2018/95 Supported by K NKONW A A WELDEGDEG E OL N ONTOET E S ESREI R E ISE S F OFRO R P R&A C T HTEH E NEENREGRYG Y ETX ITCREA C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E THE BOTTOM LINE Residential Energy Efficiency Residential buildings account for most of the energy used in buildings overall and thus offer Why does energy efficiency in the residential Figure 1. Change in building energy use by region significant potential for energy sector matter? Energy use change by region and sorted by rate of change, 2002–12 17,500 efficiency. Over the next decade, Residential buildings are responsible for a large 15,000 energy consumption in the share of global energy consumption 12,500 residential subsector is expected Building energy use change (TFC PJ) Buildings are responsible for nearly 40 percent of primary energy 10,000 to grow faster than in the rest consumption globally, half of electricity consumption, and about a 7,500 of the building sector owing to third of greenhouse gas emissions. The residential sector—housing— 5,000 expected increases in both the makes up about 70 percent of building energy use and thus offers 2,500 number of households and in per 0 capita energy use as incomes rise. the majority of the energy efficiency (EE) potential in buildings. The -2,500 Improvements in residential energy increase in building energy use between 2002 and 2012 is shown 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 efficiency would provide multiple by region in figure 1. Rapid growth rates can be seen in the Middle benefits to individual households East (55 percent), China (35 percent), and Africa (30 percent). Over Energy share by region, 2012 and society at large but are often the next decade, energy consumption in residential buildings is 3.8 4.3 5.5 blocked by a number of barriers. expected to grow faster than in the rest of the building sector owing 16.1 to expected increases in both the number of households and in per capita energy use as incomes rise. Such growth will place a strain on 18.9 energy infrastructure and resources. Better residential EE provides multiple benefits to individual 11.9 households and society at large. Reduction in demand can ease energy infrastructure bottlenecks and delay the need for new 4.8 investments in capacity expansion; at the same time, it can enhance 16.2 5.5 energy security by reducing imports and increasing exports, reduce 4.8 0.7 7.8 Aditya Lukas is an global and local emissions, offset the impact on households of energy specialist in the energy pricing reforms, and make access to energy more affordable. Energy Sector Management Other local and social benefits accrued by residential EE include: Japan Russia North America European Union Australia and New Zealand Southeast Asia Latin America India Assistance Program • Increased local economic activity and job opportunities. Other Africa China Middle East (ESMAP) of the Energy Investing in residential EE supports local businesses and can and Extractives Global Practice at the create job opportunities in construction, renovation, and other World Bank. areas. Similarly, local manufacturing companies see increased Source: IEA (2015). 2 R e s i d e n t i a l E n e r g y E f f ici e n c y demand for their energy-efficient products. And service compa- transaction costs. Prevailing low comfort levels (for example under- nies see more demand for their energy audits, EE designs, and heating and undercooling) may lower the potential for cost savings prefeasibility studies. if the energy savings from an efficiency measure are offset by • Reduced energy costs for households. Residential EE additional energy use to increase comfort levels. Other key barriers reduces energy costs, which can impose a significant burden to realizing residential EE are listed below. The residential sector is on poor households. Lower costs for energy thus help to • Lack of awareness and information. Lack of information particularly challenging mitigate the impact of high energy prices or planned reforms of about energy efficiency means that residential consumers are energy tariffs. Most energy-efficient appliances also have longer often unaware of the performance of various building materials because homeownership is operating lives, further reducing households’ costs. (windows, insulation) and appliances (air conditioners, refrigera- so disaggregated, because • Improved comfort levels and health. Modern heating and tors, lighting). Lack of knowledge keeps consumers from making owners and tenants cooling systems allow users to adjust room temperatures to suit informed investment decisions. have split incentives, and their personal needs and to control their energy consumption. • High upfront costs. The higher initial investment cost, either Better lighting enhances nighttime studies and reading for for more efficient homes or appliances, is another constraint to because of the small size children. More efficient cookstoves lessen indoor air pollution. widespread market development. This is particularly true for less of individual investments • Improved building stock. Renovated, energy-efficient creditworthy or low-income households that have little access to and returns. buildings improve the value and appearance of buildings, often affordable financing. leading to higher property values and property taxes in addition • Lack of access to affordable financing. Access to financing to more sustainable urban renewal. As the public becomes is often restricted or costly where households are perceived to more aware of their lower operating costs, interest in renovated pose risks of nonpayment and have limited collateral, where buildings can grow. they are offered short loan terms, where project sizes are small, where uncertainty about actual savings persists, and where So why is most of the EE potential in housing still financial institutions have not yet learned to offer specialized EE products or assess and structure EE deals. untapped? • Competing priorities and low incomes. Residential cus- An assortment of surmountable barriers has tomers have many priorities other than upgrading their homes blocked progress or appliances, particularly when energy prices are low. Higher- income consumers often make investment choices based on More than 80 percent of the global economic EE potential in build- safety, health, comfort, aesthetics, reliability, convenience, and ings remains untapped, equivalent to the final energy consumption of status; the priority for low-income households is usually to meet Japan (IEA 2015). Although most EE measures for residential buildings basic needs. are economically viable and have reasonable payback periods, they • Lack of incentives. When energy prices are low and buildings still face a number of barriers. The residential sector is particularly do not practice consumption-based billing or metering (as in challenging because homeownership is so disaggregated, because the case of district heating), consumers have weak incentives to owners and tenants have split incentives, and because of the small invest in EE and are prone to overconsumption. Split incentives size of individual investments and returns. Decentralized ownership may exist when a building owner is responsible for capital of apartments complicates the implementation of EE measures in upgrades, while tenants pay for energy costs. multi-unit buildings. And many individual EE projects create high 3 R e s i d e n t i a l E n e r g y E f f ici e n c y • Collective decision-making. Multifamily apartment buildings, has been to motivate households to become energy efficient by which are common in densely populated urban areas, require comparing their energy usage to that of their peers and neighbors. consensus around decisions to upgrade buildings. Consensus One of the most difficult issues is the development of financing can be hard to reach. Also, condominiums and homeowners’ and delivery mechanisms for reaching residential customers. associations (HOAs) may be obligated to sign contracts, take Individual investments are usually small, so projects need to be bun- One of the largest recent loans, and oversee contractors, all of which pose risks and dled into attractive investment propositions for financial institutions projects introduced require certain skills. and others. Successful delivery mechanisms have included utility demand-side management programs, commercial bank financing, efficient lighting, How have countries addressed these challenges? green mortgages, credit guarantees, EE funds, and market trans- refrigerators, and air formation programs.1 Table 1 provides an overview. These delivery conditioners in Mexican Governments have developed a range of policies, mechanisms need to be tailored to conditions in each country. residential buildings. programs, and approaches to help overcome these More than $700 million in barriers What has the World Bank done to promote financing was deployed, Policy measures include programs to spread information, raise residential EE? awareness, and offer incentives. These include performance Bank programs have promoted building retrofits including $308 million from labels for appliances and buildings; minimum energy performance international organizations and energy efficient appliances standards for appliances; mandatory energy codes for residential and $406 million in local buildings; incentive schemes (for example, tax incentives) to speed Working in Europe and Central Asia, the Bank has assisted in numer- cofinancing. uptake of energy-efficient appliances and building materials; and ous renovations of multifamily apartment buildings, most of them establishment of HOA legislation to facilitate collective decision-mak- linked to tariff reforms and upgrades of district heating. In recent ing and implementation of EE upgrades to multifamily apartment years, however, most of the Bank’s residential programs focused on buildings. Of course, policies must be accompanied by appropriate appliances. One of the largest recent projects introduced efficient secondary legislation and regulations and stringent enforcement. lighting, refrigerators, and air conditioners in Mexican residential And getting energy prices at cost-recovery levels and requiring full buildings. More than $700 million in financing was deployed, including collection will help strengthen incentives. Many countries have made $308 million from international organizations and $406 million in participation in EE programs mandatory for low-income consumers local cofinancing; the project closed in July 2015. It is notable that eligible for energy bill subsidies. many other residential appliance programs are part of larger projects Awareness, information, and capacity-building programs that themselves have complementary components—for example, have been implemented to complement policy measures. Examples distribution reform and upgrading, grid extension and distributed include campaigns to promote energy efficient appliances and renewable energy, tariff reforms, and broader energy planning. Many inform consumers about their benefits; initiatives to provide of the efficient lighting programs in Sub-Saharan Africa address power homeowners and HOAs with legal, financial, and engineering advice shortages and peak demand. In addition to investment programs, the regarding EE rehabilitations; the development of tools and guides Bank has also completed two Development Policy Loans in Mexico (e.g., EE calculators and product lists, endorsement labels, appliance and Morocco that included policy actions on residential EE. Although guides) for appliance and building upgrades; and efforts to build the programs have had varying results and are difficult to aggregate, capacity in implementing agencies through training, awareness reporting shows consistent and substantial energy savings in the campaigns, consultancies, and new equipment. A recent approach 1 Market transformation programs are interventions designed to remove barriers or exploit opportunities to accelerate the adoption of cost-effective EE measures. 4 R e s i d e n t i a l E n e r g y E f f ici e n c y residential sector. Table 2 reports results from some recently closed simple appliances such as ceiling fans; only a few projects include World Bank programs. water heaters, air conditioners, or heating since these generally The current Bank portfolio for residential EE focuses mostly on require higher investment costs and tend to be used by higher-in- lighting and appliances, which have shorter payback times and are come households. One ongoing project (Metropolitan Buenos Aires easier to implement than building retrofits. Most of the total financing Urban Transformation Project, P159843) includes energy-efficient Many residential appliance volume of about $154 million for residential EE targets lighting or design of social housing units. programs are part of larger projects that themselves Table 1. Delivery mechanisms in the residential sector have complementary Delivery components—for example, mechanism Description Key success factors Country examples Utility Regulatory mechanisms to oblige utilities to implement EE measures in their Proper incentives for utilities (e.g., Belgium, Canada, distribution reform and demand-side customers’ premises. To meet these obligations, utilities may (i) directly utility obligations) and measures Denmark, France, upgrading, grid extension management implement EE measures in residential buildings, (ii) engage contractors to address conflicts with utilities’ Ireland, Italy, programs for implementation, (iii) purchase energy savings achieved by others,a or core energy sales business (e.g., Netherlands, UK, USA and distributed renewable (iv) establish a (revolving) fund for implementation of the measures. Utility decoupling energy sales and energy, tariff reforms, and programs may include demand response programs which encourage end- profits) users to make short-term changes in energy use in response to price signals broader energy planning. (e.g., to reduce peak demand). Commercial Government or donor credit lines to commercial banks (or specialized lending Technical assistance to help Lithuania, Mexico, financing windows) for on-lending to residential consumers. Schemes include direct strengthen banks’ capacity to Poland, Serbia, loans to homeowners and HOAs for building renovations or credit schemes for assess projects, standardized Thailand qualifying energy-efficient appliances carried out through vendors or retailers. project appraisal procedures. Green Subsidized or preferential mortgages to promote energy efficient building Constant and predictable funding Australia, Germany, mortgages construction and retrofits based on predefined green measures. for green mortgages to allow Mexico, Netherlands, investors to make long-term plans. USA Credit A public or private agency (e.g., development or commercial bank, insurance Sufficiently large project pipelines, Bulgaria, Czech guarantees or guarantee company) guarantees a portion of loan losses from defaults to proper assessment and pricing Republic, Estonia, encourage banks to lend for EE and defray perceived risks. of risks. Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia EE funds National or state governments provide concessional loans or incentives for EE Funds to provide other services Armenia, Bulgaria, projects. In the residential sector, EE funds include some portion of grant funds (e.g., audit templates, guidebooks, Romania, Slovenia (usually 20–30 percent) from government budgets or special taxes. online EE calculators) Market Bulk procurement and distribution: Energy-efficient appliances are procured in Measures to ensure that efficient Bangladesh, Ethiopia, transformation bulk and distributed to customers by a utility or government agency. appliances are available in the Philippines, Rwanda, market after the end of program. Uganda, Vietnam Channel marketing: Existing market channels distribute energy-efficient Marketing and awareness- India, Mexico, Sri Lanka appliances through coupons, branding, and promotion programs and rebates. building campaign to ensure high consumer participation. Standards and labeling: Efficiency standards and/or labels that assist customer Strong market monitoring, Australia, Canada, decision-making are established. For lighting, many countries use phase-out verification and enforcement Cuba, EU, UK, USA policies to eliminate incandescent bulbs from the market through legislation or schemes to protect consumers regulation. from noncompliant products. Source: Author’s compilation. a. A utility may purchase energy savings from end users, energy service companies, equipment suppliers, or other entities for a predetermined rate after verification of energy savings. 5 R e s i d e n t i a l E n e r g y E f f ici e n c y Table 2. Results from recently closed World Bank residential EE programs Project cost and financing, US$ million [residential EE Project name [Implementation period] component] Description Reported results Mexico Efficiency Lighting and Cost: $974 [$974] Replacement of incandescent bulbs with • 9,242 GWh in energy savings (92.42 percent of target) Appliances (P106424, P120654) Financing: CFLs and incentives to replace old inefficient • 5.074 million tons of CO2 emissions eliminated (98.72 percent of [Nov 2010–Jun 2014] IBRD $250.6 appliances in the residential sector target) CTF $50.0 GEF $7.1 • 45.8 million incandescent bulbs replaced (102 percent of target) • 1.88 million appliances replaced (111 percent of target) Burundi EE Project (P117225) Cost: $2.8 [$0.9] Distribution and promotion of CFLs, promotion of • 56 GWh in energy savings (76 percent of target due to delay in [Mar 2012–Dec 2015] Financing: EE to large consumers distribution of CFLs) IDA $1.0 • 71,138 tons in CO2 emissions eliminated (51 percent of target) GEF $1.8 • Distributed 400,000 CFLs Vietnam Demand-Side Management & Cost: $26.0 [$8.2] Bulk procurement and distribution of CFLs, • 2,859 GWh energy savings (576 percent of target) EE Project (P071019) Financing: promotion of thin fluorescent tube lamps • 310.1 MW peak load reduction (258 percent of target) [Jun 2003–Jun 2010] IDA $2.5 GEF $4.8 • 3,430,000 tons CO2 emissions reductions (361 percent of target) • 1 million CFLs and 25 million thin fluorescent tube lamps sold Bangladesh Rural Electrification and Cost: $759.0 [$14.0] Distribution of CFLs • 10.5 million incandescent bulbs replaced with CFLs (105 percent of Renewable Energy Development Financing: target) (P071794) IDA $462.9 • 4.14 million tons of CO2 emissions eliminated as a result of project [Jun 2002–Dec 2012] GEF $8.2 interventions, including the renewable energy component GBOPA $14.2 Uruguay EE Project (P068124) Cost: $15.6 [$15.6] EE market development and utility based EE • 225 ktpe (thousands of tons of petroleum equivalent) in energy [May 2004–Dec 2011] Financing: services, e.g., provision of efficient lighting, water savings (40 percent of target) GEF $6.8 heaters • 499,000 tons of CO2 emissions eliminated (36 percent of target) Togo Efficient Lighting Program Cost: $4.1 [$4.1] Installation of CFLs and public information and • 132.5 GWh in energy savings (133 percent of target) (P115066) Financing: awareness campaign • 12.5 MW peak load reduction from CFLs installed (116 percent of [Jun 2009–Jun 2016] GEF $1.8 target) Czech Republic Green Investment Cost: $46.0 [$46.0] Purchase of emission allowances by the project • 581,745 tons of CO2 emissions eliminated Scheme (P114304) Financing: to support subsidies for EE in residential [May 2010–Apr 2015] Carbon Fund $46.0 buildings Mexico Low-Carbon Development Policy Cost: $400.0 Prior action on establishment of a sustainable • 351,444 green mortgages granted by National Housing Commission Loan (P121800) Financing: housing program (251 percent of target) [Nov 2010–Jun 2012] IBRD $400.0 • 375,956 EE subsidies issued (187 percent of target) Morocco Inclusive Green Growth Cost: $602.0 Prior action on adoption of decree on EE in the • 3,403,165 m2 of new buildings integrating energy efficiency Development Policy Loan 1 and 2 Financing: building sector requirements and respecting thermal regulations for new buildings (P127956) IBRD $602.0 (850 percent of target) [Dec 2013–Dec 2014] Source: Author’s compilation. Note: CFL = compact fluorescent lamp; GPOBA = Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid; IBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; CTF = Clean Technology Fund; GEF = Global Environment Facility; IDA = International Development Association. 6 R e s i d e n t i a l E n e r g y E f f ici e n c y Table 3 provides an overview of ongoing World Bank projects that and demand: Energy efficient lighting programs offer one of the support residential EE. The India Energy Efficiency Scale-up Program most cost-effective solutions to demand reductions. Most of these (P162849), which supports delivery of energy efficient LED lightbulbs, programs replace energy-intensive incandescent bulbs with more tube lights, and ceiling fans through ongoing government programs efficient compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) that provide savings of implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited, accounts for more than 80 percent for the equivalent lighting output and last five Energy efficient lighting more than half the current financing volume for residential EE to ten times longer. Bulk purchase of CFLs helps to lower prices. programs offer one of because many of the other projects are in smaller countries. Much Bulk purchase of 5 million CFLs can achieve prices of less than $0.90 of the portfolio has been in the Africa Region, where projects are per CFL and peak-demand savings of more than 150 MW. With the the most cost-effective often driven by the urgent need to close the gap between supply introduction of LEDs, even further demand reductions are possible. solutions to demand reductions. Table 3. Overview of ongoing World Bank financing for residential EE Financing, US$ million Project Country [residential EE component] Approval date Closing date Efficient Lighting Projects: Distribution of CFLs to reduce Rwanda (P111331) Carbon Fund $2.3 [$2.3] 6 Jul 2009 30 Jun 2019 electricity consumption, in particular peak loads Bangladesh (P118605) Carbon Fund $15.0 [$15.0] 28 Jun 2010 31 Dec 2019 Bangladesh (P131263) IDA $155.0 [$17.0] 20 Sep 2012 31 Dec 2018 Senegal (P107167) Carbon Fund $1.8 [$1.8] 3 Sep 2008 31 Dec 2019 Electricity Sector Support Project: Installation of energy efficient Burkina Faso IDA $165.0 [$4.7] 30 Jul 2013 30 Jun 2021 equipment, e.g., appliances and lamps (P128768) Benin GEF EE Program: Distribution of CFLs and enhancing Benin IDA $54.5 23 Jun 2009 31 Dec 2018 standards and labels for energy efficient lamps and air GEF $1.8 conditioners (P115064) ESMAP $2.0 [$1.8] Energy Sector Support Project: EE activities focusing on water Malawi IDA $84.7 [$6.8] 28 Jun 2011 31 Jul 2018 heaters (P099626) Energy Sector Development Project: EE investments such as Tuvalu IDA $7.0 26 Jan 2015 31 Mar 2019 enhanced insulation, replacement of inefficient lighting and ESMAP $2.1 [$1.2] appliances (P144573) Heat Supply Improvement Project: Pilot efficient and clean Kyrgyz Republic IDA $46.0 [$5.0] 27 Oct 2017 31 Dec 2023 heating solutions for households without district heating (P157079) Metropolitan Buenos Aires Urban Transformation Project: Argentina IBRD $200.0 [$10.3] 27 Feb 2017 30 Jun 2023 Energy efficiency measures in new social housing units (P159843) India Energy Efficiency Scaleup Program: Providing the India IBRD $200.0 [$88.0] 17 May 2018 30 Sep 2022 financing needed to scale up EE delivery in the residential sector focusing on LED lightbulbs, tube lights, and ceiling fans (P162849) Source: Author’s compilation. Note: CFL = compact fluorescent lamp; ESMAP = Energy Sector Management Assistance Program; IBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; GEF = Global Environment Facility; IDA = International Development Association. 7 R e s i d e n t i a l E n e r g y E f f ici e n c y What have we learned? and maintenance, to sustain the energy savings benefits over the life of the appliances. Awareness campaigns can make use of a range International experience shows that implementing of media including radio, television, newspapers, billboards, leaflets, residential EE programs at scale is resource intensive bill inserts, branding, and displays at utility offices and retail outlets. and requires sector reforms that create a favorable Communication channels can also be customized to the target Many countries are in enabling environment group. For example, many countries have had success at targeting the process of deepening students through collaboration with schools. Countries have chosen different approaches to promote EE. There is Mandatory standards and voluntary labels help address sector reforms, including no single, optimal model. But valuable lessons can be derived from split incentives. The imposition of minimum standards for removing energy subsidies. these experiences. manufacturers and developers helps to address the issue of split Residential EE programs Residential EE programs should be designed for imple- incentives. Labels and certificates, which go beyond the mandatory mentation at scale. Instead of one-off pilots, emphasis should requirements, can provide critical information to the consumer can mitigate impacts be placed on national-level programs that can create economies of about the energy consumption and operating costs of appliances by offsetting higher scale, which will help lower transaction costs and increase the pace or buildings. Building codes and certificates incentivize building bills through increased of implementation. In a World Bank–financed project to upgrade developers and real estate owners to consider EE in their designs efficiencies. lighting and appliances in Mexico, for example, the awarded contrac- and renovations and can also inform occupants about the energy tor was responsible not only for supplying more than 22 million CFLs performance of buildings and thus their relative energy cost. but also for distributing them through major retail stores, collecting Financial incentives are often required to overcome the and disposing of the replaced bulbs, and conducting a dissemination higher upfront costs. Grants, subsidies, preferential loans, and campaign. For building retrofits, in particular, public funds may credit lines are typically used to increase the pace of adoption. need to be leveraged with commercial financing for scaleup—for Alternatively, channel marketing achieves more sustained market example, through credit guarantees, interest rate buydowns, or other shifts with the use of coupons, branding, and rebates. Several exam- mechanisms. ples show that even countries with lower financial means can offer Residential EE programs can complement energy sector incentives by working with the private sector. In Bangalore, India, reforms and renewable energy access programs. Many the utility negotiated with CFL manufacturers to offer a 10 percent countries are in the process of deepening sector reforms, including discount through coupons. While the utility marketed and distributed removing energy subsidies. Residential EE programs can mitigate the coupons, the manufacturers funded the discounts. In Vietnam, impacts by offsetting higher bills through increased efficiencies. retailers introduced a lottery to promote efficient tube lamps (thin Higher prices also reinforce further EE improvements. Bundling of tubes)—every purchase of a thin tube resulted in a weekly lottery residential EE with decentralized renewable energy systems, such as ticket to win a five-pack of CFLs. solar, can also reduce investment costs by reducing the size of the Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of residential EE pro- systems required. grams tracks the progress of program implementation and energy Effective awareness campaigns are essential. savings, provides feedback for periodic adjustments, informs the Disseminating information about the costs and benefits of EE design of future programs, and demonstrates results. M&E should measures helps consumers make informed purchasing decisions. include a baseline study, conducted before the EE measures; such Information about promotional programs, incentives, qualified prod- studies determine the energy consumption in “business-as-usual” ucts and suppliers, and so on are also necessary, as are education conditions. In addition to measuring savings from more efficient programs about good behaviors and practices, including operations appliances and designs, an effective M&E framework will capture 8 R e s i d e n t i a l E n e r g y E f f ici e n c y consumers’ behavioral changes and changes in well-being—for Reference MAKE FURTHER example, longer periods of nighttime illumination in homes and IEA (International Energy Agency). 2015. Energy Efficiency Market CONNECTIONS more comfortable indoor temperatures. The design phase should Report. Paris: OECD/IEA. consider household quality-of-life issues in order to estimate savings Live Wire 2014/11. “Designing and other socioeconomic benefits. Consumers will offset expected The internal World Bank briefing note on which this Live Wire is based was Credit Lines for Energy Efficiency,” energy savings when their households had been undercooled or prepared in July 2016 and reviewed by Gevorg Sargsyan, Jas Singh, and Martina by Ashok Sarkar, Jonathan Sinton, and Joeri de Wit. Bosi. The Live Wire was reviewed by Jas Singh. overheated, sometimes referred to as the “rebound effect.” Live Wire 2014/18. “Exploiting Market- Based Mechanisms to Meet Utilities’ Energy Efficiency Obligations,” by Jonathan Sinton and Joeri de Wit. Live Wire 2014/25. “Doubling the Rate of Improvement of Energy Efficiency,” by Jonathan Sinton, Ashok Sarkar, Ivan Jaques, and Irina Bushueva. Live Wire 2016/53. “Why Energy Efficiency Matters and How to Scale It Up,” by Jas Singh. Live Wire 2016/54. “Fostering the Development of ESCO Markets for Energy Efficiency,” by Kathrin Hofer, Dilip Limaye, and Jas Singh. Live Wire 2016/55. “Designing Effective National Programs to Improve Industrial Energy Efficiency,” by Feng Liu and Robert Tromop. Live Wire 2018/88. “Financing Energy Efficiency, Part 1: Revolving Funds, by Aditya Lukas. Live Wire 2018/91. “Financing Energy Efficiency, Part 1: Credit Lines,” by Yun Wu, Jas Singh, and Dylan Karl Tucker. Live Wire 2018/92. “Transforming Energy Efficiency Markets in Developing Countries : The Emerging Possibilities of Super ESCOs,” by Ashok Sarkar and Sarah Moin. Live Wire 2018/94. “Energy Efficiency in the Public Sector,” by Jas Singh. Live Wire 2018/96. “Energy Efficiency in Industry,” by Zuzana Dobrotkova, Aditya Lukas, and Jas Singh. Find these and the entire Live Wire archive at https://openknowledge. worldbank.org/handle/10986/17135.