2006 2006 2006 « » 2006 33+2006+(330.111.64) 65.5 63 / . , , . , . , , , , , . : . ., . ., . ., . ., . ., . . : . . 2005 World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development Oxford University Press . « », . . . , , , , , , . . Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.; : 978 750 4470, :978 750 4470, : www.copyright.com. , , : Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW., Washington, DC 20433, USA; : 202 522 2422; : pubrights@worldbank.org. -- « » (1947--1948). (Museo Mural Diego Rivera) . (). : © Photograph by Francisco Kochen. ISBN 5­7777­0355­0 © 2005 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, D.C. 20433 Telephone: 202 473 1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E mail: feedback@worldbank.org © 2006 -- « » _____xi _____xiii _____xiv _____1 _____4 ?_____6 « » _____8 1 _____17 : _____17 _____19 _____21 I _____23 1: _____24 2 : _____26 _____26 _____31 _____33 _____40 : _____44 _____47 3 _____51 _____51 _____52 _____55 _____57 _____61 _____63 2: _____65 vi II ?_____67 4 _____69 _____69 _____70 _____72 _____77 5 _____81 , , _____881 _____88 _____92 3: _____96 6 , _____98 : « » « »_____98 : _____100 : _____103 _____109 _____114 4: _____115 III « » _____117 7 _____120 : _____120 : _____123 _____129 : _____136 _____143 8 , _____144 _____144 _____150 _____156 _____163 5: _____164 9 _____166 _____166 _____167 _____174 _____181 _____186 6: _____191 vii 10 _____193 _____194 _____204 _____207 _____209 7: _____210 _____212 _____215 _____216 _____229 _____255 _____257 _____269 _____287 viii 2.1 7.9 _____27 _____134 2.2 : « 7.10 : _____140 » _____30 7.11 _____143 2.3 8.1 _____32 : « » 2.4 : , _____145 _____33 8.2 _____146 2.5 !_____36 8.3 2.6 : _____148 _____42 8.4 2.7 _____44 _____148 2.8 8.5 (): _____149 _____45 8.6 _____152 2.9 « 8.7 , , , »_____47 _____154 3.1 : , 8.8 _____53 _____156 4.1 8.9 _____158 _____71 8.10 4.2 ... _____74 _____158 4.3 , 8.11 _____75 _____161 6.1 XIX : _____100 8.12 6.2 _____162 _____104 9.1 : , 6.3 , _____108 _____168 6.4 9.2 : : _____110 _____170 7.1 -- 9.3 _____178 _____122 9.4 _____179 7.2 : 9.5 : _____180 ?_____125 9.6 1998 7.3 : ?_____189 _____126 10.1 , _____194 7.4 : 10.2 ()_____128 _____197 7.5 : _____129 10.3 _____198 7.6 _____130 10.4 7.7 ?_____200 _____131 10.5 7.8 _____132 _____201 1 3 _____5 , 2 _____6 _____6 ix 4 3.7 1950 . , -- _____59 _____7 3.8 , , 5 , _____59 _____8 3.9 6 _____60 _____11 3.10 7 _____61 _____13 3.11 , 1.1 , _____62 _____19 3.12 «» _____63 2.1 , 4.1 «»_____73 _____28 4.2 2.2 _____76 _____28 4.3 ­ ..._____77 2.3 4.4 ..., , _____29 _____77 2.4 _____31 4.5 (1980­1995) 2.5 , (1994­2001)_____78 4.6 _____34 _____79 2.6 5.1 _____35 2.7 , _____82 , _____35 5.2 , 2.8 , _____87 10 , , 1996_____36 5.3 2.9 : ()_____88 _____37 5.4 : 2.10 : «» «»_____89 _____38 5.5 2.11 : 1200%_____89 _____39 5.6 2.12 , _____90 : 6.1 , , _____99 _____41 6.2 1500 . 2.13 , _____49 3.1 _____101 _____54 6.3 3.2 , _____101 _____55 6.4 3.3 XX _____56 3.4 , _____102 6.5 , _____56 _____107 3.5 6.6 , ­ , _____107 _____57 6.7 3.6 _____58 1870 ._____109 x 7.1 9.1 , _____121 _____173 7.2 -- 9.2 _____121 _____175 7.3 9.3 _____122 7.4 , : _____127 _____176 7.5 , 9.4 _____137 _____183 8.1 9.5 _____187 _____151 9.6 8.2 _____188 _____153 9.7 _____189 8.3 _____160 10.1 , 8.4 XIX _____195 _____161 10.2 , _____206 2.1 9.2 _____40 ( )_____169 2.2 , 9.3 _____50 _____188 3.1 10.1 (2002, 2003 2006)_____206 1990 ._____51 1 _____258 3.2 2 , _____57 ()_____260 3.3 3 _____262 , 1980­2002 ._____62 4 _____264 5.1 , , '_____84 2006 _____271 5.2 1 _____272 _____90 2 « , 7.1 _____138 »: 7.2 _____274 ____141 3 _____276 9.1 «» 4 , _____278 _____167 5 _____280 -- , . : 0,5% , 15% . 2% , , 10% , . 100% , , 50% . , , -- . 28 . . -- : , , , , , , , . -- , , , , . , , , . , , , . «» , , . «» -- . , , , , . , , , . . xi . . : , , , , , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , . , . . . , , , , . , , ; . « ». « » -- , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , . . , , , . . -- , -- . -- . -- . , . xiii : (PROMESA) Promocio´n y « » Mejoramiento de la Salud () , (Heavily Indebted Poor Countries) , (Kecamatan Development Project) / DHS Demographic and Health Survey ICOR Incremental Capital Output Ratio IMS Intercontinental Marketing Services MMM Movement Militant Mauricien « » () PPA Participatory Poverty Assessment TAC Treatment Action Campaign TIMSS Third International Mathematics and Science Study , «» , « . » « ». ; , , , . , . , ., , , ( , ( ). 1000 , ). 1000 . xiv , . 2000 . . -- , , , , , 700 . . . -- , . . () . . -- , , , , . , , . , , , . . 7,2%, (0,3%), , (3%). 80 -- 12 68 , -- 50. , , 30 , 12 . , , 11,4 , -- -- 5 , 1. . , , 2. , : 500 . , , , . 264 -- -- . (). , , . 3. , , , , , , , . , . 25 , , , , . (, , 2006 . ), . , (, . ), , 2 2006 . , , , , , , . , . , : « ». , , . , . , , , . , . , , , , , , , . , . . , , , . , , -- -- , . , , . , , , . . , , , , , , . . , . , . ; , , . («») -- , , . . , « » , , , , , . . . , , , , . , , , -- « » , , . . , , , . , «» , , , , . . 3 . , . , , , « » , . , , , , , . , . , , , , 4. , , , , . . , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , , « . », . « » « » -- , . ; , : , ; . , , , « », . . , : -- -- . . , . , , , , , , « » . . « » I . , . , . . , ( , ) , , , , , , . . II : ? , ( , 4 2006 , ), . III , , , , , . , « ». , , (. 1). , , . , « ( » ), , 40% , ( , ). , , , . . , . , , , . . , , . , , , , -- , . . , , , . ( , ) , , , . ( 2). 1996 . , , . -- , , «» -- , , , -- , . . «» . . , , , , , -- , , , -- . . «» , , , . . , , . ( ) , , . . . , . , , 5 1 , (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (*) (*) (*) (*) : Demographic Health Survey (DHS). . (*) , , . -- , ; -- . . , , , , , (. 2). . 3, , : 0 5 , , 12 , , 7 , -- 126. , . : ( , ) . -- 400 : , -- , , , , . , , , , 5. , , , . 1975-- . 1979 . 5,4 6 2006 2 ) 3--5 . . , . 110 110 100 25% 100 12 , , 90 90 . , 80 80 0­5 . 70 25% 70 , 60 60 40 50 60 70 40 50 60 70 () () , . : Parson and Schady (2005). -- , . 1990 . -- , (TVIP) ( , . ) . ( ( ) 3. 3), . -- 6,3 ., , -- 13,4 . 1980 . (. 4). , , , . XIX . . , . 279 . . 17 232 . , . , , 62 . . 3 , , ? . -- , -- , , , ? , , 1960--2000 . 0,05 , . , , 1990 . 1960--1980 . , . , 1960 2000 , (. 3). , , , ( 4). . 0 . , 1990 ., 27 39 51 63 75 87 , / ( ) : Schady (2005). ( . 7 4 , , , , . , 1 , 0,83 -- , 0.8 0,69 , 7. 0.6 0,50 0,42 , . 0.4 0,36 , 0,37 0,33 0,33 0.2 0,05 . 0 1820 1850 1870 1890 1910 1929 1950 1960 1970 1980 1992 , , . : Bourguignon and Morrisson (2002). , , , , , , , , . . -- -- , , , , . , : . , 6. , . , , , , , , , . , , , . , , ; , , . (. 5). , , , . ( 5). , : , . , , ( 6). , . ( , . ) : , , 8 2006 . , . , , . , . , , , . , , , , , , . . «» , , : , , , . . , , , . . , , , , , . 5 , « » , 8 , , . , 6 . , 4 . , , 2 , ? 0 , . «», , . , : Hoff and Pandey (2004). , . « ». , , , , , . . , , : , ( ), (). 9 , , . , , , , -- , . , , . · , . , ( ) , , , . . . , 1 . 4 . : , 8. , , , ( , -- , -- -- ), . , , . -- , , . -- : · , , , . . , , , . , , . , , , . , 9. , · , , , ( , , ), , , . , , , . , , , . . , , ( , ), , . « » . , , . . 10 2006 , ­ . , , . -- , -- , ( 9--24 ), , , . , . 24 . , , , . (. 6). , « » , . , . : ; , « ». . , . , . . , , . . . , , , , . , , . ( 2 7). , , , , . , , . ( ), . ( ). . , , , , , . , , , ­ « ». , , . , . (. . 2), -- -- . . , , , , , « 11 », 6 20 . 2004, 110 , 105 . 100 . 95 . , 90 ; 85 , , 6 12 18 24 . : Grantham McGregor and others (1991). . . ­ , . « » , ­ , . , Oportuni , dades . , , . . ( «» : , , .) , . , , , , . , . . , « » , , , «30 » . . , . . . . , . . , , , , , , , . , , , , . . . , , . , , , , . , , . 12 2006 -- , , , . . , -- . , , , , , -- , . , . , , (, ), , , . . , , , , . , . , ( 8). . , . , , . , , , . , , , . . , . . , , . ( , ) -- , . . , , , -- . , . , , (1964) (1965) « ­ », . . , . . . , . , -- , , , , -- 13 7 . > 5% 4­5% . 2­4% 0­2% . , , . , . , , . , , , . : Nicita (2004). , , . . : , , , , . ( ) . . . , , , , , -- , , -- . -- . , , , , , , , , , , , . , . , . , . . . , -- ( 1990 .) , ( 9). , . 14 2006 , , . ( ), , « , , , » . -- ( ( , ) ). , ( -- , , ), , , . . . . ( ) , , . , . (. 7). , , . -- «», ( ) . . ( ) ­ , . , , . , . , ( ­ « »). , , , . . , . . , , . , . ­ . , . , , ( ) , , . , , ( . ): , ; , , ; , , . , -- 15 . , , ( ), . , . . , , . , . , . . , , , . , , ( ), , . , , . , , . , , (, . , ) . ( ), ­ , . , , , . , . , , . , . . , . , , . , , , , , . , , , . , , (), . . , , , , ( 10). , , . , , . ­ , . , . , . . 16 2006 , , , . , ( , . ). , , . , , 10--20 : , , , . , , . , , , . . « » , « , » : , , , , . . , , , , 2002 ., , 0,7% , . . , . , . , , . , , . -- 1 , . , -- . , , . , , , , , . . . , « » , , , , , «» , «» . . : , , , , , , , , . . , , « ». , , , -- . , II , , , , -- , , , . . , ; 4, . . -- : . · . -- « ». , , , . , -- , , , . , -- , , , : 1. · . ? 2 , «» , . , 18 2006 ( ), ), (, . ) ( . , ). · . , -- , , -- . , , , , «» , . . , , , , : , , , , . . 2 , , , , , -- , . , , , , -- , . . . . , , , : . . , , . , . , , , . , , -- -- . . , , -- , , , , ? ( ) ? , . : , (, ( ), ( ), . ?). 2, , ( ) . , -- , . , -- . , , : ( ). · , , . , , , ( , . 19 1.1 , , , , , ? , ? ? , . , . . , , . , . , -- , . -- . , , . . , . . , , , . , . , , , , , . , . . , (. 1.1). : , . -- . . , , , «» «» , . . : ; . . . , : , , 3. . , . . , «, » , , , , , 4. . , 5. , , , , , 20 2006 . , , , , , , , (, , . ) , , , ( ) . . , , . , ( ) . -- ( . )12. . ( «» , , , , , .) « », . . , . 6. ? , , -- , , , -- . . . , , . -- , . , 7. , : , , , -- , «» . , «» ( « » , ) . , , , 8. 13. « » , , 9. , «», , , . , , , «» «» ()10. , -- . : , , . -- , , , . , . , , , . , . , , , , 11. , , 14. . , , , 21 . . , . , , , , , , . , , . , . , , , , () , . 15. , . , . , , , , , , . , . -- , , --, , . , , , -- . I ( ) . II , , -- . . III . , . , , « » , . 16. « » , . , : , , . . , , . , , . , . , , , ( ), . ( ). « » , , , , , , . , , -- , , , . « » 1990 .17 , . -- , , -- « , , » 2000 .18 I 1 , . , , . 1950 1990 . . , , , , . , . 1. -- . 1993 . 100 . 83 , . . , ( , ). , , , , . . , « , -- , , . . «» , , , 1993 . , , /4 . 1 »2. , , , . , . -- , « » . . , . : . , , , , . . , , , ­ . , , . ­ . , . , . , , , . . , , , , . . . , , . . 1993 . 313 15 14 . , , , 12% . . «» , . , , . , . , . , , , . , , . , 25 . . . , , , , , , . . . 1950 . 20% , 7 1% . . 1993 . 37%, -- 10%. , , . . , , . . . , , « , » , . , , . . , , . . , , , () , , ( , . , 1984 . . , , .), , , , , 50--60% . , , , . . , , , . . , , , . . , , , , , , . 1957--1958 1983--1984 . , ( ), 2%, . 47 34%. . , , . 1950 , 1990 . . , , . 18 : , « », , . , , . , , , , , , . . , , , . , , , . 30 40% , . , , . 1957--1958 . 13 0,46 . ( 528) 1962--1963 . 0,55 ( : « . 1993 . ) 1990 . 4 57 , , . , , 3». ; , , . : Dreze, Lanjouw, and Sharma (1998). : , , 2 . . , , , . . « », 1: . , , ; , , . . , , . « ». -- , « 1» , , , , , . , ; . . , « » , , . ? , . (Roemer 1998) , , ( 2.1). . , . , , , , , , , , . , , . (Cogneau 2005) , , . , . . , . . , . , , , . -- , , , , , , . . , , , , : 27 . . , 2.1  Áðàçèëèè íåðàâåíñòâî âîçìîæíîñòåé , ïåðåäàåòñÿ èç ïîêîëåíèÿ â ïîêîëåíèå . . (DHS) , . . , . , . , , , , ? DHS 60 , , 0,6 , . , , . , -- *. , 1996 . , , Pes . quisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios . ( (PNAD) . , 3.) . . . ( , ( , ), , -- ( 25 , (Bour , 1 . ) guignon, Ferreira, and Menendez 2005) ). 125 , (. 2.1). , , , , . , . , , , , 1, , , , . , . ( 1996 .) 50, : Bourguignon, Ferreira and Menendez , (2005). . , * , , , , , , , . , , . , , , . , . . /5. 1 2.5, : De Ferranti and others (2004). . -- ( , ) -- . . 30% , , , (. . , 2.2). , , , , . , 10% , . -- , , -- -- , -- , -- (. 2.3). , , , . , 40%. , , 28 2006 2.1 , 1 . 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 ' : Demographic Health Survey (DHS). . , -- . 2.2 ( z < 3) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 (*) (*) ' : Demographic Health Survey (DHS). . -- ; -- . (*) , , . : 29 2.3 , (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (*) (*) (*) (*) : Demographic Health Survey (DHS). . -- , , ; -- . (*) , , . , , . , , 38% , , 5% . , « » 15%. , 70% -- . , 10 . , DHS 30 , , (World Bank 2003) , , , , , 1. (Sen 2004) , , , « », . , (Wodon 2005) , 15 « ». , , , , , . , -- 35--38%. . ; . , 2. . (Hoogeveen 2003) , (Deaton 2003) , 30 2006 2.2 : « » , , , , . , . , , , , . , , . , , , « » . , (), . 2003 . . 12,3 . « », « », . . , , « , «52% « » , » 2010 . 1,5 , 2% , , 2014 . -- 1 . » (UNAIDS 2002, 135). , , , , , , : . « » , ( , . , ). « . , » , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . . . « « » » , , , , « , ( ) « », , ... ( 7.11 , , . ). , . , , : Avert.org (2004) , http://www.avert.org/aidsorphans.htm. Accessed ( ) December 14, 2004, Fleshman (2001). Hargreaves » (. : Fleshman 2001, 1). and Glynn (2002), Lewis (2003), UNAIDS (2002), , UNICEF (2003), USAID, UNAIDS, and UNICEF (2004). (, , ) , , . « . , » , , , , ( 2.2). . DHS (. 2.1--2.3) , , . : . , ( ) , , , ( 1870 . 1960 .). . , , () . , , , DHS , 4. 3. 1600 : 31 2.4 ( ) / (260) / (189) / (365) / (780) 0 100 200 : Fujii (2005). 5. (. 2.4). . , (Cornia and Menchini 2005), . , , . , . XX . ( 3). (Deaton 2004) . , , 1950--1990 . , 1994 . 7,9 , , , . 1980 1990 . 1,6 1950 . 2,2 1991 . / , . ( 2.3). ? DHS. DHS, . . , 36 «», , ( , 25 ) . . 25 . , , , . , , , , . , , 32 2006 2.3 Ïîâûøåíèå óðîâíÿ è ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè ( 2.4). îõðàíû çäîðîâüÿ â Ïåðó , DHS, (Paxson . , Schady 2004) . 1970 1970 1980 . 1990 . (. . . ). -- 1988--1992 ., , . . . , , , , 60 (. 2.5.). , -- . , , , , 80%. . , , , . , , , . . , 1990 ., , , 1991 2000 . 20%, -- 70%. , . . (. 2.6). 0,15 , , , . 0,12 . , 0,09 , . 0,06 10 0 25 2 . 50 5 0,03 75 10 , , , , , , 90 11 . 0,00 , 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 : Paxson and Schady (2004). , 6. , , , , . , , -- , , . . , , , . , . , , , , . . , , : 33 , 2.4 Ðåçóëüòàòû òåñòèðîâàíèÿ äåòåé «, â Ýêâàäîðå: ðîëü áëàãîñîñòîÿíèÿ, ». , îáðàçîâàíèÿ ðîäèòåëåé (Araujo, Ferreira and Schady 2004) , è ìåñòà æèòåëüñòâà , 124 , . , (Paxson and Schady 2005) , 7. 110 , , . 100 , 25% , 90 . , , , (), 80 , , , 70 , 25% . , 60 (. 2.7). 40 50 60 70 , ( ) , . , , , 110 . . 100 ( . 12 , ) 90 30% . , , 80 0­5 , , 70 , . , 60 , 40 50 60 70 , ( ) . , . , . , . , . . , , , , . : Paxson and Schady (2004). . . (Claessens, Djankov and Lang 2000), , , , . , , (. 2.8). 1996 . 57% , 10 , . . , , , , . , (Davies and (. 2.5). Shorrocks 2005) , , (Sudjana and Merril Lynch Forbes, 20% Mishra 2004), , 34 2006 2.5 , (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 (*) (*) (*) (*) ' : , . . -- ; -- -- . (*) , -- , . . , , . (Morck, Stangeland and Yeung 2000) 2.5, , 1 . () , , , : ( , . 6 7). , , . , . ? , , . . , , , 2.5, , . 2.9 , , -- . . , , . . , -- , , , , « : 35 2.6 (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) ' : , . . -- ; -- . (*) , , . », 2.7 , , . , () 0,4 , , . , 0,3 2.5, . 0,2 «» 0,1 , 8. , 0,0 1935­ 1940­ 1945­ 1950­ 1955­ 1960­ 1965­ 1970­ 1975­ 1939 1944 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 (. . 2.10 2.11)9. . . (Elbers and others 2005), , , : Araujo, Ferreira and Schady (2004). 36 2006 2.5 Áîéòåñü ìåæñòðàíîâîãî ñðàâíåíèÿ íåðàâåíñòâà! · , ; · . , . . : : , . : , 1997 0,468 0,621 · 1996 0,497 0,596 , ; 2000 0,428 0,523 · (Atkinson and Brandolini 2001). ; 1998 0,417 0,534 · 1994 0,446 0,523 ; . 1998 0,390 0,586 1998 0,362 0,489 , -- , , 1996 0,366 0,513 . 1996 0,252 0,392 , ( 1995 0,274 0,392 . , -- .: Korinek, Mistiaen and Ravallion, forthcoming). 1997 0,474 0,478 (. . ). 2000 0,334 0,392 . . (Thomas 1987) , : . , , , . . . , , , : , . · , ; , 2.8 , , 10 , . 2.10 2.11: , . , . , 1996 . , 57,7% , . 52,5% . 46,2% () 32,1% , 26,8% . 26,6% . , 24,8% , () 18,4% . 2,4% , , . , : Claessens, Djankov, and Lang , (2002). , -- . , , 30% (. 2.10). . 40% (. 2.11). , : 37 2.9 , ' () () 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 : , . 38 2006 , «» . . , (. 2.4), . , « », , , . . (Elbers , and others 2004) , () , , . . , 22% 40% , (. 2.1). -- (World Bank 2004) -- , 40% 2.10 : . , , . , ' . , ( 3). . , (Jalan and Ravallion 1997) « », (, ) , . , . (Ravallion and Wodon 1999) , . , : , . , . (Kanbur Zhang 2001) , , ( , ) 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 . (Escobal and Torero 2003) , : . , : 39 2.11 : () ' -- 0,00 0,15 0,30 0,45 0,00 0,15 0,30 0,45 : . . . , , . , ; , , 10. 40 2006 , , , . : , . , . , , , . . , , , , , , , , (. ). . , , . , , . , , . , , 1950 ., , . -- « ». , . , , . ( 2.6). . . 2.12 . . (Bourguignon and Morrison 1990), , , , « . 2.10 2.11, , , , . , , , ». , . , 1970--1980 . , , 12. ( ) , 11. , 2.1 . , (Dollar and Kraay 2002, 2004) , (%) (%) (Lundberg and Squire 2003) , . (Ravallion 2001) 1579 58,8 41,2 (Milanovic 2002) , 1248 74,6 41,2 , 424 78,0 22,0 . : Elbers and others (2004). . . , , , . , . : 41 . 2.12 , , : , -- , , . , -- , , , -- . , , , 13. , , . . , (. 2.5). , . . , , (Atkinson 2003), : . . () XX . , (Y/C). 1970 . ( . , , ), 1980 . 1984 , 1990 . 10 ( . ) -- , . . . , . , , . , , . , , 1990 . . , 1980 . . , , , ( , ) , -- (), , 14. , (). , , , , . , , 15. , , , ( 2.6), (Ravallion 1980 and Chen 2004) , 1990 . , , , . , 0,30 1991 . 0,41 42 2006 2.6 Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ðîñò è íåðàâåíñòâî: åùå ðàç î ãèïîòåçå Êóçíåöà , ., Bourguignon and Morrison (1989), Fields and Jakubson (1994), Deininger and Squire -- , (1998), Bruno, Ravallion, and ( ) Squire (1998), , -- . (Lewis 1954) . , (Kuznets 1955). , (), « , , , , », 1954 ., «5% 95% , , , , . , , ». , , , , , . , , , . . , . , , , , , ( ) , . . . , , . , . , . (Kanbur 2000) , , , « U » (Handbook of Income Dist (« »). (Deininger and Squite 1996), ribution), « Fields (1989), «» 1954 . , . , , , , , . , , , , ». . , , , . ., : . 2000 .16 : 0,32 1990 . . 0,40 2002 .17. , 1990 . , , 0,34 1995--1996 . 0,39 2003--2004 .18 (World Bank 2003), 1990 ., , . . 1998 2003 . . . (De Ferranti and others , , 2004) , « (World Bank » 1980 . 1990 . 2005a). , , . , . : 43 , . . . ? , , , ( ) . , ( 1990 . , ). , . . . , . , , 19. (Bourguignon, Ferreira, and Lustig 2005), , . 0,4, , 20. (Mazumder 2005) , . , . , ( ) 30%. -- 0,6. (), -- (, ). 0,4 0,6 . . , , , . , , , , . . , ( ) , . , 21. , , ( , , 0,2 2.1, , , ). , . . (Atkinson, Maynard and Trinder 1983) , 0,43, , , (Dearden, , ( Machin, and Reed 1997) 0,57. , , ). , . . , , , . , , 22. , . , (Solon 2002) , . . , , 44 2006 . , , . , , , « « ( ) ». , , , , »23. . : , , . , , (Mazumder 2005) . . . . , , . , , 50% , , 80% -- , , . , , . « : ». 50% , , , 2/3 , -- . . (Hertz 2005) ( . ) . , , , : , . 17% , , , , . 6 , . 42%. , « -- », . . , -- , , 2.7 Íåñïðàâåäëèâîñòü èíñòèòóòîâ è àãåíòíîñòè â Ïàêèñòàíå « : ( » 20% , , 4,3% . , ), (. United Nations , 1% ( Development Programme 2003). 8700 , -- -- 5%). , 1200 . , -- , , , . , . , , . , , , , , , . « (38,5 80,8% ). . , », 16,7% , , , « , , , , , », , , , . 6800 . 6,7%, , . , -- 9300 . , , : United Nations Development Programme (2003). : 45 2.8 Íàñëåäèå äèñêðèìèíàöèè è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâî íåðàâåíñòâà è áåäíîñòè ñðåäè íàðîäà áàòâà â Óãàíäå , , , . , , ; . . , « , , 1751 ., , , , » (Zaninka 2003, 170). , , . , , . , , , . , . . () . , , 1930 . , , . 1991 . , . . , «, . . , ». , : « , ». . , : Moncrieffe (2005), , , . , , . . , -- , , , , . , 24. , , . , , , 25. . , , , «» , ( , , 2.7). -- , . , , . . , , , -- . , . . , «» , . , , 26 ( . 27), , « . ». , , -- , , . 46 2006 , , , , . , , , « , , . »28. : , . . , , « »29 . «» , 32. . , , , « . « », », , (. 2.8)30. , , . , , , . «» -- , . , , -- , , « » , 33. , , () , , . , . . , , , , . , (Merton 1938): . «... , , , , , (. « 4» ). 34, ,... » ( ). , , -- 35. 31. . . , ( ), . . . , : 47 , 2.9 Ñîîòíîøåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìóæ÷èí è æåíùèí è «íåõâàòêà æåíùèí» , , , ( ) . . 1953 « » 1964 1982 , 1960 ., 1990 , 1995 , 2000 , . « » (Sen, 1990). 1949 , . 1960 1960 . 1970 () , 1980 1990 . 1995 , 2000 4 , , 36. 1951 . , , 1961 : , 1971 . 1981 1991 , , 2001 , . (). , 1951 . . 1961 , 1971 1981 -- , , 1991 -- . . , 2001 , XXI ., , 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 . , , , . , . , 37. , . . 1953--1964 . . (. .). 1980 . , , . . . . , , . , . ; . ; , , 1981 2001 ., , , 105 100 . . , , , , , . , , . . , : Das Gupta and others (2003). , , . , , . , , , ; . , 48 2006 . , , , 10% 42. , , , . ( 2.9). -- « , ». , . , 80% . , , , 60% , 43. . , «» , , () , -- , , «» () . . , , « » , , . , , , ; . 44. , . «», , . . , , , , , , , . . , -- -- , : , , 38. , . : . « , , , -- »45. , . , , , (. 2.13). , 39. -- , -- . , . , , , , . , . , 40. , 46. -- 41. . , . , , . , , , , . . -- , 51% 75% . : 49 2.13 , , , , , . . , , . , . , , , , . , , . -- « » ; , . -- 400 0 400 , 47. , : United Nations Development Programme (1995). . : (c ) -- 1990, , ( ) -- 1983, (c ) -- 1977, ( ) -- 1992, (c ) -- 1988, . ( ) -- 1986, (c ) -- 1978, ( ) -- 1978, (c ) -- 1975--1977, ( , ) -- 1983, -- 1992, -- 1992, -- 1992, -- 1987, « » -- 1987--1988, -- 1985­1986, -- 1991--1992, -- 48. 1991--1992, -- 1988--1989, -- 1987, -- 1990--1991, , -- 1985, -- 1985. 49. , , , , , 50. , , . , , 51. , , , , . , . , , , , , . . , , (Kabeer 1997) , , , , , , . , , , . . «» «» , , , 50 2006 2.2 , , . (Bloch and Rao 2002) , . « , » 42 , . , , 27 10 , , , 49 59 52. , , 31 17 , , , 62 47 , . 41 20 , ; 23 6 . , , , 33 23 . , , 34 29 . : « , », . , . . . . , . 2000 . , , , . . 53. , (Udry 1996) , , , , , . , 54. . , 55. , , , . 56. , . () , , , (. 2.2). , 57. « , 3 , , « , », , , -- , «» « « », » . , -- . 1. , 2000 . , . , (37 ) ; (39 ) , , , (77 )2. 1996 . 3,3%, ( ) , -- 7,4%. 1975 1979 ., , 6 , -- , 12 . , 3. -- , . , , , ? , , (Sen , , 2001) . « , ? , , ». , , , , , . . -- , -- . , . , ? , , , , . ? , , , ( , . ). , , , , . , : , , , . , , , 2001 . , 13% , , . , , : , 52 2006 (9%). ( , , , ) 1960 . « . »7. , 50 : 35 45 , 41 -- 65 75 24% , -- 1%. , . 16 , 1980 . «» . . , . , : 1975 1979 ., 14 ( 73 65 75 , 31 -- , ); 55 65 35 -- 45 55 . 2000 . , , , , , . 1980 . . , -- , , , ( . ), , -- 8. , , 1980 2000 . , , 1994 . 2 . (54 . ). 1990 . , : . 2000 . 1185 . , 20 , . , , , , , , «» 5,8 15,6 . , 1990 . , 2000 . , 1980 . . -- , 20, 50 -- , 200 ? , 1990 . (1820--1992 .), , 4. , (Bourguignon, Levin and Rosenblutt 2004) 5. ( 27 : , 61 ), , ?6 , XIX . 1990 . , 1990 . (. 3.1). (, , ) , , 1960 . . 3.1 , . , 1990 . ( , ) 9. , 53 3.1 : , : , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , . -- -- . . , , . (Milanovic : , 2005) (Ravallion 2004a). , , , , . . , « » , « . , » : « , , 1870 . , ( ). , 9 , , . 1990 . , 45 ». , , , . , , ? , , , . : « . » ? , , , , , , -- , , , . , , , -- . . . ( ), : ; . ( . , , . 200) , : , . (Milanovic 2005) , -- , ; (Ravallion 2004) , -- . 5. 1, 2 3 (. . ). , , , , , , , , , . , (Shor rocks 1980). : , , ( ) , . , : , , ( ) . , : . : Milanovic (2005) Ravallion (2004a). 54 2006 3.1 1960 1980 2000 , 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,00 29 35 41 47 53 59 65 71 77 83 89 29 35 41 47 53 59 65 71 77 83 89 29 35 41 47 53 59 65 71 77 83 89 µ = 50,2 µ = 62,3 µ = 66,4 1960 1980 2000 , 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,00 27 33 39 45 51 57 63 69 75 81 87 27 33 39 45 51 57 63 69 75 81 87 27 33 39 45 51 57 63 69 75 81 87 µ = 53,4 µ = 61,0 µ = 64,8 : Schady (2005). , , , -- , 2000 . , , , 1950 .10 . , , 2 . . ( 20% 10 .) 11. , , : . 3.1 1990 . 12. 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 , , 53,4 57,4 61,0 64,0 64,8 . 45 , 2000 . Demographic Health 0,233 0,203 0,183 0,173 0,194 Survey, Theil T 0,027 0,021 0,017 0,016 0,020 4,9 , . Theil L 0,028 0,022 0,018 0,017 0,021 : Schady (2005). , . Theil L Theil T , 10% , () , , 3,1 13. , 0 1. 55 , 3.2 , ( , 2000 . ), , 85 ( ). , 75 , 65 . , , , 55 , , . , , 45 , , . 35 0 10 000 20 000 30 000 , 2000 ., . , , , : Deaton (2004). , . , . ( , ) . () XXI . (. 3.2)15. (. 3.3). , , , . , . , ( , ), , , , , -- . ; 1960 , 1970 , 16. 1980 . . , . 17. . , -- -- ( ) 1990 . 2000 . , . / 18. , 1960 2000 . (Cornia and . Menchini 2005) , -- , -- (. 3.4). , . -- 3,4 6,2 (. 3.2). , , ( ) 1960 . ; 56 2006 3.3 1960 1980 2000 , 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,00 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 µ = 3,3 µ = 4,6 µ = 6,3 1960 1980 2000 , 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,00 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 µ = 4,4 µ = 5,6 µ = 6,6 : Schady (2005). . , , . , , . 3.4 , ( , ) ( 2). 20% () , 1935--1979 ., 1,0 9 , 0,8 8 . -- 0,6 7 -- . 0,4 6 0,2 5 () . 0,0 4 1935­ 1940­ 1945­ 1950­ 1955­ 1960­ 1965­ 1970­ 1975­ 1939 1944 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 , ( -- 31% 16% ). : Araujo, Ferreira, and Schady (2004). . (. 3.5). GE (0,5), . . , 0,5. , , 57 , , 3.2 , , , , . 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 3,38 3,82 4,67 5,55 6,30 . , 0,739 0,705 0,612 0,518 0,461 Theil T 0,281 0,259 0,195 0,143 0,115 , . ( Theil L 0,392 0,365 0,250 0,179 0,144 25--34 , ) : Schady (2005). ( . Theil L Theil T , 15 ) 27 () , ( ) 0 1. 0,57. , . ( 3.5 , ), , ( ) , . , , . , , . . 4 , , (Pritchett 2004b) , 3 , , . , , 2 ( ) , , -- . ( 1 PISA 2001) 1935­ 1940­ 1945­ 1950­ 1955­ 1960­ 1965­ 1970­ 1975­ 1939 1944 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 . , , , , , , , : Araujo, Ferreira, and Schady (2004). , , , ) ( 96% 15-- ). 19 « »19. 1997 2002 ., , (. 3.6). « ?», . , , , , : , , , ( ), ( 20. 58 2006 , , . 21. , -- , , , , -- , 25 90 2% ( ) , , . 17 228 . ( ) ( 28 264 . -- 10 000 . ) () , , 1950--2000 . -- 367 . -- 573 940. (Milanovic 2005), (Atkinson and Brandolini 2004) « », -- , « 5% , . 3.7. 2% , () 41 , 1980 . , 72 , ». , , . , , , 1980 . -- , . , , , , . , 3.6 , , , , 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 (1993, . ) : . . 1997 2002 .; , 1993 . ( ) ( ). , , ( ) ( ). 59 3.7 1950 . 3.8 , , -- , , 1970=100 0,6 (0,3) () (3,0) ( 0,5 250 225 () 0,4 200 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 175 : Milanovic (2005). , , 150 , . 125 . , . 100 , 75 , . 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 , : Atkinson and Brandolini (2004). , . . , , , (Milanovic 2005): 1986--1990, 1991--1996 1997-- . ( , -- ) -- , 1993 . 2000 . (. ((Atkinson and Brandolini 2004)) , 3.9). , , 22 ( , ) 1970 . (. 3.8)23. , , , , , . , , , . , 24 , , 25 . . , . , , . . . ( ) . , , . 1980 . , : 74% , . 1970 -- 1980 . 74% 1993 . , 67% 2000 . 60 2006 , (. 3.1). 1970--1992 . (. 3.10)27. ( 2) , , XIX . , , . ( 12% ), , , ; , (Milanovic 2005), 1998 . . 71%. , 1910 ., , ( , ) ( ). 1970 . . (Milanovic 2005), 10% 1820 . . , 60% 1992 . , , -- , , -- ( ) (1820--1992 .) . . , , , . , , . , , () , , ( , ) . () . 26. , , , . . 1870 1990 ., , (Burguignon and (Pritchett 1997) , Morrison 2002) , ( (Madison 1995) « ») , 3.9 . , « , : % «» () 1,15 , -- «» («») »28. ( ) ( ) 100 0,90 0,87 0,84 0,82 74 (Schultz 1998), 78 75 67 , 0,65 2 0,65 0,64 /3 ( 50 ) 1960-- 0,55 1990 .; 0,40 ( ) ( ) . 25 0,27 ( , 0,22 0,19 ) 50% 0,15 0 /3 1 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 . : . , 61 20% 36%. 3.10 , . 1 , 0,83 , 0,8 0,69 . 0,6 0,50 25 . , , 0,42 , 1980 . 0,4 0,36 ( ) -- 0,37 0,33 0,33 , ­ 0,2 29. 0,05 1980--2002 . 0 ( 1820 1850 1870 1890 1910 1929 1950 1960 1970 1980 1992 97,08% 3.3 -- ), : , . , 8% : Burguignon and Morrison (2002). . «, 1980--2002 . , , , 33. , »30. (Milanovic 2005) « » 40 c . , , 20--25 , -- , , «» , , , -- , . . , (. 3.11)31. . , , 1 . , 2001 . 400 , , , , 1981 ., -- (, 160 . 313 . ). , , , -- , , . , , -- , « , 32, , . , , , . »34. , , «» -- , () -- « 1 . , -- , » -- . , . . , -- 16,4% , -- 7,9%, -- 4,5%, -- 4,3%. . . : 62 2006 3.3 . , 1980--2002 . 2002 . , 1980 , <710 711 1100 1 101 2890 2 891 10000 10 001> , <710 1,28% 1,64% 0,00% 97,08% 0,00% . 711 1100 8,23% 3,89% 87,88% 0,00% 0,00% 1 101 2890 8,09% 0,56% 59,08% 32,28% 0,00% . 2 891 10000 0,00% 0,00% 0,98% 90,84% 8,17% , (Blackhurst, Luakurwa, and Oyejide 2000) , 8 38 10 001> 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 3,99% 96,01% ( : Bourguignon, Levin, and Rosenblatt (2004a0. ) , . ( . ). . , 19 38 -- -- 3.11 , . , 36. (1 . ) 2001 . , , 80 AFR EAP NGA . ECA ZAM , LAC MDG 60 MLI MENA NER CAF BDI , ZWE SAR MWI BF A . TZA LSO R W A 40 GHA , (Kaufmann, NIC MOZ KHM IND Kraay, and Mastruzzi 2004) NAM KEN BGD GAM ETH 25 20 CIV MON CMR MAU VEN BWA GTM CHN UZB YEM LAO , 18 MYS ZAF MEX PHL SEN PAK . RUS COL BRA THA ARG UKR TUR 0 VNM SLE EGY LKA JOR MAR 0 20 40 60 80 . . 3.12 «» (1 . ) 1981 . , : PovcalNet . , ; . AFR -- ; EAP -- ; ECA -- ; LAC -- ; MENA -- ( , . 3.6) ; SAR -- . «» ; « 5,2% . ». 2,8% . . , (Filmer and others 1998) , 37. /3 2 «» « » ( , , , , , ), . «» , /5 , 1 . . , , () . . , , , , . . , , , , , -- , -- . 63 3.12 «» , , . 10,5 ( , , )38. , 1975--1979 . , 5,4 , -- 10,1 , -- 13,4 . , , . . -- 50 «» , . , , . 0 20 40 60 80 100 1990 . : Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004). / . "«» " , . , . XIX . , , . ; , , , . , , . , -- , . , . . ? (Deaton 2004) , , , . , , . , . , , . 40. «» . , , , 41. «» , 39. , , -- , 64 2006 . /, . , 2000 . 43% , 19%45. , ( , , ), . . , , / , , , , . . . (Lucas 2003) , , , , ( , , ), « » . , « 46. , » , , . , . 2 , , -- , , -- . , . , « »42, ´ . . , , , , , «, , . , , , »43. , , «» («») , , « ». . , , , , , 10 ( , , , ) 2050 . 65 44. , . , / 2010 ., . 2 . . , , . ). -- , , , . . , . , . 2. , , , , , . , «» . 1. , . . . , -- , . . , «» 1996 . . . « , », , 100 . , , . , , 1214 ( , , ) () . . , , , , ; , , . , , , 1990 . . . 35% , , « , , , » 400 . . , () , , . , . , , , , . , , , : 40% ( , , 1996--2000 . (), , 3. . 100 , , , 2000--2004 ., , 250 . , ( -- , . ), . (14 . , 66 2006 , ? , , , , , , . , . , 2, , -- , , «» , « », . . , . . , 1997--2000 . , , , , , , . , . . , « », « (), 28 . , »6. , «» , « » «» . , , 8. , , , , , ( ) , . , . . « » . 5. , -- « » , «» . . 9. , , , , , , . , . 10. , «», , , , -- , , , , , -- . 7. -- . ? , . , , , , , , «» , II . . , , . , , , . . , , , , , , , . , , «» . , , . 2 , , 10% , , 4 -- 7%, . . ? , , ? , , ? , , , , , ? . ; , . 68 2006 : « , . , , , , , , »1. , . , : « ?» , , : « ». . , , , « , , »2. , , : , . ? , 1, , 5, , . -- , , 3. 6 . , , , , -- , , , , -- , . . , , , , . , « » , . . , , , , . -- . , , , , XVI XVIII ., , «» . . , , . , , , , -- , , , , , , . , . , , , . . , , , , . . , 5 , , , . 4 . , , , . , ». 4 , «» «» , . , , -- -- . . (The World Faith , Development Dialogue 1999) , « . . , ». , . , , , . , , « . » , , , , , , . , 1. , , . , , . . , « , , «» «», . , : , , , , »2. , , , , , . , , , . . , , . -- , , (Bentham [1781]), . « ». . , . , « , 70 2006 ( , ) ( « »). 3. (Dworkin 1981b Dworkin 1981a), , , , . 1970 . . , , , , , , , , , . . , (Roemer 1998) , , , « ». . , , ( ) , , , , . , , . , , . , , «» , , . , , , . , « ( ) , », (Harsanyi 1955), , « . » , (Nozick 1974), , . . , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , . (Rawls 1971) , . . « , , , . »4. , , , « , », . , « », , , , . . (« » , «» «» .) «» . (Sen 1985) , , « », . . , , « , » , -- , , , , , . , . , , , , 71 , 1. ÂÑÒÀÂÊÀ 4.1 Ýëåìåíòàðíîå èçëîæåíèå ðàçëè÷íûõ , êîíöåïöèé ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè , ( · . , , . 11 1 Atkinson and Stiglitz 1980*), «» , , , ( R. ) . · , , (1 2), , -- , 45° . , . , E. 4.1 , , , . « », O1 1, O2 2. AC « . » **. , , , . , 1 2, , : . , , , , · , 1 , . (, X). , «» , 2 · , -- -- 1, ( . , « 2) . » (Kritzer 2002), , . . , . , ( ). , · , « . , » . , , . P R, X , 5, , , , 1 . 2, . 6 * C (Atkinson and Stiglitz . B, R E « 1980) , , » Buchanan 1976). , , , ** Atkinson and Stiglitz (1980) 7. , , «» . , «». , . . , · , , . , , , . B. . , 8. P , O2 B jus strictum ( ) B: jus aequum (), X (O1 + O2) R R: . 1 (O1) . E: 1 (O1) A 2 (O1) . E « » , 9. 1873 . , C O1 72 2006 , . , « , . , , , »14. , 10 1948 ., « 10. , , . »15. , , , 16. , . 17, . . , , ( ), ( , ) ( . ). , , , , , , , ( , . ). , , , , , , , , , . , . , , 11. , , , , . -- , , 12. , . , . , -- , . . , . , , , . . «, , , . ... , »13. , . 73 (Fehr and Fischbacher 2003) 4.1 «» : « -- «» -- 0,4 » (785). , ( «» -- , 10 . ) 0,3 ( «» -- . 100 . ) , 0,2 , , . 0,1 « », («») , 0,0 0 1­10 11­20 21­30 31­40 41­60 51­60 61­70 (, 100 .) . (« «» (%) ») : Hoffman, McCabe, . , and Smith (1996). . , «», . , «», « , » , , . «». , : « » . , «» ( , ). , , , -- . . , , , , , 13. , ( ) . «» 50%. . 4.1 «». «» «» -- «» , ( ) «» , ( ). . , . «» ( -- , -- 20 50%) , «» , , «» . , -- , , « , » (Fehr and . Gachter 2000), () , . . «» -- «», «» , , . -- « » , , . « « »». , 74 2006 , 4.2 Áóðûå êàïóöèíû òîæå íå ëþáÿò , íåñïðàâåäëèâîñòè... . , 5% , « » , , , 50%. . ( 80% ) , , . « ». , . Nature « , », . (. Marmot 2004) (. Haslam (Brosnan and De Waal 2003) 2001) . , , . (Cebus apella). ( , , , , , , ( ); , . ). , , (, , , . , )? , (« (, ») . , , « , . .). . , , (« »), , ... , -- 20. . , , , , » (Brosnan and De Waal 2003, 299). , . , . « » , , : Brosnan and De Waal (2003). , , «» 21. , , , , -- 15. . « », (Fehr and Fischbacher 2003) . , Nature, , «» ( ( 4.2). , ), . «» «». , , «» , . , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , . , -- , -- , , , , , , , , , , . , ( , 75 4.3 Îòíîøåíèå ðàáî÷èõ ê íå÷åñòíîñòè, êà÷åñòâî ïðîäóêöèè è áåçîïàñíîñòü ïîòðåáèòåëÿ 271 . 800 . , . , , 1995 ., ? , , , ? , , . . () (Krueger and Mas 2004) 1995 ., . , 1940 . « , , » . . , , 1994 . « ATX»: . ( , , , « » ) ( , ). , , . , , . , 12 (1994--96 .), , , . «, . , , 30%. , ; . ( ) , , . , . , , » (Krueger and Mak, 2004, 257). , , , , . , 2000 . «» . , 14 ATX AT, , . . Ford Explorer. , 1994 ., , «» , , : Krueger and Mas (2004). ). ?»22 , , , , , . . (Alesina, Di Tella, and MacCulloch 2004) , « , , ... » (2009)23. , , , , « »? , , , « ». , , « , ( , ) » «» , , , «» , ( 4.3). . , 2001 . . , Latinobarometro, , : « , : «, , , : , ?» , , , 89% 76 2006 4.2 . a) : b) (World ? Value Survey), ( , () ) , , 20 7,0 . 15 6,5 : ? 10 6,0 -- , 5 0 5,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 . , « ». 1980 . . : Inglehart and others (2004). . (Inglechart and others 2004) . 1999--2000 . , « », 69 . 1, : « , », 10. : « », 10 -- : « . 17 18 20% ». 24. . 4.2a . , -- 6 -- , . . 20% ( , , 1 10. ) . 4.2b ( . ) . , (Osberg and Smeeding 2004) , : , ( « » « , ) » 25. . , 26 , , , -- . . (Osberg and Smeeding 2004) « , », () , , , , , , ( (, ), -- (, ). ). , , , , , , , , 77 , 4.3 -- ... . , (x100) , , 500 BUL . , 400 LVA ; 300 PER MDA ARG 200 HUN . , , MLI LAO POL CIV 100 PAR YEM VENTTO COL SVN , MNG ZWE BGD ROM SLV LSO BDI BWA , 0 GEO NERHRVRUS ZMBNGAUGA 0ZAF VNMNICGHA UZB MDG ETH EGYLKA BRA BOL INDBFAPHLHON . KEN TURPAN MEX DZA LTU SEN MAU GMB CMR ECU , ­100 URY ALB GUY CHN GTM AZE CRI , «» MAR EST IDN PAK y = ­2.3841x + 2.3517 IRN TUN . ­200 THA t stat = 9.30 JAM R2 = 0.5225 LYS ­300 KAZ N = 73 ­400 ­150 ­100 ­50 0 50 100 150 , (x100) , , : . : 4.4 ... , , . , , (x100) 50 , , , 40 PAR LVA MLI NER CRI 30 NGA . , , BUL ZWE BDI POL SVN EST LAO BWA 20 CHN MDAARGHUN HRV BGD GHA LSO PHL PER MEX ECU COL NIC 10 CIV SLV EGY GMB MDG GTM GEO VNM URY AZEBRAIDN HON PAN . 0 MARIND ROM TTO RUS PAK VEN ZAFLTUALBUGACMR THA LYS IRNTUR TUN MNG ZMB BFA , ­10 DZA JAM GUY YEM KAZ MAU BOL ­20 KEN y = ­0.0288x + 3.3717 SEN ETH ­30 t stat = 0.515 R2 = 0.004 ­40 N = 73 UZB ­50 LKA , ­60 ­150 ­100 ­50 0 50 100 150 . . 4.3 (x100) : . . , , , 27. , ­2,4 . . , -- , (Ravaillon and Chen 1997), (Dollar and Kraay 2002 .) 1 . -- . 2,4 . , , 78 2006 4.5 (1980--1995) 2,3%. (1994--2001) , (2,7% 2,3% ), , % , % 4 4 , . 4.5. 3 3 . (Datt and Ravaillon 2 2 1992), 1 1 . , 0 0 ,, , « ». ­1 ­1 , 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 . , : Ayadi and others (2004) Azam and others (2005) . 14 , « . ». ( , : ) , . , (. 4.4). : , 28. . , , , . , , (. , . . 4.3)29. , . , , ( , ) . ( ) . (. , 4.6)30. « , » « », , « . -- »31. , (growth inci , dence curve, GIC) (1980--2000) . , (1994--2001) (. 4.5). (a), , , 10 , 2,5%. ( , ) 1,4 . , , 2,53, , , . 67% ( 30 10%). , 5,4%. ( , 0,6) , 0. , 15% ( 68 57%), . , 79 4.6 . a. b. ( , , 1 .) ( , , 1 .) 10 10 DZA 5 PAR KEN 5 UKR ETH KGZ NGA NIC LSO RUS UZB 0 PAKCRI PHLMAUUGAECU RUS BWAHON GTM 0 CHNU CRI NGAZWE UGAECUGMB BFA BWAHON GTM CHNU INDU PAN THA MEX GUY PAN BRA PAK INDU PHL GUYSEN ROM IDN NERGEO TUR GMBBFA INDR IDN BDIAZENER JAMTHA MAUMDGMEXNIC BOL EST BOL PAR TUN LSOKEN BRA MNG VNM AZE ZWE MDGCMR SEN ZAF BGD VNM ETH CMR MYS ALB TUN ESTROM GEO TUR UZB COL YEM LYS DZA KGZ ZAF ­5 BDI JAM IRN VEN MAR URY INDR MLIMAR ­5 MNG KAZ EGY CIV COL ALB ARG VEN KAZ IRN BUL EGY MLI CIV BGD LAO UKR YEM PER ­10 ­10 y = 13.758x ­ 8.2332 y = 8.2813x ­ 6.0475 t stat = 2.45 t stat = 2.97 ­15 ­15 R2 = 0.0911 R2 = 0.1231 LAO URY N = 62 N = 65 ­20 ­20 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 c. d. ( , , 2 .) ( , , 2 .) 11 11 8 8 RUS KEN 5 PAR 5 DZA ECU NIC LSO 2 NGA ETH KGZ 2 BGD BDI VNM DZA ECU KEN EGYPAKCRI UKR UGA UGA UZBMEXRUS BWA GTM CHNU CRI ETH HON ZAF GUY ZAF MAU MDG GMBBFACOLBWA PAN ­1 CHNU MAU LAO PAK MEX GTM INDU PHL THA GMB ­1 NERNGAZWEPHLTHA INDR EST IDN HON BUL TUN AZEMAR MDGCMRMYSBFA IDN INDU GUY SEN TUN BOL PANBRA EST JAM ALB MNG VENLSO VNM YEM TUR PARCIV UZBCMRMYS BRA ­4 MNG AZEMLI ARG BGD COL SEN INDR NICBOL NER ­4 UKR CIV ALB TUR KGZ ZWE KAZ YEM BDI JAM IRN VEN IRN GEO MAR ­7 LAO PER MLI ROM KAZ ­7 y = 15.039x ­ 8.7066 URY y = 6.5129x ­ 4.8068 ­10 GEO ­10 EGY ROM t stat = 3.24 t stat = 1.97 URY R2 = 0.1468 R2 = 0.0585 ­13 ­13 MDA N = 63 N = 65 ­16 ­16 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 : . . . (a) , 1 . . (b) . (c) (d) , FGT (2) 2 . 32. ( , / ) . 0. , , . , , , : . , , , 32. . , , (. . 4.5)33. , , , 80 2006 34. , , , . . III , , , . : , , . . ( ) , , , , : , , , , , . , . -- -- , « . » . , , , , . , « . ». , , 5 , , , , . . , . , , , , , . , , ; , , -- , , , . . , -- , , , , -- . , . , , , « », . , , , , , . , , , , , , , 1. , . , , , 4. . ? -- , , , . 1980--1981 . , , ´ , 60 . , 14 , 60 , (Aleem 2. 1990) , , , 78,5%. , , « »3. , 10%. , , . . , , 15 , 32,5%. , , , ( ) , 45 . . , , , . , 82 2006 5.1 4% . , , 14% , -- 125 (%) ( ) 5000 28% 41%. ( ) ( ) 3% 100 4000 . , ( ) (. 5.1). 75 3000 , 55 2000 . . ( 100 . ) ( 60%) 25 1000 (35%), 20 30 . 0 0 104% 8% 0­ 5000­ 10000­ 15000­ 20000­ 30000­ 50000­ 100000 . , 5000 10000 15000 20000 30000 50000 100000 ( ( ) 45,6% ), 52%. : Dasgupta, Nayar, and Associates (1989). , 24% , -- 38,1%, 14%. 78,5%. , 2%, 150% 60% , 40% 36%. . , , , 23% : , . , , , , , . , (Fafchamps 2000). , , , . 2,5% ( : 34%), , ( 1,5 2% , -- 10%. , ) -- 2,5% , , 5% 6. 9 -- , « « » »5. , , . 5.1. . . , . 7. , , : , , « 12%. » . (Aleem 1990) , , , , , 48% «» , 5% . 50 24 48%. , . : , , « 83 », ; , , . , , . , . . , , , , , , , , , , . , . , , , . , , , , , , . ' , . 1985 1987 . , , 800 , ; (1985 . 1986 1986 1987 .). . 5.1 , -- , , , 1985--1986 1986-- , , 1987 . . , , : , , , 0,15 ( , 1 . , . : 0,15 .) 0,46. , , , . ( , , .) . , , , , , . , 8. . , (Townsend 1994) , . , , , (, ), , (), , , , . , « . , , » . , . , , , : , . , . , , ( , , , 9. ), , , . ( ) , 84 2006 . , , , , . . , ; , ; , , , , , , , , , 10. , . , , , . , , , , . , . , (Duflo and Udry 2004), ' , , , , , , , , . , , , , ( ). . , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , . , . . ( ) , , . , -- , , -- . , , (Binswanger, Deininger, and Feder 1995) . , , , , , 5.1 , ' 1985 1986 0,290 (6,2) 0,153 (3,2) 0,368 (5,8) 0,259 (8,8) 0,265 (5,7) 0,155 (3,5) 0,373 (5,7) 0,223 (7,7) 1986 1987 0,458 (8,8) 0,162 (5,3) 0,168 (4,0) 0,239 (10,4) 0,424 (8,1) 0,173 (5,6) 0,164 (3,8) 0,235 (10,1) : Deaton (1997), table 6.5, 381. . t . . , . -- . 85 . , , (Besley and Burgess 2000) . , , , , . , , , , , . , . . (Deininger and others 2000) , 1990 . (, . , ( ). , ) , . . , , , 50% , , , , , 3 . 15 . , , , , : . ( ) . , , , , . , . (land titling) . . , , , , , , , , . , . , -- . . , , , , . , , , 12. , , , . . 11. -- , , , , , -- , . . , , , , , . , . , . , . , . , , , , , , . , ; , , , , . . 86 2006 , , ) , ; , , , . , 13. , , (Bertrand and Mullanai , than 2003) . , , . , . , «», , , «» 50% , . . , , , , «» , , , , . , . , , , , , , , . , . , , . (Munshi 2003) . , , . -- . , , , , , , -- . , , . , , , «» . , . , . , , , , . , , , . , . . , -- , , (Stone, , Perry and Darly 1997), -- , ( , , ) . , , . , -- . , . , , , , , , . . « » , , « » , , . , « », . . (Stone and oth . ers 1993) . . , , , ( : 87 . , . . « , », -- « (. 5.2). ». , , , : (. . 1 10 ) (. . , 23,1 , -- 27,8. , 6 , «» , ). : , 27,2 , -- 23,3. 25% , -- , ­ . . , , , ( , . ), , . , . : , , , , « »14. , , , . , , , , (Appadurai 2004) , , « ». , , . ( 2) , , , . . , , 5.2 . , -- . 8 , (Hoff and Pandey 2004) 6 . 4 , . 2 , (« ») , 0 . . . , . : Hoff and Pandey (2004). , . , . 88 2006 5.3 , : . () , (%) , 30 , . , 20 , , , ( ) , 10 , , . « », 0 . 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 (.) : McKenzie and Woodruff (2003). . « »16. (MacKenzie and Woodruff 2003) , . . , 200 . , 15% , , , ( . , 3% ) (. 5.3)15. , . , -- 7 , 10% (Banerjee and Duflo 2004) 200 500 . 5% « » . 500 1000 . , 40% , , « », . . 1998 . « -- , , » . (Fisman 2001) 6,5 30 . , , 543 , , , ' (, 6,5 30 . , , ), , ( . , ) 10% , , . , . , . . , . , , , , 94%. . , , , , , . , 89 , , 5.4 : , «» «» , 50% , a) , b) « «», . , , 50%. (100 . ) (100 . ) , 3,5 7,0 (incre mental capital output ratio -- ICOR) 6,5 17. (), 1990 . ICOR 3,0 6,0 «» 4,5 3,7 . 5,5 «» 22% 27% . 2,5 5,0 , 50%, «» 4.5 «» 22%, 2,0 4,0 . 50% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 , , , ( : Banerjee and Munshi 2004. 22%) . . , 5.5. . , 18. , 1200% : «» «». «», . 1 (. ) . 20 000 , , 1997 1998 ., , 15 000 200 , 1070 10 000 . «» -- , , -- . 5 000 1990 . 0 , «» (. 5.5)20, , ­5000 , 0 20 40 60 80 100 , , . , 1200% ! (%) 190 1070 , «», . , : Goldstein and Udry (1990). , , . «» : « »21. «». , , «», , , , . (. 5.4). « , », , , , ( ) . (. 5.4b). , «» , , , . , ´ , , «»19, . , ( Foster and Rosenzweig 1995) , , . « » , , , . , , 90 2006 5.2 . 169% 500% , () () , . 563 274 148 ( ) (10,0 49,9) (5,1 10,1) (0,7 1,0) 100 100 100 ( ) (500+) (20+) (5,7 11,3) ; , : Berry and Cline (1979). (. 5.2). : 100 -- . : 5,6 2,75 22. 5.6 (1,5), . , / , 0,4 . 20 0,3 , , , , 0,2 40 . ( ) . 0,1 60 80 , , 0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 , , , 3:1 (. 5.6). () , . : Rosenzweig and Binswansger (1993). , . , , -- . , . , . , -- , , . , . . , . , , , . ( , ) 23. . , , ( . ). , , , 1 35% (Duflo, Rremer, and Robinson 2004) , 15% -- () . , . , -- ; . , . . 91 (Morduch 1993) ( ), . , (, . , ), (Zeldes 1989), , . . , , , -- (Do and Eyer 2003) , -- , , . , , , , , , . , (, ). , (Lafont and Matoussi 1995) , , , . (Rozenzweig and 33%, Wolpin 1993) , -- 27,5% 25. ( ). . , , , , (Goldstein and Udry (50% 2002) ), , (86% ( ). ). , , , , ( . ), , . , , , ,. . , , , , , . , , . . , , (Commission on , , Macroeconomics and Health 2001), 500%. , : , , ( , )24. . , , , . . (Dinswanger and Rosenzweig 1986), , (Shaban 1987) , 30% , , . (. . , · , (Basta, Soekirman, , , and Scrimshaw 1979) ), . (Shaban 1987) , . , , , 45% 92 2006 . , , ( , 0,50 . , . ) , , . , , 20% , (, , 132 . . ) 0,50 . . , (11 . ), , . . , · . (Thomas and oters 2005) , , ; 57%. , , , , . , , . , , , . , (Munshi and Rosenzweig forthcom ing). , 40 . 6 . 26. « · » , 27 . . ( ) . , 0,14 . « », , , . 30 . 0,49 . . : , , , . 28 , , . , , , , . , . . « » . (Banerjee and Duflo 2004b) , , : «» . , , , , , , : , 8,96 2,2. , , . 15,4% (), -- 2,7% ()29. . , , , , 93 , , . , . ? , . (McKenzie and Woodruff 2003) , , , . , (Mesnard and Ravaillon 2004), . , , . , , -- , , . , , ( ) , . , , , . . , , (Banerjee and Duflo 2004) , , , 100%, , , , . . , , , «» : , , , , , . . , , , . , , , . , , , , , . -- . , -- , ; , , . . , , , , , . . -- , , . . , , , , , , , . , . , , . , , , , , : , ( , , . , , , ). 94 2006 , , , , ( , ). 30 , , , , . 1960--1990 . , 1960 ., 1960 . , . , , , . , , . . (Li and Zou 1998), (Forbes , 2000) 1970 -- 1980 . (Deininger and Squire), ( , ) 31. , : . , . , (Voitchovsky 2004) , , , . , [ . , 1977 . . , -- , 75% , , -- , . , 32. , , , . , , , , . . , (Bunerjee and Duflo 2003), (Voitchovsky 2004) , , . . , , 62% 33. . , , , , , , , . , , , , , . , . . , , -- , . , -- : , ; . ; , , , , . . (Duflo 2003) 95 . , , , -- , , , , , . , -- 1990 1991 ., -- , , . . , , -- 1992 1993 ., -- . ( , ). , , . , , ( ). , , , ( , ) , , . . , , , . ( -- , , -- , -- . ) , , , , . , , , , , , . 3 . . , , . . : ( 1960--1970 .) . : . , , 1936 . , . . . , , , . . . « » 1950 . , , . . , . , . XIX . , . , , , 1959 . . , . . 1929 . . : 3000 . ( 1990 .) -- /5 2 . 1960 . /3 2 . , 7%, 1939 ., . . , , , 15 3000 . ( . , 1975 . 1990 .) 8500 . . 50% , , 6 1% . . . 1900 . . 1918 . 1950 . . . 22% 1940 . ( 1920 .), , , XIX ., 50%. 1940 . . 1,2% ( 1931 . , , 0,37 1955 . 0,27 1973 .). -- , . . : . (1931--1936 .) , ( ) 0,29 1964 . 0,23 1973 .; . , . 0,39 1964 . 0.36 1974 . ( , . 51% 59%. ; , , , . ) . 10% 1970 ., . 6% . , . . 1933 . «» , , , 10 , . , 1970 . . 1960--1970 . , , . . 1975 . . . , . , , , , . , « 1960 ., », , . . , , , , , . 6. , . , , , , 1976 . . , , , , , , . , , 1977 . 1979 . 79% . . , « 1978 . ». , 10 III . . , 80% . : Boix (2005), , : 2% 1975 . Gunther, Montero, and Botella (2004); 4,5% 1995 . 2001 . 50% North and Thomas (1973); Revenga (1991). , , , 6 ( . , ), , , . «» . 95% . , , . «» . , , 80% . . , , : « » . « « » », . ? , . -- , , , , . . , , . . , , . , , , . . , , . , , , , . . . , , , . . -- . , « », . , , XVIII . , . , 99 , , «» . , , , . , , « , » « ». , . . 6.1 , . , . , , , . , . . , , « , » Polity IV. . , , , , , , . . «», «» , , , , . , . , 6.1 , , . , , 1995 () , 11 . LUX USA , -- KWT 10 QAT SGPSWEJPN DNK CAN NOR CHE AUS ITA FRA BELNLD ISL FIN AUT GBR . , OMN BHS IRL ISR ESP NZL MLT SAUGRC BHR KORCZEPRT , ARG URY TTO GAB HUN 9 CHL MYS ZAF VEN MEX RUS , TURTHA POLBRA PRY BWA BGR IRN PAN TUN CRI COL SLV DZA ROM , PER GTM SYR DOM ECUEGY JAM PHL IDN GUY LKA JOR MAR ZWE PNG . 8 BOL GIN CHN HND COG PAK CMR CIV IND NICAGO SEN HTI VNM STP SDN MNG BGD KENGHA GMB , , , 7 BFA SLE YEM ZMB TGO MLI MDG NER UGA NGA MOZ MWI GNB ETH ETH TZA , , 6 ZAR . 5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 , , -- c, 1985--1995 : Political Risk Services, International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) World Bank database. ( . 1995 . ). -- « », 1985--1995 . Political Risk . Services, , . , Knack and Keefer (1995), a Hall and Jones (1999) . Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (2001, 2002, 2003), , , . , , , . . . 100 2006 6.1 Áàíêîâñêîå äåëî â XIX âåêå: -- . Ìåêñèêà è ÑØÀ « », , « », . . , -- , , . -- . , , XIX . XIX . » (10). , , , ( 6.1). , . 50 . 40 , (Haber 2001) 1910 ., XIX . : , « . , , 6.1 » (24). 1910 . « , 25 . , . ; 42 , . 60% , , . ». . , (Acemoglu, Johnson, and ? Robinson 2003). , , , , , -- , . 1492 . , , , . , . . , XV . -- 1492 . 1789 . , --. . , (North 1981). . (Haber 2001) . , , , , , ; , . , (. : Coatsworth 1993, Engerman , and Sokoloff 1997). (aber . and Maurer 2004) , . 1880--1913 . . : . « , , . , , , -- . . 1840 . , , , , , , 1850 . ... , (Engerman and . . Sokoloff 1977), , , , , , -- (Crosby 1986) « », -- , . -- -- . , , , , , , , 6.1. , 101 , ? . , , , , . . , , , . . , , , . , . , , , 1. -- , 1500 . 6.2 1500 . (. 6.2). , , , 1985--1995 . , 10 USA (. 6.3). CAN NZL AUS SGP 9 GMB IND . 8 BRA MYS GAB BWA CHL BHS (Engerman and Sokoloff 1977) , , IDN COL TTO MEX VEN PNG JAM MLT MAR 7 URA PRY CRI CIV ZAF MWI TZA TGO EGY ZMB MOZ ECU GIN , -- , ARG CMR DZA TUN DOM GHA VNM ZWE KEN SEN LKA PPAK , 6 GUY PAN SLE MMR BOL PER AGO PHL NGA NIC HND LBY 5 GTM BGD NER SLV , -- COG GNB MDG UGA BFA 4 MLI SDN , , HTI ZAR 3 SOM . ­4 ­3 ­2 ­1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1500 . () , : Political Risk Services, International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2002). , ? ? 6.3 , : , , , , , 1985--1995 . USA . 10 NZL CAN AUS SGP , 9 . , IND GMB 8 MYS BRA GAB CHLBHS IDN COL VENTTO MEX PNG , . MLT MAR JAM CIV 7 ZAF URY CRI PRY TGO EGY ECU VNM TZA GIN TUN DZA CMR ARG DOM GHA , PAK LKA SEN 6 GUY PER KEN PAN SLE MMR BOL NGA HND AGO GTM BGD NIC . , 5 SLV NER COG GNB BFA MDG UGA 4 SDN HTI MLI ZAR . 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 , () , , : Political Risk Services, International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) Acemoglu, Johnson, , and Robinson (2002). 102 2006 6.4 . , . 1,0 AUS ECU CRITTO BOLURY USA CAN MUS IND PNG NZL ZAF , CHL JAM COL PAK PRY FJI NIC BRA MDG . 0,8 VEN PAN ( ARG DOM HND LKA SLV BEN «» BGD MLI 0,6 HTI MYS )3, ( MEX NER GUY GTM , ) PER CAF ( , 0,4 GNB COG TUN VNM MRT GHA , ). SGP MMR EGY KENSEN AGO GMB MAR LAO TZA 480 , « » IDN CIV DZA UGA GIN 0,2 DJI CMR . SLE BDI BFA TGO TCD . , RWA NGA AFG 0,0 SDN ZAR 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 900 4 . () , : Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2002). , , XVI . . , ( mit`a . «» , «») , , , . , . , . ( -- 1945 .). , , -- , , 5. 2. , , , , , -- , , « »6. , , , -- . , . , , 10 7. . , , , « », , . . , (. 6.4). , -- , . : , , -- , , ­ , «» 1492 ., . , 1519 . , 1532 . , ( ). -- , 103 , 8. , , « », « , ». , , , . , , , . . , , , , ( , , )9. . « . ». , , , « » , « », , . . 11. ( « », , , « », , ). . . , « » , 1619 . « » . -- « » , . , . «» . , . . , . . , , , «» XIX . . , « » . , 10. , ( 6.2). , . : , , , . . , , , , , . . , , . . , , . , 104 2006 6.2 Ðîñò â óñëîâèÿõ ïëîõèõ èíñòèòóòîâ äëèòñÿ íåäîëãî , » (21). « , , » (1870--1920), , «», , 1983 . , . ` (Samuels and 1920 . 20 Snyder 2001). , (Widner 1993). . . , , , , , , , . , . , , , , , . 1890 . . , . , , , , , , , 1912 . , . , . , 1916 . . , , , , . , , , . 1930 . . . , 1816 . 1912 . 50 , . 1920 . ; . 1930 ., , 1940 ., 1955 . 1976 ., . , . 1853 . 1930 . (Smith 1978) , « , , 1853 ., . ... , . . ( ) , . . , ?12 , . , . , -- , . , , . , , , , , , , 13. . () -- , : , () . : (Rodrick 1999) , , 105 . , , -- «». , ( -- . ), . , , , 16. , (Rock 2003), « , ... « » « , » , . , » (10). , , . , , « () » 1940 -- 1950 . , , . , 1966 . , « »17. , , -- , , 1977 ., , « ». , , 1960 . . , , . , « », , . ( 1960 ., . « , 14. , 4: ») , , ; (), , , , , 1990 . , , . , 18. , (Bates 1981) , , . « » , , . , . , . , . 1970 . 70% , , ; 15. . , , 1960 -- 1970 ., , . , . , , , ? . , , , , , 106 2006 . (Bates 1981): , . « : 1980--1990 . , . , 1970 . . . , , , . , 1960 . , , ». . , , , . , , , , (Bates 1981, Bates 1989), «». . , , . ( !) , , , , . . . , , « », 19. (. 6.5 6.6). ? . , (Bates 1981), , -- 21. XIX . , , , 1834 . «80% ( , . ) , « , ... » «» , ... , . . ()... ... , , , , , : -- (93--94). , -- . , « . , , , » (95). , 1960--1970 . , , , . , , 20. , , «» «», , , , , , -- . , 107 , , 6.5 . , . , , -- 1970 . -- ; , , . ( ) 1,0 , , 0,8 -- -- . , 0,6 . 0,4 , 1812 . 0,2 (), , . 1870 . 0,0 . , 1970 1980 1990 2000 , 1976 . . : Polity IV, , . , , . (Inter . , University Consortium for Political and Social Research). 1970 . : Gurr (1997). , . . , 1982 . , . , , 6.6 , 1960 . , -- , , , . . () 9,5 . 9,0 . . . 8,5 , , 1980 . , 8,0 , . , 7,5 , 1970 1980 1990 2000 ( 1980 .) 1970 . : World Bank (2005g). , . . , , «» , . , , . , . « », , 1953 . , . 1990 ., . , , , . , . , , , , . . . , , ? , , 108 2006 6.3. Ïîëÿðèçàöèÿ, êîíôëèêòû , è ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ðîñò . 1970--1980 . , , . , , . (Esteban and Ra 1994). , -- , , . , , . 1990 . 49, 49 2% , , , . , « , , », 33, 33 34% . , 1960 ., , ( , -- . ) , , , . , , , , 9 . 10 . « » , « ». (Easterly and Levin 1997).. , , , , (Garcia Montalvo and . Reynold Querol forthcoming). , , , , ; . . (. , World Bank 2003h). , , , , 1964 . ( 1961 . 42,6%.) . . 1966 . , , , -- . 1965 . 1966 . , , , , . «» . , , , , , , . , « » . , . , , , (« . »). 1990 . , , , ( 6.3). . , , , , , , . . -- , , 109 6.7 1870 . 1997 .22 0,8 Lindert and Williamson (1982, 1983) 0,6 , , 0,4 Bourguignon and Williamson (1985) Morrison (2002) . 0,2 , , 0,0 175918011823186718711881189019011910192919501960197019801992 . : Lindert and Williamson (1982), Lindert and Williamson (1983), Williamson (1985), , . Bourguignon and Morrison (2002). , , . . . , 1500 . . , . , , , , . « » (North and homas , 1993), . , , : , , . 24. 23 , , , . . , , « » ; , . . ( 6.2) , , , , XVII, XVIII XIX , , , , 25. . 1688 . . . -- , . 20 . « 3: ». . , , 1800 . XVI . . , 1832 ., , , , « ». 1918 . , , , 10% . , , , , , , , . 26. XIX . 110 2006 , 6.4 Ñîäåéñòâèå ñïðàâåäëèâîìó ðîñòó , â íîâîé èñòîðèè Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè: . ðîëü Çàêîíà î áåäíûõ , , 1867 .28 XVII--XVIII ., , , , 1538 . , , , , ( . 6.4); 7. , , . , , XIX ., , . , ( XIII .), , , , 1867 . , . . . XVI--XVII . 1906 . , , , , , , 1945 . , . , . , XVII XVIII . , , , . XIX . ? (. 6.7). , , , , , , 29. 1870 . , -- . , , , . XVI . , 1870 . , , , , 1867 ., 1598 1601 . , . , . , , , , , , , 30. . , 31 , -- . -- : -- , , , -- . , , ( ) , , , « » -- . . -- : Szreter (2005), Slack (1990), Wrigley (1998), Solar (1997), -- King (1997), King (2000) Lees (1998). , , ( , 27. ) XVIII . ( , ). , , 1808--1809 . , 111 . ), , , 1867--1868 . , , , , . . 1917 . , , , . . , «» ( ) . , «» (, ). , 30 . . , , . , . ( , , ), . . 1918 . , , 1922 . . 1920 . ( , ( ), . 1906 .) ( ) . . , 1940 1990 . , , , 1980 . , , 1990 . -- ( . 100 ). , « (1688 .) , » ; . , « , , , 1950 . 40% 32. »33. , ( . , -- . , ) . , , , . . . ( ), ( ). . . : « , ?» . (« ») , , , XXI . , . , . ( 112 2006 , 1978 . , . . . 1949 . , : . « », . . , . 1978 . . . 25 , , . 1978 . . , -- ( 1 . ), , 634 1981 . 212 2001 .34 , -- , . , , , , . «». « » , . -- «», -- , , . , , . , , . . , . , . , , , , . . , , , , , , . , . , . , , , . . , 113 , , , »36. -- . . . « . » , . ? , (Walter and Oi 1999), « , 20 . , , , , » (7). . 37 . , , . . , , , . , , , . , , , . . « » -- : -- , . . -- 1990 ., , , , . « , », . . , , . « , , . . . , . »35. 1994 . , «» . , , . , , . « , , , , . 114 2006 . , , , , . 5. , , , . , , , , , . , , , , . , . , , , ? . , , , . , , , . . , . . (Qian 2003) : , «, , , « ». , , , , . , , , . , » (305). , , , , , . . -- : , , , « », ? (. « 6» ). , . , , , , , . , . . -- , -- , , , . . -- , -- , , , , , . 4 , : (1967) , « , , ». , 30 0,31 0,363. 1970 ., . : , · , « », , , . 1980 . . · , . 1. 1997 . , , . 1998 . · . . . , , , . , , . . . , -- . 1998 . 13% -- . . 2002 . , , , 1996 . , 2004 . . 6 : , 1998 . , . , 2. . , , , , , , , , , . . « , « » XVII » . , , . , . , . , « », 4. . , -- , , , . , , , 1960 . . , . « . », (Boeke . , 1946) (Lewis 1954). 1945 . , ; 1967 1996 . . 1959 ., , 5%. , -- , , 1990 . 1960 . , 2 . , . , -- . ( ). , 116 2006 1960 ., -- , . , . , , « , 1973--1974 ., » . , , ( 1970 . ). . , . , . . , , . . , , 1974 ., ( : , 1978 ., ), : « » -- , . , . . 1960 . 2004 . . : , : , ( . , ) . , . 6. , . 1990 . , -- , : , , . . , 5. , , 30 , , . , , , , . . , . 1,3. , . , -- , , . . . , , , , . ? -- , . . : , ? ( « , ), ». . , 1998 . . . 1965 ., , , , , , . , , . . 1974 ., , , , , , . , , . . , . « » ? , ? 1 , , , , , . III , , « ». « », , . , , , , , , . II , , . . . , , . , , , . -- «» . . , , . , , ­ . . c , , . , . 118 2006 . , -- , , , , , I II, , , . « » , , . , II, , . , . , . , , , , , , , . . ( ) , , . . -- , . . , , . , . -- , -- -- « » , . . « » ? , , , , , . , , «» , , ( , ). II, , . II , , , ; , . , . , . . , , , , ( , . , -- .: Narayan 2002). , . , , , . 119 (, -- , , -- , ), . . 5 6, , , -- , ( , , , ) -- , , , ( ) . , , , , », ( 10). . , ( 9). , , , -- , , (2000) (2002), -- . « » . , , . , . , , . . 7 , , , , , . , 5 6, . . , , . . , , , , . , , , . . , , . , ( , , ) ( . ) . « » , , . . , , . . . , , , , , , , . , . , , . . , : , , , . « , » , , , , , , . , , , 2, 121 , 7.1 , . . , 22 . , , , , , , , , , , (. 7.2)7. 1200 (. 7.1)1. , , , , , ( , , , , 800 ) , , , , , 2. , . , 0 8. 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 , () ; -- : Hart and Risley (1995). , : -- . : 3. . , «... , , . ; , , , 4. , , »9. , 5. , , , , 2--5 . . ; , 20% 6. 7.2 -- 1 . 8 . 6 (); 4 . r , 2 , , 0 0 6 18 . : Carneiro and Heckman (2003). 122 2006 7.3 0,5 , 5,6 110 , , 105 . , 100 10. 95 , 90 9 -- , , -- 85 11. 6 12 18 24 , , , , (. 7.3). , : Grantham McGregor and others (1991). , . -- , : ( , ), , , ( , ). «» , 9 . «» 18 . , 7.1 Ïðîãðàììû ÐÐÄ - âàæíàÿ , ïðåäïîñûëêà âñåîáùåãî , îáðàçîâàíèÿ , ( 7.1). , , -- 46% -- , . , 80% , . , , 20%, , , . (). PROMESA, 100%, . . , 60% , PROMESA , 12. ( , -- 30%). , , , . , . ( ) , . . , . « . , PROME » , . SA, PROAPE ( Cali , « , , , . ) » (PRONOEI) : , , , « » , , ( ), , , . . , , . . (« »), « , , , » . (), 13. . 16% , : Chaturvedi and others (1987), , ; Myers (1995),Young (2002). 14. , 123 , , , . , 17. , ? , . , ( ) , , . , ( ) «» , (), . , . , «» , (). , . , , . , 15. , . . : , , . , , , . , , . . , , , 16. , . . , -- , , 18. . 2 , , , , , . . 5 , , . , , , . . , , , , , . 124 2006 , . . , , , . ; , , , , , , . 100 . , , -- . 20. 52 21. , , . , , . , . . , , , , , 22. , . 1970 . -- , , . , -- 23. , , 30 , . ( 2% , 1973 .), , . , , , , , , , , , , . . , , , . , , , , . , : . , , ( , . ). , , , , 19. , , , , 24. , , , , , , , , « »: , 125 7.2. : ? . , , , , , . . . , , , , ; , , . , . . « » , , , , . . , . , . , , . , , . . . , « ( » ) . ; Oportunidades , ( PROGRESA) , Bolsa Eskola , 15%. , « » , 26. , , , , 1% . 50%, -- , 5% . , , , , . , , , , . , ; , , 25. . , PROGRESA , 3,4% , (14,8%) ( 7.2). , , 27. (Morley and Coady 2003) , ( , ) 8% , , 10 , , . -- . (De Janvry and Sadoulet 2004) , , . , . , , , 126 2006 ( , ), , 28. . . . . , , , . , , , , , , . , , . , . , , , . , , 3000 . , , , , , , . . 7.3 Äåñåãðåãàöèÿ øêîëû äëÿ öûãàí ( )29. â Áîëãàðèè: âèäèíñêàÿ ìîäåëü 100%, DROM , , . . , , 85 . , . , , , . 1992 ., 6% . . 2000/01 , 460 , . , 35 . , , PROGRESA , ( Oportunidades) . , , ( , . , )30. , , . (), , . : ( 7.3). ; , 24 . , . . DROM . , , , ; , , . . . , , , , , , , . DROM , . , , , , , , , , . . , , , . . 31. , . : Ringold, Orenstein, and Wilkens (2005). , , 127 , 7.4 . , (TIMSS), (Pritchett 9 , 2004a) , 9 15 19 5 , , ( 100 TIMSS) (. 7.4)32. 90 80 . 70 ; , , 60 , , 50 . 40 30 ? , « 20 » , 10 , 0 33. , : Pritchett (2004a). a. TIMSS 260 . TIMSS R, 1999 . 6 . 39 , 400 -- ( , (100 ) , 500 , -- ) , . , , . 1999 . , 15--19 , , -- . , 34. . 1996 . () International Chirstelijk Steunfonds Africa , . , , -- , (). -- 36. , , , , . . , , . ? ... 13--15 13--15 . . () -- , -- , , , . ( 7.4). , 20% , 35. . 128 2006 7.4 Âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîå îáðàçîâàíèå: ïðîãðàììà Áàëñàõè ( Èíäèÿ) : -- . , , 20 , « » . . . «» -- 0,15 0,25 -- . , , , , . , , , . 0,20 0,32 -- (0,51 . ). , : 5 . 40. . . , . 12-- 16 , , . 1994 ., . 41. -- 20 , . : Banerjee and others (2004). , . , . , , 18-- , , 26 , , , , , , 42. , 37. , 43. , , . , . ( 7.5). , , . 38. , , 44. , . PACES 125 . , , . , , . . , ( ) . , , 39. , ; , , . 45. 1980 . , . . 129 7.5 Øêîëüíûå âàó÷åðû: ýôôåêòèâíîñòü è ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü , , , , -- . . , ( , , ( , , ) . ). -- . , , , , . , . . . , -- , . , . , , « . , , , , , ... , , , , (, » (Ladd 2002, 4). . , ). , , , , , , , 48. . , 46. , . 20 . . , , (. . , . , , , , , , ; , . , ) (. . , . . ). , 47. , , , , , , . . . , , ( 2). , , . , 5,5 . , ; 6 , , ( ) 10 49. , , ( , 2). , . . , , , , 130 2006 , , . . 60% ( , ) , ; , , , . , , , . , . . , -- , , , . , . , , ( ) 50. . . (Elo and Preston 1996), , 8%, . -- , -- « » . , . , , , , , , . , . , , , , . . , , . 5, « » , , 57%. ( 7.6). , . 7.6 Îáó÷åíèå ìàòåðåé íàâûêàì , ëå÷åíèÿ ìàëÿðèè , , 0,08 . 1 . , , . . , . , , () « », , , , 5 40% A, , , , . . , : World Bank (2004k). 51. . , 131 , , , . . , , ( 7.7). 52. , , . , , , «». , 54. . , PROGRESA ( -- Oportunidades) . , , . 8% 7.7 Áåäíÿêè è ýòíè÷åñêèå ìåíüøèíñòâà ïîëó÷àþò ìåíåå , êâàëèôèöèðîâàííóþ 25%, ìåäèêî-ñàíèòàðíóþ ïîìîùü 16%. , , , , . , , 25 , , , . , 40 , 55. . , , , . . , , 53. , , . (. . ). , , . . () 70 98% 65% 60 . 50 . 40 , -- 84%. 30 , 20 . , 10 . -- . 0 , , , : Barber, Bertozzi, and Gertler (2005). . , 132 2006 . , 97% 1985 , 1994 ., -- , , 200%56. , , . . ( . , ) , . , , , () 1995 1998 . -- 75,5 38,8 1000 , 57. « » . , , , , . , 7.8 Îõðàíà çäîðîâüÿ ìàòåðè â Ìàëàéçèè è Øðè-Ëàíêå , , ( 7.8). , , , . , . . , ; -- , , 100 . -- . 2136 1930 . 24 1996 . . 1085 1933 . 19 1997 . , ? . , : . , , . . ( ) , . , «» , , . . , . . , . , , , , , , , . 1950 . . 3 60% 18 82% , 1,4 1,8% 58. , 1,8% , . () , / , 0,4% . , . . , , , : . . , ( ) , ( ). : Pathmanathan and others (2003). , . 133 . , , . , , , , . , 1998 ., . , , 30% , , , , . 15% . 1997 . 88% , , , , , . . , 1990 . , 80% 62. , . 91% , . 59. , , , , . . , , , . . , , , . . , , . , 60. , «» 63. , , , « , » 61. , , , . «» , , . , , , . . , , , . , : ( , 10 9 48%); , . ; (66%) , (48%); ( 44 15 1000 . ). , , 134 2006 , « » , . , 64. , , , , , . 2001 . . . , , , , , 65. , , , , . , , , , , 7.9 Îðãàíèçàöèÿ ïîääåðæêè . , , âñåîáùåìó ìåäèöèíñêîìó îáñëóæèâàíèþ â Òàèëàíäå , . 2002 . 1990 . 2002 . , «30 » (. . 1 ). . , 1997 . , 1997 . , . , : . (30 ). , , , , , 50 . . 2000 ., . , , , , , ; . /4 95% 3 . 1999-- . 2001 ., , ( 7.9). , . . (). , , , / 66. 100% . 1997 . , 75% ( ), , , . . , 50% 2001 . 25% , . , 0% 2002 . 1999 2002 2003 : Pitayarangsarit (2004). . 135 , ; . . () . , . . , , , . , , . , , , . , , . (« » , () , , , . . , « , » , , . , . ( , )69. , , 67. . . 2002 . ( ) , 11 14,3 . . , , , . , , , . , () , , , , . 68. , , , , , , 70. . , , , , , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , « », -- , . , , 136 2006 . , : , , , , . , , . . 40% 74% . 73. 5, , , . . , . , 71. , , «» . , . , . . . , , . . , , , , . . , 74. : . . , : (BRAC) . , , . , , 72. , , . , , , , , . . , , (Barber, Bertozzi, and Gertler 2005). 75] , , , . . . 137 7.5 , . , % 14 . 12 , (. « 5», 10 ), 8 , 6 . 1900 . 4 , ( ) 2 , 0 76. : 74 : . . . (*) . (, ), · . ( ), , , . 77. (, , , , ) . · 78. ( ), . . , . , (, ), . 9. , , , (. 7.4). ? , , . , , , , (. 7.1). , . , . , , , . , , , 138 2006 7.1 , , ( ) , , , , . . , , , : . , · ; · ; · ; , · . . , , , , . , . , , . ( 9). , 1998 . , , , 79. , , , , , . . . , 5--10% . ( 9). , . , . 139 . . . . . . , , , , . , ( -- , , . )82. , , , . , , . ( , ) ( 7.10). , . , , , , , . . , , , , . , , (, , , , ), . , . , . 80. , , , , . . , , ( ) . . : . , . , , , , , , , . , , , , , 81. . «» , . . , , , 40--60% . , : , . , (IGVGD, . BRAC) Trabajar, 18 ; 140 2006 7.10 Ïðîãðàììû îáùåñòâåííûõ ðàáîò: êëþ÷åâûå âîïðîñû , . , , . (, ) (, , . ), , . , . . , . . , . . , , , , 0,5 0,65% , , . (0,4) , , . . . . -- , , (), , , , , 15 . . : . , , -- . , . . , , . . . ; . , . (, . (Murgai and Ravaillon 2005) . , ), : : , , , , , , . 1--2% . , . , : Subbarao (2003) Murgai and Ravallion (2005). « » () -- , , 53%; ESF () -- 60%83. , , . , , . , , . , , , ( ). , , , (, . , , , , , , , , . , , ). , 141 7.2 , , ( PROGRESA ). ( PRAF RPS FFE SUF () () () () , portunidades) () . , 1 43 55 40 67 -- ( 5) 2 80 81 62 89 48 . 3 94 94 81 97 -- 4 98 99 93 100 -- , , 5 100 100 100 100 100 . . : Morley and Coady (2003), table 5 3. . PRAF -- Programa de Asignacin Familiar; RPS -- Red de Proteccin Social; SUF -- Subsido Unitario Familiar; FFE -- Food For Education; -- . a. (%) . . , . , . (Morley and Coady . 2003), , : (. 7.2). , , 40% , 81%. , . , , PROGRESA ( Oportunidades) : , , 17,4% 84 . , -- . : . , , , « Bolsa Escola , » ( 1 ) . () , . , 60 . PROGRESA ( Oport 10% , , unidades) 2050 . 21%. , 80 12%, 1 , 2050 . 19%86. , 90%. , , . , 20% . , 85. , , . 142 2006 , . , (Kakwani and Subbarrao 2005) , , , , 15 , , , , , , , , (1/3 87. ), 65 , : , , , . , « », . , -- , . . . , , , ? , , , ? . 1% 70 . , 5,3 0,15% , 6--19 . . 5 , , Bolsa Escola90. , , , , . . , , , , 88. , , , 91. . , , , , , , , , , . . , . , , , . , , , , . ( , . , ), , , , , , 89. , , , 92. , , 1 2% , . (Schwartz 2003) -- , , , , 40% , , , -- 75 . ( 7.11)93. 0,2% 0,7% , . , 143 . , 7.11 Ñèðîòû Àôðèêè è äåÿòåëüíîñòü ãîñóäàðñòâ . -- . , / , , . . . , . 43 , 10% « . », , ( 15% ), 11 , . . , ? , , , , , , . . . : . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , . ( , ). , . . , : Subbarao and Coury (2004); USAID, UNAIDS, and UNICEF (2004). , . , . , (. 8). , , , , . . , , , ; , , , , , . , , , , « ». , . , . , , . . . , 8 . , , , . . , , , « » . , , . . 9. , , . , , , . . , 6, , , , . , , ( 1. ) , , . , . 2. , , , . . , , . , . , . , , . . , . , . , , , 3. . , , 145 . , , , , « » ( 8.1). 4. . , , . . 1995 .5 « . », , 6. . , 2001 . . . , 7. , . ; 2004 . 8. . 17 . , . , . . , . . , ; , . ; ; ; ; 8.1 Ïîâûøåíèå þðèäè÷åñêîé 9. ãðàìîòíîñòè è îñâåäîìëåííîñòè 10. îáùåñòâåííîñòè: òîê-øîó «Ìîè ïðàâà» íà îáùåñòâåííîì . òåëåâèäåíèè Àðìåíèè , . , . . . . , , « » . 1 . , 8 , , . . « » , 6 , , . . . 4 11. r , « » , . -- , , 2 , , , , -- , . 0 0 6 . 18 . , , , , , , : Decker and others (2005). 12. 146 2006 , . , , . . , , , , , , . , , . , -- -- 8.2 Àôôèðìàòèâíûå äåéñòâèÿ â Èíäèè ( 8.2). « », è ÑØÀ , . , . , , -- , . . , 13. «» , , ( -- «») (Sowell , ( «» ( -- « 2004). »). , ). 1947 . , , 22,5% , (Coate and Loury 1993). , , , . , , 1991 . 27% . ( , « , »), , , . , . . 1993 . , , , , 33% , , , (Deshpande 2005). (Chattopadhyay and Duflo 2004). . , 1866 . , , , (Pande 2003). . , : , , , 14. , , (Besley and others 2004). , . , , . , 1964 ., ; . , , . ; 1970 . , , , , (Holzer and Neumrk . 2000; Bowen and Bok 1998). . , « », , , , , . , (Deshpande 2005). , , . . , , 147 , , , «» «». , , , «» . , , , 21. , . , , . , , , . 2003 . ; 85% , 15. , . , , , , 90% 16. . , , , . , , , « 100 » « » 75 . , , , , , 22. . , , . . , , , , 17. . , , , , , . . , , , . , , . ( 8.3)23. , , , ( 8.7). , , , . 18. , . , , . , () , ; . 19. , , , , , . 26. , . , , . 20. ( , ). , , 148 2006 . , 8.3 Ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà è îñíîâàííûå íà îáû÷àå èíñòèòóòû , â ÞÀÐ . 1830 ., , , , ( 8.4). . , , , , . , ( , )24. 1999 ., 25. . 800 800 , 24 , , , 12 . , . 27. 12 . , 2005 . 1994 . , . 30%, , , , , 1996 . . . 2004 . , . , « » . , : Chirayath and , , , . others (2002). 10 , « ». . 8.4 Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðåäîñòàâëåíèÿ þðèäè÷åñêîé ïîìîùè â Ýêâàäîðå : , , , 17%. . 3 , /4 , , 28. . , , 2,3 . -- . , 20%, , -- -- 10%. . . -- Centro . Ecuatoriano para la Promoci´n y Acci´n de la Mujer, Corporaci´n Mujer a Mujer (4,8%) Fundaci´n Maria Guare -- . . , , , . , , 318 780 , 2002 ., , , . . 2003 ., 290 . : World Bank (2003g). 29. . . 100 : (5,30 . ) 2000 , (106,05 . ), . «---- , --» , , 149 , 2. 8.5 Áîãîòà (Êîëóìáèÿ): ïðîãðàììà , ãðàæäàíñêîé êóëüòóðû . ; , -- , , ; , -- 1990 . . : , , . , 13,4 , , . , , 30, , , . . 80 , . 100 . 1993 . , 22 2004 ., , , ; . 2001 . ; 6,5 . , . 6 . ; 1995 . 1600 2003 . «-- , -- ». 1994--2003 . , ; 500% ( ). ; , . : Llorente and Rivas (2005), World , Bank (2003). , , 31. . -- , , -- 70%, , , 67%, 78%. , , , , , . ( 8.5). «», 32. , . , «» 33. , « , » . , , , , , , , , , , 34. . , , , , , 35.. -- « », 37. , 2000 . () 42 . , , 36. , , . , -- , , , ( , , ), 150 2006 , , , : , , . . , , . , , , , , , . 500 . 38. . , , , -- . ­ , , . , , , . , 41. , , , , , . , , , . (Galasso and Ravallion 2005) 39; « » , , , , , , . , , , 40. . , . , . , , 42. , , . , ( , ) , . . , , . ( ), , , , . 5 6, , . , , , , 151 , 8.1 , . , 1960--2000, % 8 , , () /43. . 6 . , 4 , . . 2 ( 5). , , 0 , (. 8.1)44. ­2 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 ( , ) : World Bank (2003). , . . . , , , , . , , , « , ». , , . , . , 49. , , , , () , , , , , 50. . , 1990 . , . ( 8.6). -- 45 -- , , . ? . « , »46 . , , , -- , . -- , 47. ( ) , , , . , . , 48. , 152 2006 (, ; 8.6 çåìåëüíîé ðåôîðìû ; â ÞÀÐ ), . . 1994 . , , , . 1994 . , , . . . : . 24 51 . (30% ) , 1994--1999 . 30% . , 2014 . , , , , , , . 2005 . , , , 3,5 , -- , -- . 168 . . : , 1995--1999 . . . 41 79 . . «» ( , ). , . , , . , . . , , , ; 1939 . . 2005 . ; 58 . , 2008 . 52. . 2001 ., , , . , , . . (, ) , : World Bank (2003), Van den , . Brink, de Klerk, and Binwanger (1996). , , . . , , , , , , . : , , , , , (. 8.2) , , , , . 53. ( . , 153 8.2 , 1992 . )54. (, . (, = 100) = 100) , 250 500 , 200 400 , , (Galiani , and Schargrodsky 2004) , 150 300 , 100 200 . , , , . 50 100 , , , ( ), 0 0 . , , 1996 1988 1996 1988 1996 : Feder (2002). , . . , , . « », . , : ; 55. ; ; , , . -- , , , -- 58. , 20 . , , , . 56. 1998 . , . , . , , 80% , , , , ( 57. ). , , , «» , . , , 59. . 60. , , 154 2006 , . 8.7 Î òîì, êàê ñî÷åòàòü ïðàâî, îñíîâàííîå íà îáû÷àå, , ñ ôîðìàëüíûìè ñèñòåìàìè , ( 8.7). , , , and Quan 2000, : World Bank , 2003i). , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , . . . , . , «», , , . «» -- , . , , . , . . 1992 . . , «», , , . , «» . , , . . 2001 . , , . ­ , , ­ , . , ( )62. , (World Bank 2001d). , , , ( , ) . , , , , . , , , . 1970 . . 63 . 1960-- , 1980 . (Cain 1987) , , , . , , , , . -- , (Adams 2000 Toulmin (World Bank 2003i). , . . , , , , . . , () 61. , , , , . , , 64. , 155 100 , . 30% 69. , , , , , . , , . , , . , , , . . (). , . , , , . , , . ( 5). , ( , ) , . , ( ) , 65. , . . ? , 66. . , ? . , . , , , , . . , , , , . 67. . 68 , , , . . . , , () . , . 156 2006 . . , , , . , , ( 8.8). , ( , . ). , , · -- . 70. , . , . , . , , . , , . . , , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , . . · . , , 8.8 Îáúåäèíåíèå çåìåëüíîãî íàëîãà . ñ íàëîãîì íà îáúåì ïðîèçâîäñòâà , , . , , . (). / , ( ) . . · . , . . ( ) , . , . (, , , ). . , , . , : Assunça~o and Moreira (2001), . World Bank (2003i). -- 2005 . 10 , 157 , 7,8% , 10 , 10 72; . , : . , 74. . . . . , , . /3 2 , , , , , 5 28% , , . , ­ (. « 4: »). , , , . , , . , , , , . , ( ) , . , . , , , . , . , . , , , , 75. , . , , . , , 76. , , 77. , , . , . . (, , , ) , . 73. . (Leipziger and others 2003) -- 73 , , 10% 5% , , 3,5% 78. 158 2006 8.9 Îòñòàëîñòü èíôðàñòðóêòóðû â Àôðèêå , , . , , . , , , . 16% , ( ), . , , . ­ , . , . . ? , . , . . , , , . , , , . , , -- , 80 . . . (Masters, Sparrow, and . Bowen 1999). . , . : . , , , , . , , , , . . , , . , , , ­ . , . ­ , , , , 20% . ­ . , . , , : World Bank (2000). ­ ? , , ( ). , ( 8.9)? , , , . . 1990 ­ , 3% 1980 . , 1% 200179, -- , , 80. -- . 3% , 1995--2000 .81 -- (, , , ). ( 1990 ., , 159 8.10 Ïðîòèâîðå÷èâîå âîçäåéñòâèå ïðèâàòèçàöèè èíôðàñòðóêòóðû â Ëàòèíñêîé Àìåðèêå íà ñôåðó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ Schargrodsky 2002). . , ­ 1990 . 21 , . . 1995 . 80 . 1998 ., 20 1994 . . 2002 . (World Bank 2004 f). . 50%. , , , 21 . (Campos , . and others 2003) , 40% . (1992--1997) (World Bank 2002b). . « » . , , , , , . ( . ). , , . . , , , , . , , . . , , . , , , , , , , . 1990 . (McKenzie and Mookherjee . 2003). 20% 70% (World Bank 1994). 82. 10 , (Estache, Gomez Lobo and Leipziger 2001). . . , , (World Bank 2001). , ( , ) (Estache, Foster, and Wodon 2001), , 5--9% 30 ( , (Ugaz and , , Price 2003). ) ­ 25% ­ (De Ferranti and others 2004) (Galiani, Getler, and 2,5% ), , , . , , , , , , , . ( 8.10). , , . . 160 2006 8.3 1 2 ( ) 4 5 ( ) 2 2 100% 100% ' 45 45 75% 75% 50% 50% 25% 25% 0% 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1 1 : Diallo and Wondon (2005) : . 1990 . 2000 . . , , 40% , (. 8.3). ( . ). , . , , . . , , , , , , . . . , , . 83. -- , , . . 84. , , . , , . , . . , 85. , , , , 161 8.4 , . , , , (%) 3 ­ 83,5% ( 300 /). , , , . 100 , 89% 600 77% 86. 75 62% 61% 400 50% , 50 43% . 33% 30% 200 . 25 20% 9% , 7% 7% 9% 3% 3% . 0 0 , 1 2 3 4 5 «». : Bardasi and Wodon (2004). () . 8.11 Îðèåíòèðîâàííàÿ íà áåäíîå íàñåëåíèå ïðîãðàììà ãîðîäñêîãî 87. âîäîñíàáæåíèÿ â Ñåíåãàëå ­, 1995 . , , . , . . . , , , . , , . . . . , , 47 , , , . , , , , () . , (, ) . , , , , . , 88. , : , , , , . 350% , , . , , . (. 8.4). , , , « » 10 , . . , , : Brocklehurst and Janssens . (2004). , 162 2006 , , , , , . , . , , , , , 89. (. « 6» , ). , ( 8.11). , «» , , , . . , , , , . , « », . , , . 1% , ; 21 . . , 55%. 90. 91. ­ 8.12 Ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû ïîäîò÷åòíîñòè , è ïðîçðà÷íîñòè â îáëàñòè . òåëåêîììóíèêàöèé â Áðàçèëèè è Ïåðó . , , , , , , . , . . . , ( ) , . , . , 30 , . , . . 2000 . , . , , . ISO 9001 -- 1/ , 3 , 0,35% , 16% . , , . . . . , 1000 , : World Bank (2004l). , , , 163 , . . , 17% , , 60% , 92. « » , , , . . , . , . . , . , . , , , , , ( . 8.12). , . , , , , , , . , , . , . , . . . . , , . , , . , . , , . , . , , , . 5 , . 1950--1980 . , , ( (. ). , -- ) -- . , , . , . 4. . , , , , , 5. , . , , : , , , ; , , (. 10). . , , -- , , 2. . , , , , , . (Lindert . , , , 2004) , , . , -- , «» , -- , «» , 1 (. .) «» , , , , 3. . , -- . (Lindert 2004) , , . «» . , . , (% ) (% ) . 45 45 , 40 40 . 35 35 , 30 30 6. 25 25 1. . 20 20 , , 15 15 , , 10 10 . ( 5 5 y = 0.0515x + 0.2049 y = 5E 06x + 0.1848 , , ) R2 = 0.2799 R2 = 0.2227 0 0 ­2 ­1 0 1 2 3 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 (. ) . : Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2005). , -- 165 . , , . 7. . , . 6. . 2. ( 4. , , , . , , ). , . 2 , , , .8 . : . , -- , . ; , . . , . , « , , , . . »9 . , , , 5. . . 3. , , 10. . . , 7. . , () . . (Bind and Miller , , , 1989) , , , , 11 . . , 40% . , ( , . « », ) , . , , , , , , , , .12 Ïðîçðà÷íîñòü è ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü â ðàñïîðÿæåíèè ïðèðîäíîé ðåíòîé , , , , . . . , « » . , -- « , , «» -- -- » , « » -- . . «, » . , , , ; . . ; . 1980--1990 . , . , , ­ . « 2» . . , , ; . , . , . , , . , , . , . , (EITT), . , , -- 9 , , , . , , « ». ( 6, ). , -- , ( . 8) -- , , «» . « , », «» . -- , -- , , (. . ) , , . , , . . , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , . , . , «». , . : « . « » , . , »1. , , . , , , , . , « » , , . . , : . 1995 ., « . », . ( , « » ) . (. 9.1). , , , . 167 9.1 "" , , , ( ) , , , -- , () () , ( ). , . , , . . , , , , . ( , , ). , ( , , ) . ( , ). « » -- , 2. -- , , ; . 9.1 . , : , , . , , . , : , , -- . , . , , . . -- , , , -- . . , , . , , 168 2006 , 9.1 Ðûíêè è ðàçâèòèå: ïîëèòèêà, , ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü è îáùåñòâåííîå . áëàãîñîñòîÿíèå â Êèòàå , . , , . . 5, , ? (, , . , , , , -- , , , ? ), ( ) , , . , , (, ) . , , . 1980 1990 . : , . . , , (, , ; ), . ( 6 , , ). , , , . , , , , . . : , . , , , , , , «» , (1979 -- 1980 .); ( , 1980 () 1990 .), . , , . , ( ); , , -- , . ( 1990 .) . . , . , -- ( , ) , . , , -- , . . , . . , , ( 3. ), ( . ) . , : , , . , , , , : Ravallion and Chen (2004),World Bank (1997b). , 4. , . . 169 9.2 ( ) , , , . (Kumar 2005). , , , (Fisman 2001b). 1998 . , (Johnson and Mitton 2003). 1800 . , 1800 . (Haber, Noel, and Razo 2003). 1990 . (20% 1990 . ) , ( 4 ). 33% , -- 30% , (La Porta, Lopez de Silanes, and Zamarripa 2002). . 1996 2002 . , 50% , ; , , 0,3 1,9% . , , 50 90 , . . (Khwaja and Mian 2004, 2004b). . , (Haggard, Lim and Kim 2003, Siegel 2003). , , , " ". (Perotti 2002, Black, Kraakman and Tassarova 2000). (Haber 2004). 1800 . 1997 . , , , (Wiwattanakantang, Kali, and Charumilind forthcoming). 1985 . , , (Bertrand, Schoar and Thesmar 2004). , « » (. . , ) (Cull, Matesova and Shirley 2002). 1970 . (Larrain 1989). , , , 0,34% (Fisman 2003). . , . , , 1990 ., , , (. 2.8)5. . , 170 2006 , -- . ( ), , . . , , . , . , , , « », , , , . « », -- , , . , , 6. «»8. : , , , « 7. 9.2 », , , , . , , . . 9.2 , 9.2 Ñëèøêîì ìíîãî è ñëèøêîì ìàëî ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ: Ðîññèÿ äî è ïîñëå . ïåðåõîäà ê ðûíêó , , , , 1970 ., , 1980 . . 1990 .9 , , . ; « », . . ( , , . , ). . , , , , , ( , . 1998 ., . «» , , . , , 1998 . . ). ( ) , 1998 ., « , , , , . , ( «» , , »10. , , ( ). , , ) , , , , , : Claessens and Perotti (2005). , -- ( 9.2). 171 (Chua 2004], ), ( 11. ) . , , , , , . . , , . , . , , : , , . , ( ), , , «» . ? , , . , . , « . » . : ( ) . , . . , 1985 . , . , , . 1985 . , 12. . , . . , , . . , , , , , , . . , -- , , . , . . : -- 1990 2000 . ( , Latinobarmetro). . , , «» ( « , . », 172 2006 . , , ( , ) . : « » . , 14. , . , : , . , , , , , ( , ) . (25--50% ). 2000 . 31% « » . , , , () . . , : . , , 2% . . -- , , , , ? 8% 15. , ; , , , , , . , , . , . (, ) . . . , , , . , . . , . , 1960 . 1970 ., , , , , , , . . , , . , , , , . , , , . , 40 95%13. 173 , , , , 9.1 , , (. 9.1). , , , , , . , , 25 000 , . . 20 000 , , 1990 . , . 15 000 , 10 000 . . , , 5 000 , -- , 0 ( , , 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 ). , . : Glaeser, Johnson, and Shleifer , (2001). , . , . , , 18. , . . , 1989 . , . , -- . , , 16. . « » , ( : , ), . . , . . , , , , () , , . ; . , . . , , . , , « , 58% , , , , 1%»17. « » -- , , . , . 174 2006 , . , . , , . . , , , . . , « » . , 19. , , . , «»: «» , , , , -- . . , : . , ­ . , , , : , . , ­ , 20. , , . -- , ( , . ) ( ), , « » , . ( )21, ( )22. , . , , 23. , . , ( ), , , , . , , . . , , . , , , , , . 175 9.2 , , , , (. 9.2). , , , «» , ( )24. . % . : , , 2002 . ( 19% , -- ) , , 25. , , -- (42% 2003 .)29. , 100 , , . , -- , . 75 , , ­ (, . , ). , -- 50 , ­ . , 26. 25 , , , , , ( ). 0 , . , ( ) () , 30. , , 27. : Kingdon, Sandefur, and Teal (2005). , . 1998/99 . 4 . () , , , . 125% , 2003 . (Labor , . Force Survey). , 1997 . (Labor Force Survey); . , , . . . , ( ) , , . , . , « , , , » (, ( ), 1947 .) , , . , , , () 28. , . , -- , . 176 2006 ( ( ), ) . , . , , , , (. . « 3: »). , : . , «» , ? , , . , , -- (), -- . , 31. , . , , . 32. 1970 . , , 33, (. 9.3). , 9.3 . : , ( , .) 60 , . 50 , , 40 . 30 , 20 . 10 , 0 . 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 34. ( : OECD (2005). , . ), . () 2000 , . . 177 ? . «» . , , , , ( 36. , . ) . (, ). , . , , , . . , , , («») . 37. . 1990 . , , , . , , , . ( -- . 30--40%)38. : 1990 ., , : , . , , ; . , , ; . , , . , , , , , . 35. ? -- , . , . . . -- ( ), . , . , , , . (. . ) . , , 178 2006 9.3 Îðãàíèçàöèè ðàáîòíèêîâ ( 9.3). íåôîðìàëüíîé ýêîíîìèêè -- , · , , -- , . () , ( 9.4). , , , « , -- : , » (WIEGO), , . . 700 . 40. -- , , , , , , , , . ( (www.sewa.org). ), (, , · «», , , , 2002 ., ). , 15 (, , . ) , , -- , , . , « -- , . ». . 2004 ., , 128 . (UNRISD Gender , , Policy Report). , · « » 41. . , « » ( ). , , 1998 . . 1999 . , , . , : United Nations Research Institute . , for Social Development (UNRISD) , -- (2005);Women in Informal Employment , . Globalizing and Organizing (2005). , -- . , , , . , , 39. 42. , , , , (. 10). . , , «» , , « » . ; , , , «» , . , 179 9.4 Çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî î ãàðàíòèÿõ çàíÿòîñòè , (Fallon and Lucas 1993). . , , ­ . , (Bertola 1990; OECD 1999; , -- . Bertola, Blau, and Kahn 2001; Kugler 2004). « », , , . , , . . «» . , -- , , , , -- , . . . , , , ( ): . , , (Blanchard 2004). . (Kugler 2004; Kugler, Jimeno, and Hernanz 2003). , (Montenegro and Pags 2004) ( . , , . ). , (), , . , . , , , , , : , (, «», , ). . (OECD 1999). , , , . , , , , , , 1980 ., ? ( 7). , , . : , . ; , : , , ; , , «» . ; -- -- , -- . , «», -- . . ( : 1998 .) , , , , ; -- (. 9.5 . ). , . . 180 2006 9.5 Äâå ðåôîðìû ðûíêà òðóäà: êîìïëåêñíàÿ è ÷àñòè÷íàÿ 2000 . , 19% -- ; . . . , 1990 . , , , , , . . , , «» ; , -- « , , » , , . , , -- , , . . . , , , : . , , , ; , . 2003 . , , ; («») . , , . , . , ; . , , , ; . ; . : Kugler (2004). , ( . ). , , , . . , , , : , ( ). . . . , ( . ). , , . . , , . , «» , ( ) . , 181 . -- , , , : , , . . , , , . (. ) . . : . -- ( , ) -- . , , , . . , , , ( ) , ( , ) . ( , ). (, , . , , ). , , , , . : , , -- , . , , « », . , . , , . , . (Chua . 2004) « », : , -- . -- . , , , , , , , , , , , . . . , , -- . 182 2006 , , () , ; , . , 46. . , : , . (Morley 2001), , , , . , , , (Behrmann, Birdsall, and Sze´kely 2003) . . , , , , 41 , , , «». , , 43. , , , . , , -- , , . 44. , . , . , . , , , (). . « , , »45. . , , . , , , 47. . 1998 . , (Ravaillon 2004b) . , , , , . 48. , , , , , . , . : , , : , , «» 49. , , . , 183 , 9.4 . 1980 ., , 1990 . . , > 5 % , 4­5 % 2­4 % . 0­2 % 50%, 50. , . 1980 . 1994 . (), , , , 51. , : Nicita (2004). . , , (. 9.4). . «» 52. 19% , 6,3% , . , , , . . , « » . , , . 600--1000 -- . , , -- . , , , , 10-- 45% . . , , -- . , , . , , , 53. , . , , . , , -- . . . , , «» , , . . 1993--2002 . 184 2006 , , , . , e Choupal . , , , 22% , , . , 89%. 10 , ( 8) . 55. , , , . . , , . , . , e Choupal, 2,5% , 2,5% . , . , , , 56. , . e Choupal , 2004 . 3,1 54. , , , , , , . . , , , , . , . , , , , , . « » 1960 1970 .57 . . , , , ­, , , , , . -- , , , ­ . 600 1980 1990 . , , , . . , , , , . , , , . 58. , , , 185 . . , , Procampo, , . , , , , . ( 7). , . , , . , « 1990 . » 1995 ., . , 60. , , , . , . , , 59. , , -- , , (. 6). , (. ). , . , , . 7; , . , , , . , , , , , . . -- (Rodrick 1998) , , , . , (. . , ), -- . , . , . . . , -- . . -- , . , -- . , . 1990 . . , ( ) , , . 186 2006 , , , , , . , . . 61. , «» , , , , . . , «» , 62. , , , , ; (, , . ). . 9.5 , , , , , . . ( . ). , , , «» . . , « , » . ( , 10, 63. 6, (Bates 1981) ). , , , -- , , . -- , , , . , 1980 . . , , , , , , . 4, 64. , . , , , , , . , , . (Rodrick 1999a) , . 1970 . 187 , 9.5 ( ) , 20 ( ) -- . 15 , 10 . , 5 «»: 1994--1995 . 0 ( 0 2 4 6 8 ); 2001 . . , : Polity IV , , 65 . 66. . . , . , . , , , , . . , , ( . , , ). (Diwan 2001) , , , ; , , , . . 9.667. , , . (. 9.3). , . , , « », , , 112 . «» , . , , , 69. . (Halac and Schmukler 2003) , 23 . . 1994 . , , , «» 135 . , 2000 . . 33 ., 1990 . 68. ? , 188 2006 9.6 ( , ). 50 50 , 45 45 1990 ., , , 40 40 71. 35 35 , 30 30 . , 25 25 . 20 20 15 15 , 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 , : , . . , , . , , : 25 , , , , 50 . ( 9.6). , . , . , , , 9.3 , . , , , , , . . ( 25% , . ) 90% 2001 2002 . ? , , 55,1 1980­1982 (. 9.7). , 13,2 , 1994­1996 . , 1981­1989 41,2 (, . ), , 1996­ 13,0 , (, , 1994­ 19,3 , , , , , , 22,0 ). 1994­1997 , «» 72. 26,5 , 1997­ . . , 50,0 1997­ ( , , 1981­1991 3,2 ) , . , , . , : Honohan and Klingebiel ( ) (2000). , , . , , . , , 70. . , , . , (ex ante) . , -- , . . , ­ 189 , , , 73. , , . . , . . , , -- . 74. , , , « » 9.6 Ïðèâåë ëè ðîññèéñêèé êðèçèñ 1998 ãîäà . ê ïîâûøåíèþ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè? -- 1990 .; . . . , , . , . . , : 1998 . , 5%. 1996 1998 . , , 25%, , , 22 33%, , . 18%, , (Lokshin and Ravallion 2000). 9.7 , . , , . . , (..) (% ) : ( , . «» , . 94,4 110,0 ( 2% ). 107,3 ) , =12,9 . , , , 102,2 , , , . . 97,2 , 95,4 94,4 , , , . 28,6 24,4 , , , 22,4 20,0 21,0 . , , , , , . 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 , , 15 , , 20% , . : . . 2001 . . : Pinto and others (forthcoming). 2002 . . 190 2006 -- , , . , -- , , , . , , . 10. , , « » . , , , . «» , , ( . ). : , . , , , -- , -- . , . , , , , . , , , « » . 6 . , . , 6. . , , . . , . 1990 . , . , 1970 ., . . : , , -- 50% , . , , . 1999 , , , . 1970--1980 . , , 85%. . , 1990 . , . . , , , 1980 . , . . ­ . , , , , , , . . , , . . /, , . 8. , 1. . : , -- , , «» -- , , . 2. , . , . , , , . , , . , . , . . , , , , , , . «» 3. , ( ) 4. ( , ) · (« ») · «Zonas extremas» ; ; · ( . · ); ( · (, , ) · « » , · ; ( 5. 1 2) · ) , · («») , 192 . , ( , . ), , , , , . (, , ), , . , . . : , , «» , , . , « . . », , , , , . , , 12. , . 1976 . , , , , 9. , « ». 13. , «» , « », ; . . . , 1960 ., . , , , , , . . , , , : . , , , , , . . , , . , , , , . , (. ). 1970--1980 . , , . . . , , . , . , . 1970 . 1000 . (120 . ) , , , . , . . , 2003 . , « », . (, , 1999 . , « », .) , , . . , ; . 2 , , 2 . : () ; , 10 . , , . , , , , , -- « , , », . , « » , -- , . . , , , . . , ; . , , () . -- , 1. , , , -- , . , , , . , -- : , . , , . . , , : . , , 2. , . , , -- ? , -- , . -- 6. -- , -- . , , , (, , . . ) 194 2006 (, , , , , ). . , , , , . , , . . , , , , , 3. ( 10.1). , , , . : , . , , ÂÑÒÀÂÊÀ 10.1 Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ïðàâî, ãëîáàëèçàöèÿ è ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü ( , ) , , , . . , , , . , . , , . . . ; , . , . . , , , . , , (1982) . , . , (1994), , ( 4). , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . . , . , , , , , , , , , , , . . , 4, , ( . , , ) , . , . , ; , . . 195 , , , ( , , , . , ). , , . . , , , , . . « » . , , -- , . . , , , , , . . . , , . , , , -- , , -- , , , , , , , . . , , 10.1 , XIX , XIX . , (. 10.1). , 1870 . 1990 . , . / 1870 / 1870 , , / , 1870 . / , 1870 / . 1990 . / 1990 . XIX . XX . 60 . / 1990 . , / ( 1990 . )4. / , 1990 . / . (Hamilton and Whalley 1990 . 1984) 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,010, , , , 200% . , , , : Pritchett (2003). , , 196 2006 , , , ( ) . , , (Walmsley and . , Winters 2003) , . , , . ( , . 8 8,4 , , , , . , , . 150 . . , , . , . . . (Annabi and others forthcoming) , 50% , , , , 1 . , 0,8%, 2020 . -- 4%5. , (), ? , , , 10. , , (, ) . , , (« »), , , , , « »11. 6. ( , , , ), , 7. , . , 8. ? () , ; , 9. , (), 12. . , , , , , . . , , , . . -- . , ( 10.2 , « 197 »). . 10.2 Ñäåëàòü ñõåìû ìèãðàöèè ðàáîòíèêîâ áîëåå áëàãîïðèÿòíûìè äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ (1990). , . ; , , . , 13. . , -- , , : 14. . , , , , . . 15. : Barber (2003); Schiff (2005). . , ( , ). . , ( ) , . , . , , (Hertel , and Winters forthcoming), , . (Bhagwati 2003) , , , -- ; , -- 2 . , 2015 . , , , , 2 ., 9 . , . , : , 2 . 80 . (Cline , 2004), . 2015 . 2 . 440 . , , . : , , , (, , , , , ). . , , , , , , , . , . , . 198 2006 . , , , , , , , , , 16. , , , . . , : , , 2004 . , . . , , (Bourgignon, Levin, , and Rosenblatt 2004b) , , , , . , , . ; , , , 70%. , ( 9). 2002 ., 11% 55%. , . . (Anderson and Martin 2004) , ; , , , 10.3 Õëîïêîâûå ñóáñèäèè îãðîìíû è ïðî÷íû 8% , 2001/02 . 6--7% , , , , ( , , . , , , 37 59% (Minot and Daniels 2002). , , , , , ', ) 8-- , 5,8 . 12%. (Baffes 2004), : . 3,3 ., 1,2 . ( . ), , ( ) -- , 979 . (International Cotton Advisory Committee 2003). . -- . 2004 . . , , , , , 71% . , , « 1%. » . . , . , , , 40% , 5 10% . (Balat and Porto forthcoming). , , , , . . , . , , 40%, . 2000 2002 ., , : 14 . 199 . , , , . , , 16% 17. , . . , , , . , : . . , , , , , . , , . , , . : , , . . ? , , , , , (, . 10.1, . .) . , , , . , . , , , , , . , . , « », . . , . , . , , , , . . « , ». , . , , , , ; 3, . , , . : , , , , 18. , , (, 11% 20% « . , »). , (. 10.3) , 19. « » 200 2006 , 10.4 Ïåðåæèâåò ëè óëó÷øåíèå óñëîâèé òðóäà â êàìáîäæèéñêîé òåêñòèëüíîé , ïðîìûøëåííîñòè îòìåíó ñèñòåìû êâîò? 22. ( 9, , ), 1999 . , , . , , . . , . , , : , ? , . . . , 90% 20 ., , , . . , , , 23. , , , -- 2008 ., . . , , , , , . , . , ? , : International Confederation of -- Free Trade Unions (2005), Washington Post , , , (2004). . , , ( ) . , ( 10.4). , , , « ». , . , , 20. () -- , « » . , , , ; « », , . 25% , , , , 2002 . 10 . ()24 , ( 20 , 750 . ). « » 3% . , 20% , 1990 ., « » , 21. , . , , , 500 8000 . , , , . , 20 . . 1995 .25 , , . 201 10.5 Ðàñøèðåíèå äîñòóïà ê àíòèðåòðîâèðóñíûì ëåêàðñòâàì â ÞÀÐ ( ) , , 1997 . . 2002 . (1965) , , GlaxoSmithKline Boehrin , . ger Ingelheim , . . 2004 . , , , , ( ), , , . . , 39 . . 1999 . , South . African Airways, . () ; , , , , , , . , . , 10 , , . C , . . . , : Decker et al. (2005), South Africa 4000 1000 . , Competition Commission (2003). . , , 53 . . , . . (Lanjouw and Jack , 2004) , , 20 , . . , , . , : . , , . , , ( 10.5). , , (. « » ). . , , (Chaudhuri, Goldberg and Jia 2004) , , . , , , 26, 450 ., 400 . , , , -- , 202 2006 , . (, 1990 . , , , , , , . .) . , , , , . , , 1990 . . (, , , , , , ), , . . , , . . , . , , ; , . , , 29. 27. , , , , () , ; , . . , , 2002 . 84% , , 12 , (, , , 150 . 5,3% ), . 30. , , , . II , . , , , ( , . , ), , , , 2001 ., , 31. . , , (), , 25 « . 28». , . 2004 . , , , , . . , 1999 . , , , , , . , 203 , , (1992) (1997). . «, . » , . , II , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . 2008-- 2012 ., , , 2012 . . , , 32. , , . (, , ), , . , . «» . , , , -- . , -- . . , , , . . , , , , , , , , . , . , , , . , , , ( , ), . «» . 2005 ., , . , 33. (1982), , , , , . / , ( , . ) 204 2006 . . 1998 . 35 2001 ., , . , : , ( , , ), . , . . (The United Kingdom's Commission for Africa 2005) , , , -- . . , , , , , , . 34. -- , , , . ? . . . , , , , , , . . , , . 35. . , , . , ; , . , ; , , , . (Birdsall 2004) , « »: , , . , , , . , . , . (Burnside and Dollar 2000) (Collier and Dollar 2001, 2002) , 205 , , , , , . , , , (« ») 1996 ., 38. , 20 60, . , 36. . 1990 2001 . , (Hansen and Tarp 2001), , () , , . . . , , , , 2002 . . , 37. (Cogneau and 2002--2004 . , Naudet 2004) , 78 .39 , , : , , ( , , , ( , , ); 3). ( 2004 . 0,9 . 2,9 . ); , . 2003 . , . , , , , . , () 2004 . , , . . , , , , , 2006--2008 ., , 25% , , -- ; . . , , , , , . , . . , , , 10% . , , () 2003 . . 40 0,25% . , , (Dollar , , and Levin 2004), 0,7% . , , , , (. 10.1). , . . , (« ») 2002 . 206 2006 10.1 (2002, 2003 2006) % % % 2003 2004 2003 2004 ( .) ( .) 2006 505 691 0,20 0,24 0,33 1 853 1 452 0,60 0,41 0,64 6 282 7 836 0,34 0,36 0,42 6 784 7 497 0,28 0,28 0,33 362 464 0,21 0,23 0,33 1 748 2 025 0,84 0,84 0,83 504 586 0,39 0,39 0,61 1 961 2 547 0,23 0,26 0,33 2 433 2 484 0,17 0,15 0,33 194 241 0,81 0,85 0,87 3 981 4 235 0,80 0,74 0,80 320 1 028 0,22 0,63 0,33 558 655 0,35 0,35 0,41 7 253 8 475 0,41 0,42 0,47 2 400 2 704 0,79 0,77 1,00 37 139 42 920 0,35 0,36 0,44 1 219 1 465 0,25 0,25 0,26 2 031 2 537 0,24 0,26 0,27 165 210 0,23 0,23 0,26 2 042 2 200 0,92 0,87 1,00 16 254 18 999 0,15 0,16 0,19 1 299 1 379 0,39 0,37 0,38 8 880 8 859 0,20 0,19 0,22 69 029 78 569 0,25 0,25 0,30 : OECD DAC (2004). . C -- ; -- ; -- ; -- . 10.2 , . , 1,4, 1,9 0,9% , 0,23, 0,35 0,13% (. 10.2). / ; % , 2002 2006 . 18 . 0,7%, 1,6 2010 . , , 1,2 , . 0,8 . 0,4 . , , , 1980 ., 0 , / , : OECD DAC (2004) OECD (2003). . 207 , , , , . ; ; . 1995 . . , ( , , , , . , ). , , -- , ; . . 2004 ., , . , 2005 . 27 . , , , , 54 . 34,5 ; 2000 . 2005 . , 15%. , , 27 . 6,4% 1999 . 7,9% 2003 . , , ( , , ), . , 2004 ., , , 2005 . -- . , , , . 40. , . , , , . , , , . , , . (), , . ; , ( ) , , . . , , , , , , , , 0,7% , , . , , . , , , ( , ) . . , «», , ; , , , , , 208 2006 . . , , . . 2005 . +5. , . Foreign Policy, , , , 169 , () , . , , , (Center for Global Development 2004). , , . , , . , . , , ; , , ; , ; . , , , , ; , . , , . . . , . . , , , . , . 2000 . , ( 2.9) , . 1999 . . , . . , , 2000 ., . , , , , , , . . , . ; . , , , , . , , . . , , , , 209 , . , , , , . 41. . . . , . . , , , . , . . , , , , , . , 40 . , , , , , . 2005 . , 24, . , , . 7 , ? , , . , , · , , , . . 7 . , , , . , ( . , , 2% , ). , , (. ). 1. : , · , 4. () , (). , , , , , . , . , . , . « , », , . « ». ; · , , . « » « », « » , , ( ) . 5. 5000 . · ( Advanced «» , Markets -- « »). . , , , . 2% , 6. . , 0 2. ( , , , . 3.) . : Lanjouw (2004). 211 , . . , , , . . . . , , , , , , , . , . . . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , , . . , . , , , , , , -- , , , . , . . . . . . : ; ( 5000 .) . () 8. ( 2%). : Lanjouw (2002, 2004). , . , , , . . , , . , (. . , ) , . . . , , . : 1980 . , 2, , , , . (United Nations 2003), , . 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Maynard (1966); Casagrande and Piper (1969). 9. .: Kanbur (2000), Elbers and others (2005). 37. Oster (2005) , 10. Wan, Lu and Chen (2004). , 11. , 45% « ». (., . ( .: Klasen 2005). 38. Das Gupta and others (2003). ). , 39. Lloyd (forthcoming) , . 40. Lloyd (2005) (forthcoming). , . 41. Agarwal (1994); Deere and Leon (2003). 218 2006 42. Mason and Carlsson (forthcoming). 12. Pradhan, Sahn 43. Rahman and Rao (2004). and Younger (2003), , 44. Kabeer (1999). 45. Kabeer (1997). . 46. 13. Gwatkin (2002). , . Filmer and Pritchett (1999). 47. Browning and Chiappori (1998). 14. Preston (1980), . : Deaton (2004). 48. .: Strauss, Mwabu and Beegle (2000), 15. , , , . . . , 49. Thomas (1990). , , , 50. Lundberg, Pollak and Wales (1997). . 51. Quisumbing and Maluccio (2003). 16. .: Deaton (2004). Cornia and Menchini (2005) 52. Heise, Ellsberg and Gottemoeller (1999). 53. Kabeer (1997). 54. Rahman and Rao (2004). , , 55. Munshi and Rosenzweig (forthcoming). 1980 . 56. Quisumbing, Estudillo and Otsuka (2004). 17. 57. Das Gupta and others (2004). 1990 . Goesling and Firebaugh (2004). 3 18. Brainerd and Cuttler (2004) 1. Deaton (2004), 31. , , . 2002 . 20 . , , 76 19. /4 3 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2003). 85% -- . 2. , / 20. , , ( 2.5) 60 1980 . . 39 2000 . 21. ( ) 3. Bourguignon, Levin and Rosenblatt (2004a), 3. . 4. , : « , (Chen and Ravallion 2004), » (Economist, May 27, 2000, 94). « , . ,». Oxfam, Economist, June 20, 22. Kolm (1976) 2000, 6. : 5. , ; , . 6. Pritchett (1997). [] > 0 , 7. , . 23. Atkinson and Brandolini (2004) , , , . , . 8. Goesling and Firebaugh (2004). . 9. , 24. ., .: Milanovic (2005). 25. .: Firebaugh and Goesling (2004), Sala i Martin (2002). , 26. , . , GE(0), .. Cornia and Menchini (2005), , , , 10, , . . 27. 10. Deaton (2004). 11. Pritchett (forthcoming). Bourguignon Morrison (2002), 729 730. , Filmer and Pritchett (1999). 28. Pritchett (1997), 14. 219 29. Bourguignon, Levin and Rosenblatt (2004a). 30. Ravallion (2004a), . : Bourguignon, Levin and Rosenblatt II (2004a). 1. , , 31. ., .: Chen and Ravallion (2004). 32. . , « 1 . . , , 33. ; , . , , » (, 20 1937 .). , , . . , , ,, Feldstein (1998) , . , 21% , « », . « ». 2. , « », 26 1,5 -- 2004 ., 10.56 . 2 . 2000--2015 . 3. 1, , . 8 , , , 18 50 .: , http://www.un.org/milleniumgoals. . 34. Deaton (2004). 7, 8 9. 10. 4 35. 1. .: Pingl´ (2005). , « » , : 61% 2. , «», 745, . : Cowell (1995), 21. [ I, 39% -- II. .. . -- . .] 3. , ( ) . : 1) 36. , ; 2) , , , ; 3) , , ; 4) . , (. . 37. ); 5) . , 2002 .: , , , . . 38. Lopez (2003), . : Deaton (2004). 4. Sen (2000), 69. 39. Pritchett (2001) Pritchett (2004b). 5. , 40. Firebaugh and Goesling (2004). « , 41. Sala i Martin (2002). » (Palandt 2004, . 242). 42. Pritchett Gerschenkron (1962). 6. , 43. Pritchett (1997), 15. « 44. . : Goesling and Firebaugh (2004). », « », «» « 45. . : Sala i Martin (2002). ». , 46. Goesling and Firebaugh (2004). « , , 2 , , 1. Evans (2004). , 2. .: Petesch, Smulovitz and Walton (2005) , , . « (High Court of Australia, 3. Chaudhuri and Heller (2003). Blomley vs. Ryan 1956, 99 CLR 362 at p. 415, per Kitto J.). 4. Baiocchi, Chaudhuri and Heller (2005). 7. , , . 5, . 10, 350 . .. 5. Chaudhuri, Harilal and Heller (2004). 8. Kritzer (2002), . 495. 6. « » « » .: Alland and Rials (2003). Appadurai (2004); « » 9. Gibson and Woolcock (2005). , 7. Rao and Walton (2004). , 8. , .: Guggenheim . (forthcoming). 10. , 9. Gibson and Woolcock (2005). , 10. Barron, Diprose and Woolcock (2005). « ». 220 2006 : «, , , , , », . ., , , , ( , ); « », , , , , . ; « , », , .., . , 11. Cadiet (2004), 425. . .: Graham and Felton (2005) 12. .: Arnaud (1993) Drai (1991). , Ravallion and Lokshin (2002) 13. (1948). Luttmer (2004) . 14. . 1(3) : « , , , , ». . 2(1) « , , » , . . . 55 24. . De Ferranti and others (2004), « ». . . 13(b)(1), 62(2) 68. 25. 15. , , ( ) (A/CONE 157/23), 12 , , , 1993 . , , , , , 14--25 1993 . 16. , , . . « 26. ISSP : , , » (. 7), « , , , , , , , » , , , , , , (. 21) (. 26). . 17. « 27. , , ». -- « », , Ravallion and Chen (1997). , 28. . Bourguignon (2003). 29. , . , , : , Kraay (1966), (forthcoming) , , 70%. , (1966), , 94%. (1964), 30. (1989), (1984) (1989). , , : ; , , . OHCHR « »: (1990). , (1948). 18. Henrich and others (2004) «», . , 15 . : , , Cameron (1999) , , ( ) . 19. ., .: Fehr and Schmidt (1999) « » Rabin (1993) , . 20. . 21. Terry, Carey and Callan (2001). 22. , , , , 1972--1997 . , , «», , . . 23. -- «» -- . , . Easterlin (1974), . 221 31. , , , , . , , , . .: 18. Banerjee and Munshi (2004); Banerjee, Duflo, and Munshi (2003). Bourguignon (2003) Ravallion (2005). 19. , 32. . , , , . . 20. Goldstein and Udry (1999), . 4. 33. . : Bourguignon, Ferreira and Lustig (2004), 21. Goldstein and Udry (1999), 38. . 22. Berry and Cline (1979). 34. World Bank (2005b) , 20% 23. 14 0,7% . , Banerjee and Newman (1991) , . (, ) (, ) 5 , 1. ., .: Fisman (2001a). , 2. . 24. , . , , , , , , , , , , , , ( . ). . 25. -- , , . Field (2003) , , . , , , , , . . , 3. , , , , . , . . 4. 26. , , .. . 20% . 5. Dasgupta, Nayar and others (1989). , ( 6. . : Gill and Singh (1977) Swaminathan (1991). , ), 200 . . 7. .: Djankov and others (2003). 27. Kremer (1993). 8. .: Deaton (1997). 28. Li and others (1994). 9. .: Townsend (1995). 29. Banerjee and Duflo (2004b), 11. 10. Fafchamps and Lund (2003) , 30. . Benabou (1996). , 31. Forbes (2000) , . , , , Gertler and Gruber (2002) . (), Arellano and Bond (1991). 11. .: Banerjee (2002), . 32. Barro (2000) 12. , . . 33. Banerjee, Gertler and Ghatak (2002). 13. Blair, Judd and Chapleau (2004). . : Loury (2002), . 6 14. . Steele and Aronson (1995). 1. Engerman and Sokoloff (1997). 15. .: McKenzie and Woodruff (2003), . 1. 2. Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (2001), 1387. 16. Olley and Pakes (1996). 3. Klaren (2000), 44 48. 17. 4. .: Hemming (1970), 264; Pizzaro and Melo (1996), 222 . . 5. Bakewell (1984), Cole (1985), Lockhart (1969) and Morner (1973). , 6. Lockhart and Schwartz (1983), 34. , 7. Parry (1948). ( ), 8. Cardoso (1991), Mahoney (2001) Lang (1975), 28. . , ICOR, 9. , -- , , . , ICOR , , , . , , . 222 2006 10. .: Crosby (1986), 143 144. 7 11. .: Craven (1932) Morgan (1975). 1. , 12. .: Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (2002), Acemoglu, Johnson , ,, and Robinson (2004) Rodrik, Subramaniam and Trebbi (2002). (Hart and Risley 1995). 13. , . Kaufmann 2. Pollitt, Watkins and Husaini (1997), Grantham McGregor and Ani and Kraay (2002) , , (2001), Stoltzfus, Kvalsvig and Chwaya (2001), Black (2003), Dickson and , . others (2002), Smith, Brooks Gunn and Klebanov (1997). 14. Haggard (1990) Kang (2002). 3. Shore (1997). 15. Liddle (1991) MacIntyre (2001b), 259. 4. Rutter, Giller and Hagell (2000), Karr Morse and Wiley (1977). 16. Geertz (1963), Elson (2001), 194 201, 280 281; Rock (2003), 14. 5. Paxson and Schady (2005). 17. World Bank (1993). 6. Pritchett (2004a). 18. Bates (1981). 7. Carneiro and Heckman (2003). 19. Bates (1981), 122. 8. 20. Bates (1989). « » , 21. Bowman (1991). 22. Fisman (2001b), MacIntyre (2001a), Stern (2003). ; ABCD, 23. Lipset (1959). , , 24. 21 ; , High/Scope Perry Preschool, « » 1688 . (North and Thomas ( ) . ( ) 1973, North and Weingast 1989 O'Brien 1993). 40 25. .: Brenner (1976), Tawney (1941), Moore (1966) Acemoglu, . Johnson and Robinson (2002b). . 26. .: Thompson (1963), Tilly (1995) Tarrow (1998). 27. Acemoglu and Robinson (2000), Acemoglu and Robinson (2005). , 28. Lindert (2003), Lindert (2004). . 29. 9. 5, Heckman and Masterov (2004), ; .: O'Rourke and Williamson (2002). http://www.ced.org./docs/presentation_heckman1.pdf. 30. Li, Squire and Zou (1998), Rodrik (1999b). 10. Young (2002). , Currie (2000), -- 31. Andersson and Gunnarsson ABCD (2005) Jantti and others (2005). , 32. Wade (1990). 33. Andersson and Gunnarsson (2005), 4. . Currie and Thomas (1999) , 34. Chen and Ravallion (2004). , Head Start, 35. Montinola, Qian and Weingast (1995), 51 52. , 36. Qian (2003), 305. . 37. , 11. Grantham McGhegor and others (1991). . 12. Deutsch (1998), Attanasio and Vera Hernandez (2004). 13. Paxson and Schady (2005). 4 14. Scott McDonald (2004). 1. World Bank (1993). 15. Doryan, Gautman and Foege (2002). 2. van der Eng (1993a, 1993b, 2002), 16. Kirpal (2002). 1880 1990 . 17. (Timmer 2005). , . : 1880--1905 -- 0,05% ; 18. Currie and Thomas (1995) , 1905--1925 -- 4,57% ; 1925 1950 -- 2,57% ; 1950--1965 -- 2,37% ; 1965--1990 -- 6,56% . Head Start , 3. , . Currie and Thomas (2000) , . , SUSENAS , , , , , . . 4. «» 19. King, Orazem and Paterno (1999). , -- 20. UNESCO (2005). , , 21. 32 (Bruns, -- Mingat and Rakotomalala 2003 FTI Secretariat 2004). , , 22. .: Wodon (2005) . , . .: Alatas and Bourguignon 15 , (2004). 30 , 5. Temple (2001). ( ) , . Burney and Irfan . (1995) , 6. Timmer (2005). . 223 23. , 1974 . 0,12--0,19 ; , -- 1,5--2,7% ; ; 1 . (Duflo 2001). , . , Birdsall (1985) , DeTray (1988) Lillard and Willis (1994) , Lavy (1996) Case and . Deaton (1999) . 45. .: World Bank (2003j) Pritchett (2004a). 24. Pritchett (2004a). 46. Chubb and Moe (1990). 25. Kremer, Moulin and Namunyu (2002). 47. .: McEwan (2000) . Hoxby (2002) 26. 2001 . Bolsa Escola 700 . 8,6 , ; Holmes, DeSimone and . « Rupp (2003) , » 2000 . 77 ., . Cullen, 2,2 , 13% (Morley Jacob and Levitt (2000) Cullen, Jacob and Levitt (2003) and Coady 2003). , , . . : Witte (2000). Hoxby (2000) «» 2004 . 2,3 . , 15% ; 5 , Rothstein (2005) , 20% . . 27. Morley and Coady (2003) Schultz (2004). 48. McEwan and Carnoy (2000) Hsieh and Urquiola (2003).49. World 28. , Bank (2003j) ; Duan (2005). 50. World Bank (2004k). () -- (, 51. World Bank (2004k). ). 52. Thailand's Ministry of Public Health and World Bank (2005). 29. Herz and Sperling (2004). 53. Rawlings (2004). 30. World Bank (2004d). 54. World Bank (2003j). 31. Pritchett (2004a). 55. .: Barber, Bertozzi and Gertler (2005) ; Das and 32. Hammer (2004) Das and Hammer (2005) ; Barber, Gertler and . Harimurti (2005) ; Leonard and Masatu (2005) . 33. .: Hanushek (1986) Hanushek (1996). 56. Gertler and Barber (2004). 34. Wossman (2000). 57. World Bank (2005f). 35. .: Glewwe, Kremer and Moulin (2002), Glewwe, Ilias and Kremer 58. World Bank (2004h). (2003), Glewwe and others (2004), Kremer, Miguel and Thornton (2004), 59. .: World Bank (2001c) , World Bank (2005f) Miguel and Kremer (2004). , Lewis (2002) . 36. 60. Schieber (2005). . Das, Dercon, Habrayimana, and 61. Gertler and Gruber (2002) , Krishnan (2004) , , , ( 70% ,, , ), , . , 38%. . 62. Sekhri and Savedoff (2005). 37. Hanushek and Wossman (2005). 63. Savedoff (2004). 38. Ladd (2002). 64. Escobar (2005); Escobar and Panopoulou (2002); Castaneda (2003). 39. 65. , 1990 ., . , , , . Deininger and Mpuga (2004) , , . .: Angrist and others (2002). 2001 . , , 40. Lindert (2004). . 41. 1997 . 66. Thailand's Ministry of Public Health and World Bank (2005). , 67. .: Chaudhury, Hammer and Murrugarra (2003) , 55 World Bank (2005f) , Meesen and Van Damme (2004) . 85% (World Bank 2005f). 68. Socialist Republic of Vietnam and World Bank (2005). 42. .: Grindle (2004) Fiszbein (2005), 69. Preker and Carrin (2004), Atim (1999). . 70. Ranson and others (2005). 43. World Bank (2003j). 71. World Bank (2004k), World Bank (2003j), Banerjee, Deaton and 44. Wossman (2004) Duflo (2004), Chaudhury and Hammer (2004) . , 72. World Bank (1997a). . , 73. , ; (World Bank 2001e, Holzmann Jorgensen 224 2006 2001). World Bak (2003f), 4. Asian Development Bank (2003), 24 25; Garapon (2003), Russel and Devereux (2001), Ravallion (2003). O'Brien (2001). 74. (Ardington and 5. The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Lund 1995) (Schwarzer and Querino 2002), (1995). , , 6. Tien Dung (2003), 8. . 7. .: Buscaglia and Dakolias (1999). 8. Ringera and others (2003). (Delgado Cardoso Jr. 2000); 9. .: Langseth and Solpe (2001), Dakolias and Thatchuk (2000). . 10. .: Asian Developent Bank (2003). 11. .: www.tsj.gov.ve, (Case 2001), . , , (Duflo 2003), 12. -- , (de Carvalho Filho 2000). ( ), 75. Kanbur (2005). ( 76. Lindert (2004). ). .: Asian Development Bank 77. , Esping Andersen (1990) , (2003), 8 9. 13. .: World Bank (2004g), World Bank (2004c), Hammergreen . (2004). 78. Alesina and Glaeser (2004) , 14. , , , , , , . . « » «» 79. 10% ; , , . (World Bank 15. World Bank (2004j), 12. 2000b). 16. Augustinus (2003). 80. Coady, Grosh and Hoddinott (2004). 18. .: Centre for Housing Rights and Evictions (2004). 81. .: World Bank (2002a), World Bank (2003d), World Bank (2003e). 18. Mamdani (1996). 82. 52 , 19. Fortman (1998). (, , 20. .: Buscaglia (1997) Mattei (1998). . : Kranton and , , , ). .: Swami (1999) Pistor and Wellons (1999). Chile's Ministry of Planning (2004); .: Hashemi (2000). 21. , 83. .: Jalan and Ravallion (1969); -- Ravallion (1991); -- Newman, Jorgensen and . .: Mwaikusa (1995), 166 178 Bukurura (1994). Pradhan (1992). 22. Buscaglia (1997). 84. 11% PRO 24. . Bush (1979), GRESA . . 85. .: Bourguignon, Ferreira and Leite (2004) Bolsa Escola 24. , , 1927 ., Rawlings (2004) Morley and Coady (2003) PROGRESA , ; .: World Bank (2005d) . . .: Van Niekerk 86. United Nations (2002). (2001). 87. .: Holzmann and Hinz (2005) World Bank (2001b). 25. .: Bennett (1999), . 88. , 26. , (Barrientos 2005). 1999--2003 ., 89. Case and Deaton (1998). , 90. Barrientos (2005), Rawlings (2004), De Ferranti and others (2004). . 91. .: James (2000), , van der Berg 27. 2002--2004 . 14992 and Brendenkamp Paes de Barros and de Carvalho (2004) . .: Malik (2005). . 28. Feierstein and Moreira (2005). 92. Lund (1999) Atkinson (1995). 29. Das (2004). 93. Hoogeveen and others (2004). 30. .: Human Rights Watch (2000). 31. .: Greenwood and others (1998), Gottfredson (1998), Tremblay 8 and Craig (1995), Waller, Welsh and Sansfacon (1999), Waller and Sansfacon 1. .: Haber (2001). (2000), World Bank (2003a). 2. Hellman, Jones and Kaufmann (2003). 32. World Bank (2003a), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 3. , (2000). 33. Graham and Bowling (1995), Shaw (2001). , 34. Sloth Nielsen and Gallinetti (2004), Bottoms (1990), Shaw (2001). 35. .: Harber (1999), Shaw (2004). « ». , 36. .: http://www.bac.co.za/Web% 20Content/Projects/ . .: Haber (2001). Tiisa% 20Thuto/Intro% 20 Template% 20for% 20Tiisa% 20Thuto.htm. 225 37 ) , , , , , . Bertaud and , , , Malpezzi (2001), Payne and Majale (2004). . 60. Gravois (2005). 38. Morrison, Ellsberg and Bott (2004). 61. Brasselle, Gaspart and Platteau (2002). 39. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (2000). 62. World Bank (2003i). 40. Mtani (2002). 63. , 41. .: Binswanger, Deininger and Feder (1995). , ( (Shih 1992) ) (Kijima and Lanjouw 2004). (Takeoshi 1967) , , (Hamid 1983). 30% , (World Bank 2001f). 42. Cardenas (2003), Conning and Robinson (2002). (Brockett 1984). 43. Deininger (forthcoming). 64. World Bank (2003i). 44. Deininger and Olinto (2000) , 65. World Bank (2003i). . 66. .: Kevane (1996); -- Deininger, Castagnini, 45. , and Gonzalez (2004). ( , 67. World Bank (2003i). ), «» 68. , , . , 46. Appu (1997), 196. , 47. Banerjee, Gertler and Ghatak (2002). ( 5). , 1970 1980 . 69. , . (Appu 1997). , 48. , , (Appu 1997). 70. De Janvry and Sadoulet (2002). , 71. De Ferranti and others (2005). (Nielsen and Hanstad 2004). 72. World Bank (2003j). 49. De Janvry and Sadoulet (2002). 73. .: Van de Walle and Cratty (2004) . .: Jalan and 50. Scott (1976), Gunning and others (2000), Deininger, Hoogeveen Ravallion (2002) . and Kinsey (2004), Kinsey and Binswansger (1993). 74. .: Jalan and Ravallion (2003). , 51. De Ferranti and others (2004). 52. .: De Janvry and Sadoulet (1989), Jonakin (1996), Alston, Libecap , . and Mueller (1999). 75. .: Malmberg Calvo (1994) ; Ilahi and 53. ., ., Feder (1988) Jacoly, Lee and Rozelle (2002). Grimard (2000) Ilahi and Jafarey (1999) ; World Bank (2001g) ; Khandker, Lavy and Filmer (1994) ( 30 80%), . (World Bank 2003i). , 76. 76% , , , , , , 23% , (Brasselle, Gaspat and Platteau 2002). , . , , (Byerlee and Kelley 2004). , 77. 1970 1998 . , , , 8,3% (World Bank 2005c). (Deininger and others 2003). 78. World Bank (2005c). 54. De Ferranti and others (2004). 79. De Ferranti and others (2004). 55. .: Palmade (2005) . .: Field (2003) . 80. 56. Payne (2002), Durand Lasserve (2003). , 57. : 1) ( . , ); 2) . , 30 , ; 3) 199 , (, ) , ( . ). .: World Bank (1994) World Bank (2004l). 58. World Bank (2003i). 81. World Bank (2004f) 10. 59. 82. Latinobarometro, , , . , 46% (, , 1998 . 21% 2003 . (Lagos 2005). 226 2006 83. Estache, Foster and Wodon (2001). and Burgess (2004). , 84. Estache, Foster and Wodon (2001). , , 100 , 85. , . , 90 100 « » , 2005 . (World . Bank 2005e). 86. Wodon, Ajwad and Siaens (2005) Estache, Foster and Wodon 22. .: Kingdon, Sandefur and Teal (2005). (2001). , , 87. Estache, Foster and Wodon (2001). , 88. Kariuki and Schwartz (2005). . 89. Gulyani, Talukdar and Kariuki (2005). 23. 1997--1998 . 83% 90. Estache (2003). (ILO 2002). 91. Irwin and Yamamoto (2004). 24. Kugler (2004). 92. .: Chisari, Estache and Romero (1999) Guasch (2003). 25. Maloney (1999), Maloney and Nunez Mendez (2004). 26. Chen, Vanek and Carr (2004). 5 27. ILO (2002). 1. Bint, Martinez Vazquez and Torgler (2004). 28. Besley and Burgess (2004). 2. Bint, Martinez Vazquez and Torgler (2004). 29. 3. Moore (2001); Davis, Ossowski and Fedelino (2003). ( + , 4. Moore (2001). ). ( 5. Gupta and others (2003). + ) 6. De Ferranti and others (2004). 2003 . 32%. 7. Bird and Slack (2002). 2003 ., Kingdon, Sandefur and Teal (2005). « 8. Rudnik and Gordon (1996). 9. Boskin (1977). 0,7 4,7 , 10. Rajan and Zingales (2003). 7,0 11,9 » (Kingdon, Sandefur and Teal 11. Prud'Homme (1990). 2005). 12. Bird (1991). 30. (20--30% ), , 9 , . 1. Smith (1776), 128. 31. Rodrik (1999b). 2. .: Tilly (1998) 32. Galli and Kucera (2004). . 33. 3. World Bank (2004b), Perotti and Volpin (2004). 4. .: De Soto (2000), Glaeser, Sheinkman and Shleifer (2003), Haber, (Fishman 1990, Boix 1998, Boix 2005). Noel and Razo (2003). 34. , 5. .: Morck, Wolfenzon and Yeung (2004) Claessens, Djankov and , Lang (2000). . , 6. Morck, Stangeland and Yeung (2000), Morck and Yeung (2004). , 7. .: Rajan and Zingales (2003). «, 8. Halac and Schmukler (2003) Perotti and Feijen (2005). », , 9. .: Velasco (1988), Valdes Prieto (1992), Haber and Kantor (2004), . .: Moene and Claessens and Pohl (1994), Perotti (2002). . 9.2 . Wallerstein (2002). ; 1930 . 10. Haggard, Lim and Kim (2003), 87. . : Siegel (2003) . . 11. Feijen and Perotti (2005), Claessens and Perotti (2005). 35. Nickell (1997). 12. Bertrand, Schoar and Thesmar (2004). 36. Boeri (2002); Blunch and Verner (2004); Bover, Bentolila and 13. Braverman and Guasch (1986). Arellanno (2002); Chaykowsky and Slotsve (2002); Panadiges and Patrinos 14. . : Armendariz de (2004). Aghion and Morduch (2005), Pulley (1989) Meyer and Nagarajan (2000) 37. Bertola, Blau and Kahn (2001). Burgess and Pande (2004) , 38. Kingdon, Sandefur and Teal (2005). . 39. Damiani (2003). 15. Honohan (2004). 40. .: Neumark, Cunningham and Siga (forthcoming), 16. , Glaeser, Johnson and Shleifer (2001). , 17. Rajan and Zingales (2003), 159. . Arango and Pachon (2004) , 18. Guiso, Sapienza and Zingales (2004). « , , 19. Roland and Verdier (2000) Claessens and Perotti (2005). , 20. ., .: Diamond (1981), Blanchard (2004), Bertola (2003), ». Agell (2002) .. 41. .: (www.ilo.org), 21. . .: Stern (2002), Hasan, Mitra and Ramaswamy (2003), Besley ILO (2003) Burra (1995). 227 42. .: World Bank (2004a). 80% 74. Robinson (2003); . 5 , . . , 6 , , , 1. Massey (2001). . 2. Shepherd and others (2005); Massey (2001). 43. Lopez (2004). 3. Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (1994); Hall and Patrinos (2005); Vakis 44. : (2003). () 4. de Haan (2005). 5. Galiani and Schargrodsky (2002). . 6. Manor (1999). . 7. Fox (1990). 8. Ferreira (2004). Hertel and Winters (2005). 9. Funck and Pizzati (2003). 45. Schiff and Valdes (1998), 30. 10. Shepherd and others (2005); Willanakuy (2004). 46. , 11. Ross (2005). « » 10 . 1. Pogge (2004). . , 2. Chauvet and Collier (2004) , , , (LICUS), , (Ravallion 2004b). 47. Winters, McCulloch and McKay (2004); Mundlak and Larson (1992); 80 ., . Lloyd and others (1999); McKay, Morrisey and Vaillant (1997). 3. 48. Minot and Goletti (1998). (World Commission on the Social 49. .: Bates (1981) 6 CUTS ( Dimensions of Globalization 2004). ) (2003) . 4. Goldin and others (forthcoming). 50. McMillan, Rodrik and Horn Welsh (2002). 5. .. 4%, 4 . 51. .: Hanson (2003). 6. Stark and Bloom (1985); Cox, Eser and Jimenez (1998). 7. , , , . , (Chiquiar 2005). 52. .: Nicita (2004) Goetz (1992); International Fund (Adams 1989, 1992). for Agricultural Development (2001); Minot (1998); Thomas and others Barham and Boucher (1998) (1999) . . 53. Arulpragasam and others (2004), World Bank (2003c). , Mendola (2004) , 54. Annamalai and Rao (2003), India Today (2004). 55. Palmade (2005). 56. Carruthers, Bajpai and Hummels (2004). , 57. Wood (1997). . 58. .: Wood (1997), Sanchez Paramo and Schady (2003), De Ferranti 8. McKenzie and Rapoport (2004). and others (2004). 9. , 59. Topalova (2004). 60. World Bank (2004i), Cord and Wodon (2001). , 61. McMillan, Rodrik and Horn Welsh (2002). . .: Taylor (1992), Taylor and Wyatt (1996), 62. Yang (2004), Krugman (1999). . Adams (2005) , , Aghion, Bacchetta and Banerjee (2001), Chang and Velasco , , (2001), Krugman (1979), Obstfeld (1996), Velasco (1996). , 63. Acemoglu and others (2003). . Yang (2004) , 64. .: Morales and Sachs (1998); .: Bruno , (1993). , 65. Blejer and Guerrero (1990). , , 66. Ferreira and Litchfield (2001). 67. . : Diwan (2002). . 68. Rodrik (1999a). 10. Ehrenreich and Hochschild (2003). 69. Honohan and Klingebiel (2000). 11. .: Matoo, 70. Halac and Schmukler (2003). Neagu and Ozden (2005); « » .: Faini (2003) Schiff 71. .: De Ferranti and others (2004), Lanjouw and Ravallion (2005). (2005). 72. Bruno (1993). 12. IV 73. Perry (2003). , . 228 2006 13. 2004 . 25 , , 34. Moore (2004). , . 35. McGillivray (2005). 14. , 36. 2001 . , (Levin 2005). , 37. Burnside and Dollar (2000), Collier and Dollar (2001), () , Collier and Dollar (2002) , , , ; .: Hansen and Tarp (2001), Easterly, Levine and Roodman (2004), , . Dalgaard, Hansen and Tarp (2004). 15. . , 38. Levin and Dollar (2005). . (United Nations 39. International Organization for Migration 2000) , (), 2 . () 16. (). , , , , , , ; .: Ricupero (2005). 2003 . 2,4 . 3,4 , 17. (366 .), (188 , . .) (133 .). , 40. , 20 , . .: , , « » , , 10 11 2005 . , (G 8 Finance Ministers, 2005) http://www.hm treasury.gov.uk/other . shmtsites/g7/news/conclusions_on_development_110605.cfm. 18. ., ., Birdsall (2002). « » 19. 2005 . « » . , 41. .: G 24 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/ . , EXTERNAL/DEVCOMMEXT/0,,menuPK:64001141~piPK:64034162~theSite 1990 . (, , , PK:277473,00html. , , ), , 10% 45% 7 1. .: Lanjouw and MacLeod (2005) World Health Organization (2004). 3 7 . . .: 2. .: Kremer and Glennester (2004) Barder (2004). Connor (2001), OECD (2000), World Bank (2003b). 3. .: Masters (2005). 20. Ronchi (2001) Ronchi (2002). 4. .: Maurer, Sali and Rai (2004) , 21. Lewin, Giovannucci and Varangis (2004). . 23. .: www.ethicaltrade.org www.fairlabor.org. 5. World Health Organization (2004). 23. Fung, O'Rourke and Sabel (2001). 6. IMS HEALTH Global Services; .: 24. « http://www.ims global.com. », 1 7. .: Lanjouw (2002). . 8. .: Lanjouw (2002). 25. Lanjouw and Jack (2004). 26. Sell (2003). 27. Fink and Reichenmuller (2005). 28. (2004), (2004) 1. Bauer (1971). (, 2. World Bank (1980). ). 3. World Bank (1990). 29. Claessens and Underhill (2004). 4. World Bank (1997c). 30. World Bank (2005g) UNCTAD (2004). 5. World Bank (2002b). 31. .: Claessens, Underhill and Zhang (2003) Bhattacharya and 6. World Bank (2001h). Griffith Jones (2004). 7. .: Stern, Dethier and Rogers (2005), 32. . . 8. World Bank (2005h). 33. O'Sullivan and Christensen (2005). 9. World Bank (2003j). «processed» , 1980­96." 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A4. 1. 2. « , »: 3. 4. , 5. -- , , , , . 1 . , , , , , «» , . 1 . 2 . ; , , , . 2 , . , . , 3 50 «», , , ( ) , « . » . , 4 , , , . 258 2006 1. , , 1 . 2 . 2 . % % % . % % % . , % 1 . , % , % . , % .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 .. .. 68,1 2001 42,0 55,0 49,0 2001 a 3,7 0,6 33,4 9,1 2002 29,6 19,8 25,4 .. .. .. .. 2002 a <2 <0,5 11,8 2,0 1995 30,3 14,7 22,6 1998 16,6 7,3 12,2 1995 a <2 <0,5 15,1 3,8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 .. 28,4 .. 1998 .. 29,9 .. 2001 b 3,3 0,5 14,3 4,7 1998 99 50,8 58,3 55,1 2001 48,7 51,9 50,9 2003 a, c <2 <0,5 31,1 7,1 1995 96 55,2 29,4 51,0 2000 53,0 36,6 49,8 2000 a 36,0 8,1 82,8 36,3 2000 .. .. 41,9 .. .. .. .. 2000 a <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 25,2 28,5 26,5 1999 33,0 23,3 29,0 .. .. .. .. .. 1997 .. .. 36,0 2001 .. .. 12,8 2003 a, c <2 <0,5 6,1 1,5 1997 77,3 53,8 63,2 1999 81,7 50,6 62,7 1999 a 14,4 5,4 34,3 14,9 2001 02 19,9 13,8 19,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996 54,0 15,4 23,9 1998 51,4 14,7 22,0 2001 b 8,2 2,1 22,4 8,8 1994 51,0 10,4 44,5 1998 51,0 16,5 45,3 1998 a 44,9 14,4 81,0 40,6 1990 36,0 43,0 36,4 .. .. .. .. 1998 a 54,6 22,7 87,6 48,9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 .. .. 14,5 1997 .. .. 17,3 2002 a <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 , 1989 .. .. 31,3 .. .. .. .. 2000 , b c 9,9 3,6 32,1 12,2 1998 45,5 9,2 37,4 2002 35,6 6,6 28,9 .. .. .. .. .. 1987 .. .. 65,0 1995 66,0 .. .. 2001 a, c 67,0 40,0 83,3 58,5 1992 .. .. 50,0 1998 99 49,9 18,6 39,5 1998 99 a 44,8 17,3 78,5 40,8 1989 71,9 33,7 57,9 2000 74,5 27,1 56,2 2000 b 16,0 4,6 37,4 16,0 1994 .. .. 40,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992 46,0 56,0 50,0 1993 51,0 57,0 53,0 1999 b 20,7 7,5 44,0 20,2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997 9,9 12,1 11,1 .. .. .. .. 2001 a 2,7 0,9 15,7 4,6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1992 49,0 19,3 33,9 1998 42,1 20,5 28,6 1998 b <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 , . . 1995 96 23,3 22,5 22,9 1999 00 .. .. 16,7 1999 2000 a 3,1 <0,5 43,9 11,3 1996 82,8 46,0 69,2 1998 83,1 56,0 72,9 1998 a 63,7 3,.7 87,4 55,4 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1990 91 35,8 3,4 25,8 1995 96 48,0 7,9 34,9 1995 96 a 56,1 24,2 83,0 48,2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 94 37,3 32,4 36,0 1999 00 30,2 24,7 28,6 1999 2000 a 35,3 7,2 80,6 34,9 1996 .. .. 15,7 1999 27,1 2002 a 7,5 0,9 52,4 15,7 1991 .. .. 15,0 1997 .. .. 11,7 2002 a, c <2 <0,5 6,5 1,4 , . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998 a <2 <0,5 7,3 1,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , . 1998 45.0 30.8 41.8 .. .. .. .. 1998 a 15.7 4.5 45.2 15.0 1996 39,0 30,0 34,6 .. .. .. .. 2003 a <2 <0,5 24,9 6,3 1997 40,1 21,1 36,1 1999 40,1 13,9 35,9 1997 a 34,1 9,7 77,7 34,5 1996 59,6 41,4 53,3 2001 49,9 22,1 40,2 2001 a 17,1 4,1 50,6 19,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994 47,0 29,0 40,0 1997 53,0 49,0 52,0 1997 a 22,8 5,9 58,3 23,9 2000 56,4 43,9 52,0 2001 51,0 41,2 47,6 2002 a <2 <0,5 24,7 5,8 1996 7,9 <2 6,0 1998 4,6 <2 4,6 2001 a 16,6 3,9 46,7 18,4 () .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 79,0 48,0 60,0 1999 79,0 55,0 64,0 1999 b 8,2 2,2 22,6 8,8 , . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1998 b <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 1992 25,5 19,2 22,0 .. .. .. .. 2000 b 2,0 0,7 9,5 3,0 ' .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2002 a, c 14,8 4,1 48,8 18,4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998 a <2 <0,5 11,5 2,6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000 a <2 <0,5 6,9 1,5 1993 48,7 33,1 45,0 1997 98 41,0 26,9 38,6 1997 98 a 26,3 6,3 73,2 29,6 1996 65,5 30,1 50,0 2000 61,2 25,4 46,3 2000 a 25,9 7,6 63,1 26,8 1997 76,0 63,2 73,3 1999 76,7 52,1 71,3 2001 a 61,0 27,9 85,1 51,8 259 1. () , , 1 . 2 . 2 . % % % . % % % . , % 1 . , % , % . , % , .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2003 a, c <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 1990 91 .. .. 54,0 1997 98 66,5 54,9 65,3 1997 98 a 41,7 14,8 76,1 38,3 1989 .. .. 15.5 .. .. .. .. 1997 b <2 <0,5 9,3 2,0 M 1998 75.9 30.1 63.8 .. .. .. .. 1994 a 72.3 37,4 90,6 60,5 1990 91 18,0 7,6 13,1 1998 99 27,2 12,0 19,0 1999 a <2 <0,5 14,3 3,1 1988 .. .. 10,1 .. .. .. .. 2000 a 9,9 3,7 26,3 10,9 1996 97.. 71,3 .. 62,0.. 69,4 .. .. .. .. .. 1996 a 37,9 12,0 78,4 36,8 1997 26,7 19,3 23,3 .. .. .. .. 2001 a 21,8 5,7 64,1 25,2 1995 33,1 38,5 36,3 1998 32,6 39,4 35,6 1998 a 27,0 8,1 74,9 30,6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1993 b 34,9 14,0 55,8 30,4 1995 96 44,0 23,0 42,0 .. .. .. .. 1995 96 a 39,1 11,0 80,9 37,6 1989 93 66,0 52,0 63,0 .. .. .. .. 1995 a 60,6 34,0 85,8 54,6 1985 49,5 31,7 43,0 1992 93 36,4 30,4 34,1 2003 a, c 70,8 34,5 92,4 59,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 76,1 31,9 50,3 1998 68,5 30,5 47,9 2001 a 45,1 16,7 79,9 41,2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 33,4 17,2 28,6 1998 99 35,9 24,2 32,6 2001 a, c 17,0 3,1 73,6 26,1 1997 64,9 15,3 37,3 .. .. .. .. 2000 b 7,2 2,3 17,6 7,4 ­ 1996 41,3 16,1 37,5 .. .. .. .. 1991 28,5 19,7 21,8 .. .. .. .. 2002b 16,4 7,4 33,2 16,2 1994 67,0 46,1 53,5 1997 64,7 40,4 49,0 2000 b 18,1 9,1 37,7 18,5 1993 .. .. 23,8 .. .. .. .. 2002 a, c <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994 b <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 1994 .. .. 30,9 .. .. .. .. 2002 a <2 <0,5 7,5 1,3 1993 .. .. 51,2 1999 00 65,7 14,3 60,3 1999 2000 a 51,7 20,0 83,7 45,5 1994 27,9 20,4 21,5 .. .. .. .. 2002 a <2 0,5 14,0 3,4 1992 55,7 43,1 48,3 ... ... ... ... 2000 b 31,1 14,1 58,0 29,7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992 40,4 23,7 33,4 .. .. .. .. 1995 a 22,3 5,7 63,0 25,2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996 b <2 <0,5 2,9 0,8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998 a <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1989 .. .. 82,8 2003 04 79,0 56,4 70,2 1989 a 57,0 39,5 74,5 51,8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2003 a 7,4 1,3 42,8 13,0 1990 .. .. 18,0 1992 15,5 10,2 13,1 2000 a, c <2 <0,5 32,5 9,0 1991 40,8 31,2 38,6 2000 01 38,7 29,5 35,7 1991 a 48,5 24,4 72,5 43,3 1987 89 .. .. 32,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1990 13,1 3,5 7,4 1995 13,9 3,6 7,6 2000 a <2 <0.5 6,6 1,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998 a 12,1 2,6 44,0 15,4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2002 a, c 4,8 1,0 24,7 7,5 1993 .. .. 55,0 1997 .. .. 44.0 .. .. .. .. .. 1995 .. .. 31,7 .. .. .. .. 1999 b 2,9 0,6 45,7 16,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000 b <2 <0.5 3,9 0,8 1994 53,1 28,0 40,6 1997 50,7 21,5 36,8 2000 a 15,5 3,0 47,5 17,8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2001 a <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 a 66,6 38,1 84,0 58,4 1995 96 67,0 63,0 64,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996 b <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 1996 .. .. 19,9 1998 .. .. 17,0 2000 b <2 <0,5 9,6 2,5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1990 91 22,0 15,0 20,0 1995 96 27,0 15,0 25,0 2002 a, c 5,6 <0,5 41,6 11,9 1994 47,0 25,0 35,0 .. .. .. .. 1998 b 17,7 7,1 40,8 17,7 1993 94 .. .. 53,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995 96 47,0 33,3 45,5 1999 00 45,0 37,0 44,2 1999 2000 a 23,0 4,8 77,8 29,6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000 a 10,7 1,7 34,1 12,6 1995 37,0 18,7 27,5 2000 25,1 12,8 18,7 2000 a <2 <0,5 13,3 2,7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -- ; -- ; -- ; .. -- . b 260 2006 2 () () . /* . GE (0) 90 10 . . 1994 0,32 0,20 4,88 .. .. 1997 0,28 0,14 3,58 1999/2000 0,59 2001 0,36 0,22 4,62 .. .. 2002 0,31 0,15 3,95 1998 0,84 1995 0,35 .. .. .. .. ( ) 2001 0,51 0,49 13,71 1988 0,83 2003 0,26 0,11 3,17 .. .. 2000 0,31 0,16 3,85 1996 0,62 2000 0,30 .. .. .. .. 2000 0,26 0,12 3,22 1999/2000 0,56 2003 0,36 0,22 4,93 .. .. 2003 0,28 0,12 3,56 .. .. 2002 0,58 0,76 29,65 .. .. 2001 0,25 0,10 3,25 1993.5 0,63 .. .. .. .. 2001 0,59 0,65 16,25 1996 0,85 2003 0,38 0,23 4,91 1993 0,42 1998 0,42 0,31 6,49 .. .. 1999 0,34 0,20 5,00 1999/2000 0,66 2002 0,24 0,09 2,96 .. .. , 2000 0,42 0,33 7,94 1996/1997 0,88 . 2001 0,37 0,22 5,42 .. .. 2002 0,35 0,20 4,73 1994 0,53 2001 0,68 0,98 45,43 .. .. 1998 0,45 .. .. .. .. 1998 0,48 0,44 .. .. .. 1999 0,41 0,28 7,30 .. .. 2000 0,58 0,66 16,81 .. .. 2003 0,39 0,24 5,09 .. .. 1993 0,40 .. .. 1988 0,62 2000 0,28 0,12 3,58 1999/2000 0,63 1999 0,52 0,51 11,72 1993 0,66 1998 0,36 0,22 .. 1999/2000 0,58 2002 0,38 0,25 6,11 .. .. 1997 0,27 0,14 .. 1999/2000 0,51 . . 1997 0,47 0,40 9,17 .. .. , . . 2000 0,34 0,20 .. 1990 0,65 1998 0,53 0,51 .. .. .. 1995 0,57 .. .. .. .. 2001 0,35 0,20 4,90 .. .. 1999/2000 0,33 .. .. .. .. 2000 0,34 .. .. 1993 0,46 2002 0,39 0,25 5,46 1997 0,78 1998 0,43 0,33 .. .. .. 2000 0,31 0,16 4,27 1999/2000 0,44 2000 0,35 0,21 4,74 1999/2000 0,77 2000 0,31 0,16 4,26 1999/2000 0,73 , . 1998 0,33 0,19 4,56 .. .. 2003 0,30 0,14 3,88 .. .. 1997 0,40 0,28 4,80 .. .. 2001 0,45 .. .. .. .. 2000 0,33 0,18 4,52 1991 0,64 1997 0,44 0,32 6,56 .. .. 2002 0,29 0,13 3,63 .. .. 2001 0,45 .. .. .. .. 1999 0,54 0,57 15,00 2001 0,8 , . 1998 0,32 0,15 .. 1990 0,34 2000 0,46 0,39 9,65 .. .. ' 2002 0,45 0,33 6,75 .. .. 1998 0,34 0,19 .. 2001 0,58 1995 0,63 .. .. 1989/1990 0,49 2000 0,29 0,14 3,94 .. .. 1997/1998 0,35 0,20 4,10 1999 0,39 2000 0,29 0,13 3,92 1999/2000 0,48 2000 0,38 0,24 5,92 .. .. 261 2 () () () . /* . GE (0) 90 10 . . 2001 0,46 0,36 8,05 .. .. , 2003 0,36 0,21 5,60 .. .. 1997/1998 0,50 0,44 .. 1993 0,52 1997 0,49 0,43 .. .. .. M 2001 0,39 0,25 5,81 .. .. 1998 0,38 0,23 5,33 1996 0,62 2002 0,49 0,47 11,87 .. .. 1996/1997 39,60 0,27 .. .. .. 2001 0,36 .. .. .. .. 1998 0,30 0,16 .. .. .. 1993 70,70 .. .. 1997 0,36 1996 0,36 0,21 4,54 1992 0,45 1995 0,51 .. .. .. .. 2003 0,41 0,29 7,26 .. .. 1999 0,29 0,16 3,87 1999/2000 0,57 2001 0,40 0,27 6,52 2001 0,72 1997 0,37 0,23 .. .. .. 2000 0,27 0,14 2,95 1999 0,18 2001 0,27 0,12 3,09 1990 0,57 2000 0,55 0,60 18,65 2001 0,52 2001 0,55 0,61 18,26 1991 0,93 2000 0,48 0,51 14,60 1994 0,86 2002 0,31 0,15 4,03 2002 0,69 1997 0,39 0,27 .. 1999/2000 0,74 2002 0,32 0,17 4,67 .. .. 2002 0,28 0,12 3,63 .. .. 2002 0,50 0,52 15,88 .. .. 1995 0,40 0,26 5,18 1998 0,5 1995 0,44 0,37 9,38 .. .. 2003 0,28 0,12 3,60 .. .. 1998 0,43 0,33 .. .. .. 1996 0,26 0,12 .. .. .. 1998 0,28 0,13 .. 1991 0,62 2000 0,38 0,26 6,30 1997 0,76 2003 0,32 0,16 4,08 .. .. 2002 0,40 0,25 5,56 1993 0,47 () 2000 0,24 0,09 2,86 .. .. 2001 0,35 0,20 4,89 .. .. 1992 0,39 0,26 6,24 .. .. 2000 0,40 0,28 .. 1993 0,7 1998 0,41 0,28 .. .. .. 2002 0,37 0,23 5,73 1991 0,61 .. .. .. 1991 0,59 2000 0,27 0,12 .. .. .. 1999 0,29 .. .. .. .. ( ) 2000 0,43 0,32 7,73 2000 0,79 2000 0,46 .. .. 1991 0,55 2000 0,25 0,10 3,12 1999/2000 0,27 1994 0,31 0,15 .. 1999/2000 0,58 2001 0,29 0,17 .. .. .. 1993 0,61 .. .. .. .. 1996 0,25 0,12 .. 2000 0,92 2000 0,51 0,47 10,72 .. .. 1992 0,31 0,17 .. 1990 0,5 2000 0,25 0,11 3,18 1999/2000 0,32 2002 0,38 0,23 4,98 .. .. 1998 0,54 0,61 16,09 .. .. 1998 0,32 0,17 4,73 2001 0,79 2000 0,30 0,15 3,34 2001 0,47 2000 0,58 0,61 16,91 .. .. 2001 0,42 0,28 5,90 .. .. 1993 0,25 0,10 .. 1995 0,59 * , ; , ; .. -- . 262 2006 3 ( 1 1 . ) . 2000 44,1 46,1 41,9 52,3 50,0 36,8 49,6 27,3 35,9 52,7 .. .. 44,3 1993 100,5 107,3 93,4 .. .. .. .. .. 80,9 102,6 113,3 89,0 57,5 1996/1997 89,6 94,9 84,3 96,5 98,8 96,7 88,8 56,6 73,0 91,2 98,1 82,3 64,8 1999/2000 79,7 82,3 76,9 92,9 93,6 78,1 62,8 57,9 74,2 80,7 91,9 74,5 54,7 1996 103,5 109,3 97,6 119,4 111,1 105,8 103,8 63,3 84,4 112,3 108,4 94,0 49,9 2001 94,8 97,6 92,0 111,5 108,2 106,3 78,1 50,0 72,9 104,5 100,2 87,5 53,1 1989 90,6 98,9 82,0 .. .. .. .. .. 73,9 106,6 116,1 98,7 50,2 1994 86,6 90,8 82,3 .. .. .. .. .. 68,8 105,8 122,2 99,5 48,2 1998 73,5 77,6 69,2 106,5 85,0 75,5 38,6 25,5 53,0 99,9 112,5 86,6 41,3 1988 38,6 46,4 31,0 .. .. .. .. .. 38,5 38,7 43,7 35,6 37,3 1986 84,0 97,3 70,1 .. .. .. .. .. 72,9 106,0 113,2 89,1 23,1 1996 48,1 51,6 44,4 83,2 46,7 32,9 24,7 28,6 42,4 65,3 93,2 58,1 32,0 1992/1993 107,6 114,5 100,3 .. .. .. .. .. 76,4 113,0 111,3 84,0 52,8 1987 85,8 97,1 74,2 .. .. .. .. .. 84,5 85,9 87,8 82,2 33,4 1997 34,8 42,0 26,9 42,8 43,2 35,2 27,2 16,9 23,2 36,6 48,8 43,3 29,0 2000 61,1 73,6 48,9 57,0 68,1 66,6 72,7 35,9 60,7 62,2 65,5 58,7 62,5 1994 87,1 97,7 76,2 93,7 93,6 85,6 81,7 74,3 83,2 88,9 95,2 78,4 75,6 2000 89,4 96,5 82,6 99,5 70,0 93,4 88,4 97,2 87,0 90,5 90,9 97,5 55,9 1988 80,9 88,9 72,5 .. .. .. .. .. 66,0 86,6 87,2 74,5 80,2 1993 74,7 79,2 70,1 77,5 94,6 82,8 64,2 45,8 54,9 82,2 87,1 66,7 44,9 1998 61,2 64,4 57,9 72,7 58,0 82,1 52,5 26,0 42,6 67,5 66,1 70,3 51,3 1987 79,2 89,5 68,5 .. .. .. .. .. 66,6 84,2 82,9 80,1 41,8 1995 57,2 62,7 51,5 56,9 79,7 55,7 46,7 35,0 45,4 62,9 69,8 53,6 26,1 1998/1999 49,1 50,0 48,1 58,0 50,8 52,1 39,6 39,2 49,0 49,1 55,7 46,5 41,1 1999 106,6 112,3 100,6 118,9 127,9 113,5 91,4 70,2 79,2 115,8 112,0 78,4 60,6 . . 1986 70,1 79,0 61,0 .. .. .. .. .. 71,9 67,9 96,1 73,7 47,5 . . 1991 44,4 53,3 34,9 .. .. .. .. .. 37,2 54,4 46,8 54,1 25,9 . . 1996 48,6 51,0 46,1 66,7 54,5 52,3 33,5 23,4 45,8 52,6 84,7 53,8 29,3 . . 1999 36,8 38,8 34,9 .. .. .. .. .. 35,3 39,1 34,7 50,6 17,9 , . . 1988 93,1 93,7 92,4 .. .. .. .. .. 64,2 113,8 112,3 82,8 37,8 , . . 1992 79,9 84,4 75,3 .. .. .. .. .. 54,4 96,2 97,8 73,0 42,4 , . . 1995 72,9 72,5 73,3 109,7 88,7 64,6 50,6 31,8 51,1 86,8 93,4 70,0 37,5 , . . 2000 54,7 55,0 54,5 75,6 63,9 53,9 43,9 29,6 43,1 61,8 68,3 58,8 35,9 1992 98,3 106,2 90,5 .. .. .. .. .. 78,0 116,0 114,9 98,9 79,4 1996 107,7 116,3 99,3 123,6 131,5 105,1 104,1 69,8 91,9 117,9 132,9 110,2 81,7 2001/2002 93,9 95,1 92,7 115,2 93,1 113,8 80,8 56,7 76,7 102,6 108,1 98,8 70,3 1988 56,4 63,2 49,5 .. .. .. .. .. 37,0 63,4 77,1 53,9 38,2 1994 51,2 56,9 45,5 52,0 49,5 47,4 64,2 41,6 44,3 53,6 61,6 53,9 38,6 1999 59,7 63,1 56,2 59,1 63,9 67,1 63,1 44,3 47,2 65,3 81,1 60,6 54,0 1992/1993 86,3 88,6 83,9 109,2 106,3 89,7 65,6 44,0 59,4 94,3 100,6 68,2 46,3 1998/1999 73,0 74,8 71,1 96,5 80,7 76,3 55,3 38,1 49,2 79,7 87,0 66,9 42,2 1987 .. 84,1 63,8 .. .. .. .. .. 49,9 83,3 100,9 75,0 36,2 1991 .. 79,9 67,9 .. .. .. .. .. 57,2 81,0 89,0 81,1 34,6 1994 .. 73,5 58,8 .. .. .. .. .. 43,1 75,2 90,5 70,4 39,5 1997 52,2 59,1 44,9 78,1 57,3 51,4 39,4 23,3 35,7 58,0 77,5 58,8 28,0 1990 .. 36,4 37,3 .. .. .. .. .. 35,8 39,2 38,7 41,1 33,8 1997 29,0 34,3 23,4 35,4 28,8 30,1 25,9 23,4 26,7 39,1 54,2 31,9 25,5 , . 1991/1992 100,3 108,1 92,1 .. .. .. .. .. 90,9 102,2 102,4 77,5 43,7 , . 1997 89,5 98,4 80,0 108,5 102,0 88,9 80,9 60,0 75,4 93,6 92,6 71,6 66,9 1995 40,7 46,7 34,6 39,2 43,1 36,6 48,9 35,1 39,2 42,1 .. .. 40,9 1999 54,9 62,0 47,3 67,6 65,3 65,8 27,3 42,3 43,7 63,8 .. .. 55,2 2000 92,7 102,8 82,2 109,7 108,2 88,2 88,7 50,3 72,3 95,7 102,5 93,6 59,7 1991 80,3 86,4 74,3 103,9 101,0 78,8 65,1 51,2 71,7 85,8 112,7 51,6 50,6 1998 79,8 85,1 74,6 108,4 86,3 72,6 58,7 55,8 61,0 86,9 103,9 74,1 49,9 1989 .. 63,4 54,3 .. .. .. .. .. 56,7 59,2 72,1 55,4 42,3 1993 .. 66,6 58,6 .. .. .. .. .. 45,5 64,9 66,3 70,6 34,8 1998 70,7 74,5 66,8 95,8 82,9 58,5 61,0 40,2 55,4 73,8 82,2 79,7 40,0 1997 66,2 71,9 60,2 83,3 73,3 67,5 49,6 45,8 54,3 70,4 .. 255,6 66,0 1986 38,7 40,8 36,4 .. .. .. .. .. 37,5 40,7 49,3 42,0 28,6 1990 27,0 27,6 26,4 .. .. .. .. .. 28,9 23,4 60,5 27,3 20,4 1995 30,8 34,9 26,5 40,8 31,4 27,0 31,5 16,2 28,3 35,2 26,9 36,5 25,6 2000 24,4 28,5 20,1 32,0 31,6 22,0 11,9 17,6 21,3 31,1 42,3 28,2 19,6 1996 83,7 92,5 74,8 87,2 108,5 83,7 62,6 64,6 63,8 90,0 87,4 78,5 67,1 ' 1994 91,3 99,1 83,2 117,2 97,3 88,9 78,8 63,3 74,7 99,7 98,8 78,1 61,0 ' 1998 111,5 130,3 92,5 .. .. .. .. .. 84,7 123,9 123,5 94,7 61,8 1986 .. 168,9 135,4 .. .. .. .. .. 140,4 160,7 162,7 146,3 112,5 263 3 () ( 1 1 . ) . 2000/2001 66,8 .. .. 60,8 59,4 78,0 72,8 62,3 .. .. .. .. .. 1992 .. 103,2 101,8 .. .. .. .. .. 74,7 106,8 137,9 97,6 72,9 1997 99,3 108,7 89,5 119,1 118,3 103,2 76,2 57,5 77,9 105,0 124,2 102,0 63,5 1992 136,1 141,7 130,4 141,2 133,7 154,1 139,2 106,1 118,1 138,4 143,4 129,6 96,3 i 2000 112,5 117,1 107,9 131,5 110,7 117,4 109,1 86,4 82,5 116,7 116,6 114,3 65,4 1987 .. 136,6 125,5 .. .. .. .. .. 89,8 144,1 139,1 74,6 74,1 1995 133,5 140,5 126,5 151,4 146,9 138,9 129,0 93,2 98,7 145,0 139,6 112,7 59,6 2001 126,2 136,4 115,6 137,2 125,2 140,6 128,7 89,9 105,9 131,9 130,0 122,4 51,7 1987 .. 82,8 80,6 .. .. .. .. .. 64,1 90,9 85,6 52,8 62,5 1992 63,1 68,6 57,4 79,7 67,7 62,4 58,5 35,1 51,9 69,3 67,7 53,2 20,9 1987 .. 60,4 52,4 .. .. .. .. .. 41,6 79,2 27,6 .. 83,9 1997 147,4 153,0 141,9 187,7 136,2 144,3 134,2 94,7 100,8 159,7 155,6 143,9 72,5 1992 61,5 66,6 56,5 63,6 63,0 48,4 72,2 57,3 63,1 60,7 57,9 65,5 57,0 1996 93,0 101,9 83,7 96,3 107,2 103,6 84,7 63,9 61,1 95,3 97,5 80,0 53,4 2001 77,2 79,2 75,2 85,5 87,7 76,6 72,8 53,2 50,1 79,3 84,6 61,0 39,1 1990 .. 135,8 133,0 .. .. .. .. .. 89,0 142,6 137,0 114,9 48,8 1998 135,8 140,9 130,5 131,1 152,3 157,2 142,0 85,8 79,9 146,7 140,9 99,6 70,1 1990 91,6 93,9 89,3 102,2 102,3 93,1 85,8 68,6 75,6 95,9 96,1 87,2 69,9 1999 .. 73,3 68,0 .. .. .. .. .. 59,3 74,9 76,9 70,8 55,7 1997/1998 45,2 50,2 40,2 50,7 53,7 45,7 40,2 25,8 40,0 51,1 62,1 45,3 31,0 1990 94,0 102,1 85,5 88,7 108,7 109,3 95,7 62,5 74,6 102,2 98,6 90,4 59,5 1990 35,9 39,0 32,6 42,9 36,5 46,1 33,5 15,7 32,6 38,7 52,2 39,1 22,9 1986 .. 83,2 74,8 .. .. .. .. .. 55,8 106,1 118,8 88,3 41,5 1992 .. 68,1 59,2 .. .. .. .. .. 47,5 89,9 100,0 83,2 33,9 1996 49,9 56,1 43,5 78,3 53,6 34,4 36,0 19,5 34,9 71,0 78,9 61,7 30,6 2000 43,2 46,0 40,2 63,5 53,9 32,6 26,5 13,9 28,4 60,3 73,4 53,5 27,4 1992 90,2 98,4 82,1 .. .. .. .. .. 87,5 90,4 97,3 84,9 65,3 2000 117,4 123,2 111,6 138,7 120,2 123,4 118,9 87,9 77,9 123,5 134,8 113,9 59,5 1985 70,9 81,1 59,7 .. .. .. .. .. 57,6 82,4 99,7 64,2 24,9 1986 90,9 98,6 82,9 .. .. .. .. .. 70,1 101,9 96,2 67,2 51,4 1992/1993 76,1 83,6 68,7 .. .. .. .. .. 54,5 86,8 81,2 58,5 32,1 1997 69,4 73,6 65,0 84,5 81,6 69,6 58,8 44,9 50,2 79,1 76,1 52,1 28,7 1990 77,1 83,7 70,3 .. .. .. .. .. 74,0 78,6 82,4 70,1 62,5 1987 38,5 45,6 30,9 .. .. .. .. .. 25,9 40,8 55,5 38,7 18,5 1992 99,4 103,6 95,1 .. .. .. .. .. 108,3 97,1 103,1 97,9 71,8 1996 94,1 100,8 87,1 87,3 118,0 95,6 102,1 64,8 81,7 96,8 105,9 89,3 63,9 1999 107,8 .. .. 114,8 107,5 115,4 106,8 91,9 .. .. .. .. .. 1988 84,0 88,5 79,3 .. .. .. .. .. 74,7 87,3 88,2 79,3 54,3 1998 80,3 89,1 71,4 84,1 81,7 90,0 73,9 65,8 65,3 85,0 87,4 72,1 54,4 1987 30,5 28,4 32,8 .. .. .. .. .. 34,2 27,9 69,0 24,2 38,5 1988 55,5 56,3 54,7 .. .. .. .. .. 49,6 61,8 61,8 49,6 34,4 2000 71,6 83,0 59,7 89,3 78,6 68,2 62,4 58,4 60,1 79,9 113,8 29,7 71,4 1993 68,3 70,5 66,0 99,9 72,7 72,1 54,4 25,4 58,1 82,6 92,2 63,4 25,4 1998 48,4 51,0 45,5 68,3 54,6 42,1 37,5 29,8 42,2 58,6 66,3 46,2 27,9 1988 106,0 111,3 100,6 .. .. .. .. .. 103,8 106,2 114,9 101,1 85,8 1995 86,1 87,4 84,9 109,0 79,5 90,4 84,5 63,2 74,4 87,6 94,0 87,9 48,0 2000/2001 89,4 93,3 85,5 105,7 98,3 94,5 81,0 60,2 54,5 93,7 106,7 88,4 52,6 1996 43,5 50,2 36,7 54,4 39,8 36,0 39,0 45,9 42,9 43,8 .. .. 43,6 1993 .. 43,5 32,9 .. .. .. .. .. 31,9 44,3 76,7 46,6 28,9 1998 36,0 39,4 32,3 48,8 39,2 33,7 24,9 20,9 30,9 40,2 78,5 45,1 28,3 1994/1995 101,8 109,2 94,1 132,3 116,8 99,2 97,6 53,7 79,9 116,3 114,2 100,2 52,0 1996/1997 109,8 119,6 100,0 79,8 136,7 120,2 115,0 89,3 99,3 112,8 112,7 101,6 74,9 1987 .. 39,6 24,9 .. .. .. .. .. 34,4 32,2 52,2 34,0 27,9 1987 65,2 70,4 59,7 .. .. .. .. .. 51,6 77,7 104,5 68,7 39,4 1995 75,6 81,9 69,0 74,0 66,2 87,0 85,8 67,5 79,8 74,4 76,0 77,0 67,2 2000 112,9 124,4 100,6 92,8 114,9 141,5 118,1 95,1 96,5 114,7 119,1 85,0 63,5 1998 42,2 49,0 35,3 61,6 51,6 35,8 34,0 17,0 32,6 52,2 58,8 47,6 36,1 . , ; .. -- . 264 2006 4 , . 0 1­6 7­12 13 . GE (0,5) 1994 0 ,00 0 ,00 0 ,58 0 ,42 12 ,50 12 ,64 12 ,21 13 ,07 11 ,89 0 ,15 0 ,04 0 ,00 0 ,03 1995 0 ,00 0 ,01 0 ,89 0 ,10 10 ,64 11 ,10 10 ,35 10 ,97 10 ,30 0 ,14 0 ,03 0 ,02 0 ,02 1995 0 ,02 0 ,03 0 ,65 0 ,30 10 ,99 11 ,61 10 ,23 11 ,62 10 ,43 0 ,15 0 ,07 0 ,03 0 ,02 2002 0 ,04 0 ,10 0 ,76 0 ,10 9 ,19 10 ,55 8 ,09 9 ,58 8 ,83 0 ,21 0 ,14 0 ,06 0 ,01 2000 0 ,33 0 ,47 0 ,20 0 ,00 3 ,65 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2001 0 ,01 0 ,08 0 ,65 0 ,26 10 ,33 .. .. 10 ,26 10 ,40 0 ,22 0 ,09 .. 0 ,00 2000 0 ,01 0 ,02 0 ,61 0 ,36 11 ,44 11 ,98 10 ,60 11 ,50 11 ,38 0 ,13 0 ,04 0 ,05 0 ,00 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1999/2000 0 ,46 0 ,26 0 ,24 0 ,04 3 ,92 6 ,31 3 ,29 4 ,94 2 ,90 0 ,62 1 ,18 0 ,04 0 ,03 2002 0 ,02 0 ,28 0 ,27 0 ,44 11 ,27 .. .. 10 ,84 11 ,61 0 ,25 0 ,13 .. 0 ,00 1997 0 ,03 0 ,12 0 ,47 0 ,38 11 ,52 .. .. 11 ,65 11 ,39 0 ,22 0 ,12 .. 0 ,00 2001 0 ,63 0 ,23 0 ,12 0 ,03 2 ,47 4 ,28 1 ,34 3 ,63 1 ,53 0 ,75 1 ,69 0 ,10 0 ,05 2003 0 ,06 0 ,22 0 ,24 0 ,48 10 ,85 12 ,22 7 ,50 10 ,76 10 ,94 0 ,19 0 ,26 0 ,05 0 ,04 1998 0 ,10 0 ,35 0 ,35 0 ,20 7 ,63 9 ,28 4 ,07 8 ,48 6 ,84 0 ,38 0 ,38 0 ,16 0 ,02 2001 0 ,06 0 ,16 0 ,69 0 ,10 9 ,32 11 ,03 8 ,71 10 ,29 8 ,39 0 ,24 0 ,18 0 ,03 0 ,03 2001 0 ,20 0 ,21 0 ,23 0 ,36 8 ,38 8 ,67 6 ,61 8 ,44 8 ,32 0 ,39 0 ,53 0 ,01 0 ,00 1998/1999 0 ,86 0 ,08 0 ,04 0 ,02 1 ,00 4 ,28 0 ,33 1 ,48 0 ,63 0 ,90 2 ,63 0 ,27 0 ,03 2000 0 ,61 0 ,32 0 ,05 0 ,02 2 ,13 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1999 0 ,00 0 ,00 0 ,68 0 ,31 12 ,16 12 ,31 11 ,98 12 ,21 12 ,11 0 ,11 0 ,02 0 ,00 0 ,00 1999 0 ,00 0 ,10 0 ,75 0 ,14 10 ,01 .. .. 10 ,09 9 ,94 0 ,18 0 ,06 .. 0 ,00 , 2000 0 ,08 0 ,34 0 ,42 0 ,17 8 ,29 9 ,92 7 ,96 8 ,08 8 ,51 0 ,30 0 ,26 0 ,01 0 ,00 2001 0 ,60 0 ,19 0 ,20 0 ,02 3 ,19 5 ,40 2 ,52 3 ,43 0 ,86 0 ,69 1 ,68 0 ,04 0 ,03 2000 0 ,06 0 ,34 0 ,57 0 ,02 6 ,96 8 ,48 6 ,44 7 ,43 6 ,53 0 ,28 0 ,22 0 ,04 0 ,01 2000 0 ,19 0 ,32 0 ,38 0 ,11 6 ,71 7 ,45 4 ,55 7 ,62 5 ,78 0 ,39 0 ,52 0 ,04 0 ,02 2000 0 ,40 0 ,33 0 ,22 0 ,05 3 ,93 6 ,70 2 ,14 4 ,75 3 ,19 0 ,61 1 ,12 0 ,15 0 ,02 2000 0 ,00 0 ,28 0 ,62 0 ,10 8 ,89 10 ,00 8 ,37 8 ,94 8 ,84 0 ,20 0 ,07 0 ,05 0 ,00 2000 0 ,58 0 ,14 0 ,19 0 ,09 3 ,82 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998/1999 0 ,31 0 ,14 0 ,41 0 ,14 6 ,62 8 ,79 5 ,39 8 ,31 5 ,22 0 ,46 0 ,78 0 ,04 0 ,04 1998/1999 0 ,29 0 ,45 0 ,21 0 ,05 4 ,58 6 ,28 3 ,10 5 ,14 4 ,07 0 ,54 0 ,83 0 ,07 0 ,01 1999 0 ,77 0 ,09 0 ,09 0 ,05 1 ,97 4 ,44 0 ,86 3 ,06 1 ,08 0 ,84 2 ,22 0 ,14 0 ,06 2000 0 ,72 0 ,14 0 ,05 0 ,09 2 ,34 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000 0 ,02 0 ,36 0 ,39 0 ,23 10 ,07 10 ,39 9 ,57 10 ,07 10 ,07 0 ,25 0 ,13 0 ,01 0 ,00 2001 0 ,19 0 ,55 0 ,20 0 ,06 5 ,55 7 ,41 3 ,64 5 ,57 5 ,52 0 ,45 0 ,56 0 ,11 0 ,00 1992 0 ,00 0 ,00 0 ,83 0 ,17 11 ,62 11 ,82 11 ,23 11 ,78 11 ,47 0 ,11 0 ,02 0 ,01 0 ,00 . . 2002 0 ,10 0 ,35 0 ,40 0 ,15 7 ,47 8 ,32 5 ,85 7 ,38 7 ,56 0 ,38 0 ,36 0 ,04 0 ,00 , . . 2000 0 ,35 0 ,19 0 ,28 0 ,17 6 ,60 8 ,60 4 ,83 7 ,90 5 ,28 0 ,51 0 ,90 0 ,05 0 ,02 1992 0 ,16 0 ,30 0 ,49 0 ,06 6 ,26 8 ,45 4 ,91 7 ,41 5 ,14 0 ,37 0 ,44 0 ,08 0 ,04 1999 0 ,10 0 ,21 0 ,62 0 ,07 7 ,57 9 ,52 6 ,22 8 ,41 6 ,81 0 ,30 0 ,30 0 ,08 0 ,02 2001 0 ,02 0 ,03 0 ,51 0 ,44 12 ,63 12 ,55 13 ,08 12 ,75 12 ,52 0 ,14 0 ,07 0 ,00 0 ,00 1998/2000 0 ,41 0 ,20 0 ,31 0 ,08 5 ,03 7 ,78 3 ,93 6 ,50 3 ,57 0 ,56 1 ,02 0 ,05 0 ,04 2002 0 ,09 0 ,50 0 ,34 0 ,07 7 ,38 9 ,04 5 ,85 7 ,99 6 ,77 0 ,32 0 ,29 0 ,08 0 ,01 2002 0 ,00 0 ,19 0 ,54 0 ,26 10 ,42 10 ,70 9 ,55 10 ,74 10 ,13 0 ,21 0 ,07 0 ,01 0 ,01 2000 0 ,26 0 ,33 0 ,27 0 ,14 6 ,36 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996 0 ,00 0 ,03 0 ,79 0 ,18 11 ,00 .. .. 11 ,14 10 ,86 0 ,11 0 ,04 .. 0 ,00 1990 0 ,13 0 ,22 0 ,43 0 ,22 9 ,12 .. .. 9 ,48 8 ,77 0 ,31 0 ,33 .. 0 ,00 2000 0 ,03 0 ,19 0 ,68 0 ,10 9 ,05 9 ,49 8 ,56 9 ,32 8 ,79 0 ,23 0 ,12 0 ,01 0 ,00 , . 1999 0 ,65 0 ,11 0 ,17 0 ,07 3 ,34 5 ,95 2 ,27 5 ,35 1 ,54 0 ,73 1 ,81 0 ,06 0 ,10 1999 0 ,01 0 ,03 0 ,79 0 ,17 10 ,69 11 ,15 10 ,23 10 ,75 10 ,64 0 ,12 0 ,04 0 ,02 0 ,00 1999 0 ,00 0 ,63 0 ,36 0 ,01 5 ,70 7 ,12 5 ,52 6 ,35 5 ,15 0 ,28 0 ,12 0 ,04 0 ,04 1998 0 ,32 0 ,29 0 ,30 0 ,08 5 ,32 7 ,58 4 ,14 6 ,54 4 ,27 0 ,50 0 ,84 0 ,05 0 ,03 2000 0 ,00 0 ,01 0 ,34 0 ,65 14 ,27 14 ,39 13 ,30 14 ,34 14 ,20 0 ,13 0 ,03 0 ,01 0 ,00 1999 0 ,20 0 ,26 0 ,52 0 ,02 6 ,26 8 ,05 5 ,48 7 ,01 5 ,56 0 ,38 0 ,51 0 ,03 0 ,01 1997 0 ,01 0 ,03 0 ,79 0 ,17 10 ,58 11 ,35 10 ,16 10 ,76 10 ,41 0 ,12 0 ,05 0 ,03 0 ,00 2000 0 ,07 0 ,33 0 ,55 0 ,05 6 ,54 8 ,53 5 ,18 7 ,22 5 ,82 0 ,37 0 ,35 0 ,08 0 ,02 1996 0 ,64 0 ,17 0 ,16 0 ,04 2 ,76 4 ,41 2 ,06 3 ,69 1 ,96 0 ,71 1 ,82 0 ,04 0 ,00 , . . 2000 0 ,25 0 ,35 0 ,36 0 ,04 5 ,39 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000 0 ,07 0 ,12 0 ,63 0 ,18 9 ,35 10 ,46 8 ,61 10 ,85 7 ,93 0 ,46 0 ,21 0 ,03 0 ,15 2000 0 ,05 0 ,48 0 ,31 0 ,16 7 ,90 9 ,02 6 ,15 7 ,91 7 ,89 0 ,30 0 ,22 .. 0 ,00 ' 1998/1999 0 ,56 0 ,24 0 ,14 0 ,06 3 ,43 5 ,30 2 ,16 4 ,40 2 ,52 0 ,68 1 ,48 0 ,07 0 ,03 2000 0 ,15 0 ,39 0 ,42 0 ,03 5 ,82 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997 0 ,32 0 ,44 0 ,20 0 ,04 4 ,08 7 ,32 3 ,36 5 ,38 2 ,85 0 ,53 0 ,84 0 ,07 0 ,06 2000 0 ,01 0 ,17 0 ,34 0 ,49 12 ,31 .. .. 12 ,96 11 ,65 0 ,21 0 ,08 .. 0 ,02 2001 0 ,00 0 ,65 0 ,26 0 ,09 6 ,34 8 ,02 5 ,65 6 ,38 6 ,30 0 ,31 0 ,16 0 ,08 0 ,00 1992 0 ,63 0 ,18 0 ,15 0 ,04 2 ,84 4,70 0,94 3,92 1,90 0 ,74 1 ,72 0 ,03 0 ,04 2000 0 ,30 0 ,40 0 ,30 0 ,01 4 ,23 7 ,67 3 ,60 5 ,46 3 ,08 0 ,52 0 ,80 0 ,06 0 ,05 265 4 () , . 0 1­6 7­12 13 . GE (0,5) 2001 0 ,81 0 ,10 0 ,06 0 ,03 1 ,45 3 ,80 0 ,56 2 ,03 0 ,94 0 ,87 2 ,36 0 ,18 0 ,03 1999 0 ,08 0 ,41 0 ,37 0 ,14 7 ,78 8 ,63 4 ,67 8 ,10 7 ,49 0 ,34 0 ,30 0 ,09 0 ,00 1997 0 ,48 0 ,43 0 ,08 0 ,00 2 ,24 4 ,65 1 ,54 3 ,20 1 ,45 0 ,65 1 ,27 0 ,11 0 ,06 2000 0 ,01 0 ,07 0 ,55 0 ,37 11 ,75 .. .. 11 ,71 11 ,77 0 ,20 0 ,07 .. 0 ,00 2000 0 ,02 0 ,08 0 ,63 0 ,27 10 ,05 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 2000 0 ,26 0 ,47 0 ,27 0 ,00 4 ,32 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000 0 ,20 0 ,23 0 ,53 0 ,04 6 ,65 8 ,29 5 ,35 6 ,73 6 ,57 0 ,38 0 ,52 0 ,05 0 ,00 2001 0 ,64 0 ,17 0 ,17 0 ,02 2 ,46 5 ,38 2 ,09 3 ,88 1 ,22 0 ,74 1 ,76 0 ,04 0 ,09 1998 0 ,85 0 ,09 0 ,05 0 ,02 1 ,12 3 ,49 0 ,52 1 ,57 0 ,75 0 ,88 2 ,56 0 ,16 0 ,03 1999 0 ,39 0 ,23 0 ,28 0 ,11 5 ,77 8 ,06 4 ,77 7 ,06 4 ,61 0 ,53 0 ,97 0 ,03 0 ,02 1999 0 ,00 0 ,01 0 ,71 0 ,28 12 ,36 .. .. 12 ,67 12 ,03 0 ,13 0 ,03 .. 0 ,01 2001 0 ,23 0 ,41 0 ,26 0 ,10 5 ,57 7 ,28 2 ,91 5 ,54 5 ,59 0 ,49 0 ,67 0 ,13 0 ,00 2000 0 ,00 0 ,00 0 ,70 0 ,30 12 ,70 12 ,97 12 ,36 12 ,75 12 ,65 0 ,11 0 ,03 0 ,01 0 ,00 2001 0 ,59 0 ,15 0 ,21 0 ,05 3 ,51 5 ,95 2 ,43 5 ,05 2 ,02 0 ,70 1 ,55 0 ,06 0 ,06 2000 0 ,04 0 ,32 0 ,43 0 ,21 9 ,52 10 ,84 7 ,04 9 ,29 9 ,74 0 ,27 0 ,17 0 ,11 0 ,00 1996 0 ,48 0 ,33 0 ,11 0 ,08 3 ,90 .. .. 4 ,98 2 ,79 0 ,62 1 ,25 .. 0 ,03 2000 0 ,06 0 ,53 0 ,29 0 ,12 7 ,26 8 ,77 5 ,15 7 ,36 7 ,16 0 ,35 0 ,26 0 ,12 0 ,00 2000 0 ,08 0 ,32 0 ,39 0 ,21 8 ,76 10 ,24 5 ,56 9 ,51 8 ,03 0 ,30 0 ,26 0 ,14 0 ,01 1999 0 ,00 0 ,21 0 ,67 0 ,11 9 ,27 .. .. 9 ,05 9 ,47 0 ,19 0 ,06 .. 0 ,00 2000 0 ,00 0 ,01 0 ,40 0 ,59 13 ,70 .. .. 13 ,60 13 ,79 0 ,14 0 ,04 .. 0 ,00 2002 0 ,01 0 ,14 0 ,70 0 ,15 9 ,73 .. .. 10 ,14 9 ,33 0 ,21 0 ,09 .. 0 ,01 2000 0 ,18 0 ,38 0 ,32 0 ,12 6 ,56 8 ,32 3 ,53 6 ,98 6 ,22 0 ,45 0 ,56 0 ,13 0 ,00 2000 0 ,17 0 ,42 0 ,27 0 ,15 6 ,54 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000 0 ,20 0 ,24 0 ,52 0 ,04 6 ,78 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992/1993 0 ,77 0 ,13 0 ,07 0 ,03 1 ,80 3 ,73 0 ,51 2 ,60 1 ,19 0 ,83 2 ,18 0 ,19 0 ,03 1992 0 ,01 0 ,14 0 ,74 0 ,11 10 ,36 .. .. 10 ,74 9 ,99 0 ,15 0 ,05 .. 0 ,01 1999 0 ,01 0 ,00 0 ,86 0 ,14 11 ,32 .. .. 11 ,37 11 ,27 0 ,10 0 ,03 .. 0 ,00 2000 0 ,51 0 ,20 0 ,24 0 ,05 4 ,01 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000 0 ,01 0 ,38 0 ,52 0 ,09 7 ,96 .. .. 7 ,95 7 ,98 0 ,24 0 ,11 .. 0 ,00 2000 0 ,00 0 ,02 0 ,42 0 ,55 13 ,83 13 ,96 13 ,37 13 ,85 13 ,80 0 ,13 0 ,04 0 ,00 0 ,00 2000 0 ,74 0 ,04 0 ,19 0 ,03 2 ,44 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1999 0 ,00 0 ,05 0 ,63 0 ,32 11 ,96 11 ,33 12 ,18 11 ,94 11 ,97 0 ,20 0 ,07 0 ,01 0 ,00 2000 0 ,05 0 ,47 0 ,34 0 ,15 6 ,89 8 ,97 5 ,79 7 ,19 6 ,62 0 ,33 0 ,21 0 ,10 0 ,00 () 2000 0 ,05 0 ,22 0 ,47 0 ,26 9 ,48 9 ,74 7 ,03 10 ,15 8 ,84 0 ,30 0 ,24 0 ,02 0 ,01 1999 0 ,30 0 ,19 0 ,50 0 ,01 4 ,58 6 ,03 4 ,05 5 ,36 3 ,93 0 ,41 0 ,74 0 ,02 0 ,02 1998 0 ,47 0 ,32 0 ,19 0 ,02 3 ,15 5 ,03 2 ,12 4 ,57 1 ,98 0 ,62 1 ,25 0 ,08 0 ,07 2000 0 ,01 0 ,12 0 ,78 0 ,09 9 ,17 .. .. 9 ,19 9 ,14 0 ,19 0 ,09 .. 0 ,00 1998 0 ,00 0 ,02 0 ,77 0 ,20 10 ,60 10 ,98 10 ,27 10 ,96 10 ,28 0 ,12 0 ,03 0 ,02 0 ,00 1998 0 ,17 0 ,50 0 ,23 0 ,09 6 ,14 6 ,93 4 ,61 7 ,23 5 ,08 0 ,38 0 ,47 0 ,04 0 ,03 1995 0 ,32 0 ,39 0 ,27 0 ,03 4 ,23 7 ,53 3 ,71 5 ,46 3 ,12 0 ,50 0 ,82 0 ,05 0 ,05 1996 0 ,01 0 ,02 0 ,81 0 ,17 10 ,66 11 ,06 10 ,37 11 ,00 10 ,33 0 ,11 0 ,03 0 ,01 0 ,01 2000 0 ,01 0 ,34 0 ,45 0 ,20 9 ,41 .. .. 9 ,32 9 ,49 0 ,24 0 ,10 .. 0 ,00 1998 0 ,03 0 ,32 0 ,46 0 ,19 8 ,77 9 ,94 7 ,41 8 ,71 8 ,84 0 ,24 0 ,14 0 ,07 0 ,00 2000 0 ,00 0 ,00 0 ,70 0 ,30 12 ,03 12 ,24 11 ,26 11 ,88 12 ,17 0 ,15 0 ,03 0 ,02 0 ,00 1994 0 ,20 0 ,12 0 ,48 0 ,20 8 ,26 8 ,58 7 ,36 8 ,24 8 ,28 0 ,37 0 ,49 0 ,00 0 ,00 1994/1995 0 ,48 0 ,35 0 ,14 0 ,02 2 ,95 4 ,53 1 ,82 4 ,22 1 ,79 0 ,66 1 ,32 0 ,08 0 ,07 1996/1997 0 ,76 0 ,16 0 ,06 0 ,01 1 ,30 3 ,09 0 ,69 2 ,20 0 ,53 0 ,86 2 ,23 0 ,12 0 ,10 . 1996 0 ,00 0 ,16 0 ,74 0 ,10 9 ,14 .. .. 9 ,31 8 ,98 0 ,19 0 ,06 .. 0 ,00 2000 0 ,02 0 ,19 0 ,54 0 ,24 10 ,27 10 ,83 6 ,77 10 ,42 10 ,14 0 ,23 0 ,13 0 ,08 0 ,00 1992 0 ,00 0 ,00 0 ,79 0 ,21 11 ,64 11 ,57 11 ,71 12 ,24 11 ,04 0 ,13 0 ,03 0 ,00 0 ,05 2002 0 ,00 0 ,25 0 ,57 0 ,18 9 ,22 .. .. 8 ,94 9 ,47 0 ,23 0 ,10 .. 0 ,00 1998/1999 0 ,08 0 ,42 0 ,33 0 ,18 8 ,12 9 ,67 5 ,49 8 ,26 7 ,98 0 ,33 0 ,28 0 ,12 0 ,00 2000 0 ,00 0 ,02 0 ,58 0 ,40 12 ,49 .. .. 12 ,13 12 ,80 0 ,16 0 ,04 .. 0 ,01 2000 0 ,74 0 ,16 0 ,09 0 ,01 1 ,56 5 ,16 0 ,88 2 ,21 0 ,94 0 ,83 2 ,14 0 ,15 0 ,04 1998 0 ,74 0 ,14 0 ,09 0 ,03 1 ,95 3 ,93 0 ,58 2 ,72 1 ,33 0 ,79 2 ,10 0 ,19 0 ,11 2000 0 ,01 0 ,15 0 ,71 0 ,12 9 ,31 .. .. 9 ,17 9 ,43 0 ,19 0 ,08 .. 0 ,00 2000 0 ,00 0 ,11 0 ,53 0 ,36 11 ,74 11 ,99 10 ,79 11 ,95 11 ,52 0 ,17 0 ,08 0 ,01 0 ,00 266 2006 1 . ( 1983 .) 1,08 . . A1 , -- , . , . () , , -- () . , , , () . . , , 1 . , 2 . -- , , . , 1,08 . 2,15 . 1993 . 1990 . . () -- 440 , ( , 100 . ), . 1.1 , , 93% , . . , . () , . 1979 FGT , (Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke , , 1984). : . 13 1979 1981 . 100 1997 1999 . , 48 , , 28 . . i Z; n -- . ; Yi -- i; -- , FGT . = 0, . , J/n, . () = 1. , , , . . , . , , . , . , , , , , . , . . ( -- , , . ) . . , , . , . , , 1980 , , , . . . , : , -- , -- , . ? , ( , ), . , , , . 1 . , , 1985 ., . , , . . , , 1993 . 1993 . . 267 5, , , 90 , , () , , , 10 . , -- . . , A3 A2 123 (Demo , graphic Health Surveys -- DHS) 67 / ( ) 1985 2002 . " ", . (Filmer and Pritchett 1998) ( Gwatkin and others 2003 Gwatkin and others 2004), , . , , DHS. . -- , , 0, 1 1 . . , 1 , , . 0 10 , . 1, ) . (GE) , / 20 30 : / ( ), : , , , , , . , (), , , GE 0 , 0 . ( ), . (, ) . -- , . -- ( c GE ), , , . . c , GE , , , . . c 0, 1 2: c = 0 A4 ; c = 1 ; a c = 2 , . . 124 . GE 0 1 , , , : (Theil 1967) -- (a) ; (b) Theil T, :: 2000 ; (c) 90 10 , () 90 ( . ) 10 . 90 10 , . . , (). -- , , , . 268 2006 , , -- , . 2, . c=1 , ( ) (. . m -- , j y, ). GE gj , j, GEj -- j. , . : , , , () c=0,1 mj. GEj. , , . c=0 . , 134 . , 75 2 . . , , -- , . . . , , , 800 , 2005 . 2005 . . . « », . , . , () , . 2000 . -- . , 2005 . CD ROM , , WDI Online. , , , , , . . . , 1000 800 222 . , , ( , . « » -- WDI Online) CD ROM. , , . () , , , : . , , , , , () (). , , , , , . , () : ( 2004 . 825 , . ), ( 826 . 10 065 270 2006 .) (10 066 . ). «» , 3 255 . ( ) , ( ). . , . 2003 ., , ( -- . 2 ). . ( t, , , s -- ); (w) (m), « . , » « ( . 5), » . , 2005 . , , . 2005 . « », , : . , , , (« »). « » : « » http://www.world_bank.org/data/wdi2005/index.htm. . , : 1 800 645 7247 ( ), 703 661 1580; 703 661 1501. . : The World Bank, P.O. Box 960, Herndon, VA 20172 0960, U.S.A. : . « », , (), 101831, , , 9 , .: (095) 923 68 39, 923 85 68 , : (095) 925 42 69 . e mail: orders@vesmirbooks.ru http://www.vesmirbooks.ru 1. ()b ()a , , . - , . . , 5 , . , , 1 . , , , % . . . , % 2004 2000­2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2003­2004 2003 2003 1998­2004 2000 20,1 1,2 3 541,2 26 900 588 29 200 1,8 77 83 ... 18,0 8,1 0,3 98 262,1 32 300 258 31 790 1,9 76 82 ... 7,6 8,3 0,7 100 7,8 950 32 3 830 10,6 ... ... 99 c 3,6 3,2 0,6 116 6,6 2 080 16 5 070 5,6 72 77 99 c 0,9 32,4 1,6 14 73,7 2 280 203d 6 260 d 3,4 70 72 70 e 2,9 14,0 3,0 11 14,4 1 030 28d 2 030 d 7,7 45 48 67 e 0,5 38,2 1,0 14 142,3 3 720 476 12 460 8,0 71 78 97 c 3,8 3,0 ­0,5 108 3,4 1 120 13 4 270 10,3 71 79 99 c 1,1 140,5 1,7 1 079 61,2 440 278 1 980 3,7 62 63 41 0,2 9,8 ­0,4 47 20,9 2 120 68 6 900 11,5 62 74 100 c 5,9 10,4 0,4 344 322,8 31 030 326 31 360 2,6 75 81 ... 10,0 6,9 2,6 62 3,7 530 8 1 120 0,2 51 55 34 c 0,3 7,8 ­0,9 70 21,3 2 740 61 7 870 6,1 69 76 98 c 5,3 9,0 1,9 8 8,7 960 23 2 590 1,6 62 66 87 c 1,3 3,8 0,4 75 7,8 2 040 29 7 430 4,6 71 77 95 e 5,1 178,7 1,2 21 552,1 3 090 1 433 8 020 3,9 65 73 88 e 1,8 - 12,4 2,4 45 4,4 360 15d 1 220 d 1,6 42 43 ... 0,1 7,3 1,9 286 0,7 90 5d 660 d 3,5 41 42 59 e 0,0 59,4 0,2 247 2 016,4 33 940 1 869 31 460 3,0 75 80 ... 9,6 10,1 0,1 109 83,3 8 270 157 15 620 4,6 69 77 99 c 5,4 26,1 1,8 30 105,0 4 020 150 5 760 15,3 71 77 93 c 6,5 82,2 1,1 252 45,1 550 222 2 700 6,4 68 72 90 c 0,7 8,6 1,9 312 3,4 390 14d 1 680 d ­5,5 50 54 52 0,2 21,1 1,8 93 8,1 380 48d 2 280 d 3,3 54 55 54 c 0,3 12,6 2,6 116 26,9 2 130 52d 4 140 d 0,1 63 69 69 c 0,9 8,1 2,1 33 3,7 460 17 2 130 0,5 46 47 ... 0,2 82,6 0,1 237 2 489,0 30 120 2 310 27 950 1,5 76 81 ... 9,6 7,1 2,5 64 7,3 1 030 19d 2 710 d 2,1 63 69 80 c 0,7 11,1 0,4 86 183,9 16 610 244 22 000 3,8 75 81 91 e 8,2 4,5 ­1,1 65 4,7 1 040 13d 2 930 d 9,6 69 78 ... 1,3 5,4 0,3 127 219,4 40 650 170 31 550 2,2 75 80 ... 8,4 . . 8,9 1,5 183 18,4 2 080 60d 6 750 d 0,6 64 70 88 e 3,0 , . . 68,7 1,8 69 90,1 1 310 283 4 120 2,5 68 71 ... 2,2 10,5 1,6 14 4,7 450 9 890 3,2 36 37 68 e 0,2 . 3,5 4,2 564 3,8 1 120 ­5,6 71 75 92 e ... 13,2 1,0 34 .. .. 28 2 180 ­6,7 39 38 90 1,2 6,8 1,9 313 118,1 17 380 160 23 510 2,6 77 81 97 e 10,0 1 079,7 1,5 363 674,6 620 3 347d 3 100 d 5,4 63 64 61 c 1,1 217,6 1,3 120 248,0 1 140 753 3 460 3,7 65 69 88 1,3 5,4 2,7 61 11,6 2 140 25 4 640 4,9 71 74 90 e 3,2 , . . 66,9 1,2 41 154,0 2 300 505 7 550 5,7 68 71 77 e 4,9 4,0 1,3 58 137,8 34 280 133 33 170 4,2 75 80 ... 11,1 41,3 0,5 83 875,8 21 210 1 035 25 070 2,6 76 84 ... 7,0 57,6 ­0,1 196 1 503,6 26 120 1 604 27 860 1,3 77 83 ... 7,4 , . 19,8 3,0 37 11,2 570 16 820 ­0,4 57 58 49 0,5 15,0 ­0,2 6 33,8 2 260 104 6 980 8,8 56 67 100 c 8,1 13,6 1,8 77 4,4 320 30d 2 180 d 4,2 53 56 74 e 0,0 16,4 2,0 35 13,1 800 34 2 090 2,8 47 49 68 e 0,4 31,9 0,9 3 905,6 28 390 978 30 660 2,0 76 83 ... 14,2 32,4 1,9 57 15,0 460 34 1 050 0,4 45 46 74 e 0,3 5,1 0,9 27 2,1 400 9 1 840 6,1 61 69 99 c 0,9 1 296,5 0,7 139 1 676,8 1 290 7 170f 5 530f 8,8 69 73 91 c 2,2 () 6,8 0,7 6 569 183,5 26 810 216 31 510 7,7 78 83 ... 5,0 45,3 1,7 44 90,6 2 000 309d 6 820 d 2,3 69 75 94 e 1,4 , . . 54,8 3,0 24 6,4 120 37d 680 d 3,2 45 46 65 e 0,1 , . 3,9 2,8 11 3,0 770 3 750 1,4 50 54 83 0,5 , . 48,1 0,6 488 673,0 13 980 982 20 400 4,1 71 78 ... 9,1 - 4,1 1,6 80 19,0 4 670 39d 9 530 d 2,7 76 81 96 1,4 -' 17,1 2,0 54 13,3 770 24 1 390 ­4,0 45 46 48 e 0,7 2,5 2,9 138 43,1 17 970 47d 19 510d 7,1 75 79 83 21,9 2,3 ­0,7 37 12,6 5 460 27 11 850 9,4 66 76 100 c 2,5 4,6 1,3 445 22,7 4 980 25 5 380 5,0 69 73 ... 3,5 3,4 ­0,5 55 19,7 5 740 43 12 610 7,1 66 78 100 c 3,4 5,8 2,3 25 2,2 390 11 1 850 3,6 54 56 69 e 0,1 2,9 2,4 3 1,2 420 6d 2 050 d 4, 5 49 53 51c 1,2 17,3 2,8 30 5,2 300 14 830 2,6 54 57 71e 0,1 , 2,1 0,4 81 4,9 2 350 13 6 480 1,9 71 76 96 c 5,5 11,2 2,0 119 1,9 170 7 620 1,8 37 38 64 c 0,1 25,2 2,0 77 117,1 4 650 243 9 630 5 2 71 76 89 c 6,2 11,9 2,4 10 4,3 360 12 980 ­0,3 40 42 19 0,1 30,6 1,6 69 46,5 1 520 125 4 100 1,9 67 71 51 1,3 103,8 1,4 54 703,1 6 770 995 9 590 2,9 71 77 90 e 4,3 19,1 2,0 24 4,7 250 22d 1 160 d 5,9 40 42 46 0,1 4,2 ­0,4 128 2,6 710 h 8 1 930 7,8 63 71 96 e 1,5 2,5 1,2 2 1,5 590 5 2 020 9,1 64 68 98 c 3,1 . . , .. 1. () ()b ()a , , . - , . . , 5 , . , , 1 . , , , % . . . , % 2004 2000­2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2003­2004 2003 2003 1998­2004 2000 2,0 1,8 2 4,8 2 370 14 d 6 960 d 3,2 41 40 85 c 1,0 25,2 2,2 176 6,5 260 37 1 470 1,6 60 60 49 c 0,1 12,1 3,0 10 2,8 230 10 d 830 d ­1,9 46 47 14 c 0,1 139,8 2,4 154 54,0 390 130 d 930 d 1,1 44 45 67 0,3 16,3 0,5 480 515,1 31 700 507 31 220 1 2 76 81 ... 8,7 5,6 2,5 46 4,5 790 18 3 300 1,4 67 71 77 e 0,7 4,1 1,3 15 82,5 20 310 90 22 130 3,1 77 81 ... 8,3 4,6 0,5 15 238,4 52 030 177 38 550 2,5 77 82 ... 11,1 2,7 2,5 9 20,5 7 830 34 13 250 0,1 73 76 74 8,2 152,1 2,4 197 90,7 600 328 2 160 3,9 63 65 49 e 0,8 3,0 1,5 41 13,5 4 450 21 d 6 870 d 4,7 73 77 92 c 2,2 -- 5,6 2,3 12 3,3 580 13 d 2 300 d 0,5 56 58 57 c 0,5 5,8 2,3 15 6,8 1 170 28 d 4 870 d 0,4 69 73 92 e 0,7 27,5 1,5 22 65,0 2 360 148 5 370 3,5 68 72 88 e 1,1 38,2 ­0,3 125 232,4 6 090 482 12 640 5,4 71 79 ... 7,8 10,4 0,5 114 149,8 14 350 201 19 250 1,1 73 80 ... 5,8 142,8 ­0,5 8 487,3 3 410 1 374 9 620 7,7 60 72 99 c 9,9 8,4 2,2 341 1,9 220 11 d 1 300 d 3,5 39 40 64 e 0,1 21,9 ­0,7 95 63,9 2 920 179 8 190 7,7 66 74 97 c 3,8 6,7 1,7 321 15,6 2 350 33 d 4 980 d ­0,2 67 74 80 1,1 23,2 2,8 11 242,2 10 430 325 d 14 010 d 2,1 72 75 79 e 18,1 10,5 2,3 54 7,0 670 18 d 1 720 d 3,8 51 54 39 e 0,4 8,2 80 21,7 2 620 i ... ... 7,0 70 75 96 c 3,7 4,3 1,9 6 470 105,0 24 220 115 26 590 6,3 76 80 93 c 14,7 . 17,8 2,3 97 21,1 1 190 63 3 550 1,3 68 73 83 e 3,3 5,4 0,0 110 34,9 6 480 77 14 370 5,5 69 78 100 c 6,6 2,0 0,1 99 29,6 14 810 41 20 730 4,6 72 80 100 7,3 34,4 2,2 14 18,2 530 64 1 870 3,5 57 60 59 e 0,2 293,5 1,0 32 12 150,9 41 400 11 655 39 710 3,4 75 80 ... 19,8 - 5,4 1,9 76 1,1 200 4 790 5,4 36 39 30 e 0,1 6,4 1,1 46 1,8 280 7 1 150 9,4 63 69 99 c 0,6 62,4 0,7 122 158,7 2 540 500 8 020 5,4 67 72 93 c 3,3 36,6 2,0 41 11,6j 330j 24 660 4,3 42 43 69 c 0,1 5,0 2,1 91 1,9 380 8 d 1 690 d 0,8 49 51 53 e 0,4 10,0 1,1 64 26,3 2 630 73 7 310 4,5 71 75 74 c 1,9 4,9 1,5 10 6,6 1 340 34 6 910 15,4 61 68 ... 7,5 71,7 1,5 93 268,7 3 750 551 7 680 7,4 66 71 88 e 3,3 25,9 2,7 132 6,9 270 39 d 1 520 d 3,1 43 44 69 0,1 25,9 1,3 63 11,9 460 48 1 860 6,3 64 70 99 4,8 48,0 ­0,8 83 60,3 1 260 300 6 250 12,9 63 74 99 c 6,9 3,4 0,6 19 13,4 3 950 31 9 070 11,6 72 79 98 1,6 83,0 2,0 278 96,9 1 170 406 4 890 4,3 68 72 93 c 1,0 5,2 0,2 17 171,0 32 790 154 29 560 3,6 75 82 ... 10,3 60,0 0,5 109 1 858,7 30 090g 1 759 29 320 1,9 76 83 ... 6,2 4,5 0,7 81 29,7 6 590 53 11 670 2,2 70 78 98 c 4,5 3,9 1,5 6 1,2 310 4 d 1 110 d ­0,8 41 42 49 e 0,1 8,8 2,9 7 2,3 260 13 1 420 27,4 47 50 26 e 0,0 . 10,2 ­0,2 132 93,2 9 150 187 18 400 4,2 72 79 ... 11,6 16,0 1,2 21 78,4 4 910 168 10 500 4,9 73 80 96 c 3,9 7,4 0,7 187 356,1 48 230 261 35 370 1,3 78 83 ... 5,4 9,0 0,3 22 321,4 35 770 267 29 770 3,3 78 82 ... 5,3 - 19,4 1,3 301 19,6 1 010 78 4 000 4,8 72 76 90 c 0,6 13,2 1,5 48 28,8 2 180 49 3 690 5,0 69 74 91c 2,0 4,5 2,2 44 0,8 180 5 d 1 050 d ­0,2 50 52 ... 0,1 70,0 2,1 70 7,7 110 57 d 810 d 11,2 41 43 42 0,1 45,6 0,9 38 165,3 3 630 500 d 10 960 d 4,3 45 46 ... 7,4 2,7 0,8 246 7,7 2 900 10 3 630 1,2 74 78 88 4,2 127,8 0,2 351 4 749,9 37 180 3 838 30 040 2,5 78 85 ... 9,3 6 345,1 s 1,2 w 49 w 39 833,6 t 6 280 w 55 584 t 8 760 w 2,9 w 65 w 69 w 82 w 3,8 w 2 338,1 1,8 80 1 184,3 510 5 279 2 260 4,4 57 59 64 0,8 3 006,2 0,9 44 6 594,2 2 190 19 483 6 480 6,0 67 72 90 3,2 2 430,3 0,9 63 3 846,9 1 580 13 709 5 640 6,2 68 72 89 2,9 575,9 0,7 20 2 747,8 4 770 5 814 10 090 5,9 65 73 93 6,3 5 344,3 1,3 55 7 777,5 1 460 24 753 4 630 5,5 63 66 81 2,2 1 870,2 0,9 118 2 389,4 1 280 9 488 5 070 7,6 68 71 85 2,1 472,1 ­0,1 20 1 553,3 3 290 3 947 8 360 7,0 64 73 98 6,7 541,3 1,4 27 1 948,1 3 600 4 146 7 660 4,5 68 74 88 2,7 . 294,0 1,8 33 588,6 2 000 1 693 5 760 3,3 67 70 74 4,2 1 447,7 1,7 303 860,3 590 4 103 2 830 5,0 62 64 64 0,9 719,0 2,2 30 432,0 600 1 331 1 850 2,4 45 46 61 0,7 1 000,8 0,7 30 32 064,0 32 064,0 31 000 30 970 2,8 75 81 91 12,4 . a. « ». b. , . . . d. ; . e. . f. (Ruoen and Kai, 1995). g. , , . h. . i. . j. . k. (765 . ). 2 . « , »: c , - , - , - - , - - 1 . , -- % 100 . % - 5 1 . . , % 5 (%) (%) 15­49 , % - 1989­ 2000­ 1988/89­ 2000/01 1990­ 2000­ 1994a 2003a 1993/94b 2003/04a 1990/91 2002/03 1990 2003 2003 2000 2002a 2003a ... ... ... ... ... 101 98 10 6 0,1 8 100 ... ... ... ... ... 101 95 97 10 6 0,3 4 ... ... 2001 c 3,7 ... 6,8 ... 106 100 97 105 91 <0,1 94 ... 84 2002 c <2 ... 13,6 ... 101 96 100 45 21 ... 55 ... 94 1995 c <2 9,2 6,0 80 96 83 99 69 41 0,1 140 77 92 ... 20,0 30,5 39 ... ... ... 260 260 3,9 1 700 ... 45 2001d 3,3 1,9 ... 100 103 ... 102 28 20 0,7 82 96 99 2003 c,e <2 ... 2,6 91 110 ... 101 60 33 ... 55 ... 97 2000 c 36,0 68,3 52,2 46 73 77 107 144 69 ... 380 ... 14 2000 c <2 ... ... 94 99 ... 102 17 17 ... 35 ... 100 ... ... ... ... ... 101 106 9 5 0,2 10 ... ... ... 35,0 22,9 22 51 48 66 185 154 1,9 850 ... 66 2003 c, e <2 ... ... 90 97 99 97 19 17 0,1 32 ... ... 1999 c 14,4 14,9 ... 71 101 90 98 120 66 0,1 420 ... 65 ... ... 4,1 ... ... ... ... 22 17 <0,1 31 97 100 2001d 8,2 7,0 ... 97 112 ... 103 60 35 0,7 260 72 ... - 1998 c 44,9 32,7 37,7 19 29 61 72 210 207 1,8 f 1 000 ... ... 1998 c 54,6 37,5 45,1 47 31 82 79 190 190 6,0 1 000 ... 25 ... ... ... ... ... 98 116 10 7 0,2 13 ... ... 2002 c <2 2,2 ... 82 102 100 100 17 7 0,1 16 ... ... 2000 d, e 9,9 4,5 4,4 81 90 105 104 27 21 0,7 96 ... 94 2000 c, e ... 44,9 33,8 ... 95 ... 93 53 23 0,4 130 ... 85 2001 c 67,0 26,8 17,2 29 ... 95 ... 150 118 5,6 680 ... 24 1998­99 c 44,8 27,3 22,1 61 62 77 91 125 95 3,1 540 ... ... 2000d 16,0 33,2 22,7 ... 66 ... 93 82 47 1,1 240 ... 41 ... ... ... 17 41 44 69 240 160 3,2 740 31 ... ... ... ... 101 101 99 99 9 5 0,1 8 ... ... 1999d 20,7 18,3 16,6 65 79 ... ... 59 41 1,8 110 45 56 ... ... ... 100 ... 99 100 11 5 0,2 9 ... ... 2001 c 2,7 ... ... 81 82 98 100 47 45 0,1 32 ... ... ... ... ... 98 107 101 103 9 6 0,2 5 ... ... . . 1998d <2 10,3 5,3 62 93 ... 108 65 35 1,7 150 93 98 , . . 1999­2000c 3,1 9,9 8,6 ... 91 81 94 104 39 <0,1 84 37 69 1998 c 63,7 25,2 28,1 ... 69 ... 91 180 182 15,6 j 750 51 43 . ... ... ... ... 106 ... 1 ... ... ... ... ... 97 1995­96c 56,1 15,5 ... 96 81 96 95 80 126 24,6 1 100 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 105 99 12 6 0,1 17 ... ... 1999­2000c 35,3 53,2 ... 78 81 70 88 123 87 0,9 540 ... 43 2002 c 7,5 39,9 27,3 93 95 93 98 91 41 0,1 230 32 68 2002 c <2 6,4 4,4 104 98 101 101 40 28 <0,1 41 87 100 , . . 1998 c <2 ... ... 101 107 85 95 72 39 0,1 76 ... 90 ... ... ... ... ... 104 104 9 7 0,1 5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 104 102 9 4 0,7 4 ... ... ... ... ... 104 101 100 99 9 6 0,5 5 ... ... , . 1998 c 15,7 39,0 ... ... 66 ... 61 142 113 0,1 570 16 ... 2003 c <2 ... ... ... 110 102 100 63 73 0,2 210 ... ... 1997 c 34,1 ... 45,2 ... 81 73 85 115 140 2,6 450 ... 32 2001 c 17,1 15,1 ... 56 70 83 85 139 166 5,5 g 730 58 60 ... ... ... ... ... 99 100 8 7 0,3 6 ... ... 1997 c 22,8 22,5 19,9 86 73 92 94 97 123 6,7f 1 000 41 2002 c <2 ... 5,8 ... 93 ... 100 80 68 0,1 110 ... ... 2001 c 16,6 17,4 10,0 105 98 87 98 49 37 0,1 56 ... 97 () ... ... ... 102 101 103 101 ... ... 0,1 ... ... ... 1999d 8,2 10,1 6,7 71 88 114 104 36 21 0,7 130 82 86 , . . ... ... 31,0 47 32 ... ... 205 205 4,2 990 ... 61 , . ... 23,9 ... 54 59 85 87 110 108 4,9 510 ... ... , . 1998d <2 ... ... 98 97 99 100 9 5 <0,1 20 98 - 2000d 2,0 2,2 ... 72 94 100 101 17 10 0,6 43 98 98 -' 2002 c, e 14,8 23,8 ... 46 51 66 69 157 192 7,0 690 ... 63 ... ... ... 53 96 97 104 16 9 ... 5 ... ... 1998 c <2 ... ... 73 101 100 99 18 12 0,6 42 ... ... ... ... ... ... 68 ... 102 37 31 0,1 150 ... ... 2000 c <2 ... ... 89 102 ... 99 14 11 0,1 13 ... ... 1997­98c 26,3 40,0 40,0 46 74 75 83 163 91 0,1 650 ... 19 2000 c 25,9 47,6 31,8 33 43 67 94 162 107 0,6 1 000 40 57 2001 c 61,0 45,2 33,1 35 47 98 168 126 1,7 550 57 46 2003 c <2 ... ... 99 100 99 99 33 11 <0,1 23 ... 98 1997-98c 41,7 27,6 25,4 36 781 81 92 241 178 14,2 1 800 55 61 1997d <2 22,4 ... 88 92 102 105 21 7 0,4 41 ... 97 1994 c 72,3 30,6 33,2 12 40 58 71 250 220 1,7 h 1 200 ... 41 1999 c <2 9,5 ... 47 75 70 88 85 39 0,1 220 31 ... 2000 c 9,9 16,6 ... 88 99 98 103 46 28 0,3 83 ... ... 1996 c 37,9 ... ... 28 52 73 79 242 147 12,2 1 000 ... 48 2001 c 21,8 ... ... 95 83 105 102 37 32 0,2 36 ... ... 1998 c 27,0 12,3 12,7 ... 108 109 110 104 68 <0,1 110 ... 99 . . , .. 2 . « , »: () c , - , - , - - , - - 1 . , -- % 100 . % - 5 1 . . , % 5 (%) (%) 15­49 , % - 1989­ 2000­ 1988/89­ 2000/01 1990­ 2000­ 1994a 2003a 1993/94b 2003/04a 1990/91 2002/03 1990 2003 2003 2000 2002a 2003a 1993d 34,9 26,2 24,0 77 92 111 104 86 65 21,3 300 68 78 1995­96c 39,1 48,3 55 78 57 85 145 82 0,5 740 7 11 1995 c 60,6 42,6 40,1 18 26 56 69 320 262 1,2 1 600 15 16 2003 c, e 70,8 39,1 28,7 63 82 78 81 235 198 5,4 800 31 35 ... ... ... ... ... 98 97 98 9 6 0,2 16 ... ... 2001 c 45,1 11,0 9,6 44 75 112 104 68 38 0,2 230 ... 67 ... ... ... 98 96 100 103 11 6 0,1 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102 101 9 5 0,1 16 ... ... ... 24,3 ... 73 73 89 97 30 12 0,1 87 ... 95 2001 c, e 17,0 40,0 35,0 ... ... ... 71 138 98 0,1 500 19 23 2000d 7,2 6,1 ... 86 98 99 100 34 24 0,9 160 ... ... -- ... ... ... 51 53 79 87 101 93 0,6 300 ... ... 2002d 16,4 3,7 ... 66 93 98 98 37 29 0,5 170 67 ... 2000d 18,1 10,7 7,1 ... 102 ... 97 80 34 0,5 410 ... 59 2001 c <2 ... ... 96 98 101 97 19 7 0,1 13 ... ... 1994d <2 ... ... 98 ... 103 102 15 5 0,4 5 ... ... 2002 c <2 4,2 5,5 95 93 104 ... 21 21 1,1 67 ... 99 1999­2000c 51,7 29,4 24,3 44 37 96 95 173 203 5,1 1 400 26 31 2002 c <2 5,7 3,2 96 89 99 100 32 20 <0,1 49 ... ... 2000d 31,1 11,2 10,3 59 89 101 96 60 36 0,7 150 ... 69 ... ... ... 57 61 84 93 44 26 ... 23 ... ... 1995 c 22,3 22,2 22,7 45 48 68 87 148 137 0,8 690 ... 58 ... ... 1,9 71 96 103 101 26 14 0,2 11 ... 99 ... ... 3,4 ... ... 95 ... 8 5 0,2 30 ... ... . . ... 12,1 6,9 99 88 85 93 44 18 <0,1 160 ... ... 1996d <2 ... ... 96 99 ... 100 15 8 <0,1 3 ... ... 1998 c <2 ... ... 97 95 ... 99 9 4 <0,1 17 100 ... ... 33,9 40,7 44 49 77 86 120 93 2,3 590 69 ... ... 1,4 ... ... ... 100 100 11 8 0,6 17 ... ... - 1989 c 57,0 28,7 27,2 ... 56 67 70 302 284 2 000 ... 42 2003 c 7,4 ... ... 100 100 ... 88 119 95 <0,1 100 ... 71 2000 c <2 18,6 ... ... 86 95 97 40 26 1,5 44 ... 99 1991 c 48,5 28,9 ... 46 58 96 ... 163 165 8,8 1 500 44 ... ... 24,6 ... 40 78 59 ... 152 140 4,1 570 ... 49 2000 c <2 10,3 4,0 75 101 86 102 52 24 <0,1 120 ... 90 1998 c 12,1 ... 12,0 ... ... ... ... 97 102 <0,1 31 ... 97 2002 c,e 4,8 10,4 ... ... 95 81 85 78 39 70 ... ... ... 23,0 22,9 ... 63 77 96 160 140 4,1 880 ... 39 2000 c 17,3 ... 7,9 ... 103 94 98 79 69 0,1 24 ... 96 1999d 2,9 ... 3,2 93 98 ... 99 22 20 1,4 35 ... ... 2000d <2 4,4 ... 95 92 ... 105 24 14 0,3 27 ... ... 2000 c 15,5 29,6 ... 87 95 100 102 63 36 <0,1 200 ... 60 ... ... ... 97 101 109 106 7 4 0,1 6 ... ... ... ... ... 104 98 102 100 9 6 0,4 17 ... ... 2001 c <2 0,7 ... 83 96 102 101 13 7 <0,1 8 ... ... 1993 c 66,6 ... ... 27 ... 60 ... 180 180 13,5 1 100 ... 44 ... ... 28,0 19 25 41 59 203 200 4,8 1 100 ... 16 . 1996d <2 1,0 ... ... 106 98 101 13 5 0,1 9 ... ... 2000d <2 1,0 0,8 ... 104 101 100 19 9 0,3 31 ... 100 ... ... ... ... 99 97 96 9 6 0,4 7 ... ... ... ... ... 96 101 102 111 7 4 0,1 2 ... ...... - 2002 c, e 5,6 37,7 ... 103 113 102 103 32 15 <0,1 92 ... 97 1998d 17,7 16,5 ... 92 100 ... 100 57 27 0,3 130 ... ... ... 41,0 39,6 19 40 ... 76 147 85 2,7 630 ... 28 1999­2000c 23,0 47,7 47,2 22 39 68 69 204 169 4,4 850 ... 6 2000 c 10,7 ... ... 81 99 103 100 60 66 15,6i 230 ... ... 2000 c <2 4,6 ... 89 85 102 101 20 20 1,2 87 ... ... ... ... ... ... 101 ... ... 101 100 6 5 <0,1 10 100 ... 29,3t ... w ... w ... w 87 w 95 w 95 w 84 w 1,1 w 407 w ... w 57 w 46,8 ... 65 71 74 87 148 119 2,1 689 ... 38 14,7 11,8 94 96 91 99 56 40 0,7 115 ... 86 15,9 12,3 95 96 89 99 60 42 0,7 121 ... 85 9,2 ... 90 96 99 99 40 30 0,6 67 ... ... 30,6 ... 81 84 84 94 103 85 1,2 444 ... 57 20,6 15,3 97 97 89 98 59 41 0,2 116 ... 87 ... ... 94 k 95k 98 ... 46 36 0,7 58 97 ... 9,7 ... 88 96 ... 102 53 33 0,7 193 ... ... . 13,0 ... 82 87 82 92 80 56 0,1 162 ... 80 53,2 ... 74 80 71 89 130 86 0,8 567 ... 36 33,2 31,4 50 59 79 83 187 171 7,2 916 ... 39 ... ... ... ... 100 101 11 7 0,4 13 ... ... . a. . b. 1990 . c. . d. . e. . f. 2003 . g. 2004 . h. 2001 . i. 2002 . j. 2001/2002 . k. 61% . 3. . , % -. .-. , - . 2000 . - - - - , - , , - , , . % % , % % % , % 2004 2000-2004 1989-91 2001-2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2000-2004 631 256 3,3 20 601 26 957 3 26 71 60 18 25 ­2 2,9 290 109 1,2 11 153 24 456 2 32 66 57 19 23 2 1,8 8 523 10,7 ... 1 026 13 54 32 63 12 49 ­24 4,1 7 590 6,0 770 1 354 25 19 56 88 10 25 ­23 3,6 84 649 4,8 1 801 1 964 13 74 14 49 8 29 14 6,0 20 108 8,1 207 161 9 65 27 71 ...a 12 17 95,3 151 501 ­0,1 6 507 9 272 10 32 59 70 8 18 5 13,3 3 549 12,0 ... 2 646 25 39 36 83 10 25 ­18 4,1 56 844 5,1 239 309 21 27 53 78 5 23 ­7 4,5 22 849 6,7 ... 2 259 16 38 46 77 11 14 ­2 41,7 349 830 1,2 19 687 38 431 1 26 72 55 23 20 3 1,9 4 075 4,5 360 583 36 14 50 77 14 20 ­11 3,2 24 131 4,7 2 434 6 310 10 27 63 69 19 23 ­11 4,0 8 773 2,6 662 739 15 30 55 72 14 13 1 4,8 8 121 3,8 ... ... 15 32 53 91 23 21 ­35 3,0 604 855 2,0 1 658 3 004 5 17 78 61 14 19 5 10,6 - 4 824 5,2 140 163 31 20 49 82 13 19 ­14 3,0 657 2,7 119 104 51 20 29 98 8 11 ­16 6,6 2 140 898 2,2 21 655 25 609 1 27 72 66 21 16 ­3 3,0 99 712 3,5 2 247 4 041 4 31 65 69 11 24 ­4 7,6 109 322 ­1,3 5 016 6 153 4 41 54 50 13 21 16 27,7 45 210 7,2 212 290 22 40 38 66 7 35 ­8 5,1 3 535 ­1,0 802 469 28 17 55 98 5 23 ­27 17,5 8 620 4,8 315 338 35 22 43 80 12 27 ­19 24,4 27 451 2,3 2 121 2 261 22 19 59 90 5 17 ­12 7,2 3 508 2,9 171 225 25 37 38 86 6 11 ­2 8,6 2 714 418 0,5 10 963 22 127 1 29 69 59 19 18 4 1,2 7 371 3,3 950 1 133 14 31 55 74 14 29 ­17 7,3 203 401 4,1 7 579 9 226 7 24 69 67 15 26 ­8 3,5 5 091 7,6 ... 1 374 20 25 54 81 9 24 ­15 5,0 243 043 1,2 18 564 36 320 2 26 71 47 26 20 7 1,9 . . 18 673 2,4 2 273 4 076 11 31 58 73 5 21 1 20,6 , . . 75 148 3,5 1 497 1 952 15 32 52 75 10 17 ­2 4,3 5 389 4,4 188 205 21 35 44 68 13 25 ­6 20,8 . 3 454 ­13,3 ... ... 6 12 82 84 53 3 ­39 10,9 17 750 ­7,0 260 277 17 24 59 72 17 8 2 87,9 117 548 0,9 ... ... ... ... ... 59 29 18 ­6 1,8 691 876 6,2 341 397 22 26 52 67 11 23 ­1 3,9 257 641 4,6 477 556 17 46 38 65 8 23 4 7,9 11 196 5,1 1 456 960 2 25 73 81 20 21 ­22 1,7 , . 162 709 6,2 1 799 2 354 11 41 48 49 14 36 1 19,3 183 560 5,4 ... ... 3 42 55 44 15 22 19 3,8 991 442 2,5 8 740 14 852 3 30 67 58 18 26 ­2 4,3 1 672 302 0,8 11 411 21 436 3 28 70 60 19 20 1 2,8 , . 12 834 3,6 361 504 15 40 45 78 13 17 ­8 8,0 40 743 10,3 ... 1 385 7 39 53 58 11 25 6 9,2 4 597 5,6 ... 292 36 28 37 88 ...a 23 ­11 1,5 14 733 4,6 725 1 143 44 16 40 71 11 18 0 2,7 979 764 2,5 27 739 36 702 ... ... ... 56 19 20 4 2,2 15 600 1,5 184 148 16 19 65 79 17 12 ­8 9,9 2 205 4,5 ... 929 39 23 38 71 17 16 ­4 4,2 1 649 329 8,7 242 357 15 51 35 42 12 45 1 2,0 () 163 005 3,2 ... ... 0 12 88 59 10 22 9 ­3,9 97 384 2,9 3 315 2 900 13 0 87 67 21 15 ­2 7,0 , . . 6 571 3,5 230 196 58 19 23 92 4 7 ­3 55,5 , . 4 384 3,4 319 329 6 56 39 36 16 23 26 ­2,9 , . 679 674 4,7 5 312 9 888 3 35 62 55 33 29 3 2,9 - 18 395 3,9 3 039 4 306 9 29 63 71 10 21 ­2 9,0 -' 15 286 ­1,5 610 806 25 19 55 73 9 8 10 3,3 41 748 2,4 ... ... ... ... ... 50 26 9 16 0,6 13 629 7,5 ... 2 385 4 25 71 63 21 29 ­13 3,9 21 768 4,4 ... 24 371 13 19 68 82 17 21 ­20 2,7 22 263 7,5 ... 4 071 7 33 60 67 16 23 ­7 0,4 2 412 5,7 351 459 49 26 25 84 5 19 ­8 11,3 1 357 5,3 244 278 19 30 51 85 18 17 ­20 6,8 4 364 0,9 187 176 29 16 55 81 9 24 ­15 9,6 , 5 246 0,8 ... 2 935 12 28 60 83 11 22 ­17 2,3 1 813 1 8 77 130 39 15 46 88 15 11 ­15 15,0 117 776 4,3 3 694 4 571 10 48 42 45 14 21 21 2,8 4 863 6,3 203 227 38 26 36 78 10 20 ­8 4,7 50 055 4,5 1 580 1 5 17 30 53 65 18 24 ­6 1,0 676 497 1,5 2 224 2 708 4 25 71 68 12 22 ­2 7,0 5 548 8,5 117 136 26 31 43 76 11 22 ­9 12,0 2 595 6,9 ... 726 23 21 55 97 15 21 ­32 11,5 1 525 5,2 1 003 694 26 14 60 53 19 38 ­10 9,5 . . , .. 3. () . , % -. .-. , - . 2000 . - - - - , - , , - , , . % % , % % % , % 2004 2000-2004 1989-91 2001-2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2000-2004 5 456 3,2 792 1 003 11 26 64 56 29 23 ­7 6,6 6 707 2,6 196 208 40 23 37 76 10 26 ­12 3,9 3 081 4,1 174 172 40 17 43 82 12 16 ­10 1,9 72 106 4,9 576 836 26 49 24 40 22 21 17 15,7 577 260 0,3 23 496 38 085 3 26 72 50 25 21 5 3,2 4 353 2,3 1 167 1 934 18 25 57 74 16 36 ­26 5,8 99 687 3,9 19 930 26 526 60 18 21 1 2,6 250 168 1,7 19 055 30 854 1 38 61 46 23 18 14 1,4 21 698 3,5 ... ... ... ... ... 44 22 16 18 ­0,6 96 115 4,1 563 690 23 24 54 73 9 18 0 5,1 13 793 3,3 2 320 3 470 7 17 76 64 6 27 3 1,0 3 909 0,6 390 434 26 39 35 56 14 18 12 7,3 7 127 1,2 2 201 2 380 27 24 49 79 7 18 ­4 11,9 68 395 3,6 1 196 1 734 10 30 60 70 10 19 2 2,2 241 833 2,8 ... 1 358 3 31 66 64 18 20 ­2 1,9 168 281 0,3 3 807 5 444 4 29 68 61 21 25 ­7 3,6 582 395 6,1 ... 2 204 5 34 61 51 19 21 9 15,8 1 845 5,1 179 222 42 22 36 84 13 21 ­18 5,1 73 167 5,5 2 079 3 430 13 40 47 67 11 22 ­1 23,7 15 824 1,9 1 571 1 613 9 33 58 86 12 17 ­14 2,7 250 557 3,4 7 270 13 964 5 55 40 30 23 19 28 3,9 7 665 4,6 270 260 17 21 62 76 14 21 ­11 1,9 23 996 4,5 ... ... ... ... ... 92 18 18 ­29 29,6 106 818 2,8 25 523 32 980 0 35 65 41 11 18 30 0,5 . . 23 133 3,1 2 065 2 799 24 28 47 60 10 23 7 3,2 41 092 4,6 ... ... 3 29 68 56 20 26 ­3 4,3 32 182 3,2 ... 30 243 3 36 61 54 20 27 ­1 6,4 19 559 6,0 308 613 39 18 43 71 12 20 ­3 8,3 11 667 515 2,6 26 105 47 566 ... ... ... 71 15 18 ­4 1,9 - 1 075 15,8 ... ... 53 30 17 83 13 20 ­16 4,7 2 078 9,9 ... 412 24 21 55 101 ...a 9 ­10 23,8 163 491 5,3 493 588 10 44 46 57 11 27 5 2,1 b 10 851 6,8 246 283 45 16 39 78 13 19 ­10 5,9 2 061 2,6 356 404 41 23 36 86 10 18 ­13 0,7 28 185 4,3 2 144 2 438 13 28 60 65 14 25 ­4 2,5 6 167 18,5 ... 1 253 ... ... ... 51 14 27 8 7,0 301 950 4,2 1 749 1 764 12 27 61 65 13 26 ­4 31,9 6 833 5,8 187 230 32 21 47 76 16 22 ­14 4,0 11 960 4,8 ... 1 520 35 22 43 55 18 18 8 33,1 65 149 8,6 1 442 14 40 46 55 19 19 7 9,0 13 138 ­1,2 5 346 6 632 13 27 60 71 12 15 2 13,4 86 429 4,2 910 1 016 14 32 54 73 10 17 0 5,0 186 597 2,2 16 056 30 391 3 31 66 52 22 18 7 1,3 2 002 582 1,4 20 265 38 647 3 24 73 55 24 19 1 1,7 34 200 4,5 ... 8 956 8 29 63 57 20 28 ­5 3,3 1 331 ­1,4 291 407 61 25 14 87 10 7 ­4 2,0 4 285 14,3 164 220 61 9 30 53 5 25 18 5,7 . 107 047 2,9 ... 4 300 3 39 57 50 23 28 0 3,1 94 105 3,4 4 775 6 177 9 34 57 58 12 23 7 5,5 359 465 0,5 ... ... ... ... ... 61 12 20 7 1,2 346 404 2,0 20 416 30 469 2 28 70 49 28 16 7 1,7 - 20 055 3,8 696 737 17 25 58 76 8 25 ­9 8,4 30 282 4,2 1 969 1 441 7 30 63 64 11 22 3 12,0 925 3,3 ... 64 15 24 61 97 54 22 ­73 15,8 8 077 3,7 ... 123 46 10 44 77 22 20 ­19 2,3 212 777 3,2 1 992 2 359 4 31 65 63 20 18 0 7,1 8 030 1,7 1 910 1 937 5 29 66 71 16 32 ­20 9,9 4 623 398 1,3 19 163 25 339 1 30 68 57 18 24 2 ­1,9 40 887 837t 2,5 w ... w 817 w ... w ... w ... w 62 w 17 w 21 w 0 w 1 253 353 5,4 320 375 23 25 52 69 12 22 ­3 6 930 704 4,4 ... 699 10 34 56 58 13 27 2 3 941 575 5,7 413 567 12 37 51 55 13 31 1 2 988 438 2,7 ... 2 664 7 30 64 62 14 21 3 8 183 030 4,6 434 556 12 33 55 59 13 26 1 2 367 508 7,5 ... 398 15 49 36 47 12 39 2 1 768 088 5,0 ... 1 856 8 31 61 60 17 23 ­1 2 018 715 1,5 2 174 2 837 7 23 70 65 12 20 4 . 600 256 4,5 ... ... 14 39 47 62 12 26 ­1 878 785 5,8 344 406 22 26 52 69 10 22 ­3 543 990 3,9 312 326 13 28 58 65 18 19 0 32 715 777 2,0 ... ... ... ... ... 63 18 20 0 . a. , . . . b. . 4. , - - , - - , , % , , , - % - . 2004, , . , . . . . . . % , % . 2004 2004 2003 2003 2004 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 1995-2000 86 582 107 763 30 14 ­39 542 ... 7 032 ... ... ... 110,0 510 115 657 115 072 78 13 988 ... 7 276 ... ... ... 122,7 45 3 600 3 500 6 5 ­2 021 3 235 3 285 36 1 680 23 11,2 ­128 580 2 150 84 1 ­407 176 178 108 1 482 21 45,7 ­267 31 713 18 199 2 2 ... 593 634 7 23 386 40 24,8 ­185 14 440 4 960 ... 1 178 1 903 1 415 37 9 698 100 4,5 ­120 34 320 22 309 27 9 3 029 1 169 1 020 3 166 207 115 45,4 ­100 715 1 351 62 1 ­167 115 121 81 1 127 29 6,6 ­225 8 150 12 100 89 0 132 86 102 10 18 778 25 40,7 ­300 11 093 16 343 62 4 ­1 043 127 172 3 2 692 18 21,2 14 308 854 287 236 80 b 8 b ... ... 125 060 b ... ... ... 112,2 99 600 110 8 2 ­143 51 51 44 1 828 28c 9,9 ­29 9 888 14 378 66 4 ­1 813 1 655 1 419 53 13 289 86 36,2 ­50 2 092 1 772 17 8 36 295 167 105 5 684 37 c 52,2 ­100 1 784 5 890 ... ... ­1 917 400 382 141 2 920 37 45,7 350 96 474 65 904 52 12 11 669 13 432 10 144 2 235 431 54 80,9 ­130 - 380 1 150 17 2 ­449 11 11 37 1 844 19 c 13,5 ­121 42 180 2 22 ­100 8 0 31 1 310 150 36,6 ­400 345 610 461 983 78 26 ­46 879 ... 20 696 ... ... ... 157,9 574 54 175 59 216 87 26 ­8 819 5 149 2 506 25 45 785 70 59,6 100 31 360 17 300 13 4 14 575 3 539 2 520 3 34 851 43 10,8 40 26 229 31 029 50 2 ­604 1 192 1 450 22 15 817 39 61,0 ­200 362 1 301 ... ... ­13 8 8 24 1 308 29 31,7 ­105 2 830 3 910 16 3 352 ­166 137 44 7 957 38 c 31,4 ­51 2 792 7 420 40 7 ­1 051 68 116 20 4 981 21 15,1 ­390 640 700 25 0 ­245 79 79 30 3 457 59 c 15,5 ­111 914 839 717 491 84 16 104 301 ... 25 568 ... ... ... 142,9 1 134 1 560 3 890 21 0 ­279 140 198 56 5 641 55 37,4 ­20 14 760 53 082 58 12 ­11 225 ... 717 ... ... ... 105,1 300 649 1 847 31 24 ­349 320 338 48 1 935 44 18,8 ­350 75 565 67 200 66 20 6 963 ... 1 185 ... ... ... 165,9 84 . . 5 660 7 660 34 1 867 1 112 310 8 6 291 33 36,2 ­180 , . 7 682 12 831 31 0 3 743 ­361 237 13 31 383 31 116,2 ­500 1 410 1 670 14 2 91 100 54 6 425 121 35,3 86 . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 289 ... ... ... 11 1 250 2 990 38 3 ... ­5 20 14 4 445 50 58,7 ­125 36 874 43 425 93 18 504 ... 3 880 66 ... ... 82,8 276 72 530 95 156 77 5 6 853 10 651 4 269 1 113 467 19 59,9 ­1 400 69 710 46 180 52 14 ... ­3 685 ­597 8 134 389 71 48,8 ­900 3 970 7 892 69 2 ­44 ­161 376 233 8 337 82 94,1 35 , . 42 450 32 700 8 2 ... 1 151 120 2 11 601 8 9,7 ­456 104 100 60 118 86 34 ­748 ... 26 599 ... ... ... 118,4 89 178 960 249 813 77 7 ­49 225 ... 25 513 ... ... ... 138,7 676 346 060 349 049 87 8 ­20 556 ... 16 538 ... ... ... 105,3 600 , . 4 555 3 790 ... ... ­296 ­89 ­89 13 5 377 40 5,2 ­50 20 251 13 300 18 9 533 5 674 2 088 18 22 835 94 18,5 ­1 320 2 455 2 985 1 ... ­125 87 87 38 3 139 71 8,7 100 2 630 2 100 7 2 ... 154 215 55 9 189 52 c 14,9 0 321 967 275 799 61 14 25 870 ... 6 273 ... ... ... 96,8 733 2 650 4 660 24 4 ­847 195 82 15 6 766 43 40,8 ­21 719 941 39 2 ­95 ­12 46 39 2 021 98 8,4 ­27 593 369 561 423 91 27 45 875 59 455 53 505 1 193 567 15 166,9 ­1 950 () 265 670 d 273 010 93d 13 16 039 ... 13 624 1 ... ... 149,3 300 16 090 16 530 36 7 ­1 110 ­1 185 1 746 18 32 979 46 34,2 ­200 , . . 1 600 1 940 10 ... ... 187 158 101 11 170 149 1,3 ­1 410 , . 3 150 1 570 ... ... ­3 201 201 19 5 516 368 11,8 42 , . 253 910 224 440 93 32 27 613 ... 3 222 ­10 ... ... 100,8 ­80 - 6 301 8 268 66 45 ­967 842 577 7 5 424 36 42,5 128 -' 5 500 3 650 20 8 ­305 69 180 15 12 187 89 18,8 150 27 390 11 630 7 1 18 884 ... ­67 2 ... ... 106,0 347 3 882 6 898 60 4 ­1 673 570 300 49 8 803 92 54,5 ­56 1 749 9 338 68 2 ­ 4 179 394 358 51 18 598 104 179,0 ­30 9 111 12 362 63 5 ­1 590 ­141 179 108 8 342 58 30,0 ­109 455 655 ... ... ... 19 19 53 2 846 91 9,6 ­7 365 400 21 ... ... 218 214 85 2 360 73 c ­6,7 10 990 1 260 38 0 ­309 13 13 32 4 958 31 c 15,0 ­3 , 1 637 2 856 72 1 ­279 90 95 114 1 837 40 22,1 ­5 470 745 12 1 ­185 23 23 45 3 134 109 c 23,2 ­50 126 497 105 176 77 58 13 381 2 207 2 473 4 49 074 56 134,3 390 1 140 1 200 40 8 ­271 129 129 45 3 129 42 c 17,7 ­284 9 661 17 514 69 11 1 434 2 395 2 279 17 18 795 47 82,5 ­300 188 627 206 423 81 21 ­7 798 9 541 10 783 1 140 004 25 34,9 ­2 000 1 390 1 765 8 3 ­516 313 337 55 4 930 38 c 5,9 75 986 1 774 32 3 ­132 84 58 28 1 901 95 32,0 ­70 858 988 38 0 ­105 131 132 100 1 472 97 36,8 ­90 . . , .. 4. , () - - , - - , , % , , , - % - 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140 285 7 31 ­65 3 3 56 1 612 100 c 30,3 ­110 915 1 375 ... ... ­40 6 32 23 1 166 77 16,5 ­345 97 701 95 384 75 30 7 281 1 155 1 949 ­16 51 793 41 105,4 ­88 1 440 2 535 18 2 ­1 062 264 248 47 7 516 22 c,g 9,2 ­206 720 930 58 1 ­140 20 20 9 1 707 91 16,7 128 9 685 12 738 81 4 ­715 1 326 541 31 15 502 75 71,0 ­20 3 870 3 320 ... ... 444 ... 100 6 ... 0 ... ­50 62 774 97 161 84 2 ­15 451 2 849 1 562 2 145 662 81 0,0 135 705 1 480 9 8 ­250 202 194 38 4 553 33 c 11,0 ­66 4 238 3 310 ... ... 1 134 79 70 8 5 006 46 ... ­400 32 672 28 996 67 5 2 891 1 550 1 424 7 16 309 37 30,7 ­700 2 905 3 072 34 2 103 37 275 5 11 764 91 53,3 ­16 39 598 42 635 90 74 3 347 1 350 319 9 62 663 81 54,0 ­900 61 144 51 043 84 24 7 810 ... 3 436 ... ... ... 69,5 20 451 034 464 090 81 19 ­4 833 ... 43 068 ... ... ... 107,2 219 8 022 16 583 72 12 ­1 668 8 031 1 998 27 23 452 102 68,4 ­150 115 145 37 0 ... 4 4 13 1 328 155 16,4 11 1 820 780 ... ... ... 837 837 29 1 499 45 c 7,7 99 . 66 008 67 876 90 13 ­5 661 5 342 2 514 26 34 630 48 45,7 52 32 000 24 823 16 3 1 390 3 844 2 982 5 43 231 67 70,2 60 118 384 111 468 93 22 50 568 ... 17 547 ... ... ... 175,2 80 121 012 97 644 81 15 22 844 ... 3 268 ... ... ... 113,1 60 - 5 800 7 950 74 1 ­131 236 229 35 10 238 50 44,6 ­160 7 538 7 861 12 6 ­455 2 143 1 555 14 16 864 82 20,1 ­300 20 670 ... ... ­78 22 22 70 635 57 148,2 ­9 650 3 300 11 0 ­65 54 60 22 7 151 24 c 4,0 ­77 45 929f 55 200f 58 f 5 ­6 982 4 148 820 14 27 807 22 84,5 364 1 385 3 641 64 0 ­761 513 721 1 5 584 86 31,3 ­100 565 490 454 530 93 24 172 059 ... 6 238 ... ... ... 154,8 280 9 122 8371 t 9 338 667 t 77 w 18 w ... s 572 774 s 12 w ... s 171,1 w ... w, i 215 695 251 818 60 4 18 208 13 283 14 414 454 47,1 ­4 422 2 244 720 2 138 024 64 20 181 237 138 493 9 2 139 684 76,4 ­9 689 1 223 079 1 170 291 68 22 103 824 90 627 8 1 053 736 104,4 ­10 646 1 021 641 967 734 61 19 77 412 47 867 10 1 085 948 40,7 957 2 460 424 2 389 837 64 19 199 444 151 776 14 2 554 138 72,1 ­14 111 964 989 895 174 81 33 62 049 59 612 4 525 535 140,7 ­3 859 615 333 j 626 097 j 57 12 67 110 35 614 22 675 998 27,2 ­1 858 458 500 437 379 57 14 41 087 36 533 12 779 632 49,7 ­4 156 53 312 . 170 996 153 367 20 3 4 848 4 756 26 158 827 49,0 ­1 396 101 332 138 464 79 4 11 143 5 163 4 182 785 56,1 ­2 401 149 265 139 357 ... ... 13 208 10 099 34 231 360 45,4 ­439 6 662 445 6 948 809 80 18 ... 420 998 ... 205,5 14 104 . a. , . , «» . b. . c. , (). d. . e. , , . g. . (, , , ).. h. . i. , Global Development Finance 2004. j. , . k. . 5. - , () () - , , - , , , , , % - , . , % ./. . . . . , % 15 . . 2004 2000-2004 2004 2004 200 2004 2004 2003-2004 2003 2003 1998-2004 2000 57 ... 285 ... ...d ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 66 ... 136 ... ...e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 80 2,5 182 800 10 000 829 10 360 2,3 73 78 ... 4,9 99 ... 521 ... ...e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 543 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... - 320 1,2 32 4 684 14 920 5 068 16 140 ­0,6 66 74 ... 5,9 272 0,4 632 2 507 9 270 4 075 15 060 0,9 72 77 100 4,4 725 2,0 1 022 8 834 12 410 12 860 18 070 4,7 71 76 88f 29,1 283 3,1 12 1 115 3 940 1 840 6 510 0,9 70 73 77f 3,1 - 64 0,0 1 280 ... ...e ... ... ... 75 80 ... 7,2 1 727 0,8 3 7 490 4 340 15 405 8 920 4,3 38 38 79 2,3 361 1,7 69 ... ...e ... ... ... 74 79 93f 14,2 896 2,7 19 677 760 ... ... 2,3 62 65 ... 0,5 215 2,2 18 287 1 340 600 2 790 0,7 67 70 74f 0,4 - () 113 1,0 333 ... ...e ... ... ... 77 80 ... 121,2 1 374 2,2 5 5 415 3 940 7 692 5 600 ­0,2 52 54 ... 2,8 772 0,4 4 765 990 3 173g 4 110g 1,1 58 67 ... 2,1 1 449 2,5 145 414 290 2 753g 1 900g 6,2 52 55 ... 0,2 - 1 533 2,9 55 250 160 1 058 690 1,3 44 47 ... 0,2 106 1,0 311 397 3 760 740 7 000 ­3,8 70 76 ... 2,1 57 0,4 0 ... ...e ... ... ... 65 73 ... 9,9 164 1,5 298 ... ...e ... ... ... 76 80 ... 26,3 716 1,8 31 739 1 030 1 624g 2 270g 1,6 43 43 ... 0,6 71 0,0 95 261 3 650 375 5 250 1,6 75 79 ... 1,4 25 261 2,1 58 ... ...h ... ... ... 62 64 ... 3,3 290 0,8 125 11 199 38 620 9 384 32 360 4,8 78 82 ... 7,7 - 481 2,5 119 852 1 770 2 720g 5 650g 2,9 66 72 76 0,3 - 44 ... 745 ... ...e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 637 2,1 58 ... ...e ... ... ... 75 75 89i 69,6 776 0,6 84 13 633 17 580 17 320g 22 330g 2,9 76 81 97f 8,5 98 1,9 134 95 970 ... ... 0,3 60 66 ... 0,3 - 614 2,4 276 328 530 1 131g 1 840g ­0,5 60 63 56 0,1 , . . 22 745 0,5 189 ... ... ... ... ... 61 65 ... 8,5 11 365 0,4 103 ... ...h ... ... 0,9 75 79 97 2,8 1 809 0,9 60 1 336 740 5 806 3 210 2,1 36 38 81i ... 3 449 2,4 171 391 110 ... ... ­0,2 46 48 56 0,1 5 674 2,0 3 25 257 4 450 ... ... 2,4 70 75 82 10,9 34 ... 213 ... ...e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 450 0,7 174 25 302 56 230 27 549 61 220 4,0 75 82 ... 19,4 1 234 1,0 16 842 5 730 4 640 14 655 11 870 3,2 69 76 84f 2,4 , - 172 ... 460 ... ...d ... ... ... ... ... ... ... () 449 1,0 265 ... ...e 9 605g 21 880 g 8,9 77 82 91f 3,8 - 300 2,2 998 752 2 510 ... ... 6,5 68 71 97 1,8 401 0,7 400 4 913 12 250 7 507 18 720 0,9 76 81 ... 7,2 - 60 3,7 174 142 2 370 ... ... ­3,6 ... ... ... ... , . 127 1,8 181 252 1 990 ... ... ­5,5 67 71 ... ... 33 ... 159 ... ...e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49 910 1,2 76 ... ... ... ... ... 55 60 90i 0,2 , - 77 ... 135 ... ...e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . - 222 0,8 277 ... ...e ... ... ... 73 79 97 46,2 229 1,8 13 ... ...e ... ... ... 70 78 ... 7,8 - 149 0,0 745 ... ...e ... ... ... 75 84 ... ... 4 284 6,9 51 ... ...e 78 834g 21 000 g ­5,4 74 77 77 18,1 20 1,2 43 137 6 870 ... ... 0,5 ... ... ... 12,7 - 3 929 0,7 277 ... ...e ... ... ... 72 82 94 2,3 179 1,0 63 333 1 860 1 015g 5 670g 2,6 67 73 99 0,8 - 28 ... 463 653 ...e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... - 161 2,0 167 60 370 ... ... 2,4 63 69 ... 0,6 1 120 1,7 65 1 859 1 660 5 566 4 970 0,8 42 43 79i 0,4 . - 77 ... 161 ... ...d ... ... ... ... ... ... ... - 85 1,1 188 685 8 090 1 320 15 590 ­3,2 69 77 92f 2,8 - 108 ­0,8 278 396 3 650 677 6 250 4,8 70 76 ... 1,4 - 47 1,5 131 357 7 600 526 11 190 3,3 69 74 ... 2,4 - 164 1,2 268 706 4 310 910 5 560 1,6 72 76 90f 2,1 - 471 2,9 17 260 550 829g 1 760g 0,7 68 71 ... 0,4 9 938 3,3 16 ... ...c ... ... ... 46 49 ... ... 443 1,0 3 997 2 250 ... ... 3,5 68 73 88i 5,0 - 925 4,3 62 506 550 ... ... -3,5 60 64 ... ... 102 0,4 141 186 1 830 735g 7 220g 1,3 69 74 ... 1,2 1 323 0,7 258 11 360 8 580 14 795 11 180 5,3 70 74 98 20,5 - 48 ... 34 ... ...e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 848 1,1 46 2 281 2 690 4 893g 5 770g 2,2 68 71 ... 0,9 246 1,1 67 ... ...e ... ... ... 71 77 ... 2,3 506 2,5 18 ... ...d 3 745 7 400 7,4 50 54 84i 0,4 1 345 ­0,5 32 9 435 7 010 17 741 13 190 6,8 65 77 100f 11,7 . . , ... a.«».b.--,.,,(825.).d., (3 256--10065 .). e. , (10066 ). f. . g. , . h. , (826--3 255 .). i. ... 281 , , « ». . CD ROM . « » World Development Indicators 2005. , , () 1993 . (1993 System of National Accounts, SNA). , 1993 . (. , « » « ). ». , , . , « , », World Development Indicators 2005 (« . , , 2005»). , , , -- , . , 1 , -- , () 2005 . . , « ». , . . , () , () , . . , . . , , . 2000 . , . . , , . . « , 2005». , , . . , . , . , , : . , , . ; ; , , , , . . , , , , , , , , 2000 . , , , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , . CD ROM World Development Indicators 2005. . 282 2006 , 1. . , , , , , , , . . , , . . (. ). (2) . . , , , . . () . , ( -- . , ), , , , (World Energy , . Data Set), , () , . , (ement Manufacturing Data Set), , . «». 1950 , . ( , , «» . « » ). , , . . ( ) «». 2 . « , , , »: . , , 1 -- , , 1,08 . , (), 1993 . . . 1. . , 2 . 0 59 . « », , 1983 ., , , , , , . . . , 118 . . , , , 1999 .; . , , 1996 ., 1993 . , , 1996 . , . , -- . , . , , , . , . () , , , . , . , 283 ( ) ( , ) ( ). , -- , , , , , . , . , , , , . . . . . , 2005 . 3. . , , . , , , . , , , , . . , , , . , . 5 (), . , , , , , , . . , , 1 . . , , . . 5 , , . . . , , , 2000 , . . -- 15--49 . . (), . . , 1--5 . () . -- , . : , , , , , ( , . 10­45 ). , , 100 . 5­99 . . 2000 . ( -- ) , , , (, , () (). ), . , , , , , . , , . . , , . , 284 2006 . , , . . . ( -- , ) . ( . ). , , , (10 . ) , ( -- , . ) , , . . (, , , ); , Balance of Payments Statistics ; , , . ., Yearbook International Financial Statistics. , , , (), . () -- ()-- , . 1993 ; , () , . () . : . ; , ; , , , 25% . , . ( ), , , , , 1 . , , , -- . , , . 2 . -- , , . , -- , . , 25% . , , , . . . , (). , . 1 4. , . ( ) , . ( , , , , ) , . (). . , , (): 5 (), 6 ( ), . 7 ( ) 8 ( . , 68. Global , Development Finance. . -- , . . , , , , , . , . , , 285 . . World Population Prospects: The 2004 . , Revision. , , , : , . _ (pn -- pn . -- 1 )/pn-- 1 , , ( , «» , , ). , , . «». «» International Finance Statistics. . «» ( , ) ( ) , «» » , , . , , , . , , SDR. [Special drawing rights (SDR), ]. SDR , SDR. . , , SDR. . , SDR r . SDR SDR, «». «» . . : . t ln Xt = a + bt : : Xt = X0 (1+r)t. X--, t--, a = log X0, b = ln t -- : (1+r) -- . b* -- b, , r Yt = (Yt/Nt)/et* $ [exp (b*) -- 1] 100 . : et* -- «» ( ) t; et -- ( , ) t; pt -- . t; Pt S$-- SDR t; Yt -- $ . «» t; Yt -- ( ) t; Nt -- t. , , : . , r = 1n(pn/p1)/n, , . pn p1 . (. , n-- , 1n-- 2005.) . «» 286 2006 , , . . , 118 5 . . , 1999 .; 1996 ., 1993 . , , 1996 . , , , , , , . . , . (. ). -- () , , . . , . . , . . (-- , ), , , , , , . . () . , , , , «». . (2) ( «» . « »). . , , , , . . ( ) «». () , , , . , . (World Energy Data Set), , , , , (ement Manufacturing Data (), Set), . 1950 . , . , . , , , , . , 17 , 174 , 7 , 142 , 147 , 4, 44­47 , 31­32, 64 , 45­46 , 42, 64 ., 45­46 , 88 ., 192 , 61 (. ) , 82 , 146 , 55­56 , 202 , 188 , 32 , 5 , 51 , 110 , 154 , 61 , 157 , 41 , 171 (. ) , 60 , 73 , 136 , 132 , 160, 161­162 , 142 , , 102, 108 « », 125 , 152­153 , 171 , 50 , 57 , 62 , 71 , 41 , 12, 152­155 , 71 , 71 , 213­214 , 45­47 , 27 (. ; ) " ", ­, 115 , , 205, 207 , 135 , ( ), 208 , 132 ( ) , 219 , 45­46 , 138­140 , 56­57 , 118 , 84 . . ; , 157­159 , 204 , 28­30 , 68 , 34 , 43­44 , 5 , 57 , 52­54, 64 , 52­54 , 104­105 , 41 , 204­205 , 31­32 , 140 (. ) , 72 . . 288 2006 , 41­42 , 126 , 54 , 10 , 61 , 56­57 , 132 (. ) , 142 , 32 , 148 , 41­42 (. ) /, 64 () , 142 , 50 , 196 Bolsa Escola, 125, 141 () , 65­66 , , 196 , 13 , 196 , 27 , 197­198 , 130, 131 , 62­63 , 27 . . () , 128 , 76­77 , 136 137 « » , 176­177 , 3, 4, ­16, 31, 119 , 163 , 90 , , 133 « », 166­167 , 41­42 , 10, 214 , 57 (. , ., , , 71 , .) , 48 , 157 ­ , 153 , 32 , 153 , 154 , 153 , 129 , 11, 133, 135 , 41­42 , 49 , 199 , 43­44 , 60 , 105­107 , 108­109, 114 , 132 , 43­44 , 41 , 50 , 1, 21, 65, 130 , 157 , , 176 20­21, 65 . . () , 21­22, 130, 179, 204­205 , 29 . . / , 37 /, 6, 17, 30, 54, 55, 63­69, 131, 133­143, 154 , 128 , 4­5, 24, 46­50 . ., 51­52, 63­63 , 146, 209 . ., 98­100, 117 (. ; ) , 126 . . () , 209 , . . , 126 (), , 34 , 196 , 103­104 , 119 , 172 , 63­64 , 168 , 6, 117 , 42 , 7, 51 289 , 52, 54­55 2006, 1, 16 , « », 63­64 , 16 , 56­57 , , 213 , 51­52 (), 202 , 16, 193­203, 213 (. ; ) , 50 «» , 1, 20­21, 62­63, 166, 213, 214 ., 47­50 , , 15, 196­197, 199 188­190 , , 48­49 , 144­145 , 76­80 , 113, 118 , 76­77 , 128­129 , 75­76 , 146 , 21, 25, 51, 58­62, 63 () , 93­95, 140 , 41­42 , 15, 213 . ., 119 , 44­47, 117 /, 55 , 140 , 65­66 , 71 , 75­76 , 52­54 , 57 , 128 24­, 209 , 133 , 140 () , 69 , 74­75 , 61 , 64­66, 149 , 41­42 , 19 , 69 , 39­41 (. ) , , 142­143 , 72 , 40­44 , 21, 65­66 , 18 , 157 ; , 209 , 47­50 (), 48, 150­151, 1153 «», , 63 () ., 150 , 202 , 19­20 , 148 , 1­2, 18, 51 (), 201­202 , 119 , 67­68, 129 , 69, 74­75 , 65­66 , , , 96­97 6, 69, 72­76 , 76­80 , 1 «», , 73 , 74­75 , 7, 19, 68, 86­88, 119 (. « » ; ) , 209 , 146 , 157 , 19 , 88 (), 207 1990 , 21, 212­213 , 86­87 2000, 21 , 48­49 2004, 11 , 25 290 2006 . . , , , 135­136 , 120, 149­150 , 34 , 200­202 , 89, 92 , 17 , 50 , 13, 17 (. ) «», , 63 , 12 , 65­66 , 29­34 «», 44 , 29 , 58­59 , 31 , 132 , 27 , , 148 , 32 , 151 , 6, 29, 56, 59, 68 , , 83 , 129­130 , 157 , 5, « », 88 51­52, 54­55, 64 11­ 121 , 171 , 5 , 132 , 131­132 , 89, 93 , , 29 , 11 , 136 , 128 , 135­136 , , 183 , 29­31 , 95­96 , 12, 163 ICOR, 89 , 151­152 , 142 , 135­136 , 154 , 87 , 9­10, 12, 150­156, 163 , 146 , 85 , 177 , 153­154 , 48, 150­151, 153 , 174 , 152­153 , 182­183 , 7 , 151 , 81 , 133 , 5, 8, 24, 87, 171 , 88 , 61 , 41, 63 , 183 , 7 , 93 , 71 . ., 51 , , 32 2­3, 74, 89 , 58 , 132 , 189 , 46, 66 «», , 65 , 171 . . ­ , 25 , 33 () , 103­104, 107, 114 , 127 , 27 , , , 115­116 , 28, 142­143 , 11 , 7­8, 213­214 , 180 , 92­95 , 13 , 93 , , 88­92 ( ), 208 (. ; ) , 8­9, 98­100, 118, , 208 213­214 , 65­66 , 119 , 44­47, 98­107, 117, 214 , 70 , 67­68, 98­102 , , 32 9, 98­102 291 () ., 2, 67 , 88 ., 107­113 , 203 111­114 , 6, 9­10, 157, 159­163 , 181 , 159­162 , 50 , 13, 162­163 «», 63 , 162­163 , 57­61 , «», , 162­163 , 108 , 13, 158­159 , 157 ., 13, 156­163 , 52, 130 , 135 , 27 , 154­155 , 27 , 178 , 62 , 205 , 41­42, 64 , 7 «», , 64 (. ) , 178 (), , 5, 47 , 57 , 199­200 , 72 , 25 , 96­97 PACES, 128 , 8, 100­101 , 160 , 176 , 27 () , 10 , 82 , 178 , 21 , 167 () , 18­19 , 11, 134 , 16 , 127 , 204­207 , , 82­83 , 172 , 148 , 142 ­ , 17­18, 116, 191­192 , 72 , 3­4, 20­21 / , , , 27 ( ), 203 «», , 63 , 5, 47 () , 28 169, 208 , 38 , 116, 213 , 135­136 ­' , 153 ­', , 141 83­84 , 177 , 88 , 18 , 43 , , 116, 171 , 43 , 186­189 ( ), 20, 66 . . , 132 , 19 , 113­114, 213­214 , 98­100, 117, 214 , 107­113 ­ (KDP), 46, 66 , 32 , 151 , 34 , 127 , 184 292 2006 , 42 , 205 , 57 , 151 , 204­205 , 158 . . , 139 , 188 , 196 , 181 (), 174, 177 , 6 169 , 208 , 194­196 , 75­77 , 72 , 9, 100­101 , 16 , 142 , 200­202 , 140 , 71­72 , 61 (), , 41­42 , 66­67 , 63 , 209 , 170 ICOR, , 89 , 72 ­ (. ) , 2­3, 19­20, 26, 118, 214 (), 83, 90 , 47­50 (), 207 , 41 , 83 , 24­25 , 45­46, 149­150 , 75 , 133­134 , 132 , 105­108, 114 , 184­185 , 142 , 187 , 34 , 14, 182 , 169 , 132 , 176 , 38 , 166 , 13­16 , 152 , 188­190 , 7 , 188­190 , 42 , 119 , 13 (), , 109 14­16, 185­190 , 57 , 72 , 35 Oportuniades (PROGRESA), , 11, 125­126, 131, 141 Procampo, 184 , 90 , 208 , 132 , 41 , 48 , 13 , 46 , 2­3 «», , 63 , 194­196 , 27 , 192 , 52 , 32 , 27 , 38 , 28 , 181­182, 185 , 181 , 38 , , 10 140­141 , 127 , 58 , 182­183 , 127 , 119 . () , 199­200 . . () , 69­70 293 , 199­200, 208 . () , 31­33 , 32 -- , 31­32 , 11­12, 118, 164­165 , 51, 56­58, 63 , 142 (TIMSS), 127 , 133 , 6­7, 124­126 . . () , 32 , 48­49, 126 48, 150­151, 153 , 126 . . , 126­128 () ., 25 , 127­128 , 82 , 126 , 126 , 87­89 , 6, 53 , 89­91 , 31 , 101­102 , 32­33 , 1 , 128­129 , 6­7, 10­11, 25, 123­129 , 41 (DHS), 27­32, 55 , 18­19 . . ., 76 , 2­3, 46 , 72 (), 135­136 ., 185­186 , 5 , 82 , 53 (. ; , 203 ; . . () ; , 98­102 ) , 202 , 7­8, 214 , 204 . . , 4­6, 21, 26­27, 117 ­ , 196 , 27­31 , 72 , 31­33 , 61 , 39­44 , 203 , 44­47, 229 , 205­206 , 26, 42­46 , 47­50 (. ; ) , 41­42 «», , 63 , 191­192 , 27 , 26, 33­38 , 157 , 161 , 90 , 27 , 81­82 , 71 , 61 , 41 , 61 , 13 (), , 24­25 , 178 , 37 , 142 , , 178 , 200­202 , 57 , 136­137, , , 73 141­142 294 2006 , 95 , 207--208 , 5 , 16, 204, 214 , 148 , 5­6, 26, , 57 42­43, 67 , 167 , 32 , 48 , 146 , 91, 119, 163, 200­202 , 187 , 69 , 71­74 , 147­149 , 86­88 , 7, 72­74 , 73­74 , 144­146, 163 , 73 , 146 , 193­194 , 9­10, 118­119, 146­148 , 209 « », 163 , 209 , 208­209 , 144­146 , 149­150 () , 204­207 , 13, 118­119, 144­150 , , 149­150 194­203, 213 , 207­209 , 146­147 , , 146­147 10, 15­16, 20 , 71­74 , 209 , 69­71 . . «» , 88­89 () , 18, 26, 52, 119, 192 , 153­154 () (ICOR), 88­89 , 149­150 , 3, 21, 214 , 51 , 94­95 , 45­46 , , 150 8­9, 68 , 202­203 , , 173­174 174­175 . . , 102­107 , 47 , 2­3, 18, 67­88, 100­101 , 19 , 87­89 , 176­177 «», , 63 . . , 176 , 171­172 . . ; « », 64 , 192 «, », 63­64 , 16 , 7­8, 20 / , 207 , 191­192 , 164 (. ) , 2207 () , 1­3, 17­18, 67­68, 119 , (. , 204­207 , , , 207 , .) , 205­206 () , 16 , 205­206 , 202­203 «» («») , 205 , 10 , 207­208 , 70­71 295 , 3­4, 9, 119 , 194­203, 213 , 118 (. , , , 185, 189­190 , .) , 184­185 , 8, 19­20, 85­86, 154­155 (), 202 , 81­83 (), 10, 120­121 , , 121­122 210­211 , 12­123 , 150­151 . . ., 155­156 , 70­71, 203 , 129 , 46­47, 65­66, 213 +5, 208 , 9 , 69 , , 191­192 , 2­4, 7, 9, 16, 117, 212­214 , 3 , 100­102 , 19 , 115­116 , 7, 69 , 102­107 «», , 63 , 128 , 27 , 8, 101­102 , 72 , 50 (. ; ; ) , 103­104, 106, 114 , 176 (), 182 , 179 , 184 , 41 , 13 , 90­92 , 169 , 206 , 57 , 78­79 , 178­180 , 161 , , , 142 65­66, 214 , 174­175 , 41 . . () , 33 . . / «», , 63 , 5, 8, 24, 87 1990­ ., 188 , 147 , 169 ( ), 11, 136­137 , 13 , 184­185 . . () , 11 , ., 67 , 137­50 , 83­85, 118 , 140­141 , 14­15, 19­20, 119, 188 , 141­142 , 184 , 142­143 . ., , 138­140 172­181 , 7­8, 15, 19­20 , 137 (. ; ,137 ) , 8, 86­88, 118 , 164 (. ) , 91­92 , 175 , 7­8, 13­16, 212 , 166, 167, 188­189 , 178 , 166­67 , , 166 , 10, 166­167 . . () , 166­167 , 175­177 , 10 () , 19 , 42 , 7­8, 16, 18­19, /, 64 67, 81, 92­93, 118 , 197 296 2006 , 84 , , 11, 134­135 (), 201­202 () () , 103­104 , 154 , 41 , 3, 21, 212­213 , 76­80 , 157 , 8­9, 21, 68 , 88 , 115­116 , 14­15, 119 , 183­184 , 132 () , 180­181 , 181­184 , 119, 212­214 (), 210­211 , 69­71 , 180­181 , 14, 181, 196­200 , , 29 , 184­185 , 137­143 , 2­3 , 180­185 , 19 , 199­200 , 207 , 199­200, 208 , 67­68 (TIMSS), 127 (), 71­73 , 209 , 68 , 72 , 27 , 17­18, 68 , 153 , 69­71 . . , 2­3, 17­18, 68 , , 71 () , , 29 , 78­79 , 132 , 155 , 127 , 50 , 57 , 199 «», , 63 , 203 , 32 (), 85 , 131 , 6, 43­44 , 128 , 59 ICOR, 89 , 134 , 74 , 130­131 , 52 «», , 72­73 , 43 «», , 73 , 205 , 146 ­, 126 ­, 81 , 133 , 175 , 72 , 184 , 69­70 , 133 , 41 , 142­143 (. , 88 , , , , 57 , .) , 132 , 51 , 131 , 34 , 153 , 10 , 177 , 127 297 , 69­71 , 199­2200, 208 , 132­133 . . , 13, 119 , 11 II , 201 , 170­171 , 202 , 171­172 , , 14 201 , 57 (), 202 . ., , 132 166­172 , 169 , 171­172 , 178 . ., 171­172 , 133, 135 , 202­203 , 57 . ., 167­168 , 14, 166, 1169­170, 190 «» . ., 189 , 202 , 44 , 172 , 44 .. , 167­168 , , 202 108­111 . . ; , 44 , 44 ­ , 108, , 171 110­112 , 132 , 57 , 41 , 202 , 57 , 169 , 32 (), 5, 46­47 , 38 . , , 47 , 31 , , 16, 62 ­ , , 117­118 , 76­77 , 46 , 15, 118 , 208 , 70 /, 55 , 9 , 52­54 , 117­118 , 133 , 118 (. , 42 « » , 32 ) , 26, 32­39, 214 , 131 , 36­44 , 72 , , 164 (. ) 39­444 , 38­39, 191­192 , 118­119 , 9­12, 118, 212­213 , 144­146, 163, , 12, 129­136 167­169, 181 , 11­12, 123­129 , 11, 120­123 «», , 63 , 1143 ( , 130 ), 12, 136­143 ­ , 85 , 120 , 9, 68, 93­96 298 2006 , 34 , 72 /, 64 (. ) «», , 63 , 12 , 50 , 151 , 10 , 130 , 165 , 1 , 142 , 57 , 95, 136­137 , 52 , 176­177 , 148 , 133 DHS. . (DHS) , 56­57 Foreign Policy, , 208 , 52, 64 ICOR. . (ICOR) , 61 International Steunfonds Africa, , 41, 63 , 127 , 32­33 TIMSS. . (. ) (TIMSS) 63 2006 . . . . -- .: « », 2006. -- 312 . ISBN 5­7777­0355­0 ? , ? , ? 28 « » -- , . , , . , , . . 33+2006+(330.111.64) 65.5 « » : 101831, , , , 9 .: (495) 623 68 39, 623 85 68 : (495) 625 42 69 e mail: order@vesmirbooks.ru http://www.vesmirbooks.ru « » . 2006 : ... : .. : .. : .., .., . 13.02.06 . 84 841/16 . . . 19,5 « 13» 107005, , ., 30 , . , , -- , . , , . , . -- , . 2006 , , , , . ; , «», . , , , . , , . 2006, 60 , , , , . « »