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H ,ferdwjf zwfausmo pGefYypfjcif;wdkYudk xdef;csKyfonfh abq,fvf EdkifiHwum oabmwlpmcsKyf (Basel Convention)? pGefYypfypönf;rsm;ESifhtjcm;t&mwdkY pkykHpGefYypfjcif; 14 EdkifiHwumoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; (odkYr[kwf) a'owGif; Oya'rsm;u aMumifh yifv,fa&jyifnpfnrf;rI tEå&m,frSumuG,fjcif;qdkif&m vef'ef t"dyÜg,fzGifhxm;onfhtwdkif;jzpfonf/ oabmwlnDcsuf (London Convention) wdkYudkvnf; xnfhoGif;&rnf/ 31 xGuf&Sdvmjcif;udk avsSmhcs&ef? xdef;odrf;&ef vkyfaqmif (aemufqkH;taejzifh) "mwkypönf;qdkif&m enf;vrf;wdkY &rnf/ xdo k a Ykd omrljzifh pDruH e d ; f vkyi hf wfouf f ef;rsm;ESiy tygt0if ab;jzpfapaomydk;rTm;ESifh wd&dpämefrsm; vsif&Sdaeonfh ab;tEå&m,frsm;aomypönf;rsm; xkwf ESdrfeif;onfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk vlESifh tjcm;wd&dpämefrsm; vkyfjcif;? o,f,lydkYaqmifjcif;? udkifwG,fjcif;? tm; rxdcdkufap&ef? ab;rjzpfap&efumuG,fonhf odkavSmifjcif;? tokH;jyKjcif;ponfhwdkYudk qef;ppf&rnf/ &nfrSef;csufjzifh vkyfaqmif&rnf/ ab;tEå&m,frsm;aom ypönf;wdkYudk pDrHudef;vkyfieff; rsm;wGiftokH;jyKrnfqdkygurdrdwdkYaxmufyHh0efaqmif 15/ ydk;owfaq;rsm;okH;pGJ&mwGif "mwkydk;owfaq;rsm; rIrsm;udk &,lxm;olrsm;taejzifh ydkí ab;tEå&m,f okH;pGJ&efvdktyfaeygu rdrdwdkY\ axmufyHh0efaqmifrI enf;yg;onfhypönf;rsm;udk tpm;xdk;tokH;cs&ef pOf;pm; rsm;udk &,lxm;olrsm;taejzifh vlrsm;tm; tqdyf &rnf/ ab;tEå&m,frsm;aomypönf;rsm;u jzpfap tawmufjzpfaprIenf;yg;onfh "mwkydk;owfaq;rsm; onfh tqdy" f mwfaMumifo h uf&Z D ½kyr dS 0 f sm;tay:qd; k usKd ; udkokH;pGJ&rnf/ xdk"mwkaq;0g;onf oufqdkif&mydk;rTm; oufa&mufjcif;? obm0ywf0ef;usifu pkyf,lzsufqD; tm; tm;aumif;aumif;jzifh ESdrfeif;Edkifonfhtajctae &efrvG,fonfh"mwfypönf;rsm; jzpfay:vmjcif;? ouf&Sd &Sdaomfvnf; rdrdwdkYypfrSwfrxm;onfh tjcm;ydk;aumif ZD0½kyfrsm;wGif tqdyf"mwfrsm;ydkygvmEdkifrnfh tajc rsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: xdcdkufrI enf;yg;&ef taeydkrsm;vmjcif;? tdkZkef;vTmyg;16vmEdkifjcif;ponf vnf; *½kpdkuf&efvdkonf/ rdrdwdkY\ axmufyHh0efaqmif wdkY jzpfvmEdkifonfhtwGuf EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;u rIrsm;udk&,lxm;olrsm;taejzifh ydk;owfaq; a&G;cs,f okH;pGJrI wjznf;jznf;avsSmhcsaeonfh (odkYr[kwf) ydwf &mwGif ydk;owfaq;rsm;udk xnfhxm;onfht&monf yifxm;onfh ,if;ab;tEå&m,frsm;aom ypönf;rsm;? vkHNcKHaumif;rGefjcif; &Sd? r&Sd? pdwfcsab;uif;pGm tokH;jyK "mwkypönf;rsm; udk rdrdwdkY\ axmufyHh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk &rnfh enf;ay;vrf;nTefcsufrsm;yg? ryg? pnf;rsOf; &,lxm;olrsm;u xkwfvkyfjcif;? ukefoG,fjcif;? tokH; owfrw S cf sur f sm;ESit hf nDxw k v kx f yf m;jcif; [kw?f r[kwf jyKjcif;wdkYudk a&Smif&Sm;&rnf/ ponfhtcsufrsm; tay:rlwnfí a&G;cs,f&rnf/ ydk;owfaq;okH;pGJjcif;ESifh pDrHaqmif&GufrI 16/ rdrdwdkY\ axmufyHh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk &,lxm; 14/ rdrdwdkY\axmufyHh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk &,lxm;ol olrsm;taejzifh ydk;owfaq;okH;pGJ&mwGif atmufyg rsm;taejzifh vkdtyf&ifvdktyfovdk a&m*gjzpfaponhf wdkYudk a&Smif&Sm;Edkifa&;twGufpOf;pm;NyD; okH;pGJ&rnf ydk;rTm;? wd&dpämefESdrfeif;a&;twGuf pepfwus aygif;pyf (1) rdrdypfrSwfxm;&mydk;rTm;rsm;\ &efolrsm;udk rxd pDrHceYfcGJrI (IPM) (ESifh) (odkYr[kwf) ul;pufa&m*g cdkufap&ef a&Smif&Sm;&rnf? ra&Smif&Sm;Edkifu xdcdkufrI o,faqmifxm;aom ydk;rTm;wd&dpämefrsm;udk ESdrfeif;a&; enf;atmifavsSmhcs&rnf/ (2) rdrdypfrSwfxm;&m ydk;rTm; twGufpepfwusaygif;pyfpDrHceYfcGJrI(IVM)udk csrSwf ESifh wd&dpämefrsm; ydk;owfaq;cHEdkif&nf ydkydkrsm;vmrnfh aqmif&u G & k a f rnf/ xdo Ykd qmif&u G & f mwGitf rsm;jynfol ta&;udka&Smif&Sm;&rnf? ra&Smif&Sm;Edkifu avsSmhcs& use; f rma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;t&xdcu kd o h ; f nfu l pufa&m*g rnf/ xdkYjyif ydk;owfaq;rsm;udk udkifwG,fpDrHjcif;? rsm; o,faqmifxm;onfh ydk;rTm;rsm;? wd&dpämefrsm;udk odak vSmifjcif;? tok; Yf pfjcif;wdu H jyKjcif;? pGey f qmif Yk kd vkya tav;ay;ESdrfeif;&rnfjzpfonf/ rdrdwdkY\axmufyHh &mwGif urÇmhpm;eyf&du©mESifh pdkufysdK;a&;tzGJY (FAO) 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk&,lxm;olrsm;\ (IPM)? (IVM) u xkwfjyefxm;onfh ydk;owfaq;okH;pGJjcif;ESifh jzefYjzL; jyKvkyfaom enf;pepfrsm;wGif ydk;rTm;? wd&dpämefESifh jcif;qdkif&mEdkifiHwumusifh0wfpnf;urf;ESifhtjcm;EdkifiH obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; wumvkyfief;cGifqdkif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm; (CIP) xnfo G ;f pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfovdk ,Ofaus;rIEi h i G f S hf qufE, wGifazmfjyxm;onfrsm;ESifhtnD aqmif&Guf&rnf/ aomtavhtxrsm;? ZD0qdkif&m rsdK;ADZqdkif&m? 17/ urÇmhusef;rma&;tzGJY (WHO) u ab;tEÅ&m,f 16 rsm;aom ydk;owfaq;tqifh Ia (ab;tEå&m,ftvGef vlUusef;rma&;ESihfobm0ywf0ef;usifudkqdk;&Gm;pGmxdcdkufapaom tqdyf oihfaponhf "mwkypönf;rsm;qdkif&m pawmh[krf;oabmwlnDcsuf? tdkZkef; rsm;aomtqifh) odkYr[kwf Ib (ab;tEÅ&m,frsm; vTmyg;vmaponfh t&mrsm;qdkif&m rGefx&D&,fnd§EIdif;csufrsm;\ &nfrSef; aomtqifh)0if ydk;owfaq;rsm;udk rdrdwdkY\ axmufyHh csufrsm;ESifhtnD vkdufygaqmif&Guf&rnf/ ydk;owfaq;tqifhrsm;ESifh ywf oufívnf;urÇmu h se; f rma&;tzGUJ ucsrw S x f m;csur f sm;ESit hf nDvy f qmif k a 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk &,lxm;olrsm;taejzifh0,f,ljcif;? &rnf/ 32 odkavSmifjcif;? okH;pGJjcif;? xkwfvkyfjcif; (odkYr[kwf) ,ljcif;? odkavSmifjcif;? okH;pGJjcif;? xkwfvkyfjcif; ukefoG,fjcif;wdkYtvsOf;rvkyf&/ tqifh II tawmf (odkYr[kwf) ukefoG,fjcif;wdkYrvkyf&ay/ ydk;owfaq; toifh tEå&m,frsm;aomtqifh0if ydk;owfaq;rsm; wGif yg0ifaom "mwkypönf;rsm;taMumif; oifwef; ESifh ywfoufvsSifvnf; tu,fípDrHudef;u ,if;ydk; rNyD;ao;olrsm;? tumtuG,fypönf;ESifh udkifwG,f&ef? owfaq;rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif;? 0,f,ljcif;? jzefYa0jcif;? odkavSmif&eff? tokH;jyK&ef? pGefYypf&eftwGufoifhavsmf okH;pGJjcif;wdkYudkoifhavsmfpGm xdef;csKyfEdkfifpGrf;r&Sdygu onft d gu ,if;yd;k owfaq;rsm;ESihf ywfouf h &mrsm;r&Sy rdrdwdkY\ axmufyHh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk &,lxm;olrsm; í rnfolYudkrQwm0efray;&/ taejzifh ,if;tqifh II 0if ydk;owfaq;rsm;udk 0,f Scope of Application 33 rdwfquf &nfrSef;csufrsm; 1/ pDru H e d ;f ESiy hf wfoufonfv h y k i f ef;rsm;? ypön; f ud&, d m • pDrHudef;umvtwGif; ykHrSeftajctae? ykHrSefr[kwf wefqmyvm? tajccHtaqmufttkHponfwdkYonf aomtajctaeponfhtajctae 2 rsdK;vkH;wGif &yf&Gmvlxktm; tEÅ&m,fjzpfapEdkifrIESifhqdk;usdK;ouf xdcu f ufa&mufc& dk o H aom &yf&m G vlx\ k use;f rma&; a&mufrIydkrdkrsm;jym;vmEdkifaMumif; vkyfaqmifrIpHowf ESifhab;uif;a&;wdkYtay: qdk;usdK;oufa&muf vm rSwfcsuf(4)utodtrSwfjyK vufcHxm;onf/ xdkYjyif EdkifrIrsm;udk MudKwifrSef;q&efESifh a&Smif&Sm;Edkif&ef/ &moDOwkajymif;vJrIta&;aMumifh ,cifuwnf;u • &yf&Gm&Sdjynfolrsm;ESifh ,if;wdkY\ ydkifqdkifrIrsm;\ xdcu kd cf aH e&aom&yf&m G vlxr k sm;qdy k gupDru H e f vkyi d ; f ef; vkHNcKHa&;udk umuG,fay;&mwGif vlYtcGifhta&; rsm;\ ¤if;wdkYtay: oufa&mufrIrsm;u ydkíjyif;tm; tajccHrlrsm;ESifhtnDvkyfaqmifjcif;? xdcdkufrI&Sd rsm;NyD; ydkívnf;t&Sdefjyif;jyif;ESifh a&mufvmEdkifay onfh &yf&Gmvlxk tay:oufa&mufvmEdkifonfh onf/ &yf&Gmvlxkusef;rma&;? ab;uif;a&;ESifh tEÅ&m,frsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;rnfh(oddkYr[kwf) avsSmhcs vkHNcKHa&;wdkYtwGuf jynfolYusef;rma&;Xmeu ulnD rnfhenf;[efjzifh vkyfaqmifjcif; ponfwdkYtm; apmifha&Smufrnfqdkonfudk od&SdtodtrSwfjyKxm;pOf aocsmpGm tmrcHEdkif&ef/ rSmyif pDrHudef;ESifhywfoufonfh vkyfief;rsm;aMumifh jzpfvmEdkifonfh &yf&Gmvlxkusef;rma&;? ab;uif;a&; tokH;jyK&m e,fy,f ESifh vkHNcKHa&;wdkYtay: qdk;usdK;oufa&mufvmrIrsm;udk rdrdwdkY\ axmufyHh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk&,lxm;olrsm;u 3/ þvkyfaqmifrIpHowfrSwfcsuf tokH;jyKrnfh xdkqdk;usdK;rsm;rjzpfay:vma&; wm;qD;vkyfaqmif&ef twdi k ; f twmudk obm0ywf0ef; f usiE f i S hf &yf&m k r G vlxv l I vdtk yfouJo h ?Ykd jzpfay:vmyguvnf;avsmu h som G ;atmif b0tay:oufa&mufvmrnfhtEÅ&m,fESifh qdk;usdK;rsm; vkyf&efwm0ef&SdonfhtaMumif; ,ck vkyfaqmifrIpH udkod&Sdatmif vkyfaqmifonfhvkyfief;pOftwGif;owf owfrw S c f suu f zGiq kd i hf & S ; f jyxm;onf/ xdo k Ykd aqmif&u G f rSw&f rnf/ vkyi f ef;rsm;taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G f Mu&mwGit f usKd ;pD;yGm;udx k c kd v du f , G af ponh( f odr Yk [kw) f &mwGif ,ckvkyfaqmifrIpHowfrSwfcsufrS vdktyfcsuf tumtuG,frJhjzpfaeolrsm;udktav;ay;*½kjyK&rnf/ rsm;ESiuhf u f r kd n D &I a dS tmifvy f qmif&efvt k a kd yfNy;D ,if;odYk udkufnDrI&Sdapa&;pDrH&mwGif vkyfaqmifrI pHowfrSwf 2/ ,ckvkyfaqmifrIpHowfrSwfcsufwGif azmfjyxm; csuf 1 wGif azmfjyxm;onfh rdrdwdkYxHrSaxmufyHh0ef aom BuKH&rnhftEÅ&m,fESifh qdk;usdK;oufa&mufrIrsm; aqmifrr I sm;udk &,lxm;olrsm;\ obm0ywf0ef;usiE fiS hf onfy#dyu©jzpfaeaoma'orsm;ESifh y#dyu©ujkdzwfoef;cJh vlrIa&;qdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIpepf (ESMS) ESifhtnD pDrH &aoma'orsm;wGif ydkíBuD;rm;ayvdrfhrnf/ ,cifu aqmif&Guf&rnf/ wnf;utxdtcdkufrcHaom a'oqdkif&m tajctae rsm;wGif pDrHudef;uxyfqifhwdk;vdkufonfh tEå&m,f 4/ ,ckvkyfaqmifrI pHowfrSwfcsufonf pDrHudef; oufa&mufEdkifrIrsm;ESifh a'owGif;t&if;tjrpfrsm; vkyfieff;rsm;aMumifh xdckdufoufa&mufcH&aom &yf&Gm &Sm;yg;aeí zdpD;rIrsm;&Sdaeonfh tajctaersm;onf vlxktay:odkYoufa&mufvmEdkifonfhtEÅ&m,frsm;ESifh aemufxyf y#dyu©wpfckqDodkY OD;wnfoGm;Edkifojzifh qd; f aqmif&u k usKd ;rsm;udk ajz&Si; f y;onf/ tvkyo G a f rm; xdktaMumif;csif;&mwdkYudktay:,HvQHírMunfhoifhay/ rsm;\ vkyfief;cGifqdkif&musef;rma&;? 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(1) toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rI jyefvnf wnfaxmifa&;tpDtpOfESifh ,ck vkyfaqmif onf ajr,may:wGif tajcrcHjcif;? (2) toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIonf rIpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;twdkif; tpmxdk;avsmfay;jcif;? ajr,may:wGif tajccHaomfvnf; pDrHudef;aMumifh qkH;½IH;vdkuf&onfh ajr yrmPonf tenf;tusOf;rQomjzpfNyD; usefaomajr,mjzifh pD;yGm;a&; tjcm;ulnDaxmufyHhjcif;wdkY vufcH&&SdNyD;csdefrSom qufvkyfí&jcif;? (3) ajr,m? tdk;tdrf? vkyfom;aps;uGufrsm;&SifoefaeNyD; a&TYajymif;cH&olrsm;taejzifh ,if;aps;uGufrsm;rS 4if;wdkYvdktyfonfrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&; tajctaet& a&TUajymif;&jcif;aMumifh jzpf &Edkifaom taetxm;wGif&Sdjcif;/ vmaomqdk;usdK;udk avsmhusoGm;atmifvkyfjcif; NyD; 22 NrdKUjyrsm;wGif w&m;r0iftajccsaexdkifolrsm; a&TUajymif;&onfhtajc taewGif tqdk;taumif;EdIif;,SOf csdefqNyD; wckckudk qkH;jzwf&onfrsm; ajrmufonf [k rSwf,l&rnfjzpfNyD; xdcdkufrI&SdoGm;onfh yg0ifEdkifonf? 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