1 56070 ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF ASIAN DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES Ernesto Valenzuela, Marianne Kurzweil, Johanna Croser, Signe Nelgen and Kym Anderson* ernesto.valenzuela@adelaide.edu.au marianne136@gmail.com johlou@gmail.com signe.nelgen@googlemail.com kym.anderson@adelaide.edu.au Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 48, December 2007 The authors are all at the University of Adeladie in Australia except Kurzweil, who is at the African Development Bank in Tunis. This is a product of a research project on Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, under the leadership of Kym Anderson of the World Bank's Development Research Group. The authors are grateful for helpful comments from workshop participants and for funding from World Bank Trust Funds provided by the governments of Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands (BNPP) and the United Kingdom (DfID). This Working Paper series is designed to promptly disseminate the findings of work in progress for comment before they are finalized. The views expressed are the authors' alone and not necessarily those of the World Bank and its Executive Directors, nor the countries they represent, nor of the institutions providing funds for this research project. 1 2 ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF ASIAN DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES Ernesto Valenzuela, Marianne Kurzweil, Johanna Croser, Signe Nelgen and Kym Anderson This compilation summarizes the estimates for the focus countries of Asia key distortion indicators defined in Anderson et al. (2008). These tables appear also in an Appendix in Anderson and Martin (2008). Three tables are provided for each country: (a) the Nominal Rate of Assistance to individual farm products covered in the study and their weighted average, using as weights production valued at undistorted prices; (b) the Relative Rate of Assistance to producers of agricultural (relative to non-agricultural) tradables, again using as weights production valued at undistorted prices, and the component parts of the RRA calculation; and (c) the weights themselves for individual covered farm products and for the residual non-covered group of products, shown as percentages and so they sum to 100 percent. The Nominal Rate of Assistance (NRA) in the case of a product having just its output price distorted by government policies is the percentage by which the domestic producer price exceeds the price that would prevail under free markets, that is, the border price appropriately adjusted to account for differences in product quality, transport costs, processing costs, etc. A negative value indicates the domestic price is below that comparable border price. If producers of that product also are affected by distortions to product-specific input prices, their ad valorem equivalent is accounted for by subtracting the ad valorem input price distortion times its input-output coefficient from the farm industry's output NRA to get the total nominal rate of assistance to production of that farm product. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. The Sources of these tables are the Working Paper version of the chapters in Anderson and Martin (2008) (and its associated spreadsheet), each of which is 2 3 downloadable in the Working Paper section of the project's website, www.worldbank.org/agdistortions. Also available at that website is the complete global distortions database (Anderson and Valenzuela 2008). The references are provided below. References Ahmed, N., Z. Bakht, P.A. Dorosh and Q. Shahabuddin (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Bangladesh', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 32, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Anderson, K., M. Kurzweil, W. Martin, D. Sandri and E. Valenzuela (2008), "Methodology for Measuring Distortions to Agricultural Incentives," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 02, World Bank, Washington DC, revised January. Anderson, K. and W. Martin (eds.) (2008), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Asia, Washington DC: World Bank (forthcoming December). Anderson, K. and E. Valenzuela (2008), Global Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, 1955 to 2005, database spreadsheets available at www.worldbank.org/agdistortions, October. Athukorala, P.-C., P.L. Huon and V.T. Thanh (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Vietnam', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 26, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Athukorala, P.-C. and W.-H. Loke (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Malaysia', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 27, World Bank, Washington DC, December. David, C.C., P. Intal and A.M. Balisacan (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in the Philippines', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 28, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Dorosh, P.A. and A. Salem (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Pakistan', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 33, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Fane, G. and P.G. Warr (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Indonesia', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 24, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Pursell, G., A. Gulati and K. Gupta (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in India', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 34, World Bank, Washington DC, December. 3 4 Honma, M. and Y. Hayami (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Korea and Taiwan', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 30, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Bandara, J. and S. Jayasuriya (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Sri Lanka', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 31, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Huang, J., S. Rozelle, W. Martin and Y. Liu (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in China', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 29, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Warr, P.G. and A. Sarntisart (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Thailand', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 25, World Bank, Washington DC, December. 4 5 Table 1: Annual distortion estimates, Korea, 1955 to 2004 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) All Barl Cab Garli Pepp Pig Poul Soyb Whe cove ey Beef bage Egg c Milk er meat try Rice ean at red 1955 -11 7 na na na na na na na -42 -33 -56 -38 1956 36 36 na na na na na na na -6 -28 -41 -3 1957 90 54 na na na na na -15 na 26 -5 -32 28 1958 63 62 na -16 na na na 29 na -6 -11 -43 3 1959 27 35 na -38 na na na -8 na -12 12 -43 -7 1960 65 53 na -45 na na na -2 na -4 29 -41 1 1961 19 -3 na -50 na na na -41 -33 -44 -33 -56 -36 1962 19 21 na -40 na na na 16 -13 -44 -23 -45 -32 1963 144 61 na -13 na na na 68 12 25 61 -8 36 1964 171 40 na 25 na na na 67 62 32 60 16 52 1965 61 39 na 25 na na na 108 81 -2 44 -19 16 1966 43 26 na 24 na na na 114 81 -10 55 -15 7 1967 68 30 na 34 na 105 na 145 134 -14 104 -10 10 1968 85 87 na 30 na 210 na 235 203 -11 38 -6 19 1969 105 143 na 2 na 205 na 191 158 9 53 -6 32 1970 144 119 na 28 na 216 na 207 152 39 131 10 64 1971 149 120 na 9 na 133 na 286 153 63 76 17 82 1972 198 85 na -8 na 41 na 222 80 88 102 25 95 1973 74 18 na -7 na 60 na 193 52 11 48 -20 23 1974 36 28 na -21 na 94 na 112 80 -44 43 -31 -27 1975 59 80 na -17 na 133 na 154 107 -4 59 -20 13 1976 76 128 na -14 na 187 na 189 144 48 108 -4 60 1977 112 218 na -11 na 189 na 169 182 65 118 53 76 1978 131 224 na -2 na 175 na 270 212 66 174 61 89 1979 129 162 na 6 na 261 na 232 164 123 152 42 131 1980 57 137 na 12 na 223 na 181 90 109 199 89 112 1981 125 186 na 4 na 194 na 285 122 98 252 86 119 1982 170 190 na 8 na 169 na 196 90 122 290 92 131 1983 241 159 na 36 na 153 na 106 87 130 292 110 129 1984 238 144 na 14 na 160 na 78 82 133 232 84 123 1985 293 68 na 23 na 128 na 164 75 169 275 69 144 1986 399 97 30 11 250 211 175 144 64 196 302 99 158 1987 417 93 30 3 250 238 175 100 57 222 415 171 161 1988 336 178 30 7 250 162 175 119 112 226 410 204 177 1989 341 195 30 54 250 187 175 97 126 259 407 178 195 1990 363 207 30 39 250 152 175 190 142 276 459 222 209 1991 494 223 30 9 250 289 175 172 136 254 461 265 200 1992 461 206 30 40 250 158 175 95 138 254 508 201 184 1993 534 171 30 12 310 197 281 116 165 283 554 195 198 1994 769 197 30 39 383 222 421 173 198 262 559 197 219 1995 632 223 30 59 210 154 204 130 171 340 734 200 214 1996 403 200 29 15 44 128 108 138 185 336 604 134 186 1997 635 144 29 17 232 147 153 88 161 284 453 99 177 1998 449 71 29 7 373 118 87 60 135 199 393 64 127 1999 596 162 29 35 207 157 176 166 206 313 945 116 210 2000 740 139 28 30 30 205 192 124 220 390 908 157 216 2001 412 175 28 42 8 105 221 93 201 374 702 137 194 2002 561 254 28 40 88 154 144 122 164 422 780 130 221 2003 572 142 27 55 205 139 267 134 131 395 750 129 211 2004 528 129 27 105 282 145 162 199 180 350 647 124 226 5 6 Table 1 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Korea, 1955 to 2004 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Non-ag Covered products Non- All tradabl covered products Export- Import- es Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1955 0 -38 -19 -28 nap -36 -36 48 -57 1956 0 -3 1 -2 nap -2 -2 35 -27 1957 0 28 11 17 nap 26 26 35 -6 1958 0 3 2 2 nap 3 3 41 -27 1959 0 -7 -4 -5 nap -7 -7 69 -45 1960 0 1 0 1 nap 1 1 66 -39 1961 0 -36 -17 -27 nap -33 -33 37 -51 1962 0 -32 -15 -23 nap -29 -29 34 -47 1963 0 36 15 27 nap 35 35 26 7 1964 0 52 21 42 nap 51 51 23 23 1965 0 16 7 13 nap 15 15 27 -9 1966 0 7 4 6 nap 7 7 23 -13 1967 0 10 5 8 nap 9 9 23 -11 1968 0 19 10 15 nap 19 19 21 -2 1969 0 32 15 25 nap 31 31 18 11 1970 0 64 25 48 nap 61 61 17 38 1971 0 82 31 61 nap 78 78 12 59 1972 0 95 33 72 nap 90 90 12 70 1973 0 23 10 18 nap 22 22 9 12 1974 0 -27 -8 -21 nap -23 -23 8 -29 1975 0 13 6 10 nap 12 12 9 2 1976 0 60 27 48 nap 58 58 11 43 1977 0 76 35 59 nap 75 75 17 50 1978 0 89 38 66 nap 85 85 12 65 1979 0 131 52 98 nap 127 127 10 106 1980 0 112 44 79 nap 105 105 8 90 1981 0 119 48 90 nap 114 114 6 101 1982 0 131 52 96 nap 125 125 7 111 1983 0 129 53 93 nap 123 123 7 108 1984 0 123 52 89 nap 117 117 6 104 1985 0 144 59 101 nap 136 136 6 124 1986 0 158 69 126 nap 156 156 6 141 1987 0 161 67 125 nap 155 155 6 140 1988 0 177 69 138 nap 169 169 6 155 1989 0 195 70 141 nap 180 180 4 169 1990 0 209 76 155 nap 196 196 4 185 1991 0 200 77 145 nap 187 187 4 177 1992 0 184 81 143 nap 179 179 3 170 1993 0 198 96 153 nap 200 200 3 192 1994 0 219 109 168 nap 226 226 3 217 1995 0 214 87 148 nap 198 198 2 191 1996 0 186 50 117 nap 145 145 3 139 1997 0 177 77 129 nap 164 164 2 158 1998 0 127 75 105 nap 129 129 2 124 1999 0 210 83 150 nap 188 188 2 183 2000 0 216 60 133 nap 166 166 2 161 2001 0 194 56 123 nap 150 150 2 145 2002 0 221 66 133 nap 168 168 2 163 2003 0 211 85 142 nap 181 181 2 176 2004 0 226 91 155 nap 196 196 1 191 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 6 7 Table 1 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Korea, 1955 to 2004 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Barle Cabb Garli Pepp Pigm Poult Soyb Whea cover y Beef age Egg c Milk er eat ry Rice ean t ed 1955 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 37 1 1 51 1956 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 30 1 1 57 1957 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 29 1 1 61 1958 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 34 1 1 56 1959 5 2 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 32 1 1 53 1960 4 2 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 31 1 1 54 1961 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 38 1 1 49 1962 7 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 37 1 1 50 1963 5 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 46 1 1 42 1964 9 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 50 2 1 31 1965 11 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 44 2 1 36 1966 11 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 46 1 1 35 1967 9 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 45 1 1 37 1968 10 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 45 2 1 36 1969 7 2 0 4 0 0 0 2 1 46 1 1 36 1970 7 2 0 4 0 0 0 2 1 39 1 1 41 1971 8 3 0 5 0 0 0 2 1 38 2 1 40 1972 7 3 0 6 0 0 0 2 2 39 2 1 38 1973 7 4 0 4 0 0 0 2 1 42 2 0 38 1974 4 2 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 51 1 0 35 1975 7 3 0 4 0 0 0 2 1 49 1 0 32 1976 7 3 0 4 0 0 0 2 1 43 1 0 37 1977 3 2 0 5 0 0 0 3 1 44 2 0 40 1978 3 2 0 4 0 1 0 3 1 41 1 0 44 1979 4 5 0 4 0 1 0 5 1 39 1 0 40 1980 3 5 0 4 0 1 0 6 2 31 1 0 47 1981 2 5 0 4 0 1 0 5 1 40 1 0 41 1982 2 4 0 4 0 1 0 6 1 36 1 0 43 1983 2 4 0 4 0 2 0 7 2 33 1 0 46 1984 2 5 0 4 0 2 0 7 2 31 1 0 46 1985 1 7 0 4 0 2 0 6 2 28 1 0 48 1986 1 7 3 4 2 2 4 6 3 31 1 0 36 1987 1 7 4 5 1 2 3 6 3 27 1 0 38 1988 1 5 5 4 2 3 4 6 3 30 1 0 36 1989 1 4 5 4 2 3 1 6 3 26 1 0 44 1990 1 4 4 4 3 4 2 7 3 26 1 0 41 1991 1 5 4 5 3 2 3 7 3 23 0 0 45 1992 1 6 3 4 3 3 5 9 3 22 0 0 40 1993 1 6 3 4 2 3 3 10 3 19 0 0 44 1994 0 6 4 4 2 3 2 8 3 21 0 0 46 1995 0 5 3 4 4 3 4 8 3 15 0 0 52 1996 0 4 3 4 4 3 5 7 3 16 0 0 51 1997 0 5 3 4 2 3 3 9 3 19 0 0 48 1998 0 6 3 5 2 3 4 10 3 21 0 0 43 1999 0 6 3 4 2 3 3 9 3 19 0 0 47 2000 0 5 3 3 3 3 3 7 2 16 0 0 54 2001 0 4 3 4 4 4 3 8 2 16 0 0 51 2002 0 3 3 4 2 4 3 8 3 13 0 0 56 2003 0 5 4 4 1 4 2 9 3 14 0 0 55 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 7 8 Table 2: Annual distortion estimates, Taiwan, 1955 to 2002 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Beef Egg Pigmeat Poultry Rice Wheat All 1955 -23 0 -39 -68 -49 96 -47 1956 52 0 10 -37 -11 31 -6 1957 47 0 9 -30 -3 38 1 1958 -10 0 -20 -55 -48 53 -41 1959 3 0 -1 -46 -37 23 -25 1960 20 0 14 -34 -9 31 -3 1961 49 0 24 -14 3 34 8 1962 48 0 73 2 -13 32 2 1963 51 0 120 4 -7 41 16 1964 39 0 88 25 -7 42 13 1965 66 0 118 20 -8 43 16 1966 51 0 112 14 -14 30 11 1967 4 0 87 18 -21 36 2 1968 0 0 113 31 -24 43 2 1969 24 0 69 23 -21 45 1 1970 14 0 82 19 0 55 21 1971 29 0 109 29 0 39 31 1972 50 0 114 39 2 65 35 1973 -4 0 111 27 -24 8 16 1974 22 0 74 22 -25 -6 0 1975 105 0 125 22 -15 0 15 1976 73 0 57 20 3 29 20 1977 89 0 45 42 -10 84 13 1978 91 0 49 35 -19 90 9 1979 41 0 28 31 3 83 15 1980 54 0 46 39 17 81 29 1981 72 0 48 65 8 81 27 1982 75 0 44 63 29 115 37 1983 88 1 41 85 46 na 46 1984 96 2 33 66 63 na 47 1985 95 9 41 57 73 na 53 1986 104 19 56 70 84 na 64 1987 108 17 72 87 110 na 81 1988 102 27 90 98 108 na 93 1989 97 61 123 110 142 na 122 1990 97 9 112 107 146 na 112 1991 97 -1 76 112 144 na 93 1992 95 41 93 149 170 na 115 1993 99 30 100 168 191 na 126 1994 106 40 138 178 156 na 140 1995 66 33 108 167 208 na 131 1996 97 2 124 167 174 na 126 1997 101 -1 94 195 149 na 114 1998 85 11 108 242 134 na 128 1999 63 44 221 372 174 na 212 2000 44 33 201 347 189 na 202 2001 95 22 168 254 195 na 169 2002 79 19 150 237 226 na 164 8 9 Table 2 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Taiwan, 1955 to 2002 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1955 0 -47 0 -22 -35 -7 -30 7 -35 1956 0 -6 0 -3 -4 -3 -4 8 -11 1957 0 1 0 0 1 -2 0 8 -7 1958 0 -41 0 -20 -31 -3 -27 10 -33 1959 0 -25 0 -14 -21 -3 -18 10 -26 1960 0 -3 0 -1 -2 -1 -2 9 -10 1961 0 8 0 4 7 -1 5 9 -3 1962 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 10 -8 1963 0 16 0 8 13 1 11 9 1 1964 0 13 0 6 10 2 8 9 -1 1965 0 16 0 7 12 2 10 9 0 1966 0 11 0 5 8 2 7 10 -2 1967 0 2 0 1 1 2 1 8 -7 1968 0 2 0 1 1 3 1 9 -7 1969 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 8 -7 1970 0 21 0 10 16 2 13 8 5 1971 0 31 0 14 23 3 18 7 10 1972 0 35 0 16 26 5 20 8 11 1973 0 16 0 7 12 3 9 8 1 1974 0 0 0 0 -1 3 0 7 -6 1975 0 15 0 7 12 3 9 7 2 1976 0 20 0 10 16 4 13 7 6 1977 0 13 0 7 9 8 8 7 1 1978 0 9 0 4 5 6 5 7 -2 1979 0 15 0 7 10 5 9 7 2 1980 0 29 0 12 21 6 15 5 9 1981 0 27 0 11 17 9 14 5 8 1982 0 37 0 14 25 8 19 5 13 1983 0 46 0 19 31 12 23 5 17 1984 0 47 0 19 33 10 23 5 17 1985 0 53 0 20 37 9 25 5 19 1986 0 64 0 23 44 11 29 5 23 1987 0 81 0 26 53 13 33 5 27 1988 0 93 0 28 58 13 35 4 30 1989 0 122 0 38 53 45 47 4 41 1990 0 112 0 41 60 45 50 4 45 1991 0 93 0 34 57 34 41 3 37 1992 0 115 0 37 56 40 45 2 41 1993 0 126 0 38 61 41 46 2 43 1994 0 140 0 41 51 50 50 2 47 1995 0 131 0 39 60 43 47 2 45 1996 0 126 0 42 55 48 50 2 47 1997 0 114 0 43 58 48 50 2 48 1998 0 128 0 45 51 54 53 2 50 1999 0 212 0 63 61 79 74 2 72 2000 0 202 0 69 70 83 80 1 78 2001 0 169 0 60 66 70 69 1 67 2002 0 164 0 55 75 60 63 1 62 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 9 10 Table 2 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Taiwan, 1955 to 2002 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Beef Egg Pigmeat Poultry Rice Wheat Non-covered 1955 0 0 12 1 34 0 52 1956 0 0 15 1 40 0 43 1957 0 0 16 1 35 0 48 1958 0 0 12 1 36 0 50 1959 0 1 17 1 37 0 43 1960 0 1 13 1 33 0 53 1961 0 1 13 2 35 0 49 1962 0 1 8 1 40 0 49 1963 0 1 9 2 38 0 50 1964 0 1 9 1 35 0 54 1965 0 1 9 1 36 0 53 1966 0 1 9 1 37 0 52 1967 0 1 10 2 37 0 51 1968 0 1 9 1 39 0 50 1969 0 1 11 2 35 0 50 1970 0 1 12 2 32 0 53 1971 0 1 12 2 29 0 55 1972 0 2 12 3 28 0 55 1973 0 1 12 3 29 0 54 1974 0 1 12 2 38 0 46 1975 0 2 10 2 36 0 50 1976 0 2 15 3 31 0 49 1977 0 2 17 4 26 0 51 1978 0 3 16 4 26 0 52 1979 0 2 18 4 22 0 54 1980 0 2 14 4 21 0 58 1981 0 2 14 4 21 0 59 1982 0 2 15 4 18 0 61 1983 0 3 16 5 17 na 59 1984 0 3 16 5 15 na 60 1985 0 3 16 5 14 na 62 1986 0 3 17 5 11 na 64 1987 0 2 16 5 9 na 68 1988 0 2 14 5 10 na 69 1989 0 2 14 6 9 na 69 1990 0 3 17 6 10 na 63 1991 0 3 19 5 9 na 64 1992 0 3 17 5 7 na 68 1993 0 3 15 5 7 na 70 1994 0 3 14 5 7 na 70 1995 0 3 16 5 6 na 70 1996 0 4 17 6 7 na 67 1997 0 5 17 7 8 na 62 1998 0 5 14 7 8 na 65 1999 0 5 11 6 8 na 70 2000 0 5 14 7 8 na 66 2001 0 5 16 7 7 na 64 2002 0 5 14 7 7 na 67 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 10 11 Table 3: Annual distortion estimates, China, 1981 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) All Cotto Maiz Pigm Poult Soyb Vege Whea cove n Fruits e Milk eat ry Rice ean Sugar tables t red 1981 -38 -37 -54 124 -74 24 -66 -12 30 -37 -15 -53 1982 -28 -32 -43 114 -81 33 -62 -3 33 -29 -10 -53 1983 -38 -34 -39 124 -80 31 -56 10 36 -50 5 -52 1984 -31 -12 -5 152 -80 13 -38 9 76 -51 27 -45 1985 -20 -5 6 160 -36 32 -23 30 82 -43 31 -24 1986 -33 0 -3 88 -55 -53 -25 13 33 -58 36 -39 1987 -46 -25 -11 38 -62 -62 -37 -13 27 -67 27 -50 1988 -44 -7 -36 4 -53 -46 -47 -19 37 -63 10 -49 1989 -30 -10 -36 2 -37 -7 -38 -4 45 -56 8 -40 1990 -27 -8 -39 -6 -30 -5 -36 5 3 -45 -4 -34 1991 -25 -6 -31 22 -22 -4 -33 14 29 -34 26 -24 1992 -28 -4 -37 -18 -15 -3 -46 -4 3 -22 -5 -24 1993 -32 -2 -27 -22 -7 -1 -32 -11 -3 -11 -7 -16 1994 -19 0 9 2 0 0 -5 19 25 0 46 3 1995 0 0 -7 -5 0 0 -2 33 23 0 53 3 1996 2 0 -7 -3 0 0 -6 40 24 0 28 1 1997 3 0 11 15 0 0 -9 35 33 0 28 3 1998 -6 0 23 44 0 0 -5 28 18 0 29 4 1999 -17 0 7 40 0 0 -11 11 35 0 13 0 2000 22 0 9 45 0 0 -8 20 67 0 13 2 2001 -21 0 16 4 0 0 -6 21 11 0 -1 0 2002 2 0 7 11 0 0 -15 14 30 0 -3 -1 2003 0 0 20 27 0 0 0 23 10 0 -1 2 2004 -13 0 6 30 0 0 -2 10 25 0 8 1 2005 14 0 17 32 0 0 -12 10 34 0 8 1 11 12 Table 3 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, China, 1955 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1955- 1980d na na na -40 na na na na -54 1981 0 -54 -35 -48 -58 -28 -48 na -54 1982 0 -53 -32 -47 -58 -19 -47 43 -63 1983 0 -52 -31 -46 -59 -12 -46 42 -62 1984 0 -45 -19 -39 -52 15 -39 40 -57 1985 0 -25 -1 -17 -31 34 -17 39 -40 1986 0 -39 -11 -33 -45 32 -33 24 -46 1987 0 -50 -23 -45 -56 20 -45 25 -56 1988 0 -50 -24 -46 -54 9 -46 26 -57 1989 0 -41 -18 -36 -45 6 -36 27 -50 1990 0 -34 -21 -29 -37 -16 -29 28 -45 1991 0 -24 -6 -18 -28 13 -18 27 -36 1992 0 -24 -12 -20 -26 -6 -20 26 -36 1993 0 -16 -9 -12 -17 -5 -12 24 -29 1994 0 3 11 7 0 25 7 19 -10 1995 0 3 7 6 0 17 6 13 -6 1996 1 0 4 4 -2 10 4 12 -7 1997 1 2 11 7 -1 23 7 9 -2 1998 1 3 11 10 1 21 10 9 1 1999 1 0 6 5 -2 13 5 7 -1 2000 1 1 9 8 0 17 8 6 2 2001 1 0 1 4 0 1 4 6 -1 2002 1 -2 1 4 -2 4 4 5 -1 2003 1 2 4 7 2 6 7 4 2 2004 0 1 4 7 0 8 7 3 3 2005 0 0 6 7 -1 12 7 3 3 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. d. Estimates for China pre-1981 are based on the assumption that the nominal rate of assistance to agriculture in those years was the same as the average NRA estimates for for 1981-89. 12 13 Table 3 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, China, 1981 to 2005 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Vegetab Non- Cotton Fruits Maize Milk Pigmeat Poultry RiceSoybean Sugar les Wheatcovered 1981 1 1 7 0 20 1 27 2 0 18 6 16 1982 1 1 5 0 26 1 25 2 0 16 6 16 1983 2 1 6 0 23 1 21 1 0 24 6 15 1984 2 1 5 0 26 1 19 1 0 25 6 12 1985 1 2 5 0 14 1 18 1 0 32 6 18 1986 1 2 5 0 18 2 16 2 1 37 5 11 1987 1 2 4 0 19 2 15 2 1 39 4 9 1988 1 2 4 0 19 3 18 2 1 38 4 8 1989 1 2 5 0 16 2 18 1 1 40 5 8 1990 1 2 6 0 14 3 17 1 1 34 6 14 1991 2 3 7 0 15 4 17 1 1 30 5 15 1992 1 3 7 1 14 3 19 2 1 32 7 13 1993 1 3 8 1 15 2 19 3 1 21 7 19 1994 2 4 7 1 18 4 19 2 1 24 6 13 1995 1 5 8 1 19 6 17 2 1 23 6 11 1996 1 3 9 1 18 5 17 1 1 21 7 15 1997 1 3 6 1 22 6 16 2 1 18 7 19 1998 1 3 6 0 18 6 15 1 1 18 6 25 1999 1 3 5 1 16 6 13 1 1 16 6 33 2000 1 3 4 1 16 6 11 1 1 19 5 34 2001 1 3 4 1 16 5 9 1 1 18 5 35 2002 1 3 4 1 15 5 9 1 1 18 4 37 2003 1 4 4 1 18 6 9 1 1 19 4 33 2004 1 4 5 1 19 5 10 2 1 17 4 32 2005 1 4 4 1 17 5 11 1 1 17 4 34 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 13 14 Table 4: Annual distortion estimates, Indonesia, 1970 to 2004 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) All Coconut Coffee Maize Palmoil Poultry Rice Rubber Soybean Sugar Tea covered 1970 -17 -9 -7 -33 na na 12 2 26 10 -2 1971 -2 -11 -21 -30 89 na 12 2 27 9 7 1972 2 -14 -22 26 62 na 21 -4 1 -10 2 1973 -2 1 -5 7 50 na 27 -20 -32 -18 -10 1974 -11 -3 -22 -41 89 na 3 -9 -11 -21 -10 1975 -5 -2 -24 -15 107 22 15 27 28 -9 15 1976 10 -1 -3 7 92 19 21 28 62 -10 21 1977 14 -4 22 -3 187 22 1 29 37 -8 20 1978 9 -5 30 -13 220 -1 -28 35 4 17 3 1979 -17 -7 25 -22 115 8 -26 40 -14 0 -4 1980 -4 -8 11 10 138 -10 -29 32 25 3 -4 1981 9 -5 10 14 183 -6 -21 50 58 17 9 1982 8 -4 13 65 186 33 -13 77 30 9 27 1983 -18 -13 50 36 132 11 -14 42 66 -10 17 1984 -26 -13 10 -14 99 10 -3 45 90 -10 11 1985 -16 -9 9 4 144 15 -8 31 39 4 14 1986 0 -4 24 48 108 7 -25 37 20 3 11 1987 -19 6 32 -13 58 -4 -35 14 -1 -11 -5 1988 -24 1 50 -33 68 -9 -19 0 -8 -4 -9 1989 -51 -6 -5 -12 56 -14 -15 2 -7 -3 -12 1990 -43 -2 -3 17 69 -10 -23 20 14 -8 -5 1991 -45 1 28 0 147 -16 -28 18 15 -2 -7 1992 -47 1 35 4 69 -8 -33 14 4 -3 -5 1993 -44 0 21 23 86 -4 -37 16 -6 -5 -5 1994 -50 -2 31 14 103 -6 -38 19 -7 6 -6 1995 -47 -2 37 -18 102 -12 -31 28 -7 6 -11 1996 -47 6 29 2 136 -15 -21 19 -12 -13 -10 1997 -16 5 19 -12 71 -7 56 16 -29 -23 -7 1998 -26 -1 36 -57 -9 -34 58 0 67 -23 -24 1999 -11 4 2 -6 139 4 123 24 37 -16 6 2000 -8 7 23 -3 107 15 56 1 60 -19 16 2001 -9 4 -3 12 70 21 38 -5 26 -18 17 2002 -10 1 1 -12 120 23 0 5 42 -15 15 2003 -6 0 25 -13 101 25 -4 4 68 -12 18 2004 na 3 9 na na 9 -6 0 51 -14 12 14 15 Table 4 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Indonesia, 1970 to 2004 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1970 6 -8 -4 -3 -11 10 -8 28 -28 1971 6 1 6 6 -2 19 7 28 -16 1972 7 -5 1 2 5 -1 2 28 -20 1973 6 -16 -7 -9 2 -25 -10 28 -30 1974 5 -16 -7 -9 -11 -10 -10 28 -30 1975 9 6 6 12 -3 21 13 28 -11 1976 6 14 12 18 10 26 20 28 -6 1977 6 14 12 17 9 27 20 28 -6 1978 6 -3 2 3 1 4 3 28 -19 1979 7 -10 -4 -4 -18 5 -4 28 -25 1980 7 -10 -4 -4 -11 0 -4 28 -25 1981 7 2 5 8 3 12 9 28 -15 1982 8 20 13 22 7 34 25 28 -2 1983 8 9 5 12 -12 27 14 28 -11 1984 7 4 2 7 -21 25 9 28 -15 1985 7 7 4 10 -12 24 12 28 -12 1986 6 4 4 8 -3 15 9 28 -14 1987 6 -11 -6 -6 -20 1 -7 28 -27 1988 6 -15 -9 -9 -21 -5 -10 26 -29 1989 5 -17 -12 -12 -27 -9 -14 24 -30 1990 4 -9 -7 -6 -21 -1 -6 22 -23 1991 4 -11 -10 -8 -26 -3 -9 20 -24 1992 4 -9 -9 -7 -28 0 -7 18 -21 1993 2 -7 -8 -6 -23 0 -7 16 -19 1994 2 -8 -8 -7 -25 0 -8 14 -19 1995 2 -13 -11 -11 -28 -4 -12 12 -21 1996 2 -12 -9 -10 -21 -7 -11 11 -20 1997 2 -9 -4 -6 -5 -7 -7 11 -16 1998 3 -27 -17 -22 -30 -21 -25 10 -31 1999 3 3 3 5 -1 10 6 10 -4 2000 2 13 8 13 0 23 14 9 5 2001 2 15 9 14 4 22 16 9 7 2002 2 14 7 12 -8 29 14 8 5 2003 1 16 9 14 -8 34 16 8 8 2004 3 9 3 8 -5 15 10 8 2 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 15 16 Table 4 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Indonesia, 1970 to 2004 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Cocon Palmo Poultr Rubbe Soybe cover ut Coffee Maize il y Rice r an Sugar Tea ed 1970 32 3 5 1 na na 7 2 15 1 34 1971 31 2 5 1 1 na 5 2 20 1 32 1972 22 2 5 1 1 na 4 2 24 1 38 1973 27 1 4 1 1 na 5 2 22 1 36 1974 34 1 4 2 1 na 4 2 16 0 35 1975 12 1 4 1 1 34 2 1 11 0 31 1976 14 2 3 1 1 36 3 1 8 0 30 1977 18 3 2 1 0 30 3 1 9 1 33 1978 15 2 2 1 0 32 4 1 11 0 32 1979 15 2 2 1 1 28 5 1 11 0 33 1980 11 2 2 1 1 34 6 1 7 0 35 1981 10 1 2 1 1 35 3 1 11 0 35 1982 9 1 2 1 1 31 3 0 14 0 38 1983 11 1 2 1 1 33 3 1 10 0 36 1984 13 1 3 2 1 31 3 1 7 0 38 1985 10 1 3 2 1 30 3 1 10 0 40 1986 7 2 3 1 1 29 3 1 11 0 41 1987 8 2 2 2 1 27 5 1 11 0 40 1988 8 2 1 2 1 30 5 1 12 0 37 1989 4 1 2 2 1 35 4 1 12 0 36 1990 3 1 4 2 2 35 4 1 11 0 37 1991 4 1 3 2 1 35 4 1 11 0 37 1992 5 1 2 3 2 34 4 2 14 0 34 1993 4 1 2 2 2 29 5 1 14 0 39 1994 5 2 2 4 2 29 6 1 13 0 35 1995 5 2 2 4 1 30 6 1 10 0 39 1996 5 1 3 4 1 33 5 1 10 0 37 1997 8 1 3 5 2 30 2 1 10 0 38 1998 9 2 2 9 1 36 2 1 3 0 33 1999 13 2 3 4 1 35 1 1 4 0 36 2000 11 2 2 6 2 33 2 1 4 0 37 2001 9 1 3 6 2 29 2 1 7 0 39 2002 8 1 3 8 2 27 3 0 5 0 42 2003 8 1 3 7 2 23 4 0 4 0 46 2004 na 1 4 na na 35 5 1 6 0 46 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 16 17 Table 5: Annual distortion estimates, Malaysia, 1960 to 2004 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Cocoa Palmoil Rice Rubber All covered 1960 na -11 29 -14 -11 1961 na -11 21 -13 -8 1962 na -9 11 -9 -6 1963 na -10 14 -9 -6 1964 na -16 21 -15 -11 1965 na -10 25 -10 -5 1966 na -12 11 -11 -8 1967 -1 -11 -10 -9 -10 1968 -3 -9 -19 -7 -10 1969 -2 -11 -16 -11 -12 1970 -1 -10 3 -9 -7 1971 -1 -17 20 -16 -10 1972 -1 -12 19 -9 -4 1973 -7 -11 -3 -11 -10 1974 -4 -26 -23 -19 -22 1975 1 -22 -17 -15 -18 1976 -1 -12 74 -18 -8 1977 -1 -22 83 -24 -16 1978 -6 -11 27 -26 -17 1979 -2 -9 30 -29 -18 1980 -2 -7 29 -29 -17 1981 -1 -7 33 -22 -10 1982 -1 -5 81 -13 0 1983 -1 -3 160 -15 1 1984 -3 -7 167 -13 -2 1985 4 1 192 -4 8 1986 -1 -3 171 -8 4 1987 -7 -8 253 -13 -3 1988 -4 -5 112 -12 -2 1989 1 0 63 -6 2 1990 -1 -2 123 -7 5 1991 -1 -2 100 -7 4 1992 -6 -6 147 -12 1 1993 -2 -3 165 -8 5 1994 -2 -3 101 -7 2 1995 -1 -3 117 -5 2 1996 -1 -2 86 -5 3 1997 -8 -9 6 -13 -8 1998 0 -1 26 -5 1 1999 0 -1 52 -6 2 2000 0 -1 54 -5 3 2001 0 -2 89 -6 3 2002 0 -1 82 -5 2 2003 0 -1 65 -4 1 2004 0 -1 65 -3 1 17 18 Table 5 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Malaysia, 1960 to 2004 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1960 0 -11 0 -10 -14 16 -10 8 -17 1961 0 -8 0 -7 -12 15 -8 8 -14 1962 0 -6 0 -5 -9 8 -6 8 -12 1963 0 -6 0 -5 -9 11 -5 7 -11 1964 0 -11 0 -9 -15 16 -9 7 -15 1965 0 -5 0 -4 -9 18 -4 6 -10 1966 0 -8 0 -7 -10 8 -7 6 -12 1967 0 -10 0 -8 -9 -8 -9 8 -15 1968 0 -10 0 -9 -7 -15 -9 8 -16 1969 0 -12 0 -10 -10 -12 -10 8 -17 1970 0 -7 0 -6 -9 2 -6 7 -12 1971 0 -10 0 -9 -15 16 -9 7 -15 1972 0 -4 0 -3 -9 15 -4 9 -12 1973 0 -10 0 -8 -10 -3 -9 8 -16 1974 0 -22 0 -19 -20 -18 -19 4 -23 1975 0 -18 0 -15 -17 -14 -16 6 -21 1976 0 -8 0 -7 -15 45 -7 6 -12 1977 0 -16 0 -13 -22 44 -14 7 -20 1978 0 -17 0 -15 -20 15 -15 6 -21 1979 0 -18 0 -15 -21 18 -16 7 -21 1980 0 -17 0 -14 -20 16 -15 6 -20 1981 0 -10 0 -8 -14 20 -8 5 -13 1982 0 0 0 0 -8 43 0 5 -5 1983 0 1 0 1 -9 60 1 5 -4 1984 0 -2 0 -2 -8 45 -2 5 -6 1985 0 8 0 6 -1 56 6 4 2 1986 0 4 0 3 -5 56 3 4 -1 1987 0 -3 0 -2 -10 55 -2 5 -7 1988 0 -2 0 -2 -7 32 -2 4 -5 1989 0 2 0 2 -2 22 2 3 -1 1990 0 5 0 4 -3 40 4 3 1 1991 0 4 0 3 -3 32 3 3 0 1992 0 1 0 1 -7 38 1 3 -2 1993 0 5 0 3 -4 35 3 3 1 1994 0 2 0 1 -3 21 1 3 -1 1995 0 2 0 1 -3 19 1 2 -1 1996 0 3 0 2 -2 18 2 3 -1 1997 0 -8 0 -5 -8 3 -6 2 -8 1998 0 1 0 0 -1 5 0 1 -1 1999 0 2 0 1 -1 9 1 2 0 2000 0 3 0 2 -1 13 2 1 1 2001 0 3 0 2 -2 17 2 1 1 2002 0 2 0 1 -1 13 1 1 0 2003 0 1 0 1 -1 9 1 1 0 2004 0 1 0 1 -1 9 1 1 0 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 18 19 Table 5 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Malaysia, 1960 to 2004: (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Cocoa Palmoil Rice Rubber Non-covered 1960 na 2 6 78 14 1961 na 3 11 72 14 1962 na 3 13 70 14 1963 na 4 13 69 14 1964 na 4 11 70 14 1965 na 6 12 68 14 1966 na 6 13 67 14 1967 0 7 17 62 14 1968 0 6 21 59 14 1969 0 5 16 65 14 1970 0 11 16 58 14 1971 0 16 14 56 14 1972 0 17 17 52 14 1973 0 11 17 57 14 1974 0 23 17 46 14 1975 0 29 18 37 15 1976 1 21 8 55 15 1977 0 30 6 49 15 1978 0 27 6 52 15 1979 0 26 7 51 15 1980 0 25 7 51 17 1981 1 29 9 41 19 1982 1 37 8 33 21 1983 1 30 5 41 23 1984 2 46 3 25 25 1985 2 43 3 27 25 1986 3 31 4 37 25 1987 3 29 2 41 25 1988 3 37 3 31 27 1989 2 40 5 23 29 1990 2 37 5 25 31 1991 2 39 5 21 33 1992 1 41 4 18 35 1993 1 41 3 18 37 1994 1 38 3 19 39 1995 1 42 3 14 41 1996 1 43 4 13 41 1997 0 44 5 10 41 1998 0 49 3 5 42 1999 0 49 3 6 42 2000 0 47 4 5 43 2001 0 44 4 9 43 2002 0 45 3 9 43 2003 0 45 2 10 43 2004 0 48 2 11 38 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 19 20 Table 6: Annual distortion estimates, Philippines, 1960 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Banana Beef Coconut Maize Pigmeat Poultry Rice Sugar All covered 1962 0 15 -24 -14 -30 -13 -18 38 -13 1963 0 15 -25 8 -27 6 -6 -39 -8 1964 0 15 -25 8 -34 34 14 -24 1 1965 0 15 -25 42 -23 49 10 103 16 1966 0 15 -20 29 -4 48 12 157 22 1967 0 15 -23 39 10 66 -5 134 15 1968 0 15 -18 44 44 80 -14 142 14 1969 0 15 -16 38 40 92 -10 67 16 1970 -4 15 -28 -10 13 67 -8 38 5 1971 -4 15 -27 49 25 35 29 16 24 1972 -4 10 -29 43 -10 25 23 -31 4 1973 -4 10 -23 -8 -18 -1 -39 -48 -31 1974 -4 10 -19 -3 6 18 -53 -34 -32 1975 -4 10 -21 6 -23 13 -29 -44 -23 1976 -4 10 -18 22 -12 5 0 -19 -5 1977 -4 10 -14 41 -9 42 -4 14 1 1978 -4 10 -12 37 -15 42 -32 24 -11 1979 -4 10 -18 16 31 38 -24 16 -6 1980 -4 5 -25 25 48 48 -38 -18 -16 1981 -4 5 -21 28 42 46 -36 -15 -13 1982 -4 5 -31 42 30 44 3 73 12 1983 -4 5 -36 -2 21 27 -10 64 -3 1984 -4 5 -23 7 39 26 0 193 12 1985 -4 5 -37 41 59 50 43 273 26 1986 0 20 -27 62 32 40 26 114 26 1987 0 20 -17 96 43 44 11 126 27 1988 0 20 -14 46 65 43 -9 70 13 1989 0 20 -9 54 56 37 2 33 17 1990 0 20 -17 51 25 34 16 29 16 1991 0 30 -15 24 24 39 1 56 10 1992 0 30 -19 88 16 84 21 75 24 1993 0 30 -15 69 24 68 46 51 32 1994 0 30 -10 82 36 57 21 35 24 1995 0 30 -9 94 -2 50 55 80 36 1996 0 30 -4 48 31 37 71 80 47 1997 0 30 -22 84 53 39 63 60 45 1998 0 30 -5 66 -2 25 21 95 20 1999 0 20 2 100 23 60 53 171 41 2000 0 10 -23 96 6 66 73 77 39 2001 0 10 -23 72 0 51 69 67 36 2002 0 10 -5 45 -7 55 54 105 27 2003 0 10 -8 25 -22 49 41 84 15 2004 0 10 -11 35 -19 40 17 64 7 20 21 Table 6 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Philippines, 1960 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1962 0 -13 -3 -11 3 -15 -8 19 -23 1963 0 -8 -1 -6 -11 -6 -3 19 -19 1964 0 1 3 2 -10 5 7 19 -10 1965 0 16 8 14 27 12 19 19 0 1966 0 22 8 19 44 15 21 22 -1 1967 0 15 5 13 40 8 13 20 -6 1968 0 14 4 12 40 6 9 19 -9 1969 0 16 4 13 27 10 10 21 -9 1970 0 5 1 4 14 1 3 20 -14 1971 0 24 8 21 4 31 19 24 -4 1972 0 4 2 4 -20 17 5 15 -9 1973 0 -31 -11 -27 -30 -28 -27 11 -35 1974 0 -32 -12 -28 -19 -35 -31 10 -37 1975 0 -23 -8 -19 -25 -19 -20 13 -29 1976 0 -5 -1 -4 -14 3 -3 17 -17 1977 0 1 2 2 -3 5 2 18 -13 1978 0 -11 -3 -8 -1 -14 -8 17 -21 1979 0 -6 -2 -5 -6 -5 -8 17 -22 1980 0 -16 -7 -13 -15 -14 -17 16 -29 1981 0 -13 -6 -11 -12 -13 -15 13 -25 1982 0 12 7 11 5 17 9 13 -3 1983 0 -3 1 -2 -6 0 -4 11 -14 1984 0 12 7 11 10 13 8 12 -4 1985 0 26 17 24 2 44 22 12 9 1986 0 26 12 22 7 35 21 10 10 1987 0 27 11 23 11 33 21 11 9 1988 0 13 4 11 5 17 6 13 -6 1989 0 17 5 14 5 21 10 9 0 1990 0 16 7 14 0 24 12 11 1 1991 0 10 3 8 5 11 6 9 -3 1992 0 24 10 21 8 30 20 11 9 1993 0 32 13 28 6 43 27 9 17 1994 0 24 8 21 4 31 18 10 8 1995 0 36 15 31 -4 44 34 7 26 1996 0 47 19 41 -2 58 44 8 33 1997 0 45 20 39 4 60 42 9 31 1998 0 20 8 17 -2 25 19 8 10 1999 0 41 18 36 1 53 39 11 25 2000 0 39 17 34 -9 50 37 9 25 2001 0 36 15 32 -8 45 34 8 24 2002 0 27 11 24 -2 34 26 7 18 2003 0 15 6 14 -3 19 15 5 10 2004 0 7 3 6 5 7 6 3 3 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 21 22 Table 6 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Philippines, 1960 to 2005 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Banana Beef Coconut Maize Pigmeat Poultry Rice Sugar Non-covered 1962 5 7 2 8 11 5 37 3 22 1963 5 4 3 9 12 4 37 4 22 1964 5 4 3 9 14 4 34 5 22 1965 4 4 3 8 13 4 34 7 22 1966 4 4 2 8 14 4 36 5 22 1967 4 3 2 7 12 4 42 6 19 1968 4 3 2 7 9 3 45 6 20 1969 5 3 2 8 9 3 38 10 22 1970 4 4 3 11 11 2 31 12 22 1971 5 2 3 11 12 3 30 15 19 1972 4 3 4 9 11 2 27 17 23 1973 2 2 4 10 8 2 34 17 22 1974 3 3 5 10 6 1 41 11 21 1975 2 2 9 10 6 1 29 15 24 1976 2 2 12 10 6 1 25 15 25 1977 2 2 15 7 8 1 26 10 29 1978 3 2 15 7 9 1 28 7 28 1979 3 2 21 7 6 1 25 9 25 1980 4 3 14 6 6 1 28 10 28 1981 3 3 12 7 6 1 29 11 28 1982 4 4 15 8 8 1 25 9 27 1983 4 4 16 9 8 1 23 6 29 1984 4 3 22 9 9 1 21 5 26 1985 4 3 24 10 7 1 23 4 25 1986 5 3 14 9 9 1 24 5 30 1987 4 3 15 8 9 1 26 5 28 1988 5 3 17 9 8 1 26 6 24 1989 4 3 13 8 9 1 27 9 26 1990 4 3 14 8 12 2 23 9 26 1991 4 3 10 7 11 1 35 5 22 1992 4 3 13 7 13 1 31 6 22 1993 4 4 12 7 13 1 29 7 22 1994 4 3 10 6 12 1 35 6 22 1995 4 3 9 5 18 1 32 6 21 1996 4 3 9 7 14 2 33 6 22 1997 5 4 11 5 12 2 32 6 23 1998 4 5 10 5 16 2 28 5 25 1999 6 6 11 5 14 1 31 3 22 2000 5 7 8 5 18 1 29 5 21 2001 5 6 7 6 19 2 29 6 20 2002 5 5 9 6 21 1 30 4 19 2003 5 5 8 6 23 1 29 4 20 2004 4 4 10 6 21 1 30 4 20 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 22 23 Table 7: Annual distortion estimates, Thailand, 1970 to 2004 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Cassava Maize Palmoil Pigmeat Poultry Rice Rubber Soybean Sugar All covered 1970 -10 -2 na -5 na -26 -5 na 33 -20 1971 -25 -3 na 16 -37 -29 5 na 30 -24 1972 -33 5 na -17 -43 -22 11 na 12 -23 1973 -39 -8 na -35 -32 -21 -5 na 5 -22 1974 -8 -2 na 18 -19 -52 -8 na -17 -41 1975 0 -5 na -7 30 -40 2 na -11 -28 1976 0 -3 na -9 24 -21 -3 na -3 -12 1977 -10 0 na 19 3 -26 -11 na -2 -16 1978 -13 -2 na -13 8 -31 -14 na 2 -22 1979 19 -4 na 19 15 -24 -18 na -2 -13 1980 -2 -4 -25 83 45 -25 -21 na 6 -12 1981 -22 -7 -33 60 12 -29 -28 na 21 -17 1982 -7 0 -20 19 34 -16 -14 na 1 -7 1983 7 0 -19 68 27 -9 -8 na 7 0 1984 -21 0 -31 29 16 -12 -19 -18 28 -7 1985 -29 -7 -22 -5 16 -20 -14 -27 41 -13 1986 0 -12 12 -5 -9 -18 -11 -20 41 -11 1987 -21 -9 68 3 -13 -11 -15 -16 38 -10 1988 -20 -4 71 53 -13 -9 -14 -7 43 -5 1989 -13 -6 32 58 -17 -17 -13 -12 21 -9 1990 -11 -5 67 14 -5 -14 -4 -44 24 -7 1991 -16 -4 39 -6 -12 -14 -7 -16 35 -8 1992 -12 -13 18 15 -17 -10 -2 35 45 -4 1993 -17 0 22 -20 -10 -20 -8 21 37 -10 1994 1 -1 -14 5 -11 -24 -2 27 29 -9 1995 3 6 -13 60 17 -10 -2 22 21 3 1996 -19 -10 -3 32 18 -2 2 25 37 5 1997 -20 -37 -18 3 8 -17 -4 7 37 -8 1998 -11 -7 -19 19 23 -16 4 17 14 -4 1999 -22 -10 -11 67 23 -11 -6 37 2 -1 2000 -14 1 -11 -10 21 -13 -1 36 16 -3 2001 -8 -2 -38 -16 15 -9 1 30 8 -3 2002 -5 -2 -9 21 33 -6 4 33 12 5 2003 -13 0 -15 -3 13 -3 3 28 9 1 2004 -10 0 na na na -6 -6 22 18 -2 23 24 Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Thailand, 1970 to 2004 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1970 -1 -18 -9 -15 -21 -5 -18 16 -29 1971 -1 -22 -3 -16 -26 16 -18 16 -30 1972 -1 -21 -13 -19 -23 -17 -22 16 -33 1973 -1 -21 -19 -21 -21 -35 -23 16 -34 1974 -1 -40 -8 -30 -43 18 -34 16 -43 1975 -1 -27 -12 -23 -29 -7 -26 16 -36 1976 -1 -11 -7 -10 -13 -9 -12 16 -24 1977 -1 -15 0 -10 -18 19 -12 16 -24 1978 -1 -21 -12 -18 -23 -13 -21 16 -32 1979 -1 -12 2 -8 -15 19 -9 16 -22 1980 -1 -11 21 -1 -16 78 -1 16 -15 1981 -1 -16 11 -8 -21 55 -9 15 -21 1982 -1 -6 3 -4 -8 17 -4 14 -16 1983 -1 1 18 6 -3 56 7 13 -6 1984 -1 -5 4 -3 -8 21 -4 12 -14 1985 -3 -10 -7 -11 -14 -7 -13 11 -22 1986 -2 -9 -5 -9 -11 -4 -10 11 -19 1987 -3 -6 0 -7 -11 11 -8 11 -17 1988 -2 -3 16 0 -9 56 0 11 -10 1989 -3 -7 13 -4 -13 53 -4 11 -14 1990 -3 -3 4 -4 -9 22 -4 10 -13 1991 -2 -6 -3 -7 -9 -1 -8 10 -16 1992 -1 -3 4 -2 -7 18 -2 10 -11 1993 -2 -9 -7 -9 -10 -10 -10 10 -18 1994 -1 -8 -2 -7 -11 4 -8 10 -16 1995 -1 4 18 7 -1 54 7 9 -2 1996 0 5 11 6 2 31 7 9 -2 1997 0 -8 -2 -7 -10 3 -8 9 -15 1998 -2 -1 4 -2 -5 19 -2 9 -10 1999 -3 2 19 4 -5 64 4 8 -4 2000 -1 -2 -3 -3 -3 -6 -3 8 -11 2001 -1 -3 -5 -4 -2 -14 -4 8 -11 2002 -2 7 8 6 4 22 7 8 -1 2003 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 8 -7 2004 -1 -2 7 -1 -3 22 -1 8 -8 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 24 25 Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Thailand, 1970 to 2004 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Cassava Maize Palmoil Pigmeat Poultry Rice Rubber Soybean Sugar covered 1970 3 4 na 4 na 44 3 na 1 40 1971 3 4 na 3 9 40 3 na 1 37 1972 6 2 na 4 9 39 3 na 1 35 1973 4 5 na 5 7 42 4 na 2 31 1974 1 4 na 2 4 50 2 na 2 34 1975 2 5 na 3 3 47 2 na 3 35 1976 4 4 na 3 3 39 3 na 5 37 1977 6 2 na 3 5 38 4 na 7 36 1978 4 3 na 4 4 42 4 na 3 34 1979 5 4 na 3 4 39 7 na 6 33 1980 7 4 0 3 3 41 6 na 3 33 1981 6 4 0 3 4 42 5 na 5 32 1982 7 4 0 4 4 35 5 na 8 33 1983 7 5 0 3 5 36 6 na 4 33 1984 8 6 1 4 4 35 6 1 4 32 1985 6 5 1 5 4 34 7 1 3 33 1986 7 5 0 5 6 30 10 2 2 33 1987 10 3 1 5 6 28 11 1 3 31 1988 7 5 1 3 6 36 13 2 3 25 1989 6 5 1 3 6 38 10 2 4 24 1990 7 4 1 5 7 29 11 3 5 28 1991 7 4 1 6 9 30 9 1 4 28 1992 6 4 1 6 11 27 11 1 4 29 1993 5 3 1 7 11 24 12 1 4 31 1994 4 4 2 6 9 29 14 1 4 28 1995 5 4 2 4 8 28 18 1 5 25 1996 5 5 2 6 9 27 16 1 4 24 1997 4 6 2 7 9 31 12 1 4 24 1998 5 4 3 4 9 36 10 1 4 25 1999 4 5 2 4 10 33 11 1 6 25 2000 3 5 2 6 10 31 13 1 6 23 2001 4 4 2 9 12 27 12 0 5 25 2002 4 4 3 6 11 27 16 0 5 23 2003 4 4 3 6 9 24 21 0 6 21 2004 5 4 na na na 29 31 0 11 20 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 25 26 Table 8: Annual distortion estimates, Vietnam, 1986 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) All Coffee Pigmeat Poultry Rice Rubber Sugar covered 1986 -58 -45 na 1 na na -11 1987 -74 -73 na -7 na na -29 1988 -36 -27 na 2 na na -3 1989 -30 -22 na -7 na na -11 1990 -34 -52 -3 -37 92 26 -36 1991 -27 -46 -4 -20 14 37 -23 1992 -21 -50 -4 -35 -5 38 -34 1993 -12 -32 -4 -25 5 67 -23 1994 -12 -8 -4 -16 0 80 -11 1995 -10 5 -4 -8 1 61 -4 1996 0 16 5 -7 2 79 0 1997 -2 -37 5 0 8 80 -6 1998 -15 -22 6 -9 33 105 -8 1999 -8 8 6 22 50 239 21 2000 -7 -4 2 19 24 99 14 2001 -16 -14 2 35 50 97 20 2002 -16 45 2 4 23 160 14 2003 -9 na 2 34 -6 218 31 2004 na na 2 22 -6 227 24 2005 na na 2 9 na 162 12 26 27 Table 8 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Vietnam, 1986 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import- competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1986 0 -11 -16 -13 -19 50 -15 7 -21 1987 0 -29 -24 -27 -32 53 -31 6 -35 1988 0 -3 -11 -6 -8 44 -7 7 -13 1989 0 -11 -7 -9 -10 2 -10 -2 -8 1990 0 -36 -35 -36 -37 17 -37 -15 -26 1991 0 -23 -19 -22 -24 21 -23 -8 -17 1992 0 -34 -33 -34 -36 18 -35 -16 -22 1993 0 -23 -23 -23 -25 31 -24 -11 -15 1994 0 -11 -15 -12 -14 41 -13 -7 -7 1995 0 -4 -7 -4 -6 41 -6 -8 3 1996 0 0 -6 -2 -3 50 -3 -8 5 1997 0 -6 0 -5 -8 52 -5 3 -8 1998 0 -8 -8 -8 -10 66 -7 -2 -6 1999 0 21 22 21 17 119 21 23 -1 2000 0 14 19 15 12 50 14 16 -2 2001 0 20 33 24 19 54 21 27 -4 2002 0 14 5 11 11 70 13 8 5 2003 0 31 33 32 28 79 31 31 1 2004 0 24 22 23 19 84 23 22 1 2005 0 12 9 11 8 56 11 11 1 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 27 28 Table 8 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Vietnam, 1986 to 2005 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Coffee Pigmeat Poultry Rice Rubber Sugar covered 1986 1 14 na 43 na na 42 1987 1 22 na 47 na na 29 1988 1 10 na 57 na na 32 1989 1 14 na 56 na na 29 1990 1 14 2 56 1 2 24 1991 1 13 3 53 1 2 28 1992 1 12 3 44 1 1 39 1993 2 13 3 45 1 1 35 1994 2 11 3 45 1 2 36 1995 5 12 3 54 1 2 23 1996 4 11 3 55 1 2 24 1997 5 18 3 46 2 2 24 1998 4 13 3 55 1 2 22 1999 5 14 3 49 1 1 26 2000 6 14 4 42 2 2 31 2001 4 16 4 37 1 3 34 2002 2 12 4 47 2 1 33 2003 2 na 5 43 4 1 45 2004 na na 4 47 4 1 44 2005 na na 3 49 na 1 47 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 28 29 Table 9: Annual distortion estimates, Bangladesh, 1974 to 2004 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) All Jute Potato Rice Sugar Tea Wheat covered 1974 -30 1 -26 74 1 39 -21 1975 -53 1 105 -9 -4 140 78 1976 -33 2 -5 -19 -14 -6 -8 1977 -43 2 -26 65 -14 18 -23 1978 -38 2 -28 209 -23 9 -24 1979 -19 2 -13 213 -17 -9 -10 1980 -30 0 -12 137 -24 1 -10 1981 -40 1 -36 -13 -14 -19 -33 1982 -37 1 5 56 -5 -11 4 1983 -17 2 3 270 -9 -1 6 1984 -22 2 14 236 -2 1 14 1985 -21 2 39 715 -12 7 32 1986 -54 2 8 688 -59 14 2 1987 -44 1 42 338 -8 24 38 1988 -20 2 12 298 -9 16 10 1989 -38 2 1 140 -12 -5 2 1990 -28 3 -4 124 0 3 -1 1991 -33 3 2 137 -14 32 4 1992 -42 2 -2 194 -12 5 0 1993 -46 0 -11 205 -13 -3 -7 1994 -44 2 -12 171 -21 -14 -8 1995 -29 3 -1 124 -33 6 2 1996 15 3 -19 111 -18 -14 -14 1997 -3 3 -24 131 -21 -4 -17 1998 21 3 -15 138 -5 9 -11 1999 -32 2 -1 192 -26 16 2 2000 -37 1 2 308 -16 19 5 2001 -41 2 9 180 -18 -1 9 2002 -29 2 3 149 -27 -5 4 2003 -40 2 6 271 -22 -15 6 2004 -46 2 -8 212 -19 1 -5 29 30 Table 9 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Bangladesh, 1974 to 2004 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1974 1 -21 0 -16 -29 -21 -22 46 -46 1975 0 78 0 57 -48 93 82 29 42 1976 1 -9 0 -6 -32 -6 -8 27 -27 1977 1 -24 0 -18 -39 -22 -23 28 -40 1978 1 -25 0 -19 -36 -24 -25 29 -42 1979 2 -11 0 -7 -19 -9 -10 30 -31 1980 1 -11 0 -7 -29 -8 -10 18 -24 1981 1 -34 0 -27 -36 -34 -34 24 -47 1982 1 3 0 3 -32 7 4 22 -15 1983 1 5 0 5 -16 8 6 23 -13 1984 1 13 0 11 -17 18 15 25 -8 1985 1 31 0 22 -19 43 33 25 7 1986 1 2 0 2 -55 16 2 29 -21 1987 1 37 0 26 -37 47 40 33 5 1988 1 8 0 7 -18 13 10 29 -15 1989 2 -1 0 1 -33 4 2 26 -20 1990 2 -3 0 0 -23 1 -1 29 -23 1991 2 3 0 3 -30 7 4 32 -21 1992 1 -1 0 0 -36 3 0 35 -26 1993 0 -8 0 -5 -39 -5 -8 32 -30 1994 1 -9 0 -5 -37 -6 -8 39 -34 1995 2 -1 0 1 -30 4 2 29 -21 1996 2 -16 0 -9 5 -15 -14 30 -34 1997 3 -19 0 -11 -8 -18 -17 30 -36 1998 2 -13 0 -8 13 -13 -12 32 -33 1999 2 0 0 1 -30 4 2 25 -18 2000 2 3 0 4 -31 8 6 25 -16 2001 2 7 0 6 -34 12 9 25 -12 2002 3 1 0 3 -28 6 4 21 -14 2003 3 3 0 5 -35 9 7 26 -15 2004 3 -8 0 -4 -37 -4 -6 20 -21 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 30 31 Table 9 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Bangladesh, 1974 to 2004: (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Jute Potato Rice Sugar Tea Wheat covered 1974 9 3 61 3 0 1 23 1975 5 4 57 7 0 0 27 1976 5 3 64 5 1 1 22 1977 7 2 67 3 1 1 19 1978 6 2 68 1 1 1 21 1979 8 2 60 1 1 1 26 1980 6 2 63 1 1 2 25 1981 4 2 69 4 1 3 18 1982 5 3 62 4 1 4 22 1983 5 2 64 1 1 4 22 1984 5 3 61 1 2 4 25 1985 9 3 52 1 2 4 29 1986 11 2 52 1 2 3 29 1987 4 3 54 1 1 3 33 1988 5 3 62 0 1 3 26 1989 4 3 63 2 1 3 24 1990 4 3 62 2 1 2 27 1991 5 2 60 2 1 2 27 1992 4 3 61 2 1 3 27 1993 3 3 58 2 1 3 30 1994 3 4 56 2 1 3 31 1995 3 3 58 2 1 3 30 1996 2 3 58 2 1 4 31 1997 3 3 56 2 1 4 32 1998 3 3 59 0 1 5 29 1999 2 5 58 1 1 4 29 2000 2 7 57 1 1 4 29 2001 3 4 56 1 1 4 30 2002 3 4 58 1 1 4 28 2003 2 6 58 1 1 3 28 2004 2 7 61 1 1 3 26 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 31 32 Table 10: Annual distortion estimates, India, 1965 to 2004 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Chi Frui Gro Rap Sor Soy Sun ckp Cott t&v und Mai Mil esee ghu bea Sug flow Wh All ea on eg nut ze k d Rice m n ar er eat covt 1965 5 33 0 54 85 na 66 0 46 na 171 na 47 21 1966 4 6 0 24 81 na 40 -34 25 na 181 na 11 -2 1967 39 16 0 6 59 na 83 -37 65 na 126 na 19 -5 1968 0 0 0 16 36 na 64 -44 12 na 224 na 42 -13 1969 75 34 0 18 57 na 62 -35 60 na 90 na 39 0 1970 0 85 0 0 23 na 56 -16 35 na 52 na 58 8 1971 0 90 0 0 34 na 65 0 97 na 29 na 53 17 1972 0 122 0 8 106 na 72 0 39 na 59 na 41 19 1973 0 107 0 0 55 na 0 -34 48 0 0 na 0 -6 1974 7 -12 0 0 28 na 1 -67 56 0 -51 na 0 -36 1975 0 0 0 -31 -31 130 0 -58 0 -16 -69 0 0 -29 1976 0 30 0 -14 0 171 0 -36 0 -14 -16 0 -3 -1 1977 0 0 0 -21 20 176 27 -29 45 -6 8 0 18 5 1978 0 15 0 -18 24 137 34 -43 8 -28 30 0 0 -6 1979 0 0 0 0 0 149 22 -29 5 -10 0 0 0 3 1980 26 8 0 0 0 93 50 -45 0 0 -24 1 0 -9 1981 9 -9 0 25 0 68 46 -54 16 0 -18 3 -2 -15 1982 0 9 0 35 4 97 34 -30 10 0 25 28 0 6 1983 0 8 0 21 9 146 47 -13 4 0 21 0 0 13 1984 3 -14 0 28 -20 164 15 -13 2 -6 44 7 11 15 1985 34 6 0 41 4 186 12 6 24 9 93 52 12 29 1986 3 34 0 95 10 192 60 4 66 35 76 117 8 32 1987 5 90 0 124 86 178 136 8 56 44 68 65 14 43 1988 12 25 0 18 33 79 113 -21 19 5 37 5 18 14 1989 7 14 0 31 -1 49 53 -16 13 4 6 40 -6 8 1990 15 10 0 39 8 91 113 -18 6 5 6 45 29 16 1991 9 1 -17 36 11 48 77 -27 7 4 8 32 -5 0 1992 9 6 -32 4 -15 16 48 -30 -3 3 7 4 -9 -12 1993 6 31 -17 4 3 24 49 -13 -25 1 8 4 17 1 1994 7 65 -13 6 9 23 37 -17 51 3 8 5 21 4 1995 16 -6 -21 7 11 0 22 -9 2 4 -5 7 -13 -7 1996 11 -6 -9 6 -5 21 19 -31 9 3 9 11 -15 -7 1997 24 12 -17 8 -12 20 21 -21 13 0 11 10 35 -2 1998 10 14 -2 6 8 26 67 0 33 3 10 18 34 11 1999 14 16 -19 12 11 44 56 -5 50 5 37 21 31 8 2000 18 22 -13 13 12 14 53 15 13 7 29 17 38 9 2001 35 -1 0 11 12 31 36 18 16 7 9 19 36 17 2002 16 7 -5 17 16 59 72 29 16 10 44 16 47 26 2003 11 17 -14 15 9 40 89 19 15 -2 51 11 34 16 2004 13 15 -13 9 10 17 75 22 18 -8 63 10 37 11 32 33 Table 10 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, India, 1965 to 2004 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import- competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA d 1965 0 21 20 20 na 55 54 113 -56 d 1966 0 -2 -3 -2 -34 33 -4 113 -55 d 1967 0 -5 -5 -5 -37 35 -6 113 -56 d 1968 0 -13 -13 -13 -44 39 -17 113 -61 d 1969 0 0 0 0 -35 46 0 113 -53 1970 0 8 8 8 -16 53 12 79 -37 1971 0 17 17 17 0 61 61 85 -13 1972 0 19 19 19 0 53 53 81 -16 1973 0 -6 -6 -6 -34 73 -13 83 -52 1974 0 -36 -36 -36 -61 24 -50 87 -73 1975 0 -29 -28 -28 -57 77 -39 66 -64 1976 0 -1 -1 -1 -25 110 -2 57 -38 1977 0 5 5 5 -28 58 6 64 -35 1978 0 -6 -6 -6 -40 59 -9 61 -43 1979 0 3 3 3 -29 69 7 76 -39 1980 0 -9 -9 -9 -43 57 -15 82 -53 1981 0 -15 -15 -15 -39 42 -18 63 -50 1982 0 6 5 6 -30 46 9 54 -29 1983 0 13 13 13 -13 54 21 56 -22 1984 3 11 15 15 -14 95 23 42 -13 1985 5 24 29 29 4 99 85 49 25 1986 3 29 32 32 0 102 102 52 32 1987 5 38 43 43 0 122 123 59 40 1988 5 9 14 14 -21 49 18 46 -19 1989 5 3 8 8 -13 35 10 37 -20 1990 7 9 16 16 -14 72 21 35 -11 1991 5 -5 0 0 -19 42 -1 13 -12 1992 5 -17 -12 -12 -25 19 -15 2 -16 1993 5 -4 1 1 -10 27 0 11 -9 1994 7 -2 4 4 -9 31 4 19 -13 1995 7 -14 -7 -7 -13 2 -9 19 -24 1996 6 -13 -7 -7 -19 21 -9 15 -22 1997 7 -9 -2 -2 -18 20 -7 11 -16 1998 8 3 11 11 0 26 9 10 -1 1999 8 0 8 8 -12 44 5 8 -2 2000 9 1 9 9 -2 18 7 4 3 2001 10 7 17 17 -1 31 29 0 28 2002 12 14 26 26 -4 55 24 4 19 2003 9 7 16 16 -13 42 12 13 -1 2004 9 2 11 11 -12 25 5 na na a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. d. NRAs to nonagriculture are not estimated, but based on authors' assumptions 33 34 Table 10 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, India, 1965 to 2004: (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Chi Frui Gro Rap Sor Soy Sun No ckp Cott t&v und Mai Mil esee Ric ghu bea Sug flo Wh n- ea on eg nut ze k d e m n ar wer eat cov 1965 3 3 15 4 2 na 1 21 3 na 2 na 4 43 1966 2 3 13 3 2 na 1 22 3 na 2 na 4 45 1967 3 3 13 3 2 na 1 28 3 na 1 na 6 39 1968 2 3 12 3 1 na 1 30 3 na 1 na 5 39 1969 2 3 16 4 1 na 1 26 2 na 2 na 6 38 1970 3 2 15 5 2 na 1 24 3 na 2 na 7 37 1971 3 3 16 5 2 na 1 22 2 na 2 na 8 36 1972 3 3 18 4 1 na 1 19 2 na 2 na 7 38 1973 2 2 13 5 1 na 1 24 2 0 3 na 5 40 1974 2 3 9 3 1 na 1 32 2 0 3 na 5 39 1975 2 2 8 3 2 4 1 31 2 0 7 0 6 32 1976 2 3 13 4 2 5 1 23 3 0 3 0 8 33 1977 2 4 13 5 1 5 1 25 3 0 3 0 7 31 1978 2 3 12 4 1 5 1 29 2 0 2 0 8 30 1979 1 4 14 4 1 5 1 21 3 0 3 0 8 34 1980 2 3 12 3 1 6 1 25 2 0 3 0 7 35 1981 2 3 11 3 1 7 1 28 2 0 4 0 6 32 1982 2 3 14 2 1 7 1 20 2 0 4 0 9 34 1983 2 3 14 4 1 6 1 20 3 0 3 0 9 34 1984 2 4 16 3 2 6 2 19 2 0 2 0 8 33 1985 3 3 19 2 1 7 1 19 2 0 2 0 9 31 1986 2 2 22 2 2 7 1 18 1 0 2 0 9 32 1987 2 3 20 2 1 8 1 15 2 1 3 0 8 34 1988 2 2 15 3 1 9 1 19 2 1 3 0 6 33 1989 2 3 14 3 1 12 1 19 2 1 4 0 7 31 1990 2 3 15 3 1 9 1 20 2 1 5 1 6 30 1991 1 3 15 2 1 11 1 19 1 1 4 0 6 32 1992 1 2 17 3 1 12 1 18 1 1 4 0 6 32 1993 2 3 16 3 1 13 1 18 2 1 3 0 6 30 1994 2 3 16 3 1 14 2 19 1 2 3 1 7 27 1995 1 3 17 2 1 16 2 14 1 1 5 0 7 29 1996 1 3 15 2 1 13 2 19 1 2 4 0 7 30 1997 2 3 21 2 1 14 1 19 1 2 4 0 6 26 1998 2 3 20 3 1 15 1 17 1 1 3 0 6 27 1999 1 2 22 1 1 13 1 18 1 1 3 0 7 29 2000 1 2 22 1 1 18 1 13 1 1 4 0 6 29 2001 2 2 20 2 1 16 1 14 1 1 5 0 7 29 2002 1 1 23 1 1 16 1 11 1 1 4 0 7 32 2003 2 2 23 2 1 15 1 11 1 2 3 0 6 31 2004 1 2 22 2 1 17 1 10 1 2 2 0 6 31 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 34 35 Table 11: Annual distortion estimates, Pakistan, 1962 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) All Cotton Maize Milk Rice Sugar Wheat covered 1962 -22 -17 na -52 193 -7 7 1963 -17 -16 na -42 191 -16 6 1964 -18 -27 na -45 27 -17 -16 1965 -3 -14 63 -42 84 6 15 1966 -19 -26 63 -42 266 -11 17 1967 -24 -4 60 -53 228 31 24 1968 -19 6 81 -53 296 18 22 1969 -23 -11 85 -31 296 12 29 1970 -11 -11 140 -14 199 19 45 1971 9 -21 143 2 140 19 47 1972 1 19 241 6 192 7 42 1973 -8 -41 26 -62 11 -69 -48 1974 -22 -44 70 -68 25 -57 -38 1975 -2 -11 67 -59 -35 -14 -19 1976 -8 -24 18 -46 -18 -13 -15 1977 -40 -32 38 -20 26 -26 -11 1978 2 -8 43 -36 92 -23 -4 1979 22 9 108 -44 102 -29 -11 1980 -8 -14 59 -48 63 -36 -20 1981 -17 -19 68 -46 -14 -30 -22 1982 32 18 47 -34 61 -2 7 1983 -5 5 14 -34 123 -21 -8 1984 14 -20 49 -34 129 -23 -4 1985 -20 -20 46 -42 178 -18 -6 1986 4 -22 43 -51 155 -15 -5 1987 24 -10 45 -40 115 -24 -1 1988 -18 43 78 -40 124 -18 0 1989 -20 14 59 -47 45 -33 -16 1990 -43 -23 15 -46 21 -46 -32 1991 -31 -9 22 -9 21 -26 -13 1992 -17 15 22 -5 78 -17 -2 1993 -1 11 44 3 85 -23 0 1994 -8 -6 24 -3 56 -23 -4 1995 -18 3 25 1 33 -19 -5 1996 -13 2 24 2 43 -32 -7 1997 -6 -21 1 -2 75 -35 -14 1998 -4 0 9 9 51 -13 1 1999 1 7 25 -1 70 -2 12 2000 17 8 26 -15 145 9 17 2001 5 -15 14 -11 107 -15 1 2002 18 -17 4 -13 62 -27 -7 2003 -2 -12 44 -13 82 -29 -2 2004 3 -15 18 -18 51 -13 -1 2005 0 -13 13 -21 73 -9 -2 35 36 Table 11 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Pakistan, 1962 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1962 -4 11 0 5 -36 20 7 164 -59 1963 -5 11 0 4 -27 15 6 175 -61 1964 -4 -13 0 -11 -36 -8 -16 185 -71 1965 -1 17 0 11 -30 31 15 227 -65 1966 -1 18 0 12 -33 38 17 199 -61 1967 -2 26 0 17 -43 53 24 214 -61 1968 -5 28 0 16 -43 48 22 232 -63 1969 -1 31 0 22 -28 55 29 250 -63 1970 -2 47 0 33 -13 64 45 236 -57 1971 -6 53 0 35 5 59 47 261 -59 1972 -13 54 0 30 3 56 42 153 -44 1973 5 -54 0 -36 -43 -49 -48 51 -66 1974 7 -45 0 -29 -53 -33 -38 33 -54 1975 7 -26 0 -14 -46 -8 -19 25 -35 1976 5 -20 0 -11 -35 -9 -15 44 -41 1977 2 -13 0 -8 -29 -6 -11 53 -42 1978 3 -7 0 -3 -25 3 -4 47 -35 1979 5 -16 0 -7 -32 -2 -11 51 -41 1980 4 -24 0 -14 -37 -14 -20 55 -49 1981 5 -27 0 -15 -38 -16 -22 55 -50 1982 4 3 0 5 -20 18 7 45 -26 1983 2 -10 0 -5 -26 -1 -8 41 -35 1984 2 -5 0 -2 -24 4 -4 46 -34 1985 4 -10 0 -4 -35 6 -6 45 -35 1986 3 -8 0 -3 -35 7 -5 50 -37 1987 2 -4 0 -1 -22 6 -1 46 -32 1988 3 -3 0 0 -31 16 0 41 -30 1989 3 -19 0 -11 -37 -8 -16 44 -42 1990 2 -34 0 -22 -45 -28 -32 48 -54 1991 2 -15 0 -9 -22 -10 -13 41 -38 1992 3 -5 0 -1 -12 2 -2 38 -29 1993 2 -2 0 0 1 0 0 34 -25 1994 2 -6 0 -3 -5 -4 -4 35 -29 1995 2 -7 0 -3 -12 -3 -5 34 -29 1996 3 -10 0 -5 -7 -7 -7 32 -29 1997 2 -16 0 -10 -4 -16 -14 26 -32 1998 2 -1 0 1 2 1 1 24 -19 1999 1 12 0 9 0 16 12 19 -5 2000 1 16 0 12 -5 23 17 17 0 2001 2 -1 0 1 -3 2 1 15 -12 2002 1 -9 0 -5 -1 -9 -7 11 -16 2003 1 -3 0 -2 -9 0 -2 15 -15 2004 1 -2 0 -1 -10 2 -1 15 -14 2005 2 -4 0 -1 -14 2 -2 14 -14 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 36 37 Table 11 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Pakistan, 1962 to 2005: (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Cotton Maize Milk Rice Sugar Wheat covered 1962 9 4 na 8 7 42 31 1963 8 4 na 6 8 43 31 1964 7 4 na 14 11 34 31 1965 6 3 12 12 8 28 31 1966 7 3 14 12 5 27 31 1967 7 5 12 14 4 27 30 1968 6 3 10 14 3 33 30 1969 8 3 12 15 5 31 27 1970 8 3 10 11 7 35 26 1971 8 4 12 9 9 34 26 1972 10 3 7 9 5 39 27 1973 4 2 7 8 6 47 25 1974 7 2 6 14 6 40 26 1975 4 2 7 16 13 30 27 1976 4 2 11 12 13 30 28 1977 7 3 11 10 9 34 27 1978 5 2 10 13 6 35 29 1979 4 2 5 16 4 39 30 1980 5 2 6 14 5 38 30 1981 5 2 5 13 12 32 31 1982 4 2 8 16 8 30 31 1983 5 2 9 13 4 34 31 1984 4 2 8 14 5 33 33 1985 6 2 9 14 3 33 33 1986 5 2 9 14 3 33 33 1987 5 2 10 13 6 32 32 1988 10 2 9 14 4 31 30 1989 7 2 8 12 5 34 32 1990 9 2 9 10 5 33 33 1991 11 2 11 7 6 33 29 1992 11 2 11 6 4 31 35 1993 7 2 10 6 4 35 36 1994 7 2 12 7 5 31 36 1995 11 2 10 5 5 30 36 1996 9 2 16 5 4 29 36 1997 7 2 19 6 3 32 30 1998 6 2 19 5 6 31 30 1999 7 2 20 9 6 28 29 2000 5 2 20 11 3 31 27 2001 7 2 19 7 3 33 28 2002 5 2 19 8 5 32 29 2003 6 2 14 10 5 34 30 2004 7 2 16 11 5 30 30 2005 6 3 16 11 3 31 30 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 37 38 Table 12: Annual distortion estimates, Sri Lanka, 1955 to 2004 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) All Chillies Coconut Onion Potato Rice Rubber Tea covered 1955 na -35 na na 42 -18.0 -23 -14 1956 na -24 na na 51 -3.6 -18 -8 1957 na -28 na na 70 -19.0 -23 -10 1958 na -29 na na 95 -24.9 -25 -9 1959 na -28 na na 54 -13.5 -22 -11 1960 na -32 na na 42 -38.5 -32 -21 1961 na -37 na na 32 -45.6 -35 -26 1962 na -23 na na -7 -53 -40 -31 1963 na -26 na na 4 -59 -44 -34 1964 na -30 na na -11 -62 -46 -38 1965 na -31 na na -16 -59 -43 -38 1966 na -18 na na -23 -70 -51 -44 1967 na -19 na na -9 -57 -44 -32 1968 na -34 na na 1 -25 -28 -20 1969 na -23 na na 18 -34 -30 -15 1970 na -22 na na 15 -48 -36 -19 1971 na -48 na na 7 -60 -41 -7 1972 na -33 na na 3 -56 -44 -31 1973 na -26 na na 42 -45 -30 -10 1974 na -34 na na -22 -72 -33 -35 1975 na -30 na na -12 -61 -39 -31 1976 na -4 na 91 -16 -70 -40 -35 1977 na -37 na 23 38 -38 -15 -11 1978 36 -53 -36 150 -18 -61 -45 -38 1979 69 -58 13 46 -29 -67 -48 -45 1980 52 -52 -9 -41 -12 -55 -36 -33 1981 36 -25 97 164 -4 -53 -35 -18 1982 48 -9 16 25 -1 -48 -30 -12 1983 35 1 11 28 -10 -48 -26 -15 1984 -5 -13 28 40 -2 -54 -25 -17 1985 22 -14 51 70 8 -30 -30 -7 1986 0 26 59 80 23 -31 -25 5 1987 -22 25 -62 -39 7 -30 -21 -8 1988 30 -21 -87 14 -29 -54 -33 -33 1989 5 -42 -25 38 -10 -43 -20 -20 1990 41 -45 -47 67 4 -46 -25 -14 1991 47 -33 3 178 -1 -40 -28 -8 1992 32 -34 -42 146 8 -15 -5 -5 1993 73 -26 68 144 18 -4 -2 9 1994 118 -35 236 253 14 -4 -2 10 1995 102 -42 61 177 29 -5 -2 10 1996 59 -30 86 66 15 -7 -2 0 1997 74 10 65 83 22 -7 -1 13 1998 83 35 108 149 6 -3 -1 16 1999 67 20 78 150 23 0 -2 18 2000 71 25 65 160 3 0 -1 11 2001 81 50 78 225 7 0 -2 19 2002 63 19 37 181 23 0 -1 17 2003 54 1 34 257 -5 0 -1 2 2004 na -10 na na -9 -1 -1 -6 38 39 Table 12 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Sri Lanka, 1955 to 2004 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Covered products Non- All Non-ag covered products Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1955 0 -14 6 -7 -25 42 -8 105 -55 1956 0 -8 12 -1 -16 51 -1 105 -52 1957 0 -10 16 -1 -23 70 -2 105 -52 1958 0 -9 23 2 -26 95 2 105 -50 1959 0 -11 10 -4 -23 54 -4 104 -53 1960 0 -21 3 -13 -34 42 -14 103 -58 1961 0 -26 -2 -18 -38 32 -20 114 -63 1962 0 -31 -15 -26 -39 -7 -29 130 -69 1963 0 -34 -13 -27 -44 4 -30 135 -70 1964 0 -38 -19 -31 -46 -11 -36 142 -73 1965 0 -38 -20 -32 -43 -16 -36 158 -75 1966 0 -44 -24 -37 -50 -23 -42 172 -79 1967 0 -32 -17 -26 -41 -9 -30 165 -74 1968 0 -20 -10 -17 -30 1 -19 124 -64 1969 0 -15 -3 -11 -29 18 -12 73 -50 1970 0 -19 -6 -15 -35 15 -17 77 -53 1971 0 -7 -14 -9 -48 7 -11 93 -54 1972 0 -31 -14 -24 -44 3 -28 93 -63 1973 0 -10 3 -4 -34 42 -5 52 -38 1974 0 -35 -22 -29 -45 -22 -34 39 -53 1975 0 -31 -18 -25 -43 -12 -30 43 -51 1976 0 -35 -20 -29 -45 -13 -33 65 -60 1977 0 -11 3 -5 -28 37 -7 55 -40 1978 0 -38 -22 -31 -52 -13 -37 51 -58 1979 0 -45 -25 -37 -58 -17 -43 51 -62 1980 0 -33 -19 -26 -48 -8 -32 51 -55 1981 0 -18 -10 -11 -34 5 -17 56 -47 1982 0 -12 -7 -8 -25 4 -12 56 -43 1983 0 -15 -9 -11 -22 -4 -14 56 -45 1984 0 -17 -9 -13 -26 0 -16 68 -50 1985 0 -7 -3 -4 -23 15 -7 68 -44 1986 0 5 4 6 -10 22 5 68 -37 1987 0 -8 -5 -6 -6 -10 -8 53 -40 1988 0 -33 -22 -29 -35 -32 -33 53 -56 1989 0 -20 -13 -17 -33 -5 -20 53 -48 1990 0 -14 -9 -13 -35 7 -14 45 -41 1991 0 -8 -6 -7 -32 15 -8 45 -37 1992 0 -5 -4 -4 -23 12 -5 52 -38 1993 0 9 7 8 -14 34 10 50 -27 1994 0 10 9 10 -18 44 11 43 -23 1995 0 10 9 11 -20 47 11 37 -19 1996 0 0 4 3 -16 29 2 40 -27 1997 0 13 12 14 3 32 14 36 -16 1998 0 16 11 16 13 20 16 35 -14 1999 0 18 14 18 10 32 19 33 -11 2000 0 11 8 11 10 14 11 21 -8 2001 0 19 13 19 17 22 19 23 -3 2002 0 17 13 17 8 32 17 23 -4 2003 0 2 2 4 0 6 3 25 -18 2004 0 -6 -5 -4 -4 -9 -6 22 -23 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 39 40 Table 12 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Sri Lanka, 1955 to 2004: (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Chillies Coconut Onion Potato Rice Rubber Tea covered 1955 na 15 na na 11 12 27 34 1956 na 16 na na 9 13 28 34 1957 na 16 na na 9 13 27 34 1958 na 18 na na 9 12 27 34 1959 na 21 na na 10 11 24 34 1960 na 15 na na 11 14 26 34 1961 na 15 na na 11 12 28 34 1962 na 12 na na 15 12 26 34 1963 na 12 na na 14 13 27 34 1964 na 14 na na 15 13 25 34 1965 na 16 na na 12 13 25 34 1966 na 11 na na 14 18 23 34 1967 na 11 na na 18 13 21 36 1968 na 20 na na 21 8 19 32 1969 na 17 na na 20 12 18 32 1970 na 16 na na 21 13 18 31 1971 na 5 na na 48 4 7 36 1972 na 12 na na 17 11 22 38 1973 na 12 na na 19 13 16 39 1974 na 14 na na 31 11 12 33 1975 na 10 na na 23 10 15 43 1976 na 9 na 1 20 17 16 37 1977 na 21 na 1 16 8 21 33 1978 2 18 2 0 21 9 16 32 1979 2 19 1 1 18 14 11 35 1980 2 19 1 1 18 10 11 37 1981 2 16 1 1 23 8 12 38 1982 2 14 1 1 23 7 13 38 1983 2 12 1 1 21 8 16 38 1984 3 16 1 1 16 8 20 36 1985 6 16 1 1 20 7 17 32 1986 8 11 1 2 21 9 15 34 1987 6 12 2 4 18 7 15 35 1988 4 10 7 2 22 9 13 32 1989 6 13 1 2 23 7 15 34 1990 5 11 3 1 24 6 18 31 1991 7 13 1 1 24 5 16 33 1992 6 18 4 1 24 4 9 34 1993 5 15 1 1 23 4 13 37 1994 4 16 1 1 21 6 12 39 1995 4 15 1 1 21 7 11 40 1996 4 18 1 1 15 6 14 41 1997 2 19 1 1 16 5 17 40 1998 3 16 1 0 20 4 19 38 1999 3 20 2 0 22 3 16 34 2000 2 15 1 0 22 3 19 36 2001 2 14 1 1 21 3 21 37 2002 2 17 1 1 20 4 19 36 2003 2 14 1 1 23 5 18 36 2004 na 16 na na 22 6 21 36 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008) 40 41 Table 13: Annual distortion estimates for Asia, 1955 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Fruit Barle Cassa Chick Cocon Coffe Cotto Egg & y Beef va pea Cocoa ut e n vega Jute Maize 1955 -11 6 na na na -35 na na na 0 na na 1956 36 36 na na na -24 na na na 0 na na 1957 90 54 na na na -28 na na na 0 na na 1958 63 61 na na na -29 na na -16 0 na na 1959 27 35 na na na -28 na na -33 0 na na 1960 65 53 na na na -32 na na -41 0 na na 1961 19 -2 na na na -37 na na -40 0 na -20 1962 19 16 na na na -23 na -22 -31 0 na -15 1963 144 29 na na na -26 na -17 -10 0 na 0 1964 171 26 na 50 na -28 na -18 19 0 na -5 1965 61 25 na 5 na -29 na 28 21 0 na 65 1966 43 19 na 4 na -19 na 2 20 0 na 57 1967 68 21 na 39 -1 -20 na 9 27 0 na 47 1968 85 45 na 0 -3 -31 na -3 24 0 na 34 1969 105 63 na 75 -2 -21 na 24 2 0 na 45 1970 144 60 -10 0 -1 -17 -9 63 23 0 na 8 1971 149 77 -25 0 -1 -6 -11 77 7 0 na 16 1972 198 52 -33 0 -1 -1 -14 97 -6 0 na 52 1973 74 14 -39 0 -7 -3 1 93 -6 0 na 17 1974 36 19 -8 7 -4 -12 -3 -13 -17 -27 -30 4 1975 59 49 0 0 1 -9 -2 0 -13 -21 -53 -18 1976 76 79 0 0 -1 4 -1 26 -11 -40 -33 3 1977 112 115 -10 0 -1 7 -4 -5 -9 -40 -43 20 1978 131 123 -13 0 -6 3 -5 13 -1 -33 -38 24 1979 129 110 19 0 -2 -19 -7 2 4 -42 -19 9 1980 57 79 -2 26 -2 -11 -8 6 8 -52 -30 5 1981 125 116 -22 9 -1 2 -5 -21 3 -48 -40 -41 1982 170 115 -7 0 -1 -1 -4 -6 6 -46 -37 -30 1983 241 96 7 0 -1 -21 -13 -18 24 -34 -17 -27 1984 238 100 -21 3 -3 -25 -13 -23 10 -25 -22 -5 1985 293 55 -29 34 4 -22 -9 -9 18 -20 -21 7 1986 399 78 0 3 -1 -5 -8 -2 14 -8 -54 3 1987 417 76 -21 5 -7 -16 1 17 7 1 -44 2 1988 336 134 -20 12 -4 -21 -2 -10 13 -2 -20 -19 1989 341 128 -13 7 1 -34 -9 -7 56 0 -38 -25 1990 363 132 -11 15 -1 -32 -9 -14 29 -3 -28 -28 1991 494 163 -16 9 -1 -34 -5 -16 6 1 -33 -20 1992 461 163 -12 9 -6 -35 -5 -12 41 -4 -42 -24 1993 534 125 -17 6 -2 -32 -3 4 18 -3 -46 -16 1994 769 141 1 7 -2 -36 -3 23 39 1 -44 13 1995 632 151 3 16 -1 -36 -4 -5 49 0 -29 1 1996 403 133 -19 11 -1 -34 4 -4 10 -3 15 -3 1997 635 99 -20 24 -8 -16 2 6 9 -3 -3 10 1998 449 54 -11 10 0 -17 -7 3 9 1 21 22 1999 596 94 -22 14 0 -7 0 3 39 22 -32 9 2000 740 73 -14 18 0 -9 0 21 31 22 -37 13 2001 412 87 -8 35 0 -7 -6 -10 34 20 -41 16 2002 561 115 -5 16 0 -7 -4 6 32 24 -29 8 2003 572 78 -13 11 0 -6 -2 7 55 26 -40 19 2004 528 72 -10 13 0 -11 3 1 105 18 -46 7 2005 na 205 na na 0 -18 na 11 na 19 na 17 Continued over 41 42 Table 13(a) (continued): Oilseed Palmoi Pigmea Sorghu Milk sa l t Poultry Rice Rubber m Sugar Tea Wheat 1955 na -33 na -39 -52 -37 -18 na na -23 -56 1956 na -28 na 10 -34 -4 -4 na na -18 -29 1957 na -5 na 4 -15 18 -19 na na -23 -32 1958 na -11 na -8 -16 -15 -25 na na -25 -22 1959 na 12 na -3 -10 -15 -14 na na -22 -26 1960 na 29 -11 10 -10 1 -17 na na -32 -27 1961 na -33 -11 7 -23 -21 -16 na na -35 -38 1962 na -23 -9 10 -11 -26 -14 na 151 -40 -8 1963 na 61 -10 31 6 6 -14 na 124 -44 -16 1964 na 24 -16 20 37 9 -20 82 14 -46 28 1965 63 56 -10 37 48 -1 -15 46 140 -43 31 1966 63 28 -12 47 46 -26 -18 25 192 -51 3 1967 60 24 -11 51 66 -32 -14 65 151 -44 21 1968 82 25 -9 90 94 -38 -9 12 220 -28 34 1969 86 26 -11 69 91 -27 -13 60 113 -30 31 1970 141 13 -18 47 79 -11 -6 35 56 -25 46 1971 142 11 -20 76 4 4 -11 97 37 -28 44 1972 230 20 -3 48 -5 7 -3 39 23 -34 31 1973 27 0 -6 35 -4 -28 -4 48 -22 -26 -28 1974 72 1 -29 46 16 -57 -16 56 -28 -27 -17 1975 123 -18 -21 47 49 -24 -10 0 -40 -25 -3 1976 144 -5 -8 42 50 -8 -11 0 7 -26 -6 1977 155 -5 -19 41 64 -7 -17 45 22 -12 6 1978 126 -1 -11 42 71 -22 -27 8 19 -22 -5 1979 147 10 -11 65 57 -5 -29 5 0 -26 -9 1980 92 16 -4 79 70 -23 -29 0 4 -21 -11 1981 71 15 -3 -64 43 -44 -23 16 16 -16 -13 1982 95 20 5 -74 51 -30 -14 10 31 -15 -6 1983 129 21 5 -73 47 -25 -15 4 50 -18 0 1984 151 19 -9 -73 30 -14 -14 2 83 -18 16 1985 168 31 1 -28 46 2 -8 24 74 -18 19 1986 169 47 7 -46 -18 -1 -14 66 50 -25 18 1987 157 51 -7 -53 -30 -4 -21 56 37 -17 14 1988 76 17 -10 -43 -21 -16 -16 19 21 -21 9 1989 51 20 -2 -27 11 -13 -12 13 11 -14 -2 1990 78 36 5 -17 13 -12 -12 6 13 -18 -3 1991 49 32 0 -11 15 -11 -16 7 19 -20 7 1992 18 11 -3 -3 15 -16 -16 -3 15 -6 -8 1993 26 8 4 4 32 -6 -19 -25 8 -5 -2 1994 26 18 2 12 23 2 -18 51 9 -3 26 1995 5 22 -8 8 16 7 -15 2 7 -5 21 1996 22 22 -1 10 20 -1 -9 9 11 -7 7 1997 19 22 -11 5 16 1 10 13 6 -9 19 1998 26 24 -22 3 12 -2 16 33 30 -7 23 1999 44 22 -3 9 20 7 24 50 46 -10 16 2000 20 22 -2 7 19 19 14 13 50 -7 20 2001 28 20 2 5 14 21 10 16 22 -8 8 2002 48 24 -6 6 17 16 1 16 45 -8 7 2003 40 26 -6 1 8 22 -1 15 50 -7 5 2004 21 18 -1 2 4 14 -5 18 49 -7 13 2005 33 19 na 0 0 -10 na na 40 -29 4 a Fruit & veg includes banana, cabbage, chillies, garlic, onion, potato, peppers and fruits, vegetables and fruit&veg aggretares. Oilseeds includes rapeseed, sunflower, soybean and groundnut. 42 43 Table 13 (continued): Annual distortion estimates for Asia, 1955 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import- competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA Non- All Import- Non-ag Covered products covered products Export- competi tradables Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables ng All NRA RRA 1955 0 -33 -8 -28 -30 -21 -25 78 -58 1956 0 -5 2 -27 -10 8 -1 132 -57 1957 0 6 9 -27 -10 28 11 155 -57 1958 0 -15 5 -27 -29 13 -6 121 -58 1959 0 -15 0 -28 -22 1 -9 116 -58 1960 0 -5 0 -27 -15 6 -6 118 -57 1961 0 -14 -9 -28 -11 -20 -16 98 -57 1962 -1 -9 -7 -27 -12 -11 -11 107 -57 1963 -1 6 3 -26 -10 15 6 140 -56 1964 0 1 3 -26 -15 33 6 136 -55 1965 0 -3 16 -20 -7 42 34 199 -55 1966 0 -11 -3 -27 -29 27 -1 119 -55 1967 0 -13 -4 -26 -33 30 -3 117 -55 1968 0 -14 -10 -28 -38 32 -11 108 -57 1969 0 -10 1 -24 -29 39 3 122 -54 1970 0 -7 5 -21 -14 42 10 107 -47 1971 0 6 12 -18 -9 49 30 115 -40 1972 0 1 13 -20 -6 44 29 120 -41 1973 1 -24 -6 -29 -25 7 -13 84 -53 1974 1 -29 -26 -37 -50 -8 -37 53 -59 1975 1 -11 -16 -30 -45 31 -18 66 -51 1976 1 0 2 -23 -17 35 5 84 -43 1977 1 1 7 -20 -17 35 9 88 -42 1978 1 -5 -1 -24 -26 23 -2 75 -44 1979 2 0 3 -22 -21 32 5 86 -44 1980 2 -9 -2 -26 -29 23 -6 80 -48 1981 1 -23 -12 -25 -45 4 -27 30 -44 1982 1 -18 -5 -19 -46 19 -22 29 -39 1983 1 -19 -3 -19 -46 21 -22 28 -39 1984 1 -17 2 -15 -41 38 -18 25 -34 1985 2 -2 11 2 -26 51 1 19 -15 1986 1 -10 10 -6 -38 52 -8 10 -16 1987 1 -19 11 -11 -47 56 -14 8 -21 1988 2 -22 2 -16 -42 34 -19 20 -32 1989 1 -16 1 -15 -36 27 -16 20 -30 1990 2 -11 0 -8 -30 20 -11 19 -25 1991 2 -7 1 -4 -23 30 -5 16 -18 1992 1 -7 -5 -7 -24 23 -8 12 -18 1993 2 -1 1 1 -14 23 1 13 -11 1994 2 6 8 9 -4 34 10 14 -4 1995 2 1 4 6 -5 24 6 12 -5 1996 2 4 2 5 -7 21 5 11 -6 1997 2 4 7 7 -5 25 7 10 -3 1998 3 3 9 9 -1 21 9 9 0 1999 2 10 9 11 -3 32 11 7 4 2000 3 10 10 13 0 30 13 6 7 2001 3 9 7 12 1 21 12 2 10 2002 3 10 8 12 -2 27 12 4 7 2003 3 8 10 12 -1 27 12 7 5 2004 2 5 9 10 -2 22 10 3 6 2005 1 2 6 6 -1 14 7 4 2 a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. 43 44 Table 13 (continued): Annual distortion estimates for Asia, 1955 to 2005 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Chickpe Coconu Fruit & Oilseed a a a t Cotton veg Maize Milk s Palmoil Pigmeat 1955 na 4 na na na na 0 na 4 1956 na 4 na na na na 0 na 5 1957 na 4 na na na na 0 na 6 1958 na 4 na na na na 0 na 5 1959 na 6 na na na na 0 na 7 1960 na 3 na na na na 0 1 4 1961 na 2 na na 1 na 0 1 4 1962 na 2 2 1 2 na 0 0 4 1963 na 2 2 1 3 na 0 1 4 1964 5 1 1 24 1 na 10 0 2 1965 2 0 3 11 2 1 4 0 1 1966 1 0 3 10 2 1 3 0 1 1967 2 0 3 11 2 1 3 0 1 1968 1 0 3 9 1 1 3 0 1 1969 1 0 2 12 1 1 3 0 1 1970 2 3 2 10 2 1 4 0 1 1971 2 3 2 10 2 1 4 1 1 1972 2 2 2 11 2 0 4 1 1 1973 1 4 2 8 2 0 4 0 1 1974 1 4 2 5 2 0 3 1 1 1975 1 2 1 5 2 2 2 1 1 1976 1 3 2 7 2 3 3 1 1 1977 1 4 2 6 2 3 3 1 1 1978 1 4 2 6 2 3 2 1 1 1979 1 4 2 7 2 3 2 1 1 1980 1 3 2 6 2 3 2 1 1 1981 0 2 1 12 4 2 2 1 10 1982 0 1 1 13 4 2 2 1 14 1983 0 1 2 17 4 2 2 1 13 1984 1 2 2 18 4 2 2 1 15 1985 1 2 1 22 3 2 2 1 8 1986 0 1 1 25 3 2 2 1 10 1987 0 1 1 26 3 2 2 1 11 1988 1 1 1 24 3 3 2 1 11 1989 0 1 1 26 3 3 2 1 10 1990 0 1 2 22 4 2 2 1 9 1991 0 1 2 20 4 3 2 1 8 1992 0 1 1 20 4 4 2 1 8 1993 0 1 1 15 4 4 3 1 8 1994 1 1 2 16 4 4 3 1 9 1995 0 1 2 17 4 4 2 2 10 1996 0 1 1 15 5 4 2 1 10 1997 0 1 1 15 4 4 2 1 12 1998 0 1 1 16 4 4 2 2 11 1999 0 1 1 15 4 4 1 1 9 2000 0 1 1 17 3 5 1 1 10 2001 0 1 1 17 3 4 2 1 10 2002 0 1 1 17 3 4 1 2 10 2003 0 1 1 17 3 4 2 2 10 2004 0 0 1 17 4 5 2 1 12 2005 na 0 1 19 4 2 1 na 15 Continued over 44 45 Sorghu Non- Covere Poultry Rice Rubber m Sugar Wheat covered d 1955 0 30 3 na na 0 48 52 1956 0 28 3 na na 1 48 52 1957 0 26 3 na na 1 51 49 1958 0 29 3 na na 0 49 51 1959 0 28 3 na na 1 46 54 1960 0 21 25 na na 1 39 61 1961 1 26 18 na na 0 39 61 1962 1 26 10 na 2 8 36 64 1963 1 28 11 na 2 9 33 67 1964 1 14 5 5 2 12 15 85 1965 0 23 2 2 2 5 40 60 1966 0 24 2 2 2 5 42 58 1967 0 28 2 2 1 6 37 63 1968 0 30 1 3 1 6 38 62 1969 0 27 2 2 2 6 36 64 1970 0 24 2 2 3 6 36 64 1971 1 23 2 1 4 7 35 65 1972 1 20 2 2 5 7 37 63 1973 1 23 3 1 5 6 37 63 1974 0 31 2 1 5 4 36 64 1975 0 34 1 1 7 5 31 69 1976 1 29 3 2 5 5 32 68 1977 1 28 3 1 4 5 32 68 1978 1 32 3 1 4 5 31 69 1979 1 26 4 1 5 5 33 67 1980 1 29 3 1 4 5 34 66 1981 1 29 1 1 3 5 25 75 1982 1 25 1 0 3 6 25 75 1983 1 22 1 1 2 6 24 76 1984 1 21 1 1 2 6 23 77 1985 1 20 1 0 2 6 26 74 1986 1 19 1 0 2 6 23 77 1987 2 18 2 0 2 5 22 78 1988 2 21 1 0 2 4 21 79 1989 2 21 1 0 3 5 20 80 1990 2 21 1 0 3 5 23 77 1991 2 21 1 0 3 5 25 75 1992 2 21 1 0 3 5 25 75 1993 2 21 1 0 3 6 28 72 1994 3 21 2 0 3 5 25 75 1995 4 19 2 0 3 5 24 76 1996 3 21 1 0 3 6 25 75 1997 3 20 1 0 3 6 25 75 1998 4 19 1 0 2 5 28 72 1999 3 18 0 0 2 5 32 68 2000 4 15 1 0 2 5 33 67 2001 4 14 1 0 2 5 34 66 2002 4 13 1 0 2 4 36 64 2003 4 13 1 0 2 5 34 66 2004 3 14 1 0 2 4 33 67 2005 5 11 na na 1 5 34 66 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$. Fruit & veg includes banana, cabbage, chillies, garlic, onion, potato, peppers and fruits, vegetables and fruit&veg aggregates. Oilseeds include rapeseed, sunflower, soybean and groundnut. Barley, beef, cassava, cocoa, coffee, egg, jute and tea are omitted due to very low shares (less than 0.5 percent of the gross value of regional production each year from 1965 onwards). Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008). 45 46 Table 14: Gross subsidy equivalents of assistance to farmers, Asian economies, 1955 to 2005a (US$ million) BD CN IN ID KP MY PK PH LK TW TH VN 1955 na -7101 6 na -269 na na na -40 -150 na na 1956 na -11171 10 na -14 na na na -5 -19 na na 1957 na -11081 10 na 175 na na na -7 2 na na 1958 na -11488 10 na 21 na na na 9 -134 na na 1959 na -11533 10 na -49 na na na -22 -87 na na 1960 na -13026 11 na 5 -87 na na -64 -9 na na 1961 na -14654 13 na -357 -53 na na -81 30 na na 1962 na -15694 14 na -313 -35 45 -103 -116 7 na na 1963 na -16644 15 na 315 -32 43 -58 -108 61 na na 1964 na -15061 13 na 485 -62 -149 15 -129 57 na na 1965 na -14382 3361 na 157 -29 165 144 -141 69 na na 1966 na -16418 -463 na 86 -49 175 218 -135 53 na na 1967 na -17322 -1158 na 119 -55 278 166 -96 9 na na 1968 na -17729 -3203 na 233 -63 308 160 -102 13 na na 1969 na -18498 10 na 447 -102 388 186 -61 8 na na 1970 na -19674 1802 -88 777 -53 612 52 -77 121 -366 na 1971 na -20624 3818 230 985 -79 611 255 -124 167 -370 na 1972 na -24468 4538 64 1154 -30 545 64 -88 209 -439 na 1973 na -37675 -2437 -655 487 -151 -1081 -803 -21 141 -741 na 1974 -661 -48394 -22142 -941 -1144 -556 -978 -1375 -298 0 -1879 na 1975 3267 -47489 -15816 1453 476 -391 -482 -937 -189 229 -1332 na 1976 -256 -45680 -560 2862 2138 -171 -396 -153 -181 330 -560 na 1977 -766 -49751 2231 3492 2929 -468 -307 71 -41 238 -593 na 1978 -1188 -56535 -3610 733 4170 -571 -116 -483 -343 168 -1378 na 1979 -436 -64676 1923 -1064 5780 -788 -378 -329 -501 307 -604 na 1980 -553 -75983 -6769 -1084 4323 -815 -894 -942 -391 601 -116 na 1981 -2210 -67295 -12122 2606 6011 -377 -1148 -859 -168 616 -754 na 1982 149 -72898 3722 6377 6127 1 287 607 -97 837 -272 na 1983 236 -77539 8907 3190 6087 25 -346 -117 -144 1054 454 na 1984 588 -64979 9188 2082 6090 -95 -142 645 -215 1051 -251 na 1985 1236 -23694 16977 2735 6478 276 -265 1201 -65 1039 -824 na 1986 100 -45633 19306 2043 8053 115 -231 1028 81 1292 -589 -535 1987 1343 -64588 25295 -1483 8807 -111 -60 1089 -86 1758 -511 -833 1988 417 -74357 10633 -2745 12019 -102 -17 732 -431 2143 -26 -340 1989 80 -73545 6157 -3959 14054 83 -855 1070 -234 3094 -376 -440 1990 -34 -55293 11885 -1860 15230 172 -2086 1061 -211 3008 -308 -1826 1991 230 -28451 -26 -2682 15524 135 -720 695 -122 2791 -753 -1193 1992 15 -29938 -10411 -2072 15409 55 -98 1794 -71 3308 -200 -2317 1993 -345 -15303 881 -2246 15618 206 6 2321 138 3578 -954 -1565 1994 -335 10701 4020 -2920 18332 101 -224 2181 175 3931 -911 -865 1995 88 12964 -7749 -5789 19976 133 -356 3598 221 4130 1007 -378 1996 -850 9834 -8224 -5415 18836 156 -576 4973 63 4284 891 -151 1997 -931 16352 -1751 -2929 17450 -395 -1226 4354 281 3681 -905 -410 1998 -547 22510 11094 -7179 10847 32 85 1660 292 3258 -224 -719 1999 108 13165 8756 1984 16166 83 879 3622 318 4500 430 1621 2000 288 19443 9395 4098 16075 107 1135 3041 207 4448 -292 1205 2001 429 11679 16333 3960 13887 122 73 2600 290 3642 -369 1734 2002 171 9746 22641 4607 14671 116 -506 2269 288 3300 633 955 2003 370 18471 17720 6632 15611 92 -187 1380 67 na 47 2428 2004 -295 22044 14295 2975 19266 83 -77 740 -64 na -72 2038 2005 na 24641 na na na na -179 na na na na 1121 Source: Spreadsheets of authors of Chapters 2-13 of this book. 46 47 Table 15: Share of regional value of agricultural production, Asian economies, 1955 to 2004a (percent) ISO Code BD CN IN ID KP MY PK PH LK TW TH VN Five year averages 1955-59 na 59.7 34.6 na 2.6 na na na 1.4 1.7 na na 1960-64 na 58.5 33.9 na 2.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.4 na na 1965-69 na 56.8 32.8 na 2.3 1.2 2.6 1.9 0.7 1.7 na na 1970-74 2.0 55.4 27.7 4.5 2.1 1.2 2.0 1.8 0.7 1.5 2.7 na 1975-79 2.4 52.1 23.5 9.0 2.5 1.6 1.8 2.3 0.4 1.6 2.8 na 1980-84 2.0 52.0 23.3 9.6 2.3 1.6 2.1 2.1 0.5 1.8 2.7 na 1985-89 1.9 51.7 22.2 9.4 2.6 1.7 2.2 1.9 0.5 2.2 2.7 1.4 1990-94 2.1 45.4 24.3 10.4 3.1 1.9 2.5 2.5 0.5 2.5 3.1 1.8 1995-99 1.7 48.6 22.9 10.0 2.9 2.1 2.5 2.3 0.4 1.9 2.8 1.9 2000-04 1.5 56.1 21.4 7.5 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.0 0.4 1.4 2.2 1.6 Annual data 1955 na 58.2 33.8 na 3.4 na na na 2.1 2.5 na na 1956 na 60.3 34.9 na 2.1 na na na 1.3 1.4 na na 1957 na 59.9 34.7 na 2.6 na na na 1.2 1.6 na na 1958 na 60.1 34.8 na 2.4 na na na 1.2 1.6 na na 1959 na 60.0 34.8 na 2.3 na na na 1.4 1.4 na na 1960 na 59.3 34.4 na 2.0 1.8 na na 1.0 1.4 na na 1961 na 59.4 34.5 na 2.5 1.3 0.1 na 0.8 1.3 na na 1962 na 57.9 33.6 na 2.2 1.1 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.3 na na 1963 na 58.4 33.8 na 1.9 1.1 1.5 1.4 0.6 1.2 na na 1964 na 57.3 33.2 na 2.1 1.2 2.3 1.6 0.7 1.6 na na 1965 na 58.6 30.4 na 2.4 1.3 2.9 1.9 0.8 1.7 na na 1966 na 59.4 30.4 na 2.4 1.2 2.4 1.9 0.6 1.7 na na 1967 na 56.1 34.1 na 2.3 1.0 2.4 1.8 0.5 1.7 na na 1968 na 54.4 35.3 na 2.1 1.0 2.7 1.8 0.9 1.7 na na 1969 na 55.4 33.9 na 2.5 1.4 2.4 1.9 0.8 1.7 na na 1970 na 54.4 29.4 4.0 2.1 1.1 2.3 1.6 0.7 1.5 3.0 na 1971 na 55.6 27.3 4.4 2.1 1.1 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.5 2.8 na 1972 na 58.8 26.1 4.2 1.9 0.9 1.9 1.8 0.4 1.5 2.5 na 1973 na 57.2 26.4 5.1 1.9 1.3 2.1 2.1 0.4 1.4 2.4 na 1974 2.0 51.2 29.1 4.9 2.4 1.4 1.6 2.3 0.5 1.4 3.0 na 1975 2.8 51.5 27.3 5.9 2.3 1.3 1.7 2.4 0.4 1.5 2.9 na 1976 2.3 53.6 22.7 8.4 2.5 1.4 2.0 2.3 0.3 1.7 2.8 na 1977 2.0 52.4 23.0 9.5 2.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 0.4 1.7 2.7 na 1978 2.5 50.1 23.5 10.7 2.7 1.6 1.6 2.3 0.4 1.6 3.0 na 1979 2.3 53.0 21.1 10.2 2.4 2.0 1.9 2.3 0.5 1.7 2.7 na 1980 2.3 52.0 23.7 9.4 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.2 0.5 1.6 2.7 na 1981 2.6 45.5 26.7 11.0 2.4 1.6 2.5 2.5 0.5 1.8 3.0 na 1982 1.7 52.8 23.0 9.8 2.4 1.4 2.1 1.9 0.4 2.0 2.6 na 1983 1.6 54.8 22.6 8.5 2.4 1.4 2.1 1.9 0.4 1.8 2.4 na 1984 1.8 54.7 20.7 9.3 2.5 1.8 2.0 2.0 0.6 1.9 2.6 na 1985 2.0 52.2 22.1 9.9 2.6 1.7 2.3 1.9 0.6 2.0 2.7 na 1986 2.1 51.4 22.5 9.5 2.4 1.5 2.4 1.7 0.5 2.1 2.5 1.5 1987 1.9 51.6 21.6 9.5 2.7 1.9 2.2 1.7 0.5 2.4 2.8 1.1 Continued over ... 47 48 Table 15 (cont.) ISO BD CN IN ID KP MY PK PH LK TW TH VN Code 1988 1.8 49.8 23.3 9.3 2.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 0.5 2.3 2.8 1.8 1989 1.7 53.7 21.4 8.6 2.7 1.4 2.1 2.0 0.4 2.2 2.5 1.2 1990 2.1 52.5 20.9 9.2 2.8 1.3 2.7 2.1 0.5 2.0 2.4 1.4 1991 2.2 46.6 23.9 10.1 3.2 1.5 2.3 2.5 0.5 2.5 3.2 1.6 1992 2.2 44.9 25.3 9.2 3.3 1.8 2.5 2.5 0.5 2.7 3.2 2.0 1993 2.1 41.1 25.8 11.7 3.3 2.1 2.6 2.5 0.5 2.9 3.2 2.1 1994 1.7 41.7 25.4 11.8 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.9 0.5 2.6 3.5 1.9 1995 1.6 44.9 23.0 11.9 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.5 0.4 2.3 3.3 1.9 1996 1.8 45.3 23.9 11.4 3.4 2.0 2.6 2.4 0.4 2.1 2.9 1.8 1997 1.7 48.7 22.1 10.8 3.0 1.7 2.7 2.4 0.4 1.8 2.8 1.9 1998 1.6 52.2 22.3 7.4 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.2 0.4 1.6 2.7 2.1 1999 1.7 51.9 23.1 8.6 2.5 2.0 2.2 2.2 0.4 1.5 2.3 1.6 2000 1.7 53.8 22.8 7.3 3.0 1.5 2.1 2.0 0.4 1.5 2.2 1.8 2001 1.5 57.4 21.5 6.3 2.6 1.5 2.1 1.8 0.3 1.3 2.1 1.6 2002 1.4 57.6 18.5 8.3 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.0 0.4 1.3 2.2 1.8 2003 1.6 53.6 22.3 9.5 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.0 0.4 na 2.3 1.5 2004 1.4 58.0 21.7 6.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.3 na 2.0 1.5 Source: Spreadsheets of authors of Chapters 2-13 of this book. 48 49 Table 16: Summary of NRA data for focus Asian economies Country ISO Max. Maximum Number 2000-04 Code number number of of NRA of years products observ- Weighted Standard Gross ations average deviation value of NRAa NRAa productionb Bangladesh BD 32 6 187 2.7 101.2 7.4 China CN 25 11 275 5.9 15.3 276.6 India IN 41 13 499 15.8 21.5 105.3 Indonesia ID 35 10 346 12.0 33.3 37.1 Korea KP 51 12 459 137.3 225.4 12.2 Malaysia MY 46 4 174 1.2 40.1 9.6 Pakistan PK 45 6 262 1.2 43.1 10.6 Philippines PH 44 8 346 22.0 37.6 9.8 SriLanka LK 50 7 280 9.5 69.1 1.7 Taiwan TW 48 6 275 61.3 109.0 6.2 Thailand TH 35 9 287 -0.2 16.7 10.6 Vietnam VN 20 6 102 21.2 74.3 8.0 All ASIA studied countriesc 51 35 3492 12.0 64.4 495.2 Source: Chapters 2-13 of this volume. a. Weighted average NRA and standard deviation NRA for covered products using the gross value of production at undistorted prices as weights. b. Gross value of production at undistorted prices, in current US$ billions. c. The regional averages are weighted using the 5-year average annual value of production by country, except for the standard deviation which is a simple average. 49 50 Table 17: Summary of NRA data by major product, Asian region, 2000-04 2000-04 Product Number Unweighed Weighted Gross Value Countries included of average Average of (by ISO Code) Countries NRA NRA Productiona Banana 1 0.0 0.0 0.47 PH Barley 1 562.8 562.8 0.04 KP Beef 3 83.5 85.2 1.66 KP, PH, TW Cabbage 1 27.6 27.6 0.39 KP Cassava 1 -10.0 -10.0 0.42 TH Chickpea 1 18.7 18.7 1.43 IN Chillies 1 67.2 67.2 0.03 LK Cocoa 1 0.0 0.0 0.02 MY Coconut 3 -2.0 -7.9 3.80 ID, MY, PH, LK Coffee 2 -3.0 -1.7 0.68 ID, VN Cotton 3 6.1 5.1 4.79 CH, IN, PK Egg 2 50.5 51.3 0.64 KP, TW Fruit & veg 1 -8.9 -8.9 23.10 IN Fruits 1 0.0 0.0 9.23 CH Garlic 1 122.6 122.6 0.26 KP Groundnut 1 12.9 12.9 1.79 IN Jute 1 -38.7 -38.7 0.18 BD Maize CH, IN, ID, PK, PH, 6 13.1 12.6 16.30 TH Milk 4 56.6 31.6 22.00 CH, IN, KP, PK, TW Onion 1 53.4 53.4 0.02 LK Palmoil 3 -6.4 -2.6 6.66 ID, MY, TH Peppers 1 197.0 197.0 0.28 KP Pigmeat 6 46.8 4.2 52.10 CH, KP, PH, TW, VN Potato 2 83.4 6.2 0.44 BN, LK Poultry 7 77.1 12.2 17.50 CH, KP, PH, TW, VN Rapeseed 1 64.8 64.8 1.09 IN Rice BN, CH, IN, ID, KP, MY, PK, PH, LK, TW, 12 57.4 18.5 67.10 TH, VN Rubber 5 5.8 3.9 4.47 ID, MY, LK, TH, VN Sorghum 1 15.7 15.7 0.83 ID Soybean 5 161.8 16.9 5.22 CH, IN, ID, KP, TH Sugar TH, CH, IN, ID, PK, 8 85.3 43.1 9.18 PH, TH, VN Sunflower 1 14.6 14.6 0.26 IN Tea 3 -12.4 -7.5 0.56 BN, ID, LK Vegetables 1 0.0 0.0 49.90 CH Wheat BN, CH, IN, KP, PK, 6 32.4 10.7 22.50 TW All covered products 44.1 12.0 325.33 Source: Chapters 2-13 of this volume. a. Annual average gross value of covered production at undistorted prices (US$billion). 50 51 Table 18: Shares of the global value of production and consumption of key covered agricultural products, Asian economiesa, 2000-03 (percent) Bangladesh China India Indonesia Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Thailand Srilanka Vietnam Regional World Grains Q 1.7 18.6 8.5 4.3 0.7 0.1 1.7 1.3 1.4 0.1 1.3 39.6 100 C 1.9 18.9 10.5 4.9 1.0 0.2 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.2 1.0 42.3 100 Rice Q 5.2 31.8 15.7 12.9 2.1 0.3 1.2 3.5 3.5 0.5 4.2 80.9 100 C 5.3 29.4 18.7 13.8 2.1 0.7 0.6 3.6 1.8 0.5 3.0 79.5 100 Wheat Q 0.4 17.5 9.5 0.0 4.8 32.2 100 C 0.9 18.4 13.1 1.2 4.8 38.5 100 Maize Q 19.8 2.0 1.9 0.3 0.9 0.7 25.6 100 C 25.0 3.0 2.8 0.5 1.2 0.9 33.5 100 Cassava Q 2.1 2.1 100 C 0.1 0.1 100 Barley Q 0.3 0.3 100 C 0.6 0.6 100 Sorghum Q 11.6 11.6 100 C 13.1 13.1 100 Yam Q 100 C 100 Millet Q 100 C 100 Oat Q 100 C 100 Chickpea Q 61.2 61.2 100 C na na 100 Oilseeds Q 5.0 6.6 3.9 0.0 6.4 0.5 22.4 100 C 11.2 6.2 2.2 0.7 0.3 0.7 21.3 100 Soybean Q 10.0 4.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 15.1 100 C 21.3 5.0 1.8 1.3 0.7 30.1 100 Groundnut Q 18.0 18.0 100 C 17.6 17.6 100 Palmoil Q 28.1 49.3 3.1 80.5 100 C 7.9 1.6 2.0 11.5 100 Rapeseed Q 13.0 13.0 100 C na na 100 Sunflower Q 4.7 4.7 100 C 4.9 4.9 100 Sesame Q 100 C 100 Bangladesh China India Indonesia Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Thailand Srilanka Vietnam Regional World 51 52 Tropical crops Q 0.2 5.8 8.1 11.0 1.4 1.6 1.9 4.2 1.0 0.9 36.2 100 C 0.3 6.3 9.7 9.8 0.8 1.8 1.5 0.4 0.7 0.2 31.4 100 Sugar Q 0.4 7.9 16.4 9.1 2.2 2.1 3.4 0.6 42.1 100 C 0.5 7.3 16.8 14.5 2.2 2.3 0.8 0.7 45.0 100 Cotton Q 13.7 12.0 4.0 29.6 100 C 18.3 18.1 5.1 41.4 100 Coconut Q 45.6 10.6 3.6 59.7 100 C 40.6 7.5 5.9 54.0 100 Coffee Q 7.3 4.6 11.9 100 C 3.4 0.1 3.5 100 Rubber Q 21.0 14.8 33.4 1.2 3.3 73.7 100 C 1.9 8.6 0.6 0.9 0.1 12.1 100 Tea Q 1.3 2.9 6.3 10.5 100 C 1.4 1.3 0.3 3.0 100 Cocoa Q 0.4 0.4 100 C 0.1 0.1 100 Livestock Q 14.2 3.7 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 20.4 100 C 17.0 4.5 0.2 1.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 24.8 100 Pigmeat Q 43.9 0.9 1.9 0.7 1.0 48.3 100 C 47.9 1.2 2.1 0.8 51.9 100 Milk Q 2.5 16.4 0.4 1.8 21.0 100 C 3.1 20.3 0.5 2.3 26.1 100 Beef Q 1.2 0.6 1.8 100 C 4.6 1.2 5.7 100 Poultry Q 23.0 1.1 0.4 0.2 1.6 0.5 26.8 100 C 32.7 1.5 0.7 0.3 1.6 36.8 100 Egg Q 0.8 0.8 100 C 0.8 0.8 100 Sheepmeat Q 100 C 100 Wool Q 100 C 100 Total of above Q 0.5 14.2 5.8 2.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.6 27.8 100 C 0.7 16.3 7.1 2.7 1.1 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.4 31.1 100 Production All covered Q 0.6 21.2 8.5 2.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.6 37.6 100 Non-covered Q 0.5 23.1 8.0 3.9 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.7 40.7 100 All agriculture Q 0.6 21.8 8.4 2.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.6 38.6 100 Source: Authors' calculations using Project data and FAO Production and Commodity Balance Data. 52 53 a. There are no Taiwan data in the FAO database. 53 54 Table 19: Shares of the global value of exports and imports of key covered agricultural products, Asian economiesa, 2000-03 (percent) Bangladesh China India Indonesia Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Thailand Srilanka Vietnam Regional World Grains X 0.0 4.7 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 5.8 0.0 1.9 16.0 100.0 M 0.9 2.6 0.2 1.1 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4 100.0 Rice X 0.0 6.7 12.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.5 0.0 10.0 53.9 100.0 M 1.6 1.7 0.0 4.0 0.6 2.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 12.3 100.0 Wheat X 0.0 0.6 2.1 0.0 0.4 3.2 100.0 M 1.4 1.9 0.0 3.2 0.4 6.8 100.0 Maize X 11.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 12.6 100.0 M 5.7 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.4 0.1 7.6 100.0 Cassava X 72.6 72.6 100.0 M 0.0 0.0 100.0 Barley X 0.0 0.0 100.0 M 0.6 0.6 100.0 Sorghum X 0.1 0.1 100.0 M 0.0 100.0 Yam X 100.0 M 100.0 Millet X 100.0 M 100.0 Oat X 100.0 M 100.0 Chickpea X 0.2 0.2 100.0 M 23.5 23.5 100.0 Oilseeds X 0.4 1.2 9.9 0.0 20.7 0.2 32.4 100.0 M 6.9 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.2 11.1 100.0 Soybean X 1.1 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 100.0 M 17.4 0.0 2.7 2.7 3.1 25.9 100.0 Groundnut X 8.3 8.3 100.0 M 0.0 0.0 100.0 Palmoil X 27.0 56.8 0.6 84.4 100.0 M 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.4 100.0 Rapeseed X 0.1 0.1 100.0 M 0.0 100.0 Sunflower X 0.1 0.1 100.0 M 3.2 3.2 100.0 Sesame X 100.0 M 100.0 54 55 Bangladesh China India Indonesia Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Thailand Srilanka Vietnam Regional World Tropical crops X 0.0 0.6 1.2 3.0 1.4 0.2 0.3 6.4 2.7 2.7 18.6 100.0 M 0.3 2.4 0.6 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 100.0 Sugar X 0.0 0.7 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.4 7.4 0.2 11.4 100.0 M 0.8 2.8 0.1 2.5 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 8.0 100.0 Cotton X 2.5 0.7 1.0 4.2 100.0 M 9.4 4.4 2.4 16.2 100.0 Coconut X 15.0 30.3 16.9 62.2 100.0 M 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 100.0 Coffee X 3.2 11.2 14.4 100.0 M 0.1 0.0 0.1 100.0 Rubber X 23.7 15.6 41.6 0.7 11.7 93.3 100.0 M 0.2 6.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 6.7 100.0 Tea X 0.3 3.7 23.9 27.9 100.0 M 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 100.0 Cocoa X 0.6 0.6 100.0 M 4.3 4.3 100.0 Livestock products X 1.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.1 3.3 100.0 M 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 3.3 100.0 Pigmeat X 2.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 3.0 100.0 M 0.6 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.2 100.0 Milk X 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 100.0 M 1.7 0.1 0.6 0.0 2.3 100.0 Beef X 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 M 5.2 0.6 5.8 100.0 Poultry X 7.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.6 0.0 16.6 100.0 M 4.5 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 5.7 100.0 Egg X 0.0 0.0 100.0 M 0.1 0.1 100.0 Sheepmeat X 100.0 M 100.0 Wool X 100.0 M 100.0 Total of above X 0.0 2.1 1.1 1.6 0.0 2.5 0.1 0.1 3.1 0.5 0.9 12.1 100.0 M 0.3 2.5 0.2 0.6 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 5.8 100.0 All exports X 0.0 3.2 1.2 1.3 0.4 1.6 0.2 0.4 1.8 0.2 0.5 10.8 100.0 M 0.3 3.8 0.8 0.9 1.9 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 10.6 100.0 Source: Authors' derivation using production, trade value data at FAOSTAT. a. There are no Taiwan data in the FAO database. 55 56 Table 20: Shares of production exported, and of consumption imported and produced domestically, key covered products, Asian economies, 2000-03 All Asian focus Bangladesh China India Indonesia Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Thailand Srilanka Vietnam countries Grains X/Q 0 4 4 0 1 2 13 0 42 0 16 7 M/C 10 2 0 5 36 26 2 9 1 3 0 8 Q/C 98 99 101 95 103 73 119 95 293 99 137 119 Rice X/Q 0 2 4 0 0 2 45 0 43 0 16 6 M/C 3 1 0 4 3 26 0 10 0 3 0 1 Q/C 102 99 102 96 104 73 186 95 196 99 137 105 Wheat X/Q 0 2 5 2038 5 3 M/C 61 2 0 101 2 4 Q/C 49 96 102 0 101 96 Maize X/Q 10 2 0 0 0 5 8 M/C 5 0 11 0 8 2 5 Q/C 101 101 89 96 95 103 100 Cassava X/Q 75 75 M/C 0 0 Q/C 1181 1181 Barley X/Q 1 1 M/C 44 44 Q/C 56 56 Sorghum X/Q 0 0 M/C 0 0 Q/C 100 100 Millet X/Q M/C Q/C Oat X/Q M/C Q/C Oilseeds X/Q 2 2 66 1 98 24 32 M/C 52 0 27 93 61 71 51 Q/C 50 99 331 7 2804 136 571 Soybean X/Q 2 2 0 1 2 2 M/C 52 0 61 93 119 49 Q/C 50 94 39 7 22 53 56 57 All Asian focus Bangladesh China India Indonesia Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Thailand Srilanka Vietnam countries Groundnut X/Q 3 3 M/C 0 0 Q/C 102 102 Palmoil X/Q 71 98 28 85 M/C 1 61 13 11 Q/C 355 2804 157 661 Sunflower X/Q 0 0 M/C 0 0 Q/C 104 104 Sesame X/Q M/C Q/C Tropical crops X/Q 7 3 3 22 105 1 9 92 63 75 38 M/C 21 9 2 18 110 7 6 1 5 5 18 Q/C 97 97 107 270 192 96 107 3855 1250 4171 1024 Sugar X/Q 0 6 4 2 1 6 68 5 12 M/C 34 16 0 39 12 12 1 4 9 Q/C 79 97 111 62 92 93 328 102 109 Cotton X/Q 1 1 1 1 M/C 4 5 3 4 Q/C 97 96 99 97 Coconut X/Q 5 12 17 9 M/C 0 0 2 0 Q/C 106 114 120 110 Coffee X/Q 50 101 78 M/C 3 0 3 Q/C 196 5130 413 Rubber X/Q 90 99 101 38 94 96 M/C 14 97 3 6 47 71 Q/C 1189 162 5137 150 6069 657 Tea X/Q 14 64 97 78 M/C 0 6 31 6 Q/C 117 263 2166 431 Cocoa X/Q 448 448 M/C 2434 2434 Q/C 1009 1009 57 58 All Asian focus Bangladesh China India Indonesia Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Thailand Srilanka Vietnam countries Livestock X/Q 3 0 0 3 0 0 22 4 M/C 4 0 1 38 0 9 0 7 Q/C 99 100 100 74 100 92 133 100 Pigmeat X/Q 1 3 0 3 na 1 M/C 1 15 3 0 na 2 Q/C 100 88 97 103 na 99 Milk X/Q 2 0 0 0 0 M/C 7 0 0 0 1 Q/C 95 100 100 100 99 Beef X/Q 5 0 2 M/C 61 26 48 Q/C 41 74 53 Poultry X/Q 9 0 1 0 35 na 10 M/C 12 1 18 3 0 na 11 Q/C 96 100 83 97 153 na 99 Egg X/Q 0 0 M/C 1 1 Q/C 99 99 Sheepmeat X/Q M/C Q/C Wool X/Q M/C Q/C Total of above X/Q 0 3 2 15 2 94 8 2 51 42 25 22 M/C 10 6 0 10 40 63 2 9 7 4 0 14 Q/C 98 97 101 181 84 2256 111 96 1234 867 762 535 Source: Authors' derivation using production, trade and domestic supply data in the FAO Commodity Balances at FAOSTAT. 58