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This Persian translation was carried out by Abdollah Bagheri Neshani, Ali Akbar Zareei and mandana bahadorifar are responsible for the quality of the translation. In case of any discrepancies, the original language will govern. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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E9 128 8 129 /%: .% 130 F U P 4 ij Y 2 W) 132 1%& `A _- HA # ( /%Z ) b kW- %+/) W% ) P 4 ij 7@ Y 2 W) 135 P 4 ij /%Z ) b kW- %+/) W% /# # ;- 1) 139 (F U P 4 ij) P 4 ij /%Z ) b kW- %+/) W% Y 2 W) .) = 143 # Y/ Y 2 W) 143 # Y/ Y 2 W) # _- /: 147 # Y/ Y 2 W) .) = 149 9%D @ Y/ Y 2 W) 149 9%D @ Y/ Y 2 W) # _- /: 152 9%D @ Y/ Y 2 W) .) = 154 9-9.) # Y/ /# 8H% " # 1W 7 % 157 9= + Y/ 159 7 &A lh .) = 161 9= + Y/ .) = %$ U J ) /# % m%+/) 162 /%: .% 164 Q A 9%&+ A- P -A LM 167 : - - "C( 0", K ? "U $ : E 0G $I : )' 172 ]%M 7$- h+ /%U 89%o%U ng 173 ]%M 7$- /)/# 9%2 ) ( ]%M 7$- /# +) .) ]%M 7$- h+ 176 : /# + # h+ #S /B /# + # h+ 178 .) = S%B&) /W- 8Y /U 7 / A /W- 180 1%& /%%0) _ + ]%M 7$- h+ / %U ng p ) 180 .) /+ R /# ?%& # : h+ 9# S L 183 ?% & # : " 1. /%U /+ R /# - -H: .) /S #b b 184 ";L Y 2 W) _Z# .) = /%U 9 ! g #/.) 185 " " q Sg m$+ :9D ! g b ";L Y 2 W) IA ) 187 ";L Y 2 W) IA ) /# Q 9 _2 b 187 /# ]%M 7$- h + /%@ ng - r ?%& # : " 1. /%U 8/+ R 188 ]%M 7$- 9" $ # $ 190 9D 4 g 9%2 ) Y 2 W) # :9% 191 &@ `- ! /# .) = /> 192 J )4g + /# ! 7!/A _- HA 194 A/J)/%i 7- 9M # :9% 195 + ]%M 7$- h + # :9% 198 1%& /%%0) _ + /> 9%2 ) /%U ,W1 IA ) '- m$+ # 200 :7 %OH W h M s/D P 1 ? $% - D 9+ h M _D U E BD 202 A/J)/%i 7- 9M u4g Y 2 W) t T # :9% 202 F U J ) QH% W /# h M 9 #7- 2 204 2 A 9" $ .- 205 v%M! 49 # # % 206 8 g ,-9 b A r 1& 7A/ %U .- /T 209 Q b A 9%&+ A- [) T LM 211 : - T 7 ) 213 A- 217 %U 225 [\ #] N" + /# : ) %+ 1%U :1 # #] 227 Z&: : % ) %+ 1%U Q 1%1T 228 1%& /%%0) _ + 8w- 9 :2 # #] 228 1%V ) 9 231 2 9 236 # H# 239 &L IA ) ‫342‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪي 3- ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺪل Ùˆ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫442‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ: ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫642‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﻫﺎي رﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ: ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ: ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫742‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪÙ? اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬ ‫942‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪي 4- اﺛﺮات ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ وﻳﮋهي ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎتﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ Ùˆ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫اﺛﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﻦ Ùˆ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺮ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺻﺎدرات‬ ‫052‬ ‫)ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎﻻ(‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﻦ Ùˆ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺮ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺻﺎدرات‬ ‫152‬ ‫)ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي(‬ ‫352‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪي 5- ﻣﺪل ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزي ﻣﻮازﻧﻪي ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺠﺎري‬ ‫352‬ ‫552‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪي 6- ﻧﺮخ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮي Ùˆ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژيﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﺨïº? ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫162‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫172‬ ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ H ' N' 1 r D + ?%) 7 /U/ ) + W /: + ! g J2 ] ,- 2 ' # 7$- (%M 9D y Z ) 2 9-: + 9b ( ' # 7$- (%M ( ' # ) 48 %+ 9 ( ' # 9D )3 + - 2 O% ( )7 - W%b ( ' # )6 + + H% ( ' # ) 5 - $) ) .9D # ( .) 7 % _Z# 89 +P 1 ) 8 ) : _ ( '# %# # 8 /: N" M%T ) W /A '1+ ) J2 ] ?%) /> ,- %) 10 9 8 - ) /# r ) ( ' # 9D ) ,1WO /# :7 8 1 7A - 12 11 h 92 ( ' # 7$- (%M 9D r D +) % o- ( ) z/ 13 .( ' # /% 9 9D r D +) D +) + ( ' # 9D ) '-/%+ :9 / ?%) % @ 8 1 %) D # W ";L /- /A 8 ;" # 15 14 . H2 b ( ' # 7$- (%M J2 ] ?%) 7 /U/ ) &% ( ' # 7$- (%M _Z# /-9 ) 16 -;) 2 ( ' # LEGEN 9g {%O ) 1- Muthukumara Mani 2- Chandrasekar Govindarajalu 3- Hiau Looi Kee 4- Sunanda Kishore 5- Eri Tatsui 6- Cizuka Seki 7- Sachiko Morita 8- Mahesh Sugathan 9- Bernard Hoekman 10- Thomas Brewer 11- Richard Damania 12- Donald Larson 13- Masaki Takahashi 14- Kirk Hamilton 15- Charles E. Di Leva 16- Laura Tlaiye (%M 9D r D +) 2 % U -9 # 7% ,D ( ' # )1) %: 4 3 9D /-9 ) - 4 1+ B] (r # 8 ) -9 + %= ( ' # 7$- 8w- # A -1 7+ ?%) .(LCTSD 7$- (%M _Z# H- /# 6 5 | %2 /# / 9 $W2 .7 H k 1%1! 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W- /B$1) Z&: : - ?.g = .7 = 7$- (%M ,% 8/+ ?%& /# J /# B& Z 9 %U >= 1%& /%%0) 89-9U + 7 = ?&$ L 2007 4 9M & $ J ) | H: r /# .7D R: 9 @ D / /%i € g /%> ) 7M) /B %&% 262 9g h 2004 ) 2000 4 + 9J) ,- 9! 98 + 9 A/: / AL % 9 1%& /%%0) _- HA %2 # + ) 1860 4 +9 =/# .9 /# / #Q ,%- U _Z# ( , A h # ,% = 7V&i Z&: : _- HA / 1% 20 ) 10 - *= v] / % 0/5 ,% % H% # /B$1) ) - *= v] Gh 1 g 2100 4 )9 ,- # +9 2 .7 A- T _- /A % 9 - 89-9U 9 - /A ,- .% .9 = 9 @ h # / 1% 88 IL %$# ,% b? .9# - _ + ,-/%D *= 7%1+ 7%B%+ A - _- HA &g m% = !/" ,- /S $ 9%&+ _Z# A *= /- # &g 8 :7 W $ 7 ; /# 8 / $: 9 %U ?%& /%%0) V ,% b? .9- 9 @ *= m A+ -R0) b? & " # / # $ 1" 7 ; .9D # D U %$# ?%& (- /D /%%0) ‚ " # ) # + $# 8/%i 8 U/ ?2 9% D= 9%2 ) /# 891" /> 1%& /%%0) H% + _Z# .7A/: 9 @ / /%> ) 7M) = /# 4 [ " # .7D R: 9 @ /# K /# Q9 : &1 '-w) / h M 9! 10 G 9g K /# 9%2 ) H% DR: '- L /g , A h# +9 .7 89% > # # B /> H% + h M /- .7 8 _ + J )4g + 8w- # + "1 QV - 89-9U ,% b /# 9J | H: (- /D ,- # _ + .7 8 / m% = ‚/J •%JT 7 :/ v] 1980 - 1970 /@ 8w- # 9 1 /]@ ,- /%U 1 9 ) 7D = /# / 72 J # .9D v] 9J 7$ H:/# # /. / ,- .9 / @ + 89 J %$ + ,- 9) /T 1980 7$ ,- H:/# %W ) 4 / 9D s/] 9 L # 1%& /%%0) 89-9U # - - /# &&12 ,%# 7$ 1&" | H: K- # # 9M & 1" `1. 1990 ,- # &# S /# - /# ,- 9) 7 72 ,%# 8/+ R /# %1+ •& Z /%%0) %$ + {- _%U : : 7$ H:/# {U %1+ ,- . %W ) /M# F -% 9M & /S 1992 4 9 {- _%U ,- 1 %) 1%& N + 154 S ( ) - /# /% Y - 4 1 ,O Y 89D m- ) ) %+ # E /J 1%U L H% 1997 4 .9D @ D / h Q h 1994 r 21 Æ’- ) 5 @ Z&: : H% 89 -= 4 8 E/u + 9 9D 9 J J! + Y/ 8 B j B m-/T _- HA /# J ) 4 g + # 8 _ + 9! + b = 4g / # .9 - 1 ]" - '1+ # 9%D @ Y/ /%V /-RU9-9.) 2 b 1%& /%%0) + 7 = D s/] %$ + 7$ ,- 1) .7 /W- '- 9 % H% = # @/# ,- /# # 8 # D 89-9U ,- _- 9%U - /%> ) + 7 - % W- .) 8 g # .) ?.g - HA :/ . /-RU /%> ) 89-9U ,- - 9g ) H% @ ,% /B$1) Z&: : / %# 9%2 ) `# Y/ / %# 8 B J ) 9%2 ) &g/ h+ 4S J- .) 7% Gh ! .9D # 7$- (%M m-/Z) .% (%M /# B /> # m&i + Y/ E/ J- g / 1) / ,- E/ E/ H% + D 8 B ) 9%2 ) @ + m&i 8 / .7 8 /1 7$- ,- &&12 ,%# 9 J $ + .7 h # %$# = 89 -h= 9%2 ) Y/ 9 W# 9%2 ) -/ 4;@ Y/ E/ : 2= 9%2 ) H% + 9 89D •u .@ + 9 S%SM) . /+ 9 @ %1M) " 1. ,- /# - -H / ,- 'D # _ + V # @ h# Y/ E/ # `- ! ) 9 D + + ,- %$# + # 89 -h= 9%2 ) 89D A/: /V 1-/ 7@ /U /A 9%2 ) -H 8 B ) 9 D;) D + %$# 4 g ,%" .9 4S J )4g + ,- 9-/@ -H B + 9 z %2 Y/ 9%2 ) 7 FU Y 2 W) ` -9J) - ERg = .) ? $% ,% Z @/# .7 h # %$# ? $% % ,- 8 B / K- /) 72 NJ ,- g7 A/J)/%i A/J) .9 8 1 %U Y 2 W) h # E/ 1%& /%%0) 89-9U h # 7 %$g # ) # H% /- ; 1 `# 7u Bg V # FU Y/ Y 2 W) 8 B Q H2 9%2 ) /%$ Y/ D 9%- ) ; D {&. m- ) # 1375 4 8 /@ ]%M 7$- 4g + &1 /- + .9 = 1%& /%%0) &&12 ,%# %$ + 7- N" # # / ,- B 8 # h # 9%2 ) 9 = -H Y/ E/ H% +7 J ) 8w- 8 - # ) # +,- / - W .9D # 8 /1 7$- (%M /# B /> Q/ % - Ri 891" ?.g ,% ) /- " + 7%2 JA h M /+ 1" H% /# 1%& /%%0) 89-9U B /%> ) H% _Z# ,- + ,- - Ri 9 8w- 8 - + K /# Q9 : 9 )h M 9%2 ) H% ~ @ # " / %# /T = /# /> " 89-9U ,- J2 ] /# 9 @/# % /- @ 8 B 8w- # .) ng 1%& /%%0) # - ,- /# # . /: @/# 9- # 8 # @/# 8w- 7% $g +7 )" T &1 /- FU Y 2 W) . /%: / L #/ D + ,%2 C$ ) 8w- L # nM# # 7 89- /: % ) '#( ) ;% 2008 4 + /T g * + ,- . /U .) _Z# # = # S /%> ) 1%& /%%0) /%U /# 9%D @ # Y/ J- F U Y/ Y 2 W) 8 /: /- b .) =t T * + s/] h # Y/ E/ # Y 2 W) /# -H - " #9= + Y/ F U 4 ij 1%& /%%0) # ( )/ %$ + 1%U 2 1 L # * + ,- 4 A. D # ( )/ 7 % Q A .7 8 / /# 9S % ,- + 9 J) # `- ! 4 S t T A ,- . /: s/] .) # = p ) 89-9U ,- F/ W1 J ) 4g + # A- J ) + h # ,#/+ E/ * + ,- Q A . /%: / /# 9S 1%& .) /# 7A/ %U /# FU Y/ Y 2 W) .) Y/ _Z# 9- U 89 -= /# |;) % )" T Y/ Y 2 W) 8 /: b h+P 1 - D 9+ ? $% r /# Y 2 W) R:9+ # = 8 B # # +9+ .$ - 7!/A Q b A .7 89D s/] F U ?. U A -U .7A -7 /SA _ + 7$- (%M (- /D # .) J ) .9 O ]# ,- ) %U 8 /+ /%: .% * + 89D O m2 ] . 8 /1 # !@ D * + : ,- 1 /) + 7$% 89%D U ,A /# # g;]! 02 %$# /# * + ,- m2 ] 891" _Z# # 9-9 # ) # + = ) # 9 2 J A 702P /A 9 J : Q 8w- &! 702 1 G %" + D 89 9 89D 1 /) % ,- + - * + @/# D + W1 # + * + ,- 1 /) 4;@ .7 89D 8 B A4 J # . m$+ # ( / ) Y 2 W) J ) K- /) H+/ (SGSS) 4 1D H / $: / 7+/D /# Q . # ) 7 8 # = /# J A/: ! ' # / 1 /) 1 *Z : #4 J 8Y @ &@ `# 9%) I%SM) I% V # ,% b? .9D # * + :9 $- &! V /: %# W 9g ) + /: ,-H - 8 = U ! # ) M%T ) 1&+ ,- %$# /# :9 @ / %# g - D= # ,- # . % # `# /- #t :9 @ Q H2 ! ) 7 89D 9 J $ %$# Q &1 8Y ,- %$# # D= %2 .7 9 % / %# 7 # /T g , J2 ] /# K- /) H+/ Q/ M 7 - 8 U7%" T Q;i r9 =* 9" $ -U /A r9 = H+/ 7 J B. ,$gQ;i r9 = ( /) Y 2 W) J ) 1" /-9 /: + 91M r9 = - ";L Y 2 W) _Z# /-9 ;i '# # r9 = % H% W h=,%D 8 /: 7 /U/ %$g 9% r9 = .?% + /W ) H+/ ,- W1 /- - / 7-/-9 _Z# 4 C$ -1 * + ,- # _- /- &0 1) ?i &" + % /A / + ? @ +/ r9 ?@ OD # 1g .?- H k 1%1! 9 89 Q. # 8 1 S) +/ 9S /: 7 -1 ,% b? )/% 1L A r9 ?@ / B+ # M 1 1 /) g / .?% + 9 1%1! '# _Z# - - ?@ %$# 8/ # 8 U7 ; T = : H# 7 '1+ /V /> ,- ,- 9) r k 7- &% ,-9# + /$% - -1 9# * + ,- „ b 'D # ?- 8 /# .?- ?-9S) - /NM # _- @ 9 &# 1- Mayya Revzina C (' "U $ d ? .7 7$- (%M 9- U .- 9- U J ) # #% &! /! 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Q " @ v] L ) #< & : )' # : ;' $ ( 6 M 0 A - .9D # J ) #7 ' # 7%2 JA ! g * + ,- ' # -/ /-9 8 :9- 89 r WJ G H2 * + ,- 89D %# K- /%# J) .7$% = 89 O 72 - 8 * + ,- S Q 9+ / + ) ";L /- R P / 9%- ) ,% / 8 - ~ @ ' # E/L ) N t …% /: %# 7 89D .9D # 1 / :,- 4 - ,) 89D s/] .7 W-/ = h 9g # 89D %# †2 1) , ,- / / .9D # '-/ 9g <# N Z&: : 7% [) /# W-Y 2 W) -H: 7$- (%M .) % 9. %# # /%U /+ R J2 ] ,- K- ) W %U A- # : ;' #< & : )' 32 33 <# N <# N 1 # / / 1%& /%%0) D J ) "1 9= U8 / /L @ 22006 4 / -/ .7 A/: / I-9 ) |/-RU 89 - HA L ) # 9 G; + &W v] 1%& /%%0) /# K- -h + 7@ 3 Z&: : 7% [) % 9 /T g 4 g .7 4L S] ?%& - ,% 8/+ ?%& # : ?%& /%%0) Climate change -1 -(E J ) ( *= - - ,% % (- /D - /-RU /%%0) / ,- .9 + 8 D /%%0) ,- .9D # 4 %&% ) ,%# &! A + 9 + v-/ ) r %S - (9%D @ 9D G;[ ) = z @ /% - ,% 9 -=/A 7 ,W1 ]%M 7 % 2S /%@ ~ @ # .9D # 89D ! g $ # p #/ 7%2 JA /> /%@ ( , A h # &1 9 + 8 D 9-9 ?%& /%%0) # ) m&i «?%& /%%0)» s;]! . D @ D ,% 9D Q/: " # + (,% ) v] 2- Stern Review (2006) : ,- .9 D Z&: /> n" # + 9 $ - : (Green House Gases) Z&: : -3 ,% # Z&: : 9g _%# 9D A T 8 / 9 @ /g - 9 )9 ) .9 _S « Z&: /> » + : %+/) 9 " Z&: :. 7 89D ,% _- HA n" # / - . (9! 26) ,#/+ 9%$+ (9! 60) *= Z# : 9 " ,- J% L : ,-/)891" / - O/A [ #/+ 2 9- &A H 9%B2 Y / % 9%$+ : 9 "9 / 1+ 7%1 + : Z&: : ‰H Y / % w%$+ J- /B$1) 891" : %+/) +,- ) # W . CFC .9 9 x/ /A JD *R S 8/%i ? 2 W& : + %2 ,- # 9 D 1 * $M # : ;' #< & : )' 34 _2 b . % / %# |;) # 8 A+ 4 # M] # =_ + .7 9 9 &# &&12 ,%# W1 9 % = g 8 # 89%o%U t T ,- D 1 + 1 %# J] L # H% 1%& /%%0) /%U 72 ,%# 7C% /%@ | H: # ) # #9 @ B •& Z IL /# ?+ g (- /D # ) # 1%& /%%0) /> D 89-9U ,- ) # $@ h = /> ?-;" ,- /# •JT 9D .27A - 9 @ _- HA ,% 8/+ _- HA # 8 /1 = 9S + D 3 s/] &&12 ,%# v] 9%&+ ?$% W '- " # b? ) %+ 1%U ]# ,- 9%$+ : H% ) 9 9D QH& J! + 1%U ,- ,% r /# 8 # .(1-1 +) 9 _ + Z&: : /- ,#/+ 4g : ,- _ +7 89D•-/J) E 9 # % /> / ~ @ + 127 b/: .7 /T = # :9% + - _2 b ;W /T g _%#) 9 Ng IA ) ,- (U ,1. ) S] A; O '- 9J 9J) 1" ( D D + ,- Z&: : 9! 61 /]@ # - = B%u + 7 8w- &&12 ,%# 8 /: '- 1%& /%%0) /%U 72 ,%# 7C% IPCC -1 D ( ) 1988 4 8 /: ,- .7 $ 7%2 JA D 1%& /%%0) 89-9U .9- /: {% ) (UNEP) 9M & ]%M 7$- /# 8 /: (WMO) 2- IPCC 2007 &! " + @ : : 9! _ + V # &12 ,%# 7 1%U : ) %+ 1%U Kyoto Protocol -3 9 + ?% /) %1W) /% Y - 1%U + 1%U ,- .9 D * $M /%@ ,% 9DQ/: 7A/: / 8/+ R ,U Y ) %+ / D 1997 / 1%U ,- .7A/: WD 9MÅ  & *b b % m- ) U IA ) ,- .7A - 1) @ 1999 r 15 s A 1998 r 16 N /# + 166 1) 2006 4 / + .% .9 = 72 g # 2005 - A 16 2004 / 18 /%V @ : : _- HA # /%@ 4 L .9 # 8 = N # 7SA 72 / - n" # / ,- + 9D # _- HA 4 g 8/+ ,% Y / % 9%$+ *= Z# ,#/+ 9%$+ ) %+ # E /J 1%U L 1997 4 ,- .9D 9 @ 7$- (%M 9 -D @ /%%0) .- 9 _ + 9! 5 @ @ : : H% 89 -= 4 8 E/u + 9 9D 9 J J! + Y/ /%V 9-9.) # Y/ 8 B j B m-/T _- HA /# 2 '1+ J ) 4 g + # * $M @ : : &1 H% 9D # J! : + CFC 2 .9 - 1 ]" # 9%D @ 7A W# 4 oZ- /+ ' @ V 1# 4 oZ- $ 9 + `% ]# DR: : ,- D h- + 7 B: .7 89D t 1 + %$# = 8 B @ : /> .- %2 # 8 / .7 D 9 % ,- 2 JA _S %2 / W-/ = 89M 35 <# N ‰ N 7$%2 89 /#) 9 8 1 QH& : ,- `] # @ J! + %2 / .( D t | H: ,- 1 1%1T # = H% ) %+ 1%U :9 + ,- 7 @/# v] : ,- H% ,-/ %# + W-/ = 89M ;- .9 8 9 / m- ) 1%U + E/L / %# 9 J) # 1%U ,- # @ W-/ = 89M h- p/ 7 h# = 89 -h= 9%2 ) H% +9 ,%b [ J ) 4g 891" . 1 9 J) / IA ) Q9" ,- 9 8 /+ i= ) %+ 1%U 9" / + - + 1 .7 D 8 /1 # = /> /- 7# "T /%U 8/+ R ) 7 8 1 L #/ 72 ) %+ 1%U N" + %$# .) 3 2 .9- 1 % $) +/1: ‚ " / %2 9 ) 9 I-/L 7# D A ' ;+ + - + ) h+ /# + 9- /: %U U $%1+ /%@ | H: 4 -H 7 /i " # ) %2 9 /%: 1 W# `- ! ,#/+ 9%$+ : 4/ + 5 U + 1 " 2006 4 H %& % . D A/: /V 1%& /%%0) /% %U /# - 8 1 9M - W-/ = h+ 9- # ) %+ 1%U ,%SB /- ,U Y 9%2 ) Z&: : 9%2 ) 7 /i 7@ /U Q9" 9 # I-/L ,- ) 9 - 1 `T %2 = .9 - 1 / W-/ = ( ) m ]%M 7$- /> # - h + . # ) %+ 1%U 1" -/ W-/ = 89M h - /%:8 + /# WD= %2 F/M # / -1 G $ B%u 8 # W-/ = .) '-/D ,-/ : H# +. / /%> ) 7M) H% + # / . 89 " /# Z&: : _ + # ]# % .9 + 7A - 1" 9 = * $g # $ - ~ ZD r /# 72 + 2 U : %2 Tax -2 '- `# W 8/ # 7& '- g= + 7 "1 -H t '- # [ # %2 7S%Sg 4S ` %2 . D ? /A `# W ,- -H - O ) ) 9 - 1 7@ /U = 9 Bu + H# /- /: 72 m% + 7 7%2 JA Z# - 72 # J 9= Z# .7 @ ? /A 72 9 = # # -7 W G 1" h + @/# @/# ! - /# 72 + 7 ) %2 : +/1: ‚ " Custom duties -3 . /%: /V &@ :9 + 9%2 ) `- ! 7- 1g 7 4- CO2 cap 5- Stiglitz (2006) # : ;' #< & : )' 36 ('( # T SN 1-1 1 - A? H D 9M & 1%& /%%0) #b b ) %+ 1%U 172 2007 4 8 ? - Æ’- ) .9D 1" % m- ) 4 # ;% 2005 |/-RU m- ) 1%U ,- ( U ,1. ) S] A; O '- + 4! D 1%& /%%0) 9M & #b b 1%U .9 / 9%- ) Q 9# + : 1 4 ! ,- 7M) .7 :9 F/ 7%2 C$ -U 1V" _Z# -1 : + 9 1 IA ) N" 7 89D 9% # b b ,- 4 8 ,- / -2 /%: ! A- J ) + 4g DR: Z&: : 89D 9%2 ) ? -3 7 ,%- U G $ J ) 4g + : .7A - 9 @ _- HA J ) "1 % # #% /%$ J )4g + (9 D 89% 4 1%1T + +) 89D J! + ) %+ 1%U r /# 9! 5 H% # : ,- H% 7$- # 2008 / ) @ 9 J) &g/ ,%2 D 1%U ,- 4 1%1T + .9 _ + 1990 4 H% / 1+ 2 9 # 1992 4 J ) W1 N" + 9 D # 89D J ! + /%%0) # b b (The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) UNFCCC -1 J ) 7$- (%M { /B + +7 &&12 ,%# ]%M 7$- 1%U '- :9M & 1%& m- ) # 9- /: H:/# (Janeiro Rio de) /% Y - 1992 ,O Y 14 ) 3 + (UNCED) 9M & H% 7% [) 1%U ,- E9 . D @ D H% ,% 8/+ 1%U " # 1 /%i ! # 7 89% 1%& ? $% ) # $@ /# + 7 ,% /B$1) Z&: : 7V&i . 1 9 @ /%: & ,% 8 % W1 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -OECD) -2 8 ) V $ wU H+/ 9 1) /> +8 D# " # = 7 {- U = /S J ) 21 %$ + '- N # 1960 4 / 14 J ) W1 . D - '% += /%i Y/ 9 & ‹ H+ 2 9 2/- 9 &$- - 12= $ /A F 1 + '-w&# _-/) +( ) 8 9 &- % ,U Y %2 - + , %U # 9J# .9D {% ) W-/ = {%& %+/) {%O 9O % k 4 0)/U ,- N" 9J) + & 1 $2 # 8/+ '-HW . 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D 4- Brewer 2003; Georgieva and Mani 2006; Loose 2001 39 <# N .7 W ,- '- ) J! + Z&: : _ + /# |;) .7D 9 @7 9D 89 -= J ) 4 g + +7 -9# 1% _%# - • G -/S) 2030 4 ) J )4g + +9 =/# 2 1 &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) + ,- ? .7D 9 @7 9-/@ 9 3 G -/S) # 9- # .) =? 9! 60 # 9- # % 9-/@ 9 /# /# m$g /# ?-Y / Z&: : /# 8w- /> 89 -= _- HA ,- .4 9 /# 9! 50 .7D 9 @ 8 /1 #/ - 1%& : / 89 +9%2 ) ,-/)‹ H# " # A- J ) +8 / +,- # + G 89 -= ,#/+ 9D 9 -= * $g # v] Z&: + Y/ ,#/+ E/ 9D 2 + - + 9D 9 @ D J )4g _- HA ,-/ %# J ) 4 g + % .9 + /%U 9 1) /> A/ %U + ,- 9D 7J %2 # / ,- + 9D 9 @ D 9 ,%b + ,#/+ E/ ! g ,#/+ 2030 ) 2020 4 ,%# H- /# r /# .7 ?-Y : / .9D 9 @ / %# A- J ) + J ) 4g + Y/ . 1 9-/@ ) + K- 4 U 9g '- # + ) 9@ - h + 9J) :9-/@ 9 Purchasing Power -1 '- 89D 9%2 ) 9@ h + t 1. : &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) Gross Domestic Products (GDP) -2 2U| M &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) .7 8 - 2 '- Gh 1J + ,%J 8 '- 4 L ) 9 D 1 D ] h + &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) M .9-= 7 # 9%2 ) 9@ h+ | + 7 = / ,- %2 .9 D M 9 - E/ + - / A/ h + %&+ J # y2 @ 1&+ .7 89D A/: /V - h+| M 1T L # ] h+ !g 9 = + . = .9 89D M - / h + (F; ) -H - -H + 7 = %&+ 2 U | ) 9 89 A/: /V M + z @ - @ R: - / ,%# H- 1) / - 1 &@ 8Y R2 9 D s/] &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) M @ 9%2 ) 9@ h + .7 & y2 @ 9%2 ) &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) $ s ] r /# x/ 9 9 &# ) C) :9-/@ 9 /# /# (PPP) Purchasing power parity -3 A/: 1 b/ ? 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Q 1) S%Sg `A # #% /# %$# 8 S2 # H# # 2 g J ) 8 r; '- 7 89D ` {- U = /S + Y/ &&12 ,%# { Y= : International Energy Agency (IEA) -1 7 1974 4 (OECD) J ) W1 #b b +7 S$ 2 ,%# 7B /- @j W-H%A 1+ # - :Æ’ U 9 # ,- B%u .9- /: {% ) 1973 4 7B /M# # &# S . #89D •-/J) Y/ _Z# /- 7B # = /%U 1 /%i J " # 7 9@ .) /+ R g J ) /# - g J ) /+ R :(DDA) Doha Development Round -2 .) 7- 9M _ + /+ R ,- E 9 .9D R: - U 2001 4 / +7 .) [ )" T /%U B: 2008 4 .9 / # h # @ .) H% 9 8 + # +7 .7 : H+/1 .) g;! 9@ A/J)/%i 7- 9M J! A/J) + 41 <# N 1 9 #?%$S) 9@ h + # # / 7A/ %U 4 g 8w- # .7 89% Z# # + g;! 8 g p N s;! .) 8 B # / # 89 -= 4 g :9 8 A s;! /# 8 / $: E 9 ,- /# # /# ?%& _Z# 4 g ,%" .7 89D ?%$S) 8 g ,-9 b # 1%& ?-Y ,- 89D s/] W1 /# %$ U #S - 1g E 9 # .) /# / + 4 g ,%" .9 8 /+ 9D S$ L # - 9g ) 4 L J2 ] 7u Bg 9D ,%# _W1 + @/# 9D ,D m 9 ) ) %+ 1%U 1%V ) J ) /# !/A /# ,- 89D •-/J) E 9 /: 7$- (%M 2 R: - / .) 9%2 ) 9 # + : # ? /A H% Y/ _Z# 7 % 3 .) E9 + .= .9- 1 I- ) H% /)F U W-Y 2 W) -H: ?% = '# -/ Q 1) G -/S) + m&i + 9 $ % A9 .9- 1 .- 8 /: / E9 /# /# 8H% / ,- 9 D # 9# ) 1 .9 q/A W-H%A h+ # + 1& /%i 4 S # /%i h + : 9@ Services -1 9 /%: @ # W-H%A WD 7 ,W1 9@ @/# 92 ) . O 9@ B-/J) D # Q # 9@ 9J)/U #S + 2 g ( W # 2 g 'b 9!) ' # ( ) 89D O 9@ @/# ./ s;! 9 9D# 1 4S # .% 9 D E/ &! A;# | /A 9J# + 9 # 7 ,W1 ( Sg 8 WDHU _ 9 ) 7 @/# _S = ?&" _ + 9@ 9@ _Z# 9%2 ) %$# # r 1& /%i .9# - 4 S / - 89 +E/ # 89 +E/ = L _%# 9@ _Z# &+ L # .7 8 /+ .- 9@ 8/ # 9g M - ;W 9 9@ _Z# 7%2 JA @/# /- 9D # 89 + 8 /1: 9 ) D /# ,% b '- 7 /# + 7J ! _Z# # 9@ 89D A/: + # - / H% + L # 9 % - - / # /) %k + 8 B L ) # / A/ %U + m&i 4 0 D & 9%2 ) 9@ _Z# ? 8 / .7 / %# + /% m) / .7 _- HA 4 g 7"/ " # 1 @ € 9g - h=,%D /%%1J) - 9%2 ) 9 J - / 7D : R: - / Investment -2 ! R: - / .9 + 9%2 ) )= E /# B& Z 9@ - h + @ + - h + H+/1) / - D 8 B / - h + 9%2 ) V # = + R: - / h + 9%2 ) E/ + 7A/: 9 @ . /%: /# H% R: - / 72 g ,- .9 D )= E #/ ( - / h +) W-H%A /%%0) 7# > - / y2 @ H+/1) t 1. 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B 7$ % $) V # Y 2 W) 4 S b /# #b b 8 ,- .59 = 7 # .7A/: / |/-RU 7$- (%M # : Y 2 W) /%: W# 6 - + # Y 2 W) 4 S H% 1%& /%%0) /%U (2006) / -/ /# 9%2 ) /%$ Y/ E/ _ + /# 9%&+ " # ,#/+ ,%- U E/ h # Y/ ` _ + +7 89 = -/ ,- ,% b? .7 8 /+ A/J J ) 4g + 1- UNFCCC 2- ESTs /# 7$- (%M # : Y 2 W) " 9M & 1%& /%%0) * b b %$ + -3 # # : /# F U Y/ Y 2 W) " * + ,- .7 8 1 8 B ?%& # m Y 2 W) .7 8 /+ 8 B (CEIF) F U Y/ R: - / #b b 4- COP 5- COP-7 6- Stern Review (2006) ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫84‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪاي1 Ùˆ ï»?ﻴﺮﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪاي ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎ Ùˆ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺬاﻛﺮات ﺗﺠﺎرت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ در اﺟﻼس ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ در دوﺣﻪ ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪ، ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي را ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ روﻧﺪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژيﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎزد2.‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮال ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ را در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ: ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮ در‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري Ùˆ ﻫﻤﻜﺎريﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن اﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﻫﺪÙ?ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺳﺮرﻳﺰﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ3 ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ Ùˆ اﺛﺮات ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮهي‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ در ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت Ùˆ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺬاﻛﺮات ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﺑﺎزﺑﻴﻨﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺪد در زﻣﻴﻨﻪي ﺗﺠﺎرت Ùˆ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫در ﺧﻼل دو دﻫﻪي ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ، ﻣﺬاﻛﺮات زﻳﺎدي ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ، ﻋﻤﻞﻛﺮدﻫﺎي ﺗﺌﻮري Ùˆ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ زﻳﺎدي را ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ، ﻋﻤﻞﻛﺮد ﺗﺌﻮري در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮي از ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ آزادي ﺗﺠﺎرت Ùˆ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ Ùˆ ﻋﻤﻞﻛﺮد ﻋﻤﻠﻲ در ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮاي اراﺋﻪي ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دادهﻫﺎي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي‬ ‫ﻳﺎ دادهﻫﺎي داﺧﻞ ﻛﺸﻮر. ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺣﺎل در اﻳﻦ دوره ﺗﻮﺟﻪ زﻳﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع آﻟﻮدﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮÙ?‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرتﻫﺎي وارده‬ ‫در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ Ùˆ ﺗﺠﺎرت، ﺷﺪت آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ )اﺛﺮات ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ( در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و‬ ‫درﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ را ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮ داده Ùˆ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﺠﺎري ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ واﻗﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد4. ﺗﻌﺪادي از‬ ‫1- ‪ Tariff‬ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ: ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ واردات Ùˆ ﺻﺎدرات وﺿﻊ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد.‬ ‫‪2- p. xxv‬‬ ‫‪3- Global environmental spillovers‬‬ ‫4- ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﺠﺎرت Ùˆ ﻣﺤﻴﻂزﻳﺴﺖ ﮔﺎهﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. دو ﻛﺘﺎب وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي 2991 Ùˆ 9991 ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ، "رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ" Ùˆ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪاﺳﺖ. اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎبﻫﺎ در آن ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻼعرﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎت ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهﺗﺮ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﻮزه ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ.‬ 49 <# N 1 (%M /# = 72h % .) " T F/ _Z# # /%@ J2 ] .(3-1 +) 9 D ) J% L `# 7$- ! # .) 9 J) ,%# ?.$ L ) .- 7%1 % !/" # /T g 4 g + ]%M 7$- 7 % 9b .) IA ) 89D ?%V ) .7 89D F #@ 2 9 : |/-RU .) A/J) 1" 7SA ]%M 7$- /S /# 9%2 ) ,- ]- /D G;[ 7 $ . %J 7%JT 9%2 ) # ( )/ J% L `# 7u Bg # - 8 # /T %: %g $ 7 ; - :9 7u Bg 3 W-/ = = .) IA ) [ .) IA ) /- 8 ;" # .9D # ( )/ 9-9.) # /%i 5 4 ?%S $ L # + /%: /# % H% U - W-/ = = .) IA ) 2 1D .7 A/: ]%M 7$- / ,- @/# | /A 9-/@ 9%2 ) J2 ] /# g;]! ! 8Y ,- : % Political economy -1 @D % . # # /U I-/L & 8 A `- ) H% 72 -/ ,% # = p ) 72 (# J2 ] /# 18 / ?&" @ D ,- . D * $M q;@ B A ?&" .9D 89% % ,- A - |/ $: 7 % &&12 ,%# '- .) A/J) 1" 7SA General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) -2 ,- .7 8 1 i= @ 7%2 JA 1948 4 - Y 89D ` {%O Y/ D = @/%# + 7 7 - /# D 9% N # 1947 4 &&12 ,%# v] 89DQ . /+ R 4 # 7SA m H# + : 9 {% ) ,% b 8 :…% b/: .7 .) &&12 ,%# € 9g :9 + N # r /# .7 8 # &&12 ,%# v] = .) 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[g -2 - /#8/ # '% ;+ W / ,- %2 . D 1 A/: W# Z&: : [ 9 %U - ) # -H 9- # /- Z&: : %&S) /# 1+ 8H% /B ]# + / .7 .9 D 9 8/ # = K- 1 /: g 9 W# | # 51 <# N 1 /%%0) /# E 9 9D8 =/# $W- L # &%$A 7@ 9%$# ERg 2 ]%M 7$- 9@ h+ /%U .) /+ R . # 9 @ /> 1%& 8 B /)F U W-Y 2 W) -H: .) |/ $: /# &% " #9 ) Z&: : /+ ?+ /# J ) 4 g + # I-/L ,- /%: / ,%%J) 9# SL /)/-RU % ) /)E BD 8 %D .9 - 1%& /%%0) # : ]%M 7$- E 9 .) `A # #% # L #9 ) H% h+ 9 *b b %$ + V # Y/ /# P 1 R:71% 8 ;" # .9D # /> 1+ 7# /%U .) 9 %U @/# 9 ) 9M & 1%& /%%0) .9- 1 [@ + 9@ h+ @/# :9 +E/ :9 + 9%2 ) # ‚ ";# '1+ - - 9%$# Subsidy -1 J 9-/@ 9 _- HA I-/L ) 71% v] , D ,%- U 9 9D # D B& Z Oh 9 ) 2S 7@ /U # + 9%$# 891" %! @ W- .,%J h + '- 9%2 ) 9 }Bg - ( 9-/@ M] 9%- 9@ h + 71% }Bg 9%$# 7@ /U E9 m&i +7 = q/A 72 -H # 71% •-/M) I-/L 9 ) 9%$# 7@ /U .7 9%2 ) " ,% ) -H /),%- U ) 9- 1 / h; @ ,- + W ,- + 9 b/ /: `# * &] y% Z) # /. 9%2 ) . /+ 8 B `- ! 7- 1g 7 9%$# 7@ /U ) g ( @ >= I-/L 9 " 1. ]%M 7$- 9@ V : ]%M 7$- 9@ Environmental Services -2 - -H 9 : ,- G 1&$ . /%: ! 7$- (%M ? $% + 7u Bg V # 7 - 7%2 JA ,- . 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K- R:/%> ) 8 /: _S J2 ] ,- . 9 8 / ) J% L `# 7$- . 1 ,D ]%M 7$- 7 % 1- WTO 2004 2- World Bank 1999 3- Barbier, Damania, and Lèonard 2005; Fredriksson and Mani 2004; Fredriksson, Vollebergh, and Dijkgraaf 2004 55 <# N _) B % 4! 7$- (%M % | + #Q A A ,- 8 ;" # . /U .) 4! ) %+ 1%U / ,%# 8 S2 # $@ 9 ) /:_ + % W # 7- 2 = + 9+ yZ - 8 g 7!/A ` Q A .9 _ + ?%& ?-Y .) _Z# / 8 S2 # + FU ?%& # : Y 2 W) K- /) 4 S # * D /# 9%&+ % /%%0) = 8 ;" # .9 / - D /# J ) 4g # : Y 2 W) #j B 8 /+ E/L/# ` 9 ) +9 + - D + 7 89D D /# B& Z /W- r /# Q b A .9 _- HA ?%& /# # b b 89D 9-9U ]%M 7$- 9@ h+ .) /%U /+ R 4;@ I%B&) /# #b b 8 O K- ?. 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J2 ] ( ) ,#/+ %2 + 89DQ . %&M) 7S%Sg . 9 /%@ - A/-RU # `- ! m&i ! /: `T 89 + 89 + ! + / - 89 + ! + 7 :/# + 9 + 7- S) %2 %T/A ,- q A A - .9# - _- HA h # Y/ E/ 1 ,W1 +/1: ) %2 7%A J - 9%$# I-/L h# Y/ E/ # `- ! # %2 .9D # `- ! ,- # 8 - /# 9g _%# / 7 W1 + h# Y/ E/ # 8w- `- ! /)I% /# ( ) ,#/+ %2 `T 1% `- ! ) + 9 J ) K- ,% b? .7 D R: /# B /> .) _Z# /# 89 + ! + /> / ,- 9 /%: /V %2 89 + ! 89 + + / + +9 .7D 9 Z .) _Z# /# 7%2 JA /# Gh 1J ) %2 7%A J . ) %2 - 7@ /U Q9" = : ) %2 7%A J Tax exempt -1 `T 9%2 ) 7%2 JA @/# 7- 1g V # - -/%@ 9 " B /%i .9 D 57 <# N C (' / 0( G & j M e , /N ) $ 6 0( $ E " H 4g + h # Y/ E/ # `- ! ! x/ .- 9) - HA # h M +9 - J ) 4g IL @/# x/ .- 9) 7A - J ) ,- 1%& /%%0) /% %U # ( )/ 9 &1 : : -h # h # Y/ E/ - /:? 4 g 9 ,- b/: . 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"U $ 0G ( T - : )' $ " T/ : 8 # : ;' : )' SX 0 d' 0V5' ('L 0.# \ 0 s b 0S< A : 8 [ 6 ) # 7 ( )/ 1%& /%%0) _ + # + 8w- Y 2 W) h+ .) = /# 8w- # 9D # D 8 /1 # 1T K- / '- 9 ) + 9 -H # 49 ` 8 # '%) 2 A ? $% &! _Z# W- MB! ,- : Solar photovoltaic panels -1 ? $% Z %&+ ` _Z# ,- .9D # W% W ] 9# W-/ W2 Y/ # 9%D @ # ) Y/ .9 + 4/ + I- H) /) # - # # 89 + E/ % 89D Q . g /L I L U ) 8 /+ 4/ + H% 89 + E/ W-/ W2 # % # ) # 89 %W ) /! " Z _Z# ,- + 7 /+j # Q h .9 + /%%0) &M - *= (- /D 72 g lh " 7 89 + ` J ) - •BZ + : 4 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) -2 /1" l h ,- . + # - D ` " # 9+ 8 B A - Y 2 W) + 7 9 P H / • /b '- " # / %# 9 # + l h ,- .7 @/# 1+ %$# E/ h# A h # %$# /1" l h /- # 7 $ ?+ q/# E/ # ) # 9 D /# + W% / W2 8 # = 8 B 9J# .9 + # % - D 7J ! @ 9 $ )/ - P # 7@ 9-9 ? 9 9D 9%2 ) ?+ E/ * &] - D # 8 • /b = 9%B # 7A - |/ $: - D _Z# ]@ _- 1 P ') WD # - 9 # ) 0%& ) &# ) 1 i= l h ,- 8 B H% 0%& ) 7J ! O P Q 1) ! # ‹ H# ) 0%& ) - &) •& Z P 9%2 ) # 9J# 9 9D 9%2 ) R: 4 g .9 A + # ) 0%& ) ?&%A /- ) _- 1 /# 89D # : ;' #< & : )' 64 /# / %# A/J)/%i A/J) 7- 9M # .) !/" + - Y 2 W) # p #/ / [ 7A/: 89- ) 1 ( )/ / ~ @ ,- .9 $ 1 .- Å’(9 H% ]%M 7$- /%i E + )h M 8w- #) h M Z Å’ Y 2 W) /%%0) Å’P 1 ? $% # I# ] + % Z 9# # / A/J)/%i 9 Å’ &@ `- ! /# 89 # /> # ( )/ "T E9 1%& /%%0) _ + G 1%S $ +7 D 9%B h + . Y 2 W) - ,@ 9%2 ) 9 -=/A 4;@ + 7$- (%M # : h M H% 7 8 / h + 8w- # 7 ?+ = 9S - D 9 8 /1 # Z&: : E/ 1 H- /# QH% W D) F U J ) QH% W 8Y /U 8 B Y 2 W) .9 $ m %$# 1%& /%%0) # 8 /# + (89D 7%&# # 9 ) QH% W W- F U J ) QH% W (CDM) Clean Development Mechanism -1 •%! ) 1%U 12 A t T ,- .(IPCC, 2007) 7 89D •-/J) ) %+ 1%U + 7 h # /-RUE ]J # #% V #4 1%1T N" /%i + # '1+ -1 :7 8 / /V 9 891" E9 89D # '1+ /# -2 9M & 1%& /%%0) 1%U # b b - E 9 7+ 9- U J ) : _ + 7- 9M 9 J) ,%%J) # /V E9 # # % 4 1%1T N" + J! + 9 89D " 1%U ,- 4 1%1T +9 $ - + N" +. Z&: # F U J ) QH% W .9 D # J ) 4g + 4 1%1T N" /%i + .9 D * $M 7 /) /V + .+ / Z&: : _ +7 )9 8 J! + F U J ) QH% W 7 > 4 ,%2 + 2001 4 ,%# .(Grubb, 2003, p. 159) 9 - 1 R: - / _ + /%$ QH% W ,- V 9D # ) %+ 1%U 9 J) 8 - U + 2012 4 8 # _ + ,- m&i .9D # D 8 /1 # ,#/+ 9%$+ 7 h %+ ,) %&% 1/5 4 J 9%2 ) Z&: : World Bank, 2010, ) /-RU ! 7@ 1 ,-H - Y/ - + 9-9.) # Y/ I-/L .(p. 262 65 <# N $I I( 0 !(#) (' Pb U M 0 (T [ 7$ 0G ( : )' 1 A/L'- 9 J) ]%g ";L Y 2 W) IA ) 9 ) /# ,- " 1. '- @ # ?%& # : h M .) 9! ,-/ 1+ + - N" = m # + 9D # .29 /: 9M / -9W- # 9 ~ @ h+ / : H# 89D 8/+ R $# / " 1. /- 9 ) SA ) ,% b '- 3 '- / /V 9 9 ) Q -H: .9D # : 9 IA ) '- ! # - ]%M 7$- h+ /+ R /: 8w- # 9D # 2 9@ ,% ) 9-/@ IA ) # % D 9 b IA ) /V IA ) -H: ,- .9 1# ) J .% '- # # % ]%M 7$- /: ! g g 7$ /+ R S$ g - 89% .% # &! A;# 9 ) = `A 7A - H% @ IA ) ,- :9 + N ) +7 =? W .7$‘ ‘";L | /‘U '% / W2 •- / 1 ]S )• ";L Ž A Information Technology -1 _- ‘1 4 ‘S • 9 ‘ | /‘U Ž ‘ 8/‘%@j Ž = /‘: Ž /‘# Ž9‘-9 Ž H# - •- / 1 ,- | ‘@7 ";L Ž A _Z# /)9 = + b / Ž H# J ) ,- W) .9 • / $ % @ ";L s/‘] /‘A • ‘1) Ž /# F # 8 Ž H# " # /) %k + ";L Ž A . • I%1" Ž :/: •‘D '‘D•‘# ‘)• ";L Ž A % ! g Ž 7A/ %U . 1 z @ Z M 8 /+ •‘ A /‘+ 1" - 9% Z# # n" # Ž A ,- &! g 7A/ %U .7$ '% / W2 /W% _ /%@ 7A/ %U W ‘D 1980 ‘ /‘@ ‘";L Ž ‘ A -/V 9D s/] # .7 89D @ D / - '% / W2 7J ! ‘";L A |/ $: Ž /# m Ž H# = # p #/ •L ) Ž Ž A /) %k + W • 7/ - .7 89D @ D ( ) +7 SA ) : ";L Y 2 W) IA ) (ITA) Information Technology Agreement -2 ";L Y 2 W) h M .) /%U g 7$ -/ u 89 = / # .) #- V .) /V 7M) 1 %1+ '- 1997 4 .9% m- ) # 1996 4 ";L Y 2 W) h M A/J) %2 _ + IA ) ,- &! E9 . 89 " /# # ,- /+ 1" .9D # /B! # :9 + N ( ) h + # 1 $% + 9@ h + ,- %$# A : ]%M 7$- h + Environmental Goods -3 h + Gh 1J .9 $ 1" W&# 9 $% ! @ h + ,- / - " #. B) # / - +7 = " ,- J .9 D yZ / - Q /M Q9" F/ E/ :w- # 1" # 8H%+ U E/ . D / - E/ 9S _ + n" # 9 ) 1 9 + E/ h + ,- /A + + 7 ,- Q /M Q9" Q B . D * /A ( ) 8H%+ U E/ _ + n" # 9 ) 1 •2 /A &% n" # + 7 &-h W- 7% 1" ,- . Q /M - # ` E/ * /A 9 ) 1 •2 /A . /% WD # J% L L # ]%M 7$- h+ 9@ /# D # : ;' #< & : )' 66 9% 9 @ N" = #Q -H: `A .9 8 # ?%& # : h M .) . J )4g + 8w- # 9 + 1 r $g IA ) A N # % + 1 7 0S< A $( 0 0 \ 0", b NK )' 0B (' ( IA ) : _ '- D ) g 7$ + -h W- ,-H - /%$ 4 # .) N" %$# /- 7$ S] .) ?%& 7$- (%M # : h + ,%%J) .9 $ @ .) /# /% %U /# .) IA ) %$# 4 1J L # /- 7D 9 Z 8 /1 # 9b ;W = = .) ( 1 6 Gh 1J ) P 1 R:9+ ? $% /)8 / $: v] S] . /+ 9 @ Q;" 2 A 9" $ T/" _Z# 7%A/u .- /# /V /S # ) # 4g + % # m /S , A/: /# /# S] .) IA ) 9 ) S] .) IA ) / - " # # 9 @ /)m 89 + 7+/D J ) ?%& # : Y 2 W) 9%2 ) + /: - + .) /%$ E /M m A/J) _ + /# .) IA ) '- .) IA ) : regional trade agreement (RTA) -1 S] 205 + ) 2007 4 h .9D # yZ S] '- + 9 b - ,%# .) 7- 9M .) # S] .) IA ) 300 t 1. .9 D # / 4 g SA ) :,- 89%o%U %$# @ SA ) ,- @/# :9 SA ) ,- : : t .7 89D | H: /# . 2 1D W-/ = = .) IA ) [ 9 $ /)8 m) / # / - @/# U - M) [ 9 @/# .9 + 7- 1g SA ) ,- 7A/ %U 72 _Z# m&i . / 9-/@ r/ ,%J 71% '- | /A /# + 9@ - h + '- 9S = : T/" Supply -2 9D # / %# 71% b / 7 4 M 71% " ,-/)? ,%2 .9 72 @ T/" ,%%J) %$# " / - " . # 9 @ / %# 4 M T/" H% ((- /D /- # 7# > ! ) 8 # / %# = 89 +9%2 ) 89D / %# = 9D # / 1+ 9%2 ) -H b/ .7 %2 9%2 ) " ,% ) -H /- 71% R: /%> ) T/" /# + Q " . /+ 9 @ T/" | /A /# h + ,- / %# 9S / /: 71% # 9-9 h + 9%2 ) # 89 +9%2 ) 7 ,W1 9# - _- HA h + /- 71% + .7 h + 7 # / %# ( h + t ,- _ +41 g 9 / 1+ = + - h + 9%2 ) #) # $# T/" H% .9D $W- | /A T/" H% 7 ,W1 7 89D H- /# G H2 T/" . = / - " 7 # 2 J) 71% ,%%J) " W- ) T/" 4 g / # . # 4 J) (- /D .9 + ,%%J) # 2 J) 9S 71% T S) T/" &+ L # .9D # T S) 67 <# N .) IA ) N" + ,- + ) ! 2 98 # @/# R:/%> ) ,-/ %# .9 D S] " ] +$( & A ( *(U? " T ) 7$% @/# 9- U Z&: : 4 1J L #9 + .= 89D s/] _2 b /# Æ’ U .) /+ R 9 4 1J 8 %D ,- /# # ) g /+ R % 89D " 9 @/# 2 . # 9 Z * + ,- /# 9 1# ) IA ) '- m$+ .) N" /: g 9- D 7A/-RU 9 /# A- -U g 7$ + 7 ,- ) # W D IA ) N" -9 J2 ] ,- .) /+ R _S b/: .7 8 A I- J) # &J 7 - 7A/ %U # ) = + H% / - 8 g 7 8 # 9%- ) 2 1 - 7!/A 2008 4 8+5 8 /: r; 2007 4 9J# 7$ 8w- # .7A - /# 8w- 9 J) ) 7@ ? /A Z&: : 89 + 9%2 ) ‹ H# + / /# 9@ h+ &&12 ,%# R: - / .) A/J)/%i A/J) 7- 9M _ + .9 - 1 .- 1%& /%%0) _ + /> - Y 2 W) 1- COP/MOP 2- the G-8+5 summit # : ;' #< & : )' 68 : - : )' # : ;' 0" 0", 0S< A a7 R:/%> ) 7# /# 1%& /%%0) /%U 9 -= &%&M) #b b 1" 9% ,#/+ %2 .) 7# /# ,#/+ %2 /%> ) #/.) Z 8 9 K- /%: .% Y/ E/ # `- ! 4 S - .# /# :,#/+ 1+ .$ J )4g + #h# a /-RU ! 2 S ,% b G J -= /%: .% .) 9 a7 : .) 9" # .) 9 -= a7$%b 9 : ,- /%> ) # : ;' #< & : )' 70 F/ W1 .$ : ) %+ 1%U .) 1%& .) /# 7A/ %U /# Q A 9%&+ A- 71 - : )' # : ;' 0" : - : )' # : ;' 0" 0", 0S< A 9M & 1%& /%%0) * b b %$ + 2005 4 ) %+ 1%U b/: W1 N" + 9J) 1 1%U ,- 9 J) / # 9 D /V Z&: : # 8 /# / - 9 7 % J ) 4 g ,- # . /: # ;% 1990 # 9 ,- @/# % %U g + ) %+ 1%U E 9 # #% V # Z&: : _ + /# |;) # 7 % ,- /. + @/# 7# .- t T = /) /A : g 4S r/) 9 + 1 / ) %+ 1%U /# + - + ,% b? 7D 4 2 1 % ) %U O ,% b? / ,- . 7 D 8 /1 # h # ,#/+ E/ # `- ! ,#/+ 9%$+ : 7- 9M B /> :/ / /# / %2 A/J) `T .7 D 4 # 1- carbon-intensive industries 8 # ) %+ 1%U 89 + / + /V `- ! /# ,#/+ 89 +,% ) + ,- %$# /- -2 .9 %# /]@ ‚/J @ ,#/+ | /A # ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫27‬ ‫در اﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ، ﻣﻮارد ذﻳﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻘﺪ Ùˆ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﺳﺖ:‬ ‫1. ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ رﻗﺎﺑﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ، ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎﻻ )درﺻﻮرت وﺟﻮد( ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي درﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ؛‬ ‫2. اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻧﻈﺮي Ùˆ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي وﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ Ùˆ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﻣﺮزي، ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ؛‬ ‫3. ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﻫﻤﻜﺎريﻫﺎي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﻴﻮهﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ Ùˆ ﭘﻴﻤﺎن ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ؛‬ ‫آﻳﺎ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬار اﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎﻻ Ùˆ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي را ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻧﺪ، ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﻲﻫﺎي زﻳﺎدي در ﺧﺼﻮص رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﻲ وﻳﮋهي اﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ در ﺑﺨﺶ اﻧﺮژي ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي را ﺑﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت را ﺑﻜﺎر‬ ‫1‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ )ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه اﻳﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه Ùˆ ﭼﻴﻦ(ØŒ ﻣﻮﺟïº? اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ Ùˆ ﻛﺴïº? ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ï»?ﻴﺮﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد.‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان در ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻢﭼﻮن اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ2ØŒ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﻲ3ØŒ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻪﺑﺎزاري4ØŒ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖﻫﺎي داوﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺮد )ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮح‬ ‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از اﻳﻦ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت وﻳﮋه، ﺑﻪ ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪي 2 رﺟﻮع ﺷﻮد(. ﻫﻤﺎنﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ در ﺟﺪول 2-1 ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ وﺟﻮد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﻲ Ùˆ ﻧﻬﺎدي، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي Ùˆ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ از ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎي ﭼﺸﻢﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ.‬ ‫‪1- unfair advantage‬‬ ‫‪2- regulatory measures‬‬ ‫‪3- fiscal measures‬‬ ‫4- ‪ (MBIs) Market-based instruments‬اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎزاري: اﺑﺰارﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﻗﻴﻤﺖﻫﺎ Ùˆ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘï»?ﻴﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد اﻧﮕﻴﺰه در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي آﻻﻳﻨﺪه در ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻀﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ. اﻳﻦ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل آن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺿﻌﻒ ﺑﺎزار ﭘﻲآﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ را ﻣﻮرد ﻫﺪÙ? ﻗﺮار‬ ‫داده Ùˆ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ Ùˆ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ را از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت Ùˆ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺎرژ در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﺮآوري Ùˆ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد Ùˆ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ از ﻛﭙﻲراﻳﺖ Ùˆ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺎزار راﺑﻂ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺧﺪﻣﺎت زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ Ùˆ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴïº?‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ.‬ ‫37‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ Ùˆ ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮانﺗﺮﻳﻦﻫﺎ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً از اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﻲ Ùˆ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد Ùˆ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد.‬ ‫اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﺑﺮ رﻗﺎﺑﺖﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎﻻ در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﻤﻜﺎري اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي Ùˆ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﭘﺮدازد.‬ ‫ﺟﺪول 2-1 اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑﺎ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ در اﻗﺪام ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻋﻀﻮ ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪي اول‬ ‫اﻗﺪام‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮر/ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ )ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ، اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ، دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎ Ùˆ اﺣﻜﺎم( ﻣﻌﻤﻮلﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي ارﺗﻘﺎي ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي Ùˆ اﻧﺮژيﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮري ﺳﻲاچﭘﻲ1 Ùˆ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻋﻀﻮ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﻤﻜﺎري اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي Ùˆ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ؛‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﻪ اروﭘﺎ در ﺳﺎل 1002 ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎل‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻧﺮژي ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﺷﻮﻧﺪه ﺑﻪ 21 درﺻﺪ Ùˆ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ 22 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮد.‬ ‫2‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﺎل 4002 ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﺳﻲاچﭘﻲ ،ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮﺑﻪاي را ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ارﺗﻘﺎء Ùˆ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﺳﻲاچﭘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد.‬ ‫اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﻪ اروﭘﺎ‬ ‫3‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﺳﺎزي در اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﻪ اروﭘﺎ ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮش اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﻧﺮژي ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻋﻀﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ Ùˆ از اﻳﻨﺮو ﺑﺮﭼﺴïº?‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮÙ? اﻧﺮژي را در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﺳﺎزي ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺗﺤﺖ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﻪ‬ ‫اروﭘﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﭼﺴïº?ﮔﺬاري اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺮ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﻲ داﺧﻠﻲ4 ØŒ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﻲ داراي ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴïº? درﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻧﺮژي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺎل 1002 ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﺣﻀﻮر ﺗﻬﻴﻪﮔﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ، اﺗﺮﻳﺶ،‬ ‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ وﻳﮋه Ùˆ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ در ﻧﺮخ ذﺧﻴﺮهﺳﺎزي اﻧﺮژي در ﺟﻬﺖ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ، اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ،‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪÙ? ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ 01 درﺻﺪ از اﻧﺮژي ﻣﻮردﻧﻴﺎز از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل 0102ØŒ از‬ ‫ﻫﻠﻨﺪ Ùˆ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﻧﺮژي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ.‬ ‫‪1- CHP (Combined Heat and Power) cogeneration‬‬ ‫‪2- CHP; Directive 2004/8/EC‬‬ ‫)‪3- EU’s Energy Performance of Buildings directive (Directive 2002/91/EC‬‬ ‫‪4- Directive 1996/75/EC‬‬ # : ;' #< & : )' 74 10000 9g # # % 7 9-9 E9 % -/# 72 /V 2010 4 ) h # 7%B%+ # U“ ? $% 89D/S $ 7%A/u % -/# .7 = A/: 1 ,-/ # + 9- 1 v-/ ) (1999) 9O ]%M 7$- 1J2 2 / 8 B J! %&1" 1) 7$- # 9S Y 2 W) 9O .9 /%: Y/ 7u Bg 89D /V 9-9.) 1999 - = -/ # r /# 9 / @ %> > * /# Y/ E/ 9 ,U Y . 1 ?%V ) % ) 7@ - + 9g Z&: : 9%2 ) `] /# w) / '- : ) # + _ + E 9 4 1" ] # 2010 4 ) 9! 18 H% # 9%2 ) + . 1 m%SJ) 891" `- ! /# < : .7 89D s/] ]%M 7$- "T /# H# ,-/)/> W- " # 2 9 9%2 ) Y/ - ,#/+ 9S - U/# + /: D Y/ /,#/+ %2 "h 1J 2 9 .9D # Y/ H% - U/# + 1 A/J 1990 4 ,#/+ /# ) %2 9 ; A 3 + 6/7 ,%- U G $ v] 8 # 7@ ,#/+ 9%$+ 9; A . D t /D (,) / /# h 1/2),#/+ 9%$+ ,) / /# 4 " # Y/ _Z# 8 HA | /# %2 ,#/+ %2 9O Y/ _Z# %2 9S 8 1 A/J &+ 2 g;! Z# 9O . _ + 1- Environmental Code 2- industrial operations 9 ; A 4 U 9g -3 %2 ,% ) 9-/@ # p #/ -H 8 # '- + 9 = % B) :8 HA | Value added -4 8 # + - -H ) + - | %&+ ) &% ,-9# ,- /# # .4 M J] H 9@ 7 8 /+ -9 ) h + # = 8 HA 89D 9-/@ J] H 9@ %2 # 8 # (7 89D 1M 8 (F; -H ) - / ,% ) -H %&+ % /V 8 # + 9 = + .= . 1 M 8 HA | ) R2 D ?%$S) J] H 9@ %2 ,% ) -H H1 Q value ) 8 HA | /# %2 . = 7 #8 # +9= = I-/B) 89D Q . -H %&+ `1 75 - : )' # : ;' 0" + 9 /+ A/J 1991 4 ,#/+ %2 + ,- ,%2 C$ Y/ . # B - %A /0 7%J &%$A 7@ t # ) # = H% ~ @ %2 H% 9g 1J2 /# ) /+ R U - M) 4 9# 1J2 ,- / Å’1 Q. %$-/ W2 Y/ 9%2 ) U - M) .9D 2004 ( $ ) $ - T 0 b H# ,- ."9# - %# g8 = #" + 9 %T/A ,- /# H# ,- 2 # '1+ /# /> H# " # .) 9-9.) # Y/ : .) .9 D D Z&: : H% =,%- U /# -H _ + 3 8 / $: s/L ,%2 % -/# Z&: : .) s/L % -/# .7 Z&: : .) % .) ? $% ,-/ : H# U - M) Z&: : .) s/L .7 ?.g 9S /V ,#/+ 9%$+ : /# 7+/D v] U - M) ) = %2 WD 9@ - h + | /A 9-/@ 2 +7 1" %2 " (added tax ( 8 ) 9@ - h + '- | /A 71% E; @ /# Gh 1J %2 t ,- . D 4 1" - E/ 9 ) 8 -H . D 4 1" ( 8 ) 9@ - h + = 9%2 ) -H /%: I&J) %2 = /# + t ,- . /: 8 HA | /# %2 @ [ # ... %2 - / + % -H %&+ D 9 9@ h + %$# . D 4 1" 9 $ 9 ) %2 ? $% + A/ %U + %2 8 HA | /# %2 7@ /U ! 7D 9 # | /U | = 2 9@ m&i * + ,W$ - Ri .9 $ E J 1- Directive 2003/96/EC " H m$b/# " # + 9-9.) # Y/ : : Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) -2 9 D @ D H% .) 9-9.) # : - 9-9.) # %$-/ W2 : 9-9.) # Y/ (MWh) 7" 1 + 9 + 9 $ W-/ = r $M .) # Y/ %2 # : ,- .(9-9.) # %$-/ W2 ) 7 89D ! g m 9-9.) # Y/ ` '- %$-/ W2 W D r /# .9D # 9-9.) # Y/ `# @/# "9 9 ) = '2 8 # .) | /A 9-/@ 89D 9%2 ) /% ]%M 7$- :w- 89 : ,- W-/ = Y/ H /% /# + . = .9 D @ /A %2 %$-/ W2 /% 9 8 # 9-9.) # Y/ 8Y /U 9 _- HA ,#/+ -H _- HA 8 B # ?+ ,#/+ E/ # Y 2 W) ,#/+ .) %$-/ W2 /# 9%$# 1 ? /A 8 B # /> # 9-9.) # Y/ 9 ) : ,- .9 - 1 I- ) 9-9.) # Y/ `# !g 3- ETS # : ;' #< & : )' 76 ,U Y &L .) s/L 1 + # i= 2005 4 Q 9 ,- ,- A/! # /S _ + # ‰ S) /# ) 9 / 4 9# ,U Y Z&: : .) &@ s/L #/.) _ , @ 9 : . # 1 0B (' /# 72 ( ) + = # +7 ,- 7 B 9 /- &L IA ) 8/+ R _Z# ,- 72 ,%# " 1%S $ /: %1M) $ /`- ! g! .9 v% /) `- ! /V % /W- m&i _Z# ,- /%: / 9! 82 "7J ! _2 /@" ,U Y &L ) %&1" /# 7M) (_Z# /- 34) Y/ /`- ! -9 ) _Z# ,#/+ 9%$+ : ,U Y % 8/%@j 9! 30 9g ) V 9 / _D U .9D # D 4 # ( )/ : _ + Y/ _Z# . 2 8H% # m%+/) 9& &L IA ) : 1 9M /# A W# % H# ,-/ 1 ]%M 7$- 9& .9 D # `- ! _Z# 89D / Z&: : 8/+ ,U Y -U @ &% # &L 9 J) U - M) H% # U - M) 89D @ /A % ) ! g ,#/+ 9%$+ . 9 @ _ + 2008-9 4 9! 25 ?' (A -A L#! :9 / ) H# t J2 ] ,- Å’ 2 ) 9 # 8 /1 ,#/+ %2 .1 Å’ 1%V ) Q 9 '- # 8 /1 Y/ - + 9 .2 %$# );W @/# = Q 9+ / +7 = H# ,- * Z %2 &L 8 %D Z&: : .) # $- S ,- 8 = # + %2 ) / + = 4 g .7 D 8 /1 # 7# /# / %# /> 9 $ /)9-9 + 1- VAs 2- Wisdom of Industry 77 - : )' # : ;' 0" /# ) B QH% W Y/ E/ _ + E9 # ( Y/ - + 9 ,#/+ . /%: / /# nM# + 9 A/: W# _ + & : < P 4 ij G ) 7@ ,#/+ H% /# + 7 ) %2 ,#/+ %2 1 / 9%2 ) ,#/+ 9%$+ 4J D Q 7@ ,- . D `T ( J% L : B 7B W # / P 4 ij ,) / # : ,- Z 7$ /# %2 .9 - 1 /# 1%V ) /- S 8 /1 # 89D E/ J% L : mJW A %&% '- - 2Q @ / 1+ = - /> Gh 1J + 7 : .7 WD : &%$A 7@ " J% L :: Natural Gass -1 /> 4 %&% Q @ 7B J% L : .9D # /-RU 9-9.) ` H &%$A 7@ #7$ ,- ?V" _Z# .9 = # 1-9 r % - ) %g $ %: 9D 9 A -H.) 9 A 9+ *= - A9 -H.) / - Z# 2 .9D (89%$+ ) -H.) '% : t ,-/)8 J- (CH4) G )91" J% L : .9 = 1" # /%: & = 9D 89%$+ 89D w%$+ (C4H10) ) # (C3H8) U /U (C2H6) ) b /),% /)89%o%U ,#/+ 9% ,#/+ 9% G )91" /- .7 7J% L /# &%$A 7@ t ,-/)F U Y 9% 9J# J% L : .7 89D %W ) ) /g | /2 + &%+ H 8 ( # J% L : mJW / / .9 + 9%2 ) *= Z# ,#/+9%$+ &+ ]# 8 # = %+/) `# ) : 9% / J% L : I% ) /g | 7 1 9S ,- â€? . 7 /) ,%O U = ) /g | 9D # / %# J% L : 9! b / -h # -h + 7 8/%) H - /% 8 P # @ /A }%&i `- :Q @ 7B Crude oil -2 m&i .7 : : ,#/+ 9% 89%o%U %+/) D 7B . D 7A - ,% 8/+ U - _Z# B) ~ &@ H% - m%+/) / u 9- 7 ,W1 2 Å’9 89D %W ) W2= 8/%. ,#/+ 9% ,- /)?+ /- S 89D %W ) ,#/+ Y 9% 2= / " G )91" + 7 J- 7B .9 D # D - - [ ! # ,% /- J% L ! # 9D # /: : w%$+ Y / % :9 ,% /! " %2 r % 2= %: 7B %W ) • 91 m&i . D 7A - ,% :9 - (*=) - (%M 4 %&% + %: %g 89 # .9 m A /: # 7B # ,- -9 ) /# .7 89D 89%D U h : ( ) 4 L 9 8 /+ - 9S # 7B m HZ P H% (- /D ,- ! + 9D # % %2 4 L @/# . D 89- : `- 9 WD # i 72 g Q @ 7B . /: `1 B oT g « B oT g» M = # /: `1 &M 7B /: . D B: H% ,#/+ 9% 7B 4 WD Q 1) # 7B 89 /%:/# Z&Z P # . D ! g « B 9% » '- B oT g ,-9 b t 1. .9 - : . D %B ) 7B 8 -h U 9- # /%: / 8 B 9 ) 1 Q@ ! # 7B .9 - : « HZ P » « B» A/: # = * /" % 9&+ .7 89D A/: « k » - 8Y 7B 8Y - = _%U D B: «Naphte» H% $ /A .7 89 = H% «(B » ! # 1-9 `# @/# .9 89 @ 8Y 1&+ ,- - . #89D A/:/# «Naphta» ,%)h 8Y + 9D B: «Napte» ;% 1213 4 ) # : ;' #< & : )' 78 1 Gh ! ) %2 ,% b `T %2 . D A/: W# ,#/+ H% /# 1T %2 ? 2 .9D # 1%& /%%0) .- 891" -h W- + 7 ,#/+ : _ + 8 / $: /> 9 ) 1 ! @ _Z# 89D j Z) 1%1 ) + . = % ,- ) %2 /# '- /%: + # 9- 1 / A + H% # Z&: : .7A - 9 @ _- HA t 1 v] : ,- H% !,- /%i 8 # 9%B 3 Y/ 8 _Z# /)8 / $: %2 ,#/+ %2 % 8 B 9 ,#/+ %2 9 7%JT t;L /#) 9 / Vg; H% + @/# .(9% + t 2- 2 4 9 # J ) W1 N" mZ + + D 89% «Q %2 / U» $%& # 7B 1&+ .9D # /D ,i J # «Naphtha» - # 91 Q .7 89D %W ) (,i ) «Q C2 » 1&+ (P 8Y - 4 J ) « / U» 1&+ # ( / q /") ,-/ 2 ,%# ,% / _%U 4 9 U H b 9g &# # D= / 8w- # j B # /%i 8 " # /% @ = .9 D - D= 9 = 7 # /% b - + B @/# .9 /# + # + 9# /+j B # /%i /# /% H% - .9 /+ 8 B / ( Bg Y 2 W) 7A/ %U J ) # .9 $ 8/ # = H% /+Q/: - D /# ,% o1 _ @ /%i = 8 B ? / /@ 7B _-h U /%]S) Y 2 W) ? J 1" % `A %# S 1%D / U `- ! 8 / + L # .9 = # = /%g . 89 " /# 4 # + 9D # Y/ 9g # ,#/+ 89 +9%2 ) ,-/ : H# P 4 ij &%$A 891" 7@ % -1 .9 /%: / : B m%)/) # = I# ] .9 Z&: : /# ,#/+ 9%$+ : %2 /> p ) 9J =/# -2 4;@ F 1 + ,#/+ 9%$+ : 2002 4 U 4 1D + /- ,1. | H: &! A ) = ,% o1 .7A - _ + 9! _D 7D 9D 9! 20 + 1988-97 4 " # . # A - _- HA %2 x/ + 9 _ + 9! 5 : ,- H% 1966-97 4 `T J2 ] . _ + 9! 2 H% # H% ,#/+ %2 + Y/ # J2 ] '- / - 9%$+ t 1. + (Cambridge Econometrics 2005) % -/# 1%& /%%0) /# %2 2003 4 3,6 mtC H% # 2002 4 – 9! 2 – 7D _ + (,#/+ ,) %&% ) 3,1 mtC ,#/+ .(reference case) 1 # $- S .( %2 - + ,% 9 ) 4 M '- 9%2 ) /# % H '- / 8 - 8 Inputs -3 79 - : )' # : ;' 0" (u! JX 0( & : < / #! 0+( 2-2 / C (' M 0 H#0 $ : < v( " C] ( Z&: :/# %2 `T 9 A/-RU 9D %U1994 4 %2 / Y/ %2 (89D #) 2000 _-/) Y/ %2 89D H- /# '-w&# '- Z#) ,#/+ %2 (89D / ) 1993 F 1 ( ) %2 g;! - /# (89D #) 1996 ,#/+ %2 (89D / ) 2000 9%$+ /7$- (%M %2 7- 1g •JT # 2 89D %U 1991 4 U - M) ,#/+ .9D ‰ N" NJ# Y/ /,#/+ %2 (89D #) 1998 (89D / ) 1990 9; A ,#/+/ Y/ %2 (89D I&J ) 2000 (89D %U) 1999 $ /A 1 ( %2 Q #) Y/ %2 (89D / ) 1999 12= (89D / ) 1998 Y/ %2 g;! %2 - 9 q J = {U (89D /V 9-9.)) 1999 ,#/+ %2 89 q J ,U Y ,#/+ %2 (89D H- /#) 2007 9 &- % ,#/+ %2 (89D #) 1999 (89D / ) 1991 Y/ ,#/+ %2 89 q J $2 ,#/+ %2 89 q J 4 S)/U ,#/+ %2 (89D A/J ) 1997 & '- Z#) ,#/+ %2 (89D / ) 1991 9O ( ) %2 g;! /# (89D #) 2001 ,#/+ %2 89 q J {%- Y/ %2 (89D / ) 1996 9& 1%& /%%0) %2 `T (89D / ) 2001 % -/# 2 % -/# - /: 9g %2 89 A/-RU 1993 4 89D %U W-/ = .4( # 0/ ) 3 T "U $ d ? c WI6 C (' M 0 H#0 $ 6 W #< & c WI :e 1- ecotax . % -/# - /: 9g British Thermal Unit - BTU -2 3- EEA .9% + t 2 1%1T # •& Z 9 %-H 89 /# -4 # : ;' #< & : )' 80 )' 0" ( W + - : < . )& : < k' : B P 4 ij [ ) 89 -h= 8 -H _- HA %2 # ,#/+ %2 .- I-/L ,#/+ %2 ,- /# # . 9 @ / /%> ) 7M) 7# ( %$-/ W2 J% L L # 9%2 ) -H ( / - ) | /A H% _ + I-/L H% /)?+ y2 @ ! g y2 @ 9! G H2 %2 .9 _ + 9%2 ) 8 _- HA ) # 8 :9 + % ) ) %2 # Z# .9 1 _ + '- # '- ! # | /A .9 + | /# - :9 +E/ / - Z# •& Z 8 " 1. %2 # •& Z _Z# ,#/+ %2 /> . #9 @ B Z&: : t 4 WD 1 .- " + J ) W1 /%@ J2 ] 2 /# .7 /> •& Z _Z# ,%# ]%M 7$- %2 D 7# : #9 @ @/# / %# /% /- (- /D 7M) # /> ,- J2 ] r ,-/)? &&12 ,%# 7# . 71% -H _- HA , D R:/ 7 U /# / 1+ - ) 71% Æ’ U ] # +7 -H _- HA , D R:/ 7 U /# - )_ + " . D ,%%J) %g # %A /0 # @ T S) ,%%J) /# 9M 1" 9% /- h1 g 1 ,-H - / 1+ /-RU W =/A 9%2 ) % /)F U Y 2 W) %) 7 2 # ,% ) ]%M 7$- %2 /A /# m ,-H - '- * Z ) 89 .9D # 1g Y/ E/ # %2 891" _Z# /- _Z# / /)h # Y/ E/ 9D .7 A-~ @ S ( Y/ 8 /# %2 # -) D A/: /V ,#/+ %2 + + 9%2 ) -H /%:? b _- HA %2 # h# Y/ E/ # `- ! + V 7# 9 `- ! ,- .% .9 /: 1M - - @ .) +/D # $- S * /# - 9 7 # @? Z# 89 mS" &&12 ,%# 1- OECD 2006 2- environmentally related tax 81 - : )' # : ;' 0" ! 4g/ .9 9 - %2 ,% b + 9 + / - + # - :,- H% Gh 1 g + 2 g A - _ + ,#/+ %2 # + h # Y/ E/ #r + '- ( ) ,#/+ %2 + {W"/# .7A - 9 @ _- HA + ,- 89D + _Z# m% `- ! ,%# 7# H% /: `T 89 + .9 - 1 m$+ JA + ,- # 89 + ! + .% m&i R # /> # _Z# /[+ /# .) 9" $ (- /D V + .= + L # ) %2 7%A J ) ! `- ! h # Y/ E/ # `- ! /# + ,% `- ! &% # + Y/ 9%2 ) `# %$# .9 A/: /V OH - ) %2 t …% P 4 ij _Z# + m&i .9 89D E J %2 9 D E/ `T 9%2 ) :,- /# - %2 + - + @/# 4 g ,%" 9 A/ /V 1 F 1 +) / - . 9 /%: /V H% ) # 7%A J 9 8 1 /- - ,#/+ %2 # ) # ) # •%BZ) # 8 /1 %2 x/ ( % -/# 9O 12= /> /%:8 9 Vg; ,- m&i .2 D A/: W# `- ! /# Y/ %2 . W # & v] # `T &%$A 7@ /# &@ %2 @ 2 E9 # ) # + - + / %2 - 7@ ,% b (3E/ /# %2 4[ /#) 9 8 1 %2 ?%V ) s/L :,- 1" 4g / # .9 - 1 ?%V ) &@ %2 #4 J 4 ,- /# # . 9 - h + 9%2 ) E/ Y/ 8 /# / /+ R ? W # Z&: : /%:? b _ + /# |;) 7# E/ # _Z# @/# &&12 ,%# 7# /# B /> /V 8w- # 9D 9 @ -9 ) - M) - ,#/+ %2 `T /# 89M h- D;) :/ nM# ,- .h # Y/ = 8 / /%> ) 7M) Y/ 9 # %2 /# 1" # b b '- H- - U /# U .7 8 1 E/M &! /%$ 1- OECD 2006 .9% + t 2 1%1T # ,#/+ %2 % 89D 8 9 7%A J @/# t;L /# -2 3- excise tax 4- Biermann and Brohm 2003 # : ;' #< & : )' 82 1 W 0 2 4g H% .) - /# R:m$b/# s/L Y/ - + 9 W1 + ,%# 7$- (%M Y/ w) / 1 _S /T g : : 8 %D # ) Y/ - + 9 .9 + B- J ) - ,%-= I-/L 89D / J ! 9" - A Z " # G;[ 1 / g /L " 7M) Gh 1J + W-/ W2 - /+ 1" # ( )/ 9 . &L IA ) 3 /# 9g '- 8 # Q / /T g 4 g 9 D @ D Y/ - + 9g 9 /V # 9%2 ) 1) /# E/ x/ /# /[+ 9g '- - Y/ - + x/ . /%: 8 B W-/ W2 - /# •& Z | # g] - + 9 /T g 4 g .7 89D 8 B V ,- /# = /W- '- U .9- 1 % ?%V ) /%: / 8 B '- " # # W-/ W2 - Y/ - + - Y/ - + ,% % 9! 15 ) 10 _- HA '- m$+ /# H% - 9 #) 7 -H #- - U/# ,% + /- .7 89D g /L 9-9 + 9% M] # W-/ W2 - Y/ - + v] W-/ = 89M h- 4[ L .( /%%0) 4 # R: - / 7 : # 1990 1980 &L IA ) U - M) N" + @/# 4 {%O 1990 U 4 1D + 1980 12=) 9 /+ s/] ;% % / hQ h 1J2 '- U - M) 1999 4 .(1995 4 ,U Y .7 89- /: •-/J) N" + H-/A 4 oZ- /# Y/ - + 9 49 ) 1 4 ,%J 4 '- ) Y/ - + v] ‰ S) V # | &L /# .(3-2 #9 ) •& Z H% .) # Y/ - + /# 7S# ] /# % -H ,- + - . = Gh ! 4 g / # . D AT &&12 ,%# !/" ) .) 9%2 ) -H 1- Energy efficiency standards 2- Labeling schemes 3- MEPS: Minimum Energy Performance Standards 4- Nordic countries 83 - : )' # : ;' 0" /# = /> /: 4 1" @ 7@ 9%2 ) /# $ L #9 ) ,% @/# 9 @/# /)h # Y/ /+ 1" 9 9g + - + .) v] # + .) /# 9 ) 9 ,- / - " # .9D 9 @ /> # 8 g # B /> /)h # - + 9 # + # 9 9# - /),%- U - + 9 .9D # D 8 /1 + b7 : <(' W $ ( ( 0 3-2 / C (' M 0 H#0 $ (u! 0( &L 9%2 ) ,U Y {%- 8/+ 1 + . Y/ U - M) 4 oZ- 89M h- 89M h - 9 &- % '-HW 89M h- 89M h- . Y/ U - M) - 2 89M h - ,U Y 89M h - '-HW 8/+ 1 + - )8 89M h- Y/ U - M) lh . F U "< 0 : & ( 6H I + ? :G :w ](' )' : MX 1 - Q9 ,- /> /%:8 9 /# .) 9 49 '- J2 ] ,- W1 + ! /# - Y/ - + 9 ,#/+ %2 3 2 (1962) ,:/#,%) ( ) + : 1 - -U 49 .7 89D 8 B J ) 4 # m&i ) J# /# .) -/ -9D 8 J ) (1966) 1 %2 5 8 /1 49 @/# .9 + %#_%U 9g ,%# &! A ( &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) /%:8 9 /> " W-) F/ / - .) +/D W @ g b? D &! A # /> "t ,% b? 71% A/J) /%%0) ( + @ S 1g -H 7- N" ( /A $ 1 ) F/ # . [ .) +/D ,%# W- H 7# / 1- standard gravity model 2- basic gravity model 3- Tinbergen 4- Linnemann 5- GDP # : ;' #< & : )' 84 .$ .) 2 /# /# 49 ,- m&i .9D # .) 8 /: .) % .- =/# ( 1 /%i) " J% L" S] .) 8 /: /# 9 D 9-9 &L /# .) %$ U =/# ,% b? &M A; O .) B /> . D A/: W# .) 8 /: 7- N" ]%M 7$- /S 7 H% + - /%0 &% # 9 ) 49 ,% o1 8 B 7-H W- .1 /: %1W) 7- S) 9 /%: 8 9 + ! /# /%> ) = Gh 1 g + 7 ,- 9b .) 49 # $- S .) 49 ]%M 7$- /S 7 E; @ K- W- " # + ,%# .) -/ .7 .) -/ " 1. .) + - ,%# 9b 49 &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) H% # p ) + ,%# J! ! 49 ,- 3 2 ,%# &! A D M%T ) /%0 .9 + 8 B $# /%%0 '- " # = .) IA ) F/ 4 U 9g F/ / 89 +,%%J) + - /%%0 + 4 t 3 1%1T # L #/ K- 49 Z / %# %-H /#) 9 D # F/ = J2 ] ,- Y/ - + 9 ,#/+ %2 :9 /> F /# .( D 5 L # -U - #p ) ! /# /> 4/ + /# AT /%0 / .9 D # 89 `T - 9 %2 ,% b + 2 7 89D A/J :9 89 + ! + '- ) + - 9 D g /L - '- 4/ + /# /%0 +7 - Q - Å’7 A/: /V ( Y/ - + 9 -) ,#/+ %2 4 A/: /V ( Y/ - + 9 -) ,#/+ %2 4 89 + + '- ) 1- Harris, Kónya, and Mátyás 2002; van Beers and van den Bergh 1997 4[ " #. $# / - /%%0 9S # = 9S + /%%0 : $# /%%0 Dependent variable -2 9S 72 g ,- 9# - _ + - _- HA 71% /> 9 + 9-/@ yZD '- + -h + 9S /: . D 89% $# /%%0 '- h + ,- 9-/@ -H.) '- $# /%%0 '- v%T ) S + /%%0 : M%T ) /%%0 Explanatory variables -3 . D / u 2 J 7 71 8 1 9 + B- % /: %&M) = r /# + + @/# ,%# 7 SA ) : = .) IA ) (FTAs) Free Trade Agreement -4 -/ 72 72 @ D + # 9 / - - ) ! /# 9%$# H% ) %1 A/J) 9 @/# W ,- - M) ,- N" + 4 g / # . /: 02 + ,- ,%# 7 = .) .9 + 8 B @ S$ 7 % S] /%i + /- # @ .) (# + 5- Additional variables 85 - : )' # : ;' 0" ,#/+ %2 4 89 + 89 + ! + / +7 - Q - Å’7 .9 89D !;@ 4-2 4 9 V # K- .9 8 1 `T ( Y/ - + 9 -) /# 9 % +7 / - tT 8w- `- ! /# 7 % ,- R:/%> ) 8 M H% h # Y/ E/ # `- ! /# H# ,- /> * + ,- 7&" ,%1 # .9D # / %# 1 H&A/%i 9%2 ) - %1%D `- ! Ri + 8 =/A Ri + Å’4 [ /#) / #- Y/ - + /)h # 9 tT + J- ! ( =/%i H&A hA ,= ,%D h=,%D H&A 9%2 ) 9 ) 9D # s/] = ( ) 89D 9%2 ) /@ .( 1&" H% .) S 1g H% .) W-/ W2 0+ W1 N" + J! 8 " 1. J2 ] ,- ";L ,- &! ` .9 / 8 B 2005 ) 1988 8 # J ) 2 1 9+ v] ! 9S +7 .) ` g8 8 8 -U 3 W1 N" + 1) /# J! 9# SL &&12 ,%# 9 .7 8 1 ? /A J ) 4 . 7 89 = 7 # J ) y@ D r /# &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) 1 5 %$% ( ) F/ / /%0 z + ,%# &! A 9 /%0 6 - + 9 ,#/+ %2 # p #/ ";L .9 89D % ) 2004 4 : - h . # 89D ! g & •& Z `# 89- /: v-/ ) 2 1%1T + : 1 Y/ 1- Industrial chemicals ' #( ) +7 HA Q/ : .) ` g 8 (WITS) World Integrated Trade Solution -2 /%U 9M & { /B + D •& Z &&12 ,%# 8 # '- H W1 (UNSD) 9M & = 8/- (ITC) .) H+/ (UNCTAD) J ) .) .7 89- /: % ) (WTO) .) 3- ISIC (International Standard of Industrial Classification) 4- World Bank 2006b 5- Nicita 6- Olarreaga # : ;' #< & : )' 86 W 0 & : < : k S T 4-2 / 89 + ! + /# /> ,#/+ - + 9 89 + ! + /# /> ,#/+ %2 %$# 9g - /> # ] # Y/ - + 9 '- ] # ,#/+ %2 B B +9 89 + ! + '- 89 + ! + '- Y/ - + 9 '- ] # ,#/+ %2 B 7[ 89 + + 89 + + / Y/ - + 9 %$# _ + - /> # %$# _ + - /> # 89 + ! + / ! 89 + + ! F9 ! F9 9 ,#/+ %2 89 + 89 + 0 0 /%%0) # ( )/ 9 +7 = %&M) -H.) ,- 7- 9M W- G h 4[ " # 7 8 1 8 B Y/ - + 9 ,#/+ %2 J- 1%& 1 - + 9 -) ,#/+ %2 + /: = 1 9" = + - /%0 89 +{WJ /%0 .7 89D A/: /V = /%i 2 g = 0 9" 9D # D ( Y/ 7@ % B + 89D `T %2 9 •& Z s ] / #- /%$B) / %# 7 # &! g K- 7 /T ,- /# # .9 D # 1 •& Z 2 - - 8 9 ?%S $ =/# '- 1 ? /A 89DQ . #- /- /%: .7 ) + ,%# ,% 4 1" 7 &JA s ] D .) + # + - = A/: + # 9 ,- + - + ,%# $- S ,- # /# = /%> ) 1%& /%%0) /%U 9 -- U ~ @ 9 K- 9 A/ ng ,- + 7 ,- 89D s/] "T .% . ? /A + % 7# /- S G % > .9 89 /A?Wg &1" ! # J s] 89 # B: 8/u 9g + '- /# g 9 + /%%0) # 8 /1 9 ) Y/ - + 9 - ,#/+ %2 ‘- / - # 9" ? $% = /# + - /%%0 : / - # - - /%%0 Binary variables -1 . D 8 B '- /B! ? ) - 9" ? $% . D 8 B - 2- Direct assessment 87 - : )' # : ;' 0" 89-9U ,- /)I% /# 8 ";L % 7- 9M b/: ,%J .9- 1 9M a 9 ,#/+ %2 -H: / +7 = /: %# 89D Q . %&M) -H.) ) # B /> = /V .) -/ /# R:/%> ) %2 # Y/ - + 8w- # W ,- .( 49 89D A/:/V Z # $# ) 9 `- ! ,%# 7# /# /V /)h # Y/ - + 9 /# + 7 J- ! /# ) H+/1) + .7 7 - 9g ) 9 + 1 7A - 72 -H '1+ 89D A/: + J- ! 9D # h # Y/ E/ # `- ! /# H+/1) + ,%# B /> ,- 1 &% B) % /: %&M) K- 3 1%1T .9 $ @/# 2 9%$# Gh 1J ,- .9 89D !;@ 5-2 4 9 /V K- .9 O •& Z 49 %! @ 4L J ) W1 N" + 9%2 ) `- ! 1) 4 9 . = ? /: /# 1 4 K- .9 / # = ,#/+ %2 /> 9 # % /: B /%> ) 7M) ) ! 7# 9 D# A/: W# ,#/+ %2 89 + + ) + /V # 7%1 HO g 9 b 89 + ! + ] # 89D4 1" ,#/+ %2 . /%: / 9 $ ,#/+ %2 + - + /[+ + 9D # %2 9# 9 ) / ,- .9 1 ) %2 7%A J = - A/: /V h # Y/ E/ # `- ! /# /> 9%$# 8 .7 9" 8 %&M) 49 /# D 8 % /: %&M) :Regression Analysis -1 $# /%0 %# % /: %&M) E9 .9 $ S $ /%0 9 b - '- $# /%0 /# - 9S D + 9 $ A ) - /%0 ]@ 9S .7 ]@ 9S m- /T S $ ( )/%0 J# ) WD # ,%%J) : # m- /T | ,- .9 S$ /%0 9S 89 8 v%T ) /%%0) 9 #- J#/ ,-/ 1+ | # | /# ,-/ # Gh 1J .9 D # D 8 # (fit) | /# ,-/ # + 9 D = $# /%0 89 -= /- S %#_%U /# % /: %&M) . ? / - | + 9 b/ 8 =/# _- ‚/A_%U + 7 / J ) %&M) ,- . + # 89-9U @ D89-9U %&M) -/V .9 D # : ;' #< & : )' 88 :,- # _Z# 9 ) / ,- ,% b? + (,#/+ %2 )9 9 8/ # . /-RU ! H% `- ! ' , 0" W 0 & : < k 5-2 / Y/ - + 9 ( + ( ) 89D`T ) ,#/+ %2 ( + ( ) 89D`T ) : ! ! ! ! 1 7%1 ?+ ,#/+ %2 (SA (-) 2 7%1 /U 7%1 /U 7%1 /U 9 (SA (-) (-) (-) Y/ - + ,#/+ %2 7%1 /U 7%1 /U 7%1 /U 7%1 ?+ - + 9 (-) (-) (-) (-) Y/ `- ! 7%1 /U 7%1 /U 7%1 /U Y/ E/ # (+) (-) (+) h# /V `- ! 7%1 /U 7%1 /U 7%1 /U /# (-) (-) (-) 9 Y/ - + . : )' S b 7 (+) : )' S0 7 (-) " 5! - + 9 /> 1 Ëœ M2 # .) -/ /# /%> ) % /: ,- {k 7# /# ) # B /> /# ,- .9 / /# = Y/ 89 + + ( ) 9 +,- /V E/! 7 89D 89 ) ! 1- Marginally significant 2- Highly significant 89 - : )' # : ;' 0" 10 G -/S) ,% % L # %&+ .) .9 /: 4 1" / - 89 + ! Y/ - + 9 ,#/+ %2 / 49 '- + .9# - _ + 9! /# + 7 % ,- + 7 = /: %# / ,- .9-= 7 # # K- D D .9 D 1 * $M / -9W- /# J 9 R: /> ) ! 7# + ] # ) ,#/+ %2 +9 H% 5-2 4 9 89D O K- K- ,- .7D R: 9 @ B /%> ) 89 + ! + 7# /# /: `T 89 + - •%BZ) /# 89 + + &% # 89D 4 1" / 9 D 9 ) %2 '- + / - " # .9D # &@ `- ! /# - %2 ,% b /> [@ 4 1" 89 + 89 + ! + 8 /: / - 89 + ! + ,#/+ + 7 = /: %# K- ,- ,% b? .9# - _- HA + % &+ .) /: 9g _%# / 7 ,W1 h # Y/ E/ # `- ! /# ) %2 7%A J 9%$# .9D # ,#/+ %2 4 1" D - /# % / /# = h # Y/ E/ # 8w- `- ! /# 7 % ,- /%> ) 8 M {k /> + 7 = /: %# 7 89D !;@ 4 8 1D 1%1T + /# ,- K- .7A/: 7# /# ,#/+ %2 .7 B `- ! % ) # L # 9 ,- /> y2 @ %2 4 1" Ri + h A `- ! G;1" 7D R: /# B /%> ) 1% `- ! .) 1g H% .) /# G Y/ - + 9 # ]- /D 7M) .9 /# ,#/+ /# .9 R: /%> ) H&A 9%2 ) `- ! S 7 ) /%%0) &@ 7 % /%> ) %T/A /%U 9 D =`1 # _Z# ,- :7 8 # 7 % t /# = H+/1) + /U + % ) ! 7# /# 1%& 9 / E9 h # Y/ E/ # `- ! G 1" + ,#/+ %2 .1 = /@ h M + D s/] J- ! /# Y/ - + 9 .2 .7 89D A/: /V /)h # Y/ - + 9 /# G 1" # : ;' #< & : )' 90 9 ,#/+ %2 7 % 9 + 7A - 7 9 D # J2 ] ,- 9 D .9 B /%> ) ) ! 7# /# = 4 # .) -/ /# Y/ - + # 9 /%: / /# h # Y/ E/ # `- ! + ,#/+ %2 /%U : 1 ) `- ! @/# /# 89D A/:/V 7%A J 9%$# .7 /- 0 %T/A ,- 9 @4 # .) _- HA ` + 8 # - (7 89D "2 1%1T + .7D :& /N () U C (' / 0( G W j M e ,/ N ) ,#/+ _ + /# 8 S2 # /> # ]# J! + - 9J) /# g/L …% +7 = / ,- W- .9 $ / + ,- /# = /%> ) E/ # `- ! /- # 9 Z /> : 7- 9M J )4g + 7%A J . 1 9 @ S 7%A J + W- # @ %&1" : # h # ,#/+ 1 89% ",#/+ 4 S " /[+ + h # ,#/+ E/ # `- ! .# W /%%0) W&# /: ) %+ 1%U !g ]%M 7$- `A ,A 9 m ) D 891" _Z# .9 /# m% = H% J! % `- ! ,%# 7# #9 ) ,% b? 1g :9 /: D &@ 7%2 JA G J! + Z&: : 4 S 9 -=/A + ,- R2 . # 7%2 JA /- - D _- / _- /: S 1% 7J ! :9 h # Y/ E/ # `- ! /# / - " # .7 ,W1 /%i - W # 9g ) (- /D ,- . D * $M 891" / '- 7# 8/%i - %1%D `- ! ]%M 7$- %# /# 1990 + [M# 7 $# " : 2= 8 :/ 2 " nM# 2 #- 1%& /%%0) /%U 72 ,%# 7C% ) %+ 1%U 8w- B .9D /A?Wg 1- carbon leakage 9D # B + ,%# ]%M 7$- ,% 7 /% Z + /: .- : 2= 8 :/ 2 -2 9 ) = 9 9D .# 8 . @ + # .) 9" 7 F/M - / + ,% b? '- %W ) # 7 $ &- 1) :/ + 7 = %# ,- &+ t 1 .9 D /B# # -/ # ) 9%2 ) I-/L 89 -h= , A/:/# /# /# /# A 9D /- /+ 9 @ 9M @ : 2= 8 :/ 2 .(Mani and Wheeler 1998) = A - J ) 9" 91 - : )' # : ;' 0" h # ,#/+ E/ # `- ! NJ# .# W " + 1 /%: .% 2001 4 @ /# = /)8 / $: /> ( J ) 4g +) 4 1%1T 7$%2 z @ + # 4 # 4S 9! 20 ) 5 9 ) 71% /%%0) # - :Æ’ U .) -/ 1 ."9D # D 2 5 H% # J! % Z&: : H% /: 72 g ,-/)9# ,- /# # # 9! 5 ,- 9! 1 (7 A/: /V ) %+ 1%U + H2 G -/S)) 9# - _ + 9! A- J ) + J! 7%2 JA .# %2 # 7A 9 Z ,%# + L 3 .7A - 9 @ J )4g % J )4g + # t 8T : (, < N & A y C I 7 % D h # ,#/+ E/ # `- ! 4 S /%U 9 D _Z# ,- ! J ) W1 + + m&i + /)I% 1%& _ + /# + J- ! 9 # /# ,- . /%: / /# /-RU 9- /: 89 /)_%U + : 1 .9 89D - D 7A/-RU 9 @ /%> ) ,-/ %# ,#/+ hA , = - %1%D `- ! Ri + /%1@ `- ! : % h # Y/ E/ # `- ! ,- # L #/ D % : # =/%i H&A H&A/%i 9J h M 4 J- 9- /: i= 1990 % ,- Qh %&M) -H.) .9 D # - D 5 ( 7$- (%M ) 7$- (%M # : 7 % / + m&i + .) _- /: . Y/ - + 9 ,#/+ %2 A/J 9 9 # 8 /+ t /D .7 A/: / /# 9S ? 9%&+ _Z# ,- # Y/ $ -H h # Y/ E/ # _Z# /+ 1" /# R:/%> ) " W- -H h # Y/ E/ # _Z# .9D # /: + /% ,% -H Q 1N 9b 2 8 1+ †& + 9-= * $M# | /A 9S 9! 20 ) 10 Y/ 1- IPCC 2001 2- industrialized world 3- developing-world 4- Mani and Wheeler 1998 5- climate-friendly policies # : ;' #< & : )' 92 &@ # 7J ] # 9g ) H% W ,%%J) 8 M 8 ;" # .17$% 89 +,%%J) . /-RU /%> ) 9D %$ U /%i # Y/ 71% 9D Q . +R /# + 1990-2005 4 4;@ 2 .(1-2 WD) 7 8 /W #/.) 2 1J /%i …% /%@ 4 1990-2005 6P E "> - "# 1-2 LH 4 3 .2006 W #< & c WI :e w/ -H 9%$# H% H% J ) 4 g + /[+ # 8 4;@ J ) 4g A- J ) + ,%# 891" 71% A; @ )98 _ + G 9-9D 71% /# ?%& # : Y/ 7 % 4 1" / - " # .9-= 1" # /%: & # J ) W1 N" 9 = /U + %$# G + Y/ (- /D 1) # $W- # .9- 1 %1M) `- ! ,- /# AT -H 9 = / # h M 9%2 ) ( ?+ 9 = # $ - H / ,- + V . ? /A h # Y/ E/ 1- Baumert and Kete 2002 m ;% 1980 1970 Y/ F D + 7 89% > # #@ # + / ,- -2 = +9 # J )4g + # A- J ) + h # Y/ E/ # `- ! @/# - .# .9 # @/# - 9%$# 3- IEA 2006 93 - : )' # : ;' 0" 9= •& Z 8 /: 1) ! /%U S%Sg 8 + # h M !- 7 $ .9-= 7 # )m2 K- 9 D /# IL 89 - HA 9 '- J ) W1 N" 9 = /U + h # Y/ E/ ?+ 9 = # J ) 4g + /# # 7 $ ,%1 + .9 1 + # p #/ M #7$ -/ /- ) '- â„¢ -/S) 7A/: / /# ( .(2-2 WD) 9 = 7 # J ) W1 $ (u! I T 0( G W j M :G(M? : ,-: " U 2-2 LH d ( [ I 0 M C (' M 0 H#0 $ " %# " # ! " # 2 - : )' e L + 0+ + F T :e 1- Mirror image 2- WITS database # : ;' #< & : )' 94 x/ # + J ) W1 N" + ,%# 1 $ 1 m-/T E/ # `- ! @/# 4 S D 9 ) / ,- .7 0/9 # /# /# ( ?+ 9 = `- ! ,- /# AT 7- 9M :…% + 9D # J ) 4 g + # h # Y/ N" + 7 $ ,- b? 4 g / # .9 + 1 %1M) 1%& /%%0) _ + 7 7 1 / %# J ) 4 g + 1 / 1+ J ) W1 " # J ) W1 N" + + 7 = 89 # h M •M 89 + " # J ) 4g + •M 89 + ! .9 D # s/] h # Y/ E/ N" + %Z ) # _- /: :…% -= ?% % # + 7 ,- 9J# Q : G 1&$ + .= a/%@ - J )4g + /- J ) W1 ‚/A 9 @ / %# 7%2 JA ?%& # : 7 % / -U + .9 - 1 #/.) _Z# ,- H% / %# WD= /%%0) = + 7 ,- /# _ + - 4S S W-/ = 89M h - 9D 8 3-2 WD + L 1 U - M) + 9 -1 #/.) h # Y/ E/ # _Z# / %# WD= 4S .# 4 . /1D/# 72 g ,- /# ) ,W1 %2 . /: 1 89 )= /%%0) :/ /A /# 9 ) 89M h- h # Y/ E/ # `- ! .- 9) + /% ,% 9 ) / - %2 '- Q .9D # 1%& /%%0) !/" 7 % 891" - .# :/ 9SA Q .9D # J ) 4 g + 9D 4 g # z @ # +9D # U - M) + @ `- ! h S S #) #9 ) U .7 89 {WJ " 1. ,- t ,%%J) /# = H# $ 1 %&M) :(r) $ 1 m-/T Correlation coefficient -1 +7 /- S :9 + /U /: - 1 + = %J y@ D .7 / - 1+ /%%0 # 1+ /%%0 '- ]# W- H /: - 1 $1 / - " # . /%: / - /%%0 :9 + /U # 7 $ /%%0 '- ) '- 7 [ 9S 9 ) m-/T ,- .7 y 9 / - /%%0 /- S # 7 $ x 9 /%%0 '- 9D # /B! m-/T ,- + .9D # /%%0 ,%# $ 1 /[+ 9g 89 + 9D # '- B . 9 /%%0 ,%# $1 :…% + 7 = 89 95 - : )' # : ;' 0" T ?' + ? :G G W j M :G(M? : ,-: " U 3-2 LH ! & '( & - : )' e L + 0+ + F T :e I [ 0 M G W j M :G(M? : ,-: " U 4-2 LH 1 &A ( ( Io d ( I )*+ * " *, , * - : )' e L + 0+ + F T :e 1- EAP # : ;' #< & : )' 96 yZ ) 7A/: / / %# /# L #/ ";L 8 ,%1 - /%: ! ,%b 8w- # % = q/D # 89M h- `- ! - .# G -= + D !- 7$ &+ 2 H /% 89 +{WJ ,%b + tT b /: a/%@ 9D Gh 1 g /- D 1 * $M 9 ,- #S J 7 % = q/D + % (4-2 WD) 9D # h # Y/ E/ # h M _- HA '-/M) m ,%b .(5-2 WD) 9 %Z ) # _- /: J ) 4 g g /- I 0 M G W j M :G(M? : ,-: " U 5-2 LH m X B d ( d ( [ H I =LAC 6 ( I =SAR 6 N I/# E =MENA 6 b I T = ECA : H .N I =AFR 6J \ +$( & 'G - : )' e L + 0+ + F T :e % = U ( 9= # 9 = ?+ +H #) = /[+ + 9 /V # D 9 ) 9g ) / ,- .9 8 /+ #/.) 1990 /@ 2 H /% '- ( H+/ # 9%2 ) / %# - .# m D 4 # / 1+ + 9D # Y/ 71% _- HA 9= # 9 = ?+ .7 89D A- J ) + h # Y/ E/ Y/ E/ # h M !- 7$ ) # 2 H /% '- -U ( 9J# 7%2 JA 1" 7A # ) _- /: ,- @/# b/: . D 89- h # 89 +{WJ 9 ) ,% b? 7A ,- (/ 1+ ,- /# # ) 7 $ 4 M) 8 97 - : )' # : ;' 0" 7 % # '1+ /# U - M) W-/ = h # Y/ ,#/+ E/ # `- ! 4 S . 8w- # 9D # 7 9 ) p ) ,- 2 .9D # 1%& /%%0) I% 9b .U - M) # 7 ) Y/ E/ # `- ! !- 7$ .- 9) _- HA '- %&M) -H.) ,- J ) 4g + 7 $ ,- .- 9) _ + '- A- J ) + h# E/ # `- ! 4 S /# - 1 9b 2 - 9 D A - ,- .9 7 % # = ) +9 J ) 4g + # h# Y/ ,#/+ ,- /)I% > /# .7$ *$ /)I% Y/ - + 9 1%& /%%0) + ) + - /# 4 g / #. #9 @ % &% B) . #- '- # /> + b? 7 $ ,- . ]# ,- 2 K- 7 A/: ! 4g + J- 7 1 / 1+ A- J ) + /# 1 / : H# J ) 4 g IL % .9 D # h# Y/ E/ # h M •M 89 + b? J ) # h M 891" 89 + ! " # ,%b 8w- # % = q/D + J ) 4g +7 = /: %# 7 $ ,%# 89D 89 - /:? .9 89D / u h # Y/ E/ 9D _- HA J! + @/# 1%& /%%0) 7 % /% Z _- HA /# 9%+ ) 9 ) 89 -= 9 # 9 % J )4g + NJ# .9D # 9 1%& 7 % #) # #- ,- :7D /L @ # 9- # )W % ,- 2 ,- /# # . # # _Z# 7u Bg = E9 89D 4 1" ) %+ 1%U _%U + 7 /T g 4 g + Z&: : % /%@ 1%V ) ?% B #- /# .7 1+ 9 /%: / / Q@ # / + /% # B) b? / - " 8 ;" # ,% b? . 1 Ëœ M2 M ,- ) H% J )4g # J# 9D # : ;' #< & : )' 98 - 1) 9%2 ) ) B m%+/) , D # J ) •& Z g/ H% $# g .9 + /%%0) &@ T S) m%+/) ` + %2 ,- # 9 89 ;- 1) 7 89D 8 1-2 M%T ) + + L 1 ,- # 9%- ) ,- 89D O 9 D - %1%D `- ! _Z# 9D /# /%@ 89D h# Y/ E/ # _Z# H+/1) _- HA + 7 = /: %# 9 D .9 + :/ 89 -= + ,- / %# /%: /# 9 ) J ) 4g + .9D # ) %+ 1%U 9J# Z&: : _ + # ( )/ 9 # e , - 1 -2 .) E/ 9%2 ) @ W- 9D - %1%D `- ! DR: 4 30 _%# h %&-/) 1/5 # 1970 4 W-/ = h %&% 171 - %1%D 2 1M | 8 1 #/.) 9%2 ) 9! 83 J ) W1 N" + .7 A - _- HA 1998 4 # 9S ,- - s] &+ 9D #– 98 ~ @ @ # 1970 4 W1 N" /%i + / - 9D %2 # / ,- + /+ 7A 1998 4 9! 78 1 V 7 89D H- s/L 2020 4 ) 8 '- /# 7J ! 9D .9D # J ) % ,- /)h # 9D x/ J ) W1 N"/%i + + # - %1%D `- ! - A WD DR: 4 40 _%# .9 - 1 #/.) N" + # $- S :7 A/: ! /- +A 7&" W1 /# 7+/D " # %& 9 b - %1%D 7+/D D V + 9 98 1 R: - / N" /%i + + 9 9D / u J ) .9D # A - _- HA J ) 4 g + &@ - %1%D `- ! _Z# R: - / ?.g = - %1%D ! ?.g t 1. 98 1 i= - %1%D ~ @ 8 =/A 9%2 ) _Z# ,- .7 A -_- HA -9 ) - %1%D 891" &! :9 +,% ) # 'b + - %1%D `- ! # + NJ# . + J $#/" - ) ,%b 8/+ 1 [ 9 9D .9 A- J ) 9D # 8 /1 # 1- non-OECD countries 99 - : )' # : ;' 0" .7 89- /: .- &&12 ,%# .) 89 - HA 9D .) ` /- A/J) _ + 7&" # .7 A/: ! /# /) 8 L ) _Z# ) # 7A/ %U /- 1970 ,U Y #/i U W-/ = 89M h - m2 i 8 - 7%J ?i &" 9! 65 1975 4 4[ /# .9 _- HA - 8 /+ i= % ,- D9%2 )H% + 4 ) .9D 9%2 ) IL /- 9! 35 7A/: ! A- J ) g 4 9%2 ) '- # 8 /+ 9D - %1%D `- ! + @/# .7 A/: @ # {W" 72 g 7%JT ,- 1993 9! 30 - %1%D `- ! 1996 4 -) 4[ /# Å’9 89D -9 ) ? _Z# .9D # 9! 10 #/i U 89M h- 9S ,- + 9 %W ) J! .@ + .Buccini 2004 :e )' : 7@ /U /# = - 1) 1%& /%%0) /# /# /-RUm% = H% # ) # + %2 # .9 $ B / -9W- # 89 -= $@ - :/ * V # -H /# /> 7 % `T # + &&12 ,%# W1 # #% /%$ D ,W1 +,- /# 8 / $: / 7 9 % 1%& /%%0) /%:E9 % 9 9 |/ /%:E9 /# '- 9 +7 .) 9 /%: WD m 7 ,W1 '- 9 :,- .9 - 1 8 B ) B |;) 7+ + /: - + #S %1 - A/J) `T % ~@ + '- + 7 89D 89 - %$# .9 8 /+ 1%& /%%0) % / /# . ,% /A {k 8 /+ •-/J) - 9 A/L'- ! # H. .9 + 8 B 9 ,- 1%V ) .) 7- 9M /# S 189DQ . /V %&M) -H.) 3 2 9 " # ]%M 7$- %2 ) /L @ 9 4 .(9 D A/: /V '- 1- Baumol and Oates 1988; Copeland 1996; Ludema and Wooton 1994; Mani 1996; Markusen 1975 2- second-best setting 3- environmental taxes %U ]%M 7$- %2 8 9 # A/J) '- /b +,- /# &! %2 -4 -H /# G 1%S $ A/J) '- %U %2 E;@/# 4 .7$% R: /%> ) (Pigouvian environmental tax) # : ;' #< & : )' 100 + 8 A _- HA /# - H# " # .) 9 8 B %&M) -H.) ,- 9 ) 9D # 89- m% = 89 + ! + : 2= ( ) G 1%S $ + ) ! 89 + 1 A/J 7 89 + ! + m%i/) /# " M& " " # - ( / /# : 2= F &+ # b b ,% b .9 - 1 %U : 2= 4/ + /# 9 9 @/# D = 8 S2 # /> A/J) :,- /# m H% /%U / %# F/ $g &M : 2= /# ( )/ " ] D ) H+/1) 891" _Z# 8 ;" # .7 H% / - + '- / /# : 2= + : # 7 + ,%# p ) : 9 ) /: 89 : 2= + : 1 9 / /%> ) 7M) 89DQ . /V #- + : 1 . R: /%> ) % Q 1) /# ( Z&: . /%: 1 ! 1%& /%%0) _ + 7 9 % …% E9 # .) 7 % 8 B /# R: %U ,%2 +,- ) m2 W 2 ,- 9) .9D s/] W-/ = 89M h- {&. •& Z ]%M 7$- 9 - / %2 '- + 1 %U –31991 &&12 ,%# : 2= ` /A – %U D -H ) ! + @ + %&" ]%M 7$- A/J) '- 9 /# `B 7 / /# 89M h- o = # 7 $ /)8 ]%M 7$- 9 7%# &] -H 9g B) 1 /# /# /# A/J) H% . D A/: /V {&. + .= . # 89D %U .) +/D W-/ = 89M h - ,%# 4 ]%M 7$- + &% # + A/J) Q . R: /%> ) T S) /# G 1%S $ W&# R: 1 /> 89 +8 2= h M IL @ = = - /> 89 +{WJ ) 9 ) Gh 1 g D 4 1" h M ,- 89 + .7$ 9%2 ) 9 -=/A D @ 89-9U '- = ) 1 / - 9D # 89 + + / 1- transboundary pollution # 4 JA %$# &&12 ,%# 7$- (%M % 89M h - (1991) = + 7 ,- nM# '- -2 # (2005) Philippe Sands 9 l%&%A /%@ * + % ,- / %# ng . U - M) /) / %U G 2 i Lawless World: America and the ) 9 WD _S W-/ = : # % " .7 A/: / /# (Making and Breaking of Global Rules 3- International Pollution Deterrence Act of 1991 m- ) - R: [ 7 72 % I L /# - 4 U E/! : 7%# &] -H compliance cost -4 1" -H 9 /+ Q 7 > 8 HA | /# %2 /# + - - /A 4 [ " #. ,%-= 7 : # :9%o%U % $) /# 89D z @ 89D %2 1) / %# %-H 7 > /# / %# 101 - : )' # : ;' 0" tT 9D,D /# / - # '- s/L ,- /W m- ) ]# ,- & 1 .9D s/] ]%M 7$- / E9 # .) 9 Z#/> 9- &&12 ,%# IA ) / - 4/ 1%U H2 / /# .) 9 /# + /- W-/ = 89M h - ) %+ 1%U A/J) .7A/: 8 D ) %+ 1%U %U A/J) # 9 # / 89 -= = # SA ) / - ) %+ IA ) |/-RU + - + 1991 4 W-/ = 89M h- %U # % D 9g ) 72 g ,- 9 / E9 &&12 ,%# 7# U - M) `- ! 7u Bg - A/J) ,% b 4 1" &! E9 .7 1%& /%%0) t T /%:E9 /# ) /T + = 9# 9D # ) %+ 1%U / D 2 .9D # D 89 + ! + 21 g 9 " # .) 9 8 B /%U /V 7@ /- ?i &" -= 4 .9D # 1%& /%%0) nM# / %# ) ,1N ? 4 C ,- Q a7 ]%M 7$- / /%:E9 /# m .) 7- 9M Z&: : ,- /# # .) 2 /# 9 ,- /> 4 1" ! a7 b QH& % ,- = 7 ,W1 / ,- .7D 9 @ 8 HA | /# %2 @/# Q 9Z # . # 9 @ 7%# &] -H ) + /# ) # /> ' ,- # 89D •-/J) ]%M 7$- A/J) '- + 1996 4 (Mani) -1 .7D 9 Z % : 2= .) 2 ]%M 7$- IA ) 9J) 7$- (%M 7%# &] %1L /# 1 .) 4/ + -2 / 8 B – -h m-/Z) /]@ : ;%D /N 2 # :9 – W# 9b &&12 ,%# (SA .9D # 72 @/# /%: & /# 8w- Q 9 '- .) . # S .7A/: & 7% D : 9 ) " + 9 - 1 4 1" 7%# &] Q9" # S Q h .) . +9 $ .(WTO) .) (UN Security Council) 9M # : ;' #< & : )' 102 1 t" 7$ - : )' $ !( )' : I ) 9 9 ) .) N" .) A/J) 1" IA ) ,% 7M) # 9 :,- + = p/D # 9 /-Rk# $ :9 7; 7$- (%M 7u Bg /# /+j /S ,- t [ W- - 9 D# : .) A/J) 1" IA ) 9" 2 .9D # 89D s/D # 1%& /%%0) 7 % #p ) .) 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D p #/ + 9 b ,%# +/1: - M) .9 D 7%1 # H% ( B - U - M) 9 ) .) 1%U 103 - : )' # : ;' 0" /- %2 [ 4 1" N" + (III 8 ) & 9 9 J) 9-/@ | /A /# O &@ | /A /# /> H& 1J2 ,% &@ 2] 7- 1g /# # 9%2 ) - ) h M /# ... h M /%: W# `- ) S 1g .9- 1 ` &@ 9%2 ) &@ 2 ] /- %2 4 1" + '- ((2) III 8 ) &@ %2 9 J) ` III 8 ! & 9 9 J) r /# N" + '- # 9%2 ) - /# | /A 4 [ /#) 9%2 ) _Z# ?%V ) # %2 + 1 %U _Z# ,- .9 + /: 4 1" _Z# 9 ) (1?%S $ /%i %2 8 HA | &@ 7$%2 - 9 = /# %2 4[ /#) 9 + 1 9%- ) :9 +9%2 ) _Z# # p #/ %2 m + = p/D # (`A - 8Y /U /# %2 - "1 ,% ) 2 ] q Sg 7@ /U 2 . / •%J ) .- 4 1" N" + 7 /T (XI 8 ) 1+ 7- 9M 7%" 1 +/ - h M 1 ,i9 : D 9 -1 @ 9 # %1 /# .8w- (- /D /%i N" 7%" 1 + - + 4 M 7- 9M + '- /: (- /D @/# ) 9 /-Rk# 9 9 h M :,- /# A/J) - 8 /W j Z) ,#/+ _Z# # p #/ W- +,- / 9D # .) 9" • 9 ) ,% b ,- 3 .9D # 89D •-/J) O[ `T 9@ h + /# + D B: - %2 # L # ?%S $ /%i %2 Indirect taxes -1 &1 +/1: ‚ " 8 HA | /# %2 . /%: ! ?%S $ /%i L # 7@ /U .% D .9 $ ?%S $ /%i %2 # p #/ %2 - 9%2 ) _Z# # p #/ %2 %2 /- - ,#/+ %2 -= + 7 ,- 4 C -2 : # p #/ " , A/: % @ /# 9 J) -= +,- a/%@ - /%: /V :9 +9%2 ) a/%@ - 1 9 @ Ëœ M2 (2) III 8 m2 " &@ 2 ] /- %2 " -H '1+ - Z&: cap-and-trade) W-/ = 89M h- .) 4/ + ? $% /S /# 9-9 %U '- -3 9 ) 9 + 9%2 ) / 1+ : + @ + / ? $% ,- + Z&: : z /@ 4/ + /# 1 $% h - 8/ + R B 7- 1g % U 7A - (9D /B# @ : 9%2 ) . •S 89 # /> / /# # p #/ . :9 + 7 = 9 % 89 -= ? $% ,- .9D # 89M # : ;' #< & : )' 104 ,- .7A/: /V ,% %U (- /D # ) # 2 # O [ XX 8 # (g) (b) XX 8 .9 89D •-/J) 1%& /%%0) 7 % # 8w- p ) O [ .) A/J) 1" 7SA #• 9 ) 8 .) N" 8 # /T = ; - 8 %: - %g $ %g }Bg /# + p/D ,- # 9- 1 ?%V ) .9D # p #/ /-RU4 J% L `# 7u Bg # 9 ,- - ,%# # 91" L # 9 ,- + 7 =9 % XX 8 % M2 8 ;" # U .) ` '- # @ 89 O •%J ) 9 # m2 i (- /D + - + .9 / -9 ) /%%0) 7 % # .) 9 : #- 8w- # ;W W- 1 9 ,- .9D # 9%2 ) =/A | - U/# ) 9 /%: W# D 9 ) 1%& # N) + : = h M 9%2 ) 8 %D 7 ,W1 9%2 ) =/A | /# /%%0) # ( )/ 9 m&i + . = . /%: / /V 9 7 = 9%2 ) ) j 7%B%+ + - | /# H+/1) _%# 7 8 9 / /V 9 ! @ 4 M …% G 1%S $ 1%& /# 9%2 ) =/A | K- /: / 4 M 9%2 ) # p ) Z&: : 7 UFh % 9%! /%U + [g .9D # /T Qh : H% #- .) E; @ g D 37 E /J 2 7 UFh- % # 89 = # 5 4 - U/# .) 9 1 . 71 # - Q : Gh 1 g A % 7C% =/A | Q B # DR: 89 =_%U .7D /# 9 @ 9%2 ) =/A | ?-/M) # 9 &- ) $+ U H2 9 + = 4g/ # .9 8 : 9%2 ) = 8 =/A % Z t /%U W-/ = 89M h - ( ) 89D4 1" : # % 9%! 8M DtT ,- /%U A/: ! Q 9 .9 : /# + ,- W-/ = - 7- 1g %U ,- .9 - 1 9-/@ W-/ = # + /- - /# 9 ,%b . ]%M 7$- /: + 8 /: % 8w- # 9D @/# 1- PPM 2- The Shrimp-Turtle dispute .WT/DS58/AB/R = 8 =/A % Z : 7%" 1 - W-/ = 89M h - -3 4- WTO Dispute Settlement Panel 5- Appellate Body 105 - : )' # : ;' 0" 1 7 UFh 7J 1 /# 8w- A! % 9%! ~ Z I- -= +,- J- 2 = 8 " 8 89D9%! % #~ Z A ! ,- /%@ - 9 + 8 B #= /- #= 7 UFh + 2 g 9+ 7- 9 9%! 8w- ) 71 # .9 /: /# *= # 8 /+ 7- 9 z @ # 9 89D 9%! ) @ + / : H# - - 89Dj Z) 8 %D /# A % 7C% .) E; @ g D /# Q h (- /D 9 ,- + 9 A - 8 1 H+/1) ( )/ 9 W-/ = 89M h- /T D + ? /A xx 8 89D %#_%U E 9 # #% A/: W# " /%i - % @ " 8 %D '- 9# + ) 9 7 XX 8 % M2 A/: / 8 B " &&12 ,%# .) A - WD/%%0) 7- 9M " " # - 89D 3 7u Bg /# ~ @ (- /D yZ 9 @/# #m ,% b? = .9 + ` /# - - 7 UFh + 9 @ /L @ ,% b? 8 / Vg; 7$- (%M /]@ ‚/J : &&12 ,%# .) /%U /)8 / $: * 89 J r .9 # N" = .) [g " ,%A/L Q 1) + 9 A/: / 7VA M =/A | /# 9 = D) 1%& /%%0) 7 % /: g ,- /# # / = ]- /D # ) # ) 9D : G; + .) A/J) 1" 7SA # (9%2 ) 9# - 7 O [ xx 9 # 89D•-/J) E 9 # + (- /D ,- # ) # G;[ 1 9%- ) ` # @ - /% / 8 B 9%- ) # /%i (- /D # - 8 Z2 L # 7 % ,- . -9 ) &&12 ,%# .) /# 29 U 1- shrimp trawlers 2- sea turtles #t = 8 =/A % Z : 7%" 1 /%U W-/ = 89M h- -3 .) E; @ g D .154-153 paras WT/DS58/AB/RW H2 ( ) DSU 21,5 8 % @ /%i - •%J ) 4 1" /# H# # W-/ = 89M h - Q9 + 9 A - A % 7C% Q . &&12 ,%# IA ) '- /%U 8/+ R Q . /# Z 9 |;) W-/ = Gh /- 7 89D -9 ) # GJ Z#/> /V N" /- /# + 7 = 9 % 89D /V 9-9.) 1 G% > 7 8 7C% N" 4 g / # .9 D # % D G ) /T 9D %U + : 1 9D # $- S # W-/ = /# ,- # xx 8 r /# W-/ = 89M h - Q 9 + 9 /+ p / %JT # t T ,- A % / /# 9 b IA ) '- # # % /# & # 9%B /> |;) 8w- # # 89D ?%V ) (- /D .(Ibid. at para. 153) ,%A/L 7- T # : ;' #< & : )' 106 t"U A : (7& k' %#_%U ) Z # ]%M 7$- A/J) ,- A /M /> m&i + . = 9%B /> ,- @/# 2 1 g ?.g 8 9 71 =/# /# - m$+ 1 F /# OH 4 J) /W- '- 8 B # .) % D '- / # . #9 @ 1 W-/ = ! /# U - M) E/L ,#/+ %2 - ) %+ 1%U A/J) 8 S2 # /> Q. %&M) -H.) + 7 = -H /W- /# + 7-H ,- .?% $ 9 J #@ # + h M / '- /# ) yZD A/J) %OH v] 89D ) 49 ,- / Z s/D) 9- 1 H- /# %#_%U 9 89D yZ •-/J) 2 .( 1 89 5 1%1T m&i ! /# U - M) + ,#/+ %2 `T D .) .- /> 7 A/: / =/# M D D W-/ = h # Y/ E/ # h M H&A hA ,= H&A/%i 9J h M - %1%D `- ! Ri + /%1@ Ri + :9 ) 3 (9! 30 20 10) ) %+ A/J) +R /# .( =/%i .) s/L ,#/+ ,) '- # 71% 89 +{WJ 8 9 ) + 9D A/: /V 4 ( '# .) 8 8 -U ) .) .- /> M /# .9D # U - M) + v] h M T S) /# /u _ + # p #/ 8 .7A/: / /# 1- Kyoto tariff /# ( %# ) | H: 8 / $: v] -H .) %D 49 -2 .(Laird and Yeats 1990) 9 W# A/J)/%i A/J) 7- 9M ` /%%0) /> ,%1Z) # p ) = 71% + /: /# )h M /# T S) &+ /%%0) # .) I&@ .- -3 .9 8 /+ /%%0) &@ ,-H - 4- EU Emissions Trading Scheme -ETS 107 - : )' # : ;' 0" + ? :G : , T ?' j $ ('( C' k ' 6-2 / ! $@ + $@ h 1000 Y/ E/ # h M U - M) Q 9 (%) W-/ = ! W-/ = (%)h # ‘‘- M) ‘‘+ H‘‘% 207713157 (2005) 89M h- U /‘‘# Y/‘‘ h ‘‘M 46000809 W-/ = U - M) ‘ ‘1%U 9‘! 10 ‘A/J) 10/2 2/3 ) %+ 20/4 4/5 9! 20 A/J) 30/5 6/8 9! 30 A/J) # - A/J) ,% b /: + 7 = /: %# A/: / nM# 6-2 4 9 + .- .9D + U - M) # W-/ = 89M h- ! 9! 7 ) 9= / G 9-9D ( # 9 @ A/J) ,- t T +) 1% h A `- ! :9 h # Y/ E/ # `- ! 72 g ,- + 7B: ) g /: $@ b 9! 30 ) Gh 1 g A/-RU /%> ) /)h # 9S ,- 8 $@ J H% Gh 1 g 7 %#| @ M] =/# h # Y/ E/ # `- ! 4 S D B .) /> 7 = / ,- %2 . # 9 @ /T g 4 g + - +/D 7 8 % * $g # .) +/D /- # U - M) .7 / 1+ W-/ = 89M h- A/J) H% m) / # = A/J) %U s/L / /# U - M) /: + %D %&1" / ,- /# # / ,- /: 8 = 1%& /%%0) 7 % / V # / %2 A/J 7 D;) % ,- 2 .7D 9 @ ) # /%> ) W-/ = 89M h- .) /) /# E9 /- 9 % 1" # (,%b 9 ) J )4g + # %&1" Q . /# 89M h- G 7 J! + 9D s/] U - M) + /%@ ng .7 8 / /V 9 # : ;' #< & : )' 108 ~ @ [g "T ? 9D s/] q A _Z# + : 1 1 # :,- . % ) 9 :,- # ]# .) /-RU| "7 UFh- % " .) 7C% /%@ ?Wg + 9 /V ,- # 2 7 8 1 t /D 9%2 ) =/A | 9 1 Ëœ M2 /# [M# 9g ` &1" -H # /V # g .9 D # 89 %1M) H% =•%J ) 8 %D # + p/D .7D 9 U H%b 9- ) %+ A/J) ]%M 7$- /> `A -/ :('( #T - : )' $ # )' 0 " T n 0 H#0 () U 9 _%U ?%& # : 7 % |/-RU # + / %# + L 1 # 1%& ?-Y .) ,%# p ) # ) # Gh 1 g H% .) @D . # 9 @ |/ $: H:/# 1995 4 .) ( ) + _+ / 7SA 9S "7$- (%M 7 /g 7u Bg" 7 - 8 /# . $ 7%1 # ,- 9- /: 9 D W# 9 7 % / 7 $- # N" + u ) %+ 1%U . /# U .9 /# 9g # H% &&12 ,%# .) /# B /> + 9 - 1 / = 8 %D # •& Z W $W- # 9M & 1%& /%%0) #b b %$ + 2 E9 +7 = /: %# g 7$ 1 % %# 8w- # R: _- 1 ‚/J /# ) %&1" H% H% =•%J ) /%i = 9b .) ? $% '- u Bg - 1g .9D # @/# # S 7- 1g 9- # 8 # 9%B 9- U J ) ‰ S) 7$- (%M 7u Bg / - 9 J) 7- " /# ( .) 1%& ) ?-Y / ( ) &+ 7@ D '- ,- /# # E9 9 ) +7 8w- /S 89 /%:/# g 7$ % %# 8 ;" # . ]%M 7$- 9@ h+ 9b = 4[ /# .9 Z# S) ) %+ 1%U . Dt 2007 4 Bhagwati and Mavroidis # ,- / %# ";L m$+ /# -1 2- Frankel 2004 109 - : )' # : ;' 0" h+ t / /# ( # ,%# ) 9 ) 1%& 7 % 7%B%+ #9 . 8 /1 # JA ]%M 7$- 9%$# 7%" 1 9 v-/ ) 9 b .) /%@ /+ R b/: E9 / # ( ;%D _Z# - /%U nM# # % D) &%$A 7@ # p #/ 1 .7A - 9 @ 7 E /M '- ERg ,#/+ _ + ]%M 7$- r /# 1%& /%%0) _ + ,%# 8 S2 # N) 89D " "T # ) # / %# ) : ) # .) /V 7M) .) ,% ? $% ) %+ 1%U ,-/ # 4 g /# / %# /+ R 8 1 m& @ # 7 % += % 2 .7 8 1 H- - U - N) ,% b * 7 72 g s;! /# ) # L # .) R: - / 1%& /%%0) ?-Y / 89 -= ,%# L ) #- V Q 9) ,- /# # . /+ 9 @ 9D 9-9 % (- /D F/ E9 # #% /# /: + .7 @/# -h # 7%1 ?-Y ,- + J ) 4g + 9J) _- HA 8w- # J ) 1%& 7 % /%U .7 B - `A 9 =9 @ + / /# _%U 4 ) D * Z /)8 ) + W1 /# 8 4 L7 Qh /# ,- t /D 9# # Y/ Y 2 W) Y/ - +. #9 D F/ W1 , $ /1> # # H% _ + 89 -= Y/ T S) # - :Æ’ U /# 8 / +9 $ - H# 9-9.) : 1 .9 D # r/ - 9g ) &JA s ] /),%- U # Z&: : 9 ) .) N" 7 A/: / /# nM# 9J# 4 A + 3 - + # h+ ?%& # : h+ .) = /%U @ # p #/ •- u L # ) %+ 1%U 7- 1g g /+ R /# Z# " # 4m Y/ 9# ,- . /%: 1 /# ,- # p ) 9%$#8w- /S …% .) ,% G H2 -1 9%$# IA ) + 9%$# 1" ,% &% # ) 9%$# ,- + 7 J .(SCM Agreement) 7 89- /: ?%V ) 9 89" 9 89D R: - U .) := /# . /%: 1 / nM# .- ,- t T ,- # ]# / J %# -2 Brewer (2003), Charnovitz (2003), Cosbey (2003), and Frankel (2004) # ) /)` #- . 1 J / 3- climate-friendly goods 4- energy-efficient goods # : ;' #< & : )' 110 8M ~ @ 7- 2 ,-/)? ) %+ 1%U .9 /# Q . # 8 1 /%: U 9 : Y/ /# %2 `T /%U 9g /W- '- % $) .) # p ) D hS S 89D # (- /D ERg n" # /W- ,% b .7 8 # Z&: . /# ,%# + ,%# m 9 1 + ,%# ,#/+ 71% $W- /: + 1 s/] 2007 4 r ,- % / %2 ?%V ) - A/J) `T # % / - 9-= / # 89 + 7+/D /L @ r D Q. %OH /# / %# + ) 7 Q h b/: .9D # 1 + 4 + ,- /- 7 D= % N" + /# t T ,- + 1 .) ) •& Z ) %2 %&1" 9%$# A/J) 9 );W # 1 89 = ) %+ 1%U + : 1 tT ,- -/V r /# .9 8 /+ :9% ( 2 ,% b? .9D # 7%1+ - U/# ?-Y '- :9%o%U # 7 $ -9 # $- S '- 7 y- S &% # 9 # &g/ - 9" ) _ + + 7 89D 8 D 8w- L # ) %+ 1%U 3 89 _Z# %&+ 9%$# ,% b? = + 7# Q9" # 89D•-/J) E 9 4 g # '1+ /# 9 ) N" + 7 ) 9 W- Z&: : .) Q V # "T ,- .9 - 1 j Z) Z&: : # ( )/ /# 4 .9 @? H% 9b 9 + /+ 9 @ '1+ H% 7S%Sg F ,- * # ,#/+ 71% $W- / 8 B •%J ) 7- 1g /# # '- " # 7 ,W1 1%& /%%0) # ( )/ . /%: 1- Nordhaus (2007) 2- quantity-based regime 3- market imperfections .9D /+j Brewer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ij Y 2 W) 1%& `A _- HA # ( /%Z ) b kW- %+/) W% ) P 4 ij 7@ Y 2 W) P 4 ij /%Z ) b kW- %+/) W% /# # ;- 1) P 4 ij /%Z ) b kW- %+/) W% Y 2 W) .) = (F U P 4 ij) # Y/ Y 2 W) # Y/ Y 2 W) # _- /: # Y/ Y 2 W) .) = 9%D @ Y/ Y 2 W) # : ;' #< & : )' 114 9%D @ Y/ Y 2 W) # _- /: 9%D @ Y/ Y 2 W) .) = 9-9.) # Y/ /# 8H% " # 1W W% 9= + Y/ 7 &A lh .) = 9= + Y/ .) = %$ U J ) /# % m%+/) /%: .% Q A 9%&+ A- 115 '( # T (U I W SX T + I V5' : ('( # T (U I C (' / 0( + 9D 9 @ D J )4g + Gh ! 89 -= ,#/+ 9D 9 + /%U ,#/+ h # E/ # J ) % @ 9 1) /> - 1 # 2 ,-/)‹ H# " # b? J ) W1 + 4 g ,%" J ) 4g + % .9 9 @ # Z&: : / 89 +/ ,- + /%: 1 b/ 9 ,%b + ,#/+ &! 9D + V H% 1 %#_%U Y/ &&12 ,%# { Y= 8Y /U .7 = 9D H% 7J D / Y/ E/ D ,#/+ H% 2030 ) 2020 4 ,%# + D + ,- 9D 9 @ / %# A- J ) + t 1. 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D 7- 9M b I- ) 72 72 @ I-/L K- %$# H# &1 . 9 1&+ y@ Q B # = .) @ .) 4/ + V / 7@ /U ) %1 ,%%J) +/1: ‚ " A/J) •& Z t , $# @ .) /# V 4/ + ,%# 9@ h + = z /@ = .) + 9 9S J %$# .9D # ! /# 9%$# ,%" 7 &&12 ,%# v] 9 9 &# 9 = s ] 9%2 ) % #7 Qh / + M! .) + =7 % /# ?+ g &JA (- /D 7M) + 9 9S J = @/# 4 g .7$% * &] 9 b &&12 ,%# 2- EGS 3- WTO’s Doha Round ,- .7 h # /% )= P # ~ @ # # O %1%D m%+/) '- W2 %) - '%&%) W2 - :4 ) Ethanol -4 . D 9%U •& Z 9! # &W2 9%D :9 + 7$ 7%! @ + 7 8 1 W2 4 ) . % ,% o1 ,&+ /]" 4 [ " # .9 /A /# + H% •& Z `- ! ,- /# 8 ;" 4 ) . D 8 B 9-9 ,%D @/# 7@ " # = 8 # ) /# # @ $ 7@ +7 - HA _ + '- ,- .9 + 9%2 ) ,&%) # *= H%2 ) + _ + Gh 1J 7J ! E/ 9 - /A ,- . D A T : 9 %U ,#/+ ?) # = ! g J] 89D A WD *= 4 W2 '- = 8 /@ 9 9O 2= /%1Z) = = ) .) 9%2 ) /# 8 / .7 /1Z # = 9%2 ) /) 4 ) 9%2 ) 1+ /- S = # /- 7 m $ E/ /# J ! 4 ) .7 89D %U 8 F @ * b 4;g J# 7J ! . 9 ) $ # 7 *= 9 = / /: . D AT / - 1 4 $ / # Y 9% 9 %U %W ) %29# . D 8 B 2= %+/) / %# 9%2 ) /# - %1%D ] 8 . /)h # | ]S 9 = # $W- 2 W2 + 2= %+/) # $- S 4 ) . D g *= B"9T 4 &M J# = 70 – %85 4 &M . D 8 B Æ’-9T 7J ! ,%O U * j ]S %29# 4 ) . /# ,%# = ?$% : /W% #/b /+ g ,%C) /U /%%0) # 4 ) . /# + 89 + 171 - - "C( 0", 9@ h+ .) = ?&$ 9 .9 / 8w- ) # A/: / nM# 7 /T 9@ h + # ( )/ -H _ + # '1+ I-/L ]%M 7$- . # 9 @ /%B 7$- (%M _Z# /# 1%& /%%0) &1 7$- (%M 7u Bg 9@ h + ?%& # : Y 2 W) ,%# 7# (- /D 1 % / /# # ,% b? 7 + /# ,W1 *Z _- HA 9 ) .) = .9D # ?% 1%& /%%0) # ( )/ _2 b /# 2 1 / 4 _Z# .7 89D ?%V ) -j s/D # A ,- 89D O m2 ] @ ? /A .) ]%M 7$- h+ /%U /+ R ,- '- / ) /+ 9 @ |;) 9- 1 yZ /+ R _2 b 9%&+ "T .(89 /%%0) E 9 ) 9 / :9% 1%& /%%0) 7%1 H% m$g/# / nM# 1%& /%%0) _ + E 9 # p ) /V /+ R Q _Z# 9@ h+ &S $ " 1. /%U 8/+ R /# - -H: 9J# _Z# .9 ~ @ ( )/ _2 b O $ Q b _Z# .9 + . $ ?%& # : ]%M 7$- ,- /T /! 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"U $ 0G ( T+ • T€ ,%# /#- /#- /# 7%JT 2[ 9 ) ]%M 7$- Y 2 W) 7- 1g b/: m) / # .) /+ R ? /A .) = ]%M 7$- `A D 8 /1 # 9- U J ) /# J K- /+ R + 9D # # /: 89D /)89%o%U / _2 b ,- .9D 9 @ / %# 9 /%: / /V 9 9- # + ) " T 9J) 9 D # 8 /1 # 9+ yZ "1 Vg; &@ D % : : .9 9D 9 # S L &&12 ,%# .) E 9 /# h M = + D -H: 8/ $: #% - D /%U : : 9 D ng ,- .) = + 7 ,- J ) 4 g + /# 8w- # 891" / .9D # Y 2 W) _S Z •& Z /% B) ,- . /-RU ! 9- # b - h+ b L # J )4g + 8w- # .) = D 9- U J ) /> 9 ) /+ R _%U 9%&+ "T 21 /# '- 1-4 + .9 /%%0) ) # . /: %# A ,- 9J# _Z# % B) # %OH ,- @/# .9 O 173 - - "C( 0", K ? "U $ : E 0G (: )') $I + #! : !(]( 1-4 9- # ]%M 7$- h+ .) = + 9 89% IA ) # .) N" 1) 7D /# &% # IA ) Q9" y % # p ]@ .9D # 7$- (%M }Bg 7 tT / - " #) /%: WD 7$%b " ]%M 7$- h +" V +,- •& Z = /: D - h+ b .) = 1J2 r /# 9 + ,%%J) + (•- J) / /V 9 J )4g A- J ) + / `A ) /%: ! 9- # b .) .( .) = /W- t T / - " #)9 /B /# + # - h + # :9% -1 : 9 ) " .) = /%U 9%&+ "T -3 7$- (%M # h+ $ : -2 : /# + # - h+ #S ( /# + ')) + 8w- # &@ `- ! /+ 1" # - -4 9D 4 g G 1O Y 2 W) # :9% + ! /# - 7!/A _- HA -6 A/J)/%i 7- 9M # :9% -5 J ) 4 g . + ]%M 7$- 9 %U # :9% -7 J )4g 2 "8Y /U" 1 "7 / A " /W- ,%# .) = b /%U 9%&+ "T 9 $ 9 ;" ]%M 7$- h+ .) = # + A- J ) + .7 89D ?%$S) 8w- 7 / A O ,%%J) /# H+/1) : 7 " +9 + 7- 1g 7 / A /W- '- ( A/J)/%i 7- 9M ) / A/J) 1O _ + - ERg /%U 8/+ R {k h+ 3 +9 v% /) 8Y /U /W- 9 [ J ) 4g +. 2 & +4 9O r /# + ]%M 7$- 8Y /U Q 9) /# ) /: 9M G 9- # .) = :7 s/D ,-9# ( ) 9- # / ,- . /: 4 1" 9 /# `B 2 & + 4 9O r /# 9@ h+ = 5 4 .9 /# m- ) # 7$- (%M .) %1+ %J r /# 89D ,%%J) & ` / K ? "U $ ' : <(' ( K ? "U $ ) )' K ? "U $ 0G # h + ,- ]%M 7$- h+ /# 89D A/-RU 1" •-/J) '- 9SA ?i &" W '- g /# + Q / ) 7 9M 4 8 %D . /+ ) ) 8 %D 9 # S L 8 %D ,- . H+/1) 8w- 9@ h + /# + I-/L ~ @ ]%M 7$- 1- “LISTâ€? approach 2- “PROJECTâ€? approach 3- Most-favored-nation (MFN) 4- Designated national authority (DNA) 5- The Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE) # : ;' #< & : )' 174 - *;T A %B ) ~ Z [ - h+ 8 /+ yZ ]%M 7$- h+ '- G 1%S $ J- 9 ]%M 7$- /# + + D D : 2= 4/ + H% .) .9 /%: /V ]%M 7$- W 1 { /B + . /: D ]%M 7$- /)/# 9%2 ) 8 # /)8 / $: Q 8 %D A/J ) 9%2 ) " # ]%M 7$- /)/# 9%2 ) J ) .) /%U 9M & m) / # ]%M 7$- m% = @ :9 @/b 8 @/# + 7 8 /+ = | /A 9%2 ) + )h M - 89D m # /# + # h M # $- S / 1+ %2 E9 Gh 1J ,- .29 D # D 7$- (%M 7u Bg /% 1 b ? 7 ,W1 ]%M 7$- `A .7$% ]%M 7$- W '- s;! 9@ O - 9%2 ) E/ 8 4;@ - 9D # 9%2 ) | K- W- 89D .- 9%2 ) -/ 4;@ 3 . /: ! g 4 M , A ,%# - - + # - D7@ ,%D ) 9-/ % ,%D - h M J% 8/ $: /)/# 9%2 ) 8/ ) 1 -4'% : + h M 4 ) m Y/ . 1 9 # S L ]%M 7$- =/A | /V + ) 9%2 ) 4 1D ) # = .) 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F@ *= % ]%M 7$- 1 . /: ? $% + 891" " 7M) 9@ h + ,- J ) W1 :7 8 /+ 9 # S L : 2= 7-/-9 .1 89 + F U h M Y 2 W) .2 `# 7-/-9 .3 7 /A #‰ [ - 9D D (- /D + 9 8 /+ /L @ D + 4 g/ # W1 7$%2 4 ) 4[ " # .7 B h+ 9# S L .7 89D [$ % % -% = ,1. 7$%2 89- /: V J ) * ]%M 7$- h + '- •-/J) ) 9 # 9! N" + 7S%Sg ,- ?i &" ( ) 89D %U h M /[+ 9D /L @ + 9D s/] G 9. t T 9 -1 /# ? + - h+ 9) " +9 D : A/ + 9 # )h M `B -j N" ,- .9 A/: / 8 B ]%M 7$- /%i E 9 /# ? ]%M 7$- E 9 + 9 # )h M 4 8 /: . 1 yZ ) : /# + # 9%2 ) t ]# " #9 ) +7 ,- # @4[ 2 2 '- .9 D /# + '- _%# G ) j QH% : t 1 '- " # ) 1" ! # '-Y 2 + ? $% - ? $% + '- :Ecosystem -1 # + 7A/: /V ( D @ D 89 /! " t 1 ,- " # + - 89 QH% : / - %g %:) '- " # J) 1 + 9 - 1 1" 89" # 9g '- " # 8 # :9 J) („ ) - # -) (%M %W ) + O | H = /: # 8 D ? $% + .9D # '-Y 2 + 9g '- 89%o%U - U 9g 8 D /# h 1J 8Y ,- 89D F Q B .9 D # $- NA " 1. /- @/# A /# ?+ g 89 7- 9M , A/: /V 9# 89D •-/J) (%M / -9W- # = J) ) %g/%i ) %g /! " # / - t 9 ) ? $% + Q / %$# /V . W# S] = # 'b + - ‹ H# ~ @ j = /: = ~ @ /# + 8 # '% % / - Q &" ? $% Q &" ,% 7%1+ g 7M) ( ? $% A ) ( ) ? $% + ) 9S 8 / - @/# /V .9D # 9 /%i ( )/ H QH% : 8Y . /-RU Q . QH% : WJ Æ’ U 9 /%i = 89D Z% /# 1J2 {W" .7A/: / 8 B 1935 4 # &$ ) ) = $%& 7$-Y 2 + 89D / /> # ,%2 /# ? $% + # : ;' #< & : )' 178 ,%" /%: / 8 B *;T A `A @ + - 9-9.) # Y/ @ + '- h + '- " # 22 .) -= ,- /# # . W# H% 7B 4 S /# 9 ) 4g a /: = 9- # ]%M 7$- - D ? $% r /# 89D 9# SL h M : /# + # r Q t 4 M 9 # S L ? $% '- 9D 8 D G; + : 1 9+ yZ h+P 1 + : 1 .7 A/: / 8 B &&12 ,%# .) 8 / $: L # + 7 N" + P 1 - D ? $% +7 ,- &C$ 9- /: /+j Q A . ? _D ) 9 / 8 B 9%2 ) 9 # S L /# .) +/1: ( ) = / {k .) A/J) = V # 1 _D P 1 - D 9+ # 9%2 ) 1) .) + 7 = /) =| % v] 8w- # /: = H. !@ h M ) D |;) +,- # $- S /: = 1 .9 $ ? _D _%# $W- /%i 9+ + )h M : )' $I N>' 0 H +W T 6" - 0 H ]%M 7$- h+ .) = /# m /W- * Z /%U Q # h+ .) = # + A/ %U +. # /+ R 9% 7$#,# # 891" &%2 7$- h+ /%U /+ R /# 7 / A /W- " 9 $ 9 1 ;" ]%M 7$- = J- 9 8 / |/-RU 9D Q . 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D * $M 9% -9 7 | J- I] @ D %2 J2 ] ?&" H% Q 8 .9 + - .% E9 # 9% yZD m%)/) ?V # + 7 | . /: * $M 8 %D ,- IA ) ) /# 9 ,%%J) 2 9-/@ IA ) : The Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) -2 /+ R # ? t T ,- .9D # 2 9-/@ t T /# H+/1) # .) 9 b 1%U '- IA ) ,- .9 = / &g/ # 1996 - Y 4 9D s/] 1994 4 O: 7 .) N" D %1+ ,- . /: / V 2 9-/@ %1+ ( ) + 7 4 ! r /# IA ) ,- .9 @/# ) 9 J) q Sg IA ) r /# ,- /# # 8 # IA ) ,- N" + 8 B N" 9@ h + /- @j `# `A 7 +8 # •%J ) Q9" E BD = .9D # 89D•-/J) 4 ! / /# 8w- ,% D IA ) ,- , . /%: / # : ;' #< & : )' 184 + - N" =m # +) IA ) :9 + N /# (SA .) `A J ) # 9D # 1 .(9 D N" = 9 ) 9 $ ?%& # : h M .) 9! ,-/ 1+ h+ /%U /)8 / $: /+ R 8 B # 9 ) " 1. ,- / 7- 9M {k A/J) `-/ ERg E9 # / : H# " 1. /- ]%M 7$- .9 O A/J)/%i : !5 W(<( H' SX : )' $I ( T: $ L, )' ";L Y 2 W) IA ) " # + ";L Y 2 W) 9%2 ) .) - / u 2 IA ) 9 # . 9D 9SJ 1996 4 U - / { /B + D @ D H% N" %2 + D) 9D N ";L Y 2 W) IA ) N" ,) 29 ( ) 7$- # :9 +7+/D /- 9 % / # &! A;# IA ) ,- .(3 N" '- " # - M) ,- .) 9! 90 9g _%# @ |/-RU 1997 4 - =4 ) A # 9= / # IA ) 9 9D .J2 */T # :9 + N .9 - 1 Q;" h M #) A/J) x/ _ + /# Q Q A {k 1997 h 4 ) A/J) _ + # Q H2 4 ) +/1: A/J) + ERg Q . / (1999 - Y4 1998 - Y 4 ) m%)/) / +7 = 89 / ,- .7 .) /+ R ? 4 ! W- " '- 9 J)" -1 . /%: / IA ) : 9 ]# 9 ) 1 8 # '%WB) # /%i &+ " 1. '- Z# /+ R /%U IA ) . D IA ) H%b 1 /%U W = / /%: 1 / IA ) /B ]# H%b / - " # .) " 9 b" IA ) V /%i 1%U .) /%U IA ) 8 /1 # 2 9-/@ ~ @ :9 +IA ) Wb + 8 /: # ) .) N" Q 1) # J- 9 %W ) .9# - /- { /B + .9D H:/# U 1996 4 + .) /- { /B + ,%2 -2 " /- { /B + % @ . /%: /# N" 1 :9 - 1 7 .) ,+ ,-/)h # SA ) % /%:?%1 ) ,- Q h 9 j Z) /+ + , @ ISM : 7 %W ) #'- 4 / 9g /- { /B + $& . N" '-/ 7 @ ! 9b .) ,- .9D %W ) U 1996 4 / # ,%2 /# .) /- { /B + . D '-HW W + 2003 /] g 2001 W-/ = ) % 1999 Y 1998 4 ,% o1 { /B + .9D H:/# P +P 2005 - 12= $ /A 9 ; A F 1 '-w&# _-/) + D U - M) %2 N" EU-15 -3 . % -/# 9O % k 4 0)/U 9 & ‹ H+ 2 %2 - 9 2/- 185 - - "C( 0", A ,- - U Æ’- ) J ) 4 g + /[+ /# .19- /: ,%%J) 2000 4 - Y4 |/-RU g / +/1: S] + 70 _%# /T g 4 g .9- /: ,%%J) 2005 4 ) + ";L Y 2 W) IA ) N" 43) 9 R: / 7 U ";L Y 2 W) IA ) % .) 9! 97 IA ) ,- N" .( N" '- " # U - M) .29 8 ~ @ @ # ";L Y 2 W) 9%2 ) /# % %# ,- b/: .9D # A/J) `] /# H% W ! ";L Y 2 W) IA ) . 9 = #7$ 9 J) :…% 7 89D % ) A/J)/%i 7- 9M / # :9 - 1 7SA ";L Y 2 W) IA ) -U ! # 7$- # :9 +7+/D Q 1) Å’ /%: / _D U 7M) 9- # % %# 89D " 9%2 ) 1) -1 Å’9 + 9%U _ + /B! # 9- # 9%2 ) 1) A/J) -2 Å’9 /# /B! # 9- # -H A/J) /- -3 '- 9 7$%2 ,- 9%2 ) 9D D /# - [ :…% + 2g H2 +,- ) # W .7 /-RU W ? /# A- J ) -/ 8 `A J ) # 9D # 2 & +4 9O r /# ";L Y 2 W) IA ) 89D9 J) 3 . .) N" 1) /# 4 " ( " o(N JU : L, (FA : !5 W(<( H' B (' L # + ?%& # : h+ /%U SA ) # # % W .$ V # F 9D # #% # ]%M 7$- h+ /%U /)8 / $: /+ R $M - D 7%1 7$- (%M p -/D # /> % " Vg; Y 2 W) .) = %&1" /# v%M! " " q Sg / - " # .7 @/# .7D 8 /1 # ";L Y 2 W) IA ) Q . / ";L .9D # / # /- 7- L #/ Q Wg 9S . .) ";L Y 2 W) IA ) -1 http://www.wto.org/English/tratop_e/inftec_e/inftec_e.htm. 2007 r 26 G/IT/1/Rev.39 .) @/%# -2 :7 r/ /- 7- L #/ Q Wg 9S . .) IA ) -3 http://www.wto.org/English/tratop_e/inftec_e/inftec_e.htm 4- “Atmosphericsâ€? Right # : ;' #< & : )' 186 F 4 .7D 9%&+ +A " " q Sg # # % /%$ /V ";L Y 2 W) `- ! 9D 4 g 7%1 /%U + - + 1) % ?A - - / 9D @ ?%S $ R: - / # Y 2 W) K- /) = Q 9Z | 9D # F Q .9 # / ";L Y 2 W) .) `-/ 9D ! 8 / $: `A 9%2 ) 9 -=/A ? - ] " # ";L Y 2 W) 9%2 ) 89 +9%2 ) + 9%&+ N" % IA ) Q 1N # +A ,- . = !g 1 ,- ";L Y 2 W) 9%2 ) A/J) 9# .) `A ~ @ ";L Y 2 W) . # R:/> % 8 9 b + 9D # ";L Y 2 W) IA ) % + ) /+ R Q . 4 g/ # H% ";L Y 2 W) IA ) /# 8/+ R ]%M 7$- h+ /%U /+ R 9 1 . E J ,%J h+ /# •& Z + .$ h M _D U B) W- ( ]%M 7$- h+ 9 1 ) ";L Y 2 W) _Z# . # A/-RU /%> ) %2 8 /%:? b 9 b J ) 4g + 9J) 9%2 ) = + # - _Z# .9 # 8 /+ ,%%J) A/J) `] /# _Z# ,- - 7- 2 J! + # /+ R Q . b P +P - ) 8/+ 1 D + @/# -% = W1 ,1. A/ %U / 1+ + ( ) + 9 1 yZ : 2 . /%: / |/-RU % % / # - :Æ’ U /# + DU |/ $: 7 A 4 1" ] # / %# E ]J U - M) W-/ = 89M h- J )4g + / /# /# + ,- b/: 9 @ A/J) `] 9 -=/A / 9%2 ) _D U % 8w- 9 % - 7- 9M m% 89 +9%2 ) + ,%# +9 1 %# U - M) W-/ = ,%# h M _D U # ( )/ % | .7D QH% W . # /+ R 7A/ %U 7 / - /T " U -/ { /B + 9g ) 7 ,W1 8 /V 9-9.) /# ";L Y 2 W) IA ) 1 -tariff-free trade 2- APEC 187 - - "C( 0", # yZ h + @/# %2 7% /M % + %$# % 9% . A/ W% / W2 h + [ 9 Z# # J )4g + /# /) h L - / 8 /V /-RUE ]J = {U 90 /T = # # -7 V # / %# N" $1 9 Z# " .9- /: 9 J) ";L Y 2 W) h M .) _D U 9! : !5 W(<( H' B (' P 0S< A 9 %2 # + ) .) {% ) ";L Y 2 W) IA ) " # 891" J ) 4g A- J ) + /# h # A/J) = ) # IA ) h 7$ ,%1 7 # /%@ /Z . D * $M ‹ H# %SA 1 + /+ /L @ h 4W U .) 7 + /-9 ";L Y 2 W) # A - _- HA /# /# _%# 1997 4 ";L Y 2 W) IA ) 9%2 ) ! .27 8 # 9! 5/8 = h 9D ( 7 89% 2005 4 h %&% 1450 1 r +7 - _2 b # ";L Y 2 W) IA ) / 4g/ # -/ % %# . 8 /1 # 89 -= 1%& Y 2 W) IA ) / s/L # ]# _D U /V 9-9.) %# # V # 4 / ";L Y 2 W) IA ) /# /# + 3 .7 89 A T = # 9-9 4 M …% + ) 1996 4 D %) h M %U 7$%2 # 9D A T 7 + @/# ( ) / %# h M + = ?i &" .7 7$#,# # b? %# # 9 -=/A 9 D !(#) ( T + 8 K ? "U $ 0G E € $ 0* [ 7$ .) :9 +8/+ R _%U _2 b K- #- + : 1 IA ) '- .- 9- /: %# G M-/! ";L Y 2 W) IA ) /+ R g/ D %#/.) 1- Pascal Lamy 2- WTO 2007 .WT/MIN (96)/16 ";L Y 2 W) h M -/ 1J2 .) -3 # : ;' #< & : )' 188 DR: #- 4 g/ #. #9 Z = + ?%& # : Y 2 W) /# # /# Q h ( ";L ) p/D_%U D9 ) + 9D ! g 9 1D W r .9D # 89 -= 7 ,- SA ) t / g /L :7 89D %# !;@ L # ,- /B /# + Q B ?%& # : Y 2 W) h+ .) = - D /# .) = %U 7 ,W1 b/: .9D # @/# ) # 7%1 : /V # S] 1%& /%%0) _ + # A/! # /S /L Z# h + ,- t / /# /# / %# = /> [ - / %2 # /W- ,- 7 ,W1 ` 9 /# &% # . 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D 8 B t ) 9%2 ) H% /V 9D # %) 9-/@ # g # +7 J% L E %2 W- 9 ? %+/) ) ,% %2 ( %: E %2 ? %+/) ) H2 & G 9 • + E %2 . / + 9J# b U E %2 '- 8 9 ) + 7 H2 & - # b E %2 '- 9 • + ,- /# # .7 A - m%+/) ( # b E %2 . 4 L / 4 ) 1 9D # 8 ) Q/+ # - 9%B E %2 ,- P .7 # b E %2 '- 8 9 ) = +7 %: (Agave sisalana) 7 E /J /@| : - := 8 %: # /- + 4 $% 8 %: : Sisal -2 . /%: / 8 B % 1$- Æ’ 7@ G 1" +9-= 7 # # ?WM E %2 3- TN/MA/W/40 4- PPM criteria 5- TN/TE/W/69 # : ;' #< & : )' 194 C' ` 0" ? 7 D = - D + A/J)/%i 7- 9M ]%M 7$- h + 9 # A/J) )h M % h + ,- @/# . # 9 @ /) = 9 $ 9D 4 g G 1O 8 # 1 7A - p/ '1+ # ,%# ) 9%D @ Y/ # p #/ ? $% [ 2 + + /: @/# /V `A 9" $ ]- /D ! .98 1 ,- 9- 1 8 B 89 + ! + 9@ - h + 9-/@ /# - 9 8 89 +7A - ,- . /-RU ! 39 E9 " - 9S /%i _ Z# A/J) 02 I-/L m&i 1" A/J) 7- 2 ) 9%2 ) + $+ J- :9 + ! `B # 7# (- /D 8 %D A/J) 4 7%J /: + /L @ 4'%&#,% .9 /%%0) 7 @/# %2 # 89D .- /%%0) . 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A ? - 2 (Uk) 9%2 ) 7# > " (Ut) h 7# > " ((Uj) 4 . $# = .) 4 1J IA ) K- 4 U ( / ) F/ / /# . /%%0 ct2 ct1) . /%0 9-= / # + '- ,#/+ %2 + 2 # ) # 4 89 + ! + +7 (SA 4 .9 D A/: /V (ct3 4 89 + + +7 ) Q Å’7 8 /+ `T ,#/+ %2 /V 89 + + / +7 Q 9D # D ,#/+ %2 /V ,#/+ %2 /%0 ,- m-/T .9D # D ,#/+ %2 /V 4 89 + ! - 89 + ! + '- …% + s/L # 7 $ ! /%%0) 9 '- + 2 # $# M ,%1 # . /%: %@ 9 9 ,#/+ %2 89 + 1- standard gravity equation 2- Feenstra 2003 3- GDPs 4- FTAs # : ;' #< & : )' 244 9D # D9 9 :,- + 9-= / # + '- Y/ - + .- s/L # 7 $ ! /# R:/> /# (ees3 ees2 ees1) /%0 m-/T .9 /: .7 89D 8 C3 B3 A3 4 9 /# ,- ! g K- A3 - 4 9 d' e , #' # : ;' : k': b < Ia + &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) # 7 $ ! ? - 2 : $# /%0 4 3 2 1 *** *** *** -1/386 -1/386 -1/386 -1/387*** &! A ? - 2 (0/018) (0/018) (0/018) (0/018) (km) *** *** *** *** 0/963 0/963 0/963 0/961 / " /%%0 (0/051) (0/051) (0/050) (0/051) F/ 0/174*** 0/174*** 0/173*** 0/171*** 4U " /%%0 (0/036) (0/036) (0/037) (0/036) F/ 0/409*** 0/409*** 0/412*** 0/408*** " /%%0 (0/069) (0,069) (0/069) (0/069) = .) IA ) -0/051 0/029 0/034 Ct1 (0/034) (0/033) (0/033) -0/016 -0/043* -0/040* Ct2 (0/023) (0/024) (0/024) -0/071 -/0170 -0/013 Ct3 (0/048) (0/045) (0/045) 245 [\ #] -0/075** -0/102*** -0/105*** Ees1 (0/038) (0/036) (0/036) -0/062* -0/093*** -0/090*** Ees2 (0/035) (0/033) (0/033) -0/027 -0/100*** -0/099*** Ees3 (0/037) (0/036) (0/036) 0/462*** 8 7J ! (0/022) ct1 E/ /U *** -0/151 8 7J ! (0/034) ct2 E/ /U *** 0/317 8 7J ! (0/036) ct3 E/ /U *** -0/154 /@ 7J ! (0/044) ees1 E/ /U *** -0/172 /@ 7J ! (0/049) ees2 E/ /U -0/402*** /@ 7J ! (0/041) ees3 E/ /U -28/007*** -27/961*** -27/963*** -28/044*** 7# > (0/215) (0/216) (0/217) (0/217) + 7# > /> &# &# &# &# 89 + ! + 7# > /> &# &# &# &# 89 + _Z# 7# > /> &# &# &# &# 7J ! &# &# &# &# h 7# > /> 307/957 307/957 307/957 307/957 1 8 9 y%Z ) m-/T 0/6103 0/6103 0/6103 0/6103 1 2 (R ) 9 b - '- ? H% %# /# 7 @ D % /: ng -1 :,%% ) - y%Z ) m-/T R-Squarea -1 + J#/ t 1. ( 9! ) Z# -2 .( $# ) `# ) /%%0 '- /%%0) % ) S $ - A ) /%%0 $ 1 m-/T R. -3 . D % ) % /: M - (@ # + (SST) # : ;' #< & : )' 246 9! 1 9! 5 9! 10 s ] m%)/) # = # J *** ** * : W .7 89- /: =`1 h L #z + ( ) H /U @ 9 ]@ .9 Q 1) J! 9# SL &&12 ,%# 9 1 9+ # 9%2 ) `- ! 1) ,%# 1 1 .9- /: =`1 7%2 JA B3 - 4 9 G W j M e , # : ;' : k': 0b < I a + &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) # p ) ! ? - 2 : $# /%%0 ( 5) ( 4) ( 3) ( 2) ( 1) 7J ! 372 371 369 351 341 -1/737*** -1/891*** -1/514*** -1/416*** -1/911*** (km) &! A ? - 2 (0/043) (0/032) (0/026) (0/028) (0/034) 1/065*** 0/555*** 0/054*** 0/0773*** 0/490*** F/ / " /%%0 (0,095) (0/065) (0/073) (0/068) (0/065) 0/262*** 0/240*** -0/046 0/075 0/180*** F/ 4U " /%%0 (0/076) (0/067) (0/050) (0/048) (0/052) -0/330*** -0/018 0/302*** -0/025 0/217* = .) IA ) " /%%0 (0/160) (0/158) (0/104) (0/113) (0/114) 0/041 0/148** -0/174*** 0/033 0/122*** Ct1 (0/062) (0/058) (0/049) (0/039) (0/055) 0/081 0/004 0/060 0/017 0/026 Ct2 (0/060) (0/049) (0/047) (0/044) (0/042) 0/049*** 0/025 0/041 -0/057 -0/449 Ct3 (0/094) (0/078) (0/071) (0/063) (0/068) -0/111 0/071 -0/224*** 0/109** 0/055 Ees1 (0/090) (0/065) (0/061) (0/047) (0/085) -0/107 -0/075 -0/129** -0/034 0/020 Ees2 (0/094) (0/067) (0/063) (0/045) (0/080) 1- ISIC 247 [\ #] 0/042 -0/022 -0/177** 0/150*** 0/011 Ees3 (0/097) (0/072) (0/063) (0/055) (0/085) -19/371*** -19/726*** -24/426*** -23/517*** -19/855*** 7# > (0/473) (0/372) (0/321) (0/322) (0/410) &# &# &# &# &# 89 + ! + 7# > /> &# &# &# &# &# 89 + + 7# > /> &# &# &# &# &# h 7# > /> 10525 10979 10635 11383 10918 1 8 9 2 0/6179 0/7085 0/7221 0/7265 0/7666 (R ) y%Z ) m-/T 9! 1 9! 5 9! 10 s ] m%)/) # = # J *** ** * : W .7 89- /: =`1 h L #z + ( ) H /U @ 9 ]@ .9 C3 - 4 9 'G 0 j 0 e , # : ;' : k': b < Ia + &@ y2 @ 9%2 ) # ]# ! ? - 2 : $# /%%0 ( 5) ( 4) ( 3) ( 2) ( 1) 7J ! 372 371 369 351 341 *** *** *** *** -0/937 -1/313 -1/171 -1/112 -1/389*** &! A ? - 2 (0/020) (0/029) (0/024) (0/021) (0/022) (km) *** *** *** *** *** 0/947 0/646 0/502 0/630 0/883 / " /%%0 (0/064) (0/068) (0/058) (0/055) (0/049) F/ * -0/032 -0/091 -0/066 -0/076 -0/041 4U " /%%0 (0/051) (0/053) (0/050) (0/053) (0/048) F/ *** *** *** *** *** 0/345 1/482 1/537 0/628 0/747 IA ) " /%%0 (0/102) (0/126) (0/117) (0/081) (0/080) = .) 0/040 -0/118 *** 0/066 -0/112 *** 0/003 Ct1 (0/040) (0/054) (0/043) (0/040) (0/044) 0/159 *** -0/016 -0/077 * 0/014 -0/013 Ct2 (0/044) (0/054) (0/040) (0/035) (0/036) # : ;' #< & : )' 248 -0/258*** -0/439*** -0/464*** -0/369*** -0/273*** Ct3 (0/061) (0/082) (0/066) (0/061) (0/060) -0,015 -0,251 *** 0,027 -0,050 -0,307*** Ees1 (0,058) (0,072) (0,048) (0,046) (0,054) 0/041 -0/137 ** -0/018 -0/054 -0/082* Ees2 (0/056) (0/067) (0/045) (0/042) (0/050) 0/036 -0/242 *** 0/039 0/005 -0/214*** Ees3 (0/060) (0/068) (0/053) (0/047) (0/057) *** *** *** *** -27/934 -24/286 -25/925 -25/087 -24/224*** 7# > (0/234) (0/373) (0/291) (0/55) (0/266) &# &# &# &# &# + 7# > /> 89 + ! &# &# &# &# &# + 7# > /> 89 + &# &# &# &# &# h 7# > /> 11451 11272 11602 11742 11568 1 8 9 2 0/7412 0/6307 0/746 0/7663 0/7667 (R ) y%Z ) m-/T 9! 1 9! 5 9! 10 s ] m%)/) # = # J *** ** * : W .7 89- /: =`1 h L #z + ( ) H /U @ 9 ]@ .9 249 [\ #] 4! W 0 & 0: < +Æ’ C ,: k `- ! (341 9+) Ri + 9%2 ) Ri + : 9 ) "/V h # Y/ E/ # `- ! .(372) =/%i H&A `- ! (371) h A , = (369) H&A /%i 9%2 ) (351) - %1%D ,%" .9 /-Rk# B /%> ) ,#/+ %2 V G 1" + 9 $ J- ! +R /# - 7%A J - /> 9%$# B /> ,- 1 [@ /# 72 m&i 4 g ,- /# ,#/+ %2 /> ,%%J) 7 ,W1 H% ,- /# # .9 /%: /V `- ! ,- .9D ,W1 `- ! `- ! ,#/+ %2 +9 9D !;@ A4 4 9 + : 1 K- /# .9 / /%> ) 7M) (369) H&A/%i 9%2 ) `- ! (341) Ri + 9%2 ) Ri + `T %2 89 + ! + (SA + ( 1% `- ! [ ) H&A/%i 9J `- ! 89 + ! + / + b/: /%: / B /%> ) 7M) .) 7# 9 -1 m&] ,- 89 + %# / ,- . /: 1 89 /%> ) ,% b 9 - 1 `T %2 89 + # '- ]%M 7$- &@ 9 1% `- ! [ H&A/%i `- ! +7 ?%V ) 7 72 9J) ( ) 4h9 ,- .9 m% = + ! - + A/: W# ,#/+ %2 B /> / V # `- ! ,- /# ?%S $ 9%$# . D # : ;' #< & : )' 250 %2 89 + ! + /: ` Ri + 9%2 ) Ri + `- ! /# / - " # 7 ,W1 72 +9 tT ,- .9# - # .) 7# 9 - 1 `T J )m / ,- + 9 /% # /V `- ! ,- /# (Q h 9g _%#) -h # 9%$# - %2 89 + 89 + ! + / +,- ) # W . D ! + / - 7J ! . D Ri + .) _ + m / ,- 9 - 1 `T ,#/+ _Z# /# (SA + 2 7 (371) h A , = `- ! / # 2 9%$# 7 ,W1 .9# - _- HA .) 9- 1 `T %2 89 + ! + A4 - 4 9 (G W j M e ,) : ," W 0 & : < k Y/ - + 9 ,#/+ %2 ( + ( ) 89D `T ) ( + ( ) 89D `T ) 7J ! ! ! ! ! # %$# ) # 9%2 ) Ri + ) (+) (341) Ri + (-) # %$# ) # - %1%D `- ! ) (+) (351) (+) # %$# # %$# ) # ) # %$# /%i 9J 9%2 ) ) ) (-) (-) (369) H&A (-) (-) ) # hA ,= (+) (371) = /%i 72H&A (372) .9D # .) _- HA 89 (+) .) _ + 89 (-) : W 251 [\ #] B4 - 4 9 s ( e ,) : ," W & : < k' ( W 'G 0 Y/ - + 9 ,#/+ %2 ( + ( ) 89D `T ) ( + ( ) 89D `T ) 7J ! ! ! ! ! # %$# /%> ) # %$# # %$# H&A 9%2 ) ) ,%# %# ) ) (381) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) # %$# h=,%D ) # %$# ) (382) ( -) ( -) # %$# /%> ) h=,%D ) ,%# %# (383) W-/ W2 ( -) ( -) # %$# # %$# # %$# 1g H% .) ) # ) # ) ) ) (384) S ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) ( -) # %$# # %$# 1&" H% .) ) ) (385) ( -) ( -) .9D # .) _- HA 89 (+) .) _ + 89 (-) : W + /%: ! J- ! /# 8w- ) H+/1) + D 9-9U B G; + .% `- ! ,- ,-/)891" .9 89D A/: /V /)h # - + 9 /# = /@ 9%2 ) W-/ W2 h=,%D (382) h=,%D (381 ISIC 9+) H&A 9%2 ) `- ! 9) " 7 = V W- . - .(385) 1&" H% .) (384) S 1g H% .) (383) 9+ 9%- ) 89 = 7 # K- .9D # D B /> .) /# Y/ - + 9 + # : ;' #< & : )' 252 ,- 9 A/-RU B /%> ) Y/ - + 9 Q h (- /D `- ! ,- @/# ) + ) # (384) S 1g H% .) (381) H&A 9%2 ) `- ! 8w- # /%> ) 89D `T 89 + ! +( ) 9 ,- + 7$% ? `- ! ,- .7 8 # 9! 30 ) 20 .) H% !/ = / - 89 + + - 9D # .7 D _ + /%> ) H% ,#/+ %2 `- ! ,- + 7 ,- B4 4 9 A - ,-/)m2 9- D 9! 40 H% # W-/ W2 `- ! [ @/# 9b .) .9 A/-RU B @/# 2 9%$# - 7%A J Gh 1J + J- ! 9 /V # .7 A- _ + Gh 1 g ,% b? .9 - 1 1M) ,#/+ %2 ( B ) /> D 9! 9 $% %2 89 + 89 + ! + / + %J 9 9 ,#/+ %2 + - + .9 = 7 # - 9-1 `T 253 [\ #] 5! )' " \b $( $ / 1 - .- .) OH 9 49 89D % D 9%&+ /> W- 71% _ + .% i h+ /# j + T S) _- HA J- 7 .) I&@ /W- 7 A/J) # I 4 M + 2g .9 89D ERg - A- _ + A/J) + /- ]# (dM/Mij) ! 9! /%%0) + ‚/A ,- # 8 /1 /: i= OH 4 J) : D !g DMij/Mij= ed * (dPij/Pij) (1) 71% 9! /%%0) (dPij/Pij) i h + /# T S) t .) 7%&# ed . - '- ‚/A ,% b? 4 2 J (- /D W .9D # A/J) `] .% 4 M /- ]# (TCij) .) .- ?%S $ =/# W (es) T/" /B!/%i " .) 7%&# : ? /A Tcij = Mij * ed / ((1+ti)(1-ed/es)) (2) Laird and Yeats 1990 # Dt %OH := /# -1 # : ;' #< & : )' 254 .7 %2 A/J) t A/J) `] %2 v] /: %# Mij . - A/J) D 71% 9! /%%0) + 7 = Q 4 4 /A ,%# 89 +,%%J) p ) .(dt/((1+ti)(1-ed/es)))) " # 7 /# /# T/A L # (dPij/Pij) /- ! #Q 2 J D ‚/A T/" 9M " .) 7%&# '- b b /: : D -9 ) Tcij = Mij * ed * dt / (1+ti) (3) '- %2 #/ - ` #` '- h + •- J) /# :9 + - 1) =/# /# : 1 M /- 4 /A ) .) _- /: E /M $ 71% /%%0) Tdij = Tcij (Mij / Vij) (4) v /%i + ? - j B x/ (Mij / Vij) q A 4 /A .7 4 M &@ E/ 89 +7A - 255 [\ #] 6! C' f | [ 7$ JX 0 W(<( H' I T 0( I [ 0( $ (u! (u! d ( I M 0 H#0 0 H#0 $ C (' C (' M [U /(M? g &F &F &F &F r 0 #0 | f | f (HS) C' C' C' C' $ $ F ‘ ‘ ‘-h ? $‘% ‘- ‘ ‘U '‘- 1 ? /A /# ,&%) &U '% ;U 5 15 13 30 392010 ,‘A 7- /# B # /%i r ‘‘ % /- ‘‘: ‘‘ 8 $‘‘- ‘‘2 # 89‘ -h= ‘ j ‘B 8/‘%i 8 -h U F @ 7- S) /# ‘- 89Dv%S&)/%i b U 8 @ A # /%i : ‘-h ‘- _D U _+ = /%i 4 16 14 33 560314 /‘# Q/: 150 _%# #: " E %2 *;T A 1 / &%A /# `#/ / # : ;' #< & : )' 256 A ‘# (F b U) F -h 4 17 13 34 # ‘ h M _+ ' ) /% g 701931 A #/%i 3 16 10 28 # ,%# ) /# ' + -U 730820 /‘ 8 ‘ t ‘ /‘ /# E /u t 4 17 12 32 ‘D `- ‘ 9 2 # /# WD 730900 F /]@ - / D 2# ‘‘Z# q ‘‘ 9%‘‘D @ ‘‘ 8 ‘‘+ ‘ 8 ‘+ ‘# " ‘ ‘D) HUF @ ( H‘+/ /g ? $% /# W1+ 5 15 18 36 ‘ MB‘! H‘UF ‘@ • /b %W%# # 732111 ‘ ‘‘&@ ‘ H‘ ‘‘% .) /- ‘ ‘‘ - ‘ ‘‘ /: ‘ = ‘ # I‘ &J ‘ J] ‘ W-/ W2 /%i % -, = ‘D) ‘ HUF ‘@ Z# q 8 + /‘‘# ‘‘W1+ ‘‘ 8 ‘‘+ ‘‘# " ‘‘ %W%# ‘# ( H‘+/ /‘g ‘ ? $‘% 4 15 14 36 - ‘ /: ‘ MB‘! H‘UF ‘@ • /b 732190 ‘W-/ W2 /‘%i ‘&@ H‘% .) /- ‘J] ‘- ,‘ = = ‘# I&J J] % - ‘‘ A/‘‘! ~ ‘‘Z ‘‘ | 4 17 19 28 732490 *= E/ ‘ ‘ /- ‘ 8/‘ 1@ '‘ ) ?% % ‘ 2= ‘ Z ‘ ' )) t / /# # Z 4 16 11 31 761100 ‘ 89‘ +?N /# HZ - ~ Z (r %# /%Z ) /# /‘ ‘# ‘ t ‘ /‘ ~ Z E /u 4 14 13 31 ‘D 9‘ - `- 2 # /# WD 761290 /N - / D 2# /‘# 8w- 72 g /%i Z# 92 P- 4 15 5 24 840219 %+/) - .+ / P‘- J] h # /g Z# P- 4 15 5 21 840290 92 Z# *= Z# P- /# W1+ H% .) 3 15 5 25 840410 H+/ 257 [\ #] ‘Z# ‘ P‘- W1+ H% .) J] 3 16 4 25 840490 Z# /% 9g Z# 1 $ 9 + 9‘# ‘- 8 /‘1 : #= 92 )/Y 2 13 5 24 840510 89 +/% ]) ‘ ‘ 40 _%‘ # 8/‘ %i ‘ Z# ‘ ,%# ‘ ) 3 13 5 28 840681 41 / /# 8w- /%i ‘) # #= x/b '%2 9% ,%# ) 3 15 4 24 841011 &%+ 1000 /- ‘‘#= x/‘‘b '%2 9‘‘% ‘‘ ,%# ‘‘) 3 15 4 24 841090 )h : D J] 2 13 5 20 &%+ 5000 /- : ,%# ) 841181 2 13 5 20 &%+ 5000 h # : ,%# ) 841582 H‘% .) ‘1+ /) t ‘ 89 + ' @ t ‘ /‘# „ U ‘ ‘D 89‘ +91. 4 16 13 29 841581 l1U) _- / _- /: W% (r WJ ) /g H‘‘% .) ‘‘1+ /) ‘‘ 89‘‘ +'‘‘ @ 8w‘- ‘ „ U ‘ # m%+/) - / 4 17 7 21 841861 _- / W% t ,-9 b /# (r WJ ) /g l1U) _- /: H‘‘% .) ‘‘1+ /) ‘‘ 89‘‘ +'‘‘ @ 8w‘- ‘ „ U ‘ # m%+/) - / 4 16 7 21 841869 _- / W% t ,-9 b /# (r WJ ) /g l1U) _- /: 4 17 10 27 9%D @ Z# P- 841919 3 15 4 23 89 + %B ) - /%]S) 8 841940 ‘‘ /2/ + 2 9%‘‘D @ ‘‘ W&+ 3 15 5 24 841950 ) /g 49 9%D @ ? $% 8 '- 1 ?+ / /# + 7 9g - H# $ 9 + '- /g 4 S ? $% '- : condenser -1 U /: 9 - /A ,- . /%: ! / 8 B # 1" ,- G 1" W# `- A # : A 9 $ - /: 89 + 2 G 1" $ 9 + .9D 9 @ S 89 +' @ $ 9 + # 89D = 8 ( ) .9 D O •& Z 8 9 s/L + /g =`1 /# + 7 H# 9%D @ 89 + =`1 - W&+ '- : solar collector -2 .7 89D @ g /L 9%D @ # : ;' #< & : )' 258 ‘# ‘ 8 ‘- = - H% .) h= ,%D ‘ [ ‘ #) 8/‘ %i ‘ - ‘ W-/ W2 _- ‘ /: /# %&1" /# (8/%i = 8 + ‘[ /%%0) D 9 - /A ( ) 3 12 6 25 841989 ‘ /‘ ‘+ ‘ ‘D/# ‘ , ‘ ‘ZU /‘ ‘+Q/‘ ‘: ‘ /+ -/ /+ %B ) /+/%]S) ?+ /‘ /‘%Z ) /‘+ ' @ Z# /+ / - /+ ‘- ‘g / W‘DHU ‘ 89‘ + 4 J 2 12 6 24 841990 - = ‘ /- ‘ ‘ {W#/‘ ‘%: ‘ ‘ 89‘ ‘ x/‘ ‘b‘ ‘ 3 16 8 22 /‘# 8w‘- ‘#) 7"/‘ ‘ 89 /%%0) 848340 ( # ,%# ) 8w- #) &+ 1" B “;+ 3 15 9 23 848360 ( # ,%# ) /# 75 kVA /‘ 1+ * q/# )/Y 3 15 7 27 9‘%2 ) ‘. @ + Q ‘1) /‘# 8w‘- ‘#) ‘ ‘ ‘ 580161 (9-9.) # %$-/ W2 75 kVA ‘ ) * ‘ q/‘ # ‘ ) / Y ‘ 3 16 7 26 Q ‘1) /‘# 8w‘- #) 375 kVA / 1+ 850162 (9-9.) # %$-/ W2 9%2 ) . @ + 375 kVA ‘) * ‘ q/# )/Y 3 16 5 26 Q ‘1) /‘# 8w‘- #) 750 kVA / 1+ 850163 (9-9.) # %$-/ W2 9%2 ) . @ + kVA _%‘ # * ‘ q/‘ # ‘ ) / Y ‘ ‘ 3 16 5 28 9%2 ) . @ + Q 1) /# 8w- #) 750 850164 (9-9.) # %$-/ W2 ‘‘W-/ W2 ‘‘ ) / Y ‘‘ ‘‘" 1. 3 16 5 26 850231 # Y/ : /: 49 8 B ‘‘ ‘‘ 7@ ‘‘ ‘‘ 4 &‘‘ ( )/‘ ‘ 7@ ‘ Y 9‘% 7@ 3 16 18 25 %$-/ W2 -/ 9%2 ) /# [ 850680 ‘# - %1%‘D / W2 25 9‘ -=/A I-/L 7@ 259 [\ #] 1 5 16 16 24 9% -*/ )h %+ t /- 850720 Y/‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 4 &‘ ? $‘ % ‘ ‘ /2/ + 3 17 10 16 853710 9%D @ D # r $g 1% H# ‘ m‘ %+/) ‘ ‘ b 9%‘ D @ ‘ 4 &‘ ‘ 1 9 4 21 854140 : ‘ ‘ U 7@ ‘ b 1 9g 4 lh ‘ ‘ /‘ # 8w‘ - ‘ #) ‘ %D/%i ‘ ‘ -= 3 16 7 30 900190 ( 9%D @ 89 +H+/1 ? $% /‘‘# 8w‘‘- ‘‘#) ‘‘%D ‘‘ ‘‘ -= 3 18 12 29 900290 ( 9%D @ 89 +H+/1 ? $% 2 3 14 7 33 /) 903210 3 2 13 6 33 903220 %W ) I% '- B2 9% 7%2 / W2 */ / W2 = +8 " : lead-acid accumulator -1 .7 89D ? $% + : # ? $% '- ?%V ) /# 7 H# /) '- : Thermostat -2 r /) 7 89D I - 1&+ '- H# ,- Q . 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The World Economy 27 (3). ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Afforestation‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻛﺎري- اﺣﺪاث ﺟﻨﮕﻞ‬ ‫‪Agricultural good‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺎورزي‬ ‫‪Agricultural reform‬‬ ‫اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي‬ ‫‪AHTN (The ASEAN Harmonized Tariff‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎ در ﺑﻴﻦ اﻋﻀﺎي‬ ‫)‪Nomenclature‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق آﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪Air separation units‬‬ ‫واﺣﺪ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻫﻮا‬ ‫‪Air transfer‬‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻫﻮا‬ ‫‪Air-pollution-control equipments‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﻮا‬ ‫‪Aligning development‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ- ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﻫﻢﺗﺮاز‬ ‫‪Analytical Framework‬‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮﺑﻪي ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ- ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Annex I countries‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪاول ﭘﻴﻤﺎن ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ‬ ‫‪Anthracite‬‬ ‫ذï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ ﺧﺸﻚ- آﻧﺘﺮاﺳﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪APEC (the Asia Pacific Economic‬‬ ‫اﭘﻚ )ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي آﺳﻴﺎ واﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﻪ(‬ ‫)‪Community‬‬ ‫‪ASEAN (Association of South East Asian‬‬ ‫آﺳﻪآن )ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻠﺖﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮﻗﻲ آﺳﻴﺎ(‬ ‫)‪Nations‬‬ ‫‪Atmosphere‬‬ ‫اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‬ ‫)‪AVE (ad valorem equivalent‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ارزﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫272‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪Baltic states‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎل درﻳﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﻚ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻧﻲ، اﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ Ùˆ ﻟﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Base area‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ- ﻗﻠﻤﺮو ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪Bilateral trade agreements‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎت ﺗﺠﺎري ﭼﻨﺪﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬ ‫‪Bilateral trade flows‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺠﺎري ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬ ‫‪Biodiesel‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮدﻳﺰل-ﮔﺎزوﻳﻴﻞ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪Bioeconomic‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد زﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪Biofuels‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪Biogas‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﮔﺎز-ﮔﺎز زﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪Biomass‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺎس- زﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻮده‬ ‫‪Boilers‬‬ ‫دﻳﮓ ﺑﺨﺎر – ﺑﻮﻳﻠﺮ‬ ‫‪Border tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﻣﺮزي‬ ‫‪Briquette‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟïº? ﺧﺎﻛﻪي Ø°ï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ-ﺑﺮﻳﻜﺖ‬ ‫‪BTU‬‬ ‫واﺣﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ- ﺑﻲﺗﻲﻳﻮو‬ ‫‪BTU tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت واﺣﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪Buildings‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ Ùˆ ﺳﺎز‬ ‫‪Built-in mechanism‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ï»?ﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫‪Bundling Policies‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ Ùˆ ﺳﺎز‬ ‫‪By-product‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻓﺮﻋﻲ-ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ 273 ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ C Cap-and-trade program ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل Ùˆ ﺗﺠﺎرت‬ Capital cost ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‬ Capital investments ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ Carbon dioxide ‫دياﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬ Carbon Leakage (‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻛﺮﺑﻦ )ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ Carbon monoxide ‫ﻣﻮﻧﻮاﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬ Carbon restrictions ‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻴﺖ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ- ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬ Carbon Tax ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬ Carbon-intensive industries ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎﻻ- ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﺮﺑﻦﺑﺮ‬ CBDR (Common but differentiated ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك اﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ responsibilities) CCMPs (Common and Coordinated ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ Ùˆ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﺸﺘﺮك Ùˆ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ‬ Policies and Measures) CCS (carbon capture and storage) ‫ﺟﺬب Ùˆ ذﺧﻴﺮهﺳﺎزي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬ CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﭘﺎك‬ CEIF (clean energy investment ‫ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮﺑﻪي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺎك‬ framework) CERs (certified emission reductions) ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺠﺎز ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ CFL (compact fluorescent lamp) (‫ﻻﻣﭗ ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﻨﺖ ﻓﺸﺮده )ﻻﻣﭗ ﻛﻢﻣﺼﺮÙ?‬ CFTA (common free trade agreements) ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺗﺠﺎرت آزاد ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬ Charging tariffs ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪي ﺑﺎرﮔﻴﺮي‬ Chemical Industry ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ Chemical processes ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ CHP (Combined heat and power engine) ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ Ùˆ اﻧﺮژي- ﺳﻲاچﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ 274 Clean Coal Technology ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي Ø°ï»?ﺎل ﭘﺎك‬ Clean Energy ‫اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺎك‬ Climate Change ‫ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ Climate Change Mitigation ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ Climate Change Policies ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ Climate extremes ‫ﺣﻮادث اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ Climate regime ‫رژﻳﻢﻫﺎي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ Climate-Friendly Package ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ Climate-Friendly Technologies ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ Climate-sensitive sectors ‫ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﻪ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ CO2-equivalent ‫اﻛﻲواﻻﻧﺖ دي اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬ Coal ‫ذï»?ﺎل ﺳﻨﮓ‬ Coal combustion processes ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ Ø°ï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ‬ Coal Extraction Technology ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﻋﺼﺎرهﮔﻴﺮي از Ø°ï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ‬ Coal Preparation Technology ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي آﻣﺎدهﺳﺎزي Ø°ï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ‬ Coal-driven economies ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ Ø°ï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ‬ Coal-fired plants ‫ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎت Ø°ï»?ﺎلﺳﻮز‬ Coal-water mixture technology ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺗﺮﻛﻴïº? Ø°ï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ Ùˆ آب‬ Coastal shipping ‫ﻛﺸﺘﻲراﻧﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ‬ Combined-cycle power generation ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺮو‬ technologies Combined-cycle technology ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‬ Common border dummy variable ‫ﻣﺘï»?ﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺮز ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬ Common borders ‫ﻣﺮز ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬ 275 ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ Common currency ‫ﭘﻮل ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬ Complementary policies ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻤﻢ- ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ Conservation tillage ‫ﻛﺸﺖ Ùˆ ﻛﺎر ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ‬ Consumer ‫ﻣﺼﺮÙ? ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ Contracted household responsibility ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻗﺮاردادي ﺧﺎﻧﻮار‬ Control regimes ‫رژﻳﻢﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ‬ Controllers ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻨﺪه- ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﺮ‬ Correlation coefficient ‫ﺿﺮﻳïº? ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬ Cost-benefit evaluation ‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ Ùˆ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﻮد Ùˆ زﻳﺎد‬ Cost-effective policies ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺮون ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ Ùˆ ﺳﻮدآور‬ Cost-effective ‫ﺳﻮدآور- ﻣﻘﺮون ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ Coupling ‫اﺗﺼﺎل - ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ‬ Cropland ‫ﻛﺸﺖزار‬ CTE (the Committee on Trade and ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪي ﺗﺠﺎرت Ùˆ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ‬ Environment) Cultural affinity ‫ﻗﺮاﺑﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ – واﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬ Cumulative production ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻲ- ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ‬ Customs duty exemption ‫ﺑﺨﺸﻮدﮔﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪي ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ‬ D Deforestation ‫ﺟﻨﮕﻞ زداﻳﻲ-ﻗﻄﻊ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ‬ Demand ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬ Demand elasticity ‫ﻛﺸﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫672‬ ‫‪Demand side‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮÙ?دار ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ-ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻣﺤﻮر-ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﮔﺮا‬ ‫‪Dependent variable‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘï»?ﻴﻴﺮ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪Developed Countries‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪Developing Countries‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫‪Development community‬‬ ‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫‪Development Mechanism‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫‪Direct participants‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪Directed credit‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫)‪DNA (designated national authority‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه- ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮص‬ ‫)‪DOE (Department of Energy‬‬ ‫دﭘﺎرﺗﻤﺎن اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Doha Round of negotiations‬‬ ‫دور ﻣﺬاﻛﺮات دوﺣﻪ‬ ‫‪Domestic climate change policies‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪Domestic demand‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ- ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﺑﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪Domestic economic‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد داﺧﻠﻲ- اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪Domestic market‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار داﺧﻠﻲ- ﺑﺎزار ﺑﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪Domestic policies‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ – ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪Domestic tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت داﺧﻠﻲ- ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﺑﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪Domestication‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزي- اﻫﻠﻲ ﺳﺎزي‬ ‫‪Door-to-door extension‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫)‪DSM (demand-side management‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻣﺤﻮر‬ ‫‪DSMP (demand-side management‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻃﺮÙ? ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬ ‫)‪program‬‬ ‫‪Dual-use components‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دوﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪Dummy variables‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘï»?ﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﻲ- ﻣﺘï»?ﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺼﻨﻌﻲ‬ 277 ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ Duties ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ Dynamic-export interests ‫ﮔﺮاﻳﺸﺎت ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ- ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ E EC (European commission) ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮن اروﭘﺎ‬ ECCP (The European Climate Change ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ اروﭘﺎ‬ Programme) Eco-friendly system ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ دوﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬ Economic development ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ Economic growth ‫رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ Economic instruments ‫اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ Ecosystems ‫اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ EEA (European Energy Agency) ‫آژاﻧﺲ اﻧﺮژي اروﭘﺎ‬ EEC (European Economic Community) ‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اروﭘﺎ‬ EES (Energy Efficiency Standards) ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي‬ Efficiency standards ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ‬ Efficient lighting ‫ﻧﻮر ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ- اﻧﺮژي ﻧﻮراﻧﻲ ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ‬ EG (Environmental Goods) ‫ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ EGS (environmental goods and services) ‫ﻛﺎﻻ Ùˆ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ EIT (Economies in transition) ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد در ﺣﺎل ﺗﺤﻮل‬ Elasticity of import demand ‫ﻛﺸﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﺑﺨﺶ واردات‬ Electrical generators ‫ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮر اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ Electricity Generating Technology ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫872‬ ‫‪Electrolytic precipitators‬‬ ‫رﺳﻮبدﻫﻨﺪهي اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫)‪ELI (efficient lighting initiatives‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي ﻧﻮراﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Emission control technologies‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ ‫‪End-of- pipe technologies‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺗﺼﻮﻳﻪ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲﻫﺎ، ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪End-use‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮÙ? ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ- ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪End-use efficiency‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪End-user‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮÙ?ﻛﻨﻨﺪهي ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪End-user efficiency‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﻣﺼﺮÙ?ﻛﻨﻨﺪهي ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪Energy Efficiency‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Energy policies‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺶ اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Energy products‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﻧﺮژي- ﺣﺎﻣﻞﻫﺎي اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Energy Savings‬‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ اﻧﺮژي- ذﺧﻴﺮهﺳﺎزي اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Energy security‬‬ ‫اﻣﻨﻴﺖ اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Energy sources‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Energy supply‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪي اﻧﺮژي- ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Energy Use‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮÙ? اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Energy-Efficient Lighting‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي ﻧﻮراﻧﻲ ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ‬ ‫‪Energy-efficient technologies‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Energy-Intensive Industries‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎﻻ- ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪Energy-Intensive Products‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎﻻ- ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪Environment‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ- ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫‪Environment strategy‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ- راهﺑﺮد ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫972‬ ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ ‫‪Environmental Aspects‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ- ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫‪Environmental benefits‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫‪Environmental challenges‬‬ ‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫‪Environmental health‬‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪Environmental institutions‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫‪Environmental outcomes‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫‪Environmental provisions‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮرات زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ-ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲﻫﺎي‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫‪Environmental sustainability‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫‪Environmental tariffs‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫‪Environmentally sustainable technologies‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژيﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار‬ ‫)‪EPP (environmentally preferable product‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﺮﺗﺮ زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫)‪ES (Environmental Services‬‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫‪ESTs (environmentally sound‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژيﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫)‪technologies‬‬ ‫‪Ethanol‬‬ ‫اﺗﺎﻧﻮل‬ ‫‪ETPSM (Equilibrium Trade Policy‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪل ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزي ﻣﻮازﻧﻪي ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺠﺎري‬ ‫)‪Simulation Model‬‬ ‫)‪ETS (Emissions Trading Scheme‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮح ﺗﺠﺎرت اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ ‫)‪EU (European Union‬‬ ‫اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﻪي اروﭘﺎ‬ ‫‪EU ETS‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮح ﺗﺠﺎرت اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﻪي اروﭘﺎ‬ ‫‪EU Renewable Electricity Directive‬‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﺘﻪي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﻪي‬ ‫اروﭘﺎ‬ ‫51-‪EU‬‬ ‫اﻋﻀﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪي اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﻪي اروﭘﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﺗﺮﻳﺶ، ﺑﻠﮋﻳﻚ، داﻧﻤﺎرك، ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ، ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ، آﻟﻤﺎن،‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﺎن، اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ، اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ، ﻟﻮﻛﺰاﻣﺒﻮرگ، ﻫﻠﻨﺪ، ﭘﺮﺗï»?ﺎل،‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫082‬ ‫اﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ، ﺳﻮﺋﺪ Ùˆ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪EUETS (European Union Emission‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺎري اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ ‫)‪Trading System‬‬ ‫اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﻪي اروﭘﺎ‬ ‫‪Eurocents/kWh‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺖ اروﭘﺎ در ازاي ﻫﺮ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫‪European Environment Agency‬‬ ‫آژاﻧﺲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ اروﭘﺎ‬ ‫‪Eurostat (Statistical Office for the‬‬ ‫ادارهي آﻣﺎر اﻧﺠﻤﻦ اروﭘﺎ‬ ‫)‪European Communities‬‬ ‫‪Excise Tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺮÙ?‬ ‫‪Exemptions‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖ- ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪Explanatory variables‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘï»?ﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ- ﻣﺘï»?ﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ‬ ‫‪Export Competitiveness‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖﻫﺎي ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪Export Opportunities‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎي ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪Exporter fixed effects‬‬ ‫اﺛﺮات ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺻﺎدر ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫)‪FDI (foreign direct investment‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫‪Feedstock‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد اوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫)‪FGD (flue gas desulfurization‬‬ ‫ﮔﻮﮔﺮد زداﻳﻲ ﮔﺎز دودﻛﺶ‬ ‫‪Final goods‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ-ﻛﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺼﺮÙ? ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪Financial Incentives‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻮقﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﻲ- اﻧﮕﻴﺰهﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪First cost‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪي اوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪First-generation technologies‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژيﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﻞ اول‬ ‫‪Fiscal Measures‬‬ ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﻲ- ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Fiscal purposes‬‬ ‫اﻫﺪاÙ? ﻣﺎﻟﻲ- ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ 281 ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ Fisheries ‫ﺷﻴﻼت- ﻣﺎﻫﻲﮔﻴﺮي‬ Fishing fleet ‫ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲﮔﻴﺮي- ﻧﺎوﮔﺎن ﻣﺎﻫﻲﮔﻴﺮي‬ Flex-fuel engines ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪﺳﻮز‬ Flexibility mechanisms ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰمﻫﺎي اﻧﻌﻄﺎÙ?ﭘﺬﻳﺮ-ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰمﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮ‬ Flue gas ‫ﮔﺎز دودﻛﺶ‬ Fluidized-bed combustion technology ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي اﺣﺘﺮاق ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺎل‬ Fluorescent Lamps ‫ﻻﻣﭗ ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﻨﺖ‬ Food security ‫اﻣﻨﻴﺖ ï»?ﺬاﻳﻲ‬ Fossil fuels ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ‬ FTA (free trade agreement) ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺗﺠﺎرت آزاد‬ G Gas cleanup systems ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ ﮔﺎز- واﺣﺪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪي ﮔﺎز‬ Gas generators ‫ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮر ﮔﺎزي‬ Gas turbine ‫ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎزي‬ Gasifiers ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮاﺗﻮر‬ Gasoline ‫ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ‬ GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ Ùˆ ﺗﺠﺎرت‬ and Trade) GDP (gross domestic product) ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ داﺧﻠﻲ‬ GE (General Electric) (‫ژﻧﺮال اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ )ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ Gearbox ‫ﺟﻌﺒﻪ دﻧﺪه- ﮔﻴﺮﺑﻜﺲ‬ GEF (global environment facilities) ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫282‬ ‫‪Geographical location‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟï»?ﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪Geothermal‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي درون زﻣﻴﻦ- ﺣﺮارت زﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫)‪GHG (greenhouse gas‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎز ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ ‫‪GHG mitigation approaches‬‬ ‫روﻳﻜﺮدﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ ‫‪GHG-Emitting‬‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ ‫‪GHG-emitting countries‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪهي ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ ‫‪Global economic growth‬‬ ‫رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Global emission goals‬‬ ‫اﻫﺪاÙ? ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ ‫‪Global environmental spillovers‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮرﻳﺰﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ- ﻣﻮاد وارد ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي(‬ ‫‪Global temperatures‬‬ ‫دﻣﺎي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ- دﻣﺎي ﻛﺮهي زﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪Global trading system‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Global warming‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ- ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن ﻛﺮهي زﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪Globalization‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪن‬ ‫‪Global-scale environmental problems‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ- ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫)‪GNP (gross national product‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪GPA (the Agreement on Government‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت دوﻟﺘﻲ-ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ دوﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫)‪Procurement‬‬ ‫‪Gravity variables‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘï»?ﻴﻴﺮﻫﺎي وزﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Green quotas‬‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻤﻴﻪي ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ‫)‪Gt (giga ton‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﮕﺎ ﺗﻦ- ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎرد ﺗﻦ‬ ‫)‪GW (giga watts‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﮕﺎ وات- ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎرد وات‬ ‫)‪GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮراي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎدي‬ ‫382‬ ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪Harmonized Commodity Description and‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ Ùˆ ﻛﺪﮔﺬاري ﻛﺎﻻ‬ ‫‪Coding System‬‬ ‫‪High-efficiency combustion technology‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي اﺣﺘﺮاق ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫‪High-hydrocarbon fuel‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ درﺻﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫‪High-Income OECD Countries‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺮدرآﻣﺪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﻤﻜﺎريﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي Ùˆ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫‪Host country‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن‬ ‫‪Household‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮار‬ ‫‪Household responsibility system‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮار‬ ‫)‪HS (harmonized system‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ- ﻛﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻛﺎﻻ‬ ‫‪HS classifications‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ‬ ‫‪Human welfare‬‬ ‫رﻓﺎه اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Hybrid vehicles‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮدروي ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ- ﺧﻮدروي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺗﻮر ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪Hydroelectric‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪرواﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ- ﺑﺮقآﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪Hydrogen‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫)‪IEA (International Energy Agency‬‬ ‫آژاﻧﺲ ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪IGCC (integrated coal gasification‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﻪي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ Ø°ï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ‬ ‫)‪combined cycle‬‬ ‫)‪IJV (international joint venture‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Implicit costs‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺿﻤﻨﻲ- ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون ﺷﺮط‬ ‫‪Implicit subsidies‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺑﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﻲﻗﻴﺪ Ùˆ ﺷﺮط‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫482‬ ‫‪Import duties‬‬ ‫ﮔﻤﺮك ﺑﺨﺶ واردات- ﺣﻘﻮق ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ واردات‬ ‫‪Import tariffs‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪي ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ واردات‬ ‫‪Importer fixed effects‬‬ ‫اﺛﺮات ﺛﺎﺑﺖ وارد ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫‪Import-Export Ratio‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ واردات- ﺻﺎدرات‬ ‫‪Incandescent lamps‬‬ ‫ﻻﻣﭗ رﺷﺘﻪاي‬ ‫‪Income tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﺑﺮ درآﻣﺪ‬ ‫‪Industrial competitiveness‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪Industrial tariffs‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪Industrialized countries‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪Industrialized-world‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎن ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ- دﻧﻴﺎي ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪Industry‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫‪Infrastructure‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻟﻮده- زﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ- زﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪Inherent conflicts‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎرض ذاﺗﻲ- ﻧﺎﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪Installed wind energy capacity‬‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎدي- ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ در ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎر‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎدي‬ ‫‪Integrated coal gasification combined‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ Ø°ï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ‬ ‫‪cycle technology‬‬ ‫‪Integrated management‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ- ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪Internal sale‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮوش داﺧﻠﻲ- ﻓﺮوش ﺑﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪Internal taxes‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﻲ–ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت داﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪International competition‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪International cooperation‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎري ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪International mechanism‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪International Trade‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ 285 ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ International trade negotiations ‫ﻣﺬاﻛﺮات ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ Inverter ‫ﻣﺒﺪل‬ Investment subsidies ‫ﺳﻮﺑﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري‬ IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on (‫ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗï»?ﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ )ﺑﻴﻦ دول‬ Climate Change) IPR (intellectual property rights) ‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﻮي- ﺣﻘﻮق ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ‬ IRDP (integrated rural development (‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪي ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ )ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ‬ program) ISIC (International Standard of Industrial ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ Classification) IT (Information Technology) ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ITA (Information Technology ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ Agreement) J JI (Joint Implementation) ‫اﺟﺮاي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬ JV (Joint Ventures) ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري ﻣﺸﺘﺮك- ﻫﻤﻜﺎري اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬ K Key technologies ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژيﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬ KWH (kilowatt-hour) ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ Kyoto Protocol ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﻜﻞ ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ- ﭘﻴﻤﺎن ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ‬ Kyoto Protocol-implementing countries ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي اﺟﺮا ﻛﻨﻨﺪهي ﭘﻴﻤﺎن ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ‬ Kyoto Tariff ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪي ﭘﻴﻤﺎن ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫682‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪Labor costs‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪي ﻛﺎر- ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪي ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻛﺎرﮔﺮي‬ ‫‪Landfill gas‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﻞ دﻓﻦ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫‪Large wind-farm power‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮوﮔﺎهﻫﺎي ﺑﺎدي ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫‪Law‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن- ﺣﻘﻮق- ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫)‪LEDs (light-emitting diodes‬‬ ‫ﻻﻣﭗﻫﺎي الايدي- دﻳﻮدﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪهي ﻧﻮر‬ ‫‪Liberalization of Trade‬‬ ‫آزادي ﺗﺠﺎرت‬ ‫‪Life-cycle cost‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪي ﭼﺮﺧﻪي زﻧﺪﮔﻲ- ﺑﻬﺎي ﭼﺮﺧﻪي ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪Life-cycle cost of operation‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪي ﭼﺮﺧﻪي ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﻤﻞﻛﺮد‬ ‫‪Light bulbs‬‬ ‫ﻻﻣﭗ- ﭼﺮاغ ﺑﺮق‬ ‫‪Lighting systems‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﻧﻮري- ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﻧﻮراﻧﻲ‬ ‫)‪Lm/W (lumens per watt‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻣﻦ ﺑﺮ وات- ﻟﻮﻣﻦ در ازاي ﻫﺮ وات‬ ‫)‪LNG (liquid natural gas‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Local firm‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻲ- ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Long-term implementations‬‬ ‫اﺟﺮاي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت- ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬ ‫‪Long-term international collaboration‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎريﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬ ‫‪Long-term objectives‬‬ ‫اﻫﺪاÙ? ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬ ‫‪Low-carbon technologies‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژيﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫)‪LPG (liquefied petroleum gas‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺖ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Lumens‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻣﻦ- واﺣﺪ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻧﻮر‬ ‫782‬ ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪Mainland‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎره- ﺧﺸﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪Mandatory energy efficiency standards‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫‪Market access‬‬ ‫دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزار‬ ‫‪Market imperfections‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ ﺑﺎزار-ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎزار‬ ‫‪Market-Based Instruments‬‬ ‫اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎزاري‬ ‫‪Market-driven mechanism‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰمﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزاري-ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰمﻫﺎي واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزار‬ ‫‪Marketplace‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزارﮔﺎه- ﺑﺎزار ﻓﺮوش- ﻣﻴﺪان ﻓﺮوش‬ ‫‪Marrakesh Agreement‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﺮاﻛﺶ‬ ‫‪MEAs (multilateral environmental‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎت زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬ ‫)‪agreements‬‬ ‫‪MEPS (minimum energy performance‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫)‪standards‬‬ ‫‪MERCOSUR‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺗﺠﺎري ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي)آرژاﻧﺘﻴﻦ، ﺑﺮزﻳﻞ، ﭘﺎراﮔﻮﺋﻪ،‬ ‫اروﮔﻮﺋﻪ(‬ ‫‪Methanol‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﻧﻮل‬ ‫)‪MFN (most-favored nation‬‬ ‫دول ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻪاﻟﻮداد‬ ‫‪Mid-Atlantic states‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي آﺗﻼﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Minimal costs‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪Ministerial Declaration‬‬ ‫اﻇﻬﺎر ﻧﺎﻣﻪي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ‬ ‫)‪MNEs (multinational enterprises‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻠﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪Model Specification‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ- وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻣﺪل‬ ‫‪Modeling‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي- ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺳﺎزي‬ ‫‪Module production‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺪول- ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫882‬ ‫‪Monopolistic measures‬‬ ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﻧﺤﺼﺎري‬ ‫‪Montreal Protocol‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺮآل- ﭘﻴﻤﺎن ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺮآل‬ ‫‪Multilateral trade agreements‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎت ﺗﺠﺎري ﭼﻨﺪﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬ ‫‪Mutually supporting objectives‬‬ ‫اﻫﺪاÙ? ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ دوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬ ‫)‪MW (megawatt‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن وات– ﻣﮕﺎ وات‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪NAFTA (North American Free Trade‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺗﺠﺎرت آزاد آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫)‪Agreement‬‬ ‫-‪NAMA (Negotiating Group on Non‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺬاﻛﺮات دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲﻫﺎي ï»?ﻴﺮ ﺑﺎزاري‬ ‫)‪Market Access‬‬ ‫)‪NAMA (non-agri-market access‬‬ ‫دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ï»?ﻴﺮ ﻛﺸﺎورزي‬ ‫‪National environmental policies‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻠﻲ زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫‪Natural gas‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪Natural resources‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪Non–Annex I countries‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ï»?ﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪي اول ﭘﻴﻤﺎن ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ‬ ‫‪Non-greenhouse-gas emissions‬‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ï»?ﻴﺮ ﮔﻞﺧﺎﻧﻪاي‬ ‫‪Nonmetallic mineral industry‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ï»?ﻴﺮ ﻓﻠﺰي‬ ‫‪Nonmetallic products‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ï»?ﻴﺮ ﻓﻠﺰي‬ ‫‪Non-OECD countries‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ï»?ﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﻤﻜﺎريﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي Ùˆ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫‪Nordic countries‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎل اروﭘﺎ‬ ‫‪North-South trade‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺷﻤﺎل- ﺟﻨﻮب، ﻣﺮاودات ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ Ùˆ در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ 289 ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ NOx (nitrogen oxide) ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬ NTBs (non-tariff barriers) ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎي ï»?ﻴﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪاي‬ Nuclear power ‫اﻧﺮژي ﻫﺴﺘﻪاي‬ O OECD (Organization for Economic Co- ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﻤﻜﺎريﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي Ùˆ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ operation and Development) Off-peak hours (‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮÙ? )ï»?ﻴﺮ اوج‬ Offshore ‫دور از ﺳﺎﺣﻞ- ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ دور از ﺳﺎﺣﻞ‬ Oil ‫ﻧﻔﺖ- ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﻲ- روï»?ﻦ‬ Oil-importing countries ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي وارد ﻛﻨﻨﺪهي ﻧﻔﺖ‬ Organic agricultural ‫ﻛﺸﺎورزي ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ Organic fertilizers ‫ﻛﻮد ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ Ozone Layer ‫ﻻﻳﻪي ازن‬ P Partial equilibrium approach ‫روﻳﻜﺮد ﻣﻮازﻧﻪي ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬ Partial Equilibrium Trade Policy ‫ﻣﺪل ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزي ﻣﻮازﻧﻪي ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Simulation Model Particulate removal filters ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ذرات‬ PCDM (Programmatic Clean ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﭘﺎك ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪاي‬ Development Mechanism) Peak hours ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت اوج ﻣﺼﺮÙ?‬ Per capita ‫ﺳﺮاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ 290 Performance standards ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻋﻤﻞﻛﺮد- اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ‬ Petroleum coke (PetCoke) (‫ﻛﻚ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ )ﭘﺖﻛﻚ‬ Plantations ‫ﻛﺸﺖ Ùˆ زرع- ﻛﺎﺷﺖ‬ Policy arena ‫ﻋﺮﺻﻪي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ- ﻣﻴﺪان ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ Policy instruments ‫اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ Policy makers ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ Policy reforms ‫اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ Policy Simulation Model ‫ﻣﺪل ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ Policy standards ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ Policy structure ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ Political economy ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ Political priority ‫اوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ Potential Contribution ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎري ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه‬ Potential investors ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاران ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه‬ Poverty ‫ﻓﻘﺮ- ﻣﺤﺮوﻣﻴﺖ‬ Poverty reduction ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﻘﺮ‬ Power generation ‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﻴﺮو‬ Power plant ‫ﻧﻴﺮوﮔﺎه‬ Ppm (part per million) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻳﻚ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن‬ PPM (processes and production methods) ‫روشﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآوري Ùˆ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ PPM-based measures ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻴﻮهﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآوري Ùˆ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ Pressurized fluidized-bed combustion ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي اﺣﺘﺮاق ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺎل ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬ technology Private sector ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬ 291 ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ Product fixed effects ‫اﺛﺮات ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬ Product-related measures ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ Protocol ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﻜﻞ- ﭘﻴﻤﺎن‬ Public goods ‫ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ Public sector ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ Pulverized coal thermal power plant ‫ﻧﻴﺮوﮔﺎه ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﻮدر Ø°ï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ‬ PURPA (Public Utility Regulatory ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ Policies Act) PV (Photovoltaics) ‫ﻓﺘﻮوﻟﺘﺎﺋﻴﻚ- ﻗﺪرتزاي ﻧﻮري- ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻮر ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ‬ Q Quick fix solution ‫راه ﺣﻞ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ Ùˆ ﻧﻪ داﺋﻢ‬ R R&D (research and development) ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ Ùˆ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ Raw materials ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎم‬ Reforestation ‫اﺣﻴﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻞ‬ Region ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ Regional ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي‬ Regional economic integration ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن اﺋﺘﻼÙ? اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي‬ organization Regressions ‫رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن- واﻳﺎزي‬ Regulatory actions ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫292‬ ‫‪Regulatory frameworks‬‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮﺑﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪Regulatory Measures‬‬ ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪Renewable Energy‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪Renewable energy equipments‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﻧﺮژي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪Restrictive policies‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه- ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫‪RGGI (Regional Greenhouse Gas‬‬ ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ ‫)‪Initiative‬‬ ‫‪Risk-prone‬‬ ‫در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ‬ ‫‪Roll-out initiative‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻻي ﺗﺠﺎري ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزار‬ ‫)‪RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standard‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد دارايﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫)‪RTAs (regional trade agreements‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎت ﺗﺠﺎري ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫)‪SDN (sustainable development network‬‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﭘﺎﻳﺪار‬ ‫‪Second-generation biofuels‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﻞ دوم‬ ‫‪Second-generation technologies‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژيﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﻞ دوم‬ ‫‪Sewage treatment gas‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎز ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‬ ‫‪Simulation Model‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪل ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزي‬ ‫‪Socio-economic circumstances‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫‪Solar panels‬‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻞﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪي- ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪي‬ ‫‪Solar Photovoltaics Technology‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﻓﺘﻮوﻟﺘﺎﺋﻴﻚ ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪي- اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪي‬ ‫‪Solid coal‬‬ ‫ذï»?ﺎلﺳﻨﮓ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬ 293 ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ South-South trade ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻨﻮب- ﺟﻨﻮب، ﻣﺮاودات ﺗﺠﺎري در ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ Stabilization of GHG concentrations ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬ Stabilization wedges ‫اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ Standard gravity equation ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪي وزﻧﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ State-of-the-art technology ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ State-owned ‫دوﻟﺘﻲ- در ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ دوﻟﺖ‬ State-ownership ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ دوﻟﺘﻲ‬ Statistical approach ‫روﻳﻜﺮد آﻣﺎري‬ Steam generator ‫ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر‬ Steam turbine ‫ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر‬ Strategic considerations ‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪات اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻚ‬ Strategic environmental assessment ‫ﺑﺮآوردﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻚ زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ Subsidy ‫ﺳﻮﺑﺴﻴﺪ- ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎي دوﻟﺘﻲ‬ Subsidized prices ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺑﺴﻴﺪي‬ Sulfur ‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر‬ Sulfur compounds ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر‬ Supercritical boilers ‫دﻳﮓﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر ﻓﻮق ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ‬ Sustainable energy technologies ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺎﻳﺪار‬ Synfuels power plant ‫ﻧﻴﺮوﮔﺎه ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫492‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪Tariff‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫‪Tariff Obligations‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪاي- اﻟﺘﺰام ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪي ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫‪Tariff Rates‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫‪Tariff-cutting mechanism‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﺣﺬÙ? ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫‪Tariff-free trade‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﺪون ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪي ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫‪Tax adjustment‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ- ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت‬ ‫‪Tax collection system‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت‬ ‫‪Tax credits‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫)‪TBs (tariff barriers‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪاي‬ ‫‪Technical capacity‬‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ- ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪Technological capabilities‬‬ ‫اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪Technology Codification‬‬ ‫ﻛﺪ ﮔﺬاري ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬ ‫‪Technology Diffusion‬‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي- اﺷﺎﻋﻪي ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬ ‫‪Technology information‬‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬ ‫‪Technology Options‬‬ ‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬ ‫‪Technology transfer‬‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬ ‫‪Telecommunications‬‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط از راه دور‬ ‫‪Textile fibers‬‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺎÙ? ﻧﺴﺎﺟﻲ‬ ‫‪Theoretical analysis‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲﻫﺎي ﺗﺌﻮرﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪Thermal efficiency‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪Tidal power‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺟﺰر Ùˆ ﻣﺪ‬ ‫‪Tied aid‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪت ﻣﺸﺮوط- ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺸﺮوط‬ 295 ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ Trade agendas ‫دﺳﺘﻮرات ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Trade Agreements ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎت ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Trade disciplines ‫اﻧﻀﺒﺎط ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Trade flows ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Trade Measures ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Trade Negotiations ‫ﻣﺬاﻛﺮات ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Trade obligations ‫اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎت ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Trade Policy Simulation Model ‫ﻣﺪل ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Trade-environment debate ‫ﻣﺬاﻛﺮات ﺗﺠﺎرت Ùˆ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ‬ Trading bloc ‫ﺑﻠﻮك ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Trading system ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Traditional Environmental Goods ‫ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺗﺠﺎري‬ Transportation ‫ﺣﻤﻞ Ùˆ ﻧﻘﻞ- ﺗﺮاﺑﺮي‬ TRCs (Tradable renewable energy ‫ﮔﻮاﻫﻲﻧﺎﻣﻪي اﻧﺮژيﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺠﺎري‬ certificates) TRIMS (trade-related investment ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري ﺗﺠﺎري‬ measures) TWH (terawatt-hour) ‫ﺗﺮاوات ﺳﺎﻋﺖ- ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮن وات ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ U U.S.-Singapore free trade agreement ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺗﺠﺎرت آزاد آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ Ùˆ ﺳﻨﮕﺎﭘﻮر‬ Ultra-supercritical boilers ‫دﻳﮓ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻓﺮا ﻓﻮق ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ‬ UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on ‫ﻛﻨﻔﺮاﻧﺲ ﺗﺠﺎرت Ùˆ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ‬ Trade and Development) UNEP (the United Nations Environment ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ Ùˆ ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ 296 Programmes) UNFCCC (United Nations Framework ‫ﻛﻨﻮاﻧﺴﻴﻮن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﺗï»?ﻴﻴﺮات اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن‬ Convention on Climate Change) ‫ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ‬ USTR (United States Trade ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪهي ﺗﺠﺎري اﻳﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪهي آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ Representative) V Value of sales ‫ارزش ﻓﺮوش‬ Vapor turbines ‫ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر‬ VAs (Voluntary Agreements) ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎت واوﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ‬ VAT (value-added tax) ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﺑﺮ ارزش اﻓﺰوده‬ Vulnerability ‫آﺳﻴïº?ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬ W Waste management ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬ Wastewater ‫ﻫﺮزآب‬ Wave power ‫ﻧﻴﺮوي اﻣﻮاج- ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﻣﻮاج درﻳﺎ‬ WCED (world commission on ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮن ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺠﺎرت Ùˆ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ environment and development) WCO (the World Customs Organization) ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﺎت‬ WDI (World Development Indicators) ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ Welfare ‫رﻓﺎه- ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ Wind Energy ‫اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎدي‬ Wind Power Technology ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺎدي‬ ‫792‬ ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ ‫‪Wind turbine‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدي‬ ‫‪Wind-operated electricity‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪي ﺑﺎدي- ﻧﻴﺮوي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫از ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎي ﺑﺎدي‬ ‫)‪WITS (World Integrated Trade Solution‬‬ ‫راه ﺣﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪WMO (the World Meteorological‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮاﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫)‪Organization‬‬ ‫‪World Bank‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪World economy‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Write-off‬‬ ‫ﺣﺬÙ?- ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻛﺮدن‬ ‫)‪WTO (World Trade Organization‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪WTO Framework‬‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮﺑﻪي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Y‬‬ ‫‪Year fixed effects‬‬ ‫اﺛﺮات ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬