93867 v1 kPs;ghh;it: rfy ,yq;ifaiuAk; tsikia Nehf;fp ,izj;jy; ehLfspd; nghUshjhu epyf;fhl;rp mjpfstpy; rkjskw;W fhzg;gLk; mbg;gil gpuNjrQ; rhh;e;j khw;wj;NjhNl nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. Fiwe;j tUkhdj;jpypUe;J cah; tUkhdj;ij Nehf;fpa gazkhdJ rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; khj;jpuk; cah;e;J nry;Yk; tsikkpf;f jd;ikapd; kPJ ftdf;Ftpg;G nra;Ak; epiyia nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkrPuw;w tsh;r;rpNa rhjhuz tof;fkhf khwpAs;sJld; If;fpa mnkupf;fh> [g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfspd; mgptpUj;jp mDgtj;ijNa cyfpd; kpfTk; tsikkpf;f ehLfshf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd rkrPuw;w tsh;r;rp rPdh> ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Vida tskile;J tUk; ehLfspYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. mNjNtis nghUshjhu tha;g;Gfs; mupjhd epiyapy; tho;f;ifia Muk;gpf;Fk; kf;fs;> rpy ,lq;fspy; khj;jpuNk mjpfupj;Jnry;Yk; nry;tf;Ftpg;gpd; %ykhf ed;ikailAk; tha;g;Gfs; cs;sjhy;> mgptpUj;jpahdJ midtUk; midj;Jk; cs;slq;fpa xd;whf fhzg;glyhk;. rkrPuw;w mgptpUj;J kw;Wk; rfyJk; cs;slq;fpa mgptpUj;jp ,uz;bd; %ykhf ehLfs; ed;ikfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjtpGupAk; nghUshjh xUq;fpizgg;G nfhs;iffspd; epakkhf 'tsikia Nehf;fp kf;fis ,izj;jy;” fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 'nghUshjhu Gtpapaiy kPstbtikj;jy;” vd;w 2009 cyf mgptpUj;jp mwpf;ifapd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk; (cyf tq;fp 2008). Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd ePz;lfhy mj;jpthuq;fis fl;bAs;s ,yq;iff;F ,e;epakq;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdit. eLj;ju tUkhd ehlhf ,yq;ifapd; tsh;r;rp> cyf re;ijfs; ehl;il Nehf;Ffpd;wd jd;ikapd; Jupjkhd khw;wj;jpid nfhz;Ls;sJ. cw;gj;jpahdJ 1975w;Fk; 2005w;Fkpilapy; MW rjtPj Njrpa Vw;WkjpfspypUe;J 60 rjtPjj;jpw;F mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ehl;bd; nghushjhu Gtpapaiy ,J kPstbtikj;Js;sJ. cyfpd; Vida ghfq;fSld; ,yq;iff;F ,izg;gpid Vw;gLj;JtJ thzpf epWtdq;fNs jtpu gz;izfs; my;y. JiwKfj;jpD}lhf 2008y; 3.7 kpy;ypad; nfhs;fyd;fis mDg;gpa nfhOk;gpw;F mz;ikapy; jq;fSila cw;gj;jp ftdf;Ftpg;ig Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wikahy; ,t;thzpfepiyaq;fs; ed;ikaila KbAk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf nfhOk;Gk; mjd; may;Gwq;ffSk; tskpf;fitahf khwpAs;sd. jw;nghOJ nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;F Nky; khfhzNk 50 tPjj;jpw;Fkjpfkhd gq;fspg;gpid nra;tJld; Rkhh; 527 gpy;ypad; &gha; tUkhdj;ijaPl;b 540>000 kf;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;gspf;Fk; 37>000; ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs; nfhz;l epygug;ghFk;. cw;gj;jpapy; ftdf;Ftpg;G nra;tjd; %ykhf Vida khfhzq;fspYk; ghh;f;f Nky; khfhzkhdj;jpd; cw;gj;jpAk; CjpaKk; ,U klq;F mjpfkhdjhfTs;sJ. nfhOk;gpd; #o fhzg;gLk; nghUshjhu kiyfs; rhjfkhd epiyg;ghl;il cUthf;Fk; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;w k Ps ; g h h ; it | T 1 cU 1: nfhOk;ig #o cs;s tpaf;fjf;f nghUshjhu kiyfs; njhiytpy; rpW Fd;Wfis Nghy fhl;rp jUfpd;wJ Fwpg;G: cgNjrpa nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp kjpg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapyhd cyf tq;fp mgptpUj;jp FOtpd; ,lQ;rhh;e;j Ma;TFO NghjpYk; nfhOk;G tsh;r;rpia Nehf;fp nry;Yk; ghij mUfpy; ,y;iy (cU.1). nfhOk;gpd; nghUshjhu nrwpT xU rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;F 15 kpy;ypad; nlhyh;fshFk;. ,jid cyf re;ijapy; jq;fSila ehLfis ,izf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fshd N`h \pd; kpd; efuj;jpd; rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;fhd 37 kpy;ypad; nlhyh;fs;> gq;nfhf; efuj;jpd; rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;fhd 88 kpy;ypad; nlhyh;fs; kw;Wk; rpq;fG+h; ehl;bd; rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;fhd 269 kpy;ypad; nlhyh;fSlDk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;f;fTk;. Nky; khfhzj;jpd; tsikkpf;f jd;ikahdJ> nfhOk;gpw;F kpfTk; njhiytpy; thO;f;ifia Muk;gpj;jth;fs; cl;gl gy ,yq;ifah;fspd; tho;f;if juj;ij cah;j;jpAs;sJ. nghOk;G khefuj;jpy; trpf;Fk; 650>000jpw;Fk; Nkyhd kf;fs; ehl;bd; Vida ghfq;fspNyNa gpwe;Js;sdh;. gyh; mz;ikapYs;s fhyp> fSj;jiw> fz;b Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspypUe;Jk; rpyh; njhiytpypUf;Fk; aho;g;ghzk; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspypUe;Jk; te;J nfhOk;gpy; trpj;J tUfpd;wdh;. gpuahz nryit Fiwj;J cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs; Vida khfhzq;fSf;F nrd;wila toptFf;Fk; A1 kw;Wk; A2 nghd;w Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; %ykhf VidNahh; ,izfpd;wdh;. nghUshjhu cw;gj;jp ftdf;Ftpg;G kpf;f xd;whf khwpAs;s mNjNtis r%f eiyid epiyehl;Ltjpy; nghJ nfhs;iffs; Fwpgpljf;f ntw;wpiaf; fz;Ls;sJ. fy;tp mbg;gil itj;jpa Nritfs> ePh;> Rfhjhuk; cs;slq;fpa mbg;gil cl;fl;likg;G ehl;bd; rfy ghfq;fSf;Fk; nrd;wile;Js;sJ. ,J cyfpYk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; mLj;jf;fl;l tsq;fis jq;fSf;F mD$ykhf gad;gLj;j ,yq;ifia jahh;gLj;jp eLj;ju tUkhdj;Jf;$lhd gazj;jpd; Ntfj;ij Jupjg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. vdpDk;> ,t;thwhd ,lQ;rhh;e;j khw;wq;fis Jupj Ntfj;jpy; mile;J mjpfstpyhd ,yq;ifah;fis tha;g;Gf;fSld; ,izf;f ,t;thwhd re;jh;g;gq;fis mD$ykhf;Ftjw;F nfhs;iffs; mtrpag;gLfpd;wd. “,yq;if: tsikia Nehf;fp kf;fis ,izj;jy;” vd;w ,t;twpf;if gpuNjrQ;rhh;e;j Fwpgpl;l rpy rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Njitahd mz;ikapy; G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l T2| tsi ki a Ne h f;fp k f;fi s ,i z j ;j y ; Gw Ma;Tf;Fwpfs; kw;Wk; Mf;f Njh;Tfisf; nfhz;L Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nfhs;iffisAk; mjDld; njhlh;Ggl;l KjyPLfisAk; Kd;DupikgLj;Jtjw;fhd cs;Nehf;fq;fis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. tsikia Nehf;fp kf;fis ,izj;jy Njr xUq;fpizg;gpw;fhd nfhs;if rl;lfk; xd;wpid “cyf mtptpUj;jp mwpf;if 2009: nghUshjhug; Gtpapaiy khw;wpaikj;jy;” toq;Ffpd;wJ. mj;Jld; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsh;fshy; iftplg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; tsh;r;rpia mjpfupj;jy; vd;gjpy; khj;jpuk; KOikahd ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;jhJ nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfupj;j gpz;zpa nraw;ghLfspd; kPJk; nghJf; nfhs;iffs; mf;fiw nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ehLfs; Jupj fjpapy; nhUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;ij milaTk; gpuNjrq;fs; kj;jpapy; tho;f;if juk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,iztjw;Fk; Njitahd gpujhd fhuzpfshf njhopyhsh; njhlh;ghd Gtpapay; efh;tpid Vw;gLj;jYk;> kw;Wk; gpd;jq;fpa kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilapyhd nghUshjhu ,izg;gpid tpUj;jp nra;jYkhFk; vd nghUshjhu Gtpapaiy khw;wpaikj;jy; vd;w mwpf;if Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. vt;thwhd nfhs;iffs; ,jw;F cjtyhk;? “,lQ;rhh;e;j FUl;Lj;jd;ik” nfhz;l nfhs;iffs; cUthf;fkhdJ ,lQ;rhhe;j $h;ikahd tpisTfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kd;Ndw;wkhd tUkhd tupf; nfhs;iffs;> mbg;gil Rfhjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp Rl;bfSf;fhd Njrpa Fiwe;jg;gl;r juq;fis miljy; kw;Wk; njhopyhsh; efh;tpw;fhd jilfis mfw;wy; Nghd;witNa ,e;j nghJ ];jhgdq;fs; cs;slf;Fk;. mj;Jld; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; njhiy njhlh;G Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Nghd;w “,lQ;rhh;e;j ,izg;G” nfhs;iffs; gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fisAk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j gpuNjrq;fisAk; Neubahf ,izf;Fk;. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia mjpfupf;Fk; “,lQ;rhh;e;j ,yf;Ffs;” njhlh;ghd cs;sPLfs; ,Wjp cghakhf ifahsg;gl Ntz;ba nfhs;if Af;jpahFk;. cs;sf gpuTfspd; fhzkhf fhuzpfspd; efh;T gykw;W fhzg;gLk;gl;rj;jpy; khj;jpuNk filrp cghakhf ,jid cgNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk; (cU 2). ,t;thwhd epiyfspy; xg;gPl;L yhgf; fhuzpfis ,dq;fhzTk; kw;Wk; ,lQ;rhh;e;j FUl;Lj;jd;ik kw;Wk; ,izg;G nfhs;iffs; %ykhd ed;ikfis mjpfupf;fTk; jfty;fspy; KjyPL nra;aj gpd;dNu cs;sPLfs; njhlh;ghf rpe;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> jw;Nghija epiyapy;> ,lQ;rhh;e;j ,yf;Ffis ,yq;ifapy; gy nfhs;iffs; msTf;fjpfkhfNt typAWj;Jfpd;wd. tWik gpuNjrq;fspy; nghUshjhuj;ij cldbahf Muk;gpf;f vt;thwhd nfhs;iffs; mtrpak;? Ju;mjp~;ltrkhf ,k;Kaw;rpfs; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l nghUshjhu ed;ikfis mspf;ftpy;iy. nfhOk;gpw;F mg;ghy; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis efh;j;j KjyPl;Lr;rigapdhy; toq;fg;gl;l khdpaq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;sTk;. 200 Mil ifj;njhopy; njhopw;rhiyfs; jpl;lj;jpy; %jyPl;Lr;rig rl;lj;jpd; 17tJ cWg;gpd; fPo; mDkjp toq;fg;gl;l 80 rjtPj KjyPLfs; Nky; khfhzj;jpy; eilg;ngw;wNjad;wp gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;gij ,t;twpf;ifapd; Ma;T vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; njhopy; tha;g;gpid cUthf;f cjtpGupAk; “epngAk; = yq;fh” vd;w Kf;fpa jpl;lj;jpy; KjyPL nra;ag;gl;l 44 kpy;ypad; &gh gzj;njhfifapy; 21 kpy;ypad; &gh Nky; khfhzj;jpNyNa cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Vida tpahghuq;fSf;Fk;> rh;tNjr Eiothapyz;ilf;Fk; epWtdq;fs; jq;fSila eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %ykhf ed;ikailtjd; fhuzkhf njhopw;rhiyfs; NtW ,lq;fSf;F efh;j;JtJ njhlh;ghd nfhs;iffs; cw;gj;jpiaAk; yhgj;jpidAk; k Ps ; g h h ; it | T 3 cU 2: cs;ehl;L mgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffspd; tFg;G njhFg;G Kiw nghJ ];jhgdq;fs;> cl;fl;likg;G njhlh;G kw;Wk; FwpNfhs; kpf;f jiyaPLfs; ,lQ;rhh;e;j FUl;L mirAk; njhopyhsh; jd;ik “];jhgdq;fs;” nrhj;J efh;T ; njhlh;gpyhd ,lQ;rhh;ej re;ij cw;gj;jp “cl;fl;likg;G” trjpfs; nghUs; efh;T ,lQ;rhh;e;j FwpNfhs;kpf;f Muk;gpf;Fk; kw;Wk; nraw;gLk; epy ghtidia “cs;sPLfs;” nryTfis Fiwj;jy; khw;wy; jfty;: cyf tq;fp mwpf;if 2009 ghjpf;Fk;. ,NjNghd;W gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspy; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpia mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;L tptrha epyq;fspd; cgNahfk; kw;Wk; ifkhw;wk; njhlh;ghd rl;l Kaw;rpfs; gpujp$ykhd tppisTfisNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. epy mgptpUj;jp rl;lq;fs; fpuhk gpuNjrq;fspy; gd;ikgLj;jiy kl;Lg;gLj;jtJ kl;Lky;yhky; gz;iz kw;Wk; gz;izay;yhj nraw;ghLfs; ,uz;bNyANk kpfTk; Fiwe;j Cjpak; toq;fg;gLk; fhuzj;jhy; tWik Fiwg;G jpl;lj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpidAk; Fiwj;Js;sJ. gpuNjr xUq;fpizg;gpw;fhd $h;ikkpf;f Aj;jpfs; vit? Kjypy;> mbg;gil Nritfs; rfy ,lq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjij cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mbg;gil Nritfs; vitfis cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tiuaWg;gjpy; eLj;ju tUkhd ,yq;if rpe;jpf;fyhk;. jw;nghOJ fhzg;gLk; rthyhdJ ,r;Nritfs; Gtpapay;uPjpapy; rkj;Jt mbg;gilapy; fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;wdth vd;gij cWjp nra;tjy;y> mdhy; ,r;Nritfspd; juj;ij cah;j;JtNjahFk;. tFg;G vl;L khzth;fspy; 70 tPjNk jq;fsJ jha;nkhopapYk; fzpjj;jpYk; rpj;jpailAk; mNjNtis 50 rjtPjk; khj;jpuNk Mq;fpyj;jpy; rpj;jpailfpd;w fy;tp Kiwik> fy;tpapd; juk; NkYk; cah;j;jg;gl Ntz;ba Njit fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F gFjpapy; ,J NkYk; Fd;wpa epiyapy; fhzg;gLtjhy; fy;tpapd; juk; kw;Wk; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid mjpfupg;gJ kpfTkl Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; gps;isfs; gyk; tha;e;j ,lq;fspd; njhopw;re;ijfspDs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; Mw;wiy mjpfupf;Fk;. Nky; khfhzq;fspy; fy;tpf;fhd nrytPdq;fs; mjpfk; vd;Wk; Vida khfhzq;fspypUe;J njhopyhsh; efh;r;rpf;F toptFj;jy; Njrpa tUikia NkYk; Fiwf;Fnkd;Wk; ,t;twpf;ifapd; Ma;Tfs; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd. Ms;Nrh;g;G tPjk; FiwthfTs;s ,lq;fSf;F xJjf;fg;gl;l njhifia njhlh;e;J NgZtjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jYk; mj;njhifia kpfTk; mtrpakhd fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd %yq;fspy; cgNahfpj;jYk; fy;tp juj;ij cah;j;Jtjw;fhd xU topahFk;. Mdhy; rh;tNjr juj;Jld; xg;gpl;Lg;ghh;f;ifapy;> T4| tsi ki a Ne h f;fp k f;fi s ,i z j ;j y ; ,yq;ig fy;tpf;fhf rpwpjsNt KjyPL nra;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; dhyj;jpw;F fhyk; fy;tpg;ghd nghJ KjyPLfSk; mjpfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa khw;wj;jpw;F %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tp Xh; Kf;fpa J}z; vd;gjpy; vt;tpj re;NjfKk; ,y;yhj NghjpYk; cah; fy;tp khdpaq;fs; Nky; khfhzj;jpYs;s nry;te;j FLk;gq;fSf;Nf tpfpjhrhukw;w uPjpapy; mD$ykhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,lQ;rhh;e;j gaDWjpf;Fk; tsikkpf;f epiyf;F kf;fis ,izg;gjw;Fk; fhzg;gLk; njupTfspy; xd;whf %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpia toq;Ftjpy; jdpahh;Jiwapd; khfhz kl;lq;fspy; ,J rfy ,lq;fspYk; Kiwahf cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; eLj;ju tUkhd ehLfs; juj;jpy; itj;jparhiy gLf;iffis msTf;fjpfkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; khfhz rigfshy; ehlj;jg;gLk; itj;jparhiyfs; tiyaikg;gpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfis kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk; mwpjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; fPo;kl;l trjpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfistpl;L kf;fs; rfy cgfuzq;fs;> tsq;fs; nfhz;L gy;tifahd Nritfis toq;Fk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; elhj;jg;gLk; itj;jparhiyfis ehLfpd;wdh;. Xh; Kiwahd MNyhrid Kiwik ,y;yhjikAk; kw;Wk; ,k;Kiwapy; ,ytr Nritfs; cs;sikAk; ,jw;F fhuzkhf mikayhk;. gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; trjpfs; itj;jpa epGzh;fs;> nghJ itj;jpa mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; jhjpkh;fis fth;tjpy; rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khfhz uPjpapy; Kfhik nra;ag;gLk; itj;jparhiyfspy; trjpfs; FiwthftpUg;gNj ,jw;F fhuzkhfTs;sJ. NkYk; cah; trjpfSk; tsq;fSk; fhzg;gLk; itj;jparhiyfspdhYk; Rfhjhuj;Jld; njhlh;gw;w Vida trjpfspdhYk; cjhuzkhf jdpahh;Jiw %yk; tUkhdkPl;Lk; ey;y tha;g;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpdhYk; Njh;r;rpg;ngw;w itj;jpa mjpfhupfs; njhlhe;J Nky; khfhzj;jpNdNa tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. ,uz;lhtjhf> gpd;jq;fpa kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j gpuNjrq;fis ,izg;gjw;fhd cl;fl;likg;ig fl;bnaOg;gy;. rh;tNjr juj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; ,yq;ifapd; nghf;Ftuj;J cU 3: Nghf;Ftuj;J tpUj;jp cghaq;fs; “twpakf;f kiyfis” “tsik kpF rpfuq;fSld;” ,izf;f toptFf;Fk; tWik njhif nghUshjhu njhif jfty;: Felkner et al (gpd;Gy Mtzk;)> HIES juT 2006> cgNjrpa nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp kjpg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapyhd cyf tq;fp mgptpUj;jp FOtpd; ,lQ;rhh;e;j Ma;TFO. k Ps ; g h h ; it | T 5 nryT mjpfupj;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; cw;gj;jpfis nfhz;L nry;tjw;F xU fpNyh kPw;wUf;F nrythFk; 1.25 nlhyUld; xg;gpLifapy; ,Uklnfhq;fpw;Fk; mjpfkhf ,yq;ifapy; 2.90 nlhyuhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. “fuL Kulhd” ghijfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J nrytpid NkYk; $l;Lr;nrytpid Fiwf;f cjTk; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kd;Ndw;w tpUj;jpfis ,dq;fhz;gJ Xh; rthyhf mikAk;. ,lQrhh;e;j xg;GuT Njhw;wj;jpy;> gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspy; ,izg;gpid mgptpUj;jp nra;tNj rthyhf fUjg;gLk;. ,g;gaDWjp kw;Wk; rkepiy th;j;jfjd;ikia Nghf;Ftuj;J nfhs;iffs; vt;thW Kfhik nra;ayhk;? nfhOk;G khehfu vy;iyfspy; Nghf;Ftuj;J neUf;fbasT $baJ ehSf;F 60>000 Kjy; 80>000 thfdq;fshftpUf;Fk;. A1, A2, A3 kw;Wk; A4 Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfspNyNa “fuLKulhd” ghijfspd; $l;Lr;nryT mjpfkhf czug;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F khwhf Cth khfhzj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Njrpa tPjpfspy; cjhuzkhf Nghf;Ftuj;J neUf;fbasT ehSf;F 1500w;Fk; 2500w;FkpilapNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; ed;ikfis ntspf;fhl;Lk; tifapy; ghijtopfspy; Nghf;Ftujj;J juj;ij cah;j;Jjy; KO Nghf;Ftuj;J xOq;FKiwapd; gaDWjpia Kd;Ndw;wp ehL KOtJk; Nghf;Ftuj;J nrytpid Fiwf;Fk;. fz;bia (kj;jpa khfhzk;) nfhOk;Gld; ,izf;Fk; tPjpNa mjpfkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J neUf;fb mstpid nfhz;Ls;sNjhL ghupa njhifapyhd twpa kf;fis tsikkpf;f thOTl;d ,izf;fpwJ. tPjp cl;fl;likg;G gfph;e;jspg;G> Nghf;Ftuj;J neUf;fb Nfs;tp kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J nryTfs; njhlh;ghf ,lQ;rhh;e;j tpupthd jfty;fis cgNahfpg;gJ Nghd;w nraw;ghL fz;bf;Fk; nfhOk;gpw;Fkpilapyhd Nghf;Ftuj;J mgptpUj;jpfs; mjpfstpyhd nryTfis Fiwf;Fk; vd;gij vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,J Njrpa kl;lj;jpYk; Cth khfhzj;jpd; gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspYk;> fpof;F khfhzk; kw;Wk; tl khfhzq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. “tWik kiyfspypUe;J” “tsikapd; rpfuq;fSf;F” nraw;jpwd;kpf;f uPjpapy; ,izj;jy; vd;w tifapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J ghijfs; ghupa re;ijfSld; ,iztjhy; nfhOk;G-fz;b neLQ;rhiy kw;Wk; njd; neLQ;rhiy Nghd;wd cah; nghUshjhu tuTfis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ (cU.3). Nghf;Ftuj;J mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Njrpa gl;baypy; ,k;KjyPLfSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. iftplg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; Neub ,izg;G vd;w tifapy; ,J vjid czh;j;Jfpd;wJ? NkYk; tiyaikg;G gaDWjpia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F mg;ghy; ghlrhiyfs;> itj;jpa trjpfs;> kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L re;ijfs; Nghd;w mbg;gil Nritfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Nghf;Ftuj;J tpUj;jpfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. r%f eyed njpfupf;fTk; cs;sf tha;gG ; fspy; cr;rg; gaid gpd;jq;fpa iftplg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfis toq;Fjy;> NgZjy; kw;Wk; epiyf;f nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd nryT mjpfkhdJ. Fiwe;j Nfs;tpahdJ eph;zapf;fg;gl;l cah; Nritfis nfhz;l Kiwahd Nghf;Ftuj;J Nrit toq;Fdiu ftuhjg;glrj;jpy; mg;gpuNjr thrpfspdhy; nraw;gLj;jTk; NgzTk; Kbe;j ,ilepiy Nghf;Ftuj;J toptiffis (Intermediate Mode of Transport) Cf;fg;gLj;JtJ xU rthyhf fhzg;glyhk;. irf;fps;fs;> iftz;bfs;> Nkhl;hh; thfdq;fs;> khl;L tz;b> buf;lh;fs; Nghd;w thfdq;fs; rhjhuzkhf fpuhkGwq;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;Nritfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; Kfhik nra;tjw;Fk; rKjha gq;fspg;gpid Cf;fg;Lj;jy; fpuhkg;Gw efh;tpid mjpfupf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifahd njupthf nfhs;syhk;. ,Wjpahf> njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; cs;sPL ,yf;F: tlf;F fpof;if Nghd;w rpy gpf;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspy; Fbg;ngah;T kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa ,izg;gpyhd th;j;jfKk; ePbj;j Nghh; #o;epiy kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L gpuptpid fhuzkhf ke;jf; fjpapNyNa efh;fpd;wJ. rkhjhdj;jpd; cldb ed;ikfshf cw;gj;jpfspd; Ntfkhd efh;T kw;Wk; tpiyfspd; xUq;fpizg;gpidAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. jkpoPo tpLjiy Gypfs; 1990 Mk; Mz;by; tl khfhzj;ij Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghz T6| tsi ki a Ne h f;fp k f;fi s ,i z j ;j y ; jPgfw;gj;ij jkJ ,uhZt Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;j gpd;dh; mq;F nghUshjhu jil tpjpf;fg;gl;lij ftdpj;jpy; nfhs;s NtzLk;. ,j;jPgfw;gj;ij 1995 Mk; Mz;lstpy; muR kPz;Lk; mjDila Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jJ. vdpDk; ruf;Ffspd; Nghf;Ftuj;J fg;gypd; %yk; khj;jpuNk jpUf;NfhzkiyapypYe;J ,lk;ngw;wJ. ehl;bd; Vida ghfq;fSld; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; tPjp ,izg;G 2002 Nghh; epWj;j cld;gbf;ifapd; gpd;dh; A9 neLQ;rhiy %yk; jw;fhypfkhf kPs Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghjpYk; jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; rl;l tpNuhj tuptpjpg;gpd; fhuzkhf nghUl;fspd; tuT fl;LgLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. kPz;Lk; NkNyhq;fpa Nghh; #o;epiyapd; fhuzkhf A9 tPjp 2005 Mk; Mz;L kPs %lg;gl;lJ. cU 4: Rhkhjhd ed;ikfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;: aho;ghzk; kw;Wk; nfhOk;gpw;fpilapyhd Fwpg;gpl;l nghUl;fspd; tpiy xUq;fpizg;G 140% 120% rPnke;J NfhJik kh 100% muprp 80% rPdp ghy; kh 60% Njq;fha; 40% cUis fpoq;F gr;ir 20% kpsfha; Njq;fha; 0 vz;nza; ghz; 2008: Nk - [_iy 2009: Nk - [_iy midj;jpdJk; ruhrup jfty;: “gpiu]; khdpl;lh;”> gj;jpJiw epiyak;> nrg;nlk;gh; 2009 murpd; 2009 ,uhZt ntw;wpapd; fhuzkhf ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l nghJ epWtdq;fshy; nghUl;fs;> gz;lq;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf A9 tPjp kPz;Lk; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;if ,uhZtj;jpd; ghJfhg;G ,irTr;rhd;W ngw;w gpd;dh; ruf;Ftz;b Fohk;fs; aho;g;gzj;jpw;Fk; aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;Jk; nghUl;fis efh;j;Jtjw;F ,lkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; tpisT vd;d? ahho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fk; ehl;bf; Vida ghfq;fSf;FkpilNa fhzg;gl;l Ntfkhd tpiy xUq;fpizg;ghFk;. Nghh; #o;epiyapd; cr;rf;fl;lj;jpy; 2007 ,d; gpw;gFjpapy; xU %l;il rPnke;jpd; tpiy ehl;bf; Vida ghfq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; aho;ghzj;jpy; khj;jpuk; ehd;F klq;F mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. gUj;jpJiw mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpdhy; khjhe;jk; elhj;jg;gLk; tpiy fz;fhzpg;gpw;fika Nk--[_iy 2008 vd;w %d;W khjf;fhyj;jpy;> aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l gj;J tifahd nghUl;fspd; tpiyj;njhif nfhOk;Gld; xg;gpLifapy; 48 rjtPjkhf fhzg;gl;lJ. Nk--[_iy 2009 ,y; mNj nghUl;fSf;fhd ruhrup tpiyj;njhif 24 rjtPjkhf Fiwe;jij mtjhdpf;fyhk; (cU.4). ehl;il nghJ jhgdq;fs; xd;wpidf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; ,ilepiy gFjpapy; njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp efh;T mjpfupf;Fk;. Mdhy; FWfpa fhyg;gFjpapy; Nghh; KbTf;F te;j gpuNjrq;fspy; nghUshjhu epiyia cah;j;j ,e;eltbf;if cghakpf;f cs;sPLfis nfhz;bUj;jy; mtrpak;. vdpDk;> Kd;Ndw;wkile;j gFjpfspypUe;J ,j;jhgdq;fis kPs efh;j;Jtij ghh;f;fpYk; ghtidf;Fk; ghtidahsh;fSf;Fk; epyefh;it Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,J k Ps ; g h h ; it | T 7 fl;likg;G cUkhw;wj;ij Jupjg;gLj;Jk;. tptrha epyr;re;ijfspd; nraw;ghl;bid mjpfupf;f ];jhgd rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; Xh; Kf;fpa NjitahFk;. Epy ghtid kw;Wk; ifkhw;wj;ij xOq;F nra;Ak; epy mgptpUj;jpr; rl;lq;fs;> ghupa tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; kf;fis tptrhaj;jpNyNa jq;fpapUf;Fk; epiyf;F kf;fis js;spAs;sJ. jq;fsJ ciog;gpw;Nfw;w Cjpakpy;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; mth;fs; tWikapNyNa tho;fpd;wdh;. ,r;rl;lq;fis rw;W jsh;j;Jtjd; %yk; tptrha tUkhdq;fis cah;j;Jk; rhj;jpa$Wfs; njd;gLtJNjhL tWik Fiwg;gpid mjpfupj;J ePz;lfhy khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia Kd;Ndw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l khdpaq;fs; fhzp epyr; re;ijapd; epiyaw;w jd;ikia rupnra;tjw;Fkhd ];jhgd rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; %ykhf ed;F nraw;gLk;. Gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspy; mNefkhdit ,aw;if tsq;fs; epiwe;jit. mj;Jld; CIC epWtdj;jhh; (Chemical Industries Colombo)> N`a;yp]; epWtdj;jhh; (Hayleys) Nghd;w jdpahh; KjyPl;lhsh;fs; gpuNjrj;jpd; fpuhkpa nghUshjhu Mw;wypd; %yk; ed;ikfis ngw jq;fSila nraw;ghLfis fpof;F khfhzj;jpw;F ePbj;Js;sdh;. njhopEl;g Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlh;ghf mwpitAk; gz;iz ntspaPLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpf;fhd Mw;wiyAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjTk; jw;Nghija Kaw;rpfs;> re;ij ,izg;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;. mNjNghy mjpf tpisr;riy mspf;Fk; ney; tiffs;> khw;W gaph;nra;iffs;> ePh;ghrd El;gq;fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;if ,ay;Gkpf;f gris tiffis kf;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jy; mtrpak;. gpuNjr uPjpapyhd Fwpg;gpl;l rthy;fSf;Nfw;w nfhs;iffis ,aw;wy; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f tifapy; tsikAld; kf;fis njhlh;GgLj;j ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; kf;fs; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l rthy;fSf;fika nfhs;iffs; cUthf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; mtrpak;. Rfy ,lq;fspYk; mbg;gil Nrit toq;fiy tpUj;jp nra;jNy ntw;wpfukhd nfhs;if Kaw;rpfSf;fhd mbf;fy;yhf fhzg;gLnkd ,t;twpf;ifapd; Ma;Tfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. mj;Jld; mjpfstpyhd twpa kf;fs; thOk; gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fis Kd;Ndw;wkile;j gpuNjrq;fSld; Neubahf ,izf;Fk; cl;fl;likg;ghdJ th;j;jfj;ijAk; thzpfj;ijAk; cah;j;Jk;. re;ij rf;jpfshy; iftplg;gl;l rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; nghUshjhuj;ij fl;bnaOg;g Fwpf;Nfhs;fSila cs;sPLfs; mtrpak;. Kd;DupikgLj;jypd; gpujhd fhuzpfs; vit? Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;Jf;fhd rthy;fspd; fLikahd jd;ikNfw;g nfhs;iffspd; gz;ghw;wiy mwpe;J nraw;gl xU fl;likg;ig cyf mgptpUj;jp mwpf;if 2009 tbtikj;Js;sJ. mj;Jld; ,it tWikahd gpuNjrq;fs; vit kw;Wk; twpa kf;fs; thOk; gpuNjrq;fs; vit vd;gij fhl;Lk; tWik tiug;glq;fNshL ed;F njhFf;fg;gl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mNef re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,uz;Lk; xd;wy;y. Vnddpy; twpa kf;fs; twpa gpuNjrq;fis tpl;L efh;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fis mjpfkhf nfhz;Ls;sdh;. Kf;fpakhf Nky; khfhzj;jpy;-- gy twpa kf;fs; tsikf;F mUfpNyNa trpj;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gij fhl;Lk; cU. 3 ,y; fhzg;gLk; “tWik kiyfis” rw;W Nehf;Ff. jiyf;F &gh 6935Æ® nrytpidAk; tWik jfT 8.2 rjtPjj;jpidAk; nfhz;l Nky; khfhzNk ehl;bd; tsikkpf;f gpuNjrkhFk;. mNjNtis ,yq;ifapd; 16.8 twpath;fspd; trpg;gplKk; ,k;khfhzNk. khwhf> jiyf;F 3879Æ® nrytpidAk; tWik jfT 27 rjtPjj;jpidAk; nfhz;l Cth khfhzNk ehl;bd; twpa gpuNjrkhFk;. Mdhy; ,yq;ifapd; 12.3 tPj twpath;fSf;F khj;jpuNk trpg;gplkhf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. T8| tsi ki a Ne h f;fp k f;fi s ,i z j ;j y ; cU 5: tsikia Nehf;fp kf;fis ,izj;jy;: gpuNjr uPjpapyhd Fwpg;gpl;l rthy;fs; Distance, Density and Division JAFFNA Source: Household Income and Expenditure Survey, Dept of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka, 2006/07 Northern TRINCOMALEE Leading Area ANURADHAPURA Distance North Central Distance & Density Distance & Division DAMBULLA North Western BATTICALOA Eastern Central KALMUNAI KANDY NEGOMBO Western COLOMBO KOTTE DEHIWALA MOUNT LAVINIA Uva MORATUWA Sabaragamuwa 1 Dot = Southern 500 Poor Persons No Data 0 25 50 100 Kilometers jfty;: CPP FO twpa kf;fs; vq;F tho;fpd;wdh; vd;gij cU. 5 fhl;b tsikkpf;f gpuNjrq;fSld; twpakf;fis vt;thW njhlh;GgLj;JtJ vd;gij Kd;Dupikg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. twpath;fspd; nrwpT Nky; khfhzj;jpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wNjad;wp gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspyy;y. tsj;Jld; kf;fis ,izg;gjw;fhf gpd;tUk; Kd;DupikgLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fis ,t;twpf;ifapd; Ma;Tk; cyf mgptpUj;jp mwpf;if 2009 ,y; fhzg;gLk; nfhs;if rl;lfKk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd: k Ps ; g h h ; it | T 9 • rpjwg;gl;L fhzg;gLk; ehl;bd; twpa kf;fspy; Xh; rpW ghfk; Cth> tlkj;jpa> kw;Wk; tlNky; khfhzq;fspypUe;J te;Js;sdh;. njhlh;GgLj;jy; nfhs;iffspd; %y ifapWg;G njhopyhsh; efh;tpid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd eltbf;ifahf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. KjyPLfs; fPo;kl;l nghUahjhu tuTfisNa Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ghupastpyhd ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba cl;fl;likg;Gfis cUthf;fy; vt;tpjj;jpYk; rhj;jpag;glhj xd;whFk;. Mdhy; Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp Nghd;w mbg;gil Nritfspd; juj;ij mjpfupg;gjdhy; nfhs;iffs; Fbg;ngah;tpid rhj;jpag;gLj;JtNjhL kf;fis tsikf;F mWfpy; nfhz;L nry;Yk;. • ,yq;ifapd; 50 rjtPjkhd twpa kf;fspd; trpg;gplkhf kj;jpa> rgpufKt kw;Wk; njd; khfhzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,th;fspd; efu;tpw;F rpy jilfw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njhopyhsh; efh;tpid Kd;Ndw;w Nritfspd; juj;ij cah;j;JtJ Kf;fpak;> Mdhy;> mJ khj;jpuk; ,ij rhj;jpag;gLj;jhJ. Nky; khfhzj;jpYs;s re;ijfSld; ,g;gpuNjrq;fis Neubahf ,izg;gjw;F cl;fl;likg;G tpUj;jpfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhOk;G-fz;b mjp Ntf rhiyfs; kw;Wk; njd; khj;jiw neLQ;rhiy Nghd;w KjyPLfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J nrytpid Fiwg;gjd; %ykhf cah;kl;l nghUshjhu tuTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; rhj;jpa$Wfs; cs;sd. ,J Ntfkhd tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; rfyJklq;fpa mgptpUj;jp ,uz;bYk; ntw;wpailar; nra;Ak;. • ngUk;ghfj;jpyhd ehl;bd; twpath;fis fpof;F kw;Wk; tl khfhzq;fs; nfhz;buhj gl;rj;jpYk; cs;ehl;L gpuptpid fhuzkhf njhopyhsh; efh;T> cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs; ifkhw;wk; Nghd;wit fl;LgLj;jgl;Ls;sd. nghJ ];jhgdq;fs; xUq;fpizg;gpw;F cjtpGupAk; vd;gij fhl;Lk; tifapy; czT nghUl;fspd; tpiy tjpy; xUq;fpiza Kidfpd;wd. vdpDk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; rkhjhd ed;ikfis mjpfupf;f ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; tsikia Vw;gLj;JtJ kpfTk; mtrpakhd Xh; tplakhFk;. Mdhy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhu Mw;wiy cgNahfj;jpw;Fs;shf;FtJ Nky; khfhzj;jpypUe;J nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfis NtW ,lq;fSf;F vLj;J nry;Yk; nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngw$lhJ. ,ijtpl tptrha epyq;fspd; cgNahfk; kw;Wk; ifkhw;wj;ij tpUj;jp nra;Ak; kl;lj;jpy; ,it fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; coth; my;yJ fkj;njhopy; nra;gth;fSf;F re;ij njhlh;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;s cjtp GupAk; FwpNfhs; kpf;f Kaw;rpfis nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kaw;rpia njhlhe;J mbg;gil nghJ Nrit toq;fy; kw;Wk; juj;ij mjpfupf;f eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghJ ];jhgdq;fSk; Nrit toq;fy; juq;fs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G njhlh;Gk; FwpNfhs;kpf;f cs;sPLfSk; vd;w ,ay;ghw;wiy mwpe;J nraw;gl$ba $l;bizg;gpid cgNahfpj;J tsikAld; kf;fis ,izg;gjw;fhd nfhs;if njupTfis cU.1 njhFj;J toq;fpAs;sJ. khfhzq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; tsh;r;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l ed;ikfis gfph;e;jspf;Fk; mNjNtiseLj;ju tUkhdjpw;$lhd gazj;ij mjpfupf;fTk; NkYk; ,f;nfhs;iffs; cjtpnra;fpd;wd. nghUshjhu tsik rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; khj;jpuNk ftdf;Ftpg;ig nra;fpd;wd vd;gij nfhs;if ,aw;Wdh;fs; fz;Lf;nfhs;thh;fs; Mdhy; ,jd; %yk; mjpfstpyhd kf;fs; tsikAld; ,izf;fgLthh;fs;. T 10 | tsi ki a N e h f;fp k f;fi s ,i z j ;j y ; cU. 1: xt;nthU $w;W njhFjpf;Fk; xU Aj;jp-kf;fis tsikAld; ,izg;gjw;fhd Kd;Dupikfs; khfhzq;fs; tlkj;jpa> tlNky;> kj;jpa> rgpufKt> fpof;F> tlf;F Cth khfhzq;fs; njd; khfhzq;fs; rthy;fs; nrwptw;w kf;fs; nrwpthd kf;fs; nrwptw;w njhifia njhifia rdj;njhifia nfhz;l gpd;jq;fpa nfhz;l gpd;jq;fpa nfhz;lJk; gpuNjrq;fs; gpuNjrq;fs; cs;ehl;L gpupTfis (nghUshjhu (nghUshjhu nfhz;lJkhd njhiyT) njhiyT kw;Wk; gpd;jq;fpa jtwpa kf;fs; gpuNjrq;fs; nrwpT) (nghUshjhu njhiyT kw;Wk; cs;sf gpuTfs;) nfhs;if Kd;Dupikfs; ,lQ;rhh;e;j FUl;L Rfhjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp Rfhjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp Rfhjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp jd;ikapyhd tpisTfis tpUj;jp tpisTfis tpUj;jp tpisTfis tpUj;jp ];jhgdq;fs; nra;jy;. Rj;jkhd nra;jy;. Rj;jkhd nra;jy;. Rj;jkhd ePh; tpdpNahfk; ePh; tpdpNahfk; ePh; tpdpNahfk; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; epy cgNahfk; kw;Wk; khw;wj;jpd; gaDWjpia tpUj;jp nra;jy; ,lQ;rhh;e;j gpuhe;jpa ,izg;gpid kl;lj;jpyhd nfhz;l Nghf;Ftuj;J cl;fl;likg;G cl;fl;likg;G- nghOk;G khefu gpuNjrj;jpD}lhd ,izg;gpid tpUj;jp nra;jy; ,lQ;rhh;e;j tptrhak; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpyhd tptrhak; rhh;e;j cs;sPLfs; Æ ifnjhopy;fSf;fhd jiyaPLfs; re;ijfs; re;ij njhlh;G tpupthf;fq;fs; nfhOk;G khefuj;jpw;F ntspNa nraw;ghLfis nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;lhk;. k Ps ; g h h ; it | T 11 Endnotes 1 “nfhz;ildiuNr\d; ,d;lh;e\dy;” vd;w rQ;rpfiapd; cyf JiwKfq;fs; tupirapy; Fwpgpljf;f Vw;Wkjp ruf;Fld; 2006y; 34tJ ,lj;jpypUe;J 2008y; 27tJ ,lj;ij nfhOk;G vl;bAs;sJ. cyfyhtpa nghUshjhu gpd;diltpd; fhuzkhf fg;gy; ruf;fsT $h;ikahd tPo;r;rpaile;jikia ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sTk;. vdpDk; jw;nghOJ ,J khwp tUfpd;wJ. 2 tUlhe;j ifnjhopy; Gs;sp tptutpay; 2003: tpiyfs; 2007: 80 rjtPj ifnjhopy; tuT. 3 cyf tq;fpahy; Vg;uy; khjk; 2009 ,y; elhj;jg;gl;l fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J fl;lzq;fs; Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifapd; kjpg;G njhiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; kjpg;ghdJ nfhy;fyd; fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J fl;lzq;fs; njhlh;ghd nghJ ntspaPl;bd; mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ikapYf;F ,uz;L lhyh; my;yJ fpNyhkPw;wUf;F 1.25 lhyh; tpiyapid Fwpf;Fk; ngUtpuy; msT tpjp nghJ $w;wpid nfhz;Ls;sJ. 4 kl;lfsg;G efuk; (kl;lfsg;G khtl;lk;)> tTdpah efuk; (tTdpah khthl;lk;)> fy;Kid (mk;ghiw khtl;lk;) kw;Wk; aho;ghzj;jpd; jpUney;Ntyp re;ij Nghd;w ,lq;fspypy; ,uz;L thuq;fSf;F xU Kiw tpiyfis gjpT nra;Ak; (j gpiu]; nkhdpl;;lh;) vd;w tpiy fz;fhzpg;G mwpf;if. ,jd; khjhe;j juTfs; ,U thu mtjhdj;jpd; rhjhuz ruhrupahFk;. ,jpy; fhzg;gl;l 10 nghUl;fSk; aho;ghzk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; nghUl;fspy; cs;slq;Fk;. mj;Jld; xUq;fpizg;gpd; %ykhf vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l tpiy tPo;r;rp fhzg;gl;lJ. jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; re;ijapy; ,lk; ngw;w mstpw;fjpfkhd tpdpNahfk;> ehl;bd; Vida ghfq;fspYk; ghh;f;f aho;ghzj;jpy; rpy nghUl;fspd; tpiy Fiwtjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. cjhuzk;: ntq;fhak;> Nrhah> ful; T 12 | tsi ki a N e h f;fp k f;fi s ,i z j ;j y ;