E4180v3 GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR FISH LANDING CENTRE AT PORTO-NOVO - ANNANKOVIL FINAL REPORT WAPCOS CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT WAPCOS LIMITED ( A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA UNDERTAKING) PLOT NO. 76-C, SECTOR - 18, GURGAON - 122 015 , HARYANA CONTENTS Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil CONTENTS CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1-1 1.2 Project Description 1-1 1.2.1 Porto-Novo Annankovil Fishing Centre 1-3 1.3 Need for the Project 1-5 1.4 Mathematical Model Studies 1-7 1.5 Stakeholders Meeting 1-9 1.6 Design of Various components 1-9 1.7 Objectives of the EIA Study 1-39 1.8 Methodology for the EIA study 1-39 1.9 Outline of the Report 1-44 CHAPTER-2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS 2.1 General 2-1 2.2 Meteorology 2-3 2.3 Ambient Air Quality 2-6 2.4 Noise environment 2-10 2.5 Landuse pattern 2-13 2.6 Tides 2-13 2.7 Currents 2-14 2.8 Marine water quality 2-14 2.9 Sediments Characteristics 2-25 2.10 Marine Ecology 2-28 2.11 Socio-economic aspects 2-44 i WAPCOS Centre for Environment Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil CHAPTER-3 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Water Environment 3-1 3.3 Impacts on Noise Environment 3-8 3.4 Impacts on Air Environment 3-10 3.5 Impacts on Socio-economic Environment 3-12 CHAPTER-4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 4.1 General 4-1 4.2 Land environment 4-1 4.3 Solid waste disposal 4-1 4.4 Water environment 4-2 4.5 Air environment 4-3 4.6 Control of noise 4-4 4.7 Environmental Management Plan 4-4 CHAPTER-5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 5.1 The need 5-1 5.2 Areas of concern 5-1 5.3 Marine water & sediment quality 5-2 5.4 Ambient air quality 5-4 5.5 Noise 5-4 5.6 Summary of environmental monitoring programme 5-5 5.7 Environmental Monitoring Programme 5-6 CHAPTER-6 COST ESTIMATES 6.1 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 6-1 6.2 Environmental Monitoring Programme 6-1 ii WAPCOS Centre for Environment Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil LIST OF TABLES Table – 1.1 Village-wise Fishing Craft in Porto-novo area 1.6 Table – 1.2 Design Fleet 1.6 Table -1.3 Summary of cost estimates 1-38 Table -1.4 Scopping matrix for the EIA study of proposed project 1-40 Table - 1.5 Summary of data collection from various sources 1-43 Table-2.1 Average meteorological conditions of the project area district 2-5 Table-2.2 Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations 2-6 Table-2.3 Ambient air quality status in the study area 2-6 Table-2.4 Ambient air quality status-SPM 2-8 Table-2.5 Ambient air quality status-RPM 2-9 Table-2.6 Ambient air quality status-SO2 2-9 Table-2.7 Ambient air quality status-NOx 2-10 Table-2.8 Ambient noise levels in the study area 2-12 Table-2.9 Equivalent noise levels in the study area 2-12 Table-2.10 Landuse pattern of the study area 2-13 Table-2.11 Location details of various sampling stations 2-15 Table-2.12 Analysis results of physico-chemical parameters in marine water 2-20 Table-2.13 Analysis results of nutrients in marine water 2-21 Table-2.14 Analysis results of major elements in marine water 2-23 Table-2.15 Analysis results of Trace metals in marine water 2-24 Table-2.16 pH, Nutrients, Oil & Grease in Sediments 2-25 Table-2.17 Soil texture and organic matter in sediments 2-25 Table-2.18 Trace metals in Sediment 2-26 Table-2.19 Primary productivity in marine water 2-28 Table-2.20 Phytoplankton population at various sampling stations 2-29 Table-2.21 Zooplankton population at various sampling locations 2-33 Table-2.22 Macro-benthos in sediments at various sampling stations 2-37 Table-2.23 Meio-benhos at various sampling stations 2-39 iii WAPCOS Centre for Environment Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Table-2.24 list of major fin fish species observed at Parangipatti coastal water 2-42 Table-2.25 Demographic profile of the project taluka 2-44 Table-3.1 Typical composition of untreated sewage 3-2 Table-3.2 Average noise levels generated by the operation of various 3-9 construction equipment Table-3.3 Predicted noise levels due to the operation of various 3-9 construction equipment Table-3.4 Fuel combustion during construction phase 3-10 Table-3.5 Short-term (24 hr) increase in concentration of SO2 3-11 Table-4.1 Cost estimates for solid waste management 4-2 Table-4.2 Maximum exposure periods for different noise levels 4-4 Table-5.1 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during 5-5 Project construction phase Table-5.2 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during 5-6 Project operation phase Table-6.1 Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental 6-1 Management Plan Table-6.2 Summary of cost estimate required for implementation during 6-1 Construction phase iv WAPCOS Centre for Environment Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil LIST OF FIGURES Figure-1.1 vellar River Figure-1.2 Proposed improvement scheme Figure-1.3 Proposal of improvement with minimum dredging Figure-2.1 Study Area Map Figure-2.2 Temperature variation in project area Figure-2.3 Rainfall variation in project area Figure-2.4 Humidity variation in project area Figure-2.5 Air and noise monitoring locations Figure-2.6 Land use classification of the study area v WAPCOS Centre for Environment CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL The Tsunami disaster of December 26, 2004 had devastated many areas along the Indian coastline. The state of Tamilnadu was badly hit leaving a trail of disaster. It is estimated that about 8000 persons perished in the disaster and damaging the properties of many others. Physical infrastructure was badly hit as a result of the Tsunami. The damage to fisheries infrastructure including closure of bar mouths in the wake of disaster has restricted access of the fishermen to sea, thus affecting fishing activity. Rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts offer opportunities for realizing the integrated coastal zone management and sustainable coastal livelihoods in the affected areas. The Department of Fisheries, Government of Tamil Nadu awarded the Consulting Services as part of the Tsunami Rehabilitation and Reconstruction efforts for the ‘Permanent Stability of Coastal Inlet at Vellar River’ to Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) Ltd., New Delhi as per the Agreement No. CR 49/2006-07 dated 13th March, 2007. The present document covers the EIA study be prepared as a part of the above assignment. 1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION River confluences near inlet of river Vellar from south side (Refer Figure-1.1). A small fish landing centre is situated towards left of this river Vellar inlet. The creeklet meets Vellar river at junction from where Porto-nova-Annionkoil light house can be seen. A deserted island is observed on the way to the Vellar river inlet. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-1 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Figure – 1.1 VELLAR RIVER WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-2 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Prior to Tsunami this island sandpit had human habitations, and after Tsunami, all the survivors have been rehabilated on main land. At junction the river is quite wide with depth ranging from 1m to 2m. The main island sandpit is well stabilized by growth of trees and past human habitations. The newly formed sand spit protrudes towards north. The Inlet width is of the order 150 m and depth is shallow and waves are directly breaking at inlet. The area of proposed fish landing centre at Porto-Novo – Annankoil is now full of sand. A channel has been dredged from Vellar River to this fish landing centre to facilitate navigation of the boats. 1.2.1 PORTO-NOVO - ANNANKOVIL FISHING CENTRE Annankovil is one of the fishing center in Cuddalore district and includes fishing villages like Chinnor South and North, Indiranagar, Killai, M.G.R Nagar, Muzhukkuthurai, Chinna Vaikal, Koozhaiyar, Madavapallam, Pudupettai, Samiyar Pettai. Porto-novo- Annankovil is 20 km away from the nearest town Chidambaram and can be reached by road. Frequent buses are plying between these two places. The National Highway (NH 45A), linking Chennai with Kanniyakumari passes through Chidambaram. Annankovil (Porto-Novo) is located on the bank of river Vellar. The Vellar River flowing in southeast direction, originates in the Shervaroyan Hills of Salem District. In the course of flow of distance 480 km, it forms the estuarine system at Porto-Novo (Parangipettai), before it joins Bay of Bengal. Porto-novo- Annankovil fishing village is located at Latitude 11˚29’ 50� N and Longitude 79˚46’ 18� E. The site is located in river mouth and totally protected from the waves and storms during rough weather conditions and is one of the favorable site for the development of the fish Landing Center. Vellar estuary is used as the nursery ground for fish fry and fingerlings of the principle cultivable finfishes and milkfish. Pearl spot, Etroplus suratensis is available in appreciable numbers from October to January. During monsoon and post monsoon seasons, large number of juveniles of giant perchis is noticed. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-3 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Survey No: 78 & 78/2 of Parangipettai village Latitude : 11˚29’ 50� N Longitude: 79˚46’ 18� E Taluk : Chidambaram District : Cuddalore The nearest railway station is at Parangipettai (2 Km) From C. Mutlur situated in NH- 45A, a Bitumen road around 5 km length connecting to the Site. Porto-Novo - Annankovil Fifteen fishermen cooperative society is functioning at Porto-novo itself and its main activity is selling of requisites to fishermen, marketing the landings and provide the financial assistance to its members. All the infrastructure facilities such as roads for transport, electricity, telecommunications, water supply etc are available at Porto-novo. School up to XII standard is functioning at Porto- novo and college at Chidambaram, which is 20 Km away. The nearest railway station is at Parangipettai on Chidambaram - Cuddalore line and Chidambaram is the main junction close to Porto-novo. Presently, the fishermen of Porto-novo are carrying out the unloading of the fish catch along the bank of the branch of river Vellar. This branch flows in the WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-4 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil North South direction which flows to a distance of 3 km, where it reaches C. Pudupettai. The traditional boats of this area ply through this channel itself. A landing centre is operating at Mudasal Oodai which is located in the Killai backwater channel on the other bank of the river Vellar. The landing centre is 750 m away from the proposed FLC. As there is no proper road connectivity between these two places and the fishermen of Porto-novo prefer to carryout the landing operation in Porto-novo itself with lot of hazels to avoid a long distance of 30 km travel by road. To overcome these hazels a fish landing centre has been proposed at Porto-novo– Annankovil, which had been a long standing demand for the development. The proposal of improvement, recommended in the Detailed Project Report for permanent stability of coastal inlet at Vellar River, contemplates a lead channel of 125 m bed width dredged to -2.0 m below CD from sea face to Porto-Novo. This channel is protected by a 700 m long guide bund on north side. In addition, a 50 m wide berthing channel is also proposed to be dredged to -1.50 m below CD in north-south direction for the proposed Fish Landing Centre (FLC) at Porto Novo, connecting to the main branch of Vellar River. This berthing channel is protected by a parallel 600 m reclamation bund on the east side. 1.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT The proposed Porto-novo– Annankoil bar mouth is situated about 18 km from Chidambaram in Cuddalore District. This bar mouth is located in the confluence of Vellar River. About 15 fishermen villages situated in and around using this bar mouth for venturing into sea for fishing operations. After Tsunami, bar mouth has silted up and sand bar has been formed. It is essential that the bar mouth is opened for maintaining the estuarine habitats. Hence, it is proposed to dredge the bar mouth at Vellar river at Porto-novo and to adopt suitable structure for maintaining the permanent opening of river mouth. In addition, one fish landing centre is also proposed in the Vellar river basin at Porto-novo. As per the Fisheries department statistics, 112 Motorised WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-5 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Fishing Vessels, 142 FRP Catamaran (OBM) and 52 country crafts are registered in Porto-novo– Annankoil fishing village. The total fish catch size from 1st April 2008 to 31 March 2009 is 9500 tones. Table- 1.1 Village-wise Fishing Craft in Porto-novo area Fishing Craft Name of the S. No. Non Total Fishing Village MFVs Motorised Motorised 1 Annankovil - 23 - 23 2 Samiyar Pettai - 45 75 120 3 Chinnor North - 21 40 61 4 Chinnor South - 40 40 80 5 Indiranagar - 15 15 30 6 C. Pudupettai - 15 90 105 7 Pudukuppam - 4 110 114 Total 163 370 533 Table 1.2 Design Fleet No. of Average Total Category of boat Landing Annual . No. vessel / Existing Proposed Total operating per Remarks Landing Length per day Vessel (Tone) (80%) (Kg) 1 FRP Boat 163 87 250 200 100 4000.00 (8 M) 2 Mechanized - 50 50 40 250 2000.00 Expected to be Boat migrated from (9 - 12M) Mudasal oodai on commencement of the commercial activity of this FLC 3 Traditional 370 250 200 75 3000.00 Out of 370 country Boat crafts around 20% of crafts to expected get conversion as a motorised boat Total 300 270 9000.00 Note: It is understood that the Government of India in the 11th Five year plan suggested / directed that there will not be any further increase in the fleet strength and instead the Government directed to explore WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-6 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil various possibilities to exploit the deep sea fishing. Hence the strength of the boat 270 is freezed and the same is taken into account for arriving the Berthing, Landing and outfitting quay. 1.4 LANDING CENTRE ENTRANCE CHANNEL Mathematical model studies were carried for the channelisation and stabilization of Vellar River. The detail study is explained in the Feasibility report of Stability of Coastal inlet for Vellar River submitted earlier by WAPCOS. Subsequently, a joint meeting was held at Chennai along with the officials of Department of Fisheries on 19.05.2008 on various components of improvement proposals. Officials from Department of Fisheries pointed out that while the cost of Structural measures works out, the cost of dredging has gone high. Considering above aspects, a solution was formulated based on the suggestions of Department of Fisheries to minimize the cost of dredging and the total cost as a whole. In place of creating the full fledged channel of 250 m width and – 2.5 m CD depth, it is proposed to provide a lead channel of 125 m width dredged to -2.0 m CD through flood shoals from sea face up to the junction of berthing channel. For the fish landing operation, a branch channel is diverted and the same channel is being utilized for the landing centre. Presently, no depths are available in the branch channel and the fishermen with the help of tidal variation carry out the landing operation. The main river channel is dredged to – 2.0 m below CD to maintain the mouth opening and the branch channel is dredged to - 1.50 m below CD so that sufficient depth is made available for the free movement of fishing boats without any depth constraint. The dredged branch channel is maintained at the width maximum of 140 m and minimum of 50 m to cater the needs of the motorised fishing boats plying in this area. The behavior of the river in existing condition and under proposed condition has been studied. The design parameters and effect of proposed WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-7 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil improvement of the channel i.e. providing guide bunds, dredging channel can be obtained from model studies. The flow in Vellar River is confined between two banks and flow is along the axis of channel. In the surveyed area width varies between 300 m to 700 m from upstream to sea end. Flow direction is well defined. Considering nature of flow and task to be carried out one dimensional model study has been preferred. The conclusions and recommendations of Model Studies are given as below i) Vellar inlet is identified as unstable in nature and characterized as a bar by-passing type. ii) The cause of instability is more littoral drift in comparison to tidal prism. iii) Presence of gorge at inlet and deep pockets at upstream reaches indicate prevalence of good monsoon discharge. iv) The present mechanism of maintenance of inlet can be attributed to the fact that in monsoon months, the high discharge scour the inlet bar and rest of the year, the tidal prism combat littoral drift and maintain the passage for navigation. In absence of rainfall in a year, the inlet is likely to be closed. v) The present tidal prism has been computed to be 4.40 million cum. With the proposed improvements, the tidal prism increases to 5.43 million cum. It is not a substantial increase. Hence, besides providing lead channel, a guide bund has been also proposed to channelise the flood water towards the main inlet. vi) The proposal of improvement contemplates a lead channel from sea face to Porto-Novo of 125 m width at bed dredged to -2.0 m below CD protected by a 700 m long guide bund on north side. vii) The straight lead channel will improve tidal prism, provide well defined navigational channel and guide bunds will direct the flood flow towards inlet and protect the channel from return drift, which makes the channel tortuous. viii) The channel still remains as bar by-passing type, indicating possibility of formation of flood shoal/ebb shield inside river in front of inlet. This is required to be removed at certain interval of year, particularly in absence of monsoon rain. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-8 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 1.5 STAKEHOLDERS’ MEETING A Stakeholders’ meeting was conducted on February 27, 2008 at Vellar river site, in which the local fishermen representatives and the Department of Fisheries Officials participated. The suggestions regarding the opening of bar mouth given by the local Fishermen representatives and the Department of Fisheries Officials during the Stakeholders’ meeting were considered in the final recommended proposal of improvement, which are as follows: ¾ To deepen the main Vellar river channel by dredging to maintain the maximum possible depths and to stabilize the inlet permanently by providing guide bunds on both the banks of Vellar River ¾ To construct a FLC at Annankovil with Landing facilities and other infrastructure ¾ To provide maximum length of the southern side guide bund 1.6 DESIGN OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS Guide Bunds It is evident from the results of model studies, that the channelisation of flow is the best option to stabilize the coastal inlet of Vellar river. A guide bund on tidal flats extending up to sea face will restrict spreading of flow at high water, which increase the flushing capacity to maintain the inlet. The improvement scheme contemplates an approach channel having a 125 m bottom width and dredged to -2.00m CD. This channel is protected by a 700 m long guide bund on north side, extending from sea shore up to sea face running through shallow sand flats. Design for Proposed Guide Bunds A 700 m long guide bund is proposed on northern side of the dredged channel, and berthing channel is protected by a parallel proposed 600 m WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-9 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil reclamation bund (Side channel guide bund) on the east side. The berthing channel location has shown in Fig. 1.2. Project Details Explaining During Stakeholders Meeting on 27.2.2008 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-10 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-11 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Dredging As per the DPR, recommended proposal of improvement includes a lead channel extending from sea face to Porto-Novo in the main channel of river Vellar. The designed dredged depth and bottom width of proposed dredged channel is -2.0 m CD and 125 m respectively. The channel extends inside the river, where deeper pockets of -2.50 m depth are available. In addition, a 50 m wide berthing channel is also proposed to be dredged to -1.50 m below CD in north-south direction for the proposed Fish Landing Centre (FLC) at Porto Novo, connecting to the main branch of Vellar River. The total quantity of capital dredging works out to 1,48,520 m3 and the dredging area is 1387.04 m2. The proposal of improvement with minimum dredging is given in Figure- 1.2. Disposal of Dredged Materials It is proposed to dump the dredged material on the V-portion on the east side between the northern guide bund and reclamation bund. Some portion of the dredged quantity of berthing channel can be utilized for the reclamation of proposed Fish Landing Centre (FLC) area. Landside Facilities The facilities for the landing centre are to be provided according to the EU norms and the same has been considered while designing the waterfront and landside facilities. Land side strengthening As the Porto-novo-Annankoil fish landing centre is located on the bank of river Vellar on the east bay, sufficient backup land is available for the development of foreshore facilities for the harbour. Total land area of 3.0 hectare is required for accommodating the required limited shore-based facilities of the fish landing centre which is to be accomplished from the earth borrowed from outside the project area. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-12 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-13 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-14 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Alternatively, the earth for land strengthening can be obtained from dredging the shallow water areas in the harbour basin, provided it works out cheaper than borrowing earth from main land areas. The top of the land after strengthening level is proposed at an average R.L. of +1.80 m slightly higher than that of quays to give a gentle slope from landside to waterside to enable easy drainage of surface water. Bund The slopes of the finished land on the waterside for boat parking/building/repair yard are proposed to be protected by the bund. The bund is provided with trap stones of weight 10 kg to 20 kg overlying a filter layer of trap stone quarry spalls up to 5 kg. The primary layer is protected by the trap stones of weight 35 to 50 kg as armour layer. Auction Hall The fish auction hall is a sheltered building meant for cleaning, sorting, weighing, auctioning, icing, packing and loading of the freshly landed fish. To minimize exposure of fresh fish to sun, dust, air and to avoid long haulage of fish, the fish auction hall is located close to the landing quay. A temporary auction hall of size 25 x 10 m exists on Annankovil beside the road. Since the size of the existing auction hall is not sufficient to carry out the auctioning process and the proposed landing centre is away from the existing auction hall, a separate auction hall is provided just behind the landing quay. The size of the auction hall is 20 m X 8 m, 3 Nos. Fish Loading Areas Behind the fish auction hall, appropriate fish loading areas are provided to enable vehicles to approach the auction hall from behind for transportation of auctioned fish to consumer markets. Packing Hall After auctioning, the fish available for fresh consumption has to be packed immediately for transportation to market places. Required space is provided in the auction hall. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-15 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Approach Road and Internal Roads The fish landing centre near Annankovil is made approachable by an all weather asphalt road from the road proceeding to the light house. Once the full fledged landing centre becomes operative, the flow of vehicles and people would increase manifold and the approach road would become congested due to heavy inflow of vehicles and groups of people thronging to the fishery centre for fish purchase during fish landing hours. Thus a two - lane approach is proposed. Within the fishery harbour complex, internal asphalt roads of sufficient width are proposed. The internal roads provide road communication with the earmarked for various utilities. The road widths shown in the harbour layout include the pedestrian and vehicular traffic lanes-cum-service lines such as sewerage, drainage, fresh water supply, lighting etc. Parking Area for Vehicles There will be many fish traders and consumers and other people visiting the fishery harbour with their vehicles such as trucks, vans, auto rickshaws, scooters, bi-cycles, tri-cycles etc., for collecting and transporting fish to nearby fish markets and consumer centers. In addition, there will be vehicles connected with the fishery industry bringing ice and other commodities. Fishery Administrative Office An administrative office is necessary for management and maintenance of harbour facilities, for regulating activities relating to fishery industry such as fish market, fish prices and for controlling the movement of fishing vessels in and out of the harbour. As such, the proposed fishery harbour complex provides for a fishery administrative office as shown in the harbour layout located very close to fish auction hall to monitor the fish sales activities. The existing auction hall is renovated to form the office building. Apart from the Administrative office, the fishery harbours need a Co-operative society for welfare of Fishermen and their family. Since the large number of WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-16 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil fishermen’s using this harbour need to a Co-operative society in the Fish landing centre. Public Toilet Block From the sanitation point of view and essentially for maintaining a cleaner fishery harbour, adequate lavatories, urinals and bathing facilities for ladies and gents need to be provided near places where people tend to concentrate in large numbers. The location of Gents and Ladies Toilets is shown in the harbour layout . Fresh Water Supply and Distribution Fresh water supply during the operation of fishery harbour must be adequate to meet the requirements of fishing vessels to carry on their fishing trips, fish box washing, drinking water, etc., The proposed fishery harbour complex provides for supply of potable water to vessels on outfitting quayside. Daily fresh water requirement for the entire fishery harbour complex is as follows: Fresh Water Demand Drinking Water - 25 lpcd Fish box washing - 10 Liters / box / day Miscellaneous use - 15 % Total Requirement Water for Personal Use - 300 Boat X 3 Persons / boat x 25 lpcd - 22, 500 liters. Fish Box Washing - 370 Box x 10 Liters / box / Day -3,700 liters. Sub Total - 26,200 liters. Miscellaneous use - 26,200 x 15% - 3930 liters, Total - 30130 liters , WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-17 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil The proposed fishery harbour complex has provision for an overhead water tank capacity of 50,000 liters and 2 no. of underground sumps (with open space for an additional sump) 1,00,000 liters for a total of 2 days reserve capacity for the landing center. The location of the Overhead Water tank is as shown in the harbour layout Fig. 1.2. The fresh water is sourced from TWAD Board supply from Parangipettai village. Sea Water Supply and Distribution System Quantum of water required in fish handling and Auction hall for cleaning fresh fish, Floor cleaning and Fish box washing would be manifold compared to water required for personal use. The daily requirement of Sea water in the Fish Landing Centre is computed as below: Fish Washing Taken at 1 litre / Kg of fish handled in auction hall in peak season per day (24,000 kg) = (24,000 Kg x 1 litre / Kg) = 24000 litres Cleaning of Fish Auction Hall premises Taken at 10 litres / sq.m of floor area / day (Considering 50% less for high pressure cleaning systems) = 480 sq.m x 10 litres/sq.m = 4800 litres Sub total = 38800 Liters Miscellaneous use - 15 % X 38800 liters - 5820 liters Total - 28800 liters. A separate pumping station with seawater distribution system other than normal fresh water distribution system with the Under Ground water tank capacity of 50000 litres is proposed in the fish Landing Centre. The Seawater Ground water tank is located in a place close to the fish auction hall as shown in the harbour layout drawing Fig 1.2, so that seawater can be distributed to fish auction hall for cleaning purposes. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-18 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Design of Effluent Treatment Plant and Solid waste Management System Prediction of trade effluent generated Fresh Water From above fresh water demand is 30,130 lit/ day. 80% of this fresh water demand will come out as sewage. Total estimated fresh water sewage is 24,104 lit/day. Sea Water From above sea water demand is 28,800 lit/ day. 80% of this sea water demand will come out as sewage. Total estimated sea water sewage is 23,040 lit/day. Maximum Trade effluent generated is 47,144 lit/day. So the effluent treatment plant is designed for handling 50 KLD of trade effluent. The detailed design and features of the ETP is given below: Method of Treatment : Fluidized Bed / Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactor System DESIGN BASIS The Sewage cum Effluent Treatment Plant is designed for a capacity of treating 50,000 Litres/Day @ 3.0 m3/Hr. Raw Sewage Characteristics taken for design basis S.No Description of the Parameter Value 1 Ph 6.5-7.5 2 BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) 300mg/lit 3 COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) 900mg/lit 4 TSS (Total Suspended Solids) 150mg/lit 5 Oil & Grease 50mg/lit WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-19 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Treated Water Characteristics S.No Description of the Parameter Value 1 pH 6.5-7.5 2 BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) ≤20mg/lit 3 COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) ≤100mg/lit 4 TSS (Total Suspended Solids) ≤30mg/lit 5 Oil & Grease Traces Note: The outlet from Sewage Treatment Plant will match the Pollution Control Board Norms for inland disposal TREATMENT SCHEME FOR PROPOSED PLANT Primary Treatment Screening, Collection sump & Oil skimmer tank are the components proposed under Primary treatment. Secondary Treatment Fluidized Bed / Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactor filled with high quality self supporting cylindrical shaped Poly Propylene Material and Clarifier are the components proposed under secondary treatment. Tertiary Treatment Disinfection, Pressure Sand Filter, Activated Carbon Filter and Treated Water Tank (Optional) are the units proposed under the tertiary treatment facilities Water Recycling Details 1. Toilet Flushing : 12000 Litres/Day 2. Sold to Agriculture irrigation purpose : 35144 Litres/Day Total Water Recycled : 47 KLD WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-20 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM Screen Chamber Collection Sump Oil Skimmer Tank FBBR / FABR Sludge Sludge Clarifier Transfer Pump Drying Beds Clarified Water Tank Hypo Dosing Pressure sand Filter Activated Carbon Filter Treated Water Tank (Optional) Treated Water WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-21 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil PROCESS DESCRIPTION:- Primary Treatment:- Screen Chamber:- The sewage enters in to the Screen Chamber by gravity flow where Screen is fixed to remove the large debris entering into the Collection Sump. Collection Sump:- The Screen Chamber outlet is collected in the Collection Sump, from where the sewage is aerated for even mixing and it is pumped to Oil Skimmer Tank. Oil Skimmer Tank:- The sewage from Collection Sump is pumped into the Oil Skimmer tank. Here Oil & grease are removed to a maximum extent. 2. Secondary Treatment:- Fluidized Bed / Fluidized Aerobic Bio-Reactors:- The Sewage from the oil skimmer tank flows in to Fluidized Bed / Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactor. The Fluidized Bed / Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactors are provided with ‘State-of-the-Art’ diffused aeration system. In the aeration process, oxygen transfer takes place by molecular diffusion through the interface film between air and liquid and increases in proportion to the interface area for a given flow thereby, the surface area increases and the velocity of the bubbles decreases with number of bubbles. This factor contributes to the higher oxygen transfer capacity of diffused aeration system. The Fluidized Bed / Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactors is filled with high quality self supporting cylindrical shaped vessel made of Poly Propylene. Bacterial growth shall be generated by providing compressed air in Bio-Reactors (FBBR / FABR) and get attached to the PP media to form fixed film which reduces BOD, COD & Organic Pollutants. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-22 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Clarifier:- The treated water from the FBBR / FABR flows into the Clarifier, where feed well is provided to reduce the force of the wastewater to allow it settle down, where the solids gets settled at the bottom of the tank and the clear supernatant water overflows into the clarified water tank. The settled sludge is transferred from Clarifier to Sludge Drying Beds for separating the sludge and water, and this water is transferred to Collection Sump and solid sludge can be used as manure. Clarified Water Tank:- The overflow water from the Clarifier is collected in the Clarified Water Tank. 3. Tertiary Treatment:- Disinfection:- The clear water is dosed with hypo for the disinfectant. Pressure Sand Filter:- The Pressure Vessel is of MSEP construction, filled with graded filter media supported on layers consists of pebbles and sand. The filtration media is chosen from carefully cleaned, sieved and graded filter sand. A mixture of coarse and fine sand in predetermined proportion facilitates in depth filtration. In-depth filtration provides longer runs between backwashes and better quality of filtrate compared to surface filtration. Activated Carbon Filter:- The Pressure Vessel is of MSEP construction, filled with graded filter media supported on layers consists of pebbles, sand and activated carbon. The filtration media is chosen from carefully cleaned, sieved and graded filter sand. A mixture of coarse, fine sand and activated carbon in predetermined proportion facilitates in depth filtration. In-depth filtration provides WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-23 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil longer runs between backwashes and better quality of filtrate compared to surface filtration. Treated Water Tank:- The filtrate water from Pressure Sand Filter and Activated Carbon Filter is collected in the treated water tank. PROCESS DESIGN DETAILS:- Screen Chamber:- Normal flow designed : 3.0 m3/hr No. of Screen Chamber : One Angle of Inclination : 450 Width of the Opening : 25mm Size Of the screen chamber : 0.5m X 0.5m x 1.3m T.D Free Board : 300mm MOC of Screen Chamber : RCC with Epoxy Coating Collection Sump:- Normal Flow Designed : 3.0 m3/hr No of Sump : One Retention Time : 10hrs Volume of the Sump : 30 m3 Size of the Sump : 3.0m X 3.0m X 3.3m T.D Free Board : 300mm MOC of Collection Sump : RCC with Epoxy Coating Oil Skimmer Tank:- Normal Flow Designed : 3.0 m3/hr No of Tanks : One Volume of the Tank : 24 m3 Size of the tank : 3.2m Dia X 3.5m T.D Free Board : 500mm WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-24 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil MOC of Oil Skimmer Tank : RCC with epoxy coating Fluidized Aerobic / Fluidized Bed Bio Reactors:- Type : Attached Growth System Normal flow designed : 3.0 m3/hr No. of Tanks : One Hydraulic Retention Time : 7hrs Volume of the Tanks : 21.87 m3 Size of the FBBR : 2.70m X 2.70m X 3.5m T.D Free Board : 500mm Area required for the reactor : 6.0 m2 MOC of FBBR : RCC with Epoxy Coating Inlet BOD to the Reactor : 300mg/lit BOD Loading : 18Kgs/Day Clarifier:- Normal Flow Designed : 3.0 m3/hr Supernatant Overflow : 3.0 m3/hr No. of Tanks : One Hydraulic Retention Time : 3hrs Volume of the Tank : 9.0 m3 Size of the Tank : 1.75 m X 1.75m X 3.5m T.D Free Board : 500mm MOC of Clarifier : RCC with Epoxy Coating Area of the Clarifier : 3.1m2 SWD : 2.5m +0.5m Clarified Water Tank:- Normal Flow Designed : 3.0 m3/hr WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-25 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil No. of Tanks : One Retention Time : 3hrs Volume of the Tank : 9 m3 Size of the Tank : 1.75m X 1.75m X 3.5m T.D Free Board : 500mm MOC of Clarified Water Tank : RCC with Epoxy Coating Sludge Drying Beds:- No of Tanks : Three Size of the Tank : 0.5m X 0.5m X 1.0m T.D Free Board : 300mm MOC : Brick Work Treated Water Tank:- Normal Flow Designed : 3.0 m3/hr No. of Tanks : One Retention Time : 5hrs Volume of the Tank : 15.0 m3 Size of the Tank : 2.3m X 2.3m X 3.5m T.D Free Board : 500mm MOC of Treated Water Tank : RCC with Epoxy Coating Features & Benefits of the Proposed System over other methods of treatment:- 1. Less Area is required 2. Less sludge generation than any other system 3. Easy Operation 4. No Recirculation of sludge is required 5. Consistent process results WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-26 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 6. Lower expansion and retrofit costs due to modular construction and Reduced excavation 7. Short wastewater retention time allows for a smaller footprint 8. Minimal head loss through system 9. Low Energy Consumption 10. Reduced life cycle costs as compared to suspended growth systems 11. Simple operation, less lab testing for process control 12. Easily modified for upgrades, retrofits and multiple applications 13. No Primary Settling Tank is required 14. Capable of Handling Shock Loads 15. Minimum Civil works 16. Since the system is fully automatic, no round the clock monitoring is required. SPECIFICATIONS FOR EQUIPMENTS- 1. Screen DESCRIPTION Quantity 1 No MSEP Screen with MOC 25mm Spacing. 2. Raw Sewage Pump DESCRIPTION Quantity 2Nos(1W +1S) Flow 3.0m3/hr Head 10m Motor 1HP Type Submersible MOC CI Make Sharp /Equivalent WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-27 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 3. Oil Skimmer DESCRIPTION Quantity 1 No MOC MSEP 4. Sludge Transfer Pump for Oil Skimmer DESCRIPTION Quantity 1 No Flow 1.0m3/hr Head 15 m MOC CI Motor 1HP Make Kirloskar/Equivalent 5. Air Blower DESCRIPTION Quantity 2Nos(1W +1S) Capacity 43 m3/Hr Head 4MWC Make Kay International/Equivale nt Motor 5HP Motor Make Kirloskar/Elgi/Equival ent 6. Coarse Bubble Membrane Aerator DESCRIPTION Quantity 2 Nos Flow 10 m3/hr Make IFU- GERMANY/Equivalent Size 150mm Dia MOC EPDM Medium Of Flow Air Type Disc Type Dimension Of Bubble 5mm Temperature 850C Tolerance Type Of Arrangement Retrievable WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-28 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 7. Fine Bubble Membrane Aerator DESCRIPTION Quantity 4 Nos Flow 14 m3/hr Make IFU- GERMANY/Equivalent Size 90mm Dia X 1000mm Height Medium Of Flow Air Type Sleeve Type Dimension of Bubble 1mm – 2mm Service Temperature 80 º C Type of Arrangement Retrievable Membrane High Grade EPDM Construction 8. FABR / FBBR Media DESCRIPTION Type Self Supported, Cylindrical Shape MOC PP Quantity 1Lot Colour Black Maximum 800C Continuous Operating Temperature Specific gravity 0.90-0.95 Kg/m3 Media Usage FBB Reactors 9. Mechanical Arrangement for FABR / FBBR DESCRIPTION Quantity 1Set MOC MSEP 10. Mechanical Arrangement for Clarifier DESCRIPTION Quantity 1Set MOC MSEP WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-29 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 11. Sludge Transfer Pump DESCRIPTION Quantity 1No Flow 1.0m3/hr Head 15m MOC CI Motor 1HP Make Kirloskar /Equivalent 12. Filter Feed Pump DESCRIPTION Quantity 2Nos(1W +1S) Capacity 3.0 m3/Hr Head 35m Motor 1.5HP MOC CI Make Kirloskar/Equivalent 13. Hypo Dosing System DESCRIPTION Quantity 1No Type Diaphragm Capacity 0-5LPH Pressure 6 Bar Max.Suction Pressure 1.5m Make e-Dose / Equivalent PP –Storage Tank 50 Litres 14. Pressure Sand Filter DESCRIPTION Quantity 1 No Diameter Of the Vessel 600mm Height Of the Vessel 1500mm Normal Flow 3000 LPH Filtering Media Graded Pebbles/Sand M.O.C MSEP Minimum Pressure 2.0Kg/cm2 Maximum Pressure 3.5Kg/cm2 Bursting Pressure 10Kg/cm2 Valve Multiport Pipe Line 40NB Type Vertical WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-30 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 15. Activated Carbon Filter DESCRIPTION Quantity 1 No Diameter Of the 400mm Vessel Height Of the Vessel 1800mm Normal Flow 3000 LPH Filtering Media Graded Pebbles/ Sand/ Activated Carbon M.O.C MSEP Minimum Pressure 2.0Kg/cm2 Maximum Pressure 3.5Kg/cm2 Bursting Pressure 10Kg/cm2 Valve Multiport Pipe Line 40NB Type Vertical 16. Piping DESCRIPTION Interconnected Pipes, 1 Lot Fittings and Valves Make Supreme, Jindal, Prince /Equivalent MOC UPVC,MS Note: Airline header pipes will be in MS and other pipes will be in UPVC. 17. Electrical Works DESCRIPTION Quantity 1 No. Make L&T Electrical Panel will be supplied for the above mentioned mechanical equipments. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-31 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Electrical Load Details:- Operating Total Running Total S.No Description Load Load Quantity Hrs KWH/Day KW KW 1 Raw Sewage Pump 0.75 1.5 2Nos 20.0 15.0 Sludge Transfer 2 Pump for oil 0.75 0.75 1No 0.5 0.375 Skimmer Tank Air Blower with 3 3.7 7.4 2Nos 24.0 88.8 Motor Sludge Transfer 4 0.75 0.75 1No 0.5 0.375 Pump 5 Filter Feed Pump 1.1 2.2 2Nos 20.0 22.0 6 Hypo Dosing Pump 0.04 0.04 1No 20.0 0.8 Total Load 127.35 80% of Total Load 101.88 Chemical Consumption Per Month - S.No Description Quantity 1 Hypo 1.5Kgs/Month Civil Works Dimensions S. Volume Description Size (M) Quantity Type No m3 Screen 0.5L X 0.5W x 1 1No RCC 0.325 Chamber 1.3 T.D Collection 3.0L X 3.0W X 2 1No RCC 29.7 Sump 3.3 T.D Oil Skimmer 3.2m Dia X 3.5m 3 1No RCC 28.14 Tank Ht 2.70 L X 2.70 W X 4 FBBR 1No RCC 25.51 3.5 T.D 1.75L X 1.75W X 5 Clarifier 1No RCC 10.72 3.5 T.D Clarified Water 1.75L X 1.75W X 6 1No RCC 10.72 Tank 3.5 T.D Treated Water 2.3L X 2.3W X 7 1No RCC 18.51 Tank(Optional) 3.5T.D BW filled 0.5 L X 0.5 W X with 8 Drying Beds 3Nos 0.75 1.0 T.D sand, Gravels 3.0 L X 3.0 W X 9 Plant Room 1 No BW 3.0 H Total Volume 124.375 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-32 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Total Area Required for Civil Works: 10 m L x 3.5m W = 35.0 m² Pricing: - Total Project cost: Rs. 25 lakhs (Inclusive of Civil, Mechanical and Electrical components). Design of Solid Waste Management System (Collection, Treatment & Disposal): The predicted total Municipal Solid Waste (Predominantly Fish Waste) i.e. expected is 3.0 Tons/Day (Max.). Given below is the system that will deal with the predicted solid waste generated. Collection Solid waste comprises all other bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes and so on. A typical collection point made of locally available stone and concrete (the size of the waste centre depends on local requirements) shall be constructed. Recycling Metal items shall be collected and sold to scrap dealers. Tyres can be turned into fenders, timber fish boxes can be sold as fuel wood. Styrofoam boxes should be avoided because they break up easily and cannot be recycled safely (they give off dangerous fumes when burnt). Offal Collection Fish should be cleaned and gutted on the journey back to the landing centre. Offal should never be dumped inside the fish landing centre basin or discarded in corners within the fish landing centre area or village because, besides giving off offensive smells, it also poses a health hazard by attracting pests. Plastic 100-litre drums with airtight lids should be bought and used to collect offal from fish markets or moored boats. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-33 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Method of Treatment : Bio-Mechanical Composting Process Flow Sheet: Process Description: Step 1: MSW along the Fish waste (offal) collected from the Fish landing centre shall be transferred to a Platform Step 2: Waste from platform is transferred into the bio-mechanical composting machine where the waste is shredded and mixed with Saw dust or paper which acts as absorbent. Bacterial inoculum is also fed into the composting machine. In a process time of 15 minutes, the waste will be uniformly shredded and odour mixed with bacteria which can perform a speedy digest of the organics. Raw compost is drawn as output from the bio- mechanical composting machine. Batch size of the machine will be 125 Kg minimum. In 12 cycles the entire waste can be digested to form raw compost. Step 3: The raw compost is cured for 2 weeks to get a good quality compost material. Step 4: The final compost is ready to use for gardening. Components of the Solid waste treatment system: 1. One no. of composting machine WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-34 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 2. One shredder 3. Suitable curing system 4. Bagging arrangement. The cost of the solid waste management system comes to Rs. 18 lakhs (Inclusive of civil, electrical, mechanical components) Oil spill Mitigation during the operation of FLC The oil spillage, if any that occurs during the operations of the fishing craft causes a potential health hazard for the aquatic biota. Oil boom is proposed near the complex so that the any oil that is spilled can be arrested by using he boom. The trapped oil is sucked out using a hand suction pump and transferred to the Oil collection container as shown above. Waste Oil: The waste oil should be collected in modified 200-litre oil drums strategically placed inside the fishing shelter. The drums must not remain in contact with the ground because, if they get wet or damp, they may corrode and lead to leakage. Specialized oil processing companies take back used oil for reprocessing. Net Mending Shed After every fishing trip, the nets will be wet and damaged to some extent. As such, a top covered net mending shed, but opened from all the four sides is required for the fishermen to repair their damaged nets sitting under the sunshade. Therefore 2 net mending shed of size 18 x 6 m is provided behind the berthing quay. Already one Net mending shed in using by fisherman (nearer to proposed site), considering that one Net mending shed was proposed size of 18 m X 6 m. More areas could be added at the center as and when found necessary. The location of the net mending shed is as shown in the harbour layout Fig. 1.2 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-35 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Drainage and Sewerage System Sewerage, drainage and solid waste from the fish auction hall and other building infrastructures of the entire fishery harbour complex before letting into the open seawaters is to be properly disinfected and treated for contaminants for which provision is made for roadside dust bins, septic tanks, soak pits and sewage treatment plant. Surface drainage and the storm water from the drains provided on either side of road sections can be directly let in to the sea without treatment. Separate septic tanks, soak pits and manholes wherever feasible should be built in the fishery harbour complex to collect and guide sewage and disposed off after sewage treatment. The water drains on either side of the roads are to be kept covered by pre-cast slabs for maintenance and safety of pedestrian’s traffic. Provision for the drainage and sewerage system including the roadside dustbins, septic tanks, soak pits, manholes, sewage treatment plant, storm water drains etc. within the fishery harbour complex. In side the Fish Landing centre A solid waste collection Area provided. The location of the Solid waste collection Area is as shown in the harbour layout Fig. 1.2. Electric Power and Lighting System Landing and outfitting quays need to be well illuminated for easy access by the fishing boats by providing high tower lights required for unloading of fish catch from the vessels arriving during night hours. Walkways and approaches to the landing and outfitting quays need to be lighted for safety and security reasons. Power plug points should be provided at the landing and outfitting quays for plug-in service so that the vessels can draw power from main electricity supply while idle-berthing in order to save their battery power. Three – phase electric power supply exists up to Porto-novo town. Provision on lump sum basis is made for 11 KVA, electric sub-station within the fishery harbour complex. An electric sub station is provided for the same purpose the location of which is shown in harbour layout Fig. 1.2. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-36 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Canteen Canteen is required for those working in the fishery harbour premises and for those visiting the harbour on business trips. However, as per CRZ regulation the Canteen has been located beyond the 100 m line from HTL. The location of canteen is shown in the harbour layout Fig. 1.2 Security It has been proposed to provide a compound wall of 850 m on the roadside and barbed wire fencing on the waterfront to provide security for the entire Fish Landing Centre. A security Room was provided to regulate and security to the people working in a Fish Landing Centre. The location of Security Room is shown in the harbour layout Fig. 1.2. Cost Estimate The capital cost of the construction of Fish Landing Centre at Porto-novo- Annankoil has been estimated as Rs. 13.50 crores. The summary of cost estimates are given in Table-1.3. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-37 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil TABLE-1.3 Summary of cost estimates (FLC) Porto-novoFish Landing Centre Sl.No Description Amount in Lakhs I Water Side b) Diaphragm Wall 412.45 c) Dredging 209.41 Sub Total 621.86 II Civil Works including Electricals 456.37 III Machineries 100.72 IV Charges Advertisement Charges 10.00 Documentation Charges 5.00 Environmental Clearance works and Fees 10.00 Provision for unexpected sub soil variation 35.00 V Other Charges Petty Supervision Charges - 2.5% 26.96 Labour Welfare Charge - 0.3% 3.23 Unforeseen expenditure - 2.5% 26.96 Escalation - 5% 53.91 Total Cost 1350.00 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-38 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA STUDY The main objective of the EIA study is to assess the positive as well as negative environmental impacts likely to accrue as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. After identifying the negative impacts, a suitable management plan is to be suggested to ameliorate the adverse impacts. An Environmental Monitoring Programme is also suggested for the parameters which needs frequent observations during project operation phase. Thus, the key objectives of the EIA study are to: • ensure sustainable development with minimum environmental degradation; • to prevent long-term environmental negative impacts by incorporating a suitable Environmental Management Plan (EMP); • suggest an Environmental Monitoring Programme, and • estimate budgetary requirements for implementation of the EMP and Environmental Monitoring Programme. 1.8 METHODOLOGY FOR THE EIA STUDY The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps carried out in an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. The same are briefly described in the following paragraphs. Scoping Matrix A list of all likely impacts likely to accrue as a result of operation and construction of the proposed fishing harbour has been prepared. In the next step, a manageable number of attributes which are likely to be affected as a result of the proposed project were selected. The various criteria applied for the selection of the important impacts are as follows: - magnitude of impact - extent of impact - significance, and of impact - special sensitivity of impact WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-39 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Based on the preliminary site visit and applying the above mentioned criteria a “Scoping Matrix� was prepared for identification of impacts from as many sources possible on the different environmental aspects. The scoping matrix derived for the present EIA study is delineated in Table- 1.2. TABLE-1.4 Scoping Matrix for the EIA study of proposed project S. Activity Likely Impacts No. A. Actions affecting coastal marine ecology 1. Location of fisheries capture zone along • Displacement of fishermen side harbour facilities families 2. Oil spill/leakage within project area • Damage to marine ecology 3. Dredging activities • Short term increase turbidity level at dredging site causing decreased light penetration, adversely affecting the photosynthetic activity. • Alteration of bottom surface, which may be unfavorable for sustenance of benthic flora and fauna. B. Actions affecting Recreational/Resort/ Beach along the coastal zone 1. Location of harbour too close to the • Visible turbidity of disclosing recreational areas of beach water. 2. Escape of liquid and solid wastes from • Silt deposition along the the harbour shoreline C. Actions affecting the physio-chemical aspects 1. Dredging activities • Partitioning of contaminants from sediments to the water column • Generation of turbidity plumes as a result of dredging 2. Construction activities • Noise pollution and adverse impacts on aquatic flora 3. Ship movement • Pollution due to oil spills 4. Groundwater abstraction • Increase in sea water intrusion D. Factors affecting socio-economic environment handling 1. Increase in handling mechanized vessels • Boost local economy capacity. • Improvement in employment potential WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-40 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil S. Activity Likely Impacts No. • Upgradation of infrastructure facilities 2. Land acquisition • Acquisition of private land 3. Traffic • Traffic congestion The above mentioned “Scoping Matrix� has been used as a guideline for collection of data for various aspects of Environment to assess its baseline status. Environmental Baseline study Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline levels of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly affected by the implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey emanates from short listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline study involves both field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes. As per the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF) guidelines, the Study Area for the EIA study has been considered as the 10 km radius keeping the proposed project site at the centre. The baseline data on various environmental parameters like land use pattern, water quality, noise, meteorology, air quality, demography and socio-economics, terrestrial ecology and marine ecology was collected through field studies, literature review and collection of secondary data as available with various departments and locals. The methodology adopted for various aspects of data collection is briefly described in the following paragraphs: • Marine Ecology The marine ecological survey was conducted in the month of May,2008. The surface as well bottom water samples were collected using mechanized vessels. Each location was fixed on benchmark and after reaching the site, the vessel was anchored. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-41 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Parameters like temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were estimated by an YSI temperature, salinity oxygen meter respectively at the site itself. Plankton samples were collected by filtering a known volume of water by a plankton not of <60 μ mesh size bolting silk. Surface water was collected using a clean bucket without causing any disturbances. Likewise, the bottom water samples were collected by Nansen bottle. Sediment samples were collected by a grab sampler operated from the vessel. The data on various aspects like major aquatic floral and faunal species, rare and endangered species, fisheries, crabs, prawns, mangroves, etc. was also collected as a part of primary data collection. Apart from this, the secondary data/information as available from the reported literature have been appropriately utilized in the EIA report. • Ambient Air quality Ambient air quality monitoring was conducted at three locations in the study area in the month of May to July 2008. The frequency of monitoring was twice a week for 12 consecutive weeks. The parameters monitored were RPM, SPM, SO2 and NOx. • Noise Environment Noise levels in the study area were recorded with A-weighted noise level meter at various sampling locations in the study area in the month of May 2008. The readings were taken during day and night time and equivalent noise levels were estimated and used in the EIA report. • Socio-economic Aspects The data on demography, socio-economics was collected from secondary data sources like Census handbook, Statistical handbook, and revenue records, etc. • Landuse pattern The landuse pattern of the study area has been studied using digital satellite data, which was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hydarabad in the form of CD-ROM for IRS-1C, LISS III. Detailed ground truth studies were conducted for formulation of signature data set. A supervised classification was then conducted using the GIS & IMAGINE processing software packages available in house at WAPCOS Centre for Environment. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-42 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil The landuse pattern has been also studied with use of revenue data (Census handbook).The summary of data collected from various sources as a part of the EIA study is outlined in Table-1.3. TABLE-1.5 Summary of data collection from various sources Aspect Mode of Parameters Frequency Source(s) Data monitored collection Meteorology Secondary Temperature, - India Meteorological humidity, rainfall Department Water quality Primary Physico-chemical Once a week Field studies biological for twelve parameters consecutive weeks Ambient air Primary RPM, SPM, SO2, Twice a week Field studies quality NOx for twelve consecutive weeks Noise Primary Hourly noise and Once a week Field studies equivalent noise for twelve level consecutive weeks Landuse Primary and Landuse pattern - NRSA and Ground Secondary truth studies Marine Primary and Presence and Once a week Field studies, and Ecology Secondary abundance of for twelve literature review various species consecutive weeks Socio- Secondary Demographic and - Revenue economic data socio-economic, Department and aspects Public health Literature review cultural aspects Assessment of Impacts With knowledge of the baseline conditions, project characteristics, the intensity of construction and operation activities and current critical conditions, detailed projections were made for the influence of the proposed project on physio- chemical, biological and social environment in the area. The impacts on environment due to construction and operation activities of the proposed project were identified. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-43 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil The various aspects of the environment covered as a part of the Impact Assessment were: • Land Environment • Air Environment • Noise Environment • Terrestrial Environment • Socio-Economic Aspects. An attempt was made to predict future environmental scenario quantitatively to the extent possible. However, for non-tangible impacts, qualitative assessment has been done. Environmental Management Plan The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was delineated to ensure that the adverse impacts likely to accrue are altogether removed or minimized to the extent possible. After selection of suitable and feasible environmental mitigation measures, the cost required for implementation of various environmental management measures has been estimated to have an idea of their cost-effectiveness. Environmental Monitoring Programme A post-project environmental monitoring programme has been suggested to oversee the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction and reality and to suggest the remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but during the operation phase and to generate data for further use. The equipment, manpower and cost required for the implementation of environmental monitoring programme were also suggested. 1.9 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT The contents of the EIA report are arranged as follows: Chapter 1: The chapter gives an overview of the need for the project, objectives and need for EIA study etc. Chapter 2: Baseline environmental conditions including physical, biological and socio-economic parameters, resource base and infrastructure have been described WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-44 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil in this chapter. Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline conditions of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly affected by the implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey emanates from short listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline study involves both field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes. Chapter 3: Anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project were assessed in the Chapter. Prediction is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. An attempt has been made to predict future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters, which cannot be quantified, the general approach is to discuss such intangible impacts in qualitative terms so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible implications. Chapter 4: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for amelioration of anticipated adverse impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed project. The approach for formulation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. After selection of suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost required for implementation of various management measures is also estimated. Chapter 5: Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases has been delineated in this Chapter. The objective is to assess the adequacy of various environmental safeguards and to compare the predicted and actual scenario during construction and operation phases to suggest remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising during these phases and to generate data for further use. Chapter 6: Cost for implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and the Environmental Monitoring Programme has been summarized in this chapter. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-45 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Vellar River S i d e C h a n n e l WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-46 CHAPTER - II ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil CHAPTER-2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS 2.1 GENERAL The assessment of baseline environmental setting is an essential component of any EIA study. Based on the “Scoping Matrix�, various parameters to be covered for assessment of baseline environmental setting are identified. Assessment of environmental impacts due to construction and commissioning of a proposed project requires a comprehensive and scientific consideration of various environmental aspects and their interaction with natural resources, namely, physico-chemical parameters i.e. meteorology, air quality, noise quality, land use and water quality, biological parameters i.e. terrestrial flora and fauna, marine flora and fauna, fish species, etc. and socio-economic parameters i.e. demography, occupational profile, etc. As a part of the EIA study, a large quantum of related secondary data as available with departments like Forest, Fisheries, Revenue, etc. has been collected. Field surveys were conducted for primary data generation on various aspects including ambient air quality, water quality, noise, marine ecology, landuse pattern, etc. The Study Area considered for the EIA study has been considered as the area within radius of 10 km considering the proposed project site at the centre (Refer Figure-2.1). The major portion of the study area is under water. In such setting, impacts likely to accrue as a result of project construction and operation phases are expected to be occurring mainly on water front i.e. on marine environment. Thus, as a part of the EIA study, specific emphasis has been accorded to marine environment. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-1 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil • As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for the following aspects: • Meteorology • Ambient air quality • Noise environment • Landuse pattern • Waves • Tides WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-2 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil • Current • Water quality • Sediments • Terrestrial Ecology • Marine Ecology • Demography and Socio-economics 2.2 METEOROLOGY The project area district is characterized by an oppressive summer and good seasonal rainfall and has four distinct seasons. The period from March to May comprises the summer season and in subsequent months from June to September, the area comes under the influence of south-west monsoons. The months of October to November constitute the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season and the period from December to February is the north-east monsoon season. Temperature In the project area district, the average maximum and the average minimum temperature being 36.60 οC in May and 20.52 οC in January respectively. The monthwise temperature variations in the project area are shown in Figure-2.2. Figure-2.2 Month wise variation in Temperature in Project Area 40 35 30 Maximum Temperature (oC) Temperature (oC) 25 Minimum 20 Temperature (oC) 15 10 5 0 r r r h ne er y ri l ly ry ay st be be be ar c Ju gu Ap ua ob Ju M ar em em em nu M Au ct br Ja pt ov ec O Fe Months Se N D WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-3 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Rainfall In the project area district the average annual rainfall is 1378.1 mm. Majority of rainfall is received in the period from August to December. The monthwise rainfall received in the project area are shown in Figure-2.3. Figure-2.3 Monthwise Variation of Rainfall in Project Area 450 400 350 300 Rainfall (mm) 250 200 Rainfall (mm) 150 100 50 0 r r r ne er h y ri l ly ay ry st be be be ar c Ju gu Ap ua ob Ju M ar em em em nu M Au br ct Ja pt ov ec O Fe Se N D Months Humidity The humidity is generally high throughout the year. During monsoon months i.e. November to February, humidity ranges from 80% to 85%. During rest of the year, humidity, varies from 83% to 84%. The annual relative humidity observed over the year is 77% and 71% at 08:30 and 17:30 hrs. The monthwise humidity variations in the project area are shown in Figure-2.4. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-4 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Figure-2.4 Monthwise Variation in Humidity in Project Area 90 80 70 Humidity (%) 60 Maximum Humidity (%) Humidity (%) 50 Minimum 40 30 20 10 0 r r r er h ne y ri l ly ry ay st be be be ar c Ju gu Ap ua ob Ju M ar em em em nu M Au br ct Ja pt ov ec O Fe Se N D Month The average meteorological conditions of the project area district are outlined in Table-2.1. TABLE-2.1 Average meteorological conditions in the project area district S.No Month Temperature Rainfall(mm) Relative Humidity(%) (oC) Max. Min. 08:30 hrs 17:30hrs 1. January 28.1 20.5 36.7 84 70 2. February 29.3 20.8 9.4 83 69 3. March 31.2 22.6 15.6 80 70 4. April 33.2 25.6 14.0 75 74 5. May 36.1 26.9 47.2 68 73 6. June 36.8 26.6 43.1 65 65 7. July 35.3 25.6 82.8 70 64 8. August 34.5 25.0 150.3 74 68 9. September 33.7 24.8 123.4 74 72 10. October 31.5 24.1 273.6 82 77 11. November 29.2 22.6 383.5 84 76 12. December 28.0 21.3 198.5 84 74 Annual 32.2 23.9 1378.1 77 71 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-5 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 2.3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY The ambient air quality was monitored as a part of the EIA study. The ambient air quality monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of two samples per week at three locations for a period of twelve consecutive weeks from August to September, 2007. The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below: • Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) • Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) • Sulphur dioxide (SO2) • Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). Respirable Dust Samplers APM-451 of Envirotech Instruments are being used for monitoring Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable fraction (<10 microns) and gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NOx. The ambient air quality monitoring stations covered as a part of EIA study are given in Table-2.2. The location of various sampling stations covered as a part of ambient air quality monitoring is shown in Figure-2.5. TABLE-2.2 Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations Stations Location AQ1 Pichavaram AQ2 Killai AQ3 Kilachavadi The results of ambient air quality survey conducted during the period from August to September, 2007 are given in Table-2.3. TABLE-2.3 Ambient air quality status in the study area (Unit : µg/m3) S. No. SPM RPM SO2 NOx Pichavaram 1 58 17.2 7.1 11.8 2 59 17.5 BDL 11.7 3 61 18.0 7.2 12.0 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-6 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil S. No. SPM RPM SO2 NOx 4 49 14.8 7.4 11.4 5 62 19.1 7.0 12.1 6 58 17.2 BDL 11.8 7 61 18.6 7.1 12.9 8 72 22.1 BDL 12.8 9 72 22.0 7.1 12.0 10 56 16.9 7.0 11.5 11 59 18.2 7.2 11.1 12 61 18.6 BDL 11.3 13 58 17.1 BDL 11.8 14 57 17.4 BDL 11.6 15 59 18.2 7.2 11.8 16 63 19.3 7.0 12.2 17 58 17.6 7.2 11.0 18 63 19.2 BDL 12.2 19 59 18.2 7.1 11.8 20 52 16.1 7.2 11.0 21 62 19.0 7.2 11.1 22 54 17.0 BDL 11.4 23 56 17.4 7.2 11.7 24 51 18.2 BDL 11.3 Killai 1 49 14.8 7.1 12.8 2 56 17.0 BDL 11.6 3 58 17.5 7.2 12.3 4 63 19.2 BDL 12.1 5 50 15.2 7.1 12.4 6 55 16.9 BDL 12.9 7 56 17.1 7.1 11.7 8 61 19.0 7.5 11.9 9 65 20.1 BDL 11.9 10 71 21.5 7.1 12.1 11 62 19.0 7.0 11.3 12 57 17.5 7.0 11.0 13 58 17.8 BDL 11.8 14 63 19.4 7.2 12.1 15 60 18.3 BDL 12.1 16 59 17.8 7.0 11.4 17 63 18.7 7.3 11.9 18 68 20.1 7.2 12.1 19 66 19.6 7.1 11.3 20 63 19.0 7.0 11.0 21 53 17.0 7.3 11.8 22 72 21.5 7.2 12.1 23 54 16.2 7.0 12.1 24 69 20.4 7.2 11.4 Kilachavadi WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-7 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil S. No. SPM RPM SO2 NOx 1 67 19.9 7.0 12.3 2 48 14.2 7.1 12.4 3 62 18.4 7.0 11.4 4 65 19.2 7.2 12.1 5 59 18.0 BDL 11.9 6 61 18.6 7.1 12.9 7 64 19.3 7.2 12.4 8 63 19.0 7.2 13.1 9 58 17.2 BDL 11.6 10 59 17.4 7.2 11.9 11 48 14.3 7.1 12.1 12 59 17.4 7.0 12.4 13 67 20.0 7.1 11.6 14 62 18.5 7.0 11.9 15 56 16.2 7.0 12.1 16 68 20.1 7.1 11.9 17 71 21.5 7.2 11.8 18 64 19.3 7.3 12.4 19 61 18.6 7.1 11.1 20 63 19.2 7.2 12.3 21 57 17.0 7.0 11.0 22 69 20.4 7.1 11.8 23 60 17.8 7.0 11.9 24 67 20.9 7.4 12.2 BDL : Below Detectable Limit Observations on ambient SPM level The summary of ambient SPM levels observed is given in Table-2.4. TABLE-2.4 Ambient air quality status – SPM (Unit: µg/m3) Station Maximum Minimum Average Pichavaram 72 49 59.2 Killai 72 49 60.5 Kilachavadi 7 48 61.6 It is observed from Table-2.4 that the average concentration of SPM at various stations ranged from 59.2 to 61.6 μg/m3, which is below the prescribed limits of 200 μg/m3 specified for residential, rural and other areas. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-8 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Observations on RPM levels The summary of ambient SPM levels observed is given in Table-2.5. TABLE-2.5 Ambient air quality status-RPM (Unit : µg/m3) Station Maximum Minimum Average Pichavaram 22.1 14.8 18.1 Killai 21.5 14.8 18.4 Kilachavadi 21.5 14.2 18.4 It is observed from Table-2.5 that the average concentration of RPM at various stations ranged from 18.1 to 18.4 μg/m3, which is below the prescribed limits of 100 μg/m3 specified for residential, rural and other areas. Even the maximum value of 22.1 μg/m3 observed at station near Pichavaram is well below the permissible limit. Observations on ambient SO2 levels The summary of ambient SO2 level as monitored during field studies is given in Table-2.6. TABLE-2.6 Ambient air quality status – SO2 (Unit:µg/m3) Station Maximum Minimum Average Pichavaram 7.4 BDL 7.2 Killai 7.5 BDL 7.1 Kilachavadi 7.7 BDL 7.1 It is observed from Table-2.6 that, the average concentration of SO2 at various stations in the study area was much below the prescribed limits of 80 μg/m3 specified for residential, rural and other areas. The highest SO2 concentration of 7.7 µg/m3 was observed at station near Kilachavadi was well below the prescribed limit of 80 µg/m3 specified for residential, rural and other areas. Observations on ambient NOx levels The summary of ambient NOx levels is given in Table-2.7. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-9 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil TABLE-2.7 Ambient air quality status – NOx (Unit : µg/m3) Station Maximum Minimum Average Pichavaram 12.9 11 11.7 Killai 12.9 11 11.9 Kilachavadi 13.1 11 12.0 It can be seen from Table-2.7 that during the study period, NOx concentration at all the three sampling stations was well below the limit prescribed for residential, rural and other areas (80 µg/m3). The highest NOx concentration of 13.1 µg/m3 was observed at station at Kilachavadi, which is well below the prescribed limit of 80 µg/m3 specified for residential, rural and other areas. 2.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT Baseline noise data has been measured using A weighted sound pressure level meter. The survey was carried out in calm surroundings. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurement in the outside environment was made using sound pressure level meter. Hourly noise meter readings were taken at each site, and equivalent day time and night time noise levels were estimated. The ambient noise levels recorded and are tabulated in Table-2.8. The day time and night time noise levels are presented in Table-2.9. The ambient noise standards are enclosed as Annexure-II. The stations covered as a part of ambient air quality monitoring are shown in Figure-2.5. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-10 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-11 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil TABLE-2.8 Ambient noise level in the study area (Unit: dB(A)) Time Pichavaram Killai Kilachavadi Project site 6 AM – 7AM 36 37 38 37 7 AM – 8 AM 38 37 39 38 8 AM – 9AM 40 39 40 40 9 AM – 10AM 43 42 42 42 10AM – 11AM 44 44 43 43 11AM – 12 Noon 45 43 45 44 12 Noon – 1 PM 45 43 44 44 1 PM – 2 PM 44 43 44 44 2 PM – 3 PM 43 43 44 43 3 PM – 4 PM 42 44 44 42 4 PM – 5 PM 43 45 43 45 5 PM – 6 PM 44 45 46 46 6 PM – 7 PM 44 44 45 46 7 PM – 8 PM 44 43 43 43 8 PM – 9 PM 42 42 42 43 9 PM – 10 PM 40 40 41 41 10 PM – 11 PM 39 38 40 40 11PM–12 midnight 38 36 38 37 12 midnight– 1 AM 36 35 37 36 1 AM – 2AM 35 34 34 34 2 AM – 3 AM 34 34 34 34 3 AM – 4 AM 33 33 33 33 4 AM – 5AM 33 33 33 33 5 AM – 6 AM 33 33 33 33 TABLE-2.9 Equivalent noise levels in the study area (Unit : dB(A)) Location Leq(day) Leq(night) Pichavaram 43.0 34.3 Killai 42.8 33.6 Kilachavadi 43.2 34.8 Near Project site 43.3 34.5 It may be seen from the Table-2.9 that the day time equivalent noise level ranged from a minimum of 42.8 dB(A) to a maximum of 43.3 dB(A). The night time equivalent noise level ranged from a minimum of 33.6 dB(A) to a maximum of 34.8 dB(A). The day and night time equivalent noise level at various sites located close to residential areas were compared with Ambient Noise Standards (Refer Annexure-II) and were observed to be well below the permissible limit specified for residential area. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-12 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 2.5 LANDUSE PATTERN The landuse pattern of the study area has also been studied using satellite data. The IRS, 1C-LISS III digital satellite data has been procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad for assessing the landuse pattern of the study area. The raw satellite imagery has been processed in-house using ERDAS IMAGINE software. The signals of satellite imagery were verified by performing ground truthing and then final classification of satellite imagery was done. Based on this classification the landuse pattern of the study area was obtained. The classified imagery of the study area is shown in Figure 2.6. It is observed from the Table-2.10, that the major portion of study area is occupied by water bodies (56.43%). Area under vegetation and agriculture accounts for about 7.42% and 28.95% of the total study area respectively. The area under settlements and marshy area is about 0.86%, and 3.36% respectively. TABLE-2.10 Landuse pattern of the study area Landuse category Area (ha) % of the total study area Vegetation 2332.57 7.42 Agriculture 9061.99 28.95 Other uses 379.493 1.21 Marshy area 1055.56 3.36 Settlement 271.206 0.86 Water Bodies 17727.9 56.43 Mud flat/Barren land 587.288 1.87 2.6 TIDES The tidal range in sea at Ennore varies between 0.30 m to 1.21 m, the tidal range in the river inside has reduced to 0.35 m during neap tide and 0.8 m during spring tide. It is also noticed that high water inside has remained more or less same with sea tide, the low water has gone up by 0.4 m. The rise of bed level at inlet due to littoral drift has pronounced effect on low water than on high water. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-13 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 2.7 CURRENT The coast being North South oriented and river being east-west oriented the 0 o velocity direction of 270 indicates ebb flow and direction of 90 indicates flood flow, and the peak ebb velocity is of the order of 0.3m/s and peak flood flow is one 0.15 m/s. In absence of upland discharge the flood and ebb velocity would be similar. The difference may be due to the fact that the flood and ebb channel may not be same at this location. 2.8 MARINE WATER QUALITY The status of marine ecology in the pre-project stage and the likely impacts on marine ecology due to the construction and operation activities of the proposed fishing harbour project are the important aspects EIA study. Detailed marine ecological survey was conducted by Centre for Advance Study in Marine WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-14 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Biology(CASMB), Annamalai University to establish the existing status of the marine water around the proposed project site. The river Vellar originates from Servarayan hills in Salem district of Tamilnadu and floes through the Coleroon basin and merges in the Bay of Bengal through Vellar estuary (Lat. 11°24’ N; Long. 79°46’ E). Vellar estuary is a tropical, shallow, bar-built estuary having an average depth of 2.5. The Vellar estuary is influenced by semidiurnal tides and tidal amplitude extends upto a distance of about 15 kms upstream. During the monsoon season (October – December), it receives large quantity of fresh water from various sources. The sediments of this estuary is usually a mixture of sand, silt and mud. Compared to other estuaries of South India, the Vellar estuary is highly productive and it is a good nursery ground for fin and shell fishes. The details of sampling location and its geographical locations are given in Table-2.11. TABLE-2.11 Location details of various sampling stations S.No. Station Name Distance from Latitude Longitude mouth (km) 1. Mouth 0 11o30’323 079o46’543 Annan Koli 0.5 11o30’122 079o46’660 2. Mudasalodai East 0.5 11o29’963 079o46’437 3. Parangipettai coast 1 11o29’613 079o46’525 Vellar river mouth (Parangipettai) WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-15 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Vellar river mouth (Parangipettai) Environmental monitoring survey was carried out on January 2008 representing post monsoon season over an area of 2 km in and around the Vellar river mouth area. Samples were collected from four stations assessing the existing environmental conditions. The various environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, turbidity, TSS, EC, DO, BOD, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, inorganic phosphate and total phosphorous were monitored. All parameters were estimated following standard methods. Biological variables have also been studied and this includes microbes, planktons (both Phyto and zoo) and benthos (macro and meio). Sediment samples were also collected and analyzed for various parameters including microbes. Species of fishes identified from the study area have also been incorporated. Methodology Water and Sediment Sampling Water samples were collected using Universal water sampler below the surface and transferred to the pre cleaned polypropylene and glass containers. Sediment samples were collected using a Peterson Grab, transferred to clean polythene bags and transported to the laboratory. The samples were air-dried. The plant root and other debris were removed and stored for further analysis. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-16 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Water Analysis Temperature, Salinity and pH The physical parameters like pH, temperature and salinity were measured in- situ in field condition. The subsurface temperature was measured with a mercury thermometer having ± 0.02°C accuracy and the pH of water was measured by a calibrated pH pen (pH ep-3 model). With the use of a hand refractometer (Erma Company, Japan), the salinity of samples was measured. Water samples collected for dissolved oxygen estimation were transferred carefully to BOD bottles. The DO was immediately fixed and these were brought to the laboratory for further analysis. Preservation and Laboratory Analysis After collection, all samples were immediately cooled to 4°C and then brought to the laboratory in an insulated thermocool box. As soon as returning to the laboratory, water samples were filtered through Whatman GF/C filter paper and analyzed for organic matter and all other nutrients. Unfiltered samples were used for the estimation of total nitrogen and total phosphate. All analysis were carried out as per suitable standardization procedures. Dissolved Oxygen The modified Winkler’s method described by Strickland and Parsons (1972) was adopted for the estimation of dissolved oxygen fixed at collection site. The values were expressed in mg/l. Nitrate and Nitrite The nitrate and nitrite content of samples were analysed by following the method described by Strickland and Parsons (1972). The nitrite was estimated from highly colored azo dye formed by the addition of N (1-Napthyl) ethylene diamine dihydro-chloride and sulfanilamide into the solution were then measured at 543 nm in a spectrophotometer. Same procedure was followed for the estimation of nitrate. For this, nitrate was reduced to nitrite by copper coated cadmium column. The calculated values were expressed in μg/l WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-17 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Inorganic Phosphate (IP) The single solution mixed reagent procedure developed by Murphy and Riley (1962) was followed for the estimation of Inorganic Phosphate levels in water samples. This involves the conversion of phosphate into phosphomolybdic acid which was then reduced to molybdinum blue color complexes and then the intensity of colour was measured at 882 nm in a spectrophotometer. The calculated value was expressed in μg/l. Total Phosphate (TP) The Total Phosphate in samples was estimated by employing the method described by Menzel and Corwin (1964). This procedure involves the conversion of organically bound Phosphate into Inorganic Phosphate by wet oxidation of samples with potassium persulphate in an autoclave for 30 minutes at 15 lbs. The converted Inorganic Phosphate was then estimated by using the method described by Murphy and Riley (1962). The subtraction of original Inorganic Phosphate from Total Phosphate yielded the Organic Phosphate of collected water sample. Reactive Silicate The reactive silicate content of water was estimated by following the method of Strickland and Parsons (1972). In this method the intensity of blue color formed by silico-molybdate complex was measured in a spectrophotometer at 810 nm and the calculated values were expressed in μg/l. Sediment Analysis The analysis of textural composition, pH, total phosphorus and total nitrogen, the air-dried sediment samples were used as such. For all other analyses of organic matter, nutrients and trace metals, sediment samples were ground to fine powder and dried in the oven at 110°C to constant weight for an hour. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) The estimation of total organic carbon in sediment was performed by adopting the method of El Wakeel and Riley (1956). The procedure involves chromic acid digestion and subsequent titration with ferrous ammonium sulphate WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-18 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil solution in the presence of 1, 10 phenonthroline indicator. The values calculated are expressed in mgC/g of sediment. Primary Productivity The primary productivity in the Cuddalore coast was estimated following the dark and light bottle method (Strickland and Parsons, 1972). The dissolved oxygen concentration during the experiment was determined by following modified Winkler's method. Chlorophyll `a' The samples were filtered through Whatman GF/C filter papers and the chlorophyll was extracted into 90% acetone. The resulting colored acetone extract was measured in a spectrophotometer at different wavelengths and the same acetone extracts were acidified and measured for the phaeo-pigments. The methodology is described in detail in APHA manual (1989). Phytoplankton Phytoplankton samples were collected from the surface waters of the study areas by towing a plankton net (mouth diameter 0.35 m) made a bolting silk [No.25 mesh size 63 µ) for half an hour. These samples were preserved in 5% neutralized formalin and used for qualitative analysis. For the quantitative analysis of phytoplankton, the settling method described by Sukhanovo (1978) was adopted. Numerical plankton analysis was carried out using Utermohl's inverted plankton microscope. Phytoplankton was identified using the standard works of Venkataraman (1939), Cupp (1943), Subramanian (1946), Prescott (1954), Desikachary (1959 and 1987), Hendey (1964), Steidinger and Williams (1970) and Taylor (1976). Zooplankton Zooplankton samples were collected from the surface waters of the study areas by horizontal towing of a plankton net with mouth diameter of 0.35 m, made of bolting silk (No. mesh size 48 µ) for half an hour. These samples were preserved in 5% neutralized formalin and used for quantitative analysis. The zooplankton was identified using the classical works of Dakin and Colefax WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-19 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil (1940), Davis (1955), Kasthurirangan (1963) and Wickstead (1965). The numerical plankton analysis was carried out using Utermohl's inverted plankton microscope. Benthic Community For studying the benthic organisms, sediment samples were collected using a Petersen grab. The wet sediment sieved with varying mesh sizes for segregating the organisms. The sieved organisms were staines with rose bengal and sorted to different groups. The number of organisms in each grab sample was expressed in number per meter square. According to size, benthic animals are divided into three groups. (i) macrobenthos (ii) meiobenthos and (iii) microbenthos (Mare, 1942). Macrobenthos are organisms which are retained in the sieve having mesh size between 0.5 and 1 mm. For Meiobenthos, the lowest size attributed is 63 µ and the upper limit depends upon the mesh size of the sieve used for separating macrobenthos from Meiobenthos. Physico Chemical Parameters The analysis results of major physio-chemical parameters is given in Table- 2.12. TABLE 2.12 Analysis results of physico-chemical parameters in marine water Station Name Parameters Vellar Annan Koil Mudasalodai Parangipettai Mouth Mouth Temperature (°C) 27.8 28.3 27.9 28.5 Salinity (‰) 34.5 33 34 35.0 pH 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.3 EC (x103 mho) 49.5 46.0 47.6 48.6 Light Penetration (m) 1.8 0.7 1.0 2.8 DO (mg/l) 5.05 4.50 4.52 5.20 BOD (mg/l) 1.61 1.85 2.81 0.78 TSS (mg/l) 45 56 65 25 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-20 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil The temperature of the surface water samples ranged from 27.8°C to 28.5°C and the maximum value was recorded at Parangipettai coast 0.5 km from the mouth. The pH remained alkaline 8.2 at all the stations. There is no fresh water influence was recorded during the time of collection and thus the salinity of surface water samples varied from 33 to 35 ppt. The lowest concentration was recorded at Annan Koil and the maximum concentration was noticed at Parangipettai coastal water. The dissolved oxygen (DO) is an index to study the productivity of an environment. It is mainly depends on the nature and abundance of the planktonic organisms, monsoonal downpour, salinity etc. The DO values recorded in the four stations were given in the table. The higher DO level of 5.20 mg/l was recorded at Parangipettai coastal water and the lower (4.50mg/l) value recorded at Annakoil. The higher (2.81mg/l) value of BOD was recorded at Mudasalodai and the lower (0.95 mg/l) value recorded at Parangipettai coastal water. BOD refers to the quantity of Oxygen required by bacteria and other microorganisms in the biochemical degradation and transformation of organic matter under aerobic conditions. The BOD values are also again suggesting that the water is fairly clean. Nutrients The analysis results of various nutrients in marine water is given in Table-2.13. TABLE-2.13 Analysis results of nutrients in marine water Station Name Parameters Vellar Annan Mudasalodai Parangipettai Mouth Koil Mouth Nitrite (µmol/l) 0.21 0.23 0.38 0.63 Nitrate (µmol/l) 8.88 6.87 2.38 3.90 Ammonia (µmol/l) 0.04 0.03 0.66 0.01 Total Nitrogen 11.83 8.54 5.98 16.62 (µmol/l) Inorganic Phosphate 0.84 1.74 1.44 0.03 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-21 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil (µmol/l) Total phosphorus 0.88 3.34 3.47 0.56 (µmol/l) Silicate (µmol/l) 18.62 16.68 31.96 3.89 Oil & Grease (µg/l) 0.315 7.20 6.20 6.91 Total Phosphorus In the surface water samples, the phosphate concentrations were varied between the minimum of 0.56 and maximum of 3.47 µmol/l. The maximum concentration of nitrate was recorded at Mudasalodai mouth and minimum value recorded at Parangipettai coastal region. Nitrite The nitrite concentration shows a very wide deviation in the water samples and it performs conservatively. The maximum concentration of nitrite (0.63µmol/l) is observed at Parangipettai station when the salinity value is 35 ‰ and minimum concentration (0.21µmol/l) is observed at mouth of the Vellar. The behavior of nutrients is very important as the estuarine regions are highly productive and acts as breeding ground for many marine organisms. Nitrate The nitrate concentration also shows wide variation in the samples. It behaves conservatively. The primary source of nitrogen in seawater is nitrate and it is thermodynamically most stable form of nitrogen and limiting factor for primary production. The nitrate concentrations were varied between 2.38 and 8.88µmol/l. The maximum concentration (8.88µmol/l) recorded at vellar mouth and the minimum concentration (2.38µmol/l) was recorded at Mudasalodai mouth. Silicate Silicate values do not follow any trend. The range was very wide compared to other nutrients. In all of our four study area, this nutrient showed wide variation in the range from3.89 to31.96µmol/l. The maximum value (31.96µmol/l) was recorded at Mudasalodai and the minimum value (3.89µmol/l) was recorded at WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-22 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Parangipettai region. As seen in the case of nitrite and nitrate, silicate also behaves conservatively. Major Elements The analysis results of major elements in water is given in Table-2.14. TABLE 2.14 Analysis results of major elements in marine water Station Name Parameters Vellar Annan Mudasalodai Parangipettai Mouth Koil Mouth Calcium (mg/l) 420 380 400 440 Magnesium (mg/l) 1150 1120 1164 1188 Sodium (mg/l) 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 Potassium (mg/l) 7.0 7.0 6.8 7.0 Sulphate (mg/l) 1328.912 1403.980 1397.324 1364.579 Chloride (mg/l) 17080.6 17799.5 17580.5 17784.5 Chloride, Sodium, sulphate, magnesium, calcium, potassium and fluoride are widely considered as major ions in the coastal water Calcium The concentration of calcium in the water samples varied from 380 to 440 mg/l with an average of 410 mg/l. The calcium concentration was recorded maximum at Parangipettai and minimum at Annankoil respectively Magnesium Magnesium concentrations varied between 1120 – 1188 mg/l with the mean concentration 1155.5 mg/l. The maximum concentration (1188 mg/l) was recorded at Parangipettai and minimum concentration recorded (1120 mg/l) Annan Koil. Sodium Sodium is the most dominant cation in the waters and the mean values of the cations show the following order of concentration. Na > K> Mg > Ca WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-23 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil The concentrations of sodium ions in all the samples were recorded at 12.6 mg/l and marginal variation was observed due to the lack of freshwater inflow from the river. TRACE METALS IN WATER The analysis results of trace metals in marine waters are given in Table-2.15. TABLE 2.15 Analysis results of Trace metals in marine water Station Name Parameters Vellar Mouth Annan Koil Mudasalodai Parangipettai Mouth Zinc (µg/l) 2.05 1.80 2.25 1.73 Nickel (µg/l) 5.95 6.3 7.9 7.2 Cadmium (µg/l) 0.31 0.29 0.55 0.39 Lead (µg/l) 5.89 6.68 6.75 5.95 Mercury (ng/l) 25 20 28 15 The concentration of trace metals viz., Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) in the coastal water of the study area is presented in Table. The concentration of Zn in the study areas were varied between 1.73 and 2.25 mg/l, when compared with other stations, the maximum value recorded at Mudasalodai mouth and minimum value was recorded at Parangipettai station. Nickel The concentrations of Ni ranged between 5.95 and 7.9 µg/l with mean concentrations of 6.85µg/l. The maximum concentration (7.9µg/l) was recorded at Mudasalodai mouth and minimum concentration (5.95 µg/l) was recorded at mouth of vellar. Cadmium Cadmium is one of the most mobile and toxic heavy metals in the marine environment. The results of cadmium concentration varied from 0.29 to 0.55µg/l with mean concentrations of 0.38µg/l. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-24 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Lead The estimated concentrations of lead for surface waters ranged from 0.08 to 1.29 mg/l with a mean concentration of 0.57 mg/l. Mercury Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment. The results of Hg concentrations varied widely from 15ng/l to 60ng/l with mean concentrations of 35ng/l. The maximum concentration (60ng/l) was recorded at Mudasalodai mouth and minimum concentration (15ng/l) was recorded at Parangipettai station. 2.9 Sediment characteristics The various physico-chemical characteristics of sediments is given in Tables- 2.16 and 2.17. TABLE - 2.16 pH, Nutrients, Oil & Grease in Sediments Station Name Parameters Vellar Annan Koil Mudasalodai Parangipettai Mouth Mouth pH 8.0 8.0 7.9 8.0 Oil & Grease (µg/g) 5.23 10.19 10.94 10.36 Total Nitrogen (µg/g) 4.15 7.60 7.30 7.95 Total Phosphorus 2.53 3.29 3.46 3.83 (µg/g) TABLE-2.17 Soil texture and Organic matter in sediments Station Name Parameters Vellar Mouth Annan Koil Mudasalodai Parangipettai Mouth Sand (%) 88.75 85.50 88.09 83.25 Silt (%) 4.52 5.96 3.55 7.65 Clay (%) 6.73 8.54 8.36 9.10 Organic matter 4.63 5.26 5.65 3.73 (mg/g) WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-25 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil The pH of sediment varied from 7.9 to 8.0 waters indicated higher pH values was recorded at Vellar mouth and Parangipettai coast stations, whereas lower values were noticed in Annan Koil and Mudasalodai Mouth coastal. Oil & greases The oil and greases concentration in the sediment samples were varied from 5.23 to 10.94µg/g. The maximum concentration of oil & grease was recorded at Mudasalodai mouth and the minimum was recorded at vellar mouth. Total Phosphorus The total phosphorus concentrations were varied between 2.53 and 3.83µg/g. The maximum concentration of phosphorus was recorded at Parangipettai and minimum value recorded at Vellar mouth region. Total Nitrogen The total nitrogen concentration ranged between 4.15 and 7.95µg/g. The maximum concentration of nitrate was recorded at Parangipettai and minimum value recorded at Vellar mouth. Increase in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the clayey substratum and decreases with increasing grain size of the sediment. Organic matter The amount of organic matters in the sediment samples of the respective study area were analyzed and represented in table. Organic matters of the sediment samples varied from 3.73 to 5.65 mg/g. The maximum concentration of organic matter was recorded at Annankoil and minimum was recorded at Parangipettai. This may be due to the location of the area. The Annan koil is a one of the landing centre in the Parangipettai. TRACE METALS IN SEDIMENT The concentration of trace metals in sediments is given in Table-2.18. TABLE – 2.18 Trace metals in Sediment Station Name Parameters Vellar Annan Koil Mudasalodai Parangipettai Mouth Mouth Zinc (µg/g) 16.30 18.20 15.25 15.95 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-26 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Nickel (µg/g) 10.9 9.15 5.90 5.30 Cadmium (µg/g) 8.95 7.50 12.60 5.32 Lead (µg/g) 7.55 8.20 8.35 9.25 Mercury (ng/g) BDL 15 20 BDL The maximum concentration of heavy metals was recorded at Annankoil due to high input of metals from the boat activities and also the station is located in the river mouth, naturally it receive more wastes from terrestrial areas and also nearby fish landing activities. Zinc Zinc occurs as trace constituent in number of silicate minerals, but it is a major component in a few economic sulphide mineral deposits. Among the environmentally important trace metals analyzed, zinc recorded at high concentrations in the range from 15.25 to 18.20 mg/g with a mean concentration of 37.7 mg/g in the sediments. The maximum concentration was recoded at Annankoil and it was minimum at Mudasalodai mouth. Nickel Nickel is a transition metal having some geochemical characteristics similar to zinc. In the present investigation, Nickel in the sediment samples varied from 5.30 to 10.9 mg/g with a mean concentration of 7.81mg/g. Cadmium Cadmium ranged from 5.32 to12.60 mg/g with a mean concentration of 8.59 mg/g in the sediments. The minimum concentration was recorded at Parangipettai station and it was maximum at Mudasalodai mouth. Lead Lead is a heavy metal that occurs in nature mainly as lead sulphide. The concentrations of lead varied between 7.55 and 9.25 mg/g with a mean concentration of 8.3 mg/g is observed in the sediment. Mercury Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment. The Hg concentrations in the sediment varied widely from 15ng/l to 20ng/l with WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-27 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil mean concentrations of 17.5 ng/l. The maximum concentration (20ng/l) was recorded at Mudasalodai mouth and minimum concentration (15ng/l) was recorded at Annankoil. 2.10 MARINE ECOLOGY The primary productivity as observed at various sampling stations for marine water is given in Table-2.19. TABLE – 2.19 Primary productivity in marine water Station Name Parameters Vellar Annan Koil Mudasalodai Parangipettai Mouth Mouth Primary Productivity 32.56 29.31 39.54 24.36 (mg C/m3/hr) Chlorophyll ‘a’ 4.251 4.315 4.835 2.642 (mg/m3) Phaeophytin (mg/m3) 3.842 3.682 4.113 1.835 Phytoplankton Total 22328 21291 30849 2613 (Nos/l) Zooplankton Total 46620 77376 83952 10080 (No./m3) Total Biomass (ml/100 62.4 84.6 92.3 20.1 m 3) Primary productivity The primary productivity of all the four stations was studied. The maximum primary productivity 39.54mg C/m3/h was recorded at Mudasalodai mouth and minimum 24.36mg C/m3/h was at Parangipettai station. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll’a content of all the four stations was analyzed and it varied between 2.642 and 4.835 mg/m3. The maximum was recorded (2.642 mg/m3) at Mudasalodai mouth and minimum (4.835 mg/m3) at Parangipettai coast respectively. Phaeo-pigment Phaeo-pigment content also analyzed and it was recorded as minimum (1.835 mg/m3) at Parangipettai station and maximum (4.113 mg/m3) at Mudasalodai mouth. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-28 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Phytoplankton The total phytoplankton populations of the four stations were identified. The minimum phytoplankton density (2613 Nos./l) was recorded at Parangipettai coastal water and maximum of (30849 Nos./l) at Mudasalodai mouth. Total Biomass The minimum total biomass 20.1 ml/100 m3 was recorded at Parangipettai station and maximum total biomass of 92.3 ml/100 m3 at Mudasalodai mouth. Phytoplanktons The phytoplankton population at all the four stations were analyzed and the results are summarized in Table-2.20. The total phytoplankton populations of the four stations were identified. The phytoplankton density varied from 2613 Nos./l to 30849 Nos./l. The minimum was recorded at Parangipettai coastal water and maximum was at Mudasalodai mouth. TABLE-2.20 Phytoplankton population at various sampling stations Station Name: Vellar Mouth Total No. Sl. No. Name of the Organisms Cells./l in whole / Species sample % Composition Class : Bacillariophyceae Order : Centrals Family : Coscinodisceae 1. Coscinodiscus sp 1413 1413 6.33 Family :Triceratiinae 1. Triceratium sp 5524 5524 24.74 Family :Biddulphoidae 1. Biddulphia aurita 2229 9.98 2. Bellerochea sp 1185 3414 5.31 Order : Pennales Family : Naviculaceae WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-29 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 1 Navicula sp 588 588 2.63 DINOFLAGELLATES Class : Pyrrophyceae Order : Peridiniales 1 Ceratium macroceros 3078 13.78 2 Ceratium furca 5576 24..97 3 Ceratium tripos 2736 11390 12.25 Total 22328 Station Name: Annan Koil Total No. Sl. No. Name of the Organisms Cells./l in whole / Species sample % Composition Class : Bacillariophyceae Order : Centrals Family : Coscinodisceae 1 Coscinodiscus sp 115 115 0.54 Family :Triceratiinae 1. Triceratium sp 1742 1742 8.18 Family :Chaetoceraceae 1 Chaetoceros brevis 1425 1425 6.69 Family :Biddulphoidae 1 Biddulphia aurita 2139 2139 10.05 Family :Solenoidae 1 Rhizosolenia robusta 1425 1425 6.69 Order : Pennales Family : Naviculaceae 1 Nitzschia closterium 1815 8.52 2 Navicula vonhoffeni 1366 3181 6.41 Family : Fragilariaceae 1 Thalassionema nitzschioides 3535 3535 16.61 DINOFLAGELLATES Class : Pyrrophyceae Order : Dinophysiales 1 Dinophysis caudate 1994 1994 9.57 Class : Pyrrophyceae WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-30 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Order : Peridiniales 1 Ceratium furca 5576 7.58 2 Ceratium tripos 2736 8.07 3 Protoperidinium sp 1278 6.00 4 Noctiluca 1124 10714 5.28 Total 21291 Station Name: Mudasalodai Mouth Total No. Sl. No. Name of the Organisms in whole / Species Cells./l sample % Composition Class : Bacillariophyceae Order : Centrals Family : Coscinodisceae 1 Coscinodiscus sp 1764 1764 5.72 Family :Triceratiinae 1 Triceratium sp 1826 1826 5.92 Family :Biddulphoidae 1 Bellerochea sp 4381 4381 14.20 Family :Solenoidae 1 Rhizosolenia robusta 3213 3213 10.42 Order : Pennales Family : Naviculaceae 1 Pleurosigma elongatum 1758 5.70 2 Nitzschia closterium 2642 4400 8.56 Family : Fragilariaceae 1 Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii 2357 2357 7.64 DINOFLAGELLATES Class : Pyrrophyceae Order : Dinophysiales 1 Dinophysis caudata 1766 1766 8.72 Class : Pyrrophyceae Order : Peridiniales 1 Ceratium macroceros 1828 5.92 2 Ceratium furca 3271 10.62 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-31 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 3 Ceratium tripos 3999 12.96 11142 4 Protoperidinium sp 2044 6.63 Total 30849 Station Name: Parangipettai -0.5 Total No. in whole Sl. No. Name of the Organisms sample / Species Cells./l % Composition DIATOM Class : Bacillariophyceae Order : Centrals Family : Coscinodisceae 858 1 Coscinodiscus sp 858 32.84 Family :Triceratiinae 94 1. Triceratium sp 94 3.60 Family:Eupodiseaceae 1 Odentella mobiliensis 125 125 4.78 Order : Pennales Family : Naviculaceae 1 Pleurosigma sp 218 8.34 343 2 Stephanopyxis palmeriana 125 4.78 Family : Fragilariaceae 905 1 Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii 905 3463 DINOFLAGELLATES Class : Pyrrophyceae Order : Dinophysiales 94 1 Prorocentrum micans 94 3.60 Class : Pyrrophyceae Order : Peridiniales 195 1 Protoperidinium sp 195 7.46 Total 2613 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-32 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Zooplanktons The zooplankton population was analyzed at four stations and two results are summarized in Table-2.21. The zooplankton populations of all the four stations were analyzed. The minimum population 10080 Nos./m3 was recorded at Parangipettai coastal water. The maximum zooplankton population 83952 Nos./m3 was recorded at Mudasalodai mouth. Of these, Titinopsis sp (47.30%) were predominantly observed at all the stations, except station 3 (Mudasal odai mouth), it had Acartia spinicaudata. TABLE-2.21 Zooplankton population at various sampling locations Station Name: Vellar Mouth Sl. No. Name of the Organisms Nos./m3 Total No. % Composition / Species in whole sample Foraminifera 1 Globigerina sp 3780 3780 8.11 Spirotricha 1. Tintinnopsis sp 22050 47.30 2 Favella sp 1260 23310 2.70 Cladocera 1 Evadne sp 3150 3150 6.76 Calanoida 1 Pontella sp 4410 4410 9.46 Cyclopoida 1 Oithona similis 3780 3780 8.11 Larval Forms 1 Bivalve veliger 1890 4.05 2 Gastropod veliger 2520 5.41 3 Copepod nauplii 2520 5.41 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-33 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 4 Barnacle nauplii 1260 8190 2.70 Total 46620 Station Name: Annan Koil Sl. No. Name of the Organisms Nos./m3 Total No. % Composition / Species in whole sample Foraminifera 1 Radiolaria sp 5616 5616 7.26 Spirotricha 1. Tintinnopsis sp 5616 7.26 2 Favella sp 4992 10608 6.45 Cladocera 1 Penilia sp 1248 1248 1.61 Calanoida 1 Paracalanus sp 9984 12.90 2 Acrocalanus sp 8112 10.48 3 Acartia spinicauda 3744 21840 4.84 Cyclopoida 1 Oithona rigida 8736 11.29 2 Oithona brevicornis 5616 7.26 3 Oithona similis 6864 21216 8.87 Harpacticoida 1 Longopedia sp 4368 4368 5.65 Sagittoida 1 Sagitta sp 3120 3120 4.03 Appendicularia 1 Oikopleura sp 4368 4368 5.65 Larval Forms WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-34 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 1 Copepod nauplii 4992 4992 6.45 Total 77376 Station Name: Mudasalodai Mouth Sl. No. Name of the Organisms Nos./m3 Total No. % Composition / Species in whole sample Spirotricha 1 Favella sp 5724 5724 6.82 Calanoida 1 Paracalanus sp 8268 9.85 2 Acrocalanus sp 6996 8.33 3 Canthocalanus pauper 3816 4.55 4 Nanocalanus minor 5724 6.82 5 Calanopia minor 1908 2.27 6 Acartia spinicauda 8268 34980 9.85 Cyclopoida 1 Oithona rigida 9540 11.36 2 Oithona similis 4452 5.30 3 Corycaeus danae 7632 21624 9.09 Harpacticoida 1 Euterpina acutifrons 6996 6996 8.33 Appendicularia 1 Oikopleura sp 5088 5088 6.06 Larval Forms 1 Copepod nauplii 9540 9540 11.36 Total 83952 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-35 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Station Name: Parangipettai Sl. No. Name of the Organisms Nos./m3 Total No. % Composition / Species in whole sample Calanoida 1 Labidocera sp 3360 33.33 2 Acartia sp 4480 7840 44.44 Decapoda 1 Lucifer sp 2240 2240 22.22 Total 10080 Macrobenthos The numerical abundance of macrobenthos in all the four sampling sites were studied and the results are summarized in Table-2.22. The minimum of 328 no/m2 was recorded at Vellar mouth and maximum of 1868 no/m2 was recorded at Parangipettai. The Glycera alba and Nephtys sp. were most dominant macrobenthos in the region of vellar mouth. In these two species Glycera alba was the dominant species and it plays more than 60% of the total population. Regarding Annankoil, Glycera alba and Ampitheo sp. were the dominant species compared with other Nephtys sp. and Polydora ciliate. Especially in Parangipettai station, the gastropod Turritella attanuata and the polychaete Glycera alba were the dominant species. These two species plays more than 40% of the total population. The common species of macrobenthos were Perineries cultrifera, Polydora ciliate, Glycera alba, Nephtys sp., Gattyana deludens, Sabella sp., Chaetopterus sp., Ampitheop sp., were found to be common in all the four stations. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-36 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil TABLE-2.22 Macro-benthos in sediments at various sampling stations Station Name: Vellar Mouth Sl. No. Name of the Species Nos./ m2 Percentage Polychaetes 3. Glycera alba 197 60.06 4. Nephtys sp. 131 39.94 Total 328 Station Name: Annan koil S. No. Name of the Species Nos./ m2 Percentage Polychaetes 1 Polydora ciliata 164 21.75 2 Glycera alba 229 30.37 3 Nephtys sp. 164 21.75 Amphipods 1. Ampitheo sp. 197 26.13 Total 754 Station Name: Mudasalodai Mouth Sl. No. Name of the Species Nos./ m2 Percentage Polychaetes 1 Polydora ciliata 131 19.97 2 Glycera alba 164 25.00 3 Nephtys sp. 197 30.03 Amphipods 1. Ampitheo sp. 164 25.00 Total 656 Station Name: Parangipettai Sl. No. Name of the Species Nos./ m2 Percentage Polychaetes WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-37 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 1 Polydora ciliata 164 8.78 2 Perineries cultrifera 164 8.78 3 Gattyana deludens 164 8.78 4 Glycera alba 393 21.04 5 Nephtys sp. 262 14.03 6 Sabella sp. 131 7.01 7 Chaetopterus sp. 66 3.53 Gastropods 1 Turritella attanuata 393 21.04 Amphipods 1. Ampitheo sp. 131 7.01 Total 1868 Meiobenthos The abundance of meiobenthos in all the four sampling sites studied and the results are summarized in Table-2.23. The minimum meiofauna (126 no/10cm2) was identified at Vellar mouth and maximum(310 no/10cm2) at Parangipettai station. Meiobenthos community of the four sampling sites were most dominated by foraminiferans i.e. Rosalina agglutinans, Eponides repandus, nematodes i.e Halalaimus filum, H. gracilis and polychaets Nephtys sp The meiofauna Perineries cultrifera, Glycera alba, Nephtys sp. Daptonema conicum, Quinqueloculina sp., Eponides repandus, Spirillina limbata, Rotalia translucens, Rosalina globularis, Halalaimus filum, Viscosia sp., Spirillina limbata and Theristus sp. Ammonia beccarii, Cornoboides advena, R. bradyi were observed as common in all the four sampling sites. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-38 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil TABLE-2.23 Meiobenthos at various sampling stations Station Name: Vellar Mouth S. No. Name of the Species Nos./ 10 cm2 Percentage Polychaetes 1 Perineries cultrifera 1 4.00 2 Glycera alba 2 8.00 3 Nephtys sp. 1 4.00 Nematodes 1 Daptonema conicum 3 12.00 2 Tripyloides gracilis 2 8.00 3 Halalaimus gracilis 2 8.00 Harpacticoid copepods 1 Euterpin acutifrons 2 8.00 Foraminiferans 1 Eponides repandus 3 12.00 2 Rotalia translucens 4 16.00 3 Rosalina globularis 5 20.00 Total 25 Station Name: Annan Koil Sl. No. Name of the Species Nos./ 10 cm2 Percentage Polychaetes 1 Perineries cultrifera 2 7.69 2 Glycera alba 1 3.85 3 Nephtys sp. 2 7.69 Nematodes WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-39 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 1 Daptonema conicum 2 7.69 2 Tripyloides gracilis 3 11.54 3 Viscosia sp. 1 3.85 4 Halalaimus gracilis 2 7.69 Harpacticoid copepods 1 Euterpin acutifrons 2 7.69 Foraminiferans 1 Eponides repandus 3 11.54 2 Rotalia translucens 3 11.54 3 Rosalina bradyi 3 11.54 4 R. globularis 2 7.69 Total 26 Station Name: Mudasalodai Mouth Sl. No. Name of the Species Nos./ 10 cm2 Percentage Polychaetes 1 Perineries cultrifera 1 2.86 2 Glycera alba 2 5.71 3 Nephtys sp. 2 5.71 Nematodes 1 Daptonema conicum 3 8.57 2 Tripyloides gracilis 5 14.29 3 Viscosia sp. 2 5.71 4 Halalaimus gracilis 2 5.71 Harpacticoid copepods 1 Euterpin acutifrons 3 8.57 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-40 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Foraminiferans 1 Eponides repandus 5 14.29 2 Rotalia translucens 4 11.43 3 Rosalina bradyi 3 8.57 4 R. globularis 3 8.57 Total 35 Station Name: Parangipettai coast (0.5 km) Sl. No. Name of the Species Nos./ 10 cm2 Percentage Polychaetes 1 Polydora ciliata 2 1.09 2 Glycera alba 3 1.63 3 Nephtys sp. 2 1.09 4 Sabella sp. 2 1.09 Nematodes 1 Polygastrophora septembulba 5 2.72 2 Daptonema conicum 3 1.63 3 Theristus sp. 4 2.17 4 Tripyloides gracilis 3 1.63 5 Viscosia sp. 3 1.63 6 Halalaimus filum 9 4.89 7 H. gracilis 6 3.26 8 Metachromadora remanei 3 1.63 Harpacticoid copepods 1 Euterpina acutifrons 6 3.26 2 Macrosetella sp. 3 1.63 Foraminiferans WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-41 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Sl. No. Name of the Species Nos./ 10 cm2 Percentage 1 Textularia agglutinans 8 4.35 2 Quinqueloculina sp. 16 8.70 3 Eponides repandus 17 9.24 4 Triloculina sp. 8 4.35 5 Spirillina limbata 7 3.80 6 Rotalia translucens 15 8.15 7 R. bradyi 12 6.52 8 Rosalina agglutinans 18 9.78 9 Ammonia beccarii 10 5.43 10 Nonion depressulum 8 4.35 11 Cornoboides advena 6 3.26 12 Bolivina abbreviata 5 2.72 Total 184 Fisheries The list of major fin fish species observed at Parangipattai coastal water are listed in Table-2.24. TABLE-2.24 List of major fin fish species observed at Parangipattai coastal water 1 Alectis indicus 2 Ambassis commersonii 3 Arothron immaculatus 4 Boleopthalmus boddarti 5 Caranx sem 6 Chanos chanos 7 Chelonodon patoca 8 Cynoglossus arel 9 Cynoglossus puncticeps 10 Drepane punctata 11 Eleutheronema tetradactylum 12 Elops machnata 13 Ephippus orbis WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-42 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 14 Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus 15 Epinephelus tauvina 16 Etroplus suratensis 17 Gazza minuta 18 Gerres abbreviatus 19 Gerres filamentosus 20 Gnathonodon speciosus 21 Hemiramphus far 22 Himantura uarnak 23 Ilisha kampeni 24 Lactoria cornuta 25 Lagocephalus lunaris 26 Lates calcarifer 27 Leiognathus equulus 28 Lethrinus nubulosus 29 Liza parsia 30 Lutjanus fulviflamma 31 Latjanus johni 32 Latjanus lutjanus 33 Latjanus russelli 34 Megalaspis cordyla 35 Mene maculate 36 Mugil cephalus 37 Muranesox bagio 38 Mystus gulio 39 Nematolosa nasus 40 Oreochromis mossambicus 41 Platex teira 42 Platycephalus indicus 43 Plotosus canius 44 Pomadasys kakkan 45 Scatophagus argus 46 Scomberoides lysan 47 Secutor incidiator 48 Siganus canaliculatus 49 Siganus javus 50 Sillago sihama 51 Sphyraena barracuda 52 Stolephorus indicus 53 Strongylura leiura 54 Terapon jarbua 55 Terapon puta 56 Terapon theraps 57 Tetrosomus gibbosus 58 Thrysoidea macrura 59 Thyryssa mystax 60 Triacanthus biaculeatus 61 Upeneus sulphurus WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-43 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 2.11 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS The proposed project is located in Cuddalore district of Tamilnadu. Cuddalore occupies an area of about 3678 sq.km. The total population of the district is about 2285395, with males and females constituting about 50.36% and 49.64% respectively. The overall sex ratio in the district is about 986 females per 1000 males. The average population density is about 626 persons per sq. km. Urban population constitutes about 33.01% of the total population. The overall literacy rate in the district is 71.01%, which is slightly lower than that of the state average of 73.45%. Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population accounts for about 27.76% and 0.52% of the total population. The proposed project is located in Parangipettai (Porto Novo), which is located in the Chidambaram Taluka of Cuddalore district. The demographic profile of the project taluka is given in Table-2.25. TABLE-2.25 Demographic profile of the project taluka Parameters Numbers Number of Households 91026 Total Population 409047 Total Males 204264 Total Females 204783 Sex ratio 1003 Average Family Size 4.5 Scheduled Caste Population 117599 Scheduled Tribe Population 3475 Total Literates/ Literacy Rate 271359 Male Literates/ Male Literacy Rate 151560 Female Literates/ Female Literacy Rate 119799 Total Working Population 164535 Main Workers 117819 Marginal Workers 46716 Non Working Population 244512 Source: Census 2001 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2-44 CHAPTER – III ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil CHAPTER-3 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 3.1 INTRODUCTION Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been identified. The Environmental Impact Assessments for quite a few disciplines are subjective in nature and cannot be quantified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been quantified. However, for intangible impacts, a qualitative assessment has been done. This Chapter deals with anticipated positive as well as negative impacts due to the construction and operation phases of the proposed project. 3.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT a) Construction phase Impacts due to effluents from labour camps The peak labour strength likely to be deployed during construction phase for commissioning of groyen, dredging and construction of fish loading centre shall be about 200. Most of the labour force will come from nearby villages. The labour force engaged by the contractor could come from outside areas. A part of the labour population would stay in area. The balance are likely to stay in labour camps close to the project site during construction phase. It is assumed that about 50% i.e. 100 labour will stay at the site. Based on this the total water requirement for the labour congregating in the area for during construction phase who will stay during the construction phase are estimated as below: • Peak labour strength : 200 • Labours likely to stay at construction site (50%) : 100 • Married families (80% of 100) : 80 • Single : 20 • Husband and wife both working (80% of 80) : 64 • Families (64/2) : 32 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-1 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil • Families where only husband is working (50% of 32) : 16 • Family size (assumed) : 4 • Total number : 32x4+16x4+20=212 = 212 --- (A) • Add 5% for the persons who will be service provider : 11 like shops, repairing facilities, etc. • 50% of service providers will have families : 6 • Total number : 6x4+5=29 - (B) Total population (A+B) = (A + B) = 212+29=241 Say 250 Water requirement : 70 lpcd Total water requirement : 17.5 m3/day About 50 labour would stay at the construction site, only during working hours. The water requirement for such labour shall be 2.25 m3/day @ 45 lpcd. Thus, total water requirement works out to (17.5 +2.25) about 20 m3/day. The sewage generated is normally taken as 80% of the total water requirement i.e. (0.8 x 20) about 16 m3/day. The domestic water normally contains high BOD, which needs proper treatment and disposal, otherwise, it can have an adverse impact on the DO levels of the receiving body. The disposal of sewage without treatment can cause problems of odour and water pollution. The typical composition of untreated sewage is given in Table- 3.1. TABLE-3.1 Typical composition of untreated sewage Parameter Value Total Solids, mg/l 720 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 220 BOD mg/l 220 Oil and grease, mg/l 100 Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 100 Total Phosphorus, mg/l 80 Total Nitrates, mg/l 40 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-2 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Parameter Value Bicarbonates, mg/l 100 Carbonates, mg/l 10 Nitrates, mg/l 40 Phosphates, mg/l 40 Chlorides, mg/l 50 Sulphates, mg/l 30 Calcium, mg/l 40 Magnesium, mg/l 40 Potassium, mg/l 15 Sodium, mg/l 70 It is clear from Table-3.1, that BOD is the major pollutant, as far as sewage is concerned. Normally untreated sewage would find its way to natural drainage system which ultimately confluences into the sea. However, these natural drains are seasonal in nature and are likely to remain dry in the non-monsoon months. During this period, the flow of untreated sewage from the labour colonies in these drains can lead to development of anaerobic conditions, with associated water quality problems. However, in the present case it must be mentioned that the total quantity of sewage (11 m3/day) generated by the labour during construction phase is quite small and is not expected to cause any adverse impact on the marine water quality. However, it is proposed to treat the sewage from labour camps before disposal. The details are outlined as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Chapter-4 of this Report. Impacts due to dredging The project envisages dredging in the lead channel extending from sea face to Porto-Novo in the main channel of river velar. The channel extends upto the point, where natural depth of -2.00 m is available. As per the Detailed Project Report, the total quantum of dredging works out to about 0.36 Mm3. The major part of dredging would be carried inside the tranquil conditions existing in river Vellar. Since the dredged material near this coastal inlet is sandy, hence, dredging is recommended through a crust cat dredger an amphibian dredger. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-3 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil The potential environmental effects of dredging can be categorized as impacts due to dredging process itself and those due to disposal of the dredged material. During the dredging process effects may arise due to the excavation of sediments at the bed, loss material during transport to the surface, overflow from the dredger whilst loading and loss of material from the dredger and/or pipelines during transport. Impacts on benthic organisms During all dredging operations, the removal of material from the sea bed also removes the animals living on and in the sediments (benthic animals). With the exception of some deep burrowing animals or mobile surface animals that may survive a dredging event through avoidance, dredging may initially result in the complete removal of animals from the excavation site. The density of meio-benthos ranged from 126 to 310 No./10cm2. The abundance of macro-fauna ranged from 328 to 1868 no./m2. None of macro- and meio-fuanal species observed at the site were coming under rare, endangered or threatened category. All were common benthic species. The recovery of disturbed habitats following dredging ultimately depends upon the nature of the new sediment at the dredge site, sources and types of re- colonising animals, and the extent of the disturbance. In soft sediment environments recovery of animal communities generally occurs relatively quickly and a more rapid recovery of communities has been observed in areas exposed to periodic disturbances, such as maintained channels. Thus, in area under maintenance dredging in subsequent years, the recovery of benthic organisms is not expected to be significant. However, in the proposed project, maintenance dredging is not expected, hence, there will be sufficient recovery of benthic organisms in subsequent years. Impacts on Suspended sediments and turbidity levels When dredging and disposing of non-contaminated sediments, the key impacts are the increase in suspended sediments and turbidity levels. Any dredging method releases suspended sediments into the water column, during the excavation itself. In many cases, the locally increased suspended WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-4 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil sediments and turbidity associated with dredging and disposal is obvious from the turbidity ‘plumes’ which may be seen trailing behind dredgers or disposal sites. Increase in suspended sediments and turbidity levels from dredging operations may under certain conditions have adverse effects on marine animals and plants by reducing light penetration into the water column and by physical disturbance. The increase is likely to last for a period of 10-15 days after the cessation of dredging activities. This trend is noticeable under flood as well as ebb conditions. Increased suspended sediments can effect filter feeding organisms, such as shellfish, through clogging and damaging feeding and breathing process. Similarly, young fish can be damaged if suspended sediments become trapped in their gills and increased fatalities of young fish have been observed in heavily turbid water. Adult fish are likely to move away from or avoid areas of high suspended solids, such as dredging sites. The increase in turbidity results in decrease in the depth that light is able to penetrate the water column which may affect submerged seaweeds and plants, by temporarily reducing productivity and growth rates. Since, the benthic fauna is moderately developed in the areas, hence impacts on this account are not expected to be significant. The degree of resuspension of sediments and turbidity during dredging and disposal depends on: • sediments being dredged (size, density and quality of the material), • method of dredging (and disposal), • hydrodynamic regime in the dredging and disposal area (current direction and speed, mixing rate, tidal state), and • existing water quality and characteristics (background suspended sediment and turbidity levels). In most cases, sediment resuspension is only likely to present a potential problem if it is moved out of the immediate dredging location by tidal processes. In general, the effects of suspended sediments and turbidity are generally short term (<1 week after activity) and near-field (<1km from WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-5 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil activity). These are of concern only, if sensitive species are located in the vicinity of the maintained channel. Since, no sensitive species are observed in the areas to be dredged, hence, no adverse impacts are anticipated. Impacts on marine water quality Redox potential (eH ) and pH are two variables that control the characteristics of chemicals and heavy metals in water and sediment. As long as the pH remains around 8 and eH < 150 mV , most of the chemicals and metals will remain bound to the solid phase without being released into the surrounding water. Only anoxic conditions reduce the eH below this level and hence if dissolved oxygen level is normal no leaching of chemicals and heavy metals will occur. In the present survey sites pH was 8.0 to 8.1 and dissolved oxygen ranged from 4.50 to 5.20 mg/l which is normal for a marine ecosystem. Dissolved oxygen levels are not reduced to anoxic conditions. Under these circumstances, there is no possibility of any of the chemicals or metals being leached into the water. Moreover, sediment samples collected from all the sites were uncontaminated. As such no adverse impact due to dredging on the chemical characteristics of water or sediment is expected. Impacts due to dredging and disposal of organic matter and nutrients The release of organic rich sediments during dredging or disposal can result in the localised removal of oxygen from the surrounding water. Depending on the location and timing of the dredge this may lead to the suffocation of marine animals and plants within the localised area or may deter migratory fish or mammals from passing through. However, removal of oxygen from the water is only temporary, as tidal exchange would quickly replenish the oxygen supply. Therefore, in most cases where dredging is taking place in open coastal waters, this localised removal of oxygen has little, if any, effect on marine life. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-6 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Impacts due to contaminated sediments Another possible impact is the release of toxicants from the sediment if the sediment is contaminated. In the case of contaminated sediment acute toxicity, chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation are the possible effects. But all these are short term and insignificant and no serious effects have been reported from any earlier instances or experimental studies. In all the sites surveyed, the sediment samples analyzed did not show the presence of any appreciable levels of contamination and hence may not pose any such problems. Impact on phytoplankton and primary productivity Biomass of phytoplankton depends mainly on the availability of light in nutrient rich waters. Dredging and disposal may lead to increased turbidity and consequent reduction of light penetration for short periods. This may affect primary productivity and plankton biomass. However, turbidity due to dredging and dumping will be observed only in a localised area and only for a very short duration. Hence these impacts are not expected to be significant in nature. Impacts on benthos The dredging and dumping generally affect the benthos. These are related to removal of the benthic organisms from the dredging site and burial of benthic organisms at the dumping site. The dredged material takes away most of the benthos along with it and while dumping it most of the organisms present are buried under the deposited material. This will result in reduced number and diversity of benthic organisms at the dumping site. However, earlier studies show that the dredged site will be colonized by benthic organisms within a very short time. Moreover biomass and diversity of benthos will also be restored to the earlier level within a very short time. Benthic fauna did not contain any rare or endangered species and consisted of common species only. It can be expected that these species will colonize within a short time from dislodging. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-7 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Impacts on fisheries The most important impact on fishes may be suspended solid load or changes in the food chain. The high turbidity due to heavy suspended solid load during dredging or disposal of dredged materials results in clogging of gills of fishes thereby causing asphyxiation. But since fishes are free swimming they very well avoid such areas and move to safer areas. Once the turbidity is over due to currents, they come back to the area. Due to this capability of the fishes there is no significant adverse impact on fishes and fisheries is expected on fisheries as a result of dredging. Impacts due to reclamation The project envisages reclamation by backfilling the dredged material. It has been generally found that, if sediments are not toxic in-situ, they do not become so even after the disposal. The dredged material to be used for backfilling is non-toxic and uncontaminated, hence, adverse impacts on ground water quality due to infiltration over reclaimed area and land environment are not anticipated. b) Operation phase The proposed fishery harbour complex has provision for an overhead water tank capacity of 50,000 liters and 2 no. of underground sumps (with open space for an additional sump) 1,00,000 liters for a total of 2 days reserve capacity for the landing center. The fresh water is sourced from TWAD Board supply from Parangipettai village. 3.3 IMPACTS ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT (a) Construction phase The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of various construction equipment. The noise levels generated by various construction equipments are given in Table-3.2. Under the worst case scenario, considered for prediction of noise levels during construction phase, it has been assumed that all the equipments are operating at a common point. Likewise, to predict the worst case scenario, attenuation due to various factors too have not been considered for noise modeling. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-8 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil TABLE-3.2 Average noise levels generated by the operation of various construction equipment Equipment Noise level [dB(A)] Floating pontoon with mixer machine and 70 crane Winch machine 80 Transit mixer 75 Dumpers 75 Generators 85 Batching plant 90 Air compressors 90 Pile drivers 115 Modeling studies were conducted to assess the increase in noise level due to operation of various construction equipment, and the results are given in Table-3.3. TABLE-3.3 Predicted noise levels due to the operation of various construction equipment Distance Ambient Increase in Noise level Increase in (m) noise level noise level due to ambient noise (dB(A)) due to construction level due to construction activities construction activities (dB(A)) activities (dB(A)) (dB(A)) 30 45 70 70 25 50 45 66 66 21 100 45 60 60 15 200 45 54 55 10 500 45 46 49 4 1000 45 36 46 1 1500 45 36 45.5 0.5 2000 45 34 45 - It is clear from Table 3.3, that at a distance of 100 m and 200 m from the construction site, the increase in noise levels will be about 10 dB(A) and 15 dB(A) respectively. The nearest residential areas are at a distance of about 1 km from the proposed project site. Hence, no adverse impacts are anticipated on noise levels due to the proposed project. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-9 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil b) Operation phase No major impacts on noise environment are anticipated during project operation phase. 3.4 IMPACTS ON AIR ENVIRONMENT (a) Construction phase Impacts due to fugitive emissions The major pollutant in the construction phase is SPM being air-borne due to various construction activities. The vehicular movement generates pollutants such as NOx, CO and HC. But, the vehicular pollution is not expected to lead to any major impacts. The soils in the project area are sandy in texture, and are likely to generate dust as a result of vehicular movement. However, the fugitive emissions generated due to vehicular movement are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300 m. The impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be significant, since, there are habitation in the vicinity of the site. Impacts due to operation of construction equipment The combustion of diesel in various construction equipment could be one of the possible sources of incremental air pollution during the construction phase. The fuel utilization rates of various equipments expected to be in operation during construction phase is given in Table-3.4. Under the worst case scenario, it has been considered that equipment used for construction of berth and earthwork at each site, are operating at a common point. TABLE-3.4 Fuel combustion during construction phase ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Equipment Fuel consumption No. of Total fuel rate (lph) units consumption (l) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dumpers 30 4 120 Generators 30 2 60 Batching plant 40 1 40 Dumpers 20 4 80 WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-10 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil Loaders and unloaders 25 3 75 Excavators 25 2 50 Water tanker 8 5 40 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 465 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The major pollutant likely to be emitted due to construction of diesel in various construction equipment shall be SO2. The short-term increase in SO2 concentration has been predicted using Gaussian plume dispersion model. The results are summarized in Table-3.5. TABLE-3.5 Short-term (24 hr) increase in concentration of SO2 (μg/m3) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wind Distance (km) Speed --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (m/s) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.2 2.60x10-34 1.27x10-10 6.36x10-6 5.19x10-4 0.85 1.56x10-7 2.91x10-4 2.43x10-4 2.3x10-4 -4 1.53 4.08x10 9.66x10-4 2.33x10-4 1.19x10-3 2.78 6.03x10-4 6.82x10-4 1.44x10-4 4.47x10-5 4.30 5.22x10-4 6.82x10-4 1.44x10-4 4.47x10-5 5.98 3.91x10-4 3.56x10-4 7.05x10-5 3.22x10-4 -4 7.00 3.78x10 3.04x10-4 6.04x10-5 2.76x10-5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- It is evident from Table-3.5 that the maximum short-term increase in SO2 is observed as 0.00119 μg/m3, which is at a distance of 200 m from the emission source. The incremental concentration is quite low and does not require any specific control measure. Thus, the operation of construction equipment is not expected to have any major impact on the ambient air quality as a result of the project. (b) Operation phase During operation stage apart from emissions generated due to vehicular movement, no other sources of air pollution are anticipated. The major source of air pollution in the post-project phase is the vehicular movement for transportation of fish catch to different destinations of markets. On an average about 10 to 20 trucks per day will move in the area. The pollution levels due to those are not expected to be significant to cause significant adverse impact on ambient air quality. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-11 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 3.5 IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (a) Construction phase In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labour, is estimated at about 200. About 100 labour population are likely to come from nearby sites. The balance, i.e. 50 labour and their family members are likely to stay near construction sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities, so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met. (b) Operation phase The proposed project will give a boost to fishing activities in the area. The proposed project will develop the following infrastructure as well: • Fish auction hall • Public toilet • Security or guard house • Fresh water supply and distribution network • Overhead tank for fresh water storage • Electric power supply and distribution • Net mending sheds • Internal roads • WBM hard surfaces for parking of vehicles • Land area for setting up ice plant cum chilled storage • Boat repair yard for undertaking repair of boats. Thus, the project would have a significant positive impact on the overall economy of the area. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 3-12 CHAPTER – IV ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil CHAPTER-4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 4.1 GENERAL The Environmental Management Plan proposes to integrate the baseline conditions, impacts likely to occur, and the supportive and assimilative capacity of the system. The most reliable way to achieve the above objective is to incorporate the management plan into the overall planning and implementation of the project. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed fisheries harbour is classified into the following categories: • Land Environment • Water Environment • Air Environment • Control of Noise • Greenbelt Development • Socio-Economic Environment 4.2 LAND ENVIRONMENT The construction of groyen would require large quantities of construction materials which shall be procured from nearby quarries. The impacts of the construction phase on the environment would be transient in nature lasting only till the construction activities continue. The surface roads, which are proposed to be utilized during construction, shall be black topped to avoid fugitive dust. These measures will reduce the entrainment of fugitive emissions to a large extent. Adequate provisions shall be made for timely repair of roads. On completion of construction the roads should be black topped. 4.3 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL During construction and operation phases, the solid wastes so generated will contain mainly vegetable matter followed by paper, cardboard, packaging materials, wood boards, polythene, etc. The total solid waste to be generated would be of the order of 0.13 t/day. Likewise, in the project WAPCOS Centre for Environment 4-1 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil operation phase, about 0.66 t/day of solid waste will be generated from domestic sources. Adequate facilities for collection and conveyance of municipal wastes generated at the disposal site shall be developed. A provision of Rs.1.9 million has been earmarked for the solid waste disposal. The details are given in Table-4.1. TABLE-4.1 Cost estimates for solid waste management S. Item Cost No. (Rs. million) 1. One covered tempo for conveyance of solid waste 1.0 to the landfill 2. Manpower cost for 4 persons @ Rs.5000/month for 0.5 2 years including 10% escalation/year 3. Preparation of landfill site including surveying, 0.4 levelling, excavation, lining, etc. Total 1.9 4.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT The major source of water pollution in the construction and operation phases is the sewage generated by the workers and employees. During construction phase about 24m3/day of sewage is expected to be generated. It is proposed to construct twenty (20) community toilets within the labour camps. An amount of Rs.30,000 is likely to be spent for construction of a community toilet. Thus, a total expenditure of Rs.0.6 million is likely to be incurred for this purpose. The sewage can be treated in septic tank and disposed off over land through absorption trenches. It is proposed to construct one septic tank for treatment of sewage generated during construction phase. A provision of Rs.0.2 million has been earmarked for construction of septic tanks. These facilities can be used in the project operation phase as well. The treated sewage from septic tanks can be discharged into the existing sewerage network of the area. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 4-2 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil The effluent from auction hall etc. will contain oil and grease particles which shall be treated in an oil skimmer and suitably disposed after treatment. The oil skimmers should be made available at the berthing quay. The collected oily matter can be stored in cans, etc. and disposed off at designated landfill sites finalized in consultation with the district administration. An amount of Rs.0.5 million has been earmarked for this purpose. 4.5 AIR ENVIRONMENT Control of Pollution due to increased vehicles The major source of air pollution in the proposed project is the increased vehicular movement in the project construction phase. The movement of other vehicles is likely to increase, as the commissioning of the project would lead to significant development in the area. Thus, as a control measure, vehicles emitting pollutants above the standards should not be allowed to ply either in the project construction or in the operation phases. Vehicles and construction equipment should be fitted with internal devices i.e. catalytic converters to reduce CO and HC emissions. All the roads in the vicinity of the project site and the roads connecting the quarry sites to the construction site should be paved or black topped to minimize the entrainment of fugitive emissions. If any of the roads stretches cannot be black topped or paved due to some reason or the other, then adequate arrangements must be made to spray water on such stretches of the road. 4.6 CONTROL OF NOISE During construction phase, the use of various construction equipment is the major source of noise. However, based on the modeling studies, the noise due to operation of various construction equipment is not likely to have any adverse impact on the habitations in nearby habitats. However, efforts need to be made to reduce the noise generated by the various construction equipment. Exposure of workers near the high noise levels areas can be WAPCOS Centre for Environment 4-3 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil minimized. This can be achieved by job rotation/automation, use of ear plugs, etc. To prevent the adverse impacts, the exposure to high noise levels should be restricted as per the exposure period outlined in Table-4.2. Workers operating in the high noise areas should be provided with earplugs. TABLE-4.2 Maximum exposure periods for different noise levels as per OSHA Maximum equivalent Unprotected exposure period (hrs) per continuous noise level day for an 8 hr/day and 5 days per (dB(A)) week 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 0.5 115 0.25 120 No exposure permitted at or above this level 4.7 Environmental Management Plan During Construction Phase S. Aspects Mitigation Measures Roles and No. Responsibilities 1. Air Environment • Regular sprinkling of water will • Contractor be made to control fugitive dust. • Better maintained vehicles and mechanical devices to be used. • Construction workers should use masks. 2. Noise Environment • Appropriate measures for • Contractor minimizing noise from vehicles and mechanical devices to be taken. • DG set to be installed in acoustic enclosures with WAPCOS Centre for Environment 4-4 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil S. Aspects Mitigation Measures Roles and No. Responsibilities silencers. 3. Land Environment • Earthquake resistant designs to • Contractor be followed for construction. • Minimum land clearance to minimize soil erosion 4. Surface Water • Run-off of fuel / engine oil and • Contractor lubricants from construction sites will be controlled. • Labor camps will be established with adequate sanitation facilities away from the HTL. 5. Waste Water • Drainage, catch pits / • Contractor sedimentation tanks for waste water, prior to discharge. • Treatment of waste water to adhere to CRZ requirements. 6. Dredge Disposal • Dredge spoils to be utilised for • Contractor reclamation / disposed outside the CRZ. 7. Solid Waste • To be dumped in identified sites • Contractor for final disposal by the local body. 8. Fresh Water Supply • Piped water supply to be made • Contractor to the fish landing centre from TWAD sources through separate distribution lines. 9. Biological Environment • Minimum changes to aquatic • Contractor environment through waste control. • Complete clean-up and restoration of the aesthetic quality of the surroundings after construction • No natural tidal courses to be interfered with. 10. Landscape / Greenery • Green belt around the fish • Contractor landing centre and on roads to be set up. • Mangrove species like Avicennia marina and Avicennia officinalis should be planted being good absorbers of heavy metals. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 4-5 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil DURING OPERATION PHASE S. Aspects Mitigation Measures Roles and No. Responsibilities 1. Air Environment • Regular sprinkling of water to be • Executive made to control fugitive dust. Engineer • Vehicles with emission control and Site devices to be encouraged. Engineer • Half-yearly monitoring of air quality status to be done. 2. Noise Environment • Restriction on vehicular horns to • Executive be imposed. Engineer • DG set to be installed in acoustic and Site enclosures with silencers. Engineer • Day time activities to be encouraged. 3. Surface Water • Regular monitoring of parameters • Executive viz. temperature, pH, DO, Engineer BOD/COD, salinity, turbidity, TSS, And Site Nitrite-Nitrogen, Nitrate-Nitrogen, Engineer Ammonia-Nitrogen, Phosphate- Phosphorus, Chlorophyl a, oil and grease, heavy metals, total coliform / faecal coliform, etc, to be made and reported. • Safeguard from oil spills by the fishing vessels/boats. • Surface run-off from oil handling areas should be treated for oil separation before discharge. 4. Waste Water / Solid Waste • Vessel repairing / overhauling, etc • Executive to be done only in the identified Engineer space. Waste water to be treated and Site prior to discharge. Engineer • Putrefied and discarded fish parts to be disposed of at designated area. 5. Biological Environment • No untreated discharge of • Executive wastes, dumping of garbage into Engineer sea. and Site • Litter bins to be provided and Engineer disposed of to designated site(s) of Cuddalore Municipality • MPEDA guidelines for hygienic WAPCOS Centre for Environment 4-6 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil S. Aspects Mitigation Measures Roles and No. Responsibilities fish handling to be followed • Awareness Programmes for biodiversity conservation to be organized in association with Local Municipality, local fishermen and fisherwomen cooperative societies, District Collector of Cuddalore district and NGOs involving women and school children from the coastal villages. 6. Quality of Life • First aid / medical facilities to be • Executive extended to the indigent people. Engineer • Awareness Programme on and Site hygiene and natural hazards to Engineer be organized. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 4-7 CHAPTER – V ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil CHAPTER-5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 5.1 THE NEED Monitoring is an essential component for sustainability of any developmental project. It is an integral part of any environmental assessment process. Any development project introduces complex inter-relationships in the project area between people, various natural resources, biota and the many developing forces. Thus, a new environment is created. It is very difficult to predict with complete certainty the exact post-project environmental scenario. Hence, monitoring of critical parameters is essential in the post-project phase. Monitoring of environmental indicators signal potential problems and facilitate timely prompt implementation of effective remedial measures. It will also allow for validation ofthe assumptions and assessments made in the present study. Monitoring becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned for environmental protection function effectively during the entire period of project operation. The data so generated also serves as a data bank for prediction of post-project scenarios in similar projects. 5.2 AREAS OF CONCERN From the monitoring point of view, the important parameters are marine water quality, ambient air quality, noise, etc during project construction phase. An attempt is made to establish early warning system which indicate the stress on the environment. Suggested monitoring parameters and programmes are described in the subsequent sections. 5.3 MARINE WATER & SEDIMENT QUALITY Construction phase The chemical and biological characteristics of marine water quality shall be monitored once in three months during project construction phase. Both WAPCOS Centre for Environment 5-1 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil surface and bottom waters should be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows: Marine Water Physico-chemical parameters - pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides Biological parameters - Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density) Sediments Physio-chemical parameters - Texture - pH - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD - Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates Biological Parameters - Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna WAPCOS Centre for Environment 5-2 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external agency. A provision of Rs.0.8 million has been earmarked for this purpose. Operation Phase The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in three months and biological parameters once a year during project operation phase. Both surface and bottom waters should be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows: Marine Water Physico-chemical parameters - pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides Biological parameters - Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density) Sediments Physio-chemical parameters - Texture - pH - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD WAPCOS Centre for Environment 5-3 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil - Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates Biological Parameters - Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external agency. A provision of Rs.0.6 million/year has been earmarked for this purpose. 5.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Construction Phase Ambient air quality monitoring is recommended to be monitored at three stations close to the groyen construction site. The monitoring can be conducted for three seasons. For each season monitoring can be conducted twice a week for 4 consecutive weeks. The parameters to be monitored are SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx. An amount of Rs. 0.144 million has been earmarked for this purpose. This is based on the fact that the construction phase is to last for one year. The ambient air quality monitoring during project construction operation phase can be conducted by an agency approved by Tamilnadu Pollution control Board. Operation phase No monitoring measures have been recommended for ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase. 5.5 NOISE The noise level monitoring during construction phase will be carried out by the project staff and a noise meter can be purchased. An amount of Rs.0.05 million has been earmarked for this purpose. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 5-4 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil 5.6 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME The summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases is given in Tables-5.1 and 5.2 respectively. TABLE-5.1 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction phase S. Aspects Parameters to be Frequency of Location No. monitored monitoring 1. Marine water Physico-chemical pH, Salinity, EC, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters TDS, Turbidity, months Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides. Biological Light penetration, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Chlorophyll, Primary months Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons 2. Sediments Physico-chemical Texture, pH, Sodium, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Potassium, months Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates Biological Benthic Meio-fauna, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Benthic Macro-fauna months 3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 and - Summer, Close to NOx Post- construction monsoon site(s) and Winter seasons. - Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season. 4. Noise Equivalent Noise During peak Construction Level construction Site(s) activities WAPCOS Centre for Environment 5-5 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil TABLE-5.2 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project operation phase S. Aspects Parameters to be Frequency of Location No. monitored monitoring 1. Marine water Physico-chemical pH, Salinity, EC, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters TDS, Turbidity, months Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides. Biological Light penetration, Once a year 3 to 4 sites parameters Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons 2. Sediments Physico-chemical Texture, pH, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Sodium, months Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates Biological Benthic Meio- Once in a year 3 to 4 sites parameters fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna 5.7 Environmental Monitoring Programme During Construction Phase S. Aspects Parameters to be Frequency of Location No. monitored monitoring 1. Marine water Physico-chemical pH, Salinity, EC, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters TDS, Turbidity, months Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides. Biological Light penetration, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Chlorophyll, Primary months Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons 2. Sediments Physico-chemical Texture, pH, Sodium, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Potassium, months Phosphate, WAPCOS Centre for Environment 5-6 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil S. Aspects Parameters to be Frequency of Location No. monitored monitoring Chlorides, Sulphates Biological Benthic Meio-fauna, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Benthic Macro-fauna months 3. Ambient air quality PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and - Summer, Close to NOx Post- construction monsoon site(s) and Winter seasons. - Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season. 4. Noise Equivalent Noise During peak Construction Level construction Site(s) activities DURING OPERATION PHASE S. Aspects Parameters to be Frequency of Location No. monitored monitoring 1. Marine water Physico-chemical pH, Salinity, EC, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters TDS, Turbidity, months Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides. Biological Light penetration, Once a year 3 to 4 sites parameters Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons 2. Sediments Physico-chemical Texture, pH, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Sodium, months Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates Biological Benthic Meio- Once in a year 3 to 4 sites parameters fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna WAPCOS Centre for Environment 5-7 CHAPTER – VI COST ESTIMATE Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Fish Landing Centre Government of Tamilnadu at Porto-novo – Annankovil CHAPTER-6 COST ESTIMATES 6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) The cost estimates for implementing EMP shall be Rs.2.92 million. The details are given in Table-6.1). TABLE-6.1 Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S. Parameter Cost No. (Rs. million) 1. Solid Waste Management 1.91 2. Sanitary facilities at labour camps 0.80 3. Treatment of effluent from workshops 0.50 4. Greenbelt development 0.12 5. Purchase of noise meter 0.05 6. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme 0.95 during construction phase (Refer Table-6.2) Total 4.32 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during construction phase is Rs.0.95 million. The details are given in Table-6.2. TABLE-6.2 Summary of cost estimates required for implementation during Project construction phase S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. million) 1. Marine Ecology 0.8 2. Ambient air quality 0.144 Total 0.944 say Rs. 0.95 million The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during operation phase is Rs.0.60 million/year, which is required for marine water quality monitoring. WAPCOS Centre for Environment 6-1