THE 95169 WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 13 / NO 4 JANUARY 2015 INSIDE Jobs & migration key drivers to reducing inequality 1-4 Rural jobs allow people to World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim in Vibrant Gujarat 5-6 escape poverty; urban jobs are Development Dialogue: Saving Ganga 7-9 a ticket to the middle class ICR Update 10-12 O Recent Project Approvals ctavio Paz, Nobel-laureate and Mexico’s ambassador & Signings 13-14 to India, saw India as a land of extremes. “Incredible opulence” New Additions to the Public coexisted side by side with “equally unbelievable poverty”, he wrote fifty Information Center 15-27 years ago. Is that still the case today, asks the World Bank’s recently Contact Information 28 released report, ‘Addressing Inequality in South Asia’. About the photograph: Local boys run along the road The report finds that while South Asia has moderate levels of inequality constructed by the Pradhan based on standard monetary indicators, these levels are generally rising. Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana program (PMGSY), Saran And, inequalities in human development outcomes, such as health and Godara village in Jodhpur, education, remain high. Rajasthan Photograph by Graham Crouch l Young people in India today enjoy far more job mobility than their parents. Where you were born or what your parents did for a living are no longer the sole arbiters of a person’s prospects in life. l Urban jobs provide greater avenues for upward mobility, but the nature of urbanization determines the quality of jobs generated. l Access to education, health care, and sanitation can help equalize opportunity in childhood. The bright spot is that growth has reduced move up in life. In fact, people whose fathers poverty in India, and upward mobility has were unskilled workers or farmers have seen increased considerably. Where you were the most upward mobility. born, what your parents did for a living, and what their levels of education were—the The report finds that upward mobility has most common determinants of a person’s also been substantial among Scheduled earning potential—are no longer the sole Castes and Scheduled Tribes. In the past, arbiters of a person’s prospects in life, the their members were more likely to hold the report finds. same occupations as their fathers, relative to the rest of the population. But among the Young Indians are far more younger generation, occupational mobility is higher for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled upwardly mobile than Tribes than for the general population. And earlier generations there are no substantial differences between the mobility of Muslims and that of other Young people in India today enjoy far more groups. job mobility than their fathers. Increasingly, boys from the younger generations are Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, 15% of shifting out of their father’s occupations to India’s population (or 40% of its poor) 2 The World Bank in India • January 2015 moved above the poverty line. What’s more, Urban jobs – a ticket to over 9% of India’s population (or about 11% of its poor and vulnerable) moved into the the middle class middle class during this period. Urban jobs have become a ticket to the middle Overall, upward mobility in India is class. Upward mobility is much stronger comparable to that observed in the United in cities, where even self-employment and States and Vietnam – two countries with casual work can lead to substantial gains in different socio-political systems but which consumption; wage employment, however, provide considerable opportunities for does much better. Moving to a better job or upward mobility. moving from a rural to an urban area partially offsets the disadvantages which result from The report finds that the probability of the circumstances a person was born into. moving out of poverty is similar in all three And, while migration within the country gives countries, and the probability of moving from men the opportunity to be substantially vulnerable to middle class is comparable upwardly mobile, it also gives women greater – although it is lower in India. But the opportunities to earn, mostly in paid domestic probability of falling into poverty, or out jobs, construction, retail or other services. of the middle class, is lower in the United States and in Vietnam. Interestingly, the report finds that the size The World Bank in India • January 2015 3 narrowing the gap between the rich and poor in terms of the number of years of schooling —education remain highly unequal in terms of quality. Difference between the rich and the poor in terms of health outcomes are growing. India has among the world’s worst health outcomes. Infant mortality levels are among the highest in South Asia—almost similar to those in Pakistan—and Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bangladesh score far better on immunization. and governance structure of a city matters to the kinds of jobs created, with some cities displaying a larger share of wage employment than others. The rapid pace of urbanization therefore presents a huge opportunity to provide India’s people with better quality jobs and an improved quality of life. However, the nature of this urbanization is important for determining the quality of jobs generated. Health, education and sanitation improve equality of opportunity in childhood The report says that policies should focus on ensuring equality of opportunity in childhood by improving access to basic services such as health, education, and sanitation; promoting mobility during adult life by enhancing job creation and the development of vibrant cities; and providing adequate social protection throughout life to help protect the poorest from shocks such as catastrophic health expenses. Education is a key factor in explaining inequality in India, the report says. While India spends less on health and education more poor children are finishing school— than countries at the same levels of development 2% of GDP is devoted to health care compared to 4% on average for such countries, and 3% on education compared to 5%. India’s tax revenue is higher than in most other South Asian countries, but lower than in other countries at a similar level of development, making fewer resources available for development. However, a (Change background colour as needed) large fraction of the tax revenue available in South Asian countries is spent on regressive subsidies rather than on providing basic services or social protection. 4 The World Bank in India • January 2015 A vibrant India is critical to ending extreme poverty O n 11 January, 2015, World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim attended the Vibrant Gujarat Summit in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, Kim said he was encouraged by the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) which will create a common market in India, making to which he was invited by India’s Prime Minister, it easier to do business in the country. He also Narendra Modi. lauded the elimination of diesel subsidies that for years have been a drag on India’s growth Speaking at the inaugural session, Kim said and harmed the environment. Investing some of he was fortunate to be here at a time that felt these newly-liberated funds in human capital like a critical moment in India’s history. The will improve labor productivity, raise incomes World Bank Group is committed to helping and create jobs across the country, Kim said. create a vibrant India, as an India that shares its prosperity more broadly is essential to ending In addition to a focus on economic growth, extreme poverty by 2030 and ensuring that many the Prime Minister is also promoting programs more of the world’s people live secure lives with to share its benefits more broadly, Kim said. dignity and opportunity. This was especially relevant as Indian society On the economic front, India has much reason has an enduring social exclusion that can for optimism, Kim said. The country is expected impede shared prosperity. to grow even faster in 2016 making India a bright However, more can be done to unleash India’s spot in an otherwise mediocre global economy. massive development potential, he added. He said Prime Minister Modi and his government To this end, the World Bank Group will build are putting in place the building blocks for on its long-standing partnership with India more rapid growth, streamlining the regulatory by continuing to offer technical expertise and structure, using public funds more efficiently, sharing knowledge on a variety of issues central and promoting social inclusion. to the country’s rapid economic development. The World Bank in India • January 2015 5 Kim said he was particularly excited about Together with Modi, he also witnessed the the World Bank Group’s work with India on signing of two agreements between the Group renewable energy which has the potential to and the state of Gujarat. The agreements make India the world leader in solar energy. covered the Swachh Bharat Mission (sanitation The Group is helping design solar parks and for all) which aims to end one of India’s most farms and plans to provide billions of dollars intractable challenges—that of eliminating open in financing to make these designs a reality. defecation by 2019—and support for the Smart This will not only help India meet its ambitious Cities initiative. target of producing The World Bank 100,000 megawatts Group is already of solar power by supporting India’s rural 2022, but also improve sanitation mission access for areas that through ongoing remain unconnected projects worth $1.1 to the national grid. billion. These include While China has lifted a $500 million rural hundreds of millions water and sanitation out of poverty over the project that is funding past few decades, Kim sanitation investments said, India can now be in low-income states, the leader that brings including Assam, about the final end of Bihar, Jharkhand, world poverty. Indeed, of all the things to and Uttar Pradesh. “Make in India,” the most important is to make The Group is also helping India work towards the world free of poverty. (Change background colour as needed) its Smart Cities initiative that aims to create 100 Later in the day, Kim updated Prime Minister smart cities and refurbish 500 others in the wake Modi on the Group’s progress in taking forward of the unprecedented rural-urban transformation the six areas identified for priority support. taking place in the country today. Photo credit: Press Information Bureau 6 The World Bank in India • January 2015 Development Dialogue Saving Ganga will require planning and partnership Today, despite its great potential to be an engine of economic growth, the Ganga is a symbol of many of India’s modern problems; the basin should be the focus for addressing India’s economic and social challenges, says Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country Director in India. T he Ganga is India’s most important river. The sprawling basin covers more than 860,000 square kilometres in India plains, the river has the potential to become an arterial waterway ferrying goods and people across long distances. alone and is home to around 600 million Indians, close to half the national population. But the Ganga—long an icon of India’s The basin generates approximately 40% ancient civilisation and a centerpiece in its of the country’s GDP and is a valuable prosperity—is flailing. Heavy pollution loads, environmental and economic resource over-abstraction in the lean season (primarily for India. The Ganga flows from its glacial for irrigation), competing water demands and sources in the Himalayas and courses diversions and obstructions on the mainstem through five major states before draining and tributaries have wreaked havoc on the through the Sundarbans—the largest health of the river and its ability to nourish the mangrove system in the world—into the millions of people who live and work in the swirling waters of the Bay of Bengal. basin. Many of those dependent on the river are amongst India’s poorest, with more than Along its 2,500 km journey, the river enriches 200 million people in the basin living below huge swathes of agricultural land and the poverty line. sustains 50 major Indian cities and hundreds of smaller towns. Fast-flowing tributaries in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal are its elevated upper reaches have the potential not just part of the Ganga basin but also the to ease India’s power shortages, and in the heartland of India’s most pressing socio- The World Bank in India • January 2015 7 economic and developmental challenges. for instance, is a city of the size of Rome with Today, despite its great potential to be an three million people and no fully functioning engine of economic growth, the Ganga is a sewage treatment plant (STP). And yet, symbol of many of India’s modern problems; new pollution-management infrastructure the basin should be the focus for addressing alone will not help. Past clean-up efforts India’s economic and social challenges. have shown that the urban local bodies that hold stewardship of these assets should be India needs to develop solutions in ways strengthened with skills and resources to that do not compromise river health. This operate and maintain modern infrastructure. includes improving the manner in which critical economic decisions and activities in STPs lie inactive because financially the basin are undertaken – from improved constrained urban local bodies are unable irrigation and on-farm practices to careful site to pay for the electricity needed to run selection and environment management for them, and sewage networks carry only a hydropower development, and sustainable fraction of the design load because last- inland navigation. The challenge is immense mile connections to individual households and restoring river health will take an have not been made. The sustainability of enormous pooling of efforts by a broad investments depends as much on innovative range of stakeholders over many years. models of financing and implementation as Actions taken to balance environmental and on programmes of urban local body capacity- economic outcomes in the Ganga today can building. If these can be combined, the cities pave the way for India to manage its growth of the Ganga basin could well become India’s in a sustainable manner. first “smart cities”. The recent focus on the river and the However, the key is ensuring that strategic inclusion of Ganga rejuvenation as an basin planning, not just investments and explicit mandate of the Ministry of Water projects, is at the heart of the overall Resources, River Development & Ganga rejuvenation agenda. The global experience Rejuvenation bodes well. So does the with mighty rivers such as the Danube, the explicit multi-sectoral approach taken to Rhine, the Elbe and the Nile is that strong support development and implementation planning organisations capable of generating of the newly formulated Namami Gange basin-scale knowledge, identifying hotspots, Programme. Reconstitution of the National prioritising investments and advising on Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) in policy are central to rejuvenating rivers. September to enable the minister to call more frequent decision meetings and the many The creation of a vibrant apex-level NGRBA inter-ministerial working groups created to and its associated operational-level National Mission for Clean Ganga, which the World Bank has been supporting through its long-standing engagement on the Ganga, is an important step in this direction. Going forward, under the oversight of an empowered NGRBA, it will be important to establish a well-resourced, evidence-based and participatory strategic basin planning process that can guide and balance both river rejuvenation and economic development. examine issues and develop plans across the Such a strategic basin planning quality and quantity spectrum is noteworthy. process requires several elements River rejuvenation should depend in part on First, the government should establish an urban renewal, as the cities and major towns ongoing process of engagement with key generate close to 3 billion litre of sewage and stakeholders. Initial engagement should focus 14,000 metric tonne of solid waste every day, on the development of a shared vision for the with most reaching the river untreated. Patna, basin, with the identification of development 8 The World Bank in India • January 2015 opportunities that are compatible with river rejuvenation. Second, a partnership approach should be adopted to support Indian technical organisations in accessing the wide international experience with strategic basin planning. Third, a comprehensive audit of all pollution sources (both point and non-point) and pollution loads should be done, in order to determine realistic and time-bound pollution reduction targets. It is important to accept that not all pollution can be stopped immediately. Fourth, clear river health objectives, linked to water quality targets and environmental flow targets, should be established so governments and stakeholders can track progress and analyse scenarios for alternative options for water allocation, pollution control and environmental flows. Fifth, a centralised—and publicly accessible—basin information system should be established that combines data from monitoring, scenario modelling and other activities. Finally, a commitment to public annual reporting of river health needs to be made to ensure accountability and inform public debate. This process will enable India to arrive at a shared definition of the pollution problem and its multiple sources, and facilitate agreement on what a clean and healthy Ganga would look like. For instance, what levels of pollution, sediment and flow are acceptable, and by when should these be achieved? What quantum of derived benefits (such as human health, industrial production and off- farm employment) is possible and by when? Which investments should be targeted first and what benefits would they deliver? The adoption of a strategic basin planning approach would enable India to answer these questions, reverse the environmental degradation of the Ganga and promote the economic prosperity of the basin and her inhabitants. (Change background colour as needed) With the recent prominence given to river rejuvenation and urban renewal, the time for strategic basin planning is now. This article was originally published in the Hindustan Times on 22 December 2014 The World Bank in India • January 2015 9 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Reports (ICR) of recently- closed World Bank projects. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Rural Roads Project Context Rural Roads Project In 2004, many states in rural India had no Approval Date: 23 September, 2004 access to all-weather roads. Low levels of capital investments and lack of planning Closing Date: 31 March, 2012 and technical capacity of governments, Total Project Cost: US$M 708.56 road agencies and contractors resulted in an estimated 300,000 habitations having Bank Financing: US$M 408.6 no access to all-weather roads. This was Implementing Ministry of Rural constraining economic activities and access Agency: Development, to essential services in rural areas. Government of Himachal Pradesh, The Prime Minister’s Rural Road Program Rajasthan, (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, PMGSY) Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh was announced in late 2000.The Bank funding to the Rural Roads Project was envisaged Outcome: Satisfactory to provide funds, additional to existing Risk to Development Moderate Government of India transfers, to four of the Outcome: most poorly connected states – Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Uttar Overall Bank Moderately Performance: Satisfactory Pradesh. This project was proposed as the first in a series of credits/loans to support Overall Borrower Moderately the Government’s program of total rural Performance: Satisfactory connectivity. 10 The World Bank in India • January 2015 Project Development Objectives Overall about 83 percent of eligible habitations were connected compared to a The objective was to achieve broader and target of 60 percent. According to impact more sustainable access to markets and surveys, the level of road user satisfaction social services by the rural population in with PMGSY roads was found to be high in participating districts. all participating states and had a significant Achievements impact on agriculture, employment, land prices, girls’ education, and access to health The main beneficiaries of the project included facilities in medical emergencies. the people in the habitations which were to be connected to all weather roads. A road The participating states had also started to user satisfaction survey was done through a allocate maintenance funds for the PMGSY comprehensive national-wide study covering rural roads. This had made a significant 10 sample states including three participating impact on the level of road maintenance of the states – Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, PMGSY roads which has also been noticed and Rajasthan. The base line survey covered under the road user satisfaction surveys. 11,490 households within 750 habitations across 33 districts. The satisfaction survey The project engaged local communities in was assessed on the basis of four major planning and monitoring, and improving factors viz., reliability, transit time, connectivity, awareness and empowerment of the end and user-friendliness and assessed on three beneficiaries. In community interactions levels – low, medium and High. Overall, the people expressed their satisfaction with road satisfaction level was found to be high. The works and also stated that access to social other findings of the survey included: increase and other physical infrastructure (schools, in income category of people earning more etc.) had improved. than Rs 10,000 per month by 3.46 percent, Lessons Learnt increase in child vaccination by 8 percent, Agreement on harmonized standards increase in the number of female patients In the case of large programs such as to private doctors by 8 percent, reduction PMGSY, where the World Bank’s contribution in travel time from 1.3 to 2 minute per km is small relative to the overall size of depending on the travel mode, and 12 percent the program, it is important to agree on increase in area cultivated. harmonized standards for fiduciary and Against the target of 9,900km, a total of 9,625 safeguard requirements across program and km (97% of the target) of roads had been World Bank funds. This is essential to avoid completed across four states. the issues that arose with respect to, for The World Bank in India • January 2015 11 faced in managing such large and diverse programs, the evolution of the Disbursement Linked Indicators (DLI) approach now being used for the PMGSY Rural Roads Project took place. This is a change in overall approach from a transaction based to a programmatic approach to support the implementation of the new project, wherein agreed results under the program have been formulated as a series of DLIs, which will be the basis for disbursement of funds during the project life. Performance against these indicators will determine the extent to which disbursements will be made at the end of each time period. instance, procurement on this project, where Bank guidelines were different from those Need to introduce articulated social under PMGSY. accountability systems during implementation The project, though Robust Monitoring Indicators Possible value well-designed, through tools such as additions of the World Bank engagement, information dissemination; transect walks; identified during project preparation should and collaboration for participatory mapping be built into the monitoring indicators so as of the impacts had limited design for to avoid these not getting implemented. For ‘community participation and supervision’ example, the possibility of design innovations during the stage of construction. To achieve and use of locally available materials could not comprehensive community participation, be achieved as effectively as was envisaged. social accountability systems through models such as Community Score Cards, Social Institutionalize training activities There were Audit, etc. could be implemented. wide variations in the capacity of states to implement the program effectively. The Need to introduce innovative solutions for design for similar projects should build in reducing environmental footprint. Now that some flexibility in the level of support required the project has helped in raising awareness by different states in order to tailor the and understanding about environmental technical assistance program to the needs issues, there is a need to move towards of each state. To support the development innovative solutions for further reducing of capacity at state level, there is a need the environmental footprint of the program. to institutionalize training activities within Efforts in this direction could include: existing national and state institutions like m addressing biodiversity related concerns state technical agencies and other academic in the selection, planning and designing institutions engaged in PMGSY. of rural roads (as some roads can induce Introduction of performance-linked- development in heavily forested and disbursements From the challenges that were biodiversity rich areas); and m reduction in material requirements (such as cement and aggregates) by introducing improved materials (including reuse/ recycling) and technology. Extend Rural Development Program to the adversely affected. There are currently no provisions in other rural development programs for preferential treatment of people affected by PMGSY. It is, therefore, important (Change background colour as needed) to identify certain rural development income generation/beneficiary development schemes for the benefit of vulnerable Project Affected Persons (PAPs). 12 The World Bank in India • January 2015 Recent Project Approvals Andhra Pradesh Rural Inclusive Growth Telangana Rural Inclusive Growth Project Project T he World Bank Board has approved a US$75 million credit for the Andhra Pradesh Rural Inclusive Growth Project to T he World Bank Board has approved a US$75 million credit for the newly- created state of Telangana to enable the enhance agricultural incomes of small and state enhance agricultural incomes of small marginal farmers and ensure increased and marginal farmers and ensure increased access to services related to health, nutrition, access to services related to health, nutrition, sanitation and social entitlements. sanitation and social entitlements. The project will focus on increasing economic The Telangana Rural Inclusive Growth opportunities for small and marginal farmers, Project will focus on increasing economic especially from Scheduled Caste (SC) and opportunities for small and marginal farmers, Scheduled Tribe (ST) households in the 150 especially from Scheduled Caste (SC) and most backward mandals (cluster of villages Scheduled Tribe (ST) households in the 150 across gram panchayats). It will invest in most backward mandals (cluster of villages developing a network of social enterprises across gram panchayats) by helping them for food, nutrition, sanitation and other social gain access to extension services, good enterprises which operate at community quality inputs like improved seeds, market and district level. It will also support the services, and institutional credit. Government of Andhra Pradesh in its efforts To boost human development, investments at creating an enabling policy framework, will be made in improving access to services with real time analytics across sectors (Change background colour as needed) in the areas of health, nutrition, and water through the various missions established and sanitation and increasing coverage and by them. To boost human development, effectiveness of India’s social safety net investments will be made in improving access (Change background colour as needed) programs. to services in the areas of health, nutrition, and water and sanitation and increasing coverage and effectiveness of India’s social safety net programs. The World Bank in India • January 2015 13 Recent Project Signings Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor signed by Tarun Bajaj, Joint Secretary, Project Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on behalf of the Government of India; M.K. Mittal, Director, Finance, Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation(DFCCIL) on behalf of DFCCIL; and Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country Director in India, on behalf of World Bank. Adesh Sharma, Managing Director, DFCCIL and Girish Pillai, Advisor (Infra), Ministry of Railways, were also present on this occasion. The Eastern Corridor is 1,839 km long and extends from Ludhiana to Kolkata. The World Bank is supporting the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (EDFC) as a series of projects in which the three sections with a total route length of 1,133 km will be delivered T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed a US$1.1 billion agreement towards the second loan for sequentially, but with considerable overlap in their construction schedules. EDFC 2 will build the 393 km Kanpur-Mughal Sarai the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (a section in Uttar Pradesh. The Project will help freight-only rail line) that will help faster and increase the capacity of these freight-only more efficient movement of raw materials lines by raising the axle-load limit from 22.9 and finished goods between the north and (Change background colour as needed) to 25 tons and enable speeds of up to 100 eastern parts of India. km/hr. It will also help develop the institutional The loan agreement for the Eastern capacity of the DFCCIL to build and maintain Dedicated Freight Corridor Project was the DFC infrastructure network. Technology Center Systems Program (MSMEs) by expanding and upgrading Technology Centers across India. T he Government of India (GoI) and the World Bank have signed a US$200 million loan agreement to enhance the productivity The Technology Center Systems Program (TCSP) will develop the technological of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and skills base of MSMEs in selected manufacturing industries. The Technology Centers (TCs) will support industry clusters across manufacturing chains, both upstream (tooling industry) and downstream (such as automotive, electronics and fragrance and flavor industries). The loan agreement was signed by Tarun Bajaj, Joint Secretary, Department of (Change background colour as needed) Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on behalf of the Government of India and Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country Director in India, on behalf of the World Bank. 14 The World Bank in India • January 2015 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Power for All: Electricity Access Challenge in India The World Bank PIC By Sudeshna Ghosh The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Banerjee, Douglas Barnes, 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Bipul Singh, Kristy Mayer New Delhi – 110 001, India and Hussain Samad Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Available: On-line Website: www.worldbank.org English; 108 pages Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Email: indiapic@worldbank.org Published: November 2014 Achieving universal access PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR to electricity by 2030 is Viva Books Pvt Ltd not financially prohibitive for India. The challenge 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj of providing electricity for all is achievable, ensuring New Delhi – 110 002 that India joins such countries as China and Brazil in Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 reaching out to even its remotest populations. Policies Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 will need to be aligned with the principles followed in Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net other successful international programs. The potential benefits of electrification for those without service Other Preferred Stockist in India are quite high. The benefits of lighting alone would Anand Associates approximately equal the investments necessary to 1219 Stock Exchange Tower extend electricity for all. Households with electricity 12th Floor, Dalal Street consume more than 100 times as much light as do Mumbai – 400 023 households with kerosene for about the same amount Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 of money. Without quality energy services, households Email: thrupti@vsnl.com Website: www.myown.org often face entrenched poverty, poor delivery of social Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) services, and limited opportunities for women and girls. Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd Beyond Crisis: The Financial Performance of India’s Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 Power Sector Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com Website: www.alliedpublishers.com By Mani Khurana and Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee Bookwell Available: On-line 24/4800 Ansari Road, English; 148 pages Daryaganj Published: November 2014 New Delhi – 110 002 In September 2012, Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 the Government of India Email: bookwell@vsnl.net approved a financial rescue scheme to revive the power generation sector. The World Bank in India • January 2015 15 This bailout amounted to about Rs 1.9 trillion and came motivation, objectives, methodology, results and lessons in response to banks and financial institutions with learned from the design and implementation of the large nonperforming loans to the power sector. This is Demonstration Program on Inclusive Heritage-based the second bailout of the sector in a decade. The first City Development in India. The pilot cities include a was in 2002 when the government had to convert the metropolis (Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh), a medium-size outstanding arrears of state electricity boards to central city (Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) and a small city (Ajmer- public sector undertakings. This report presents a Pushkar, Rajasthan). The pilot cities have been selected diagnostic of the financial and operational performance on the basis of population, living standards in historic of segments in the power sector value chain between areas, heritage value and reform orientation. adoption of the Electricity Act, 2003, and 2011, including Overall, the program is expected to leverage existing the factors that contributed to the recent crisis. The public funds under national and state-level schemes that report focuses on efficiency and productivity, whether have been earmarked for urban renewal investments but performance has improved over time, and which states are currently not being utilized for this purpose due to have emerged as performance leaders. lack of capacities, appropriate mechanisms and tools. Elite capture: Residential tariff subsidies in India South Asia Publications By KristyMayer, Sudeshna Addressing Inequality in South Asia Ghosh Banerjee and Chris Trimble By Martín Rama, Tara Available: On-line Béteille, Yue Li, Pradeep English; 60 pages K. Mitra and John Lincoln Published: October 2014 Newman ISBN: 978-1-4648-0412-0 Price: $29.95 e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0415-1 Available: On-line English; 197 pages India – home to one of the Published: October 2014 world’s largest populations ISBN: 978-1-4648-0022-1 without electricity access e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0023-8 – has set the ambitious goal of achieving universal electrification by 2017. Today, 311 million people, a Inequality in South Asia appears to be moderate quarter of its population, remains without power, despite when looking at standard indicators such as the Gini substantial efforts to increased affordable access for the index, which are based on consumption expenditures poor. per capita. But other pieces of evidence reveal This study focuses on India’s residential electricity enormous gaps, from extravagant wealth at one end to subsidies, as viewed through a poverty lens. Addressing lack of access to the most basic services at the other. these issues is especially urgent since the residential This book discusses how some dimensions of electricity sector accounts for nearly a quarter of India’s inequality, such as high returns to investments in total electricity consumption. Comparison of two survey human capital, contribute to economic growth while rounds (2004/05 and 2009/10) was used to assess others, such as high payoffs to rent-seeking or broken changes in electricity consumption over time. The aspirations, undermine it. study approach analyzed subsidy distribution by both below poverty line (BPL) and above poverty line (APL) The analysis shows that South Asia performs poorly grouping, as well as income quintile, to allow for the in terms of opportunity. Access to basic services is wide variation in poverty rates states. partial at best, and can be traced to characteristics at birth, including gender, location, and caste. Conversely, the region has had a robust performance in terms of Inclusive Heritage-Based City Development Program geographical and occupational mobility despite its in India cluttered urbanization and widespread informality. Migration and jobs have served disadvantaged groups By World Bank better than the rest, highlighting the importance of the Available: On-line urbanization and private sector development agendas. English; 191 pages Mobilization of public resources is limited and much Published: October of it is wasted in regressive subsidies, while inter- 2014 government transfers do not do enough to mitigate Report No. 91721 spatial inequalities. This report summarizes the 16 The World Bank in India • January 2015 The Export Opportunities: South Asia Economic WPS 7085 Focus Fall 2014 Does land fragmentation increase the cost of cultivation? Evidence from India By The World Bank By Klaus Deininger, Daniel Monchuk, Hari K Nagarajan Available: on-line and Sudhir K Singh English; 68 pages Published October 2014 Although a large literature discusses the productivity by World Bank effects of land fragmentation, measurement and potential endogeneity issues are often overlooked. This Economic growth in paper uses several measures of fragmentation and South Asia is forecast to controls for endogeneity and crop choice by looking accelerate to 2016 led by an at inherited paddy and wheat plots to show that these increase in activity in India, issues matter empirically. While crop choice can mitigate the biggest economy in a effects, fragmentation as measured by the Simpson region that has the world’s largest concentration of poor index increases production cost and fosters substitution people, a World Bank report said. In the twice-a-year of labor for machinery, especially for small and medium South Asia Economic Focus, the World Bank said the farmers. Greater distances between fragments have a region’s economy will expand by a real 6 percent in 2015 smaller effect. Creating opportunities for market-based and by 6.4 percent in 2016 compared to 5.4 percent this consolidation could be one step to limit fragmentation- year, potentially making it the second fastest growing induced cost increases. region in the world after East Asia and the Pacific. The Indian economy, 80 percent of the region’s output, is set to grow by 6.4 percent in fiscal year 2015/16 after WPS7086 5.6 percent in FY2014/15. Other countries in the region Inheritance law reform, empowerment, and human are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, capital accumulation: Second-generation effects Pakistan and Sri Lanka. from India By Klaus Deininger, Fang Xia, Songqing Jin and Hari K. India: Policy Research Working Papers Nagarajan This paper uses evidence from three Indian states, WPS 7071 one of which amended inheritance legislation in 1994, From tapering to tightening: The impact of the fed’s to assess first- and second-generation effects of exit on India inheritance reform using a triple-difference strategy. By Kaushik Basu, Barry Eichengreen and Poonam Gupta Second-generation effects on education, time use, The “tapering talk” starting on May 22, 2013, when and health are larger and more significant than first- Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke first spoke generation effects even controlling for mothers’ of the possibility of the U.S. central bank reducing its endowments. Improved access to bank accounts security purchases, had a sharp negative impact on and sanitation as well as lower fertility in the parent emerging markets. India was among those hardest generation suggest that inheritance reform empowered hit. The rupee depreciated by 18 percent at one point, females in a sustainable way, a notion supported by causing concerns that the country was heading toward significantly higher female survival rates. a financial crisis. This paper contends that India was adversely impacted WPS 7121 because it had received large capital flows in prior years What doesn’t kill you makes you poorer: Adult wages and had large and liquid financial markets that were a and the early-life disease environment in India convenient target for investors seeking to rebalance By Nicholas Lawson and Dean Spears away from emerging markets. In addition, India’s macroeconomic conditions had weakened in prior This paper asks whether the early-life disease years, which rendered the economy vulnerable to capital environment in India influences adult economic wages. outflows and limited the policy room for maneuver. The paper uses two measures of early-life disease environment to investigate this question: infant mortality The paper finds that the measures adopted to handle rates and open defecation. A district-level differences- the impact of the tapering talk were not effective in-differences strategy is used to show that men born in stabilizing the financial markets and restoring confidence, implying that there may not be any easy in district-years with lower infant mortality and better choices when a country is caught in the midst of sanitation earned plausibly higher wages in their 20s rebalancing of global portfolios. The authors suggest and 30s. The effect estimates are applied to calculate putting in place a medium-term policy framework that the fiscal and welfare consequences of the disease limits vulnerabilities in advance, while maximizing the environment, which are considerable. In particular, policy space for responding to shocks. eliminating open defecation would increase tax revenue The World Bank in India • January 2015 17 by enough to offset completely a cost to the government Global Monitoring Report 2014/2015: Ending Poverty of over $400 per household that stops defecating in the and Sharing Prosperity open. A fiscally neutral elimination of open defecation By The World Bank in India would increase the net present value of lifetime Available: On-line wages by more than $1,800 for an average male worker Published: October 2014 born today. These large economic benefits ignore any English; 243 pages other benefits of improved health or reduced mortality. ISBN: 978-1-4648-0336-9 The result suggests that the disease environment could e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0337-6 have important effects on developing-country economic outcomes. This Report examines how a select set of policies in the areas of human capital WPS 7109 and the environment can The economic effects of a borrower bailout: Evidence create jobs and make development more inclusive and from an emerging market sustainable, while highlighting how social assistance By Xavier Gine and Martin Kanz policies can help end poverty and improve growth prospects. It discusses most of these issues across This paper studies the credit market implications and real a full spectrum of countries. The report is prepared in effects of one of the largest borrower bailout programs in collaboration with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) history, enacted by the government against the backdrop and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and of the 2008-2009 financial crisis. The study finds that the Development (OECD). stimulus program had no effect on productivity, wages, or consumption, but led to significant changes in credit allocation and an increase in defaults. Post-program The World Bank Annual Report 2014 loan performance declines faster in districts with greater exposure to the program, an effect that is not driven By World Bank by greater risk-taking by banks. Loan defaults become Available: On-line significantly more sensitive to the electoral cycle after English; 60 pages the program, suggesting the anticipation of future credit Published: October 2014 market interventions as an important channel through The Annual Report is prepared which moral hazard in loan repayment is intensified. by the Executive Directors of the International Bank Other Publications for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development World Development Report 2015: Mind, Society, and Association (IDA)—collectively Behavior known as the World Bank—in accordance with the By World Bank by-laws of the two institutions. The President of the Available: on-line IBRD and IDA and the Chairman of the Board of Price: $33.25 Executive Directors submits the Report, together with English; 236 pages the accompanying administrative budgets and audited Published December 2014 financial statements, to the Board of Governors. ISBN-13: 978-1464803420 ISBN-10: 1464803420 Doing Business 2015: Going beyond efficiency This year’s World Development Report argues By World Bank Group that a more realistic account Available: On-line of decision-making and behavior will make development English; 318 pages policy more effective. The Report emphasizes what it Published: October 2014 calls ‘the three marks of everyday thinking.’ In everyday A World Bank Group thinking, people use intuition much more than careful flagship publication is analysis. They employ concepts and tools that prior the 12th in a series of experience in their cultural world has made familiar. annual reports measuring And social emotions and social norms motivate much the regulations that of what they do. These insights together explain the enhance business extraordinary persistence of some social practices, and activity and those that rapid change in others. They also offer new targets for constrain it. Doing Business presents quantitative development policy. indicators on business regulations and the protection 18 The World Bank in India • January 2015 of property rights that can be compared across 189 alternative indicators, and proposes empirical approaches economies—from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe—and over and requirements to track progress towards the goals. time. The report makes clear that the challenges posed by Doing Business measures regulations affecting 11 the World Bank Group’s new stance extend not just areas of the life of a business. Data in Doing Business to the pursuit of these goals but, indeed, to their very 2015 are current as of June 1, 2014. The indicators are definition and empirical content. The report also argues used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what that an improved data infrastructure, consisting of many reforms of business regulation have worked, where and elements including the collection of more and better why. This year’s report introduces a notable expansion survey data, is critical to ensure that progress towards of several indicator sets and a change in the calculation these goals can be measured, and policies to help of rankings. achieve them can be identified and prioritized. Turn Down the Heat: Confronting the New Climate Great Teachers: How to Raise Student Learning in Normal Latin America and the Caribbean By World Bank By Barbara Bruns and Available: on-line Javier Luque English; 320 pages Price: $39.95 Published November 2014 Available: On-line Report No. 92704 English; 345 pages Published: October 2014 This third report in the ISBN: 978-1-4648-0151-8 Turn Down the Heat series e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0152-5 covers three World Bank regions: Latin America The seven million teachers and the Caribbean (LAC); of Latin America and the the Middle East and North Africa (MENA); and parts of Caribbean (LAC) are the Europe and Central Asia (ECA). The focus is on the risks critical actors in the region’s of climate change to development. While covering a efforts to improve education quality and raise student range of sectors, special attention is paid to projected learning levels, which lag far behind those of OECD impacts on food and energy systems, water resources, countries and East Asian countries such as China. This and ecosystem services. The report also considers the book documents the high economic stakes around social vulnerability that could magnify or moderate the teacher quality, benchmarks the current performance of climate change repercussions for human well-being. LAC’s teachers, and delineates the key issues. These include low standards for entry into teacher training, poor quality training programs that are detached from the A Measured Approach to Ending Poverty and realities of the classroom, unattractive career incentives, Boosting Shared Prosperity: Concepts, Data, and the and weak support for teachers once they are on the job. Twin Goals New research conducted for this report in close By The World Bank to 15,000 classrooms in seven different LAC countries Price: $35 —the largest cross-country study of this kind to Available: On-line date—provides a first-ever insight into how the region’s English; 299 pages teachers perform inside the classroom. Published: October 2014 ISBN: 978-1-4648-0361-1 e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0362-8 Logged On: Smart Government Solutions from South Asia In 2013, the World Bank Group adopted two new By Zubair K. Bhatti, goals to guide its work: Jody Zall Kusek and ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Tony Verheijen More specifically, the goals are to reduce extreme Available: On-line poverty in the world to less than 3 percent by 2030, and English; 117 pages to foster income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the Published: October 2014 population in each country. ISBN: 978-1-4648-0312-3 This report goes beyond that and lays out their e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0313-0 conceptual underpinnings, discusses their relative This book looks at mobile strengths and weaknesses by contrasting them with The World Bank in India • January 2015 19 and smart phone technology through the lens of good another important contribution. government management. It provides examples of how The work is based on case studies of Vietnam, mobile technology has helped provide solutions to Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Tanzania, Egypt, old problems. It provides a look back on conventional Brazil, and Turkey, selected to provide a representative solutions that have mostly not worked and why mobile sample of countries with different energy endowments solutions are taking hold. (coal, natural gas, and hydro-based systems) and policy incentives (from feed-in tariffs to auctions). Along the way, the incremental cost of renewable energy is Purchasing Power Parities and the Real Size of compared with the average cost of generation. World Economies: A Comprehensive Report of the 2011 International Comparison Program The main lessons emerging from the case studies are that successful renewable energy policies will only By the World Bank be effective once the state-owned utilities who are Available: On-line the buyers of grid-connected renewable energy are English; 327 pages themselves in good financial health; are grounded in Published: November 2014 economic analysis; and are sustainable, equitable, and ISBN: 978-1-4648-0329-1 transparent in recovering incremental costs. e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0330-7 The publication presents the detailed results of the 2011 Drivers of Corruption: A Brief Review International Comparison By Tina Søreide Program (ICP). The ICP is Price: $25 a worldwide statistical initiative that aims to estimate Available: On-line Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) to be used as currency English; 92 pages converters to compare the size and price levels of Published: October 2014 economies around the world. The program involved 199 economies from eight geographic regions: Africa, Asia This report provides an and the Pacific, Commonwealth of Independent States, overview of arguments Latin America, the Caribbean, Western Asia, Pacific explaining the risk of Islands, and the countries of the regular PPP program corruption. Corrupt acts managed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation are subject to decision and Development (OECD) and the Statistical Office of the making authority and assets European Communities (Eurostat). available for grabbing. These assets can be stolen, created by artificial shortage, or become available as The 2011 ICP results form a crucial information base a result of a market failure. Assets that are especially for research in comparative analysis and policy making. exposed to corruption include profits from the private They include PPPs and real expenditure values for GDP sector, revenues from the export of natural resources, and its main aggregates for the reference year 2011 for aid and loans, and the proceeds of crime. 199 participating economies. This review focuses on areas where research can guide anticorruption policy. The report also describes a The Design and Sustainability of Renewable Energy number of corruption-related challenges in need of more Incentives: An Economic Analysis attention from researchers. By Peter Meier, Maria Vagliasindi, and Mudassar Public Wrongs, Private Actions: Civil Lawsuits to Imran with contributions Recover Stolen Assets by Anton Eberhard Price: $39.95 By Jean-Pierre Brun, Available: On-line Pascale Helene Dubois, English; 308 pages Emile van der Does de Authors/Editors: Peter Willebois and et.al. Meier, Maria Vagliasindi and Price: $29.95 Mudassar Imran Available: On-line Published: November 2014 English; 156 pages Published: October 2014 This study advocates the need to get the economic, financial, and institutional basics right for the deployment Over the last decade, the of renewable energy. The study’s integration of topics of corruption and renewable energy subsidies with fossil subsidies is recovery of its proceeds 20 The World Bank in India • January 2015 have steadily risen in the international policy agenda, public investments support growth and development. with the entry into force of the United Nations Convention It provides a nontechnical discussion on approaches against Corruption (UNCAC) in 2005, the Arab Spring to improving project appraisal, disciplining political in 2011, and most recently a string of scandals in the intervention in project selection, dealing with uncertainty financial sector. As states decide how best to respond (an issue that is likely to grow in importance with the to corruption and recover assets, the course of action effects of climate change), integrating procurement skills most often discussed is criminal investigation and into project design and implementation, and managing prosecution rather than private lawsuits. But individuals, the decision on public-private partnerships. organizations, and governments harmed by corruption are also entitled to recover lost assets and/or receive compensation for the damage suffered. To accomplish Surge in Solar-Powered Homes: Experience in Off- these goals of recovery and compensation, private Grid Rural Bangladesh or ‘civil’ actions are often a necessary and useful By Shahidur R. Khandker, complement to criminal proceedings. This study explores Hussain A. Samad, Zubair how states can act as private litigants to bring lawsuits K.M. Sadeque, Mohammed to recover assets lost to corruption. Asaduzzaman, Mohammad Yunus and A.K. Enamul Haque Universal Health Coverage for Inclusive and Price: $29.95 Sustainable Development: Lessons from Japan Available: On-line By Naoki Ikegami English; 110 pages Price: $29.95 Published: October 2014 Available: On-line Bangladesh has the English; 196 pages world’s fastest growing, off-grid solar home system Published: October 2014 (SHS) coverage. In the past decade, the number of This book synthesizes SHS installations has risen phenomenally – from a the experiences from 11 five-year target of 50,000 in 2003 to 50,000 a month countries—Bangladesh, in 2013, with support from the World Bank and other Brazil, Ethiopia, France, development partners. Even so, only 10 percent of off- Ghana, Indonesia, Japan, grid households have been reached, suggesting ample Peru, Thailand, Turkey, and room for continued expansion. The book’s findings Vietnam—in implementing policies and strategies to clearly demonstrate that the social benefits from SHS achieve and sustain Universal Health Coverage (UHC). adoption far exceed the cost of the subsidy. Within the current market incentive structure, there is tremendous The book examines the UHC policies for each country scope for broadening the rural market reach. But around three common themes: the political economy and the high upfront cost of purchasing a SHS at current policy process for adopting, achieving, and sustaining market prices is a barrier to future sales, suggesting the UHC; health financing policies to enhance health continued need for well-targeted, subsidized operation. coverage; and human resources for health policies for achieving UHC. The findings from these country studies are intended to provide lessons that can be used by International Migration and Development in East countries aspiring to adopt, achieve, and sustain UHC. Asia and the Pacific By Ahmad Ahsan, Manolo The Power of Public Investment Management: Abella, Andrew Beath, Transforming Resources into Assets for Growth Yukon Huang, Manjula Luthria and Trang Van By Anand Rajaram, Kai Nguyen Kaiser, Tuan Minh Le, Jay- Available: On-line Hyung Kim and Jonas Frank English; 244 pages Price: $35 Published: October 2014 Available: On-line English; 200 pages The East Asia and Pacific Published: October 2014 (EAP) region has an international emigrant This book identifies eight population of more than 21 million people who remitted key institutional features US$112 billion to their home countries in 2013. The that countries need to region also hosts more than 7 million migrant workers, adopt to ensure that mostly from other Asian countries. The World Bank in India • January 2015 21 This book analyzes the impact of migration on magnitude of that impact for Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra development of the EAP region and examines how Leone, as well as West Africa as a whole. international migration should be managed in East Asia in a way that supports development goals while simultaneously protecting the rights of migrants. The Economic Impact of the 2014 Ebola Epidemic on study covers trends in international migration in East Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea Asia and overarching regional issues such as the links By The World Bank between macroeconomic management and remittances Available: On-line and the role of demographic trends in migration; the English; 29 pages economic impact of migration and remittances on labor- September 2014 sending countries and labor-receiving countries; the Report Mo. 90748 migration industry; and the policies and institutions that govern migration. Although the 2014 Ebola outbreak originated in rural Guinea, it has hit hardest Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises: in Liberia and Sierra Leone, A Toolkit in part because it has reached urban areas in these two countries, a factor that distinguishes this outbreak from By World Bank previous episodes elsewhere. Available: On-line English; 388 pages This report presents the World Bank’s preliminary Published: October 2014 estimates of the economic impact of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa for 2014 and 2015. This Toolkit provides an overall framework with practical tools India Project Documents and information to help policymakers design and Second Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project implement corporate governance reforms for state-owned enterprises. Date 17 December 2014 It covers the key elements of corporate governance, Project ID P143751 including legal and regulatory framework, state Report No. PIDA16563 (Project Information ownership arrangements, performance management Document) systems, financial and fiscal discipline, boards of ISDSA1100 (Integrated Safeguards directors, transparency and disclosure, and protection Data Sheet) of shareholders in mixed ownership companies. MSME Growth Innovation and Inclusive Finance Project The Economic Impact of the 2014 Ebola Epidemic: Short- and Medium-Term Estimates for West Africa Date 05 December 2014 By World Bank Project ID P151544 Available: on-line Report No. ISDSC1074 (Integrated Safeguards English; 109 pages Data Sheet) Published November 2014 PIDC14440 (Project Information Report No. 92995 Document) Beyond the terrible toll in human lives and suffering, Citizen Access to Responsive Services (Sarv Seva) the Ebola epidemic currently Project afflicting West Africa is Date 05 December 2014 already having a measurable Project ID P149182 economic impact in terms of forgone output; higher fiscal deficits; rising prices; Report No. PIDC11580 (Project Information lower real household incomes and greater poverty. Document (Concept Stage)) These economic impacts include the costs of healthcare PIDA16946 (Project Information and forgone productivity of those directly affected but, Document) more importantly, they arise from choices by others ISDSA1108 (Integrated Safeguards to avoid exposure to the disease, called ‘aversion Data Sheet) behavior’. This report provides a systematic analysis IPP760 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) of the channels of economic impact and the likely 22 The World Bank in India • January 2015 Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Sheet) Management Project IPP754 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Date 04 December 2014 E4673 (Environmental Assessment, Project ID 091031 3 Vol.) Report No. E2019 (Environmental Assessment) Uttar Pradesh Pro-poor Tourism Development Project Tamil Nadu Sustainable Urban Development Project Date 04 November 2014 Date 01 December 2014 Project ID P146936 Project ID P150395 Report No. ISDSC5805 (Integrated Safeguards Report No. E4672 (Environmental Assessment, Data Sheet) 4 Vol.) PIDC1563 (Project Information RP 1714 (Resettlement Plan) Document) 92980 (Board Report) Program for Large Scale Solar in India Project Uttar Pradesh Core Road Network Development Project Date 04 November 2014 Project ID P147820 Date 25 November 2014 Report No. PIDC13263 (Project Information Project ID P147864 Document) Report No. E4672 (Environmental Assessment, 3 Vol.) Partial Risk Sharing Facility in Energy Efficiency Project Nagaland Health Project Date 04 November 2014 Date 22 November 2014 Project ID P132620 Project ID P149340 Report No. ISDSC5805 (Integrated Safeguards Report No. IPP758 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Data Sheet) E4690 (Environmental Assessment) National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project-II Punjab Rural Water and Sanitation Sector Date 09 October 2014 Improvement Project Project ID P144726 Date 21 November 2014 Report No. PIDA8895 (Project Information Project ID P150520 Document (Appraisal Stage)) Report No. ISDSC1123 (Integrated Safeguards ISDSA1051 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Data Sheet) Efficient and Sustainable City Bus Services Project Date 19 November 2014 Project ID P132418 Report No. PAD1046 (Project Appraisal Document) Sustainable Livelihoods and Adaptation to Climate Change Project Date 19 November 2014 Project ID P132623 Report No. PAD1046 (Project Appraisal Document) Enhancing Teacher Effectiveness in Bihar Project Date 11 November 2014 Project ID P132665 Report No. 92617 (Integrated Safeguards Data The World Bank in India • January 2015 23 From the Blogworld Open India: New interactive app features state- Will South Asia Take Advantage of its Export level sectoral data Opportunity? By Markus Kitzmuller W hat is the World Bank Group (WBG) doing to help address India’s development challenges? And how is the Bank doing in implementing its W atching export growth across South Asia surge in the recent past leads one to ask the obvious but crucial question: Will this trend continue in the programs in India’s low-income states? These are longer term and is South Asia on its way to become some of the questions that are addressed via Open an export powerhouse, or has it just been a short India (openindia.worldbankgroup.org), a new term, one-off spurt provoked by external forces? web-based app that lays out the WBG’s Country Clearly, the rupee depreciation following tapering Partnership Strategy (CPS), operational projects, talk in May 2013 and the recovery in the US and knowledge products in India. constituted favorable tailwinds; however, our analysis What makes the Open India site unique? in the fall 2014 edition of the South Asia Economic Focus finds that there are more permanent factors This web app takes a new and different approach at play as well. South Asia is no exception to the in presenting the WBG’s partnership strategy and trend across developing countries of increasing current projects, by doing so in a transparent, importance of exports for economic growth. While interactive, and easy-to-use web platform. It features starting from a low base, the region saw one of the data visualizations that connect the main areas of starkest increases in exports to GDP, pushing from World Bank’s engagement in India. 8.5 percent in 1990 to 23 percent in 2013. Read more: http://tinyurl.com/lgfyfbn Read more: http://tinyurl.com/pxsrkmc Consolidating Gains: Gender Diversity in Business Leadership C an we envision a time when we will no longer be surprised to hear that a woman is leading an energy or technology company? Can closing and making progress towards transcending the glass walls that also silo them in certain managerial functions, such as human resources the gender gap in leadership, especially in male- and communications. dominated industries, be a possibility in fewer than However, a new report by the International Labour 100 years? Organization (ILO) released last week reminds us Today’s dynamic women in top leadership positions that gender diversity gains are not always sustained. are opening up the possibility of answering these Featuring unique data collected from 1,300 private questions with a resounding “Yes!” They have sector companies in 39 developing countries, the shattered glass ceilings and paved the way forward report states that concerted efforts are required to for countless others trying to uproot deeply consolidate progress and change mindsets while entrenched ideas about women’s and men’s differing fighting unconscious biases at all levels of society. roles and opportunities in business and society. As Read more: http://tinyurl.com/peuc5pn a result, more and more women are now recognizing 24 The World Bank in India • January 2015 World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 7139 WPS 7128 Roads, labor markets, and human capital: Evidence Motivations, monitoring technologies, and pay for from rural Indonesia performance By Futoshi Yamauchi By Antonio Cordella and Tito Cordella WPS7138 WPS 7127 Wage growth, landholding, and mechanization in Education attainment in the Middle East and North Chinese agriculture Africa: Success at a cost By Xiaobing Wang, Futoshi Yamauchi, Keijiro Otsuka By Farrukh Iqbal and Youssouf Kiendrebeogo and Jikun Huang WPS 7126 WPS7137 Climate change and poverty – an analytical framework Measuring risk preferences in rural Ethiopia: Risk By Stephane Hallegatte, Mook Bangalore, Laura tolerance and exogenous income proxies Bonzanigo and Marianne Fay By Ferdinand M. Vieider, Abebe Beyene, Randall WPS 7125 Bluffstone, Sahan Dissanayake and et.al. Trade and civil conflict: Revisiting the cross-country WPS 7136 evidence Addressing access and behavioral constraints through By Massimiliano Cali and Alen Mulabdic social intermediation services: A review of Chile WPS 7124 Solidario and Red Unidos Place and child health: The interaction of population By Adriana Camacho, Wendy Cunningham, Jamele density and sanitation in developing countries Rigolini and Veronica Silva By Payal Hathi, Sabrina Haque, Lovey Pant, Diane WPS 7135 Coffey and et.al. Economic effects of the Syrian war and the spread of WPS 7123 the Islamic state on the Levant Developing social-emotional skills for the labor By Elena Ianchovichina and Maros Ivanic market: The PRACTICE model WPS 7134 By Nancy Guerra, Kathryn Modecki and Wendy How significant is Africa’s demographic dividend for Cunningham its future growth and poverty reduction? WPS 7122 By S. Amer Ahmed, Marcio Cruz, Delfin S. Go, Maryla Structural reforms and labor market outcomes: Maliszewska and Israel Osorio-Rodarte International panel data evidence WPS 7133 By Claire H. Hollweg, Daniel Lederman and Sukuk markets: A proposed approach for development Devashish Mitra By Kusuma, Ketut Ariadi, Silva, Anderson Caputo WPS 7121 WPS 7132 What doesn’t kill you makes you poorer: Adult wages Transparent government and business regulation: and the early-life disease environment in India “Open for business?” By Nicholas Lawson and Dean Spears By Geginat, Carolin, Saltane, Valentina WPS 7120 WPS 7131 Health information, treatment, and worker Local foundations for better governance: A Review productivity: Experimental evidence from malaria of Ghazala Mansuri and Vijayendra Rao’s Localizing testing and treatment among Nigerian sugarcane Development cutters By Roger B. Myerson By Andrew Dillon, Jed Friedman and Pieter Serneels WPS 7130 WPS 7119 Incomplete integration and contagion of debt distress Importing high food prices by exporting: Rice prices in economic unions in Lao PDR By Cem Karayalcin and Harun Onder By Dick Durevall and Roy van der Weide WPS 7129 WPS 7118 Party age and party color: New results on the political The creative wealth of nations: How the performing economy of redistribution and inequality arts can advance development and human progress By Philip Keefer and Branko Milanovic By Patrick Kabanda The World Bank in India • January 2015 25 WPS 7117 WPS 7105 Agricultural factor markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Durable goods and poverty measurement updated view with formal tests for market failure By Nicola Amendola and Giovanni Vecchi By Brian Dillon and Christopher B. Barrett WPS 7104 WPS 7116 Transitioning from low-income growth to high-income Agricultural intensification: The status in six African growth: Is there a middle income trap? countries By David Bulman, Maya Eden and Ha Nguyen By Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize and Sara Savastano WPS 7103 WPS 7115 Rent imputation for welfare measurement: A review of Long-run growth in Ghana: Determinants and prospects methodologies and empirical findings By Santiago Herrera and Dilek Aykut By Carlos Felipe Balcazar, Lidia Ceriani, Sergio Olivieri and Marco Ranzani WPS 7114 Milking the data: Measuring income from milk WPS 7102 production in extensive livestock systems – Public sectors in the pacific islands: Are they ‘too big’ experimental evidence from Niger and do they ‘crowd out’ the private sector? By Alberto Zezza, Giovanni Federighi, Kalilou Adamou By Virginia Horscroft and Pierre Hiernaux WPS 7101 WPS 7113 Poverty and the spatial distribution of rural population What makes a currency procyclical? An empirical By Edward B. Barbier and Jacob P. Hochard investigation WPS 7100 By Tito Cordella and Poonam Gupta Oil and civil conflict: Can public spending have a WPS 7112 mitigation effect? Housing consumption and urbanization By Raju Jan Singh, Cristina Bodea and Masaaki By Nancy Lozano-Gracia and Cheryl Young Higashijima WPS 7111 WPS 7099 Does livestock ownership affect animal source foods Rewarding safer sex: Conditional cash transfers for consumption and child nutritional status? Evidence HIV/STI prevention from rural Uganda By Damien de Walque, William H. Dow and Rose By Carlo Azzarri, Elizabeth Cross, Beliyou Haile and Nathan Alberto Zezza WPS 7098 WPS 7110 Success in difficult environments: A portfolio analysis Urbanization and housing investment of fragile and conflict-affected states By Basab Dasgupta, Somik V. Lall and Nancy Lozano- By Laura Ralston Gracia WPS 7097 WPS 7109 Should income inequality be reduced and who should The economic effects of a borrower bailout: Evidence benefit? Redistributive preferences in Europe and from an emerging market Central Asia By Xavier Gine and Martin Kanz By Alexandru Cojocaru and Mame Fatou Diagne WPS 7108 WPS 7096 Income diversification patterns in rural Sub-Saharan Estimates of ad valorem equivalents of barriers against Africa: Reassessing the evidence foreign suppliers of services in eleven services sectors By Benjamin Davis, Stefania Di Giuseppe and Alberto and 103 countries Zezza By Yaghoob Jafari and David G. Tarr WPS 7107 WPS 7095 The post-crisis growth slowdown in emerging The gendered labor market impacts of trade economies and the role of structural reforms liberalization: Evidence from Brazil By Zia Qureshi, Jose L. Diaz-Sanchez and Aristomene By Isis Gaddis and Janneke Pieters Varoudakis WPS 7094 WPS 7106 The need for multiple types of information to inform Twinning the goals: How can promoting shared climate change assessment prosperity help to reduce global poverty? By Michael Toman By Christoph Lakner, Mario Negre and Espen Beer Prydz 26 The World Bank in India • January 2015 WPS 7093 WPS 7081 Can agricultural households farm their way out of Weather shocks and health at birth in Colombia poverty? By Mabel Andalon, Joao Pedro Azevedo, Carlos By Gbemisola Oseni, Kevin McGee and Andrew Dabalen Rodriguez-Castelan and et.al. WPS 7092 WPS 7080 Does culture matter for development? Village political economy, land tenure insecurity, and By Augusto Lopez-Claros and Valeria Perotti the rural to urban migration decision: Evidence from China WPS 7091 By John Giles and Ren Mu Protected areas and deforestation: New results from high resolution panel data WPS 7073 By Brian Blankespoor, Susmita Dasgupta and David CGE analysis of the impact of foreign direct Wheeler investment and tariff reform on female and male wages WPS 7090 By Maria C. Latorre The impact of household food consumption data collection methods on poverty and inequality WPS 7079 measures in Niger Trafficking and fragility in West Africa By Prospere Backiny-Yetna, Diane Steele and Ismael By Laura Ralston Yacoubou Djima WPS 7078 WPS 7089 Job creation in fragile and conflict-affected situations Some simple analytics of trade and labor mobility By Laura Ralston By Erhan Artuc, Shubham Chaudhuri and John McLaren WPS 7077 WPS 7088 Can conditional cash transfers improve education and Assessing public debt sustainability in Mauritania with nutrition outcomes for poor children in Bangladesh? a stochastic framework Evidence from a pilot project By William Baghdassarian, Gianluca Mele and Juan By Celine Ferre and Iffath Sharif Pradelli WPS 7076 WPS 7087 Does mandating nondiscrimination in hiring practices Promoting women’s economic empowerment: What influence women’s employment? Evidence using firm- works? level data By Mayra Buvinic and Rebecca Furst-Nichols By Mohammad Amin and Asif Islam WPS 7086 WPS 7075 Inheritance law reform, empowerment, and human Pathways toward zero-carbon electricity required for capital accumulation: Second-generation effects from climate stabilization India By Richard Audoly, Adrien Vogt-Schilb and Celine By Klaus Deininger, Fang Xia, Songqing Jin and Hari K. Guivarch Nagarajan WPS 7074 WPS 7085 Drivers of entrepreneurship and post-entry Does land fragmentation increase the cost of performance of newborn firms in developing countries cultivation? Evidence from India By Francesco Quatraro and Marco Vivarelli By Klaus Deininger, Daniel Monchuk, Hari K Nagarajan WPS 7072 and Sudhir K Singh Diet quality, child health, and food policies in WPS 7084 developing countries Strengthening public financial management: Exploring By Alok Bhargava drivers and effects WPS 7071 By Verena Fritz, Stephanie Sweet and Marijn Verhoeven From tapering to tightening: The impact of the fed’s WPS 7083 exit on India Dropout in upper secondary education in Mexico: By Kaushik Basu, Barry Eichengreen and Poonam Gupta Patterns, consequences and possible causes By Raja Bentaouet Kattan and Miguel Szekely WPS 7082 Informing migration policies: A data primer By Calogero Carletto, Jennica Larrison and Caglar Ozden The World Bank in India • January 2015 27 The World Bank in India VOL 13 / NO 4 • January 2015 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg ◆ Annamalai University New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 ◆ Centre for Studies in Social Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata ◆ Giri Institute of Development Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune ◆ Guru Nanak Dev University Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank ◆ Indian Institute of 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 ◆ Institute of Development (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur ◆ Institute of Economic The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore ◆ Karnataka University Dharwad ◆ Kerala University Library Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad ◆ Pt. 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