Local Sourcing in the Cabo Verde Tourism Food Supply Chain Opportunities and Challenges October 2019 1 Final Report October 2019 Preface & Acknowledgements This research report was commissioned under the Diversifying Tourism and Strengthening Linkages ASA (P169076) and was led by a team of consultants comprised by Mr. Carlos Faria (lead international consultant) and Mr. Helder Martins (local expert), under the supervision of Laurent Corthay (Senior Private Sector Specialist, EA2F1) and António Baptista (Consultant, EMFTX). The purpose of this report is to explore the potential to increase local sourcing in the tourism food supply chain in Cabo Verde, with a particular emphasis on agriculture and fisheries. The team conducted detailed quantitative surveys1 and interviews with a sample of food and beverage managers of large all-inclusive units present in Boa Vista and Sal islands, as well as large import wholesalers servicing these units. The purpose was to ascertain prices and volumes purchased per type of product, in addition to locally sourced content. The team also interviewed additional stakeholders, namely greenhouse entrepreneurs, local fishery and aquaculture entrepreneurs, greenhouse and solar power and water desalination equipment suppliers, development partners, and administration, such as the General-Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), and General-Directorate of Tourism and Transports (DGTT). An analytical framework was developed to map areas of opportunity and relative competitiveness in local production vis-à-vis imports. The interviews and surveys were conducted in Sal, São Vicente and Santiago islands during two missions in March and May of 2019. Despite guarantees for full confidentially, data collection was a significant challenge due to the sensitivity and depth of commercial data requested. Data was generally obtained after thorough follow-up interviews since very few companies responded to the comprehensive survey sent electronically. Following the mapping of products with high local sourcing potential, the report presents a set of recommendations aimed at addressing the challenges identified. The team would like to thank all participants which provided sensible and valuable information, particularly the hotel resorts and import wholesalers. The team would also like to thank Jessie McComb (IFC Operations Officer) for her insights on similar work she lead in the Pacific region, as well as Rob Swinkels (Senior Economist), Aifa Ndoye (Senior Agriculture Economist), Hermione Nevill (Senior Operations Officer) and Fatou Fall (Cabo Verde Country Liaison Officer) for all the valuable comments provided during the peer-review stages. 1 The approach was inspired by a methodology developed for a study conducted in Fiji Islands by IFC; International Finance Corporation. (July 2018). From the Farm to the Tourist's Table: A Study of Fresh Produce Demand from Fiji's Hotels and Resorts. IFC. 2 Final Report October 2019 Abbreviations and Acronyms CAGR Compounded Average Growth Rate CAPEX Capital Expenditures CI&F Cost, Insurance and Freight CV Cabo Verde CVE Cabo Verde Escudos EU European Union FOB Free on Board of Board of vessel or aircraft GDP Gross Domestic Product GovCV Government of Cabo Verde HORECA Hotel, Restaurant and Cafe KPI Key Performance Indicators LCC Low-Cost Carriers LSITO Large Scale International Tour Operators ODA Official Development Assistance OPEX Operating Expenses QSI Quality of Service Index USD United States Dollar VFR Visiting Friends and Relatives WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council 3 Final Report October 2019 Table of Contents Preface & Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 2 Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................................................................... 3 Summary of Findings....................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Research Objectives and Methodology ......................................................................... 13 1.2 Limitations and Comments ............................................................................................ 15 2. Contribution of Agriculture and Fisheries to the Domestic Market ..................................... 16 2.1 Sector Background ......................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Apparent Domestic Food Consumption ......................................................................... 20 3. The Tourism Industry & Food Supply Chain ......................................................................... 23 3.1 Drivers of Tourism Development in Cabo Verde ........................................................... 23 3.2 Inbound Tourism Evolution and Forecasts .................................................................... 24 3.3 Structure of the Tourism Industry and Respective Food Supply Chain ......................... 27 4. Market Potential and Areas of Opportunity ......................................................................... 30 4.1 Estimates on Size of Tourism Sector Food Demand ...................................................... 30 4.2 Analysis of Current Local Sourcing by Large Hotels ....................................................... 32 4.3 Proposed Competitiveness Matrix for Imported/Domestic Agriproducts .................... 33 5. Constraints to Higher Participation of Domestic Agriproducts & Fisheries ......................... 36 5.1 The Demand-side View .................................................................................................. 36 5.2 Logistics Challenges ........................................................................................................ 36 5.3 Production and Supply-Chain Challenges ...................................................................... 37 6. Proposals to Increase Local Food Production and Sourcing in Tourism ............................... 40 6.1 Solving Water Scarcity with Sustainability ..................................................................... 41 6.2 Solving the Logistics and Cold Storage Constraint ......................................................... 43 6.3 Leveraging Local Fresh Fisheries & Seafood .................................................................. 44 6.4 Leveraging Collection Action through Co-ops ................................................................ 45 6.5 Solving the Access to Finance and Risk-Sharing Constraint to the Private Sector ........ 47 7. Proposed Areas for Additional Research .............................................................................. 48 References .................................................................................................................................... 50 Annex I – Estimates and Projections of Tourist Bed-Night Consumption .................................... 52 4 Final Report October 2019 List of Figures Figure 1 – Mapping of agriproducts according to import substitution potential and strategies ... 9 Figure 2 – Meat production from livestock (in tonnes) ................................................................ 18 Figure 3 – Local Fisheries Catch Volume (in tonnes) .................................................................... 19 Figure 4 – Historical and forecasts of inbound tourism arrivals in Cabo Verde ........................... 25 Figure 5 – Structure of international arrivals per source market and island (2018) .................... 26 Figure 6 - Mapping of agriproducts according to import substitution potential and strategies . 34 List of Tables Table 1 – Tourism Market Size vs National Consumption of Main Food Products (2018) ........... 10 Table 2 – Estimated Tourism Market Size in Fresh Vegetables & Fruits (2018) ........................... 11 Table 3 –Hotel & resorts of Cabo Verde above 250 rooms in 2018 ............................................. 15 Table 4 - Weight of the Tourism, Agriculture, Forestry and fishing activities in the Cabo Verde GDP ............................................................................................................................................... 17 Table 5 - Structure and evolution of Agriculture produce in Cabo Verde, 2008-2016 (ton)........ 17 Table 6 – Cabo Verde livestock census (2015).............................................................................. 18 Table 7 – Structure of imports of main agricultural products (2017)........................................... 21 Table 8 – Structure and breakdown of agriculture production and trade of Cabo Verde (2015- 16) ................................................................................................................................................. 22 Table 9 – Apparent national consumption of meats, fisheries and eggs (2016) .......................... 23 Table 10 – Structure of arrivals per source market (2018)........................................................... 26 Table 11 – Hotels above 250 rooms in Cabo Verde by Affiliation (2018)..................................... 27 Table 12 – Main Food & Beverage Wholesalers to Large Hotels in Sal & Boa Vista .................... 29 Table 13 – Estimated Volume of Main Food Group Consumption by Hotels in Sal and Boa Vista ....................................................................................................................................................... 31 Table 14 – Estimated Tourism Market Size in Fresh Vegetables & Fruits (2018) ......................... 32 Table 15 – Description of the quadrants in the matrix and assigned strategies .......................... 34 5 Final Report October 2019 Summary of Findings Context & Background 1. The objective of this research report is to assess the market potential for local sourcing in the Cabo Verde tourism food supply chain, with a particular emphasis on traditional sectors such as agriculture and fisheries. As tourism continues to expand rapidly in Cabo Verde, the sector creates a growing market potential for locally sourced produce. The number of inbound tourists in the country has steadily increased from 428,000 in 2011 to 710,000 in 2018 - a 7,5 percent CAGR in the period - causing with it a rise in the direct economic contribution of travel & tourism activities to GDP, now estimated at near 20 percent. The islands of Sal and Boa Vista dominate the market, attracting together 76,4 percent of all arrivals, who visit overwhelmingly under the all-inclusive resort segment. In addition, higher average lengths of stay in these two islands imply that they account for proportionally more room nights (89,9% of the total bed nights) than the rest of the country. 2. The level of linkages between the primary sector and tourism has long been a debated topic, particularly the untapped potential of additional positive spillovers and impact on poverty reduction. A World Bank study commissioned in 20132 estimated that more than 80 percent of food and beverage products consumed by all-inclusive resorts were imported. While these resorts have been decisive in pushing infrastructure development and promoting job creation, the level of linkages with local businesses is seen as being below potential. The study found that the low level of local food sourcing stemmed from a range of challenges related to sanitary and quantity standards, volumes, reliability of supply, and connectivity. Since then, very little research has sought to quantify the market potential in supplying tourism or assessing which products could be prioritized at local production level, on comparative and competitive advantages vis-à-vis imports. 3. The methodology for this research comprised a quantitative and qualitative survey with a representative sample of large hotels in Sal and Boa Vista, in addition to in-depth follow-up interviews and desk review of pertinent data. The type of commercially sensitive information required from the surveyed participants severely undermined participation, despite guarantees of confidentiality. A substantial effort was invested in following-up, and the team was able to gather consumption data covering a small representative sample of large hotels, as well as relevant information on market characteristics and trends from the leading hotel supplier wholesalers. 2 World Bank. (2013). Tourism Development in Cabo Verde: Is it time to Abandon the All-Inclusive Model? World Bank. 6 Final Report October 2019 Current Supply Chain Dynamics 4. The inbound tourism market is dominated by international tour operators, with important implications for supply-chain sourcing and management. Out of about 8,500 rooms available in Sal and Boa Vista in 2018, more than 90 percent are affiliated or partly owned with a large-scale international tour operator. Tui/Thomson is a market leader with an estimated 70+ percent market share of the inbound tourism flow3, complemented by Soltrópico and Thomas Cook4 with marginal market shares. Affiliated hotels operate with all-inclusive package products in almost all cases, and this business model tends to transfer risk management practices to suppliers. Considering risks such as food poisoning or lack of continuity in supply, hotels tend to avoid taking the risk of using non-accredited suppliers. Bed and breakfast or half board, only a fraction of the current room supply, have a higher tolerance for risks and tend to purchase more locally. 5. While only an estimated 5 to 10 percent of food requirements is currently sourced locally, managers from large hotels and import wholesalers expressed interest for more local sourcing, especially for fresh perishable produce if supply-chain continuity and food traceability/security were guaranteed. Some produce such as fresh vegetables and fruits are already marginally sourced locally, some of them through emerging hydroponic farmers. Other products such as wheat flour, fresh processed dairy (yogurts), fresh eggs and beverages (bottled water, beer), mostly from industrial producers in Santiago and São Vicente islands, have also had different degrees of success in tapping into the large hotel segment. This said, the procurement decision-making process for hotel chains, especially those affiliated with large international groups, is generally risk-averse, centralized, and tends to prioritize price, quality, certification & traceability, and availability in stock, all of which represent a challenge for local producers. 6. The Cabo Verde primary sector faces chronic challenges and has only a modest contribution to the national generation of wealth, with limited potential for scale. At an estimated 8 percent of GDP, primary sector output serves mostly the island-level domestic market. Arable land is scarce (35.000 ha, of which approximately only 800 ha are irrigated), and the semi- desertic climate weighs on productivity. Agriculture and livestock are family-based subsistence activities with a rudimentary and obsolete technological base. These weaknesses are further hampered by inefficient inter-island logistics, imposing high costs for perishable food products, which by nature are time and cold-storage sensitive, making it difficult to connect high- 3 Expresso das Ilhas. (2019, Setembro 29). Falência das Thomas Cook: Impacto ainda por definir em Cabo Verde. Retrieved from https://expressodasilhas.cv/economia/2019/09/29/falencia-da-thomas-cook-impacto-ainda-por- definir-em-cabo-verde/65844 4 Most flights to Cabo Verde are operated by Thomas Cook Scandinavia, which thus far has not been affected by the bankruptcy, in late September, of the parent-subsidiary Thomas Cook Group. 7 Final Report October 2019 agricultural output islands (Santiago, Fogo, Santo Antão) with the tourism hubs of Sal and Boa Vista. 7. Fresh fish and seafood capture primarily caters to the local market at the island of catch, while industrial and semi-industrial fisheries are focused mostly on supplying the canning industry. Local fishery supply chains are generally controlled by informal fishmongers servicing the island-of-catch market, and frequently lack proper handling and sanitary procedures. The small semi-industrial fleet supplies the fish canning industry, centred on the northern island of São Vicente and dominated by a single international conglomerate focused on intra-group exports to the European Union. Mapping the Potential for Local Sourcing in the Tourism Sector 8. As far as market potential, albeit growing, the tourism sector represents only a fraction of the overall national food demand. The estimated 709,653 tourists in 2018 stayed an average 6,53 days, which can be estimated to correspond to approximately 12,674 permanent residential inhabitants or just about 2,3% of the total population of 543,767. Estimates of food consumption by tourists in 2018 show that the market potential is still a fraction of the estimated overall national food consumption in recent years (see Error! Reference source not f ound.). 9. Balancing the quantitative and qualitative assessment of large hotel consumption, trade balance dynamics, and local logistics constraints, the team developed a framework for guidance on food products according to local sourcing potential and strategies (Figure 1). The framework is based on two dimensions: i) total landed cost of an imported food product at the distributor premises (including freight, insurance, customs, excise duties, breakage)5; and ii) perishability (number of days), reflecting the average life of the product. The reference threshold for perishability was placed at 15 days, representing the average vessel frequency serving the islands of Sal and Boa Vista with imports from Europe and sea cargo hubs (Algeciras, Lisbon, Porto, Canary Islands). 10. The overarching rationale is if a product is highly perishable, the costs of importing it in a timely manner will affect price/quality competitiveness, thus opening up opportunities for sustained local production. If national inter-islands logistics also reflect a longer time in the supply chain than the life of the product, then production in the consumption island, even at high costs, becomes potentially attractive. Choosing the landed cost criteria is a proxy for like- for-like conditions of supply, including payment terms (30 days upon invoice date). 5 The calculation of national agriculture production costs would have provided a logic direct comparator vis-à-vis import CIF price, but such exercise would involve a long and challenging survey across islands - adjusting for volatility associated with seasonality, droughts et others -, beyond the range of this report. 8 Final Report October 2019 Figure 1 – Mapping of agriproducts according to perishability and price per kg 11. Categories with high comparative potential for local sourcing via existing production or hydroponics/aquaculture include fresh vegetables & fruits, fresh fish and seafood, fresh meat6, and processed dairy and eggs, mostly in quadrant II. As the price per kg increases, efficiencies of scale become less significant than delivery times and quality of the fresh product, reinforcing the case for local production; specific perishable products with tourism demand in the upper-price segment are asparagus, eggplants, arugula, guavas, blackberries, fresh tunas, lobster, shrimps, squids & octopus, cockles, mussels, and shellfish. 12. Across quadrants I and III, local producers face stronger price competition, but can explore alternate strategies, e.g. quality/gourmet positioning. In these cases, the incidence of freight is lower relative to the base price, making imports more price competitive as the cost and time of freight does not tend to overcome economies of scale. In higher-priced products, increasing national participation would require that local producers follow an up-market strategy, e.g., gourmet products and souvenirs like goat cheese or spirits, provided adequate marketing and branding strategies are employed. 6 We have considered only the end-product, excluding livestock, as HORECA buyers do not purchase live animals for slaughter. 9 Final Report October 2019 13. Matching the high potential product niches with market size, the opportunities areas become more apparent across fresh vegetables & fruits, fish, seafood and dairy products (see Error! Reference source not found.). Cabo Verde’s current agricultural output coincides particularly with some of the high-ranked demand produce, notably tomatoes, papaya, mango, carrots, bell peppers, bananas, watermelon (Table 2). Tourism sourcing in these categories is however still residual as the inefficient inter-island transport and supply chain apparatus (product handling, cold storage) constitute barriers for sustained entry into the resort market. Table 1 – Tourism Market Size vs National Consumption of Main Food Products (2018) Estimated Estimated National Estimated Tonnes Amount (in Apparent Consumption Product Type of Consumption import landed (in tonnes, 2016) cost)7 Fresh Vegetables (including potatoes, carrots, bell peppers, tomatoes, 2 675 cucumbers, zucchini, broccoli, green beans, lettuce, €4,2 million Colliflower, onions, garlic, cabbages, asparagus, 54 361 eggplants, spinach, arugula) Legumes and Cereals (including beans, chickpeas, corn, peas, rice, wheat 1 616 €1,09 million flower) Fresh Fruit (including melon, watermelons, pineapple, papaya, mango, grapefruit, citrus fruits, perons, apples, 2 964 €4,27 million 28 150 bananas, guavas, peaches, kiwis, blueberries, blackberries) Meat 1 460 €5,98 million 17 724 (Beef, Pork, Poultry, Lamb) Fish 920 €4.11 million (Tunas, Small Pelagic, Other head fish, fresh & frozen) Seafood 21 854 (Lobster, Shrimp, Squids, Cuttlefish and Octopus, 253 €3.52 million Cockles, Shellfish) Dairy 295 €2.29 million n/a (Cheese, Butter & Margarine; not including yogurts) Eggs 885 €2.6 million n/a Source: Estimated from survey data 7 Including import price, breakage, and import duties. 10 Final Report October 2019 Table 2 – Estimated Tourism Market Size in Fresh Vegetables & Fruits (2018)8 Products Tonnes Market Volume - Tomatoes (kg) 604 993 492 € - Watermelons (Kg) 626 889 234 € - Melon (Kg) 542 770 045 € - Pineapple (Kg) 508 697 480 € - Eggplants (Kg) 122 556 270 € - Papaya (Kg) 189 420 003 € - Kiwis (Kg) 146 297 406 € - Brocoli (Kg) 97 261 977 € - Bell peppers (Kg) 114 259 053 € - Grapefruit (Kg) 91 245 344 € - Zucchini (Kg) 144 235 986 € - Cucumbers (Kg) 135 198 244 € - Carrots (Kg) 319 196 414 € - Spinach (Kg) 97 188 362 € - Cabages 74 187 785 € - Letuce (Kg) 55 156 345 € - Bananas (Kg) 156 154 363 € - Colliflower (Kg) 73 138 328 € - Mango (Kg) 39 121 715 € - Asparagus (Kg) 19 106 481 € - Green beans (Kg) 49 104 713 € - Peaches (Kg) 49 79 867 € Source: Survey data Proposals for Increased Linkages 14. To offset current logistics challenges in the short-medium term, the production in greenhouse or aquaculture environments of perishable fresh produce in the consumption islands can be an attractive option as some emerging players are demonstrating. Greenhouse operations management allows the production of daily and weekly fresh products, reducing the storage needs of wholesale operators. Products can be collected daily according to orders and delivered entirely fresh, providing full flavour and drastic reduction of breakages. Emerging companies are already pursuing this business model with a degree of success (e.g., Milot hydroponics in Sal island). The cost structure allows local producers to not only compete with imported products but also provide opportunities for exports in some higher value fruits longer term, this taking into consideration that refrigerated containers return empty to their origins. 15. Increasing the level of participation of local food production, either for the tourism or even the national market, will require a holistic and integrated cross-sector strategy. Proposed measures explored in this report include addressing the scarcity of freshwater to increase agricultural output through the renewable energy/desalination synergy; addressing inter-island sea transport, including port operations, cold storage, and logistics; protecting and certifying local fresh-fish supply; supporting systems for enlargement of farming plot sizes and collective action through cooperatives to enhance post-harvest handling practices; promoting access to affordable capital funding for feasible projects promoted by smallholders, private sector or 8 Market volume is based on the import price proxy per €/Kg: landed price including import price, breakage, and duties. 11 Final Report October 2019 other sector stakeholders; and introduction of agricultural insurance services to protect producers and investors against increasing risks related to climate change. 16. This report also points to additional research, such as feasibility studies for high potential products identified here, in addition to further analysis of linkages in other transformed and non-food consumables. Additional areas of research could include: determining agricultural competitiveness per islands, particularly weighing production costs and quality vs imports; development of business models and strategic briefs for a selection of 5 to 10 products with high local sourcing potential (including fresh vegetables through hydroponics and high-value seafood through aquaculture); additional market research on beverage consumption and downstream potential in fruit transformation for juices; level of sourcing and demand for non- food consumables now produced in-country (e.g. cleaning detergents), in addition to other consumables which may have potential for local sourcing; and gap analysis and recommendation on increasing linkages and upstream investments by the fish canning industry in tourism-hub islands. 12 Final Report October 2019 1. Introduction 1.1 Research Objectives and Methodology 17. The issue of linkages between the primary sector and the tourism value chain is a recurring debate topic in Cabo Verde. While the tourism sector contributes a substantial share of the country’s economy and job creation, it seems clear that the sector could do even more for the economy. The GovCV has underlined the importance of this issue; in the Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development (GoPEDS) for 2017-2021, authorities reaffirm ambitious goals for tourism as a leading driver of growth – doubling of tourist arrivals by 2021 (to 1.2 million) and increasing the direct GDP contribution of the sector to 32 percent (from the current estimated ~21 percent). In this context, strengthening the linkages between tourism activities and domestic production and services, particularly the traditional sector of fisheries and agriculture, constitutes an important economic policy objective9. 18. The objective of this research report is hence to provide a competitiveness angle to the assessment of local sourcing potential in the Cabo Verde tourism food supply chain. A World Bank study commissioned in 201310 estimated that more than 80 percent of food and beverage products consumed by the market-dominant all-inclusive resorts were imported. Still according to this study, the low level of local participation stemmed from a range of challenges in local sourcing related to sanitary and quantity standards, volumes, reliability of supply, and connectivity. Since then, very little research has sought to quantify the market size of the tourism food supply chain or assess which products would make sense to prioritize for local sourcing and production according to comparative and competitive advantages vis-à-vis imports. 19. This research is aimed at policymakers, value chain stakeholders, financial institutions, investors and development partners. Through the identification of local products, which feature a competitive edge versus imports, this study helps inform the development of upstream agriculture and fisheries value chain activities. The rationale for increased local sourcing also applies beyond the geographic and sector scope of tourism, as servicing the larger resident population would significantly augment the impact on GDP. 20. The methodology is based on different tiers of primary and secondary data collection, notably a survey with a representative sample of large-hotel units and related supply-chain intermediaries. The different stages of information gathering included: 9 Governo de Cabo Verde. (2018). PEDS - Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 2017/2021. Praia: Ministério das Finanças - Direcção Nacional do Planeamento, pp. 21. 10 World Bank. (2013). Tourism Development in Cabo Verde: Is it time to Abandon the All-Inclusive Model? World Bank. 13 Final Report October 2019 • Demand-side surveys of the hospitality industry in Cabo Verde and its supply chain, including wholesale trade importers working with hotels and the large hotel operators themselves. The purpose of the surveys was to identify the consumption of food products, on the whole and per tourist, and collect elements to estimate the competitiveness of Cabo Verde per product category (this includes consumption of quantity per unit of demand; breakage rates, landed cost per kg; life in number of days). Additionally, the surveys also included a set of qualitative questions to assess the perceptions of the demand side regarding downstream supply-chain activities, critical to evaluate the effectiveness and bottlenecks to greater local participation. The survey items and questions were informed by similar work performed in Fiji Islands and Vanuatu11 by IFC. • In-depth interviews with key supply-chain actors to understand the distribution structure to the tourism hospitality industry. Following-up and complementing the surveys, a series of interviews sought to assess the bargaining power of the hotels and associated import wholesalers over the food supply chain and how risk management contributes to a higher or lower propensity for imports. This includes an understanding of the procurement systems of representative hotels, including the roles of local purchasing managers, to gather details on the specific processes and opportunities for streamlining. • Desk-review of data regarding current primary sector output, trade balance dynamics, and evolution and trends of the tourism sector. This includes identification of the production profile of main agricultural and fishery products, in addition to analysis of exports and imports to infer the level of coverage of the domestic consumption12 - data sources are national statistics and the UNComtrade database. Through the combination of both sets of data, it is possible to identify the apparent consumption13 per type of product in the country in volume. This information can be used to understand the nature of the gaps, but more importantly, to have informed conversations with the demand side (i.e. test information asymmetries). This exercise is particularly valuable as it gives a clear indication of the product type where the country has strengths and weaknesses in terms of international trade, thus revealing a measure of international competitiveness or not per type of product. For the tourism sector, national statistics and the analysis of recent studies provide both the information on demand and supply/capacity. 11 IFC, World Bank Group. (2015). Vanuatu Agri-Tourism Linkages: A Baseline Study of Agri-Demand from Port Vila's Hospitality Sector. IFC, WBG; International Finance Corporation. (July 2018). From the Farm to the Tourist's Table: A Study of Fresh Produce Demand from Fiji's Hotels and Resorts. IFC. 12 We use the concept of apparent consumption as a proxy to identify such indicator. 13 According to the UN’s definition, this is a proxy measure for consumption of a product or material, defined as production plus imports minus exports of the product or material. 14 Final Report October 2019 21. The targeted sample set for the surveys included hotels and import wholesalers in the two main tourism islands of Sal and Boa Vista. In 2018, the island of Sal received 49,5% of all arrivals, followed by Boa Vista with 26,9%, resulting in these two islands combining for 76,4% off all arrivals in the country. In addition, higher average lengths of stay in these two islands, typical for the package sun and beach holiday segment, generated disproportionately more room nights (89,9% of the total bed nights) in relation to the rest of the country. The largest affiliated hotel chains operating in the country – Riu Hotels (owned in majority by TUI Group), Melia and Oasis – were given priority in the representative survey sample (Table 3). Table 3 –Hotel & resorts of Cabo Verde above 250 rooms in 2018 Hotel Island # of Rooms Melia Dunas & Sol Sal 1158 Riu Touareg Boa Vista 1151 Riu Karamboa Boa Vista 852 Melia Llana Beach Sal 605 Riu Funana Sal 572 Riu Palace Sal 500 Oasis Belohorizonte Sal 432 Oasis Salinas Sea Sal 337 TUI Sensimar Sal 302 Royal Horizon Boa Vista 300 Melia Tortuga Sal 287 Iberostar Boa Vista 276 Crioula Sal 264 7036 = ~ 82 percent of all rooms in Sal and BV Source: General-Directorate of Tourism and Transports 22. Early on during the information collection process, the project team noted the emerging potential of water desalinization for agriculture with renewable energy sources, as well as hydroponic greenhouse production. This led to additional interviews and data gathering to conduct a high-level investigation concerning the technical feasibility and impact of using these technologies to lower costs and overcome barriers in producing relevant perishable products. Two specific case-studies of a pioneering hydroponics lettuce and a shrimp farm promoter were documented. 1.2 Limitations and Comments 23. The type of information required from the surveyed participants is commercially sensitive, inhibiting participation. Even with a guarantee for confidentiality, the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the product list required a substantial commitment from the respondents, resulting in substantial difficulties in obtaining the necessary collaboration and low response rates. The project team therefore invested a substantial level of effort in the in-depth interviews covering the qualitative issues and obtaining relevant sample/example data from the respondents, with 15 Final Report October 2019 an additional effort in “following-up” in filling up the questionnaires and datasheets when possible. 24. Despite such difficulties, the team met and surveyed food and beverage managers representing about half of the room supply of these two islands. Additional meetings with five import wholesalers operating in Sal and Boa Vista islands also provided important information. The data collection efforts produced consumption data from major hotels representing about half of room supply in these two islands, partial information from two major food supply wholesalers, and inputs from greenhouse and aquaculture entrepreneurs. The team’s first-hand knowledge of the local hospitality sector further helped infer important elements. Additional qualitative input was obtained from meeting with small-scale semi-industrial fishing operators, an aquaculture promoter, and line authorities in agriculture and tourism – namely the General- Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP) and General-Directorate of Tourism and Transports (DGTT). 25. An important limitation is the study’s focus on the tourism food value chain only, leaving aside the rest of the food consumption market. Surveying the national market would require resources outside of the scope of this research as it would imply consulting distributors, retailers and other actors in the food value chain in each of the islands. The dedicated focus on the tourism value chain has important implications and insights since the hospitality market, albeit growing, represents only a fraction of the overall national food demand. The estimated 709,653 tourists in 2018 stayed an average 6,53 days, which can be estimated to correspond to approximately 12,674 permanent residential inhabitants or just about 2,3% of the total population of 543,767. 26. In addition, the precise measurement of agricultural production costs would be a challenging exercise, which is outside of the scope of this research. As a result, the team used a proxy to estimate these through import landed cost for the proposed analysis framework. Considering the distinct cost of factors across islands, as well as the significant volatility associated with seasonality, droughts, etc., measuring agricultural costs per product would require significant survey resources outside the range of this project. Choosing the landed cost criteria means like- for-like conditions of supply, including payment terms (30 days upon invoice date). 2. Contribution of Agriculture and Fisheries to the Domestic Market 2.1 Sector Background 27. The relatively modest contribution of agriculture to the national generation of wealth (see Table 2), reflects the challenging environment in which it takes place. The archipelago factor implies scattered population dedicated to small farms in different locations, adding to this the poor quality and quantity of arable lands (35.000 ha). Agriculture is developed mostly for 16 Final Report October 2019 subsistence by small traditional family units, which are typically poorly organized, and with rudimentary and obsolete technological base limiting productivity and earnings of producers. The land is divided into small parcels, with 70% of arable land divided into small farms, that range from 0.1 to 1 hectare. In 2010, it was estimated that only approximately 800 ha were irrigated. Adding to this, Cabo Verde’s climate is tropical dry, arid and semi-arid, except the highlands and northeast facing sidehills, which are humid and sub-humid. The rainy season, with variable and irregular patterns, runs from August to October. The Government has in recent years invested in a network of dams and dikes to increase water mobilization, five of which are in Santiago islands, but ancillary developments in irrigation networks are still seen as lacking14. Table 4 - Weight of the Tourism, Agriculture, Forestry and fishing activities in the Cabo Verde GDP Sources. WBG, WTTC; Analysis project team 28. The largest category of agricultural output in volume is horticulture, roots and tubercles (see Table 5 & 4). The second category is coffee, wine and sugar cane, growing at 1,9% CAGR, representing inputs to the most iconic agricultural products of the country: wine, grogue, and coffee. The fastest-growing category is fruits with 15,840 tonnes in 2016 and 5.4% CAGR from 2008-2016, led by banana and papaya production. Table 5 - Structure and evolution of Agriculture produce in Cabo Verde, 2008-2016 (ton) CAGR Category of agricultural products 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 08-16 Horticulture, Roots and tubercles – (ton) 57 890 57 471 54 391 66 507 70 456 78 429 78 637 66 790 71 475 2,7% Fruit Culture (ton) 10 363 10 363 10 363 15 190 15 950 16 639 17 470 16 065 15 840 5,4% Coffee, wine, sugar-cane (ton) 24 743 24 743 24 804 28 470 28 740 28 783 28 812 28 604 28 752 1,9% Rain fed Culture (ton) 13 439 12 065 11 735 11 232 12 174 12 008 1 941 14 076 9 739 -3,9% Sources. INE, Estatísticas Agricultura 2004 a 2017; Analysis project team 29. Livestock is also a family-based activity, mostly rearing goats and swine, concentrating on the islands of Santiago, Fogo and Santo Antão (see Figure 2 & Table 6). Goat rearing is aimed at meat and cheese production, whilst swine is for meat production for resale. Sale and consumption of the meat takes place at the island-of-production level, except for goat cheese which is sold beyond the island-of-production into the larger domestic market, from the small processing units in Fogo and Santo Antão. The mountains islands have the largest count of animals due to larger populations and more favourable conditions for pasture; Sal and Boa Vista on the other hand have less than 10 percent of the national livestock count. Lower-income 14 This is based on anecdotal information from interviews with stakeholders, absent a thorough inventory and assessment of the current level of dam development. 17 Final Report October 2019 households have only swine and some aviculture, while families with more resources extend to goats and cattle. Table 6 – Cabo Verde livestock census (2015) Cattle Goat Sheep Swine Island # % # % # % # % Santo Antão 1 782 6 22 748 21,1 639 5,1 5 458 8,2 São Vicente 337 1,1 4 595 4,3 287 2,3 3 931 5,9 São Nicolau 824 2,8 4 382 4 1 234 9,7 2 257 3,4 Sal 155 0,5 869 0,8 251 2 1 625 2,4 Boavista 504 1,7 9 149 8,5 682 5,4 1 251 1,9 Maio 1 910 6,5 9 155 8,5 120 1 1 972 3 Santiago 19 875 67,2 34 183 31,7 9 123 72,2 44 974 67,1 Fogo 3 504 11,8 20 610 19,2 263 2 5 051 7,5 Brava 667 2,3 1 841 1,7 21 0,2 289 0,4 Total 29 558 107 532 12 620 66 808 Source: General Agriculture Census, MAA, 2018 Figure 2 – Meat production from livestock (in tonnes) 4,524 4,581 980 932 2015 2016 Meat from cattle, goat and swine Meat from chicken Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, 2018 30. The fisheries sector was estimated to represent about 2 to 3 percent of GDP in 2015, while representing up to 7- 10 percent of GDP, when including downstream activities such as canning, mostly targeting the export market15. Fisheries in Cabo Verde are characterized by a diverse catch, mainly comprised of oceanic species (Albacore, Bigeye Tuna, Skipjack and Judeu), coastal pelagic species (Cavala, Chicharro and Dobrada), sharks, crustaceans and molluscs. The 15 United Nations Development Program. (2016). Project Document: Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into the tourism sector in synergy with a further strengthened protected areas system in Cabo Verde. UNDP. 18 Final Report October 2019 catch volume has averaged between ~9,000 to 15,000 tonnes between artisanal and semi- industrial fisheries (see Figure 3). Figure 3 – Local Fisheries Catch Volume (in tonnes) 10,746 9,694 8,781 5,339 5,463 4,553 4,286 4,156 3,789 4,028 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Industrial/Semi Industrial Artisanal Source: National Fisheries Development Institute 31. Local industrial and semi-industrial fisheries are mainly focused on supplying the canning industry in São Vicente island while artisanal fisheries supply the local domestic. In 2017, there were 119 registered vessels conducting industrial and semi-industrial fisheries, employing 1,205 fishermen16. Most of these vessels are engaged in supplying tuna species to the canning industry for the export, notably the dominant company Frescomar based in São Vicente (see Text Box 1). In the artisanal segment, 1,588 vessels were registered with 5,078 fishermen engaged in the subsector17; fisheries are undertaken by small mostly wooden boats, on average 3-5 m long, with outboard motors, manned on average by 3 fishermen, mostly using hand lines as fishing gear targeting diverse demersal fishes and tunas or tuna-like species. In 2017, the artisanal catch was evenly distributed between tuna species with 36,5 percent, demersal species (including grouper, eel and esmoregal) with 30,8 percent, followed by small pelagic (dobrada, chicharro, bonito) with 17,2 percent. 16 Instituto Nacional de Estatística. (2018). Anuário Estatístico 2017. Praia: INE. 17 Idem 19 Final Report October 2019 32. The fisheries sector has struggled Text Box 1 – Frescomar and the Fishery Canning Industry with low productivity and inadequate Frescomar SA is a Spanish owned company (part of the supply-chain logistics and vessels. The UBAGO Group) located in the city of Mindelo (island of São productivity of fisheries overall is low Vicente) and is currently one of the top private sector employers in the country – about 1,700 staff across all the firstly because of a narrow continental group companies operating in 2018 (this includes the shelf – of the country’s 734,265 km2 of upstream tuna processor ATUNLO CV and staff running the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ), the landing sites). Frescomar is responsible for more than half total estimated area of continental the country’s exports in the form of mostly tuna and mackerel canned goods to markets such as Spain, the U.S., and other shelf is only 5,394km2, most of which African countries. It operates some of the fish landing sites located in the eastern islands of Sal, including the renovated and expanded fishing complex of Boa Vista and Maio. Fishing grounds Cova de Inglesa in São Vicente (which has 150 tons of are hence small, scattered and storage capacity). In recent years, activities have increased sensitive to over-exploitation, which is substantially – revenue reached € 30 million in 2018 – and there is an €8 million plan to expand current production lines already occurring in some of the and complete a planned investment to increase handling and traditional maritime resources18. storage capacity in the port of Palmeiras in Sal island. The Secondly, interviews highlighted company does however still rely upon raw fish imports for numerous challenges in logistics and approximately 80% of its output. Another smaller national company, SUCLA, located in the supply chains, particularly in the municipality of Tarrafal in the island of São Nicolau, artisanal subsector, where boats often manufactures canned tuna for the supply of the domestic lack ice onboard jeopardizing market and has a processing capacity of about 750 tons/year. minimum sanitary standards, informal In 2015, SUCLA employed approximately 150 workers, the fishmongers command the supply majority of whom were women. chain to end-user, with often poor sanitary and handling practices. 2.2 Apparent Domestic Food Consumption 33. The analysis of food import patterns shows that CV imports most of its bulk requirements, and exports fish products just slightly over imports. The main categories of imports are (USD million; see Table 7): • Cereals: rice ($20,1); wheat ($9,8); corn ($7,4) • Dairy, eggs and honey: milk ($22,6); Cheese ($5,2) • Fish: frozen & whole ($18,7); parts ($4,6); seafood ($4,0) • Meat: frozen poultry ($13,5); frozen pork ($4,2); frozen beef ($3,4) • Horticulture: fruit & berries (apples, citrus) ($14,7); vegetables ($5,0) • Oilseeds: soybeans ($8,3); olive oil ($6,2); • Sugar: refined ($11,4) 18 United Nations Development Program. (2016). Project Document: Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into the tourism sector in synergy with a further strengthened protected areas system in Cabo Verde . UNDP. 20 Final Report October 2019 • Pulses: beans ($3,0); lentils ($0,47) Table 7 – Structure of imports of main agricultural products (2017) Imports Share Share Value Weight Price Category ton % $% K USD Ton USD/ Kg Cereals 49,0% 20,7% 38 100 112 089 €0,34 Dairy, eggs, and honey 9,4% 18,7% 34 317 21 617 €1,59 Fish and aquatic resources 5,4% 15,3% 28 057 12 359 €2,27 Meat 6,2% 11,7% 21 498 14 240 €1,51 Horticulture 9,5% 11,3% 20 687 21 798 €0,95 Oilseeds 5,6% 8,9% 16 295 12 749 €1,28 Sugar 8,9% 6,3% 11 632 20 440 €0,57 Pulses 1,5% 2,3% 4 195 3 388 €1,24 Roots and tubers 3,4% 1,4% 2 575 7 746 €0,33 Other agricultural products 0,8% 3,1% 5 643 1 818 €2,78 Rubber and gums 0,2% 0,3% 532 462 €1,15 Live animals 0,0% 0,1% 199 12 €16,03 Water 0,0% 0,0% 14 37 €0,38 Agricultural products 100% 100% 183 745 228 757 €0,80 Source: UNComtrade 34. Through the cross-referencing of data on local production, imports and exports, it is possible to estimate apparent consumption19 (Table 8 & Table 9). Based on this exercise, and validating with information from local interviews, it is possible to infer the following insights: • Local consumption is mostly served by local production on the following items: tomatoes, bell peppers, cabbages, carrots, watermelons, lettuce, onions, manioc, bananas, mangos, papaya, and pineapples, sugar cane, beans, non-poultry meat and eggs. • Products that can withstand the transport time are mostly imported: other horticulture, potatoes, apples, oranges, coffee, grapes, corn, frozen meat, milk and frozen fish. • The country exports frozen tuna - from international ships directly (trans)shipped in refrigerated containers from the ATUNLO company in São Vicente -, and imports frozen fish as well. Fresh fish/seafood captures are mainly performed by the local artisanal and semi-industrial fleet20. The volume of international trade indicate the existence of re- exports, while interviews revealed that the major hotels are the main driver of foreign 19 Apparent consumption is equivalent to the volume in tons produced, added with imports and subtracted by exports. The same exercise could be performed in value terms. 20 References from in-depth interviews performed by the project team 21 Final Report October 2019 fish imports and local demand is catered by the captures performed by the artisanal and semi-artisanal fleet of the country. Table 8 – Structure and breakdown of agriculture production and trade of Cabo Verde (2015-16) Source: National Institute of Statistics and Ministry of Agriculture and Environment; UN Comtrade; analysis project team 22 Final Report October 2019 Table 9 – Apparent national consumption of meats, fisheries and eggs (2016) Estimated Apparent Product National Imports Exports consumption Production Meat from cattle, goat, swine, 5 513 12 211 - 17 724 poultry (tonnes) Fisheries 9 495 12 359 13 533 8 321 (tonnes) Eggs (unit) 54 556 194 9 892 254 - 64 448 254 Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Environment; National Fisheries Development Institute, UN Comtrade 3. The Tourism Industry & Food Supply Chain 3.1 Drivers of Tourism Development in Cabo Verde 35. The rise of tourism in Cabo Verde was enabled initially by a positive context of political and macroeconomic stability. The country succeeded in establishing itself as a “safe haven” for investment and there have been no military coups, no terrorist attacks, and no currency devaluations. The peaceful, multiparty democracy has survived changes in leadership and its government is widely regarded as one of the most democratic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cabo Verde has also gained international credibility for its sound macroeconomic policies: a stable currency pegged to the euro, relatively low corruption, simplified taxes, and a reformed banking sector21. 36. Despite favourable context and good natural conditions, namely a good climate and vast stretches of unspoiled beaches, only in the mid-1990s did international tourism start to materialize. Before that and since independence, visitors were mostly members of the diaspora visiting friends and relatives – regular annual flow of 20,000 to 30,000. After 1993, the Government began developing tourism land banks, dubbed special tourism development zones (ZDTIs), through the purchase of large plots of land throughout the country. The first concessions and sales in these ZDTIs, combined with generous contractual tax-exemption packages (convenções de estabelecimento), occurred on Sal and later Boa Vista, islands with large beach potential and low population levels22. By the end of the decade, both islands had reached 20 accommodation establishments and tourism arrivals to Cabo Verde reached 67,000. 21 Christie, I., Fernandes, E., Messerli, H., & Twinning-Ward, L. (2013). Tourism in Africa: Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods. Washington: The World Bank. 22 World Bank. (2013). Tourism Development in Cabo Verde: Is it time to Abandon the All-Inclusive Model? World Bank. 23 Final Report October 2019 37. The pace of growth and new developments accelerated in the 2000s, especially for large accommodation projects. Most of the developers were foreign, sometimes in partnership with local promoters, and focusing initially on the islands of Sal and later Boa Vista after the start of international operations in the airport of that island in 2007. Tourism progressively emerged as the dominant sector of the economy, inducing a transition from an economy dependent on remittances and ODA in favour of FDI and services exports as dominant sources of external financing. 38. The positioning of Cabo Verde is overwhelmingly as “sun, sea and sand” destination, serving to Western European “mid-haul” markets reachable in four to five hours. Tourism development in general has tended to favor the model of large-scale all-inclusive resorts23, with smaller accommodations catering more to the local population and independent travelers. Other niches with potential include adventure and nature-focused tourism in the mountainous islands – mainly in Santo Antão and Fogo, already being developed by few operators – but still with a limited market share. In addition, although Cabo Verde boasts a vibrant national culture reflecting a unique blend of European and West African influences, particularly its indigenous musical styles (e.g. morna music), cultural tourism, with the islands of São Vicente and Santiago as hubs, is yet to materialize and represents only a small fraction of the market. 3.2 Inbound Tourism Evolution and Forecasts From 2011 to 2018, the number of inbound tourists arriving in Cabo Verde has increased from 428,000 to 710,000, a 7,5% CAGR in the period (see Figure 4). The tourism flows to Cabo Verde are very dependent on the economic climate of issuing markets, particularly the European market which has been the mainstay of tourist supply practically since inception - at least 77% of the arrivals in 2018 and producing the highest growth rates; the United Kingdom has been the lead source market whilst Germany, France and Portugal are distant peers in terms of share (see 39. Table 10). 40. In terms of projections, notwithstanding the Government scenarios described in the GoPEDS tourism sector guidelines24, the team has adjusted for the forecasted growth rate of the main issuing markets. The OECD forecasts show a slow growth of real GDP in the EUR 19 area, from 2019 to 2030, decreasing from a robust 2,6% in 2017 to a level of 1,38% in 2021, increasing 23 While there are several definitions of all-inclusive in literature; a proposed description: “this system consists of a package in which the price is fixed and includes food, beverages, accommodation and other amenities ” (Çiftci & Onal, 2007) 24 Governo de Cabo Verde. (2019, Janeiro 2). Grandes Opções do Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento do Turismo de Cabo Verde (GoPEDS Turismo). Boletim Oficial, pp. 10-35. 24 Final Report October 2019 slowly and marginally thereafter reaching 1,44% by 2030. In light of these modest growth rates, and compared to the four scenarios envisaged in the GoPEDS - bounded by 1,2 million tourists in 2021 in the very optimistic to 871,244 in the pessimistic forecast -, the herein proposed forecasts are lower than the pessimistic scenario. Figure 4 – Historical and forecasts of inbound tourism arrivals in Cabo Verde 990,637 1,088,501 1,022,724 1,055,498 958,780 927,611 897,358 840,978 868,480 709,653 814,392 667,693 757,324 502,874 787,577 598,032 519,722 493,732 428,000 482,000 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Source. UNWTO, ECB, OECD; analysis project team 25 Final Report October 2019 Table 10 – Structure of arrivals per source market (2018) Source: UNWTO; analysis project team 41. As for distribution of arrivals per islands, Sal continues to lead with 49,5% of all arrivals, followed by Boa Vista (26,9%), resulting in these two islands combining for 76,4% of all arrivals in Cabo Verde. Higher average lengths of stay in Sal and Boa Vista, with a prevailing sun and beach holiday segment, generate disproportionately higher room nights (89,9% of the total bed nights) in relation to the rest of the islands25 (see Figure 5). Additionally, many of the tourists arriving at the other islands are emigrants visiting friends and relatives (VFR), thus not staying in official lodging units. Figure 5 – Structure of international arrivals per source market and island (2018) # arrivals in 2018 6,2% 100% # bed nights in 2018 2,9% 100% 6,1% 47 527 2,7% 4,5% 132 490 145 422 47 017 756 696 33,9% 221 125 4 935 891 11,2% 85 830 1 671 127 26,9% 206 236 56,0% 49,5% 89,9% 379 086 2 765 727 76,4% 25 The number of total arrivals is different because of the difference in sources and methodologies in tallying tourism arrivals: UNWTO and INE. 26 Boa San- São Other Boa San- São Other Sal Vista Total Sal Total tiago Vicente Vista tiago Vicente Source. INE; analysis project team Final Report October 2019 3.3 Structure of the Tourism Industry and Respective Food Supply Chain 42. The large hotels based in the touristic hub islands of Sal and Boa Vista, irrespective of their ownership, are almost entirely affiliated with international hotel brands which work hand-in- hand with Large Scale International Tour Operators (LSITO) (see Table 11). The dominant LSITO player is Tui/Thomson with an estimated market share about 70 percent and which is partially vertically integrated by managing or co-owning some of the resorts26. Other operators, like Soltrópico and Thomas Cook, have smaller marginal market shares27. Hotels that are brand affiliated are more dependent on these tour operators, either due to international contracts in other destinations or because of being partially or completely owned by them. The independent hotels, i.e. not affiliated or owned by large international hotels, are less dependent but by virtue of market dynamics, 80% of their total business is still generated through such Tour operators. Table 11 – Hotels above 250 rooms in Cabo Verde by Affiliation (2018) Hotel Island # of Rooms Affiliation Melia Dunas & Sol Sal 1158 Owned by The Resort Group, Management Agreement with the Meliá Hotels Group Riu Touareg Boa Vista 1151 Owned and Managed by TUI Group (through RIU Hotels) Riu Karamboa Boa Vista 852 Owned and Managed by TUI Group (through RIU Hotels) Melia Llana Beach Sal 605 Owned by The Resort Group, Management Agreement with the Meliá Hotels Group Riu Funana Sal 572 Owned and Managed by TUI Group (through RIU Hotels) 26 Expresso das Ilhas. (2019, Setembro 29). Falência das Thomas Cook: Impacto ainda por definir em Cabo Verde. Retrieved from https://expressodasilhas.cv/economia/2019/09/29/falencia-da-thomas-cook-impacto-ainda-por- definir-em-cabo-verde/65844 27 Thomas Cook Group filed for bankruptcy in late September, but its impact on Cabo Verde operations is still unclear as most of the flights to the country were operated by a subsidiary, Thomas Cook Scandinavia, which is still operating; Agência de Aviação Civil. (2019, Setembro 23). Falência e Encerramento do Grupo "Thomas Cook". Retrieved from http://www.aac.cv/artigos/falencia-e-encerramento-do-grupo-thomas-cook 27 Final Report October 2019 Riu Palace Sal 500 Owned and Managed by TUI Group (through RIU Hotels) Oasis Belohorizonte Sal 432 Owned and Managed by Grupo Oásis Atlântico Oasis Salinas Sea Sal 337 Owned and Managed by Grupo Oásis Atlântico TUI Sensimar Sal 302 Owned by The Resort Group, Management Agreement with the Meliá Hotels Group Royal Horizon Boa Vista Boa Vista 300 Owned by New Horizons Hotels & Resorts, an independent West African hotel group* Melia Tortuga Sal 287 Owned by The Resort Group, Management Agreement with the Meliá Hotels Group Iberostar Boa Vista 276 Owned and managed by Iberostar Group Crioula Sal 264 Independent, owned and managed by Stefanina Group, a small Italian-owned real estate developer Source: General-Directorate of Transports and Tourism, analysis project team; *recently purchased from a group of Italian investors, was formerly affiliated with Decameron Hotels 43. The implications of this distribution channel for supply chain management are significant. All- inclusive units affiliated with big international brands have group-wide corporate policies and risk-adverse approach, whilst independent hotels typically have more autonomy. Almost all the affiliated hotels in Cabo Verde operate with the all-inclusive system while the independents tend to operate breakfast or half board schemes of food supply services. The business model towards managing supply-chains and risks are significantly different: The all-inclusive business model is high-risk for the hotel operator. Large scale International Tour Operators (LSITOs) tend to transfer the liabilities to their suppliers as risk management practices, or even attempt to control and standardize such activities within the group itself. Food poisoning is among the highest risks involved in the activity, and therefore, hotels with agreements with these LSITOs avoid taking the risk of using non-accredited suppliers. Audits and inspections are frequent by the LSITOs to their suppliers, and non-conformities result in potential contractual penalties. The result is that the barriers to entry associated with compliance and certification are made more difficult as a direct result of more stringent risk management practices, placing smaller domestic suppliers at a disadvantage vs international companies. • In effect, most of the all-inclusive hotel operators choose to concentrate their food & beverage sourcing with few import wholesalers. The procurement decision-making process typically consists of the participation of the executive chefs with group management at headquarters; local chefs tend to have a small weight on purchasing decisions. In addition, procurement is performed by the group’s subsidiary or long-term strategic partner - companies which work with the brand in other locations (or are even co-owned by it), often moving into the target market in tandem with the hotel investment. Such dedicated collaboration or vertical integration carries several advantages, including the ability to synchronize supply and demand along the 28 Final Report October 2019 production chain, better efficiency and cost-effectiveness in logistics, and less uncertainty. In Cabo Verde this is the case with Emicela28 and RIU Hotels, as is with Oliver Foods and Meliá Hotels. Typical products that are purchased through these strategic partners are dry goods, frozen fish and meat, and perishable products. • The bed & breakfast or half board models represent less risk for hotels when it comes to food poisoning, as they can always advocate that the client has eaten elsewhere. In Cabo Verde, the hotels involved with this system tend to have lower occupation rates and are either positioned in the up-market segments or in the lower end. These hotels tend to purchase more products locally than the all-inclusive as their sourcing needs are lower and can tolerate more risk. • The organization of the selling process also places a burden on domestic suppliers as they are forced to incur the transport risk. Typical payment terms to both foreign and local vendors are a standard 30-day net from invoice date. The difference for domestic versus foreign vendors is dependence on logistics, as the uncertainty of the inter-island sea transport drives the purchaser to demand the product delivered to the warehouse, thus pushing the risks to the producer. The certainty of the foreign purchase is very high, resulting in the importer distributor assuming the logistics risk, paying invoices at 30 days from free-on-board incoterms. 44. The concentration and specialization of the wholesale trade supplying the hotel has a strong impact on purchasing dynamics. Importers located in Sal and Boa Vista, with high market shares in the tourism sector, are specialized either in dry and frozen goods (storage that is sub- zero or dry palletized), or positive cold (vegetables and fruits; see Table 12). They have an entirely different approach to wholesalers located in São Vicente and Santiago islands which are focused on the local population requirements and follow a local supply chain pattern; i.e. less specialized and with a large customer base of relatively small local vendors. As for beverages, the market is more fractioned between large importers and local producers/distributors delivering directly to hotels - e.g. Cavibel with beer, bottled water and sodas; Tecnicil with bottled water and juices; local spirits from small producers. Table 12 – Main Food & Beverage Wholesalers to Large Hotels in Sal & Boa Vista Name Specialization Main Clients Emicela General import (dry & frozen) RIU Group Masterfruits Local and imported fresh produce All Benito Alvarez Local and imported fresh produce All Oliver Foods General import (dry & frozen) Meliá Group 28 Emicela is a Spanish food wholesaler, headquartered in the Canary Islands, with branches in 10 other countries where RIU Hotels is present, including Cabo Verde (with infrastructure in both Sal and Boa Vista islands). 29 Final Report October 2019 4. Market Potential and Areas of Opportunity 4.1 Estimates on Size of Tourism Sector Food Demand 45. Based on survey data from a sample of five large hotels, it is possible provide a gross estimate of food consumption per client-bed-night spent in Sal and Boa Vista. Subsequently, calculating for estimated bed-nights generated in these two islands yearly, it is possible to extrapolate the yearly volume of consumption. Further, by applying the tourism arrivals forecasts in Section 3 calibrated by the average lengths of stay, it is also possible to forecast tourism demand per product type, and overall, for the next years (see Table 13). 30 Final Report October 2019 Table 13 – Estimated Volume of Main Food Group Consumption by Hotels in Sal and Boa Vista Estimated 2018 Projected Estimated Tonnes Projected Tonnes Amount (in Tonnes of Product Type of Consumption of Consumption import landed Consumption (2018) (2021) cost)29 (2024) Fresh Vegetables (including potatoes, carrots, bell peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, broccoli, 2 675 €4,2 million 3070 3382 green beans, lettuce, Colliflower, onions, garlic, cabbages, asparagus, eggplants, spinach, arugula) Legumes and Cereals (including beans, chickpeas, corn, peas, 1 616 €1,09 million 1855 2044 rice, wheat flower) Fresh Fruit (including melon, watermelons, pineapple, papaya, mango, grapefruit, 2 964 €4,2 million 3401 3748 citrus fruits, perons, apples, bananas, guavas, peaches, kiwis, blueberries, blackberries) Meat 1 460 €5,9 million 1676 1847 (Beef, Pork, Poultry, Lamb) Fisheries (Tunas, Small Pelagic, Other head fish, 920 €4.1 million 1055 1164 fresh & frozen) Seafood (Lobster, Shrimp, Squids, Cuttlefish and 253 €3.5 million 290 320 Octopus, Cockles, Shellfish) Dairy (Cheese, Butter & Margarine; not 295 €2.3 million 339 373 including yogurts) Eggs 885 €2.6 million 1017 1119 46. The opportunities for sourcing in fresh vegetables and fruits become more apparent when disaggregating per estimated market size in tourism (see Table 14). Tomatoes, watermelons, melons, pineapples, eggplants and papaya make up the most interesting market in volume. Cabo Verde’s current agricultural output coincides with some of these high-ranked demand produce, but local sourcing is however still residual as the inefficient inter-island transport and supply chain apparatus (product handling, cold storage) constitute barriers for sustained entry. 29 Including import price, breakage, and import duties. 31 Final Report October 2019 Table 14 – Estimated Tourism Market Size in Fresh Vegetables & Fruits (2018)30 Products Tonnes Market Volume - Tomatoes (kg) 604 993 492 € - Watermelons (Kg) 626 889 234 € - Melon (Kg) 542 770 045 € - Pineapple (Kg) 508 697 480 € - Eggplants (Kg) 122 556 270 € - Papaya (Kg) 189 420 003 € - Kiwis (Kg) 146 297 406 € - Brocoli (Kg) 97 261 977 € - Bell peppers (Kg) 114 259 053 € - Grapefruit (Kg) 91 245 344 € - Zucchini (Kg) 144 235 986 € - Cucumbers (Kg) 135 198 244 € - Carrots (Kg) 319 196 414 € - Spinach (Kg) 97 188 362 € - Cabages 74 187 785 € - Letuce (Kg) 55 156 345 € - Bananas (Kg) 156 154 363 € - Colliflower (Kg) 73 138 328 € - Mango (Kg) 39 121 715 € - Asparagus (Kg) 19 106 481 € - Green beans (Kg) 49 104 713 € - Peaches (Kg) 49 79 867 € Source: Survey data 47. The comparison of these tourism-related consumption volumes in 2018 with the national production estimates seen in Section 2 (Table 8), enables the following conclusions as to the relative size of the tourism food market (based on latest 2016 estimated national production figures): • Fresh vegetable consumption in tourism represented about 3,7 percent of total estimated national production of horticulture, roots and tubercles; • Fruit volume consumption in tourism represented about 18,7 percent of total estimated national fruit culture production; • Meat consumption of beef, pork, poultry and lamb in tourism represented about 26 percent of the total national production volume; • Larger fisheries, including seafood, represented a bit more than 20 percent of the estimated artisanal fisheries catch in 2016 (since semi-industrial is anchored on exports); • As for eggs, the tourism market purchased an estimated 17 percent of the total national production estimated in 2016 (54,5 million eggs). 4.2 Analysis of Current Local Sourcing by Large Hotels 48. According to in-depth interviews, all-inclusive hotels already source an estimated 5 to 10 percent of their food products locally. The challenge in obtaining detailed complete quantitative information from the sourcing angle, especially from the main wholesalers which 30 Market volume is based on the import price proxy per €/Kg: landed price includes import price, breakage, and duties. 32 Final Report October 2019 supply the hotels, did not allow for a complete calculation on current volume and amount of local content by product. Nonetheless, interviews with local hotel F&B and import wholesalers’ managers noted that products that are locally produced or processed did not surpass 5 to 10 percent of total volume they purchased. 49. The following products are those that achieved some amount of local sourcing: • Processed dairy – especially yogurts from producers in Santiago island, local goat cheese only to a marginal extent; • Wheat flour – from the national grain mill company, headquarter in São Vicente island; • Beverages (bottled water, beer, juices) – from industrial producers in Santiago island. • Eggs – from producers in São Vicente island. • Lettuce, cabbage, eggplants – highly perishable products, increased sourcing locally particularly from hydroponics producers located in-island; • Fresh Fruits (e.g. papaya, watermelon) – from producers in other islands; 4.3 Proposed Competitiveness Matrix for Imported/Domestic Agriproducts 50. Through the combination of the quantitative and qualitative information from surveys, in- depth interviews, and desk review of existing data, a framework for competitive analysis of agriproducts for local sourcing is proposed (Figure 6 and Table 15). This framework is based on two dimensions: • The total landed cost per kg (it is assumed that 1 Lt corresponds to 1 Kg of content). This dimension incorporates the total elements of cost (goods purchased at international prices, freight, insurance, customs, excise duties, breakage), making it the comparable cost to domestic production when landed at the wholesaler/importer warehouse for further retail distribution (hospitality and high street markets). • Product life (number of days). The reference threshold for perishability was placed at 15 days, representing the average vessel frequency serving the islands of Sal and Boa Vista with imports from Europe and sea cargo hubs (Algeciras, Lisbon, Porto, Canary Islands). The overarching rationale is if a product is highly perishable, it is subject to higher breakage rates and loss of quality in transit, opening up opportunities for fresh production and delivery in-country. On the other end, the longer the life of a product, the more resilient it is to transportation and storage, and on a like-for-like logistics system, economies of scale are determinant cost factors, which the Cabo Verdean producers do not enjoy being, therefore, products with higher potential for import. 33 Final Report October 2019 51. Whenever the survey replies were not informative, estimates were used for the terms of the life length of the various products derived by experience. Furthermore, when the surveyed entities did not provide their CI&F cost for a product, the information was collected through the UNComtrade database by dividing the total imported value by the volume of imports in quantity. This figure was then corrected with the estimated freight, insurance costs and the excise duties applicable if imported. Figure 6 - Mapping of agriproducts according to local sourcing potential and strategies Table 15 – Description of the quadrants in the matrix and assigned strategies Description Products & Strategies Quadrant I. This position reflects a total landed cost Potatoes (sweet and regular), onions, garlic, pork, below €4,00/ kg and a life length higher than the 15 poultry, frozen fish, eggs, yoghurts, bottled water, days logistics threshold. In this quadrant, the freight bottled beer, beer in a barrel, and wine. Key incidence is high relative to base price, which is constraints are the inter-island transportation, cold highly relevant in Cabo Verde. In this quadrant co- storage facilities in the producing islands, exist many products that are currently being certification of producers, and financing mechanisms produced in the country in other islands but are for investments of the private sector at affordable being imported to service the tourism supply chain. rates and conditions. The products in this quadrant are both suitable for the hospitality and high street markets. Description Products & Strategies Quadrant II. This position reflects a total landed cost Carrots, bell peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, below €4,00/ kg and a life length shorter or equal to broccoli, green beans, lettuce, cauliflower, cabbages, 34 Final Report October 2019 Description Products & Strategies the 15 days logistics threshold. In this instance, local spinach, melon, watermelons, pineapples, papaya, production has heightened potential against mango, grapefruit, citrus fruits, bananas, peaches, imports. Efficiencies of scale are essential, and kiwis, blueberries, fresh small pelagics, and fresh other therefore, volume needs to be taken into head fish. The issues of water availability and cost of consideration, namely in terms of specialization of electricity are interconnected, and investment in productions. greenhouses with water provided by desalinization with photovoltaic energy sources could provide a sustainable cost-effective solution (see next section). Description Products & Strategies Quadrant III. This position reflects a total landed Beef, lamb, cheese, butter & margarine, and spirit cost above €4,00/ kg and a life length higher than beverages. Local producers have a relatively high-cost the 15 days logistics threshold. In this quadrant the base weighing on competition with imports. Key freight incidence is lower relative to the base price, challenges are the same as referred to quadrant I. In making imported products more attractive versus this quadrant, to increase the national participation domestic production – products are more resilient of this category of products, it is recommendable to to import logistics and offer better economies of implement measures that allow local producers to scale. follow an up-market strategy. As local producers cannot compete on price in the lower ends of the market, and their volumes are limited in quantity, a good alternative is to focus on the higher ends of the market, namely in the Gourmet foods, souvenirs, etc. A comprehensive public policy coordinated measures of collective action in terms of appellations of origin, among others are of critical importance. Co-operatives tend to be quite important instruments to implement such policies. Description Products and Strategies Quadrant IV. This position reflects a total landed Asparagus, eggplants, arugula, guavas, blackberries, cost above €4,00/ kg and a life length shorter or fresh tunas, lobster, shrimps, squids & octopus, equal to the 15 days logistics threshold. In this cockles, mussels, and shellfish. The production in instance, local production has significant greenhouses at the tourism consumption islands comparative advantages versus imports. Airfreight should be considered (as in quadrant II). Key can be considered for the imported products but constraints are inter-island transportation, cold requires the existence of an airport with the capacity storage facilities in the producing islands, certification to receive widebodies, which is the case of Sal, but of producers, and financing mechanisms for not Boa Vista. Products in this quadrant are investments of the private sector at affordable rates potentially attractive for production in-country, or and conditions. In the seafood and fisheries, even at the island level if domestic logistics are a aquaculture in tourism intensive islands could be constraint. Efficiencies of scale are less significant explored as priority investments. Furthermore, than delivery times and quality of the fresh product. adequate protection of the national waters from overfishing of seafood is vital to keep the stocks at a healthy level. 35 Final Report October 2019 5. Constraints to Higher Participation of Domestic Agriproducts & Fisheries 5.1 The Demand-side View 52. The in-depth interviews revealed the interest of hotels and wholesale traders to increase levels of local sourcing vis-à-vis imports. Local sourcing levels are already at maximum within the current constraint set and framed within the requirements imposed directly or indirectly by the tour and brand standards. Accessing local production that complies with such requirements and standards constitute the major barrier limiting local sourcing, not the level of demand. 53. Procurement executives from both hotel chains and wholesalers, when asked about areas of local potential, noted a similar set of preferences, particularly fresh produce with high perishability. The main purchase motivations, ranked, were price, quality, traceability and availability of stock. The product categories which were highlighted as having added potential for local sourcing were: fresh fish, fresh fruits & vegetables, fresh seafood, fresh dairy & eggs, and fresh meat. Additionally, water & juices, frozen fish and meat, beer, legumes and cereals were also mentioned to a lesser extent. 5.2 Logistics Challenges 54. Interisland shipping was widely discussed as the greatest challenge for food products’ flow from producing islands to the tourism hubs. The result is disproportionate imports of products that could otherwise be considered by the procurement of hotels and the larger established wholesalers. As a frequently mentioned example, there are no schedules of vessel departures and arrivals. The shipowners tend to sail whenever the ship has full cargo, which can take several weeks accumulating goods. Moreover, it has been frequently mentioned in the interviews that there have been instances where ship owners turn off electricity to the refrigerated containers to save on fuel costs. As a result, breakage achieves prohibitive levels for agriproducts affecting competitiveness in the highly touristic islands. Resolving the issue of inter-island shipping would provide a substantial contribution to increased participation of the domestic agriproducts & fisheries in the tourism value chain, and simultaneously reduce the selling prices of such products in the domestic market, thus increasing disposable income indirectly. 55. Cold storage is a vital element of the agriproducts supply chain. There is a lack of capacity for cold storage in the Cabo Verdean ports. Producers and traders in non-touristic intensive islands have no possibility of storing their produce to be shipped to other islands. Traders, therefore, avoid committing to purchases that can be lost and suffer high breakage. To avoid risks, both 36 Final Report October 2019 producers and traders avoid the exposure in supplying tourism intensive islands, resulting in a non-participation of the local products in the tourism value chain. 56. Inefficient port operations deter the entrance of new suppliers in the market. It was widely referred in the interviews that such inefficiencies, ranging from excessively high port costs to lack of transparency, are directly responsible for excessive costs of goods in inter-island flows and inhibiting the appearance of new suppliers and competition. 5.3 Production and Supply-Chain Challenges 57. Most agro-producers operate in micro-scale, requiring traders to engage in goods consolidation, transport, storage, marketing, sales and payment collections. Informality is predominant, and profitability tends to be low for all elements of the supply chain. The absence of effective cooperative and/or collective action schemes inhibits greater participation of the domestic producers in the tourism value chain. 58. Domestic fresh produce note inconsistent quality, often due to inadequate handling and storage. As a reference example, the post-harvest of domestic bananas is commonly poorly performed at the farm level due to lack of knowledge of the farmer and hired staff. Poor handling produces highly visible marks in the banana peel after a few days of storage, with buyers and consumers rejecting such products, considered unsellable by the trade. Another example was producers’ practice of painting banana bunches to identify their product in the market. Such practice is considered dangerous due to the level of toxins migrating from the peel to the fruit. As a result, buyers often reject these products with considerable losses to the producer. The Government has attempted to intervene through post-harvest centres that would streamline handling and packaging practices, but these facilities are mostly closed or underutilized (see Text Box 2). 59. Lack of capital for investments by local entrepreneurs with limited capital availability. The banking system does not provide adequate financing mechanisms adapted to local entrepreneurs and small farmers in this sector. Interest rates are very high, and the eligible collateral range is narrow. As local companies are undercapitalized, the result is that the few investments are mainly performed by foreign entities. 60. The fish processing industry based in São Vicente is dominated by just one conglomerate, mostly aimed at supplying the export market. Ubago Group, the owner of Frescomar and ATUNLO, is the market-dominant purchaser of local industrial and semi-industrial fisheries, anchored in a dominant situation and control of the main offloading points. Sales are performed intra-group, resulting in only marginal sales geared to the domestic market. Local semi- 37 Final Report October 2019 industrial or industrial fishing boats have few options but to deliver or tranship at the Group’s facilities, often at the imposed price. 61. The national fishing fleet is inadequate. Various interviewed entities have declared that the current fishing fleet is inadequate for the supply of the domestic market, and even less so to the hospitality segment. Artisanal boats often lack ice on board affecting minimum sanitary standards. Additionally, the catch is mostly sold through informal fishmongers in high-street markets with precarious handling and storage practices. The semi-industrial fleet is focused on the provision of fish to Frescomar in São Vicente, which purchases the captures in pre- determined conditions of quality and price. Fishing companies avoid, therefore, to make captures beyond the working radius of Cova Inglesa in São Vicente. Foreign vessels operating in Cabo Verde with the capacity to process fish onboard do not use national ports due to lack of conditions, preferring to do so in other jurisdictions, thus resulting in reduced participation of the domestic fresh fishing resources in the tourism value chain. Text Box 2 – Sociave and the investment in quality certification 62. Lack of quality assurance Sociave is an aviculture company based in São Vicente island, certificates. Some producers currently the national market leader in poultry meat and eggs; it lack adequate quality produced about 450 tonnes of poultry and 26 million eggs in 2018. assurance certificates, namely After a years-long process and investment, the company ISO 22000 (food safety concluded in March of 2018 a certification in ISO 22000 food management) and HACCP31 safety management, valid for three years. The accreditation process took place through audits of an international firm – certification, to be able to APCER from Portugal – and the preparation involved physical supply adequately the hotels works, procedural changes and enhancements, and periodical laboratory tests for bacteria and chemicals. in Boa Vista and Sal. Despite The purpose of such investment was mainly to gain access to the notable exception (see Text hospitality industry as certification was an imposed requirement Box xx), such certifications by hotels and associated wholesalers. Thus far market access has improved and Sociave is progressively supplying some hotels in are an expensive endeavour Sal island, with plans to tackle Boa Vista when inter-island and producers’ question if transport permits. such investments are worthy as the domestic consumption absorbs almost all its current supply. Furthermore, other constraints such as the lack of efficient inter-island transport and cold storage facilities result weigh on the benefits of such investments. 63. Informal practices by some smaller operators. It was frequently mentioned in the interviews that although there is a regulatory and legal framework concerning product handling and certification, the enforcement of the provisions of the law is sometimes 31 Hazard analysis and critical control points, or HACCP, is as a systematic preventive approach to food safety against several potential hazards in the production processes. This includes measures to reduce these risks to a safe level. 38 Final Report October 2019 absent, leading to claims by some operators of unfair competition distorting prices and fostering the practices of supply of products that do not meet the health and safety regulations in place. The costs of the compliant operators are, therefore, higher and their profitability lower. 39 Final Report October 2019 Text Box 3 – Lessons and Challenges from Government Post-Harvest Centers In the past recent years, through cooperation programs, the Government has developed five packaging and distribution centres for agriculture and livestock products in the main producing islands: • Expurgation Center of Santo Antão, in Porto Novo (inaugurated in 2013) • Post-Harvest centre of Fogo, in S. Filipe (inaugurated in 2013) • Post-Harvest Center of Maio (inaugurated in 2016) • Post-Harvest Center of Serrado, in Santiago (inaugurated in 2017) The first centre in Santo Antão was built in 2010 but became only operational in 2013. It represented an investment of about 1.2 million dollars supported by the first compact of the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). This infrastructure differs from the others since the island of Santo Antão has been under quarantine since 1984 (except for shipments to Mindelo) due to a millipede pest which contaminates fresh vegetables and fruits. The centre was thus meant as a mitigation measure through the provision of post-harvest quality control, inspection, and certification, enabling access to the national agriproduct market. The facility has nonetheless been underutilized since inception – for a capacity of about 3,750 tons of produce per year, only 447 tons of fresh vegetables and fruits were processed and certified and subsequently freighted to Boa Vista or Sal from 2013 to 2016. The users and delegates note constraints such as the location, in the outskirts of Porto Novo far from the port and out of the natural road circuit, the cost and fees of usage, and the inter-island difficulties in forwarding the products to the major consumption centres. The Government and Municipality have recently been in talks to outsource the management of the centre to a British company as part of a broader private investment project in the area of renewable energy water mobilization and hydroponic production. It is yet unknown if these talks have been successful. The post-harvest centres of Fogo and Maio, built respectively in 2013 and 2016, are currently not operating due to lack of resources by the line Ministry of Agriculture and Environment. The facilities are used only infrequently for storage purposes. The centre in Fogo had initially been outsourced to a local company, Fogo Fresh, for management and operation, but activities have since been discontinued. The centre in Maio represented an investment of about USD 200,000 by the Government. The mission of both centres was to provide, for a fee, supply chain support products and services associated with sorting and calibration, packaging, classification, storage, and cleaning; training on quality management, product handling, and cost-benefit analysis were also envisioned. The centre in Santiago was inaugurated in 2017 with the support of the Chinese cooperation for about USD 2 million. There isn’t yet data on the output and impact with farmers and producers in crucial agriculture Municipalities such as Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, São Domingos or São Lourenço dos Órgãos. The experience with these facilities appears to confirm the constant challenges in coordinating rural extension services in the agriculture sector. The Ministry of Agriculture and Environment lacks the resources to leverage the centres as essential hubs for farmer outreach and capacitation to induce improvements in crucial agriproduct supply chains. The mobilization of private partners has also constituted a challenge as these weren’t involved during the design and launch of the facilities. The issue of lack of reliable inter-island transport accentuates the lack of market depth at the island-level, completing the vicious circle of lack of investment/resources. Source: (Monteiro & Ferro, June 2017); (Sapo Notícias, 2019); (Radiotelevisão de Cabo Verde, 2017) 6. Proposals to Increase Local Food Production and Sourcing in Tourism 40 Final Report October 2019 6.1 Solving Water Scarcity with Sustainability 64. Freshwater is a significant challenge for agricultural development in Cabo Verde, eroding the profitability of producers, even in greenhouse setting. Some islands have availability of water, such as Santiago, Fogo, Brava, São Nicolau and Santo Antão, whilst the islands with high intensity of tourism, Sal and Boa Vista have little to no freshwater. The water cost is around CVE 480/m3 in Sal and Boa Vista from the network provider. Boa Vista has some water but the last years of draught have obliged the local producers to purchase from the fixed network operator, who desalinates water for the purpose. Water desalinization requires high inputs of electricity, which can either be generated by diesel generators or by renewable energy sources. Many operators, namely hotels, desalinate the water by using the electricity from the network. 65. From discussion with local Text Box 4 – Milot Hydroponics in Sal island producers and equipment Milot Hidroponics, Lda, is a greenhouse based in Sal focused suppliers, the estimated entirely in the production of lettuce. Initially, the company produced a wider variety of vegetables oriented to tourism investment costs of fully operators, but diseases and the lack of water required a complete equipped greenhouses are a dismantling and restructuring focusing on water rationalization. promising emerging niche. The Currently, with a ½ hectare of production area, the output is CAPEX for a fully equipped and 25,000 lettuces per month, giving it market leadership, albeit self-sufficient greenhouses with selling more expensively than the imported products. Orders are collected and delivery takes place in the next working day to water desalinated from customers, who highly value the freshness and durability of the renewable energy sources is product. estimated at €500,000/ha. In By providing fresh product permanently, Milot Hidroponics has the various agriproducts avoided the costs of cold storage that the importers incur, and referred above in quadrants II simultaneously delivers a higher quality product valued by the market. The company plans to expand, particularly through 3 and IV, greenhouses would be additional hectares of greenhouses with use of desalinated water capable of generating through solar power. The investment is high, but the company is confident that it can produce successfully a wider range of fresh interesting gross margins thus vegetables and fruits that will allow it to achieve more efficiency indicating the high potential and scale in its distribution. return on employed capital (see Text Box 4). 66. Alternatively, the greenhouse investments could rely on the purchase of electricity from the fixed network to desalinate water for agriculture, but with consequences for profitability. In this regard, the CAPEX would become lower but the OPEX higher and so the gross margins lower as well. In Sal, for example, the introduction of wind power generation has improved the reliability of energy supply dramatically, and the cost per KwH decreased substantially in recent years. Potentially, with an increased capacity of power supply, the prices could be reduced even further from the current 42CV KwH. 41 Final Report October 2019 67. The use of greenhouses in Sal and Boa Vista to supply the local hotels and population with fresh vegetables and fruits would also provide a solution to the logistics and cold storage problem: • Greenhouse operations management allow daily and weekly fresh products, reducing the storage needs of the wholesale operators. Products can be collected daily according to orders and delivered entirely fresh, providing full flavour and drastic reduction of breakages. • The cost structure allows local producers to not only compete with imported products, but also provide opportunities for exports in some higher value fruits, particularly taking into consideration that refrigerated containers return empty to their origins, which would provide highly competitive transportation costs. • The logistic risks of transporting products from other islands would be offset. It is quite relevant considering the uncertainty of deliveries and the inconsistency of quality from the products from those islands. Sea transport costs would disappear, thus contributing to higher contribution margins to cover the high investment levels required. 68. In addition, some islands where there is freshwater available, do not necessarily feature good farming land. Several dams were built to improve water control having represented a great investment made by the GovCV in recent years. Evidence does however show that, except for the first dam in Poilão in Santiago island, none of the other investments fully developed attached water irrigation networks. This issue and the potential for development of co-ops in water distribution and irrigation networks requires further study and analysis of its feasibility. 69. Further in-depth analysis of the potential for desalinating water for agriculture in greenhouses, particularly in tourist hubs, is highly recommended. Current cases demonstrate that even purchasing water and electricity from the fixed networks, greenhouses can generate positive returns for the producers, given the high prices of the highly perishable products. In this study it was only possible to conduct a high-level assessment of the potential profitability of such case; however, the potential is very high and therefore a further analysis is required, namely in assessing: • production costs of the various products, and productions per hectare; • demand from the residential market and its respective prices; • the costs of conventional production in other islands for such products, and quality vis- à-vis the greenhouse production; • the costs of building and maintaining the irrigation network from existing water dams, the evaluation on the impact on agricultural production, costs of products, and management schemes of the water in relevant issues such as volume, price, collective arrangements between farmers, as it is the example of co-ops; 42 Final Report October 2019 • the potential for production in the tourist hub islands and its shipments to the other islands. 6.2 Solving the Logistics and Cold Storage Constraint 70. From August 2019, a new concession regime for inter-island sea transport went into effect under a single concessionaire with a public-service agreement concession. According to the information obtained, the concession is based on one single operator obliged by the agreement to provide fixed schedules, pre-arranged frequencies, and prices for the transport. In addition, the provision of cold storage facilities at the ports in refrigerated containers is also envisaged. It is yet too early to assess the effectiveness of this new framework. 71. Irrespective of the new inter-island maritime transport concession framework, several interconnected measures related to policy are necessary, namely improvements to port infrastructure and operations. Currently, the costs of operations, according to in-depth interviews, are far from efficient, resulting in excessive costs and delays. Several elements should be subject to in-depth analysis, such as labour arrangements, IT systems of the JUP (Janela Única Portuária) and its full connectivity with the wholesalers and local shippers, in addition to full transparency on the performance of the shipments and the port activities provided. The port operations should be under the scrutiny of the regulatory agency (Agência Marítima e Portuária) to improve the quality of service, and to monitor efficiency, transparency and reliability. A key element that has been previously identified is the stevedoring labour arrangements, whereby stevedoring income is entirely variable on a per ton basis. Such arrangement tends to absorb all the potential benefits of growth, leaving no incentive for capital returns, while keeping port stevedoring costs high. 72. Resolving the high costs of stevedoring, which are regressive towards agriculture products (lower value per kg compared with other products), would require several operational measures. These could include verification of the workers performing the work, and the submission of a comprehensive list of the allocated staff towards each team at least one day in advance. In case of absence of a worker without the adequate administrative treatment for legally accepted absence justifications, the result should be severe penalties for both the worker and the port operator. Furthermore, a comprehensive cadastre and license of each stevedore worker should be considered to allow an effective control of the existing professionals, to ensure safety compliance, and training. In the limit of penalties to a stevedore, his/her operating license could be withdrawn. 73. Conditional on a demand assessment at island and port level, fisheries offloading points require additional investment in cold storage. Anecdotal evidence from interviews with sector 43 Final Report October 2019 operators noted a perceived lack of cold storage capacity at ports, particularly in Sal32 and Boa Vista, inhibiting access to those markets. The expansion of cold storage capacity is due to be addressed under the new inter-island maritime concession, including the use of refrigerated containers by the operator at the ports. It was not possible however to obtain further description or characterization of the service provision format in addition to expected rates and conditions, nor project details of the proposed expansion of the cold storage capacity in Sal under a joint venture with Frescomar. 6.3 Leveraging Local Fresh Fisheries & Seafood 74. Seafood aquaculture may have potential in Cabo Verde, and the archipelago enjoys unique characteristics that could allow sizeable investments. The most significant private venture thus far in this field is taking place in the island of São Vicente since 2015 (see Text Box 4). The first results seam promising, however, the company still requires substantial investments in sorting, processing, and packaging. Fish aquaculture may also have untapped potential, particularly in Sal and Boa Vista. The major Text Box 5 – Shrimp Farm in São Vicente question is which fish species The most significant private venture thus far in the aquaculture field to farm vis-à-vis existing stocks is taking place in the island of São Vicente since 2015 – a €1.5 million investment for shrimp cultivation in dugout pond nurseries in national waters. near Calhau. The project is a joint venture between Cabo Verde and Brazilian companies and the shrimp is intended for local fresh 75. The development of super consumption and frozen export. There are also complementary plans to have an off-shoot production pond that would grow juvenile frozen products is also an tilapia to be used as baitfish for the artisanal tuna fleet. attractive avenue to boost Feed rations and other consumables are imported from Brazil, while industrial/semi-industrial equipment has been imported from Europe, China and Brazil. Since catches. The lack of adequate launch, the project has suffered bottlenecks, namely, difficulty in vessels that can be used to accessing credit, environmental constraints, supply and input chain difficulties, and difficulties in obtaining formal licensing in the process the fish on board and absence of a legal framework for aquaculture activities. The first keep it at zero Celsius for up to production batches were sold in early 2019, but the effectiveness of the project is not yet established. 4 days is a significant handicap for Cabo Verde. Such The most significant private venture thus far in the aquaculture field operations would allow for an increase in the is taking radius place in theof capture island of São under Vicente since 2015 – preassigned a €1.5 sustainability million investment for shrimp cultivation in dugout pond nurseries capture quotas, the delivery of regular fresh fish shipments at the ports of Sal and Boa Vista to near Calhau. The project is a joint venture between Cabo Verde and the hospitality market, the substitution of current Brazilian levels companies andofthe shrimpfish frozen imports is intended forby fresh local premium fresh consumption and frozen export. There are also products captured in the region, and to introduce competition in downstream segments such complementary plansas to have an off-shoot production pond that would grow juvenile fishery canning. A detailed and comprehensive feasibility tilapia to be used for is, plan as baitfish thehowever, necessary, artisanal tuna fleet. including the level of industrial transformation and infrastructure required. Feed rations and other consumables are imported from Brazil, while equipment has been imported from Europe, China and Brazil. Since launch, the project has suffered bottlenecks, namely, difficulty in accessing credit, environmental constraints, supply and input chain 32 difficulties, In the port of Palmeiras in Sal, the Frescomar and difficulties Group is proposing in obtaining a project formal to expand cold licensing in the under storage capacity absence a concession agreement with port operator ENAPOR. of a legal framework for aquaculture activities. The first production batches were sold in early 2019, but the effectiveness of the project is not yet established notwithstanding the elevated prices 44 of imported frozen shrimp - €12 to €14 per kg. Text Box 1 - Milot Hydroponics in Sal islandThe most significant private venture thus far in the aquaculture field is taking Final Report October 2019 76. The artisanal fishery fleet should receive further support and inspection. The lack of sanitary conditions of the artisanal fleet is perpetuated by the lack of inspections to enforce compliance. By reinforcing inspections and resulting penalties, the quality level of the captured fish in Cabo Verde increases, and if appropriate processing and cold storage facilities are developed, particularly in the islands of Santiago, Sal or Boa Vista, the supply of fresh fish could compete further with the current level of imported fish in the hospitality market. Furthermore, the quality levels of the fresh fish consumed in the residential market would increase substantially, in tandem with the control of captured volumes and fishing stocks. 77. The promotion of touristic sports fishing activities could provide added income and incentives to artisanal fisherman. Through increased inspections and enforcements on the artisanal fleet, the restructuring of the fishing activities towards line catching could captivate sports fishing, resulting in an opportunity for strengthening income generation by fishermen. Such a proposal would nonetheless require a comprehensive study on the costs and benefits, for further analysis. 78. The possibility of innovative approaches in the fisheries supply chain could also tackle current constraints, working to align incentives among supply-chain actors. A potential approach would be a virtual fresh-fish auction marketplace where traders would bid online on the catch, even before arriving at the designated landing facility (e.g. the Docapesca model in Portugal). Pending further due diligence, such a platform could be combined with incentives for proper product handling and certification in pre-assigned offloading points. 6.4 Leveraging Collection Action through Co-ops 79. To overcome challenges such as lack of scale due to small average plot sizes, product inconsistency, lack of certification, and difficulties in accessing financing, collective action is essential, particularly effective co-ops. Small farmers need to join efforts in arrangements where large size buyers provide requirements, standards of quality demands, training, and the necessary support in operations. The establishment of effective co-ops in the supply chain can be an important cross-cutting proposal and game changer. The rationale of a co-op in the value chain lies in cost and investment sharing of assets requiring minimum efficiencies of scale not achievable by any of the suppliers/producers in each regional area, which are typically of small size and price takers in what the specific product is concerned. 80. In day-to-day operations, co-ops could support collection, separation & grading, packaging, storing, distribution, sales and marketing. The co-op would be instrumental in providing production inputs and services to members, namely: technical assistance, training, applied research, and financing through bankable long-term supply contracts. Regarding the latter, small farmers could then use these as collateral or discount in financial institutions, leveraging 45 Final Report October 2019 high potential value chains such as fruits, vegetables, cheese, coffee, grogue, wine, and goat milk. 81. Leveraging the lessons of past failed attempts with currently inactive co-ops would also be instrumental. In this regard, several elements require careful attention and further in-depth analysis: • Scope of activities. Focused on the upstream or downstream elements of farming? Upstream is typically the water supply network and its management, requiring a cost and responsibility framework to be designed, and an effective pricing mechanism to strike a good balance between consumption and associated investment to the network (distance from property). If downstream activities are considered, then issues such as processing plant, storage facilities, branding, marketing and sales require adequate analysis. Additional topics for due diligence include purchase prices per quality grading level, quality Text Box 6 – Exploring the potential for local goat meat and cheese controls, services Cabo Verde has a relevant tradition for the quality of its goat meat and and materials its famous “queijo di terra” or goat cheese. These are premium products provision (advisory, suitable for the tourist souvenir market and to explore relevant export inputs), minimum markets. guaranties of The evolution of renewable energies and technologies such as hydroponic fodder could enable a lower cost and more efficient goat quantity absorption, feeding, leveraging this value chain in Cabo Verde with a considerable long term supply potential to tackle the gourmet products’ market, both domestically and internationally. contracts, etc. To explore collective action system in this value chain, several topics would merit further due diligence: cooperatives or private sector driven • Equity contributions; businesses with standardized long-term supply contracts with small i.e. what is the value farmers? What approach to goat pasture plots, especially in what benefit-sharing schemes between shepherd and plot owner? What cost of each unit of structure for the goat plants if a comprehensive drip irrigation system is contribution and the in place? What programs could be introduced to cover certification options for entrance issues, traceability of animals and products, quality accreditation, modes of control of pasture practices, veterinary controls, etc. or exit of members. • Management and governance. The management practices and team are some of the most critical elements to consider, as they are also the most relevant factors of success or failure. 82. Further collective action could take place through the creation of appellations of origin for traditional products. This endeavour would allow small farmers (see Text Box 3) to join efforts to develop harmonized quality standards, operating practices, and most of all a shared brand to promote their products in a strategy of addressing the gourmet/up-market segments. Development partners may play an essential role in this process by providing technical 46 Final Report October 2019 assistance and financial support. Products that can qualify to such a strategy are “goat cheese”, “salt flower”, grogue, wines, fruits, et others. 83. Legislative measures to allow agriculture plot consolidation could also be explored. To farm effectively, plot sizes would need to have minimum sizes for efficiency and be contingently located. The widespread availability of farming plots, many of which idle, is a constraint to agricultural development. Consolidation, either through co-ops or rentals, could be explored through a set of incentives, conditional on further analysis and on not having negative impact on lower-income landowners or tenants. 6.5 Solving the Access to Finance and Risk-Sharing Constraint to the Private Sector 84. Access to affordable financing instruments is one of the most critical challenges for local entrepreneurs in the agriculture sector. Subject to a detailed and in-depth assessment, the creation of a dedicated investment fund, providing both debt and equity solutions, could be a solution. Based on international experience, the following features could be considered: • Participation of international development banks (IDB) in the form of fund participation units, to be capitalized according to established targets and capital requirements dependent on approved investment projects; e.g. closing period of 15 years, total maximum capitalization of $50 USD million, with 20% geared to private equity and 80% to lending. If successful, additional capital allocations could be made, by the same or new entities; • At the fund’s constitution, provision of up to 2% of the capitalization for technical assistance (TA) aimed at setup and capacity building of a professional and independent management team. This technical assistance would support the introduction of international best practices in project evaluations and risk ratings; staff training; ICT systems; development of accountability procedures, management control, and reporting; • Governance model based on an investment committee with participation of the IDBs, funds’ management, private sector associations, and Government, to monitor the Fund’s performance and provision of guidelines to the Fund Managers; • Eligible projects would need to comprise technical assistance in product conception & development, training, marketing & sales, operations, equipment, facilities, etc. Projects would be selected upon value creation and appropriation criteria, entrepreneurs/managers skills and capabilities, among others; • Exit strategies trough the national stock market and/or prior arrangements of minimum return guaranteed to the fund by the entrepreneur. 47 Final Report October 2019 • Eligible investment components could include salary costs of international highly qualified manufacturing, technology & operations, and sales and marketing experts; e.g. 2 days per week during a 3-year program if coordinated by the Chambers of Commerce and shared with other companies; • Partial state guarantees to the fund, allowing lower interest rate levels. Such guarantees could be attributed in a revolving system, depending on the total contribution of the investment projects in additional added value to the economy, meaning that if the fund management is underperforming in added value generated, the state guarantees reduce accordingly, while if overperforming, the state guaranties increase accordingly. As to fund managers, performance-based bonuses could be tied up with the decrease of state guaranties. 85. The introduction of co-op/large buyer long term supply contracts to farmers could be an instrument to resolve working capital constraints. In situations where a large buyer exists and many small size sellers, long-term farming supply contract (3, 4, and 5 years), in the same manner as standardized contracts in commodity exchanges, could be developed as a financial security. Further, such contracts could establish a pre-determined standardized and specified quality grading, quantity, and a fixed price for a determined time of future delivery. Such contracts could be discounted at favourable rates in the banking system or be used as collateral in the banking system for medium-long term loans to buy land or equipment by the farmers. A feasibility study for such a measure would be required, including the types of products it could cover, the terms of maturity, discount rates, verification entity, et others. 86. The introduction of agricultural insurance services could be also important given adverse effects of climate change affecting producers and private investors (drought and floods damaging crops). As an archipelago, Cabo Verde is very vulnerable to climate change. Further analysis in this front is recommended, namely in the areas of investment protection insurance, plagues and climate related hazards. 7. Proposed Areas for Additional Research 87. It is expected that this research may contribute to further in-depth analysis of related topics in tourism, namely: • Determining areas of agricultural competitiveness per island, weighing production costs and quality vs imports; • Development of business models and strategic briefs for a selection of top 5 to 10 products, considered here as high potential, for added national production, including through hydroponics and aquaculture. This should include exploring the job creation and poverty reduction potential of developing the top-tier product value chains; 48 Final Report October 2019 • Benchmarking and analysis of successful agriculture and fisheries value-chain development programs in other small-island developing countries; • Gap analysis on how to leverage linkages between the fishery canning industry and tourism, particularly upstream fishery investments in tourism islands; • Dedicated market research on tourism consumption of beverages, including an assessment of additional downstream potential in transformation of fresh fruits (e.g. fruit juices); • Assessing opportunities and level of sourcing in tourism of non-food consumables currently produced in country (e.g. cleaning detergents), in addition to other consumables which may have potential; • Full analysis of feasibility of greenhouse food production using renewable energies. 49 Final Report October 2019 References African Development Bank. (2012). Cape Verde: A Success Story. AfDB. Agência de Aviação Civil. (2019, Setembro 23). Falência e Encerramento do Grupo "Thomas Cook". Retrieved from http://www.aac.cv/artigos/falencia-e-encerramento-do-grupo- thomas-cook Christie, I., Fernandes, E., Messerli, H., & Twinning-Ward, L. (2013). Tourism in Africa: Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods. Washington: The World Bank. Çiftci, D. H., & Onal, Y. B. (2007). All-inclusive tourism and its effects on the Turkish tourism sector. Problems and Perspectives in Management 5 (3), pp. 269-285. Expresso das Ilhas. (2019, Março 3). Certificação abriu o mercado das grandes cadeias hoteleiras. Retrieved from https://expressodasilhas.cv/economia/2019/03/03/certificacao-abriu-o-mercado-das- grandes-cadeias-hoteleiras/62613 Expresso das Ilhas. (2019, Setembro 29). Falência das Thomas Cook: Impacto ainda por definir em Cabo Verde. Retrieved from https://expressodasilhas.cv/economia/2019/09/29/falencia-da-thomas-cook-impacto- ainda-por-definir-em-cabo-verde/65844 Governo de Cabo Verde. (2018). PEDS - Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 2017/2021. Praia: Ministério das Finanças - Direcção Nacional do Planeamento. Governo de Cabo Verde. (2019, Janeiro 2). Grandes Opções do Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento do Turismo de Cabo Verde (GoPEDS Turismo). Boletim Oficial, pp. 10- 35. Inforpress. (2018, Agosto 14). Frescomar anuncia novos investimentos em São Vicente e no Sal de mais de seis milhões de euros. Retrieved from Notícias Sapo.CV: https://noticias.sapo.cv/economia/artigos/frescomar-anuncia-novos-investimentos-em- sao-vicente-e-no-sal-de-mais-de-seis-milhoes-de-euros Instituto Marquês Valle Flôr. (2011). Cabo Verde: Pescas e Migrações. Lisboa: IMVF. Instituto Nacional de Estatística de Cabo Verde. (2018). Anuário Estatístico 2017. Praia: INE. Instituto Nacional de Estatística de Cabo Verde. (2018). III Inquérito às Despesas e Receitas Familiares - IDRF 2015 Resultados Preliminares. Praia: INE. Instituto Nacional de Estatística de Cabo Verde. (2019). Estatísticas Agricultura 2004 a 2017. Praia: INE. International Finance Corporation. (July 2018). From the Farm to the Tourist's Table: A Study of Fresh Produce Demand from Fiji's Hotels and Resorts. IFC. International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group. (2015). Vanuatu Agri-Tourism Linkages: A Baseline Study of Agri-Demand from Port Vila's Hospitality Sector. IFC, WBG. International Monetary Fund. (2019). Cabo Verde: Staff Report for the 2019 Article IV Consultation and Request for an Eighteen-Month Policy Coordination Instrument. Washington: IMF. Monteiro, A. A., & Ferro, O. (June 2017). Cabo Verde: Multi-sector Market Study Focused on the Tourism Value Chain Development. Praia: Netherlands Enterprise Agency. 50 Final Report October 2019 Radiotelevisão de Cabo Verde. (2014, Julho 24). Centro de pós-colheita do Fogo entra em funcionamento em Outubro. Retrieved from http://rtc.cv/index.php?paginas=13&id_cod=34348 Radiotelevisão de Cabo Verde. (2017, Março 15). Inaugurado o centro de pós-colheita do Serrado no concelho de São Lourenço dos Órgãos . Retrieved from http://www.rtc.cv/index.php?paginas=47&id_cod=56342 Sapo Notícias. (2018, Fevereiro 12). Barragens em Cabo Verde estão com menos de 3,6% de água devido à seca. Retrieved from https://noticias.sapo.cv/actualidade/artigos/barragens-em-cabo-verde-estao-com- menos-de-36-de-agua-devido-a-seca Sapo Notícias. (2019, Abril 08). Santo Antão: Localização do centro pós-colheita continua a tirar o sono aos produtores agrícolas desta ilha. Retrieved from https://noticias.sapo.cv/economia/artigos/santo-antao-localizacao-do-centro-pos- colheita-continua-a-tirar-o-sono-aos-produtores-agricolas-desta-ilha Tavares, J. M., & Kozak, M. (2015). Tourist's Preferences for the All-Inclusive System and Its Impacts on the Local Economy. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation; Volume 6; Issue 2, pp. 7-23. UNIDO. (2016). Fisheries value chain analysis and cluster mapping: Cabo Verde. Praia: UNIDO. United Nations Development Program. (2016). Project Document: Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into the tourism sector in synergy with a further strenghtened protected areas system in Cabo Verde. UNDP. United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2019). International Tourism Highlights . UNWTO. World Bank. (2013). Tourism Development in Cabo Verde: Is it time to Abandon the All-Inclusive Model? World Bank. World Bank. (2018). Republic of Cabo Verde: Adjusting the Development Model to Strenghten Growth and Social Inclusion: Strategic Country Diagnosis. Washington: IDA/IBRD. 51 Annex I – Estimates and Projections of Tourist Bed-Night Consumption Nr. Products Avg. Import Import Breakage % Import Life # Tons of consumption Consum Price CI&F Duty % import Price days 2018 2019 2023 bed/ night €/Kg Landed €/Kg 1 - Potatoes (Kg) 0,087 €0,42 30,5% 2,0% €0,56 60 398,1 424,8 487,1 2 - Carrots (Kg) 0,074 €0,53 10,5% 4,0% €0,62 15 339,4 362,2 415,3 3 - Bell peppers (Kg) 0,029 €1,93 10,5% 6,0% €2,27 12 132,6 141,5 162,3 4 - Tomatoes (kg) 0,145 €1,40 10,5% 6,0% €1,64 12 665,1 709,8 814,0 5 - Cucumbers (Kg) 0,032 €1,23 10,5% 7,0% €1,47 8 145,3 155,1 177,9 6 - Zucchini (Kg) 0,034 €1,40 10,5% 6,0% €1,64 8 155,4 165,8 190,1 7 - Brocoli (Kg) 0,021 €2,39 10,5% 2,0% €2,69 8 97,4 103,9 119,2 8 - Green beans (Kg) 0,011 €1,81 10,5% 7,0% €2,15 8 48,7 52,0 59,6 9 - Letuce (Kg) 0,014 €2,39 10,5% 7,0% €2,83 12 63,1 67,4 77,3 10 - Colliflower (Kg) 0,016 €1,65 10,5% 4,0% €1,89 8 73,0 77,9 89,4 11 - Onions (kg) 0,093 €0,59 30,5% 4,0% €0,80 30 423,9 452,3 518,7 12 - Garlic (Kg) 0,006 €1,56 10,5% 1,0% €1,74 30 28,2 30,1 34,5 13 - Cabages 0,019 €2,12 10,5% 7,0% €2,52 10 88,3 94,2 108,0 14 - Asparagus (Kg) 0,004 €4,60 10,5% 7,0% €5,47 10 19,5 20,8 23,8 15 - Eggplants (Kg) 0,028 €1,23 10,5% 70,0% €4,55 5 127,5 136,0 156,0 16 - Spinach (Kg) 0,021 €1,65 10,5% 6,0% €1,93 8 97,4 103,9 119,2 17 - Arugula (Kg) 0,001 €11,52 10,5% 7,0% €13,69 5 4,9 5,2 6,0 18 - Beans (Kg) 0,018 €1,21 5,5% 0,0% €1,28 180 84,2 89,8 96,6 19 - Chickpeas (Kg) 0,009 €1,71 5,5% 0,0% €1,80 180 41,5 44,3 47,7 20 - Corn (Kgs) 0,013 €0,27 5,5% 0,0% €0,28 180 58,8 62,7 67,5 21 - Peas (Kg) 0,021 €1,48 5,5% 0,0% €1,56 180 97,4 103,9 111,8 22 - Rice (Kg) 0,080 €0,74 5,5% 0,0% €0,78 180 365,2 389,7 419,1 52 Final Report October 2019 Nr. Products Avg. Import Import Breakage % Import Life # Tons of consumption Consum Price CI&F Duty % import Price days 2018 2019 2023 bed/ night €/Kg Landed €/Kg 23 - Wheat flower (Kg) 0,213 €0,43 10,5% 0,0% €0,47 180 973,8 1 039,2 1 117,6 24 - Melon (Kg) 0,130 €1,36 0,5% 4,0% €1,42 15 592,8 632,6 725,5 25 - Watermelons (Kg) 0,146 €1,36 0,5% 4,0% €1,42 12 666,6 711,4 815,8 26 - Pineapple (Kg) 0,120 €1,31 0,5% 4,0% €1,37 15 549,3 586,2 672,2 27 - Papaya (Kg) 0,043 €1,99 0,5% 10,0% €2,22 8 197,7 211,0 242,0 28 - Mango (Kg) 0,009 €2,83 0,5% 8,0% €3,09 12 42,4 45,2 51,9 29 - Grapefruit (Kg) 0,022 €2,53 0,5% 6,0% €2,71 12 99,1 105,8 121,3 30 - Citrus fruits (Kg) €1,13 0,5% 6,0% €1,21 15 0,0 0,0 0,0 31 - Perons (Kg) 0,053 €0,90 0,5% 1,0% €0,92 30 243,5 259,8 297,9 32 - Apples (Kg) 0,080 €0,90 0,5% 1,0% €0,92 30 365,2 389,7 446,9 33 - Bananas (Kg) 0,036 €0,90 0,5% 8,0% €0,99 8 165,7 176,8 202,8 34 - Guavas (Kg) €6,78 0,5% 4,0% €7,10 12 0,0 0,0 0,0 35 - Peaches (Kg) 0,011 €1,53 0,5% 6,0% €1,64 15 48,7 52,0 59,6 36 - Kiwis (Kg) 0,032 €1,94 0,5% 4,0% €2,04 12 146,1 155,9 178,8 37 - Blueberries (Kg) 0,001 €2,53 0,5% 4,0% €2,65 8 4,9 5,2 6,0 38 - Blackberries (Kgs) 0,001 €4,98 0,5% 4,0% €5,21 5 4,9 5,2 6,0 39 - Pineapples (Kg) 0,004 €1,32 10,5% 1,0% €1,47 120 17,6 18,8 21,6 40 - Peaches (Kg) 0,006 €1,32 10,5% 1,0% €1,47 120 29,2 31,2 35,8 41 - Perons (Kg) 0,003 €1,32 10,5% 1,0% €1,47 120 14,6 15,6 17,9 42 - Oranges (Kg) 0,002 €1,32 10,5% 1,0% €1,47 120 8,1 8,6 9,9 43 - Beaf (Kg) 0,043 €6,88 20,5% 2,0% €8,45 90 194,8 207,8 238,4 44 - Pork (Kg) 0,096 €2,80 20,5% 2,0% €3,44 90 438,2 467,7 536,3 45 - Poultry (Kg) 0,133 €1,37 30,5% 2,0% €1,83 90 608,6 649,5 744,9 46 - Lam (Kg) 0,048 €6,36 20,5% 2,0% €7,82 90 219,1 233,8 268,2 53 Final Report October 2019 Nr. Products Avg. Import Import Breakage % Import Life # Tons of consumption Consum Price CI&F Duty % import Price days 2018 2019 2023 bed/ night €/Kg Landed €/Kg 47 - Tunas (Kg) 0,043 €9,60 20,5% 8,0% €12,57 3 194,8 207,8 238,4 48 - Small pelagics (Kg) 0,032 €1,00 20,5% 8,0% €1,31 3 146,1 155,9 178,8 49 - Other head fish 0,043 €1,70 20,5% 8,0% €2,23 3 194,8 207,8 238,4 (Kg) 50 - Lobster (Kg) 0,005 €20,00 30,5% 8,0% €28,37 5 24,3 26,0 29,8 51 - Shrimp (Kg) 0,024 €10,00 30,5% 8,0% €14,18 5 110,7 118,1 135,5 52 - Squids, cuttlefish 0,016 €8,47 30,5% 8,0% €12,02 5 73,0 77,9 89,4 and octopus (Kg) 53 - Cockles, mussels, 0,014 €6,91 30,5% 8,0% €9,80 5 64,4 68,8 78,9 oysters, shellfish (Kg) 54 Frozen fish (Kg) 0,090 €2,20 20,5% 2,0% €2,71 90 413,8 441,6 506,5 56 - Cheese (Kg) 0,045 €6,24 10,5% 5,0% €7,26 30 204,6 218,3 250,3 58 - Butter and 0,022 €7,89 5,5% 5,0% €8,77 30 99,3 106,0 121,5 margarine (Kg) 54