83252 v1 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Sustainable Futures: A Legacy of Reconstruction Volume 1: Main Report Cover Photos clockwise from left to right: 1. Nearly 20,000 houses were constructed or rehabilitated under the MDF using a community-driven approach, demonstrating that community- government partnerships can achieve transparent, cost-effective and high quality results. Photo: MDF Secretariat 2. Coffee grader Fitra Cahyadi at the new coffee warehouse outside Takengon set up under the EDFF. The subproject, implemented by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), aims to give small farmers more control over the quality, marketing and sale of their coffee. Photo: Tarmizy Harva 3. The Oyo bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Indonesia, connecting the remote villages of Lahagu and Taraha in Nias, was built under the Nias Rural Access and Capacity Building Project (RACBP), and has even become a local tourist destination. Photo: ILO projects collection Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Sustainable Futures: A Legacy of Reconstruction Volume 1: Main Report This report was prepared by the Secretariat of the Multi Donor Fund with contributions from the Partner Agencies (UNDP, WFP, ILO and the World Bank) and the project teams. The Multi Donor Fund is led by the MDF Manager Shamima Khan, with team members: Safriza Sofyan, David Lawrence, Anita Kendrick, Akil Abduljalil, Inayat Bhagawati, Lina Lo, Eva Muchtar, Shaun Parker, and Nur Raihan Lubis. The team is supported by Inge Susilo, Friesca Erwan, Olga Lambey, and Deslly Sorongan. Feature Stories: Rosaleen Cunningham, Lesley Wright, Nur Raihan Lubis, and ILO project team. Photographers: Mosista Pambudi/Antara News Agency, Tarmizy Harva, Maha Eka Swasta, Irwansyah Putra, Akil Abduljalil, Shaun Parker, Andrew Bald, Kristin Thompson, and Abbie Trayler-Smith/Panos/Department for International Development (UK), and projects teams. Senior Editorial Support: Kate Redmond, Rosaleen Cunningham, Lesley Wright, Devi Asmarani and Nia Sarinastiti Design & Layout: Studio Rancang Imaji Printer: PT Astana Artha Mulya Contents Volume 1 Table of Contents 4 About the Disasters 6 About the MDF 8 Message from the Co-Chairs of the MDF 10 MDF Timeline 12 Executive Summary 14 MDF Operations and Communications 15 Portfolio Achievements 17 Finances 19 The MDF at Conclusion 19 Chapter 1 - Effective and Efficient Multi Donor Fund Operations 22 Governance and Operations of the MDF 24 Supporting the Government’s Reconstruction Agenda 27 Managing for Results 28 Effective Communications to Enhance Program Outcomes 29 • MDF Feature: Protecting Livelihoods, Protecting Forests 34 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results 38 Overview of the MDF Portfolio 39 Recovery of Communities 40 Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Large Infrastructure and Transport 45 Strengthening Governance and Capacity Building 50 Main Report Sustaining the Environment 54 Enhancing the Recovery Process 57 Economic Development and Livelihoods 60 Challenges and Cross-Cutting Issues 63 • MDF Feature: Women in Reconstruction: Breaking Barriers to Women’s 66 Participation in the Labor Force Chapter 3 - MDF Finances: Managing Resources for Quality Results 70 Pledges 71 Cash Received 72 Allocations 72 Disbursements and Expenditures 74 Financial Summary at Program Closing 75 • MDF Feature: 76 Better Roads and Water Service Create New Opportunities for Sabang Chapter 4 - The MDF at Conclusion: A Legacy of Successful Reconstruction 80 The MDF’s Factors for Success 81 The MDF’s Indicators of Success 83 Conclusions 85 • MDF Feature: 88 Preserving a Unique Cultural Heritage in Nias Aceh and Nias - Before and After 92 Acronyms and Abbreviations 96 8 About the Disasters December 2004—Earthquake and Tsunami Indonesia is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, vulnerable to earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, About the Disasters and volcanic eruptions. Most devastating was the tsunami that struck on December 26, 2004, triggered by a massive earthquake off the west coast of the province of Aceh. Huge tidal waves fanned across the Indian Ocean, striking 14 countries including Thailand, Sri Lanka and India. Aceh, the northernmost province of Indonesia, suffered the most by far, with 220,000 people dead or missing and over a half million left homeless. Once thriving villages were reduced to rubble. Roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals collapsed or were severely damaged. As many as 750,000 people lost their livelihoods—fishermen, farmers and thousands of small businesses. Infrastructure was left in shambles, making travel nearly impossible. The final damage estimate was $6.2 billion. The island of Nias in the province of North Sumatra was also badly affected. March 2005—Another Earthquake On March 28, 2005, another massive earthquake struck nothern Sumatra. The island of Nias, off the coast of North Sumatra, and the nearby island of Simeulue, part of Aceh province, were hardest hit. About 1,000 people lost their lives and nearly 50,000 were displaced. The physical damage was severe—approximately 30 percent of buildings were destroyed. Transportation was inoperative, including the major ports linking the remote island populations with the mainland. An Urgent Need for Action The Government of Indonesia stepped in to lead the reconstruction process in both Aceh and Nias, providing much-needed relief and managing long-term reconstruction efforts. Recognizing the magnitude of the reconstruction task at hand, the central government created the Agency for the Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Aceh and Nias (BRR) to manage reconstruction. This special agency was based in Aceh and led by a minister-level appointee who reported directly to the President. Assistance poured in from around the world to help Aceh and Nias recover from these devastating disasters. Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report 9 10 About the MDF The Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias (MDF) was established in April 2005 in response to the Government of Indonesia’s request to coordinate donor support for the reconstruction and rehabilitation About the MDF of affected areas following the December 2004 earthquake and tsunami, and the subsequent March 2005 earthquake. The MDF provides a successful model for post-disaster reconstruction based on partnerships between government, donors, communities and other stakeholders. The MDF pools US$655 million in contributions from 15 donors: European Union, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the World Bank, Sweden, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, Finland, the Asian Development Bank, the United States, New Zealand, and Ireland. These funds amount to nearly ten percent of the overall reconstruction funds. At the request of the Government of Indonesia, the World Bank serves as Trustee of the MDF. Grant funds are provided to projects that are implemented by government, international organizations, non-government organizations and communities, with partner agencies providing oversight. Partner agencies include the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Food Programme (WFP), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Bank. The MDF was coordinated by the Government of Indonesia, initially through the Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias (BRR), which was set up to manage the reconstruction and recovery effort. After the BRR closed in April 2009, the National Development Planning Agency, Bappenas, took on this critical role. The MDF is governed by a Steering Committee with representatives from the government, donors, the trustee, and civil society. Other partners are invited to participate as observers. The Steering Committee is supported in its work by a secretariat. Under the MDF portfolio, 23 projects were financed in six outcome areas: (1) Recovery of Communities; (2) Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Large Infrastructure and Transport; (3) Strengthening Governance and Capacity Building; (4) Sustaining the Environment; (5) Enhancing the Recovery Process; and (6) Economic Development and Livelihoods. These projects reflected the priorities of the Indonesian government throughout the reconstruction process. The MDF worked in all 17 districts and cities in Aceh, and the four districts and one municipality on the island of Nias. All of these areas were affected by the tsunami and earthquake. 11 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report MDF Program Areas SABANG BANDA ACEH ACEH BESAR LHOKSEUMAWE PIDIE JAYA BIREUEN ACEH PIDIE UTARA ACEH JAYA BENER MERIAH ACEH LANGSA TIMUR ACEH ACEH BARAT TENGAH ACEH TAMIANG NAGAN RAYA GAYO LUES ACEH BARAT DAYA ACEH ACEH SELATAN TENGGARA SUMATRA SIMEULUE UTARA SUBULUSSALAM ACEH SINGKIL NIAS UTARA GUNUNG SITOLI NIAS INDONESIA NIAS BARAT NIAS SELATAN 12 Message from the Co-Chairs of the MDF Months after the tsunami struck on December 26, 2004, the Message from the Co-Chairs of the MDF Government of Indonesia established the Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias (MDF) to coordinate donor support for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Aceh and Nias. It did this by putting together a partnership consisting of donors, international institutions, NGOs, local and regional governments, and communities, and united them behind its reconstruction strategy. The work was difficult and the challenges were many. But there is no doubt today that MDF’s contribution to the reconstruction effort was tremendously successful. On December 31, 2012, eight years after the tsunami struck, the MDF closes its doors. As it does so, we can look back on its work with pride, and be assured that Indonesia will use this experience to prepare for and manage future disasters effectively. The MDF set the standard for Indonesian disaster response. Its approach was designed to meet the changing needs of disaster survivors throughout the recovery process: first by rebuilding houses and communities, then by focusing on infrastructure, and finally by laying the foundations for economic growth. A focus on environmental sustainability, gender, capacity building, and disaster risk reduction significantly enhanced these achievements. Now, in this final year, the MDF has been completing its projects, implementing its exit strategies, and laying the foundation for further economic growth. The MDF has also been documenting its model, approach, and experiences. These lessons—put to the test in Java in 2006 and 2010—will be of tremendous value to address future disasters in Indonesia or elsewhere in the world. Indonesia, having benefited from the generosity of the global community, is now prepared to give something back. Indonesia has taken these lessons to heart. To address future disasters with similar speed and efficiency, the government set up the National Disaster Management Agency and the Indonesia Disaster Facility, drawing from its reconstruction experience and incorporating much of what it has learned through the MDF. 13 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Indonesia’s experience holds promise for any country at risk of natural disasters. We are honored to have co-chaired the MDF, and take pride in its accomplishments. The lessons of the MDF, learned through the costly and painful recovery from horrifying disasters, will ensure that a legacy of resilience and preparedness will endure into the future. Armida S. Alisjahbana Zaini Abdullah Stefan Koeberle Julian Wilson State Minister for National Governor Province Country Director Head of Delegation Development Planning of Aceh World Bank European Union The lessons of the MDF will ensure that a legacy of resilience and preparedness will Photo: endure into the future. Above, MDF Co-Chairs during a press conference in Jakarta in MDF Secretariat November 2012. MDF TIMELINE 2004 2005 2007 2006 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 December: January: July: February: February: • Massive earthquake • Government of Indonesia requests • TA to BRR and Bappenas project • SDLP project starts. • SPADA project starts. off the coast of establishment of a multidonor starts. • 8th MDF Steering Committee • 12th MDF Steering Committee Aceh triggers Asian trust fund. • 4th MDF Steering Committee meeting. meeting. tsunami. President meeting. Susilo Bambang March: March: March: Yudhoyono • Earthquake in Nias islands and August: • CBLR3 project starts. • IRFF project starts. declares a national parts of Aceh causing further • KDP and UPP projects start. • 9th MDF Steering Committee disaster. widespread damage. • 5th MDF Steering Committee meeting. July: meeting. • 13th MDF Steering Committee April: • Peace agreement ends Aceh April: meeting. • MDF established. conflict. • IREP project starts. • BRR established. September: October: June: • 14th MDF Steering Committee May: • Rekompak project starts. • 10th MDF Steering Committee meeting. • 1st MDF Steering Committee • 6th MDF Steering Committee meeting. meeting. meeting. December: September: • LCRMP and TRPRP projects June: December: • AFEP and BAFMP projects close. • RALAS project starts. • TRPRP and CSO projects start. start. • 15th MDF Steering Committee • 2nd MDF Steering Committee • 7th MDF Steering Committee • 11th MDF Steering Committee meeting. meeting. meeting. meeting. • 16th MDF Steering Committee • 3rd MDF Steering Committee meeting. meeting. October: • LCRMP project starts. November: • KRRP project starts. 2011 2009 2010 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 July: March: April: March: May: • AGTP project starts. • EDFF project starts. • Rekompak project • 22nd MDF Steering • DRR-A project closes. • MDF closing date closes. Committee meeting. extended to December April: June: 2012. • NITP project starts. May: June: • 23rd MDF Steering • 19th MDF Steering • CSO project closes. • KRRP project closes. Committee meeting. September: Committee meeting. • AGTP, NITP, and SDLP • 17th MDF Steering • BRR closes. September: December: projects close. Committee meeting. • 21st MDF Steering • IREP, IRFF, and SPADA close. June: Committee November: November: • RALAS project closes. meeting. • International conference • DRR-A project starts. marks closing of the MDF October: October: and JRF. December: • RACBP project starts. • LEDP project starts. • EDFF and CBLR3 projects • 18th MDF Steering close. Committee meeting. November: • 20th MDF Steering December: Committee meeting. • IRFF-AF, TRWMP, RACBP, TA to BRR and Bappenas, December: AFEP, and LEDP projects • BAFMP, KDP, and UPP close. projects close. • MDF program closes on December 31. 16 Executive The MDF at Conclusion Executive Summary - The MDF at Conclusion Summary The Rural Access and Capacity Building Project (RACBP), implemented by ILO, improves access - trails, roads and Photo: bridges - in rural areas of Nias. The project coordinated closely with another project in Nias, the Livelihoods and MDF Secretariat Economic Development Project (LEDP), which provides support to improve farmers’ livelihoods. 17 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The Multi-Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias (MDF) The MDF at Conclusion successfully completed its mandate on December 31, 2012. It contributed significantly to the recovery of Aceh and Nias following the earthquakes and tsunami in December 2004 and March 2005 by providing grants that restored communities, rebuilt critical infrastructure, and laid the foundation for economic growth. It did so by building effective working partnerships between governments, international agencies, NGOs and communities, and combining global experience with local knowledge to deliver solid results on the ground. As a result of the MDF’s work, its beneficiaries in Aceh and Nias today live in improved housing, enjoy the benefits of modern infrastructure, and have a stronger voice and more sustainable opportunities in planning for their futures. MDF OPERATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS A key factor in the MDF’s success has been the leadership of the Government of Indonesia and the partnership of stakeholders to support the government’s agenda. The MDF proved itself to be an effective post-crisis funding mechanism, harmonizing donor efforts with government strategy and increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the reconstruction effort. It was set up at the request of the Government of Indonesia (GoI) to support implementation of the government’s reconstruction and rehabilitation program after the December 2004 earthquake and tsunami and subsequent March 2005 earthquake. The fund pooled about US$655 million grant resources provided by 15 donors: the European Commission, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the World Bank, Sweden, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, Finland, the Asian Development Bank, the United States of America, New Zealand and Ireland. The MDF’s inclusive and effective governance structure also contributed to its success. It was governed by a Steering Committee comprised of donors, representatives of national and provincial government, and civil society representatives. The Steering Committee was co-chaired by the national government, represented by the head of the Agency for the Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias (BRR) until it closed in 2009 and after that by the National Planning Agency, Bappenas. Other co-chairs were the Government of Aceh, the European Union representing the donors, 18 Executive Summary - The MDF at Conclusion and the World Bank as trustee of the fund. A As the program neared completion, the MDF Secretariat supported the Steering Committee increased its emphasis on assessing overall and was responsible for coordinating the overall outcomes and documenting its experiences and work program of the MDF. lessons learned. The MDF drew on a mix of agencies and The MDF has become a valuable source of programs for implementing and supervising its knowledge and information for post-disaster program, making use of different organizations’ reconstruction and recovery programs. The strengths and comparative advantages. MDF and its projects provide models and Projects were implemented by government line approaches for best practices and lessons agencies, multilateral organizations, and NGOs. learned. During its final year of operation, Four major multilateral organizations provided the MDF served as a knowledge sharing hub, oversight and supervision of projects as partner giving access to its knowledge and experience. agencies: the World Bank, the United Nations It used a number of communications measures Development Programme (UNDP), the World to collect and disseminate these experiences, Food Programme (WFP), and the International including publications, seminars, conferences, Labour Organisation (ILO). its web site, and relations with the media. To ensure access to its information and experience, Strategic communications and strong results the MDF published materials on the overall monitoring were also essential to the MDF’s program, specific projects, and lessons learned success. The MDF provided a platform for from experiences in specific sectors and along coordination between various stakeholders in cross-cutting themes such as capacity building the reconstruction effort, bringing together key and gender mainstreaming. These materials players from different levels of government, have been shared with its partners and will be donors, and civil society. The MDF’s timely, available long after the MDF program ends. open and strategic communications with stakeholders enhanced their engagement and An international conference for the closing of contributed to transparency and accountability the MDF program, Lessons from Indonesia’s in program and project implementation. Experiences in Disaster Reconstruction A multi-layered system of results monitoring and Preparedness, highlighted Indonesia’s and quality assurance supported more effective post-disaster reconstruction experience. The project implementation and enhanced results. disasters in 2004 and 2005, as well as subsequent 19 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The MDF has worked in six outcome areas; (from left to right) Recovery of Communities; Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Large Infrastructure and Transport; Strengthening Governance and Capacity Building; Enhancing the Recovery Process; Sustaining the Environment; Economic Development and Livelihoods. disasters elsewhere in the country, reshaped The MDF’s phased approach to recovery and Indonesia’s approach to disaster response and reconstruction has proven successful. Over its preparedness. The conference was attended lifetime, the MDF followed a phased strategy. by over 500 participants including dignitaries The first phase met urgent needs for recovery from disaster-prone countries such as Japan, of communities and rehabilitation of vital Pakistan, and Haiti. It covered many aspects of transportation networks. The second phase post-disaster reconstruction and preparedness, focused on rebuilding large infrastructure, including the community-led approach to mitigating the impacts of reconstruction on housing reconstruction, post-disaster livelihoods the environment, and support for capacity recovery, gender and capacity development, building. The third phase centered on economic mainstreaming disaster risk reduction, and development and continued strengthening knowledge sharing. Indonesian President of local capacity. A notable element of this Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Minister for strategy was to incorporate key cross-cutting National Development Planning Armida S. areas across the portfolio, including gender and Alisjahbana, Governor Zaini Abdullah of Aceh, conflict sensitivity, protecting the environment, World Bank Regional Vice President Pamela Cox, and a focus on disaster risk management. This representatives of the MDF’s 15 donors, and other strategy allowed critical needs to be met urgently dignitaries attended to help mark the closing and quickly, while more complex investments of the MDF program. They each commended requiring deeper quality and capacity could be the MDF on its important contributions to the delivered over a longer time horizon. recovery of Aceh and Nias, and the success of the partnerships it has built during its operations. MDF projects have responded effectively to the priorities and needs identified by the GoI PORTFOLIO ACHIEVEMENTS and met critical needs. The MDF’s contributions The MDF funded 23 projects in six outcome were equal to about ten percent of the overall areas. MDF funds supported projects in the reconstruction funds. However, the MDF areas of community recovery, reconstruction of played a critical gap-filling role in the overall large infrastructure and transport, strengthening reconstruction effort that was coordinated by governance and capacity building, sustaining the BRR, Bappenas and local government, to the environment, enhancing the overall provide support in areas where other partners recovery process, and economic development were absent. The MDF also provided technical and livelihoods. support to the BRR and Bappenas, and capacity 20 Executive Summary - The MDF at Conclusion Vital transportation links were restored and improved with MDF grant funds. This photo shows the Photo: foundation being laid for the Kuala Bubon bridge, which forms a key part of the west coast highway and Akil Abduljalil links the districts of Aceh Jaya and Aceh Barat. building for local governments, to support five ports and designs for the reconstruction of them in their coordination roles. As such, the several others; over 600 kilometers of national MDF’s support had a huge multiplier effect, and provincial roads; more than 250 kilometers and its impact has been able to far exceed of district roads and more than 3,000 kilometers its contributions. of village roads. Agricultural production was supported through construction of over 1,600 The physical achievements of the MDF’s kilometers of irrigation and drainage channels. contribution to reconstruction have improved Educational opportunities increased with 677 the quality life of the people in Aceh and Nias. schools reconstructed or rehabilitated. Local Nearly 20,000 houses were reconstructed or governments and communities now use more rehabilitated to seismic resistant standards, than 500 local government offices or village/ with the active involvement of beneficiaries. town halls that the MDF has built or rehabilitated. Vital transportation links were restored and Public health is improved with better water and improved with MDF grant funds, linking sanitation infrastructure that includes nearly communities in Aceh and Nias with each other 8,000 wells or other sources of clean water, 1,220 and to other parts of the country. These included sanitation units, and 72 clinics. 21 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The MDF’s results include many intangible outcomes. These include increased community Livelihood opportunities involvement in planning and decision-making; for both men and increased productivity and incomes in agriculture and other livelihood activities; increased local women have been government capacity to deliver a range of improved in agriculture services from distribution of land titles to solid and fisheries – key waste management; strengthened civil society capacity to support reconstruction and economic production sectors development; improved private sector capacity in Aceh and Nias – in marketing key agricultural commodities and through the MDF’s last in recycling solid waste; improved legal rights set of projects. to land for women; empowering women to play a greater role in community decision- making; and greater awareness and skills for was added to the MDF funds and was available addressing environmental issues and preparing for program use. for and responding to disasters. Livelihood opportunities for both men and women have The MDF committed and allocated US$630 to its been improved in agriculture and fisheries – key portfolio of 23 projects. Most of the allocated production sectors in Aceh and Nias – through funds were disbursed and had been spent on the MDF’s last set of projects. project implementation by the program’s close. The costs of administration, appraisal, and The people of Aceh and Nias are better prepared supervision were largely covered by investment for future disasters. Disaster risk reduction and income, allowing virtually all donor contributions sustainable management of the environment to be targeted to reconstruction efforts. The were embedded in the MDF’s work and have MDF cumulative disbursements to projects were been mainstreamed in the development agendas recorded at US$604.2 million or 96% of funds of Aceh and Nias. This included rebuilding of allocated as of September 30, 2012, and of this, houses, buildings and infrastructure that meet US$584.9 million had been spent by projects as earthquake resistant standards, training officials, of end-September. communities and schoolchildren in disaster response and preparedness, and improving Unspent funds from projects will be returned local government’s capacity to manage disaster to donors after the administrative closure of situations. The knowledge and skills developed the MDF in June 2013. Remaining unspent funds have left communities more resilient and better are currently expected to be US$23.2 million at able to respond to future disasters. program end in December 2012. This is likely to increase with the return of some additional FINANCES unspent funds after projects close. Unspent The MDF received a total of US$654.7 million in residual funds will be returned to the donors for commitments from 15 donors. All commitments their decision on disposition. were received by the fund. Investment income earned by the Trustee on funds contributed by THE MDF AT CONCLUSION donors amounted to US$31.2 million in total As the Multi Donor Fund concludes its eight over the life of the MDF. This investment income years of operation in reconstructing Aceh and 22 Executive Summary - The MDF at Conclusion District goverment officials join farmers in Nias with their first rice harvest under the Nias Livelihoods Photo: and Economic Development Project (LEDP). The project provided technical inputs and training to LEDP collection improve productivity in key agricultural commodities: rice, cacao, and rubber. Rice farmers reported increased yields of up to 50 percent greater than their previous harvests. Nias, all stakeholders can take pride in a job The MDF’s success was based on a strategic well done. The generous contributions Indonesia framework of three inter-related factors. Strong received from all over the world to assist with government leadership of inclusive partnerships the reconstruction – including from the ordinary was the first and most important factor in the citizens of the countries represented by the MDF MDF’s success. A second factor driving the donors – have made a real difference in the lives MDF’s success was its phased implementation of the people of Aceh and Nias. Through the strategy that allowed it to meet evolving needs MDF, remarkable results have been achieved in and balance the tradeoffs between the need for all six outcome areas. Implementation has been speedy delivery and the need for quality. A third effective and efficient, and results are sustainable. factor of success was the attention given by the Funds have been well managed and used for MDF to cross cutting elements, including gender the purposes intended, with a high degree of inclusiveness, environmental management, transparency and accountability. The MDF has disaster risk reduction, and building capacity. fully accomplished what it was established to do. Attention to these cross-cutting issues 23 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Indonesia’s experiences in disaster response and preparedness, to which the MDF has been an important contributor, provide a legacy of lessons for the future of disaster management in Indonesia and around the world. deepened the quality of the MDF’s results. Nias, and later in Java and other locations, the This strategic framework was supported by a Indonesian Government adopted policies to system for ensuring accountability and open improve disaster management, preparedness communications. Accountability in the use and and response. This led to the establishment of a management of funds both at portfolio and new agency, the National Disaster Management project level, and robust reporting of results, Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan gave confidence to all stakeholders that the Bencana or BNPB), tasked with coordinating funds were used efficiently and effectively for preparedness and response in the case of future the intended purposes. disasters. The Government also established the Indonesia Disaster Fund (IDF), modeled after The MDF provides a model that can be the MDF, as a mechanism to more quickly and replicated or adapted in other post-conflict or efficiently channel donor financing to disaster post-disaster reconstruction scenarios. This recovery and preparedness in the future. has been demonstrated through the successful Indonesia’s experiences in disaster response work of the Java Reconstruction Fund (JRF), and preparedness, to which the MDF has been adapted from the MDF model in response to an important contributor, provide a legacy of subsequent disasters in Java. The experience lessons for the future of disaster management successfully demonstrated the flexibility of the in Indonesia and around the world. model in responding to multiple disasters of earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, and volcanic eruptions. The Rekompak approach to housing reconstruction, first started in Aceh and later adapted for use in multiple disasters in Java under the JRF, has also proven its adaptability to different contexts. Most importantly, Indonesia has emerged from its experience in Aceh and Nias in a much stronger position to cope with future disasters. New institutions and models are in place, construction is more resistant to disasters, and communities are better prepared. Through the experiences of the disasters in Aceh and Chapter 1 Effective and Efficient 24 Chapter 1 - Effective and Efficient Multi Donor Fund Operations Multi Donor Fund Operations Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono being presented with the MDF photo book, The Power Photo: of Partnerships, by World Bank Regional Vice President Pamela Cox at the closing ceremony of the MDF in MDF Secretariat Jakarta in November 2012. World Bank Indonesia Country Director Stefan Koeberle looks on. 25 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Effective and Efficient Multi Donor Fund Operations The MDF Mission Statement: “The Multi-Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias is a partnership of the international community, Indonesian government and civil society to support the recovery following the earthquakes and tsunami. It contributes to the recovery process by providing grants for quality investments that are based on good practice, stakeholder participation, and coordination with others. In doing so, the Multi-Donor Fund seeks to reduce poverty, (re)build capacity, support good governance and enhance sustainable development.” 1 The Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias (MDF), established to support the post-tsunami and earthquake reconstruction of Aceh and Nias, is widely considered to be one of the most successful programs of its kind. The MDF was set up at the request of the Government of Indonesia (GoI) to support implementation of the government’s rehabilitation and reconstruction program after the December 2004 earthquake and tsunami and subsequent March 2005 earthquake. The Fund pooled about US$655 million in grant resources provided by 15 donors: the European Commission, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the World Bank, Sweden, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, Finland, the Asian Development Bank, the United States of America, New Zealand and Ireland. The MDF’s contributions to the recovery and reconstruction of Aceh and Nias have been a remarkable success. In line with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness2 and the OECD-DAC Principles for Good International Engagement 1 MDF Recovery Assistance Policy (RAP), 2005. 2 The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness of 2005 commits all signatories to achieving aid effectiveness through the principles of (i) national ownership; (ii) alignment; (iii) harmonization; (iv) managing for results; and (v) mutual accountability. Indonesia has endorsed the Paris Declaration together with 117 other partner countries and international organizations who have committed to follow these principles. 26 Chapter 1 - Effective and Efficient Multi Donor Fund Operations in Fragile States and Situations3, the MDF both government and donors. The MDF played is evidence of good practice as a post-crisis an important role in strengthening various funding mechanism, harmonizing donor efforts levels of government, civil society organizations, and increasing the effectiveness and efficiency and communities through capacity building of the reconstruction effort. components included in almost all projects. The overall goal of the MDF was to contribute The Multi Donor Fund brings its successful efficiently and effectively to the reconstruction program to completion on December 31, 2012. of a “better” Aceh and Nias following the The original closing date of the program was earthquakes and tsunami. Therefore the extended from June 2010 to December 2012. projects not only reconstructed infrastructure This extension was aimed at ensuring that the and created a platform for future economic recovery was institutionally, financially and development, but also addressed social and socially sustainable and allowed the MDF time to environmental concerns such as reducing strengthen institutions and to ensure a smooth poverty, improving livelihoods, enhancing handover process. gender equity and improving environmental awareness. In addition, incorporating disaster GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS OF THE MDF risk reduction and a conflict-sensitive approach The MDF’s inclusive and effective governance across the portfolio was a priority concern of structure supported the goals of the Paris The Overall Goal of the Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias The overall goal of the Multi Donor Fund was to efficiently and effectively contribute to the reconstruction of a better Aceh and Nias following the earthquakes and tsunami. This overall goal was accomplished by: • Pooling donor resources to support a mutually-agreed portfolio of projects and programs; • Working through and within the Government’s Master Plan for recovery; • Promoting bottom-up and demand-driven development of initiatives eligible for financing; • Partnering with Government and non-government agencies; • Serving as a forum for donor coordination; • Supporting policy dialogue between the international community, civil society and the Government on the overall recovery process; • Having funds flow through the Government budget wherever effective, and outside of the budget if the Steering Committee deemed this more effective; • Pursuing gender-sensitive activities; • Seeking opportunities to support the peace process (conflict sensitivity); and • Avoiding further increasing regional disparities. From: The MDF Recovery Assistance Policy (RAP) approved by the MDF Steering Committee in 2005 3 The OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) endorsed a set of Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations in 2007 that aim to complement and inform the commitments set out in the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness which also notes the need to adapt and apply aid effectiveness principles to differing country situations, particularly fragile states. 27 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report MDF Steering Committee representatives meet journalists in Banda Aceh, June 2012. Photo: Tarmizy Harva Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and sharing on overall reconstruction efforts. A contributed to its success. From its inception, Technical Review Group carried out more the MDF strongly engaged its partners, detailed reviews and made recommendations stakeholders and beneficiaries through various to the Steering Committee, streamlining the dialogue mechanisms that contributed to the process. The Steering Committee was co-chaired effectiveness of its operations. At the request of by the national government, represented first by the GOI, the World Bank served as the trustee to the Badan Rekonstruksi dan Rehabilitasi Aceh - administer the MDF. Nias (BRR), the GoI’s Agency for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias. This role The MDF was governed by a Steering Committee was later taken up by Bappenas, the National comprised of donors, representatives of Planning Agency. Other co-chairs were the national and provincial government, and Government of Aceh, the European Union civil society representatives. The Steering representing the donors, and the World Bank as Committee met on a regular basis in Jakarta or trustee of the fund. Aceh to review and endorse project concepts and proposals for funding, and to discuss the The MDF drew on a mix of agencies for progress of the recovery process in Aceh and implementing and supervising its program. Nias. The United Nations Coordinator and This provided the opportunity to use different a representative of the international NGO organizations’ strengths and comparative community were official observers. Other key advantages. Four major multilateral organizations, reconstruction partners including Australia and the World Bank, the United Nations Development Japan were also invited to join the meetings as Programme (UNDP), the International Labour observers, which allowed better information Organisation (ILO), and the World Food 28 Chapter 1 - Effective and Efficient Multi Donor Fund Operations MDF Steering Committee members and project and partner agency staff share a traditional Acehnese Photo: meal with community leaders at Gampong Baro village, the first pilot site of Rekompak, the MDF’s Tarmizy Harva community-based housing project in Aceh. Programme (WFP), served as partner agencies. The partner agencies were responsible for the overall oversight and supervision of the projects, applying their own fiduciary framework and The Multi Donor Fund for governance structures. Implementing agencies were responsible for project implementation Aceh and Nias (MDF), activities on the ground, bringing different established to support strengths in terms of capacity and procedures. the post-tsunami and This arrangement led to a multi-pronged earthquake reconstruction response to the government’s recovery agenda, allowing greater speed and coverage of Aceh and Nias, is widely than would otherwise have been possible. The considered to be one of the implementing agencies included government most successful programs line agencies, multilateral organizations, and NGOs. of its kind. The Multi Donor Fund’s Recovery Assistance Policy (RAP) set out guiding principles for the MDF. Approved by the MDF Steering Committee in 2005, the RAP served as a framework for MDF operations and established the priority sectors and approach for funding. It also outlined a range 29 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report of quality issues and cross-cutting themes to be reviewing project proposals, and participating considered in MDF projects. These cross-cutting in and commissioning project and program issues included conflict and gender sensitivity, evaluations. The Secretariat also convened regional equality and poverty alleviation. Technical Review and Steering Committee meetings and monitored and reported to The Steering Committee allocated funds to the Steering Committee regularly on project projects after reviewing proposals endorsed and program progress and results. The by the government. In the initial years of the Secretariat also ensured that all administrative MDF operations, proposals were submitted arrangements to implement the projects were through the BRR, which was responsible for adhered to in line with World Bank processes the overall coordination of the reconstruction and procedures. The Secretariat was based at effort. The BRR was well positioned to identify the World Bank Office in Jakarta and in Banda strategic areas of need for which the MDF Aceh. The support offered by the Secretariat could be considered as the funding partner kept the Steering Committee up to date on all of choice. After the closure of BRR, proposals project and program developments, allowing were submitted through Bappenas, which had them to make informed, timely decisions taken over the overall coordination role for regarding the program. the reconstruction. This two-tiered process resulted in strong government ownership SUPPORTING THE GOVERNMENT’S of the MDF program and its alignment with RECONSTRUCTION AGENDA government priorities. A key factor in the MDF’s success has been the leadership of the GoI and the partnership Another important function of the Steering of stakeholders to support the government’s Committee was to enhance the coordination agenda. The MDF worked closely with all levels and policy dialogue for reconstruction to ensure of the Indonesian Government. A close working harmonization of efforts. Steering Committee relationship was forged with the BRR, the meetings presented opportunities to discuss special national agency with ministerial-level synergies within the MDF portfolio and brought authority which was created to manage the together various stakeholders to discuss the massive reconstruction needs in Aceh and Nias. overall reconstruction agenda which helped to The BRR led the overall reconstruction of Aceh avoid overlaps. The MDF also organized policy and Nias until its mandate ended in April 2009, dialogue meetings with key stakeholders on after which responsibility for coordination of relevant cross-cutting issues. These discussions the reconstruction process reverted to regular reinforced the alignment of the program with government mechanisms, led by Bappenas. the government’s strategic priorities. As such, the MDF served as a platform for broader policy The MDF also worked closely with the dialogue with all stakeholders involved in the provincial and local governments of Aceh, reconstruction process. North Sumatra and Nias. By providing targeted support and prioritizing resources and The Steering Committee and the Technical capacities, it helped these institutions to take Review Group were assisted by a Secretariat, on their new roles during the transition period with the primary responsibility to coordinate following the closure of BRR. The Coordinating the overall work program of the MDF. This Body for the Sustainability of Reconstruction in included providing financial oversight for Aceh and Nias (BKRAN at National level, BKRA and enhancing visibility of the MDF program, at Aceh Provincial level and BKRN covering 30 Chapter 1 - Effective and Efficient Multi Donor Fund Operations Nias at the North Sumatra Provincial level) including the restoration of key transport links. was set up through Presidential Decree 3/2009 In the second phase, the reconstruction of large to support continued implementation of the infrastructure as well as building capacity in local reconstruction efforts until December 31, 2009. government institutions was included. In its The MDF worked closely with these entities to third phase, the MDF supported the sustainable facilitate the timely and smooth implementation recovery of the economy and the process of of the portfolio. transfer of reconstruction assets and projects. The MDF portfolio was aligned with the MANAGING FOR RESULTS Government’s Master Plan for Reconstruction The MDF applied quality assurance measures and the BRR’s assessment of the most critical at several levels to enhance project gaps. All projects considered for MDF funding implementation and results. The first level of were endorsed by the BRR, and later Bappenas, monitoring for quality was the implementing before submitting to the MDF Steering agency, which was responsible for implementing Committee for review and decision-making. The activities in the field. Activities performed by MDF used a phased strategy for implementation the implementing agencies were supervised by over time to address evolving needs. In the first a partner agency which was responsible for the phase, MDF support was focused on the recovery appropriate use of funds and reporting to the of communities and other logistics support MDF Secretariat on project progress and results. Rosmawar Women’s Cooperative Offers New Opportunities When Rosmawar was two months pregnant with her youngest child, her husband was gunned down while laboring on a farm. Since then, she’s had to provide everything for her two boys. “I have many jobs. I wash laundry, I grow rice on a farmer’s land, and I make cakes in a bakery business. Basically, whatever people ask me to do, I’ll do it if I can,” she says. Life improved for Rosmawar after she joined a co-op that makes emping, a popular snack food. The co-op, Koperasi Wanita Serba Usaha Hareukat Poma, is supported through the MDF’s Economic Development Finance Facility. Co-op members have been trained in cooperative and financial management, as well as quality control, marketing and promotion. Since joining the co-op Rosmawar’s income has increased. There are other benefits too. “Because of the co-op I can borrow money,” she explains. “I use it to rent some land and buy seedlings. I also bought my own emping-making machine. I now get a fair price— because of the co-op, I know what the right price is, and I feel more in control.” 31 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report From its inception, the MDF strongly engaged its partners, stakeholders and beneficiaries through various dialogue mechanisms that contributed to the effectiveness of its operations. The Secretariat monitored and evaluated the such as this, the MDF interventions had a overall portfolio through a streamlined reporting multiplier effect on the overall reconstruction system, synthesizing results data from project impact that exceeded the financial value of its level and supplementing this with field-level share in the reconstruction funding. monitoring in addition to conducting portfolio level reviews and commissioning independent The MDF Secretariat undertook various reviews assessments on the performance of the to assess portfolio performance and document portfolio. Individual donors also commissioned lessons learned. A comprehensive Mid Term independent evaluations of the MDF portfolio. Review (MTR) was commissioned to assess the These combined methods of monitoring and performance of the MDF at the project, portfolio reporting to stakeholders led to a transparent and operational level. A Social Sustainability and comprehensive understanding of portfolio Review and an Environmental Sustainability achievements and challenges to support Review were undertaken separately; these decision making and quality improvements. reviews provided input into the overall MTR. The MTR of the MDF found that the program The MDF supported strong coordination was highly relevant and concluded that the between its portfolio and the overall MDF is a successful mechanism for post-disaster reconstruction efforts, as well as between reconstruction, with many opportunities to projects within the MDF portfolio. This contribute lessons to future post-disaster coordination contributed to the creation of situations. The MDF’s follow up actions on the synergies and reduced duplication of efforts MTR recommendations ensured that projects across the overall reconstruction. Besides joining were strengthened by the inputs of the review. the established reconstruction coordination In response to the MTR recommendations, forums or sectoral working groups, many MDF the MDF increased its emphasis in the final projects set up Project Steering Committees year on documenting its experiences and that brought together the most relevant lessons learned in post-disaster recovery and stakeholders: local government and their reconstruction. This has generated a significant sectoral agencies, local NGOs and universities, body of knowledge shared with policy makers communities and other major players in the and practitioners for future use, both nationally sector. An example of creating synergy across the and internationally. reconstruction activities is the Support to Poor and Disadvantaged Areas Project (SPADA) which EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS TO ENHANCE partnered with the USAID Local Government PROGRAM OUTCOMES Support Program and The Asia Foundation to Strategic communication activities were benefit from their existing experiences and essential to the MDF’s success. The MDF’s capacities on the ground. As a result of synergies timely, open and strategic communications with 32 Chapter 1 - Effective and Efficient Multi Donor Fund Operations The media was an important partner to the MDF and its projects. Media outreach included online Photo: and print coverage, live radio broadcasts, media briefings and coverage of public events. Shown here, Nur Raihan Lubis national reporters interview cacao farmers in Nias. stakeholders enhanced their engagement and exhibitions and policy dialogues conducted by contributed to transparency and accountability government, donors and other multilateral in program and project implementation. Over agencies. These activities promoted the its lifetime the MDF conducted an extensive involvement of a broader audience in the range of communication activities designed reconstruction process and facilitated MDF to improve coordination and implementation, support for government priorities. communicate results, ensure sustainability, and disseminate best practices and lessons learned At the project level, the MDF enabled from the program’s experience. effective dialogue between communities and government. Community-driven reconstruction The MDF provided a platform for coordination was the core approach in many MDF between various stakeholders in the projects, from housing and community-level reconstruction and rehabilitation process. infrastructure reconstruction to livelihoods The MDF played an important coordination role recovery, and this approach contributed greatly in bringing together key players from different to project outcomes and beneficiary satisfaction. levels of government, donors, and civil society Transparent and two-way communications and – a role which increased in prominence feedback on project implementation allowed after the closure of the BRR. To this end, the for timely response and action to improve MDF participated in special events such as project effectiveness. The MDF Secretariat program evaluations, stakeholder meetings, also organized field visits for donors and other 33 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report visiting delegations to facilitate direct contact with beneficiaries and project staff to provide first-hand understanding of their needs, implementation challenges and results. The MDF provided a platform for coordination The media was an important partner to the between various MDF and its projects. The Secretariat used a multi-faceted outreach approach aimed stakeholders in the at increasing the public and beneficiaries’ reconstruction and awareness and understanding of MDF funded rehabilitation process. activities. The Secretariat and many projects utilized formal media outlets to reach wider audiences and to increase the MDF’s public profile. This included tools such as program in managing the disasters in Aceh, Nias and and project websites, live radio broadcasts and Java reshaped Indonesia’s approach to disaster regular media briefings, as well as participation response and preparedness, and were discussed in public events, all of which ensured that among policy makers and practitioners at the information about the program reached a wide international conference. The conference was audience. The MDF Secretariat monitored all attended by over 500 participants including high media coverage for accuracy and relevance. level delegates from disaster-prone countries such as Japan, Pakistan, and Haiti. It covered The MDF promoted transparency and many aspects of post-disaster reconstruction accountability in its program and project and preparedness, including the community- implementation. All MDF funded projects led approach to housing reconstruction, were required to establish complaints-handling post-disaster livelihoods recovery, gender mechanisms through which feedback, queries and capacity development, mainstreaming and grievances regarding project targeting disaster risk reduction, and knowledge and implementation could be channeled. sharing. Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Nearly all complaints and queries received Yudhoyono, Minister for National Development through these mechanisms were addressed Planning Armida S. Alisjahbana, Governor Zaini at project level through consultations and Abdullah of Aceh, World Bank Vice President verifications, and information on resolution Pamela Cox, representatives of the MDF’s 15 was made easily available to the public. These donors, and other dignitaries were present and mechanisms contributed to generally high rates commended the achievements of the MDF and of beneficiary satisfaction in MDF projects and JRF programs. have strengthened demand for good service delivery at the community level. The MDF has become a valuable source of knowledge and information for those An international conference entitled Lessons implementing post-disaster reconstruction from Indonesia’s Experiences in Disaster and recovery programs in other settings. Reconstruction and Preparedness highlighted Widely regarded as one of the most successful Indonesia’s post-disaster reconstruction multi-donor trust funds for post-disaster experience. The recent experiences of the rehabilitation and reconstruction in the world, MDF and the Java Reconstruction Fund (JRF) the MDF and its projects provide models for 34 Chapter 1 - Effective and Efficient Multi Donor Fund Operations Sharing the Experiences of the MDF The MDF Secretariat produced a series of publications to document and share lessons from Indonesia’s experience in implementing two post-disaster reconstruction programs, the MDF and the Java Reconstruction Fund (JRF). These products are meant to be shared with policy makers and practitioners in Indonesia and globally. The products include: • A book and video documentary on the Rekompak housing reconstruction project, documenting the approach and experience of the community-led housing and settlement reconstruction model in Aceh and Java. • A series of five working papers and knowledge notes discussing lessons learned from key areas of the MDF’s work, including: o The community-driven approach to reconstruction o Reconstruction of large infrastructure o Capacity building in a post-disaster context o Mainstreaming gender in post-disaster programs o The MDF’s framework for effective reconstruction. • A photo book, The Power of Partnerships, documenting the MDF’s work in Aceh and Nias. These products are available in both English and Bahasa Indonesia. They are being widely shared with the MDF’s partners and will continue to be available after the program closes through the MDF’s website (www.multidonorfund.org) and the World Bank’s website (www.worldbank.org). 35 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The MDF is a successful mechanism for post-disaster reconstruction, with many opportunities to contribute lessons to future post-disaster situations. best practices and lessons learned. During its The impact of the MDF Secretariat’s final year of operation, the MDF served as a communications work did more than contribute knowledge sharing hub. It used a number of to the program’s operational success – it also tools to do this, including publications, seminars, ensured that others will benefit from the conferences, its web page, and relations with MDF’s experiences. Numerous organizations, the media. To ensure access to its information including prominent development agencies and and experience, MDF published materials on universities, governments of disaster-affected the overall program, specific projects, and countries, and the media have sought lessons experiences that will be available long after and best practices from the MDF Secretariat, its mandate is over (see box). In addition to the World Bank as trustee, the Government of publications produced by the Secretariat on the Indonesia, the Governments of Aceh and North overall MDF program, the individual projects Sumatra, and individual project teams. The under the MDF have developed a wide range of MDF’s achievements have been covered in a publications, video documentaries, and other wide range of international media including the products for knowledge dissemination related BBC Radio and the Washington Post, in addition to their program areas. to extensive coverage in local media. Moreover, the MDF’s experiences have been highlighted at The MDF Secretariat served as a resource such events as the Asian Ministerial Conference for knowledge sharing among project on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Yogyakarta implementers. Governments of disaster- in October 2012, and through the World Bank’s affected countries, prominent universities, and website as well as through outreach channels other development agencies have conducted of the Government of Indonesia and the three dialogues, field visits and studies of the MDF partner agencies under the United Nations. to gain direct insights into successful project Through the MDF’s communications efforts and activities and implementation modalities. In publications, lessons and best practices from the addition, the MDF Secretariat in Aceh initiated a MDF’s reconstruction experience in Aceh and seminar series through which key actors from MDF Nias have been disseminated to a broad range of funded projects could share their experiences, stakeholders and will be available for future use achievements and lessons learned. The series in Indonesia and other disaster-prone countries had wide participation and led to dialogue around the world. between local governments and communities to improve and reform local level services and programs. 36 MDF Feature MDF Feature 1. Munandar was an illegal logger from the age of 12 but now is a Community Ranger helping to protect the forest and farmers’ crops. 2. Rangers on elephant patrol. Wild elephants are scared away from farmers crops with harmless fireworks and bamboo cannons. Photos: 1. Tarmizy Harva 2. Mosista Pambudi 1 Protecting Livelihoods, Protecting Forests The 3.3 million hectare Ulu Masen and Leuser forests, in the northern part of Aceh province, are part of the largest contiguous forested area in Southeast Asia. But the forests have been at risk from illegal logging for many years. Like many young men from his community, edge of the Ulu Masen forest. The CRUs are Munandar was an illegal logger from about responsible for training rangers, often men the age of 12. recruited from local villages, many of whom have been involved in illegal logging in the “I would follow older men into the forest past, to protect the forests and wildlife. They and help out. We mainly cut down mantuk are also responsible for setting up a rapid and meranti, which are hardwoods much response unit to reduce “human-wildlife harder than teak. I can’t say how many we conflicts” that affect local people’s livelihood cut down. The government became strict opportunities and endanger the Sumatran in the year 2000 and we were threatened elephant, in particular. with jail so that’s when many of us stopped. I now have a rubber plantation and I tend The scheme is part of the Aceh Forest and to that every day. I’m earning less, but I’d Environment Project, which aims to protect rather just do my best earning what I can the Leuser and Ulu Masen forest ecosystems without logging.” from illegal logging. The project is funded by a grant from the MDF. In 2009, the NGO Fauna and Flora International (FFI) established a number of Finding work for ex-illegal loggers is the Conservation Response Units (CRUs) on the immediate impact, but the larger goal is 37 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report 2 to encourage whole communities to stop Rosa, a local rubber farmer, is frustrated deforestation and rely on less destructive not only by the threat of elephants to her ways of earning a living. crops, but also recalls the past when the family had a much larger income. “We miss Located in the areas with the highest level having that income. But the prices of cacao of human-elephant “conflict,” the CRUs and rubber are high at the moment so that have established a rapid response system makes us content for now.” to incidents. Domesticated elephants have been trained by the rangers and are used in Ibu Rosa is relieved by the success of the the rapid response, and are deployed to help community rangers’ program. mitigate the elephant-human encounter. In addition to this the elephant patrols and “Before the project was set up, we had a ranger teams are monitoring illegal logging problem with elephants up to three times and sending out warnings to would-be a month. One herd can have 13 elephants. loggers and wildlife poachers that the forests We didn’t know what to do; we’d just stand are being guarded. Pak Yusak, the village back and watch them come in and destroy head in Lujeureunge, explains the livelihoods everything. One elephant can destroy 10 shift that has taken place: rubber or cacao small-holder plantations in a night. It’ll take five years to get the crop “There are 85 households in this village. to that stage again, and all our work can Farming is the main source of income, just disappear. We were very angry and growing cacao and rubber. Many of us in the frustrated. Many elephants were killed. Now village were illegal loggers in the past. We we realize it’s part of nature. The rangers made $10 a day. We’re making much less now scare them away with fireworks and than that now – maybe half that.” bamboo cannons.” This shift from logger to farmer has not In 2011, FFI transferred responsibility for been an easy transition for everyone. Ibu the project to the district government and 38 MDF Feature Ibu Rosa and her neighbors grow rubber, cacao, and market vegetables but their crops and livelihoods Photo: are often under threat from the wild Sumatran elephants. Tarmizy Harva Ministry of Forestry. Pak Mukhtarudin, Head pay for household needs and education. In of the district government’s Forestry and addition, other crops can be grown while Plantation Crops Department in Lamno, Aceh they wait for the rubber trees to be big Jaya, is very supportive of the CRU activities. enough to tap for rubber. “I was born and raised in this area so I know the issues well. The issue has always been However in comparison, the meranti tree based on livelihoods. The conflict between can produce at least 10-20 cubic meters of animal and human has existed for many wood and can be sold for $400 per cubic years and has had repercussions for people’s meter. Men working in the illegal sawmills livelihoods and incomes. We see now that could earn enough in one month to keep the conflict can be managed. The rangers their family for four months. Some women in went through a rigorous selection process so these communities were also illegal loggers. they have a high awareness and commitment They didn’t cut down trees but as porters and dedication. But most of the villages and would carry logs and earn up to $5 a day. community members are not at that level of Now they are farmers, and they have to work awareness yet. We’re supporting this change harder to reap the same kind of benefits. in attitude by paying ex-illegal loggers to Pak Mukhtarudin understands that it is only plant seedlings, thereby giving them a start natural that some of the former loggers in cultivating rubber or cacao.” preferred their old way of life. Pak Mukhtarudin explains that two “The process of change still has to happen. hectares of rubber can support a family Some people are not ready to become and allow them to buy enough food and farmers, but over time they will have a change 39 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report A community ranger uses a bamboo cannon to scare away wild elephants from farmers’ Photo: precious crops. Abbie Trayler-Smith/ Panos/DfID in attitude especially if their livelihood can be more profitable. We’ve encouraged the women to join the re-planting initiative The Aceh Forest and Environment Project and have paid them 500 rupiah per tree (AFEP) was established to empower or sapling. They can plant 100 or even 200 and support government, civil society trees a day so in fact this is better pay. These partners and communities to safeguard are the kind of incentives we need to make the vital ecosystem of the Leuser and Ulu this huge behavioral change work. There Masen forest during the post-tsunami is a lot of potential in this area, especially reconstruction. The project aims to protect now with our new coastal highway built by the forest from illegal logging and promote the MDF. The road will bring more visitors more sustainable management of forests. and eco-tourism could bring great benefits Over 600 forest guards, 250 conservation/ to the area, and open up new livelihoods forestry officers and almost 700 community for people.” monitors have been trained. In addition, the project supports conservation awareness The future of these eco-systems will through schools and over 150 eco-clubs. depend on the success of balancing the The project is implemented by FFI and the economic needs of the communities with Leuser International Foundation (LIF), with the long term sustainability of forests and the World Bank as partner agency. wildlife. Involving the communities is key to protecting this immense heritage for Aceh’s future generations. Chapter 2 MDF Portfolio Results 40 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results Coffee grader Fitra Cahyadi at the new coffee warehouse outside Takengon set up under the EDFF. The Photo: subproject, implemented by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), aims to give small farmers Tarmizy Harva more control over the quality, marketing and sale of their coffee. 41 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The Government of Indonesia has demonstrated great MDF Portfolio Results success in managing post-disaster reconstruction effectively and efficiently. Indonesia has been widely recognized for its achievements in rebuilding Aceh and Nias in the eight years since the devastating disasters. With total damage and need estimated at more than US$6.2 million,1 the enormity of this task was unprecedented. The Multi Donor Fund has played an important part in making the reconstruction a success. The MDF’s contributions were equal to about ten percent of the overall reconstruction funds. The MDF played a critical gap- filling role in the overall reconstruction effort and provided technical support to the BRR and later, Bappenas and the local governments to strengthen their coordination roles for the overall reconstruction. As such, the MDF’s support had a huge multiplier effect, and its impact has been able to far exceed its contributions. The MDF has also contributed to harmonizing donor efforts and to increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the reconstruction process. MDF projects have responded effectively to the priorities and needs identified by the Government of Indonesia. The MDF’s overall program mandate ends on December 31, 2012. Most projects closed by June 2012 as originally scheduled, but a few projects were allowed to continue reconstruction activities up to the MDF’s program closing date to allow as much time as possible to complete activities. By the program’s formal closing date all program activities funded by the MDF will have come to conclusion, and all MDF projects will have closed. OVERVIEW OF THE MDF PORTFOLIO The MDF portfolio consisted of 23 projects in six outcome areas. MDF funds supported projects in the areas of community recovery, reconstruction of large infrastructure and transport, strengthening governance, sustaining the environment, enhancing the overall recovery process, and economic development and livelihoods. 1 Initial damage and needs assessments estimated US$4.9 billion, but this was later revised to US$6.2 billion. 42 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results Impressive results have been achieved across Ensuring the sustainability of MDF investments the portfolio. MDF projects built thousands of was a key program focus during the final year homes, repaired and expanded infrastructure, of implementation. All MDF projects included and put in place a foundation for economic capacity building and sound exit strategies. growth. The projects improved local governance, A special emphasis was placed on providing brought women into the decision-making support to central and provincial governments process, and protected the environment. The to assist with the administrative and legal MDF pioneered new approaches to disaster processes of transferring reconstruction assets response by building effective partnerships and so that funds can be allocated for operations tapping into the strength of communities. The and maintenance of these assets from the quality of the MDF’s outputs has generally been appropriate government budgets. Each project high and prospects for sustainability are good. also incorporated capacity building components Beneficiary satisfaction with the outputs and to help ensure operations and maintenance is outcomes has been high. sustainable beyond project closing so that assets transferred to government have a stronger Partnerships were key to successful project chance for successful utilization. implementation. Projects were implemented through government and non-government The following sections report on MDF’s partners, including national government achievements in each of the six outcome areas. line ministries, the Governments of Aceh For additional detail on each project, please and North Sumatra, various agencies under refer to the Project Fact Sheets in Volume 2 of the United Nations, and non-governmental this report. organizations (NGOs). RECOVERY OF COMMUNITIES The MDF’s phased approach to recovery and reconstruction has proven successful. Over its Funds Allocated Community Recovery Projects lifetime, the MDF followed a phased strategy (US$ millions) for prioritizing and allocating funds to projects. Kecamatan Development 64.7 Project (KDP) The first phase met urgent needs for recovery of communities and rehabilitation of vital Urban Poverty Project (UPP) 17.45 transportation networks. The second phase Community-based 84.97 Settlement Rehabilitation and focused on large infrastructure, mitigating the Reconstruction Project (CSRRP- impacts of reconstruction on the environment, Rekompak) and capacity building. The third phase centered Nias Kecamatan-based 20.21 on economic development and continued Reconstruction and strengthening of local capacity. A notable Rehabilitation Planning Project (KRRP) element of this strategy was to incorporate key Reconstruction of Aceh Land 14.83 cross-cutting areas across the portfolio, including Administration Project (RALAS) gender and conflict sensitivity, protecting Total 202.16 the environment, and a focus on disaster risk management. This strategy allowed critical The MDF supported the recovery of communities needs to be met urgently and quickly, while in the first phase of its reconstruction program. more complex investments requiring deeper Following the disasters, the immediate needs quality and capacity could be delivered over a of communities were for houses to be rebuilt, longer time horizon. 43 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Facilitators were essential to the success of all the MDF’s community-driven projects. However, good local Photo: facilitators were often in high demand and short supply during the reconstruction. In this photo a facilitator KDP project works with community members to plan the reconstruction of their village. collection land ownership restored, and village-level benefits more quickly. Three of these projects infrastructure to be reconstructed. This first closed during 2010 (KDP, UPP, CSRRP-Rekompak). group of projects to be approved by the MDF The land-titling project (RALAS) closed in June Steering Committee contributed to community 2009, having strengthened institutional capacity recovery through expansion and scaling up of on land adjudication. The Nias housing project, national Community Driven Development (CDD) KRRP, completed its activities and closed in projects that were already in place. Leveraging June 2011. the existing Kecamatan Development Project (KDP) and Urban Poverty Project (UPP) programs The MDF’s Community Recovery projects and approach, this group of five projects either achieved impressive results in rebuilding scaled up existing programs in Aceh and Nias (KDP houses and infrastructure at the community and UPP), or adapted the CDD model to deliver level. A total of nearly 20,000 houses were specific reconstruction needs such as housing reconstructed or rehabilitated under the MDF. (CSRRP-Rekompak and the Kecamatan-based These projects demonstrated that communities Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Planning can take the lead in the decision-making role for Project or KRRP) or land titling (Reconstruction their own recovery even in the most devastating of Aceh Land Administration System - RALAS). circumstances. The MDF housing program was The MDF used this strategy of building on completed in Aceh in 2010 and in 2011 in Nias. existing community-driven programs in order to More than 15,000 houses were reconstructed speed up preparation and start up and to deliver or rehabilitated in Aceh with an occupancy rate 44 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results of 97 percent, while an additional 4,500 houses and sanitation improvements included more were completed in Nias. The community housing than 7,800 wells or other sources of clean approach pioneered under the Rekompak water and 1,220 sanitation units. Beneficiary project in Aceh has also demonstrated that satisfaction rates for these projects were communities and government working in generally high, signifying the importance of partnership can achieve results that are ownership and empowerment to the recovery transparent, cost-effective, and of high quality. of communities. Beneficiary satisfaction was high under these projects as communities were directly in control RALAS helped to restore the land of the quality of construction. The engagement administration system in Aceh and distributed of the community also allowed beneficiaries to more than 220,000 land certificates. Of transform immense personal loss into a positive these, 63,000 were issued in the names of and constructive effort to rebuild their lives. women or as joint titles. Despite some difficult management and implementation issues, the The KDP, UPP, CSRRP-Rekompak and KRRP project contributed to restoring land rights projects also delivered impressive results in the and rebuilding the land administration system reconstruction of community infrastructure. in Aceh. Training and capacity building in These projects assisted communities to community-driven adjudication was provided construct more than 3,000 kilometers of to over 700 government staff and will continue village roads, 18 kilometers of bridges, and to impact the government’s delivery of land- nearly 1,600 kilometers of irrigation and titling services in the long term. Perhaps most drainage channels. In addition, 551 schools importantly, increased public awareness and and 511 local government offices or village/ understanding of land-titling procedures and town halls were built or rehabilitated.2 Water property rights of women will affect demand 2 In total, 677 schools were built or rehabilitated by the MDF, including an additional 126 schools built under the SPADA project. These numbers are reported in the table of achievements under the Governance and Capacity Building outcome area. Additional government buildings were also built under SPADA, bringing the total to 515. 45 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The MDF’s Community Recovery projects achieved impressive results in constructing houses and infrastructure at community level: nearly 20,000 houses were built under the MDF. Photos: MDF Secretariat for these services in the future, as well as not only to increase women’s participation the demand for transparent delivery of in community planning activities but also to such services. find ways to ensure that women’s voices were heard. UPP developed a component to enhance The MDF’s community recovery projects have women’s empowerment by setting aside also set an enduring standard for community specific funds for activities selected by women. empowerment across Aceh and Nias. Both KDP and UPP also supported women’s Community processes to rebuild infrastructure empowerment through providing microfinance enjoyed high rates of participation. Results opportunities specifically for women. RALAS were imbued with a strong sense of ownership, played an important role in raising awareness of and set expectations for a greater role for women’s land rights and by supporting joint land community members in development planning. titling. Almost 30 percent of the land titles that The outcomes initiated at the community level were issued under the project were joint titles across Aceh and Nias through these projects or in women’s names. Lessons from integrating are expected to continue as the MDF-supported gender into community-driven projects and KDP, UPP and KRRP projects were merged under disaster preparedness programs in Aceh and the national government’s National Program for Nias have fed into the ongoing national PNPM Community Empowerment (PNPM) Rural and and other programming in Aceh and Nias and Urban program. across Indonesia. Women’s empowerment was incorporated The MDF’s community recovery projects into each of the MDF’s community recovery have demonstrated that community-driven projects, leading to increased participation and approaches can be successful in a post-disaster voice. A strong gender dimension ensures that situation. The efficacy of these approaches is women play a role in the community decision- evident as lessons learned are already being used making process. These projects piloted efforts in other national and international post-disaster 46 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results Yati Balaki Dakhi With Her Own Bare Hands Yati’s house was destroyed in the 2005 earthquake, as were about 50 others in her village of Hilimaenamolo in Nias. But an MDF funded program to rebuild damaged houses in Nias, the Kecamatan-Based Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project (KRRP), gave her the resources and skills to do much of the rebuilding herself. She explains the house-building process: “There were three groups of six families for the 18 houses that were to be built. It took two years to build because the money came in installments and everyone receiving the money all had to be at the same stage of building. I was the head of my group, which was named the “rose” group. We laughed at that—beautiful and scented but full of thorns! I was the only female group leader.” At first Yati found it difficult to instruct the men in her group on how to build a house. “They would complain and I’d reply, ‘I’m doing this for everyone’s sake. You can follow me or not.’ It was a burden sometimes. If I didn’t look after the group carefully, there was a big chance of mismanaging the project. My leadership did make a difference, I think, and I convinced people that we could make it work and we were the first to finish. We didn’t even wait for the money to come—we pre-financed things.” Yati’s new house is bigger, more spacious, and the steel reinforcement to the foundation and pillars offer greater earthquake resistance. “I love it because we built it ourselves, without a contractor,” she says proudly. “And I’ve had no issues with cracked walls or the usual contractor problems.” contexts. The Aceh housing project (CSRRP- Aceh and Java to study the CDD post-disaster Rekompak) became a model for the Government reconstruction projects, taking away impressive of Indonesia’s housing reconstruction program lessons for replication. KDP, KRRP and CSRRP- in Java following the 2006 earthquake. More Rekompak conducted workshops at project than 200,000 houses were constructed adopting closing to discuss lessons learned, both for this approach. This model has been further future work in Aceh and Indonesia as well as for adapted in West Sumatra following the 2009 other post-disaster scenarios around the world. earthquake. The national government has These workshops provided an opportunity adopted the community-based approach as part for beneficiaries to interact closely with local of its overall policy for post-disaster housing and national government representatives reconstruction. In addition, delegations from to help define their own expectations of other countries, including Haiti, have visited their government. 47 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Key Results: Recovery of Communities The following key outputs and accomplishments under this outcome area have been achieved by MDF projects: • Housing: - 12,455 houses reconstructed - 6,999 houses rehabilitated • Community Planning process and Community Infrastructure: - 290,000 participants in the community planning process (33% women) - More than 3,000 km roads constructed and/ or repaired - More than 18,850 m bridges constructed and/or repaired - 1,600 km irrigation and drainage channels reconstructed and/ or rehabilitated - Nearly 8,000 clean water supply sources reconstructed and/ or rehabilitated • Land Titling: - 223,000 land titles distributed - 63,000 land titles issued to women/ with women as joint title holders RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF In partnership with the Government of LARGE INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT Indonesia, the MDF was a major contributor to the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Large Infrastructure and Funds Allocated large infrastructure in Aceh and Nias. Given Transport Projects (US$ millions) the scale and extensive nature of the damage Banda Aceh Flood 6.27 resulting from the tsunami and earthquakes, Mitigation Project the reconstruction of large infrastructure was a (BAFMP) critical priority of the government. In line with Infrastructure 35.66 Reconstruction Enabling these priorities, the MDF made considerable Program (IREP) investments in infrastructure reconstruction and Infrastructure 128.70 rehabilitation and allocated approximately 35 Reconstruction Financing percent of MDF funds to this sector. In addition, Facility (IRFF) significant contributions were also made to Lamno-Calang Road 1.46 community-level infrastructure through the Maintenance Project MDF’s community recovery programs. Sea Delivery and 25.03 Logistics Programme (SDLP) The MDF responded comprehensively and Tsunami Recovery 3.78 strategically to the recovery of infrastructure Ports Redevelopment and transport after the tsunami. The MDF’s Programme (TRPRP) initial infrastructure investments focused on Nias Rural Access and 16.00 addressing logistics needs and restoring vital Capacity Building Project (RACBP) transport links to provide access to affected Total 216.90 areas, thereby supporting urgent community recovery processes. After the initial response 48 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results The Infrastructure Reconstruction Financing Facility (IRFF) provided funds for key infrastructure Photo: reconstruction projects in Aceh and Nias. Mosista Pambudi stage, the MDF redirected attention to large and attention to the needs of marginalized scale infrastructure reconstruction. This groups, including women, have been strong phased approach allowed more time to elements present in all the MDF’s work in the be spent on design and preparation of the large infrastructure and transport outcome area. larger infrastructure construction activities. Investments in large infrastructure have critical An initial wave of infrastructure projects had quality and ownership requirements which effectively restored quality transport links and may supersede speed considerations, and care critical infrastructure. The Sea Delivery and needed to be taken to balance the cost of speed Logistics Program (SDLP) provided a shipping and the cost of delay. MDF funds were allocated service from 2005 to 2007, enabling a wide through various projects for the reconstruction range of agencies involved in the recovery and of large infrastructure, which included ports, reconstruction to move cargo to the west coast national, provincial and district roads, water of Aceh and remote landing sites on the islands of supply and treatment systems, drainage systems, Nias and Simeulue. The Tsunami Recovery Ports sanitary landfills and coastal protection systems. Redevelopment Programme (TRPRP) helped to In the MDF’s final phase, the focus expanded to restore essential transportation networks by include increasing the capacity of agencies to providing physical designs and technical support manage the newly created assets. This phased for the reconstruction of major seaports and a approach has been one of the key factors of river port. The redevelopment of these ports success for the MDF program. Capacity building ensured that equipment and materials could be 49 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report delivered to isolated areas in order to rebuild communities and livelihoods during the early reconstruction phase. The Lamno-Calang Road Through the MDF’s substantial maintenance project allowed the major west investments in IREP and IRFF coast corridor to remain functional in the first approximately 620 kilometers two years following the tsunami. The project of national and provincial closed in December 2007 after other donors took over the reconstruction of the west roads, over 100 kilometers of coast corridor road. These transport projects district roads, five ports and multiplied the impact of the MDF’s investments 11 water supply and coastal by providing a range of reconstruction actors, including GoI, NGOs, CSOs, and multilateral and protection systems were build. bilateral donors, access to affected areas. The Banda Aceh Flood Mitigation Project (BAFMP), completed in 2009, protects the central business of national and provincial roads, over 100 area of Aceh’s capital against flooding and will kilometers of district roads, five ports and 11 be of lasting importance in any future disaster. water supply and coastal protection systems This project provides important lessons for were constructed. Among the national roads other areas, especially as other countries in the constructed, one of the most important includes region face severe flooding. a strategic portion of road which completes the transport link along the west coast of The MDF’s principal contribution to the Aceh, significantly decreasing the travel time reconstruction of large infrastructure was between Calang and Meulaboh. This road through the Infrastructure Reconstruction provides livelihood benefits and access to basic Enabling Program (IREP), and its companion services for more than 900,000 inhabitants, funding facility project, the Infrastructure reducing transport costs and increasing Reconstruction Financing Facility (IRFF). These economic opportunities. two projects were allocated a combined total of almost US$165 million by MDF. The IRFF project, The local resource-based (LRB) approach for with an allocation of US$129 million, was the the construction of rural roads introduced by largest single project in the MDF portfolio. When the ILO has proven well-suited to the operating combined with the GoI’s cofinancing of over conditions in Aceh and Nias. The Rural US$100 million, the total amount invested in the Access and Capacity Building Project (RACBP) reconstruction of large infrastructure through implemented by the ILO focused on the cost IRFF came to almost US$230 million. IREP and effective and durable improvement of the rural IRFF worked in tandem to support the design, transport network in Nias. Local resource-based finance and implementation of 56 separate approaches were employed to build all-weather infrastructure subprojects implemented by the trails, bridges and roads, using environmentally Government of Indonesia. This co-financing friendly construction approaches that require arrangement facilitated the integration of donor minimal maintenance. The project also utilized and government support for reconstruction of a South-South exchange in technical assistance, infrastructure with positive outcomes. Through bringing engineers from Nepal experienced in the MDF’s substantial investments in these suspension bridge design and construction to two projects, approximately 620 kilometers assist with constructing trail bridges under very 50 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results Key Results: Recovery of Large Infrastructure and Transport The following key outputs and accomplishments under this outcome were achieved by MDF projects: • Under initial emergency response: - 1 provincial road (52 km) resurfaced and maintained, including bridges - 132 km of road side drainage completed - 2 temporary wharves constructed - 21 bridge decks repaired - 4 Bailey bridges installed • Logistics support: - 98,000 metric tons of reconstruction materials transported - 1.2 million metric tons of commercial cargo goods transported • Technical designs/ contract volume (in US$) for infrastructure reconstruction prepared: - 8 national roads (US$37 million) - 9 provincial roads (US$67 million) - 23 district roads (US$40 million) - 5 ports (US$44 million) - 11 water systems (US$31 million) - 8 permanent sanitary landfills • Infrastructure reconstructed: - 8 national roads (304 km) - 9 provincial roads (317 km) - 21 district roads (102 km)(IRFF) and an additional 140 km (CBLR3) - 11 water and coastal protection systems - 5 ports - 3 pumping stations - 17 km of drainage constructed and rehabilitated - 5 permanent sanitary landfills similar conditions in Nias. A similar project, the overall impact of the reconstructed Capacity Building for Local Resource-based Rural transportation network, which has increased Roads (CBLR3), applied the local resource-based access to isolated areas, as well as broader approach in several districts in Aceh and Nias, markets and social services. The close working with good results. relationships with the relevant GoI agencies and the emphasis on increased capacity for The implementation of the MDF infrastructure operating and maintaining the assets created portfolio has been highly successful and is an has, in general, resulted in a high sense of example of good practice. This is evident in the ownership by the GoI of the newly created consistently high quality of the roads constructed assets. The ports projects funded by the MDF and positive economic benefits attributable to are technically sound, and strong emphasis was these projects. Strong coordination between placed on increasing the capacity of port staff different development partners strengthened to adequately operate the improved facilities 51 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Suwandi New Roads, New Opportunities Roads do more than make travel easier—they also create economic magnets where small businesses have a chance to thrive. Take the new road in the Batoh area, in the south of Banda Aceh, completed in 2009 by the MDF’s Infrastructure Reconstruction Financing Facility (IRFF). Suwandi, an entrepreneur, chose this site for his new business, a motorcycle accessories and seat repair shop, which he opened in 2010. The road lies en route from central Banda Aceh to the main highway to Medan, Indonesia’s second-largest city, and gets plenty of traffic. Suwandi had been looking for the right spot for his business for a long time, and jumped at the opportunity to lease space on a bustling road full of shops and restaurants. “Because of this road, I now have new opportunities to work,” he says. “Hopefully I will be busy with customers for years to come.” and equipment. Drainage and flood control, second phase of the SDLP project invested in and urban water supply projects under the the human resources and management systems MDF were mostly implemented well, given that, to improve the efficiency, safety and capacity to particularly in these sectors, the lack of accurate administer these and 18 other ports across Aceh geological data available had hampered the and Nias. The extensive national, provincial preparation of suitable designs to address the and district roads constructed through IRFF, ILO needs of end users. The infrastructure projects roads projects in Aceh and Nias (CBLR3, RACBP) also took into account solutions employing and the MDF’s community recovery projects suitable technology against the backdrop of are contributing to a transportation network limited capacity and resources available. which opened up areas that were previously difficult to reach. The implementation of nearly The MDF played a key role in creating all projects in the roads sub-sector was fully infrastructure networks throughout Aceh satisfactory, with positive economic benefits and Nias, providing a springboard for attributable to the various projects. The future economic growth and development. construction of numerous small rural roads, International ports were constructed at trails, and bridges contributes to the long- Lhokseumawe and Kuala Langsa in Aceh, term economic development of remote areas, providing gateways to international markets. In especially in Nias where development had been Gunung Sitoli on the island of Nias, and Sinabang hampered by extreme accessibility challenges. on the island of Simeulue, the domestic ports The use of local labor and local procurement of reconstructed have improved inter-island materials has generated economic benefits at connectivity for these remote districts. The community level. 52 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results Several technical innovations were introduced STRENGTHENING GOVERNANCE AND CAPACITY through the MDF portfolio, with some of BUILDING these being mainstreamed into government procedures. These include new types of one- Strengthening Governance and Funds Allocated way valves for drainage introduced through Capacity Building Projects (US$ millions) the Banda Aceh Flood Mitigation Project Capacity Building for Local 13.90 Resource-based Rural (BAFMP); the introduction of the Contractor Roads (CBLR3) Environmental Action Plan (CEAP), which Support for Poor and 19.72 was required of contractors for each of the Disadvantaged Areas projects implemented under IRFF and now (SPADA) the Department of Public Works is considering Support to Strengthen the 6.00 adopting; and improved technologies for the Role and Capacity of CSOs construction of rural roads, trails and bridges introduced through the CBLR3 and RACBP Total 39.62 projects. The infrastructure projects also took into account solutions employing suitable technology against the backdrop of limited A key component of the MDF’s post-disaster capacity and resources available. strategy was to leave behind governments, institutions and communities with the Ensuring the long term sustainability of knowledge, skills and ability to address their own the assets created has been an important development needs and function effectively in objective for the MDF. Local government future disaster situations. Capacity building, capacities for the operations and maintenance incorporated into nearly all MDF projects, of local infrastructure networks were was deemed crucial for the sustainability of enhanced through project activities, so that investments made in infrastructure, service the benefits of the MDF’s investments in provision and economic development. Three infrastructure and transport will continue projects in the MDF’s portfolio focused on long beyond the close of the program. This promoting good governance through capacity was particularly important for Nias, given building for civil society (the CSO project), topographic, geographic and capacity building district government (SPADA), and district Public challenges. Enhancing sustainability also Works Departments and local road contractors required a clear framework for transferring (CBLR3). Three other projects—AGTP, NITP, ownership of physical infrastructure created and TA to BRR and Bappenas—improved the and the allocation of sufficient resources for ability of local governments to manage the the continued operation and maintenance of overall recovery process by building their the assets after the program ends. Working capacity and strengthening their governance. In in partnership with the appropriate levels of addition to these specific projects for capacity local government during the reconstruction building, all projects included components to process helped to create a strong sense of improve institutional and technical capacity ownership over the assets generated and of the relevant agencies and individuals. As facilitated the smooth transfer of assets to a result of these projects, governments, civil the relevant government authorities and society, institutions and communities are better allocation of local government budgets for prepared to tackle future development and operations and maintenance. disaster reconstruction challenges. 53 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The MDF supported civil society organizations to engage villagers across Aceh and Nias in participatory Photo: monitoring of reconstruction activities. MDF Secretariat The MDF’s Support to Strengthen the Role beneficiaries, of which nearly half were women. and Capacity of Civil Society Organizations These grants supported initiatives including (referred to as CSO) project provided the restoring basic social services, women’s overall reconstruction effort’s most significant empowerment, and income generation. The and extensive support to build civil society project also established Civil Society Resource capacity in Aceh and Nias. Implemented Centers (CSRCs) in Aceh and Nias in order to by the UNDP, the CSO project built the enable communities to better lobby government technical and organizational capacity of CSOs, on developmental needs and priorities. This community-based organizations (CBOs), and project completed its activities and closed in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and May 2010. provided a platform that encouraged dialogue with local governments. The project introduced The Support for Poor and Disadvantaged Areas community-based monitoring (CBM) of (SPADA) project supported the government’s rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts, which objective of developing poor and disadvantaged resulted in better coordination and collaboration rural areas in Aceh to encourage economic in community planning and greater mutual trust development and improve services, particularly between local governments and CSOs and CBOs. in health and education. The project was The project also provided 142 small grants to implemented by the Ministry of Disadvantaged CSOs and CBOs, reaching more than 33,000 Areas (KPDT). Drawing from the KDP approach, 54 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results Key Results: Strengthening Governance and Capacity Building The following key outputs and accomplishments under this outcome were achieved by MDF projects: • Restoring basic social services, women’s empowerment and income generation: - 142 grants to CSOs, reaching 33,000 beneficiaries (approximately 50% women) • Capacity Building: - 200 CSOs trained in key strategic competence, organizational development and project management - 125,000 (20% women) CSO and CBO participants/members trained - local contractors trained in local resource based approach to road maintenance and construction - Nearly 10,000 (18% women) government officers trained - 13,600 (37% women) teachers trained • Public assets restored: - 515 government facilities3 (offices, villages halls, etc) reconstructed and/ or rehabilitated - 72 health centers reconstructed and/ or rehabilitated - 677 schools4 reconstructed and/or rehabilitated and/or equipped • Community Empowerment: - Nearly 290,000 people participated in community planning processes the SPADA project used a bottom-up planning The CBLR3 project constructed local roads approach to implement nearly 700 community in Aceh and Nias using local resources and infrastructure subprojects. This approach labor, thereby developing skills and building both addressed local priority infrastructure capacity at the district and community levels. needs, such as water supply, village roads and The project, implemented by the ILO (it is also bridges, and built local governance capacity. known as the ILO Rural Roads project), was The project also encouraged public-private successful at applying the local resource-based dialogue. Business-government forums in five (LRB) approach in district road reconstruction districts addressed obstacles to local private and maintenance. It rebuilt more than 150 sector development, which led to an increase in kilometers of district and subdistrict roads, new business registrations. SPADA block grants bridges as well as culvert and irrigation connected previously isolated villages, improved works, and conducted maintenance work on opportunities to start small businesses, and 230 kilometers of rural roads. It also built improved access to health and education the capacity of district governments and services in disadvantaged communities. contractors to implement the LRB approach SPADA completed its activities and closed in and manage road assets. Community members December 2011. developed new skills and benefitted from 3 This figure includes government facilities reconstructed or rehabilitated under the MDF’s Community Recovery projects. 4 This figure includes 551 schools reconstructed or rehabilitated under the MDF’s Community Recovery projects. 55 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The Support for Poor and Disadvantaged Areas (SPADA) project provided funds for rehabilitating and Photo: reconstructing schools, as well as providing equipment for classrooms and training for teachers. Through this Akil Abduljalil and the Community Recovery set of projects, more than 670 schools in Aceh and Nias were reconstructed or rehabilitated. income earning opportunities; significantly, Several important lessons were learned men and women earned equal pay for equal through the MDF’s support for capacity work. The project’s impacts include improved building in the reconstruction context in road transportation infrastructure, better Indonesia. A key lesson that emerged is the connectivity among communities, greater importance of including capacity building opportunities for local economic development, needs for the reconstruction in the initial technical skills and local governments better post-disaster needs assessment, even if this able to build and maintain local infrastructure. is a limited or rapid assessment. Clearly, post- The ILO successfully used the same approach disaster reconstruction programs should in Nias under the RACBP project. Additional develop a capacity building strategy, with financing of US$2.1 million was approved by clear objectives, guidelines, and indicators. the MDF Steering Committee for a Phase 3 If resources are sufficient, post-disaster of the CBLR3 in late 2011. This final phase reconstruction programs should include focused on an exit strategy to ensure that support for both physical infrastructure and the LRB approach is mainstreamed and will enhanced governance capacity. Finally, an continue to be used by local governments after important lesson to highlight is that capacity the project closes. The project completed all building is a long-term process and may activities and closed in November 2012. require more time than the reconstruction 56 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results Project staff explain to visitors about the system of the Blang Bintang Regional Landfill. The landfill is the first Photo: sanitary landfill in Aceh and one of only a handful of similar facilities across Indonesia that meet international Mosista landfill standards. Completed near the end of 2012, it will service the Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar Districts. Pambudi timeframe allows. Expectations regarding SUSTAINING THE ENVIRONMENT capacity development needs to be managed in the context of these lessons. Sustaining the Environment Funds Allocated Projects (US$ millions) Well-designed capacity building is an Aceh Forest and 17.535 Environment Project (AFEP) important way to address longer term governance challenges and should remain an Tsunami Recovery Waste 39.40 Management Programme important part of the development agendas (TRWMP) of Aceh and Nias. Although the MDF made Total 56.93 substantial contributions to the capacity of local governments, institutions and communities, The MDF was committed to protecting the significant needs remain in this area. As a environment of Aceh and Nias in all its reconstruction program, the MDF cannot projects, and was one of few reconstruction address the longer-term capacity building and programs that committed funds specifically governance needs in Aceh and Nias. Capacity for that purpose. Due to the extensive forest building gaps remain, but the experience in resources and biodiversity in Aceh, there was a reconstruction has left local governments, civil great concern for safeguarding these resources society, and communities better positioned during the reconstruction. Environmental to address development challenges, including sustainability was a cross-cutting theme across natural disasters, in the future. the MDF portfolio and was the primary focus 5 After the end of this reporting period on September 30, a small amount of additional funds (US$0.09 million) was provided to the project to finalize asset transfer, bringing the final allocation for this project to US$17.53 million. 57 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report of two specific projects. The Aceh Forest The key objective of AFEP was to protect Aceh’s and Environment Project (AFEP) was created forest resources by enabling both government specifically to mitigate the potential negative and communities to sustainably manage them. impact that reconstruction might have on Aceh’s The project showed strong results in many areas vital forest ecosystems. The Tsunami Recovery essential for effective forest management. These Waste Management Programme (TRWMP) was included monitoring illegal logging, supporting initially designed to assist with the cleanup after law enforcement, mitigating human-wildlife the tsunami, which left behind huge amounts of conflicts, mapping forest resources, developing debris. It later made an important contribution local forest management plans, and building to long-term environmental sustainability for public awareness. Most of AFEP’s field activities Aceh and Nias by creating sustainable solid concluded in 2011. One of AFEP’s most successful waste management systems using international initiatives, the Community Rangers program best practices. which recruits former illegal loggers, poachers, Key Results: Sustaining the Environment The following key outputs and accomplishments under this outcome have been achieved by MDF projects: • Forest Management and Monitoring: - 1 provincial and 7 district spatial plans drafted with environmental and conservation inputs - Local level agreements on forest management and conservation developed in 27 villages and 14 mukim (traditional village grouping) - Regular community participation in joint monitoring of forests in 74 villages and 15 mukim - 228 agroforestry nurseries established • Sustainable Waste Management: - 126 subdistricts in 13 districts covered by municipal waste collection (103% increase over pre- tsunami levels) - 44,276 households involved in pilot cost-recovery waste collection schemes - 1,122 government staff trained in solid waste management - 260 small/micro enterprises with sustainable livelihoods created in waste management sector - 13 interim sanitary landfills created - Detailed engineering designs prepared for 1 regional and 8 district permanent landfills - 1,100 ha of agricultural land cleared and rehabilitated, allowing 1,771 households to restart cultivation • Environmental Awareness Building: - 1,000 teachers trained in conservation awareness - 34,800 students trained in waste management awareness and 286 teachers and students trained in recycling and benefits of solid waste management - 8 schools participating in garbage bank recycling program - High school level curriculum on environmental conservation developed - Elementary level textbooks on environmental conservation developed 58 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results The MDF demonstrated practices in solid waste management can be that post-disaster successfully applied locally. TRWMP worked reconstruction activities closely with the Ministry of Public Works and can be implemented district-level Public Works departments to ensure in an environmentally that the project’s achievements are sustainable. sustainable way. TRWMP also demonstrated success in helping recover and improve livelihoods for farmers and ex-combatants to monitor forests for illegal and small and medium enterprises. The project activities, continues with support from other built capacity in the private sector for recycling of donors and local government. This and other solid waste. Its activities promoted sustainable AFEP activities have transformed the relationship income generation and raised awareness among between communities and the forests in the communities on the need and benefits of good project areas. The project has put in place forest solid waste management, while diverting plastics management frameworks and spatial plans and other recyclables from district landfills. The incorporating environmental concerns, and project also worked in partnership with affected supported the creation of protocols for addressing communities to clear tsunami sediment from human-wildlife conflicts designed to protect both agricultural land. More than 1,000 hectares of wildlife and the livelihoods of farmers. farmland was cleared of debris and sedimentation and was put back into production. After its initial post-tsunami cleanup activities, the TRWMP focused on solid waste management The MDF demonstrated that post-disaster to protect the environment in Aceh and reconstruction activities can be executed in Nias. The project supported capacity building an environmentally sustainable way, and that activities to ensure that sustainable solid waste global best practices can be successfully applied management infrastructure and services were locally. Government and communities in Aceh in place and positioned to operate long after the and Nias now have the knowledge and capability project closed. The project financed the design to include environmental sustainability objectives and construction of modern, permanent landfills in future development and disaster management – one regional landfill, a modern transfer station, plans. Models and approaches have been and three district landfills have been constructed, developed, that can be replicated; these include and designs have been handed over to the environmental awareness curricula that were government for four additional district landfills.6 developed for use in Aceh’s schools under AFEP, Local government staff in two districts were and a series of training modules for capacity provided with the necessary skills and resources building for local government staff in solid waste to prepare district regulations on solid waste management developed by TRWMP. The MDF’s management which were later approved by experience in promoting good environmental their respective district parliaments. These laws management during reconstruction can set an example for Aceh, Nias, and other parts offer many useful lessons for other post- of Indonesia, demonstrating that international disaster situations. 6 See the project fact sheet in Volume 2 of this report for more details on the new landfills. 59 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Tsunami and earthquake drills, such as this one in an elementary school in Banda Aceh, are now a common Photo: practice. The MDF’s DRR-A project mainstreamed disaster risk reduction into the core functions of local Tarmizy Harva government agencies. ENHANCING THE RECOVERY PROCESS support to national and provincial government agencies. Initially, the MDF’s support helped Enhancing the Recovery Funds Allocated the BRR in its role as coordinator of the nearly Process Projects (US$ millions) US$7 billion reconstruction program to achieve Technical Assistance to 24.78 its mandate in a timely and transparent manner. BRR and Bappenas Project The MDF helped BRR develop policies, strategies, (R2C3) legal frameworks, projects and programs, as Disaster Risk Reduction- 9.87 well as systems and monitoring tools for the Aceh (DRR-A) overall reconstruction process. After the closure Aceh Government 16.98 Transformation Programme of BRR, the MDF continued to support the (AGTP) overall coordination of reconstruction through Nias Islands Transformation 4.59 assistance to national and local government Programme (NITP) agencies that assumed responsibility for Total 56.22 reconstruction. Three projects, Technical Assistance (TA) to BRR and Bappenas Project The MDF played a strategic role to enhance (R2C3),7 the Aceh Government Transformation the effectiveness and efficiency of the overall Programme (AGTP) and the Nias Island recovery and reconstruction process by Transformation Programme (NITP), enhanced providing technical assistance and operational the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the 7 After the BRR closed the TA to BRR and Bappenas project also became known as the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Completion and Continued Coordination (R2C3) Project. 60 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results Key Results: Enhancing the Recovery Process The following key outputs and accomplishments under this outcome were achieved by MDF projects: • Enhanced capacities of BRR and Bappenas for coordination and implementation of reconstruction: - Supported the development of 217 strategies/policies/guidelines, reviewed 192 proposals and monitored 284 projects - Developed and maintained 3 key management information systems for (1) monitoring reconstruction activities; (2) knowledge management on lessons learned; and (3) asset management • Disaster Risk Reduction mainstreamed into local development process in Aceh and Nias: - Local laws (Qanun) developed and approved for establishment of Aceh’s Disaster Management Agency (BPBA) and other local regulations enacted - Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center strengthened to provide information services to local government - Public awareness and capacity building in DRR increased through curriculum development, publications and events • Strengthening government capacity to manage assets and the asset transfer process: - TA to BRR & Bappenas, AGTP, and NITP projects worked together to support the national, provincial, and district governments to complete the asset transfer cycle reconstruction and recovery process at national, The AGTP and NITP provided support at the provincial and district levels of government. provincial and district level respectively to enhance the efficient and effective recovery in The TA to BRR and Bappenas project Aceh and Nias. Complementing the TA to BRR supported the government’s coordination of and Bappenas project, AGTP and NITP worked reconstruction and rehabilitation activities. The closely with all levels of government, including TA to BRR project was designed to provide BRR line ministries, to support the transfer of with support for its technical and operational rehabilitation assets from BRR. AGTP and NITP needs from July 2005 to April 2009, when its also ensured that provincial governments mandate ended. After BRR closed, responsibility had the necessary capacity and institutional for coordinating the overall reconstruction was strength to take on the responsibilities and handed over to the National Planning Agency, functions of ongoing projects and to continue Bappenas. The project thus changed its focus development activities after their closure. to supporting Bappenas at the national level AGTP built capacity and synergy by linking and Bappeda Aceh and North Sumatra at the its efforts with the Government of Aceh’s provincial level. The project was extended so that development cycle in planning, budgeting, it could continue to support final rehabilitation monitoring and evaluation. NITP initiated a and reconstruction efforts through the end of stakeholder coordination forum to accelerate the MDF’s mandate in December 2012, including the asset transfer process in the Nias islands. coordination, monitoring, implementation and Both projects helped implement standards for execution of exit strategies. recruiting qualified government staff, leaving the 61 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report provincial governments in both Aceh and Nias to establish the Aceh Disaster Management better prepared to take on responsibility for their Agency (BPBA). To ensure continued DRR own development in the long term. Both AGTP benefits beyond the MDF’s mandate, the and NITP completed their activities and closed in project fostered ownership of the DRR agenda June 2012. within a partnership between government, media, NGOs and academia. As a result, The MDF supported disaster risk reduction DRR will remain an important component (DRR) and preparedness through the DRR-A of the development agenda in Aceh. The project in Aceh. DRR was an important cross- DRR-A project completed its activities and cutting component of the MDF’s work, and closed in May 2012. was incorporated into many of its projects. The DRR-A project was designed to institutionalize The MDF’s work to enhance government and mainstream DRR in long-term, local-level capacity for managing disaster reconstruction development processes, and worked on DRR leave central government and provincial from the community to the provincial levels. governments of Aceh and Nias better prepared One approach was to build capacity and for planning and executing future disaster sustainability for DRR through support to local response and development efforts. With institutions, including the Tsunami and Disaster greater experience, knowledge, systems and Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) of Syiah frameworks in place, government agencies will Kuala University in Banda Aceh and several realize benefits that extend beyond the end of local NGOs in various districts of the province. the MDF’s mandate in 2012, contributing to the The project was also instrumental in helping MDF’s long-term legacy. Preparing Schoolchildren for Disaster In one part of Banda Aceh, the impact of the tsunami was so great that today one school is enough to accommodate the local children in an area which had been served by three schools before. The school’s principal, Nani Irawati, was understandably concerned about disaster preparedness and agreed to pilot an MDF funded program to introduce Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) to her school. Implemented by the Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Research Center, the project taught children what to do in the event of disasters, including earthquakes, floods, and fires. The children learned the new drills quickly and practice them regularly. Many Acehnese schools have integrated DRR into their operating procedures so that generations of schoolchildren will know what to do in the face of natural disasters, potentially saving many lives. “The school has integrated disaster knowledge in all subjects at school,” says Principal Nani. “Students now understand the potential for disaster in their areas and how to respond.” 62 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results Cooperative members at the rice processing unit of Koperasi Pemasaran Masyarakat Aceh (KOPEMAS Photo: Aceh) in Pidie. The processing unit was funded by the Aceh Economic Development Financing Facility Vicki Peterson (EDFF), which helped to build the skills of thousands of farmers, fisherman, cooperative members and small entrepreneurs. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND LIVELIHOODS and Economic Development Project (LEDP), directly address improvements in livelihoods Economic Development and Funds Allocated and economic development. These projects Livelihood Projects (US$ millions) are intended to smooth the transition from Aceh Economic 50.00 reconstruction to development in Aceh and the Development Financing Nias islands and build a foundation for future Facility (EDFF) economic growth. Nias Livelihoods and 8.20 Economic Development Project (LEDP)) The MDF’s early support for livelihood recovery Total 58.20 focused primarily on employment generation through reconstruction activities. Millions of The MDF’s support for livelihoods recovery days of paid work opportunities were created and economic development followed a phased for both men and women through housing strategy. The phased approach provided and community infrastructure activities of support for filling gaps in community recovery Rekompak, KRRP, UPP, and KDP; clean up and and infrastructure in the early and middle waste management activities under the TRWMP; stages, with support for economic development and road repair and construction through the and livelihoods planned for a later stage in the ILO’s local resource-based approach. These MDF reconstruction process. Two of the MDF’s work opportunities provided a much-needed last projects, the Aceh Economic Development cash infusion to affected families during recovery Financing Facility (EDFF) and the Nias Livelihoods and reconstruction. In addition, three projects 63 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report provided microfinance or social funds to meet Aceh. This US$50 million project funded eight cash needs of affected households (CSO, KDP subprojects selected through a transparent and UPP), and support to small businesses process to support development in Aceh’s key related to recycling and waste management was economic sectors of agriculture and fisheries, provided by the TRWMP. Women have been with a special emphasis on two important export able to benefit from the MDF’s efforts to ensure crops, coffee and cacao. The EDFF contributed they had access to these new and increased to economic recovery in areas affected both employment opportunities. directly and indirectly by the tsunami and earthquake. Subprojects were implemented in The MDF’s two key projects focused on economic almost every district, covering activities which development and livelihoods generated included the provision of agricultural tools and impressive results. Both the EDFF and Nias LEDP inputs, development of cooperatives, quality experienced delays in startup that resulted in enhancement and better packaging, improved less time for implementation than was originally access to markets, access to finance, and planned. The MDF Steering Committee allowed women’s empowerment, among others. both projects to extend their closing dates in order to give them the maximum time possible The EDFF also helped position farmers and the to achieve their objectives. With this additional private sector for future economic growth. time, both projects were able to meet most of More than 36,500 primary producers were their objectives and with measurable impacts supported by the project, nearly 30 percent of on productivity and income for farmers and them women. This support indirectly impacted other project beneficiaries. The EDFF project more than 100,000 household members. The closed in November and the LEDP closed in support to primary producers resulted in December 2012. increased productivity and improved quality of various commodities. Farmers received The EDFF has helped to strengthen capacity higher commodity prices and the collectors and for sustainable economic development in wholesalers also benefitted from higher quality Key Results: Economic Development and Livelihoods The following key outputs and accomplishments under this outcome were achieved by MDF projects: • Improved business environment facilitated: - 5 district-level sector development master plans for cocoa developed - 4 public-private dialogues created (such as Aceh Cocoa Forum) for cocoa, coffee, patchouli oil and fish • Private sector support: - Nearly 40,000 farmers and fishermen receive livelihood improvement support - Nearly 900 producer groups supported - 13,800 primary producers linked to markets - 14.1 million workdays have been created through the MDF projects - 60 new cooperatives formed in key production sectors - Nearly 1.2 million additional days of employment per year generated 64 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results These women, members of a rice farmers group benefitting from the Nias LEDP, are proud that they Photo: could go “back to school” for technical training provided through the project. LEDP provided extensive MDF training in improved practices such as making compost and provided seeds, fertilizers, hand tractors collection and other equipment. products and more consistent supply from were evident. Innovations in marketing of coffee farmers. The project contributed to employment under the IOM-implemented subproject include creation through the establishment of new formal an auction market and warehouse receipt system jobs, as well as through the introduction of more and setting up an on-line marketing system. labor intensive agricultural production methods. While the project has clearly laid the foundation It is estimated that this has resulted in about 1.2 for economic development, continued attention million additional person days of employment from government, NGOs and the private sector per year, or approximately 4,400 full time jobs. is needed to ensure that the gains made can be sustained. Marketing opportunities and the general business environment for key commodities were The Nias LEDP has also shown good results improved through several EDFF subprojects. in improving livelihoods in the Nias Islands. Five district master plans were developed The project provided technical assistance and for the cacao sector, and forums for business inputs to 100 farmers groups in a range of development were established or strengthened rural livelihood activities with a focus on rice in the cacao, coffee, fisheries and patchouli and the key cash crops of cacao and rubber. sectors. Through improved linkages to markets The project directly benefited more than 3,700 and related support for small enterprises, more farmers, 37 percent of whom are women, efficient marketing and higher prices through and worked in 92 villages in all five districts value–added processing for certain commodities in Nias. Through technical training, business 65 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The MDF has promoted gender equality and women’s empowerment across the portfolio. The program has exhibited significant success in enhancing the role of women in reconstruction. Gains have been made in women’s empowerment, decision making, strengthening of women’s legal rights and land ownership, and enhanced resilience and disaster preparedness for women. management training, and distribution of destroyed by the earthquakes and tsunami. The inputs, the project has been successful in MDF was effective in addressing this context making dramatic improvements in the skills by incorporating a conflict sensitive approach and productivity of farmers. These included the into its post-disaster programming across Aceh distribution of seeds and seedlings (rice, cacao and Nias. and rubber), agricultural tools and machinery such as rice hullers and hand tractors, and The difficult environment for project fertilizers, in addition to community block implementation has been even more grants. The LEDP linked with another project in challenging in extremely remote Nias. Poor Nias, the RACBP (implemented by ILO), which transportation networks, a long rainy season, provides improved access in rural areas. RACBP lack of access to quality materials, and difficulty provided improved trails, roads and bridges in recruiting and retaining qualified field staff to three economic cluster areas targeted by contributed to implementation delays for all LEDP. In this way, agricultural improvements projects there. These physical difficulties were made under LEDP could be complemented compounded by the political subdivision of the by increased access to markets and services, island from just two districts into four districts thereby improving livelihood opportunities and and one municipality. This subdivision during economic development in Nias. the reconstruction period placed a further strain on available local government capacity for CHALLENGES AND CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES effective project implementation and stretched The MDF successfully faced a broad range of an already small budget even further. challenges within the complex context in which it operated. Post-disaster situations are always The transition of responsibility for the challenging, but Aceh presented a unique set of reconstruction to regular government agencies challenges as a post-disaster recovery situation at national, provincial and district levels embedded in a post-conflict environment. As following the closure of BRR created a new such, it required a reconstruction approach that set of challenges. Putting new institutional was sensitive and mindful of this context. Local arrangements in place and the return to regular government and civil society capacity was low government processes resulted in delayed as a result of the years of conflict. Transport, startup and implementation for several key infrastructure, the economy and social services projects. The transition to regular government had also been severely impacted. Layered on budget processes for the disbursement of this context was the extreme loss of life, morale funds, in particular, was a challenge. Delays in and capacity in the many communities that were approval of the central government’s annual 66 Chapter 2 - MDF Portfolio Results A woman participates in the construction of a village road in Nias. The two projects implemented by ILO, Photo: RACBP and CBLR3, used a local resource-based approach that provided women with opportunities to learn MDF Secretariat new skills and engage in paid work that had not been open to women before. budget (DIPA) once the BRR’s special mandate Aceh and the extreme remoteness and isolation ended resulted in implementation delays for of Nias. The MDF’s Mid-Term Review identified a number of MDF projects. These delays and this broad-based capacity strengthening as one other implementation issues led to significantly of the MDF’s most significant contributions to shortened implementation times for some the overall reconstruction. Capacity building projects that ultimately impacted the ability to needs reach far beyond the reconstruction, fully meet project objectives in some cases. however, and will extend beyond the mandate of the MDF. One of the key lessons learned Capacity building was a critical challenge, and from the MDF experience in this regard is that was designed as a key component of all MDF capacity building needs assessments should be projects. Local capacity in both Aceh and Nias included as part of the initial damage and needs were weak not only due to the disasters, but assessments in any post-disaster situation, and also as a result of the years of internal conflict in appropriate strategies for addressing these 67 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report capacity building needs should be put in place access to employment in the reconstruction that right from the start. have opened up new opportunities for women’s participation in the labor market in non- The transfer of reconstruction assets to the traditional areas such as construction. Women relevant authorities was one of the biggest have also benefitted from MDF livelihood challenges as the reconstruction neared support in their roles as farmers, traders and completion. Arrangements for proper transfer small entrepreneurs, and from capacity building of assets created under the MDF projects were and training across a range of sectors. made by the respective projects. In addition, the MDF supported national and provincial Sustainability of MDF investments is an governments in the process of verification and important concern for all stakeholders. transfer of overall reconstruction assets to Through the MDF, huge investments have been local authorities through the AGTP, NITP and made in Aceh and Nias. These have not only TA to BRR and Bappenas projects. The need supported recovery from the disasters, but also for making arrangements for proper transfer helped to lay the foundation for longer term of assets as part of project designs and exit development through better infrastructure, strategies is an important lesson learned from improved governance and capacity, protection the reconstruction experience in Aceh and Nias. of natural resources, and increased agricultural activity and a better business environment. All The MDF has consistently promoted gender projects implemented exit strategies in the final equality and women’s empowerment across months of implementation. The results of the the portfolio. The MDF program has exhibited MDF portfolio have been impressive with strong significant success in enhancing the role of foundations for sustainability put in place. The women in reconstruction. Gains have been transition from reconstruction has largely taken made in women’s empowerment, more place in Aceh and Nias, and regular government representative decision making, strengthening institutions at central, provincial and local of women’s legal rights and land ownership, levels will be the primary drivers for continued enhanced resilience and disaster preparedness. peaceful development and economic growth in Women also benefitted economically from the the future. MDF program. MDF projects promoted women’s 68 MDF Feature MDF Feature 1. Heavy equipment scoops out dirt and clay to expand the landfill site in Bireuen 2. Fithri, 22 years old, is one of nine women and 21 men sharing the workload at TRWMP’s Bireuen landfill site. Photo: UNDP collection 1 Women in Reconstruction: Breaking Barriers to Women’s Participation in the Labor Force Reconstruction processes in the wake of a disaster provide a window of opportunity to address gender and other social inequalities. Disasters create legitimate reasons to do things differently, including opportunities for women to take on new roles in their communities. Three projects funded by the MDF—the Tsunami Recovery Waste Management Program (TRMWP) implemented by the UNDP and the Capacity Building for Local Resource Based Roads (CBLR3) and the Nias Rural Access and Capacity Building Project (RACBP) implemented by the ILO—used the post-disaster reconstruction program to actively open up opportunities for women to work in non‑traditional wage based jobs in the construction sector. These projects offer an interesting model of how greater equality in labor force participation can be encouraged through reconstruction programs such as the MDF. SHARING THE LOAD: clay by shovel, and tie iron rods together for WOMEN WORK ALONGSIDE MEN TO the steady foundation of the future landfill. CONSTRUCT THE NEW LANDFILL IN BIREUEN Occasionally they stop for water, take their The sun beats down on a group of construction hats off and wipe the sweat from their brows. workers in Bireuen, Aceh. Workers sling bags “Indeed this is a tough job,” says Fithri, a of concrete over their shoulders, dig out hard 22-year old university student who landed a 69 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report 2 job on the site for her summer break. “We participation of women in terms of actual work in the hot sun. But we are glad to work “getting-their-hands-dirty” construction because we need the income.” work is minimal if non-existent.” He notes that women do manual labor in other fields, She is one of nine women working to build such as agricultural fieldwork, or as cleaners Bireuen’s new landfill, which is one of four or scavengers, but seldom in construction. landfills being constructed as part of the TRWMP. But Bireuen’s construction site Most of the women use the income to help differs from the other three sites, because support their families, paying for household these nine women are working in jobs expenses and education. Kasmiati, who has traditionally filled by men. The women in six children, four of whom are in school, Bireuen are breaking trends. puts her paycheck toward her children’s school fees. “We do all parts of work as well as they do,” says 35-year old Kasmiati, referring to the The current landfill serving Bireuen sees men on site. “We dig the fence foundation, on average 2,300 cubic meters of waste tie iron for molding, carry bricks, and dig disposed each month, but it’s running out ditches for the pipes.” of room. This new landfill will provide the district with a cleaner disposal site complete Like the other women, Kasmiati doesn’t shy with an upgraded leachate treatment system away from hard work to support her family. that will process landfill liquid to remove Martin, the site’s foreman, notes, “Everyone toxic metals and chemicals. works together without problems.” He explains how unusual it is for women to Fithri lives near the landfill in Cot Buket do these jobs: “In my experience of seven village and like the other local women who years in post-earthquake and tsunami work with her, will directly benefit from reconstruction projects in Aceh, this type of the MDF’s investment in two ways – first 70 MDF Feature Women and men work together at TRWMP’s Bireuen landfill construction site. Photo: UNDP Collection as a construction worker on the landfill, “I feel empowered now that I have been and then again by having a modern and trained as a site supervisor. I also feel that environmentally-sustainable system for this is a good opportunity for me to do disposing of her household’s garbage. something for my community—to be part of the effort to improve access for the people of BREAKING THROUGH THE GLASS CEILING: Nias.” Kiki now works for a local contractor. TWO NIAS WOMEN BECOME SITE SUPERVISORS Twenty three-year-old Meslina Gea or Lisna, Construction work has traditionally been as she is usually called, from Siwalobanua thought of as “male territory,” so it never Dua, Nias, works as a site supervisor for crossed the minds of Kiki and Lisna, two another local contractor in Tuhemberua young women from the island of Nias, Subdistrict. She recalls, “It was difficult to that they would someday work on a road convince my family that I could not only construction project. But thanks to the do construction work, but also the site opportunities offered by the ILO’s Nias management. Now I have proved to them RACBP project, these two women have been that I can do both, and they are very proud.” trained and now work as site supervisors. In fact, this initiative has opened up career For Kiki, the greatest challenge is doing the opportunities in the construction sector for real work of building a road. “I’m responsible many young women on Nias. for making the concrete mix and stone masonry, while at the same time supervising An energetic 25-year-old from Gunung Sitoli, the pilot rural road project. I was not so sure Aries Eki Trisanti, better known as Kiki, says, of myself at first, but my self-confidence has 71 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Training for both male and female site supervisors who will oversee trail and road building in Photo: Nias. Capacity building and training in the local resource-based approach are key elements of the ILO projects RACBP project. collection grown and my male colleagues have praised my performance. I’m proud of myself and of what I have achieved. There are still many remote, isolated villages on Nias, and by increasing access, the people here will be able to improve their standard of living.” I feel empowered now that Both Kiki and Lisna want to set an example I have been trained as a site for others. “I hope that more young women supervisor. I also feel that on Nias will see that they too are capable of doing many things and contributing to this is a good opportunity for society,” says Kiki. me to do something for my community—to be part of According to Lisna, better access on Nias the effort to improve access will mean more opportunities for the people of the island, particularly for women. The for the people of Nias. RACBP project has provided a start: there are five women among the 16 trainees who successfully passed the ILO site supervisor training and are now working as site supervisors in Nias. Chapter 3 MDF Finances: Managing 72 Chapter 3 - MDF Finances: Managing Resources for Quality Results Resources for Quality Results Rice famers harvesting in Jeuram, Nagan Raya District. The Economic Development Financing Facility (EDFF) Photo: provided grants to eight selected NGOs to carry out activites that addressed critical issues affecting economic Mosista Pambudi development. Here the Canadian Co-operative Association worked with local co-ops to improve the technical and business skills of local farmers. 73 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The MDF pooled grant funds contributed by 15 donors MDF Finances: Managing Resources for Quality Results in order to respond effectively and efficiently to the post-tsunami and earthquake reconstruction needs in Aceh and Nias. Fiduciary oversight and management of the finances is provided by the World Bank as Trustee of the MDF. PLEDGES As of September 2012,1 the MDF had received a total of US$654.7 million in pledges from its 15 donors. These pledges were formalized through contribution agreements. Two donors reduced their commitments from initial pledges, and all contributions have now been received in cash. During the program lifetime, the value of the total pledges was projected in US dollars according to the exchange rate current at the time the funds were made available to the MDF. All contributions have now been converted into US dollars, and no further changes will occur to total contributions described in Table 3.1 below. Table 3.1: Pledges and Contributions as of September 30, 2012 Contribution Cash Received Source Agreements Signed US$ million US$ million European Union 271.30 271.30 Government of the 146.20 146.20 Netherlands Government of United 68.50 68.50 Kingdom World Bank 25.00 25.00 Government of Sweden 20.72 20.72 Government of Canada 20.22 20.22 Government of Norway 19.57 19.57 Government of Denmark 18.03 18.03 Government of Germany 13.93 13.93 Government of Belgium 11.05 11.05 Government of Finland 10.13 10.13 Asian Development Bank 10.00 10.00 Government of United 10.00 10.00 States Government of New 8.80 8.80 Zealand Government of Ireland 1.20 1.20 Total Contributions 654.66 654.66 1 All financial data in this chapter is based on accounts as of September 30, 2012, unless otherwise indicated. 74 Chapter 3 - MDF Finances: Managing Resources for Quality Results Reconnecting Aceh and Nias to the World The five ports rebuilt under the MDF are helping reconnect Aceh and Nias to the outside world. To upgrade the skills needed to operate them, the MDF’s Sea Delivery and Logistics Program (SDLP), implemented by the World Food Programme, provided port management training. More than 230 staff from 18 ports in Aceh and Nias participated in in-depth training in port administration and support. “We learned about port management, which is both useful and important,” says Teuku Naziruddin, a technical officer at Banda Aceh’s Ulee Lheue port. “This knowledge can be put to direct use in managing the port.” Shortly after the tsunami, the SDLP shipped in materials urgently needed for reconstruction to the affected areas, including hard-to-reach parts of the islands of Nias and Simeulue. To ensure a supply of trained port managers and operators in the future, port training modules from SDLP have been incorporated into the business programs of the University of Syiah Kuala in Banda Aceh. CASH RECEIVED towards project activities – a balance of US$0.6 MDF had received US$685.9 million in total as million of unused interest was refunded to the of September 30, 2012. Funds were received MDF. As such, US$31.2 million of cash received from three sources: donor contributions, by the program came from investing the investment income from funds management, donor’s contributions. and interest from projects. Cash received from donors amounted to US$654.7 million. ALLOCATIONS Investment income earned from contributions The Steering Committee of the MDF originally amounted to US$30.6 million. Projects also allocated US$659.4 million through grants to 23 earned interest income, and utilized this projects.2 Throughout program implementation, 2 Allocations to specific projects appear in Chapter 2 and the project fact sheets in Volume 2. 75 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report some projects have had cancellation of funds projects. Each of these outcome areas received or closed with unspent balances. As such, the allocations totaling between seven and nine actual project financing which amounts to percent of the total portfolio. Please refer to US$630 million in total appears lower than Figure 3.1 below. original grant allocations. Cancelled amounts and unspent balances from closed projects have Figure 3.1: Allocation of MDF Funds been returned back to the MDF. To the extent by Outcome Area possible these returned unspent funds were reprogrammed to other MDF projects. Some Enhancing projects are expected to close out with unspent the Recovery Economic Process 8% balances in December 2012 when the MDF Development program ends. and Livelihoods 9% Donor contributions have been fully utilized Community to support projects. The donor contributions Sustaining the Recovery 32% Environment of US$654.7 million were used to fully finance 9% the MDF portfolio of 23 projects, with total allocations amounting to US$630 million as of Governance September 30, 2012. Donor contributions were and Capacity Building 7% Large Infrastructure & also used towards partially funding program Transport 35% costs. The remaining program costs were financed out of the investment and interest income earned. The remaining balance stands at US$23.2 The Government of Indonesia led the million. The MDF expects that this amount and reconstruction effort, coordinating and any further residuals from projects closing at the implementing most MDF projects. The MDF end of December 2012 will remain unspent. The provided the government flexibility in the remaining balance of US$23.2 million derives use of MDF resources to implement projects from the investment and interest income earned through a mix of implementation modalities by the program and projects. that included government line ministries, NGOs, UNDP, ILO and WFP. About 73 percent The MDF made significant investments in its of MDF funds were channeled through the six targeted outcome areas, as prioritized by national budget of the government, with the the Government of Indonesia. Approximately bulk of these funds executed by the BRR and one-third of the portfolio was allocated to large later by the Ministry of Public Works (MPW). infrastructure and transport. Another one-third Approximately 23 percent of MDF funds were was allocated to community recovery, including managed in partnership with three United housing and community-level infrastructure. Nations agencies (UNDP, WFP and ILO), and Projects in the four other outcome areas made the remaining four percent were implemented up the remaining one-third of allocations, with by NGOs (Figure 3-2). The Indonesian funds divided more or less equally amongst Government provided strong coordination and environment, economic development, enhanced leadership during the reconstruction efforts, recovery and capacity building/governance greatly contributing to widely recognized 76 Chapter 3 - MDF Finances: Managing Resources for Quality Results The Indonesian Government provided strong coordination and leadership during the reconstruction efforts, greatly contributing to widely recognized achievements that have led the reconstruction of Aceh and Nias to become an international model for post-disaster response. achievements that have led the reconstruction The remaining two outcome areas – Large of Aceh and Nias to become an international Infrastructure and Transport, and Economic model for post-disaster response. Development and Livelihoods – had disbursed 85 percent or more of their allocations as of Figure 3.2: Implementing Agencies for MDF September 30, 2012 (see Graph 3.1). Projects. Annual disbursements to projects decreased ILO WFP Min. of to $15.7 million this reporting period, Disadvantaged 3% 4% Areas 13% Land compared to $88.9 million during the last Administration Agency 2% reporting period as the MDF program neared UNDP completion. The disbursement rate is expected 16% to continue to decline as the remaining projects NGOs 4% complete their activities and close. No further Ministry of disbursements to projects will be made beyond Home Affairs Ministry of Public Works 14% 44% December 31, 2012. About $584.9 million had been spent on project activities, representing 96 percent of total disbursements, as of September 30, 2012. All projects expenditures must be incurred DISBURSEMENTS AND EXPENDITURES by December 31, 2012. Any funds unspent at About US$604.2 million had been disbursed to program closing will be returned to the MDF projects in the MDF portfolio as of September (see Graph 3.1). 30, 2012. Total disbursements represent 95 percent of the allocated amount, as compared Closing dates were extended to December to 91 percent of disbursements at the same 31, 2012 for some projects with physical point in the last reporting period. Four outcome infrastructure components and late start areas had achieved 100 percent disbursement: up. This provided key infrastructure projects Recovery of Communities; Sustaining the with physical activities an increase in time Environment;3 Enhancing the Recovery Process; for implementation, and correspondingly for and Capacity Building and Governance. disbursements and spending. Projects in the 3 Additional financing of US$88,370 was disbursed to the Aceh Forest and Environment Project after September 30, 2012. 77 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Graph 3.1. Allocations, Disbursement and Spending per Outcome Area as of September 30, 2012 (in US$ million) 250 Allocated Budget Disbursement 100% 100% 91% 88% Spending 200 150 100 100% 100% 100% 89% 88% 81% 100% 100% 50 - Community Recovery Infrastructure & Strengthening Enhancing Recovery Enviroment Economic Development Transport Governance & Livelihoods economic development and livelihoods outcome purposes. The remaining balance of US$23.2 area which started late also had an opportunity million, which derives from the investment to increase implementation time, disbursement and interest income earned by the program and spending to December 31, 2012. and projects, and any additional unspent funds returned from the final projects closing in FINANCIAL SUMMARY AT PROGRAM CLOSING December, will be returned to donors for final Overall, the MDF financial status at closing is disposition after the program closes and final robust and the MDF is considered to have been accounts are settled. The funds are considered well managed. The MDF received contributions to have been well managed by the Trustee from donors amounting to US$654.7 million and the Secretariat, with significant results, and these were fully programmed. Donor transparent accounting and timely reporting contributions were fully utilized for intended on funds use. Graph 3.2: Financial Summary as of September 30, 2012 700.00 600.00 654.7 630 500.00 96% of 604.2 584.9 400.00 Contributions 95% of 97% of 300.00 Allocations Disbursements 200.00 100.00 23.2 - Contributions Allocations Disbursements Spending Remaining Balance 78 MDF Feature MDF Feature 1. Before the road was built, Pak Idris ran a small warung. Now he is a wholesaler who supplies to 50 warungs and employs four people. 2. IRFF rehabilitated the national road running 26 kilometres across the length of the island of Pulau Weh. The road allowed goods to be transported to support the reconstruction and recovery of tsunami- affected areas and lays the foundation for future economic growth in the island. Photos: Tarmizy Harva 1 Better Roads and Water Service Create New Opportunities for Sabang The former vice mayor of Sabang is a man with a mission. Pak Islamuddin and his colleagues in local government have spent the last couple of years working to change the image of Sabang and promote the island as an attractive place for business, investment and leisure. “People have always had the perception Sabang is known for its natural beauty. One of Sabang as a place with very bad roads of the most attractive tourist places on because it’s one of the most outlying islands the island is the village of Iboih. This area, in Indonesia,” he says. “And that was true. however, was hard to reach and the poor But the new road built by the MDF has quality roads meant only a few visitors would changed that perception.” make the journey. Clean water was also a problem in Sabang, But now, according to Danil Faldillah, owner says the former vice mayor. “The new water of the Sabang Merauke Inn, the road has supply built by the MDF for PDAM (the local transformed the tourism potential for that water utility) has made a huge impact. Water part of the island. access has always been difficult in Sabang, and in particular the distribution to individual “The Indian ocean is my backyard. The village households. The new water supply was here is well-known among backpackers. built to help those relocated because of the People come for diving and snorkelling, and tsunami. The system covers 6,000 families diving instructors were here since before the and now the local government has plans to tsunami. We opened the inn about 40 years cover the whole island.” ago. The roads were really bad then. But now, 79 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report 2 with a good road, visitors are happy, excited, and spend more time visiting Sabang. Now “Because of the improved we have more income.” Danil has seen other infrastructure, we can attract benefits for the community as a result of the investors. But this was just road. As access has improved, supplies have become more affordable. the first step. These are exciting times and we have In another village 20 kilometres from Sabang big plans for Sabang.” city, store-owner Pak Idris describes how business has changed over the last few years. “I’ve been running a store beside the road for PDAM system was installed, one household the last 12 years. Before the road was built, I spent 200,000 rupiah (US$22) on a tank of had just a small warung. I had a small amount water for one month whereas now, with of stock and just ran a retail business. As the PDAM, their water bill is between 50,000 road was being built, I began to expand. I and 60,000 rupiah (around US$6) per month. started out with only one employee, and “The road and water have changed people’s now I employ four people. Now, I’m also a lives,” says Pak Idris. wholesaler and sell to 50 warungs within a 10 kilometer radius. Before this the warung- At the puskesmas (community health clinic) owners had to go to the city 20 kilometres in Sukakarya, the acting clinic head, Ibu away to buy their produce, and spend a lot Poppy, midwife Ibu Radiah, and head nurse of money on public transport. It also meant Ibu Hanum describe the improvements in they couldn’t carry very much produce on public health access over the last couple of the bus. Now their costs are lower.” years as a result of the new road: Pak Idris’ customers have also benefitted “The puskesmas has been here since 1973. from the new water system. Before the We have seen a significant increase in our 80 MDF Feature The new road has brought more tourists and other visitors such as divers to the beautiful Iboih area, Photo: resulting in jobs in tourism. Tarmizy Harva Our midwives here at to women more quickly now that the road has been built. In fact, the system wouldn’t the puskesmas have a work if the roads had not been improved.” motorbike and are on standby, so we can get In order to further improve the clinic’s service, water pipes from PDAM have to women more quickly recently been installed in the inpatient ward. now that the road has “With the clean water access, we no longer been built. have to worry that we’ll run out of water in the dry season. This way we can better serve our patients,” says Ibu Hanum. visitors since the new road was built. Before we only had between eight and fifteen “We’re happy that we have an increase in patients a day, now we treat between 30 and visitors to the clinic. Of course this doesn’t 60 a day,” explains Ibu Poppy. mean that people are getting sick more often!” laughs Ibu Poppy. “We’ve noticed Ibu Hanum agrees. “Before the road, we had that people now come for more general 20 staff, now the number has increased to 40. health issues—check-ups, getting advice Our midwives here at the puskesmas have a on healthy diet, having blood pressure motorbike and are on standby, so we can get checked, so awareness about health has 81 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Because of the improved road, midwife Ibu Popi can now get from the puskesmas (community Photo: health clinic) to expectant mothers in rural areas by motorbike. Tarmizy Harva Out on the farthest-most western point increased. The improved access of the of Indonesia is the City of Sabang on the new road combined with the free health island of Pulau Weh. Here, the MDF’s twin service in Aceh has definitely changed infrastructure projects, the Infrastructure things for the better.” Reconstruction Enabling Program (IREP) and the Infrastructure Reconstruction Financing Islamuddin feels that these are exciting times Facility (IRFF) worked together with the BRR for Sabang. and the Ministry of Public Works to rebuild critical infrastructure. IRFF rehabilitated the “Infrastructure is not the only thing that national road running 26 kilometres across attracts investors,” he says. “We’ve had to the length of the island. The road allowed think of new ways to encourage people to goods to be transported to support the come to Sabang. Last year we hosted an reconstruction and recovery of tsunami- International Regatta which was a great affected areas and is currently helping to lay success, and the participants were surprised the foundation for future economic growth that Sabang had better facilities than they in the island. IRFF also reconstructed a had anticipated.” water supply system on the island, providing clean water to 6,000 households, including “We have big plans for Sabang,” he says many tsunami-affected families who were eagerly. “This was just the first step.” relocated after their homes were destroyed. Chapter 4 The MDF at Conclusion: A Legacy 82 Chapter 4 - The MDF at Conclusion: A Legacy of Successful Reconstruction of Successful Reconstruction Local children at the Oyo bridge which connects the villages of Lahagu and Taraha in Nias Selatan. The bridge Photo: now provides year-round accessibilty to schools, health services and markets. ILO projects collection 83 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report The Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias concludes its The MDF at Conclusion: A Legacy of Successful Reconstruction program of reconstruction on December 31, 2012. The MDF is widely considered to be one of the most successful post-disaster reconstruction programs of its kind. Looking back at the eight years of experience of the MDF, it is possible to identify some key factors for its success that can be utilized and adapted by other programs in the future. It is also useful at program closing to reflect upon the MDF’s key indicators of success, which can be measures that other programs could employ to track their own implementation success. As such, this chapter addresses two basic questions about the MDF: (1) What are some of the main factors that led to a successful program? and (2) How can we tell that the program was successful? The chapter concludes by considering the legacy that the MDF leaves behind. THE MDF’S FACTORS FOR SUCCESS The MDF’s success was based on a strategic framework of three inter-related pillars of strong partnerships, phased implementation and attention to cross cutting, qualitative elements. This combination of interconnected institutional and implementation strategies contribute to a replicable model for post- disaster reconstruction that can be adapted for a range of disasters and other fragile situations. If these factors are not fully present at the initial stages of reconstruction, alternative mechanisms can be put in place as long as they adhere to the key principles of local leadership and decision making, support from stakeholders, strategic implementation, and quality at entry and exit. Strong government leadership of inclusive partnerships was the first and most important factor of the MDF’s success. The Government of Indonesia’s leadership in providing a clear reconstruction strategy, its strong coordination of reconstruction efforts, and the early establishment of institutions which fit the nature and scope of different disasters allowed the MDF to bring together many partners to deliver reconstruction in a flexible and effective way. With the government’s leadership of the reconstruction agenda, other partners were able to align their support under one framework. Pooling of donor 84 Chapter 4 - The MDF at Conclusion: A Legacy of Successful Reconstruction Ainal Mardhiah Spinning Garbage into Gold When Ainal Mardhiah was teaching English at the Lamjabat Foundation, a local NGO, she never imagined that she would become a recycling expert. But when the foundation began working with the Tsunami Recovery Waste Management Programme (TRWMP), she discovered she had a knack for making household items and handicrafts from discarded materials. TRWMP initially focused on clearing tsunami waste, but later introduced modern solid waste management systems to Aceh. It also set up women’s groups and provided coaching on producing and selling crafts made from recycled waste. “There is a market for handicrafts such as bags, wallets, tissue boxes, flowers, and other household items,” says Ainal, a mother of four. The women can now contribute to their families’ incomes without having to leave home or their children. And there’s another big plus: the supply of raw material is practically endless. resources provided an effective and efficient sustainability through laying the foundation way to coordinate efforts and support the for economic development and livelihoods government’s reconstruction strategy. Mixing and targeted capacity building. This phased the unique expertise, capacities, and procedures approach significantly contributed to the of different partner agencies and implementing MDF success by helping to balance the agencies led to a multi-pronged response to the competing needs of speed, quality, ownership government’s recovery agenda. and sustainability and thereby to manage expectations of the many different stakeholders The MDF success was also driven by adopting throughout reconstruction. a phased strategy for reconstruction to meet evolving needs of affected people. This A third critical factor for success of the MDF phased approach first supported the most was the support to address cross-cutting urgent recovery needs, such as housing, small elements in reconstruction. These elements infrastructure, logistics and restoring critical included gender inclusiveness, environment transportation links. The second phase was management, disaster risk reduction, and for more complex needs of infrastructure capacity building which deepened the quality of reconstruction, such as roads, bridges, and the reconstruction results. An important lesson ports, and environment and capacity building. from the MDF’s experience is that attention The third phase focused on transition to to these cross-cutting elements is needed 85 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report “The success of the program can be measured on three fronts: the strength and effectiveness of the partnerships it has fostered, the results it has achieved, and the body of knowledge that has been created from its experiences.” right from the start, at early assessment and adapted by other programs for reconstruction design stage so that appropriate baselines and in fragile situations to measure results. The strategies can be developed and integrated basic questions remain the same – how well into project implementation plans. All MDF have partnerships been utilized; how well have projects included an exit strategy to put in place results been achieved; and what are the lessons arrangements for continued management of that others can use. the investments, which helps to ensure that the impact of the MDF investments will continue Firstly, the MDF started as a strong government- into the future within the proper institutions. led partnership, which it then transformed In the case of Aceh, there was an additional into a highly effective mechanism for disaster concern over conflict issues to which the reconstruction. The MDF successfully managed program remained sensitive in its activities. partnerships with national and local government, donors, international development agencies, This strategic framework was supported by national and international NGOs, civil society, a system to ensure accountability and open and most importantly, local communities. communications. Accountability in the use The MDF supported the government’s and management of funds, as well as robust reconstruction agenda by playing a flexible, gap- reporting of results, was critical to the success filling role to address needs not met by other of the program, to give confidence to all reconstruction actors. Donor resources were stakeholders that funds were used efficiently used efficiently and managed transparently and effectively for intended purposes. with a single set of financial management, Constant, timely and two way communication monitoring and reporting requirements. The was critical to keep all stakeholders informed MDF was able to draw on the expertise and and involved, and to manage expectations resources of all its partners and channel these throughout the process. to address reconstruction challenges, and it enabled greater speed and coverage than would THE MDF’S INDICATORS OF SUCCESS otherwise have been possible. And community- The MDF’s claims to success are based on widely driven reconstruction ensured that the needs recognized outcomes and clearly measurable of the beneficiaries themselves were central results of its investments in reconstruction. to the reconstruction, generating high levels of The success of the program can be measured satisfaction and transparency. The MDF program on three fronts: the strength and effectiveness implementation has exemplified the Paris of the partnerships it has fostered, the physical Declaration in action. and intangible results it has achieved, and the body of knowledge that has been created from Secondly, the most significant indicator of the its experiences. These indicators could also be MDF’s success is the remarkable results it has 86 Chapter 4 - The MDF at Conclusion: A Legacy of Successful Reconstruction President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono expresses appreciation for the role of the international Photo: community in responding to the Aceh and Nias disasters during the closing ceremony of the MDF in MDF Secretariat Jakarta in November 2012. achieved in reconstruction. These results can be village roads have been repaired or rebuilt. seen both in terms of the physical assets created Five ports have been reconstructed and are in and the impact it had on people and institutions. use; four sanitary landfills have been built; and The MDF rebuilt thousands of homes, roads, over 10,000 local infrastructure projects have bridges, ports, schools and public buildings. It been completed. re-established livelihoods and strengthened key sectors in local economies. It did this in an The MDF’s results go far beyond its physical open, transparent way that gave people new outputs, with many intangible impacts now skills, enhanced social cohesion by including evident as the program draws to a close. communities in decision-making, and gave voice Some of these non-physical impacts include to all members of society, including women. increased community involvement in planning Moreover, the MDF’s support to the overall and decision-making; increased productivity reconstruction has had a multiplier effect, far and incomes in agriculture and other livelihood exceeding the value of its contributions. activities; increased local government capacity to deliver a range of services from distribution The MDF’s physical achievements are easily of land titles to solid waste management; measurable: nearly 20,000 houses have been strengthened civil society capacity to support reconstructed or rehabilitated and nearly 1,200 reconstruction and economic development; public buildings, including 670 schools have improved private sector capacity in marketing been constructed or repaired. Nearly 3,700 key agricultural commodities and in recycling kilometers of national, provincial, district and solid waste; improved legal rights to land for 87 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report women; and greater awareness and skills for also established the Indonesia Disaster Fund, addressing environmental issues and preparing modeled after the MDF, as a mechanism for for and responding to disasters. more efficiently and quickly channeling donor financing of disaster prevention and response A final indicator to measure the MDF’s success in the future. Indonesia has not only learned is the strong body of knowledge and lessons lessons from its experience in post-disaster learned that has been generated. Several recovery and reconstruction, it has also become policies and models from the MDF have been a source of knowledge and expertise for others adopted by national and local governments, and around the world. Indonesia is now in a position hold the potential to improve the effectiveness to give something back to the global community of responses to future disasters. through this body of knowledge on effective post-disaster response and reconstruction. The MDF provides a model that can be replicated or adapted in other post-conflict CONCLUSIONS or post-disaster reconstruction scenarios. As the Multi Donor Fund concludes its eight The knowledge that has been developed from years of operation in reconstructing Aceh and experiences and lessons learned is robust enough Nias, all stakeholders can take pride in a job to be adapted to new situations. This has already well done. Indonesia received contributions been proved through the Java Reconstruction from all over the world to assist with the Fund (JRF), set up in 2006 to respond to another reconstruction – including from the ordinary set of disasters in Indonesia. Based on the citizens of the countries represented by the MDF experience, the GoI requested the World MDF donors. These generous contributions have Bank and donors to establish the JRF, adapting made a real difference in the lives of the people the MDF model to local needs. The experience of Aceh and Nias as they have shown remarkable has successfully demonstrated the flexibility of resilience in rebuilding their homes, schools, the model in responding to multiple disasters communities, institutions, and livelihoods – and of earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, and the in the process, rebuilding their shattered lives. volcanic eruptions of Mount Merapi in 2010. The Through the MDF, remarkable results have been Rekompak approach to housing reconstruction, achieved in all outcome areas. Implementation first started in Aceh and later adapted for use in has been effective and efficient, and results are multiple disasters in Java under the JRF, has also sustainable. Funds have been well managed and proven its adaptability to different contexts. used for the purposes intended. The Government of Indonesia has emerged The MDF has fully accomplished what it was from the Aceh and Nias experience and other established to do. The program’s mandate was recent disasters in a much stronger position post-disaster reconstruction – this has been to manage future disaster response programs. achieved and a strong foundation for future The institutions and models are in place, development was also put in place through the construction is more resistant to disasters, and MDF’s interventions and exit strategies. The communities are better prepared. The GoI has longer term needs of Aceh and Nias cannot established the National Disaster Management be addressed through the MDF. As the post- Agency (BNPB) in recognition of the need tsunami reconstruction of Aceh and Nias is for managing response and preparedness in closing, the regular institutions of the national a continuous and proactive manner. It has and provincial governments have taken up the 88 Chapter 4 - The MDF at Conclusion: A Legacy of Successful Reconstruction Niva Aldillah Connected to Her Past, Planning for Her Future Niva Aldillah was just three years old when the December 2004 tsunami swept away her family’s house in Meulaboh, Aceh Barat. Three months later when her family searched for her grandmother in Jeulingke, Banda Aceh, they found that her home had been destroyed in the disaster as well. They learned that Niva’s grandmother and aunt perished in the tsunami, and her uncle was still missing. In 2005, the MDF’s Rekompak project helped the family build a house on the plot of land where her grandmother’s house once stood. Niva’s mother inherited the land and right to a house, and now Niva and her parents live there. After the tsunami they decided to stay in Jeulingke. “I love living here because I know it is where my grandmother used to live,” says Niva. Three years ago Niva, now age 11, opened a library for the children in her neighborhood. She named it ‘Pustaka Niva,’ or Niva’s Books. “It’s my and mama’s idea. I own lots of books and magazines, so I thought it would be good if we opened a library,” says Niva. Now children in the neighborhood can read books for free at her home library. They pay a small fee to take the books home, and the young librarian uses the money collected to buy new books and magazines. “Sometimes I don’t have quite enough money to buy new books, so I ask for mama and papa’s help,” Niva continues with a smile. Niva does not remember much about the tsunami. Her parents told her everything she knows about it: that the tsunami had killed many members of her family, while many others have gone missing. “We always go to the mass grave for tsunami victims to pray for my grandmother and our other relatives,” says Niva. Life in Jeulingke has long returned to normal. Niva says people have more awareness about earthquakes and tsunamis, and know what to do when disasters strike. “When there’s a strong quake, we quickly leave the house. When the tsunami warning ends, we go back home. Everyone who lives in Jeulingke does this. This way everybody will be safe and there will be no more victims, dead or lost,” she says. Now a sixth grader at a public elementary school in Banda Aceh, Niva looks to the future with plans to become a pediatrician. “I want to help children with illnesses so that all children can be healthy!” she pronounces confidently. 89 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Farmers in Nias celebrate their first rice harvest under the Nias Livelihoods and Economic Development Photo: Project (LEDP). The project worked in 92 villages and directly benefitted more than 3,700 farmers, 37 LEDP Collection percent of whom are women. agenda for the future growth and development While the risk of disaster is high, the population’s of the regions. The models and pilots developed vulnerability need not be and prior action can under the MDF can provide opportunities for significantly reduce the impact of disasters. scaling up of successful programs in the future. As a result of the recovery and reconstruction process, communities across Aceh and Nias Most importantly, Indonesia is now better are more resilient to face future disasters, local equipped to face disasters. The numerous governments are better prepared to manage disasters since 2004 are a stark reminder that reconstruction and national institutions and Indonesia is highly prone to natural hazards. systems have been put in place for disaster risk Sitting at the intersection of three crustal plates reduction. Indonesia’s experiences in disaster in the Ring of Fire, at least five earthquakes response and preparedness, to which the MDF occur daily in Indonesia. Disaster is not just a has been an important contributor, provide possibility for Indonesia, it is inevitable and a legacy of lessons for the future of disaster sound disaster response and preparedness is management in Indonesia and around the world. imperative to mitigate damages and losses. 90 MDF Feature MDF Feature 1. Villagers at Bawomataluo in Nias Selatan perform a dance during a welcoming ceremony for visitors. Under the MDF’s Rural Access and Capacity Building Project, the ILO helped repair and preserve 79 traditional houses such as these houses lining the village square. 2. Local historian and educationalist Sitasi Zagota has produced the first heritage education material on South Nias for teachers and children. It is her bequest to future generations she says. Photo: 1. MDF Secretariat 1 2. Tarmizy Harva Preserving a Unique Cultural Heritage in Nias Visiting Bawomataluo village in Nias Selatan (South Nias) is like stepping back in time. Over 120 traditional houses cluster around a wide plaza where young village men display their physical prowess by jumping over megalithic stones. As part of an MDF project promoting the preservation of cultural heritage in Nias, 79 traditional houses are being renovated and preserved across Nias by the International Labour Organisation (ILO)’s Rural Access and Capacity Building Project (RACBP), with funding from the MDF. Pak Hikmat, who lives in his 167 year-old back to the time when construction workers family house, says this is the first time proper weren’t paid, so it was a marker that it was restoration work is taking place. During the time to stop and pay them with a feast.” 2005 earthquake parts of the house were destroyed and repaired with concrete. But Pak Hikmat is keenly aware of the potential of now with funding from the MDF, the front is cultural heritage in Nias’ future development, being restored with traditional materials. particularly in tourism. “The renovation of the house is a sacred “I’m a craftsman. I carved some of the wood process for us,” Hikmat explains. “We draw from earthquake-affected areas into statues. from many of our traditions when we are I’ve also been a tour guide in this area and I restoring and building. For example we work understand tourists’ needs. Tourism has been on each room from left to right, and by the declining here for a few years now. I’m not time we get to the right side, we have a big sure why, maybe because we’re just not being feast for the construction workers. This dates promoted enough. In the past some surfers 91 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report “Before, young people did not consciously learn any of their culture; they just copied their elders without understanding it or learning why it is this way. We’ve tried to address that in the work we do by getting children more involved in their culture at every level, and by producing engaging material for them such as the heritage comics.” Sitasi also sees the importance of cultural heritage to tourism. “Since the earthquake, fewer people come 2 now, even though the roads have been restored and are even better than before would come by, but they just think about the earthquake. We need to be promoted waves. We need to be marketed as a cultural more, and we need to train young people heritage destination.” in tourism management. We’d like to see young people going to Tana Toraja and Bali For generations Nias culture was an oral one; to see how homestays are managed. We had no written record existed. There were real a homestay project here some years ago, but fears that the unique nature of the culture of without promotion, and without visitors, the island would be lost to future generations. people lost motivation.” Under the Kecamatan-based Reconstruction Cultural heritage is well preserved by the and Rehabilitation Planning Project in Nias impressive Nias Museum in Gunung Sitoli, (KRRP), implemented by the Ministry of which was supported by the KRRP. The Director Home Affairs with funding from the MDF, of the Museum Pusaka Nias, Nata’alui Duha, a support scheme was integrated into the has been involved in its development since school improvement program to promote he was in junior high school. The museum Nias’ unique culture and heritage. More was established and initially funded by Pastor than 360 children were taught cultural Johannes Hammerle, who also donated the heritage studies, and hundreds of others vast majority of artifacts. The Museum now participated in field trips to traditional gets 4,000 visitors a month, mostly people villages. Heritage comics were developed, from across Nias itself. But very few visitors as well as a Nias encyclopedia. come from outside Nias, despite the high quality of this museum, one of the best Sitasi Zagoto and her husband authored much in Indonesia. of this education material. Sitasi has a theory about why Nias culture is at risk of being lost “The first mission of the museum is to build to younger generations. curiosity,” Nata’alui Duha explains. “Though we get many student visitors already, we still “‘Seniority’ is a very strong part of Nias want to improve their experience here - to culture, so children and young people are improve how they use the material, how to often not prioritized or consulted,” she said. learn to see things differently, how to read the 92 MDF Feature Outside a newly restored building at the Museum Pusaka Nias in Gunung Sitoli, children participate Photo: in heritage activities using engaging new learning materials. Nowadays, the museum receives 1,400 Tarmizy Harva visitors a month, and many of these are children and students. “The renovation of the buildings on the grounds of the museum. The house is a sacred process restoration of these buildings is part of the for us,” Hikmat explains. same ILO project in Bawomataluo village. “We draw from many of The road around the museum has been our traditions when we are repaired now, which has really improved restoring and building.” access for museum visitors, says Nata’alui Duha. “We now rent out some of these on- artifact. That’s the most important goal for us site traditional houses to heritage tourists. now – how students ‘use’ the museum.” But to get more visitors, and to improve our heritage industry, we need to improve Part of the MDF funding through the KRRP accommodation. Water and sanitation is was used to train 250 teachers in how to teach the key to this. It improves the health of the cultural history as well as to improve their own family, the quality of the house and eventually knowledge of traditional instruments, herbal encourages visitors. Some people have been medicines, and flora, all unique to Nias. trained in running homestays but until the water supply in the villages improves, this During the 2005 earthquake, over one won’t be effective.” In Bawomataluo residents hundred of the museum’s artifacts were have to queue for hours to fill their buckets destroyed, as were several of the traditional with water for household use. The RACBP 93 A Monumental Heritage: Temanasekhi’s Childhood Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Megaliths and Memories Temanasekhi Gulo’s recollections of childhood include running happily among the ancient megaliths in the sweet potato field next to his house. However, these memories were shattered when he saw that some of the once-intact megalithic rocks no longer stand in those fields: they have been stolen. The megaliths, or menhir as they are called in the local language of Nias, are large standing stones, decorated with carvings of faces—usually the face of a king, complete with the clothes he wore—which symbolize social status. The taller the stone, the higher the status it represents. Temanasekhi is proud of the megaliths, and for him, looking after them means preserving the priceless ancestral heritage of the Nias islands. The Sisarahili village chief witnessed an attempt to steal one of the ancient stones. “It was by the river bank, but the villagers managed to save it.” According to Temanasekhi, the theft was just one of many similar occurrences that took place before the ILO built and renovated traditional houses in Nias. “By restoring the traditional houses, we hope to preserve the cultural heritage of our ancestors, including the megaliths,” says Temanasekhi, pointing at the round-shaped houses, known as Omohada, that the ILO has just finished rehabilitating. “So the treasures our ancestors left us, which we can no longer make, are now properly looked after. As their descendants, we can’t even shape a small stone in the way they used to.” Now the responsibility for maintenance of the megaliths has been handed over to the village. “We can no longer say that this megalith belongs to this descendant and that megalith belongs to another. Now they are all one, and they are everyone’s responsibility.” Because of the cultural importance and project is constructing a new spring-fed water potential contribution to the island’s economic system in the village that will help to address development, cultural preservation and the water problem there. restoration was a component included under two of the MDF’s projects in Nias, the RACBP Meanwhile the director continues and the KRRP. The RACBP focused on the campaigning and fundraising for the improvement of the rural transport network museum. “We have achieved so much with and other small infrastructure in the islands, this funding but cultural education needs to with an emphasis on all-weather trails and be continuously funded,” he says, “because bridges connecting remote areas to the main there are always new children coming along transport links. The KRRP helped rehabilitate needing to learn about their own identity. As 100 schools and 100 village office buildings soon as one class has been taught, there’s in Nias in addition to reconstructing nearly another class behind them!” 4,500 houses damaged by the earthquake. Both projects used community-based Someday soon, the villagers hope, all these approaches that provided labor opportunities investments will again attract visitors to learn and developed local skills in construction in the village’s unique culture, and preserve their this remote rural area. The MDF contributed own identity among the young people of Nias. approximately US$121 million, or about 18 percent of its total funds, for reconstruction activities in the Nias islands. 94 Results After Aceh and Nias - Before and After 2- Aceh and Chapter MDF Nias and Portfolio - Before The tsunami and earthquake changed the coastline in many places such as this shoreline, 64 kilometres south of Banda Aceh along the west coast, pictured before (left) and after (right) the disasters. The tsunami destroyed several villages, killing over 1,000 people in this one area. Photos: UNDP After the surge of water from the tsunami receded, coastal areas were littered with boats like the one seen above that came to rest at the front door of Hotel Medan (left). Today, the hotel hosts many of the tourists that visit Banda Aceh. Photos: UNDP 95 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report Mesjid Raya is an iconic symbol of not only Banda Aceh, but the province as a whole. During the tsunami, the Grand Mosque served as a refuge for many residents fleeing the rushing waters. The adjacent park, Taman Sari is shown in the foreground covered with debris (left) and after rehabilitation (right). Photos: UNDP The village of Lambung, in Banda Aceh, was completely devastated by the tsunami (left). Three years later, survivors had rebuilt their homes and related infrastructure with the help of the Rekompak project. Photos: Rekompak team 96 Aceh and Chapter 2- MDF Nias Portfolio - Before andResults After The MDF’s Tsunami Recovery Waste Management Project (TRWMP) cleared over 1.3 million cubic meters of tsunami debris. In the emergency response, TRWMP focused mainly on Banda Aceh but expanded its scope to include other affected areas such as Meulaboh, Calang and Bireuen. The photos above show the Governor’s Office in Banda Aceh immediately after the tsunami (left) and after debris clearing and reconstruction (right). Photos: UNDP Mesjid Al Makmur in Banda Aceh was badly damaged in the quake (left). UNDP’s Tsunami Recovery Waste Management Programme demolished the damaged structure and today, a new mosque takes its place (right). Photos: UNDP 97 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report A district road in Aceh Besar District before (left) and after (right) reconstruction. The IRFF project funded the reconstruction of large infrastructure including roads, ports and coastal protection barriers. Photos: Kris Hedi River crossings in Nias were often precarious (left) and these conditions were exacerbated by the earthquake in Nias. Under the RACBP almost 2,000 meters of bridges were constructed, providing safe river crossings for many rural inhabitants. Photos: RACBP Project 98 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms and Abbreviations AAA : Action Aid Australia ADF : Aceh Development Fund AF : Additional Financing AFEP : Aceh Forest and Environment Project AGTP : Aceh Government Transformation Programme BAFMP : Banda Aceh Flood Mitigation Project Bappeda : Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Regional Development Planning Agency) Bappenas : Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (National Development Planning Agency) BKPP : Badan Kepegawaian Pendidikan dan Pelatihan (Provincial Training and Human Resource Agency) BKRA : Badan Kesinambungan Rekonstruksi Aceh (Aceh Sustainable Reconstruction Agency) BKRAN : Badan Kesinambungan Rekonstruksi Aceh dan Nias (Sustainable Reconstruction Agency for Aceh and Nias) BKRN : Badan Kesinambungan Rekonstruksi Nias (Nias Sustainable Reconstruction Agency) BNPB : Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Agency) BPBA : Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Aceh (Aceh Provincial Disaster Management Agency) BPBD : Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (Regional Disaster Management Agency) BPN : Badan Pertanahan Nasional (National Land Agency) BRR : Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Aceh-Nias (Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency) CBO : Community Based Organization CCA : Canadian Co-operative Association CDA : Community Driven Adjudication CDD : Community Driven Development CBLR3 : Capacity Building for Local Resource Based Rural Roads CEAP : Contractor’s Environmental Action Plan CPDA : Consolidating Peaceful Development in Aceh CRU : Conservation Response Unit CSO : Civil Society Organization CSP : Community Settlement Plan CSRC : Civil Society Resource Center CSRRP : Community Based Settlement Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project DAC : Development Assistance Committee DFID : Department for International Development of the United Kingdom 99 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report DIPA : Daftar Isian Pelaksanaan Anggaran (State Budget Execution Document) DRR : Disaster Risk Reduction DRR-A : Disaster Risk Reduction-Aceh Project EDFF : Economic Development Financing Facility EGA : Economic Governance in Aceh EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment FFI : Fauna and Flora International FORNIHA : Forum Peduli Tano Niha (Nias Land Forum) GAM : Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (Free Aceh Movement) GoI : Government of Indonesia IDP : Internally Displaced Person ILO : International Labour Organization IMPACT : Inspiration for Managing People’s Actions IOM : International Organization for Migration IREP : Infrastructure Reconstruction Enabling Program IRFF : Infrastructure Reconstruction Financing Facility JRF : Java Reconstruction Fund KDP : Kecamatan Development Program KNOW : Knowledge Management Center KPDT : Kementerian Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal (Ministry for the Development of Disadvantaged Areas) KRRP : Kecamatan Based Reconstruction and Recovery Planning Project (Nias) LAN : Lembaga Administrasi Negara (National Administration Bureau) LAP : Local Action Plan LCRMP : Lamo-Calang Road Maintenance Project LEDP : Livelihoods and Economic Development Project (Nias) LGSP : Local Governance Support Project LIF : Leuser International Foundation LoGA : Laws of the Governing of Aceh LRB : Local resource-based MCK : Mandi, cuci, kakus (Bathing, washing and toilet facilities) MDF : Multi Donor Fund M&E : Monitoring and Evaluation Migas : Minyak dan Gas (Oil and Gas) 100 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms and Abbreviations MIS : Management Information System MSW : Municipal Solid Waste MTR : Midterm Review NGO : Nongovernmental Organization NITP : Nias Islands Transition Programme OECD : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development O&M : Operations and Maintenance Otsus : Otonomi Khusus (Special Autonomy) PACC : Public Awareness Coordinating Committee PDAM : Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (Regional Clean Water Company) PEKA : Peningkatan Ekonomi Kakao Aceh (Aceh Cacao Economy Improvement) Pergub : Peraturan Gubernur (Governor’s Regulation) PNPM : Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (National Community Empowerment Program) R2C3 : Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Completion and Continued Coordination RACBP : Rural Access and Capacity Building Project (Nias) RALAS : Reconstruction of Aceh Land Administration System RAND : Recovery of Aceh-Nias Database RAP : Recovery Assistance Policy Rekompak : Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Masyarakat dan Permukiman Berbasis Komunitas (Community Based Settlement Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project) RMIS : Road Management Information System SDLP : Sea Delivery and Logistics Program (Aceh) SIMBADA : Sistem Informasi Barang dan Aset Daerah (Regional Assets and Equipment Information System SIPKD : Sistem Informasi Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah (Regional Financial Management Information System) SKPA : Satuan Kerja Perangkat Aceh (Aceh Provincial Executive and Line Agencies) SME : Small and Medium Enterprises SPADA : Support for Poor and Disadvantaged Areas SKPD : Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (Regional Working Unit) TA : Technical Assistance 101 Multi Donor Fund 2012 Final Report TBSU : Trail Bridge Support Unit (Nepal) TDMRC : Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center TEWS : Tsunami Early Warning System TRPRP : Tsunami Recovery Port Redevelopment Programme TRWMP : Tsunami Recovery Waste Management Programme UN : United Nations UNDP : United Nations Development Programme UPP : Urban Poverty Project USAID : United States Agency for International Development WFP : World Food Programme NAD Nias Republic of BRR Indonesia European Union Netherlands United Kingdom BANK DUNIA | THE WORLD BANK World Bank Sweden Canada Norway Denmark Germany Belgium Finland ADB United States of New Zealand Ireland America MDF Office Jakarta Indonesia Stock Exchange Building Tower I/9th Floor Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 52-53 Jakarta 12910 Indonesia Tel: (+6221) 5229-3000 Fax: (+6221) 5229-3111 www.multidonorfund.org