DISASTER RISK PROFILE Zanzibar (3Ear thquake ý4Flood 0 Tropical ECIcone * In Sotws IdaOcnisk Asssmn an acngI tv --uldn isse •,%•, Sub-Saharcln Africa WORLD BANK GROUP ( F R Global Facility for Disaster Reduction andl Recowery @2016 The World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433, USA November 2016 Africa Disaster Risk Profiles are co-financed by the EU-funded ACP- EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program and the ACP-EU Africa Disaster Risk Financing Program, managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. DISCLAIMER This document is the product of work performed by GFDRR staff, based on information provided by GFDRR's partners. 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DISASTER RISK PROFILES The SWIO RAFI Project The SWIO RAFI included the collection of existing hazard and exposure data, and the creation of new he Southwest Indian Ocean Risk Assessmentwere used in the and Financing Initiative (SWO RAFI) development of a risk assessment and risk profiles seeks to provide a solid basis for the future implementation of disaster risk financing through the improved understanding of disaster risks to participating island nations. This initiative is Th exposr tin for ma y in partnership with the Ministries of Finance, onabuilin g o structi forav ri a National Disaster Risk Management Offices and classes Iudn aseci Insurance sector representatives from The Comoros, industia; public failities a Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Zanzibar, and as and utilties Fnld carried out in coordination with the Indian Ocean s a d ior ts ptr ind utl a Commission (IOC) ISLANDS Project, the United riskinatontha erd e Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), vombiitio oiata national lep and the French Development Agency (AFD). The veralainisrovided at each eiland SWIO RAFI supports the ISLANDS project's Islands a s erl cdnined,ranke fown ind Financial Protection Program (IFPP), which is also oranis combedd supported by the European Union (EU), UNISDR, and AFD. Africa Disaster Risk Profiles are co-financed by the EU-funded ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk In addition to the information p in therisk Reduction Program and the ACP-EU Africa Disaster profilesthe hazard and exposure data and the Risk Financing Program, managed by the Global results of the risk>analysis will be collated and stored Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. n open data geospatial risk information platforms, or GeoNodes, in each country and will be available SWIO RAFI complemented the ongoing work of to a wide range of end-user The results will be the IOC to reduce vulnerability to natural disasters andietle in re fsed fores in accordance with the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Program of Action specific development planninga plementatio for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 2005-2015. More broadly, this initiative offers support to long-term, core economic, and social development objectives. The risk modeling undertaken through SWIO RAFI focused on three perils: tropical cyclones, floods produced by events other than tropical cyclones, and earthquakes. Three hazards associated with tropical cyclones, wind, flooding and storm surge were considered in the risk assessment. In addition, as part of the earthquake risk assessment, tsunami risk zones were identified for each countryi DISASTER RISK PROFILE I INTRODUCTION RISK< SUMMARY E,,l,arthquak(e Floo TropiaCyon T his analysis suggests that, on K Ky Facts average, Zanzibar experiences This analysis suggests that: nearly US$2.2 million in combined losses from earthquakes, floods, and The average annual direct losses from tropical cyclones each year. However, a earthquakes,'floods, and tropical cyclones are specific event such as severe flooding can produce significantly larger losses. For example, the results suggest that a The 100-year return period loss from all perils E 100-year return period flood event would is nearly $14 million, or over 1% of Zanzibar's produce direct losses of $13 million and 2013 GDR require approximately $2.9 million in emergency costs.I emerencycost. *the 250-year return period loss from all perils Flooding is by far the most significant is $18 million. risk in the study, causing nearly 90 percent of the average loss per year from all three perils, although infrequent, Direct Losses from strong earthquakes can cause losses All Perils comparable to those from the worst floods. In the analysis, the residential Average Annual Loss sector experiences over 85 percent of the combined losses. In terms of both 0 absolute amount and amount relative to the value of local assets, the highest loss takes place in the Kusini-Pemba region. Of the country's two main islands, Zanzibar Island has slightly higher absolute flood losses than Pemba Island, but Pemba Island has higher losses Znzbr TOT relative to local assets. In addition to the direct losses, an annual average of nearly $500,000 is estimated for emergency costs. Average Annual Loss% U Direct Losses by HazardI LL II 0 .035 .07 .105 .14% Earthquake Flood Tropical cyclone $2~ve $2. milli--an. - is-- $18 millio AAL RPIO RP100 RP250 AAL RPIO RP100 RP250 AAL RP1O RP100 RP250 2 DISASTER RISK PROFILE I RISK SUMMARY RISK SUMMARY a iks -ii '* ' Z anzibar's population in 2015 was estimated to be nearly $4.3 billion. The In terms of occupancy type, the approximately 1.23 million. Nearly largest concentration of replacement residential sector accounts for nearly 75 60 percent live in metropolitan or value is in and around Zanzibar Town. percent of the replacement value. In urban areas (that is, areas with more than terms of construction type, buildings with 2,000 people per square kilometer) and To assess risk better, replacement values masonry and concrete wall construction almost 30 percent in rural areas (fewer and loss are often categorized according comprise the largest replacement value, than 1,600 people per square kilometer). to occupancy and construction types. at over 70 percent of the total. Zanzibar Town is the largest urban center. In 2013, Zanzibar's gross domestic product (GDP) was approximately $1.16 Average Annual Loss 100-Year Return Period Loss billion ($118 billion in purchasing power Peril Total Direct Emergency Total Direct Emergency parity), and the per capita GDP $848. Losses Costs Losses Costs For 2015, the estimated total Earthquakes $140,000 $23,000 $16,000 $2,500 replacement value for all residential, Floods $i. million $440,000 $13 million $2.9 million commercial, industrial and public buildings and other infrastructure is Tropical Cyclones $89,000 $20,000 $87,000 $20,000 EDirect Losses by Building Type for All Perils Residential Commercial/ndustral Average Annual Loss (Average Annual Loss (%) comecalnndsrladtpubctrPb* Average Annual Loss (%) Average Annual Loss (%) 0.075 0.075' 0.05 m005 0.025 0 0 Infrastructure Public* Average Annual Loss %Average Annual Loss% .075 075 0.05 0.05 0.025 0.025 W 0 0 *Education, Healthcare, Religion, Emergency DISASTER RISK PROFILE IRISK SUMMARY 3 FLOOD F looding in Zanzibar mainly results+risks of loss are Mkoani and from periods of intense rainfall which account for, on average, ab ut 26 The country's most intense recorded percnt and 13 percent, respectiVely, rain event occurred between April of the total direct losses each rand 15 and 17, 2005. Approximately 150 around20lpercentand 15perce 0 millimeters of rain led to severe flooding, respectively, of the value of lc assets. particularly in the Mjini and Magharibi regions of Zanzibar Island. The flooding Significant flood losses can cur caused one fatality, directly affected frequenly. For Zanzibar as a,hole, direct over 10,000 people, and resulted in losses-from a 10-year flood re estimated significant loss to local infrastructure. to he $5.6 million, and dire losses from Another significant rain event occurred in the 100-year flood eve are estimated 2011 and damaged roads in Penba to be $13 million. This analysis suggests that, on average, Return Period Total Modeled Losses Zanzibar will experience around $1.9 i million each year in direct losses from Rah $ million flooding, amounting to nearly 90 percentn of the country's total annual direct losses RP250 $16 millio from earthquakes, floods, and tropical cyclon es. It i s esti mate d th at n early 90t percent of the direct losses from floodingl are from the residential sector and just . 0Average over 10 percent from the commercial Annual Losses Exposure sector. Losses to infrastructure, industry, PemK@ .1600M and public assets contribute a smallb fraction to the total. Annual emergency 150 -35G K V 3 400 -600CM costs for floods are estimated at over 150OKT Q 0 <40D M $440,000, on average. Zanzibar To"0 These results suggest that regions with both the greatest absolute and relative Modeled Direct Losses Average Annual Loss AA L 7 $1.5 millionKe Fat Residential RPo $5 million RP100 $10 million This analysis suggests that: RP2501 $15 million percent The average annual direct loss from AAL~ $200,000 flooding is $1.9 million. Commercial/ RP1o t m600,000 Industrial RP100 $1.5 million 9 Average annual flood losses are almost RP250 frct.5 millon equally divided between Zanzibar AAL $15,000 (5 1%) and Pemba (49%) Islands. Public RP10 a, $50,000 *The 100-year direct loss to Zanzibar RP0 $150,000 from flooding could be $13 million. $440RP000* on1average AL $ 9,000 InPrstrulRP1O $20,000 RP0RP100 $150,000 RP250R2$ $250,000 4 DISASTER RISK PROFILE IFLOOD Flood extent 100 -year RP? data asmiga 10cm threshold looding hazard in Zanzibar tends to be highest in regions that par- allel the east and west coasts of Zanzibar and Pemba Islands. This study suggests that the highest flood hazard is in the southeast of Zanzibar Island. In this analysis the modeled annual average rainfall from non-tropical cyclone events is 1,567 mm with a minimum of 839 mm and a maximum of 2,343 mm. Zoni bar Town Residentlut Commercial/Industrial Public Infrastructure a. \ DAT R ci~i~:% Cco UJ * r_l 0I tokot,l 0.un -fl .N'x -'4---.Å c, 0,0 c DISASTEb RIKPRFLE,FLO0 EARTHQUAI(E Z 4, E arthquakes are common in the R eturn Period Total Modeled Losses Southwest Indian Ocean region, AAL $140,000 but the major seismic sources in RPG $0 the region are far from Zanzibar. The RP100 $15,000 two major sources of seismic activity RP250 -4 million are the Mid-Indian Ridge in the Indian Ocean and the East-African Rift system. Earthquakes in these regions are frequent but usually of low to moderate magnitude. Consequently, Zanzibar has no history of economic losses or casualties. Nonetheless, the analysis suggests earthquakes are possible and can account for almost 7 percent of Zanzibar's total annual direct losses from earthquakes, floods, and tropical cyclones, amounting to an estimated $140,000 on average each year. The regions with the greatest absolute risk of loss are Magharibi and Mjini, which lose on average around 17 Average percent and 44 percent, respectively, of Annual Losses ($) Exposure the total direct losses each year. Annual > 0 emergency costs for earthquakes are estimated at $23,000, on average. 20- 40K Q 400-SOON These results suggest that losses from <20KQ 0 400M earthquakes are expected to occur infrequently, but can be significant. For zibar Toin example, direct losses for earthquakes with a 500-year return period are 0 expected to be $19 million. urModeled Direct Losses Average Annual Lous AAL $100,000 Residential RPIP10 $0 RP100 15,000$1 RP2R $3.5 million This analysis suggests that: AAL $15,000 o The average annual direct loss from Commercial/ R PIoP,$ 0o earthquakes is $140,000. Industrial RP100: $1,000 a.0 RP250 $4 0 00 o Zanzibar Island has the greatest risk AAL IIn $,000of direct l oss from earthquake with an ublcRP1o $0 average annual loss of almost $120,000. Public RP1C0$ RP250())s $25,000 *The 100-year direct loss to Zanzibar ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- --- II --- --------- ----- ---- ----- ----from--earthquakesom arm ightesbegh $16,000.00 AL $3,000 Infrastructure RPoo $0 $0 RP250 $6,000 6 DISASTER RISK PROFILE I EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKE T his analysis suggests that earthquake Tsunami zone and earth ard hazard is relatively constant Ground motion from a250 yearfRPearth fd d t m k zones throughout Zanzibar Historical records report 11 earthquakes within a 200-kilometer radius of Stone Town. Two earthquakes of magnitude 5.2 and 5.0 occurred near Zanzibar in 1977 and 2005, respectively. No damage was reported in either case.' Fortunately, model results suggest only a remote possibility of earthquakes that would produce significant damage to structures. Tsunamis usually result from high- magnitude, subduction-zone earthquakes. The Southwest Indian Ocean region does not experience many high-magnitude earthquakes, nor does it contain major subduction zones. The entire region is at Zanzibar Town risk, however of tsunamis generated by subduction zones elsewhere in the Indian Ocean. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the only recent tsunami event to affect el Zanzibar saw the largest run-up zone in the northwest tip of Pemba Island. Earthquake Hazard for 250RP Residential Commercial/Industrial Public Infrastructure D E P E Q CL 4 N> a C. I , 0.o1.1 LL -M s s rM LL__LAJ *~Q 00 (,)Q c 4 k wk p J $IASE RIS PRFL ERHUK TROPICAL CYCLONE T ropical cyclones are common in the Tropical cyclones generate wind/ d, Southwest Indian Ocean region, and stormvsurge hazards. On averge in but Zanzibar is too close to the this analysis, winds cause 96 perant of equator for most cyclones. Perhaps the loss from the three hazar hue the closest approach occurred in 1952, storm surge produces over 3 percnt of 0 when a storm made landfall in southern the loss. Tanzania. Although Zanzibar has no history of economic losses and casualties Return Period Total Modeled Losses from tropical cyclones, a storm could AAL $90,G0 possibly make a close approach to the RP1o$ island. RP100 $90000 RP250 $300,000 0 This analysis suggests that, on average, Zanzibar will experience around $89,000 in direct losses annually from winds, flooding, and storm surge associated with tropical cyclones. This is less than 5 percent of the country's total annual direct losses from earthquakes, floods, and tropical cyclones. The results suggest that nearly 80 percent of the loss from tropical cyclones originates from the residential sector and over 10 percent Average from the commercial sector. Losses to Annual Losses Exposure($) infrastructure, industry, and public assets contribute approximately 2 to 3 percent each to the total of direct losses. Annual 15-30 ( 40o Q604 emergency costs for tropical cyclones are estimated at over $20,000, on average. Zandlbar To n1 0 UiModeled Direct Losses Average Annual Loss AAL $70,000 Key Facts Residential RP1101$0 RP100 t$80,000 This analysis suggests that: RP2501 $300,000 th - The avenge annual direct loss from AL $10,000 tropical cyclones is $89,000. Commercial/ RP P $ P0 Industrial RP100 $7,000 R Zanzibar Island has the greatest risk RP25R $25,000 of direct loss from tropical cyclones with an average annual loss of $87,000, AAL $3,u L almost 98 percent of the total loss. aRP100 n$400 aThe 100-year direct loss to Zanzibar RP25*O$800 ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- --- I---- ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- ---from--tropicalfr m cyclonesycl couldold be RALOm $2,000 $87,000. Infrastructure RP10A $0 RP250 $5,000 8 DISASTER RISK PROFILE TROPICAL CYCLONE TROPICAL CYCLONE Tropical cyclone hazards T ropical cyclones generate wind, flood, and storm surge hazards. This analysis suggests that the southern and southeast regions of Zanzibar Island tend to have the greatest chance of experiencing hazards associated with cyclones. The results suggest that southeast of Zanzibar Island has the highest risk of flood and storm surge hazards, and that significant storm surge hazards also exist around Pemba Island. However based on this analysis, flood and storm surge hazards are not very significant since wind causes over 95% of the loss to Zanzibar, as evidenced by the modeledzZnnzIp ar Town risk that shows that wind from tropical cyclones cause over 95% of the loss. Model results suggest that southern Zanzibar Island could experience winds of almost 100 kph from a 500-year return According to this analysis, for a 100-year event, Zanzibar does not experience period tropical cyclone event. winds, storm surge, or flooding related to tropical cyclones over the following thresholds: 63kph for winds, im for storm surge, and 10cm for flooding Residential Commercial/Industrial Public Infrastructure (Z) tor tot )IV t mL im Amm Lr- LA DS T RISK PRFL T I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I;-'- I 1b Cb ko Ato to2 !. -% K.31 0999 0000 9900i DISASTER RISK PROFILET ROIA YLN DISASTER RISK PROFILES U SIII S Risk in the SWIO region, particularly for the areas closer to the equator. Flood hazard statistics in this analysis are These risk profiles have been developed from a multi- ultimately based on satellite-derived rainfall estimates hazard risk assessment using a variety of exposure data from the years 1998-2013. The satellite-derived data are and vulnerability functions. Modeled perils include used with a rainfall model to develop a catalog of daily earthquake, flood, and tropical cyclone. The results for rainfall produced by events other than tropical cyclones. individual and aggregated perils are available in several A flood model then dynamically distributes the rainfall formats, including geospatial data and text files. The risk throughout the affected region and calculates flood depths. profile results are presented in terms of average loss per year and for selected return periods. For details on the development of the risk profiles, see the final report TROPICAL CYCLONE "Southwest Indian Ocean Risk Assessment Financing Initiative (SWIO RAFI): Component 4 - Risk Profiles". Brief This analysis suggest that the most costly catastrophic explanations of the exposure and hazard data and the hazard in the SWIO basin is tropical cyclone. The historical vulnerability functions are given below. record of tropical cyclones in the region includes 847 events that took place between the 1950 and 2014. The event catalog is developed using characteristics of the historical catalog such as annual tropical cyclone Hazard frequency, andfal frequency, seasonality, genesis location, forward speed, central pressure, and radius of maximum This study encompasses three perils: earthquake, flood, winds. Three tropical cyclone hazards are considered: and tropical cyclone. One or more hazards are associated wind, flooding from rainfall, and storm surge. with each peril. For example, the hazards associated with tropical cyclones include strong winds, storm surge, and Tropical cyclone wind speeds are calculated using an flooding. A catalog representing 10,000 years of simulated equation that includes parameters such as the difference events was constructed using empirical and theoretical between the tropical cyclone's central pressure and the principles and information derived from historical surrounding environment, a storm's forward motion and observations. A variety of statistical characteristics its asymmetry, and account for surface features such as derived from the events in the catalogs are consistent with land use. the historical record for each peril. The catalog (which is proprietary) includes information such as the intensity- Rainfall produced by modeled tropical cyclones is for example, central pressure for a tropical cyclone and calibrated using satellite-derived rainfall estimates and moment magnitude for an earthquake-and location of used as a boundary condition to force a flood model that each peril event. This information is then coupled with accounts for factors such as houriy rainfall, elevation, and peril-specific empirical and theoretical considerations soils. to describe the spatial distribution of hazard intensity Storm surge is derived from a variety of tropical cyclone for each simulated peril event in the catalog, at a grid spacing of about one kilometer. The information is used to crtistis tht iu cen pee, ad determine the hazard intensities expected at each return motionmofithe.storm, maximumlwindlspeed, and radiusro period.Hemisphere, the highest storm surge generally occurs near the radius of maximum winds on the left side of the storm track EARTHQUAKE This analysis suggests that there is a low likelihood of earthquakes in the SWIO region. The catalog of synthetic earthquake events is developed using characteristics The methodology used to develop the exposure data based on the historical record of 1,228 earthquakes with is illustrated in figure Al. The exact process varies by moment magnitudes 5.0 or greater that occurred in the country because of differences in available data. The SWIO basin between 1901 and 2014 and the slip rates and exposure database for each island nation is constructed geometries of known faults in the region. Ground motion from various data sources, including government prediction equations are used to determine the spatial censuses, local agencies, satellite imagery, publicly distribution of ground motion (such as peak ground available spatial statistics, and previous regional acceleration, or PGA) produced by each earthquake event. investigations. The end result is datasets that represent the built environment of each island nation and include nationally appropriate replacement values (that is, the FLOOD estimated cost to rebuild a structure as new), construction The risk assessment indicates that floods from rainfall not associated with tropical cyclones are a significant hazard 10 DISASTER RISK PROFILE I METHODOLOGY DISASTER RISK PROFILES The exposure data are divided into eighteen different Vulnerability occupancy classes spanning different types of residential, commercial, industrial, public facility, and infrastructure Vunerbility functions appropriate to the construction assets. The residential occupancy class includes single and and occupancy classes most commonly found in the multifamily residences. The commercial class includes SWIO region are used to estimate loss from ahazard. The general commercial buildings and accommodation. The calculate the average level of damage to the exposure groups in the public occupancy class are health strucres using the hazard intensityand infornation care services, religion, emergency services, primary on their occupancy and constructio. The damage level educational, university educational, and general public represents the fraction of the total building replacement facilities. The infrastructure occupancy classes are road/ value that has been damaged. Vulnerability functins highway, bus/rail, airport maritime port, electrical utility, used in this study have been developed specifically for the and water utility. An "unknown" occupancy class is also SWIO region based on research on local buildingpractices, assigned. applicable buildingcodes, engineeringa In addition to their categorization by occupancy class, damage reports, and expert ju mt the exposure data are categorized according to thirteen Vulnerability fnctions for ke grw h construction classes. Seven of these are specific to non-tropical cyclone flooding, tropical infrastructure occupancies and include structures such and tropical cyclone storm surge are ass as roads, railroads, and bridges. Five represent common uniformnthroughoutnteSWO region for al ies construction classes, such as single-story traditional oth t Except for infrastructure, the bamboo and earthen buildings and single and multistory tropical cyclone wud danagefuctions for Mau traditional wood, wood frame, masonry/concrete, and Sychelles are modifidto beless vulnemble and steel frame buildings. As with occupancy class, an the SVAObase functions used forte therisland n s "unknown" construction class is assigned. because of teir history of more stri The exposure data for residential, commercial, and general practices relative to the other three n All e industrial assets are provided on a grid of 30 arc-seconds f fo infrastructure occupa ar (approximately one kilometer). When high-resolution assumed tote uniform for all perils throughout the SWIO government and infrastructure data are available, regon. these assets are captured at their individual exposure All dollar amount are US.dollarnless otherwise locations. When location-level information is not available, government and infrastructure assets are distributed to the one-kilometer grid. Vrdeouatovrg u nerablt fucton Pporieae otecntuto andocupncyclsss opatmyp funenh SWIOag regio areen usednag toetmtolsfrma aadh funcion calculatedth Average levldfdaagnogh structinan crstu t urnty e s usigte ainctet n nomto on th eirnc ty eL p roccupancy ano st u toyphea ag e e representt thbfatinofteloalbulinnepaemn L4 FigureAl. Schematic diagram dlustrating the methodology usedto deveiop the Suy-RAF1 expohe re data DISASTER RISK PROFILE I METHODOLOGY 1 DISASTER RISK PROFILES Average Annual Loss Hazard The modeled average annual loss (AAL) is equal Hazard refers to the damaging forces produced by a to the total of all impacts produced by a hazard peril, such as inundation associated with flooding, or (e.g. earthquake) in a specified time period (e.g. winds produced by a tropical cyclone. A single peril 10,000 years) divided by the number of years in that can have multiple hazards associated with it. Those specified time period (e.g. 10,000 years). associated with a tropical cyclone, for example, include strong winds, storm surge and flooding. Building Construction Class Building Construction Class is used to classify an asset's construction, which determines an asset's Impact refers to the consequences of a hazard vulnerability to a certain hazard, contributing to affecting the exposure, given the exposure's a risk estimate. For example, a traditional wood vulnerability. The impact on structures is usually building is more vulnerable (i.e. likely to be damaged quantified in terms of direct monetary loss. or destroyed) by a tropical cyclone than a building made of steel-reinforced concrete. Thus an area with Replacement Value traditional wood buildings is likely to experience Replacement value refers to the estimated amount it more damage and larger losses from a tropical would cost to replace physical assets. cyclone than an area with steel-reinforced concrete buildings. Building Construction Class is one of the factors used to determine vulnerability (see below). Return Period (RP) Throughout this profile 10-year (RP10), 100- Building Type year (RP100), and 250-year (RP250) events are Building Type, or Occupancy Class, specifies the referenced. These events have intensities that (on usage of a given building, which contributes to a average) are expected to occur once during a "return building's vulnerability. The building types used period' A return period is based on the probability in these profiles are: residential, commercial, that an event could happen in a given year. The industrial, infrastructure, and public. larger the return period for an event, the less likely its occurrence, and the greater its intensity. The Each building type has subtypes: probability of an event occurring in any given year * Residential: single, multi-family (e.g. apartment) equals 1 divided by the number of years named in " Comerial acommdatin (.g.hotl),the "X-year event", e.g. for a 10-year event (an event * Commercial: accommodation (e.g. hotel), with a 10-year return period), the probability is commercial1/10 or 10%; for a 100-year event, the probability is * Industrial: general industrial (e.g. factory) 1/100 or 1%. * Infrastructure: bus terminals, rail terminals, airports, maritime ports, utilities, roads, Risk highways Risk is a combination of hazard, exposure, and * Public: healthcare, education, religious, vulnerability. It is quantified in probabilistic terms emergency services, general public facilities (for example, average annual loss) using the impacts Building Type is one of the factors used to determine of all events produced by models. vulnerability (see below). Vulnerability Exposure / Exposed Assets Vulnerability accounts for the susceptibility of the Exposure refers to assets such as buildings, critical exposure to the forces associated with a hazard. facilities and transportation networks, which could Vulnerability accounts for factors such as the bematerials used to build the asset (as specified by the associated with the exposure, such as location and occupancy and structural characteristics, help specified by the Building Type). determine the vulnerability of the exposure to a hazard. 12 DISASTER RISK PROFILE IGLOSSARY DISASTER RISK PROFILES 1UNISDR, Review ofZanzibar, UNISDR Working Papers on Public Investment Planning and Financing Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction, UNISDR, Geneva, 2015, http:// www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2015/en/ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS gar-pdf/UNISDR_WorkingPapers_onPublic_Investrment These risk profiles were prepared by steam comprising Alanna Planning_and FinancinOStrategy_for Disaster_Risk Simpson, Emma Phillips, Simone Balog, Richard Murnane, Vivien Reduction_Review_of_Zanzibar.pdf. Deparday, Stuart Fraser, Brenden Jongman, and Lisa Ferraro Parmelee. The core team wishes to acknowledge those that'were 'Disaster Relief Emergency Fund, "Tanzania: Flooding in involved in the production of these risk profiles, First we would Zanzibar," DREF Bulletin No. 05ME025, March 16, 2007, like to thank the financial support from the EuropeanUnion (EU) http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/5 in the framework of the African, Caribbean and Pacfc (ACP)-EU 1A320ACE7D3E6B9C12S72AO00356A74-Full_Report.pdf; Africa Disaster Risk Financing Initiative, ma yGFDRR. UNISDR, Review ofZanzibar. In the GFDRR secretariat we llketopa r thapk Francis GhIesquere, Yivien Deparday, IsabelFog,Rsla Global Climate Adaptation Partnership for UKAID, Della Monica, aid Hugo Wesley. We wouda Current Weather Data for Zanzi bar and the Effects of appreciation to the World Bank Africa D Ris$Mnage Climate Variability and Extremes, technical report, May Team; ChristophtPusch and Doekle liy 2012, http://www.economics-of-cc-in-zanzibar.org/ Disaster Risk Financingand Insurance T le a, Sa images/Current_Climateand_Climate_Variability_o ook, arry Maker Richard Poulter Benedikt Signer, and Zanzibaryvs.3pdS. White Ourthanksto AIR Worldwide tog Rrisk assessen analysis, Finally, we are gratel Jo Ais Maps and Us e ea fPr creating the ata visualizations and these tel thtsigne r profiles. DISASTER RISK PROFILE I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 13