216 280 3 269 1994 292 140 27 274 319 264 235 274 3 263 1995 184 89 19 177 214 131 185 177 3 168 1996 201 105 20 195 249 224 139 195 3 186 1997 201 104 22 195 255 209 145 195 3 186 1998 225 114 22 214 275 212 175 214 3 205 1999 239 121 20 223 305 222 186 223 3 213 2000 198 94 17 186 259 163 173 186 3 177 2001 161 78 18 155 229 145 130 155 3 148 2002 198 92 19 186 270 190 146 186 3 177 2003 166 85 17 160 240 133 152 160 3 152 2004 142 68 15 137 208 101 143 137 3 130 2005 136 66 12 118 195 131 140 118 2 114 2006 98 48 11 87 155 57 140 87 2 83 2007 44 21 8 44 96 14 78 44 2 41 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 13 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Switzerland, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Shee Non- Barle Maiz Oilse Pigm Poult pmea Whea cover y Beef Egg e Milk Oat ed eat ry t Sugar t ed 1956 na 14 2 0 28 na na 17 1 1 2 6 29 1957 na 13 2 0 27 na na 17 1 1 2 8 29 1958 na 13 2 0 27 na na 17 1 1 2 8 29 1959 na 12 2 0 27 na na 17 1 1 2 8 29 1960 na 12 2 0 26 na na 18 1 1 2 9 29 1961 na 13 2 0 26 na na 18 1 1 2 8 29 1962 na 14 2 0 26 na na 17 1 1 2 10 29 1963 na 14 2 0 26 na na 18 2 1 2 7 29 1964 na 13 2 0 25 na na 19 2 1 2 9 29 1965 na 12 2 0 25 na na 20 2 1 2 8 28 1966 na 13 2 0 25 na na 19 3 1 2 7 28 1967 na 13 2 0 24 na na 20 3 1 1 8 28 1968 na 13 2 0 23 na na 21 3 1 1 8 28 1969 na 13 2 1 23 na na 22 3 1 1 7 28 1970 na 14 2 1 23 na na 22 3 1 1 7 28 1971 na 13 2 1 22 na na 23 3 1 1 7 28 1972 na 12 2 1 21 na na 23 3 1 1 8 27 1973 na 12 2 2 21 na na 24 3 0 1 7 27 1974 na 13 2 2 21 na na 23 3 1 1 8 27 1975 na 13 2 2 22 na na 24 3 1 1 6 28 1976 na 13 2 2 21 na na 24 3 1 2 6 28 1977 na 13 2 1 21 na na 25 3 1 2 5 28 1978 na 13 2 1 21 na na 24 3 1 1 6 28 1979 1 17 2 1 24 0 0 30 1 1 1 4 19 1980 1 17 2 1 25 0 0 30 1 1 1 4 17 1981 1 13 2 1 31 0 0 26 1 1 2 4 16 1982 1 13 2 1 32 0 0 28 1 1 1 4 17 1983 1 11 2 1 30 0 0 28 1 0 1 4 19 1984 2 11 2 1 27 0 1 27 1 0 1 6 20 1985 1 12 2 2 21 0 1 31 1 1 1 6 21 1986 1 14 2 2 19 na 1 26 1 1 2 7 26 1987 0 18 2 2 18 na 1 24 0 0 1 6 27 1988 1 20 2 2 18 na 1 19 0 0 2 7 28 1989 1 13 1 2 29 na 1 18 0 0 1 6 28 1990 1 15 2 2 20 na 0 22 0 0 2 7 28 1991 1 11 1 2 26 na 1 18 0 0 1 7 31 1992 1 11 1 2 30 na 0 19 0 0 1 5 29 1993 2 15 1 2 26 na 1 16 1 1 1 6 29 1994 1 13 1 3 29 na 0 15 1 1 1 6 29 1995 1 12 1 2 38 na 0 12 0 0 1 5 28 1996 2 14 1 2 28 na 1 15 1 1 2 8 28 1997 na 11 1 2 30 na 1 16 1 1 2 6 29 1998 na 12 1 2 31 na 1 14 1 1 2 6 30 1999 na 13 1 2 32 na 1 11 1 1 2 5 30 2000 na 10 1 2 34 na 0 14 1 1 2 6 29 2001 na 8 1 2 36 na 0 15 1 1 1 6 28 2002 na 9 2 2 33 na 1 15 1 1 2 6 29 2003 na 8 2 1 38 na 1 13 1 1 1 5 29 2004 na 8 1 1 38 na 1 12 1 1 1 7 28 2005 na 15 1 1 36 na 1 15 1 1 2 6 22 2006 na 14 1 1 40 na na 14 1 1 2 5 22 2007 na 16 1 1 43 na na 12 1 1 2 5 19 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 13 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Switzerland, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Shee Barle Maiz Oilse Pigm Poult pme Suga Whe y Beef Egg e Milk Oat ed eat ry at r at 195 na M M M X na na M M M M M 195 na M M M X na na M M M M M 195 na M M M X na na M M M M M 195 na M M M X na na M M M M M 196 na M M M X na na M M M M M 196 na M M M X na na M M M M M 196 na M M M X na na M M M M M 196 na M M M X na na M M M M M 196 na M M M X na na M M M M M 196 na M M M X na na M M M M M 196 na M M M X na na M M M M M 196 na M M M X na na M M M M M 196 na M M M X na na M M M M M 196 na M M M X na na M M M M M 197 na M M M X na na M M M M M 197 na M M M X na na M M M M M 197 na M M M X na na M M M M M 197 na M M M X na na M M M M M 197 na M M M X na na M M M M M 197 na M M M X na na M M M M M 197 na M M M X na na M M M M M 197 na M M M X na na M M M M M 197 na M M M X na na M M M M M 197 M M M M M M M M M M M M 198 M M M M M M M M M M M M 198 M M M M M M M M M M M M 198 M M M M M M M M M M M M 198 M M M M M M M M M M M M 198 M M M M M M M M M M M M 198 M M M M M M M M M M M M 198 M M M M X na M M M M M M 198 M M M M X na M M M M M M 198 M M M M X na M M M M M M 198 M M M M X na M M M M M M 199 M M M M X na M M M M M M 199 M M M M X na M M M M M M 199 M M M M X na M M M M M M 199 M M M M X na M M M M M M 199 M M M M X na M M M M M M 199 M M M M X na M M M M M M 199 M M M M X na M M M M M M 199 na M M M X na M M M M M M 199 na M M M X na M M M M M M 199 na M M M X na M M M M M M 200 na M M M X na M M M M M M 200 na M M M X na M M M M M M 200 na M M M X na M M M M M M 200 na M M M X na M M M M M M 200 na M M M X na M M M M M M 200 na M M M X na M M M M M M 200 na M M M X na na M M M M M 200 na M M M X na na M M M M M a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 14: Annual distortion estimates, UK, 1956 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Rap Shee All Barl Pig Pota Poul esee pme Sug Tom Whe cove ey Beef Egg Milk Oat meat to try d at ar ato at red 1956 -11 20 -86 354 -6 67 104 53 na 78 480 0 -14 58 1957 42 34 -85 407 19 60 287 59 na 94 297 0 15 84 1958 52 56 -83 301 27 53 398 62 na 135 543 0 22 101 1959 51 60 -87 400 38 46 224 58 na 132 554 0 21 85 1960 50 93 -87 293 24 41 97 60 na 125 542 0 17 69 1961 40 66 -88 429 53 52 344 68 na 152 588 0 12 89 1962 22 73 -85 478 43 107 267 59 na 64 619 0 13 89 1963 30 37 -89 360 39 72 250 57 na 41 190 0 9 63 1964 25 40 -88 295 47 57 255 51 na 37 267 0 4 62 1965 9 23 -88 354 39 93 210 65 na 22 866 0 5 61 1966 3 7 -90 332 36 94 311 25 na 92 104 0 3 61 1967 10 -1 -90 348 39 95 218 4 na 91 736 0 -2 53 1968 17 -28 -90 304 39 86 230 -2 0 95 575 0 0 48 1969 29 -32 -90 282 22 30 314 -1 0 98 180 0 -2 40 1970 -1 -29 -91 451 12 42 32 -10 0 56 105 0 -2 33 1971 18 -30 -91 419 13 41 27 53 0 60 56 0 3 39 1972 28 -25 -91 342 -12 42 40 -4 0 63 28 0 -7 33 1973 -7 34 -17 208 0 106 57 74 0 322 -30 22 -30 47 1974 3 -4 30 210 7 69 18 54 0 255 -51 22 -23 36 1975 23 11 16 264 23 65 49 60 0 267 28 22 -9 58 1976 20 26 5 366 10 122 327 69 0 342 99 22 -16 84 1977 56 11 41 598 35 65 71 61 0 281 230 22 -21 76 1978 49 11 13 488 74 78 -15 49 0 263 230 22 23 74 1979 75 0 41 440 80 109 17 38 0 230 70 22 35 77 1980 17 -1 22 434 -27 71 7 37 0 207 13 22 45 58 1981 7 23 2 330 -2 148 73 72 0 183 74 11 44 76 1982 8 49 18 313 22 125 95 99 0 181 152 31 51 87 1983 32 264 40 287 -1 129 87 73 0 203 196 19 28 113 1984 6 265 3 311 8 81 -24 95 0 172 268 26 20 81 1985 18 293 8 282 -6 22 11 91 0 95 297 26 31 86 1986 157 188 31 361 83 40 17 79 153 134 247 17 119 138 1987 233 107 21 533 77 11 17 90 145 211 301 15 143 137 1988 85 80 21 192 14 34 17 69 112 215 201 15 94 96 1989 45 79 29 84 15 14 17 66 140 167 90 0 31 60 1990 94 98 12 125 48 7 16 100 200 154 109 2 57 78 1991 119 157 13 128 39 20 16 83 97 128 191 0 146 96 1992 103 93 15 118 63 0 17 118 0 112 212 0 65 73 1993 105 63 10 123 44 18 17 110 0 38 169 8 58 68 1994 100 53 0 117 43 18 16 114 0 55 129 11 48 61 1995 41 69 12 79 40 16 15 129 0 77 119 0 16 51 1996 2 68 5 70 34 16 14 77 0 45 140 2 0 36 1997 7 117 1 78 25 13 12 55 0 27 147 0 0 39 1998 64 121 11 100 50 22 11 51 0 38 186 0 26 55 1999 44 125 16 106 84 57 11 90 0 37 245 0 37 65 2000 3 113 3 57 59 32 10 57 1 26 176 0 11 40 2001 0 140 0 40 29 24 10 52 0 48 138 0 4 35 2002 0 157 0 75 0 24 10 56 0 35 161 0 0 43 2003 1 157 0 70 1 33 10 54 0 46 240 2 2 44 2004 1 92 0 62 23 27 10 101 0 33 238 2 2 41 2005 0 109 0 33 24 19 10 69 0 54 168 0 0 26 2006 0 81 0 25 0 15 10 69 0 74 62 0 0 22 2007 0 66 0 0 0 17 10 100 0 68 99 0 0 13 Table 14 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, UK, 1956 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1956 58 14 na 47 47 0 54 47 15 27 1957 84 21 na 67 67 0 77 67 15 45 1958 101 25 na 80 80 0 93 80 17 53 1959 85 21 na 68 68 0 78 68 17 43 1960 69 17 na 55 55 0 64 55 16 34 1961 89 22 na 71 71 0 82 71 18 44 1962 89 22 na 70 70 0 82 70 18 44 1963 63 16 na 51 51 0 59 51 18 28 1964 62 16 na 50 50 0 57 50 18 27 1965 61 15 na 49 49 0 57 49 18 27 1966 61 15 na 49 49 0 57 49 18 27 1967 53 13 na 43 43 0 49 43 17 22 1968 48 12 na 39 39 0 44 39 17 18 1969 40 10 na 33 33 0 37 33 18 13 1970 33 8 na 27 27 0 30 27 16 10 1971 39 10 na 32 32 0 37 32 16 14 1972 33 8 na 27 27 0 31 27 16 10 1973 47 23 na 41 41 8 52 41 9 30 1974 36 19 na 32 32 14 38 32 6 25 1975 58 31 na 52 52 33 57 52 7 41 1976 84 43 na 74 74 55 77 74 7 63 1977 76 40 na 67 67 54 71 67 7 57 1978 74 39 na 66 66 49 70 66 7 55 1979 77 41 12 81 82 64 70 81 6 70 1980 58 34 12 65 66 34 58 65 0 65 1981 76 40 10 77 79 30 80 77 0 77 1982 87 46 9 87 89 32 94 87 0 87 1983 113 57 9 108 111 43 118 108 0 108 1984 81 41 8 79 81 21 89 79 0 79 1985 86 43 10 86 89 32 90 86 0 86 1986 138 68 3 123 125 74 126 123 0 123 1987 137 68 3 122 124 83 124 122 0 122 1988 96 47 3 87 90 53 89 87 0 87 1989 60 29 3 55 58 26 56 55 0 55 1990 78 37 4 72 75 37 73 72 0 72 1991 96 46 5 88 92 45 89 88 0 88 1992 73 36 5 68 76 35 69 68 0 68 1993 68 34 5 65 77 35 64 65 0 65 1994 61 30 4 58 73 36 57 58 0 58 1995 51 25 5 49 66 25 47 49 0 49 1996 36 17 4 35 52 6 46 35 0 35 1997 39 19 4 38 54 9 47 38 0 38 1998 55 28 4 52 69 23 57 52 0 52 1999 65 33 4 61 78 30 66 61 0 61 2000 40 21 3 39 56 11 49 39 0 39 2001 35 19 4 35 52 7 42 35 0 35 2002 43 22 5 42 60 7 56 42 0 42 2003 44 23 5 44 63 7 58 44 0 44 2004 41 20 4 40 58 7 52 40 0 40 2005 26 13 4 24 43 0 39 24 0 24 2006 22 11 4 21 42 0 34 21 0 21 2007 13 7 4 14 33 0 24 14 0 14 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 14 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, UK, 1956 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Shee Non- Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Suga Tom Whe cover y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t r ato at ed 1956 6 11 12 8 6 10 8 3 na 3 1 0 7 26 1957 6 11 13 8 5 10 6 3 na 3 1 0 7 28 1958 7 12 12 10 5 4 6 4 na 3 1 0 7 29 1959 8 10 15 8 5 4 6 5 na 4 1 0 7 27 1960 7 7 13 8 4 11 8 4 na 3 1 0 6 27 1961 9 9 14 7 3 10 5 5 na 4 1 0 6 28 1962 11 8 11 6 3 8 6 5 na 5 1 0 8 28 1963 11 9 13 7 2 9 5 5 na 5 2 0 6 26 1964 12 11 10 8 2 10 4 5 na 5 2 0 7 26 1965 13 12 11 7 2 8 5 5 na 5 1 0 7 26 1966 14 13 11 7 2 8 4 5 na 3 1 0 6 26 1967 14 13 12 7 2 7 4 5 na 3 1 0 7 25 1968 12 13 12 7 2 8 4 6 0 3 1 0 7 25 1969 11 13 12 8 2 8 4 7 0 3 1 0 6 24 1970 12 13 12 7 2 8 5 7 0 3 1 0 8 23 1971 11 13 12 8 2 8 5 4 0 3 2 0 8 24 1972 10 13 12 9 2 8 5 5 0 3 2 0 8 23 1973 12 13 10 8 1 7 4 4 0 3 3 0 11 23 1974 12 19 5 7 1 7 4 4 0 3 3 1 11 22 1975 10 23 6 8 1 7 3 5 0 4 1 1 8 23 1976 11 19 8 7 1 6 3 5 0 3 1 1 10 24 1977 10 20 6 5 1 8 5 5 1 3 1 1 12 24 1978 10 21 7 6 1 7 5 6 0 3 1 1 9 24 1979 9 23 5 6 0 6 5 6 1 4 2 1 9 24 1980 12 21 5 5 1 6 5 5 1 4 3 1 9 23 1981 14 17 6 8 1 5 4 5 1 4 2 1 10 23 1982 15 14 6 9 1 5 4 4 1 4 1 0 11 24 1983 13 7 5 10 1 6 5 6 2 5 1 1 15 25 1984 14 6 5 8 1 6 6 4 3 4 1 0 18 24 1985 12 6 5 9 1 9 5 5 3 5 1 1 14 25 1986 7 9 5 9 0 9 6 7 2 5 1 1 12 26 1987 5 14 6 7 0 11 6 7 2 4 1 1 10 26 1988 7 13 4 13 1 8 5 7 2 4 1 1 10 26 1989 6 11 3 17 1 9 5 5 1 4 1 1 13 23 1990 5 10 4 16 0 10 6 5 2 4 1 1 12 25 1991 5 8 4 16 0 10 7 6 2 4 1 1 9 26 1992 4 10 4 16 0 12 5 5 2 5 1 1 11 25 1993 3 11 4 16 0 9 4 6 2 7 1 1 10 25 1994 3 12 4 16 0 9 7 5 2 7 2 1 9 24 1995 4 11 3 17 0 8 8 4 2 5 1 0 12 24 1996 6 7 4 17 0 8 4 6 2 6 1 0 15 23 1997 6 5 4 17 0 10 4 7 2 7 2 0 13 24 1998 3 6 4 17 0 8 7 8 3 7 1 1 11 24 1999 4 6 3 18 0 6 9 6 3 8 1 1 10 25 2000 5 6 4 20 0 6 4 7 2 8 1 1 13 23 2001 5 4 4 24 0 7 5 8 2 5 1 0 10 23 2002 5 5 4 19 1 6 5 7 3 7 1 1 13 24 2003 5 5 5 20 1 5 5 8 3 7 1 0 12 25 2004 4 6 4 21 0 5 7 6 3 7 1 0 13 24 2005 6 5 7 13 1 7 5 5 4 7 1 0 15 24 2006 6 5 6 13 0 7 8 4 4 5 1 0 17 24 2007 8 4 3 19 0 5 4 3 4 4 1 0 21 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 14 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, UK, 1956 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Shee Barle Pigm Potat Poult Rape pmea Suga Tom Whe y Beef Egg Milk Oat eat o ry seed t r ato at 1956 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1957 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1958 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1959 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1960 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1961 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1962 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1963 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1964 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1965 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1966 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1967 M M M M M M M M na M M M M 1968 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1969 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1970 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1971 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1972 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1973 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1974 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1975 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1976 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1977 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1978 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1979 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1980 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1981 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1982 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1983 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1984 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1985 X M M M M M M M M M M M M 1986 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1987 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1988 M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1989 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1990 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1991 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1992 M M M M M M M M X M M X M 1993 M M M M M M M M X M M X M 1994 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1995 M M M M M M M M M M M X M 1996 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 1997 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 1998 M M M M M M M M X M M X X 1999 M M M M M M M M X M M X X 2000 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2001 X M X M M M M M M M M X X 2002 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2003 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2004 X M X M M M M M X M M X X 2005 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 2006 X M M M M M M M X M M X X 2007 X M M M M M M M X M M X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Table 15: Annual distortion estimates, Japan, 1955 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Cabba Cucu Mand Apple Barley Beef ge mber Egg Grape arin Milk Onion Pear 1955 na 26 -5 na na -63.5 na na 49 na na 1956 na 27 44 na na 17.9 na na 47 na na 1957 na 31 43 na na 42.6 na na 41 na na 1958 na 50 38 na na 18.2 na na 52 na na 1959 na 44 18 na na 0.0 na na 31 na na 1960 na 61 44 na na 0.0 na na 51 na na 1961 na 55 65 na na -6 na na 75 na na 1962 na 24 79 na na 4 na na 92 na na 1963 na 30 90 na na -9 na na 125 na na 1964 na 24 63 na na -6 na na 137 na na 1965 na 17 122 na na -11 na na 112 na na 1966 na 5 115 na na -2 na na 103 na na 1967 na 10 115 na na -2 na na 112 na na 1968 na 23 136 na na -1 na na 199 na na 1969 na 27 167 na na -9 na na 284 na na 1970 na 38 128 na na -1 na na 266 na na 1971 na 10 106 na na -9 na na 157 na na 1972 na 71 112 na na 3 na na 92 na na 1973 na -14 114 na na -9 na na 167 na na 1974 na -54 69 na na 3 na na 145 na na 1975 na na 205 na na 5 na na 144 na na 1976 na 4 203 na na -14 na na 337 na na 1977 na 43 242 na na -5 na na 502 na na 1978 na 134 266 na na 1 na na 545 na na 1979 na 72 159 na na -4 na na 400 na na 1980 na 44 138 na na -3 na na 259 na na 1981 na 62 138 na na 13 na na 173 na na 1982 na 41 123 na na -3 na na 146 na na 1983 na 155 139 na na -2 na na 214 na na 1984 na 142 146 na na 2 na na 265 na na 1985 na 226 156 na na 16 na na 308 na na 1986 64 227 252 5 24 52 53 20 453 83 42 1987 20 255 230 5 24 -4 55 20 494 83 23 1988 23 181 227 25 28 16 61 23 364 27 38 1989 20 130 179 5 154 20 180 20 206 27 38 1990 21 94 168 6 5 19 88 21 230 30 8 1991 20 115 164 5 17 37 64 20 268 49 28 1992 20 134 143 5 7 6 56 26 254 33 38 1993 39 146 183 5 44 16 81 20 290 128 8 1994 20 220 228 135 14 38 123 137 360 165 38 1995 27 151 183 136 24 55 121 60 295 94 83 1996 19 72 196 79 14 27 107 88 208 83 29 1997 19 90 200 113 32 25 86 19 205 106 16 1998 56 129 196 162 33 6 117 52 200 207 87 1999 18 203 184 148 45 56 158 18 281 232 106 2000 44 154 174 193 44 63 158 42 296 222 219 2001 57 119 206 153 50 28 155 17 185 261 199 2002 18 125 105 166 39 22 174 25 324 302 224 2003 17 102 98 153 42 2 196 20 305 294 61 2004 21 108 163 223 40 23 205 57 256 342 84 2005 17 284 40 240 47 17 203 37 119 344 76 2006 17 258 39 187 38 17 176 85 118 286 233 2007 17 51 39 187 8 17 157 17 65 255 77 Strawbe All Pigmeat Poultry Rice Soybean Spinach rry Sugar Wheat covered 1955 3 -40 51 na na na na 34 23 1956 -3 -41 67 na na na na 31 50 1957 2 93 77 na na na na 31 63 1958 0 59 79 na na na na 42 65 1959 87 95 88 na na na na 42 68 1960 94 99 94 na na na na 44 75 1961 89 37 87 na na na na 41 64 1962 55 13 66 na na na na 36 53 1963 28 33 102 na na na na 42 69 1964 33 31 107 na na na na 33 71 1965 23 34 127 na na na na 44 77 1966 17 27 128 na na na na 40 79 1967 0 37 118 na na na na 32 75 1968 11 45 115 na na na na 43 82 1969 10 25 126 na na na na 52 86 1970 -10 24 166 na na na na 57 91 1971 3 53 193 na na na na 56 87 1972 3 45 257 na na na na 97 100 1973 -2 38 169 na na na na -8 79 1974 -12 24 39 na na na na -75 31 1975 4 26 94 na na na na -85 64 1976 -5 35 175 na na na na 4 91 1977 -7 37 229 na na na na 156 116 1978 20 40 285 na na na na 212 156 1979 4 17 271 547 na na 107 94 127 1980 6 22 227 391 na na 100 66 100 1981 18 24 225 415 na na 224 84 105 1982 7 12 248 533 na na 243 93 97 1983 13 20 303 282 na na 258 149 120 1984 19 6 332 433 na na 323 167 136 1985 -1 7 413 631 na na 310 182 148 1986 -5 29 645 264 103 10 215 172 168 1987 1 21 718 205 103 10 191 198 160 1988 7 23 637 119 147 13 159 163 157 1989 1 7 546 78 5 10 116 136 133 1990 -4 11 518 48 5 11 151 138 119 1991 11 14 544 34 33 10 156 226 127 1992 16 19 638 17 119 12 164 182 142 1993 1 44 818 0 103 32 168 212 149 1994 4 37 762 7 430 61 153 244 209 1995 8 31 758 13 140 46 148 290 177 1996 7 36 523 21 583 22 143 155 142 1997 8 32 441 43 234 19 135 174 130 1998 16 39 411 65 54 11 175 180 127 1999 12 69 544 68 173 33 194 222 160 2000 13 108 597 39 199 34 150 185 173 2001 16 73 597 41 108 20 152 153 146 2002 9 71 624 79 112 9 147 111 142 2003 -11 73 629 79 134 11 175 102 128 2004 1 45 588 98 119 9 150 92 143 2005 94 12 521 76 91 9 152 387 129 2006 162 12 318 109 3 6 109 358 109 2007 159 12 249 20 3 6 59 63 85 Table 15 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Japan, 1955 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1955 23 2 na 17 17 na 20 20 2 17 1956 50 5 na 34 34 na 41 41 2 39 1957 63 6 na 43 43 na 53 53 2 50 1958 65 6 na 49 49 na 57 57 3 52 1959 68 7 na 52 52 na 60 60 3 55 1960 75 8 na 55 55 na 64 64 4 59 1961 64 6 na 47 47 na 55 55 4 50 1962 53 5 na 36 36 na 44 44 4 38 1963 69 7 na 47 47 na 57 57 4 51 1964 71 6 na 44 44 na 55 55 4 48 1965 77 7 na 49 49 na 60 60 4 54 1966 79 8 na 48 48 na 60 60 4 54 1967 75 7 na 45 45 na 57 57 4 51 1968 82 8 na 54 54 na 65 65 4 59 1969 86 9 na 56 56 na 68 68 4 62 1970 91 10 na 57 57 na 70 70 4 65 1971 87 9 na 54 54 na 66 66 3 61 1972 100 10 na 59 59 na 74 74 3 69 1973 79 8 na 45 45 na 57 57 2 53 1974 31 3 na 19 19 na 23 23 1 22 1975 64 7 na 39 39 na 48 75 1 73 1976 91 10 na 54 54 na 67 67 2 64 1977 116 13 na 72 72 na 88 88 2 84 1978 156 17 na 89 89 na 112 112 2 108 1979 127 14 4 79 97 na 92 96 1 93 1980 100 12 4 63 80 na 73 76 1 75 1981 105 12 4 68 83 na 77 81 1 79 1982 97 11 4 65 81 na 73 77 1 75 1983 120 14 4 77 92 na 87 92 1 90 1984 136 16 4 88 102 na 100 104 1 102 1985 148 17 5 96 110 na 109 114 1 111 1986 168 27 7 137 143 na 145 152 1 149 1987 160 23 8 131 136 na 137 145 1 142 1988 157 25 7 124 129 na 132 139 1 136 1989 133 26 6 106 111 na 113 119 1 117 1990 119 15 5 90 93 na 96 101 1 99 1991 127 19 5 95 98 na 102 107 1 105 1992 142 21 6 112 115 na 118 124 1 121 1993 149 29 7 112 114 na 121 128 1 125 1994 209 50 7 172 174 na 186 192 1 189 1995 177 43 8 140 142 na 151 159 1 156 1996 142 39 6 116 119 na 123 130 1 127 1997 130 34 6 106 109 na 111 118 1 116 1998 127 46 7 105 108 na 113 119 1 118 1999 160 49 7 131 133 na 140 147 1 145 2000 173 55 6 141 145 na 152 159 1 157 2001 146 50 5 119 124 na 129 134 1 132 2002 142 49 5 115 120 na 124 129 1 128 2003 128 46 5 103 108 na 111 115 1 114 2004 143 53 4 123 127 na 130 134 1 133 2005 129 0 3 88 93 na 148 151 1 150 2006 109 31 3 75 79 na 124 127 1 126 2007 85 24 4 60 65 na 101 104 1 103 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. Table 15 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Japan, 1955 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Cabba Cucu Mand Apple Barley Beef ge mber Egg Grape arin Milk Onion Pear 1955 na 4 2 na na 14 na na 2 na na 1956 na 5 2 na na 6 na na 3 na na 1957 na 4 2 na na 5 na na 4 na na 1958 na 4 2 na na 6 na na 5 na na 1959 na 4 3 na na 7 na na 5 na na 1960 na 3 2 na na 8 na na 5 na na 1961 na 3 2 na na 12 na na 5 na na 1962 na 2 2 na na 10 na na 4 na na 1963 na 2 2 na na 13 na na 4 na na 1964 na 1 3 na na 12 na na 4 na na 1965 na 1 2 na na 13 na na 5 na na 1966 na 1 2 na na 11 na na 4 na na 1967 na 1 2 na na 9 na na 4 na na 1968 na 1 2 na na 10 na na 3 na na 1969 na 1 2 na na 12 na na 3 na na 1970 na 0 3 na na 11 na na 3 na na 1971 na 0 4 na na 12 na na 5 na na 1972 na 0 4 na na 11 na na 7 na na 1973 na 0 4 na na 10 na na 4 na na 1974 na 0 4 na na 7 na na 4 na na 1975 na na 3 na na 8 na na 5 na na 1976 na 0 3 na na 10 na na 3 na na 1977 na 0 3 na na 10 na na 3 na na 1978 na 0 3 na na 9 na na 3 na na 1979 na 0 5 na na 8 na na 4 na na 1980 na 0 5 na na 10 na na 5 na na 1981 na 0 5 na na 9 na na 6 na na 1982 na 0 6 na na 8 na na 7 na na 1983 na 0 6 na na 8 na na 6 na na 1984 na 0 6 na na 8 na na 5 na na 1985 na 0 6 na na 8 na na 5 na na 1986 2 0 6 2 3 8 1 3 5 1 1 1987 2 0 7 2 3 9 1 3 5 1 2 1988 2 0 7 2 3 7 1 3 6 2 1 1989 2 0 7 1 1 7 1 3 8 2 1 1990 2 0 6 2 3 7 1 3 7 2 2 1991 2 0 6 2 3 7 1 4 6 2 1 1992 3 0 7 1 3 7 1 3 7 2 2 1993 2 0 6 2 3 7 1 3 7 1 2 1994 3 0 6 1 4 7 1 2 7 2 2 1995 3 0 7 1 3 7 1 3 8 1 1 1996 3 0 6 1 3 8 1 3 9 1 2 1997 2 0 6 1 3 8 1 3 9 1 2 1998 2 0 5 1 3 8 1 3 9 1 1 1999 3 0 7 1 3 7 1 3 8 1 1 2000 2 0 8 1 3 7 1 3 9 1 1 2001 2 0 5 1 2 8 1 3 11 1 1 2002 2 0 7 1 3 8 1 3 7 1 1 2003 2 0 8 1 2 8 1 3 7 1 1 2004 3 0 8 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 1 2005 3 0 8 1 3 10 1 3 8 1 1 2006 3 0 8 1 3 9 1 2 8 1 1 2007 3 0 7 1 3 8 1 3 9 1 1 Strawbe Non- Pigmeat Poultry Rice Soybean Spinach rry Sugar Wheat covered 1955 2 1 44 na na na na 3 28 1956 3 2 40 na na na na 3 37 1957 3 0 44 na na na na 3 34 1958 3 1 50 na na na na 3 28 1959 2 1 48 na na na na 3 27 1960 2 1 45 na na na na 3 30 1961 2 2 41 na na na na 3 30 1962 3 3 39 na na na na 2 35 1963 5 3 35 na na na na 1 35 1964 5 2 29 na na na na 2 43 1965 6 3 29 na na na na 1 40 1966 6 3 28 na na na na 1 44 1967 8 3 29 na na na na 1 44 1968 8 3 33 na na na na 1 38 1969 9 4 31 na na na na 1 39 1970 11 4 24 na na na na 0 42 1971 12 4 18 na na na na 0 43 1972 12 5 16 na na na na 0 45 1973 12 5 17 na na na na 0 48 1974 11 4 25 na na na na 1 44 1975 12 4 25 na na na na 1 43 1976 14 5 19 na na na na 0 46 1977 16 6 20 na na na na 0 43 1978 14 6 18 na na na na 0 48 1979 14 6 16 0 na na 0 0 46 1980 14 6 14 0 na na 0 0 46 1981 13 6 16 0 na na 0 0 44 1982 14 7 15 0 na na 0 0 42 1983 14 7 14 0 na na 0 0 45 1984 13 8 15 0 na na 0 0 44 1985 15 8 13 0 na na 0 0 44 1986 19 7 11 0 1 2 1 0 27 1987 17 7 10 0 1 3 1 0 27 1988 15 6 10 0 1 3 1 0 30 1989 13 7 10 0 2 3 1 0 31 1990 13 6 9 0 2 2 1 0 32 1991 11 6 8 0 2 3 1 0 34 1992 12 6 9 0 1 3 1 0 30 1993 12 5 6 0 1 3 1 0 36 1994 14 6 12 0 1 3 1 0 27 1995 12 6 8 0 1 3 1 0 33 1996 12 6 10 0 0 3 1 0 31 1997 11 6 10 0 1 3 1 0 32 1998 10 6 9 0 2 3 1 0 35 1999 12 6 9 0 1 3 1 0 33 2000 12 5 8 1 1 4 1 0 33 2001 12 6 7 1 1 4 1 0 33 2002 13 6 7 0 1 4 1 0 34 2003 13 5 6 0 1 4 1 0 36 2004 14 7 8 0 1 4 1 0 27 2005 7 4 9 0 1 4 1 1 34 2006 5 5 11 0 3 4 1 0 34 2007 4 4 12 1 2 4 1 1 34 Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), updated from authors' spreadsheet a. At farmgate undistorted prices Table 16: Annual distortion estimates, USA, 1955 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Pigmea Barley Beef Cotton Egg Maize Milk t Potato Poultry 1955 na 0 0 na 0 21 0 na 0 1956 na 0 0 na 0 22 0 na 0 1957 na 0 2 na 0 22 0 na 0 1958 na 0 9 na 0 21 0 na 0 1959 na 0 18 na 0 15 0 na 0 1960 na 0 0 na 0 14 0 na 0 1961 na 0 0 na 2 15 0 0 0 1962 na 0 0 na 2 30 0 0 0 1963 na 0 0 na 2 31 0 0 0 1964 na 0 1 na 1 28 0 0 0 1965 na 2 2 na 2 25 0 0 0 1966 na 2 83 na 2 15 0 0 0 1967 na 2 90 na 2 25 0 0 0 1968 na 2 71 na 3 20 0 0 0 1969 na 2 80 na 3 20 0 0 0 1970 na 2 85 na 3 21 0 0 0 1971 na 2 60 na 4 22 0 0 0 1972 na 2 40 na 6 19 0 0 0 1973 na 2 25 na 4 5 0 0 0 1974 na 2 6 na 0 18 0 0 0 1975 na 2 5 na 0 22 0 0 0 1976 na 2 30 na 0 15 0 0 0 1977 na 2 1 na 0 35 0 0 0 1978 na 2 7 na 2 25 0 0 0 1979 na 2 3 4 0 30 0 0 0 1980 na 2 9 5 3 52 0 0 0 1981 na 2 13 6 0 60 0 0 0 1982 na 2 21 6 4 65 0 0 0 1983 na 2 17 6 0 80 0 0 0 1984 na 2 18 6 6 52 0 0 0 1985 na 2 29 6 11 70 0 0 2 1986 115 2 55 0 21 60 0 0 4 1987 115 3 25 8 11 56 0 0 25 1988 12 0 31 8 7 52 0 0 4 1989 6 0 23 1 2 247 0 0 0 1990 41 1 9 2 2 59 0 0 1 1991 61 1 21 4 0 68 0 0 2 1992 38 0 43 6 0 62 0 0 1 1993 89 2 40 15 0 58 5 0 0 1994 70 0 10 13 0 52 5 0 1 1995 3 0 10 10 0 34 0 0 1 1996 0 0 20 1 0 64 0 0 0 1997 0 0 30 0 1 69 0 0 0 1998 14 0 28 0 8 114 0 0 0 1999 7 0 51 0 15 113 0 0 0 2000 10 0 93 0 15 100 0 0 0 2001 3 0 84 0 7 83 0 0 0 2002 1 0 90 0 0 66 0 0 0 2003 0 0 53 0 1 46 0 0 0 2004 12 0 30 0 12 38 0 0 0 2005 8 0 77 0 20 23 0 0 0 2006 2 0 77 0 0 20 0 0 0 2007 0 0 77 0 0 29 0 0 0 Sheepm Sorghu All Rice eat m Soybean Sugar Wheat Wool covered 1955 0 na na 0 47 0 na 4 1956 0 na na 0 12 0 na 4 1957 0 na na 0 53 0 na 5 1958 0 na na 0 74 0 na 5 1959 0 na na 0 66 0 na 5 1960 0 na na 0 78 0 na 3 1961 0 na na 0 75 0 na 4 1962 0 na na 0 0 1 na 5 1963 0 na na 0 26 8 na 6 1964 0 na na 0 151 9 na 6 1965 0 na na 0 175 13 na 6 1966 0 na na 0 167 15 na 7 1967 0 na na 0 177 18 na 9 1968 0 na na 0 81 22 na 8 1969 0 na na 0 71 21 na 8 1970 0 na na 0 52 21 na 8 1971 0 na na 0 9 22 na 8 1972 0 na na 0 0 21 na 7 1973 0 na na 0 0 7 na 3 1974 0 na na 0 29 1 na 4 1975 0 na na 0 63 1 na 4 1976 0 na na 0 43 1 na 4 1977 11 na na 0 27 2 na 5 1978 1 na na 0 30 26 na 6 1979 1 5 13 0 39 18 na 6 1980 1 6 14 0 6 4 na 8 1981 2 7 22 0 16 9 na 9 1982 17 7 17 0 111 11 na 12 1983 25 8 113 0 152 21 na 15 1984 33 7 21 0 317 11 na 12 1985 48 7 21 0 341 39 na 17 1986 98 1 34 3 141 36 2 18 1987 27 1 13 0 164 48 1 17 1988 9 1 5 0 88 16 1 11 1989 12 1 1 0 58 7 0 17 1990 21 1 1 0 53 23 1 10 1991 13 1 0 0 95 38 1 12 1992 34 1 0 0 88 21 1 11 1993 21 1 0 0 101 27 1 13 1994 12 1 0 0 57 19 1 9 1995 1 1 0 0 64 2 1 3 1996 0 1 0 0 59 0 1 3 1997 0 1 0 0 57 0 1 4 1998 1 1 7 9 94 8 1 8 1999 36 14 16 23 207 17 2 13 2000 58 14 9 29 96 15 2 13 2001 83 18 1 29 121 4 2 16 2002 79 18 0 1 97 0 32 10 2003 33 10 1 1 147 1 23 8 2004 10 10 16 3 117 1 22 10 2005 6 10 21 1 66 0 29 9 2006 0 10 1 0 27 0 31 4 2007 0 10 0 0 50 0 25 5 Table 16 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, USA, 1955 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to all agricultural products, to exportable and import-competing agricultural industries, and relative to non-agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1955 4 9 2 8 8 2 9 8 6 2 1956 4 9 5 11 11 2 9 11 6 5 1957 5 8 11 16 16 2 9 16 6 10 1958 5 6 11 16 16 3 8 16 6 9 1959 5 9 6 12 12 5 7 12 7 5 1960 3 7 6 11 11 2 7 10 7 3 1961 4 10 6 11 11 3 8 11 7 3 1962 5 6 5 10 10 2 9 10 8 3 1963 6 7 5 11 11 3 10 11 7 4 1964 6 8 4 11 11 3 11 11 7 4 1965 6 7 3 10 10 4 10 10 8 2 1966 7 4 3 10 10 6 7 10 8 2 1967 9 5 4 12 12 7 9 12 8 4 1968 8 7 3 11 11 8 8 12 7 4 1969 8 8 2 10 10 8 8 10 7 3 1970 8 7 2 9 9 7 8 10 7 3 1971 8 5 2 9 9 7 7 9 6 3 1972 7 6 1 8 8 7 6 8 6 2 1973 3 4 0 4 4 4 3 4 5 -1 1974 4 3 1 4 4 1 7 4 4 0 1975 4 3 1 5 5 1 8 5 4 1 1976 4 3 1 5 5 3 6 5 4 1 1977 5 5 2 7 7 2 10 7 4 3 1978 6 7 1 7 7 5 8 8 4 3 1979 6 6 1 7 8 4 10 7 4 3 1980 8 5 1 8 9 3 13 9 3 6 1981 9 5 2 10 12 4 15 11 3 7 1982 12 7 3 13 15 6 18 13 4 9 1983 15 10 2 15 30 7 22 15 4 11 1984 12 6 1 12 17 6 16 12 4 8 1985 17 10 1 16 25 12 21 17 4 13 1986 18 12 3 19 31 14 20 20 4 15 1987 17 12 3 18 29 14 18 18 4 14 1988 11 9 5 16 24 8 15 17 3 13 1989 17 11 2 17 23 5 31 18 3 14 1990 10 9 4 14 20 5 16 14 3 11 1991 12 9 4 14 20 6 17 15 3 11 1992 11 8 4 14 20 6 16 15 3 11 1993 13 9 3 15 21 8 18 15 3 12 1994 9 7 4 12 17 5 16 13 3 9 1995 3 5 4 8 10 3 6 7 3 5 1996 3 7 4 9 13 3 7 9 2 6 1997 4 7 5 9 14 3 7 9 2 7 1998 8 11 2 11 20 8 12 12 2 9 1999 13 13 1 14 25 13 13 15 2 13 2000 13 12 2 15 26 15 11 16 2 14 2001 16 11 3 18 27 11 21 19 2 17 2002 10 9 6 16 25 5 17 17 2 15 2003 8 7 6 14 21 5 13 15 2 13 2004 10 8 5 15 22 7 13 15 2 13 2005 9 8 7 16 23 9 10 16 1 15 2006 4 4 4 7 12 3 6 7 1 5 2007 5 4 3 7 10 2 10 7 1 5 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 16 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, USA, 1955 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Pigmea Barley Beef Cotton Egg Maize Milk t Potato Poultry 1955 na 8 8 na 14 12 8 na 4 1956 na 8 7 na 14 12 8 na 4 1957 na 10 6 na 12 13 10 na 4 1958 na 11 5 na 11 11 10 na 4 1959 na 12 6 na 11 12 8 na 4 1960 na 11 7 na 12 12 8 na 4 1961 na 10 6 na 12 11 8 2 4 1962 na 11 6 na 12 10 8 2 4 1963 na 10 6 na 13 9 8 2 4 1964 na 11 6 na 13 10 8 2 4 1965 na 11 6 na 13 9 9 2 4 1966 na 12 1 na 14 11 10 2 4 1967 na 13 1 na 14 11 9 2 4 1968 na 13 2 na 12 11 9 2 4 1969 na 14 1 na 13 11 10 2 4 1970 na 14 1 na 12 11 10 2 4 1971 na 14 2 na 13 10 8 1 4 1972 na 14 2 na 15 9 8 2 3 1973 na 11 3 na 16 8 8 2 3 1974 na 10 3 na 16 8 8 2 3 1975 na 9 2 na 17 8 9 2 4 1976 na 10 3 na 15 10 8 1 4 1977 na 10 4 na 15 9 8 1 4 1978 na 12 3 na 15 9 8 1 4 1979 na 11 3 2 15 8 7 1 3 1980 na 10 3 2 15 8 6 1 3 1981 na 10 3 3 15 8 7 1 4 1982 na 10 2 2 15 8 8 1 4 1983 na 11 2 3 11 8 8 2 4 1984 na 10 3 3 14 8 7 2 5 1985 na 10 2 3 14 8 7 1 5 1986 0 12 1 3 9 9 9 2 6 1987 0 12 3 2 10 9 9 1 4 1988 1 13 2 2 9 8 7 2 6 1989 1 12 2 3 13 4 7 2 7 1990 0 12 3 3 12 8 8 2 6 1991 0 12 3 3 12 7 8 1 6 1992 0 11 2 2 13 7 7 2 6 1993 0 12 2 2 11 8 7 2 7 1994 0 10 4 2 14 8 5 2 7 1995 1 10 4 2 15 2 6 2 8 1996 1 9 3 3 14 2 7 1 8 1997 1 10 3 3 13 2 7 2 8 1998 0 11 2 3 12 2 6 2 10 1999 0 12 2 3 11 2 6 2 11 2000 0 13 2 3 11 2 8 2 10 2001 0 12 1 3 11 8 7 2 10 2002 0 11 1 3 13 7 5 2 9 2003 0 11 2 3 13 7 5 1 8 2004 0 10 3 3 11 9 6 1 10 2005 0 10 2 2 9 11 6 1 10 2006 0 15 1 2 13 8 5 1 9 2007 0 13 1 2 17 8 4 1 9 Sheepm Sorghu Non- Rice eat m Soybean Sugar Wheat Wool covered 1955 1 na na 3 1 7 na 33 1956 1 na na 4 1 7 na 34 1957 1 na na 4 1 7 na 33 1958 1 na na 4 1 9 na 34 1959 1 na na 4 1 7 na 35 1960 1 na na 4 1 8 na 34 1961 1 na na 5 1 7 na 33 1962 1 na na 5 1 7 na 34 1963 1 na na 5 1 6 na 34 1964 1 na na 6 1 5 na 34 1965 1 na na 6 0 4 na 34 1966 1 na na 7 0 5 na 33 1967 1 na na 7 0 5 na 34 1968 1 na na 7 1 4 na 34 1969 1 na na 7 1 4 na 34 1970 1 na na 7 1 3 na 34 1971 1 na na 8 1 4 na 34 1972 1 na na 10 1 4 na 31 1973 1 na na 10 1 7 na 29 1974 1 na na 9 2 8 na 30 1975 1 na na 9 1 9 na 29 1976 1 na na 10 1 6 na 31 1977 1 na na 12 1 5 na 31 1978 1 na na 12 1 4 na 31 1979 1 0 1 11 1 5 na 29 1980 1 0 1 10 2 7 na 30 1981 1 0 1 9 1 7 na 30 1982 1 0 1 9 1 7 na 31 1983 1 0 1 11 1 6 na 33 1984 1 0 1 8 0 6 na 31 1985 0 0 1 9 0 4 na 34 1986 0 0 1 8 1 3 0 35 1987 1 0 1 9 0 3 0 34 1988 1 0 1 9 1 5 0 34 1989 1 0 1 8 1 5 0 34 1990 1 0 1 7 1 4 0 33 1991 1 0 1 8 1 3 0 34 1992 1 0 1 8 1 4 0 33 1993 1 0 1 8 1 4 0 35 1994 1 0 1 9 1 4 0 32 1995 1 0 1 9 1 6 0 33 1996 1 0 1 10 1 6 0 34 1997 1 0 1 10 1 5 0 34 1998 1 0 1 8 1 4 0 37 1999 1 0 1 7 0 4 0 38 2000 0 0 1 7 1 4 0 38 2001 0 0 1 6 0 3 0 35 2002 0 0 1 9 1 4 0 34 2003 1 0 1 10 0 4 0 33 2004 1 0 0 9 0 4 0 33 2005 1 0 0 9 0 4 0 34 2006 1 0 0 8 1 3 0 33 2007 1 0 1 9 1 4 0 29 a. At farmgate undistorted prices Table 16 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, USA, 1955 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Pigmea Barley Beef Cotton Egg Maize Milk t Potato Poultry 1955 na M X na X M M H X 1956 na M X na X M M H X 1957 na M X na X M M H X 1958 na M X na X M M H X 1959 na M X na X M M H X 1960 na M X na X M M H X 1961 na M X na X M M H X 1962 na M X na X M M H X 1963 na M X na X M M H X 1964 na M X na X M M H X 1965 na M X na X M M H X 1966 na M X na X M M H X 1967 na M X na X M M H X 1968 na M X na X M M H X 1969 na M X na X M M H X 1970 na M X na X M M H X 1971 na M X na X M M H X 1972 na M X na X M M H X 1973 na M X X X M M H X 1974 na M X X X M M H X 1975 na M X X X M M H X 1976 na M X X X M M H X 1977 na M X X X M M H X 1978 na M X X X M M H X 1979 na M X X X M M H X 1980 M M X X X M M H X 1981 M M X X X M M H X 1982 M M X X X M M H X 1983 M M X X X M M H X 1984 M M X X X M M H X 1985 M M X X X M M H X 1986 M M X X X M M H X 1987 M M X X X M M H X 1988 M M X X X M M H X 1989 M M X X X M M H X 1990 M M X X X M M H X 1991 M M X X X M M H X 1992 M M X X X M M H X 1993 M M X X X M M H X 1994 M M X X X M M H X 1995 M M X X X M M H X 1996 M M X X X M M H X 1997 M M X X X M M H X 1998 M M X X X M M H X 1999 M M X X X M M H X 2000 M M X X X M M H X 2001 M M X X X M M H X 2002 na M X na X M M H X 2003 na M X na X M M H X 2004 na M X na X M M H X 2005 na M X na X M M H X 2006 na M X na X M M H X 2007 na M X na X M M H X Sheepm Sorghu Rice eat m Soybean Sugar Wheat Wool 1955 X na na X M X na 1956 X na na X M X na 1957 X na na X M X na 1958 X na na X M X na 1959 X na na X M X na 1960 X na na X M X na 1961 X na na X M X na 1962 X na na X M X na 1963 X na na X M X na 1964 X na na X M X na 1965 X na na X M X na 1966 X na na X M X na 1967 X na na X M X na 1968 X na na X M X na 1969 X na na X M X na 1970 X na na X M X na 1971 X na na X M X na 1972 X na na X M X na 1973 X M X X M X na 1974 X M X X M X na 1975 X M X X M X na 1976 X M X X M X na 1977 X M X X M X na 1978 X M X X M X na 1979 X M X X M X na 1980 X M X X M X M 1981 X M X X M X M 1982 X M X X M X M 1983 X M X X M X M 1984 X M X X M X M 1985 X M X X M X M 1986 X M X X M X M 1987 X M X X M X M 1988 X M X X M X M 1989 X M X X M X M 1990 X M X X M X M 1991 X M X X M X M 1992 X M X X M X M 1993 X M X X M X M 1994 X M X X M X M 1995 X M X X M X M 1996 X M X X M X M 1997 X M X X M X M 1998 X M X X M X M 1999 X M X X M X M 2000 X M X X M X M 2001 X M X X M X M 2002 X na na X M X na 2003 X na na X M X na 2004 X na na X M X na 2005 X na na X M X na 2006 X na na X M X na 2007 X na na X M X na Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheets Table 17: Annual distortion estimates, Canada, 1961 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) All Pigme Rapese Soybea covere Barley Beef Egg Maize Milk Peas at Potato Poultry ed n Sugar Wheat d 1961 2 1 na 5 34 0 2 0 17 0 0 na 3 10 1962 2 1 na 5 34 0 2 0 17 0 0 na 3 9 1963 2 1 na 5 34 0 2 0 17 0 0 na 3 8 1964 2 1 na 5 34 0 2 0 17 0 0 na 3 8 1965 2 1 na 5 34 0 2 0 17 0 0 na 3 7 1966 2 1 na 4 34 0 2 0 17 0 0 na 3 7 1967 2 1 na 5 34 0 2 0 26 0 0 na 3 8 1968 2 1 na 5 34 0 2 0 20 0 0 na 3 8 1969 2 1 na 5 34 0 2 0 8 0 0 na 3 7 1970 2 1 na 4 34 0 2 0 21 0 0 na 3 7 1971 2 1 na 4 34 0 2 0 33 0 0 na 3 8 1972 2 1 na 4 34 0 2 0 49 0 0 na 3 7 1973 2 1 na 3 34 0 2 0 14 0 0 na 3 5 1974 2 1 na 2 34 0 2 0 51 0 0 na 3 7 1975 2 1 na 2 34 0 2 0 13 0 0 na 3 7 1976 2 1 na 2 115 0 2 0 40 0 0 na 3 14 1977 5 3 na 3 126 0 2 0 29 0 0 na 3 16 1978 10 1 na 2 275 0 2 0 18 0 0 na 3 20 1979 10 -1 25 2 264 0 2 0 22 0 0 9 3 23 1980 10 1 42 2 275 0 2 0 14 0 0 21 4 18 1981 5 3 46 2 275 0 2 0 32 0 0 37 4 25 1982 5 3 46 2 309 0 2 0 35 0 0 52 5 23 1983 10 1 45 2 332 0 2 0 27 0 0 25 6 23 1984 10 5 26 2 344 0 2 0 8 0 0 27 8 24 1985 15 4 38 13 378 0 2 0 19 10 2 122 12 30 1986 19 4 0 27 368 0 2 0 19 20 5 139 17 32 1987 16 5 29 14 480 0 2 0 36 18 0 67 19 34 1988 1 4 54 4 203 0 7 0 22 0 0 40 4 26 1989 1 3 29 5 142 0 18 0 23 0 6 30 0 21 1990 5 4 20 6 149 0 2 0 36 2 1 43 4 22 1991 2 5 28 2 226 0 6 0 41 0 0 37 1 23 1992 2 3 41 3 154 0 9 0 27 0 0 26 1 21 1993 2 6 38 0 163 0 3 0 19 0 0 29 0 19 1994 1 2 39 1 220 0 5 0 2 0 0 20 0 18 1995 1 2 39 1 108 0 5 0 2 0 0 19 1 13 1996 2 2 25 2 73 0 4 0 4 0 0 17 1 9 1997 1 2 30 3 110 0 1 0 5 0 0 na 0 12 1998 1 3 22 3 128 0 3 0 2 0 0 na 0 14 1999 2 2 22 7 128 0 6 0 1 0 2 na 0 14 2000 3 2 4 11 172 0 4 0 1 0 2 na 1 16 2001 3 1 12 9 77 0 2 0 1 0 2 na 1 11 2002 3 2 15 4 160 0 1 0 2 0 0 na 1 15 2003 2 2 0 8 132 0 2 0 7 0 1 na 1 15 2004 4 2 23 11 89 0 1 0 3 0 1 na 1 12 2005 3 2 55 9 81 0 1 0 1 0 1 na 1 11 2006 0 0 57 0 143 0 0 0 11 0 0 na 0 14 2007 0 0 82 0 60 0 0 0 9 0 0 na 0 9 Table 17 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Canada, 1961 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to all agricultural products, to exportable and import-competing agricultural industries, and relative to non-agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable ts ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1961 10 7 na 9 9 4 16 9 9 0 1962 9 7 na 8 8 4 15 8 10 -2 1963 8 7 na 8 8 4 15 8 9 -1 1964 8 6 na 7 7 4 13 7 8 -1 1965 7 6 5 12 12 4 12 12 8 4 1966 7 6 5 11 11 3 11 11 8 3 1967 8 6 5 12 12 3 13 12 7 5 1968 8 5 5 12 12 3 12 12 6 5 1969 7 5 5 11 11 3 10 11 6 5 1970 7 5 6 13 13 3 11 13 6 7 1971 8 5 6 13 13 3 12 13 6 6 1972 7 5 5 12 12 3 13 12 6 5 1973 5 5 3 8 8 3 9 8 6 2 1974 7 6 3 10 10 3 15 10 6 4 1975 7 5 6 13 13 3 13 13 5 7 1976 14 9 7 20 20 4 29 20 5 14 1977 16 10 7 21 21 5 30 21 5 15 1978 20 12 5 24 24 5 41 24 5 18 1979 23 13 4 26 30 6 42 26 5 20 1980 18 11 9 27 31 6 35 27 5 21 1981 25 14 9 32 36 6 51 32 5 26 1982 23 13 9 31 34 6 49 31 5 25 1983 23 13 9 30 35 7 46 30 5 24 1984 24 14 9 32 39 7 45 32 4 27 1985 30 16 14 42 56 11 53 42 4 37 1986 32 17 15 44 53 14 53 44 4 39 1987 34 18 15 47 56 14 62 47 4 41 1988 26 13 13 37 44 7 48 37 4 31 1989 21 10 11 29 32 6 39 29 3 25 1990 22 11 14 34 41 6 44 34 3 29 1991 23 12 22 43 59 5 49 43 3 39 1992 21 11 13 33 42 6 41 33 3 29 1993 19 10 9 27 31 4 38 27 2 24 1994 18 9 5 22 25 4 38 22 2 20 1995 13 6 13 24 32 3 27 24 2 22 1996 9 5 8 17 23 2 28 17 1 15 1997 12 6 5 15 18 2 41 15 1 14 1998 14 7 7 19 23 3 42 19 1 18 1999 14 7 7 20 25 4 43 20 1 19 2000 16 8 9 23 31 4 54 23 1 23 2001 11 5 9 18 26 2 31 18 1 17 2002 15 8 12 25 36 4 44 25 1 24 2003 15 8 16 29 42 4 45 29 1 28 2004 12 6 14 24 36 3 36 24 1 23 2005 11 6 2 12 26 3 36 12 1 12 2006 14 9 2 13 24 0 65 13 1 12 2007 9 5 2 9 20 0 34 9 1 8 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non-product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non- agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 17 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Canada, 1961 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- covered Beef Barley Egg Maize Milk Peas Pigmeat Potato Poultry Rapeseed Soybean Sugar Wheat 1961 3 17 na 1 16 0 12 2 4 1 1 na 13 29 1962 5 14 na 1 12 0 10 1 4 0 0 na 23 30 1963 5 13 na 1 11 0 8 1 4 0 0 na 26 30 1964 4 17 na 2 11 0 8 2 4 1 0 na 22 29 1965 4 18 na 2 10 0 10 1 4 1 0 na 19 30 1966 6 20 na 2 9 0 11 2 4 1 1 na 24 21 1967 5 23 na 2 11 0 12 2 4 1 0 na 18 22 1968 6 24 na 2 11 0 11 2 4 1 0 na 16 23 1969 5 24 na 2 11 0 12 2 5 2 0 na 15 23 1970 6 24 na 3 11 0 14 2 4 3 1 na 8 24 1971 8 25 na 3 11 0 11 2 4 4 1 na 12 20 1972 10 22 na 3 10 0 12 2 3 3 1 na 14 20 1973 11 18 na 3 6 0 11 2 4 3 1 na 21 20 1974 10 17 na 3 10 0 11 2 3 4 1 na 19 20 1975 9 15 na 3 11 0 12 2 4 4 1 na 19 19 1976 9 20 na 3 8 0 11 2 3 2 1 na 22 17 1977 9 20 na 4 8 0 11 2 4 6 1 na 18 17 1978 6 22 na 4 5 0 11 1 4 8 1 na 21 15 1979 6 23 2 5 6 0 11 1 4 7 1 0 19 14 1980 9 20 2 5 4 0 10 3 4 4 1 0 21 14 1981 10 19 2 5 6 0 11 2 4 3 1 0 24 14 1982 8 19 2 5 5 0 14 2 3 4 1 0 24 13 1983 7 19 2 5 4 0 11 3 4 6 1 0 24 14 1984 7 19 2 6 5 0 12 2 6 7 2 0 19 14 1985 7 21 2 5 5 0 13 2 6 5 2 0 18 14 1986 6 20 3 3 5 0 15 3 7 4 1 0 17 17 1987 7 20 2 4 4 1 14 3 5 4 2 0 16 17 1988 7 20 2 4 8 0 12 3 6 6 2 0 13 17 1989 8 17 2 4 9 0 9 3 5 4 1 0 20 18 1990 8 16 2 4 9 0 11 3 5 4 2 0 18 18 1991 5 17 2 5 6 0 11 3 5 6 2 0 19 18 1992 5 18 2 3 8 1 11 3 6 6 2 0 15 19 1993 5 17 2 5 7 1 12 3 6 8 3 0 12 19 1994 4 16 2 4 6 1 11 3 6 12 3 0 11 19 1995 6 13 2 5 8 1 10 3 5 10 3 0 14 20 1996 7 11 2 6 8 1 10 2 5 7 3 0 17 20 1997 6 14 1 5 7 1 11 3 6 9 4 na 13 20 1998 5 15 1 5 7 1 8 3 6 11 3 na 11 22 1999 4 17 1 5 7 1 9 3 6 9 3 na 11 23 2000 4 19 2 3 6 1 13 3 6 6 3 na 11 23 2001 4 19 2 4 9 1 14 3 7 5 1 na 9 22 2002 4 18 2 6 6 1 12 4 6 6 3 na 8 23 2003 4 13 2 4 7 1 11 4 6 8 3 na 11 25 2004 4 14 1 4 8 2 12 3 6 9 3 na 9 25 2005 3 16 1 3 9 1 12 3 6 7 3 na 14 23 2006 4 17 1 4 7 1 11 3 5 8 3 na 12 25 2007 5 15 1 4 9 1 9 2 5 8 2 na 15 24 a. At farmgate undistorted prices Table 17 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Canada, 1961 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Beef Barley Egg Maize Milk Peas Pigmeat Potato Poultry Rapeseed Soybean Sugar Wheat 1961 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1962 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1963 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1964 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1965 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1966 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1967 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1968 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1969 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1970 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1971 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1972 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1973 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1974 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1975 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1976 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1977 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1978 X M na M M X X H M X M na X 1979 X M M M M X X H M X M M X 1980 X M M M M X X H M X M M X 1981 X M M M M X X H M X M M X 1982 X M M M M X X H M X M M X 1983 X M M M M X X H M X M M X 1984 X M M M M X X H M X M M X 1985 X M M M M X X H M X M M X 1986 X M M M M X X H M X M M X 1987 X M M M M X X H M X X M X 1988 X M M M M X X H M X X M X 1989 X M M M M X X H M X X M X 1990 X M M M M X X H M X X M X 1991 X M M M M X X H M X X M X 1992 X M M M M X X H M X X M X 1993 X M M M M X X H M X X M X 1994 X M M M M X X H M X X M X 1995 X M M M M X X H M X X M X 1996 X X M M M X X H M X X M X 1997 X X M M M X X H M X X na X 1998 X X M M M X X H M X X na X 1999 X X M M M X X H M X X na X 2000 X X M M M X X H M X X na X 2001 X X M M M X X H M X X na X 2002 X X M M M X X H M X X na X 2003 X X M M M X X H M X X na X 2004 X X M M M X X H M X X na X 2005 X X M M M X X H M X X na X 2006 X X M M M X X H M X X na X 2007 X X M M M X X H M X X na X Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheets Table 18: Annual distortion estimates, Australia, 1955 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Pig Rap She Sor Sun All App Ban Barl Bee Cott Gra Mai Mil Oliv Ora mea Pota Pou esee epm ghu Sug flo Tob Wh Wo cov le ana ey f on Egg pe ze k Oat e nge t to ltry d Rice eat m ar wer acco eat ol ered 1955 6 0 5 na 5 35.0 4 na na 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 na Na 0 10 na 48 na 0 5 1956 6 0 4 na 30 31.6 4 na na 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 na na 0 13 na 46 na 0 5 1957 6 0 0 na 31 48.8 4 na na 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 na na 0 8 na 46 na 0 5 1958 6 0 2 na 24 57.0 4 na na 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 na na 0 15 na 58 na 0 6 1959 6 0 11 na 43 46.3 12 na na 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 na na 0 18 na 56 na 0 7 1960 6 0 4 0 43 58.2 11 0 57 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 14 0 0 23 na 29 8 0 10 1961 6 0 3 0 -2 42 12 0 49 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 12 0 0 28 na 64 7 0 9 1962 6 0 6 0 34 60 12 0 38 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 14 0 0 17 na 57 9 0 9 1963 6 0 2 0 93 56 8 0 37 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 17 0 0 -3 na 44 1 0 6 1964 6 0 1 0 92 94 7 0 35 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 19 0 0 14 na 40 6 0 8 1965 6 0 2 0 106 138 12 0 42 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 13 0 0 27 na 62 7 0 10 1966 6 0 2 0 87 100 13 0 45 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 11 0 0 31 na 46 3 0 9 1967 6 0 13 0 76 130 15 0 92 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 11 0 0 39 na 48 19 0 15 1968 6 0 3 0 61 188 32 0 106 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 16 0 0 37 na 53 8 0 13 1969 6 0 2 0 40 151 21 0 87 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 23 2 0 31 na 47 13 0 14 1970 6 0 0 1 100 29 49 0 63 0 0 25 0 8 0 0 28 2 0 23 na 250 20 10 18 1971 11 0 0 1 6 35 37 0 24 0 0 27 0 8 0 0 46 2 0 14 na 250 22 15 13 1972 8 0 0 1 19 48 43 0 24 0 0 26 0 8 0 0 15 1 0 8 na 250 12 2 8 1973 8 0 0 1 126 46 28 0 27 0 0 26 0 6 0 0 6 1 0 7 na 250 -10 1 4 1974 12 0 0 3 16 17 30 0 26 0 0 25 0 6 0 0 15 2 0 -14 na 250 -8 2 2 1975 9 0 0 3 40 28 36 0 40 0 0 23 0 6 0 0 23 3 0 -13 na 250 -2 1 4 1976 9 0 0 2 20 15 29 0 35 0 0 21 0 6 0 0 26 2 0 -9 na 113 3 1 5 1977 2 0 0 2 9 17 10 0 36 0 0 38 0 8 0 0 26 2 0 -4 na 84 2 2 6 1978 2 0 0 1 11 37 12 0 34 0 0 41 0 8 0 0 13 1 0 -3 na 76 -2 2 4 1979 5 0 0 1 8 33 8 0 34 0 0 41 0 8 0 0 14 1 0 -2 3 88 -3 1 3 Pig Rap She Sor Sun All App Ban Barl Bee Cott Gra Mai Mil Oliv Ora mea Pota Pou esee epm ghu Sug flo Tob Wh Wo cov le ana ey f on Egg pe ze k Oat e nge t to ltry d Rice eat m ar wer acco eat ol ered 1980 2 4 0 1 6 32 15 0 19 0 0 47 0 8 0 0 18 1 1 -8 3 77 2 1 4 1981 8 7 0 1 2 15 20 0 20 0 0 52 0 8 0 0 8 1 1 -2 3 59 2 1 4 1982 2 7 0 2 7 51 25 0 32 0 0 34 0 8 0 0 22 2 2 11 12 44 5 1 8 1983 2 5 0 2 5 69 26 0 38 0 0 34 0 8 0 0 20 2 2 7 6 55 2 1 6 1984 3 1 0 1 2 12 18 0 52 0 0 24 0 8 0 0 8 1 2 15 4 47 2 1 6 1985 1 1 0 1 1 29 17 0 49 0 0 18 0 8 0 0 11 2 2 21 7 38 2 1 6 1986 1 1 0 1 5 35 16 0 54 0 0 19 0 8 0 0 19 2 2 13 0 16 14 1 9 1987 1 1 0 1 2 10 21 0 49 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 17 1 2 13 0 37 1 1 6 1988 1 1 0 2 2 9 21 0 22 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 9 0 56 1 1 4 1989 2 1 0 1 0 9 17 0 24 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 6 0 41 1 1 4 1990 1 0 0 1 0 7 16 0 28 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 10 0 35 5 10 7 1991 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 0 28 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 7 0 36 1 6 5 1992 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 0 20 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 62 2 6 4 1993 0 0 0 0 0 3 11 0 19 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 60 2 4 4 1994 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 24 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 50 2 1 4 1995 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 19 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 40 1 2 3 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 22 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 30 1 1 3 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 20 1 1 3 1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 2 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 18 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2006 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 18 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Australia, 1955 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable tsa ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1955 5 0 2 6 6 4 4 5 20 -12 1956 8 0 2 8 8 6 3 7 20 -11 1957 11 0 2 10 10 8 3 9 18 -7 1958 7 0 2 7 7 4 5 6 20 -11 1959 8 0 2 9 9 6 4 8 20 -10 1960 10 0 2 11 11 8 4 10 19 -7 1961 9 0 2 10 10 8 5 10 21 -9 1962 9 0 2 10 10 7 5 9 21 -10 1963 6 0 2 7 7 4 4 6 21 -12 1964 8 0 2 9 9 6 4 8 22 -11 1965 10 0 2 11 11 7 5 9 20 -10 1966 9 0 2 10 10 6 5 8 21 -10 1967 15 0 2 15 15 12 5 13 21 -6 1968 13 0 2 14 14 10 5 12 22 -8 1969 14 0 2 14 14 11 5 12 20 -7 1970 18 0 1 17 17 16 10 17 20 -3 1971 13 0 1 12 12 11 9 11 19 -6 1972 8 0 2 8 8 5 5 7 19 -10 1973 4 0 3 6 6 2 4 6 14 -7 1974 2 0 2 4 4 1 8 4 12 -8 1975 4 0 1 5 5 3 8 4 13 -8 1976 5 0 1 6 6 4 5 5 12 -6 1977 6 0 3 8 8 4 5 7 12 -4 1978 4 0 2 5 5 3 3 4 12 -7 1979 3 0 1 4 4 2 4 3 12 -8 1980 4 0 2 5 5 2 4 4 11 -6 1981 4 0 1 5 5 3 5 4 12 -7 1982 8 0 2 9 11 6 3 8 12 -4 1983 6 0 0 6 7 5 3 5 10 -5 1984 6 0 0 5 5 5 3 4 10 -5 1985 6 0 0 5 6 5 2 5 9 -4 1986 9 0 1 8 11 7 1 8 9 -1 1987 6 0 1 5 7 5 1 5 8 -3 1988 4 0 1 4 5 3 1 4 8 -3 1989 4 0 1 4 5 3 1 4 7 -3 1990 7 0 0 6 8 7 1 6 7 0 1991 5 0 1 4 5 4 1 5 6 -1 1992 4 0 1 4 5 4 1 4 5 -1 1993 4 0 1 4 5 3 1 4 4 -1 1994 4 0 1 4 5 3 0 4 4 0 1995 3 0 1 3 5 3 0 4 4 0 1996 3 0 1 4 5 3 0 4 2 1 1997 3 0 1 3 4 3 0 3 2 1 1998 2 0 1 3 3 2 0 3 2 0 1999 2 0 1 2 3 2 0 2 2 0 2000 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 -1 2001 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 2 -1 2002 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 1 2 -1 2003 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 2 -1 2004 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 2 -2 2005 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 2 -2 2006 0 0 3 3 6 0 0 0 2 -2 2007 0 0 3 3 6 0 0 0 2 -2 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non-product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non- agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 19 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Australia, 1955 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non Pig Rap She Sor Sun - App Ban Barl Bee Cott Gra Mai Mil Oliv Ora mea Pota Pou esee epm ghu Sug flo Tob Wh Wo cov le ana ey f on Egg pe ze k Oat e nge t to ltry d Rice eat m ar wer acco eat ol ered 1955 1 1 2 na 0 2 1 na na 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 na na 0 4 na 1 na 22 59 1956 1 1 2 na 0 3 1 na na 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 na na 0 3 na 1 na 22 59 1957 1 1 2 na 0 2 1 na na 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 na na 0 4 na 1 na 23 58 1958 1 1 3 na 0 2 1 na na 3 0 1 2 1 1 0 na na 0 3 na 1 na 22 57 1959 1 1 1 na 0 2 1 na na 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 na na 0 3 na 1 na 22 59 1960 1 1 2 16 0 2 1 0 8 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 6 0 3 na 1 14 23 12 1961 1 1 2 16 0 2 1 0 9 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 6 0 3 na 1 14 23 13 1962 1 1 1 16 0 2 1 0 9 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 6 0 3 na 1 15 22 13 1963 1 1 1 15 0 2 1 0 8 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 6 0 4 na 1 14 22 15 1964 1 1 2 15 0 2 1 0 9 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 6 0 3 na 1 15 22 14 1965 1 1 2 16 0 1 1 0 9 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 6 0 3 na 1 12 23 17 1966 1 1 2 15 0 2 1 0 8 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 5 0 3 na 1 19 23 12 1967 2 1 1 18 0 2 1 0 7 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 7 0 3 na 1 12 24 14 1968 1 1 2 15 0 1 1 0 5 2 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 5 0 3 na 1 22 24 9 1969 2 1 2 17 0 1 1 0 7 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 6 1 3 na 1 14 22 14 1970 2 1 3 20 0 3 1 0 12 1 0 1 3 1 2 0 0 6 2 4 na 0 11 16 10 1971 1 1 4 18 1 2 1 0 10 1 0 1 3 2 2 0 0 6 1 5 na 0 10 16 14 1972 1 0 2 15 0 2 1 0 8 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 6 1 4 na 0 7 26 20 1973 1 0 2 16 0 1 1 0 6 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 5 1 3 na 0 12 19 25 1974 1 0 3 18 0 3 1 0 7 1 0 1 3 2 2 0 1 3 1 5 na 0 24 16 8 1975 1 1 5 9 0 2 1 0 8 1 0 1 3 1 2 0 1 3 2 10 na 0 23 18 7 1976 1 1 4 11 0 2 1 0 7 1 0 1 3 1 2 0 1 4 1 8 na 0 18 18 13 1977 1 1 4 15 1 3 1 0 7 1 0 1 3 1 2 0 1 4 1 7 na 0 12 18 16 1978 1 1 4 12 1 2 1 0 5 1 0 1 2 1 2 0 1 4 1 4 na 0 19 14 25 1979 1 0 3 26 1 2 2 0 4 1 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 4 1 3 0 0 18 14 13 Non Pig Rap She Sor sunf - App Ban Barl Bee Cott Gra Mai Mil Oliv Ora mea Pota Pou esee epm ghu suga low toba whe woo cov le ana ey f on Egg pe ze k Oat e nge t to ltry d Rice eat m r er cco at l ered 1980 1 0 3 21 1 2 1 0 7 1 0 0 3 1 2 0 1 5 1 6 0 0 14 15 14 1981 1 0 4 16 1 2 1 0 7 2 0 0 3 1 2 0 1 4 1 7 0 0 20 14 10 1982 1 1 2 17 1 2 1 0 8 1 0 1 4 2 2 0 1 4 1 5 0 0 12 16 18 1983 1 0 5 14 1 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 3 1 2 0 1 3 2 3 0 0 26 14 13 1984 1 1 6 14 2 2 1 0 5 1 0 1 3 2 2 0 1 3 1 3 1 0 20 16 15 1985 1 1 5 15 2 2 2 0 5 1 0 1 3 1 3 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 18 18 14 1986 1 1 3 14 2 2 2 0 5 1 0 1 3 1 3 0 0 4 1 3 0 0 15 19 21 1987 1 1 2 14 2 2 2 0 5 1 0 1 3 1 2 0 1 3 1 3 0 0 9 16 31 1988 1 0 2 13 2 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 2 1 2 0 1 3 1 3 0 0 10 16 31 1989 1 1 3 13 2 2 1 0 6 1 0 1 3 1 3 0 1 3 1 3 0 0 13 19 23 1990 1 1 4 17 4 2 2 0 7 1 0 1 3 2 3 0 1 4 0 4 0 0 14 20 9 1991 1 1 3 19 4 2 2 0 7 1 0 1 3 2 4 0 1 4 1 3 0 0 7 14 19 1992 1 1 4 18 3 2 1 0 9 1 0 1 3 2 4 0 1 3 0 4 0 0 14 12 17 1993 1 1 4 16 3 2 2 0 9 1 0 1 3 1 4 0 1 3 1 4 0 0 13 10 20 1994 1 1 2 19 3 2 1 0 8 0 0 1 3 1 4 0 1 3 1 5 0 0 7 14 21 1995 1 1 5 15 3 1 2 0 9 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 4 0 0 14 9 20 1996 1 1 5 11 4 1 2 0 8 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 4 0 0 22 9 16 1997 1 1 5 11 4 1 1 0 8 1 0 1 3 2 4 1 1 3 1 5 0 0 14 10 22 1998 1 1 3 13 4 1 2 0 9 1 0 1 3 2 4 2 1 3 1 4 0 0 15 8 20 1999 1 1 2 14 5 1 3 0 8 0 0 1 2 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 0 0 15 7 23 2000 1 1 3 13 5 1 3 0 9 0 0 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 0 0 12 8 28 2001 1 1 4 15 3 1 3 0 8 0 0 1 2 1 3 1 1 4 1 2 0 0 14 7 25 2002 1 1 5 20 2 1 3 0 8 1 0 1 3 1 2 1 0 5 1 3 0 0 8 10 20 2003 1 1 7 16 2 1 4 0 7 1 0 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 3 0 0 19 8 15 2004 1 1 4 19 3 1 4 0 8 1 0 1 3 1 3 2 0 6 1 3 0 0 15 7 16 2005 1 1 5 21 2 1 3 0 9 1 0 1 3 1 3 1 0 5 1 3 0 0 14 6 16 2006 1 1 5 21 3 1 4 0 10 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 0 5 1 3 0 0 7 8 21 2007 1 1 4 19 2 1 3 0 9 0 0 1 2 1 5 1 0 5 1 3 0 0 10 7 22 a. At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Table 18 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Australia, 1955 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Pig Rap She Sor Soy sunf App Ban Barl Bee Cott Gra Mai Mil Oliv Ora mea Pota Pou esee epm ghu bea suga low toba whe woo le ana ey f on Egg pe ze k Oat e nge t to ltry d Rice eat m n r er cco at l 1955 X M X na X H X na na X M M X H M M na na M M X na M na X 1956 X M X na X H X na na X M M X H M M na na M M X na M na X 1957 X M X na X H X na na X M M X H M M na na M M X na M na X 1958 X M X na X H X na na X M M X H M M na na M M X na M na X 1959 X M X na X H X na na X M M X H M M na na M M X na M na X 1960 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1961 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1962 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1963 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1964 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1965 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1966 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1967 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1968 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1969 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1970 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1971 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1972 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1973 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1974 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1975 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1976 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1977 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1978 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X na M X X 1979 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X Pig Rap She Sor Soy sunf App Ban Barl Bee Cott Gra Mai Mil Oliv Ora mea Pota Pou esee epm ghu bea suga low toba whe woo le ana ey f on Egg pe ze k Oat e nge t to ltry d Rice eat m n r er cco at l 1980 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1981 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1982 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1983 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1984 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1985 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1986 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1987 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1988 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1989 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1990 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1991 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1992 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1993 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1994 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1995 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1996 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X M M X X 1997 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X M M X X 1998 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 1999 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 2000 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 2001 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 2002 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 2003 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 2004 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 2005 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H M M X X M M X X M X X 2006 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H X X X X M M X X M X X 2007 X M X X X H X M X X M M X H X X X X M M X X M X X a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet, based on author's spreadsheet Table 19: Annual distortion estimates, New Zealand, 1955 to 2007 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Coarseg Fruit & Othercro Sheepm All Barley Beef rains Egg veg Grape Maize Milk Oat ps Pigmeat Poultry eat Wheat Wool covered 1955 na na 4 59 0 120 na na na 0 2 31 na na 0 5 1956 na na 4 59 0 120 na na na 0 2 31 na na 0 5 1957 na na 4 59 0 120 na na na 0 2 31 na na 0 5 1958 na na 4 59 0 120 na na na 0 2 31 na na 0 5 1959 na na 4 59 0 120 na na na 0 2 31 na na 0 5 1960 na 0 4 59 0 120 na 0 na 0 2 31 0 11 0 2 1961 na 0 4 59 0 120 na 0 na 0 2 31 0 11 0 2 1962 na 0 4 59 0 120 na 0 na 0 2 31 0 11 0 2 1963 na 0 4 59 0 120 na 0 na 0 2 31 0 11 0 2 1964 na 0 4 59 0 120 na 0 na 0 2 31 0 11 0 2 1965 na 0 4 59 0 134 na 0 na 0 2 31 0 11 0 2 1966 na 0 4 59 0 134 na 0 na 0 2 31 0 11 0 2 1967 na 0 4 59 0 134 na 0 na 0 22 31 0 11 0 2 1968 na 0 4 59 0 134 na 0 na 0 3 31 0 11 0 2 1969 na 0 4 59 0 134 na 0 na 0 -15 31 0 11 0 2 1970 na 5 4 59 0 134 na -1 na 0 -18 31 5 11 5 4 1971 na 5 4 59 0 134 na -1 na 0 15 31 5 11 5 5 1972 na 5 4 59 0 134 na -1 na 0 3 31 5 11 5 5 1973 na 5 4 59 0 64 na -1 na 0 2 31 5 11 5 5 1974 na 5 4 59 0 64 na -1 na 0 25 31 5 11 5 6 1975 na 10 4 59 0 64 na 40 na 0 -17 31 19 11 11 22 1976 na 10 4 59 0 64 na 10 na 0 -32 31 19 11 11 12 1977 na 10 4 59 0 64 na 10 na 0 -13 31 19 11 11 12 1978 na 10 4 59 0 64 na 10 na 0 -24 31 19 11 11 12 1979 10 10 4 59 0 13 10 10 8 0 -13 31 19 11 11 13 1980 12 5 4 59 0 13 13 32 10 0 25 31 14 11 10 16 1981 11 17 4 59 0 13 13 10 9 0 27 31 14 11 10 13 1982 11 24 4 59 0 30 12 17 9 0 3 31 23 11 26 21 1983 11 19 4 59 0 30 12 18 8 0 8 31 55 11 30 28 Coarse Fruit & Other Sheepm All Barley Beef grains egg veg Grape Maize Milk Oat crops Pigmeat Poultry eat Wheat Wool covered 1984 8 13 4 59 0 30 11 13 11 0 -12 31 59 11 19 22 1985 9 9 4 59 0 30 11 11 12 0 -23 31 52 11 10 19 1986 0 16 4 107 0 28 0 16 0 0 5 31 49 11 14 19 1987 0 13 0 59 0 28 0 14 0 0 2 129 16 5 11 16 1988 0 12 1 83 0 28 0 12 0 0 1 69 14 3 11 13 1989 0 5 2 93 0 5 0 5 0 0 1 48 8 3 5 8 1990 0 3 1 39 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 68 5 2 3 6 1991 0 1 1 44 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 70 1 1 1 3 1992 0 1 0 34 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 52 1 0 1 2 1993 0 1 0 32 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 41 1 0 1 2 1994 0 1 0 42 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 54 1 0 1 2 1995 0 1 0 62 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 67 1 0 1 3 1996 0 1 0 28 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 51 1 0 1 2 1997 0 1 0 51 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 47 1 0 1 2 1998 0 1 0 49 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 17 1 0 1 2 1999 0 1 0 62 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 22 1 0 1 2 2000 0 1 0 8 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 17 1 0 1 1 2001 0 1 0 36 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 -4 1 0 1 1 2002 0 1 0 44 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 31 1 0 1 2 2003 0 1 0 27 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 68 1 0 1 3 2004 0 1 0 67 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 61 1 0 1 3 2005 0 1 0 45 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 60 1 2 1 3 2006 0 0 0 20 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 1 2007 0 0 0 10 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 Table 19 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, New Zealand, 1955 to 2007 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non- agricultural industries (percent) NRA, all agric products,a by component NRA, agric tradables NRA, NRA, NRA, NRA, non- non- all ag NRA, all ag covere covere product- product products NRA, ag NRA, all NRA, all d d specific s (incl (incl NPS NRA, ag import- agric non-ag produc produc support NPS) and export- competi tradable tradable tsa ts (3) (4)=1+2 decoupled) ables ng goods c goods RRAb (1) (2) +3 (5) (6) (7) (8)=6+7 (9) (10) 1955 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 21 -16 1956 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 21 -16 1957 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 21 -16 1958 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 21 -16 1959 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 21 -16 1960 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 21 -16 1961 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 22 -17 1962 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 22 -16 1963 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 22 -17 1964 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 32 -23 1965 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 34 -24 1966 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 35 -24 1967 2 na na 2 2 0 34 2 35 -24 1968 2 na na 2 2 0 28 2 34 -24 1969 2 na na 2 2 0 25 2 34 -24 1970 4 na na 4 4 3 26 4 34 -22 1971 5 na na 5 5 3 34 5 35 -22 1972 5 na na 5 5 3 30 5 35 -22 1973 5 na na 5 5 3 31 5 23 -14 1974 6 na na 6 6 3 39 6 23 -14 1975 22 na na 22 22 21 28 22 24 -1 1976 12 na na 12 12 11 25 12 22 -8 1977 12 na na 12 12 11 28 12 22 -8 1978 12 na na 12 12 11 27 12 22 -8 1979 13 na 8 20 20 11 27 20 18 2 1980 16 na 8 24 24 14 33 24 18 5 1981 13 na 9 22 22 11 32 22 18 4 1982 21 na 9 30 30 20 28 30 20 8 1983 28 na 10 38 38 27 29 38 22 13 1984 22 na 7 30 30 22 25 30 22 6 1985 19 na 13 32 32 18 24 32 22 8 1986 19 na 7 26 26 16 43 26 20 5 1987 16 na 7 23 23 11 61 23 16 7 1988 13 na 2 15 15 10 44 15 13 1 1989 8 na 1 9 9 5 39 9 12 -3 1990 6 na 1 6 7 3 33 6 12 -5 1991 3 na 0 3 3 1 31 3 12 -8 1992 2 na 0 3 3 1 19 3 11 -8 1993 2 na 0 2 2 1 18 2 10 -7 1994 2 na 1 3 3 1 20 3 9 -6 1995 3 na 1 3 3 1 32 3 8 -5 1996 2 na 1 3 3 1 22 3 7 -5 1997 2 na 1 3 3 1 21 3 7 -4 1998 2 na 1 2 2 1 12 2 5 -3 1999 2 na 1 2 2 1 16 2 5 -2 2000 1 na 0 2 2 1 6 2 4 -2 2001 1 na 0 2 2 1 4 2 4 -2 2002 2 na 0 2 2 1 16 2 4 -1 2003 3 na 0 3 3 1 28 3 4 -1 2004 3 na 0 4 4 1 33 4 4 0 2005 3 na 0 3 4 1 29 3 3 0 2006 1 na 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 -3 2007 0 na 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 -2 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and via inputs and other forms of non- product-specific (NPS) assistance without and (in column (5)) with decoupled support. b. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (columns 8 and 9), respectively, so it excludes decoupled payments but includes all NPS support. c. Including NPS but excluding decoupled payments, so more than the weighted average of columns (6) and (7). Table 19 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, New Zealand, 1955 to 2007 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products (percent) Coarse Fruit & Other Barley Beef grains egg veg Grape Maize Milk Oat crops Pigmeat Po 1955 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 33 na 0 2 1956 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 33 na 0 2 1957 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 34 na 0 2 1958 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 33 na 0 2 1959 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 33 na 0 2 1960 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 33 na 0 2 1961 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 34 na 0 2 1962 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 33 na 0 2 1963 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 34 na 0 2 1964 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 34 na 0 2 1965 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 33 na 0 2 1966 na 18 1 2 4 0 na 34 na 0 2 1967 na 19 1 2 3 0 na 34 na 0 2 1968 na 23 1 2 4 0 na 31 na 0 2 1969 na 24 1 2 4 0 na 28 na 0 2 1970 na 25 1 2 5 0 na 29 na 0 2 1971 na 22 2 2 5 0 na 33 na 1 2 1972 na 18 2 2 4 0 na 32 na 0 2 1973 na 17 2 3 5 0 na 25 na 0 2 1974 na 18 2 3 5 0 na 30 na 1 2 1975 na 24 2 4 4 0 na 32 na 1 2 1976 na 21 2 3 4 0 na 27 na 0 2 1977 na 18 2 3 5 0 na 27 na 0 2 1978 na 18 2 3 5 0 na 28 na 1 2 1979 1 16 2 3 7 0 1 21 0 1 2 1980 1 14 2 3 7 0 1 21 0 0 2 1981 1 13 2 3 8 0 1 22 0 0 2 1982 1 13 2 3 8 0 0 23 0 0 2 Coarse Fruit & Other Barley Beef grains egg veg Grape Maize Milk Oat crops Pigmeat Po 1983 2 13 2 2 8 1 0 23 0 0 2 1984 2 11 3 2 11 0 1 24 0 0 2 1985 1 14 2 2 9 1 1 22 0 0 2 1986 1 11 2 3 14 0 1 28 0 0 2 1987 1 15 2 2 13 0 0 20 0 0 2 1988 1 13 2 1 14 0 0 25 0 0 2 1989 1 16 2 1 13 0 1 28 0 0 2 1990 1 13 2 1 13 1 1 27 0 0 2 1991 1 18 2 2 18 0 1 23 0 0 2 1992 1 16 2 1 16 0 0 29 0 0 2 1993 1 16 2 1 14 0 0 33 0 0 2 1994 1 13 2 1 21 1 1 31 0 0 2 1995 1 12 2 1 22 1 1 29 0 0 2 1996 1 9 2 1 18 1 1 37 0 0 2 1997 1 11 2 1 15 1 0 37 0 0 2 1998 1 13 2 1 19 1 1 34 0 0 2 1999 1 13 1 1 20 1 1 35 0 0 1 2000 1 15 1 1 16 1 0 37 0 0 1 2001 1 15 1 1 13 1 0 41 0 0 1 2002 1 14 1 1 12 1 0 44 0 0 1 2003 1 12 1 1 15 1 0 37 0 0 1 2004 1 12 1 1 15 2 0 36 0 0 1 2005 1 12 1 1 15 2 0 36 0 0 1 2006 1 12 1 0 12 2 0 28 0 0 1 2007 1 10 1 0 10 2 0 35 0 0 1 a. At farmgate undistorted prices Table 19 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, New Zealand, 1955 to 2007 (d) Trade status of of covered productsa Coarse Fruit & Other Barley Beef grains egg veg Grape Maize Milk Oat crops Pigmeat Po 1955 na na X M X M na na na X M 1956 na na X M X M na na na X M 1957 na na X M X M na na na X M 1958 na na X M X M na na na X M 1959 na na X M X M na na na X M 1960 na X X M X M na X na X M 1961 na X X M X M na X na X M 1962 na X X M X M na X na X M 1963 na X X M X M na X na X M 1964 na X X M X M na X na X M 1965 na X X M X M na X na X M 1966 na X X M X M na X na X M 1967 na X X M X M na X na X M 1968 na X X M X M na X na X M 1969 na X X M X M na X na X M 1970 na X X M X M na X na X M 1971 na X X M X M na X na X M 1972 na X X M X M na X na X M 1973 na X X M X M na X na X M 1974 na X X M X M na X na X M 1975 na X X M X M na X na X M 1976 na X X M X M na X na X M 1977 na X X M X M na X na X M 1978 na X X M X M na X na X M 1979 X X X M X M X X M X M 1980 X X X M X M M X M X M 1981 M X X M X M X X M X M 1982 M X X M X M X X M X M Coarse Fruit & Other Barley Beef grains egg veg Grape Maize Milk Oat crops Pigmeat Po 1983 X X X M X M M X M X M 1984 X X X M X M X X M X M 1985 X X X M X M X X M X M 1986 X X X M X M X X X X M 1987 M X X M X M X X X X M 1988 X X X M X M M X M X M 1989 X X X M X X M X X X M 1990 M X X M X X M X X X M 1991 X X X M X X X X X X M 1992 M X X M X X M X M X M 1993 X X X M X X M X M X M 1994 M X X M X X M X X X M 1995 X X X M X X M X M X M 1996 X X X M X X X X M X M 1997 M X X M X X X X M X M 1998 M X X M X X M X M X M 1999 M X X M X X M X M X M 2000 M X X M X X M X M X M 2001 M X X M X X M X M X M 2002 M X X M X X M X M X M 2003 M X X M X X M X M X M 2004 M X X M X X M X M X M 2005 M X X M X X M X M X M 2006 M X X X X X M X M X M 2007 M X X X X X M X M X M a. Exportables (X), import-competing products (M) and nontradables (H). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on author's spreadsheet Appendix Table 20: Shares of the global value of production and consumption of key covered agricultural products, Western European economiesa, 2000-03 (percent) Denmar German Netherla Switzerl Region Austria k Finland France y Ireland Italy nds Norway Portugal Spain Sweden and UK al World Grains Q 0.2 0.4 0.1 2.7 1.6 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.9 8.3 100 C 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.6 1.5 0.1 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.8 7.3 100 Rice Q 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.7 100 C 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 100 Wheat Q 0.2 0.8 0.1 6.0 3.7 0.1 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.2 2.5 16.6 100 C 0.2 0.7 0.1 3.4 3.0 0.2 1.9 0.7 0.1 0.3 1.5 0.3 0.3 2.3 12.7 100 Maize Q 0.3 2.9 0.7 1.9 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.0 6.8 100 C 0.4 2.3 1.3 3.1 0.7 0.6 2.0 0.1 10.6 100 Barley Q 0.7 3.0 1.4 8.0 9.4 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.0 7.1 1.3 4.9 38.4 100 C 0.9 2.6 1.2 3.3 8.5 0.9 1.8 0.6 1.0 0.3 8.9 1.2 4.2 31.2 100 Oat Q 0.5 1.1 5.1 2.3 4.4 0.5 1.3 0.1 1.3 0.2 3.5 4.2 2.7 27.0 100 C 0.6 1.1 3.6 2.5 5.4 0.6 1.8 0.4 2.5 0.4 4.1 3.5 2.4 26.5 100 Oilseeds Q 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.9 1.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.5 4.8 100 C 0.1 na na 1.7 3.8 na 0.9 na 0.1 1.9 na na 8.9 100 Soybean Q na 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 100 C 0.7 3.0 1.3 2.4 7.3 100 Rapeseed Q 0.3 0.9 0.3 10.1 12.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 4.3 28.6 100 C na na na na na na na na na na na na 100 Sunflower Q 0.3 7.5 0.3 1.6 0.1 3.9 13.8 100 C 0.6 7.0 1.6 2.5 0.9 6.3 19.0 100 Denmar German Netherla Switzerl Region Austria k Finland France y Ireland Italy nds Norway Portugal Spain Sweden and UK al World Tropical crops Q 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 2.7 100 C 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 2.2 100 Sugar Q 0.2 0.3 0.1 2.4 2.1 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.7 8.2 100 C 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.3 1.8 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.1 7.0 100 Livestock Q 0.4 0.7 0.2 2.6 2.8 0.5 1.5 1.1 0.1 0.3 1.7 0.3 0.3 1.5 13.9 100 C 0.4 0.4 0.2 2.9 3.3 0.4 2.1 0.9 0.2 0.4 1.8 0.4 0.4 2.2 13.9 100 Pigmeat Q 0.6 1.7 0.2 2.3 4.1 0.2 1.5 1.4 0.1 0.3 3.0 0.3 0.2 0.8 16.9 100 C 0.7 0.4 0.2 2.4 4.9 0.2 2.7 0.8 0.1 0.5 2.9 0.5 0.3 1.6 16.5 100 Milk Q 0.6 0.9 0.5 4.8 5.4 1.0 2.1 2.1 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.6 0.7 2.8 23.6 100 C 0.7 1.0 0.6 5.4 6.0 1.2 2.9 2.4 0.4 0.5 1.8 0.8 0.9 3.5 24.6 100 Beef Q 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.9 1.5 0.7 1.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.8 8.6 100 C 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.9 1.8 0.2 2.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.3 2.1 11.1 100 Poultry Q 0.1 0.2 0.1 2.1 0.9 0.1 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 1.1 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.1 100 C 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.0 1.5 0.1 1.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 1.5 0.3 0.1 2.3 0.3 100 Egg Q 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.8 1.5 0.1 1.2 1.1 0.1 0.2 1.3 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.2 100 C 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.4 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.1 100 Sheepmeat Q 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 2.6 0.0 0.1 3.3 0.0 100 C 0.1 0.1 0.0 3.7 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 3.4 0.1 0.2 5.1 0.1 100 Total of above Q 0.3 0.5 0.2 2.4 2.2 0.3 1.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 1.2 0.2 0.2 1.2 0.2 100 C 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.2 2.5 0.2 1.6 0.6 0.1 0.3 1.5 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.3 100 Production All covered Q 0.3 0.5 0.2 3.2 2.5 0.3 2.3 0.8 0.1 0.4 2.0 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.2 100 Non-covered Q 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.7 1.6 0.2 1.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.2 100 All agriculture Q 0.3 0.5 0.2 2.7 2.2 0.3 1.9 0.7 0.1 0.3 1.7 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.2 100 Source: Authors' calculations using Project data and FAO Production and Commodity Balance Data. Appendix Table 21: Shares of the global value of exports and imports of key covered agricultural products, Western European economiesa, 2000-03 (percent) Denmar German Netherl Switzerl Region Austria k Finland France y Ireland Italy ands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden and UK al World Grains X 0.5 0.7 0.1 10.6 3.6 0.1 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.0 1.4 19.7 100 M 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.0 1.6 0.3 3.4 2.0 0.1 1.1 2.8 0.1 0.2 1.7 15.0 100 Rice X 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.0 4.3 0.9 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.6 9.3 100 M 0.3 0.3 0.2 3.2 2.1 0.2 0.6 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 3.4 12.9 100 Wheat X 0.6 0.6 0.0 13.0 4.7 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.0 2.1 23.2 100 M 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.1 0.3 6.3 2.2 0.2 1.2 3.1 0.1 0.3 1.2 16.9 100 Maize X 0.6 0.0 0.0 12.5 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.4 100 M 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0 1.7 0.2 1.4 2.4 1.4 4.2 0.0 0.1 2.1 15.2 100 Barley X 0.7 5.2 0.4 22.4 16.1 0.4 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.7 1.8 4.9 53.8 100 M 0.5 1.4 0.3 0.2 4.0 0.3 3.8 3.3 0.0 1.3 3.1 0.4 0.5 19.1 100 Oat X 0.3 1.0 11.7 2.2 3.3 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.2 9.3 9.0 39.7 100 M 0.7 2.3 0.0 1.3 3.3 0.2 2.3 1.6 0.1 0.4 1.9 0.1 0.6 14.9 100 Oilseeds X 0.2 0.1 0.0 3.2 1.6 0.0 0.2 2.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 8.2 100 M 0.4 0.9 0.2 2.4 4.6 0.2 1.7 4.1 0.7 2.5 0.3 1.7 19.6 100 Soybean X 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 1.6 0.0 0.3 4.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 7.1 100 M 0.5 1.5 0.2 5.0 6.3 0.4 3.5 7.9 1.2 5.2 0.3 2.4 34.4 100 Rapeseed X 0.5 0.7 0.0 20.9 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 32.0 100 M 0.8 2.4 0.9 0.2 13.8 0.0 0.1 1.6 0.0 0.1 1.4 4.0 25.4 100 Sunflower X 1.0 0.2 0.0 9.6 2.0 0.0 0.9 6.7 0.5 1.8 0.0 0.3 22.9 100 M 1.3 0.6 0.2 4.7 7.2 0.3 3.6 10.0 2.5 5.9 0.4 3.4 40.3 100 Sesame X 100 M 100 Denmar German Netherl Switzerl Region Austria k Finland France y Ireland Italy ands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden and UK al World Tropical crops X 0.2 0.4 0.0 4.5 1.8 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.7 9.1 100 M 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.1 1.2 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.2 2.6 7.8 100 Sugar X 0.5 1.0 0.1 11.7 4.6 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.0 1.9 23.5 100 M 0.2 0.4 0.4 2.0 2.1 0.3 3.3 0.5 1.4 2.4 0.2 0.5 6.8 20.3 100 Livestock products X 1.4 6.6 0.5 9.3 9.2 3.7 2.8 9.3 0.1 0.2 2.5 0.3 0.5 2.2 48.6 100 M 1.0 1.0 0.2 5.9 8.7 0.8 7.4 4.1 0.1 1.0 2.3 0.9 0.7 7.8 41.9 100 Pigmeat X 1.9 19.8 0.3 6.6 7.7 1.8 4.2 9.1 0.0 0.2 5.9 0.3 0.0 1.3 59.3 100 M 1.3 1.0 0.3 5.8 10.0 0.9 9.4 1.9 0.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.5 10.6 45.5 100 Milk X 2.0 4.9 0.9 13.6 14.8 4.0 3.6 11.7 0.3 0.5 1.9 0.5 1.2 3.2 63.2 100 M 1.2 1.0 0.4 6.7 10.8 0.9 8.8 6.0 0.1 0.9 3.5 0.8 0.7 6.1 47.9 100 Beef X 1.0 1.7 0.1 4.5 6.4 6.1 1.5 7.1 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.3 30.6 100 M 0.4 1.5 0.1 4.9 3.3 0.2 8.4 3.5 0.1 1.3 2.2 0.9 0.4 5.7 33.0 100 Poultry X 0.5 2.1 0.1 11.6 3.8 1.9 1.9 10.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 2.8 35.9 100 M 1.4 0.9 0.2 3.0 10.7 1.6 1.1 4.2 0.0 0.3 1.6 0.8 1.3 11.6 38.6 100 Sheepmeat X 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.1 1.3 7.4 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 9.0 23.8 100 M 0.4 0.8 0.2 19.4 7.0 0.2 4.0 1.9 0.2 1.1 1.4 0.7 2.4 12.9 52.5 100 Total of above X 0.9 3.4 0.3 8.1 5.8 1.8 1.7 5.0 0.1 0.2 1.5 0.3 0.2 1.6 30.7 100 M 0.6 0.7 0.2 3.4 5.1 0.5 4.7 2.9 0.1 0.9 2.2 0.5 0.4 4.7 26.8 100 All exports X 0.9 2.2 0.3 7.9 6.0 1.5 3.9 7.3 0.1 0.4 3.7 0.5 0.5 3.5 38.5 100 M 1.1 1.1 0.5 5.7 8.3 0.8 5.1 4.3 0.5 0.9 2.8 1.0 1.2 6.5 40.0 100 Source: Authors' derivation using trade value data from FAOSTAT.