Articles Progress on impoverishing health spending in 122 countries: a retrospective observational study Adam Wagstaff*, Gabriela Flores*, Marc-François Smitz, Justine Hsu, Kateryna Chepynoga, Patrick Eozenou* Summary Background The goal of universal health coverage (UHC) requires that families who get needed health care do not Lancet Glob Health 2017 suffer financial hardship as a result. This can be measured by instances of impoverishment, when a household’s Published Online consumption including out-of-pocket spending on health is more than the poverty line but its consumption, excluding December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ out-of-pocket spending, is less than the poverty line. This links UHC directly to the policy goal of reducing poverty. S2214-109X(17)30486-2 *Contributed equally Methods We measure the incidence and depth of impoverishment as the difference in the poverty head count and World Bank, Washington, DC, poverty gap with and without out-of-pocket spending included in household total consumption. We use three poverty USA (A Wagstaff DPhil, lines: the US$1·90 per day and $3·10 per day international poverty lines and a relative poverty line of 50% of median M-F Smitz MSc, P Eozenou PhD); consumption per capita. We estimate impoverishment in 122 countries using 516 surveys between 1984 and 2015. We and World Health estimate the global incidence of impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments by aggregating up from each country, Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (G Flores PhD, using a survey for the year in question when available, and interpolation and model-based estimates otherwise. We do J Hsu MSc, K Chepynoga MA) not derive global estimates to measure the depth of impoverishment but focus on the median depth for the Correspondence to: 122 countries in our sample, accounting for 90% of the world’s population. Dr Adam Wagstaff, Development Research Group, World Bank, Findings We find impoverishment due to out-of-pocket spending even in countries where the entire population is Washington, DC 20433, USA awagstaff@worldbank.org officially covered by a health insurance scheme or by national or subnational health services. Incidence is negatively correlated with the share of total health spending channelled through social security funds and other government agencies. Across countries, the population-weighted median annual rate of change of impoverishment is negative at the $1·90 per day poverty line but positive at the $3·10 per day and relative poverty lines. We estimate that at the $1·90 per day poverty line, the worldwide incidence of impoverishment decreased between 2000 and 2010, from 131 million people (2·1% of the world’s population) to 97 million people (1·4%). The population-weighted median of the poverty gap increase attributable to out-of-pocket health expenditures among the 122 countries in our sample are ¢1·22 per capita at the $1·90 per day poverty line and ¢3·74 per capita at the $3·10 per day poverty line. In all countries, out-of-pocket spending can be both catastrophic and impoverishing at all income levels, but this partly depends on the choice of the poverty line. Interpretation Out-of-pocket spending on health can add to the poverty head count and the depth of poverty by diverting household spending from non-health budget items. The scale of such impoverishment varies between countries and depends on the poverty line but might in some low-income countries account for as much as four percentage points of the poverty head count. Increasing the share of total health expenditure that is prepaid, especially through taxes and mandatory contributions, can help reduce impoverishment. Funding Rockefeller Foundation, Ministry of Health of Japan, and UK Department for International Development. Copyright © 2017 The World Bank and World Health Organization. Published by Elsevier. This is an Open Access Article published under the CC BY 3.0 IGO license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any use of this Article, there should be no suggestion that The World Bank or WHO endorse any specific organisation, products, or services. The use of The World Bank or the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the Article’s original URL. Introduction can be captured through two indicators.2,3 In a companion Although the share of health spending financed out of paper,4 we present global estimates for one of them, pocket has been decreasing worldwide, out-of-pocket namely so-called catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditures, spending as a share of household consumption has been defined as expenditures that are especially large relative to increasing.1 This poses a challenge to attaining both a family’s total income or consumption; this is the official aspects of universal health coverage (UHC): that everyone, UHC financial protection monitoring indicator for the poor and rich alike, should receive needed health care, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.8.2. Here we and that families who do get needed care do not suffer present results for the second widely used indicator of undue financial hardship as a result.2 This second financial protection, namely impoverishment due to out- dimension of UHC, referred to as financial protection, of-pocket health spending.3,5–10 This is not an official SDG www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 1 Articles Research in context Evidence before this study study, we analyse country-level correlates of impoverishment, The most recent global study on impoverishing out-of-pocket but do so using 516 datapoints rather than 11 datapoints, and expenditures was based on 116 surveys covering 89 countries we explore how impoverishing health payments vary with the with a median survey year of 1997. That study classified a share of total health spending channelled through different household as poor if its consumption fell short of an allowance types of publicly and privately financed prepayment for food expenditures. The latter was set equal to average food arrangements. For a selection of countries, we also explore the spending among households whose food spending share (as a degree to which impoverishment is associated with the fraction percentage of total consumption) was in the 45th to of the population covered by a health insurance scheme or by a 55th percentile range, the assumption being that, at least in national or subnational health service, an indicator proposed by low-income and middle-income countries, the food intake of some but rejected by others as a possible measure of universal this group averages 2000 kcal. 100 million people worldwide and health coverage. We also explore the relation between annually (an additional 1·7% of the population) were estimated catastrophic and impoverishing out-of-pocket spending at the to have fallen into poverty because of out-of-pocket health country and global levels and show that it partly depends on spending, with 90% of those people living in low-income the choice of the poverty line. countries. The study did not explore the relationship between Implications of the available evidence impoverishing spending and macroeconomic and health-system Out-of-pocket health expenditures divert household characteristics, and it did not measure the extent to which spending from non-medical budget items such as food and out-of-pocket expenditures exacerbate the depth of poverty. shelter and can make the difference between a household’s A regional study of 11 low-income and middle-income Asian (non-medical) consumption being above the poverty line and countries estimated the impoverishing effects of out-of-pocket being below it; this impoverishment adds to the poverty head payments and the extent to which they increase the depth of count. We estimate that in 2010, 97 million people were poverty using the prevailing US$1 per day and $2 per day impoverished by out-of-pocket spending on health care at international poverty lines. An additional 2·7% of the the $1·90 per day poverty line, equivalent to 1·4% of the population under study (78 million people) was estimated to world’s population. This represents a decrease from 2010, have fallen below the $1 per day poverty line through when 131 million people (2·1% of the world’s population) out-of-pocket health payments (57 million people at the were impoverished from out-of-pocket spending on health $2 per day poverty line), and out-of-pocket spending was care. By contrast, at the $3·10 per day and relative poverty estimated to have increased the poverty gap by 18% at the lines, the number of people impoverished by health spending $1 per day poverty line (7% at the $2 per day poverty line). increased between 2000 and 2010, from 105 million people Positive partial correlations were found between (1·7% of the population) to 122 million people (1·8%) in the impoverishment and national reliance on out-of-pocket health case of the $3·10 per day poverty line, and from 79 million financing (p=0·18) and the prepayment poverty rate (p=0·07). people (1·3%) to 103 million people (1·5%) in the case of the After controlling for the share of health finance from relative poverty line. The incidence of impoverishment varies out-of-pocket payments and the poverty rate, neither national between countries that legally and automatically cover their income per head nor the distribution of health payments in populations through national or subnational health services relation to total household consumption were significant. or through a national health insurance programme. However, Added value of this study we find that the incidence of impoverishment decreases with We use the international extreme poverty line (one of the both the share of health spending that is channelled through poverty lines used to monitor Sustainable Development Goal 1) social security funds and the share channelled through other and poverty lines capturing moderate absolute poverty and government agencies. Catastrophic spending and relative poverty. We measure the incidence of impoverishing impoverishment are different aspects of financial protection. health spending and its depth to capture the effect of In all countries, out-of-pocket spending can be both out-of-pocket payments on the living standards of both poor catastrophic and impoverishing, and this partly depends on and non-poor people. We use more recent data than the the choice of the poverty line: in high-income countries, previous two studies, extend the country coverage from out-of-pocket spending is very rarely impoverishing if the 89 countries to 122 countries, report data on trends for extreme poverty line is used. But in both poor and rich 84 countries, and estimate impoverishment worldwide for countries, out-of-pocket spending can be both impoverishing 3 years (2000, 2005, and 2010). Like the previous regional and catastrophic if a relative poverty line is used. indicator but supplements the catastrophic payment that are also considered necessary to sustaining living indicator by estimating how much poverty is increased by standards and life itself.11,12 This indicator therefore links households having to pay out of pocket for health care and UHC directly to the first SDG goal, namely to end poverty thereby diverting resources from other goods and services in all its forms everywhere. 2 www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 Articles Our study data provide an update and extension of We measure impoverishment incidence as the change datasets from two previous studies of impoverishment in poverty head count with and without out-of-pocket due to out-of-pocket health spending: a global 2007 study13 spending included in consumption (or income).3 This of 89 countries that used a food-based poverty line; and a head count measure does not tell us how far such 2006 regional study5 of 11 Asian countries that used the households are pushed below the poverty line. Nor does it then US$1 per day and $2 per day international poverty capture the fact that some households that are already lines. We use the new $1·90 per day and $3·10 per day poor might be pushed even further into poverty by their international poverty lines (at 2011 purchasing power out-of-pocket health spending. These two facets of parity [PPP] factors) and a relative poverty line equal to impoverishment can be captured by the change in the 50% of median consumption—an approach that is poverty gap attributable to out-of-pocket spending, which commonly used14 to construct poverty lines in countries captures the addition to the depth of poverty due to out-of- within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation pocket spending. In the case of a household impoverished and Development (OECD). We extend country coverage by out-of-pocket spending, the change in the gap is the to 122 countries (median year 2005), estimate annual amount by which out-of-pocket spending pushes the average changes for 93 countries, and report global and household below the poverty line. In the case of a regional estimates for 2000, 2005, and 2010. We also household that is already poor, the change in the poverty search through a broader set of macro­ economic and gap is equal to the full amount of the household’s out-of- health-system variables that might be associated with the pocket spending. These amounts are then averaged across incidence of impoverishment at the national level. We go all households to get the overall average change in the beyond reporting the incidence of impoverishment by poverty gap due to out-of-pocket health spending. If looking at its depth. This allows us to capture the poverty multiplied by the poverty line, it can be thought of as the effect of out-of-pocket spending among the poor, which is average per-capita amount by which out-of-pocket not captured by the incidence of impoverishment. spending pushes or further pushes households below the poverty line. We do not report changes in poverty gap Methods using relative poverty lines because we have expressed Impoverishing payments as a measure of financial poverty gap additions due to out-of-pocket payments in hardship US$ terms; this is possible with an absolute poverty line We say a household is impoverished by out-of-pocket in US$ terms, but with relative poverty lines, the amounts spending on health when its consumption, excluding its would depend on the sample of countries used and would out-of-pocket spending (which we think of as the amount have no absolute meaning. it had to spend on non-health budget items given the We use three different poverty lines. The first is the occurrence of the health event that necessitated the out- international $1·90 per day poverty line, which is often of-pocket spending), is less than the poverty line but referred to as the extreme poverty line. It is an updating its consumption, including its out-of-pocket spending of the old $1·25 per day poverty line and underlies (which we think of as the amount it would have had to SDG target 1.1.15 The second poverty line is the $3·10 per spend on non-health budget items in the absence of the day international poverty line, which is an updating of health event), is more than the poverty line. The idea is the old $2·00 per day poverty line commonly used that such a household was forced by the adverse health for middle-income countries.15 The third poverty line event to divert spending away from non-health budget is a relative poverty line, defined as 50% of median items to such an extent that its spending on these items consumption (or income where consumption is un­ went from being above the poverty line to being below available). This is the line that comes closest to the one the poverty line. used by the OECD-14 countries and one of the poverty From a policy perspective, a concern about im­ lines used by the influential Luxembourg Income Study poverishment is closely linked to a concern about poverty. (the others being 40% and 60%), and it is close to the By contrast, catastrophic spending, which involves poverty line used by Eurostat (60%). households spending above a prespecified share of their Household consumption or income, out-of-pocket total consumption or income on out-of-pocket spending, expenditures on health, and poverty lines are all reflects a concern about a sharp drop in living standards measured by their daily value per capita. International irrespective of whether it is impoverishing or not. poverty lines are converted to local currency units (LCUs) Impoverishment need not imply catastrophic spending, using 2011 PPP exchange rates and consumer price and vice versa: a household could spend a relatively large indices (CPIs). In other words, if a country’s PPP for fraction of its income or consumption on out-of-pocket private consumption in 2011 is 2·5 (2·5 LCUs to $1), payments and yet be sufficiently far from the poverty line then the $1·90 per day poverty line is equivalent to not to be impoverished; conversely, a household could be 4·75 LCUs per day in 2011. Suppose that the household sufficiently close to the poverty line to be impoverished survey data at hand is for 2015, and the CPI for that year without spending a large fraction of its income or is 95 (with 2011=100 or a 5% reduction in consumer consumption on out-of-pocket payments. prices for private consumption), then the $1·90 per day www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 3 Articles poverty line in LCUs for 2011 is equivalent to micro (ie, unit-record) data from nationally representative ×  (1·9  2·5=4·75)  0·95=4·51 LCUs per day for 2015. ×  household surveys containing information on out-of- Similarly, the $3·10 per day poverty line would be pocket health spending and total household consumption equivalent to (3·1  2·5  ×  × 0·95)=7·4 LCUs per day for (or, when unavailable, income). We use essentially the 2015. PPP data are downloadable from the World Bank’s same dataset as in our previous report,4 which provides For World Development World Development Indicators website. Data on CPIs are details of the database assembly and a map showing Indicators see https://data. downloadable from the World Development Indicators coverage of the surveys used by country and decade worldbank.org/data-catalog/ website and from the World Bank’s PovcalNet. (breakdowns of surveys by type of survey and survey world-development-indicators coverage by decade and UN region are provided in the For PovcalNet see http://iresearch.worldbank.org/ Estimating impoverishing spending aggregates appendix). The difference between the two datasets is that PovcalNet/povOnDemand.aspx Our household surveys are nationally representative, so we imposed additional quality checks in the analysis of our analysis of a household survey leads directly to a impoverishment requiring that our poverty estimates be national estimate of the incidence of impoverishing close to those reported in the World Bank’s poverty spending for that country in that year. We also estimated database PovcalNet. the regional and global incidence of impoverishing spending, using UN regions and three reference years Household living standards (2000, 2005, and 2010). The process is described in a Income is difficult to measure in low-income countries, See Online for appendix previous paper4 and in the appendix. Briefly, building on in part because many families produce and consume the World Bank’s approach to estimating global some of their food on a family plot and this does poverty,16,17 these estimates are produced by lining up not appear as income.12 Consumption is therefore datapoints to a reference year by using a combination of more widely used, except in a few middle-income and survey-based values, interpolation and extrapolation high-income countries where we have used income based on econometric modelling, and imputation using in the absence of data on consumption. Ideally, a regional medians. We do not report uncertainty intervals consumption aggregate should capture consumption for the regional estimates because, as far as we know, no across a broad range of categories. It should also capture agreed methodology exists for computing such intervals, the use value of durables.12 Housing should also be given the variation in the way the point estimates included, measured by the value of the flow of services underlying the regional estimates are constructed. These that the household receives from occupying its dwelling.18 estimates, and the aggregate correlates below, were We have not attempted to reconstruct a consumption obtained using STATA version 14. aggregate for our datapoints but rather rely on datasets for which an aggregate already exists. Aggregate correlates of impoverishing spending To explore the partial relation between a country’s Out-of-pocket spending incidence of impoverishing out-of-pocket health Out-of-pocket spending includes payments made by the expenditures and various macroeconomic indicators and user at the point of use and includes cost-sharing and health-system characteristics, we used multiple linear informal payments, both in kind and in cash, but regression. We included the same variables as previously excludes payments by a third party payer.19 We have described,4 which are essentially those used in the previously discussed the definitions and challenges aforementioned regional and global studies,5,13 namely per- associated with measuring out-of-pocket spending in capita gross domestic product (GDP), the Gini index of household surveys.4 All out-of-pocket spending data have income inequality, total health expenditure as a percentage been annualised. of GDP, social security (health) expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure, other government (health) Data on the macroeconomic and health-system expenditure (eg, Ministry of Health, subnational indicators governments) as a percentage of total health expenditure, Data sources for the macroeconomic and health- private (health) insurance as a percentage of total health system correlates are the same as used previously,4 but expenditure, and non-profit (health) expenditure (ie, non- the poverty rates were computed as part of the profit institutions serving house­ holds such as non- impoverishment calculations in this study. governmental organisations) as a percentage of total health expenditure. Additionally, we included national poverty Data sharing rates at the $1·90, $3·10, and relative poverty lines. We also The data are downloadable from https://data.worldbank. interacted GDP per capita with itself (ie, GDP per capita org/universal-health-coverage or http://apps.who.int/ squared) and with each of the other variables. gho/cabinet/uhc.jsp. Household datasets Role of the funding source To measure a country’s incidence of impoverishment The funding sources did not have any role in the design, due to out-of-pocket health expenditures, we require conduct, analysis, or writing up of the study. The 4 www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 Articles A $1·90 per day poverty line Percentage of population 1·73–4·51 1·28–1·72 0·81–1·27 0·55–0·80 0–0·54 No data B $3·10 per day poverty line Percentage of population 1·73–6·15 1·28–1·72 0·81–1·27 0·55–0·80 0–0·54 No data C 50% median poverty line Percentage of population 1·73–6·15 1·28–1·72 0·81–1·27 0·55–0·80 0–0·54 No data Figure 1: Incidence of impoverishing health spending at the US$1·90 per day (A), $3·10 per day(B), and 50% median (C) poverty lines, latest year Numbers are population percentages and refer to most recent survey. The surveys range from 1992 to 2015, with a median of 2005 (IQR 2001–2009). Cutpoints for all charts are selected such that countries are divided into five equal-sized groups at the relative poverty line. www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 5 Articles A $1·90 per day poverty line Poverty gap due to out-of-pocket spending (US¢) 2·57–9·07 0·66–2·56 0·03–0·65 0–0·02 No data B $3·10 per day poverty line Poverty gap due to out-of-pocket spending (US¢) 2·57–13·94 0·66–2·56 0·03–0·65 0–0·02 No data Figure 2: Poverty gap due to out-of-pocket spending at the US$1·90 per day (A) and $3·10 per day (B) poverty lines Numbers are population percentages and refer to most recent survey. The surveys range from 1992 to 2015, with a median of 2005 (IQR 2001–2009). Cutpoints for both charts are selected such that countries are divided into four equal-sized groups at the $3·10-a-day poverty line. corresponding author had full access to all the study data varying in the case of the $3·10 per day poverty line from and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for ¢0 per capita (in 2011 PPP US$) in most high-income publication. countries (and some middle-income countries) to more than ¢8 per capita in Cambodia and Guinea. In Results interpreting these rather small numbers, it needs to be The incidence of impoverishing out-of-pocket payments kept in mind that the poverty gap increases are averaged at the $1·90 per day poverty line in our most recent across the entire population of a given country, whereas surveys varies markedly between countries (figure 1), only a small fraction of households both spend on health from no impoverishment in most high-income countries and are pushed into or further into poverty by out-of- (and some middle-income countries) to more than 4% in pocket spending, and that if households are poor or near Bangladesh and India. The population-weighted median poor, they might be spending on health care but might incidence of impoverishment is 1·86% at the $1·90 per not actually be spending much in US$ terms because day line, 2·44% at the $3·10 per day line, and 1·83% at they have not got many dollars to start with. The the relative poverty line. population-weighted median of the poverty gap increase The poverty gap increase attributable to out-of-pocket attributable to out-of-pocket health expenditures is health expenditures (ie, the average per-capita amount by ¢1·22 per capita at the $1·90 per day line and ¢3·74 per which out-of-pocket spending pushes or further pushes capita at the $3·10 per day line. households below the poverty line) in our most recent The relation at the country level between impoverishing surveys also varies markedly between countries (figure 2), and catastrophic out-of-pocket spending is shown in the 6 www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 Articles A B 15 Catastrophic payment line 10% Catastrophic payment line 10% Non-medical expenses (US$ per day) 10 Not catastrophic Not catastrophic Catastrophic Catastrophic 5 Poverty line $1·90-a-day Relative poverty line 0 0 0·5 0·5 1·5 2 0 0·5 0·5 1·5 2 C D 150 Not impoverished Catastrophic payment line 10% Catastrophic payment line 10% Impoverished Non-medical expenses (US$ per day) 100 Not catastrophic Catastrophic Not catastrophic Catastrophic 50 Relative poverty line Poverty line $1·90 per day 0 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 Medical expenses (US$ per day) Medical expenses (US$ per day) Figure 3: Impoverishing versus catastrophic spending in a selected lower-middle-income country and a selected high-income country, US$1·90 per day versus relative poverty lines, 2010 (A) Lower-middle-income country, absolute extreme ($1·90 per day) poverty line: not catastrophic or impoverishing: 85 ·7% of households; impoverishing only: 0·8%; catastrophic only 10·4%; catastrophic and impoverishing: 3·1%. (B) Lower-middle-income country, relative (50% of median consumption) poverty line: not catastrophic or impoverishing: 86·1% of households; impoverishing only: 0·4%; catastrophic only: 11·3%; catastrophic and impoverishing: 2·2%. (C) High-income country, absolute extreme ($1·90 per day) poverty line: not catastrophic or impoverishing: 76·0%; impoverishing only: 0%; catastrophic only: 24·0%; catastrophic and impoverishing: 0%. (D) High-income country, relative (50% of median consumption) poverty line: not catastrophic or impoverishing 75·4%; impoverishing only: 0·6%; catastrophic only: 21·7%; catastrophic and impoverishing: 2·3%. scatter plots for two specific but unnamed countries— picture is very different: there is no impoverishment, and one a lower-middle-income country, the other a high- 24·0% of the population incurs catastrophic spending. income country (figure 3); the scatter plots show both the This result is to be expected because the World Bank $1·90 per day poverty line and the relative poverty line. recently estimated20 that the relevant absolute poverty The catastrophic payment threshold is set at 10%, which line for high-income countries is almost ten times the means that non-medical consumption is less than extreme line of poverty, namely $21·70 per day at nine times out-of-pocket spending. Points below the 2011 PPP. The two countries look more similar when we catastrophic payment line in the graphs identify such use a relative poverty line (figure 3 B, D), with similar cases of catastrophic out-of-pocket spending. Any proportions (about 2%) of the population incurring both instance of impoverishment must be below the poverty catastrophic and impover­ ishing payments and similar line, but below the poverty line there are also already percentages incurring only impoverishing payments; the poor households whose out-of-pocket spending has difference is in the proportion of households that incur pushed them even further below the poverty line. In the catastrophic but not impoverishing payments (11·3% in case of the lower-middle-income country at the $1·90 per the lower-middle-income country vs 21·7% in the high- day poverty line (figure 3 A), 85·7% of households are income country). neither impoverished nor incur cata­ strophic spending. A The difference between catastrophic and impoverishing further 10·4% of households incur catastrophic spending spending worldwide is shown in figure 4. Catastrophic without being impoverished, although some of these are spending is a challenge for countries at all levels of already poor and are driven further into poverty by their development. Impoverishment is sensitive to the choice out-of-pocket spending. A further 0·8% of households of the poverty line. When the international (extreme) are impoverished but do not incur catastrophic spending, poverty line of $1·90 per day is used, impoverishment is and the final 3·1% of households are impoverished and not a challenge for the high-income countries and only incur catastrophic spending. For the high-income marginally so for the upper-middle-income countries, country (figure 3 C), at the $1·90 per day poverty line, the which is to be expected given that this poverty line is too www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 7 Articles poverty lines, 122 million people (1·8% of the world’s A 50 Low-income country population) and 103 million people (1·5%) were Catastrophic payments at 10% threshold (%) Lower-middle-income country impoverished by out-of-pocket spending on health. Our Upper-middle-income country estimates for 2010 vary across UN regions, with Asia 40 High-income country and Africa having the highest incidence of 30 impoverishment at the $1·90 per day poverty line (2·4% and 1·4%, respectively). These two regions account for 20 94% of the world’s population impoverished by out-of- pocket health spending. 10 We estimated the average annual change in the incidence of impoverishing out-of-pocket payments at the 0 $1·90 per day, $3·10 per day, and relative poverty lines 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 across all available surveys for the 84 countries for which Impoverishment at $1·90 poverty line (%) surveys are available for 2 years or more (figure 5). At the B $1·90 per day poverty line, the average annual change 50 ranges from –0·6 percentage points in Tajikistan Catastrophic payments at 10% threshold (%) (2003–07) to 0·2 percentage points in Nigeria (2003–09). 40 In 17 (20%) of the countries for which we have data for 2 years or more, the incidence of impoverishing out-of- 30 pocket spending using the $1·90 poverty line increased over time. The data for the $3·10 and relative poverty 20 lines are 29% and 52%, respectively. The population- weighted median annual changes in the incidence 10 of impoverishing out-of-pocket health spending are –0·02 percentage points at the $1·90 per day poverty line, 0 0·11 percentage points at the $3·10 per day poverty 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Impoverishment at $3·10 poverty line (%) line, and 0·07 percentage points at the relative poverty line. The population-weighted median annual C changes in the poverty gap increase attributable to 50 Catastrophic payments at 10% threshold (%) out-of-pocket health expenditures are ¢–0·12 at the $1·90 per day poverty line and ¢–0·03 at the $3·10 per 40 day line. Thus at the $1·90 per day poverty line, the incidence and depth of impoverishment have both been 30 decreasing; by contrast, at the $3·10 per day poverty line, the incidence of impoverishment has been increasing, 20 but the depth has been decreasing (albeit only marginally). At the $1·90 per day poverty line, the absolute number 10 and percentage of people worldwide who became impoverished decreased between 2000 and 2010, from 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 131 million people (2·1%) to 97 million people (1·4%; Impoverishment at relative poverty line, 50% median (%) table 2). By contrast, at both the $3·10 per day and Figure 4: Impoverishing versus catastrophic spending—the global picture relative poverty lines, the absolute number and per­ centage of people impoverished increased, from low for these countries; it is, however, a challenge for the 105 million people (1·7%) to 122 million people (1·8%) low-income and lower-middle-income countries. By in the case of the $3·10 per day poverty line, and from contrast, when a relative poverty line is used, impov­ 79 million people (1·3%) to 103 million people (1·5%) erishment becomes a challenge in upper-middle-income in the case of the relative poverty line. The incidence of and high-income countries. impoverishment has evolved differently across UN Aggregating across countries using the combination regions. Africa and Asia have both seen reductions in of interpolation and extrapolations, available estimates impoverishment at the $1·90 per day poverty line, for reference years and econometric modelling (details reflecting rising living standards pushing up the on the number of datapoints in each category are proportion of people living some distance above the provided in table 1), we estimate that in 2010, 97 million extreme poverty line. Asia, by contrast, has seen an people were impoverished by out-of-pocket spending on increase in impoverishment at the $3·10 per day health at the $1·90 per day poverty line, equivalent to poverty line, reflecting the fact that rising living 1·4% of the world’s population (table 2). At the $3·10 standards have pushed Asian populations higher, many per day and relative (50% of median consumption) being lifted above the $3·10 per day poverty line, and 8 www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 Articles therefore, unlike Africans who are further behind, are 1995–2005 2000–10 2005–15 vulnerable to impoverishment through out-of-pocket (reference year 2000) (reference year 2005) (reference year 2010) spending at the $3·10 per day poverty line. In other Number Proportion Number Proportion Number Proportion regions, the very small incidence at both absolute of of global of of global of of global international poverty lines is because such poverty lines countries population countries population countries population are too low in most countries in Latin America and the (%) (%) (%) Caribbean and in Oceania. Reference year point 25 38·2% 34 19·2% 54 31·4% As with catastrophic spending, the incidence of Two points within band 13 5·2% 23 52·5% 13 21·8% impoverishment can vary across countries with similar One point within band 42 34·2% 43 13·5% 27 29·4% types of health systems. Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Fitted 10 4·7% 2 0·1% 12 3·1% and the UK all officially cover 100% of their populations Regional median 103 17·1% 92 14·5% 88 14·1% automatically with national or regional health services,21,22 Table 1: Categories of datapoints used for aggregation yet the incidence of impoverishment is higher in Italy and Portugal (1·0% and 2·4%, respectively, at the relative poverty line) than in Denmark, Ireland, and the UK (0·3%, 0·4%, and 0·2%, respectively, at the same poverty   2000 2005 2010 line). The incidence of impoverishment (at the relative Proportion of Number of Proportion Number Proportion Number poverty line) also varies between Hungary (1·1%), South population people of of people of of people (%) (millions) population (millions) population (millions) Korea (1·9%), Montenegro (0·2%), and Romania (0·8%) (%) (%) despite the fact that in these four countries, 100% of the US$1·90 per day poverty line population is officially covered by a national health Global 2·1% 130·6 1·8% 115·5 1·4% 96·8 insurance scheme.21,22 The USA is, as with catastrophic Africa 2·0% 16·6 1·4% 12·7 1·4% 14·9 payments, a counter­ example: insurance coverage rates stayed largely unchanged over the period 1995–2013,23 yet Asia 3·0% 109·8 2·5% 98·4 1·9% 79 the incidence of impoverishment decreased, at both the Europe 0·1% 0·9 0% 0·3 0% 0·1 $3·10 per day and relative poverty lines. As with Latin America and 0·6% 3·3 0·7% 4·1 0·5% 2·8 the Caribbean catastrophic payments, in countries where additional North America ·· 0 ·· 0 ·· 0 groups have acquired coverage in formal insurance Oceania ·· 0 ·· 0 ·· 0 schemes, the incidence of impoverishment has not US$3·10 per day poverty line always changed in the expected direction (figure 5). In Global 1·7% 105·4 1·8% 115·2 1·8% 122·1 Thailand and Vietnam, the incidence of impoverishment Africa 2·0% 16·0 1·4% 12·4 1·4% 14·6 has decreased with time for all three poverty lines, but in Asia 2·1% 78·0 2·4% 92·8 2·4% 100·8 China, Indonesia, and Mexico, reductions are seen only for some poverty lines, whereas impoverishment in the Europe 0·5% 3·4 0·2% 1·1 0·1% 0·5 Philippines has increased for all three poverty lines. Latin America and 1·5% 8·0 1·6% 8·8 1·0% 6·3 the Caribbean Thus, as with catastrophic expenditures, the incidence of North America ·· 0 ·· 0 ·· 0 impoverishment cannot be inferred from the proportion Oceania ·· 0 ·· 0 ·· 0 of the population covered by health insurance schemes or Relative poverty line (50% median consumption per capita) public health services. Global 1·3% 78·9 1·5% 95·4 1·5% 103·4 The incidence of impoverishment is positively but not Africa 1·0% 8·4 1·1% 10·5 1·2% 12·7 significantly associated with per-capita GDP. Marginal Asia 1·5% 54·1 1·7% 66·0 1·7% 72·0 effects evaluated at the median per-capita income of our sample of countries are shown in table 3. Nor is income Europe 0·9% 6·3 0·9% 6·7 1·0% 7·7 inequality significantly associated with impoverishment. Latin America and 1·4% 7·3 1·7% 9·3 1·4% 8·6 the Caribbean Both these results contrast with our results for North America 0·8% 2·5 0·8% 2·5 0·6% 2·2 catastrophic spending.4 Poverty is, however, associated Oceania 0·8% 0·3 0·8% 0·3 0·9% 0·3 with impoverishment: for example, impoverishment incidence at the $3·10 per day poverty line is negatively Table 2: Global estimates of impoverishing out-of-pocket health spending associated with the poverty head count at the $1·90 per day poverty line, reflecting the fact that more people living below the $1·90 per day poverty line means fewer total health expenditure channelled through social people exposed to the risk of falling from above the security funds and other government agencies, with no $3·10 per day poverty line to below it. The share of GDP significant difference in effects between the two types of spent on health is positively associated with the agency. These results mirror our previous results4 on incidence of impoverishment, but not significantly so at catastrophic spending, suggesting that health spending the $1·90 per day poverty line. We find a negative partial channelled through private voluntary insurance and association between impoverishment and the share of non-profits provide no financial protection. www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 9 Articles Tajikistan 2003−07 Congo (Brazzaville) 2005–11 Bolivia 2001–02 Vietnam 1992−2014 Pakistan 2001−10 Tanzania 2010−12 Kyrgyz Republic 2005−11 Moldova 1999–2013 Guinea 2002–12 Laos 2002–07 Cameroon 1996–2014 China 2000–07 Bangladesh 2000–10 Zambia 2004–10 Indonesia 2001–15 Albania 2002–12 Mozambique 2002–08 Peru 2000–15 Burkina Faso 1998–2009 Côte dʼIvoire 1998–2008 Tunisia 1995–2010 Sri Lanka 1995–2009 Panama 1997–2008 Ethiopia 1999–2004 Jamaica 1991–2004 Kosovo 2003–11 Madagascar 2001–05 Romania 1998–2012 Latvia 2002–06 Ukraine 2002–13 Cabo Verde 2001–07 Mongolia 2007–12 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2001–11 Egypt 1997–2012 Kazakhstan 1996–2013 India 2004–11 Armenia 2010–13 Belarus 1998–2012 Senegal 2001–11 Macedonia 1996–2008 Uganda 1996–2002 Guatemala 2000–14 Turkey 2002–12 Thailand 1994–2010 Malaysia 1993–2004 Montenegro 2005–14 Russia 1997–2014 Lithuania 1998–2010 Argentina 1996–2004 Slovak Republic 2004–10 Canada 1994–2010 USA 1995–2013 Bulgaria 1997–2010 Costa Rica 1992–2012 Poland 1998–2012 Serbia 2003–10 Hungary 1998–2010 Azerbaijan 2002–05 Croatia 1998–2010 Czech Republic 1999–2010 Denmark 1997–2010 Finland 1998–2010 Ireland 1999–2010 Israel 1997–2012 Slovenia 1999–2012 Switzerland 2000–04 UK 1995–2013 South Korea 1999–2008 Estonia 1995–2010 Mexico 1984–2012 Rwanda 2000–10 Kenya 1997–2005 South Africa 2000–10 Philippines 1997–2015 Morocco 1998–2006 Nepal 1995–2010 Colombia 2008–10 Nicaragua 1993–2014 Chile 1997–2006 Georgia 1997–2013 Niger 2005–11 $1·90 Mali 2001–06 $3·10 Paraguay 2000–01 Nigeria 2003–09 Relative –0·75 –0·50 –0·25 0 0·25 0·50 Average annual percentage point change Figure 5: Annual percentage point change in incidence of impoverishing health spending Numbers are average annual percentage point changes, computed using all surveys available for the country in question by regressing impoverishing expenditure rate on year of survey; number shown is coefficient from this regression. The surveys span the period 1992–2015, with a median year of 2005, and an interquartile range of 2001–09. Discussion impoverishment increased in only 20% of countries In most countries, the incidence of impoverishment has at the $1·90 per day poverty line and in only been decreasing if an absolute poverty line is used: 30% of countries at the $3·10 per day poverty line. By 10 www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 Articles US$1·90 per day US$3·10 per day Relative poverty line (50% median consumption) GDP per capita, 2011 (intl$) 0·040 (p=0·17) 0·053 (p=0·24) 0·044* (0·091) Gini index of income inequality 0·002 (p=0·75) 0·005 (p=0·32) 0·005 (p=0·33) Poverty at $1·90 line 0·032 (p=0·22) –0·061* (p=0·055) 0·015 (p=0·39) Poverty at $3·10 line 0·026* (p=0·019) 0·074† (p=0·00098) –0·001 (p=0·90) Poverty at relative line –1·045* (p=0·051) –0·541 (p=0·42) 1·259‡ (p=0·028) THE (% of GDP) 0·038 (p=0·22) 0·095* (p=0·08) 0·091‡ (p=0·0032) Social security (% of THE) –0·008‡ (p=0·014) –0·020† (p=0·00023) –0·019† (p=0·00015) Other government expenditure (% of THE) –0·011‡ (p=0·014) –0·016‡ (p=0·0029) –0·021† (p=0·00000012) Private insurance (% of THE) 0·017 (p=0·38) 0·007 (p=0·79) 0·006 (p=0·80) Non-profit institutions (% of THE) –0·014 (p=0·23) –0·005 (p=0·70) –0·025‡ (p=0·018) Number of observations 467 467 467 Social security=other government 0·423 0·274 0·530 agencies (probability) Marginal effects are evaluated at 50th percentile of per-capita income distribution. Last row of the table tests the hypothesis that coefficients on two variables (social security and other government agencies) are equal. Full regression results are available in the appendix. GDP=gross domestic product. THE=total health expenditure. *p<0·10. †p<0·001. ‡p<0·05. Table 3: Marginal effects of macroeconomic and health systems characteristics on the incidence of impoverishment at different per-capita income levels contrast, using the relative poverty line (50% of median As with catastrophic spending, the incidence of im­ consumption), impoverish­ ment increased in just over poverishment varies between countries, and impov­ half of countries. Not all countries are equally large, of erishment is evident even in countries that cover all their course, and population-weighted median annual changes populations automatically through national or subnational and global estimates tell a somewhat different story. At health services or through a national health insurance the $1·90 per day poverty line, the population-weighted programme. We find that the incidence of impoverishment median annual change was negative, and the estimated decreases with both the share of health spending that is number of people impoverished by out-of-pocket channelled through social security funds and the share spending on health decreased between 2000 and 2010, channelled through other government agencies. However, from 131 million people (2·1% of the world’s population) we also find that the positive partial relation between to 97 million people (1·4%). By contrast, at the $3·10 per impoverishing expenditures and the share of GDP spent day and relative poverty lines, annual average changes in on health might reflect, as previously hypothesised,13 impoverishment incidence were positive, and the number greater service availability, more use of expensive of people impoverished by health spending increased technology, and higher prices, all of which are likely to be between 2000 and 2010, from 105 million people (1·7%) positively associated with out-of-pocket expenditures. This to 122 million people (1·8%) in the case of the $3·10 per relationship, like the positive association found in the case day poverty line, and from 79 million people (1·3%) to of catastrophic spending, suggests that simply spending 103 million people (1·5%) in the case of the relative more on health is not sufficient to provide financial poverty line. These poverty head count data do not tell us protection. We also find that catastrophic spending and how far impoverished families fell below the poverty line impoverishment are indeed different aspects of financial due to their out-of-pocket spending or how far already protection. In all countries, out-of-pocket spending can be poor families are pushed still further into poverty. The catastrophic without being impoverishing: indeed, in the poverty gap increase attributable to out-of-pocket high-income countries, out-of-pocket spending is very payments provides this information: this has been rarely impoverishing if the extreme poverty line is used. In decreasing at both the $1·90 per day and $3·10 per day the poorer countries (and in the richer countries if a poverty lines, albeit only marginally in the latter case. relative poverty line is used), out-of-pocket spending can be The scale of impoverishment depends to some degree both impoverishing and catastrophic, or just catastrophic on the poverty line. At the $1·90 per day poverty line, the or just impoverishing. incidence of impoverishment ranges from 0% in mostly This study shares several limitations with the high-income countries to more than 3% in several low- companion paper on catastrophic health spending.4 First, income and lower-middle-income countries (IQR 3·63). our data on out-of-pocket spending come from surveys By contrast, at our relative poverty line (50% of median with widely varying survey instruments. Second, because consumption), impoverishment varies less between of data gaps (some countries do not have a usable survey, countries (IQR 1·86), with impoverishment occurring some have only one, and some are quite old), when even in high-income countries. deriving our global estimates, we had to use a combination www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 11 Articles of survey-based datapoints, interpolated and extrapolated impoverishment from out-of-pocket health spending datapoints based on econometric modelling, and requires not just covering more people but covering a imputation using regional medians. Third, our data are larger share of total health spending through government cross-sectional and do not provide information on out-of- financing arrangements. pocket expenditures across multiple periods within the Contributors same household. Finally, we capture only one dimension All authors contributed to the assembly of the dataset. The screening of of UHC. Additionally, and specific to this study, we are datapoints was undertaken by AW, GF, and PE. The dataset was analysed by AW, GF, and PE. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AW, estimating impoverishment by comparing a household’s GF, and PE. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. consumption with and without out-of-pocket spending Declaration of interest included in the consumption aggregate. For households We declare no competing interests. incurring out-of-pocket spending, we know how much Acknowledgments they had available for non-health budget items, but we We thank Tessa Edejer, Annie Chu, Camilo Cid, Dan Hogan, cannot be certain how much they would have spent the Grace Kabaniha, Awad Mataria, Maria Pena, Lluis Vinals Torres, money on other items that year in the absence of the Hui Wang, Ke Xu, and Agnès Soucat for advice and for facilitating the health event that necessitated the out-of-pocket country consultation on Universal Health Coverage indicators conducted by WHO and the nominated focal points in countries who spending—they might have borrowed less or saved more, responded to the WHO consultation. We also thank Caryn Bredenkamp, in which case their counterfactual consumption would Tania Dmytraczenko, Olivier Dupriez, Rose Mungai, not have been higher by as much as the amount spent out Minh Cong Nguyen, Marco Ranzani, Aparnaa Somanathan, of pocket. If so, we will end up overestimating Ajay Tandon, and João Pedro Wagner De Azevedo for assistance with microdata, Caryn Bredenkamp, Tania Dmytraczenko, Timothy G Evans, impoverishment.24 We assess the extent to which out-of- and Owen Smith for advice, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful pocket expenditures are both catastrophic and comments on a previous version. The dataset is derived from household impoverishing but find that the correlation is sensitive to surveys available to us as of March, 2017. Our estimates are not necessarily based on the latest available data to the country, and might the choice of the poverty line. However, catastrophic also differ from the estimates produced by the country itself. expenditures can be defined in different ways, with The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this Article definitions varying in the extent to which adjustments are are entirely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the made to take into account spending on necessities when views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the governments of the countries they represent, or the decisions, policies, or views of comparing how much people pay out of pocket relative to WHO. The designations employed and the presentation of the material their household’s resources. The correlation of in this Article do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on catastrophic and impoverishing expenditures would the part of WHO or the World Bank concerning the legal status of any probably increase when these other measures of country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on catastrophic expenditures are used. Finally, the results of maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet our analysis of associations between impoverishment and be full agreement. WHO received financial support for the work macroeconomic and health-system variables do not reported in this paper from the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ministry necessarily indicate a causal effect of, for example, of Health of Japan. Funding to WHO from the UK Department for International Development under the Program for improving countries’ prepayment mechanisms on impoverishment incidence, health financing systems to accelerate progress towards universal health although they are consistent with such an effect. coverage is also gratefully acknowledged. KC was supported by a grant Out-of-pocket health spending pushed an estimated from the Swiss School of Public Health. The World Bank received 97 million people (1·4% of the world’s population) below financial support for this work from the Japanese Government through the Phase II of the Japan Policy and Human Resources Development the $1·90 per day extreme poverty line in 2010. This is grant for the Japan-World Bank Partnership Program for Universal less than in 2000, when 131 million people (2·1%) were Health Coverage. pushed below the extreme poverty line. The trend at the References higher $3·10 per day poverty line, by contrast, has been 1 World Bank. World development indicators. Washington, DC: upwards: global impoverishment increased from World Bank, 2017. 2 Boerma T, Eozenou P, Evans D, Evans T, Kieny M-P, Wagstaff A. 105 million people (1·7%) in 2000 to 122 million people Monitoring progress towards universal health coverage at country (1·8%) in 2010. The trend has also been upwards when a and global levels. PLoS Med 2014; 11: e1001731. relative poverty line (50% of per capita consumption) is 3 Wagstaff A, van Doorslaer E. Catastrophe and impoverishment in used: from 79 million people (1·3%) in 2000, to paying for health care: with applications to Vietnam 1993–1998. Health Economics 2003; 12: 921–34. 103 million people (1·5%) in 2010. As with catastrophic 4 Wagstaff A, Flores G, Hsu J, et al. Progress on catastrophic health spending, impoverishment exists even in countries that spending in 133 countries: a retrospective observational study. cover all their populations automatically through Lancet Glob Health 2017; published online Dec 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30429-1. national or subnational health services or through a 5 van Doorslaer E, O’Donnell O, Rannan-Eliya RP, et al. Effect of national health insurance programme. However, we payments for health care on poverty estimates in 11 countries in find that the incidence of impoverishment decreases Asia: an analysis of household survey data. Lancet 2006; 368: 1357–64. with the share of health spending that is channelled 6 Knaul FM, Arreola-Ornelas H, Mendez-Carniado O, et al. through social security funds and the share channelled Evidence is good for your health system: policy reform to remedy through other government agencies, with similarly catastrophic and impoverishing health spending in Mexico. Lancet 2006; 368: 1828–41. sized effects. As with catastrophic spending, reducing 12 www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 Articles 7 Bredenkamp C, Mendola M, Gragnolati M. Catastrophic and 16 World Bank. A measured approach to ending poverty and boosting impoverishing effects of health expenditure: new evidence from the shared prosperity: concepts, data, and the twin goals. Policy Western Balkans. Health Policy Plan 2011; 26: 349–56. research report. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2015. 8 Knaul FM, Gonzalez-Pier E, Gomez-Dantes O, et al. The quest for 17 World Bank. Poverty and shared prosperity 2016: taking on universal health coverage: achieving social protection for all in inequality. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016. Mexico. Lancet 2012; 380: 1259–79. 18 Balcazar CF, Ceriani L, Olivieri S, Ranzani M. Rent imputation for 9 Tomini SM, Packard TG, Tomini F. 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Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1995. 22 Smith O, Nguyen SN. Getting better: improving health system 12 Deaton A, Zaidi S. Guidelines for constructing consumption outcomes in Europe and central Asia. Europe and central Asia aggregates for welfare analysis. Washington DC: World Bank, 2002. Reports. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2013. 13 Xu K, Evans DB, Carrin G, Aguilar-Rivera AM, Musgrove P, 23 Obama B. United States health care reform: progress to date and Evans T. Protecting households from catastrophic health spending. next steps. JAMA 2016; 316: 525–32. Health Aff (Millwood) 2007; 26: 972–83. 24 Flores G, Krishnakumar J, O’Donnell O, van Doorslaer E. 14 OECD. Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in Coping with health-care costs: implications for the measurement of OECD Countries. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2008. catastrophic expenditures and poverty. Health Economics 2008; 15 Ferreira FHG. A global count of the extreme poor in 2012: 17: 1393–412. data issues, methodology and initial results. J Economic Inequality 2016; 14: 141–72. www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Published online December 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2 13 Supplementary appendix This appendix formed part of the original submission and has been peer reviewed. We post it as supplied by the authors. Supplement to: Wagstaff A, Flores G, Smitz M-F, Hsu J, Chepynoga K, Eozenou P. Progress on impoverishing health spending in 122 countries: a retrospective observational study. Lancet Glob Health 2017; published online Dec 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30486-2. Annex 1: Data sources for and further results from regression analysis The regressions from which the marginal effects results are derived include the variables listed in our companion paper1 plus: Poverty at $1.90 line; Poverty at $3.10 line; and Poverty at the relative line. Country-year combinations with missing data on any variable were dropped from the analysis. Table 1.1: Random effects model capturing effects macroeconomic and health systems characteristics on catastrophic spending incidence $1.90 $3.10 Relative poverty line Per capita GDP 2011 int. $ 0.015 0.015 0.085** (0.74) (0.74) (0.04) Per capita GDP 2011 int. $ squared -0.000 -0.000 0.000 (0.35) (0.35) (0.56) Gini index of income inequality -0.002 -0.002 0.007 (0.83) (0.83) (0.27) Gini index of income inequality * Per capita GDP 2011 int. $ 0.000 0.000 -0.000 (0.55) (0.55) (0.69) Poverty at $1.90 line -0.039** -0.039** 0.000 (0.01) (0.01) (1.00) Poverty at $1.90 line * Per capita GDP 2011 int. $ 0.007** 0.007** 0.001 (0.02) (0.02) (0.43) Poverty at $3.10 line 0.056*** 0.056*** -0.003 (0.00) (0.00) (0.76) * Poverty at $3.10 line * Per capita GDP 2011 int. $ -0.003 -0.003* 0.000 (0.07) (0.07) (0.88) ** Poverty at relative line -1.954 -1.954** -1.581*** (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) Poverty at relative line * Per capita GDP 2011 int. $ 0.089 0.089 0.277*** (0.11) (0.11) (0.00) Total Health Exp. (THE) as % GDP 0.044 0.044 0.093** (0.19) (0.19) (0.01) Total Health Exp. (THE) as % GDP * Per capita GDP 2011 int. -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 $ (0.48) (0.48) (0.88) Other Govt. Exp. as % THE -0.010 -0.010 -0.007 (0.21) (0.21) (0.15) Other Govt. Exp. as % THE * Per capita GDP 2011 int. $ -0.000 -0.000 -0.001** (0.84) (0.84) (0.01) Soc. Sec. as % THE -0.007 -0.007 -0.008 (0.35) (0.35) (0.25) Soc. Sec. as % THE * Per capita GDP 2011 int. $ -0.000 -0.000 -0.001* (0.82) (0.82) (0.05) Priv. Ins. as % THE 0.029 0.029 0.040 (0.32) (0.32) (0.24) Priv. Ins. as % THE * Per capita GDP 2011 int. $ -0.001 -0.001 -0.003** (0.30) (0.30) (0.01) ** ** Nonprofits as % THE -0.033 -0.033 -0.001 (0.02) (0.02) (0.95) Nonprofits as % THE * Per capita GDP 2011 int. $ 0.002 0.002 -0.002** (0.15) (0.15) (0.03) Constant 0.098 0.098 0.581 (0.88) (0.88) (0.25) No. observations 467 467 467 No, countries 110 110 110 Fraction of var. due to u_i 0.777 0.777 0.752 p: RE vs. FE 0.000 0.004 Note: Numbers in parentheses are p-values. Sargan-Hansen test implemented using Stata xtoverid program.6 * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 Annex 2: Further details on database assembly The flowchart in Figure 2.1 shows how our dataset was developed. We undertook inventories of the microdata catalogs of the International Household Survey Network and the World Bank, and of the household survey collections mentioned below. We also searched for household surveys online, and obtained the microdata from the household surveys used in Xu et al.2,3 Through this process, we identified 1566 potentially suitable household survey datasets, from 155 countries. Some datasets come from surveys that use a fairly standard questionnaire, such as the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS)(39 surveys), the WHO World Health Survey (WHS)(54 surveys), and the WHO Multi Country Survey Study (MCSS)(12 surveys). Other datasets come from non-standard household surveys that have been standardized ex post by the World Bank or by another institution. These include from the World Bank the Europe and Central Asia Regional Collection (ECAPOV)(264 surveys), the Africa Region Poverty Program for Harmonized Household Surveys (SHIP)(47 surveys), the East Asia Regional Collection (EAPPOV)(3 surveys), the Standardized Household Expenditure Survey (SHES) collection from the International Comparison Program Collection (152 surveys), the Eurostat Harmonized Household Budget Survey initiative (Eurostat)(24 surveys), and the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)(82 surveys). The remaining datasets are from surveys that typically do not have a standardized instrument, nor have been standardized ex post. These include Household Income & Expenditure Surveys (HIES)(611 surveys) and Household Budget Surveys (HBS)(252 surveys). Of the 1566 potentially suitable surveys we identified, 171 were inaccessible and 424 lacked key variables. The remaining 971 datasets were flagged for possible exclusion if they were too distant from a benchmark on either consumption per capita (the benchmark was the World Bank's PovcalNet figure if available and its World Development Indicator figure otherwise) (124 surveys) or the household budget share spent on health (the benchmark was WHO's National Health Accounts figure) (48 surveys). In addition, a test of log-normality of consumption was conducted (313 surveys failed this test). The 971 datasets analyzed span 764 country-year combinations. Of these, 191 country-year combinations have 2 or more datasets, either because two or more versions of a survey were identified and included in the dataset, or because two or more surveys were conducted in the country in the same year. Duplicates were compared to one another in terms of per capita consumption and the budget share spent on health, and the worst-performing duplicates on balance were flagged for possible exclusion. All datapoints were then discussed by the authors, country by country, factoring in their performance on the screening checks. The starting point was the country time-series of non- flagged datasets. In some cases, quality or other concerns were raised with a non-flagged dataset and some were excluded, e.g. some datasets had a suspiciously low or high fraction of households reporting positive health expenditures, or turned out to be a longitudinal dataset representative of the population only in its initial wave. By the same token, some flagged surveys were considered sufficiently good quality to merit inclusion, being only marginally above the thresholds on the benchmark comparisons. These included flagged surveys included some that were part of a consistent series that, on balance, outperformed other series. At the end of this confirmation process we were left with 516 datapoints from 122 countries and territories spanning the period 1984-2015. These break down across collections and regions as indicated in Figure 2.1 and Table 2.1 below. Figure 2.1 Flowchart of surveys identified, analysed and retained 1566 Surveys identified 264 ECAPOV 252 HBS 611 HIES 82 LIS 39 LSMS 12 MCSS 152 SHES 47 SHIP 54 WHS 24 EUROSTAT 171 surveys 971 surveys 424 surveys inaccessible analyzed missing variables 455 surveys 516 surveys kept dropped 211 ECAPOV 17 EUROSTAT 162 HIES 21 HBS 3 LSMS 33 LIS 44 SHES 0 MCSS 0 WHS 20 SHIP Table 2.1 Coverage of surveys by decade Pop. share of countries with # surveys # countries with survey survey 1995- 2000- 2005- 1995- 2000- 2005- # countries 1995- 2000- 2005- 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 in world 2005 2010 2015 Africa 40 52 38 28 34 27 58 75% 84% 64% Asia 63 103 96 24 28 26 50 90% 91% 90% Europe 110 154 113 29 33 32 53 59% 75% 74% Latin America and Caribbean 25 30 24 12 14 10 50 43% 85% 75% N America 12 15 11 2 2 2 5 100% 100% 100% Oceania 1 1 1 1 26 0% 61% 60% Total 250 355 283 95 112 98 242 80% 88% 83% Annex 3: Estimation of country-level data in the regional and global estimates We estimate the global population facing impoverishing payments as: N Global IMPOVT∗ � = � ımp ıT∗ ∗ popiT∗ i=1 where ımp� ıT∗ is the estimated incidence of impoverishing payments for country i in reference ∗ year T , and popiT∗ is the population of country i in the same reference year. We distinguish 4 cases to construct ımp � ıT∗ . (1) When a country has a survey in a reference year, we use that survey-based estimate of incidence (ımp � ıT∗ = impiT∗ ). (2) When a country does not have a survey in the reference year, but has two datapoints within the 10-year window around the reference year (i.e one point before and one point after the reference year), we use linear interpolation to project the incidence to the reference year. ∗+ − ∗− � ∗ = ∗− + ( ∗ − ∗− ) � � ∗+ − ∗− where T ∗ − b if the first year backward before the reference year and T ∗ + f if the first year forward after the reference year. SiT∗ is the national out-of-pocket share in total household consumption for country i in the reference year T ∗ . (3) When a country has only one datapoint in the 10-year window, we take the available datapoint and project it backward or forward into the reference year by multiplying it by (i) the product of the national out-of-pocket share in total household consumption and the elasticity of impoverishing spending to the national out-of-pocket share and (ii) the product of aggregate consumption with the elasticity of impoverishing spending to total aggregate consumption. The elasticities were estimated using a nested multilevel random-effects model which included country- and region-specific random effects that were allowed to be correlated within each level. � ımp � SiT∗ −SiT∗−b � + ıT∗ = impiT∗ −b ∗ �1 + β � S C ∗ −C ∗ � � iTC iT −b �� if the point is b years before T ∗ iT∗ −b iT∗ −b SiT∗+f −SiT∗ CiT∗+f −CiT∗ −1 � ımp � ıT∗ = impiT∗ +f ∗ �(β � � + �[ ] + 1)� if the point is f years after T ∗ SiT∗ CiT∗ ̂ ≅ 0.397 and with � ≅ −1.247 (4) When a country has no datapoint in the 10-year window around the reference year, we estimate the incidence using the fitted value of the multilevel model if the national out-of- pocket share was available in the reference year and the regional median incidence of impoverishing spending otherwise: ımp � ıȷT∗ = exp�α � ln(SijT∗ ) + � + ui + µj + β � ln(CijT∗ )� if SijT∗ is available � ∗ = ( ∗ ) where med(impijT∗ )j is the regional median of impoverishing payments in the reference year if SijT∗ and/or CijT∗ are not available. Annex 4: Surveys used in the study Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Afghanistan - National Risk and Afghanistan 2007 AFG_2007_NRVA_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Vulnerability Assessment Survey 2007- 2008 Albania - Living Standards Albania 2005 ALB_2005_LSMS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Measurement Survey 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Albania - Living Standards Albania 2012 ALB_2012_LSMS_v01_M_v03_A_ECAPOV Measurement Survey 2012 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Albania - Living Standards Albania 2008 ALB_2008_LSMS_v01_M_v03_A_ECAPOV Measurement Survey 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Albania - Living Standards Albania 2002 ALB_2002_LSMS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Measurement Survey 2002 (Wave 1 Panel) Angola - Inquérito Integrado sobre o Bem-Estar da População 2008-2009, Angola 2008 AGO_2008_IBEP_MICS_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP IDR II e MICS III - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Argentina - Encuesta Nacional de Argentina 1996 ARG_1996_ENGH_v01_M Gastos de los Hogares (ENGH) 1996/1997 Argentina - Encuesta Nacional de Argentina 2004 ARG_2004_ENGH_v01_M Gastos de los Hogares (ENGH) 2004/2005 Armenia - Integrated Living Conditions Armenia 2013 ARM_2013_ILCS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2013 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Armenia - Integrated Living Conditions Armenia 2011 ARM_2011_ILCS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Armenia - Integrated Living Conditions Armenia 2012 ARM_2012_ILCS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2012 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Armenia - Integrated Living Conditions Armenia 2010 ARM_2010_ILCS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Australia - Household Expenditure Australia 2010 AUS_2010_HES_SIH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS Survey (HES) and Survey of Income and Housing (SIH) - LIS Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Azerbaijan - Household Budget Survey Azerbaijan 2004 AZE_2004_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Azerbaijan - Household Budget Survey Azerbaijan 2002 AZE_2002_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Azerbaijan - Household Budget Survey Azerbaijan 2003 AZE_2003_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Azerbaijan - Household Budget Survey Azerbaijan 2005 AZE_2005_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Bangladesh - Household Income and Bangladesh 2000 BGD_2000_HIES_v01_M Expenditure Survey 2000 Bangladesh - Household Income and Bangladesh 2005 BGD_2005_HIES_v01_M Expenditure Survey 2005 Bangladesh - Household Income and Bangladesh 2010 BGD_2010_HIES_v01_M Expenditure Survey 2010 Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2006 BLR_2006_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Budget Survey Belarus 1998 BLR_1998_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1998 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2001 BLR_2001_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2001 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2005 BLR_2005_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2007 BLR_2007_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2010 BLR_2010_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2002 BLR_2002_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2004 BLR_2004_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2012 BLR_2012_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2012 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2000 BLR_2000_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2000 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2009 BLR_2009_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2011 BLR_2011_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2008 BLR_2008_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Budget Survey Belarus 1999 BLR_1999_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1999 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Belarus - Household Sample Survey Belarus 2003 BLR_2003_HHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets BEL - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Belgium 2010 BEL_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Benin - Questionnaire Unifié sur les Benin 2003 BEN_2003_QUIBB_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Indicateurs de Base du Bien-être 2003 Bolivia (Plurinational State Bolivia- Encuesta Continua de Hogares, 2002 BOL_2002_ECH_v01_M of) Condiciones de Vida Bolivia (Plurinational State Bolivia- Encuesta Continua de Hogares, 2001 BOL_2001_ECH_v01_M of) Condiciones de Vida Bosnia and Herzegovina - Household Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007 BIH_2007_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Bosnia and Herzegovina - Living Standards Measurement Survey 2004 - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2004 BIH_2004_LSMS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Bosnia and Herzegovina - Living Standards Measurement Survey 2001 - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2001 BIH_2001_LSMS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Bosnia and Herzegovina - Household Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 BIH_2011_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Botswana- Household Income and Botswana 1993 BWA_1993_IES_v01_M Expenditure Survey Brazil - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Brazil 2008 BRA_2008_POF_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Familiares 2008-2009 Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Bulgaria - Integrated Household Survey Bulgaria 2001 BGR_2001_IHS_v01_M 2001 Bulgaria- Bulgarian Integrated Bulgaria 2000 BGR_2000_IHS_v01_M Household Survey Bulgaria - Multi-Topic Household Bulgaria 2007 BGR_2007_MTHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets BGR - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Bulgaria 2010 BGR_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Bulgaria - Integrated Household Survey Bulgaria 1997 BGR_1997_IHS_v01_M 1997 Burkina Faso - Enquête sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages 2009- Burkina Faso 2009 BFA_2009_ECVM_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP 2010, Questionnaire Unifié sur les Indicateurs de Base du Bien-être - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Burkina Faso - Enquête sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages 2003, Burkina Faso 2003 BFA_2003_ECVM_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Questionnaire Unifié sur les Indicateurs de Base du Bien-être - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Burkina Faso- Enquête Prioritaire sur Burkina Faso 1998 BFA_1998_EP_v01_M les Conditions de Vie des Ménages Burundi - Questionnaire Unifié sur les Burundi 2006 BDI_2006_QUIBB_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Indicateurs de Base du Bien-être 2006 Cabo Verde- Inquirito aos despesas e Cabo Verde 2001 CPV_2001_IDRF_v01_M receitas familiares Cape Verde - Questionário Unificado Cabo Verde 2007 CPV_2007_QUIBB_v01_M_v01_A_SHES de Indicadores Básicos de Bem-Estar 2007 Cambodia - Socio-Economic Survey Cambodia 2009 KHM_2009_CSES_v01_M 2009 Cameroun - Deuxième Enquête Cameroon 2001 CMR_2001_ECAM_II_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Camerounaise Auprès des ménages, 2001 Cameroun - Première Enquête Cameroon 1996 CMR_1996_ECAM_I_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Camerounaise Auprès des Ménages, 1996 Cameroun - Troisième Enquête Cameroon 2007 CMR_2007_ECAM_III_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Camerounaise auprès des Ménages, 2007 Cameroon - Quatrième Enquête Cameroon 2014 CMR_2014_ECAM_IV_v01_M Camerounaise Auprès des Ménages 2014 Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Survey of Labour and Income Canada 2000 CAN_2000_SCLID_v01_M_v01_A_LIS Dynamics (SLID) - LIS Survey of Labour and Income Canada 2007 CAN_2007_SCLID_v01_M_v01_A_LIS Dynamics (SLID) - LIS Survey of Labour and Income Canada 2004 CAN_2004_SCLID_v01_M_v01_A_LIS Dynamics (SLID) - LIS Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) - Canada 1994 CAN_1994_SCF_v01_M_v01_A_LIS LIS Survey of Labour and Income Canada 2010 CAN_2010_SCLID_v01_M_v01_A_LIS Dynamics (SLID) - LIS Chad - Enquête sur la Consommation Chad 2003 TCD_2003_ECOSIT_v01_M_v01_A_SHES et le Secteur Informel 2003-2004, Premier Passage Chile-Encuesta de Presupuestos Chile 1997 CHL_1997_HBS_v01_M Familiares Chile - Encuesta sobre Gastos en Salud Chile 2006 CHL_2006_ESGS_v01_M 2006 China- National Income and China 2000 CHN_2000_IES_v01_M Expenditure Survey Chinese Household Income Project, China 2002 CHN_2002_CHIP_v01_M 2002 (ICPSR 21741) Chinese Household Income Project, China 2007 CHN_2007_CHIP_v01_M 2007 (RUMiC 2008) The survey of family income and China: Province of Taiwan 1995 TWN_1995_SFIETRC_v01_M_v01_A_LIS expenditure in Taiwan area of Republic only of China 1995 - LIS Colombia - Encuesta de Calidad de Colombia 2008 COL_2008_ECV_v02_M_v01_A_SHES Vida 2008 Colombia - Encuesta Nacional de Colombia 2010 COL_2010_ENCV_v02_M_v01_A_SHES Calidad de Vida 2010 Congo, Rep. - Enquête Congolaise Congo 2011 COG_2011_ECOM_v01_M Auprès des Ménages pour le Suivi et l'Evaluation de la Pauvreté 2011 Congo, Rep. - Enquête Congolaise Congo 2005 COG_2005_ECOM_v01_M auprès des Ménages pour l’Evaluation de la Pauvreté 2005 Costa Rica - Encuesta de Ingresos y Costa Rica 2004 CRI_2004_ENIG_v01_M Gastos de los Hogares 2004 Costa Rica- Encuesta Nacional de los Costa Rica 1992 CRI_1992_ENAHO_v01_M Hogares Costa Rica - Encuesta Nacional de Costa Rica 2012 CRI_2012_ENIG_v01_M Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares 2012- 2013 Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Croatia - Household Budget Survey Croatia 2004 HRV_2004_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Croatia - Household Budget Survey Croatia 1998 HRV_1998_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1998 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Croatia - Household Budget Survey Croatia 2010 HRV_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Croatia - Household Budget Survey Croatia 2008 HRV_2008_HBS_v01_M_v03_A_ECAPOV 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets CYP - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Cyprus 2010 CYP_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat CZE - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Czech Republic 2010 CZE_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Czech Republic- Household Budget Czech Republic 1999 CZE_1999_HBS_v01_M Survey Côte d'Ivoire - Enquête sur le Niveau Côte d'Ivoire 2002 CIV_2002_ENV_v01_M_v01_A_SHES de Vie des Ménages de Côte d'Ivoire 2002 Cote d'Ivoire- Enquête Niveau de Vie Côte d'Ivoire 1998 CIV_1998_ENV_v01_M des Ménages Côte d'Ivoire - Enquête sur le Niveau Côte d'Ivoire 2008 CIV_2008_ENV_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP de Vie des Ménages 2008 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Congo, Dem. Rep. - Enquête 1-2-3 sur Democratic Republic of the 2004 COD_2004_E123_v01_M l'Emploi, le Secteur Informel et les Congo Conditions de Vie des Ménages 2004 Denmark- Danish Household Budget Denmark 1997 DNK_1997_HBS_v01_M Survey DNK - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Denmark 2010 DNK_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Djibouti - Enquête Djiboutienne auprès Djibouti 1996 DJI_1996_EDAM_v01_M_v01_A_SHES des Ménages - Indicateurs Sociaux 1996 National Household Survey of Income Dominican Republic 2007 DOM_2007_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS and Expenditures (ENIGH) Egypt-Household income, Egypt 2012 EGY_2012_HIECS_v01_M epxpenditure and consumption survey Egypt, Arab Rep.- Egypt Integrated Egypt 1997 EGY_1997_IHS_v01_M Household Survey Egypt 2008 EGY_2008_HIECS_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Egypt - Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey, Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name HIECS 2008/2009 EST - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Estonia 2010 EST_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Estonia 2000 EST_2000_HBS_v01_M Estonia-Household Budget Survey Estonia 2007 EST_2007_HBS_v01_M Estonia-Household Budget Survey Estonia 2001 EST_2001_HBS_v01_M Estonia- Household Budget Survey Estonia 2006 EST_2006_HBS_v01_M Estonia-Household Budget Survey Estonia 2005 EST_2005_HBS_v01_M Estonia-Household Budget Survey Estonia 1995 EST_1995_HBS_v01_M Estonia- Household Budget Survey Estonia 2004 EST_2004_HBS_v01_M Estonia-Household Budget Survey Estonia 2002 EST_2002_HBS_v01_M Estonia- Household Budget Survey Estonia 2003 EST_2003_HBS_v01_M Estonia-Household Budget Survey Ethiopia - Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey Ethiopia 1999 ETH_1999_HICES_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP 1999-2000 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Ethiopia - Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey Ethiopia 2004 ETH_2004_HICES_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP 2004-2005 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Finland- Consumption Expenditure Finland 1998 FIN_1998_CES_v01_M Survey FIN - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Finland 2010 FIN_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Gabon - Enquête Gabonaise pour Gabon 2005 GAB_2005_EGEP_v01_M_v01_A_SHES l'Evaluation et le Suivi de la Pauvreté 2005 Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2009 GEO_2009_HIS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2004 GEO_2004_HIS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2013 GEO_2013_HIS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2013 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2003 GEO_2003_HIS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia 2012 GEO_2012_HIS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Georgia - Household Integrated Survey 2012 - World Bank ECAPOV Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2001 GEO_2001_HIS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2001 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2000 GEO_2000_HIS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2000 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 1997 GEO_1997_HIS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1997 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2007 GEO_2007_HIS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2011 GEO_2011_HIS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2006 GEO_2006_HIS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 1999 GEO_1999_HIS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1999 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2010 GEO_2010_HIS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2002 GEO_2002_HIS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2008 GEO_2008_HIS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 1998 GEO_1998_HIS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1998 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Georgia - Household Integrated Survey Georgia 2005 GEO_2005_HIS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Germany- Income and Consumption Germany 1993 DEU_1993_IES_v01_M Survey Ghana - Living Standards Survey III Ghana 1991 GHA_1991_GLSS_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP 1991-1992 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset GRC - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Greece 2010 GRC_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name National Survey of Living Conditions / Guatemala 2006 GTM_2006_ENCOVI_v01_M_v01_A_LIS Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI) - LIS Guatemala - Encuesta Nacional de Guatemala 2011 GTM_2011_ENCOVI_v01_M Condiciones de Vida 2011 Guatemala - Encuesta Nacional sobre Guatemala 2000 GTM_2000_ENCOVI_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Condiciones de Vida 2000 Guatemala - Encuesta Nacional de Guatemala 2014 GTM_2014_ENCOVI_v01_M Condiciones de Vida 2014 Guinea - Questionnaire Unifié sur les Guinea 2002 GIN_2002_QUIBB_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Indicateurs de Base de Bien-Etre 2002 Guinea - Enquête Légère pour Guinea 2012 GIN_2012_ELEP_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP l'Evaluation de la Pauvreté 2012 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Guinea - Enquête Légère pour Guinea 2007 GIN_2007_ELEP_v01_M_v01_A_SHES l'Evaluation de la Pauvreté 2007 HUN - Household Budget Survey 2010 Hungary 2010 HUN_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT - Eurostat Hungary - Household Budget Survey Hungary 2003 HUN_2003_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Hungary - Household Budget Survey Hungary 1998 HUN_1998_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1998 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Hungary - Household Budget Survey Hungary 2002 HUN_2002_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Hungary - Household Budget Survey Hungary 2007 HUN_2007_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Hungary - Household Budget Survey Hungary 2006 HUN_2006_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Hungary - Household Budget Survey Hungary 1999 HUN_1999_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1999 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Hungary - Household Budget Survey Hungary 2001 HUN_2001_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2001 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Dataset Hungary - Household Budget Survey Hungary 2000 HUN_2000_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2000 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Hungary 2004 HUN_2004_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Hungary - Household Budget Survey 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Standardized Datasets Hungary - Household Budget Survey Hungary 2005 HUN_2005_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Iceland 1995 ISL_1995_HBS_v01_M Iceland- Household Budget Survey India - National Sample Survey 2004- 2005 (61st round) - Schedule 1.0 - India 2004 IND_2004_NSS61_SCH10_v01_M_v01_A_P4 Consumer Expenditure - Harmonized Subset for PPPP project India - National Sample Survey 2011- India 2011 IND_2011_NSS68_SCH10_T1_v01_M 2012 (68th round) - Schedule 1.0 (Type 1) - Consumer Expenditure India - National Sample Survey 2009- India 2009 IND_2009_NSS66_SCH10_T1_v01_M 2010 (66th round) - Schedule 1.0 (Type 1) - Consumer Expenditure Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2009 IDN_2009_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2009 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2012 IDN_2012_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2012 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2014 IDN_2014_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2014 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2011 IDN_2011_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2011 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2010 IDN_2010_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2010 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2001 IDN_2001_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2001 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2013 IDN_2013_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2013 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2007 IDN_2007_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2007 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2005 IDN_2005_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2005 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2015 IDN_2015_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2014 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2002 IDN_2002_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2002 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2006 IDN_2006_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2006 Indonesia - Survei Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia 2004 IDN_2004_SUSENAS_v01_M Nasional 2004 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2005 IRN_2005_HIES_v01_M Iran (Islamic Republic of)-Household Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Income and expenditure survey Iran (Islamic Republic of)-Household Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2012 IRN_2012_HIES_v01_M Income and expenditure survey Iran (Islamic Republic of)-Household Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2006 IRN_2006_HIES_v01_M Income and expenditure survey Iran (Islamic Republic of)-Household Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2009 IRN_2009_HIES_v01_M Income and expenditure survey Iran (Islamic Republic of)-Household Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2008 IRN_2008_HIES_v01_M Income and expenditure survey Iran (Islamic Republic of)-Household Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2007 IRN_2007_HIES_v01_M Income and expenditure survey Iran (Islamic Republic of)-Household Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2013 IRN_2013_HIES_v01_M Income and expenditure survey Iran (Islamic Republic of)-Household Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2014 IRN_2014_HIES_v01_M Income and expenditure survey Iran (Islamic Republic of)-Household Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2010 IRN_2010_HIES_v01_M Income and expenditure survey Iran (Islamic Republic of)-Household Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2011 IRN_2011_HIES_v01_M Income and expenditure survey IRL - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Ireland 2010 IRL_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Ireland - Household Budget Survey Ireland 2009 IRL_2009_HBS_v01_M 2009 Ireland 1999 IRL_1999_HBS_v01_M Ireland- Household Budget Survey Israel 1999 ISR_1999_HES_v01_M Israel- Household expenditure survey Israel Household Expenditure Survey Israel 1997 ISR_1997_HES_v01_M_v01_A_LIS 1997 - LIS Israel Household Expenditure Survey Israel 2007 ISR_2007_HES_v01_M_v01_A_LIS 2007 - LIS Israel Household Expenditure Survey Israel 2005 ISR_2005_HES_v01_M_v01_A_LIS 2005 - LIS Israel Household Expenditure Survey Israel 2010 ISR_2010_HES_v01_M_v01_A_LIS 2010 - LIS Israel Household Expenditure Survey Israel 2001 ISR_2001_HES_v01_M_v01_A_LIS 2001 - LIS Israel Household Expenditure Survey Israel 2012 ISR_2012_HES_v01_M_v01_A_LIS 2012 - LIS ITA - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Italy 2010 ITA_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Jamaica - Survey of Living Conditions Jamaica 1997 JAM_1997_SLC_v01_M 1997 Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Jamaica - Survey of Living Conditions Jamaica 1991 JAM_1991_SLC_v01_M 1991 Jamaica - Survey of Living Conditions Jamaica 1996 JAM_1996_SLC_v01_M 1996 Jamaica - Survey of Living Conditions Jamaica 1994 JAM_1994_SLC_v01_M 1994 Jamaica - Survey of Living Conditions Jamaica 1992 JAM_1992_SLC_v01_M 1992 Jamaica - Survey of Living Conditions Jamaica 2004 JAM_2004_SLC_v01_M 2004 Jamaica - Survey of Living Conditions Jamaica 1995 JAM_1995_SLC_v01_M 1995 Jamaica - Survey of Living Conditions Jamaica 2002 JAM_2002_SLC_v01_M 2002 Jamaica - Survey of Living Conditions Jamaica 2003 JAM_2003_SLC_v01_M 2003 Jamaica - Survey of Living Conditions Jamaica 1993 JAM_1993_SLC_v01_M 1993 Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2006 KAZ_2006_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2001 KAZ_2001_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2001 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2005 KAZ_2005_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2002 KAZ_2002_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2013 KAZ_2013_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2013 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2007 KAZ_2007_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2078 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2008 KAZ_2008_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2009 KAZ_2009_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan- Living Standards Kazakhstan 1996 KAZ_1996_LSMS_v01_M Measurement Survey Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2010 KAZ_2010_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2004 KAZ_2004_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2011 KAZ_2011_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2003 KAZ_2003_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kazakhstan - Household Budget Survey Kazakhstan 2012 KAZ_2012_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2012 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kenya - Integrated Household Budget Kenya 2005 KEN_2005_IHBS_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Survey 2005-2006 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Kenya - Welfare Monitoring Survey Kenya 1997 KEN_1997_WMS_III_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP 1997, Third Round - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Kosovo - Household Budget Survey Kosovo (non-whoname) 2005 KSV_2005_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kosovo - Household Budget Survey Kosovo (non-whoname) 2011 KSV_2011_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kosovo - Household Budget Survey Kosovo (non-whoname) 2009 KSV_2009_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kosovo - Household Budget Survey Kosovo (non-whoname) 2010 KSV_2010_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kosovo - Household Budget Survey Kosovo (non-whoname) 2006 KSV_2006_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kosovo - Household Budget Survey Kosovo (non-whoname) 2003 KSV_2003_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kyrgyz Republic - Kyrgyz Integrated Kyrgyzstan 2008 KGZ_2008_KIHS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Household Survey 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kyrgyz Republic - Kyrgyz Integrated Kyrgyzstan 2011 KGZ_2011_KIHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Household Survey 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Kyrgyz Republic - Kyrgyz Integrated Kyrgyzstan 2010 KGZ_2010_KIHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Household Survey 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kyrgyz Republic - Kyrgyz Integrated Kyrgyzstan 2007 KGZ_2007_KIHS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Household Survey 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kyrgyz Republic - Kyrgyz Integrated Kyrgyzstan 2005 KGZ_2005_KIHS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Household Survey 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kyrgyz Republic - Kyrgyz Integrated Kyrgyzstan 2006 KGZ_2006_KIHS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Household Survey 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Kyrgyz Republic - Kyrgyz Integrated Kyrgyzstan 2009 KGZ_2009_KIHS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Household Survey 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Lao People's Democratic Lao PDR - Expenditure and 2002 LAO_2002_LECS_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Republic Consumption Survey 2002-2003 Lao People's Democratic Lao PDR - Expenditure and 2007 LAO_2007_LECS_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Republic Consumption Survey 2007-2008 Latvia 2003 LVA_2003_HBS_v01_M Latvia-Household Budget Survey Latvia 2004 LVA_2004_HBS_v01_M Latvia-Household Budget Survey Latvia 2002 LVA_2002_HBS_v01_M Latvia-Household Budget Survey Latvia 2006 LVA_2006_HBS_v01_M Latvia-Household Budget Survey Latvia 2005 LVA_2005_HBS_v01_M Latvia-Household Budget Survey Lebanon- National Household Health Lebanon 1999 LBN_1999_NHHEU_v01_M Expenditure and Use of Services Liberia - Core Welfare Indicators Liberia 2007 LBR_2007_CWIQ_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Questionnaire 2007 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Lithuania - Household Budget Survey Lithuania 1999 LTU_1999_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1999 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Lithuania - Household Budget Survey Lithuania 2001 LTU_2001_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2001 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets LTU - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Lithuania 2010 LTU_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Lithuania - Household Budget Survey Lithuania 2002 LTU_2002_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Lithuania - Household Budget Survey Lithuania 1998 LTU_1998_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1998 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Lithuania - Household Budget Survey Lithuania 2008 LTU_2008_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Lithuania - Household Budget Survey Lithuania 2000 LTU_2000_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2000 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Lithuania - Household Budget Survey Lithuania 2003 LTU_2003_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Lithuania - Household Budget Survey Lithuania 2004 LTU_2004_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets LUX - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Luxembourg 2010 LUX_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Madagascar - Enquête Permanente Madagascar 2005 MDG_2005_EPM_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Auprès des Ménages 2005 Madagascar - Enquête Permanente Madagascar 2001 MDG_2001_EPM_v01_M_v01_A_SHES auprès des Ménages 2001 Malawi - Third Integrated Household Malawi 2010 MWI_2010_IHS_III_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Survey 2010-2011 Malaysia- Household Expenditure Malaysia 1993 MYS_1993_HES_v01_M Survey Malaysia Household Expenditure Malaysia 2004 MYS_2004_HES_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Survey Malaysia- Household Expenditure Malaysia 1998 MYS_1998_HES_v01_M Survey Maldives - Household Income and Maldives 2009 MDV_2009_HIES_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Expenditure Survey 2009-2010 Mali - Enquête Malienne sur Mali 2001 MLI_2001_EMEP_v01_M l'évaluation de la Pauvreté Mali - Enquête Légère Intégrée auprès Mali 2006 MLI_2006_ELIM_v01_M_v01_A_SHES des Ménages 2006 MLT - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Malta 2010 MLT_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Mauritania - Enquête Permanente sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages / Mauritania 2004 MRT_2004_EPCV_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Questionnaire Unifié des Indicateurs de Base du Bien-être 2004 Mexico -Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos Mexico 1994 MEX_1994_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS y Gastos de los Hogares 1994 - LIS Mexico -Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos Mexico 1998 MEX_1998_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS y Gastos de los Hogares 1998 - LIS Mexico 2010 MEX_2010_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS Mexico - Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares 2010 Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name (Tradicional) - LIS Mexico -Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos Mexico 1984 MEX_1984_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS y Gastos de los Hogares 1984 - LIS Mexico -Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos Mexico 1992 MEX_1992_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS y Gastos de los Hogares 1992 - LIS Mexico -Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos Mexico 2000 MEX_2000_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS y Gastos de los Hogares 2000 - LIS Mexico -Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos Mexico 2004 MEX_2004_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS y Gastos de los Hogares 2004 - LIS Mexico -Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos Mexico 1996 MEX_1996_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS y Gastos de los Hogares 1996 - LIS Mexico -Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos Mexico 1989 MEX_1989_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS y Gastos de los Hogares 1989 - LIS Mexico - Encuesta Nacional de Mexico 2012 MEX_2012_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares 2012 - LIS Mexico -Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos Mexico 2002 MEX_2002_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS y Gastos de los Hogares 2002 - LIS Mexico -Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos Mexico 2008 MEX_2008_ENIGH_v01_M_v01_A_LIS y Gastos de los Hogares 2008 - LIS Mongolia - Socio-Economic Survey Mongolia 2012 MNG_2012_SES_v01_M_v01_A_EAPPOV 2012 Mongolia - Household Socio-Economic Survey 2007-2008, An improved Mongolia 2007 MNG_2007_SES_v01_M_v01_A_SHES version of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey Mongolia - Socio-Economic Survey Mongolia 2011 MNG_2011_SES_v01_M_v01_A_EAPPOV 2011 Mongolia - Socio-Economic Survey Mongolia 2010 MNG_2010_SES_v01_M_v01_A_EAPPOV 2010 Montenegro - Household Budget Montenegro 2007 MNE_2007_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Montenegro - Household Budget Montenegro 2008 MNE_2008_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Montenegro - Household Budget Montenegro 2014 MNE_2014_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2014 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Montenegro - Household Budget Montenegro 2010 MNE_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Montenegro 2011 MNE_2011_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Montenegro - Household Budget Survey 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Standardized Datasets Montenegro - Household Budget Montenegro 2009 MNE_2009_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Montenegro - Household Budget Montenegro 2005 MNE_2005_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Montenegro - Household Budget Montenegro 2006 MNE_2006_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Morocco - Enquete Nationale sur la Morocco 2000 MAR_2000_ENCDM_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Consommation et les Dépense des Ménages 2000-2001 Morocco- Enquête nationale sur les Morocco 1998 MAR_1998_ENNVM_v01_M niveaux de vie des ménages Morocco-Enquête Nationale sur les Morocco 2006 MAR_2006_ENNVM_v01_M Niveaux de Vie des ménages Mozambique - Inquérito aos Agregados Familiares sobre Mozambique 2002 MOZ_2002_IAF_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Orçamento Familiar 2002-2003 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Mozambique - Inquérito Sobre Mozambique 2008 MOZ_2008_IOF_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Orçamento Familiar 2008-2009 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Nepal - Living Standards Survey 2003- Nepal 2003 NPL_2003_LSS_II_v01_M_v01_A_SHES 2004, Second Round Nepal- Living Standards Measurement Nepal 1995 NPL_1995_LSS_v01_M Survey Nepal - Living Standards Survey 2010- Nepal 2010 NPL_2010_LSS_III_v01_M_v01_A_SHES 2011, Third Round Nicaragua - Encuesta Nacional de Nicaragua 2009 NIC_2009_EMNV_v01_M Hogares sobre Medición de Niveles de Vida 2009 Nicaragua - Encuesta de Medición de Nicaragua 2014 NIC_2014_EMNV_v01_M Nivel de Vida 2014 Nicaragua - Encuesta Nacional de Nicaragua 2001 NIC_2001_EMNV_v01_M Hogares sobre Medición de Niveles de Vida 2001 Nicaragua - Encuesta Nacional de Nicaragua 1993 NIC_1993_EMNV_v01_M Hogares sobre Medición de Niveles de Vida 1993 Nicaragua - Encuesta Nacional de Nicaragua 1998 NIC_1998_EMNV_v01_M Hogares sobre Medición de Niveles de Vida 1998-1999 (Panel) Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Niger - Enquête Nationale sur le Budget et la Consommation des Niger 2007 NER_2007_ENBCM_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Ménages 2007, Troisième Enquête - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Niger - Enquête Nationale sur le Niger 2005 NER_2005_ENBCM_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Budget et la Consommation des Ménages 2005, Deuxième Enquête Niger - Enquête Nationale sur les Niger 2011 NER_2011_ECVMA_v01_M Conditions de Vie des Ménages 2010- 2011 Nigeria - Living Standards Survey 2003, Nigeria 2003 NGA_2003_LSS_v01_M_v01_A_SHES First round Nigeria - General Household Survey Nigeria 2009 NGA_2009_GHS_v01_M_v01_A_SHES 2009, Fifth Round Norway 1998 NOR_1998_CES_v01_M Norway- Consumer Expenditure survey Pakistan - Integrated Household Pakistan 2001 PAK_2001_IHS_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Survey 2001-2002, Fourth Round Pakistan - Social and Living Standards Pakistan 2007 PAK_2007_PSLM_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Measurement Survey 2007-2008 Pakistan - Social and Living Standards Pakistan 2004 PAK_2004_PSLM_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Measurement Survey 2004-2005, Round 1 Pakistan - Household Integrated Pakistan 2010 PAK_2010_HIES_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Economic Survey 2010-2011 Panama- Encuesta National de Niveles Panama 1997 PAN_1997_ENV_v01_M de Vida Panama - Encuesta de Niveles de Vida Panama 2008 PAN_2008_ENV_v01_M 2008 Paraguay-Encuesta Integrada de Paraguay 2001 PRY_2001_EIH_v01_M Hogares Paraguay- Encuesta Integrada de Paraguay 2000 PRY_2000_EIH_v01_M Hogares Peru - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Peru 2007 PER_2007_ENAHO_v01_M sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza 2007 Peru - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Peru 2008 PER_2008_ENAHO_v01_M sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza 2008 Peru - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Peru 2015 PER_2015_ENAHO_v01_M sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza 2015 Peru - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Peru 2014 PER_2014_ENAHO_v01_M sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza 2014 Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Peru - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Peru 2009 PER_2009_ENAHO_v01_M sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza 2009 Peru - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Peru 2006 PER_2006_ENAHO_v01_M sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza 2006 Peru - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Peru 2010 PER_2010_ENAHO_v01_M sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza 2010 Peru- Encuesta Nacional sobre Peru 2000 PER_2000_ENNIV_v01_M Medicion de Niveles de Vida Peru - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Peru 2012 PER_2012_ENAHO_v01_M sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza 2012 Peru - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Peru 2011 PER_2011_ENAHO_v01_M sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza 2011 Philippines - Family Income and Philippines 2015 PHL_2015_FIES_v01_M Expenditure Survey 2015 Philippines - Family Income and Philippines 2006 PHL_2006_FIES_v01_M Expenditure Survey 2006 Philippines-Family Income and Philippines 2000 PHL_2000_FIES_v01_M Expenditure Survey Philippines - Family Income and Philippines 2003 PHL_2003_FIES_v01_M Expenditure Survey 2003 Philippines- 1997 Family Income and Philippines 1997 PHL_1997_FIES_v01_M Expenditures Survey Philippines - Family Income and Philippines 2009 PHL_2009_FIES_v01_M Expenditure Survey 2009 Philippines - Family Income and Philippines 2012 PHL_2012_FIES_v01_M Expenditure Survey 20152 Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2004 POL_2004_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2011 POL_2011_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 1998 POL_1998_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1998 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2007 POL_2007_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland 2003 POL_2003_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Poland - Household Budget Survey Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2002 POL_2002_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2012 POL_2012_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2012 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2009 POL_2009_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2001 POL_2001_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2001 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2006 POL_2006_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 1999 POL_1999_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1999 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2010 POL_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2008 POL_2008_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2005 POL_2005_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Poland - Household Budget Survey Poland 2000 POL_2000_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2000 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets PRT - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Portugal 2010 PRT_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Republic of Korea-Household Income Republic of Korea 2003 KOR_2003_HIES_v01_M and expenditure survey Republic of Korea-Household Income Republic of Korea 2006 KOR_2006_HIES_v01_M and expenditure survey Korea, Rep.- Household Income and Republic of Korea 1999 KOR_1999_HIES_v01_M Expenditure Survey Republic of Korea-Household Income Republic of Korea 2005 KOR_2005_HIES_v01_M and expenditure survey Republic of Korea-Household Income Republic of Korea 2007 KOR_2007_HIES_v01_M and expenditure survey Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Republic of Korea-Household Income Republic of Korea 2004 KOR_2004_HIES_v01_M and expenditure survey Republic of Korea-Household Income Republic of Korea 2008 KOR_2008_HIES_v01_M and expenditure survey Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2009 MDA_2009_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2004 MDA_2004_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2008 MDA_2008_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2007 MDA_2007_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2000 MDA_2000_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2000 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2010 MDA_2010_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2005 MDA_2005_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Dataset Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2013 MDA_2013_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2013 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2002 MDA_2002_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2001 MDA_2001_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2001 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2006 MDA_2006_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2011 MDA_2011_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 1999 MDA_1999_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 1999 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Republic of Moldova 2012 MDA_2012_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Moldova - Household Budget Survey 2013 - World Bank ECAPOV Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Standardized Datasets Moldova - Household Budget Survey Republic of Moldova 2003 MDA_2003_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Integrated Household Romania 1998 ROU_1998_IHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 1998 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2011 ROU_2011_HBS_v02_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2007 ROU_2007_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2001 ROU_2001_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2001 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2010 ROU_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2003 ROU_2003_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Integrated Household Romania 2000 ROU_2000_IHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2000 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2009 ROU_2009_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2005 ROU_2005_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Integrated Household Romania 1999 ROU_1999_IHS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 1999 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2004 ROU_2004_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2006 ROU_2006_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2012 ROU_2012_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2012 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Romania 2002 ROU_2002_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Romania - Household Budget Survey 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Standardized Datasets Romania - Household Budget Survey Romania 2008 ROU_2008_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 2012 RUS_2012_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2012 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 1997 RUS_1997_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 1997 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 2013 RUS_2013_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2013 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 2011 RUS_2011_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 2000 RUS_2000_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2000 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 1999 RUS_1999_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 1999 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 2002 RUS_2002_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 2014 RUS_2014_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2014 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 2003 RUS_2003_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 2004 RUS_2004_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 2001 RUS_2001_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2001 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 1998 RUS_1998_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 1998 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Russian Federation - Household Russian Federation 2010 RUS_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Budget Survey 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Rwanda-Enquête Intégrale sur les Rwanda 2005 RWA_2005_EIM_v01_M Conditions de Vie des Ménages Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Rwanda - Integrated Household Living Rwanda 2010 RWA_2010_EICV_III_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Conditions Survey 2010-2011 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Rwanda - Integrated Household Living Rwanda 2000 RWA_2000_EICV_I_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Conditions Survey 2000-2001 Senegal - Deuxième Enquête Senegal 2001 SEN_2001_ESAM_II_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Sénégalaise Auprès des Ménages 2001 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Senegal - Enquête de Suivi de la Senegal 2011 SEN_2011_ESPS_II_v01_M Pauvreté au Sénégal 2011 Senegal - Enquête de Suivi de la Senegal 2005 SEN_2005_ESPS_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Pauvreté au Sénégal 2005 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Serbia - Household Budget Survey Serbia 2003 SRB_2003_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Serbia - Household Budget Survey Serbia 2010 SRB_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Serbia - Household Budget Survey Serbia 2005 SRB_2005_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Serbia - Household Budget Survey Serbia 2008 SRB_2008_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Serbia - Household Budget Survey Serbia 2006 SRB_2006_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Serbia - Household Budget Survey Serbia 2007 SRB_2007_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Serbia - Household Budget Survey Serbia 2009 SRB_2009_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Serbia - Household Budget Survey Serbia 2004 SRB_2004_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Sierra Leone - Integrated Household Sierra Leone 2003 SLE_2003_IHS_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Survey 2003-2004 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Slovak Republic - Household Budget Slovakia 2006 SVK_2006_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Slovakia 2007 SVK_2007_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Slovak Republic - Household Budget Survey 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Standardized Datasets Slovak Republic - Household Budget Slovakia 2008 SVK_2008_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Slovak Republic - Household Budget Slovakia 2009 SVK_2009_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Slovak Republic - Household Budget Slovakia 2004 SVK_2004_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets SVK - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Slovakia 2010 SVK_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Slovak Republic - Household Budget Slovakia 2005 SVK_2005_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Slovenia - Household Budget Survey Slovenia 2007 SVN_2007_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_LIS 2007 - LIS Slovenia 2012 SVN_2012_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_LIS Household Budget Survey (HBS) Slovenia - Household Budget Survey Slovenia 1999 SVN_1999_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_LIS 1999 - LIS South Africa - Income and Expenditure South Africa 2005 ZAF_2005_IES_v01_M Survey 2005-2006 South Africa - Income and Expenditure South Africa 2000 ZAF_2000_IES_v01_M Survey 2000 South Africa - Income and Expenditure South Africa 2010 ZAF_2010_IES_v01_M Survey 2010-2011 ESP - Household Budget Survey 2010 - Spain 2010 ESP_2010_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_EUROSTAT Eurostat Sri Lanka- Household Income and Sri Lanka 1995 LKA_1995_IES_v01_M Expenditure Survey Sri Lanka - Household Income and Sri Lanka 2002 LKA_2002_HIES_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Expenditure Survey 2001-2002 Sri Lanka - Household Income and Sri Lanka 2009 LKA_2009_HIES_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Expenditure Survey 2009-2010 Swaziland - Household Income and Swaziland 2009 SWZ_2009_HIES_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Expenditure Survey 2009-2010 Sweden- Household Expenditure Sweden 1996 SWE_1996_HBS_v01_M Survey Switzerland - Enquête sur les Revenus Switzerland 2000 CHE_2000_ERC_v01_M_v01_A_LIS et la Consommation 2000 - LIS Switzerland - Enquête sur les Revenus Switzerland 2004 CHE_2004_ERC_v01_M_v01_A_LIS et la Consommation 2004 - LIS Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Switzerland - Enquête sur les Revenus Switzerland 2002 CHE_2002_ERC_v01_M_v01_A_LIS et la Consommation 2002 - LIS Tajikistan - Living Standards Tajikistan 2007 TJK_2007_LSMS_v01_M Measurement Survey 2007 (Wave 1 Panel) Tajikistan - Living Standards Survey Tajikistan 2003 TJK_2003_LSMS_v01_M 2003 Thailand- Thailand Socio-Economic Thailand 1994 THA_1994_SES_v01_M Survey Thailand- Thailand Socio-Economic Thailand 1996 THA_1996_SES_v01_M Survey Thailand- Thailand Socio-Economic Thailand 1998 THA_1998_SES_v01_M Survey Thailand - Household Socio-Economic Thailand 2010 THA_2010_SES_v01_M Survey and Village/Community Fund Survey 2010 Macedonia, FYR - Household Budget The former Yugoslav 2003 MKD_2003_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Republic of Macedonia Standardized Datasets Macedonia, FYR - Household Budget The former Yugoslav 1996 MKD_1996_HBS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 1996 - World Bank ECAPOV Republic of Macedonia Standardized Datasets Macedonia, FYR - Household Budget The former Yugoslav 2008 MKD_2008_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Republic of Macedonia Standardized Datasets Macedonia, FYR - Household Budget The former Yugoslav 1997 MKD_1997_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 1997 - World Bank ECAPOV Republic of Macedonia Standardized Datasets Household Budget Survey 1998 - The former Yugoslav 1998 MKD_1998_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Republic of Macedonia Datasets Macedonia, FYR - Household Budget The former Yugoslav 2005 MKD_2005_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Republic of Macedonia Standardized Datasets Household Budget Survey 1999 - The former Yugoslav 1999 MKD_1999_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Republic of Macedonia Datasets Macedonia, FYR - Household Budget The former Yugoslav 2004 MKD_2004_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Republic of Macedonia Standardized Datasets Macedonia, FYR - Household Budget The former Yugoslav 2000 MKD_2000_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2000 - World Bank ECAPOV Republic of Macedonia Standardized Datasets 2006 MKD_2006_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Macedonia, FYR - Household Budget The former Yugoslav Survey 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Republic of Macedonia Standardized Datasets Macedonia, FYR - Household Budget The former Yugoslav 2002 MKD_2002_HBS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Republic of Macedonia Standardized Datasets Timor-Leste - Survey of Living Timor-Leste 2001 TLS_2001_LSMS_v01_M_v01_A_SHES Standards 2001 Togo - Questionnaire des Indicateurs Togo 2006 TGO_2006_QUIBB_v01_M_v01_A_SHES de Base du Bien-être 2006 Tunisia- L'enquête Nationale sur le Tunisia 1995 TUN_1995_EBC_v01_M Budget et la Consommation des Ménages Tunisia-Enquête nationale sur le Tunisia 2010 TUN_2010_EBC_v01_M budget, la consommation et le niveau de vie des Ménages Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2007 TUR_2007_HICES_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2003 TUR_2003_HICES_v01_M_v03_A_ECAPOV 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2009 TUR_2009_HICES_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2002 TUR_2002_HICES_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2004 TUR_2004_HICES_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2005 TUR_2005_HICES_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2010 TUR_2010_HICES_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2012 TUR_2012_HICES_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV 2012 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2011 TUR_2011_HICES_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2006 TUR_2006_HICES_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Turkey - Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey Turkey 2008 TUR_2008_HICES_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Uganda 1996 UGA_1996_UNHS_v01_M Uganda- National Household Survey Uganda 1999 UGA_1999_UNHS_v01_M Uganda- National Household Survey Uganda 2002 UGA_2002_UNHS_v01_M Uganda- National Household Survey Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2007 UKR_2007_HLCS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2007 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2013 UKR_2013_HLCS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2013 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2006 UKR_2006_HLCS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2006 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2003 UKR_2003_HLCS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2003 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2004 UKR_2004_HLCS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2004 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2005 UKR_2005_HLCS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2005 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2011 UKR_2011_HLCS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2011 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2012 UKR_2012_HLCS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2012 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2008 UKR_2008_HLCS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2008 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2002 UKR_2002_HLCS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2002 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2009 UKR_2009_HLCS_v01_M_v02_A_ECAPOV Survey 2009 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets Ukraine - Household Living Conditions Ukraine 2010 UKR_2010_HLCS_v01_M_v01_A_ECAPOV Survey 2010 - World Bank ECAPOV Standardized Datasets United Kingdom - Family Expenditure United Kingdom 2005 GBR_2005_FES_v01_M Survey (FES) 2005 United Kingdom - Family Expenditure United Kingdom 2000 GBR_2000_FES_v01_M Survey (FES) 2000 United Kingdom - Living Costs and United Kingdom 2013 GBR_2013_LCFS_v01_M Food Survey (LCFS) 2013 United Kingdom - Living Costs and United Kingdom 2010 GBR_2010_LCFS_v01_M Food Survey (LCFS) 2010 United Kingdom- Family Expenditure United Kingdom 1999 GBR_1999_HES_v01_M Survey United Kingdom - Family Expenditure United Kingdom 1995 GBR_1995_FES_v01_M Survey (FES) 1995 Tanzania - National Panel Survey 2010- United Republic of Tanzania 2010 TZA_2010_NPS_R2_v01_M 2011, Wave 2 Tanzania - National Panel Survey 2012- United Republic of Tanzania 2012 TZA_2012_NPS_R3_v01_M 2013, Wave 3 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2003 USA_2003_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2003 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2000 USA_2000_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2000 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2011 USA_2011_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2011 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2013 USA_2013_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2013 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2001 USA_2001_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2001 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2006 USA_2006_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2006 United States of America-Consumer United States of America 1998 USA_1998_HES_v01_M Expenditure Survey United States of America-Consumer United States of America 1995 USA_1995_HES_v01_M Expenditure Survey United States- Consumer Expenditure United States of America 1997 USA_1997_HES_v01_M Survey United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2002 USA_2002_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2002 Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2008 USA_2008_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2008 United States of America-Consumer United States of America 1996 USA_1996_HES_v01_M Expenditure Survey United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2010 USA_2010_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2010 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2004 USA_2004_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2004 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2005 USA_2005_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2005 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2009 USA_2009_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2009 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2007 USA_2007_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2007 United States - Consumer Expenditure United States of America 2012 USA_2012_CES_v01_M_v01_A_PUMD Survey (Public Use Microdata) 2012 Uruguay- Encuesta de Gastos e Uruguay 1995 URY_1995_IES_v01_M Ingresos de los Hogares Vietnam - Vietnamese Household Viet Nam 2014 VNM_2014_VHLSS_v01_M Living Standard Survey 2014 Vietnam - Household Living Standards Viet Nam 2002 VNM_2002_VHLSS_v01_M Survey 2002 Vietnam - Household Living Standards Viet Nam 2010 VNM_2010_VHLSS_v01_M Survey 2010, 7th round Vietnam - Household Living Standards Viet Nam 2008 VNM_2008_VHLSS_v01_M Survey 2008, 6th round Vietnam - Household Living Standards Viet Nam 2004 VNM_2004_VHLSS_v01_M Survey 2004 Vietnam - Living Standards Survey Viet Nam 1992 VNM_1992_VLSS_v01_M 1992-1993 Vietnam - Household Living Standards Viet Nam 2006 VNM_2006_VHLSS_v01_M Survey 2006, 5th round Vietnam - Household Living Standards Viet Nam 2012 VNM_2012_VHLSS_v01_M Survey 2012, 8th round Vietnam Living Standards Survey Viet Nam 1997 VNM_1997_VLSS_v01_M (VLSS), 1997-98 Zambia - Living Conditions Monitoring Zambia 2004 ZMB_2004_LCMS_v01_M Survey Zambia - Living Conditions Monitoring Zambia 2006 ZMB_2006_LCMS_V_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Survey V 2006 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset Country name (UN) Year Reference ID Dataset name Zambia - Living Conditions Monitoring Zambia 2010 ZMB_2010_LCMS_VI_v01_M_v01_A_SHIP Survey VI 2010 - World Bank SHIP Harmonized Dataset 1. 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