HOW TO ENSURE BETTER OUTCOMES FOR WOMEN IN RESETTLEMENT A TOOLKIT Copyright © 2019 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA All rights reserved Reference: World Bank. 2019. How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Women in Resettlement: A Toolkit. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated orga- nizations, or to members of its board of executive directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorse- ment or acceptance of such boundaries. Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Glossary of Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Why This Toolkit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 For Whom Is This Toolkit Intended? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 How to Use the Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Gender Gaps in Resettlement, and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1 Minimizing Resettlement in the Project Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Preparing the Resettlement Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.1 Collect Data about Resettlement Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.2 Prepare and Consolidate Compensation/Assistance Packages . . . . . . . 8 2.2.3 Prepare Relocation Plans and Construct Resettlement Sites . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.4 Prepare the Livelihood Restoration Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2.5 Plan for Disclosure, Participation, and Consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.6 Develop a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.7 Refine Institutional Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 Providing Compensation, Resettling People, and Restoring Livelihoods . . . . 14 2.3.1 Implementation of Compensation/Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.2 Construction of the Resettlement Sites and Relocation . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.3 Implementation of Livelihood/Income Restoration Activities . . . . . . . 15 2.4 Monitoring, Evaluation, and Gender Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3 Assessing and Scoring Gender Mainstreaming in Resettlement Activities . . . 17 3.1 Scoring Checklist Questions and Interpreting Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.2 Scoring Gender Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3 Ready-to-Use Checklist for Gender-Informed Resettlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 i Box 1 Key steps for preparing and implementing a resettlement plan . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Tables 11 Impact screening: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 Socioeconomic survey: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 Inventory of losses: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 Compensation/assistance packages: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 Relocation plans and the construction of resettlement sites: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6 Livelihood restoration program: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7 Information disclosure, participation, and consultation: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8 Grievance redress: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9 Institutional arrangements: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . 13 10 Implementation of compensation, resettlement, and livelihood restoration: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 11 Construction of the resettlement site and relocation: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 12 Implementation of livelihood and restoration activities: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 13 Monitoring and evaluation: Gender gaps and ways to address them . . . . . . . 16 14 Gender-related questions and scoring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 15 Ready-to-use questionnaire/checklist for gender-informed resettlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ii Acknowledgments This toolkit establishes technical guidelines for gender mainstreaming at all stages of the resettlement process in development projects. While it is based on experience in Vietnam, some of its recommendations may suit other contexts. The preparation of the toolkit was led by Nguyen Quy Nghi, senior social development specialist, in collaboration with Nguyen Thanh Tam, consultant. The team received valuable guidance and inputs from Roxanne Hakim, social development cluster leader, Vietnam; Helle Buchhave, senior social development specialist, and Veronica Mendizabal Joffre, consultant. The peer reviewers were Sangeeta Kumari, senior social development specialist, and Jorge E. Villegas, senior social development specialist. The team is grateful for managerial support from the Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice and the Country Management Unit, especially Susan S. Shen, EAP social development practice manager; Achim Fock, EACVF operations and portfolio manager; and Ousmane Dione, the World Bank’s Vietnam country director. The team would also like to thank Dung Thuy Vu for her administrative support. The preparation of this toolkit was made possible through the grant “Making Resettlement Gender Informed: Handling the Intersections between Practitioners, Policy Makers, and Development Partners” financed by the World Bank Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality (UFGE) through its East Asia and Pacific (EAP) window. The recommendations of this tool- kit is informed by discussions held at the “International Conference: Gender and Displace- ment: Evidence and Policy Implications” held in Ha Long City April 13-14, 2017 and hosted by the Vietnam Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) in collaboration with UNWOMEN and the World Bank. UFGE is a multi-donor trust fund that aims to strengthen awareness, knowledge, and capacity for gender-informed policy making. It supports the priorities identified in the EAP Regional Gender Action Plan. For further information, please contact: Lourdes Anducta, Program Assistant, GSURR, landucta@worldbank.org. iii Glossary of Key Terms Resettlement: The term “resettlement” used in this toolkit refers to involuntary resettle- ment an important concept outlined in the “Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement” of the new World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (World Bank 2017a: 53). It includes all direct physical and economic impacts of land acquisi- tion or restrictions on land use. For example, it includes the loss of income sources or other means of livelihood due to limited access to assets and resources, such that the people or communities affected have no option but to leave their homes. Gender and gender equality: “Gender” refers to the social, behavioral, and cultural attri- butes, expectations, and norms associated with being a woman or a man. Gender equality refers to how these aspects determine how women and men relate to each other and to the resulting differences in power between them (World Bank 2012, page 4). Gender mainstreaming: “Gender mainstreaming” is “the process of assessing the implica- tions for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gen- der equality” (United Nations 2002). For the Vietnam National Committee for the Advance- ment of Women, gender mainstreaming is a strategy to achieve the goal of gender equality. It requires the consideration of the preferences and interests of women and men during the design, implementation, review, and monitoring of each policy, program, project, and action, with the aim of removing gender inequality (NCFAW 2001). iv HOW TO ENSURE BETTER OUTCOMES FOR WOMEN IN RESETTLEMENT A TOOLKIT 1. Introduction 1.1. Why This Toolkit? Development projects, especially large-scale infrastructure ones, often involve land acqui- sition and both physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land or loss of shel- ter) and economic displacement (loss of land, assets, or access to assets, leading to loss of income sources or other means of livelihood).1 The impacts of development-induced reset- tlement can disproportionately affect women, as they are faced with more difficulties than men while coping with disruption to their families. And this is particularly the case if there is no mechanism to enable women’s meaningful participation and consultation throughout the project cycle in general, and the resettlement process in particular. The World Bank funded an assessment of the social readiness2 of resettlement programs in Vietnam. This revealed prejudice among community members regarding the capacity and quality of women’s participation. In consultation meetings, women are often passive partici- pants or not present at all. It seems that traditional assumptions about household divisions of labor prevent women from participating meaningfully. For example, men are considered better suited to attend resettlement-related meetings since is assumed that men can bet- ter understand and access land market information. These biases have constrained women’s participation in resettlement-related decisions, for example, in the design of compensation and restoration packages or new relocation sites, housing, and construction timelines, with potential negative implications for the overall success of resettlement programs. Further- WHY THIS TOOLKIT? more, a resettlement process that ignores the specific needs and limitations that women face can increase gender inequalities, for example, by reducing women’s access to property or assets, or limiting their capacity to restore their livelihoods. 1. In the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Standard 5 (ESS5), “livelihood” refers to the full range of means that individuals, families, and communities utilize to make a living, such as wage-based income, agriculture, fishing, foraging, other natural- resource-based livelihoods, petty trade, and bartering. 2. “Social readiness of resettlement programs” refers to the preparedness (institutional, psychological, and social) of individuals, households, and communities in the locations from which people are moved and those in which they are resettled, to ensure that relocation and (re-)integration take place smoothly. The concept is not entirely new. Its starting point is based on the impoverishment risks and reconstruction model of Michael Cernea (1999). 1 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit The good news is that gender-informed resettlement is possible. It can minimize the pain experienced by people moving from their homes and can help smooth the project resettle- ment process. This toolkit intends to help those responsible for managing and implementing the resettlement process to integrate gender dimensions throughout the project cycle by undertaking (i) initial gender impact screening and assessments; (ii) the development of cor- responding mitigation plans (for example, through resettlement action plans); and, finally, (iii) implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. 1.2. For Whom Is This Toolkit Intended? This toolkit aims to support the work of those involved in the design, preparation, and implementation of the resettlement process. This guide can be used by national and local counterparts, government agencies, international and private sector partners, and individual experts. 1.3. How to Use the Toolkit The toolkit is organized into several sections. After a brief introduction, section 2 walks readers through each stage of resettlement, and outlines the gender gaps that might be expected at each. It also provides practical recommendations—based on experience—for addressing such gaps. Which of these recommendations are most appropriate depends on the project’s design and impact. Section 3 offers implementing agencies and practitioners with ready-to-use questionnaires and rating tools they can use to assess the degree to which gender concerns are integrated into their resettlement operations. These questionnaires help teams take a good look at their current practice, and identify areas where improve- ments are possible and necessary. Once these are identified, the recommendations pro- vided in chapter 2 may be returned to as teams prepare action plans to address key issues. It is hoped that this toolkit will help strengthen the gender elements of resettlement pro- grams, and in doing so promote greater opportunities and mitigate unnecessary pain and HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT problems. A resettlement program should only be considered successful if it leads to equal land rights/tenure for both women and men; builds the capacity of governmental agencies; and provides those who are to be resettled—both women and men—with the information, skills, and resources they need to participate meaningfully in the decision-making process, and to be able to restore and increase their range of opportunities. 2 Photo: Nghi Quy Nguyen, World Bank 2. Gender Gaps in Resettlement, and Recommendations The implementation of the resettlement process varies depending on the policies of both countries and donors. However, in general the process can be summarized in the key steps outlined in box 1 and explained in detail below. 2.1. Minimizing Resettlement in the Project Design At the initial design stage, project executives often focus on design options rather than community consultations. Yet practical experience in Vietnam indicates that consultation is ENTRY POINT FOR ADDRESSING GENDER GAPS IN RESETTLEMENT just as important as choosing the right design options. Consulting with people who will be Box 1. Key steps for preparing and implementing a resettlement plan Project design stage Avoid and minimize resettlement (If avoidance is not possible, then practitioners need to prepare a resettlement plan.) Prepare a resettlement plan • Collect data on the impacts of resettlement, including by conducting: – Impact screening – Census of number of people affected, the expected damage, and cutoff date – Survey of people affected • Develop compensation, resettlement, and livelihood restoration plan: – Identify eligibility for compensation – Develop compensation measures and resettlement options • Disclose information, consultation,a and grievance redress mechanisms • Set up institutional arrangements Implement the compensation, resettlement, and livelihood restoration plan • Disclose the resettlement plan and conduct consultations • Make payments, offer assistance, and facilitate relocation (if any) • Implement the training and livelihood restoration programs Monitoring, review, and evaluation—take corrective action as needed • Internal monitoring • Independent monitoring and evaluation a. Consultations should start from the early stages and continue during the whole process of resettlement. Source: Summary based on World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.12, and authors’ experience. 4 potentially affected by a project (including women) needs to be the first step in the project design phase. Importantly, consultation can inform plans to avoid resettlement. Only when resettlement is inevitable, should a plan for resettlement activities be prepared to minimize their scale and impact. 2.2. Preparing the Resettlement Action Plan 2.2.1. Collect Data about Resettlement Impacts The first steps are to (i) understand any adverse resettlement impacts and risks, and their effects on the socioeconomic conditions of the people in the project area; (ii) establish the baseline data that will inform any rehabilitation and income-restoration plan; and (iii) set the baseline for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the resettlement process. Data on the effects of resettlement may include the results of an impact screening, a socio- economic survey of affected households, and an inventory of losses. IMPACT SCREENING Screening is done to identify the potential effects of the proposed project, specifically their scope and magnitude. It can be based on the project’s prefeasibility study and the results of meetings/consultations with stakeholders. Table 1 presents potential gender gaps that may arise during the impact screening and proposes recommendations to ensure that gender is thoroughly addressed at this stage. PREPARING THE RESETTLEMENT PLAN Table 1. Impact screening: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations Lack of information and analysis of the gender •  Identify the project’s potential gender-related •  dimensions of land acquisition and resettlement, impacts (by referring to data on similar projects). particularly differences in effects on women and Disclose preliminary information on project imple- •  men. mentation, with a focus on vulnerable groups, The omission of women at the screening stage, •  including women, in the project area. and especially of women who are low-income or Consult with relevant stakeholders (such as Wom- •  otherwise vulnerable.a en’s Unionb) about the project and its impacts, with a specific focus on gender. Identify women’s groups and encourage their •  participation in consultations on the resettlement plan. a. Such groups could include (i) female-headed households with dependents, (ii) women with disabilities, (iii) women in households below the poverty line, and (iv) women belonging to ethnic minority groups. b. In Vietnam, the Women’s Union, a sociopolitical organization operating at the central, provincial, district, and commune levels, has a mandate to represent women’s rights and benefits. All adult women in Vietnam are, in principle, members of this union. 5 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit SOCIOECONOMIC SURVEY OF AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS The socioeconomic survey provides initial information about affected households and serves as a basis for measuring their capacity to restore their livelihoods during the post- resettlement period. Survey results also may inform the development of resettlement and livelihood restoration programs. The survey is best designed in accordance with the impact levels and the specifics of the project. Table 2 lists gender gaps that may become evident when preparing and conducting the socioeconomic survey, and proposes recommendations for ways to address such gaps. Table 2. Socioeconomic survey: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations Selecting only the heads of households as respon- •  Include “gender of respondent/household head” •  dents to surveys may underrepresent the voices in questionnaire. of women.a Ensure that survey sample represents a balance of •  A lack of gender-sensitive questions, especially •  women and men. regarding impacts and mitigation measures, misses Consider the gender-specific impacts of the proj- •  an opportunity to collect valuable information ect and include relevant questions or discussion that may inform every phase of the project.b topics. The preparation and finalization of the survey •  Conduct a mandatory gender-disaggregated •  report may ignore gender, and thus overlook gaps analysis, especially regarding income contribution, in information regarding: livelihoods, expectations regarding resettlement –  Women’s contribution to household income options, decisions on the use of compensation (if and participation in decision making. any), preferred channels of access to information, – Women’s dependence on agricultural land and and so on. natural livelihood resources in rural areas. Depending on the study results, it is possible •  – Women’s views on compensation and the to make gender-specific recommendations. For restoration of livelihoods. example, it may be recommended that compensa- PREPARING THE RESETTLEMENT PLAN – The media channels preferred by women and tion be paid jointly to husbands and wives, that men to receive information about the project, specific training in the restoration of livelihoods including efforts to provide compensation and be offered to women in seriously affected house- other support in the restoration of livelihoods. holds, and so on. a. It is estimated that in Vietnam, over 70 percent of men are registered as household heads. b. Such questions could include: What are the impacts of the project on women in the commune? Do you think your wife/husband may have wishes, preferences, or needs with regard to resettlement that are different from yours? INVENTORY OF LOSSES This activity aims to develop inventories of property (estate, trees, crops, and so on) likely to be affected during project implementation. An inventory of losses should be conducted in all affected households. To get the most accurate data, the inventory should be taken once the project’s detailed design is available. The potential gender gaps at this stage are presented in table 3. 6 2. Gender Gaps in Resettlement, and Recommendations Table 3. Inventory of losses: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations The involvement of women in the inventory •  In households that center on a married couple, •  process may be limited. encourage the participation of both the husband The ownership rights of women may not be •  and wife in the inventory exercise. acknowledged where their names are not on land Document the legitimate rights (including inheri- •  titles.a tance) of spouses in the inventory documents. Representatives of the local women’s union might •  Mobilize the participation of Women’s Union •  not be part of the inventory group. from villages in affected wards/communes. The data collection form might require only the •  Prepare inventory sheets that, for households that •  signature of the household head, which, in male- contain a married couple, require the signatures of headed households, might ignore the agency of both husband and wife. the woman present. a. The land use right certificate often includes only the name of the household head viewed as representing the house- hold interests. But this practice may reflect tradition more than legality. In Vietnam, for example, since the 2003 and the 2013 land laws took effect, people have the option of including the names of both a husband and wife on the certificate. PREPARING THE RESETTLEMENT PLAN Photo: Helle Buchhave, World Bank 7 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit 2.2.2. Prepare and Consolidate Compensation/Assistance Packages Based on the inventory results, competent authorities will carry out pricing exercises as they draft compensation packages to address the project’s potential impacts. Table 4 provides an overview of potential gender gaps in this process, and ways to ensure that compensation packages consider gender-specific concerns. Table 4. Compensation/assistance packages: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations Limited participation of women in meetings •  Disclose compensation plans to all households, •  where draft compensation and assistance pack- especially single-mother and female-headed ages are discussed or disclosed. households. Often, only the names of household heads •  Create an enabling environment for the participa- •  (predominantly men) appear on land use rights tion of women (venue, time, means and style of certificates; if this decides who joins consultation invitation).c meetings on compensation and assistance pack- Take into account the ownership recognized by •  ages, women have little room to participate. tradition or custom. The legitimate entitlements of women may not •  Take into account gender preferences in compen- •  be accurately calculated due to traditional and sation options (through consultation with men customary practices of property division.a and women). Women and men may have different views on •  Document, via consultation minutes, the •  compensation options, and this difference might ideas, views, and concerns of women and men not be addressed in compensation/assistance expressed in the consultation meetings. plans. Engage representatives of local women’s unions in •  Representatives of local women’s unions may be •  the site clearance and compensation boards. absent from site clearance and compensation boards.b PREPARING THE RESETTLEMENT PLAN a. In Vietnamese patriarchal families, sons often inherit ancestral land and, out of respect for their ancestors, rarely sell the land or any house standing on it. This could limit women’s access to land (UNDP 2013: 52). b. This organizational arrangement is established, usually at the district level, in accordance with the provisions of the Land Law. It comprises members from various line departments, including sociopolitical organizations such as the Women’s Union. Its main responsibility is to review and evaluate the compensation plan proposed for a specific project. c. There should be a minimum requirement regarding the percentage of female participants in consultation meetings. 8 2. Gender Gaps in Resettlement, and Recommendations 2.2.3. Prepare Relocation Plans and Construct Resettlement Sites If a project promises to physically displace people, implementation agencies need to arrange relocation for affected households as needed. To avoid/minimize social disruption, specific arrangements might be needed for each group, family lineage, and community. In general, there are three possible scenarios: (i) affected households rebuild their houses in unaffected areas of the same parcel; (ii) affected households move to another residential area of their choice, and (iii) affected households resettle in a plot in a predefined resettlement area. Table 5 presents key gender gaps that may be evident in these possible scenarios and pro- vides recommendations for this relocation stage. Table 5. Relocation plans and the construction of resettlement sites: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations Limited participation of women in consultation •  Disclose relocation plans to all women and men of •  regarding relocation/resettlement plans. affected households in a format and language that Interruptions and breaks in the informal social •  is culturally appropriate. assistance networks and safety nets critical to Consider measures to minimize the interrup- •  women and their families.a tion of existing informal assistance networks The project-built resettlement sites do not •  and safety nets (both community and family) consider the specific requirements of men and for women and their families, especially ethnic women (or men and women are not fully con- minorities, in relocation plans/options. sulted) regarding: Communicate clearly the location of the resettle- •  – Location of the resettlement area ment area. Encourage women to participate in – Social infrastructure (schools, medical center/ consultation meetings (or hold separate meetings clinic, market, and so on) for women if needed). – Landscape11 Document the views and concerns of women and •  PREPARING THE RESETTLEMENT PLAN – Design of resettlement houses men expressed in the consultation meetings. – Relocation timeline Translate the gender-specific recommendations •  The design of the resettlement site fails to con- •  into the designs of resettlement areas, includ- sider the local culture, religion, and social norms ing public spaces, basic social infrastructure, and affecting women and men.c resettlement houses. Consider the gender-specific elements of tra- •  ditional cultural and religious norms during the development of the resettlement site. a. Rural families in Vietnam have no access to social security systems. The most important sources of support in times of distress are kin and friends. However, large-scale projects, such as hydropower, often have a negative and disruptive impact on informal social networks and safety nets, as the new resettlement site could be a long distance away from the previous place of residence. b. This includes the design of resettlement housing, play areas for children and adults, ceremonial places, and so on. c. Factors such as indigenous cultural and religious practices are relevant to the relocation of graves, worship places, pagodas, churches, or other religious structures. 9 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit 2.2.4. Prepare the Livelihood Restoration Program As regulated in the resettlement policy of many international organizations (such as the World Bank, International Finance Corporation, Asian Development Bank, and Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade), a key aim of following a resettlement process is to ensure that affected households will have living standards that are equal or better than the ones they had before the project. To this end, and in addition to compensation for affected assets, a livelihood restoration and improvement program is often prepared. A gender perspective is important to ensure that programs aiming for equal or improved living standards are successful. Table 6 indicates potential gaps that may exist at this stage, and recommendations for addressing them. Table 6. Livelihood restoration program: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations The design of the livelihood restoration pro- •  Make sure that the findings of the gender analysis •  gram may not reflect the findings of the gender are translated into specific interventions in the analysis in the socioeconomic survey of affected livelihood restoration program.a households. Design criteria for identifying affected people •  The consultation program may not consider gen- •  eligible for income restoration programs, and der differences, and the participation of women vulnerable groups in particular (women, female- (especially poor and vulnerable women, including headed households). those from ethnic minorities) may be inadequate. Encourage the participation of women in consul- •  Training and capacity building, as part of the •  tations when developing the livelihood restora- restoration programs, may not include women’s tion program. stated preferences and needs. Develop a training and capacity-building program •  The livelihood restoration program is designed •  targeted at women, if necessary, depending on PREPARING THE RESETTLEMENT PLAN without considering obstacles and opportunities the project context.b faced by women and men seeking to generate Analyze the potential income-generation •  income in the new resettlement areas. opportunities in resettlement areas and provide adequate skills training and appropriate agriculture extension programs for women and men. a. This means that the activities of the livelihood restoration program need to be prepared based on the needs and pref- erences of the women and men affected, as indicated in the socioeconomic survey of affected households. b. When switching jobs, some women like to diversify and increase their skills beyond agriculture, for example, by learning tailoring, embroidery, and hairdressing. Depending on the needs and conditions of each region, projects can design/or introduce short training courses for these women. 10 2. Gender Gaps in Resettlement, and Recommendations 2.2.5. Plan for Disclosure, Participation, and Consultation Information disclosure, participation, and consultation in the project area throughout the resettlement processes are required as good practices in the social safeguard policies of international finance institutions. Table 7 presents key gender gaps in these activities and proposes recommendations. Table 7. Information disclosure, participation, and consultation: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations There may be a lack of mechanisms promoting •  Disclose project-related information at con- •  the disclosure of information, as well as consulta- venient locations accessible to all community tion with women’s groups and people in vulner- members, men and women alike. able groups. Develop a mechanism that requires compulsory •  They may be a predominance of male participants •  consultation with both women and men through- in consultation meetings (local authorities usually out the implementation of the resettlement invite household heads—who are most often process. male). Consider setting a minimum percentage of female •  Men might be considered more knowledgeable •  participants in consultation activities (quotas).a than women. Hold consultation meetings at times and locations •  Women’s roles and responsibilities (such as house- •  convenient for local people, especially women. hold chores and child care) might prevent them Consider separate consultation with women’s •  from participating meaningfully in consultation groups if needed, especially with poor and vulner- activities. able women. Women, especially poor women, may not pursue •  Organize local reception desks that can answer •  meeting with resettlement officials even though questions or provide information on compensa- they want to know more about the project’s tion policies for both women and men. effects on their families or themselves. Make communication/information documents •  PREPARING THE RESETTLEMENT PLAN Cultural and language barriers may limit the •  available in ethnic minority languages (if needed). participation of women and men from ethnic Use communication channels preferred by women •  minorities. in the project area.b Communication strategies and consultations rarely •  consider cultural and gender-specific factors. a. In some official development assistance projects funded by the Asian Development Bank (such as the 2013–17 Northern Chu and South Ma River Irrigation Development Project in Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam), a minimum of 40 percent of all participants in resettlement consultation meetings or training sessions must be female. The implementation of this indica- tor has increased women’s participation in resettlement consultations and in training sessions on income restoration. b. The socioeconomic survey of affected households needs to provide data on the preferred communication channels of women and men to facilitate access to information on the project and resettlement policies. 11 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit 2.2.6. Develop a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) The mechanism for redressing complaints/grievances needs to be clearly described in the resettlement plan. Typically, in development projects, handling people’s questions/ complaints starts with community mediations. In ethnic minority areas, the village elders’ councils, the elderly, and the village chiefs are often actively involved in resolving these questions. Complaints/inquiries can also be resolved through formal channels following the steps required by applicable law. Table 8 presents gender issues in designing and implement- ing the complaint/grievance mechanism. Table 8. Grievance redress: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations Some customs and cultural norms may prevent •  Discuss, with women’s groups, the obstacles •  or discourage women from lodging complaints/ women may face when making complaints.a grievances. Develop a gender-sensitive GRM that contains •  Gender perspectives are not considered when •  provisions to address obstacles that women may establishing the grievance redress mechanism encounter in this process. (GRM). Design a simple, accessible, and culturally •  Procedures may be overly burdensome and dis- •  appropriate GRM. A dedicated complaint/ courage women’s participation. grievance intake mechanism for women might GRM-related information may be unavailable or •  be considered.b inaccessible, especially to women’s groups. Ensure that representatives of women’s •  There may be no female representative on the •  organizations are present on the complaint- GRM body. redress board at all levels. Communicate the GRM widely in communities. •  a. In Vietnam, claiming compensation for land is not an easy process, and involves many mandatory procedures that are time-consuming and difficult to follow. In addition, where customs do not recognize women’s rights to land or property, the idea that a woman would reach out to the court system to demand her rights is frowned upon, and so few women PREPARING THE RESETTLEMENT PLAN pursue legal action. b. For example, a mechanism that can accept women’s verbal complaints. Village heads, village elders, representatives of communes, and village women’s unions can participate in resolving complaints related to resettlement. 2.2.7. Refine Institutional Arrangements Institutional arrangements are particularly important to enable a smooth implementation of resettlement activities. A gender-responsive arrangement includes mechanisms to integrate gender concerns in all decisions. In Vietnam, several institutional arrangements still fail to respond to women’s specific needs. Table 9 lists these, along with recommendations on ways to integrate gender-specific concerns. 12 2. Gender Gaps in Resettlement, and Recommendations Table 9. Institutional arrangements: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations Limited awareness and knowledge among •  Train staff of the project management unit •  project-implementing agencies and practitioners and other involved stakeholders in gender on how to incorporate gender into resettlement mainstreaming. processes. Strengthen the internal monitoring capacity of •  Poor performance in efforts to “mainstream” gen- •  the project management unit to ensure compli- der concerns due to lack of personnel or financial ance with gender-mainstreaming requirements in resources. resettlement activities.a Limited knowledge among local authorities and •  Mobilize women’s organizations (such as the •  communities regarding the importance of gender Women’s Union) and ensure their participation in concerns in general, and women’s participation in the site clearance and compensation boards.b particular. a. For example, mainstreaming gender in the internal monitoring of project management units would require the par- ticipation of women in monitoring and evaluation. Monitoring reports (periodic, midterm, and end-of-term) should also include information on how the resettlement activities are working for both men and women and recommendations for improvement as needed. b. According to the Land Law of 2013 in Vietnam, as a representative of women’s rights, the Women’s Union must be involved in resettlement committees (that is, the site clearance and compensation boards) at different levels. PREPARING THE RESETTLEMENT PLAN Photo: Nghi Quy Nguyen, World Bank 13 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit 2.3. Providing Compensation, Resettling People, and Restoring Livelihoods 2.3.1. Implementation of Compensation/Assistance Poor consultation and information disclosure practices might result in difficulties accessing compensation and assistance policies among both women and men. In addition, according PROVIDING COMPENSATION, RESETTLING PEOPLE, AND RESTORING LIVELIHOODS to the (household registration) policy,3 only the household head can represent a household’s interests. To ensure proper access, gender-specific considerations should be included in the implementation of compensation, resettlement, and livelihood restoration, as indicated in the recommendations presented in table 10. Table 10. Implementation of compensation, resettlement, and livelihood restoration: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations Poor information and communication and limited •  Disclose information on compensation and assis- •  consultation can constrain women’s access to tance packages and policies in places and using compensation and assistance programs. means that are easily accessible to women. Women, if not household heads, are often •  Invite all women and men to public meetings on •  excluded from receiving compensation and assis- compensation and assistance packages. tance packages. Recognize/document the legal rights of women •  The inheritance rights of women are not tradition- •  regarding land and property in places where cus- ally recognized, and this is especially disadvanta- toms and laws of traditional inheritance prevail. geous for poor, female-headed households. Encourage both men and women to receive com- •  Only the household head’s name appears on •  pensation money (or transfer money to a joint the land use right certificate. The legal rights of account). women may therefore be violated in the event of Ensure that communication and training programs •  a dispute or divorce. (if any) include content related to gender equality At the household level, women generally have •  in accessing and using compensation money. limited say in the use of compensation money. 2.3.2. Construction of the Resettlement Sites and Relocation The construction of a resettlement site that incorporates a gender dimension is a require- ment to ensure that the needs of women and men are met, and that rights—especially those surrounding women’s land use and house ownership rights—are secured after reloca- tion. Recommendations to promote the integration of a gender perspective at this stage are provided in table 11. 3. The policy is a social management policy in Vietnam whereby all family members are registered in a book main- tained by the local police. The head of the household (most often a man) represents the interests of the household. 14 2. Gender Gaps in Resettlement, and Recommendations Table 11. Construction of the resettlement site and relocation: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations No mechanism in place to enable the participa- •  Set up community supervision of construction •  tion of men and women in monitoring and super- activities with the participation of both men and vising of construction activities. women. PROVIDING COMPENSATION, RESETTLING PEOPLE, AND RESTORING LIVELIHOODS The specific needs of women are not met in the •  Ensure the provision of necessary social infrastruc- •  development of housing in the resettlement site ture (such as schools, kindergartens, post offices, (for example, no places for worship, no bathrooms and markets) in resettlement sites as well as or toilets).a temporary medical support for pregnant women, •  The livelihood patterns might be disrupted due young children, and the elderly. to the need for developing new products and/or Minimize the impact of the relocation process •  markets, and the need to adapt to a new agricul- on community support networks and family tural area that might be much farther away than relations.c the previous one. Consider aspects such as gender, religious beliefs, •  Moving to a totally new area may affect com- •  and indigenous culture in the development of munity and informal social networks, isolating resettlement sites. women in particular. Minimize the transition period. •  The land use rights of women in displaced house- •  Commit to issuing land use right certificates in the •  holds may change, and women may be forced to names of both husband and wife. transfer land rights to other family members.b Extended periods of time required for the con- •  struction of the resettlement area might have a major impact on women, especially those preg- nant or with young children. Relocation might affect the learning and caring of •  children. Men are usually the ones whose names are on the •  land use right certificates. a. Religious practices may be affected when the new home is too far away from temples or spiritual sanctuaries. b. In some localities where customs dictate that men should be respected as the head of the household, females who are heading households may be deprived, by other family members, of the opportunity to take over land because of the notion that only sons may inherit the land of the parents. In addition, after marriage women in Vietnam traditionally move to live in the home of their in-laws. If a husband should die or a couple divorce, the wife’s land and housing may be reclaimed by her husband’s family. c. A resettlement site close to the original home is preferable. In the case of relocation to new sites, to minimize social disruption, the process should be arranged for each group, family lineage, or community affiliation. Doing so makes it pos- sible to replicate social, cultural, and economic patterns in the new sites. 2.3.3. Implementation of Livelihood/Income Restoration Activities During the implementation stage, potential gender gaps can emerge if livelihood restoration is not designed based on thorough analysis and without proper understanding of women’s constraints and opportunities in contributing to the economic development of their house- holds. Table 12 recommends ways to ensure that these problems are avoided. 15 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit Table 12. Implementation of livelihood and restoration activities: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations The design of livelihood restoration activities may •  Ensure that recommendations provided through •  not be based on thorough analysis that includes a the gender analysis generated as part of the focus on the particular needs of woman and men. socioeconomic studies are transformed into spe- Women’s contribution to their households’ eco- •  cific and gender-sensitive livelihood-restoration nomic development may be constrained by family activities. responsibilities. Maximize the participation of women in liveli- •  Language barriers may limit the participation •  hood activities from capacity building to specific of ethnic minority women and men in training interventions. sessions. Where appropriate, deliver training in ethnic •  Women may have limited access to the capital •  minority languages (or arrange interpretation) to or financing needed to change or improve their maximize the understanding of ethnic minority livelihoods (especially where they are less likely to people. participate in decision making on the use of family Develop dedicated livelihood-restoration activi- •  funds). ties for women’s groups as needed. The time and place of vocational training sessions •  Organize vocational training activities (method, •  may not favor women’s participation. venue, and timing) to maximize the participation of women. MONITORING, EVALUATION, AND GENDER INDICATORS 2.4. Monitoring, Evaluation, and Gender Indicators Monitoring and evaluation, if conducted without integrating a gender dimension, will not accurately reflect the impact of resettlement on women and men. A gender-sensitive pro- cess of monitoring and evaluation will track if and how the different needs of women and men have been addressed. Table 13 presents several possible gender gaps in the monitoring and evaluation process and proposes ways to close them. Table 13. Monitoring and evaluation: Gender gaps and ways to address them Possible gender gaps Recommendations Monitoring forms, tables, and datasheets may •  Monitoring forms, tables, and datasheets must •  not be designed to obtain and analyze gender- be designed to enable the generation of gender- disaggregated data. disaggregated data on compensation, resettle- Women’s organizations (such as the Women’s •  ment, restoration of livelihoods, participation in Union) are not invited to participate in monitoring training sessions, complaints, and so on. and evaluation. Mobilize the participation of women’s organiza- •  Gender perspectives may not be adequately •  tions in monitoring and evaluation exercises. included in evaluation reports (baseline, midterm, Consistently include gender perspectives in the •  or final evaluations; independent monitoring terms of reference and subsequently in reports report; and so on).a (baseline, periodic, midterm, and final evaluation). a. Resettlement evaluation reports may lack an analysis of gender differences, as observed both during and after resettlement. 16 ASSESSING AND SCORING GENDER MAINSTREAMING 3. Assessing and Scoring Gender Mainstreaming in Resettlement Activities To facilitate the assessment of gender mainstreaming in resettlement activities at the vari- ous stages, the gender gaps identified in section 2 are addressed in a set of questionnaires. Two options are presented for assessing the level of gender mainstreaming at the various stages of the resettlement process. Questionnaire 1 (table 14) uses a scoring system, and questionnaire 2 (table 15) is a checklist. Both options are expected to help implementing agencies identify gaps in the integration of gender-specific elements in the resettlement process, and guide the development of appropriate action plans to improve a project’s per- formance in gender mainstreaming. 17 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit 3.1. Scoring Checklist Questions and Interpreting Results All proposed questions in table 14 use a Yes/No format. For each answer, a score will be assigned, based on the following rationale: • Core questions (A8, D1, E1, E3, G1, I2, I8, K1) that address critical aspects of the equitable participation of men and women in the consultation process, gender analysis, disclosure, and communication have a score of 5 points for a “yes” answer and zero (0) for a “no” answer. • Other questions have a score of 1 for a “yes” answer. • The total possible score is 100 for projects with a resettlement site, and 85 for projects without a resettlement site. Implementing agencies can refer to the following interpretation of results: • 0–30 percent of total points: You need to take urgent action to ensure that women and men are benefitting from resettlement and livelihood restoration activities. Failure to do so might result in unintended negative consequences for the affected people, particu- larly women and the most vulnerable. Please review the proposed recommendations to address gender gaps and prepare a time-bound action plan. • 31–59 percent of total points and all core questions have a “yes” answer: You have taken some action to promote the equal participation of women and men in resettle- ment and restoration activities; however, more can be done to ensure a smoother and more gender-informed transition and livelihood restoration process. Please review your answers to identify the critical gaps that your project should address and read the rec- ommendations provided in section 2 of this toolkit. On this basis, prepare a time-bound action plan to help address the gender gaps in your project. • 60–90 percent of total points and all core questions have a “yes” answer: Congratu- lations! Your project is considered “gender informed” and you have taken a proactive stance to ensure that the needs and perspectives of men and women are integrated in the design of resettlement and restoration activities. Review your answers and identify remaining gaps. Then go back to the recommendations provided in section 2 of this tool- kit and prepare a time-bound action plan to address the remaining gaps. • 90–100 percent of total points and all core questions have a “yes” answer: Well done! Your project is fully “gender informed” and your experience and lessons learned are CHECKLIST a best-practice example and should be shared widely to support other infrastructure development projects in achieving better outcomes. 18 3. Assessing and Scoring Gender Mainstreaming in Resettlement Activities 3.2. Scoring Gender Integration Table 14. Gender-related questions and scoring system Score given to a specific answer Resettlement Questions (Projects without a resettlement site are not activities required to answer questions highlighted in blue) Yes No Avoidance/ Have the practitioners/engineers consulted the people 1 0 minimization of (especially women) who will be potentially affected during the resettlement in overall design of the project? project design A. Collection of data Impact screening about impacts of A1. Has the review on gender impacts in similar projects been 1 0 resettlement (A1–A13) conducted? A2. Has the preliminary project-related information been 1 0 disclosed in project areas having vulnerable women? A3. Has the project-implementing agency consulted with 1 0 relevant stakeholders, including organizations representing women? A4. Are women’s groups included in the consultation plan (to 1 0 be conducted as part of the resettlement plan preparation)? Socioeconomic survey of affected households A5. Are gender-specific questions included in the household 1 0 socioeconomic survey? A6. Is there a balanced participation of men and women in the 1 0 survey sample? A7. Do the data collection tools include specific methods 1 0 to ensure the participation of women and the collection of gender-specific information (such as focus groups or separate meetings for men and women)? A8. Does the socioeconomic report include a gender analysis 5 0 of the resettlement-related issues of affected households? A9. Are there any specific gender-related recommendations 1 0 included in the socioeconomic report? Inventory of losses A10. Do husband and wife both participate in the inventory of 1 0 losses? A11. Is information related to the ownership rights (legal or 1 0 recognized by custom) of both husband and wife included in CHECKLIST the inventory documents? A12. Do women’s organizations make up part of the inventory 1 0 team? A13. Is the loss inventory signed by both husband and wife? 1 0 (continued) 19 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit Table 14. Continued Resettlement Questions (Projects without a resettlement site are not Score given to a activities required to answer questions highlighted in blue) specific answer B. Design and B1. Has the draft compensation plan been disclosed to all 1 0 completion of affected households, including poor and female-headed compensation/ households? assistance package B2. Is the consultation setup (time, venue, invitation letter) 1 0 (B1–B6) convenient for women and encouraging of their participation? B3. Did the project-implementing agency consider ownership 1 0 (whether legal or as recognized by custom) when preparing compensation plans? B4. Have the preferences of both men and women been 1 0 considered and integrated in the compensation packages? B5. Have the consultation meetings been properly 1 0 documented? B6. Do women’s organizations participate in the Committee 1 0 for Compensation, Resettlement, and Support? C. Preparation of C1. Has the relocation plan been disclosed to all men and 1 0 relocation plan women in affected households? resettlement site(s) C2. Are there measures in place (included in relocation or 1 0 (C1–C4) other relevant plans) to minimize the disturbance/disruption of existing social networks of women? C3. Has the project-implementing agency clearly 1 0 communicated the location of the resettlement site to relevant stakeholders? C4. Are there mechanisms in place to promote women’s 1 0 participation in consultation meetings? D. Development of D1. Has the project-implementing agency translated gender- 5 0 livelihood restoration related analysis into specific interventions in the livelihood program (D1–D5) restoration program? D2. Are there any gender-sensitive criteria included in the 1 0 eligibility criteria for the livelihood restoration program? D3. Is there any mechanism encouraging women’s participation 1 0 in livelihood restoration activities? D4. Are there any women-targeted livelihood activities in the 1 0 project livelihood restoration programs? D5. Are analyses of income generation opportunities in 1 0 resettlement sites available to inform the development of agriculture extension or other relevant training sessions? CHECKLIST (continued) 20 3. Assessing and Scoring Gender Mainstreaming in Resettlement Activities Table 14. Continued Resettlement Questions (Projects without a resettlement site are not Score given to a activities required to answer questions highlighted in blue) specific answer E. Information E1. Has project information been disclosed at locations easily 5 0 disclosure, accessible to all community members? participation, and E2. Is consultation required throughout the resettlement 1 0 consultation (E1–E7) processes? E3. Is there a threshold set for the minimum percentage of 5 0 female participants required in consultation meetings at the local level? E4. Does the project-implementing agency hold consultation 1 0 meetings at a convenient time and location to maximize women’s participation? E5. Are there any consultation meetings specifically organized 1 0 for women? E6. Have the implementing agencies translated project-related 1 0 information into appropriate ethnic minority languages (if necessary)? E7. Does the project-implementing agency use women’s 1 0 preferred channels for communication? Are these preferred channels known? F. Development of F1. Have complaints been discussed with community members, 1 0 complaint mechanism including women? (F1–F4) F2. Are there any provisions in the grievance redress 1 0 mechanism (GRM) to facilitate the intake of complaints from women? F3. Do women’s organizations participate in the GRM? 1 0 F4. Has the GRM been widely communicated in communities? 1 0 G. Institutional G1. Are there any gender-sensitive training programs 5 0 arrangements (G1–G3) developed for staff of the resettlement/project management unit and other relevant stakeholders? G2. Are gender-related issues included in the internal 1 0 monitoring tools of the project management unit? G3. Do women’s organizations participate in monitoring 1 0 exercises? H. Implementation H1. Have compensation and assistance policies been disclosed 1 0 of compensation/ in the project area? assistance (H1–H4) H2. Have women been invited to participate in meetings on 1 0 CHECKLIST the compensation and assistance packages? H3. Does the project-implementing agency encourage both 1 0 husband and wife to jointly attend the compensation payment day? H4. Have messages on gender equality in accessing and using 1 0 compensation money been included in community outreach activities? (continued) 21 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit Table 14. Continued Resettlement Questions (Projects without a resettlement site are not Score given to a activities required to answer questions highlighted in blue) specific answer I. Construction of I1. Are there female members of the community supervision 1 0 resettlement site and board (to supervise resettlement site construction)? relocation (I1–I8) I2. Has basic social infrastructure (schools, health centers, 5 0 water supply) been developed at the resettlement site? I3. Is there medical support infrastructure (such as facilities for 1 0 prenatal and infant care) available at the resettlement site? I4. Have the religious and cultural characteristics of the local 1 0 people been considered in the development/construction of the resettlement site? I5. Have recommendations on the resettlement site made by 1 men and women, and taking into consideration their specific needs, been implemented? 0 I6. Have measures to minimize the disturbance and disruption 1 0 of informal safety nets and community assistance networks been implemented? I7. Has the transition period been minimized? 1 0 I8. Has the local government committed to issuing the land 5 0 use right certificate in the names of both husband and wife for relocated households? J. Implementation of J1. Has the project-implementing agency developed a list of 1 0 livelihood/income livelihood activities based on the findings and results of the restoration activities gender analysis conducted as part of the socioeconomic (J1–J6) survey? J2. Have mechanisms promoting women’s participation (in 1 0 training and livelihood activities) been properly implemented? J3. Where relevant, has training been delivered in the ethnic 1 0 minority language? J4. Have livelihood restoration activities targeting women been 1 0 implemented? J5. Are any training or outreach activities targeting men and 1 0 women (in affected households and host communities) available before relocation? J6. Is there any training (in relocated households and the host 1 0 community) that seeks to prepare women for relocation? CHECKLIST (continued) 22 3. Assessing and Scoring Gender Mainstreaming in Resettlement Activities Table 14. Continued Resettlement Questions (Projects without a resettlement site are not Score given to a activities required to answer questions highlighted in blue) specific answer K. Monitoring and K1. Are the monitoring forms/tables/datasheets designed to 5 0 evaluation (K1–K7) collect and prepare gender-disaggregated data and report for all resettlement components? K2. Is the gender analysis requirement included in the terms of 1 0 reference for the project’s baseline assessment? K3. Is the gender analysis requirement included in the terms of 1 0 reference for the project’s midterm review? K4. Is the gender analysis requirement included in the terms of 1 0 reference for the project’s final evaluation? K5. Are findings of the gender analysis included in the project’s 1 0 baseline assessment report? K6. Are findings of the gender analysis included in the project’s 1 0 midterm review report? K7. Are findings of the gender analysis included in the project’s 1 0 final evaluation report? Total (for project with 100 resettlement site) Total (for project 85 without resettlement site) CHECKLIST 23 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit 3.3. Ready-to-Use Checklist for Gender-Informed Resettlement Project: Subproject: Project age: Province: District: READY-TO-USE CHECKLIST FOR GENDER-INFORMED RESETTLEMENT Table 15. Ready-to-use questionnaire/checklist for gender-informed resettlement Yes No Avoidance/minimization Have practitioners/engineers consulted the people (especially women) who will be potentially affected during the overall design of the project? A. Collection of data about impacts of resettlement A1. Has a review of the gender impacts of similar projects been conducted? A2. Has preliminary project-related information been disclosed in project areas with vulnerable women? A3. Has the project-implementing agency consulted with relevant stakeholders, including organizations representing women? A4. Are women’s groups included in the consultation plan (to be conducted as part of the resettlement plan preparation)? A5. Are gender-specific questions included in the household socioeconomic survey? A6. Is there a balanced participation of men and women in the survey sample? A7. Do the data collection tools include specific methods to ensure the participation of women and the collection of gender-specific information (such as focus groups or separate meetings for men and women)? A8. Does the socioeconomic report include gender analysis of the resettlement-related issues of affected households? A9. Are there any specific gender-related recommendations included in the socioeconomic report? A10. Do husband and wife both participate in the inventory of losses? A11. Is information related to ownership rights (legal or recognized by custom) of both husband and wife included in the inventory documents? A12. Do women’s representative organizations make up part of the inventory team? A13. Are loss inventories signed by both husband and wife? (continued) 24 3. Assessing and Scoring Gender Mainstreaming in Resettlement Activities Table 15. Continued B. Design and completion of compensation/assistance package B1. Has the draft compensation plan been disclosed to all affected households, including poor and female-headed households? B2. Is the consultation setup (time, venue, invitation letter) convenient for women and encouraging of their participation? B3. Did the project-implementing agency consider ownership (whether legal or recognized by custom) when preparing compensation plans? B4. Have the preferences of both men and women been considered and integrated in the compensation packages? B5. Have the consultation meetings been properly documented? B6. Do women’s organizations participate in the Committee for Compensation, Resettlement, READY-TO-USE CHECKLIST FOR GENDER-INFORMED RESETTLEMENT and Support? C. Preparation of relocation plan and construction of resettlement site C1. Has the relocation plan been disclosed to all men and women in affected households? C2. Are there measures in place (included in relocation or other relevant plans) to minimize the disturbance/disruption of women’s existing social networks? C3. Has the project-implementing agency clearly communicated the location of the resettlement site to relevant stakeholders? C4. Are mechanisms in place to promote women’s participation in consultation meetings? D. Development of livelihood restoration program D1. Has the project-implementing agency translated gender-related analysis into specific interventions in the livelihood restoration program? D2. Are there any gender-sensitive criteria included in the eligibility criteria for the livelihood restoration program? D3. Is there any mechanism encouraging women’s participation in livelihood restoration activities? D4. Are there any women-targeted livelihood activities in the project livelihood restoration programs? D5. Are analyses of income generation opportunities in resettlement sites available to inform the development of an agriculture extension or other relevant training session? E. Information disclosure, participation, and consultation E1. Has project information been disclosed at locations easily accessible to all community members? E2. Is consultation required throughout the resettlement processes? E3. Is there a threshold set for the minimum percentage of female participants required in consultation meetings at the local level? E4. Does the project-implementing agency hold consultation meetings at a convenient time and location to maximize women’s participation? E5. Are there any consultation meetings specifically organized for women? (continued) 25 How to Ensure Better Outcomes for Men and Women in Resettlement—A Toolkit Table 15. Continued Yes No E6. Have the implementing agencies translated project-related information into appropriate ethnic minority languages (if necessary)? E7. Does the project-implementing agency use women’s preferred channels for communication? Are these preferred channels known? F. Development of complaint mechanism F1. Have the complaint issues been discussed with community members, including women? F2. Are there any provisions in the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) facilitating the intake of complaints from women? F3. Do women’s organizations participate in the GRM? F4. Has the GRM been widely communicated in the communities? READY-TO-USE CHECKLIST FOR GENDER-INFORMED RESETTLEMENT G. Institutional arrangements G1. Are there any gender-sensitive training programs developed for the staff of the resettlement/project management unit and other relevant stakeholders? G2. Are gender-related issues included in the internal monitoring tools of the project management unit? G3. Do women’s organizations participate in monitoring exercises? H. Implementation of compensation/assistance package H1. Have compensation and assistance policies been disclosed in the project area? H2. Have women been invited to participate in meetings on the compensation and assistance packages? H3. Does the project-implementing agency encourage both husband and wife to jointly attend the compensation payment day? H4. Have messages on gender equality in accessing and using compensation money been included in community outreach activities? I. Construction of resettlement sites and relocation I1. Are there female members of the community supervision board (to supervise the resettlement site construction)? I2. Has basic social infrastructure (a school, health center, water supply) been developed at the resettlement site? I3. Is there medical support infrastructure (such as facilities for prenatal and infant care) available at the resettlement site? I4. Have the religious and cultural characteristics of the local people been considered in the development/construction of the resettlement site? I5. Have recommendations on the resettlement site made by men and women, taking into consideration their specific needs, been implemented? I6. Have mitigation measures to minimize the disturbance and disruption of informal safety nets and community assistance networks been implemented? I7. Has the transition period been minimized? I8. Has the local government committed to issuing the land use right certificate in the names of both husband and wife for relocated households? (continued) 26 3. Assessing and Scoring Gender Mainstreaming in Resettlement Activities Table 15. Continued Yes No J. Implementation of livelihood/income restoration activities J1. Has the project-implementing agency developed livelihood activities based on the findings and results of the gender analysis conducted as part of the socioeconomic survey? J2. Have mechanisms promoting women’s participation in training and livelihood activities been properly implemented? J3. Where relevant, has training been delivered in the ethnic minority language? J4. Have livelihood restoration activities targeting women been implemented? J5. Are any training or outreach activities targeting both men and women (in affected households and host communities) available before relocation? J6. Is any training (in relocated households and the host community) available to prepare women READY-TO-USE CHECKLIST FOR GENDER-INFORMED RESETTLEMENT for relocation? K. Monitoring and evaluation K1. Are the monitoring forms/tables/datasheets designed to collect and prepare gender- disaggregated data and report for all resettlement components? K2. Is the gender analysis requirement included in the terms of reference for the project’s baseline assessment? K3. Is the gender analysis requirement included in the terms of reference for the project’s midterm review? K4. Is the gender analysis requirement included in the terms of reference for the project’s final evaluation? K5. Are findings of the gender analysis included in the project’s baseline assessment report? K6. Are findings of the gender analysis included in the project’s midterm review report? K7. Are findings of the gender analysis included in the project’s final evaluation report? 27 References Cernea, Michael. 1999. The Economics of Involuntary Resettlment: Questions and Challenges. Directions in Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/790851468773055283/pdf/multi-page.pdf. NCFAW (National Committee for the Advancement of Women). 2001. Strengthening Changes: Ground for Gender Main- streaming. Gender Equality ASEAN program, Hanoi. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2013. The Women’s Access to Land in Contemporary Vietnam. http://www. vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/en/home/library/democratic_governance/women_access_to_land_in_viet_nam.html. United Nations. 2002. Gender Mainstreaming: An Overview. Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women. New York: United Nations. World Bank. 2012. World Development Report 2012, Gender Equality and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. ———. 2017a. ESS5 “Environmental and Social Standard 5. Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettle- ment.” World Bank Environmental and Social Framework, World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. 2017b. “Results of Collaboration for Social Inclusion in the Trung Son Hydro Power Project, Vietnam.” Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. REFERENCES 28 Publication of this toolkit was made possible by the East Asia and Pacific Gender Capacity Project led by the EAP Social Development Unit of the World Bank. The objective of the project is to heighten awareness of and demand for gender-smart innovations by building client capacity and promoting learning on strategic topics that are regional or country priorities. For further information, please contact: Lourdes Anducta, Program Assistant, GSURR, landucta@worldbank.org Photo credit—front and back: World Bank