Government of Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Forest Department INTEGRATED PROJECT FOR SOURCE SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE RESILIENT RAIN-FED AGRICULTURE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH (World Bank Assisted) Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management Plan (IPNMP) Final Report 26 December 2019 Himachal Pradesh Forest Department Project Management Unit Solan, Himachal Pradesh Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 Table of Contents ESS3 Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management Plan ....................................................... 3 1. Project Background ........................................................................................................... 3 2. Risks and Impacts from Pesticide and Fertilizer Application ................................................ 4 3. Applicability of the IPNMP to the project ........................................................................... 4 4. Institutional Arrangement ................................................................................................. 5 5. Approaches to Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management (IPNM) ..................................... 5 6. IPNM Tools ....................................................................................................................... 6 7. Criteria for Pesticide Selection and Use .............................................................................. 8 8. Nutrient Management in Agriculture/ Horticulture .......................................................... 10 9. Monitoring ...................................................................................................................... 13 10. Guidance on Proper Storage, Handling and Disposal of Pesticides ................................. 15 11. Annexures ................................................................................................................... 18 1. List of pesticides banned by Government of India................................................................ 19 2. List of Pesticides Refused Registration .................................................................................. 20 3. Pesticides Restricted For Use in India ................................................................................... 21 4. List of pesticides not permissible (WHO classes Ia, Ib and II) ............................................... 21 2 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 ESS3 Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management Plan 1. Project Background The Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) is preparing the Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture (IP) in the selected Gram Panchayats of the State, with financing from the World Bank. IP carries forward the ideas and learnings of H.P. Mid Himalayan Watershed Development Project (HPMHWDP). The proposed IP will invest in measures in upstream catchment areas to improve sustainable land and watershed management to promote the sustainability of perennial water sources. It will also support continued diversification and commercialization of agricultural value chains in downstream areas by supporting production and value addition including the promoting efficient water use thereby increasing the productivity of water in agriculture. It will adopt a spatial approach by (i) applying a landscape approach to individual high-risk micro-watersheds within select river basins in Himachal Pradesh; and (ii) overlaying this with a cluster approach to target value chain investments in specific locations to leverage economies of scale and network externalities. In parallel, the project will develop and demonstrate the application of an analytical evidence base to inform strategic policy choices viz. the trade-offs between alternative water use and will pilot a new institutional arrangement for addressing complex multi-sectoral concepts such as sustainable landscape management that involves several sectors and multiple Government departments. Summary of Proposed Project Interventions The project development objective of the proposed Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture (IP) is “To improve upstream watershed management and increase agricultural water productivity in selected Gram Panchayats in Himachal Pradesh.� The proposed project interventions and its four main components are provided below. Component 1 (Sustainable land and water management) will support a) establishment hydrological monitoring stations; b) preparation of Gram Panchayat Resource Management Plans (GP-RMPs); c) Soil and water conservation measures including afforestation, check dams, bunds water harvesting structures, drainage line treatments, gully plugging; d) Plantations, e) Pasture management with rotational grazing, fodder delineated forest, introduction of voluntary systems of rotational grazing in young forest; e) Development of high-quality seed stands f) construction of centralized seed center and climate-controlled seed bank; g) Nursery development h) Forest fire prevention and suppression measures. i) Innovative silviculture pilots and j) operation, maintenance and investment fund (OMIF). Component 2 (Improved Agricultural Productivity and Value Addition) will support interventions on a) water harvesting, storage, and distribution infrastructure, small pond excavation, community tank renovation, roof rain-water tanks, traditional irrigation channels, and gravity and lift intake and distribution structures; b) on farm 3 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 adoption of Climate Smart Technologies; c) “last-mile� market access infrastructure such as footbridges and manually operated, ropeways (but not roads or investments requiring land acquisition); d) matching grants to individual farmers and farmer groups for essential productive assets. Component 3 (Institutional Capacity Building for Integrated Watershed Management) will support institutional assessments, functional reviews, institutional strengthening, institutional reforms, change management, capacity building interventions that would enable adoption of more holistic approach towards integrated watershed management, climate change, climate resilient and resource efficient agriculture, including information technology strategy Component 4 (project management) will support key project staff, monitoring and evaluation, grievance redress mechanisms, Environment and Social Framework (ESF) implementation, overall capacity building, project communication etc. 2. Risks and Impacts from Pesticide and Fertilizer Application The following negative impacts are envisaged from an over-use and reliance on chemical pesticides and fertilizers: a) The project activities on high value crops and crop diversification will involve the use of pesticides and fertilizers. The project will also involve pest management in livestock to reduce worm and pest load in livestock, these are water soluble and will have similar environmental impacts, if not managed. The impacts include: • Runoff of pesticides leads to contamination of surface water and biota; dysfunction of ecological system in surface waters by loss of top predators due to growth inhibition and reproductive failure; public health impacts from eating contaminated fish. Pesticides are carried as dust by wind over very long distances and contaminate aquatic systems 1000s of miles away • Runoff of nutrients (from fertilizers), especially phosphorus, leads to eutrophication and causes taste and odour in public water supply, to excess algae growth leading to deoxygenation of water and fish kills. • Spreading of manure on frozen ground results in high levels of contamination of receiving waters by pathogens, metals, phosphorus and nitrogen leading to eutrophication and potential contamination. • Pesticides can further lead to development of resistance in target insects/pests and they are no longer eliminated with recommended doses; resurgence of pests, as they are not wiped out and reappear time and again; destruction of useful insects that were natural predators of problem insects due to continuous use of chemical insecticides and outbreak of secondary pests due to loss of natural enemies. 3. Applicability of the IPNMP to the project Under the project, an Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management Plan (IPNMP) has been prepared: 4 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 a) To promote safe, effective and environmentally sound pest and nutrient management in plantation, agricultural, horticultural and livestock interventions. b) To promote the use of biological control methods and reduce synthetic chemical pesticides and fertilizers. c) To provide guidelines on the proper storage, handling and disposal of pesticides to minimize risks to humans, livestock and the environment. d) To increase capacity on addressing all the above. The activities under the project the IPNMP will apply to are forestry operations including nursery development, development of high-quality seed sands, plantation activities and eradication of invasive species and climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices including high-value fruit and vegetable production, diversification of agricultural and promotion of techniques such as organic farming, zero-budget natural farming, and promotion of water-efficient and drought resistant varieties of crops. The project IPNMP covers the generic approach, tools and mitigation measures; however, crop specific Package of Practices by subject matter specialists will be prepared for all crops taken up and promoted under the project. 4. Institutional Arrangement The IPNMP will be institutionalized within the Himachal Pradesh Forest Department (HPFD) Project Management Unit. The responsibility for applying the principles and mitigation measures will lie with the Subject Matter Specialists in Agriculture at the PMU and the 10 Agricultural Extension officers, 10 Veterinary Extension officers and forest nursery managers at the District level. Within the District Project Offices, 2 officers will have expertise in Agriculture. At the State level, expertise and training modules on IPNMP in agriculture and horticulture is housed within the Central Integrated Pest Management Centre in Solan that disseminates this knowledge through Farmer’s Field Schools and Season long Trainings; Best practices and guidelines for pest control in nurseries have been developed by ICFRE, HFRI and the Forest Department. Further on specific measures under the project, the 2 State Agriculture Universities (University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan and CSKHPKV, Palampur as well as the Krishi Vigyan Kendras of 10 districts will provide guidance on crop related Package of Practices integrating IPNMP measures. 5. Approaches to Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management (IPNM) Integrated pest management can be defined as a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides It refers to an ecological approach of pest control (insects, diseases, weeds, rodents, etc.) employing all methods and techniques such as cultural, mechanical, genetic, regulatory, biological and chemical in a compatible manner to keep pest population below economic threshold level (ETL). It involves: 5 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 • Managing pests (keeping them below economically damaging levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them • Relying, to the extent possible, on non-chemical measures to keep pest populations low; and • Selecting and applying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment. Currently, the major thrust areas of plant protection in India are promotion of Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management (IPNM), ensuring availability of safe and quality pesticides, streamlining the quarantine measures and for human resource development including empowerment of women in plant protection skills The Key Components of IPNM are: • Identification of major pests & diseases for the crop in the area • Identification of the minor pests & diseases for the crop in the area • Assessment of Economic Threshold Limit (ETL) for major pests /diseases • Pest monitoring based on Agro Ecosystem Analysis (AESA) and conjunctive use of pheromone traps, sticky traps, etc. 6. IPNM Tools IPNM involves a range of methods to control pests that can be undertaken both proactively and reactively Use of Pest Resistant Varieties Breeding for pest resistance is a continuous process. At the same time the pests also, particularly the plant pathogens, co-evolve with their hosts. Thus, gene transfer technology is useful in developing cultivars resistant to insects, plant pathogens and herbicides. An example of this is the incorporation of genetic material from Bacillus Thuringensis (Bt), a naturally occurring bacterium, in cotton, corn, and potatoes, which makes the plant tissues toxic to the insect pests. Scientific community is impressed by its huge potential in managing the pests, but is also concerned about the possibility of increased selection pressure for resistance against it and it’s effects on non -target natural fauna. Cultural pest control It includes crop production practices that make crop environment less susceptible to pests. Crop rotation, fallowing, manipulation of planting and harvesting dates, manipulation of plant and row spacing, and destruction of old crop debris are a few examples of cultural methods that are used to manage the pests. Planting of cover crops, nectar producing plants and inter-planting of different crops to provide habitat diversity to beneficial insects are important management techniques. Cover crops, often legume or grass species, prevent soil erosion and 6 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 suppress weeds. A cover crop can also be used as a green manure, which is incorporated in the soil to provide nitrogen and organic matter to the subsequent crop. Cultural controls are selected based on knowledge of pest biology and development. Physical or Mechanical controls These are based on the knowledge of pest behaviour. Placing plastic lined trenches in potato fields to trap migrating Colorado potato beetles is one example of the physical control. Hand picking of insect pests is perhaps the simplest pest control method. Installation of dead as well as live bird perches in cotton and chickpea fields has proved effective in checking the bollworm infestation. Using mulches to smother weeds and providing row covers to protect plants from insects are other examples. Biological controls These include augmentation and conservation of natural enemies of pests such as insect predators, parasitoids, parasitic nematodes, fungi and bacteria. In IPNM programs, native natural enemy populations are conserved, and non-native agents may be released with utmost caution. Trichogramma spp. is the most popular parasitoids being applied on a number of host crops. A number of microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp., Verticillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. that attack and suppress the plant pathogens have been exploited as biological control agents. Chemical controls Pesticides are used to keep the pest populations below economically damaging levels when the pests cannot be controlled by other means. Pesticides include both the synthetic pesticides and plant derived pesticides. Synthetic pesticides include a wide range of man-made chemicals. These are easy to use, fast-acting and relatively inexpensive. Ideally, pesticides should be used as a last resort in IPM programs because of their potential negative effect on the environment. Pesticides with the least negative impacts on non-target organisms and the environment are most useful. Fortunately, new generation pesticides with novel modes of action and low environmental effects are being developed and registered for use. Pesticides that are short-lived or act on one or a few specific organisms fall in this class. Assessment of Economic Threshold Level This is based on the concept that most plants can tolerate at least some pest damage. In an IPNM program where the economic threshold is known, chemical controls are applied only when the pest’s damaging capacity is approaching the threshold, despite application of other alternative management practices. Use of Botanical Pesticides 7 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 These can be prepared in various ways. They can be as simple as raw crushed plant leaves, extracts of plant parts or as complex as chemicals purified from the plants. Pyrethrum, neem, tobacco, garlic, and pongamia formulations are some examples of botanicals. Some botanicals are broad spectrum pesticides. Botanicals are generally less harmful to the environment, because of their quick degrading property. They are less hazardous to transport. The major advantage is that these can be formulated on- farm by the farmers themselves. 7. Criteria for Pesticide Selection and Use The procurement of any pesticide in a Bank financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. With respect to the classification of pesticides and their specific formulations, in reference to the World Health Organization's Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification. The following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in, • They must have negligible adverse human health effects. • They must be shown to be effective against the target species. • They must have minimal effect on non- target species and the natural environment. • The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies. Pesticides used in public health programs must be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them. • Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests. It is required that any pesticides be manufactured, packaged, labelled, handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to standards acceptable to the WHO. Formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if (a) lacks of restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store and apply these products properly are not permissible in the project. Operational Aspects of IPNM • Growing a healthy crop involves the right varietals selection; appropriate seed bed management, plant nutrition, and plant nutrition, and plant physiology, water and weed management. • Optimize natural enemies recognize beneficial insects in the field, learning insect population dynamics, life cycles, and food webs; understanding the effects of pesticides on beneficial populations, promoting 8 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 survivorship of predators through habitat management and making local reference collections. • Observe fields weekly for damage symptoms, changes in insect populations, to evaluate plant growth and physiology, relationship between plant stages and insect populations, effects of weather conditions, and water and nutrient management. • Farmers as experts: agro-system analysis and decision making based on information directly observed and collected leads to farmers to make sound conclusions crop management decisions. The World Bank Operational Guidelines The World Bank & IFC Pesticide guidelines aims to ensure that the pesticide • Must have negligible adverse human health effects • Should be effective against target pests and minimal effect on non target species • Development of pest resistance to be kept in view • Public health pesticides must be safe for inhabitants and animals Integrated pesticide management specifically identifies the following as the key in pest control. • A categorical preference for bio control methods along with institutional and capacity building for the same. • Reducing reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and only if approved by IPNM approach. • Does not permit under any circumstance the use IA, IB and II classified pesticides. Listing of these chemicals and provided by the World Health Organization is given at the end of the report. • Recommends the use of Participatory IPNM along with specific investment components for the same. • Permits category III type chemicals and these are listed at the end of the report. But even these must be used as part of the IPNM strategy. No to all chemical Pesticides if it is likely to be used without training and safety. Pesticide Management in water Drift of pesticides must be avoided when spraying. They should not be applied when rain is imminent and the users should follow the direction given in the container for pesticide handling safety precautions, application rates and proper disposal. To reduce contamination of surface water and ground water from pesticides: Evaluate the pest problems, previous pest control measures, and cropping history; Use integrated pest management (IPNM) strategies that: • Apply pesticides only when an economic benefit to the producer will be achieved 9 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 • Apply pesticides efficiently and at times when runoff losses are unlikely • When pesticide applications are necessary and a choice of registered materials exists, consider the persistence, toxicity, runoff potential, and leaching potential of products in making a selection • No use of pesticide belonging to category 1 &2 as classified in the pesticide code The goal of this management measure is to reduce contamination of surface water and ground water from pesticides. The basic concept of the pesticide management measure is to foster effective and safe use of pesticides without causing degradation to the environment. Pesticide Management Plans (PMP’s) identify: • Identify areas vulnerable to pesticides; • Monitor source water for pesticide contamination; • Prevent pesticides from reaching ground water; • Respond to pesticide detection. Use of Plastic • To minimize the use of pesticides as seed treatment to reduce the incidence of disease in nurseries, use of specific plastic sheet can be recommended for soil solarization. • Plastic sheets will also be helpful in moisture conservation as mulch. • Use of plastic in the form of poly tunnels and poly houses under adverse climatic conditions. This will also help in growing insect and disease free seedlings, off season vegetables and flowers to improve the economy of farmers, thus minimizing the pesticide application. 8. Nutrient Management in Agriculture/ Horticulture The need for Nutrient Management Integrated plant nutrient management also contributes to pest management. Stressed crops are more susceptible to disease and to the effects of pest attacks. Crops growing in poorly structured soil, under low or unbalanced nutrient conditions or with inadequate water supply will be stressed. Responding to disease or pest attacks by applying pesticides is a costly symptomatic approach to a syndrome which is better addressed by improving the ecological conditions and systems within which the crops are cultivated. In addition, agricultural products with less pesticides residues are less risky to consume, and healthy plants with a properly balanced nutrient supply provide better quality feed and food, improving animal and human health. An Attempt will be made to improve production efficiencies through integrated nutrient management practices promoting combined use of inorganic, organic and biological resources in a reasonable way to balance efficient use of limited resources and ensure ecosystem sustainability. Efficient fertilizer use will be promoted with 10 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 application of appropriate quantities and method of application to minimizes losses. Rather than broadcasting, project will educate farmers to apply fertilizer into the soil directly. Plant nutrient status during the growing season will be monitored using leaf- colour charts and managing fertilizer application accordingly. Focus on Nutrient cycles and IPM are also linked to the ‘climate smart agriculture’ component in the project that will look at practices such as ‘Zero -budget natural farming’, ‘organic farming’ and other best practices to minimize soil disturbance, improve intercropping and crop rotation with nitrogen fixing plants to reduce dependence on fertilizers. The application of fertilizers may increase the occurrence of harmful weeds, the project will promote “Integrated Weed Management� by improving the timing, dosing and application method of nutrients and thus minimizing the potential impact on weed growth. The project will also promote crop- livestock system, as a part of nutrient management. Nutrient Management at Farm Level Farmers can get higher benefit from the supply of additional plant nutrients, in the form of organic/ inorganic fertilizer, only after they have made improvement in the biological, physical and hydrological properties of their soil. At the farm level, integrated and synergistic approach will be adopted under IPNM, involving the following: 1. Matching the land use requirements with the land qualities present in the area, i.e., the biological, chemical and physical properties of the soil, and the local climatic conditions (temperature, rainfall etc.); 2. Seeking to improve yield by identifying and overcoming the most limiting factors that influence yield; 3. Better plant management, i.e., (i) planting at the beginning of the rain to increase protective ground cover to enhance infiltration and biological activity and (ii) timely weeding to reduce crop yield losses; 4. Promotion of complementary crop, livestock and land husbandry practices in combination to maximize addition of organic materials and recycle farm wastes, so as to maintain and enhance soil organic matter levels; 5. Land management practices that ensure favorable soil moisture conditions for the proposed land use (e.g. moisture conservation in low rainfall areas, drainage in high rainfall areas); 6. The replenishment of soil nutrients through an integrated plant nutrition management approach like organic manuring, application of crop residues, rhizoidal N-fixation, Phosphorous and other nutrient uptake; 7. Combinations of crop, livestock and land husbandry practices that reduce rainfall impact, improve surface infiltration, and reduce the velocity of surface run-off thereby ensuring soil loss below the ‘tolerable’ level; 8. Conservation tillage, crop rotation, agro-forestry and soil restorative practices that maintain and enhance the soils physical properties thereby encouraging root development and rainfall infiltration; 11 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 9. Promotion of crop-livestock system in project clusters as a part of integrated nutrient management strategy; 10. Nutrient monitoring during growing stage by using colour chart and application of nutrients accordingly. 11. Apart from IPNM, details on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) are outlined in this report. Awareness building Awareness building on safe use among farmers and horticulture/ agriculture workers is another instrument that must be used for implementing the PMP in the project. The highest exposure to pesticides i s compelled by poverty to work in unsafe conditions. All supports to pesticide sprayers and equipment must include making available a protective gear. Pamphlets and posters on safe use of pesticides which deal from purchase, transport, storage, application to disposal must be provided to village organizations. In high pesticide use areas, cultural expressions like folk songs must be provided to village organizations. A major impact of pesticide usage is on water. Reducing pesticide usage by adopting IPNM and permitting only class III pesticides, while substantially reducing pesticide usage, the threat to water contamination reduction is possible. Educating the community not to spray pesticides during or just before a rain must be included in the awareness material. Monitoring the health on the people, especially workers, on a sample basis in high pesticide use area would be another task taken up by the project. 12 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 A multimedia approach that includes Teaching IPNM to Farmers – FFS Way Kiosks, Print and e-media, Manuals, pamphlets, brochure, SMS over Mobile phones and Farmers fairs/group The Farmer Field School is a form of adult discussions would be used to create education, which evolved from the concept that awareness about IPNM in each of the farmers learn optimally from field observation and districts. experimentation. • Each village in a cluster would have It was developed to help farmers tailor their a Master Farmer on whose plot the Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management (IPNM) entire package of practices for a crop, practices to diverse and dynamic ecological including IPNM would be conditions. demonstrated. In regular sessions from planting till harvest, groups • Groups of about 20 farmers (both of neighbouring farmers observe and discuss men and women) would be attached dynamics of the crop’s ecosystem. to each such Master Farmer and his/her plot for meeting regularly Simple experimentation helps farmers further improve their understanding of functional and learning by observation and relationships (e.g. pests-natural enemy population experimentation. dynamics and crop damage-yield relationships). • At every stage of the crop cycle the FFS groups would meet to observe In this cyclical learning process, farmers develop and evaluate the impact of certain the expertise that enables them to make their own crop management decisions. crop management decisions. For example, in IPNM, they would Special group activities encourage learning from observe the relationship between peers, and strengthen communicative skills and group building. climate and pest incidence, extent of pest attack and economic damage, etc. • A Field Day would be organized at the time of harvest for the FFS group to evaluate the success of the package of practices, including IPNM. • Based on the success, each FFS group member would be encouraged to adopt the entire package on their own plots and conduct FFS with a set of 20 farmers each. • Thus, a network of FFS plots and trainers would be created which would ensure that there is farmer-to-farmer dissemination of IPNM. • IP through Agriculture and Horticulture Departments would provide the technical backstopping as well as by providing input incentives to FFS farmers. It would also assist the FFS farmers in procuring inputs needed for implementing IPNM. 9. Monitoring Crop monitoring, that keeps track of the pests and their potential damage, is the foundation of IPNM. This provides knowledge about the current pests and crop situation and is helpful in selecting the best possible combinations of the pest management methods. Pheromone traps have an advantage over other monitoring 13 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 tools such as light and sticky traps; being selective to specific pests, they have proven their usefulness in large scale IPNM validations. Monitoring protocol IP will develop a protocol in co-ordination with Agriculture and Horticulture Departments. The following protocol model is proposed: Table 1: Agriculture/ Horticulture Monitoring Protocol Model Monitoring Responsibility Methodology Strategy Whether banned IP: DPO and Periodic Field Visits to If not circulated ask list of pesticides APO the villages and checking concerned to circulate and insecticides Agriculture and for the lists from with the help of UG/ are circulated in Horticulture villagers CAG/ Federations to vernacular Dept.s all GPs. language to all UG/ CAG/ Purchasing of IP: DPO and From which source they To educate the villages villages Federations insecticides and APO are being purchased, about the need to pesticides Agriculture and quantity of purchase, etc. reduce the Horticulture consumption of Dept.s pesticide/insecticide Use of Bio- IP: DPO and How many villages are Declare all villages as UG/ CAG/ fertilizers and bio- APO using them, which are bio villages in a phased Federations --do- pesticides vermi- Agriculture and the villages not using manner but slowly and - compost/ bio- Horticulture them, etc. judiciously compost Dept.s Data collected through Provide training in bio UG/ CAG/ field visits to villages composting vermi- Federations compost Training and IP: DPO and Collect data of untrained A monitoring constant tie Marketing up Awareness APO persons training tie up and creation Agriculture and exposure visits Horticulture Dept.s UG/ CAG/ Federations Constraints in Implementing IPNM Despite the plans for implementing IPNM, several constraints exist. The table below summarizes the constraints in promoting IPNM on a large scale. Table 2: Constraints in implementing IPNM 14 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 Constraint/Risks Mitigation Availability of selective Make available selective bio- pesticides, effective against crop pesticides to farmers, as per their pests but not against natural requirements. enemies One of pests, of the basic is a problem. points of IPNM is Support participatory research programs ETL, which have not been worked with farmers and research organizations to out for all the pests and combination work out ETL for various pests within different of pests for different varieties and project districts Potential of bio-control agents has Do not introduce bio-control agents that have regions. not been evaluated fully for many not been worked out in detail and are still in agents. study stage. Use only ready to release and duly approved bio-control agents. Techniques of mass rearing of Ensure timely breeding and supply of several bio-agents are still not well predators to farmers; improve linkages with developed. relevant line departments and other Farmers in many cases are aware of Ensure that demonstrations are alongside institutions. new technologies but are unable to awareness building and that there is no gap access it leading to disillusionment between demonstration and supply of new and consequently non-adoption of technology, lest people lose interest. the technology. Lack of adequate trained manpower Ensure that a cadre of IPNM resource persons at the field level to work with are created in every district, especially in the farmers to help them learn IPNM. UG/ CAG/ Federation. Ensure that regular trainings and refresher courses are conducted for IPNM resource persons before the beginning of each crop season. Organizations such as Agri Man Ecology (AME) Foundation, PRADAN, FES, ASA may be contacted to develop appropriate training manuals for promoting IPNM through FFS approach. 10. Guidance on Proper Storage, Handling and Disposal of Pesticides Exposure to pesticides may occur when handling and spraying pesticides. The exposures to pesticides may occur in following situations: • When handling the pesticides product during opening of the package, mixing and preparation of the spray. • When spraying the pesticides. • When disposing the pesticides solution and containers General precautions: 1. The operator should also wear a protective hat and face shield or goggles. 2. Do not eat, drink or smoke while working. 3. Wash hands and face with soap and water after spraying and before eating, smoking or drinking. 4. Shower or bath at the end of every day’s work and wear new clean clothes. 15 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 5. Wash overalls and other protective clothing at the end of every working day in soap and water and keep them separate from the rest of the family’s clothes. 6. If the insecticide touches the skin, wash off immediately with soap and water. 7. Change clothes immediately if they become contaminated with pesticides. 8. Inform the supervisor immediately if one feels unwell. Protective clothing and equipment Absorption of pesticides occurs mainly through the skin, lungs and mouth. Specific protective clothing and equipment given below must be worn in accordance with the safety instructions on the product label. • Broad-rimmed hat (protects head, face and neck from spray droplets). • Face-shield or goggles (protects face and eyes against spray fall-out). • Face mask (protects nose and mouth from airborne particles). • Long-sleeved overalls (worn outside of boots). • Rubber gloves. • Boots Storage 1. Pesticides storehouses must be located away from areas where people or animals are housed and away from water sources, wells, and canals. 2. They should be located on high ground and fenced, with access only for authorized persons. However, there should be easy access for pesticides delivery vehicles and, ideally access on at least three sides of the building for fire-fighting vehicles and equipment in case of emergency. 3. Pesticides must NOT be kept where they would be exposed to sunlight, water, or moisture which could affect their stability. 4. Storehouses should be secure and well ventilated. 5. Containers, bags or boxes should be well stacked to avoid possibility of spillage. The principle of .first expiry first out. should be followed. 6. Stock and issue registers should be kept upto date. Access to the pesticides should be limited to authorized personnel only. 7. The store room should have a prominently displayed mark of caution used for poisonous or hazardous substances. It should be kept locked. 8. Containers should be arranged to minimize handling and thus avoid mechanical damage which could give rise to leaks. Containers and cartons should be stacked safely, with the height of stacks limited to ensure stability. Transportation 1. Pesticides should be transported in well sealed and labeled containers, boxes or bags. 2. Pesticides should be transported separately. It should NOT be transported in the same vehicle as items such as agricultural produce, food, clothing, drugs, toys, and cosmetics that could become hazardous if contaminated. 16 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 3. Pesticides containers should be loaded in such a way that they will not be damaged during transport, their labels will not be rubbed off and they will not shift and fall off the transport vehicle onto rough road surfaces. 4. Vehicles transporting pesticides should carry prominently displayed warning notices. 5. The pesticides load should be checked at intervals during transportation, and any leaks, spills, or other contamination should be cleaned up immediately using accepted standard procedures. In the event of leakage while the transport vehicle is moving, the vehicle should be brought to a halt immediately so that the leak can be stopped and the leaked product cleaned up. Containers should be inspected upon arrival at the receiving station. There should be official reports to the national level and follow-up enquiries in the event of fires, spills, poisonings, and other hazardous events. Disposal of remains of pesticides and empty packaging 1. At the end of the day’s work during IRS activities, the inside of the spray pump should be washed and any residual pesticides should be flushed from the lance and nozzle. 2. The rinsing water should be collected and carefully contained in clearly marked drums with a tightly fitted lid. This should be used to dilute the next day’s tank loads or disposed properly by the supervisor at disposal sites like pits or digs. 3. Never pour the remaining pesticides into rivers, pools or drinking-water sources. 4. Decontaminate containers where possible. For glass, plastic or metal containers this can be achieved by triple rinsing, i.e. part-filling the empty container with water three times and emptying into a bucket or sprayer for the next application. 5. All empty packaging should be returned to the supervisor for safe disposal according to national guidelines. 6. Never re-use empty insecticide containers. 7. It shall be the duty of manufacturers, formulators of pesticides and operators to dispose packages or surplus materials and washing in a safe manner so as to prevent environmental or water pollution. 8. The used packages shall not be left outside to prevent their re-use. 9. The packages shall be broken and buried away from habitation. Disposal of Expired Pesticides 1. Adequate measures should be undertaken to avoid expiry of stocks in storehouses. 2. First Expiry First Out. principle should be strictly followed during stock movements. 3. The expired stock should be returned to manufacturer for disposal as per guidelines preferably through incineration process. 4. The chemical efficacy should be tested before disposal of expired pesticides to find out possibility of usage. The efficacy and active ingredient percentage of pesticides is tested and certified by the authorized testing laboratory. 17 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 Health Monitoring 1. In case of accidental exposures or appearances of symptoms of poisoning, medical advice must be sought immediately. 2. In case of organophosphorus (Malathion), regular monitoring of cholinesterase (CHE) level should be carried out and spraymen showing decline in CHE to 50% should be withdrawn and given rest and if needed medical aid 11. Annexures A. Pesticides Banned for manufacture, import and use (28 Nos.) 1. Aldrin 2. Benzene Hexachloride 3. Calcium Cyanide 4. Chlordane 5. Copper Acetoarsenite 6. CIbromochloropropane 18 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 7. Endrin 8. Ethyl Mercury Chloride 9. Ethyl Parathion 10.Heptachlor 11.Menazone 12.Nitrofen 13.Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate 14.Pentachloro Nitrobenzene 15.Pentachlorophenol 16.Phenyl Mercury Acetate 17.Sodium Methane Arsonate 18.Tetradifon 19.Toxafen 20.Aldicarb 21.Chlorobenzilate 22.Dieldrine 23.Maleic Hydrazide 24.Ethylene Dibromide 25.TCA (Trichloro acetic acid) 26.Metoxuron 27.Chlorofenvinphos 28.Lindane (Banned vide Gazette Notification No S.O. 637(E) Dated 25/03/2011)-Banned for Manufacture, Import or Formulate w.e.f. 25th March,2011 and banned for use w.e.f. 1. List of pesticides 25th banned by Government of India March,2013. 19 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 B. Pesticide / Pesticide formulations banned for use but their manufacture is allowed for export 29. Nicotin Sulfate (2 Nos.) 30. Captafol 80% Powder C. Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture and use (4 Nos) 1. Methomyl 24% L 2. Methomyl 12.5% L 3. Phosphamidon 85% SL 4. Carbofuron 50% SP D. Pesticide Withdrawn(7 Nos) 1. Dalapon 2. Ferbam 3. Formothion 4. Nickel Chloride 5. Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) 6. Simazine 7. Warfarin 2. List of Pesticides Refused Registration Table 3: List of Pesticides Refused Registration S. No. Name of Pesticides 1. Calcium Arsonate 2. EPM 3. Azinphos Methyl 4. Lead Arsonate 5. Mevinphos (Phosdrin) 6. 2,4, 5-T 7. Carbophenothion 8. Vamidothion 9. Mephosfolan 10. Azinphos Ethyl 11. Binapacryl 12. Dicrotophos 13. Thiodemeton / Disulfoton 14. Fentin Acetate 15. Fentin Hydroxide 16. Chinomethionate (Morestan) 17. Ammonium Sulphamate 20 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 18. Leptophos (Phosvel) 3. Pesticides Restricted For Use in India Table 4: Pesticides Restricted for Use in India S. No. Name of Pesticides 1. Aluminium Phosphide 2. DDT 3. Lindane 4. Methyl Bromide 5. Methyl Parathion 6. Sodium Cyanide 7. Methoxy Ethyl Mercuric Chloride 8. Monocrotophos (MEMC) 9. Endosulfan 10. Fenitrothion 11. Diazinon 12. Fenthion 13. Dazomet 4. List of pesticides not permissible (WHO classes Ia, Ib and II) 1. Extremely hazardous (Class Ia): Table 5: List of pesticides not permissible (WHO class Ia) Common name Aldicarb Ethoprophos Brodifacoum Flocoumafen Bromadiolone Hexachlorobenzene Bromethalin Mercuric chloride Calcium cyanide Mevinphos Captafol Parathion Chlorethoxyfos Parathion-methyl Chlormephos Phenylmercury acetate Chlorophacinone Phorate Difenacoum Phosphamidon Difethialone Sodium fluoroacetate Diphacinone Sulfotep Disulfoton Tebupirimfos EPN Terbufos 2. Highly hazardous (Class Ib): Table 6: List of pesticides not permissible (WHO class Ib) Common name Acrolein Oxydemeton-methyl 21 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 Allyl alcohol Paris green Azinphos-ethyl Pentachlorophenol Azinphos-methyl Propetamphos Blasticidin-S Sodium arsenite Butocarboxim Sodium cyanide Butoxycarboxim Strychnine Cadusafos Tefluthrin Calcium arsenate Thallium sulfate Carbofuran Thiofanox Chlorfenvinphos Thiometon 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol Triazophos Coumaphos Vamidothion Coumatetralyl Warfarin Zeta-cypermethrin Zinc phosphide Demeton-S-methyl Famphur Dichlorvos Fenamiphos Dicrotophos Flucythrinate Dinoterb Fluoroacetamide DNOC Formetanate Edifenphos Furathiocarb Ethiofencarb Heptenophos Isoxathion Methiocarb Lead arsenate Methomyl Mecarbam Monocrotophos Mercuric oxide Nicotine Methamidophos Omethoate Methidathion Oxamyl 3. Moderately hazardous (Class II): Table 7: List of pesticides not permissible (Class II) Common name Alanycarb Endosulfan Anilofos Endothal-sodium Azaconazole EPTC Azocyclotin Esfenvalerate Bendiocarb Ethion 22 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 Benfuracarb Fenazaquin Bensulide Fenitrothion Bifenthrin Fenobucarb Bilanafos Fenpropidin Bioallethrin Fenpropathrin Bromoxynil Fenthion Bromuconazole Fentin acetate Bronopol Fentin hydroxide Butamifos Fenvalerate Butylamine Fipronil Carbaryl Fluxofenim Carbosulfan Fuberidazole Cartap Gamma-HCH , Lindane Chloralose Guazatine Chlorfenapyr Haloxyfop Chlordane HCH Chlorphonium chloride Imazalil Chlorpyrifos Imidacloprid Clomazone Iminoctadine Copper sulfate Ioxynil Cuprous oxide Ioxynil octanoate Cyanazine Isoprocarb Cyanophos Lambda-cyhalothrin Cyfluthrin Mercurous chloride Beta-cyfluthrin Metaldehyde Cyhalothrin Metam-sodium Cypermethrin Methacrifos Alpha-cypermethrin Methasulfocarb Cyphenothrin [(1R)-isomers] Methyl isothiocyanate 2,4-D Metolcarb DDT Metribuzin Deltamethrin Molinate Diazinon Nabam Difenzoquat Naled Dimethoate Paraquat Dinobuton Pebulate Diquat Permethrin 23 Government of Himachal Pradesh – Forest Department Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and Climate Resilient Rain-fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh ESS Plans –Final Report 26 December 2019 Phenthoate Quizalofop-p-tefuryl Phosalone Rotenone Phosmet Spiroxamine Phoxim TCA [ISO] (acid) Piperophos Terbumeton Pirimicarb Tetraconazole Prallethrin Thiacloprid Profenofos Thiobencarb Propiconazole Thiocyclam Propoxur Thiodicarb Prosulfocarb Tralomethrin Prothiofos Triazamate Pyraclofos Trichlorfon Pyrazophos Tricyclazole Pyrethrins Tridemorph Pyroquilon Xylylcarb Quinalphos 24