: (). - », 1999. . , . < », - » - ». 1971 .- ( ) . 1992. - - (.) ClIlA. . - , , , , -. - , ,, - , , . » » - - . , , - . 2000/2001 <, » 200 1 33 65.5 63 . . , , . , , , , , - . 63 2000/2001 . CIY . .: « », , 2001. - 376. World Development Report 2000/2001 Oxford University Press . : ISBN0-19-521598-2 ( ), ISBN0-19-521129-4( ), ISSN 0163-5085. . rr , - , , , , , . - . - - . © 2001 / ISBN 5-7777-0134-5 1818 Street, N.W.,Washington, . 20433, U.S-A - 1 . . , . , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , . , nl , , - », , . . 60 . . , 60 . , , , . . , , - , . . . . - , , ~e 1, , , . , } , , , - . v vi 2000/ 2001 . , . , . - 20 , , 50 , . , . 13 . 1965 1998 : , 1990-1998 , · . , 78. . 6 , , , 2,8 (, 2 . , 1,2 - 1 . ) . 100 6 . , 8 - . , ' · . 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'~ + < : v , v v , , , . , 1. , - , . - . , , . , - . . . . , , , . . , , , ( 1). . , . . - , - , , , (. . 2). , , . , . , - - - 1 2 2000/2001 - , 500 . , 2 . , . , . , , , . . , . , , 10 . , « », , , . , ,- . , . - , , , . , . , , , , . . . , . . , , . , ( . , ) , . , . . , , , 150 , . 60 20 . . , . , . , , , . : - . . « - . , , , , . , . (SEWA), . , 6000 ( , . ) , , , , , . , , . , - , , , . , , . , , , . . . : -- , : , - , . , . , . , - , , , . . , . , , , . , , , , . CIY , 3 1 « » .. » , : , , 60 000 ; , 60 , , . .. 2000/200 1». ... : - , , 50 40 000 - . , , 1999 23 , 20 000 . . , - , , , , - , . , , , . . - , , ,- . , . , : , , . , . . , . . , - , ... . 40 000 , ; , . , , ; - , : Narayan, Chambers, Shah, and Petesch 2000; Narayan, Patel, Schafft , Rademacher, and Koch-Schulte 2000. - (. 1). 1 1000 . , 20 - , , . , 5 5 , , - 50 . , , . , - - , , , - . , . 20 37 . 20, 40 . (. 2; . 1.1 1). , 1 . , . 420 . 2,8 1987 280 1998, - - , >, 2. , 1,2 - , - 1. . 44 . 4 2000/2001 1 2 , , , , , l 1 . , 1998 . (1,2 .) 1 . , 1987-1998 100 2,0% 0,5% 75 ~ 50 6,5% 25 43,5% -25 23,2% -50 - 75 - 100 -125 -150 L- _ 24,3% ·~ · : World Bank , 20005. ry , , , : World k, 20005 1 . , ", 6, , . , 3 , - - , (, , ) . , 1998 , / - 1000 100 , , ; , 90 , 80 , , 70 60 . 50 ( 15 40 ) 30 (. 3). 20 10 . , , Ena . , , 90- - l. · , - ( 1. ) ; , · ; · ", , ( 2005 ) ; · , , ; ", · ; · . ; · 2005 . , 2015 . , 2 50 , 25, 97 . 50- , 60- , , , . , 70- , . , 1990-2015 , , , , . - . 2,7 25 . 1980 », . , 1990-1998 , 1,7 . . , , 80- , . , , ; , . . . , - 1990 : - - CIY . 7 30 , : , . , , ; , , . . 90- , , , , . . · . - , , , , . , - : , - . . , · . . , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , . - . . . . ' . . . , . . , , , , , . , . , , , . , . · . , , , ro - , , , - , . . , , , . . , , , . - . , , , . , . 8 2000/ 2001 , . , , , , , . , , -, . , . , ; , , , . -, , ; . , . , ''. , , - , , , , , - , , . , , , . , . , · . , , . , , . . . . , , , . , . , , . , - , , - , , , . , , , , . , . , . , , ; - - , , . , , , . , , , , , , , (). C1YJI , 9 . ( . ), . , , , , , , , , , . . . , . , , , , - , . - . -, , , , , , , - (, , , , . - , ). -, . , . . , - ( , ), , - , . ( . ). -, , , , , , , , . , , . . . , ( , , , ), , , . , . . . , , , , , . . . , , , . , ryr , - , . , , , . mlCQ., - . 1 2000 /2001 . 1 , . . , . -, , . , ( , , ), (, ) . , , , . , (, --. (S) ). . , , . , , , . , -, - . . , , . - - . , , , , - . , . ( , , 1994.), . , , , . , , . . , ( , ) , , ( , , ). . . - . , . . , . (, , ) . . , - , , , . , , . , . . , 1 : , 1 1 , . , , , , . , , , , . , . , , . , . , , , . , ( ), , , . , . , , , . . , , . , , , . - ». , , . , , . . . . " , , l11}'1«1 . . , - , . 6, , , ; , , , . , - , , , . , , , , , , . , . , . . : , , , - : 1987-1997 . 85 . , , . - 1 2 2000/200 1 . , , , - , , . , , . , , . 0111 - , , , , , , . , , - - - , . , , . . . , , , , . , , . , . 20 , 40 , , 1998. . , /. / , , . , - . , , , : , , , , . , . . 34 -, , 5 , . , 18 , (90 - ). - , , , , , , - , , . . , , , , , , , , -. , , - , . , . - - CIY , 13 , , , , . , , . - , . , . . , , , , . . . , , , , . . , . . , , , , . , , . - - , . /, , , , . . , , , , . , , ~ , . , ? , , ? ? , ? . , YQ'I , , , , . . , , , , - . , - I , . 1 1 . 3 1 11 - -? , , , 3 ~1 , ( 1.1). , - , , 113 3, 1\ , , . . ·,I . . , , , ;11\ . . , , 3 33 . ( 2). - . - , "3 ( , , « 1990) , ( 2). ' - ( 3, , 3 3. ) , 11 . , 3 . 3 , , 3. , . ( ) 17 18 2000 /2001 1.1 60 , ( << -) . ( -). , - - . « »; , , , « » « . « - » . , - » . ; - , » . - « , . » . . , , : , « » . , . « : , . : « - ». , : » . . - , - . - , , - , , . » . , . , , , . , , , : « . , , , « - , . ; , ; , . , , . , , . , , » . ». : « . ». : Narayan, Chambers, Shah, and Petersch , 2000: Narayan. Patel. Schafft. Rademacher , and Koch-Schulte, 2000. , , . . , , , , . . , , . . , . , 1899 , , , , ( 1.2). , , . . , HbIX . . 19 1.2 , : 1899 1998 , 1901 , , 10 . 1899 . ( ). , ; , , ( 1 . ) () 1993 . - , 1,2 . , () , , , 110 ( 64 , 1985 ) . . . 1990 , 1993 1993 . 1990 33 1985 . , , - » , . 1999 , . 1993 , - , 10 - . 1,08 . 21 1993 ( 8 ; · 1 . -), . , , 1. 1985 , . . (.2. -) , 1999 , , , 1990 . . 1999 1998 . 1998 , , 1987 , , 1990 ,1993,1996 1998 ( 1998 , 1998 , ). , (World Bank, 1990, 1996d). , . . , , , 1998 . . 96 , 265 , , , 88 22, (World Bank, 1999j). 1997 1990 . 1998 , , - 66 73 . , , , , , , , . 1998 . , , (. 1.8 ). , , . , , - 1 2 . , . , - , , , . . , . : Chen and Ravallion 2000. 20 2000/200 1 , , . , . ( , ) , , ' . , , , , , . , . . , , . , . -- , , - . . , , , , : . , , , . , , - - , , , ( . ) . (., , 1.8 , ) 2. , , , ( ) , ( , ) , . . , >, , . 25>, , , , , , , , . . , , , : ; , - . '', , - - , - , - - , . . , (. 1.2) , , . , , , . , , , , . , . , - (. ). 21 , . , , , , . , , , . , ". , , . . , , , - , - , . , , . , . 1990 , , , , , . , . . , , - . , - - - ( 1.3). . , )' . , , . - , ( ( 1.4) ) - 50 , 1990-1997, ( 1.5). , . , , , . . , . , - . , - . . - -, ( - , , , -. - ). , : , , . . . , - , - 22 2000/2001 1.3 - , , , , . . , . , . , : . · , . · . , . , · . 1 , , , , . , . . · , Hbl . · . . , , . , , . . , , , , - , . , , , . · . . , , . , - , . (, , . ) , , , . , · . . . , . · . , . , , . , : , , , . . . . , , , , . , . . . , · . (, , , . . ) . , - , , , , , , ( ), , ( - . - ID 2000). : D , 1999; Grosh and Glewwe, 2000; Holzmannand Jorgensen, 1999; ID, 2000; Sinhaand , 1999; World Bank, 19981. F 23 1.4 , , ? , , .. » , , , , ? , . . , . , . , , , ,,,, - ( , . , , ) , , . , ( . 1.6). , 1.5 . , , : , , , . - , . ? ? . 178 , , ( , , ) , ( ) , . , . - ( . , , , ) , , ( 1.7)8. . , , , . , . , - . , , 20 , ( ufm , d Zoido-Lt ,1999). , , 85 , , , . . , , . , . ? (. 1.3). , . , , , . . . , , . - . 24 2000/2001 . , , 474 522 , 45 . 40 . 20 . . 1,1 ? 24 ? . 217 291 , . , ( ), . , 1998 - 70 , , , , , 1. , 1 . , 1987 (. . 1.1). , , , , , 1998 - ( , (. ), 1.2). , . 1.1 . , (. 1.2). . -, , , , . , - . -, , - , - , - , , , , , . ' ", 1.2 , , ~ . . , : 1.1, , , . 11 , 198 7-1 998 1993 , () 1993 , 1. , 28 24 ( 1 . . 1.1). - , 1. . ( , 1. ) , 50 2015 (. 2 ) . . - . . . , 15 . , 1 . , , 50 . , . , , , 1 . , - , F 25 1.6 : , . , , . , ( . , ). , , . , , (Tsui, 1995, 1997; Bour- , , , guig d Chakravaty,1998). , . , , , ( . , , , ). , , , . , . . , , , , . , 1 - , « » - , , . 2 - , . , , , . 3 - , . , , , ( , ; Morris , 1979) (UNDP, 1 999). , : - , , , , . - , ( , ) n , , . (Rvlli, 1997) . 1.7 · 28 . , . · , 5,4 . , 1 2017 ( , ) 2004-2005 . : , 2004-2005 : · 5 , 103 . · 35 . . : ,2000 26 2000 /200 1 1.1 , , 1987-1998 , , 1 . () (%) 1987 1990 1993 1996 1998 90,8 417,5 452,4 431,9 265,1 278,3 71,1 114,1 92,0 83,5 55,1 65,1 81,7 1,1 7,1 18,3 23,8 24,0 88,0 63,7 73,8 70,8 76,0 78,2 52,5 9,3 5,7 5,0 5,0 5,5 97,9 474,4 495,1 50,1 53,7 522,0 72,9 217,2 242,3 27,3 289,0 290.9 88,1 1183,2 1276,4 1304,3 1190,6 1198,9 84,2 879,8 915,9 955,9 980,5 985,7 , 1 . (%) 1987 1990 1993 1996 1 998 26,6 27,6 25,2 14,9 15,3 23,9 18,5 15,9 10,0 11,3 0,2 1,6 4,0 5,1 5,1 15,3 16,8 15,3 15,6 15,6 4,3 2,4 1,9 1,8 1,9 44,9 44,0 42,4 42,3 40,0 46,6 47,7 49,7 48,5 46,3 28,3 29,0 28,1 24,5 24,0 28,5 28,1 27,7 27,0 26,2 : 1,08 . 1993 . , , , 1985-1998 . , , , . , , , , . , . . h Rvlli (2000). . . : World k, 2000s . , - 11. 52 - 13 . 25 ( ." ) . , . 107 , 1970 59 1998 . - 90 1990 1998 . , 1 ( 77). , 30 . 6 . , , , . 1997 - 27 1.1 , 1 23,2% 35,3% 2,0% 0,1% -, 6,5% 5,4% 0,5% 43,5% 1987. 0,8% 1998 . : Chenand Ravallion 2000. 1.2 , , 1987-1998 , , ( . , 1993 ( % ) 1993 .) 1987 1990 1993 1996 19988 1,3 33,0 33,7 29,8 19,0 19,6 1,9 45,1 38,7 30,8 23,2 24,6 2,7 7,5 16,2 25,3 26,1 25,6 3,3 50,2 51,5 51,1 52,0 51,4 1,8 18,9 14,5 13,6 11,4 10,8 1,1 45,2 44,2 42,5 42,5 40,2 1,3 51,1 52,1 54,0 52,8 50,S 1,6 36,3 37,4 36,7 32,8 32,1 1,8 39,3 39,S 39,3 38,1 37,0 : . « » . . . : Chen and Raval1ion, 2000. . 1990 1997 74 62 74 52 69 . ( 1982-1 993 ). : 12 , 100 . . 1. , 1 - . . , , 17 . 3 1982-1 996 12. 77 100 . . 28 2000/2001 , 1989 1996 .rlC , , , 1;. , , , , , , . , , 16 , . 2 . ( 1996 ), 5 , 90- . , , , , , , 19 , 49 (. 9) 17. 68 . , , , 90- , , 11 (- , , 1996 18- 20 1999 . , ) , , ( , , ) ( 1.3)14. ". 1996-1 998 - . 1.3 , , 1 . , , , . , , 1996-1 998 ; , , (%) , · 1 2 '. 1993 1998 - 51,1 50,7 , 1994, 1998 10,4 15,8 , 44,5 45,3 , 58 37 -". 45,8 36,2 90- 1991/92, 15,3 14,5 1 . 1998/99 35,7 29,4 l 72,1 58,9 , , 1987, 1996 43,5 19,0 1998-1 999 4,5 59,5 41,3 45,1 67,8 . 1992, 1996 29,6 57,5 , 42,8 65,6 , 59,4 48,2 - - 1992, 1997 29,4 16,3 55,6 44,0 . - 9- 79,6 74,9 ? ' . 1991,1996 31,0 34,0 57,0 60,0 . , 51,5 62,8 1991,1996 6,2 14,9 ( 1.8). 37,5 47,2 . ~oy 1 2. . . . : , 1999;Gh Statistical Service, 1998. . , - 29 1. 8 90- ( ) , , - 90- , , . . , ( 1990-1 998 , 6,1 ) , ( ). . , , (Visaria, 2000 ), ; , . , . (Siivs , 2000) (Siivs d dh, 1974 , . ) . , , , , , , . 90- , , . « , , ; 50 - 60- (Mukher- . jee d Chatterjee, 1974). , , 1987- 1988 , , 1993-1 994 , , , » , , 90- ( D t d Tarozzi, 1999, .34-35). ( Bhalla, , , 2000). , . , , - , ( , , , , , - , , , . , ), . , , , . , . , . . - , , . II ->, - . -". - - , , , , . - ". , . . , (. 1.3) 22. , - -. 1989-1 994 , , 110 - - 1992 30 2000/200 1 , 15 19 40 , , 56 . 20 1 8 - . , :: : . - " . ' 1 20 12 , 20 . 011, . . 6 14 , , 52 , 30 -" , , 36 5 19 . 20 (63 20 , - ) (49 - '>. . . 19 , , ( - . ), ( - ) . 1985-1 993 ". 1, 13 >', -". , , , , , , , , . ->. , , -", . 1992-1 997 1 41 , . , 59 , . 22 20 -" , 76 >' . , / . , 4 1 , , , . , . . , 20 . , - 18. , , , , , 12 ( , , , -". ) F 31 , . . 198 6-1 987 4,7 31 , 20 11 , 1995-1 996 53 - 20 ". . -". tnuu , , , - , , 1 , , . . , , , . , >", , , , , , - - - , , -". , ''. , , . 50. , 1,8, - 4,9 !' . , 11 ( ) 40 . , , , 1994 50 - 1997 42. . , , , , , , 4 . 3 , 5,3 , - >' , 45 -'. , 1 , '>, ' <. -- , , , , . -. - - (, . ) < - ( , , 19 , , 1991 , , - 46 '>, 64 '", . , , , , , -'. . -, . 90- , 8 , - ", . , , '<. 32 2000/2001 * * * ( 6). , , , , , , , - , . , , , ( 7)., , . , , ( 4) ( 3). ( 1 ) , , ( 4), . , , . , , , . ( 9). , , ( 8 9). . , , 90- , . . , , , , , : , - , . , , , , . ( 3,4 5)., . 2, , - - . 2 1990 ... · , · . , . .. . 2000/2001 1990 1\ · · , , 70- · 80- , 80- . . . 1990 , , : , , , , . 1990 , 1989 : 70- 80- , : , - , , , , . 70- 80- . , , . ( - WorldBank 1990 (jJ.5 1) )? , - 33 34 2000 /2001 , , - . . , , , , , . . , , , . , , , . , , . , · , , , . , 90- , : , · - - - - . , , . , . , - , , . . . 88,2 1992 97,1 , 1997 , , , - 62 1000 . 80- 38 , 90- . 80- 90- . , . , , . , , . . . . - , , -, - , , , , . . , , . , , : : , , , , . , , . , . 35 , . . , . , . , , - , , . ( , , - , - » ). . , · . , , , . , , . · , . . , , , , , 1990. , . . 90- ( , . , ), , , . · - , , ( ) : , . , , - , , . , . -, - , . , . . . , , , , . , . -, . , , , , , , . . 36 2000/2001 · : crn , ocr , . , , ( ) . · : , . , , , , , ( V). , , ( ). · : , , , , , , : , · ( IV). ., , ; · . , ; · - , , . , . , , . ( ), . . - : - . , (. 1.8). , , . , , , - . , . , . -, , c , , , . - . . - . . . ? , , . . , , , , , , . 37 · , , , , . . · , , . , , · , . , , . · , , , , 1)' . , · , , , . , 11 . 1)' . , 1 , . , . - ,I!/ 113 . () , . , )'" .'I, .JlOl ) 'm h)'1llImb ; , 11 , , "'110 . 1)' , · , . , - 11)!!!!/( 113 {/:'1I11\(~71> ( ) . , , , , . 1)' , . . , , - , - 80- , ) , ; ; . . 1992-1 997 . 1987 , , , , , , , , , . , . . , , , . (World Bank . 1999q). - . - , , , , . . , , . : ( , . 38 2000 /2001 , 2.1 . , , ; (. 2.1). 15 4-5, , 10 . , , , 5 , , , . · ---------- , · , -5 · , , . , , - 10 - 10 -5 5 10 . , - : 150 . 1980-1998 . , , : . . : (Chenand Ravallion 2000). - , , . , , , (. 1.1 1). , , , . ( 2."1). , , , . , , , - , . . , . - . , , . . , , , ~)'., , -. . " 1100",0'l. . ,' , 1110 . « - ·. - , , . . - 1/.3 F JI 39 2.1 : - , , , , - . » , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , , , , . . , , , ( ). . , , , , . , , , , , , . . : - , » . : , . , . , , . . , , . , , . , - . . : Narayan , Chambers, Shah, and Pelesch 2000; Narayan, Palel, Schafft, Rademacher , and Koch-Schulle 2000. - ; , ; . , . ( 8 9). . , . , . . , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , . - . . . , oe , . . , , , , , , , , . . , « >, , , . , , , , , , ; - , - 40 2000/2001 , , - ( 10). . , , . ? . , . , , ( 3). , , , , , . . , , , , , . . , , . . , , . , ? , ? . , , ( . 4). , , , -, , , - - . . , , , - - . , , . , , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , . , ? . , , , , , . , , , - - . F 41 , , , . . , . , . , . - , , , . . , , , , , , , . . , ; , , , . . , . , , . 11 , . , - , . , , , , , , , , . . ( 5). , , . , , , , . , - ( 6). - - , , , , . , - - , . , , , . , . - - , - . . - , -, , - , - , . , - . . , . . - , . 42 2000 /200 1 . , , , , , . . ' - , , , ( , ) , . . ( 7). . , , , , . , . ( 8 9). , . , , , , , , . , , . , , . , , , , , , . , . . - , , . , , - , , . . , , , , . , , . - , , : , , . , , , , · , , . , . , , . ; , / , : , , , , , ; 90- . - , . / , · , . F EJI 43 2.2 : . , . , - , . , , , , , , . , . . , . , . : 2 . , , , ( . , , ) . , . , ( 2.2). . . : , ( ) . , , 1 , . . , , 75 , , , 2 . , . ( . , ) , , : . , . , . , : Besley and Burgess 2000. , , 6 , ., ( , , ) , , - , ( 1) . , . anu . , - - , , . , 44 2000 /2001 2 .3 , ( , ) , , . , , 58 37 , 1993-1998 . , . , , - , , , : : , , , . , , 80- . HblM . . , , , , , . ( « » , . « - ) , U1 Jec , , : , (, ). , , , , 450 . 61 . - - , . . , 2000 . : World Bank 1999. . , , , ( 2.3). · · · . - - , , , - , . ( 11). - , . , , , , . . . : · , , . , . , , , 06. · . , . · . , , . , . , - . , . 11 v -, 3 , . . :1 31111 - . 11 . . . . " , ~II . 1 . . . , 11 . , . ;I 1. II~ 20 '1 \' . . :\31111. " I 1'1'1> '1'0'1;;". 311 . '1':1;;011 : /\ 40 . 11 3; 1 ? , \'1I1 : I 1 11 . ' . '1'01 '0IIlI , 182 0 " ," ;1 ,11,3\' 11 '1'0'1 11 . . 11.'111 11 . : 50() . , 11 31111 / ] 000- 1500 . . . . -'. , 11 '1111);1 1 . 111 3 11OX l1 . . 31 10 . . , . 111111 , 11 1 . 110- 1111011 , 1 011l1'13II , ~1I1Y ' . 11 . '1 3, - !' - 47 48 2000/2001 , 3. 1 . , , , . , , . , . 1993 (); . , , , . , -. 1000 -. -. · , -.. .,.018 ·· · , . · · · ·· · · , , , · · . , · ·· , 1000 10000 , . . 1993 (); , 1 . 80 70 ·· 1 . . . : 60 , .. 50 , 1. · (. 3.1). 40 · . 30 ·· , · 1. , , 20 . · . ...·· · · .... 10 .,..·· · :.. . I · 1 000 10 000 100, . 1993 (); (. 3.2). , : 90- 65 . , - 5. : , h d Rvlli (2000). . ', , , , ". , [ - 11l0] ... 1m . , . , , . . - , - , 49 3.2 3.3 80- 90- , 1995 1 . · 40 · 250 · · ··· · 200 · · 20 · ...-. ,. 150 ··........ ·· · 10 · · · '.:-: . 100 · · ··· · -10 · ·· · · 50 · ·· · -20 · · · L--- - ---"'-------'=O:,."",.'--"IIII'I. : Ravallion and Datt, 1996, 1999. ( 4). - , , ( , 3,6). , : . · , ; · , ; , - · , - , 57 . , · , . , . 1 - 3,0 . , , , , , , , . , : · , , . · . 0,2 0,4 0.6 · , : 65 . 80- 90- . · . - , 1 . . : , Ravallion (1997 ) Chen and Ravallion (2000). , , , , , . ( 3.7). , , , , . , 110 , , . . , - / /3 , . . (, : ) , (. 3.6). cra , - , ( 7). . , ~ , . , . , , , . ( 7). , , 58 2000/200 1 3.6 - --- -- ~-- - - . , , , , , . , , () , . , - , , , . , - . 1976-1996 , 0,62 0,59. ( ) - : , , () 30 0,30 . , , , . . , , . . . : . · , . . , , · 3,8 5,9 , ( ) , , , : 4,4 3,5 . . , . * * * · , , , , , , . 1976-1996 ( , ) . , - . ( , , 1984-1994 ) - 0,49 0,55. , . (), , . . : - Feeia and Paes de Bao s (1999) ; - Legovini, Bouillon and Lustig (1999); () - Bouguignon ,Founie and Gugand (1998). 2 . 6 , , , , , , , , . . . , , . : , . . , , , , 59 3.7 ( ". . , ( , , ) . , , , -? , . , , , , - 30. ( , , ), , , . . , >' . , -. , . 33. , , , , , , , , , , 1985-1990. . , , , , . : , ( , , , ) , . , . , , ( , . ) . , . ( : World Bank, 1997 . 3.8). , , , , , , ( 5, 5.12). , . , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . , , . : , , , , , . . , , , , , , - , 60 2000/2001 3.8 ( , . ) , . , . () 1968 , (Spohr, 2000). , . (0,4 ) , (Clark . - -, d Hsieh, 1999). , ( , 70- 80- , ) , , . . , , 18 (j, Ger1lerd Ghatak, 1998). . 1993 , . S: (Case d Dt , 1998) . , . , ( 61 . ) , (Duflo, 2000 ) . INPRES ( , ) , , , (td , Miller d Mul- . , lith, 1999 ). , , 12 , - 5 (Duflo , 2000 ) . . . , , , ( , ), . , 3 . 6 , , , , , , '". , , . . , , : , , , S. -", , , . , , -", , , . . : , , , , : . , . , . - , F, 6 1 3 .7 . , , 80- 656 . , 80- ( ) , 1990- 1998 60- 70- ". 120 . . . ..... . .-t.'"-· 100 . -- -- . ~'V"C\tf. ....... ·· · 80 ,. . -- , ~.. · .......,........ '..··· . . . · · · · ·· 60 ~: . , 40 «- 20 , ( 5). 0 '----- - - - - - - - - - ---- - - 100 1000 10000 , , . . 1995 ( ); " : : . , . , , (. 3.7). , . . , , , , . , - , - . , , , , 87,9 100, , , ". , '", , , , , . ". : , , , , . , ( 5). , , , . · · · , . , . , . - 62 OJlAO 2000/2001 . . , . . . 4 , bIHIGI, , , . , , , . , . , , , . , , , 1. . , , - . 60- , , , . , 70- , 80- . . 70- , , , , , . . , , , , , . , 50-60- , , , , - 63 64 2000/2001 - , , - , -. , . , , , . . , 20 , , . . , -. , , - . , , , , , , , . , . - ', ? - : 80-90- , . , , . , . « : -, . , , . , , ", , , . . , , . , . : , 80-. . , , , - ". . , , , , . . , . . , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , - -, , . , - ( 4.1). ThI EJ1 65 4.1 4.1 : · - ; 25 · , ; 20 · - ; · , 15 ( ) ; · , ; · - - ; · ; · ; · - , 1980 1990 1998 , , , ; 50 ; · . : Williamson , 1993. , , . ( . 4.1)., 15 80- 7 1997, I - . 1997 , , . : . ' , , , 95 . 1994 1995 . , 25, : Eastely, 2000 . 80- , 5 90- . , . . , , 50 - , 1985 1 1996 , 84 41 '', ? 1996 , , 6 , , 38 ", , , , , - , - , - 66 2000/2001 , ( 3). - , , , , ' ·. , , , , 80-90- . . , , , . , , , . ' , - , , , , - , . . , . . 4.2 . , , , . . , . , . , , , , ( . , ) , , , , , ' '. 4.2. , 1999, , , , - , !", 4.2 . , , , < '>, , , , 90- 8 . Easterly, Loayza, 7 and Montiel 1997 Lora and 6 1997 , , 5 Fernandez-Arias 4 and Montiel 1997 . < . 3 , ; 2 , 15. , : , , . - 1 '------ --- - - - - - - - - - - - - , - , . : . , - OIOEB 67 4.2 , - . . . , , , , «"(Hellman and 90- others, 2000). , . , . , , , . , « " . , , , , . 1997 . , (World k, 1998f). , : , 80- , (Dmigu,<-u1 d Detragiache, 1998). , 1995 , , . (Lustig, 1998). , . (World Bank, 2000) . , , , . , . , , . . . , 1996-1997 , , . , - . . 50 . n? , - ! , - , , , - . . ( . , , N, Patel, Schafft, Radermacher and Koch-Schulte, , 2000) . : . , , , - , . , . 6 , . « . , ", , . . , , , , , . · - . -- - --- - - - - -- --- 68 2000 /200 1 . , , , , . . , , , , , , . . , , , ? , . , , , . , , , ? , ? . , , . , . , , - , - , , , , . . . , , , , l , , , , , . , . , . , 1990 . 1992 , '" , , n : , , , ... 17 - , , , , - -, , , , , . , , . , (. , 8). 10 , , , , . , , . 18 , . . , - , , F 69 4.1 , , 8 ( ( · ) ) -10 -23 -15 25,4 5 230 3.9 50 12,2 20 75 -0,6 42 2,3 11 94 2,0 15 2,9 -24 22 -3,7 14 1,3 -31 -2 0,4 5 0,8 120 105 2,8 40 8,2 .. - . . . : , 1997. , - - - , - - -". , ? ? , , , . , , , , , , , , , . . , ( ) , , , - " », , ( , . , , , ), , , , . , , , , , , , . , - ' , , , , . , ( 4.1). - , , . , 2 , 2, , - , ; , , . , ( 4.3). , 5, ( ) . - 70 2000/200 1 . , , , . , . , , , 8 ; . , , , . ( 4.4). u- ll. , n , , , . , - , . , , , - -', 4 .3 , . 30- 0,2 0,1 . . , , 1973 , . . 1974 , , 1983 30 - . . 1978-1982 1979 , « , », , , . , - , , , (Valdes, 1994). 1984 . . , , . . - 14 . 19 , , . (, , , , ), 0,2 , 1960-1974 4,9 . - 1974-1990 . , . - . . 1979 . 1978 , 1984 7,7 , - 4,8 (Lin , 1995). . 30 - 40- 70- - , ~ , - . : , 1997. 7 1 4.4 , , 1992 , , . ., , , , , ( , - ) , , , . . , . , ; , , , , . , : Olinlo, Davis and Deininger, 1999. , , - , , . . , , , , . . , , , . . . , , , , , , , . . 1988- 1992 , ~l , ; , , . :: , . , ? . , - 3 , , . . ; . , >'. . , , , , , , , , , , - ( 4.5). . ,, , , - . , - 7 2 2000/200 1 4.5 1991 . , . , ( ) . . , , , , . , , , , , , , . . , , , , , - , . . , . , . , , - , - , , - . , , , , , , . : World Bank 1998. , 26. : ' . , -lCmJlllOJlumu. - . , 90- , . . ' , - . . , , . . 1992-1 995 5, , 4-12 ( ) , , , . . - , -". 20 . . . , ( 73 ). , 60 ( ) , , . . , , - , . -". 3, , , 1 . , . . 90- , . - ( , ) . , . . 1 , , ( 1) . ; , . : 11 , , )10 , , , . -". ; , , , . , )1 , 15 , . , . . , , . . . , )l' , -, , , . . : , , , . , 4,3 , . 1986-1 990 10,3 -", , , ) , (. 4.3) ."\0. , , , , , . - , - 74 2000/2001 4.3 , . - . , ( 1984 = 100) 130 . , . 120 . . 110 : , 100 , . -, , 90 , . 80 , - 1\ . 70 L- _ 1984 1990 1995 , 01111, Lustig. 1998 . , : , . , , 1 , , 1\ , , , , . -, 70-80- , ->, , . , , , , 1\ , , . , , , , . . , 70- 20, >' . , , , , , , , , . - '<. , , ? 10 1\1. . , , , 1\1 , 1\ . . . , , , , , . , , , 1\ . - . EJ1 75 , , , ; ; , , , >', , 12 13, , , . -". , - . . , . , " -, . 3,8 9,4 . , .". , , , , 30 !' . . , , , . " . , . , , '' >. , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . . , . , , . 1 '!" . -", , , , , , , , , . ( 4.6). , , , : , - . 76 2000/ 200 1 4.6 . , , . 6, , , , , . . , , , , , ... . , ... , 12 ( ) ... , , . . 14 . , - --, ... 14 1999 , 13 . -/l/ , , , , . - - , , - - , - , , , , , . , . . 1997 - 2 , . 2002 40 , , , , , - . . , ; . . , 1999 . , , , , , , « . » . 65- 80 , , , , . - . : , . WWW .l i k/vsu k/ ; - - . , 2000 . ry . , , -, -, . , , 90- . , , , , . , - , , ( , , . ) , , , , - ' >, ' 77 , , , , . , , . , - . , , , , . ". . , , , , , , . . , , , , , 1998 . . , , , . >, , , , , , , , , '", . , . , . , , . ', , , , . , . , , . , '" , , , , . , , , . - , , . , - , . , , . . , . , , , ( , , ) , , , ". - '<. 78 2000 / 200 1 . : -. . , , . , , : ; . , . , . - , , , , - , -. . , , , . '> , - - - " . . , cyrn, , , . , . , , -". ( ), , , . -". , , , . , . , : : , '. . , , , , , '", , . , . , , , . . , , , , , , >·. . . , - , ', , . , . 13 79 , , , , , . , . , , , , '. . , , , , '<, . : ··· >. 06 , . , , , . - . , : - . , , . , , . , - , -, - , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , - . . , , , , , . , . , . , ( ), . , , . . 5 , . , , , , , - . , . , 20 20 , , 1. . 19 52 , -. 75 , . , 12 >, . , . ~ ,. ~ -.ecm~Uf!1'1/J,~ . nOn~, , . , - , m .-. . 81 82 2000/200 1 5.1 5.2 . , . . - - - , , . , . , , , , . . , . 6 . , . , , , , - . . 144 , , , , , . - 22 - , - , 65 . . , , 60 . , - , - 29 , - 27-50 . . , 1993 . 400 : Wor/d Bank ( ); . Godinho, and Lawson-Doe. 1999. 300 - . , , - . 200 '-------------------- 0,5 1 3 6 , 6 , ; ( 5.1)4. : van de Walle , 2000 . , , 15 >. - F , 83 , , , , ", ( 5.3; . 3,8 3). 5.3 ( 5.2). , , , , , , . , , . . . - , , , . , , . , , . , , , , , , . . , - . , , , . . , , , , , . . , IbIX . ( , , ) . . , , , 11 ( 8). ( , . Arrow, 1963.) , 11 . , . ? . - , , , , . , , , . . - , . , , . . , . , - , , , - , , , . , , , . : , 1997; Devarajanand. 1998:Wold ,, . Bank, 19981. - 84 2000/2001 , , , . . , . , . , , , . . , ( . , ), , . , . ? ( . 3.8 3). , , ? : , , , . , , , , . ; , , ; , , , ( 5.1 5.2). . , , . , ( , ). - , . . ( 4. . - 6. , - , 7. 8 9. ( , 1 11.) ) ; , - , , . , . , , . ( 6). , , . - F CJIOEB ElI , 85 5.1 1 5 ( ) 2 3 4 ( ) 1996 7 17 22 25 29 1993 12 16 17 19 35 1992 16 21 21 21 21 1994 9 13 21 30 27 1996 8 16 23 27 26 1992/93 17 20 21 22 21 -' 1995 14 17 17 17 35 1993 14 17 18 24 27 1993/94 8 15 14 21 41 1994/95 16 19 20 20 25 1998/99 12 17 23 24 24 1996 11 12 14 18 46 1993 9 12 16 24 40 1991 14 17 19 21 29 1997 20 19 20 24 18 1994 15 19 22 23 22 1994 24 22 21 19 15 1993 13 16 16 16 38 1998 11 16 21 27 26 1993 21 19 17 20 23 1992 18 19 20 21 22 . . : Li, Steel, and Glewwe ; World Bank, 1997i ( ), 20001( ). 5.2 1 5 ( ) 2 3 4 ( ) 1991 33 60· 6 1990 8 18 30 25 20 1995 13 16 21 26 25 1982 22 66 11 1994 12 15 19 21 33 1987 12 14 19 27 29 1992 14 17 22 22 24 1989 29 60 11 1995 18 20 19 19 24 1993 16 66 17 1989 37 21 17 14 11 1993 12 16 21 22 29 . . . , . : Filmer and Pitchett, 1999. 86 2000 / 2001 . , , , . . -, , , , , , 0 1'- , - j , . , , , , , , , . , . , , , , , . - . , . ", , , , - (, . 10. ) . . , . , ( ) . . 4,9 1990 2,4 , 1995 ! 1. . , ' . ( 6). , , - , : 1997 , 17,5 . ( ) ", 29,6 , . , , . , ", , , . - -, , , , , , . , , (. 3.2 , , 3). ( ), , . . , , . - EJl , 87 - >. , . 80- 90- )? . , , 11 , . 118 . 0,7 1,3 . . !". 1, 01111 . , IIII ( . 9.2 9). 1\1 '11 , . , . , , ( 11). , , ". , - }10 , , , . . , ( . 5.1). 1 . - » , , (. 5.2) 16. ( 5.4). , 17. . 45 , ! ". ( ) , -", , ' ". , , -' , , . , , . , -, , . 1997/1 998 . ( 6) . . -". . . , , , - 14-20 , 88 2000/2001 5.4 , - , - , . « » . , . , , , , , . , , . - , 500 . - . . : « , , , -. , , . « , , », - . . , , . - 14 , - , , . . , . , w, . , , , , « » . . , , , : « , « ». : Narayan, Chambers, Shah, and Petesch , 2000: Narayan, Patel, Schafft, Rademacher, and Koch-Schulte, 2000. , , (. 5.3 8). /", , , --, , 6- 10 , CJI , ->, - (, ) . -. JI 20 Jl CJI , 1000 .27. - , , - -", , . , 30 54 . - 6 -1 . , . . . , JI , . - . , F , 89 - -? ( ) - , ( 5.5). . 20 32 . -". ( '" ). , . (, . ) !' . 1995 , 7 1 - , -". . , , , - , , -". , , , . , 34. , - , - , 36. 5.5 , .... : , , , « - - , , 1997 - 37. , , , . , . , «» ''. . 2,6 - - 80 . . , 18 ". , . , , , . . 46 . 15 , . . , ( 17 , ) . ( ) . - : ID 2000. , . 90 2000/200 1 , . , . ( 5.6). , , , 5.6 , , !' , , , : . , , , . · . .. , , , , « , -, » - , - n//U108 . , , « » , (Rvlli, 1999;. 8.9 8). , , · . . , , . , , . ? - , . . , - . , , , , , . . · . : , , , , , 111 ( 6). . , . (, , ), . 42. , ( 8). 15 , , - - , ( , ·') , . , , . , , , , , . , , , , , '. , , ' >, CJlOEBF . : 9 1 . - , , . . , : . , , , , , , , , , . , , . . , . - , , -", 90 - , , . , , , , . - , , - , rocya , . ( , , , , ( 6). .) , , , , . , , , , . , . . , . '>, , , , , . . . . , , , . . (. ). .. , , . , n». ( ), - , -, , , , ', - , , . 92 2000/2001 , - . , , , , - . , . ( 5.7). , ", , , , . , oXBablae , , -", , 1994 , , . 2,6 11bIC. . '", , 191, , .l."'J'I4i")'.1J'll -". " , , . . - , , 5.7 >' . -, , 50-60 80-90 '<. 80- , 1974 -, () - - , 1990 () 80 , . , , , (). . , . , . , 240 . 165 , 500 103 . 20bIC. 500 . , , , . 1995-1 996 , , , . 1 7 >', . 1990 - , , 80 crn . - . , , , , , . ( 5.8)55. - : van der Gaag, 1995. , IO , 93 5.1 , , . 90 , '. - - . , - , , . 1995 , , , , . . 1998 . «- ( - - ) , , , , , , - « » 140 . 30 «» 3960 . 1584 . . , - - : Enberg ,1998 ; . 1998. . , '<. 6 . , 1)' , - . - - - , ?' , , (. 4.6 4). , , : , , , , , >", . : , · , , ; - · , , ; . · , . - , - . 58. , , , , , ( 6). ; - », , . -, - - 94 2000 /200 1 , , , ( 5.9). , . , , . 1993 - / . , , . , , , . . 1995 <" '. , I , 5.9 . : , , , 1993 , . 6 7. : · - , , , . , ; · u , , , . . ; . · , , ; , · , , . , , , , . 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( ) . . - , . . . - v smksh samithi (VSS - ) . , ?", , , . ?" , . , . , lII9 . 8 , , . , - ( 5.\ \). . ( , . ) . , 1992 , 1 . , . , , . , . 1999 1,2 :' . , 1 . , . :' , , , , , . , , , . '". , , . , , , , , - . , . , , : Venkalaraman and Falconer, 1999. ]()(). . , : , 102. . ' ?' , , ( , ) , - IO ElI . 99 , , , . '>, , - , , - , . . , . , , . () , ( 104. , - ). . , , '? . · . , , , , , . 106. , . , , . , , 107. , - , - . , 108. , -. , '", . - , , '?", , '. , , , . , , . - . - , ( ) - . , , . - , 114. , . , , , , , '{ >. , , , . . , - , . 100 2000/2001 , , . 116. 19 , 90 , , , , , "! ". '<>. , , , , , '', - , , ( 5.12.). 119. , . . , - , , . (. 3.8 124. 3). 1)' . , ! , , q, - , . .,. ;~,·",,; , , , « ·. , . TeM,tIe , . - > , , , 120. , , , . , , . - . , 40 , , , , ( ' >. 7)1 21. ' . , .19 IJ . n~u , 122. , , , " )' , WI, ... . , 1)' . , ")', Mleu , , - J~{{{CIII}IIlh'06 . . . , , , . , , . , , - . ElI , 1 1 5.12 , , 60- , . , , . , 1997 . - , - . , , (, , , ) , , . . , , , , . . , ( 5.13). . , , ; . yp 127. , , , , , . , 90- . , , , , . , , 50 ' ''. : , . . . 20 . , (, , , ) . , ' , , . , , , , ' <", . - ( 10 . ) , , , . , . . , , . , - : Deninger (8 ) 130. , , 10 2 2000/200 1 5 .13 , - , , , , - . 1 . , , - , , , , . , , . , , . , - . 1 1)' 85 - 1)' , - . ' >. , , , , , « » , . - ' . , , , . ' <'. - . , , , , , , , , , , . , ' . ( , ) , , , . . , , : 5010, 1999. , 1 . . , , , , 1)' '> ' , . - - ( -, 1 , ---, , ) ( 5.14). . , , 35 . 132. , - ( FJI , 103 ) 5.1 4 , . ., , - - (1992 -1997) , , , : '>". · . · . * * * · , , , . · . , , , . · , - ( . ). · , , . , . : Katakura and Bakalian 1998. ( 8 9). - , cyapcra ( 7). ( , ocyapcry ) , . - - , . , , , - ( 3). 111 v 6 v - , , , . · , , , , ' . , · , ; · , , : , · , . , ( 5); · zopoiJc " ; ~UII08ID9'. ; 011 · :..uume, ue.JlfOZ)'tIOO». - , ; 107 108 2000/200 1 6. 1 « - n , . . . , , n ; , , . , , . , - . , , . , - , , , . , , n , ··. ··. . . . n . 8 , . n, , , nfl..· n . .·. . n , . ·.. . ··. - , , - , -. , . .·· ··· ... , .·. , - , . ~, - , , : Naayan ,Chambes,Shah, and Petesch 2000; Naayan,Patel, Schafft , Rademache, and Koch-Schulte 2000 . . ( 6.1). - , . , - , . , , - , , , . . - , . - , , , . . , , , , - . 109 6.1 . , , >, · · · · · , « -", · · · · · · ·· . · ·· >, · · · · · · · · .: , ·· · · · (. 6.1). · . , · '-,-_.".- -::-_----" , . . , , · . · · · · , . , , . · . , · , , -=-_-:: "'-_.,,-- , , . : , , . . 126 5 . , , , , ", . , I . cny . : Rauch nd Evans 1999. . - 11 2000/200 1 , . , . , , . , , , , 1" , , ", , 10 . , , . , . . , . , -' . , , , , , , , 11. , , 753 . 25 , , , , , 87 12. : (. 6.2). , , 1991-1995 30 .2 , - , . 10 9 8 . 7 1999 6 , 1995 , 100 5 , 4 ", . 2 , . - . -, «11 ) (>99) (11-99) (110-329 , , « 110 (>329 . ) .) .) . : . , 1993 - , ; « - . . . . - 1164 1800 . , 1999 . - - : l, , , . , , , , . , . , , , . . , , , 14. , . . , , . . , , , , , , . - , . , . . , , 160 . , cn : 9'. . , «» : . . . .. , - . , , , , , , . , , : Michael ds,1999. . : , . , (. 6.3), , , . . , , - , . '>. , , . , . . . , , , . . , , , , ( 6.2). . - - 1 12 2000/ 200 1 , , , , . . . () 25000 ! ", , , 20000 18. . 15 000 , ' . 10000 · , . , , · 5000 ·· , , , . · · · , l-JL--t!.-';:~~:~-~- · JIO -2,5 -2,0 -1 ,5 - 1,0 - 0,5 0,5 1 1,5 2,0 , , . : . 166 1997-1 998 . . : ufm, , and Zoido-Lobaton, 1999. , , , . - . , . . , . , , , , . ( 7). , : ae , , , , , - . !". , , . . , , . . . , , - , ! 6. -". , . , , , , , - -" , - ro 1 13 - ( , ), , , . , , , , . , ( 6.3). , , .". , , . . . . , , , - , . , . ->, - 1990 . , . 1998 : 100 , -". . , . , , ". -". -« ( 'f 'fcyr , , . , ), , , . , , 1999 , , , . , ->. , . , - , 6 , , , , , . , , -", , , , . , ( . , , , ), , . , . . , , , , , - . , , , 11 4 2000/2001 6.3 . , . ; - , . 1994 , . , . , , , . . , , . --(ASK), 1986 , , , , , . . , , . . , . ASK , , - , , , 1979 , - . , , , . . ASK , - . - - , . , , , , Hx , , , , . . : Manning , 1999. . - - , , , . , , , -". - - , -", . . , ? , , > ' . , . - . F 1 1 5 - . .4 , . ( ) 1 ( , 1995-1 997 --. 15 : , , . . , . , , : Adato and others, 1999. . >. - , , . . .ouyux? , , , . . , , , (. 6.4). , . , , . , . - , . >', . , ( 6.4). , - . , , - 116 2000/2 001 6.4 . , , - cpecr3 . 6 -, , , - , -". . , , , , , -", , . , , , , . , , - . , , . , . . , , . . , . , , , 1999 , . -". , . , , ', . , , , , , , , , . . . , . . -! , . , ', : World Bank, 1999k. , , . , . - , - 1 17 , . , , '", , . , ClllA - , - , , 50. , 4 . 3 , 51. , , -" , ' >, . . - , ; , - 52. . , - » . : , , , . , _tl: - . - , . . , , . , , - -- ( . ) . , . , . · 4 . 6 , , · . , ; · , . '". , -, , , 53. '", . , , , . , , , - , , - , 118 2000/2001 6.5 yr , , , , 6_ l"aii- fiI lC _:Ifecoe~aJW QI8f - HDl _. . - (JohnSimon. 1858). I(Rosen.I993) - , , XIX- , , , , , . , . , , . . . . , . , , . , . 1 ( 6.5). , . : . , , . . , , , , . , 10). , , ( . , , . , , , , . , . 1880 1920 . ocyapcro , . , , , . , . , , . , -. , , , . , , 0- ocr : Rosen, 1993; Peston and Haines, 1991; Schofield, Rehe,and Bideau , 1991; Caldwell and othes, , 1990. . - 11 9 , . - , - , , , - 1985 - - ( , « - ) - , , , -". . « , , , . . , , , , . , - . . « - . . , . , . - - - 56. , . . , , , . . , , , , 0 ~ ro . , . , . , . - . - « - ( , ) - , . - , , - . , . . , : Behm ,2000. , . . . ( 5) . . - - , , - 120 2000/2001 . . -. , , . , , 64. - , , ( 7) 57. , , , . . - z11l-11lz - 11 11 , . 6 . 5 : . . . , 58. , , . , , . , , , , , . , , 59, , , . , '<. . ' . . : 80- , , 60- 70- , ( , ) 50- . . , , -', , . . - - ( 6.6). (, , ), -- - , , . , , , . , . 1987 , , , , , - - 12 1 . ; . · , ( , ). , , . , , ; , · , ! 80 , . , , - , ! . , -". , . , (. 6.5), : · 68. ; . · . , , , , , . . · , . - - 6.5 - MOry ............. 1_ ( : 1 · ) 1_ I \ · · , ( : · , ) \. ! - ( : ) """'""'-- ~ : Das Gupta, GdVOlt, and Romanl, . 122 2000/ 2001 , () , , , . , . , , . (. 6.6) 7 1. , , , , , . . , , , , . , - , , , , , , . , ", , , . , . 70. . 6.6 1amUearo nommlUlt:U e1lX dII 0,03 ". · · ">, , 0,02 , · , 0,01 · , · · , , -· . , , -0,01 -- - --· · , -0,02 · .". - -0,03 -0,04 '---- - - - - - - ---''--- - - - - - - . , - 2,5 - 2,0 -1,5 -1 ,0 -0,5 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 , 75. : , , . . : Rodik, 1 99 9 . . 1 23 6.7 . , , . . : , , . . , . , , , . - , « » ( , ) , . /, , , - , , , ?", . , , . ( 8 9). - - . -, , . - : Goodin and others, 1999. , , . 60 , , 1985-1994 , 15 ". , . 10 -, , ?", . , -, , - . 1 2 3 " .: : : = - , 1 = , , 2 = 1 + , 3 = 2 + . - - . . 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(. 8.1 8). , . , , , , -. , 7, , , , - 4 14. , , (. 7.1?4. 60-100 '>, - , 7.1 . , , , . , , , . 3,5 , . 3.0 , 2.5 ' < 2,0 . , , , 1,5 , - , 1,0 17. 0,5 , ' ". ClllA , , 111 , : World Bank ( ) . (Klasen 1999). - 130 2000/ 200 1 - , 6- 20 ". - --", , , . , , , . , , 22 -. - , 7.2 120 1,1 1, 0 - - - - -~ 0,9 80 0,8 0,7 40,,--1 _ 0,6 "'--- ---- ----------- 1970 1980 1990 1995 1970 1980 1990 1995 - - - - . 85 - 1'15 1 ----- -..... 1--- 80 ----- 75 1,10 -:.;-..;-::...:-=-__-_... : 2""11.... 70 65 1 ,05 1 ~ -----s:===========: 55 1,00 50 45 L..- _ 0,95 L..- _ 1970 1980 1990 1997 1970 1980 1990 1997 :World Bank ( ) . 131 7.1 , , , -. , . ~ , , . (. 7.2). 32 , . 80- 90- , , 90- -", . (, , , , ), . , , ( 600 .), , ; , . -". , , . '" . · . . · , . . : , , , . . , , . · . , , , . , '-'. , . , , , - >, , . , . : · . , . 1996 . 60 18 1995 . 1994 , , , , 63 24 . , · ( >', - . , . 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( , . ) . , , ( ), , , , , ?", , . 70 , ?". , 40 . 15 , ? ' . . , 131 , 24 , , 6 '". 6 ", , 100 , ' ", , 50 -", , . , . 6 1-87 , . , 12-60 - , ( 101. ) , 16 7 8.7 - - - , . ; . . , , - , , , ( , ) , ( , . ) - . , , . - . , . . : 2 . 1984-1993 - 1943 , - « - . 1971 . « - - - . « 85 . - , , . , . , , - 4,7 6,8 1975-1993 40- . ( , ); 6-8 , « », . 170 . . . 1975 1990 37,9 15,3 . , 82,5 95 ,2 . - - . , , , , - -. , - . 88 - -. . - 20 , , . « -, , . : 55 - - « - . , , 55 . 20 , 21 20 . 1995 , « » . , 800 , , , . , , « - : . , . . : Grosh 1994: Prescottand Pradhan 1999; Sauma 1997. 168 2000/200 I ' . , , , 1 , : 40 , 102. . 20 , 108. , , , , , . I , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , !"·. , , , , , . , . , , . , t . , , , , , 109. . , , . , , , · , . , , 16 . . , 10 ' >, , 110. , , . , 50 !" . 5 , . ClllA106. ( , ) , ( 8.8). , ' . . . . , , , . . . , , ( ' ?" . 1)' ) . , - , . , . ( 4). . - - 169 8.8 . , , , 11-1. , . , ) ; 115. . , . , . , - 60 : . , 29 , , , 40-80 , - 65 . , , , , , « - , m , ) , 116. 65 , . , , , , , . , " ! ". , - , , - , , . - 60 . . , , , . , 88 . , . 118. . 14 , 7 . . , , , , , ) 119. , . , , : Edwards, 2000 ; Subbarao, 1998; World k , ( ) . ''. . 113. , , . --, . . , . - , 170 2000/2001 , . , , . , , - , , , 121. l 22 Ke « , - , . - ( 8.9). , 8 .9 , . - - , , - ( , ), . . , 50 - - -- , . . , 1970-1973 , . - - , , - -, 500 . . , , 100 - . 90- . - , - - ( ), , . , 1996-1997 18 . . ( , ( , , , , , ). « - ). , , . . · «» , . , , , , , , . . . , -- · 75 . 1 , -. , - » . · , . , . . 9 10 · « » , ; 4 5 - - . . 5 · 74 , , , , . . : Jl d Rvll i ,1999 ;Ut ,1998; Rvlli,1991, 1999. 171 , , . - - -- , , ' <. , - . , . ( , , , ) . . - , - 1- , 2 ( 8.1). 8. . . , , - - 127. . 30-60 ( ". , ) . ' <", , (, , ). . , 50 , , . . . , - . . 8.1 crn 1987 , . . , . , , , . 125. : , - «- ( , 9), , , , , . . , , , - , , . . , , , , . . , 126. . - : , ( , ), ( ) . ( ) . , , : Frigenti, Hath ,and Huque, 1998. . - 172 2000/2001 . : . , , . . , 132. . , , , , , - l 3 3. . , , , , ( 4). 134. - ( ) , 06. , . . , , . , , , 135. , -- , ' " , - , , , . , ( . - 0,5 ) 130. , , , , , , , , , - -, , , ( 8.11). , . -- - : ( . , , , ) , ( ), (, - ) ( ( ) 131. ) 136. . , , , , , . , , , ( , ). . : , , , , , . , - , 173 8.11 , , , , . , (), 1972 , : . . 220 . , - , , , , , . , ( , ) , . . 100 - . - 17 , - 160 138. 14 ( , ). - - , . , , . , . 2000 - . - , 2,6 . , . , (. . 55 , 5)139. : Lund and Srinivas, 1999; , , SEWA, 3 2000 . . 8,3, . , . 1998 . 0,4-5,1 , 1992-1993. , , . 1 , , . , I , 140. , ··· . , . , . , , (. 85)137. - 174 2000/2001 ( . ), . , - , . (- ), . , , , , . ( 9 , . , , , .) . , , , ( . ) ( , ) . , , . , , , . , ( , ) , . , , , - . , . , . , . , , . , , . - . 9 v v . , , . , , (. 3.2 3) . . ... nn, . , , . , , , . " . , - , , n , , . . [ -} ... . . - , -. . ,, . , - - 175 176 2000/2001 , , , , , : . · , , , , ( , 11) . . · , , , , , , , , . , , · , , , 1. . · . · , , ; . . ~~ee .. - , ? ? . , - , , , , . , , , . , 90- (, , : , , HbIX , , - -). , . 1995, 1997 - 1998 , . , , -, . , , , , , , - - , . , . , , , , , , ( 4). . , , . , 6 . , , , . , , ( ) . ( 8). , 177 , , . , . , 90- . : , , 50 , , ". , , . . , 21,9 , 32,7 1996-1998 . . , , , . ( - , ) . . ( ) 15 20 , . , , (. 9.1;. . 2.1)3. 1995 , . , , . , , , , . . , - , - 9.1 , 25,2 47,3 33,7 (1987) (1989) (1990) , « » 16,8 24,8 26,0 (1993) (1995) (1997) , « » 11,3 18,9 11,7 (1996) (1998) (1999) , 3,0 14,9 (1986-87) (1989) (1992) , 36,0 43,0 (1994) (1995) (1996) , 21,9 32,7 (1996) (1998) , 11,4 12,9 " (1996) (1998) .. . : , ( ) , ( ) ( ). -. (SUSENAS - - ) . 1996 1999 ; . , . . - . 1998 - 1999 . . , - 1999 , 15,9 . : Ministerio de Econom ia de Argent ina, 1998; Wor1dBank, 1994,1999dd ; ECLAC. 1999;Lokshin and Ravallion, 2000. 178 2000/ 200 1 70- 3,7 2 1 - . , 80- - 9.2 · · · 1995 4,1 · 3,8 1995 , 2,2 1993 5,6 1,9 1996 0,8 1996 · · · 1995 7,8 1 · 0,44 1994 , 6,3 100 , 0,09 11,1 1993 1995 7,9 1995 · 1 4- 1,7 2,2 100 , · · · 1998 14,6 , · , 5,1 25 · 1,3 1997 7,5 1998 . 7-12 ( 14,2 ) 25,5 , , 13-19 . , · , , 4,9 1997 10,7 1998 7-12 42,5 58,4 13-19 . , : , . . : World Bank, 1999; ID Statistical and Social Database; , 1998; Thomas , 1999; Frankenberg, Thomas and gl, 1999. CJI 111 179 . 80- . , 0,9 1 1997/1 998 - 1998/1 999 , , , 2,6 . , , , , 80-, . . : , , , , , . . , 40 . 1998 7. 1995 . , , 1996 , , , , 42 . , 61 ", , , m , 1996 . , 20 10. . , . , , , , . , , , , , , . . , , . , , , 1,3 , 1997 7,5 1998 , 7- 12 14,2 25,5 , 13-1 9. , ", , 4,9 10,7. , (, 9.2) . 80- , . , 18 , , 1,9 50- 60- , . 1,2 70- 80- . , , ( , , , , ) , 80 , . 11. , , - » , 80- , ; , « », 1995 . l 2 . , . , 11 , 1991, 80- 25 1998, , 50 . 70- . 180 2000/2001 , , 20 ( ). , . , , , 18. , , , 13. . - - , , . ( , - , ) 70- 80- . . , . , 19. , , , . , , , ' :', , - . , , , , . , , : - /. 34,6 1989 22,6 1991 ' >, , , 90- , , . , , . , , ( 10) , . , , . . , - - , 16. , , , . , , « - , , . , , , . . 1995 ! ", · , ; , · ; . · ; 18 1 · , , , , , . , , , , , , . . , , , , , . ? , , , - - . . , , , . - 1997 ( 9.1). , , - , - . . - , . , , . , . , , , , , , , . , . 80- . 1997 1985 . - ( ) , , . 1 - , , 110, , , 1988 , , , , 13,4 . - 40,6 . 11 1988-1990 67 - " . . 1997 , ( , , , ) , , - , -. , , :"1 :"1 . , II I , , . , - 1 . . - , , , , - , - . 182 2000/200 1 9.1 90- · . 6 : 1990-1997 , 20 . 1988 , , 76 . . . 1999 437 . , 9 1997 19,2 , , 1998 ' . 2,6 - 650 . 1997 8,7 1999 1999 . 2,5 20,7 . , . « · . » : 1998 1998 , , , 20 750 . . . 1998- 600 ., 1999 . . - 0,6 1997 2,0 1999 . , , , : , . · . , , - - . , , - , 30 , , . , , . , , , , , , . , 2000 . , 5,7 1998 , , 8,7 . , 1 - 18 . . , 1998 174. 1999 . 2 , 1 , . . 1. , 8 . (. 1993 ). : World Bank, 1999w, 2000d. , , Il , >'. , ? , . , - . , , , , . -. , - OI 183 9.2 , . , . , - , , ( , - ) . - - , , , , . . , , , , , . , , , . , - >, , , , . . , , , « -, , ( , , ,) . . , , ( , . ) , . , . , , ( ) , , , , . 26. , : World Bank, 199v. - , , , . , , . - ( 9.2). , - , , , , . - , , , , , , , . . , , - 184 2000/2001 . 9 .3 . , , , : 1 2-3 -", -- , , -", 1999 , . . -, , 2 2000 , 1,5 2001 1 , . ( , . ; , .) , . , 2 , . I , . . 2 : , , . . -, ? , , : , , , , , . . (, , 3 , . .) 40 - , . , , . , , , . . -, , ( 9.3). . , . , . , . . , : Ruprah . 1999. , 185 , , - - . . . - . , , , , . , , - - (. 5.5. 5) , 1995 , . , ( 90- . , " , 17 23 . - -. . , , - . - <· ·),- . , , , , . . , , - , , . 25 55. -", , , , , . . . , , , , . . , . , , , . . . , , - - , , , . , - '". , , , , , , , ( 8). . (, ( , ). - -) , . . , , - 186 2000/2001 . , . , - , - , , . , -- -- () , - , , , , . . , >'. - - - , , - >". -. «» , , - - ... - , . -, -- ? . , . - . . - , , , , , . , , , , - . . , - , m)' , - . , , , , . 1990 1998 , 568 , . , , , 94 , , 97 ( 9.1). . , , 1988 1997 400 , 50, 42 . , 60 . , , 35. , 1991-1 992 39. - . 1995 . 1998 , - -, -- - , , , ". 1998 , , . , . , 1999 - , - , , , . , , . , - . CJI 18 7 9.1 1990-1998 100 80 60 40 20 : , 50 , 100 . . : USAID, OFDA, 1999. , . , '>. . . . , 4 . 1 , , , , 2900 63 --, , 20 . - », , , '>, , 1 '. -- 1998 , , yn , 7 ". , , ''". , '', , , 19 84 - . 50 , , , 7 . 4 . 9 , , , , , , , , , , - . , 188 2000/2 001 , , , , - , , 50. , 1994- 1995 , , . . 30 , ( ) . , . 58. , , . 1,5-2 . , )'. - .nOl' ?' . - . , , , ' , , , , , 52. , . . , ' . , 53. , , , . , , , . . 1991-1992 ( 9.4). , 1 0, 54. , , . , , , . , , . , , , '". 35. 1997 9,5 1992, , 18 7 . ( 1991-1992 , 1993), , 153 JI. 6 '< , , - -, , 40 . , , 70 , , 6,5, -", 15 , , 65 57. . , - OI 189 9 .4 9.5 , : 1999 , 1999 - , , 17 ., . . , , . , . ,, 1 35 . , , () 25 . . , . , . , , . , . , 1 . 1,7 . . 1995 . , : , , . . , , , , . , , , , : , · ( . ). · ( ) . · ( . ). ; · ( ) . ( , 2000 ) , , , . , , , 200 , . . : : Kreimer, 1999. ; ; 1999 . : Olsson, 2000 . ( 9.5): 190 2000/2001 , , . - , , , , . , , , 9.7 . . , , , . , , . , . , , , , . ( 9.6). , , , . , , . , , . . . , . , , , . , - . , 9.6 , . , , , , , , , , 1990 , . , - - , , , . , , . , , « » . - -, , , . , . , , « » , , . 199 1 , . « » : , , 6,2 (, . ) , . 1999. : Sch i ldeman , : Kuneuthe , 1993. 191 9.8 ', : . , . , : , , , , , . 1980 , 6,5 . , , 7 . . 1996 , - ( 9.7). . , , , , . . 1998 , , , (, ) -- . , . . 1999 , , : · " . ; · , , ; · , , . , , ; , · . , , . , - . , . , , , , , , - - , , , . . . , , , , , , . , . , , , , MOry . , . . , , , . . , : Barham, 2000. 192 2000 /2001 9.9 : 1993 , , . 8 . 230 . , 11 . . , . . 60 , . , , « » : , . , 52 , , , , . , . , 52 , , 28 . . . 1,5 . , , . 190 . . , , . , . , , , - » ( . , ) , , - . : Vatsa 1999. , , . , 1992- 1993 , , . , , , . , ( 9.8). , '<. , , , , , , (, 9.6). , ( , . ) . , , , , , , ( 9.9)63. , , , - , OI 193 , ". , ( 8). , , , , . , , , , --. - - . - - - ( ) , 60 . 1979- 1984 , 3 II , , , 67. . , , , . . · · · ''". , - , . , : , , ; , . , , , . , , , 1 , '< , - . V 10 , · , ; · . . , , - - , , , . , 11. , , , . , , , , , !'1 , . , , , , , . . - . . : · ; , · ; , 197 198 2000/200 1 . 10.1 40 , , n , , , , , 1995 , 20 1. 3, . 15 - - -. , , 10 . , 5 . , I L--- -'--""'---_ , - )'1! - , : H e teland Matin , 1999 . . . ( >, ) , , 1985-1 994 , , 5,8 , , , 1,8. , , ec , - , , 1, , ", , . , )'11 , , , , , , , , , . , (. 10.1). 826 12 , )'11 >, . , . . , , , , , , , , , . 1 9,8 1\ . , 40 , 1998 ", . , , - 63 . ClllA , , - ". - 199 , , . , . , , , , . - , . 9 , ", . : . - , , , . - , ( 9). - . , . . , , , 3. - -, , . . , . , . , , . , . , . ( , ) . - , - . . ( ) , , , , . , - . . , , , , . . . , , , '', - . 200 2000/2001 . , . , , , , : . . , , , , . , , 10. , , , (, ). . , - - , , , , , , , , , , - , . 10.1 ( ) : 11 ( 10.1) . - ( : 165 ) 94 , . . - , , - , - 11 11. - , , . , 1974 , 12. , , , , , 100 - . . , , 28 ( ) , 2002 34 , , 600 . 5 . . , , . , , . , . « », - - . , , , . 1996 ro~ 34 . , -, 18 19 13. , . : 1999 . 5,4 , 15 I. : World Bank (www.worldbank.org/gper). . 90 - 201 10.2 , 1 j . - 300-350 , 1997 . 16. 50 120 . 8 , , , 7 6 . . , , 10-25 . . 2 . , , , , , / . , , : Wold Bank, 20005. . 50-60 . , , , 1 70 - , 90 (. 10.2). , !". , 8 - , , , - ' :', 1233 , 1975-1997 :'. , 13 (1 ) , . . : , 5 - 9 15. , - . 25 , . , , , . . , . 92 , , : , , , 700bIC. , -", 350 . . , . - . - : , -- , , , . . , - , 1996 - 202 2000/2001 10.2 - , . , , , , ( , . -, , ) , , - , . , , , -, , . , 50 . , , . , 1994 ( . ). , , , , , . , - " . , , . . , , , , . . 25 . . . . : Bale, 1999. , , ( 10.2).« - - . , . , , . . . 12-14, , 40 , -, , , , - , 1973-1994 , 90, . - - 125 ->. . (, . ) , - 1970- 199 5 - 203 34, - 41. . , , , 1,5-2 -". , , , . 2,9 1967-1 982 1,8 198 2-1 994 . 25 , 59 . m , - , , , , (TR1PS), - > , , 10.3 , - . , , ( , . , , ). Bacillus thuringiensis (8t) . 1987 , . . 2 , , , ( , ) (. ) . , 8 « » - -". , , (, , , . « » , , 3 ). . , « » , , Bacillus thuringi ensis, 100 ( ". 80 , ~1 60 ( 10.3). · , 40 . , · 20 , - , 1987 1994 1999 . : de Janvry , 2000 . . 204 2000/200 ] 1986-1 994 . , , , . , , , -", . -, , . - , , - 97 , - - . -". 31 26 088 , 1997 , . 7 2S 731 , - , , -, , ". . , , , , . , , . , - , , , , >'. --. , - , - , . , , , , , , , , . - . - -". <'~,) , : , . . , . , , () . , . , l!M. . , , , . , , , , , , . 205 . . , 60 - , ->, . , , - , - . -, - -, . 40 , , . - , . . - , --". ( -) . , , . '. , . 1999 . 20. (, , , , , ) . , -- . " , , " », - 1/3 , , , , . , , , . , , . , - . , ( 10.4). , « 2000·, , , , , . , , , . ( 11). ? - , , , , 45 . . , 12 29 - - , , , , . , . - , , , . 206 2000/2001 10.4 : () , , . . , , , , , , , . , - , , , . - . , 1991 , , , 34 ( 13 , . ) 2 . . 1998 36 , 2,75 . 16 , 2002 . . . , , , 165 -, , . , 32 (16 , , 14 2 ), . . - . , , ( , . ) , , , , - , - - . : Porter ,1998. - lI -, . 1997 , . 1 lI (. : --. 90- » , , , , , . - -, - 25, , . , , 130. , (). , 1996 , . , lI , ( ) , . 207 ··· . , , , ,, , , . , - . , - . . , , ( ) , , . - , . 11 . - 2. « - 2000·) . , - . . , . () . 2001 , 1995 , , >, . 90- , 50 . 1990-2015, 90- , (. 2 --) 1. 1998 12- , () - « -, 209 21 2000/2001 11 .1 11.2 , w - 1992 , , ··· - Y'i (. ) 30 000 ( ) 35 29 000 30 28 000 27 000 25 26 000 20 25 000 1987- 88 15 1997- 98 100 1992-93 75 10 I 50 5 .' 25 I '--- '--- '--- 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1( : . 1995 , - - - 1998 . : , : 100 , . , : . ( ) 1992, , 268 11 - JIJI ., . , 1998 110 . 90- 1'01\011 ( . 11.1). 16 21 - J-I, . , , 1997-1 998 11 , , 1988-1 992 ", 43 1990 88 1997 , 1997- 1998 1110 . (. 11.2). 11 10 , 1992-1993 110 : , ( ) , 1997 ( 11.3). 83 , 11 1999 11 15 HOlIIlbIX , - 5 , 140 , ( 1,7 ). , , 6 1 90- '', , 1998 . 1,2 , 11 .. . , . , . . 1998 , . 2 11 11.3 . , - .·· 1992-1993 - , , . , (. ) , , 20 - - . 15 - 2000·,. 10 1992-93 . 1997-98 , 5 - , '1'0 1 I<.'!K . ? ? IOy - - ' , , : . 1 1O1'11 . ( 4 ,3 1993 1,3 . 1997) , : 1996 1997 14 '. , , . , , , . , , , " . , -, , . ' - ". ( ) , . . - - 11 90- . . -- - , , - . 90- , -- . , , , , , 35 10. 80 . , - , - , - 2 12 2000/200 1 . , - , , . , , . . , - , , . , , : , · . - , ; , 50 · . .\. l , . 1', - ; , · , , . . , , , , , . 7 0 - , - . , , . , . . , - , - - , ( .1'4 . 1 4) 14. 11 . , , , , - . , , , 1961 1994 , , )' 15 , , , 1994 600, . 20 , . 12. , 1, . ( . 10.1). . , 1 , , , , . , 90- . , - , - EI 2 13 , - 16 - : , , , . 1)' . - . , , . , . , , . - , -. , , ) , , , . - . , - , . - ) 405, - 17. , . 90- , , . 40 2 . . 64 , - -" , . . , . 18. , - , -, - , , , , , 1)' -. . 90- , , . , . - , , . , . . ' , - , , , - >, . , -, , , , - , « . - . , , , - , 1'0- - 19. , . , , , '11'6 . . , , - -", -". 214 2000/200 1 n . . , , , 80 - , 90- ->, >' . , , - 1981 , , , -. , . , , , , . , - . , . 2 . 6 , . , . , ( ) , , , , , , , . -", , , . , 11 90- , . -, , . , , , , , , -" , -, , , , - - . , . 30 -". , , ( -", ) , , -". -", , , , . - . 90- . , , , , , , , . . : , , , - 2 15 11.1 1999 () , . - . . 1998 : -, 45 1997 . , , . , , , . , . . - - . , 1999 , , . , . , . , . , , , . . , , , 13 , . , . , , , , . . , , . 1997 . - . - - . - ( , , , , ) - , , , . - . : Wolfensohn 1999; World Bank 1999d. 1999u. 3 . 6 , , . . - - , . . , . . - , - . , , , - 216 2000/ 2001 11.2 , , , , : , · , . , , ( ) (. , , 1.7 -. ) : , . , · : ; · · , , ; ( · , , ; , · ; ) . · :1 , , . . , . . . , , . , . , . , . - . : IMF and 1999; World Bank and IMF 2000. , , () , , , . ( , 11.2) . , Q , , , . . , , , . , , . - , ( 11.1). , - , - F. 217 .". , , . , , , . , - . 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New York: Oxford Uivsit Press. paper prepared for meeting of]oint MinisterialCommittee of the --- 1 999 . (·Zambia: Road Secto r (vstmt Program Super- Boards ofGoverno rs of the Bank and the Fund the Transfer v is i Report s.· Africa Rgi, Washin gton, . ofRealResources to Oeveloping Countries (Oevelopmen t --- 2000. (· l t i g AIDS Vaccine for vl i g u mittee),World nk and lnternational t Fund,31March, tries:Recommendations for the World Bank.- AIDSVaccine Task Wshigto, . Force,Washington, . World Bank Partnerships Group. 1 998. -Partnership for Oevelop- --- 2000. CanAJrica Claim tlJe 2 1stCent1l1)'?Washingto n,D.C ment :From Vision to Action.' Briefing to Board ofExecutive Oi- --- 2000. (·China: Overcoming Rural Poverty.· East Asia and rectors,September,Ws h i gto, . Pacific Region, Wshigto, . --- 1 998. (· t shi for Oevelopment:Proposed Actions for --- 2000d.(·East Asiaand the Pacific QuarterlyBrief.·)Wshig the World Bank.·) is ussi paper.Wshi gto, . to , . 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Mrica Rgi, ofthe Chief mist, Yaron,j acob,McOonald Benjamin]r.,and Gerda Piprek. 1997.Rural Washington ,O.C Finance:Issues,Design nd BestPractices.Environmentallyand ---.20000.-PhilippinesPoverty Assssmt . ·) East Asia and SociallySustainable Oevelopment Studies and Monographs Se- cific Region, Washington, . ries, 14.Washington, D.C: World Bank. . 288 2000/2 00 1 . G uill. 1999. -00 Coss-Subsidics thc to VulJlerability iJl Ilgldsh. Policy Research Work- t fo m Water and Wastc\\'ater Services? Lessons fo m ing 2145.World Bank, WashiJlgto Jl. . Guapquil.· Wa ter Supply and Sanitatio n Pogram Worki ng Zeller, Manfred. 1999. - Role of Microfinance for [ aJld , Unit ed Natio ns and World SmoothiJlg.» ! [ - Bank , Washington, . social and , Yost. Caol. 1999. - and L\\': Challengesand Opportunities 4-5 ,WashiJlgton. . for - Remarks ! \Vorld seminar Gender Zeng Yi. Tu PiJlg, Gu ; Yi. Li , and Li Yongping. and 1.:I\v,]une,\Vashington, . 1993. · Implications of the Recent iJl the Young,I\\)'. 1995.-TheTyrannyof Numbers:Confonting theSta- Reported Sex Ratio ! Birth [ ,» Del'elop- tistical Reali tiesof East Asian Go\vth.· QU1f!1~j'JumlojEco- : 19(2): 283-302. 110(3):64 1-80. Zimlllerman, , and Michael R.. 1999.·Asset Smooth- You ngcr. Stephcn. 1996. -Labor Consequences of Re- iJlg, Smoothing ! the oflnequaliry for Civil Sen'antsin Ghana.· IJlOavid . Sahn.ed.,Eco- Risk aJld StlbsisteJlce - of Agri - Rej onll f}JePoor Ajii ca. Oxford: . cultural Applied Staff 402. University of ZamaJl, , 1999.·AssessiJlg the Impact of M icocredit WiscoJlsin, Madison. peapen ", 1[ lIOICaaeJUI pooro Pa3IIIIIIUI 292 : Crp .... JPOIO 295 apnta 1 296 2 298 ltaCeneIIe 3 300 4 302 5 304 6 306 7 308 aatl 8 310 9 , 312 1 314 11 316 12 318 13 320 14 322 15 , 324 .. OIC 16 326 17 328 18 330 19 , , - 332 noan CIUI 20 334 21 336 1 . 338 51 339 IC 359 nacc 51 ro , 2000 360 291 , , , , . , , , . 21, . - 130 CD-ROM, 1000 500 , , 223 . . 74, 1,5 1 2,. 500, 2000 , . , , , , - , . . 6 3-7,eu, , - . 292 293 , . , , , . . 8- 1, , , , . 1999 2000 , , , 4 , , . . , 11 -15, /, , , . . : 16-1 9, ; ; - , . , ; - ( ), ; - . . 20-21, , , . - , - , , - , . , , , , (), . ( - - , ) . () . , , , . , , , , , . . . , , . . . 1999: , -755 ; - - - 756 9265 ; 2000 . ----.: 9266 . . 3030 ( . ) ( , ) . . . , , . ( 2000 Wor/d De- 1,5 ). lndicators CD-ROM. 294 2000/200] , . , . . , . 1991, 15 : , , , , , , , (t, , , , , , , , , . , ; 5, , . ), (11') (), , 1990 . , ; ( l) , , , . , , . 1999 ( - , ). . , , , , , , : . - - , , , . , ( ). , , . (/ ) . IX -- , , - . , 1999, - . . . - - 2000. 1 1997 - -, . 20 1999 , , . . , , ; - , ; , . - (, . .) : . - ') ( Informa tion Center, Development DataGroup - , .). The World Bank , 1818 Street, N.W. , - Washingtol1, DC. 20433 - . : (202) 590-1906 (202) 473 -7824 25 1 999 1'O (202) 522-1498 E- : info@worldbank.org , . http:/ /www.worldbank.org/wdi . , . , books@worldbank.org, 1992, World Publications . (202) 473-1155. 755 . , 756 - 2995 . 1999 . : , 2996 - 9265 . (); , ( );, , , 9266 . D , ( ); ( ). _ . *"";;;t- 30988 2000 . '::.:- .... (:E~~\\~" """ M"e"~ ., "2-\- .,. '""" "~ c.~, .." . " " """ ~ " ~~ I(~..a '1 ', - ...... " ~"·". · .- . ~ ..eO·II~ n -, -':\'. 0 -8<1 ( _ \ ' ."" 8.,,1l ( ) " ..",. ~'/<)" -".;. ". -' ~~ ..;:-:-"':.,- 296 2000/200 1 1. anooii II8IIOIW1wtwii poyl' () HaceeII - = ac:enett... lInoao l1JmtOC:n, ~. - a IffUl'l . ( ", .) (. acene ... I'). lO08Oii I'). ."") ( . . 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", -- - -. , . . . . , f. , 1( (755 . ) . g. bl , , . h. , (9266 . ) . i. , (2996 - 9265 . ) .j. . 298 2000/ 2001 2. ~~ _. _. rpallOC e,oe,qaH1f8 ... ereii . oti 83pOCII0f"0 ,,", Cpe,w0"?"0C80 c:nyno 1900 1999 1900 1999 1900 1999 1900 1999 1900 1999 2972 04 38969 1 3 29 15 67 159499 208 949 3 32 23 65 9837 4457 19 43 6 38 2102 3058 37 54 47 25 16 21 6190 2 470 15 14 13 45 54 12 11 41 33 10260 5861 18 7 41 70 5 63 41 23 141352 2819 42 8 6 36 32 27 22 56 61 4 124 19 11 17 33 52 32 33 22 31 35 29855 45779 28 21 24 27 15 17 48 52 34 911 25 693 24 13 47 46 39 39 29 40 1961 34 245706 2 1 30 28 21 18 68 71 1845 24 02 36 38 13 14 8 8 51 48 20726 12103 18 18 51 27 20 31 55 4868 8 516 15 16 30 31 17 17 54 54 3766 5996 5 4 56 45 5 5 39 51 464 989 760345 8 9 39 29 25 23 53 62 - 2765 2643 32 32 22 27 16 21 45 41 1 132 701 56 52 19 17 13 9 25 30 9755 12 1373 612 2 35 23 63 33056 48 355 15 39 34 23 25 46 60 , 48593 103918 5 5 50 24 20 12 44 71 6 472 28 567 37 26 23 33 19 40 42 2981 3 871 33 30 22 20 16 7 45 50 5886 7 606 45 36 17 25 10 9 38 39 7650 18016 26 23 20 19 15 13 54 58 28 18 36 93 24 23 33 36 5 4 43 41 1719510 208 1202 1 1 29 24 34 36 3049 5342 22 18 26 30 16 18 51 52 82 914 1239 34 11 22 13 67 12 419 2 32 22 33 13 24 12 35 65 133361 174363 4 27 18 69 . 70 74 17125 13 11 31 35 18 16 55 54 . . 43 130 92 413 19 17 29 33 24 27 52 50 3288 3325 18 17 45 26 32 11 37 57 8784 5716 16 19 33 24 23 17 50 56 52490 99068 322737 459 765 31 28 27 25 17 16 42 46 114426 140964 19 20 39 45 21 25 41 35 4 020 7616 8 2 28 27 15 15 64 71 , . 1204 04 101073 24 29 12 48 45 527 84861 8 53 491 938 562245 5 35 23 60 1093 947 1 149 958 3 3 33 31 22 20 63 67 , . 46 60 6 769 27 17 30 49 10 11 43 34 40 304 15594 27 10 45 30 9 23 29 60 1 115 3 117 56 51 11 15 5 6 33 35 11 152 8781 25 44 29 20 15 11 46 36 572673 612049 3 33 18 64 8 533 10603 29 27 19 17 12 11 52 56 1629 35 44 36 22 28 19 29 35 354 644 991203 27 17 42 50 33 24 31 33 , 74784 158611 25 15 18 6 74 85 46907 88596 19 14 31 24 15 12 51 61 , . . 9 348 69 64 30 58 28 17 11 42 25 . . 2799 2273 13 10 41 48 8 46 42 , 252622 406 940 9 5 43 44 29 32 48 51 - 5713 11076 16 14 24 22 19 17 60 64 - 10796 11223 32 24 23 24 21 20 44 52 18428 29572 1 52 12 47 865 1373 61 53 15 22 10 17 24 25 12490 6664 22 5 46 33 34 22 32 63 622 874 23 18 34 38 43 44 2838 17229 12 27 17 61 13264 10454 27 10 31 33 21 19 42 57 1020 959 30 25 29 29 10 10 42 46 3081 3 733 32 30 14 14 12 11 53 56 , 2635 3445 14 11 32 28 54 60 1803 1820 45 38 29 18 19 14 26 45 R 42 775 746 34 19 14 40 44 26 35 41 43 2 421 2 714 46 47 16 17 9 4 39 37 25821 35 238 18 17 32 32 18 17 50 51 I< 2627 10 4749 51 7 5 26 27 19 21 67 68 2512 4169 37 32 18 24 10 13 44 44 10583 1092 43 21 33 24 18 24 55 905 15 33 41 28 44 40 57 53 11 9 8 6 32 38 2340 3075 12 13 38 33 14 15 50 55 3628 4904 52 41 16 22 6 9 32 37 2 481 2067 35 40 16 17 7 6 49 43 319 . 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Cenw:xoe03-1O Wlletlocn. cnyno CJpa 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 28472 43 286 33 41 41 62 6 5 26 -3 283672 384 766 4 29 19 67 1009 2 302 31 26 21 21 17 14 48 53 43103 53622 7 26 18 67 115 453 145 449 3 2 31 32 12 17 66 66 40010 59 880 26 26 25 25 17 17 49 49 5 313 9606 10 8 16 16 10 9 73 74 - 3 221 3 571 29 21 30 15 9 8 41 64 5265 8065 28 26 25 22 17 16 47 52 32802 57 318 7 8 38 39 27 24 55 54 611 97 154146 8 48 33 20 44 63 69 132 107 716 6 37 27 57 579068 375345 17 7 48 34 35 58 2584 1956 33 46 25 20 19 12 42 34 38 299 33 750 20 16 50 40 30 30 44 4807 12 229 17 10 26 28 22 22 57 61 104670 728892 6 7 50 48 8 70 43 45 5698 4791 20 18 19 25 13 17 61 57 36 638 84945 35 36 27 26 65 64 lC . 12309 19380 29 24 48 . 15485 19307 7 4 59 32 23 33 64 12673 20653 6 4 46 39 35 28 49 57 5554 100 8708870 2 2 28 26 19 78 70 72 - 897 669 47 44 20 24 33 32 4 857 1 778 27 6 34 30 39 65 85345 123887 12 13 37 40 27 32 50 49 " ' 4 220 8777 48 48 16 14 9 7 36 38 1628 1506 34 43 23 21 10 9 44 36 12 291 21 188 16 13 30 28 17 18 54 59 6333 2708 32 25 30 42 29 38 34 150721 188 374 18 18 30 26 20 16 52 56 4 304 6349 57 44 11 18 6 9 32 38 23673 16844 33 31 33 27 13 34 42 91327 4241 5 26 14 45 34 36 29 30 51 8 355 20 211 11 9 32 29 26 19 57 62 44 331 75 350 22 17 34 31 25 21 44 52 134806 126 130 6 35 23 58 1 195438 14 10262 3 29 26 21 19 67 72 13 370 2 1752 10 9 34 32 28 2 1 56 59 . 1488 1053 48 55 20 20 11 9 33 25 1739 1574 29 38 18 14 14 11 53 48 . 34880 56379 8 4 45 39 48 57 30307 71092 8 39 33 19 16 53 59 2284 15 260299 229 756 226388 3 34 22 63 - 8032 15707 26 2 1 26 28 15 17 48 5 1 10686 18 712 13 12 38 33 19 22 49 55 437 670 29 16 19 27 13 14 52 57 6760 5101 17 6 50 27 42 16 34 66 " 6842 653 4 49 49 13 7 8 38 44 111997 131 127 5 4 40 32 24 19 55 64 4 239 6 134 6 8 43 33 20 15 50 59 2970043 4 395083 3 2 41 37 28 24 56 67 213906441 302119931 6w 4w 4w 32w 22w 21w 60w 61w 889723 1067 242 29 27 31 30 18 18 41 43 3525 445 5 488604 13 10 39 36 25 23 47 55 1722 041 2918 403 8 7 39 32 24 24 53 61 1820097 25759 42 21 15 39 40 26 23 40 46 4 41306 1 6557 913 16 12 38 35 23 22 46 54 297397 332744 18 18 34 32 17 17 48 50 402 799 590 253 15 38 13 47 925765 1888 729 20 13 40 46 29 28 40 41 1 2402 14 1093237 17 10 43 32 40 58 1 146895 2055025 9 8 36 29 23 21 56 63 41 341 595 915 30 28 26 25 17 16 44 47 16 967 888 23662676 3 2 33 30 22 21 64 64 8: . , . . 1992 . . . . 320 2000/2001 13. nope6n" . 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J1'P8 ope6n rocceocrope n .. _ " ycn' 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 61 62 17 17 21 22 2 1 21 17 21 - 1 5 56 19 19 24 25 25 25 40 42 1 - 1 4 11 34 5 29 -29 l 96 19 10 29 16 21 - 7 15 9 - 8 -23 5 59 1 11 29 27 27 30 23 2 - 2 3 3 14 34 38 12 23 30 48 39 84 18 25 77 73 3 11 14 18 20 1 10 10 - 1 4 103 18 11 47 19 3 - 14 35 19 - 11 - 33 85 80 4 19 20 11 14 14 - 7 - 45 60 2 19 27 26 29 20 4 62 2 - 6 4 63 14 14 20 18 22 22 68 73 2 5 84 82 11 11 14 18 5 8 22 21 - 9 - 10 7 18 12 2 1 22 12 33 38 - 4 -4 77 73 12 1 13 18 11 11 23 15 - 1 -7 39 58 24 28 32 20 37 14 55 28 5 - 59 4 19 20 21 21 20 8 10 1 - 1 - 77 77 15 13 21 27 8 10 13 12 - 13 - 17 95 85 11 14 15 10 - 5 1 8 9 - 20 - 9 3 64 21 20 19 16 17 15 24 29 - 3 1 57 11 15 25 30 28 28 3 1 55 3 - 3 , 2 77 8 10 15 29 17 39 21 19 3 8 71 8 8 13 29 21 2 44 - 7 - 7 93 100 8 7 12 11 - 1 - 7 l 11 - 13 - 18 85 85 9 11 14 22 5 4 17 32 - 9 - 18 84 88 7 14 10 6 21 18 -4 - 10 70 76 12 7 18 18 18 17 31 23 - 1 57 58 20 19 23 21 23 23 25 27 2 66 79 14 13 23 26 20 9 36 42 - 3 - 17 73 73 15 15 23 20 11 12 17 16 - 11 - 8 " 65 98 10 8 31 7 25 - 6 40 17 - 6 - 13 49 51 26 25 20 2 1 25 24 36 36 5 3 . 80 73 5 10 25 26 15 16 34 32 - 10 - 10 . . 73 77 11 9 29 23 16 14 20 15 - 13 -8 64 85 19 10 17 17 17 6 36 29 - 1 - 11 63 69 19 16 17 18 17 15 23 46 -2 56 60 30 30 25 20 14 10 35 36 -11 -10 67 69 11 11 25 24 22 20 7 11 - 3 - 3 58 70 9 6 31 14 33 24 26 54 2 10 74 65 25 29 32 27 1 6 62 49 - 3 1 - 21 , 62 65 11 19 29 1 27 16 22 14 - 2 58 49 15 13 21 20 27 37 59 80 6 18 62 62 16 16 25 21 22 22 17 28 - 3 1 61 62 18 16 21 18 21 22 20 27 4 , . 73 72 18 15 15 21 9 13 15 37 -6 - 8 52 68 18 17 32 15 30 15 74 43 - 1 91 86 7 9 8 15 2 5 6 34 - 7 - 10 67 7 1 13 10 18 19 21 19 20 24 3 57 59 23 20 21 20 21 21 26 41 2 67 77 19 16 20 15 14 7 26 25 - 5 - 8 . 71 93 25 17 24 10 4 - 11 29 37 - 20 - 2 1 50 50 12 8 35 40 38 42 18 22 3 2 , 57 60 7 10 27 25 36 30 134 132 8 4 " 65 69 11 12 20 17 25 19 20 18 4 2 ,. . 79 83 12 8 9 8 9 9 30 24 2 . 62 45 14 10 16 26 24 45 54 79 8 19 , . 53 56 10 10 38 27 37 34 29 42 - 1 7 - 61 51 18 17 27 28 21 32 35 73 - 7 4 - 72 65 17 10 7 19 11 25 32 44 5 6 57 50 39 27 18 12 4 22 45 47 - 13 10 71 5 25 24 11 4 - 13 - 1 53 68 9 22 40 20 39 10 48 44 - 1 - 10 137 115 14 20 53 47 - 51 - 35 17 27 - 104 - 82 140 98 25 15 18 28 - 64 - 13 18 11 -82 - 40 57 63 19 25 33 24 24 12 52 47 - 9 - 12 69 73 26 15 20 22 5 12 46 39 -1 5 - 10 86 88 8 8 17 12 6 5 17 25 - 11 - 8 , 68 75 17 18 14 23 15 7 48 41 1 - 16 75 80 16 12 20 15 10 7 25 30 - 10 - 8 50 46 14 8 34 32 36 45 76 124 2 13 80 80 14 12 23 20 6 8 17 22 -17 - 12 69 67 15 15 25 23 16 18 19 29 - 10 - 5 70 70 8 7 23 24 22 23 19 3 1 - 1 -1 101 79 12 10 1 35 - 12 11 8 13 - 28 - 24 63 92 14 12 25 18 23 - 4 49 49 - 2 - 21 57 63 30 18 34 26 13 20 21 50 - 21 - 6 89 89 .." ,. 13 12 11 11 3 1 - 2 -1 51 64 31 26 34 20 18 9 52 53 - 16 - 11 83 80 9 10 18 19 8 11 11 22 - 11 - 9 84 83 15 13 8 10 1 4 15 15 - 7 - 6 56 88 15 12 15 11 29 43 17 15 - 11 32 1 nope6neHHe · . 06..... "' . opene rocce UIlJlOe ... cnop OeaPOtI ycnyr <:8 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 59 59 15 14 22 20 27 27 54 56 5 7 59 85 43 14 19 37 - 2 1 25 37 - 21 - 36 63 63 17 15 19 21 20 2 1 28 29 1 1 49 48 21 20 23 25 30 32 4 1 4 1 7 7 74 78 15 11 19 15 11 11 16 15 - 8 - 4 60 59 18 16 17 34 21 25 38 34 5 - 9 - 59 48 25 15 24 36 16 37 4 1 66 -8 1 78 73 5 10 22 19 16 17 23 41 - 6 -2 70 65 8 15 21 22 22 20 12 14 - 2 50 74 19 9 25 28 32 18 28 20 7 - 10 63 64 16 19 29 26 21 17 34 3 1 - 7 - 9 49 57 21 14 30 14 30 29 18 48 15 84 89 10 13 15 14 6 - 1 6 6 -8 - 16 66 81 13 9 30 15 21 10 17 29 - 9 -5 89 87 10 11 14 16 1 2 19 25 - 13 - 14 40 4 1 3 1 32 20 21 30 26 46 36 10 5 76 76 15 10 14 21 9 14 25 34 - 5 - 7 46 39 10 10 37 33 44 52 202 7 19 . 70 70 14 11 15 29 16 18 28 29 - 11 54 50 22 22 33 39 24 28 27 64 - 9 - 11 55 56 19 21 17 25 26 24 84 57 9 - 1 67 68 18 15 17 19 15 17 10 12 - 1 - 1 - 82 93 10 13 9 5 8 - 2 24 14 - 1 -8 65 21 23 14 - 10 57 57 9 11 41 21 34 32 34 57 - 8 12 84 72 17 13 23 18 - 1 14 12 20 - 23 -4 71 83 14 12 27 14 15 6 33 32 - 12 -8 58 63 16 12 32 28 25 24 44 42 - 7 -3 49 23 40 28 - 13 69 68 11 11 24 24 20 21 13 26 - 4 -3 rn 92 84 8 10 13 17 1 6 7 11 - 12 - 12 61 59 25 22 32 19 13 19 29 22 - 19 57 56 17 26 27 21 26 18 28 40 - 1 -3 69 78 14 9 11 14 17 13 26 19 6 - 1 72 68 10 16 24 21 18 16 28 56 - 6 - 5 53 53 21 21 28 17 26 26 23 40 - 2 9 60 60 18 19 22 17 22 2 1 23 27 4 74 60 24 26 10 23 2 14 78 40 -8 - 9 -I=I 86 81 15 12 12 14 - 1 7 15 17 - 13 - 7 97 89 10 11 7 18 -6 13 17 - 15 - 18 . 49 52 23 19 25 30 28 29 45 60 3 - 1 62 68 10 9 25 24 28 23 35 27 3 57 61 14 14 28 20 29 25 36 40 1 4 51 53 27 26 21 14 22 21 30 44 7 - 76 71 10 10 22 25 14 19 30 36 -8 -6 69 70 9 10 17 15 23 20 33 58 5 5 98 72 33 48 5 45 -3 1 - 20 20 17 -37 - 65 62 64 16 19 30 28 22 17 60 83 -8 - 11 ' 74 80 19 15 12 19 7 4 8 14 -5 - 14 63 63 20 19 12 16 18 18 24 25 6 3 62 60 14 21 28 32 24 19 52 52 - 4 - 13 58 60 9 10 32 29 33 30 11 11 1 1 61 w 62w 15w 15w 24w 22w 2w 2w 19w 22w Ow 66 70 12 11 24 20 21 19 17 27 -3 - 1 59 62 14 12 26 24 27 26 21 28 1 1 60 65 15 12 23 22 25 23 21 25 2 57 59 13 11 3 1 27 30 30 21 32 - 1 3 60 63 14 12 26 24 26 25 21 26 66 69 18 16 15 17 16 14 27 27 - 2 58 60 20 21 24 22 22 19 33 25 - 2 -3 54 53 11 10 35 33 35 37 26 39 55 64 18 12 28 20 26 23 23 38 - 1 65 68 13 13 19 21 22 20 14 16 2 - 1 69 71 11 10 23 22 19 19 9 12 - 4 - 4 62 62 16 15 23 21 23 22 19 22 : . , ", . . 1992 . . . ; . . 322 OJIAO 2000/ 200 1 14. l(anIanWlwe 06ii T~pacxo eIoI/II3II......... · ycnyr . nporpa.... 1900 1998 1900 1998 1900 1998 1990 1998 1990 1998 1990 1998 1990 1998 23,8 22,9 2,1 1,6 22,2 23,3 2,1 1,3 2,1 2,9 27,4 30,6 50,7 66,3 31,4 34,8 3,0 2,5 34,8 37,9 3,3 2,6 -4 ,5 -2,7 24,S 22,6 68,4 68,2 18,2 1,1 19,8 5,3 - 3,9 34,6 37,6 14,8 4,5 25,1 4,7 - 8,5 16,5 28,8 30,7 1,5 2 1,5 7.7 2,9 9,4 12,4 1,0 1,2 10.1 14, 1 0,5 1,2 - 0,4 -1 ,5 29,7 2 1,4 57,1 63,6 30,6 28,7 0,5 2,1 3 1,7 27,5 5,9 4,7 - 5, 1 - 0,9 36.2 25,4 57,2 43,7 " 41,5 43,3 1,5 0,7 45,8 44,4 2,3 2,2 - 5,6 -2.0 18,4 19, 1 34,S 27,0 12,6 6,9 53,5 30,S 1,6 3,0 - 8,2 2,8 33,5 32,9 30,3 45,0 8,4 15,1 5,2 2,4 13,9 18,5 2,5 3,4 - 1,7 - 2,3 63.2 40,0 38,1 51,2 27,7 14,7 23,4 29,5 26,5 28,5 7,3 6,8 11,3 8,4 41,4 46,8 33,9 42,7 19,0 3,7 46,1 0,7 - 5,8 14,7 33,0 - 10,1 0,8 11,6 3,4 - 1,3 60,3 26,5 16,3 12,7 1,9 1.0 14,2 17,3 11,8 3,7 - 3,3 - 5,5 33.0 55,2 22,3 23,0 " 33.3 36,3 3,2 2,0 34,2 36,3 3,8 1,5 0,6 0,6 31,1 28,3 52,8 57,S 44,7 31,4 8,2 4,2 50,2 39,4 1,9 4.0 0,8 - 6, 1 26,5 16,0 46,5 46, , 18,4 12,8 5,3 4,6 17,4 16,0 3,3 3,8 0.0 - 2,8 27,2 23.9 15,8 2,4 14,3 5,8 - 1,1 30,5 11,4 1,0 10,7 2,5 0,2 48,2 46,4 11,5 10.0 4,6 0,4 10,8 10,0 12,1 5,6 -3,3 - 4,1 36,7 34,0 " 27,0 26,6 1,4 5,1 28,2 31,6 1,9 1,4 - 2,2 - 0,9 32,0 31,8 65,0 69,8 26.0 20,6 2,3 2,4 48.9 28.4 4,1 4,3 - 23,2 -8,4 31,5 29,3 32,1 35.0 " 4,6 1,0 8,2 0,4 - 2,5 45.5 26,1 " 32,3 5,5 37,7 1,3 - 0,7 20,3 50,5 . 10,8 15,5 1,2 1,4 6,5 11,6 5,1 4,3 0,6 0,4 38,9 43,3 44,0 44,2 , " . 16,7 16,6 6,2 9,7 23.0 23,3 4,8 7,4 - 5,7 -2.0 37,2 40,9 32,1 23,6 21,7 26.4 2,4 3,0 24,S 33,6 2,8 2,1 - 5,3 - 5,0 51,2 48.5 55,3 33.7 35,8 5,7 6,4 47,3 45,1 3,0 3.0 - 5.3 - 1,2 37,4 33.2 39,2 57,6 " 9,9 8,6 2,4 3,0 14.2 12.8 1,8 1,6 - 7,5 -5 ,2 19.2 20.1 8,1 9,2 " 17,8 15,6 1.0 1,2 10,4 12,2 8,0 5,7 0,4 -2 ,4 22,9 18,9 13,2 26,2 " 18,6 19,8 7,5 6,7 30.1 28,3 5,8 5,7 -3 .5 -33 54,S 62,6 36,6 44,6 , . 7,2 11,2 10.8 15.3 15,0 17,7 4,9 8,8 - 1,8 0:3 53.0 54,S 49,3 41,8 32,8 31,6 2,4 1.6 36,3 32.2 2,8 3,2 - 2,1 - 0,4 18,8 18,1 55,3 58,8 28,8 28,1 1,6 2,0 30,6 34.2 3,2 1,9 - 3,2 - 5,5 18,7 15,9 50,6 48,3 37.3 38,6 1,2 2,9 43,8 42,2 4,0 2,4 - 10,3 -3,3 16.5 19.2 , . 11,2 13,7 8,3 23,1 22.8 31,2 9,6 6,8 - 9,1 - 2,3 61,9 43,S 21,9 22,4 10.8 4,3 14,7 5,5 - 5.9 51,0 30,1 18.3 2,7 25,3 0.5 - 4,9 21,3 47,7 " 20,2 23,5 2,2 3,7 22,0 25,6 5,5 3.4 - 3,8 - 0,9 49,7 44,5 28,5 29,6 4.0 5,7 2,4 0.2 - 1,9 - 1,5 2.5 2,5 , " 8,8 10,1 2,1 1,4 7,7 12,8 2,2 3,2 3,4 - 4,7 25.1 20,4 32,1 45,2 , . . 9,4 4.3 0,7 1,0 15,7 9.9 3,1 0,5 - 6,5 -0,8 72.6 94,5 6,1 0,5 , . 14,7 6.6 7,8 22,8 34,8 33,9 0.8 4. 1 - 14, 1 -8.6 54.4 49,7 " , . 15,9 17,3 1,7 2,7 13,8 13,7 2,4 3,8 - 0,7 - 1,3 30,1 2 1,6 27,8 27,8 - 19,7 23. 1 3,3 3,2 22,7 27,2 2,9 2,9 - 3,1 - 3,8 55,4 47, 1 58,7 59,6 - 19,9 21.0 2,1 0,6 24,S 17,1 0,0 7,1 - 2,9 - 1,3 68,8 44,0 38,0 1,5 1,5 45,1 44,0 10.2 6,6 28,0 3,8 30.6 2,5 0,1 29,8 58,4 34,7 34,9 4,3 9,8 28,3 40,6 22.8 9.7 -1 ,0 - 3,7 39,2 75,6 34,3 35,7 12,7 4,3 26.0 6,1 - 15,1 29,7 19,4 29,3 25,4 2,6 1,3 23, 1 27,2 5,9 3,1 1,4 - 0,4 11,7 54,5 60,1 9,4 8,5 2,1 0,2 9.1 10.5 6,9 6,8 - 0,9 - 1,3 35,3 24,6 22,4 16,5 " , 18,0 2,7 20,2 6,4 -1 ,7 54,6 22,4 19,6 18,9 7.5 4.1 23,3 15,2 7,3 4,5 - 2,1 2,9 42,6 40,S 35,6 42,S 22,9 3,5 20,8 8,0 -2 ,2 47,9 27,0 13,7 13.0 1,6 1,7 15,5 14,3 2,5 1,9 -2 ,5 - 1, 1 24,7 23,S 30,6 48, 1 15,6 13,5 2,7 6,0 18,7 19,8 2,9 3,2 -6,0 - 10,8 24.2 23,6 24,7 25,4 323 ylll! aorowe nwtwe noc:ye ·· TeJCYII! .;..311 ...... · . ycnyr . nporpa.... 1990 1998 1990 1998 1990 1998 1990 1998 1990 1998 1990 1998 1990 1998 6,2 4,5 4,3 3,3 11,4 4,3 4,6 4,5 - 5,1 - 0,9 35,7 15,5 27,4 4,0 28,4 5,1 - 1,2 71,7 7,0 8,8 1,4 1,8 - 6,8 - 4,7 24,4 28,9 42,8 42.7 4,2 3.0 48,6 46.0 3,0 -4 ,5 -1.7 15,2 15,4 64,6 63,9 29,3 4,3 68,9 3,1 - 35,6 42,6 36,2 36,3 32,1 6,2 2.1 43,1 32,5 0,9 0,9 4,0 0,5 22,1 50,9 69,2 71,0 32,3 34, 1 10,2 9,1 39,2 34,1 2,1 1,6 0.5 0.7 18,8 17,3 44,0 42,1 13,3 12,6 5,8 3,3 19,8 18,8 2,6 2,5 -5,4 - 6,3 38,7 46,5 17,7 18,4 7,9 7,0 23,3 25,0 0,4 2,0 3,0 0,2 67,3 54,9 66,7 65,2 - 20,1 5,2 31,0 3,7 - 3,5 58,7 30,4 9,2 3,1 7,8 1,6 2,9 54,2 31,5 9,4 13,7 0,6 2,3 15,1 13,8 1,3 2,6 - 6,4 - 0,2 30,0 41,8 32,8 2,9 35,7 2,0 - 1,0 25,2 69,6 28,4 32,1 4,0 3,6 34,3 35,6 4,5 5,2 - 4,6 - 2, 1 38,0 39,5 9,5 1,3 12,7 6,3 - 5,3 52,9 30,9 24,4 3,5 2, 1 27,9 29,1 5,9 2,9 0,9 -3,9 25,6 30,1 42,9 49,0 15,4 16,2 11,5 8,4 16,4 11.8 5,1 5,1 10.8 11,8 49,8 36.7 32,2 23,2 16,7 16,4 5,1 7,8 16,0 15,5 5,8 9,1 0,3 - 0,2 12,6 16,4 . 18,0 20,4 1,5 1,4 21,7 20,4 1,8 0,6 - 3,9 0,9 27,4 21,9 43,4 53,8 - 3,9 9,9 0.2 0,3 5,8 13.0 0,5 4,2 - 1,8 - 5,8 76,2 39.0 25,8 17,1 14,4 1,5 1,8 11,5 11,7 2,6 6,7 4,6 - 3,4 59,2 51,2 32,2 38,3 24.0 24.8 6,7 4,8 27,0 25,9 7,6 6,7 - 5,4 - 3, 1 31,7 37,9 36,9 46,6 11,6 19, 1 2,1 2.8 15,1 26,5 2,3 3,4 -3,0 - 8,4 52,0 32.8 26,3 25.7 25.2 30,0 1,3 2,3 24,0 31,6 1,9 1,7 0,4 - 0,8 34,6 31,7 61,6 75,8 14,1 17,0 2,1 2.0 16,5 16,3 3,1 2,2 -3 ,5 0,1 42,4 5 1, 1 22,5 26,5 28,3 28,1 2,8 3,9 28,7 34,2 2,1 1, 1 0.2 - 2,5 19,6 19.0 60,8 55,3 37,6 39,2 2,8 2,6 40,0 44,6 2,5 2.0 - 2,1 - 3,5 25,7 23.6 68,2 31,9 43,3 1, 1 2,1 36,4 40,8 1,2 4,8 - 4,6 0,6 53,9 48,7 63.8 63,5 6,1 0,5 9,5 12,3 - 4,7 41,4 . 31,6 1,1 32,0 3,0 - 1.6 14,3 67,1 16,3 18,4 4,3 3,6 18,1 18,0 2,3 3,6 0,8 0,4 28,5 28,8 63,9 71,3 19,4 22.0 1,4 1,7 22, 1 27,0 1,2 1,0 -0,9 - 1,3 29,9 29,1 66.4 72,9 38,4 35,8 5,8 4,5 39,8 41,7 1,0 1,1 1,0 - 1,6 13,7 14,5 61,8 53,2 - 19,0 14,5 2,0 2,7 22,3 19,7 6,1 5,3 - 7,8 - 8,0 30,2 37,1 27,5 30.0 17,8 0,4 11,9 2,6 3,7 41,5 32,1 25,6 29,9 0,6 1,8 2 1,9 30,1 1.8 2,8 0,4 - 0,1 22,3 42,9 48.7 55,5 ' 12,2 5,1 24,6 4,4 -9,8 75,3 21,6 )( 24,3 24,5 2,0 1,7 27,0 28,4 3,1 1,2 - 4,1 - 2,9 51,9 26,6 13,7 0,8 13,7 2,0 -1 ,6 13,6 52.0 : . , . . .. ~eTOM . . , , . , - . d. 1992 . 324 2000 /2001 15. , OJUIaJX) ycnynt cw l< 322 5.8 61 76 9 507 1 782 47.0 17 399 6.0 510 2.9 1 169 ' 1496 ' 61 260 189 12.2 16 221 - 2.0 1 170 - 5.2 525' 2771 ' 65 62 - () 120 0.3 352 77 12 9 12 1208 267,7 5 4 043 - 3.9 3350 - 6.2 6 435 5325 53 3690 856 215.0 4 653 3.0 760 2.2 277 4 ' 3242 ' 64 2 953 1251 11.3 125 430 5.2 340 2.2 1867 ' 1492 ' 53 65 216 - 1 185 36.1 42 195 4.9 160 2.8 70S' 595 ' 44 63 231 97 0.3 285 335 7.5 3 450 6.6 567 5 847 72 161 56 341.7 68 509 151 0.6 275 77 4 078 648 23.2 28 511 790 50 38 366 73 0.8 97 231 - 0.1 3170 - 0.1 352 4 825 76 81 10 2839 6.2 446 4 559 5,2 1610 1.3 71 , 22797 438.3 52 .. 59 46 91 387 277 103.0 3 8109 6.0 29280 4.9 7 280 26283 79 2 195 - 429 4.0 106 569 8.3 1330 5.1 1499 ' 3 497 ' 68 27 121 - 36 0.3 138 · ' 282 757 11.0 69 .' 74 20 29121 760 9.3 82 9086 4.2 11960 3.3 13977 ' 18395 ' 78 3 5379 88 0.7 121 81 - 16.5 910 - 18,7 282' 3186 ' 61 22 23 414 120.5 194 63 254 326 0- 8 544 2.2 244 189 - 1.4 350 -3.8 740 ' 1360' 60 42 55 11150 110.9 102 ' 76 4 31 170 .. 3 044 111.4 32 47 49 326 5 419 1759.5 3 70 22 40 579 32 0.2 200 · ' 432 2.6 167 19285 5.1 4464 0 3.8 16 523 38247 77 828'j 1170 2.0 576 4 203 4.9 3 590 4.0 10123 8652 71 16 1744 . 0-8 128 0.4 341 . 469 0.0 23450 · ' 78 1407 278 0.3 925 322 7.2 1 160 3.3 984' 354 5' 67 4 297 379 0.3 1184 3 492 3.5 9210 2.9 5710 ' 15066 ' 77 9 1751 - 64 0.2 353 100 0.5 1560 - 2.6 , . 116 0,7 165 210 0.3 1810 - 1.9 67 ( 32 0.0 164 10 . - 76 0.6 129 215 0.8 268 76 6 430 213 18.6 12 73 1751 0 - 8 149 0.3 480 79 2 815 83.6 34 75 25 81843 2348 212.5 11 .. 73 31 15 143 19 0.5 40 71 245 - 3890 9.0 439 76 15806 170 2.8 60 181 1.0 1060 0.5 666 ' 3915' 69 20 132 ( ) 63 0.2 317 282 - 145 1.0 151 40 5.2 270 2.9 193 ' 1335 ' 64 77 10 18 17.4 59 1379 2.0 1360 - 0.9 4 274 4 200 56 22 34 1 68 0.5 143 0- 8 80 0.5 177 520 - 3.0 6540 - 4.1 826 ' 1038 1' 72 169 - 114 0.4 293 307 4.0 2700 3.2 532 4667 73 125 - 4 1 0.4 114 262 2.1 6 420 2.0 40 1 9801 70 103 - 154 0.6 253 581 3.1 3770 1.5 775 5022 72 19 1 - 429 28.9 15 320 - 0.4 750 - 3.4 836 ' 1949 ' 71 161 9388 637.7 15 48 15 28993 2505 .8 12 9 435 6.0 330 3.6 37 64'j ' 1298 ' 55 44 3 473 413 163.3 3 ' 70 2099 .. 100 0.8 138 172 2.2 1720 1.2 427 ' 4 28'j ' 71 117 1293 5.1 252 5661 4.5 4 390 3.9 9388 7262 73 22237 - 44 1,4 31 630 801 18.3 44 1771 7.8 2210 6,4 3634 4 536 73 762 uyc 231 4.0 63 72 561 443 28.1 16 516 8.5 1 170 5.7 50 19 143 . . 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