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E-mail: alexpublishers@alexpublishers.ru;
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Omne'qamauo e Poccuu
ISBN 5-9618-0005-9                   0 2004 The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development/The World Bank
Waschington, DC 20433
TeCjIeOH 202-473-1000.
www.worldbank.org
E-mail feedback@worldbank.org



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KpaTKHfA o630p                                            11
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12                                rcHAepHbIe npo6neMbI B PoCCnu4
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KpaTKHE o630p                                              13
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KpaTKHi o630p                                              15
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HO BbICOKa. MccjieqoBaTe.ni OTMe1aloT, 'ITO HoKa3aTejim COCT03HH5I
3tAOpOBb51 6epeMeHHblX >KCeHUMHH 3a nocleCAHHC 10 nieT yXyAIM4JI1HCb.
3a6oneBaH43IM14 peHPOqYKT14BHOfl CHCTeMbi CTpa,alOT KaK >KeHIIA14-
Hbl, TaK H My)Kq4IHbI.
HecMOTpS Ha rnOCTeneHHoe CHmxKeHHe o6ulero nc.iia a6opToB, 3T0
cpe,RCTBO npeqynpewgeHHM 6epeMeHHOCTH OCTaercTc HaH6ofiee riony-
JlAPHbIM H pacrpocTpaHeHHbIM. 3KCrlepTbl o6,biCH1KOT YCTOqI4HBOCTb
TaKOH Mogenim per1pO.AyKTy BHOrO nOBeTqeHHM cjieAyioMimmH ripHqHHa-
M4: 1) CHIRKeHHCM uCHHOCTH Co6CTBeHHOrO 3AOpOBb5; 2) HH3KOH OC-
BeaOMJIeHHOCTb1O B BOripocax niiaHHpoBaHnn ceMbH1 H KOHTpaLen-
u1mm; 3) paCUpOCTpaHCHHbIM y6eCXgeHmeM 0 TOM, 'TO a6OpT ABJIqeTCq
JICe1eBbIM cnoco6oM peryjil4poBaHl4A pow4aeMOCT4.
rlageHHe poACgaeMOCTH B POCC414CKOi c1egepa1UH  B 1990-e rogbi
rlPOCXo,HnO CTOJIb cTpeMITeJIbHO, x4TO cyMMapHbIlA Ko3cPCHI\CeHT
poxgaemaCMOCTH 3a 10 .neT CH43HACS C 1,73 gao 1,17. FIOMUMO nOKa3aTe-
jiefi 3,40pOBbq, B pe3yJIbTaTe geACTBH51 geMorpa¢4TmxecKHx c9aKTOpOB
H oripeJeICeHHbIX MoTAejie4 peHPO,AYKTHBHorO HOBCeeHHl4 B POCCHH
,OMHHHpyeT YCTaHOBKa Ha O,qHOqeTHyio CeMbIO. Pe3ynbTaTbl pAga Mc-
CTiegOBaHifl perfpOAYKTHBHoro riOBCeeHH5I pOCCHAH noKa3ajn4, 'ITO
nogo6Hoe peeiieHne o6ycnoBneHo He TOnbKO cOJHaJIbHO-3KOHOMWIe-
CKHMH cpaKTOpaM4, HO H BHe3KOHOMHCeCKHMH - 3THICecKnMH, gy-
XOBHbIMH H Ha14HOHaJIbHbIMH.
AHaJIH3 cnegl\HaibHOl JHlTepaTypbi nOKa3aTi, '-TO FeHAepHOC Hepa-
BeHCTBO H aCHMMeTPH1 B cq1epe peIpOgYKTHBHOrO nOBeqeHIH43 pOCCI4-
AIH cnoco6cTByIOT YCHneHI4O TeHgeHuiHH K 4)OPMHPOBaHH1O Herioji-
HbIX ceMefi, B KOTOpbIX OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a BOcriHTaHme pe6eHKa, KaK
rIpaBHJO, rIOu1HOCTb1O JIOAKHTCH Ha ruie-m )CH1IAHH. OCHOBHbIMH (4aK-
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na pa3BOJAOB, CHACeHHe qiHcjia rIOBTOpHbiX 6paKoB, BHe6paqiHa5I po;R-
gaeMOCTb H p0CT qHcjia BAOB.
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OT1IOB B cjiyxiae pa3Boga, OCTaBJIAI1 BOrpOC o6 Hx y"aCTHH B BOCnHTa-
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KaK npaBHjio, OCTaeTCA c MaTepbIO, a O6H3aHHOCTH OTL4a CBORAITCA
K yriaTe aJIHMeHTOB. 4CCJiegOBaHHm riOKa3blBalOT, -ITO MyK7qlAIHbl pea-
KO BHOCIT MaTepHaTIbHbJH H TeM 6o0ee 3MOL1HOHaJIbHbIi BKTIag B BOC-
riHTHTaHm  eTefl, ecnIH He XKHByT C HHM4 B OqHOM OMOXO33flCTBe.



16                               reHAepHble npo6JieMbl B PoCCHH
reHJAepHbe acnIewau 3aHHTOCTH H IIOJIOiCHeHH
Ha phHICe Tpypa, reHxepHbe pojIH B AoMoxo3JdkcTBax
B AoKnage nogpo6Ho OCBemaIOTCTc BOHpOCbl 3aH5ITOCTH MY)KI4HH H
>KeHIHH, Mx rIoJLoCKeHMe Ha pbIHKe Tpya, reHAepHaHq acCHMMeTPHHE
B onnIiaTe Tpy,a1, YCJIOBH4 TpyAa H CyLieCTBYIOEHiie JIbrOTbl, a TaKoKe
gHc4JCpeH[4HpOBaHHOC BTHIIHMHCe reHAep1HOlO pa3AeJIeHHul goMamHe-
rO Tpyga Ha )KeH14MH H MyAKxlHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BO3MO)KHOCTCei,
rIpe,ROCTaBJICeMbIx HM 1pbIHKOM TpyAa.
3a rOJabi pe4OpM npOH3OHIJIH Ba)KHbic H3MeHeHH51 B cqcepe 3aHSAToC-
TM H CHTyaLMM Ha pbIHKC Tpyga, KOTOpbie HpHBeiTH K o6ocTpeHHlo
reHJepHOH aCHMMeTpHH: pC3KO COKpaTH1aCb 3KOHOMH4tCcKa5H aKrHB-
HOCTb AKeHUM1H TpyAOCnoco6HorO BO3paCTa (c 82% B 1992 r. go 74%
B 2001 r.); Ha6nToIQaeTcq ycLCMeHHe oTpacJIeBof, BepTHKaJbHOH  H npo-
c4JeCcHOHaIbHoP cerperauHM; yBeJIHHiiCH reHACpHbIA pa3pblB B ofuaTe
Tpyga; y'-aCTHJHCb cJy'aaH A1MCKPHMHHalIHH KCeHMHH co CTOpOHbl pa6o-
TogaTeliefl 1pM HaMme Ha pa6oTy, oco6eHHo B 'laCTHOM ceKTope.
CoKpaweHHe 'EHCJIeHHOCTH 3aHqITbIX MY)KMEHH H )KeHiUH B pa3HbIX
oTpacxisx 3KOHOMHKH ripOHCXO4HJIO HepaBHomepHo. Ho B -iaCTH Tpa-
,1H14MOHHO )KeHCKHX oTpacIefl COKparWeHHCe HCJIeHHOCTH 3aHSITbIX
wKeHII1MH 6blIo 3HaL-IlTeCJbHbIM.
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cepbe3HbIe H3MCHeHHSI. CornacHo OcM4HajlbHOf cTaTHCTHKC, <4eCMH-
HM3HpoBaHHbIeC> OTpacnH (o6pa3oBaHHe, 3ApaBooxpaHeHHC, (pHHaHi-
Cbl) coxpaHIUJ1M CTaTyc JeMJMHM43IIpOBaHHblX oTpacJieC. 3a 10 ineT
B TOprOBTie H o6IIJeCTBeHHOM iHTaHMH npogecc CeMHH43auMH ga)Ke
ycHnMncA, a B npOMbIH1JieHHOCTM H CTpOHTTehbCTBC Ha6mogaAca npo-
eCCC <«MaCKVJIHHH3aI4HJM. OAgaCTCSI, 14TO pOCT B caepe ripOMbIIleH-
HOCTM4 CO3gaCT iepCieKTHBbl AiA <<MyXKcKmx,> nppO(4eCCH, a HpH6.iMIKa-
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Hpo(eecCMf, KaK o6pa3oBaHme.
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KaHTHbie AOJIJKHOCTH, xapaKTePH3yl0mHecq 6onee HH3KHM CTaTyCOM
H Tpe6yiomHe 6onee HM3KOI KBaRH4HKaM4H. Bo Bcex oTpacnflx OTMe-
MaeTCTI HM3KMM ripo"eHT >KeHIiHH Ha pyKOBO5ASl4HX qOJI2KHOCTSIX
H BbICOKaSI 4o0q )KCHIHIMH CpeCH HeKBaJIHPHUHPOBaHHbIX pa6OTHH-
KOB. )KeHIgHbl OTT4alOT npenOFlTeHTHHe HH3Koorma-ImBaeMof, HO CTa-
6HwbHOf pa6oTe Ha KpynHbiX npeCgHpHSTHMX, a He 6onee BbiCOKOOn-
JlatJHBaeMoP, HO MeHee CTa6HLnbHO4 pa6oTe Ha ManblX ipegripHpMTMHX.



KpaTK4HA o630p                                              17
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c He6JiarOnpiTHbiMM YCJIOBMMI Tpyga. B HacTo53mee BpeM5I Hac1lM-
TbIBaeTCSI 6o0nee 600 BMJOB pa6oT M ripopecci4A, Ha KOTOPbIX 3aKOHOM
3arlpeCfleHO HCIOJIb3oBaTb TipyA wKeHI4H (l4To npeBpanAaeT MX B <<CO-
1\ESaMbHbIX MHBaJM}AOB>>), TCM CaMbIM OrpaHlM4MHBaA LOCTyn >KeHUM1H
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My7)Kxl4H, pa6OTa1OM14X Ha HPOM3BOJgCTBaX C Bpe,gHbIM14 H OHaCHbIMM
YCJIOBHM4M Tpy,Za, COCTaBMJna 71% B npoMbIntieHHOCTH H4 86% B CTpO-
MTeCJbCTBe. FeHwepHaA aciMMeTpMM 3aHATOCTH B OriaCHbIX YCJIOBM4IX
Tpy,a mopM4pyeT H reHepCHyio acMMMCTP14O rIPOM3BOgCTBeHHOrO
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BeHb 3aHqTOCTM My-)K4'4H BO Bpe,TxHbIX YCJIOBMMX Tpy,a ABJISieTCS O,-
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a MX cJny)e6Hbil pOCT riO-rIpc)KHCMy CgCep?KBa OT reHJaCpHbIe CTepeo-
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o6yclloBareHa CJe,glOIHMmm cfaKTopaMm: 1) FOpM3OHTajibHOfl H BepTH-
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B go6blBatomeA nppOMbImllneI-iHoCTM (HeC4THHOf4 CeKTOp, MeTannwrI1   1-1 H
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Ha6dmo,gaeTc,q '4MCiCHHbIA nepeBec xKeHMIHH.
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IOTC3I B CTaTyce 6e3pa6oTHbIX. 3Ta ripo6ileMa oco6eHHo OCrPO CTOHT
B ceCJbCKOH MCCTHocTm H B 3KOHOMM'4CCKH geMipecCCBHbIX paHOHax.
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HbIM: AOMamHHH Tpyg IIpeCMymCCTBeHHO OCTaCTCSI 3a ACeHMHHOH,
ccpepa oniia'IMBaeMoH 3aHaTOCTH - 3a My)K(IHHOA. B POCCMH 4ticao
)KeHM14H, 3aHATbIX HpO(4eCCHOHaf1bHOf4 geflTeAbHOCTbMO, OCTaCTCq
O'CHb BbICOIKMM. OqHaKO JAbBHHyfO AQOJI1O AOMaIHeH pa6OTbl no-
lpeCKHeMy BblHOJIH5HOT >KeH'IAHE4bl.



18                               TeHRepHbie npo6AieMbl B POCCHI'I
lBeZHocTb i reHzep
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4aKTopoM, ycyry6mioigHM reHAepHy1o aCHMMeTpHmo. Pe3yjbTaTbi MC-
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6eAHocTH. no gaHHbIM HeKOTOpbiX HCciieqOBaH4iHh,Aojm AKeH14H cpe-
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6eAHocTH npo5iBnAeTcq HC TOJTbKO noCpegJCTBOM BbICOKOA BepOATHO-
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KOHi onniaTOH TpyAa; 2) B 97% HenOJIHblX ceMef KeHnAHHa-pogHTeJIb
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UpegenCeHHH 6peMeHH 6eAHOCTH.
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MHihmneHaMH HX CeMCe HIH ACThMH 4OfLKOJIbHOrO B03paCTa, H Boco6eH-
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cnoco6HorO BO3pacTa. (DHHaHCOBasHeAocTyrIHOCTb yCJIyr coLiHaJIbHOA
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H CTapHKOB B cjepy MaTepHHCKOAH iKCeHCKOH OneKH,OrpaHH14HBa3
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114HHbl-HHBaJI1HAbI HMn weKH1IHHbI cAeTbMH-4HBanHAaMH; 6e3pa6oT-



KpaTK14f o630p                                             19
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20                               ren1gepHbIe flpo6ieMbI B POCC4HH
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B HHX 6o0mbImero HncTa >1CeHMIIH.
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ca )KeHLIHH. C 1993 no 1996 r. 6bm H3AaH LXeIJblH paA Hpe3JAeHTCKHX
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JIM B o6mecTBe. B 1996 r. 6bmiH CO3,aHbI MHOrOMHCICeHHbie KOMHTeTbI
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22                               FeHuxepHbie npo6.neMbl B POCCHH4



1. BBeeCHHe                                             23
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24                                FeHwepHbie npo6neMbl B POCC4HI
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1. BBieeHHrC                                              25
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26                                FeHqepHbie npo6AeMbl B PoCCiIII
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3HaqHTeJIbHbIM iaroM B HanpaBJI4HHH pemIeHI AaHHbIX npo6ieM.



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28                                  FeHgepHbie npo6AeMbl B POCCHH
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2. rocyAapcTBo rapaHTHpyeT paBeHCTBo rnpaB H CBo6oR iejIOBeKa H rpa4aHHHa
HC3aBTICIHMO OT nojia, pacbl, Ha914oHaJ1bH0CTH, 513blKa, npOHCXOxKJeHHH, HMyLue-
CTBeHHoro H gonlKHocrHoro HOJIO)KCHHS, Mecra XHTeJIbCTBa, OTHoICHHU K pe-
LrHmH, v6exerHnI1, ripHHaeC)KHOCTH K o6mLCCTBeHHblM 06'beAHHeHHMm, a TaK-
)Ke ,pyrHx o6cToATenbcTB. 3aripeiiAaioTcq .jio6ble 4bOpMbl orpaH4ewHHR rpaB
rpaXQaH nO H1pH3HaKaM CoLHaJibHOH, pacOBOH, HaitHOHa1IbHOA, H3blKOBOH HMIU
pCjHPrHO3HO9 HpHHa,IexKHOc'rH.
3. MywC'tHHa H xCHLUHHa HMeIOT paBHbiC ripaBa H CBo6ogbi H paBHbie B03MO)KHO-
CTH A1IA HX peaAIH3auHH.
HOMHMO KOHCTHTY1H4 POCCHACKOO <eAepauijmnp, mAHHiHni paBeH-
CTBa He3aBHCHMO OT nonia TaloKe 3aKperuJeH B KOHCT14TYLIMX H YCTa-
Bax 34 H3 89 cy6-beKTOB POCCHiAcKOoI qDeAqepaiwH4.5
Mecc)ynapodube cmandapmbe upoccuicK;am npaeo0aa cucmema
4aCTb 4 CTaTbH 1 5 KOHCTHTY1IH4 POCCH1CKO4Ie qPeAepaU"m ycTaHaBH-
BaeT, 'ITO <'o61melIpH3iiaHHbie frIpHH4Hf1bl H HOPMbI Mex"YHapOAHOMO
npaBa H meNAYHapOgHble AOrOBOpbl POCCHifCKOIf IeAepaqHH 5B1m-
IOTCS COCTaBHOf 4qaCTbIO ee npaBOBOAi CHCTeMbi. ECJ1H Mex2KyHapOA-
HbIM ,OFOBOpOM PoccH"icKog cPeAepaLiHH YCTaHOBJeHbl HHbIe npaBH-
ia, 1ieM npegyCMOTpeHHbie 3aKOHOM, TO rpMimeHqlIOTCqs fpaBlJIa
MCeA<yHaPOAHOrO goroBopa,>. PoccA 5BJInAeTC5I yqaCTHEILteg noAaBjiR-
ioMero 6OnIbmu4HcTBa MexKYHapOAHbIX AOrOBOpOB, HMeioMi4HX OTHO-
ieHHe K HpeAOTBpaMeCHHIO I jnHKBHLaq4HH A1HCKpHMHHa14HH, B TOM
mHCiie H no rIPH3HaKy nona, TaKHx KaK
* MeAyHapOgHbflfI HaKT o6 3KOHOMHreCKHX, CO"mHaJbHbIX H KyJIb-
TYPHbix npaBax (1966 r.).
* Me,AvyHapOgHbl4 flaKT O rpa)AaHCKHX H nOn4HTH4ecKHx npa-
Bax (1966 r.) H cpaKyYIbTaTHBHblH IIpOTOKOn K HeMy (1966 r.).
* KOHBeHLI5 OOH o TiHKBHAa4tHH Bcex 4OpM AHCKPHMl4HaUHH
B OTHOIIICHHH )KeHHA1HH (1979 r.).
* KOHBeHILH MexcymapoAmHO OpFaHH3aq4HH Tpy,a (MOT) N9 100
0 paBHOM BO3HarpaXKAeHHH MyAK'-lIHH K4CHMHIH 3a Tpyg paBHOH
LACHHOCTH (1951 r.).
5 205, 244.



2. 06ecre4eHHe rCHqeCpHOrO PaBeHCTBa B 3aKOHOAaTeCJbCTBe
H tlpaBOHpHMeHHTeJlbHOH Hpa'KTIlKe                           29
* KOHBeHUHSA EOHECKO 0 6opb6e C qHCKpHMHHaL1HeA B o6niaCTH
o6pa3oBaHHA (1960 r.).
* KOHBeHUHSA MOT Ng 111 0 AHCKPHMHHa"HH B o6naCTTH Tpyra H
3aHATHH (1958 r.).
* KOHBeHLgHM MOT N9 156 0 PaBHOM o6paIeHmH      H paBHbIX B03-
MO)KHOCTHiX ,JH pa6OTHHKOB MYWKMHH HKeHmHH: pa6OTHHKH C
ceMeHHbIMH o6II3aHHOCTAMH (1981 r.).
* EBponeflcKas KOHBeHLUKS 0 3aM4HTe npaB 4ejoBeKa 1H OCHOB-
HbIX CBo6Lg (1950 r.) H gpyHe.
POCCHACKaA qegepaI"Hq HogrIHcaiia, HO eme He paTH4c1TLHpOBaIa
12-H fIpoToKonI K EBpOneHCKOi KOHBeH"HH 0 3aWHTe npaB 4ejiOBeKa
H OCHOBHbIX CBo6og (2000 r.) [778, 1].
Hpurnqunbipaeemcm6a u ieOucicpuMunauuU, 3anpem
ducKpumunal4uu a ae(wmf6y1iou4eM 3aK;cooamelbcmtee
H ojioxeHwi KOHCTHTYLiHH POCCHACKOAl cIegepaLiHH o paBeHCTBe npaB
HC3aBHCHMO OT nonia BOCnpOH3BO,ATChI B LXejiOM p3ie 3aKOHOgaTenb-
HbiX aKTOB. HaripHMep, rpa   HCKHfl KogeKC (1994 r.) rapaHTHpyeT
o6mee paBeHCTBO J1HL, yqaCTByIOMwX B rpaxgaHCKO-ripaBOBbIX OTHO-
meHHiAx. CeMefHbI KOeCKC (1995 r.) BBOAIHT 3aripeT Ha orpaHHMeHHe
npaB, OTHOCHqHXCq K 6paKv H CeMCHHOA >KH3HH, Ha OCHOBe coLHaUb-
HOA, paCOBOk, HaUHOHaAbHOHf (THw4ecKofi), I3bIKOBOA H pejiHrHo3-
HOH rpHHaIeCKHOCTH. YroJiOBHbIA KogeKc (1996 r.) riOgTBep)KgaeT pa-
BeHCTBO Bcex rpaAKLaH nepe, 3aKOHOM.6 Tpy,gOBOf KOgeKC (2001 r.)
6 K qfcniy ApyI'HX 3aKOHoqaTcjibHbIX aKTOB OTIOCcIArc1: 3aKOH POCCUUACKOEI
(DegepailuH <<O rpawAai-acTre PoccIiEIcKoOi q)egepau-i'> (1991 r.), rapaHTHpyIo-
1ImU4 paBHblU AOCTM71 MY)K414HH U)KeHWH1H K rpawaHCTBY; 3aKOHbl POCCHUCKOUf
Pegepa"um  <0O MejHLjHHCKOM CTPaXOBaHHH rpaxwaH B POCCUUfCKOUft Oegepa-
LA11> (1991 r.) U <"OCHOBbl 3aKofoa,aTenbcTBa POCCmlUCKOW q)egepaiuui o6 oxpa-
He 3raOpOBbA rpa)KgaH) (1993 r.), o6ecne'-HBatoflue paBHbIlE aOCTyn My)KqHH
H KeilLA1LHH K 3aApaBoOxpaHeHHffo; 3aKOHbl PocCUEIcKoU c)egepaLumH <.o BbIHy'W-
AxCHHbIX nepeceneHLLax<> (1993 r) <-0 6eKelciiax>> (1993 r.), npoBo3rJIavIUaioMwe
paBHbIl AocFyr MyAC'IIHH H A(CHllIH K COOTBeTCTByIOL1IHM MeXaHH3MaM 3aLu'ITbI;
3aKoHbi <<06 OCHOBaX rocyjapCTBeHH0O cjJyK56bi PoccUUicKoUi (DegepatUHH>
(1995 r.) H <<06 OCHOBaX MVHHLUHnaJbHOI CJIK6bl POCCUIUfCKOEIf qecepaLuI-4>
(1998 r), ipeLIyCMaTpHBaiOuiie paBHb1I1 OCTyfn My)IMHH H (KeHHAHH K rocyjXap-
cTBetHoA H MyHHLmtuiaJ4IbfI0f cJfyA6e; 3aKOH POCClEIICKOH d$eqepaLtuH <0o MVMIH-
1tUHH> (1991 r.), npoBo3rnlairnalohlfl:i npIHHuHi paBHOf 3amnTbl ripaB qeJioBeKa
H4 FpahAaHHUHa He3aBHCHMO OT viona: a TaKioe 3aKol- POCCElf1ICKog1 $ezgepaUI4H
<<06 o6pa3oBaHHH>< (1992 F.), 3aKpCrlJIRI0oufIl paBHblf rnocTvn xeBo4eK/AKeHHlH11
H Manbql4KOB/MyWK'-UH K o6pa3oBaiHmio, He rapaHTHpvl3, oQaHaKO, paBHOFO OTHIO-
LmeHHM B xogie y-e6Horo ripoliecca.



30                                 reHgepHbie npo6JieMbi B PoccIi
3anpegaeaiT no6ypo QCOPMY A1CKpHMH4HaUH14 Ha mo6of4 CTM4AIM TpyAO-
BbIX OTHOlmeHH4A H o6ecne4HBaeT EIpeBeHTH4BHbIe U 3ai4E4THbIe Mexa-
HH43Mbl. CTaTb5q 3 KogeKca OrOBapH4BaCT 1pM4 3TOM, tTO YCTaHOBJeHH4e
pa3jiHtiml, HcminoxieHE4A, npegnoqTeHH4E, a TaioKe orpaHH4xEeHH4e npaB
pa6oTH14KoB, KOTOpbie oripegeHJIOTCq CBOHCTBeHHbIMH AaHHOMY BH,Ty
Tpyra Tpe6oBaHsIM14, ycTaHOBjieHHbLIM14QeepanbHbIM 3aKoHoM, nu-
6o o6ycniowieHbl oco6o0 3a6oToEi rocynapcTBa o nEa-ax, Hy2fgaioEmHx-
CSE B nlOBbIuleHHOl cogiHaunbHOfl4 r ipaBOBOI4 3aHTe, He qBnMeTc3i AE4C-
KpE4MM4HaiUACet.
1436upameJzboe 3a'ouooame/zbcm6o
1436M4paTembHOe 3aKOHOqaTeJIbCTBO PoccE4UcKoE4 (ceAepaLIMM HOCUT
reHgepHO Hie4TpanlbHblf xapaKTep, HO HC o6ecne4HBaer PaBeHCTBa H4
He CO3JaeT YCJIOBI4E X5ni aKTM4BHOrO y,taCTMsI )*ceHLEMH B HOJIH4TH'eC-
KOr4 CM4CTeMC CTpaHbI. nOCKOJIbKy pecFOPMMPOBaHH4C M36HpaTeJbHOfl
CHCTeMbi eiie He 3aBepineHO, 3KCflepTbl cxi4TaIOT EAe.necoo6pa3HbIM
BBeCTH4 B KOHCTHTyLr4EO POCCI4E4CKOU cPeAepagimH CrieiAiaMbHblk pa3-
rqeni <4'36MpaTeJIbHaq CH4CTeMa,>, B KOTOPOM Heo6xo,AMo oco6o ra-
paHTHPOBaTb H36M4paTeJIbHbie npaBa H4 B03MO)KHOCT4 )KeHLM4H. AHa-
JIM3 BO3AeACTBHsI H36HpaTejibHbIx C4CTeM Ha rpo6JneMy reHIepHoro
paBeHCTBa, Ha IIOJI4TMtIeCKOe ripegCTaB4TenJbCTBO >KeHIIAHH B Bbi6op-
HbIX opraHax, y6ewgaeT B npeAnELITO4TeHJbHOCTM4 cMeiiaHHOfl CHCTe-
MbI. HIpr4 3TOM )KeHlIAMHbl MorTiH 6bl ipIHHi4MaTb Y'-aICTme B Bbi6opax
KaK B COCTaBe >KeHCKMX H436HpaTeJIbHbIx o6,beAlMHeHM4f H- 6jioKoB, TaK
H B COCTaBe HOJIHTM4teCKMx napTM4i [205, 86]. DKCriepTbI rioJIaraIOT,
'ITO B PoccHri npegCTaBJI5eTc5I Aeniecoo6pa3HbIM 3aKOHoAaTeJIbHoe
peryni4poBaHie y4aCTM45I )KeHHI44H-KaHAi4MaTOB B H36i4paTeJIbHbIx
KaMnaHHMX HOJI4TM4eCKM4X rapTufTH 14TBuw>eHML4, TO eCTb HpeeAnaraeT-
CH Bblpa6OTaTb 3aKOHOgaTCJlbHbie peKOMCHAag1i4H riaPTHSIM 0 BBeJe-
H4UM rIapTH4fHbIX KBOT [205, 87]. HH4 B OAHOri M3 HbIHe JeICTByIOL14X
POCCH4UCKHX napTH4f (KpoMe coiAmaji-geMoKpaTH4qeCK0o naPTM4H4
M.C. Fop6a'eBa) HeT rpeqjioAKeHM4A nO npORBIDKCHH41O >KeHLU4H BO
BJIaCTHbie CTpyKTypbl, HeT H 3ac4hKCM4pOBaHHbIX HOpM O ripeqCTaBM4-
TCJIbCTBC >KeHA14H B pyKOBOAH114XX HapT14HHbIX OpraHax. HeKOTOpble
3KCnepTbl npegnaraloT 3aKpenr4Tb B 3aKOHe <o0 rioIMTHM4ecK4x nap-
TMAIXs Tpe6OBaHHe BBeCTH B i1porpaMMHbie 14 YCTaBHbie goKyMeHTbl
lOJIHT1H4eCKI4X opraHH43ailiu pa3Jqeji, B KOTOpOM 6yAyT ripegycMOT-
peHbl HOpMbl ripegCTaBHTeJIbCTBa )KeHM14H B PyKOBOAHrUrHX opraHax
napT14i H rfaPTM4rHbie KBOTbl no npeACTaBMTeJIbCTBy wKeHHr4H B npeA-



2. 06ecneqeHHe reHqepHoro paBeHCTBa B 3aKOHOAaTeJIbCTBe
H npaBoHpHMeHHTej]bHoA HpaKTHKC                              31
BbI6opHblX cnrHcKax KaHmAHaTOB B geCHyTaTbl rocyqapcTBeHHofl ,TyMbl,
H grenyTaTOB 3aKOHoqaTeAbHbIX 14 HCflOJIHHTe.TbHbIX OpraHOB BJiaCT1H
cy6beKTOB cIegepaqi4H. HOM14MO aToro, Heo6xrogMo o6ecne'IHTb
roIJIT14-iecKme, opraHli3alHEoHHbie, MaTepHaJlbHbie rapaHT,14, o6ec-
reI4HBaiomi4e paBHOe yqacTile )KeHMnHH-KaHgHTgaTOB B H-36H1paTe.Tb-
HbIX KaMnaHHMx [205, 841.
Cemeauoe 3aKono0amembcmeo
C qcOpMaAbHo-ripaBoBof4 TOqK14 3peHH, gehcTByomee ceMeflHoe 3aKO-
HO,aTe.nbCTBO OCHOBbIBaeTC5q Ha CTpOrOM Co6JHogeHHH4 npHHLHria pa-
BeHCTBa MeyK cyripyraMH. HOpMbl CeMef4Horo KogeKca no npelHMyne-
CTBy reH;AepHo HefiTpaAbHbl H 14CXO,5T H3 TorO, 'ITO cynpyrl4 HBJBUoTcH
paBHOnpaBHbHMH riapTHepaM. Ciy'aHi, rge reHgepHaq HeflTpaJIbHocTb
HapyimeHa, HeMHOrOMi4CjieHHbl 14 O6yCioBhieHbI, KaK npaBHIO, OCO6blMH4
o6c-ro3iTeIbcrBaM4. B Kawecme npi4mepa MO)KHO nlpHBecTH CTaTbiO 49,
npe.ycMaTpH4Baiomyio yCTaHoBJeHi4e OT1tOBCTBa B cyge6HOM nopsufKe
[205, 132]. BMecTe C TeM B ceMeHHOM 3aKoHogaTeJIbcTBe HMmeTCeI p5q
HOpM, B KOTOpblX HapymeHUe reH,gepHoro paBeHCTBa npeJaCTaBJsleTcs
HeJgOCTaTOqHO O6OCHOBaHHbIM 14HI4 BO BC31KOM cjiyqae BeCbMa cnop-
HbiM. K q'4CJfy TaKi4x roflo>KeHHfI MO?KHO OTHecTH4 yCTaHoBneHHoe B CTa-
TLe 17 orpaHi4qeHHe npaBa MywKa Ha paCTopKeHi4e 6paKa BO BpeM5I 6e-
peMeHHOCTH ero )KeHbl 14 B TeieHH4e OJAHOrO ro,ra c MoMeHTa po)geHHM
pe6eHKa, a TaKoce npegycMoTpeHHyIo B CTaTbSIx 89 H 90 O63q3aHHocTm
My;Ka cogepwaTb >KeHy (6bBIMyIO )KeHy) B TeCeHI4e 6epeMeHHOCT14 H
Tpex nieT c MoMeHTa poxeiims pe6eHKa [205,132].
B COOTBeTCTBIM14 Co CTaTi,eA4 34 CeMeC4HorO KogeKca 4MyImeCTBO, Ha-
)RHToe cyipy aml4 BO BpeMq 6paKa, HBJ3ieTC3 14X COBMeCTHOl1 co6CT-
BcHHOCTbIO.7 H paBo Ha o6u(ee HMylI1eCTBO, HaXKI4TOe B 6paKe, npi4Haq-
7 K HMynqeCTBy, Hax CTOMy (-yrpyraMI4 BO BpeM5I 6paKa (o6meMy HMyuIAecTBy
CyripyrOB), OTHOC31TCH AOXO,bI Kaw4oro H13 CynpyrOB OT TpyTROBOI' geATe.ibHOC-
T4, flpeC,apHHHMaTeJIbCKOj JeATeJibHOCTH H pe3yYIbTaTOB 4HTejineKTyanbHOPi
Jge3TelIbHOCTH, rlojyeHHbie MmH neieHCHH, rioco6Hm, a TaloKe HHbie geHeAoHbie
BbIrNaTbi, He HMeuloe crieuIIaRbHoro IieieBoro Ha3Ha4eHusI (CyMMbl MaTepH-
ajibHoi rOMoiujH, CyMMbl, BbirIaqeHHbie B Bo3MemIeHme yulep6a B CBH3H C yrpa-
TOI TpyTgOCnOCo6HOCTM BCjiegCTBHe yBeqbq HnIH UHOrO HOBpeAeHH5 390pOBbH,
H qpyrHe). 06nHM HMynmeCTBOM CyrpyrOB MBJISIOTCH TaIoKe HipHo6peTeHHbie
3a c-eT o6nmix ,AOXOtAOB CynpylroB gB")KHmMOe H HeJABHACMOe HMylleCTBo, ]IeH-
Hbie 6yMarH, 6aHKoBcKHe BK7IaAbI, gOJIH B KaHMTaTe, BHeCCHHbie B Kpegi4THbIe y'i-
peKTgeHHA HJIH B HHbie KoMMep4ecKHe opraHM3aIl,HH, H mo6oe jApyroe HaXKToe
CynpyraMi4 B nepHog 6paKa HMvLieCTBO.



32                                 FeHgepHbue nIpo6JIeMb1 B POCCHH
JICAZHT TaioKe cynpyry, KOTOpbflH B riepHoA 6paKa Beni gomamHee X035H4-
CTBO, yXaXKHBahI 3a CeTbMH HEIH HO ApyrHM yBaCMHTeTIbHbIM npH4IHHaM
He HMenI CaMOCTOITeCbHoro goxoga. OAHaKo 3KCnepThi OTMeIalOT He-
KOTOpbIC HeCOOTBeTCTBHSI MCmeACY 3aKOHOTaTeJIbHO 3aKplCnCIHHbIM
PaBHOnPaBHeM CyripyrOB H peajibHOfl B03MO)KHOCTbIO ero ocymecTB-
IieHH5. TaK, HanpiMep, nyHKnc 1 CTaTbH 89 CeMeCHoro KOJeKCa npejy-
cMaTplBaeT, 'ITO cynpyri'H O6I3aHbl MaTepCH-albHO COAep)KaTb Appyi' Apy-
ra. AaHHaa o65I3aHHOCTb Bo3iaraCTca Ha myxca H )KeHy B paBHOM Mepe,
H 3aKOH He rIpOBOqtHT MeCAy HHMH no 3TOMy HOBOJy HHIKaKOFO pa3iiH-
4MHS 3a HCItIIOCelHHCM HeKOTOpbIX cJryHaeB.8 Be3yCnoBHo, B3aHMHMA5 no-
MOE4b H nojAep>KKa cynpyraMH jjpyr jApyra BBJISeTcfI HenpeMCHHb1MH
aTpH6yTaMH HOpMa.nbHO qcyHKUIHOHHpyfOLllefl CeMbH. OAHaKo npHBe-
JqeHHaSI BbIUIe HopMa HBYISICTC5i no cyIIeCTBY qeKapaTHBHOA, TaK KaK
B COOTBeTCTBHH C ,TeWCTByIOMIUIM 3aKOHOlaTeChbCTBOM 3aMy;KH5M )KeH-
HHllHa, KOTOpas pelml-ia IIOCBSITHTBX ce6A AOMY H BOCnIHTaHHIO AeTeH, no
pocCHHCKoMy CeMefHoMy npaBy TOJIbKO B CHiry OAHOrO 4aKTa cocroa-
HH4I B 6paKe He HMCCT HpaBa Ha nOiY'-ieHiie COgCp)KaHHm OT cBoero My-
Ka HH B TeqeHHe 6paKa, HH B cnriae pa3BoAa [205, 116].
B IIPHHumHHC HCripaBJiCHHbI Hl goflOJIHeHHblfl B 1995 r. CeMeHHbIl
KogCeKC npeoCTaBHn cynpyraM B03MOACHOCTH Ho yperyn4poBaHl4E6
MCAv HEIMH HMyLIIeCTBeHHbIX OTHioLTleHIHO no co6cTBeCnHoMy yCMOT-
peHHIO ITMTeM 3aKJiO'eCHHL aJ1THMeHTHOrO cornameHHm HnH 6paqHoro
KOHTpaKTa. DKcHepTbl OTMeqaCOT, qTO KOIIKpeTHbie npaBOBbie HOpMbl,
perynuipyioniqe 3aK3IIO4ClIIlC TaKoro 4orOBopa (H npexCAAe Bcero co-
rlacHe TOFO H3 CVnpyFOB, KOTOpblfi 6yvjeT rCpefOCTaBJI5Tb coAep?Ka-
HCe), felialoT 6pa'IwblPl AOFOBOP He pa6oTaiontw4M Ha ripaKTHKe [205,
122]. HlpaKTIlKa 3aICO4eHHM 6pa'-HbIX OrOBOpOB ewe uie noy'-nua
IUpOKoro pacnpoc'rpaHenn4i - fAo 40"' ipaAaH, oco6eHHo B He-
Gounnnblx pOCCHHCKEIX FOpO4,IX, He 3HaFOT 0 TaKOJI B03MO?KHOCTH, a Te,
KTO HMeCOT nogo6HVIO HHp4OpMatllJlO. B OCHOBEIOM CqHTaIOT 6paXHblH l
gorOBOP <'KOMMep4CCKOI I CACJIKOCI. KOTOpaB pa3pyvlIacT CeMbiO>. B TO
AKe BpeMhi )KCHIAiIHbl, B OTJIIP-IHC OT My)KqTiili, 6o0ee CKJOIIlbI paccMa-
TpHBaTb 6pa'rHbIP goroBOp KaK <xopouIivio ivgeio, rapaHTHlpyiOInTyio
cyripyram H geTfAm co6uLolehiule IIX pa,B>> [87, 47]. COBepIneHIIo O'C-
BH4AHO, 'ITO pOCCHIHCKOC ceMenlHoC 3aKOHOgaTeJibCTBO, no KpaiHl4e
mepC B iaCTH perJf3MeHTaL11H CTriOUe1CHHH no COJep?KaHHKo MCeACAy
cynpyraMH OKa3aJOCb ELirOTOBbIM K «peUCIeHHIO AKCIIITL4Hf HOKHHYTb
8 0C6 C6s3aHIlIOCTo4 Mywit CCepJKaTb CBOIO )KeHy BO BpeMMT ce 6epeMeHHOC-
TEi H4 B TeC4eHHC Tpex eieT noczle pOCcgeHii pe6eHKa, KaK HCKAJIIOMeHHH4 H3 3TO-
10 rIpaBnIJ1.1; pe'-   IIIJI.1 131,1111C.



2. 06ecnle4CHHe reHgepHoro paBeHCTBa B 3aKoHogaTeJlbCTBe
H flpaBOlpHMCHHTCJIbHO1 IHI)aKTHKe                          33
pbIHOK Tpy,a H4 BepHyTbC5q B ceMbIO~>, KaKOBbi 6bl HH 6bEiH npH'-IHHbl
3Tor0 5BJIeHHMS. HoBble coiAtianbHO-3KOHoMw4ecKHe peajnim Tpe6ylOT
riepecMOTpa COOTBeTCTBYIOmi4HX rioJIOKeHI4H CeMeflHoro KOgeKCa. Ha-
J1HqHe B CeMeHHOM 3aKOHO,LaTeJ1bCTBe psiga HOpM, HeBbigep)KaHHbIX c
TOqKH 3peHHM 4OpMaJIbHOrO HniH paKTH4eCKOrO paBeHCTBa CynpyFOB,
CBHi4eTenJbCTBYeT 0 He,gOCTaTOMHO iocTie,OBaTeJbHOH reH,aCpHO OpH-
eHTHpOBaHHOf4 HOJInHTHKe [205, 132].
I'byu4ecmemeble u ,iac,iedcmaeuwnse npa6a
3aKOHO,gaTeJbCTBO POCCHH4CKOHP (DeJepai4HH riOATBepxJaeT H pa3BH-
BaCT KOHCTHTYI]HOHHOe npaBo rpaxaH (MY>KAHH H >KeHMH1H) Ha BeJe-
HHe npeJUlpHHHMaTeJIbcKOfi H HHOE, He 3aripelleHHOH 3aKOHOM 3KO-
HoMHqeCKOH geqTeCJbHOCTH. 9acTHa51 co6CTBeHHOCTb oxpaHAeTCSq
3aKOHOM. MyA04HHbI H )KCHIEUHHbl B p2BHOA MepC BnpaBe HMeTb HMy-
meCTBO B CO6CTBeHHOCTH, BJTa,geTb, IOJIb3OBaTbCH H pacropAxcaTbCS HM
KaK eqlHHO)IH4HO, TaK H COBMeCTHO c JApyrHMH JIHLaMH. 3aKOH rapaH-
THPYCT paBHoe npaBo MY-)'4HH H KCeHIHH fplH HacIieLOBaHHH.
3aKconodame"bmano 6 o6Aacmu npu6amu3at4uu
3aKOHOgaTeJIbCTBO B o6nacTH ripHBaTH3aLmHH cjOpMajibHO qBJi5IeTC31
reHJgepHO-HeATpaJIbHblM, nOCKOJnbKy He COeCp)KHT rOiOAoKeHHmO, npq-
MO HJnH KOCBeCHHO orpaHWH-4BaioHmHx ripaBa nO HpH3HaKy nonia JIH6o
np,qMO HnIH KOCBCHHO HpeCJoCTaB)I5I1OMtHX npeCHMyJIeCTBa nO npH3Ha-
KY nIonia npH I1pHBaTH3auLHH )K4HJIb H r1pOH3BOACTBeHHbIX MOJUHOC-
TeEL9 1K 1999 ro,ry 44% KHJIorO (4)oHga 6buio HpHBaTH3HpOBaHo, OAHa-
KO jaHHbIX 0 FCHgCpHOM cocTaBe Co6CTBeHHHIKOB >KHJIbI HeT [608, 28].
flepBbIM 3TarIOM 6buna MLaia nlpHBaTH3a"Hs, TO eCTb npogaKa npeg-
HpHfT1Ell TOpFOBJHl H c(4fepbi yCnyr Ha aYKY4HOHaX (ceFrOJHq 90% TaKHX
lHpCgrlpHlTHH HaXOAHTCS B '4aCTHOA Co6CTBeHHoCTII). 3aTeM ripom.ra
qeKOBafI (BayqCHepHaf) H nocncqeKOBaM rlpHBRTH313agHA CpeAHHX H Kpyrl-
HbIX HlpCAflpH5THP . CTaTHCT'H-ieCKHX gaHHbIX o6 y"aCTHH My>KqHH H
') B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOxl POCCEIEfCKOEI qegepa"uil OT 4 HIOfOI 1991 F.
< 0 HpHBaTH3aLQIH KHJ1H4UAOFrO 4)oH,LHa',, rocyyapCTBO Hia 6e3Bo3Me39Hofi H A°-
6pOBOJlbHOH OCHOBe riepe,ano B co6CTBeHHOCTb rpavag 3aH HMaCMbiC MmLi
)KHJ1bIC rOMilemeHI4SI B rocygapcTBeHiHOM H MyHHUHIIaJIbHOM >KHJIluHOM 4H011-
gie. B 1992 r. 6bmI npHlHHT 3aKoIi POCCH1ErCKOfI (Degepaumirn <o 1PHBaTH3a14HH
>KIfC1U1l B POCCfIICKOfO Ilegepao"imb>.
I  I  I     |      |     .     .      .     .I  - 



34                                 FeH,epHbIe npo6neMbi B Poccuu
2KeHLMHH B npHBaTH3a"HH rOCyAapCTBeHHbIX H MYHH14HaJlbHb1X npeu-
ilpHHTHti B POCCHHCKOH $e,gAepaurr HeT. He npeTeHqya Ha penpe3eHTa-
THBHOCTb BbI6OpKH, aBTOpbl HccieCAOBaHH4, ripOBeAeHHoro DOHJAOM
<4nHcTHTyr. KOHOMHKH ropogaa>, OTMeMqaOT MHOFOMHCJIeHHbIC c"yQaH
HapyuineHHn npaBHw KaK MaJO4, TaK H HeKOBOf npHBaTH3aUHH, c KOTO-
pbIMH fplHUllOCb CTOIKHyTbCH )KeHmHHaM. BOJIIb-IHHCTBO oHpomeH-
HbIX rInpMO yKa3bIBaH,, qTo y KCeHWHH H MyWq4HH 6blIn HepaBHbie imaH-
Cbl peanH3OBaTb ce6nq B HOBOH coIJHaJlbHOlI poAn co6CTBeHH1rKOB [608,
5-27]. B <4aOioage 0 BbIHIOJIHCHHH B POCCHlHiCKOH $egepagLHn KoHBeH-
1IHH Bcex (fOpM glHCKpHMHHaJ4HH B OTHOiueHHH )KeHMHHH> OTMeqaeTcq,
'ITO HepaBeICTBO wKeHMHH B AocTyne K (4HHaHcoBbIM H KpegHTHbIM HH-
CTUTyTaM, a TaKiKe HH3KHH YPOBeHb Hpe,CTaBHTJeTbCTBa weHIHH B
cTpyKTypax BIaCTH, He nO3BOJIIHH )KeHIIHHaM, KaK COuHanbIbHO  rpyn-
ne, naH6oJIee HOJIHO BOCnOJIb3OBaTbcq npeHMymecTBaMH npHBaTH3a-
uLHH [278, 27]. B pe3yhIbTaTe HPHBaTH3aI1HH BO3HHKJIO 3Ha4HTeJIbHOe
nmymeCTBeHHoe HepaBeHCTBO )KeHCIHH H ycH.iHnaCb gAHCKpHMHH'aAHs
KeCHH4HH B 3KOHOMHiecKoH c4epe. KaK co6CTBeHHHKH 'IacTHbix KOM-
naHHfiI H ipHBaTH3HPOBaHHbIx npegnpHsTHH, )KeHIHbIl HirpalOT He-
3Ha44HTeJIbHYIO no cpaBHeHrn-o c MyxKqHnHam  pOib. Mlx npaKTiiqecKH
HeT cpegH 3.7WTHbIX rpynn, pacnopaxaiotui4xcq co6cTBeFIHOCTbIO [608,
45].
Tpydoafio KoOelc
MeA1yHIapO,qHbie Tpy,AOBbIe HOpMbI OKa3blBalOT 3HaLIHTeCbHOe BnHSIHHC
Ha pa3BarTe poccif4cKorO 3aKOHoQaTeJIbCTBa o0 pyJle.gI MHOrHe OCHO-
BOnoJIaraIomlHe HpHHIHHbI Me)AcyHapOAHbIX TpygOBbIX CTaHgapTOB
BOCHIPOH3BOJIITCII B 'reKCTaX pOCCHHCKHX npaBOBbIX HOpM. B TeqeHrne
nocnegHero AecsTHJIe'rH  B KoqeKC 3aKOHOB 0 Tpyge (K3oT) PoccHHA-
CKoH FeflepaLAi4 HeofAHoKpaTnIo BHOCHIUHCb H3MeHeHHMl, HanpaBlneH-
HbIe, no MHeHHIO 3KCnepTOB, Ha ynyimIeHwie yCJIOBHH4 Tpy,ra pa6oTalo-
mHX CKeHtUHH [1024, 1101. OJHaKO 3TH npaBOBbie HOpMbl HepegKo
HOCWHIH ,eKeapaTHBHbIA xapaKTep, HOCKOJIbKy 6bura HcflOCTaTOqHO pa3-
pa6oTaHa cncTema Mep, o6ecne4lHBalomHx HX peaIn3agiAmo.
10 CCCP paTn4THIAIipoBan 50 KOHBeHHi4g MOT, 113 KOTOpblX 43 KoHBeHLLI4H
npooJAcHJDnIU CBoe AJeCTBMe B POCCUUlCKOU qeAepaurrn4 Bo BTOpOUt BOJIOBHHe
1990-x rojoB PoccuAicKaui q$egepaunHq paTm(pwAi4poBana eule 5 KoHBeHUHHu
MOT u4 HIpOTOKOJ 1995 F. K KoHBeHqHI-I Ng 81 <406 IIHCneICgH4I Tpyga~>, a TajoKe
naKTbI OOH o npaBax xeuioneKa u EnporleftcKylo KOHBeHL4uHO o npaBax qeno-
BeKa.



2. 06ecnemeHHe reHIepHoro paBeHCTBa B 3aKOHCOgaTeJibCTBe
H rpaBoHpHMeHHTenbHof rrpaKTHKe                             35
1 cjJeBpaJlH 2002 ro,ja Bcrynwm B CHny HOBbIti TpygOBof KOgCKC Poc-
CHHgCKOH OeAepaL"HH B Te4CHHme ripeJbVVY1IHX BOCbMHgeCelTCH nIeT cy-
UeCTBOBaHHH1 HaiUieH CTpaHbl inpaBoBoe peryC HpOBsaHHe XKHCKOrO
Tpy4a rocygapcTBom HCXOoHJO H3 nplHH14Ha paBHbIX nipaB )KeHHIHH
HI My)K"4H, XOTH o6IeCTBO, yq4TbIBaH MaTepHHCKYIO pOJb )KeHWHHbl
H ee LABO0Hy10 Harpy3Ky, H YCTaHOBHJIO oco6ble ripaBa pa6oTabonwx
ACeHIIJHH, o6ycIoBJxeHHbie MaTepl4HCTBOM. DTH rlpaBa, K CO)KaXieHI410,
TpaKTOBaiHICb - H4 ceflqac Hepe,KO TpaKT)iOTCH -KaK KabKOTbl. OnjHa-
KO B MeITyHaPOAHOM npane, HanpHMCep, B KOHBeHUHH OOH o JHKBH-
JaLuEHl4 BCCX CpOpM 9HCKpIMHHaI4H4 B OTHomeHHH )KeHIIjHH (CTa-
Tb51 4.2), cHeqi4aHhbHbie Mepbl, HanpaBJIeHHbie Ha oxpaHy MaTepCHHCTBa,
He CqLTTalOTCA HH JlbrOTaMH, HH ripoIBJIeHH4eM A4CKPHM4HaUHi, a OT-
HOCSTCH K criellHaTIbHbiM npaBam [544, 99] (BcTaBKH 2.2 H 2.3).
Bcrasca 2.2. KOHBCeHAHH MOT, paTH@uHIHPoBaHHwe CCCP
H POCCHACICO  DeJepagHeHk B KaqeCTBe flpaBOnpeeMHHIca CCCP,
o noJIoXCeHHH AlCCHIHH B ccfepe 3aRHToCTH
KOHBCHIIHSI MOT Ns 45 (1935 r.) <0 HpHMCHeHHH Tpyiia )KCHM1HH Ha r1OJ-
3eMHbIX pa6oTax B LiaxTax mno6oro po4a.>
KOHBCHLtHS MOT Ns 100 ('1951 i') '<0 paBHoM Bo3HarpaAcgeHHH MyXKqHH
H mKeHA4HH 3a Tpyg paBHOH TCHHOCTH>
KOHBCHLUIHI MOT Ns 103 (1952 r) -<06 oxpaHe MaTepHHcTBa,>
KOHBCH1H3 MOT Ns 11 1 ( 1958 r.) <o JAHCKpHMHHaUIHH B o6TiaCTH Tpyqa
H 3aHHThfb>
KOHBCHgH4A MOT Ns 156 (1981 r, paTLIHU1HpOBaHa B 1997 r.) <<O paBHOM
o6paLueHHH H paBHbIX B03MO)KHOCTSIX ,ARR pa6OTHHKOB My)KXHH H 2KeHHAHH:
pa6oTHmKH C CeMeHblMH o6Jq3aHHOCT31MH>>
TpygoeBofl KoCeKc 2002 r. o-paxKaeT CHH)KeHHe peryJIPyIoieLi poJIH
rocygapcTBa B c4epe TPYA0Bor0 3aK0HoaTeJIbcTBa B fl0Jb3y pacumpe-
HUHI JOrOBOpHbIX oTHOHIeHHt4, BflIOTb qO rpaF JHCKHX BMeCTO Tpygo-
BblX 1H npeCMyWeCTBeHHO MHHAHBH4AyaTbHbIX BMeCTO KOJLTieKTHBHbIX.
ColH aiibHo-3aaTHmasA H arIpaBheHHOCTh TpYAOBoro 3aaKOHoAaTeJIbCTBa,
Heo6xog,iMMam rHp  HepaBeHCTBe SKOHOMHT-iecKoH CcIbi pa6oTHHKa H
pa6oTo4aTenx, 3aMeuaeTcn Weefl <6anaHca 4HTepecoB>>, cnpaBeJnIH-
BOil TOJIbKO Hpi YCJ1OBMH peanTbHoro paBeHCTBa napTHepOB. Mexgy TeM
HepaBeHCTBO napTHepoB fIpm HainaMe o'eBHrAHO, oco6eHHo, ecnEH 3THM
rIapTHepom 5BJIAleTCA pa6oTalomaA 2KeHClHHa c ReTbMH4, 6epeMeHHaa
pa6oTHgLua, OfHHOKaM pa6oTaiolaf MaTb, pOgHTeIb C pC6CHKOM-HHBa-
JnIHoM, jiio6on eHHcTBeHHbli KOpMhlIeLU CeMbHI [205, 141; 884, 77].



38                                 FeHgepHbie npo6iieMbl B PoccuH
ixeli goXOg npoceCcCHOHaJTbHOA gJefTeJ1bHOCTbWO, 3aHMMajiH May1o-
onmaxlHBaembie AORDHOCTH C HeHOJIHbIM pa6o-mM )HeM. YpOBeHb UX
coAep)KaHHM B CTapOCTH 6yyCT 3aBHCeTb HCKmiOxMTelbHO OT Ao6pog
BonHu 6blBruero cynpyra H geTef: ieHCHIO OHM BbiHYWAeHHO <'He 3apa-
6oTanw?,>, a 11o geAcTByioiieMy 3aKOHo,RaTeJIbCTBy neHcMs5 j,pyroro cyn-
pyra, 3apa6OTaHHan HM BO BpCMAI COBMCCTHOIO flpO)KMBaHHA, pa3,eniy
He nlOAJeMT. YiieMfleHUe npaB KeHUJMH B HaKOnl4TeJIbHOA neHCHOH-
HOA CHCTeMC HeO6xoTMMO n1peOAOJieBaTb riCpetrCTBOM npOBegeHe4i
aHTHA14CKp4M4HaXHOHHO4 reH,epHOf HOjiMTMKH B o6JiaCTM Tpyga
1 AOXOAOB [87, 109].
B. HPABOBbIE H AAMHHHCTPATHBHbIE MEXAHH3MbI
IPE4YHIPEXEHHRI H JIHIKBHLkAHH rEH)JEPHOA
,HCKPHMHHALIHH
HedocmamKcu cyu4ecmeyiou4ezo nowimuziuozo annapama
AHani-43 3aKOHOAaTejIbCTBa riOKa3aJI, 'ITO, HeCMOTpA Ha TO, WTO MHOFrm
3aKOHOgaTeJIbHbie aKrbi rIpOB03riIaiualOT HOPMbI reHACpHorO paBeHCT-
Ba H 3aI1PCT AHCKp4MMHa"HM, TpyRHO UOHSTh, KaK MMCHHO 3aKOHOAaTe-
JIM H ripaBOnpHMeHHTe.TIbHbie OpraHbl TpaKTy1OT roHITime reH,AepHOE4
A4McKpHMMHaIgMH. TaKIM o6pa3oM, nOH51THH <k,41CKpI4MM4HaHmE>, <<orpa-
HHqeHiHe ripaB,>, <'3aKOHHOe HuH He3aKOHHOe npoBeAeHi-e pa3wim'HA#
ocTalOTc5I He,OCTaToMHo SHCHbIM4 NM i1po0)eCCMoHaJIbHbIX lOPl1CTOB H4
,xV Iun4poKoA ny6&MI. 3aKoH rio yMOfI'aHHIO npHpaBHMBaeT K Hapy-
MHCHHIo npaB Co3gaHMe ripCelATCTBHlk K OCytUmeCTBJleHHn1o0 rpaXAaHHHOM
ero ripaB H CBo6og H He3aKOHHOe Bo3jo)KeHH4e Ha rpawgaHMHa KaKOU-
jiM6o o6SI3aHHOCTH. A B ripaBOBOA rpaKTHKe TCPMMH <<orpaHM4eH4e
ripaB>> lIOHHMCaeTc <'y*e.> - KaK rip3Moe M OTKpbITOe BocriperSlTcTBOBa-
HMe ocymecTBjieH11O MHHAEHBRAOM HnM coLHanTbHoA rpyninoA KOHKpeT-
HbIX npaB. IpIH 3TOM He3aKOHHOe npoBe,geHHe pa3mJIHHf (B TOM iMCJie
H Hio Hp13HaKy noJia), Bbl3bIBaioluee HeraTHBHbie riociieAcTBHA AJA co-
OTBeTCTBY1O1ero iLHia HJH FpyflIbI JIHL{, o6blqHO He BOCnpl4HM4aeTCrc
KaK <Ai4cKpHMmHaU4H>> [778, 4-5]. rIo3TOMy, XOTH pOCCHHCKOC 3aKOHO-
JIaTeCJbCTBO H r1peAOCTasBJTeT My)KqHHaM M )KeHHAHHaM paBHOC npaBo
o6xKanoBaTb B cy, HapyuIeHHCe mx rlpaB H CBo6og, BOCHOIb3OBaTbCq
3TMM npaBOM ripaKIrHqeCKm HeBO3MO)KHO. D3KciepThi C-IMTalOT, YITO HC-
o6xoAkiMo pa3pa6oTaTb H4 1poHHATb cneualaHnbHoe aHTHAi4cKpHMM4HaMH-



2. 06ecneieHHe reHACepHoFo paBeHCTBa B 3aKoHoAaTeJ1bCTBC
H l1paBOrIpHMeHHTeJIbHOH HI[)aKTHKe                       39
OHHOC 3aKOHOgaTCJIbCTBO, HO, K coKaJIeHHlO, 3Ta 3agaqa He CTowia
B nHiaHe 3aKOHoTBop,4ecKoA pa6OTbl rocy.apcTBeHHOA iyMbl POccH4i-
CKOH DeAepaumH 2-ro (1996-1999 rr.) H 3-ro C03blBOB (2000-2003 r.r.)
[778, 5].
BaAKHO OTMeTHTb, -ITO "eJlbIH p3w ()CCgepaJIbHbIX 3aKOHOg2aTenbHbIX
aKTOB, geHCTByOM11HX Ha TeppHTOpHH POCCHHACKOA tCegepauHH, Boo6-
me HC COACPWKHT KaKHx-JIH6o cneCHaJbHbIx noJO)KeHHH o paBHb' X
npaBax H o 3anpeTe AHCKpHMHHa2AHH, B TOM 'Hciie JH1CKPH4MHHaUHH
HO nPH3HaKy nojia.1I
Cpeocmea 3ausumbl, npe4vcawompeusube Yzo.aoei-biw  KodeKcaz
&w npedomapauieuua u npeceneun duc,cpumunaguonoiou
npaKmuKu
B POCCHH 6OJIbIHHcTBO ipaBOBbIX HOpM, OTHOCAmHXCq K AHCKpH-
MHHaIAHH,4SbJ4AMeTC3 MaTCPHanTbHbIMH HOpMaMH, H B 3aKOHogaTeCfbCTBe
RBHO He XBaTaeT iPpoLACCCYanbHbiX rapaHTHH npOTHB AHCKpI4MHHamHH.
CyneCTByIOT HeKOTOpble cyge6Hbie, yrojiOBHbie H agMHHHcTpaTHBHbie
CpegCTBa 3aEHTbI nJ15IpegOTBpaHeHHA H rpeceqeHHA gIICKpHMHHa-
L4HOHHOH ripaKTHKH, HO OHH He3cCpeKTHBHblH HpHMeHHMbI cKopee
B TeOpHH, 4eM Ha rpa1THKre. eopeTH4ecKH npaBa H CBo6OAbI MO)KHO 3a-
mHraTh B cyge (cTaTHq 46 KoHCTHTyLAHH, CTaTbH 11 Fpaw*aHcKoro KO-
aCKCa POCCHHiflCKOHi DegepauuHH). 3aKoH 3aHHigtaeT HW4Hbie HeMaTepH-
anJbHbie npaBa rpawgaH, BKJIIo-ia5 rpa)KgaHCKHe npaBa - JIH4IIHoe
jgOCTOHHCTBO MyXK4HH H )KeHLI4HH, Hx iipaBO Ha CBo6ogy repeABH>Ke-
HHA, HerHiKOCHOBCHHOCTb J1IHlHOCT14H HceMbH. 12 3To npaBo ocylgeCTB-
JIeTC5I B cIy,4ae:
1 K 3TOIi KaTeropCl4l 3aKOHogaTeJbHbix aKTOB OTHOCHTCA )KivIHIILHbIH KO-
geKc (1983 r.), 3aKOH POccH1ACKoPI (De,epaLui <m06 OCHOBaX IeJgCpaJ1bHOA
)KHwimHo1H  noJI4THKH,> (1992 r.), egepaIblibI 3aKoH <<06 OCHOBaX 4Pege-
paAbHOA rOJIHTHK4I B o6JnaCTH 3aMLHTbl Tpyaa>> (1999 r.), KOTOpblJl 3aTparFla-
eT TOJIbKO B0flpOCbl cJ1H3f4eCKc)i 6e3oraCHoCTM.
12 CTaTbH 21, 22, 23, 27 KOHiCTH4TYU14H Poc14  icKoi (DeCepaUrn4, CTaTbH 12
H4 150 FpaXRaHcKoro KOgeCKCa PoccmflcKof (DeCepa"Hi4 H 4pyrHe nojioweHHq.
3aKoH 1993 r. <<06 o6)KaTiOBaH]I1 B Cy, geICTBHE H peCueHM1, HapyInaiOuimx
HpaBa ij cBo6ojgbi rpawaHa> H4 COOIBeTCTByIO1ECre riojioKeHHB rpax<gaHcKoro
ripoueCCyalbHOrO KOJACKca POCCHACKOAI (De,gepanm o6ecCrqi4HBaIOT paBEiOC
npaBo My)K'IHH H1 )KeHtHUH o6paTHTbcB B Cy, C HCKOM ripOTHB ACIfCTBHI4 HAM4
6e3JqekCTBHA Co CTOpOHbI roQ-ygapcTBeHHbIx opraHOB, o6rgeCTBeHHblX o6-be-
AHHeHE-iA 1H JOJKHOCTHbIX hIHL4.



42                                FeH1TepHbie npo6aeMbl B PoCCuu-I
NKHTe)IbCTBa, OTHOi1leHE4 K penJHrHi, y6exTeHHiA, npHHa,AneOKHoCTH
K o6ngecTBeHHbr M o6fbteHeHHM, npHqlk4HHHBmIee Bpeg <<rpaBaM H 3a-
KOHHbIM HHTepecaM,> rpaxaH (cTaTbs 136 YK PcI). BaAKHo OTMeThTb,
1ITO CTaTb5I 136 onpeAensaeT npecTynrieHHe cyry6o B MaTepHanbHoM,
HO He tOpMaTIbHOM CMbIcJie. TaKHM o6pa3oM, HapylIlMTenii MO)KHO
HpHBjieCIb K yrOFJOBHOEs OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH TOJIbKO npH HaVImqHm pe-
anJbHorO BpeCAa, npl4x-HHeHHoro >KepTBe; yKa3aHHA Ho ocymecTBjeHEH1O
AHCKpMHMHagLi4H Him rOACTpeKaTeJ1bCTBO K ,A1CKpHM4HaLuHH, ecniH
OHI He HOC5IT riy6jimxHoro xapaKTepa, HeHaKa3yeMbi. CTaTbI 136 npH-
MeHmeTc,q KpaflHe peAKO. Ilo ,aHHbIM MBA, no CTaTbe 136 6bmo 1B03-
6yx<eHo 3 yrOJiOBHbIX ,e.na B 1997 r., 4 Aenia - B 1998 r., 5 Ae;i - B
1999 r. H O,AHO B 2000 r. B 1997 r. o6B"HeHCHq 6bmH rpeCAbAmBeHbI TpeM
jimgaM, B 1998 r. - AByM, B 1999 r. - TpeM H B 2000 r. TaK>Ke TpCM niH-
gfaM. O0(M1iMHaAbHas CTaTHCTH4Ka no cy,ge6HbIM npoigeccam H Ffx pe-
3YnJbTaTaM ,O CHX HOP He ory6TiHKOBaHa HH B KaKOM BMle 1778,101.
B PoccHficKofi cDeAepaau4H npoKyparypa fpe,CLTaBJIqeT co6ok OT-
,geAbHoe H He3aBHCHMOe rocygapCTBeHHOC BeCAOMCTBO.16 4H(H4Op-
MaLJHH 0 BMeIuaTeTbCTBe opralosB rpOKypaTypbl B ,eia o AUCKpM-
MHHaHHtM  i HeT. KaK npaBHnO, OpraHbi npOKypaTypbi geMOHCTpHIYIOT
HeCKejaHHe Bo36yxAcaTb ipecAeTAOBatHe H pacCAegOBaTb Aeuia no CTa-
Tbe 136 (HapyiueHi4e paBeHCTBa npaB) 14 HO CTaTbe 282 (Bo36yAeHHe
Bpa)Abl) YK POCCHf4CKOI qLeAepauHi [778, 1 1].
Admuuucmpamublemexanuambi 3ausumu npae
rlOMHMO cyAe6HblX, CyiIAeCTBYIOT H a,AMHHMCTpaTHBHbie McXaHH3Mbl
3allAuiTbl ripaB. TaK, B COOTBeTCTBHH c TpygOBbIM KOqeKCOM, pa6OTHHK
HMeeT npaBo o6paTHTbCS B cyg C >KaTio6oH Ha ,AHCKPHMHHaL"MOHHOe
OTHOILeHHe, a cIeAepaAbHaA HHCrieKLgH TpyAa (cO3jAaHHaq B 1994 r.)
yHOJIHOMO'eHa ocyMeCTBJI5Tb o6MUHH KOHTpOJIb 3a YCJ1OBH5IMH Tpy-
,AOBOH A,elTeJ1bHOCTH. OAHaKO JAO HaCTosHtero BpeMeHM 3TH Mexa-
HH3Mbl He HCnOfIb3OBanjHCb ,AA HpeCAynHpeMemLHHH 4JIM JIHKBH,aLHm
KaKoro-jim60 BH,Ta .AMlCKpMmmHaHHm, riO3TOMY HenTb35 CYA,HTb o6 HX
3p44eKTHBHOCTH [778, 6-7].
ApyrtiCe agmHMHMCTpaTHBHbilC MeXaHM3Mbi HpaKTMMCCiKH He npeHycMa-
16 B 06513aHHOCTH rlpOKypaTypbl, B qi4cfe npo4eFO, BXO1HT Cf eyIoflee: o6-
rMWu Ha130P 3a co6nio,geHHeM KOHCTHTYLAU 14U megepaAbHOrO 3aKoOIioaTejIb-
CTBa roCy1AapCTBCHHbIMH 1 1ierocyaaPCTBeHHb1MH opraHaMH; o6uJrAH Ha13Op
3a COCTOqIHHCM ripaB 14 CBo6o0 rpaxgaiH; pacc.Ie,oBaHme u noggep)KaHie o6-
BHHeHCHW B cy1Te.



2. 06ecnieMcHlle reHIepHOrO paBeHiCTBa B 3aKOHO4aTeJIbCTBe
H npaBoHpHMeHHTeJIbHoH n1paKTHE}e                           43
TpHBalOT ocYLIeCTBhIeHHe KOHTpOhSI 3a co6rno,eHiHeM ripaB rpawgaH.
Tai, B o6a3aHHocTH4 FOcygapc'rBeHHof4 )KHJHMHOH HHCHCleKLHH BXOgHT
KOHTPOJIb 3a co6noeHi4eM rnpaB 14 3aKOHHbIX HHTepeCOB rpaxJa1H H ro-
cy,japcTBa B KHJIHL4HOf cxfepe. B peanibHocTH Ke DKHi npoBepseT TOJIb-
KO H43HMqecKoe COCTrOSHH4C' ?KHIbIX 3AaHH4h H IUX COOTBeTCTBHe O4nLHUH-
anJbHbIM TeXHH4MqecKHM cTaHiapTaM. B MHHHlCTepCTBC o6pa3oBaHRw
cymecTByeT Ha,r3OpHaI ciyxc6a, KoTopaa oTBeqaeT TOTbKO 3a aKKpe4HTa-
LJHIO yqe6HbIX 3aBeJweHl4l; HO Ha rOCy,apC1TBeHHbIe H MyHHiu1i4HaJlbHbie
OpF2Hbl O6pa3OBaHHn rIpAMO He B03noJiKeHa o653aHHOCTb 3aHHMaThChI
BOnIpOCaMH I4HCKpH4MHlHaLH4H. Hn OUJH 3aKOHoTaTeJIbHblg aKT B Poc-
CHHCKOH cIeJIepaLUHI  He ripe,iyCMarpl4Baer B Hp5IMOH copMe KaKoH-JIH-
6o cnexllHaJbHOfl4 iHi4H4nIIHHaPHOA OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH rOcy4apcTBeH-
HbIX CJyI)KaH4HX 3a ,JCKpH1M4HHaIJHOHHoe nIOBegCeHme [778, 11].
B POCCHIt1CKO$4 (ce4epau1HH HH Ha jeJJepaJbHOM, HH Ha perlHOHaJb-
HOM YPOBHe He cymeCTByeT KaKHx-JiH6o CneL4HaJIbHbIX OpraHOB, OTBe-
1aIoHlJHx 3a nHpeJHyripeeHle 1 nMKBH4a"H4Io TIcKplHMHlHaulHIH. Teo-
peTHC4eCKH YHOnOHOMoHenlHbifl no nipaBam '-enoBeKa B POCCHgCKOfl
$eJgepauyi4H HMeeT npaBO rIpOBeCTH pacCJeoBaHO  erH no flo6ogi xKano-
6e 0 HapywILeHHH rnpaB HenOBeKa B cny4aalx, Korga BceC npoq'4e uMeio-
iguecCi cpegcTBa ripaBOBOPi 3amHTbl HcMepnaHbl, H14I B ciyQae Macco-
BbIX H4 CH4CTeMaTH4CqeCKH1X HapylleHHAl. HeT HH+OpMaiJH 0 TOM, qTO
YnIOnHOMoqeHHbIti no ripaBaM qeJioBeKa 3aHHMaJIcI cCJyqaHMH4 g4c-
KPHMHHaUlHH HO KaKHM-JIn60 OCHOBaHHAM [279]. ,o HacTosHlCerO Bpe-
MeHH annapaT YHOAHOMo'-eHHOro Ho ripaBaM HejiOBeKa He IpTOHqBH
HHTepeCa K 3TOH o6niaCTU. H HegaBHO Ha3HaieHHbIe perHOHaJIbHbIe
YnOJIHoMoHeHHbie Ho npaHBaM qeJIOBeKa TaloKe HC Bbipa3H1H )Ke.naHHsI
3aHHMaTbcSi npo6.neMoi gTHCKpHMHHaLHHH [778, 12].
BO3MemreHHe rHiHHelHlHOrO Bpega H BbIHIaTa KOMieHCaaiHH 2KepT-
BaM ,AHCKpHMHHauHH TeopeTTHCeCKH B03MO?KHbl: KOHCTHTYIH14 yCTa-
HaBJHBaCT, '-TO <<npaBa loTepnHeBmHIHX OT npeCTyruieHHH H 3noynoTpe6-
JIeHHH BJIaCTbIO oxpaHnmOTCa 3aKOHOM. FocygapCTBO o6ecneqHBaeT
HoTeprHeBI1HM AOCTYrI K HpaBOCygJHO H KOMneCHCaLiHiO HpHqHHeHHOrO
yigep6a,> (craTbm 52).17 BMecTe C TeM geCHCTBYIO1i4ee 3aKOHOZaTenjbCTBO
He HpegyCMaTPHBaeT KaKHx-niH6o Cne"HCHabHbix rapaHTHH B yKa3aH-
HbIX ciy'asix gHCKpHMHHaLjHOHHOrO o6paMeHH5. B HpHHUAHHe, ecIH
17 CTaTbM 53 KOHCTHTyLHH yCTaHaBJI4BaeT, 'qTO <'KaJCblf HMeeT npaBO Ha
BO3MeLCeHHe rOCy4apCTBOM Bpega, rIpH-IHHCHHOJ'O He3aKOHHblMH JeJeCTBHAMH
(HJIH 6e3,geWcTrBeM) OpraHOB rocyMapCTBeHHOfl BJJaCTH HAM 4X 0JDA(KHOCTHbIX
rnmn>>. MaTepHanbHble y6blTKr Moryr 6blTb B03MeCHHbI Ha o6nwux OCHOBaHHsIX
B HopmKe rpax4RaHCKor o HpoH13BO4CTBa. MopanbHblu Bpe, MOKeT 6bITb B03MC-
IIeH B geHexcHoP (p4opMe no pemeH1miO cyya (cTaTbu 151. 1 100 I 1 101 YK P4f).



44                                 reH,epHbie HpO6lieMbl B POCCHH
AucKpHmmHaLAHOHHoe o6palueHHe 1IPHBejio K y6blTKaM, Mo)KeT 6blTb
Ha3HaieHo BO3MeCIICHH4e peanbHoro yuiep6a H ynyleHHOH BbWOrAbi. Co-
OTBeTCTBeHHo, ecCi AHCKpHMHHa"HOHHOe o6pameHHe npH'IHHHJIO
JI1Hy HpaBCTBeHHbie CTpaAaHHR, HaHecjio ynlep6 ero/ee xeCT4, AOCTO-
H4HCTBY H gej1OBOfl penyra"HH, 3TO jiHLJo MO)KeT Tpe6oBaTb 4epe3 Cyg
BO3MeiLjeHH51 MOPaAbHOFO BpeAa. OAHaKo Ha npaKTHfKe TaKM4e HOPMbl He
HCIOJTb3OBaHl4Cb. AAM4HHHCTPaTHIBHbie cpeAcTBa Aim HH,IHIBH,TyaTbHOA
3amHTbi H KoMrTeHCaU4HH He npe,iycMoTpeHbf [778, 12].
3Ha4H4TeJIbHOAi npo6neMofi CTaHOBHTCA co6juoAeHHe AefiCTByOme-
ro TpyAoBoro 3aKOHoAaTeAbCTBa B oTHoiueHi4HH  npaB )KeHIHH. HIo IH-
4MopMaLu4 POCTpyTA4HCnieKi4iHH, nIPH3BaHHOfl OCyMCCTBJITb HaA30p
3a co6niogeHHreM TpyAOBbiX ripaB pa6OTHHKOB, KoJIHueCTBO H TCKeCTb
HapyiieCHH14 B OTHOIueHHH )KCHM1HH CBHiCeTeJbCTBYIOT 0 HaiiHqi4H
KPynHOLi cogmajbHof npo6ileMbl (BcTaBKa 2.4). B '4HCJIC HaH6ojiee xa-
paKTCpHbIX HapyiueCHIg - YBOJIbHCHHe 6epeMeHHblX )KeHCI-l{H H4 >KeH-
MHH C geTbMHI B BO3paCTe go 3-x nieT, MTO npHIMO 3alpeCeCH0 3aKOHOM.
>KeHnMulHbi rHpHBfeKEalOTC5 K CBepXypOx4HbIM H HO'-HbIM pa6oTaM 6e3
H4X coriacHA H iaCTo 6e3 AOnOJIHHTeCJbHOA oriiaTbl. HepeAKo nociie
BO3BpalIjeHHA pa6oTHH1Ubl H3 oTrycKa riocnIe PO,OB HH nO yXoAy 3a
pe6eHKOM HaXOgAT Hp1HMHHY Anfi ee YBOTIbHeHHS H3-3a OTCTaBaHHH1
B KBaIlI(pHKai]HH. 3aCepXcHBaerCs 3apa6oTHaq ruiaTa H BbiflaTa BO3Me-
ji1eHHA Bpeqa, rIpH1'-HHeHHoro HpOH3BOACTBeHHofi TpaBMO1 H npo-
4eccHOHaXIbHbIM 3a6oJIeBaHHeM [884, 84]. HO CBeAeHH51M POCTpyAHH-
CrieK1HH, B MaCCOBOM Hop51AKe HapylluaeTCA oxpaHa TpyAa XKeH%1HH
(4To r1pHBOT4HT K pOCiy TpaBMaTH3Ma CpeAH )KeHUAHH Co CMepTeCJbHbIM
HCXOAOM). HOqBWIOCb HOBOe IBjieHHC - HiacHneH H y6HflCTBO Ha pa-
6oTe. Bce 3TO CBH"eTeCjbcTByeT 0 He6JIaroromIyFHH B qeie co6moAeHHF
3aKOHogaTe-JbCTBa, B TOM t4HCJIe H no fpaBam AKcHH1xHH [884,84].
HIpHHHMaA BO BHHMaHHC BbImeCKa3aHHoe, 3KCflepTbI CMHTaiOT Lie-
jiecoo6pa3HbIM ycHneHHe CTpOrOCTH ipaBO pnmeHHTenbHblX rpoLxe-
gyp H HaA3OpHbIX MexaHH3MOB. A,  3Toro HeO6XOAiHMO:
* Pa3pa6OTaTb CrieuiHaJbHbl TpyAOBOH npongeccyainbHbIA KO-
JACKC.
* Co3AaTb CyAbl c oco6biM COCTaBOM rio paCCMOTpeHH1 TpyAo-
BbIX CrOpOB (cyAbR, npCACTaBHTeCJb pa6OToAaTenii, npeACTaBH-
Tenlb flpo4)coCO3a).
*  1OBbICHTh 344CeK-HBHOCTb Aocyge6HbmX aHTHA,HCKpHMHHaU1HOH-
HbIX opraHOB (PocTpyA4HHcneKulHA H gpyrme rocyAaPCTBeHHble
HHCeijKLiHH, HHCTH'Tyr YnonHoMoteHmoro no npaBam qeJIoBeKa).
* PacIJIHpHTb capepy ipHMeHCHHsA H Cco6JUoTeHH5I KOJLjieKTHBHbIX
Cor.iauIeHHi-1 no COlg,HaIbHOMy napTHePCTBY.



2. 06ecnemeHHe reHiaepHoro paBeHCTBa B 3aKoHOJZaTeJIbCTBe
H Hpa2BOnpHMeHHTenbHoP HIfaKTHKe                                   45
BCTaBKa 2.4. Pe3yJIbTaTbL HHCHeCUKHA, fpOBeCeIHHLIX
*DegepaAbHOA HHcnefKIHeA: rpy,a Ho HpOBepiKe HCHOJIHeHHJ
lpygoBoro 3aEOHOAaTeJIcTBa H 3aK0HoaTeJIbCTBa o6 oxpaHe
Tpy,lta XCHIgH, 2002 r.
B 2002 rog7y OpraHbl q)eCepa2J1hHo  HHCrieKI4HH Tpyga, HCIOJIHJqq rHocTaFroBne-
HHCe HpaBriTeAbcTBa POCCHUCKOfC 'FCJCepagHH OT 28.06.01 No 855-p <<06 yrBepAK-
geHHH HaunOHanbHoro FuiaHa qeCcTBHm Ho yJyLUleHIEO rlonolelOFHH XeHLCHHH
H HOBblmeHHTO HX POJTI3 B o6iUeCTBC Ha 2001-2005 rr.->, fIPOBeCIH HO'JTH 5 800
nIPOBePOK Ho BOHpOCaM co6niojeHHR 3aKOHOqaTefbcTBa o Tpyqe H oxpaHe Tpy-
ga CKeHLJIHH. B xo,ge 3Tmx lpOBCpOK 6bIlIO BbIABIlCHO H VCTpaHCHo 6onee 34 000
pa3JH'-HbTX HapyiLieHHH.
rIpOBepKn nOKa3aJIH, BTO H.pyuieCHH4 TpygOBbIX npaB )KeHIHH, B TOM BHCnie
B o6JIacTH OXpaHbl HX Tpy.Aa, HMJeIH BeCbMa paCrHpOCTpaHeHHblI xapaKTep, BTO
3aBacTyio HJMrcTCA OgHOf 143 FHIIqH4H HeygoBJIeTBOpHTCJ1bHbIX yCJIOBHO HX Tpyja.
K '-iHcIy HaH6oJIee TriHHbIX IlapyLueHL4h Tpy4OBblX HpaB >KeHILJHH, AOHyCKaB-
iIHXCB pa6oToRaTe.niMH B 2002 r., OTHOCHJIHCb cIieJyIomHe HapymeHHmA:
* CTaThii 253 TpyaoBoro KogeCKca POCCHHCKOH (DegepalHH. Pa6OTogaTeziAMn He
co6niogajn4Cb OrpaHHleHAs Ho npiMmeHeHHIO Tpyga )KeHIIIHH Ha TRKeJIbIX pa-
6oTax Hl Ha pa6OTaX C BpC4HbIMH H (HIH) OHi3CHbIMH YCJIOBHqMH Tpyga, a TaK-
Ke 3aaHpemeHHbLX pa6oTax, CB33a3HHbIX C HO,gbeMOm H HiepemeCleHHeM Bpj14-
Hylo TSDKeCTeC, npCBblmalavotHx HpegCeJbHO 4O01yCTHMNbIe 2,7 HHX HOpMbl.
* CTaTbH 256 Tpy2OBOrO KO21CKCa POCCHHCKOH DegepaLLHH <OTnyCKa no yXo-
A1y 3a pe6eHKomo>: pa6OTOQ7aTeni EHe Bcerqa COXpaHALI1H 3a pa6OTHH4ef Ha rie-
pHO2 yKa3aHHoro OTI7YCKa MCCTO pa6OTbI (AOAIKHOCTm).
*  HapyuLIeHHe CTaTbH 261 TpygOBOrO KOgCKCa POCCHHCKOA Oegepaum <'ra-
paHTHH 6epeMeHHbIM KeHLIL(HHaM H >KeHULHHaM, iMieoILtHM AeTeCi, HpH pac-
TopWKeHHH TpyJAOBOrO goroyiopa.>. B xoJ1e rpOBepOK rocHHcHi-eKIH4AMH Tpy,aa
BblBBHJIUCb c4laKTbI He3aKOJ-lHoF'o yBOJbHeHHSI pa6OTatoLgHx >KeCHLtHH no
HHHT4HaTHBC a,MUHHCTpaI4HH.
*  HapvmeHl4re rOJIooKeLIHH CTaTbH 213 TpygOBoro KoJeKCa POCCiUiHCKOHf4 (Dee-
paLHH o6 o6a3aTenbHOM MeAHHIIHHCKOM o6cjiegOBaHHH HeKOTOpbIX KaTero-
pHH pa6oTHHKoB H HOJIO2KCHHA HHCTPyKI4HH MHHHCTepCTBa 3,qpaBOoxpa-
HeHHBq POCCHUCKOH CeAepaItHH OT 14.03.96, No 90 <O HopsAAKe rpOBCe,eHHA
peryJIMpHbfX H nepHoAZHIBCcKmx MeCHjUHcKlIX o6ceI1OBaHHA H MeCHLJHH-
CKUX HpaBHnax OronyCKa K OcYICT1IeHI1KO JAOJL0I1OCTHibLX 06H3aHHOcTCHT .
*  Bo MHOrHX opraHH3aLtuMx c LBlfpOKHM HpHMCHCHHCM ?KeHCKoFO Tpyga 6bI-
,AH 3aperICTpHpOBaHbI HapTmcLiHa HOJIOTKCHHIH CTaTbH 223 Tpy4OBOrO KO-
geKCa POCCHUCKOU qPegepatpiH. B rOMImeneHHIIX 3TE1X OpraHH3aurif OTCyrCT-
BOI3a0l4 1H HaXO4HJIlCb B aRapBli7EIOM COCTOBHHH JyLIeBb1e H VMblBaJIbHbie
KOMHaTbl, pa.3eBaJIKKH, KOMHaTbI OTJAbIXa, CTOJIOBbIC H KOMHaTbl JIH'HOI PlH-
rHCHbl )KeHILHH.
* YCTaHOnnerHbl 'IaCTbie H3pyHIeCHP pa6CTOAaTeJmMmI 06LT4HX HoJIoXKeHIIP Tpy-
AOBOO 3aKOHOJaTefbCTBa, pCFry:lIIpylOnJHX TpVAJOBb1e OTlIOIeCHII CO BCCMH
pa60TIIHLKaNH, IeC3aBHCHNO OCT IIX Bi3paCTa it r1o0na (3agepaKKa BlIHIUaT 3apa-
601'HOCi llaTbl II BbIXOCHhlX IoCo6Eil, vXyx1leHieie VCJIloI TPrpyga El OT2bIXa,
HCI ia;noeICKaee HCIIOJIHCHIIC I IIII HCHCHJOJHCHle TpVAOBbLX OTHOILueHI H Tq.).



46                                 reHjAepHbie rnpo6nieMbI B PoccuH
CJeIyeT MMeTb 1 BHAly, 4TO OTCyrCTBHie CrCie4HaJbHO OpraHH3OBaHHO$f
cy.Ae6Hof 3ami4Thi no TpyAOBbIM cnopaM, ciia6ocTb rocyJapcTBeHHoro,
HpOJCO103HOrO Hi o6mecTBeHHoro KOHTpOJTH 3a HcnOJIHeHHeM 3aKOHO-
,gaTeJIbcTBa ,eJIalOT MeHee AOCTYrIHbIMH CooTBeTcTByEori1He CO14HaTIbHO-
3aIl4THbie HHCrl4TyTI B riepByIo oqepeb AJM >KeHMnH [205,175].
C. COIHAJIbHbIE IBJIEHHA, HPEIATCTBYIOIIHE
FEHAEPHOMY PABEHCTBY
3KCriepTbi HpE4XO,HT K BbIBOay 0 TOM, -TO, HeCMOTpSI Ha AcKiiap4po-
BaHHOe B 3aKOHO,gaTelIbCTBe POCCHf4CKOf (DeAepauLmm PaBeHCTBO
My)KM"HH H )KKeH1MH, B peaTlbHOf AW3HH )KeHM14HbI KaK o6iueCTBeHHaq
rpynrina B 6oJIbmef4 CTCneHCH CTpa,galOT OT HapyllleHHIEE rpavAaHCKHX,
coi4HaJIbHO-3KOHOMH'-ecKHx, ceMeflHbIX npaB, 4eM MYXKq4HHbl [29;
56;86; 97; 278; 453; 498; 579;580; 608; 638; 731; 743; 825; 867; 884;
916; 957; 1024]. IIpaBa )KeHMlUH HapymuaiOTCs 14 B rOCyTAapCTBeHHOM,
H4 B HerOCygapCTBeHHOM ceKTopax 3KOHOMHKH, HpU4eM B rOCJieCHeM
ciy"ae ypOBeHb AUCKP4M4HaL4HH B OTHOIICHHM )KeHCHIIAH Bbimle.
Tpaduzquouiioepacnpedewernue zeu4Oepnibxpaeic
CyLeCCTByeT HeCKOnbKO Co1uHaJbHbIX SBTiCHeHI4, KOTOpbIe rpIHBOAST
K reCHaepHOMY HepaBeHCTBY B 3KOHoM'-iCecKoM 1, COOTBeTcTBeHHO, B
qenIOBeqeCKOM pa3BHTH4. Bo-nepBblX, reH,epHbIe pojim oripeCneiiHbl
TaKHM o6pa3oM, 'ITO paCHpegeiCHHC CTpyKTypbl BpCMeHH4 Me)KAy pa3-
JIHlHbIMH4 BHAaMH4 geC5qTeJbHOCTH y MyK-IHHH 14)KeHM1HH HeOAI4HaKOBO.
>KeHIU14Hbl ropa3go 6oTIbLue BpeMeHH1 yTeni5HoT HeorinaHCaeMbIM B4-
RaM ,Re,HTeCIbHOCTH, CBH3aHHbIM C BeAeHHeM AomaIHHero XO35IHCTBa H
3a6OTOA o CeMbe, a MY>KxHHbl - onriaE4BaeMoA geCTC3IbHOCTH B o6iue-
CTBCHHOM npO143BOACTBe. 3To npH4BOAHT K CHRICH1HIO KOHKypeHTO-
cnoco6HocTH )KeHLJHH Ha pbIHKC Tpyqa no cpaBHeH11O C MyAKCIHHaMH,
K MeHbIU4M 3apa6OTKaM H B03MO-KHOCTAIM jocTyna K 3KOHOMH4eCCKHM
pecypcam [916, 70]. CyMeCTBYIOHaA CKpblTaqM reH,epHaA AE4CKpHMuHa-
U41 BO MHOrHX ccpepax couHaRbHO-3KOHOMi4xIecKoi1 H fIOJIHTH4eCKoH
WKH3HH o6iiAeCTBa HepejKo rl4HBOAHT KTOMy, 'ITO ga,Ke B cJly-ae paB-
HbIX CilOCo6HOCTCe4 H OA14HaKOBOl ripO4ICCCHOHaJlbHO4 HOriOTOBKH
Tpyg KeHA14H rOIy4aeT MeHbUll1O oueHKy, '-eM TpyA My)K-IHMH. TaK KaK
CTaTyC 'IeJIOBeKa B COBpCMCHHOM o61iACCTBC tiaCTO npHpaBHIHBaCTCI K
CnOC06HOCT1H 3apa6aTblBaTb gCHbrH, TO AKCeHMlHbI CTpaAalOT OT CCpb-



2. 06ecdnceHHe reHgepHoro paBeHCTBa B 3aKOHogaTeJIbcTBe
H HpaBOHlpHMCHHTeClbHOH lIpaKTHKe                          47
C3HOH HeAOO1AeHK14 cBoero .3KOHOMH4qCCKOrO CTaTyca. H 3Ta cHTyagAE1
COXpaHSe3TC51 HeCMOTpfl Ha To, MTO Ha AKeHUEHH lIpE4XOAE4TCq 60JIbmlaAI
,jOuH o6iuero o6'beMa pa6oTbl H4 'T0 B peaAbHOf4 ?KH3HH4 olmaJIaBaeMaf
pa6oTa MyX(4HH H-aCTO qBJIIeTCSI pC3yfbTaTOM <'COBMeCTHOrO rlpO13-
BOACTBa>>, 3Ha-IHTeCJbHaA xaCTb KOTOpOrO He 6bima 6bI B03MO)KHOA, ec-
jiH 6bl )KCHllAEIHbI He OCTaBa, EICb AoMa gJ5 yxoAa 3a AeTbMH H BeqeHH4E
goMamHero Xo3H,qCTBa [916, 70-71]. HwKe paCCMaTpE4BalOTCq H Apy-
rue COLIEJIabHbIl SBJIeHHSE.
Hu3Kuuypo6eeub umfiopmupoeawIocmu zpamcdara
o CfOUX npaeax U cpe&cm6ax npaeo6ou 3aU4UMbl
BOnbllMylO pOmb B COXpaHeiHH reH,ZCpHorO HepaBeHcTBa urpaeT cjia6asi
HH¢OPMHPlpOBaHHOCTb HaceneHH5 0 CBOHX npaBax H ripaBOBbIX cpeJICT-
BaX H4X 3a11EHThi [174, 99-100; 86,45-51, 834,107-167]. HpensTTCTBHieM
Ha nymT peaJ13aMHIH Tpy,AOBbIX npaB H- rapaHT14U )KCHI\HH SBJIHeTCSq
HH13KIE4I ypOBeHb HpaBOBOfI i-yJybTypbi KaK pa6oToAaTejieI, TaK 14 CaMH4X
pa6oTHHKoB, a TaiKce lpO(4CO1030B KaK BbIpa3HTeIiel4 H 3aIEIqTHHKOB
npaB pa6oTH4KoB. HanpuiMep, Hepe,LKO HaeMHbie pa6oTHnKiH C-HETaIOT,
-ITO TpyAOBoe IE COLJHaJbHOe 3aKOHOAaTeJIbCTBO AeEICTByeT TOTIbKO B ro-
Cy,apCTBeHHOM ceKrope. BOJIbmHIHCTBO peCHOiHeHTOB MHOrEIX 4cciie-
JAOBaHEl4 yBepeHbl, WETO, npe,locTaBnm5I OTnycKa nio 6epeMeHHOCTm4 HI pO-
gaM, oria'4-IHBaeMbie 6OJbHlqHble JIHCTbl H4 T.n., -iaCTHbie ripe,gnpHTH5I
ilecyr y6biTKm (B peaCIbHOCTI 3TO He TaK - ccjIH pa6oTo!aTeuIb ocyiue-
cTBJnseT nOgo6HbIe BbIlnJiaTbi, TO Ha COOTBeTCTBytOl4WIO CyMMy yMeHbiua-
IOTC5I ero OT'EHcAeHHAI B rOCygapCTBeHHbIe BHe6IO,)KeTHbIe COLHajIbHbIe
p44OH,tbI) [610, 151]. 1l03TOMY ORHOA H3 BaKHeAI1IlHX 3a,aaq B HacTo3iiee
BpeMAI IBJISIeTCAI npaBoBoe o6pa3OBaH4e. OajHaKO HCKOTOpbIe 3KCnepTbI
nofIaraioT, 'ETO pa6oTogaTemni, OCO3Hai3a3i CBOIO OTBercTBeiHHOCTb 3a 0631-
3aTeJbHoe co6TiioAeHHe npaBOBbIX HOpM 0 Tpy,qe, 6y,yT eEue MeHee
OXOTHO rIPHHH4MaTh Ha pa6oTy >KeHEHIH, ITO B KOHC4HOM cHeTe Mo)KeT
noBme'-b 3a co6ofi yMeHbfelHIH4e nplmBIeKaTe.bHOCTH )KeHMUHH KaK pa-
6oTHmKOB H4 CHHCCHi4e HX KOHKypeHTOcnoco6HocTr [205,170-174].
Hu3KaR oz,ernca zpamcdaamu npunt4una zeudepuozopaeeucm6a
,iiiA POCCHH, KaK cBH,geTe.TbcTByOT HccjiegOBaHHsI, xapaKTepHa HH3-
KaSI [AeHHOCTb npHHiAHna paBeHCTBa KaK TaKOBoro. TaK, HanpuMep, B
HCCJeCLgOBaHHH4 1TeneE 1. Pbl6llHcKa no penpe3eHTaTHlBHOA Bbi6opKe,



50                                FeHgepHbie HpO6JieMbi B PoccHu
AHJaTaM B rIpOBCeeHHH npeABbI6opHoAi arHTaLLHH, cBoeBpeMeHHof
peaKLI4H4 Ha 3aHsBJIeHHI 0 HapyuieHHH AefCTByILomeFO 3aKoHoQaTeJIb-
CTBa [205, 88].
Heo6xoTiHMo opraHI3OBaTb cneLLIaJbHbIfl I4eHTp Ho nOgrOTOBKC
?KeHUAHIH K yx4aCTHIO B HOJIMTHiecKOf rocygapCTBeHHOi TeATeJIbHOC-
Ti- ynpaB ieiJCHHH. TaKxxe Heo6xogoMo OpraHH3OBaTb riog6op AceH-
llJ1HH-JilAepOB, co3AaTb CTpaTerCmH UX flpOABH)KeHH. BaxKHo CcIopMm-
pOBaTb flOJIO)KCHTeJbHblH iMHiJICK weCCHHHEIH-HObiTTHKa. CeieAyeT
pa3pa6oTaTb COOTBeTCTBYIO1He frlporpaMMbI o6yMCHHI )CeHlHtHH-KaH-
9H14aTOB B OpraHbl 3aKOHOAaTeJIbHOl 14 HICHOJIHHTeJIbHI-OH BJiaCTHI,
BwnoqaiomjHe aHaTH3 H36HpaTeJIbHorO 3aKOHOAaTeJIbCTBa Hl HOBeti-
IIIHX BbI6opHblX TCxHoJIOrHi4, a TaixKe o6myto CTpaTernuo fpoBegeHH
H36HpaTeJIbHOh KaMraHHH. Heo6xoAiumo nOArOTOBx4Tb cneUlIaJibHyIo
y'e6Hylo nporpammy Aim >KeHIgHH-napJIaMeHTapHeB [205, 88].
CeroAH1s B Pocc4Hm He npHAalOT 6onbnLuoro 3Haq-eHxM Heo6xoAHMo-
CTH JIHIKBHJAHpOBaTb JHCKpHMHiHa1AHio npOTHB KeHCH14H, OAHaKO CO-
xpaHeHuxie AMCKPHMHHaiUHH Mo)KeT B gaJIbHeCHIIeM o6epHymbCal Cepb-
e3HblMm noTepHMH gini o6lecTBa [4, 212].



3. fEH,IEPHbIE ACHEKTbI
ObPA30BAHHJ
B POCCHH wKeHH1HHbi ripeBOCXO4HT MY)KMlHH nO YPOBHIO o6llero H cne-
tHaVbHoro o6pa3oBaHHRm. OcHoBHbIe npo6neMbl BO3HHKaIOT npH pea-
JIH3aiJHH o6pa3oBaTenbHoro flOTCHi4HaJIa 2KeHIIHHbl. B 3TOH rFiaBC
paccmaTp4BalOTc, reHwepHbie acneKTbi o6pa3oBaHH4A: cHa'laTa pe4b
noMAeT o reHnepHo AJIH4cepeHu4HaLHH nOKa3aTeJIeH ypOBHA o6pa-
3oBaHHH, 3aTCM - o npo6&eMe HerpaMOTHOCTH, reHACpHOI AHCKpH-
MHHau1HH B gocTyiie K o6pa3oBaHo1O H rei-,epHo aCHMMeTPHHHOM
BIH51HHH pacmiHpmoJerlcHc C4bCpbi ruTaTHbIX o6pa3OBaTeJIbHbIX vcnvr.
B HOCJIegHeM pa3,aeie o6cVx<aeTCAI BOnpOC peanH3aU4HH MVOK'lHHaMH
H )KCHI4HHaMH CBOCFO o6pa3OBaTeJlbHOFO HOTeHuiHa4aa.
A. HOKA3ATE.TIH YPOBHAI OB3PA30BAHHJ MY{qMHH
H 2KEHILIHH
B COBCTCKHH iepHOg HOBbIHJCHHC YPOBHM o6Lero H cleU4HaAbHoro
o6pa3oBaHHnq HaceTieHHH5 Ha BCCX sTanax pa3BHTHH CTpaHbi 6bulo
BKJIOMCeHO B CHCTCMY CTPaTerHHIeCKHX npHOpHTeTOB. B pC3YJbTaTC
B CpaBHHTenJbHO KOpOTKHe CpOKH ygaTIOCb Ao6HTLbC5 He TOJIbKO OTHO-
CHTeCJbHO BbICOKHX no MeC?yHapOAHbIM CTaH4apTaM 3HaHeHHU 6a3o-
BbIX HoKa3aTeJIeH pa3BHTH5[ L4eJIOBelieCKoro llOTeH4HaTa, HO H BblpaB-
HHBaHHu1 ypOBH3I o6pa3OBaIHMH My2K'-lHH H KCKHWL1HH. B ro0b1 rlePBbIX
HlHTHJeTOK npouecc BOBneitLeHH ,AeBymeK Ha BCe CTyneHH inpocqCCH-
OHaJIbHO-TeXHH'-leCKOro o6pa3OJaHHM ien oco6o 6ypHbIMH TeMnaMH.
3a rfepHog C 1927 no 1995 r. i-IHCIieHHOCTb ,LLCBymeK-CTygeHTOK By3OB
yBeJIH'HJIacb B 28 pa3, a HX AOnsI B O6WeM lHCJie CTYJACHTOB - BABOe
[100,14-15].
FocygapcT3eHHaaq H4eoiorHHA paBHOipaBH5I o6ecneM4Hnana top-
MaJTbHOe paBeHCTBO npaB )KeHIIHH H MYXC'lHH npM HoJy"emHHH o6pa-
3oBaHHM, a ero 6ecnnaTHocTb AaBana ceHH14HaM mlaHCbI Ha r1oj1ye-
HHC xopomero o6pa30BaHoa  . B KOHeC 1 980-x FO/AOB >KeHIHHbl
COCTaBJn5JIH 90% yqHTeiiefl, 70% Bpa'lef, 60% HH>KeHePOB, 40% Ha"-
HbIX pa6oTHHKoBB. CerOAHH HO OCHOBHblM noKa3aTensAM o6pa3oBaHnA



52                                1weHepHbIe npo6neMbi B PoccmI
>KeHMI1HHbI B geJIOM He ycTynaloT MyTKAqHHaM, a B paUe oC.lyMaeB npeBOC-
XOAIT 14X [173, 286; 767, 51]. lo raHHbIM MHKponepeCiHcH 1994 r., Ao-
Jm My)K-iHmH, HiMelOHu4HX BblCmee o6pa3oBaHi4e, 6bmla HeCKOJIbKO Bbime,
qeM COOTBeTCTBYIOuLla- Aojiq >KCHUjLHEH (138 i4 130 Ha 1000 'ejiOBCK).
3To ipeBbliiieHIe LuenlKOM ,AociCT4raJIoCb 3a cqeT niH4 cTapmul4x Bo3pa-
CTOB (50 neT 14 CTapmie). Bo BceX BI3paCTHbIX r pynnax Ao 50 ner Aons
)KeHMIlH C BblCIIIHM o6pa3oBaHHeM npeBbIaeT ROJIKO MY)K-14H [100,
160]. 1ccCIeAoBaTeCJI OTMeMaioT, 'ITO Ha IPOTq)KeHCHH nocneAHero Ce-
C5ITHJIeTHII )KeHllHHbl Hel43MeHHO o6roHmuwr MyACql4H HO ypOBHIO o6-
pa3oBaHHA. Hlo gaHHb1M nepenmcl4 1989 roga, Bbriciee m cpeCHee cne-
L4aHJbHHC o6pa3oBaHHe HMeCJI 46% pa6oTaiouu'x )KeHII14H Hi 34%
pa6oTatotulx My)KqtHH. HlpIMepHO TaKOH wKe pa3pblB coxpaHI4CnC
KcepeALmHe 1990-x ro,OB. [202, 45; 645, 74; 1104, 27]. Ha py6exKe Be-
KOB YPOBeHb o6pa3oBaHr4.q y )KeHM14H (B BO3paCTe cTapme 15 neT)
CTaJn Bbltue, qeM y MY)KMI4H 14 BO BpCMCHH4 3TOT pa3pblB 6yzeT yBeJH'l4-i-
BaTbC51 [ 1049, 5-7]. B Ta6JI. 3.1 Ip,qTCTaBjieHbl gaHHblie o6 YPOBHe o6pa-
3OBaHHm MYXK4HH 1H )KeHI14H pnI AaHHOI4 KOrOpTbl 3a riepH,o c 1959
no 1994 r.
HeCCJIeAOBaTenH KOHCTaTH4pyIOT paw4HCe CTpaTerlm rohiy'4eHI4H
o6nmero o6pa3oBaHIH 14 rIO,rOTOBKH K ipoq)eccl4OHaJbHOft AeIrTeAb-
HOCTH y MyWK'4HH H )>KeHmHH. >KeHH]14Hbl B 6oAbmef4 CTeneHCH CKJIOH-
Hbl K npHo6peTeHHlo rloJIHoro o6mero o6pa3oBaHw1, a B rpoqecci4-
OHaJIblOi HOLArFOTOBKe BCC 'aue Opl4eHTH4PYOTCq Ha rojiyIIeHHe
o6pa3OBaHI19 HaH6oJIee BbICOKOrO ypOBHq. JAJIH MYK'ql4H Bce 6o0iee
xapaKTepHoA CTaHOB14TCI 14HaH TpaCKTOpHSI1 non"yeH4HsI O6pa3OBa-
H1H51: B o6Uieo6pa3oBaTeAbHOA LUKojie - HpHo6peTeHme HeCOJIHHoro
o6mnero o6pa3OBaHwA, a 3aTeM yqe6a B CUCTeMe HaqaJIbHoro ripo4Iec-
C14OHanbHoro o6y-ieHH4H ,qLaHHbie o6 y"amm4xcs1 o6umeo6pa3OBaTeAb-
HbIX IUKOJI 3a 1996/1997 y-ie6Hbifl ro, CBH4AeTeIbCTByIOT, xITO COOT-
HoineHHe MaJibqHKOB H JAeBO-ieK cpeA,LH y"eHl4KOB (,Lxo.nsI geBOqeK -
49,2 %) 6Jnl3KO K 14X COOTHoIIeHCHO cpe;114 BCeX AeTefl 3TOrO Bo3paC-
Ta TOJnbKO B 1-9 Kuaccax. B CTaptui4x Kiiaccax ,DeBOIK14 CTaHOB51TC51
6OJnblTIMHCTBOM (B 10-M KnaCce HX 58.2%, B 1 1-M euLe 6o.nblue -
58.8%). 1 OCHOBHOhl npHiHi4HOAi q)OPMHPOBaHH4.I TaKoA reHJepHOlH
aCHMMmTepU4H B COCTaBe yiaMl4XCH CTaprmIHx KnacCOB BlJIqeTcTC 6oAee
HHTeHCHBlibifH nepexo, ioHowHef, OKOHql4BIII4X 9-14 Knacc, Ha o6y'-e-
HCe B CHCTeMy Haqa.bHOro npO(IeCC14OHafIbHoro o6pa3OBaHHq
[1049, 5-6].



3. FeFjAepiibie aCHCKTbI o6pa3oHaBanH                             53
Ta6.4HtXa 3.1. YpoBeHb o6pa3oBaHml myx'HH H SeCHIgHH
cTapme 15 nieT
(B paclieTe Ha 1000 xCJIoBeKc COOTBeTCTByiOHWeA rCHACpHOH
rpyniml, 1959-94 rr.)
FOu    Bblicuee HeojzaHoe Cpeowee  [w7inoe  O6u4ee Hutwnauoe HenomuHoe
o6pa3o-  6bicutee npoqfeccuo- cpeoHee o6pa3o-  oopa3o- uacitabnoe
efaHue  o6pamo-   HambHoe  o6pa3o-  6aHue   6a-ue   o6p1o-
6anue    o6pa3o-  maiue                     eanue
eaHue
MY-MH HbI
1959     32       13        58       63     261      398      175
1970     57       17        78      126     325      288      106
1979     84       18       113      222     318      191       53
1989    117       17       166      323     231      119       27
1994-)  138       20       190      327     216       92       17
)KCHllMHHbl
1959     23       11        58       64     214      239      391
1970    44        13        88      121     253      204      274
1979     71       16       138      190     235      180      169
1989    110       17       214      233     192      137      97
1994-)  130       17       242      250     190      107       64
HIcmoiHuX: FocKoMcTa',, ) Hia OCHOBe pe3yibTa'OB MHKponeperFicH 1994 r.
B pa6oTax rIocJIeHiH4x JIeT OTMeiaeTCsl ipolLecc c4eMHHH3aM4HH
3bicLueI'o o6pa3oBaH4w, Hc0CKOIbKy geByUIKId COCToBaBI5OT yA(e 56%
cTyAIHToB. CTaTHCTH-eCK1' JgaHHbIC O HrpHeM    B By3bl )yCTOA-I4HBO HO-
Ka3bIBaiOT POCT JOJ1H eCBYUICK B 06neA 4HCJICHHIOCTH rIepBOKypCHI4-
KOB [100, 17, 32-33]. PacTeT /4o01  -KCHMlHH H Cpe,/4H rojytaomHx 1n1o-
CjieBy3OBCKOe o6pa3OBaHHe (B aCiHHpaHTYPC H AOKTopallType), XOTq
nIOKa 0-111 COCTaBATIEOT 3.TeCb MCHbIIIHHCTBO. C 1996 no 2001 r. gorn
)KeCHIAHH cpC,/H acnHpaHTo0B vBeJHmHJmaCb c 43%0 ,o 45%, a cpeqH ,OK-
TOpaliTOB c 30% go 41% [10,49, 8]. Ha pHc. 3.1 noKa3aHa xmcJeHHOCTb
C'IyeCHTOB H CTy/eHTOK F'OCY2AaPCTBeHHlbIX YHI4BepCHTeTOB B nepH,o/ c
1993 no 2002 r



54                                 FeHgepHibe Hpo6Jlembi B PoccMH
PHC. 3.1. 'HCJIO MyX0IHH H  eICCHUZHH, o6y'iaion4Hxca
B rocygapcTBmHcilx yHHBCpCHTeTaX,
1993-2002 r.r.
3 000r
2500                            . "*
2000          3L
I 1500
1000
500
0
1993       1995       1998       2000       2002
rOAbl
HezpaMomnomb
B 6.niwaiaume rO,tbI B POCCHr MOKCeT B03POAHTbCS eme oAHa gaBHO
3a6blTaHq npo6.neMa o6pa3oBaHw, KOTOpa5i, HeCOMHCHHO, 6yAeT HMeTb
rCHJCpHy1o COCTaBRHmogyIo: pOCT ypOBHH HerpaMOTHOCTH HaceJeHHA.
HO IoaHHbIM minponepenircu 1994 r. K03ocHULHeHT HerpamoTHocTm
y ?KeHHUAH cocTaBJsIJI 2,6%, y MyXCMHH - 0,5%, ITO 51BJ151JIOCb OTHIOgb
He CaMbIM BbICOKIHM rIlOKa3aTCJeiM B MHmC [357, 202]. Ho rlpH 6ecnpe-
"CgeHTHOM yBCJHiCHeH HeTCKOf 6e3Haj3opHoCTH, npOo30megmieM B
CTpaHe B HOCJICiAHHe rOAbI, KOrAa Mucno 6ecnpH30pHHKoB (npeuMy-
lleCTBCHHO MaJIbMHKOB) OLWeHHBaeTC5 pa3HbIMH 3KCrCepTaMH OT 400
TbIC. xien. go 1 MJIH. 4e.T, ypie 4epe3 HeCKOJIbKO ReT MOAKHO o2KHAaTb
pocTa JOJIH4 HerpaMOTHoro HaceJIeHHa.



3. reHAepHbie acneKTbI o6pa3oi3aHIAs                      55
B. rEHAEPHA5 VHCKPHMHHAIUHA B IOCTYIE
K OIiPA30BAHHIO
HeCMOTpH Ha cpOpMaMbHoe paBeHCTBO npaB )KeHMI4H H My;KRIHH npH
noJIyqeHH14 o6pa3OBaHHII, p5A HCCJICeOBaHH14i tHICCHpyeT HaJiH4He
reHzepHoI A1HCKPHMHHaqHH B AocTyne K o6pa3OBaHHIO, XOTA B gaH-
HOM cJyIae OHa HeCKOJIbKo MeHee oy-THMra, qeM B gpyI'HX ccbepax.
CoUHOjtOruMecKHH onpoc fbCKoMcTaTa CCCP, rpOBejeHHbIli HaKaHy-
He pCeqOpM, IOKa3aTI, 4TO IceHM1HHbl oMyMalOT HepaBeHCTBO C MYK-
4HHaMH B nepBYIO oqepebi 13 YPOBHe oriJ1aTbI H YCJ1OBW4X TpyJa 1H B 17O-
CJICeHIOIO oqepegb B noJiYeHHH o6pa3oBaHH5I.     IpHiCeM  3TO
cnpaBeCWIHBO H  HJI rI1FOpOACKHHX, H il ceCJbCKHX)KeHM1HH [100, 18- 1 9].
CoriiacHO gaHHbIM o6cne,oBaHHms KeHCKOH 3aH3ITOCTH LuHPT 143 PAH
(1994 r.), B ropogax HBaHoBo H H. HoBropoj (6onee JBYX TbIC. pec-
nroHAeHTOB), JHm4b 20,6% yKa3aJIH Ha Ha.JH4Hi Te AHCKpHMHHaL7HH B o6-
JIacTH o6pa3oBaHM, B TO BPCMA KaK Ha A1HCKpHMHHILHio npH yCTpOH-
CTBe Ha pa6oTy yKa3a.iH 60,2%, B o6nacTH npoqecCHOHaJIbHoro
pocTa - 55,3% [817, 69].18
Penpe3eHTaTHBHble poCcHHfCKHC HcCCTeAoBaHHA npaKTHKH Hapy-
iCeHiSI npHHrHia PaBHonpaBHH B cqepe o6pa3oBaHHli nOKa He npo-
BOAHJHCb. 143 reHFepHbix npo6nieM B aTOf4 o6niaCTr4,Hae Bcero o6pa-
iiaIOT BHHMaHHe Ha HeraTHBHbIe riOchiegCTBH41 <,q1eMHHH3a1lHH>
MKOJIbHoro o6pa3OBaHHA 1)1 COPMHPOBaHH4 <<npaBHJIbHOfl MacKy-
JIHHHOCTH>> [742; 777]. PAU HccJIeJOBaTeiiefl yKa3blBalOT Ha npo6JieMbi,
COnpA5KeHHbIe C qceMHHH3ai4HeA Ka2pOBoro COCTaBa He TOnbKO Cpeg-
HeH, HO H BbIcueA uKOj1bI [228; 1214]. MeXCqyTeM Ha ripoT5KCHHH ne-
pHOAa pCc43OpM TeHAeHIJ1HA K q4eM4HH3aglHH Bbicuero o6pa3oBaHHH
COC-ymeCTBYeT C ycHieHHem reHqepHOA 91HCKpHMHHILHHH B aTOH cqce-
pe [173]. HIo HeKOTOpbIM galHHbIM, B 1960-e rOgbI ifiaHCbI geBymIIeK rHi
nocTyrineHHH B By3bI 6bIJIH HH)KC, 4eM maHCbI IOHOMCH, Ha 2,4%,
B 1980-e - Ha 6,2%, B 1990-e - Ha 12% [550]. JIaHHbIe o -iHc.TeHHOCTH
)KeHMIrH-y4a1I4xc5 BbICIIIHX y4e6HbIX 3aBegeHHI4 3a nep4oq c 1927
no 2002 r., fplHBOARTCA B Ta6JI. 3.2.
18 rI laHHbIM COUHOjiOrHmCcKOrO onpoca B Pbi6mHcKe (1 997 r.), 77% >KeH-
IgHH i4 82% MyXCKr4H yKa3anJI Ha paBHbIll AOCTyn K o6pa3oBaHmlo, 20% CqHTa-
IOT, 14TO y)KeHMHH MeHbmeI npa B, H13 HHX nOJIOBHHa, xiTO CH-TyaUH1 C AOCTYnOM
)KeHIMHH K o6pa3oBaHHIo 3a roAbi peC4opm yxyAiumnacb. B TO Ke BpCM5 paBHO-
ripaBme B 6H3Hece OTMeTHJIm 35% XKeHrgHH H 43% My)K4HH, B UIOnHTHKe - 12%
m 26%, Ha pa6oTe - 40% H4 50%, B CeMbe - 62% H 66% [173, 306].



56                                FecAcpHbIe npo6neMbI B PoccHHl
14cCJIe,qOBaHHS BbISBHJIH KaK 6onee BbICOKyIO MOTHBHpOBaHHOCTb
)KCeHMHH K flOfY1qCHHIO o6pa3OBaHHS, TaK H 6onee BbICOKHe 6apbepbl,
CTOAmi%e riepe, )KeHllHHaMH B 3TO0 o6iacTH. YpoBeHb AKCeIaeMoro o6-
pa3OBaHIlH  y KeHMHHH BbIHIe, -ieM y My)i4HH [173, 299]. Ho aHHblIM
BLI4OM, AoiST )KeHHIAHH, FOTOBbIX KOHHTb Ha O6pa3OBaHHe COCTaBJAeT
20,7% no cpaBHeHHIO C 14,6% M)rK4HH [ 1238,81]. B TO CKe BpeM51 OAHHM
H3 BeCJIlHHX 4JaKTOpOB, MOTHBHMpyOfllHX MyAcK'HH K nOJyIeHHIO BbIC-
muero o6pa3oBaH4H B COBpeMeHHOI POCCHH S4BJI5IeTC3I CTpeMneHHe
H36eOKaTb cayK6bl B apMHH [100, 34-35]. H1MCeOimHHCci AaHHbie O MOTH-
BaUHH K H0Jo1MeHH1O BblCIIBeFO o6pa3oBaHHI4 y geBymeK TaKoKe HeO4HO-
3HaHHbI. Hlo gaHHbIM o6cJiegoBaIIHH B C.-HeTep6ypre, C yTBepxKAeHHeM
<(QcByHiKH 'iaCTO CTpeMh1TC1 K BbIC[HCMY o6pa3oBaHHIo He H3-3a JqeHCT-
BHTeCJbHOH ioTpe6HOCTH B HeM, a YTo6bi H9HIH44HO BbiLrJ1eTb B rna-
3aX 3HaKOMbIX> CorJIaCHbi 50% MYAKI4HH H TpeTb xKCeHHIIH, HC corFIaCHbI
50% )KCHMHH H TpeTb My)KqH41 [221, 204]. Ho pe3ynJbTaTaM coILHoJIo-
ri-IecKoro HCCiieCOBaHHS1, rPOBeCAeHHOrO B paMKax nporpaMMbi <<4e-
MHHOJIOFHSI H reHAepHbIe HCCJeCAOBaHHI4 B POCCHH: riepCneKTHBHbIe
CTpaTeFHH HI TeXHOJIOrHH>>, XOTS B CTpyKType CeHIHOCTHbIX OpHeHTa-
LHHI MOJ10JbTX )KeHIIIIH o6pa3oBamHie 3aHHMaeT BblCOKOe MeCTO, OKO-
no 40% AKCHMHH-peCCioHAeHTOB Cq'HTaIOT, 'TO B COBpeMeHHOM o6me-
CTBe B HepBy1O oCepe,Ab Hy>KHbl <<AHfnnoM 0 BbIClCM o6pa3oBaHHH1
H CB13HW>, H TOJIbKO 30%, 4TO HCo6XoAHMbI npexK,e BCCFO 3HaHHS. Cpe-
,qH IOHOBICet Jo0JI nOCTaBHBHIHX Ha iepBoe MeCTO 3HaHHH COCTaBHna
45% [301].
Ho ,aHHbIM o6cne4oBaHtIR FOpOACKHX AOMOX03,IiCTB, AOJII )KeH-
[ILHH, C4HFTaIoMB4X, 14TO HX B03MO)KHOCTH lOJIy4HTb )KenaeMoe o6pa30-
BaHHe 3a 10 IIeT pe(4opM yXyJVJH HHCB COCTaBHuI B 6ejHmix AoMoXo-
3IfiCTBax 71,5%/o, B cpeAHeo6ecneieei-iHblx - 62,6%, B 6oFaTbIx - 44,7%
[1048]. Ho AaHHbIM o6cniemOBaHHr  B PbI6HHcKe (CM. npejbiAymyio
CHOCKy), y AKeHMHH MCHblIC BO3MO)KHOCTeC nOJy4HTb >KeTI'aeMoe o6-
pa3OBaHHe HOCJIe OKOHLaHHuI IliKOJIbi. )KenaeMoe o6pa3oBaHHe niony-
x-wiH 59,5% KCeHMI4HH H 69,2% Myx@muIEi. Hpnpf STOM B KaWeCTBe OCHOB-
IIOEI nlpH'44Hbl HerIOJIyieCHHSI )KeCiaCMOrO o6pa3OBaHHs4 BbICTyHaJI1H
MaTepC9HaJbHbie 33TpyjkAHCHfI* (57%/ )KeI-IHlHH H 49% My)KqHHI). H1O'TH
8% ACCHIIH 1-C1 HC cMornFi nOJy'41Tb )KeCaCMOe o6pa3oBalHHC B CBH3H
C POACeHHeM pe6eCHKa, a y MyXCI4- BTOpblM n10 3Ha'H4MoCiH (paKTo-
pOM (18,3%) BbwcTyniaiia Co6Ce'BeHHan JlCHlb l niioxas yCieBaeMOCTb
BHIIKO1e [173, 297].
P5,14 SKCfIepTOB KOHCTaTH4pyOT, -Iro TOcefHllHHbl HMeCOT HepaBHbIe
C MVAC'HHaMH B03MO?KHOCTH AOcryna K nporpamMMM rIpOJOJIDKCHHI
o6pa3oBaHnl 1 H IOBbIlIlICHHSI KBaJIH44)HKai4HH. B OCHOBe SToro 3eCKaT



3. FeHAepHbie acneKTb] 06pa3C,BaHHA                             57
KaK o6-beKTHBHbie (MaTepuaimbHble) IlpH'IHHbl, TaK H flpHHMHbl Cy6'b-
eKTHBHOrO xapaKTepa, npcwe Bcero, pOAIHTMIbCKai pOJlb, BO3JOIKeH-
tiaM B HaIuleM o6MecTBe CO4TH t4CKrnoqHTeJbllO Ha )KeiiMHH, a TaKoKe
3aHATOCTb B   aOMaIIHeM XO3.qHCTBe [56,43; 173, 308; 888, 155]. lo He-
KOTOpbIM AaHHbIM, nocnIe BCTyuneHAH  B 6paK ABe TpeTH IKeHWHH npo-
,jOJDKa2OT TpYAHTbC31 Ha vCPOBHe nepBOHa-aIbHO HOy'ICHHibIX 3HaHHH.
B KaWeCTBe OCHiOBHoro HpC115ITCTBsH5 JlqJI nOBbIICeHH5I KBajiHm4nKaL11tIm
yKa3blBaeTCA HeXBaTKa BpeMeHH B CHJIY OTCyTCTBHIA pa3BHTO9 CeTH CO-
U4laJbHbIX yCJIyr H, COOTBC TCTBeHHO, CBepX3aHHTOCTH B aOMaHIHCM
X03AHCTBe. FOTOBbl nOBbICTITb KBajIIip4HKaI4HIO JHIHb OKOJIO 4eTBepTH
?KeHI1q4H, o6najaioMuHx Hai6oJICe BbICOKHM 06pa3oBaHIleM [852]. Or-
paHw44CHHOCTb B03MOKHOC-TeH HOBblmeCHHII KBaHCiK4IKa4uH CHIDKaeT
KawCCTBO >KCHCKOH pa6o-iek CIIAbl.
Ta6IHga 3.2. ceHuuiHbi, o6yqaioiqHecAI BBICmIfX yEe6nHIx
3aBe,qeHHHx, 1927-2002 rr.
Hno?a3aineJIu                         Yqie6Hbiii zoo)
2/128 4(/41 50/51 60/61 85/86 90,/91 94/95 2000101 01/02
qiICJio weHniH11 CTTyCHTOK
BY30B (TbIC. qen).    47 471   661 1042 1661 1427 1337 2395 2752
% K,I cjiy cTygeHTOB   28   58   53   43   58  51   53    56   57
0aonm AceHI1UIH '1r o6uero
,iHcjia vqaM4mxcCH By3013:
npOMbMJCIeIHOCT'1,
CTPOHTCJIbCTBa        13   40   30   30   45  34  36    43 44,6
CCJII,CKOI'OXO3 X0HCTB1  17  46  39   27   41   35  41    49 50,7
3aOHOoNIIEKH Hi npaBI  21   64   57   49   74  69   65    66 68,9
3pa3Booxpajiem4l4       52  74   65   56   62  62   65    64 64,0
o6pa30Ba'lH.q, HICKVCCTBa  49  66  71  63  56  53   57    69 68,7
J4cmfoZinuu: FocKoMc'raT PoCCUII.
B TO AKe BpeMq, nO AaHHh,IM o6cJAegOBalIH I4HPT H3 PAH. KeHiiAl-
HIbI LiaHe, xeM My)K,HHbi, cTpeM5TCH K HOBblIIeHHIO KBajiHcfpHKaLmHI.
TaKoe >KCJ1aHHe CpeJH 3aH5Tblx B FOcyJgapCTBeHHOM CceKTOpe HpOMBE-
JIll 62,2% xKeHMH1H H 37,8% MyT)KqHH, B HerOCyyapCTBeHHOM - 58,9%
KCeHIIHH H 41,1% MYXI-KlHH. Ho jIonic o6y4aioMHxCA 6e3 OTPblBa OT
HPOH3BOACTBa )KeH[HHbl He ycTyriaEiO MyWK4HHaM. B FocyqapCTBeH-
HOM ceKTope pa3niHf-HbIMH topmamH o6y"eHH51 6buIo oxBaqeHO OKO-
no 10% KaK )KeilMIHH, TaK II My)KqHHI, B HerOcyJapCTBeHHOM - 10°o



58                                 reH,epHbie npo6JIeMbl B PoccHu
My)KMHH H 15% )KeHHH, npH'-qeM >KeHM14Hbi 6bU11 niuHpe npeCaCTaBnie-
Hbl 13 BcxC4X 4OpMaX BeiepHero 1H 3ao1Horo o6yteHnHH [207, 54-56].
no MHCHHIEO MHOFHX aBTOpOB, CyUeCCTBeHHbie YFPO3bI reHAepHOMy
paBHonpaBrno B ccepe o6pa3oBaHI451 COnpADKeHbl C ero cerperag1ierl,
Ha ceroRH3lIHHi4FAeHb, rIOJyI4HBuIeA HaH46oJIbmlee pa3BHTHe B o6AaCTH
ipO4eCC4OHaJibHOrO o6pa3OBaHRi. CymeCTByIOluah B HaLueA CTpaHe
npoQeCCHOHanbHaN 14 OTpaciesBa5 cerperaL\M 3aH31TOCTH MHHorme ro-
,TbI 4OpMMHpOBaJiacbb, a H CerOAHq cfbOpMlupyeTCh mMCHHO B cQepe
Ipo(4pCCCHoHajIbHoro o6pa3OBaHM. HlpH4eM cerperagL4A no OTpaCn5M
o6v4eHHI AOCTaTOMHO YCTOAHq4Ba. B cpe,HeM B nociieBoeHHbli nepH4-
og gOIm gCeBYlUCK cpe,AM CTyAeHTOB CoCTaBnsJa no ceCJbCKOXO3,kCTBeH-
HbIM cnemHaAbHoCTAM - 30-40%, HO 3KOHOMHKC H    paBy- 50-70%,
B o6iiacT14 3ApaBOOXPaHeHHH - 5 5-60%, HPOCBeUCeHHq - 60-70%.
B 1998-1999 y"e6HOM ro,uy gOJ11 ,geBymieK cpegi-H CTygeHTOB ryMaHH-
TapHo-coui4aJbHbMx cnemaTAbHOCTeCA ocTurana 67%, 3KOHOMHKH H
npaBa - 70%, B TO BpCMAI KaK B MaIIHHOCTpOeHl4H - 26%, pa,uoTex-
HHKe - 22% [100,15-16,42].
HapyIueHHAl HPHHLHni4a paBHOnpaBn1 >ICeHMtHH H MyA>KQHH ipiH no-
nyIeHHH Hpo)ecciHoHaJ1bHOrO o6pa3OBaHHw BeCyT Ha4aJLo H3 COBeT-
CKOrOi nepHOAa, Korga OHH xEame Bcero o6OcHOBbIBajnHcb 3a6oTof4
O 3g0pOBbC  KeHCHIH: HX otHLmHaJ1bHO He rpHHHM7aiH B y"e6Hbie 3a-
Be,jeHHk, KOTOpbIe o6y1aJIH npOcpeCCHqM, 3arpeWeHHbiM K3oToM g;in
>KeHiMHH no HwP4HHC Bpe,HOCTH YCJIOBHA TpyJga. KpoMe Toro, cyme-
CTBOBajiH HeO¢HLIHJaIbHbIe 3anpeTbl: )KeHHMHH He rIpHHHManIH B oco-
60 ipeCTIIKHbie yF"e6Hbie 3aBeTeHH5.19 [173, 295].
P5M aBTOpOB [85; 173; 777] yKa3blBalOT Ha paCHPOCTpaHCHHC CKpbl-
TOH AHcKp4HMHmHa[H4 nO nOJfy Ha BCCX CTynCHqIX BOCHHTaHHI4 H o6pa-
3OBaHH51 - OT AeCTCKOIO ca,Aa Aqo yHHBepCHTeTa. HpH 43TOM OTMe'aeTcs3,
4TO Vqec6HHKH, KOTOpbie HCflnOfb3ylOTC1I B InKoJIaX, HaCTO 3aKpen1IOT
TpaglHl HOHHbIC CTepeOTHHbI HepaBeHCTBa, oco6eHHo B TOM, 'TO Kaca-
eTC5I BblHOJIHeHkHA AOMalIHHX H PORHTeCJbCK1X o6313aHHoCTefl. 3HaqH-
TenlbHa,5 4aCTb y4rHTreCjei (npHiieM YMHTeClqE )KeflllHHbl B 6o.mblIeH CTe-
neiHH, '4CM yqHTelSi-MyWK41HHbl), 31BJI"5ECb HOCHTeCJIMH Tpa,AHlHOHHbIX
riaTpapXa bHbIX B3rJIRAOB, BbicTynalOT 3a pa3,AeJeHHe npegJMeTOB
Ha MyAKcKHe H >KeHcKHe. IipH 3TOM npenoAaBaTeinH OTFOBap1HBaEOT ,Ae-
BoteK OT 3aHATHM <'My)KCKHMH npeAMeTaMHw>.
19 K '-incjTy TaKHx BbICIIIHX y"e6nblX 3aBeefeHH14I OTHOCATCH MOCKOBCKEU4 ro-
cygapcTBei HbIf EHCTHTyT Me)yHapO/Hb1X OTHOmeHHHi (ea1CynbTeT Me1c,yHa-
pO,qHblX oTHoiieHmi), MOCKOBCKHIU rocyg,apCTBeHHbIg YHI4BePC1CTeT (oTgehie-
iHe MevyHapoAHo1H XCYpHani4cT4K4), I4HCTHTyT BOCTO4HbIX AI3blKOB, 14HCT4TyT
BOeHHbLX nepeBO'EHKOB, BoeHHbie H MmHJIeiCKCH4e ywiInuga H By3bi.



3. FeHAeplibIe acneLTbl o6pa3oBaHiHa                       59
Ieio ,gmHq4epeH4HLpOB;HHOrO noqxorqa K o6pa3oBaHHEO Maib'qHKOB
H ,geBOqeK no,gep)AHBafoT He TOJIbKO ImKOJIbHbIC yLHTCTens, HO H 3HaqH-
TeCJbHaS qaCTc HaceCieHCH. [lo gaHHblM O6CJIe,ABaHHL4 B PbI6HHCKe, rieio
paBHoro mIKOJIbHOFO o6pa3OBaHHs wmA ManbqT4KOB H  BeBO4eK noA1ep-
2KHBaIOT MeHee ITOJIOBHHbl p)ecnoHAeHTOB. Boonee 60% KeCHW4H H 6o0iee
HOJIOBHHbl MY)KHqH BblcTyHaeT 3a Te HrH HHbie pam3JIqHr B nporpaMMax
o6yqeHHA HIKOJIbHHKOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nonia [173, 301]. HpH 3TOM
B Ka,4eCTBe OCHOBHbIX flpe,MeCTOB ,AJEM MaJIbqrHKOB pecnoi,geHTaMH 6bliH
Bbi6paHbi MaTeMaTHKa, cjh3H4Ka, 4)H3KyJIbTypa, HH±opMaTH Ka H rpaBO,
B TO BpCMA KaK ,I5I geBO4eK - AOMOBOACTBO, r4CTOPHr H jiHTepaTypa,
3THKa H ncrixojiomA ceMeCHHor 2KH3HH, nIOnooe BOcnMHTaHme.
OTpaXKeHHeM yCHfleHHm riO3H1AHA CTOPOHHH4KOB naTpr apxanbHbIX
B3rJIRAOB B nepCHog pecbopM CTajiO BO3powCeHme pa3,qenbHoro o6yqe-
HHSM MaJIbTlHKOB H ,AeBOqeK [100; 173]. B qaCTHOCTH, B 2000 r. pa3geab-
Hoe o6yqeHHe 6bTIo BBegCHO B CTaBpO    TIIObCKOM Kpae. B CHCTeMe
npo4CeccHOHaJIbHoro o6pa3oBaHHnS TaK-Ke HOHB0SHIOCb HeCKOJIbKO
yqe6HbIx 3aBeCeHHrl (B TOAI qHCJne By3oB), cnegH aHTi3r4pMoR XCS E-a
o6yqeHHHr TOJIbKO IOHOHeAI HrJI TOJIbKO gaeBymlleK lprH 3TOM B <<My)K-
CKHx> yqe6HbIX 3aBeCeHHMX My>Kq44Hbi rioiyaloT KaqeCTBeHHOe o6pa-
3OBaHHC H pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie ripopecc4HH, qTO IO3BOJIIeT HM CTaTb CO-
LJHaubHO H ripOcpeCCHOHaubHO yCiCellHbIMH B pbIHOwHOA 3KOHOMHKe.
B <')KeHCKHX'> 06y"aIoTCA BCiOMOraTCJIbHbiM ripOPeCCHSIM (ceKpeTapb,
ryBepHaHTKa) HnlH rOTOBS3TcH K pOJIH <'6farOpOAHbIX geBHL.>.
3KCnepTbl OTMCeamOT, WTO Ha CeFOgH5IEHHA TCHb rCHJACpHbiC pa3JIH-
qlrS B o6pa3oBaHHH, OCHOBaHHbIC Ha CTepeOTHHrax, laCTO He OCO3HafoT-
CH HaceneHHeM, H oco6eHHO )KeHMHHaM", KaK peaJibHaI ripo66neMa H
peaJIbHaA yrpo3a npaBaM )KeHllMHH. OgHaKO MO)KHO ripCegOIO)KHTh, qTO
pOCT rIaTpHapXa7EbHbIX HaCTpOCHH1f B o6uLecTBe, C OL>HOH CTOpOHbl, H
ripogojnKaiomHkcA KPH3HC C OLiHaAbHOH CcPepbi - C JpyroH, 6ygyr cio-
co6cTBoBaTb o6ocTpeHHIo 3TOH npo6ineMbl. CyuLecTBeHHbie yrpO3bl B
HuIaHe ycHJieHHM reHgepHoH aCHMMmeTpHH CB5I3aHbI CO Bce 6o0ee [HEHpO-
KHM pacripocTpaHeHHeM rJiaTHocTH o6pa3OBaHH1 [100; 173; 460].
C. rEHAEPHO ACHMMETPHqHOE BJHIHHE
PACHIHHPAIOHIIEIC5 C4EPbI JATHbIX
OSPA30BATEJIbHbIX YCJIr
B JIHTepaTypC, iiOCB5AiICHHOf reCHgepHbIM cCCJiegOBaHHMMM, KaK npa-
BH4IO, BbigeCi5iIOT ABa TH1na yrpO3, COHIp5KCHHbiX C FIJaTHOCTbIO o6pa-
3OBaHHM. Bo-IIepBblX, OTMCeaCTC51 pOCT rCHACpHOfH aCHMMCTPlH FOCY-



60                                FejHAcpHbic npo6neMbl B POCCEIEI
qapCTBeHHOFO (4HHaHCHpOBaHI4a o6pa3oBaHHw, CBH3aHHoH C eFo ceF-
perauiHefl. POCT MHcJia CTy.eHTOB BY30B I1OHCXOAHT rIaBHbIM o6pa-
30M 3a CMeT paCuiH4peHH nnmaTHoro o6yqeHHn no ryMaHHTapHO-CO-
iAHaJTbHbIM H 3KOHOMHqeCKHM CHeUHanJbHOCTuIM (AonA nnaTHbIX
CTyACHTOB AOCTHraCT 34CCb 50%), a 3SH cnei4HanbHOCTH B OCHOBHOM
KCeHCKHC (gonSn >KeHLHH - 67-71%). B TeXHHMecKHx By3ax, rge B qHC-
ne CTy4eHTOB npeO6JiagalOT EOHOIIIH, ypOBeHb nUnaTHOCTH B 5-10 pa3
HH)KC [100; 427; 973; 340]. HOCKOJIbKy rLJaTHbIMH CTaJIH npeHMyieCT-
BeHHO >KCHCKHC CieneHaTIbHOCTH, paCXo0OBaHHe 6Ogo)KeTHblX CpegCTB,
BbIA4C.lJeMbIX Ha o6pa3OBaHHC, CTaHOBHTCA BCe 6onee reHuepHo-
acHMMeTpHMHbIM, HpH1eM He B nl0JIb3y )KCHIIJHH [89; 93; 94; 100].
BTOPOH THn yrpo3 CB5I3aH C reH4epHbIMH HCpegTHOqTeHH5IMH poDH-
TeneH H oTAaCeP Ha qenOBeCieCKHH KarHTan. EcJIH OT-faJIKHBaTbChI OT
eHOBOH TeopHH AOMOX03HFICTB'>, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpOfH KceHu1H-
Ha o6naAaeT H3HaqaanbHO Xy4LIHMH BO3MO)KHOCTHMH Ha pbIHKe Tpy-
,a, TO paCXO4bl Ha Bbnicmee o6pa3oBaHte ACBYIIeK He HBJIHIOTCH paLuH-
OHaJbHbIMH 41ARA ceMeiHOro 6ioxwKeTa [460]. YqHTIbBaR CYIUeCTBCHHO
6onee HH3Ky1O OTaU-ly Ha o6pa3oBaHHe >KeHIIAHH B 6obruIHHcTBC pe-
FHOHOB POCCHH, )KYHMHHaM ropa3ao CJIO>KHee, ecnCH Boo6fe B03-
MO)KHO, <,KoMneHCHpOBaTb>> CBOH 3aTpaTbI Ha o6pa3oBaHHe. TaKHM
o6pa3oM, HMieR B BHgy 6onee HH3KyO 3KOHOMHt4-ecKyio oTAa'y BJIo)Ke-
HHF B o6pa3oBaHHe )KCHMUHH, C OAHOP CTOpOHbl, H ycHiCeHHC HaTpH-
apXaJ3bHbIX TpaHiAHi4 - c gpyrofi, MO)KHO Hpe4HOJInOKHTb, TO pOAH-
TJeiH MoryT 6blTb CKJIOHHbl OHiiiaqHBaTb B HCepByO oMCepeb o6yMeHHe
MaJb'qHKOB [100]. HaTiqHe reHAepHoP acHMMeTPHH BJIOKeHHA B qe-
JIOBetlCCKHH KaIHTaJI Ha ypOBHe CeMbH OTMCU2aHCb HccJIegoBaTCIIs-
MUl BO MHOFHX CTpaHjax. OAHaKo poccHHc1He HCCJCegOBaTeJH g0 CHX
riOp HU I4HKCHpoBaliH nogo6HblX HapyIHIeHHH4 [458; 460; 467; 469].
Ka noKa3ajio o6cnegoBaHHe B PbI6viHCKe, pOCCH5IHe ceFOIHUY
npaKTHmCCKH O4HHaKOBO OTHOCSITC51 K HeO6XOgHMOCTH onHiaTbl BbIC-
mero o6pa3oBaHaq CbIHOBeH H Aoqepef: 86% PeCnOUAIeITOB He HMC-
EOT rCHeCpHbIX npegno0TeHHl4 B OruIaTe o6pa30BaHHA geTeC, .TIHIb 3%
CKJIOIiHbl B HCIPBYIO o'iepegb nnaTHTb 3a CblHa H 1% - 3a 0OMb. KpoMe
Toro, qCMorpaFJ r,4ecKHe TeCHeHLHXIH HO3BOJISIOT yBepeHHO UpegDno-
AO)KEITh, qTO B peaibHOI4 )KH3HH nO HIpHqHHe 4aKTmieCKOro nepexo-
,aa K OgHoAellnOP CeMhe y 6onbnrHElcTBa pOAHTeJlef BOrpOC 6yAeT
CTO3ITb ieC O TOM, 3a o6yteiine KaKOrO pe6eHKa 6onee uenecoo6pa3Ho
rIJaTI l'b, a o TOM, CMOFyT nlU OHH OHJIaTH'I'b o6pa3oBaHvIe eCHHcrBeH-
HOro pe6eUiKa [100].
3Ha'llTenbHo 6onee peahlblia gpyrai yrpO3a. B YCJ1OBI451X pC3KOFO
CHH)KeHHI rOC'vapCTBCeIHOrO !QHaHCHpOBaHH54 HaMeTHjiaCb OT-



3. fefigecpHbre aCHCKTbI 06pa3o13aIH-ta                     61
MeCTJHBaM TeHCeHUHs1 K CH14wXeCiHio Ka'-ecTiBa 6eclnnaTHoro cpeAHero
o6pa3oBaHHuu  H- paCIHpCHHSi rIIiaTHorO KOMOIIOHeHTa o6yMeHHS
B o6w1jeo6pa3oBaTeJnbHblX IHKoJIaX. YqHTbwBaq paCripOCTpaHCHHOCTb
reHgepHblx CTepeOTHUOB, MOAKHO HpCeJrIOJIOAKHTb, 'TO, HMeHHO py-
KOBO4CTBy,5Cb HMH, pOjHTeCm 6yJqyT BbI6i4paTb H OfiITaqHBaTb 40-
HOJIHHi'eJlbHbie ypOKH, COOTBCTCTBeHHO 4A1H Ma2JbHlIKOB H14 1q1 4eBO-
'IeK [173].
PHC. 3.2. 3aBHCHMOCTh ypoBHm 3apa6oTHOii xuaTmx OT noaa,
BO3pacTa H ypOBHR o6pa3oBafHH pa6oTHHKa
CpeAHee o6pa3o0aHue               Ha4anbHoe o6pa3soBaHue
W0>I            r               O? 
. ]'- - --a--  -- -  - -S              -"-" ----------- - -  - - - -  -
V'(    p     _      _                 A' --             …^
15 19 20-2425 29 30 34 35-3940 4445 4950 5455 5960 6465 6970 74   15 -9  20-24  25 29  30-34 35-39  40-44  45 49 50 54  55 59 60 64
Bo3paca                            Bo3pacT
yann s  P ^  P ¢ P              ~~~~~~Bbicwee o6pa30BaHme
rnn CpeAHee flpO4pO6pa3OBaHI.e      -   Bnwen6p3.aM
|         ____  _  1, . -  Hbl  -  ' -L       - -    ; 
--l- I -                  .lt|'a       ,--  - ,
1~ ~ ~ ~   ~  ~~     ~~j -,,  ----------------'- '----- '-"-''''  - -  ---- 
15 19 20 24 25-29 30-34 394944445-499054 -5960-64 65-69   20-24 25-29 30 34 35-39 40 44 45 49 50 54 55 59 60 64 65 69 70 74
Bo3pacr                            Bo3pacr
(PM33, 2001 r:)
B ito6oM cnv'-ae 6eccnop-ioH, ITO, CBepTbIBaI 3aTpaTbI iia o6pa3o-
BaIIHe, rOCygapCTBO CTaBHT OnOJIHHTCJIbHbiC 6apbepbl Ha H/TII pa3-
BMTIHY xeJIOBeIeCKOI nOTCefHaLIaWLI H npO0CeccHOHanbHOP 3aHSTOC'IT
)CeHilgHH.



62                               FeHIepHbie nipo6JieMbl B PoCCH14
B mHcne npo6ineM, MCmelOUHX BbipaKeIHHyio reHjepHyio oKpacKy,
3KcrIepTbl oco6o BbiJenIHOT npo6neMy oTgwatH OT o6pa3OBaHMA. CTa-
TH4CTH4ecK4e gaHHbIe H pacieTbl CBHgeTeTJbCTByIOT, xTO 3KOHOMHomeCC-
Kax oTga11a OT o6pa3oBaHHq y )KCHLIHH CyuHCCTBeHHO HHme, 4CM
y My)KI-1HH, 'TO qBji5eTCTH OHHM H3 CCpbe3HbIX c4)aKTOpOB (4OpMHpO-
BaHH5I >KeHCKOA 6ejlHocTH [100; 173; 460]. Ha OCHOBe 3KOHOMeT-
pHmecKoro aHa.I43a HOpM OTAa'4M HHBeCTHIHfl B o6pa3oBaHHe )j. He-
CTePOBa H K. Ca6Hpb3lHOBa nplPHUH K BbIBOgyo 6oiee BblpaKeHHoM
yMeHbmeHHH HOpM OTAaqH OT HHBeCTUHIlHf B o6pa3oBaHie y ACHM14H
B TeMeHHe nepioga peqopM [740]. IO AaHHbiM H. 3y6apeBHti, C pOC-
TOM o6pa3OBaHHST HPO0CXOAHT yBeCiH4eHHe pa3WIHM4Hf B goxoAax
MYXK4HH H >KeHMHH, Te. B POCCHH He pa6oTaeT qaKTop nOBbiweCHHA
o6pa3oBaHHA KaK OCHOBHoro nyrT BbipaBHHBaH1H  HOJIOxCHHR MyyK-
x-IHH H )eHII1HH Ha pblHKC Tpyga. OrHaKO B MocKBe 6flarogap3ionepe-
KaionieA MoAepHH3agHH reHgepHblXpoiefl qpaKTop o6pa3OBaHHM Ha-
14HaeT pa6OTaTb <KaK rOnOOKeHO,>, 1H HcHpOHOP14HH B 3apa6OTKax
(69%) 3aMeTHO MeHbUie CpCeIHHX. 9TOT MeXaHH3M noKa He pa6oTaeT
no CTPaHe B 1eioM. B geripeccHBHbix, arpapHbIx H oco6eHHo cia6o-
pa3BHTbIX perHoHax C HH3KHMH ,oXogaMH HaceiieHH41 3apa6oTHas
rTiaTa KeHMHH 6nH3Ka K My)KCKOA, OAHaKO 3TO paBeHCTBO B6eAHOCTH.
Ha pHC. 3.2 rioKa3aHa3aBHCHMOCTb YPOBHA 3apa6OTHofl nilaTbI B POC-
CHH OT riOjia, B03paCTa H ypOBH O6pa3OBaHHM pa6oTHH4Ka.
OTAa'Ia Ha o6pa3oaHaHe >KeHM14HH CHH)KaeTC3 HeTOJIbKO Ha ripoTq -
AKeHHH nepHoga TpyJOBOfl Ae5TeJIbHocTH, HO H B HocnCeAyilomHi ne-
pHOA, TaKKaKpa3MCpneHCHHH 3aBHCHT OT HpegCueCTByIOII HX 3apa6OT-
KOB H HpOnOJDKHTeCJbHOCTH TPYAOBOro CTa)Ka [100]. CeroAH51 YPOBeHb
neHCHHH ?KeCH1H HCCKOJIbKO HKCe, 'IeM y MYAqHI4H [86; 88; 87], 'ITO CBAI-
3aHO npexAe Bcero C acHMMeTpH4Cf B ccepe 3aHHTOCTH. Y 2eH11J1H
3Ha4HT4TeIbHO HHAe 3apnriaTa, C KOTOpOA HaHcjmeTcSA HeHCHR, HX AO-
fIA B KaTeropRlHX JlbrOTHbIX HCeHCHOHePOB(BoCHHbie,nOJ4HTHKH H np.)
CpaBHHTenIbHO HH3Ka, TpyOBOf4 CTaXK Kopoxe, a BpeMM, 3aTpa4HBae-
MOe Ha peIPOAYKT4HBHbIH TpyT, He IBII5eTC o6iueCTBeHHO npH3HaH-
HbIM [86; 88; 87; 581].
D. PEAJIH3AIXHIS MYICMHHAMH H XKEHILRHHAMH
CBOEFO OBPA3OBATRJIbHOrO HOTEHHA.J1A
OcHoBbIBa5icb Ha gaHHbIX o6 OTHOCHTejbHO HH3KOM, no cpaBHeHHIO
c My)Kq4HHaMH, ypOBHe HpO4)CCCMOHaTbHOfl M06HIbHOCTHi H 3apa6oT-
HOH nnaTbI AKeHMIIH, HCKOTOPbIe 3KcrepTbl yKa3blBalOT, ITO o6pa3o-



3. FeCHepHbie acneKTbI o6pa30BaHwq                         63
BaHHe )KeHUHH He HrpaCT Ba>KHOH pO.TIH B o6ecfieteHHH Hx MaTepH-
anbHOl4 He3aBHcHMOcTH HIlH VClelllHOi4 Kapbepbl [173; 970]. TeM He
Meee, 6oImbmIHRc'TBo rOiCepKHBaeT HaAH4He CymeCTBeHHbIX HeMa-
TepHanJbHblX ipeHMImyeCTB o6pa3OBaHH5l g3AI pOCCHHCKHX KKeHHHH
Ho MHCHHto H. THXOHOBOH, BawKHeHiiHM c4aKTOpOM, orpegeIMloHlHM
KaK THn LueHHOCTHbIX OPHCHTauLH AKeHHIAHH, TaK H VCHelmHOCTb HX
>KH3HCHHbIX CTpaTerHi-l, qBJiCTC31 YPOBeHb o6pa3OBaHtlq. KaK TOJIbKO
>KeCHMIHHH HMCeT XOTT 6bl He3aKOHLIeHHO BbIcmee o6pa3oBaHHe, Be-
pOATHOCTb JIOcTR>CeHH51 >KH3HeHHbIX luejie, BK]Iio4Ma Co3i0aIaHe cqa-
CTnIHBOH ceMbH, 3aMeTHO BO3paCTaeT. TaKHM o6pa3oM, O6pa3OBaHHe
BbICTYrIaCT He TOJIbKO fpeAC OCbIJ1KOH npOcbeCCHOHa0bJIOc CaMopea-
JH3al1HH, HO H nIPOnYCKOM B Apyrylo )KH3Hb, r,ge OTHOHIeHHSI MeCy
MyWK'HHOH H )KeHI1tHHOfi HOCAT HCCKOJIbKO HHOH xapaKTep [ 1048].
A.M. 1amImbieB H H.B. fIaBpeHTbeBa o6paMalOT BHiMaHHe Ha COL1H-
anJbHblH BHeClIHHH BcJ4eKT OT HHBeCTHIJLHP B o6pa3oBaHHe, KOTOpbIH
SIBJI5IeTCH nOJIOA(HTe.lbHbIM kl 3HaqHTeJlbHbIM: pOCT O6pa3OBaHHq Tec-
HO CB313aH C ynJiyLneHHeM COCTOSHH5I 39OPOBbH CaMHX )KeHWHH H gae-
TeH [442]. P5g HcCjiejOBaTeYTeH yKa3blBafOT Ha TO, -ITO CTerHeClb TpyAO-
BOH aKTHBHOCTH )l(CKeHlAHI HaXO;HTCH B flpAMOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
o6pa3OBaHHM.a I,I )CeHMHH C BbICOKHM YPOBHeM o6pa3OBaHhh MaTe-
pHaIbHOe H COL"HaJbHOe 3HaeH-iHHe pa6OTbI OTHOCHTenbHO BbIlule.
H4 MyACq4HbI, H >KeHM1HHbl, HMeioWHe Bblcmlee o6pa3OBaHHC, HMmeOT
6onee BbICOKHe rIOKa3aTeJIH 3KOHOMH4eCKOfl aKTHBHOCTH H NieHee
CKJIOHHbl K 3aHAITOCTH B IOMaMlHeM xO3SIHcTBe. 3To MOAKHO HuTepripe-
THpOBaTb KaK HeCKeCiaHHe AKCHMHH C BbICOKHM YPOBHeM o6pa3OBaHHI
<,XOpOHHTb>> ce6si B ,gOMamiHeM xO35HqCTBe, HO T2K>Ke KaK HexKejiHHe
AKeHlJ4HH, CKJIOHHbIX K BbIHOnJIHeHIO Tpa,gU{L{HOHHOH reH,CepHOH pO-
nIH, ITlOBblllIlTb YPOBeHb o6pa3OBaHHH [100; 888]. HIo oiHeixKam 3Kcnep-
TOB, >KeHLlAHHbl c 6onee BbICOKHM o6pa3OBaHHeM HO4TH BgBOe CHub-
Hee o01ynaioT HepaBCHCTBO B AOJIDHOCTHOM pOCTe (75-68%), -1M
A(CHMHHbl C HeCOJIHbIM   Cpe,gHHM  H MCeHbIlTIM  o6pa3oBaHHeM
(43-33%) [12; 427, 922, 40]. OAHaKO AaHn-ioe o6CTOMTe.TbCTBO MOACHO
o6'biCH1HTb TeM, -ITO C HOBblHieCHHeM o6pa3OBaTeJlbHOV'O YPOBHR B03-
paCTae riOTpe6HOCTb B caMopeaJIH3aLjHH, 6o0ee o6pa3oBaHHble )KeH-
flHHbl HMmeOT 6onee BbICOKme npHTA3aHH5 H JiytlIe OCO3HaIOT peanb-
Hoe re1HAepHoe HepaBCHCTBO [56; 852]. TaraHporCKoe o6cJIegOBaHHe
CpHKCHpyeT cHH)KeHHe reH,AepHoH aCHMMeTPHH B pe3y.7bTaTe BbICOKO-
ro vpOBHM o6pa3OBaHH5A >CHI14HH [888].
CymeCTBeHHbIMHI, Ha B3FJIR 3KCnCpTOB, SABJIS3OTC5 ripo6.TieMbl He-
AOCTaTO'HO UOJIHoro HCHOJ[b3OBaHHI1 KBaJIHCpHKaa"HOHHOFO HOTeH-
giHana >KeHI1HH H HH3KOI OrlilaTbl UX TpyLa. HecMOTPq Ha 6o0eC Bbl-



64                                FeHjiepHble ipo6neMhI B POCCH1H4
COKHEfl (B CpeAHeM) YPOBeHb o6pa3oBaHHI5 H npo0eCCHOHaJbHO0
noArOTOBKH, lCCeHL11Hbl cocTrabwiOT 6oIblIIHHcTBo HH3KOonia4lHBae-
MbIX pa6OTHHKOB H COCPeAOTOxMCHbI Ha 6o0nee HH3KHX cTyneflx Kapb-
epHOPI jieCTHHLMbi no cpaBHeHH1O C Myl-WHHaMH. CpeAH 3aHsTblX
B rlpoMbIlmieiHoCTH, HMCeiloHX MHHMaJIbHbIe pa3pR1bl, )KeHM1HHbl
COCTaBJI5IIOT 2/3 H TOJIbKO 1/5 Tex, y KOrO 5 pa3pAA1 H BbleC [9361. 14c-
CJIClOBaTCJI. OTMCmealOT, -ITO TpyAoBOBl HOTeHuaHa >KeHII1HH Bcelra
HCOIuTb30BaJIC34 HC34teKTHBHO. )KeHMHflbl-CnleiAaf1HCTbl (HMmlo-
11He BblCUICee u cpejiHee cneuHMaAbHoe o6pa30BaMHe) TpaMUuHOHHO
Bbl1IOJIHSIIOT pyTHHHY1O y'-eTHO-CTaTHCTH'AeCKyIO hUH KaHileAqpCKymO
pa6oTy, a BbICOKHH YPOBCHb o6pa3oBaHHA cKopee oripeCAeCjieT HX CO-
LHaJIbHbIlH CTaTyC, 'eCM peaJIbHbCe 17po0peCCHOHaAbHbie B03MOWKHOCTH.
jn,1 nojLv-ieHH5I o'-epeJAHOrO TapHi4q)oro pa3pffAa WKeH1{HHA onaOKHa
npopa6OTaTb B rlOfTOpa-,ABa pa3a ,OJblHe, x-eM My)K(4Ha, a '-To6bl 3a-
HSTb TaKoe >Ke pa6o0ee MeCTO 1KeHiLAHHe Tpe6yeTcm 6oiee BbICOKHII
YPOBeHb nepBoHa'4a.bHOro o6pa3OBaHHq. Y )KCHIHIH 3aHHMaeMa1
AO0J1KHOCTb MaiAe He COOTBeTCTByeT CrellH"aAbHOCTH no o6pa3OBa-
HHIO: KI 10 rogam 6paKa OKOJIO 4eTBePT4 >KeHUAHH pa6oTaeT lie no cne-
HanAbHoCTH [56; 852].
Pe3ynbTaTbl TaraHporcKoro HCCjCie0B2HHH (7HKCHp1YOT CymCCT-
BeHHbie pa3JHIH451 B MO6HJIbHOCTH MyyKc H )KeH. EciH B o6cneqoBaH-
HbIX CeMbSX I10-TH HOJ1OBHHa Myy-)Ke HMehia BOCXO,5Hy1o Kapbepy, TO
cpei4H )KeH 3TOT THrn KapbCpbI BCTpeClanICq B TpH pa3a pewe. AIInu 40%
H43 HHX 6bTa xapaKTepHa MeACeHHO pacTyuimaq Kapiepa, p'um 17% -
CHHuKKaFomaSic, (y MVXK('-4H CMmHH>xa1uHIC TH4n KapbCpbl BCTpeMCH4a
IHIlb B 6,8% cJiyaeB). B O)AHOA BO3paCTHOA rpynne HaXOAEHJIOCb 60%
CyrIpyroB, npH 3TOM paBHoe o6pa3oBaHme uMeJiH 40%, BbironJIHAJIH
pa6oTy OJUHOrO VpOBHS KBaAMHc~KaLWu JIMHIJb OKOJIO TpeTH, a O09HHa-
KOBbWIP 3apa6OTOK HMejiH HeMHOrHM 6onee mwlrOH iaCTH cynpy)Kec-
KH1X nap. B 1989 r. o6mee caTIb,qo Mo6HJIbHOCTH, paCC-HTaHHOe KaK
pa3HElua MCW1,AY HO3HTHBHO0 E1 HeraTHBHOH Mo64JIhHOCTbIO, COCTaB-
iiAno +53,5% y My)KA'-4H H JIHILb + 180n y KeHIUHH. K 1998 F. nOKa3aTe-
JIM MO6HIRbHOCTH H y MyTKq'iHH, H y ?KCHMHH CyHeCTBCHHO yXyMR4lIH-
JlHCb. 11PH 3TOM COLIHaJIbHO-3KOHOMH'-eCKMe H3MeHCHHS B 6oJiblIeU
CTeC17HH CKa3aTIHCb Ha COIuHaJbHOA M06JIhbHOCTH My>KqHH: COOTBeT-
CTBO1y me r nOKa3aTeJH COCTaBHJIH +3,3% y MyWI14H u -6,6% y zeH-
LimUM. DKCIIepTbl OTMeqalOT, rTO npoiecc H3MeHeHH45 coumHaAbHOrO
CTaTvca HPOHCXO14HT y AKCHRHH MCHee MHTCHCMBHO, eCM y My)KWHH.
flo jaHHbIM rairaHporcKoro MCcJIe14OBaHHII >KeHa <'HarOHm1eTi MY)Ka C
1 0-JieTHero Bo3paCTa CeMbM. OTMeCaeTCq TaK>Ke, 'ITO )KCHI4UHHbi 6o-
nIee MOJIOAbIX KOIOpT aKTMBHeC peaJH3yfOT B03MO)KHOCTH npotjeccH-



3. FeHAcpHbIe acneKTbl o6pa3oBaHtia                        65
OHaJIbHOIO pOCTa, 4eM CTapmee HoKoJIeHHe [436; 888; 1009].
CornacHo cTepCOTHnHOMY Hpe,qCTaBJIeHHIO, pa3IH4H4A B Kapbepe
H 3apa6OTKax BO MHOrOM o6ycnoBTieHbl 60nCee HH3KOH npOH3BO0JH-
TeCJbHOCTbIO Tpyja )KCH4LLHF. DKCriCpTbl OTMCeaiOT, MTO ripe,CTaBJ1eHHe
3TO BCpHO JIHHIb OT'laCTH. Hlo gaHHbIM A. CyBopoBa, B 1993-1998 FF.
peCACeIbHa.5 34CeKTHBHOCTb HCHOJIb3OBaHHM Tpyga MyAK4HH ripUMep-
HO Ha 12-14% npeBocxojiuia aHaTIorHqHbIH floKa3aTeCIb ,gJ KeHH1rHH.
B TO w1e BpCM5 flpeBbIuCHHC CpCeHCH 3apa6OTHoH HruaTbl MYWK4HH Hag
3apa6OTHOti nnIaTOH KCeHIIr4H COCTaBJLSIo 40% [ 1104, 71]. B rpynre ca-
MbIX HH3KOOrlia,-IHBaeMbIX xKeH1AHHbl COCTaBJLuIOT 70%, xoTSI YPOBeHb
o6pa3oBaH- 3,AeCb AOCTaTO'HO BbICOKHH.
Bonpoc o HaJIH4H reCHJepHo$4 acHMMCTPHH B pa6oTocnocO6HOc-
TH4, TPYIAOBOH oTJgaqe, HpoH3BOQJ4TCJIbHOCTH Tpy,ia ABJISAeTCSI KpaHHe
rIpOTHBOpeq4HBbIM. Hlo gaHHbIM HCCJIeCOBaHHM LfrPT MD PAH, 6o.nee
4eTBepTH pyKOBO,AHTeJCeA JIpeCnpHITHH cornacHmHcb C TeM, 'TO IfpO-
H3BOJ1HTeCJbHOCTb Tpyga BblIHe y My>Kq4H, B TO BpCMH KaK 60nIeC BbICO-
KylO HpOH3BOAHTeCJbHOCTb )KeHCHH OTMeTHnIH JIHIUb OKIo 4%. BMec-
Te c TeM 35% pa6oTo4aTejnCef coJaciCHIHCb C YTBepCJIeHHeM 0 TOM, WTO
>KeHLLHHbl oTJIHMaIOTCSI BbICOKOH pa6oTocnoco6HOcTblo, H TOJIbKO 6%
C TeM, 'TO >KeHIIHHbl pa6oTalOT MCegVCHHO. OAHO H3 o6-b3IceHCHH CO-
CTOHT B TOM, WTO Ha ripOT5iAKCHHH KOpOTKOrO riepHOga BpCMCHH FpO-
H3BOWHTeCJbHOCTb Tpyjqa )KeHM1H  He yCTynaeT MyAKCKOI, OgHaKO 3a
IVHTeCbHbIl iCepHOA BpeCMCHH COBOKYnHa3i oTgawa OT TpyTa MYW4C4H
BbIme, TaK KaK AKCHMIHbl wmaHe OTCyTCTByIoT Ha pa6oTC B CBII3H C He-
o6xo,AHMOcTbIo COBMeWeHHSI ceMeCHhIX H HpOH3BOACTBCHHbIX o651-
3aHHOCTeH [803].
B 4tIcJne cIaKTOpOB, IpCIISTCTByIOHIHX yCCellHOfl TpyJJOBOt Kapbe-
pe )KeHMHH, 3KCCepTbI BbIJClJIIiOlT HnpeCKgC Bcero npreo611agaioMye
B o6IIeCTBe H )KeHcKoM CO3HaHHH rCHACPHEbIe CTepeOTHHIbl 11 4BOH-
HylO HOIU0Y, KeClHHH, iieO6XOqrMOCTb COueTaTb CeMeHHbie H ripoq4ec-
CHOHaJ1bHibIC 06R3aHHoC'rH. YKa3blBaCTCa, 'TO OTCyTCTBHe pa3BHTOIt
I4i-tc)paCTpyKTypbl npH naflpTiHiapXan1bHbIX B 3Ha4IHTeCJbHOPI CTCeieHlC
HCpefCTaBJ1eHH5IX 0 pO114 )KCIIHAHHbl B CCMbe H o6HJeCTBC, B TOM I14CJIC
1 y CaMHX KCeHII1111, ACeJaJIo FIX B 6OJHbAII14HCTBe cJiy)aCB pa6OTIllHKaMrH
BTOPOFO CopTa, IICCMOTpSI Ha OTHOCITeCJbHO 60nCee BbICOKHH o6pa30-
BaTeJIbIlbHA ypOBeCb. B cHIry geACTBHI IeCHACPHOFO KOHTpaKTa ti reFC-
JCpHbIX CTCeCOTHFIOB wieHLCHLHbl HipCJIOIHTaJllH JCep)KaTbCA B TeHIl
My?K'iHH H MY)KCKOrO m4H,CpCTBa [56; 173: 286; 1104]. Ho gaHHbIM o6-
CICelLOBaHHSI B PbI6HHCKe, B Ka4CCTBC rJlaBHOrO (PaKTOpa, MCIeuIaiiCFO
HIX yCHCeMHOH peaJIH3al4HH 1B npOpeCCHOilaJIbHOH o6iiaCTH, caMi 2KCH-
IIJHllbl BblgeiCIiOT HCXBaT'KV BpCMCF[H. KpOMC Oro, OTMCMaCTC HeC-



66                                reHgepHbie npo6neMbi B PocCHH
XBaTKa BOCIHTaHH5q, HeXBaTKa o6pa3oBaHulA, My3KCKOAi mOB1HH3M,
naCcHBHOCTb, Heogo6peH4e My)KeA. Kaxcyio H3 3THiX ripm.i4H yKa3aiia
ipHM4epHo H5lTal 4iaCTb onpo1iieHHbIX 2eHU1HH [ 17 3] .
aKCflepTbI yKa3blBaIOT, 'ITO Aims 60obJIIH4HCTBa )KeHMlHH PocciMr nle-
piog nonyqeI4AH rpo4eccl4OHahbHbIX 3HaHHhA H HaBbIKOB coBnagaeT
C BbIHOJuieHmHeM eio (4yHKijvH4 MaTepH, 'TO He MO)KeT He CKa3aTbCq Ha
TpyAOBOI Kapbepe. C 1965 no 1991 r. CpegHMif BO3paCT MaTepH ripH
powKeHI4H nepBoro pe6eHKa ynani C 24,8 go 22,9 jieT, nplMepHO Ha
3TOM YPOBHC OH HaXOAIHTC$ H ceWiac. 9TO HH)Ke, 4eM B pa3BHTbIX
CTpaHax. B KameCTBe O,HOf4 1413 OCHOBHbIX np WIHH CHHvAKeHH BO3pac-
Ta BCTynTIJeHHI" B nepBblH 6paK H paHHero MaTepHHCTBa BbiAejiMeTCq
OTCyTCTBi4e KOHTPOJS Ha, pOACaeMOCTbIO [5; 767; 771].
Bo MHOrHX cTiy4a5Ix >KeHLlU4Hbl ,ejiaIoT Co3HaTeJIbHbig Bbi6Op B
HOJIb3y CCMbI4. MHorme H3 HHX 3aHHTepecOBaHbl B pa6oTe c 6o0iee
Fm6KHM pe)KHMoM, HO3BOJIUOIJMMM COBMCeuaTb ripoXeCCCHOHaRbHbie
o6sI3aHHocTI C (YHKIC4HMH4 MaTepH H X033IHKH gZOMa. BMeCTe C TeM
3KCnepTbl OTMe'laIoT, 'ITO npeo6JiagaHHe y )KeHM14Hbl KapbepHOiA HI4
CeMelAHOI AOMHHaHTbl TajieKo He BCerAa 3iBnJeTCA pC3yjibTaTOM oco-
3HaHHoro npeRrnOxITeHHH. B 60JIblllHCTBe ciyqaeB Ta HMm 14HaH gOMH-
HaHTa 3BJIHMTCA BblHyxC<eHHOA H U coDpoBowaeT cHxojiori4iecKiM
,qHCKOM4)OpTOM. Hlpeogo.neBan ,AMCKPHMHLHaL4HIO B ripOH3BOJACTBeH-
HOH c4)epe, >KeHIAHLHbl 'aCTO .ejialOT 3TO B yuAep6 HHTepeCaM ceMbH,
qTO riepefC Bae'TC5I 4MH OxCHb 6o0e3HeHHo. rlOrpy)KeHHOCTb B Kapbe-
py o6e,AHReT 3MOLIAHOHaJIbHYIO >KIH3Hb )KeHM14HbI, coHpOBox<AaeTCTC
omyWIeHiCHeM Ol:4HO,4eCTBa, CTaAKHBaeTCA C MOJI4aJI4BbIM HeoAo6pe-
HHeM o6flieCTBeHHoro MHeHHH. B TO wCe BpeMq )KeHnHHbl, 3aMKHyTbiC
Ha CeMblO, CTpagalOT OT HelOJIHOTbI TBOpxieCKoi H coiHaJIbHOfi caMo-
peaJIH3a,L1H, HeJgOOUeHKI4 cBoero ji4qHorO Ha'ania CO CTOpOHbl Apy-
i-HX LIeHOB CeMbH, OT TIOJIHOH MaTepHaTibHOfl 3aB14CHMOCTH. rIo jgaH-
HbIM o6cjiegoBaHHPi JII4Ib OKOJIO 10-15% )KeHMHWH rOTOBbl
COCpeAOTOIHTCHq Ha BblrnOJIHCHIH 14MME I4CKJflO-ll4TeJlbHO penpOAyK-
T14BHOi c4yHKIAH1 4,RO AOCTi4KeHEH HX geTbMH UIIKOTIbHOrO BO3paCTa
[56; 442; 803; 1025; 1048; 1 104].



4. HPOBJIEMbI 3)XOPOBbI,
B 3TO9 rniaBe paccMaTpHBaloTc i npo6fTeMbl 3AOpOBb5I HaceCJeHH5 Poc-
CH1CKOHi OegepaLgHH. JiaBa COCTOHT H3 pa3gejioB, B KOTOPbIX ocBeuLa-
IOTC.I npo6neMbl MYKCKOFO H 14CKHCKoro 3,AopOBbA, a TaioKe penpo,yK-
THBHoro 3TAOPOBbH (BIVJIO4qal nipaBa H oco6eHHocTm perpO,AyKTHBHOrO
rOBegaeHM MYXC4HH H WKeHIA1HH).
A. HPOBJIEMbI MYNICKOFO 3ROPOBbH
H CBEPXCMEPTHOCTh CPEJH MYXKqHH
BbICOKHf4 YPOBeHb cMepTHOCTH HaceiieHH1 ABJIAeTCA riiaBHOH ripo-
6neMof AeMorpaP4-iecKoro pa3BHTHM POCCHH. CpeAHAH1 ripo,oniK-
TeJIbHOCTb )KH3HH HacenieHHA POCCHH 3HaIHTChIbHO (Ha 2-3 rojla)
BbipocJIa BO BTOpOH HOJIOB]4He 1980-x rO,OB, 3aTeM pe3KO ynana B Ha-
tIane 1990-x H MegJneHHO yBeIHIqHBaJIacb ,o 1998 r., AOCTHrHyB 61 ro-
ga y MYKq{HH H 73 nIeT y >KeHM1HH. 3a 1998-2000 rr. CpeAH5m npo,oJi-
KHTeJIbHOCTb KH3HH BHOBb CHH3HJaCb go 59 nIeT y My)KqHH Hgo 72
nIeT y xKeHLIIH. flo CBHAeTeJIbCTBY 3KCnepTOB, geMorpacfH4ecKy1O CH-
TyaLIHIO B UeJIOM cerOAHA MO)KHO oHpeAejiHTb KaK cTarHaLwHio: pe3KO-
ro yXy,Lu1IeHHA He rnpOHCXOgHT, HO H CCpbC3HbIX ynyqlmelHHHi HeT [282,
53; 912, 58-66].
OTJIHMHTeCJbHOA oco6eHHOCTbIO POCCHH 4IBJISIeTCqI HaiHmHe KO-
JIOCCanJbHOrO (12-13 nCT) Pa3pbIBa B IpOAOJIn(KHTeJIbHOCTH 4KH3HH
MYKxHHH H H A(CH14HH, 1ITO IBJIIeTCq YHHKanJbHbIM ,J1A1 MHpOBOH JAeMO-
rpa4H(LecKoA CHTyai4HH. CpemH ropoJcKorO HaceCJeHH5I CpeCAH5A npo-
AOJIKHTCJIbHOCTb 4KH3HH HCCKOJIbKO Bblme, relHCepHblHI Pa3pblB MeHb-
we [339, 45]. PerHoHaJlbHblH pa36poc HpOAOJI)KHTeJTbHoCTH >KH3HH
COCTaBJI5{eT OT 49 nIeT B pecry6auHKe TyBa ,go 66 nieT B ,garecTaHe, r,ge
HH3Ka CMCpTHOCTb OT Hec4acTHbIx CJTyaeCB OTpaBjieHHfl H TpaBM. Hp4
3TOM pa3HHua B HpOgjODKHTeJIbHOCTH )KH3HH MypK1HH H14KeHM1HH H3-
MeH5ICeTC3 OT 9 Ao 15 neT [86, 125; 900]. CaMaH HH3KaS IlpoAojnK4HTeCib-
HOCTb )KH3HH MyA(wHH xapaKTepHa gnA HeqepHo3eMbsl H perHOHOB
iora CH6HpH H 14ganbHero BocToKa, rge MaKCHMabHO Bo3gefHCTBHe no-
BeJeH4eCKHX 4JaKTOPOB (ripexgae Bcero aJIKoroJIH3Ma) H HH3KOFO



68                                 Fe1itgepHble npo6JneMbi B PocciHrn
YpOBHA o6pa3OBaHHH HaceIieHH$I. B HellepHo3eMbe pa3pbIB B npo,Aoji-
KlHTeJbHOCTH 4)K3HH4 My)MKHH Hi >KeHM14H Ha46OJIee BbICOK (14,5-16
neT), 'ITO CBq3aHO C CyIeCTBeHHbIM14 MC)KeojiOBbIMI4 pa3J1iHMHMAM  B
pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTi4 aCoui4aJlbHbIX qcOpM o6pa3a AM3HH [427,4-51.
OcHOBHaSI -12CTb My)KCKOH CBepXCMepTHOCTH flpHXO,RHTCSI Ha Tpy-
AOCnOcO6Hblfi BO3pacT. CMepTHocTb MyWc-IHH H wKeH11t1H TpyAOCnO-
co6Horo B03paCTa MMeeT CylHeCTBeHHibie pa3JIH4'qH5: K03ct14HIJHeHT
cMepTHOCTH MY:K4KHH B 3,8 pa3a Bbile [34; 72; 982,12]. Ha'4HHaq c 1998
rojqa JABe TpeTH o6fero nplpocTa cMepTHocTh ripH4xo,gwTTc Ha TpyIO-
cnoco6Hbix rpaxAcaH. B 1998 r. cpegH jim4 cTapme TpyLOcnoco6HOrO
Bo3paCTa MyAc-IHHbl COCTaBjiJH JIHUb 30,6%, *KeHiM4Hbl - 69,4%; cpe-
AH4 JHL" TpyLAOCnOco6HorO BO3paCTa MY)KT4HHbI COCTaBnjIjH 46,2%
(B 1993 r - 49,2%) [914, 19]. BepOflTLIOCTb TOrO, -TO MyCKH14Hbl, ,0-
CTHi-rmTe Bo3pacTa 20 jieT, go)KHByT go neHcHi, B 1990 r. 6buma 70%, B
1995 - 54% [460,177]. Ho AaHHblM B. HJKOJIbHl4KOBa, n4K OTHOCHTeJIb-
HO BbICOKOH My-cCKOA cMepTHOCTH B BO3pacTe 25 nIeT BOCtpoI43BOql4T-
C51 B TeMCeHHe pA7a JgeCslTHJIeTi4A. B HaCTO5iHCee BpeMA OH TpaHC4OpM14-
poBa.TiC5 B M14HHHrIIaTO C B03paCTHbiMH rpaHH14iaMHi 20-30 neT -
BO3paCTa Ha46oJIee aKT4BHOlH coLgHanI43aULH  MywK4HH, KaK B ripo4)ec-
C4OHaJLbHOM, TaK 14 B CeMCe4HOM OTHOmICHeH. Ha6AnOaeTCcH TaK)Ke
BCHTIeCK OTHOCi4TeJbHOA My)KCKoIi CMepTHOCTH B BO3pacTe 40-50 neT
(pH4C. 4.1 H 4.2 H Ta6JIn 4.1) [1221].
PHCyHOK 4.1. OxcHEaeMaR IpOJOJmKHTeCjiLHOCTb xm3H
IpH pOICIeHHH
(1993-2002 IT.)
75
I                               -'
70                                    K  [1bI-FpJ
70I                                       - -KeHWHbi-ropoA 
4                        _~~~~~~~~~~~~~4-My)KqMHbl - OPOA
651--  |   -                        )-KeHUAWHbl-ceno
W                    }                  )(KeHUAMHb -ceo
60
55
50-- _--__                      _-_
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
rOAbl
kIcmoELiuu: FOCKOMCTaT.



4. flpo6neMbi 34OPOBb5l                                            69
ECTb gaHHbIC, CBHgACTeJhCTBYIOIIeiC o cyUXeCTIOBaHi4H 6HonorHie-
CKH npegornpe,ejieHHOi    l coIURaJbHO C4opMHIpoBaHHoH4 MyXKCKOH
CBepXCMCPTHOCTh. IHo Pa3HbIM o0CeHKaM [72; 460, 174; 1216], 6EoIno-
FHecCKiHi nOTCegian o61bacuqeT pa3TlIEiHe B FpO4OJI)KPITeJCbHOCTH
KEi3HH OT 2 ,go 7 neT. OCTaJlbHaa 4aCTb o6ycnOBneHa COLU4aJbHO-SKO-
HOMH4eCKH4MH npPiHiHaMii. B ux 4mcine o6bl'qHO Bbi4eiaiIOT TpaAHL94-
OHHbie vAu Pocci4m c4aKTopbi: pa3JIMHbIe ripaKT14KI4 CaMOCOXpaHeH14I
y My2KM4fH Ef ?KeHI4I4H, pe3MCepHoe yrioTpe6nTeHiEe MY3K4fHaMH aJIKo-
rona [460; 912, 66; 1216] 1t HOBbIC l4JaKTOpbl, CBH53aHHbIC C H3MeHeHH-
eM reHJepHbIX pOJIeBbIX HOpM.
BCTaBICa 4.1. Bo3BpaweHHe Tpag,zI**OHHOfi CeMBH
ECJI pai-wHee o6lueCTBeHImo rOOIIpHeMOOI C4HTXa1Cb CHTyaLJHH, HrPI KOTOPOU 11
My,KqHHa, )KCeHILUHa pa6oTajiln B o63ecTBeimoM HpOHS3BoQCTBe, TO cerO4H51 B
o6igecTme B03pOK4aIOTCH CHMEIaTHH K TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH TpaHAHIJIOHHOH CeMbe.
MyKqlHT fbl OKa3aJlHCb B yChoBuMXx KecTKoh KO IKypeHTHOA 6opb6bi, BbiHym,LIeHbI
CYIACCTBCHHO yBe.nHMHBaTb HpOAOJDKHTeJTbHOCTh pa6otero jHm, ,iauje cTanKu-
BaIOTCH C KpHMHHanJbHb1MH rpOIpBieCHMHMH, ACBaj1bBau11eH npofp(CCCHOHaJTb-
HbIX HaBblKOB, He BHHCblBaIOTCAI B HOByEO peaJlbHOCTb. MHorHe 143 HHX He CMOr-
JnH OCBOHTb pOJ1b KOpMHIbLXCB, He MOYrT Bbigep)(aTb pasBHJI KOHKypeHTHOO
14rpbl, qTO HrBpBogmT K c-rpeccam [263; 460; 1049]. HpH 3TOM HCOcnetOBaTeJiH OT-
MeMaTOT, 'TO 3aBHCHMOCrb MCeACY CTpeCCOM H CMePTh1O BbIPxCCeH3 y MY)KMHH
3Ha'HTeJIbHO CHJbHee, 'leM y )KCHMUHH [900], a B HaEl6OJIburle cTCTeHH KpH3HC
coitAHanbHbIx ponieu ceroHnA CKa3blBae'TC Ha 40-neiTHx Mp4EHHEax [1 221].
Pe3ynbTaTbl HCCJIe,OBa-H4fl HO3BOJISHOT ripCAfOnO)KHfTb, 'ITO OT-
pa)KeHHeM   OnilCaHHbIX HeraTilBHbbIx ripOUeCCOB 3HBJI5IeTCA pOCT
CMCPTHOCTH4 OT HeeCTeCTBeHHbIX flpH-MEiH, K -IHCJIY KOTOpbIX OTHO-
CH CTr CH -
* BHCUEIHi4W npII4EHbl (HeCCaCTHble cnyiqan, OTpaBJICHIH3, TpaB-
Mbi, y64flcTBa, caMoy6HhcTBa).
* Cepje'iHO-COCyA14CTbie 3a6ofeBaHki4.
* lpCApeC,BpCMCHHbIC iHicpapKTbl.
*  I4HCynbTbl.
* 5I3BeHHaM 6one3Hb WKCJWYAOHHo-KHiiieMHOrO TpaKTa.
Oco60 BbiJeCisieTCI TaKo01i qaKTop MyKCKOHt CBcepxcMepTHOCTH4
KaK <fCHXO1OFH4qlecCKHIt CyHiHji4g>, Korgqa BbI6paHHblfi <(CTHJJb )KI13HH>'



70                                   FeHAcpnbIe npo6aeMb B PoccHH
BCTaBica 4.2. CMCpTHOCTh OT CaMOy6HACTB
B POCCHH cmepTHocTb OT caMoy6HHcTB npeBbiunlaer cpeIlHeeBponcflcKHfl ypo-
BeHb y MY)KqCHH B 2,5 pa3a, y xceHrHH B noJITopa. CMepTHOCTb MXCq4HH OT CaMO-
y6HncTB B 5 pa3 npeBbnjiaeT cMepTHocTb)KeHII4H1, a BOB3paCTax 25-39neT -
B 8 pa3. npm STOM y MyXCqMH HMeHHO cMepTHocTh OT CaMoy6n4fCTB JHhAHpyeT
no TeMriaM pOCTa. Ko344HHCeHT CMepTHOCTH MyXOqHH B TptyOCHOCO6HOM
B03pacre no IIpHMHHHecaMoy6HncTBa c 1990 no 1994 roR BbIpOC B 1,72 pa3a,
coTaBa B 96,8 Ha 100000 MyXK01H [72; 484; 914].
PHc. 4.2.3aBHcHcMoCTb mHHexca CBCpxcMepTHoCH My2MHH OT
BO3pacTa B PoccHH, 1996 H 2001rr.
4,5 1;Q>*i
4
3,5      -    -  ':
j~ ~~ ~ ....,        .  ,.,'   ,,,,   *-5;'slBa 
3    2r  ----------r4* ;;                    *4-  4.       j
0
01     1  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50v 55:60.65-70 7580
O,   - - - - - - - - -
01 ) 1  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 30
Bo3pacr (B rOAax)
HcMnoznHuK: rOCKOMCTaT.
B KOHeMHOM HTore HeOTBPaTHMO HPHBOJJHT K yTpaTe 3AOPOBbSI
4 HpexAceBpeMeHHoH CMepTH [914, 70]. OAHaKO MHorFe aBTOpbI [73;
339; 1049; 1216] CHipaBCRHBO yKa3blBalOT, 9TO JIOAIH He CBO6OAHbl
B BbI6Ope Toro [HIi [iHoro CThMSI )KH3HH. B COBpeMeHHO14 POCCHN



4. Hpo6IeMbl 3AOPOBb5I                                         7 1
B YCJIOBH.qX CO1HaIbHoro KpH3i4Ca, 6e3pa6OTHILbI, KaTaCTpOcpHLeC-
KOrO CHH)KeHHA g0XOO,0B OCHOBH01 MaCCbl HaceneHIH4H H gerpagaiguH
TePPH4TOpH14 BO MHOri4X ciyiaflx <,caMoy6HiiCTBeHHbl94i> CT14Ib )KH3HH
BOBCC He npeCcTaBnAHeT co6o01 cnegcTBHe coiH4aJIbHoro BbI60pa
H .1HT.IHOCTHbIX rIpeArTI0WreHmHf, a qBJIACTCA couLHanbHO HaB5I3aHHbIM.
f1o gaHHbIM TaraHporCKHX 06cne     B0BaHHfi, aJIKorojiH3aUH.4A coqeTa-
TIaCb C rJIOXH4M4 YCfOBH4M]l4 Tpyga 1H )KHJIHMHbLIM4 YCJIOBHIMH4 (60%),
C H143KHM AYLeBbIM AOXOAOM (55%), C TDKeJIbIM14 OTHloICieHHMH
BceMbe (80%) [339, 2361.
Ta6jiHIUa 4.1. MyUmHI.I H SeH UeHHbi, yMepmHUe
B TpyAocnoco6HoM BO3paCTC (IeHMUHH       B BO3paCTe 16-54 .ieT,
My)qfUHbl B Bo3paCTC 16-59 jieT), no OCHOBHMM KICaccaM
HpHqHH cMepTH, 2001 r.
HaceiieHue,    Ha 100 000 wo.
mbic. ue,7.      naczeeuqus
.?euu4uubi MyauIm )Keie4unbi My-c7unbi
YMeplme orT BccxnppiHH - Bcero:  135      515      315     1170
143 HHX OT:
6o.ne3Mef cHcTeMbi KpoBoo6paiueHHq  36    149       85      339
Hec4acTHbix cyTyqaeB, oTpaBneHrnA
H TpaBM                        40      205       94      466
HoBoo6pa3oBaHHAl                  27       48       64      108
6o1e3Hefl4 opraHoB AbIXaHH         5       26       12       60
6one3Hel opraHOB nlHmeBapeHH       8       23       19       52
HeKOTOpbiX MH43eKiOjMHHbIX
H napa3H4TapHbix 6one3HeA       4       23        9       52
JIpyrHx 6olie3HeTi                15       41       32       93
1lcmotiHuK: FOCKOMCTaT.
Eie QgHH4M cPaKTopoM,    OPMIHPYI0OH14M MY)KCKYIO CBepXCMepT-
HOCTb, oTMe4aeMbIM B pAge pa6oT, IBJIIOTCq YCJIOBH4 3aHaTOCTm. ,lIonI
)KeHM14H, 3aHqlTbIX B yCJIOBHHX, He oTBetaionAkLx caHHTapHo-r'HrI4eHH4e-
CKHM HopMaM, npaKT-HmecKH B JCBa pa3a MeHbiue CooTBeTCTBylohie0 goJm4
MyA014HH (14,9% H 26,4% COOTBeTCTBeHHO). Cpcg14 3aHAThIX B npOMbILu-
iCHHocTH 0Ao1A Tex, KTO pa6oTaeT Ha o6OpyjAoBaHH14, He oTBe4ailoieM
Tpe6QBaHHJM 6e3oriacHOCT, y )KeHIULHH cocTaBjiIIcT 0,3%, MY>KxHH -
0,7%. Jlonm noc-rpagaBJ1nI4x OT HeCCaCTHbiX cTiyqaeB Co CMepTeJbHbIM 14C-



72                                FeHAepHbie npo6JIeMbl B PoCCnu
XOAOM COCTaBSIqCT ,ALVH MY?)K'HH - 24 Ha 100 000 qenOBeK, g,45 )KeH-
IlHH - 2 [100, 183-184]. CTaTHCTHMCcKHf4 aHaJIH3 H MHorocjaKropHoe
MOAeCJIPOBaHHil BJIHHHSI oco6eHHocreft HpOH3Bo0CTBa Ha geMorpa4PH-
4eCKHe r0pouCCCbI HOKa3aJIH HanHi4-He CyUeCTBeHHOA TeCHOTbI CB513H
MCACJy CTpyKTypOi 3aHATOCTH H cMepTHOCTbIO HaceCieHHH, B CepBy1O
O'-epCeb My2KCKOf. MogeJIHpOBa1-1ue nOKa3aJIO, 'TO, CCeH 6bl BCC My)K-
cKoe HaceieHHie perHOHa 6buio 3aHqITO TOJIbKO B yrIie H HeCTeCAo6bl'e,
ypOBeHb CMepTHOCTH OT TpaBM, oTpaBJICHHI4, y6tiACI'B H RpyrHx ripHM1lH
,gOCTHr 6bl 31,8% [772].
CyIeCcTBeHHoe r1O3HTHBHOC BJHLHHe Ha HpOMOJDKHTeCJbHOCTb
5KH3HH, B TOM YHcne B acrieKTe coKpaieHH5F rCH4CepHoro pa3pblBa, Hr-
paeT YPOBeHb o6pa3oBaHHA. Hlo HeKOTOpbIM AaHHbIM, Ha Kax4cbflH ro,
o6yeHCHHH B y4e6HOM 3aBeCeHHHH CMepTHOCTb pOCCHAH CHHK4CaeTC
Ha 9% y MyK'qIHH H Ha 7% y KeHH14H [739, 43]. B 1989 r. pa3pbIB B npO-
AOnKA4HTeCJbHOCTH )KH3HH MewAy rpyrinaMH C BblCImI H  HCHFOJIHblM
CPCHJHHM o6pa3OBaHHlCM COCTaBHJI y My)KQ-HH 7 nIeT, y )KeHIHHH OKOO
2 nIeT [56]. Hat6oJlbmuiHe pa3JIHqHS B H9poJoJIKHTeCJbHOCTH )KH3HH
MyXKqHH H )KeHIIHH B rpynne C HaHMeHbIHHM YPOBHCM o6pa3oBaHH4
[100,191].
B. HPOIJIEMbI 2KEHCKOrO 3j0POBBbA
DKCnepTbl BbIA/JIHIOT HeCKOnbKO OCHOBHbiX pHMqHH, B CHJny KOTOpbIX
o6tbeM rOCyAapCTBCHHbIX paCXO4OB Ha 3JlpaBOOXpaHCHHC HMCeT XJl
CKeHMIHH HPOHOPLXHOHaSJbHO 6onbmee 3Ha'-iCHH4, '-eM An1 My2K'-IHH.
Bo-nepBbIx, B CHJy 6Honorw-ieCKLIx oco6eHHocTef, CBq3aHHbIX C pe-
HpOJiyKTHBHOP  yEYHKLHCef, )KCHfHHbi nOJub3ylOTC5 MCAHUHHICKHMH
yCJIyraMH 6onee HHTeHCHBHO. BO-BTOphlX, nOTpe6HOCTH B MeCHIHH-
CKOM o6CnyJI�HBaHHH HaH6oJCee OHyTHMbI y JHU" noA(HJIorO B03paCTa,
cpeCJ4H KOTOpblX npeo6najiaaoT >KeHlgHHlbl. B-TpeTbHx, B pe3ynfbTaTe
cPeCN1HHH3al4l H 6e4HoCTIA )KCHIIHHbl o6jIaAaIOT MCIlblIllHMH B03MO?K-
HOCTmJMiI A1 oHIjaTbl YTCJIVr 3APpaBooxpaHc1IH1 [72; 102; 410; 428; 503;
564; 893; 959; 1045; 1143; 1 144],
Hlo OueHKaM SKCnCpToBB, DegCepa2J1,Hble iOprpaMMbI UOKpblBa1OT
OoTpe6HoCTH OXPaHbl 3,qOpOBbqI KCeHlJHH Ha 20% OT HeO6XoQHMoro.
Ho gaHHbiM A. H6parmMoBof, M. KpacHJrbHHKOBO H 11. OBsapoBoB,
HaceICeHHCe c 0AXooaMHI HHKC HIpO2KHTO-HOFO MlIHHMyMa, Cpe,AH KO-
TOpOrO >KeHLIIHbl I 1peCTaBTJeHbl B 1,2 pa3a 4aae (B CTapHhHX Bo3pa-
CTHblX rpynnax B 4 pa3a), TpaTHIT Ha MeAHLXHHCKOe o6CJIyAKHBalIHe
11 JIeKapCTBa B TpH pa3a 6onbrnvlo M5ICTb CBOHX AOXOJOB, 'em HMCeO-



4. Hpo6neMbl 3AJOOBbSI                                             73
mHe H2HIBbICUJHC AOXOAbI. Cpe1u neHCUOHepOB BeJIHKa 4oJ3i 6e7HbIX
HO npu3HaKy JgeHpHBak4HU: OCHOBHbIM BHZJOM JiUIICeHHH CTa11a II1B03-
MO)KHOCTb HOJIy4eHHII Heo6xoJUMoI MCAUEUHCKOH rOMOmLH H JIe-
KapCTB. OAHO U3 H12pBbIX meCT B CTpyKType HJIaTHbIX MeCJUlUHCKHX
ycniyr 3aHUMaIOT rtJaTHbie KOHCYJIbTaB1H no 6epeMeiiHocTxI H pOJaM:
K HUM HpH6CraJI 41% onpomIeHHbIX, 143 KOTOpbIX HOYTH HOJIOBHHa
tic HMeJIa B03MOMKHOCTH IIpOKOHCYJ1bTHpOBaTbC5I 6ecruiaTHo [428].
B paMKax o6cJ1CAOBaHH5I pCHPOAYIorHBHOrO 3AOPOBb51 H npaB MOJIO4e-
ACI, oKOJIO  0OJIOBHHbl ACeByUeK OTMeTHJIH, 'TO KBahH4p)uI4UpOBaHHa51
HOMOIJb aKy[uepa-rHHeKOJ[O1'a BO3MO)KHa TOJIbKO 3a fJiaTV H TIM JEHU-
HO liejAocTynHa [504].
CoIpaHCeHUC rocygapCBCTBeHHOFO cHHaHCHpOBaHI5q 3ApaBoOxpa-
HeHUM H cro 1 e0le paHP U   43a3H1 HOBJICKJIII 3a Co6oA J1HKB4gaaH1O MHa-
'-HTeJIbHOFO IiHCJIa MeAUIAHHCKU1X YHpeAKe4HHU B He6onTblIInnx ropoAax
H CCJebCKOH MCCTHOCTU. B pC3yJIbTaTe Bo3pocJia [ipCAe1bH a3 oTqa3eH-
HOC'I'b MeAHIIHHCKHX yYpeCgeHHCH OT Mecta 5KHTCJIbCTBa. HpnE STOM
O6CCe,AOBaHHa 3ad4)UKCUpOBaJIU, Y-TO >KeHIAUHbI TpaT5IT Ha JAOPOry
6o.nblle BpeMeHU, '-eM MyAKz-lUIIbl. Ha wKeHiimJIH, )KHBYILJHX B He6OJIb-
tHUX ropogax U CeClbCKOH MeCTHOCTI, HPHXOqHTlTC5 HUaMeHb-ICeeC MC-
J1O noceCLieHHHi MeCUIHHCIHcIX y-peMeCHH>14. COOTBeTCTBeCHHO Ha 3Ty
KaTCI'OpHiO )KeHLLMUH HpHXOg4TChI OTHOCHTCebHO 6onbuiee UHC.7O po-
)1OB 6e3 pOJAOBCnOMO;KeHCH  , AI mIHX xapaKTepeH U 6oJnee BbICOKiHHE
KoBptIuXHIeHCHT cMepTHOCT1I B TpyIAOCHOCO6HOM BO3paCTC [72, 27-28].
BCTaBica 4.3. ,LjOCTyInHOCTh YCiiYi CHCTCMET 3,paDooxpaneHu
B CHelJjI3Jah10Io iiYay'niof n1TCPpaTyPC, 113,jaiifiOfi  B POCCI1iI, npO6JlcMberei FCHCp-
1< oo Hepanl3eCl'Ba B cqpepc 3LL0PlOB3b5 pjCCM3TpHHTT;WE'CAL 1(a3< BpvJBILTIO, 13 KOH-
TeKcTe O6igei'M KpI13tiCa CIiCTeMl '3Ipa3BOOXp3aHC1lIJ7 B POCCevm 11 3a1PT`VHCJIItB
J0Cr1Ilda K HCMY 3:1u1MHTeW1lb1X CJOCB HOCCHI-HH5I B Ci51311 C pOC)'OM C'l'OIIM()C7'1
VCjIVF. PoccuLa 3aHliMa2C 98-e rwecCo B rNiipe no L1oJgyHeI3bIM paCXoAa.1 Ha 3;ipa-
Booxpalemicue, ripi 31rm 37", OcBOKBnIHiblX 3JT7p;JT VXOHTl H a Co0,Cp)aHlIC srn'T-
Hofl MeCinLtIlHbl. B pe3yJibaTxc 30  iiaCCiieHiia, AHIHByVIICrO B ElIpHell Hi1C
1 6etcgjocnE, Lie HOJ[rMaCer IlC0X6XC-r10lI MCJIIJIJllHCKoI- Homou;ii [721 100. 195].
ho 531l if IbIM IiCAi1e3jOB.Hi,3 . <Tarai ipoi - Tpi c lI(iJIOBI11 ioI>, B 1 994 1 Hia'n m11-
NMrH VCJVfaMrI lJOJb3oBaJILcb I O, 1UCCJICf I PI B CpaBIIeHI i1J c 1, 5". 1081 r [Ir 39].
IICCC4OBZ1171HC B141'OM 131,7IBIHJIO, ql'0 B 1999-2000 IT. K HJ1lT1IbiMl \CJ\IM\TjM npit-
6eaJrin 52", niaccjieei-m. HaNicuIblEan lIX paCVlpo(Iparle1llboc'I) :3Jt)lLiKcilpoBa-
11a B MocI-3Ce Hi Caim KT-FIc-Tep6vprc, q'ro, 110 MCT lmoK) 3KCI1ep)To13, CB,J1ieTCJLbCT'B\-
Cr O B1,Hy[CCHlHOM xapaKTCpc 06paulei1143 K liJIaIrHof iioNioiiji [428].



74                                 FeHIepHbie npo6hleMbl B POCCHH
B KaqecTBe aKTyaJbHoAl npo6AeMbi poCCHIlCKoro 3qpaBooxpaHe-
HHUl, HMeloMeH reH,LepHy1O OKpacKy, nogaBAsntomee 6onbmU-HHcTBo
3KCCiepTOB BbIgeniseT He,JOCTYrHOCTb JieKapCTB B CHJIY HX BbICOKOH
CTOHMOCTH. 4a?lce go aBrYCTOBCKOrO KpH3H4ca 1998 r. 2 3-24% pOCCHHH
He HMeinH AeHer Ha nOKynIKy )KH3HeHHO BaCKHbIX JieKapCTB H MeAmH-
L1HHCKHX ripH6opoB. 3ac)r4KCHpoBaHo, WTO nocnie AOCTHKeHHH riS3TH-
gec51Ti4eTHero B03paCTa paCXObl Ha iieKapCTBa yMeHbLHaIOTCA, oco-
6eHHO y >KeHMHH. HIO-BLAHTMOMY, 3TO CBq3aHO C HeXBaTKOB Cpe,RCTB
nocnie BbiXoAa Ha rIeHCH1o. B 1998 r. 58% >KeHUJAHH 113 6e,DHbIX ceMeH
He MOrJH KYIHTb JieKapcTB, BbIHi4caHHbIX Bpa0om, 30% 6buH4 BbIHy>K-
AeHbl OTKa3aTbC5I OT peKOMeH,OBaHHOH aM6yjiaTOpHOA flOMOIH,
12% HC cMorniH HOTIO?'KHTb B 6o0lbHHLy jieHOB CBOHX ceMeH. B 2000
r., rio aHHbIM PM33, He CMOrJIH KynlMTb peKOMCHeAOBaHHbiC nIeKapcT-
Ba no rIpHi-IHHe HeXBaTKH ACHer 63,4% MY>KCqHH H 72,2% wKeH[HH. Ma-
j1oHMymHe )KeH!HHbl 13 9-10 ,qeueHJH pewKe noceMaloT KJHHHKH, y
HHX KOpO4e CpOcKH ripe6blBaHHA B 6onbHHwax. OAHOfl 143 BePOSTHbIX
npFl4,HH OTKa3a Moj1oJe?KH OT HCHOJ1b3OBaHH51 KOHTpagenTHBHbIX
cpeACTB 5BJI,IeTCSI HX AOpOrOBH3Ha [72; 102, 56-57; 339; 914].
3KCriepTbi OTMeCatOT, tTO rHi pa3pa6oTKe pe(4)opM 3jipaBooxpaHe-
H11 reHi,epHoe HepaBeHCTBO OCTaeTCS BHe 1on1311 3peHHs, a npo6.TieMbi
H3MepeHHU reH,gepHOrO HepaBeHCTBa B c(4epe 3AOPOBbA H ero OXPaHbI
ripaKTHweCKH He CTaBsqTCI. OAHoBpeMeHHo 143 4)oKyca BHHMaHHA Bbl-
na,a1oT npo6nembi OXpaHbl 3,gOpOBb5 My)K(4HH KaK reH,xepHoi rpynFbI
[72]. B CBq3H C 3THM i1cjCeAOBaTejiH reHCepHbIX ripo6JIeM o6ocHoBaH-
HO CTaB51T BOrPOC 0 HaCTOqTeCJbHOA Heo6XoAHMocTH HHCTHITyLHO-
H7a1bHbIX peCQopM B cc4epe 3,qpaBooxpaHeHHA [71; 73; 576; 1045].
rlo ,aHHbIM MHOl'O4HCJICHHb[X HcCCJICTOBaHHI4, AoJroTieTHe XWCH-
14HH coleTaeTCII C 6o0nee HH3KHM HHA14Bu,AyaI1bHbIM HoTCHLJiHanjoM
3A0POBbM HpaKTW4eCKI1 BO BceX BO3paCTHbIX rpynriiax H3-3a BbICOKHX
COLuHanbHbIX H 6i4o3on.rimeCKKHX HaFPy30K B CeMbe 1H Ha HpOH3BOJACTBe
[72; 339; 427; 900; 9851. B cpeAHemM no POCCHH- HHAHBHijya3IbHblk nO-
TeHxHaJI 3A09OBb1 wKeHHL;HH npiHMepHO Ha 10% HlaKe, ieM y My-K'HIIH
[900, 14]. Ilo BceM payHtAaM TarailpOrCKoro o6cineAoBaHHq, 3,A0pOBbe
)KeHII1HHI 3HlaqHTeJIbHO xyAKe 3AOP0OBbq MyXKtIHH. XOPOIIIHM 11 OTJIHt-
HbIM rIPI43HaJIH CBOe 3AOpOBbC 42% MY)K4HH H 31% eiHMl4HH, rnnOxHM
H Owteib rllOX14M - 16% My)K4HH H 22% XKCHrMHH. HIpH 3TOM m0po4ecc
yXy,TgIueHH4 3A0pOBbq 6o0iec I4HTeHCHBHTO HpOXOtHJI y My;K4HH: EIX
o1eHlKa co6cTBeHHoro 3,AOPOBbq CH143HJaCb Ha 16%, a jqons XpOHH'e-
CKH 6oIbHbIx BbIPOCJ1a B 2,4 pa3a, y ?KeHA1HH - 13% H 1,9 pa3a COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO [339, 232].
B 1997 r. BnepBb1e 3a FOJbl pe(4lopM cooTHotueE He rpyrin )KeHMHH (H



4. Hlpo6iiembl 390pOBbn                                      75
pOCCHMH B xeCioM), ygOBjieTBOpeHHbIX H HeygoBJIeTBOpeHHbIX CBOHM
3AOPOBbeM H3MeHMLTOCb B Xy,TUllyIO CTOpOHy: ?AOnsf HeyLgOB.eTBOpeHHbLX
CB014M 3AopOBbeM )KeHMI-Hi COCTaBnJIa 57,2%, MY)KI4HH - 43,2% [985,
69]. Ho gaHHbIM MHH3gpaBa, cJiytaeB XpOHwHteCKoIi ]aToiori4FH cpegm
My>KH14H Ha6nmo,gaeTcA 6o0nbIue,  M CmcpegLH )eHu14H. OgHaKo, no gaH-
HbIM PM33, Cpe,H cTpaAaioiiix XpOHH'-eCKHM14 3a6oJIeBaHHSAMM gOJLM
)KeHM14H cocTaBjiAeT 55%. CyMCcTBeHHO, 4TO B rOCTCOBeTcKofl PoccmH
O4ll4Hi4aJIbHaMI CTaTH4CTHKa 3a6ojieBaeMoCTH- He oTpaXKaeT peaJbHoFO
M4ciia BCeX 3a6ojieBli4x. Tai, no TqaHHbIM PM23, npo6neMbi Co 3,gopOBb-
eM 4cribIThlBaJIm 49,5% >KCHJA14H H 36,8% MyAC4HH, 143 KOTOpbiX o6pala-
JIHCb K Bpaqy JIHUlb HeMHOrHlM 6onee 40% [72, 16].
JIlaHHbie pHga HCCJiCeOBtHi4f4 nOKa3blBaIOT, TO TlOKa3aTejl4 IHCHXO-
TIorH4CecKorO 3AOpOBbA )KCeEH1]HH XyWe, CMemy My>Kql4HH. yBCTBO 11OKO
H yBepeHHOCTlf 14CHblTblBaYOT TOTIbKO 26% B CpaBHCHl4H  c 40% My)Kql4H
[339, 235]. 06cJieCoBaHHie coipHaAbHO-noTiHTH4CeCK4X HaCTpoeHl4fl
CKeHM14H B Bojirorpagae H1 Bojrorpa,cKofl o6iacTTH BbMBI4JO BbICOK14f4
ypOBeHb Hanp5AKCeHHOCT14 COLUHaJbH014 HCHXHK >KeCHH14H, HpOABJIH-
10H1414CA B TaKHX acPceKT11BHbIX oi1eHKax CJIO>KHBfeC4C5A CH4TYaUlAH
KaK TpeBoA(HaA, yrpoxxaioHaq (85,6% onpo17HeHHbIx). JIH4Ub 1 1% onpo-
IeHHbIX oL4eHHBaIOT cHTya"m4Ho KaK CJIOKHylo, HO HC OraCHylo [142].
Eci4 B nepBbie ro,gb1 peCpopM ypOBeHb cTpecca no rOBOLy pa6oTbl
PHc. 4.3. qHcjieHHocTb MyvqwuH u ,KeHuwH TpyZocnoco6Horo
Bo3pacTa, BflepBIe HpH3aHHbIx
IHBa.IHUaMH B POCCHH (TmC. qel.)
~ 400
300
200
loo-lh              n         hl
0
1994 1995 1996 1';7 1998    2000 200I..
*MywquHbl 338   336  345  358   369  333 1.
O)KeHIHHbi 169  172  178  195  212        3     
Mcmnozmwc2x FOCKOMCTaT.



76                                  FCHJAeplHbe npo6JieMbI B POCCIHI
y My)KMHH H 1KeHM14H 6bu1 ripaKTHiecKH OAHHaKOB, TO K HaCTOqmeMy
BpeMeHH y My)K4HH OH IOHH3HJiCSI, a y )KeH1HH OCTaeTc5i Ha npe,7KHeM
BbICOKOM YPOBHe BO BceX B03paCTHbIX rpyrnriax, rip4Mem pacTeTr C B03-
paCTOM. OCHOBHbIM (4iaKTOPOM cTpecca 5qBjISeeTcs 6Os3Hb nOTepH pa-
6oTbl [1215]. B TO )Ke BpeMI Cpe,gH 6e3pa6oTHbIx MylK41HH YPOBeHb
HOABep>KeHHOCTH CTpeCCaM BblmC, -e1M cpeA 6e3pa6oTHbIX XKCHMHH.
COCTOAHHMe OCTpOrO 3MOlIVOHaJlbHOrO cTpecca HCHbITbIBalOT 20%
6e3pa6oTHbIx My)KqHH H1 17% )KCeH14HH, a HCBPOTHMeCKoe pearHpOBa-
HHe rpHCyyme 25% My)K-IHH H 16% >KeHLIAHH. To, xTO MyACLIHHbl TDKceJIee
riepeHOC5T COCTOSiHHe 6e3pa6oTHIbI flO CpaBiieHH1o c )KeHLUHHaMH,
MO)KCT 6bITb, CBq3anLo c 60nblllHM rpy3OM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI4 3a cogaCp-
)KaHHe CeMbH. Oj,HoBpeMeHHo HpOCJIC>KHlBaeTCA weTKaS 3aBI4CHMOCTb
MeAvy CeMeHHbIM nOJ1OKCeHHeM H COCTOSAHemM rCHXHmieCKOrO 3JAOpO-
PHC. 4.4. I1HCjiO weHIIgHH, yMepIIIHX OT OCJIO;ICHeHHA
BO BpeMII 6epeMeHHoCTH, pOAOB H B nociepOAOBOH 1CpHOA
(Ha 100 000 KHBOpOAeHHbIX)
O HopBers 1997
o C1Tanlmf 1997
,3MHMIFHIHW1 1998
O FepMaHvz 1998
*BJ1BeLnKo6pWTaHMAV 1998
*CWA 1998
*OpaHULA"l 1997
_  *JlTBa 1998
*Benapycb 2001
03CTOHIWF 1998
* ApMeHsi 2001
*YKpaMHa 2001
OFpy3Ws 1998
*Y36eKMCTaH 2000
E Poccs 2001
OKmprFM3cTaH 2001
OMDAojoBa 2001
-Ka3aXCTaH 2000
E3rlaTBsM 1998
0      10     20     30     40     50     60
iICinZ1o)mU: [bCKOMC'1'aT.



4. Ipo6jieMbl 3AOpOBbq                                      77
BbHI, KaK MyK(4HFl TaK H )KeHltHH. Y 3aMy)KHHX (wceHaTblx) HoKa3aTejIH
ncHxHxLeCKOrO 3JAOPOBbR 13bllUe [758]. OKHgaaeMam ripogoJTDKHTeJIb-
HOCTb )KH3E1H 3aMy)KHHX weiaLHH OTHOCHTeJlbHO HEICC O)IaIgaeMoil
HpO,gOJIKHTChIbIIOCTH )KH3HH )CeHaTbIX MKW-HH, y MyA(4HH o6paTHoe
COOTHoIIijeHie no 6pa'HoMy cTaTvcy [463].
HPH HIH3KOH Kynybiype camocoxpaHeEiiHs 3AOpOBbsI, MaCCOBOH
CTpaTerHeA HOBceJCIH3q B OTHomeHI-IHH 3AOPOBb3I 13 POCCHH CTaAa cro
3KCiJIya'raLtH"s. OqHaKo B rioc;iegIee BPCM5 y M)TK1HHH HaMeTHJiacb
TCHI-ItLmHH yJIy lUleHEIH rlOBeCJCHtI5I B OTHomeHHH 3,L0POBbq, y AKeH-
HxI IH, iarIpOTHB, - VXy,vLxIyIcHH  [ 1216]. DTO HauTIO OTpaKeCHi4e B POCTC
)CCHCKOFO aJIKoroAIH3Ma, O(5FOHqioIteM POCT My{CCKOro, c6.npKeHHH
noKa3aaieneA pocra qincuia caMoy6IlICTB. C 1993 ioja YCII.TI1BCaeTC
rpoiUccc cpeMHHH3aiUHf HapKOMaEilHH [56, 163; 985]. OTCYTCT1He relH-
,eCpHOB ,geTaIH3aL{mH B CTa-IiCTHKC FoCKOMCTaTa POCCIIE 3aTp)T,fH5ieT
aEiWH3 reHJCpHOi CFeuIHm(p4KH tOKa3aTCAICU HHBaUiHAHOCTI [72], og-
HaKO HanHLqO HeCaTHBHaH 'reHJgeHK1H5 C6jHXeHHfl YPOBHSI HHBaJIH-
HOCTH CpeCH My)KI-IHH H WKCHMHH (CM. p4Cyl-IOK 4.3), 4TO 1pOHICXOmHT
3a C1ICT YCKOPCHHoro pocTa HHBaAH,AlIOCTII -KeHI11H [100, 193].
TaKHM o6pa3oM, B 4I4CAe HeraTHBHbIX C4aKTOpOB, cnoco6cTByIoMvIx
pOCTy M4Ccaa XPOHHFeCKHX 3a6ojieBaHlIH H IIHBaiiH,I1OCTH, BbiJgeJL51-
IOTCSI CTpeCCbI, T5DKCJIbIC YCJIOBH51 Tpyrqa, pacripOCTpaHCHHe 6egHocTH
H pa3laji cmcTeMbi 6ecnAamHoro MeCHILtIHCKOIo o6cAv;KHBaHI3I [71;
339; 100].
C. PEHPOlYlKTH4BHOE 3LJOPOBbE:
HIPABA H OCOBEHHOCTH PEHPO,XYKTHBHOrO
HOBFEHHJ MY)KMHH HI        KEHIWIHH
B qICJIC OCHIOBrlbIX HOKa32TCJICe PCePO,fYKTHBHOFO 3JAoPOBbA, Tpagm-
LUIIOHHIO OTCJIC)KHBaeMbIX B POCCHII - MaTCe[)IHCKaq H Mna,gCeHHeCKaq
CMCpTHIOCTb, qHCJIO a6OPTOB (B TOM 4mCTCi riPOH3BegctCHbIX BO BHC-
6oAblInIbEIX YCJIOBH4IX), COCTOSIHHe 34OPOBbq 6epeMeHHbIx AKeCIILIUIH,
6ecncjiogiie, YPOBCHb 3a6oTieBaHHEI, ICeCJIaBaCMbIX IIOnOBbIM IVTCM,
IClHO1,b301aiHe MCTo0o0B npC AOTBpameHHi fie)KejiaTeCAbl-lOl 6epe-
MCIIIHOCTE1 [28; 554]. AHajiH3 IIIIb 3TOFO, goOCiaTO'4HO OrpaHuHICIeHO-
ro K<pyra IioKa3aTCJCI fJO3BoJIqeCi' CgcJia,rb BblBOJA o TOM, FTO peCrpOjIvK-
THBH1OC 3;k0POBbC HIaCcJICi-11A ElaXO,4HTCSI B COCTOIOHHH Ccpbe3HOIO if
yrny6njiKoUCFerocM KpH3HCa.



78                                    FeHgepHbie npo6nieMbl B PoCCHII
Ta6jhHJjAa 4.2. HcIcyccTBeHHoe npepiBaHme 6epeMenHocm
(a6opTm), 1990-2000 rr.
1990   1995  1996   1997  1998   1999   2000
Bcero a6opTOB:
TbicSNH a6opTOB:    4 103,4 2 766,4 2 652,0 2498,7 2346,1 2181,2 2138,8
Ha 1000 )KeHMHH
BBo3pacTe 15-49 JIT  114,0  72,6  69,3  65,0   60,6   56,2   55,0
Ha 100 pOAOB         205,9  202,6  203,0  198,3  182,6  179,4  168,7
B TOM qmcIie
MHHt4a6opTOB:
TbicHqm a6oprrOB:    975,0  695,2  645,8 606,9  582,5  561,7  542,1
Ha 1 000 >KeHULHH
sso3pacTe 15-49uieT  27,0  18,0   16,9  15,7   15,1   14,5   13,9
uHcJIo a6opToB
y )KeHIIAHH C nepsoii
6epeMeHHOCTbl0I/;TlC.: 188,8  177,7  183,3 179,0  172,4  160,7  161,1
1/JJaHHbie io y4pexeHH4AM MHHHCTepCTBa 3JApaBOOxpaHeHHH POCCHACKO0i
(PeJgepaUjHH.
Hcmo0-Hujc: fOCKOMCTaT.
fHOKa3aTeCjH MaTepHHCKOf4 CMepTHOCTH B POCCHH - OAHH H3 caMbix
BbICOKHX B MHpe (pHc. 4.4) (MaTepHHcKaM cMepTHOCTb B POCCHH B 15
pa3 Bbimile, qeM B pa3BHTbIX CTpaHaX), HO H OHH CyHeCTBeHHO 3aHHAKe-
Hbl. Ilo HeKOTOPbIM qaHHbIM, 84% Bcex cjyaeCB MaTepHHCKOH cMepT-
HOCTH MOrnH 6bl 6bITb npe,IOTBpameHbl. MaTepHHCKaS CMepTHOCTb yr-
po)KaeT, npeAMe BceFO, >KeHM1HHaM, HpHHagjne)KaHMM K rpynnam
COIHaJIbHOFO PHCKa - 6e3pa6oTHbIM, 6e>KeHKaM, BblHyALeHHbIM rie-
peceineHLaM [56, 10-1 1; 72,12]. CMepTHOcTb eTeH nepBoro ro,a )KH3-
HH TaK>Ke -ipe3BbalaHHO BbICOKa1 H 3Haql4TeJlbHO ripeBblimaeT CMepT-
HOCTb HacenTeHHI4 BO BCeX riocnTegyioMHX BO3paCTHblx rpynnax 3a
HCKJfOqeHHeM iHLm no)KHJIoro   npeKnOHHOrO Bo3pacTa. MNIa,geH1ec-
KaSI CMepTHOCTb COCTaBJieT 6o0nee nOJIOBHHbl CMepTHOCTH Bcero AeT-
cKorO HaCeJICHHA H OKOJIo 2% B o6meM MHcTie yMepMHX 3a ro,. B nep-
Bbie m1eCTb MeCqL"eB ?KH3HH CMepTHOCTb MaJIb-1IHKOB BbimIe, OAHaKO,
6o0iee 3Ha4HTeAbHbl perHOHanJbHbie pa3MH'I1H4, COCTaBJIqiomiHe OT
4,79% Ha qyKOTKe go 1,00% B JTeHHHFrpagCKOI o6JiaCTH [28; 507; 900;
912,67].
3Kc(CHpTbI OTMeHalOT, qTO noKa3aTejIH COCTORHHS 3gOPOBb5I 6epe-
MeHHbIX wKeHIHJH 3a IocCTeAH4HHC 10 nieT yXygA4IHIHHCb: i4HCjiO cJyaeB
aHeMHH yBeCiH-HnOCb B 6 C    IIIHJHHM pa3, 6oTe3Hefi noeieK - B ABa



4. Hpo6uieMbI 390pOBbq                                    79
pa3a, qi4cno cepge4Ho-COCYAHCTbIX 3a6oJIeBaHHIf BbIPOCJIO B 1,8 pa3a.
[28; 341 TaraHporcKoe o6cnegOBaHHe TaloKe cJHKCHpyeT pOCTr 1nCna
cnuyaeB aHeMHH y 6epeMeHHblx AceHMHW1H (c 3,6% B 1980 r. io 34,4%
B 1997 r.) 1 yBeqenHMCHe xH4ic.Tia OCJIO)KHCHHA BO BpCMqI 6epeMeHHoC-
TH. Ha HaMano 6epeMeHHOCTm K KaTerOpHH 3AOpOBbIX MO>KHO OTHeC-
TH TOJIbKO OAHy BOCbMYIO 'aCTb >KeHMHH. 3a nocJIejHHHe riHTb neT OT-
Me4aeTC5I   POCT    3a6oJIeBaeMoCTH   )KeHltUHH   6OJIe3HqMH
peHPOAYKTHBHO9 CHcTeMbl. [892, 11; 5841. ECjiH B 1990 r. poAAaAIc5i
6oJTbHbIM H4unHI 3a6ofieBaTi KaKAbIAH CegbMOfl MjiageHel1, B 1992 r. -
KaAtblH rIATbI1, B 1995 r. - KaxKJblk 4eTBepTbIH, B HiepHo0 c 1997 no
2000 r. - KaA<AblfHTpeTHI [.339, 231; 914; 1003, 55]. FIpH 3TOM corniac-
HO AaHHbIM He3aBHCHMOrO o6cjiegOBaHHI4, K meCTH MCCAI1aM 4HCJIO
He 6oneBlmiHx geBOieK rio'-TH B 7 pa3 npeBbliuaeT qHcJIo He 6oneBmIHx
ManJb4HKOB [902]. CMHWKeHfle perpOJYKTHBHorO 3A0POBbfl ?KeHW14H
C)opMHpyeT HOPOqHblfi KpVr nepegaawH He3gOpOBbq 143 roKoJIeHHI B
rIoKoJleHHe. CeroIHn 16% HlOBOpO)MeHHbIX B POCCHH, POgHTCJH KO-
TOpbIX IBJIAIOTCSI aJIKorojiHKaMH, HapKOMaHaMH, He HMmeOm14MH no-
CTOHHHOH pa6OTbl, a nOTOMY HCHblTbIBaKio[HMH CTpeCCbl, HMClOT OT-
KIOHeHH51 B YMCTBeHHOM Pd3BHTHH [953].
HecMOTpsI Ha nocTeneHF oe CHR-KeH4Ce imcna a6opToB Ha npoTsi-
>KeHHH nociieJHero AeCHTITJIeTHq (Ta6n. 4.2), pacripOCTPaHeHHOCTb
a6opToB KaK Cpe.CTBa peryJIHpOBaHH5 QepTH4JbHOCTH B POCC1414 npo-
AOjiKaeT OCTaBaTbC3I BbICOKOH. Elo AaHHOMY HOKa3aTeCJo Poccrni 3aHH-
MaeT BTOPOe MeCTO B MHpe nocnie PyMbiHHH [238; 913; 982]. B 2000 r.
6bMo 3aperHCTPHPOBaHO oroaio 2 MJH. a6opToB, qTO B 1,8 pa3a npe-
BbiluaJIo '-1HCJIO POAOB [282, 53]. A60PT npogOjAi<aCT OCTaBaTbC5 ca-
MbIM PaCHPOCTpaHeHHbIM cHoco6om pcryJIHpOBaHH3i pox<AaeMocrH.
B qHcne rpHH4HH WlHPOKOH paCHpOCTpaHeHHOCT14 a6OpTOB B POCCHEi
BblCeJI5lOT ripomCU1eCg1eC 3a rOqbl pecopM CHiHKeHiHe leHHOCTH co6-
CTBeHHorO 3AOpOBb3] AJTh 6OJIbLLIHHCTBa pOCCHqH [913, 621, KpaiTHe
HH3KY1O OCBCeOMJIeHHOCTb 13 BOllPOC3X rIJTIaHHpOBaHH45 CMbH H KOH-
TpaLeenr1Hl, oco6eHHo CpCAH lOHOIfleH (TOnbKO 1/5 My,KqHH 11 H/
)KCHMHIH 3HaeTr, ge flOJlyIf4ITb HCjiOCTaiOmyiO HHCIJOpNtafH411 no BO-
npOCaM KOHTpaLJenLIHII H nJIaHHPOBaHH51 CeMbH) B COCeTaHHH C III1-
POKOH PaCnPOCTPaHeHHOCTbIO y6CeACHH! O Bo,pee KOHTPa4n"4HH
[504; 913, 62; 914, 78-79, 82], a TaK>Ke DKOHOMH,4ecKY10 BblrOAHOCTb
a6opTa [76]. KpoMe Toro, BeCOMYIO POlb HrpalOT rpeo6uaga1o0H1He B
o6mecTBe LeHHOCTHbie ycTaHoBKH. rlpo6neMa pernpO1YKTHBHoro Bbl-
6opa tlaCTo BCTaeT nepeg )KeHMI1IHOH B BHge KOHI4JI1HKTa MeAVy ee
co6cTBenHbIMH K<eTiaH14HMH H llpCeIHOtITCHH41M:1 H TeM, tITO o6meCTBO
paccMarpl4BaeT KaK COI4HJaIbHO 3HaLiHMoe H oJgo6p5eMoe. OTCIO,a no-



80                                 FCHIZCPHIMC npo6nJeMbl B POCCHH
BbLiueHHblH YPOBeHb COE4IHa3bHOC4 TpeBOACHOCTH, AHCKOMc4POpTa, BHK-
THMHOCTb. rIOCTIaKTyMHOCTb a6opTa jejiaeT ero 6o0iee na6mnbIHbM K
CHCTeMe npOTHBopeflHH THna <.ceMbS-pa6OTa'>+ «CBO6oAa-3aBHCH-
MOCTbW>. Hlo MHeHHIO 3KciiepTOB, HCHOJIb3OBaEHHe COBpeMeHHbIX MeTO-
gOB HJ1aHHpOBaHH5I CCMbH npegnonaraeT BO3HHKHOBeHHC CpeAbl, rge
3THX HpOTHfBOppeIHC He 6yAeT [76].
KaK npaBHTIO, nOKa3aTeJIH KeHCKOFO pCHpOgyKTHBHOrO 3AOpOBb51
paCCMaTpHBaIOTC51 BHe COIIOCTaBJeCHI4I C HOKa3aTeJI5MH perIpOgyKTHB-
ElO0O 3gOpOBbH My)KiHH. MexAcy TeM 3a6OJIeBaHIIMMH pCflpOAyKTHBHOH
CHCTeMbl crpagaioT Ka2LAbJIP TpeTHH MY3X41HHa H KaxAaH BTOpaq5 ?KeH-
LIHHa. H3 CTpagaioMnx 6ecnnogHeM cynpyAKecKax nap B 55% cnyFraeB
3TO CBSI3aHO C 6ecnnogneM >KCHIgAHHbl, B 45% cJ4aeB - c 6ecnaogHeM
MyAO-IHHbl [72, 18]. CCICneOBaTejiH OTMeClaIOT, 'ITO B POCCHH HaVHLmO
OTKa3 OT 3au4HTbl peIpOXyKTHBHbIX npaB MyxC'IHH (B TOM '-HCJeC Hi pa-
Ba Ha penIPOAOKTHBHoe 3aopoBbe), a TaKACe OTKa3 OT 3aLtLHTb1 npaBa Ha
BOCHHTaHHe pe6eHKa [728]. B Pecnv6nHKC BalmUKOpTOCTaH, Ho pe3yJIlb-
TaTaM MeCXAyHapOAHoro HpoecTra PacnpocrpaHeHHe OhblTa OuCHHKn
PHCKa peripOgyKT1IBHOMY 3AOPOBb1O MY)K'IHH B SLOJOrH4eCCKH He6jia-
roJIpHSlTHOM peCFHOHCt> 6bl1 c4eTiaH BbIBOA 0 KpHTHF4eCKOM COCTO5fHHH
pC1-LpOgyKITHBIorO 3gOpOBb5J MVXCMHEH B 3TOM perHOHe. O4HIIHaXTbHaSI
CTaTHCTIlKa MYAKCKoro 6ecnnoAHal B ceMb5IX peCHy6jiHKH Mapitfl 3n He
BeJeTcT, HO, no AaHHbIM pccfy6lIKaHCKIOFO 4eHTpa rIJ1aHHpOBaHHh1
CeMbH, OHO COCTaBJIMCT OT 45 go 60%.
HIaAeHHe poACgaeMOCTH B POCCIIH 3a nocJieWHHe 10 nieT npOHCXO-
)H11O CTOJIb CTpeMHTnCIbHO, F'1TO K KOLI-y 1990-x FOgOB PoccHiR oKa3a-
JLaCb Ha HiocJegHeM MCCTe cpegJi eBponencICKHx CTIpaH [1 00, 170]. A6co-
JIIOTHoe FrnctJo poWAeHIIt YMeHbIflHJIOCb HO4'ITH BABoe, cyMMapHblH
KOSH14HPICHT poA.gaeMOCTH CHH3E1JIC5I 11a 32% c 1,73 Ao 1,17 [900;
121]. 'HcJlo 6epeMeHHblx 5KeCiimiIH CoKpaTH.TJoCb Ha 39%, B TO BpeM5q
KaK 4IHcJIo oKeHlIIlHH 4QepTIJnbHoFo BO3paCT2 BbJPOCJIO Ha 18%. 3To
IlO3BO03I1CT CJCIJiaTb BbIBO0k 0 TOM, OTO Ha YPOBHe poAgaeMOCTFH B 60Jlb-
Lmen MCPC CKa3blBaEOITCq KaeCICTBO )KH3HHI HlCCJIeHH4L, erO 4H3H'4ICCKoC
H COIJH2JbHOe 3AOpOBbC. PCHIpOI'WKFlTHBHbIC VCTL'aIOBKI  H liiiaHbl, 4eM
elO BO3paCTH2LI CTpyKTypa. B POCCHH AomHHIHpyeT penpoAyKTHnBHaql
yCTaHOBKa Ha OHO4C'CTHVIO CeMblIO [72; 953; 1095]. HapqAy c yxyJiUHe-
HHeM PCHPOqYKT11BHIOFO 3JxOpOBb5L HaceCeHH51 3KCCHepTbl CB5I3blBalOT
,Ty Cm'laUIImo C NoJII'OBpCMCHHOH 'I'CHNCHLIHCI gCMOrpaJqHbCCKOro
niepexoAa [35: 282. 53], a raT2KC C QLCHHOCTHbIMH YCTaHOBKaMLi pa3-
JSHIHb]X KaTCJ'OpuIrI HaceJICim 1 t ii COiTHaIbHO-SKOHOMHIlCKCIIMH 4aK-
TOpaMIH.
4CeMOI'p  rweICCKuIC acneKTl )IpCHpOAyKTHBHOFO HOBCICH151 jiace-



4. H po6neMbl 390POBbs1                                     81
JIeH151 (B OTJHt-iHe OT npo6JeMbl co6nloCeHH4 penpOQy(THIBHbIX
npaB MyXO-IHH H )KeHIHH) rOCTOqIHHO HaXOgHJIHCb B cIJepC BHHMa-
HH5I HcCneieOBaTeneIA H HO1IHTHKOB. C 1991 no 2000 r. BLUIJOM npo-
BeA ,CeB51Tb OnpOCOB iiaceiieHEis POCCHIl C L[eAb1O BbI5CHemiH
peCPO,qYKTHBHbIX   OpHCHTaJ4HH   no  pa3A1H4HbIM   CoLIHanJbHO-
geMorpacpiH4ecKHM rpynnaM. B 3THX I4e.sIX OTCAeCKIHBaJIHCb HOKa3a-
TCnlH HigeanbH0FO, oKHJgac-Moi-o H >KeAaeMoro qHCAa ,eTCL'i, B Tet4e-
HHC   paccMaTPHBaeMoro    FepH,Toa   OHPOCbl 3a(4HKC1HPOBanHI
KaTaCTpOClH4eCKoe (HO1TH Ha 47%,0) CHHA(CHHeC o)KHmacMo'o HCJlIa
ACeTCe. HIPH 3TOM HgeaJbHoe LIICTIO ,CeTeP yCTof'IPHBo HPCBbIllaiao
HnaHHpyeMOe (2,25 H 1,82 coOTBeTcTBCHHo), B TO BpeMM KaK woA(11a-
emoe yAeCp)KHBanOCb Ha 6oiee HH13KOM YPOBHC (1,3 1). aKCHlCpTbi OT-
MclaKoT, 'ITO HII B OJAHOLE Bo3paCTHof7 rpyrneC owKH,4aeMoe -tlHcjIo ,e-
TCfH He HpHI6JHXaeTCTC K IopoOFoBoMy1 HleO6XOjHMOMy nAI5
o6ccne,4eHIlq peC)HMm pac-mmpeHHoro BOCHPO13BOACTCTBa. YCaMO6i
M0J1oogolH i'pyrlHbl oripo0IeHlHbIX Ha6JloJlaeTcRl MHHHMaJbHblAH nOKa-
3aTCJlb HgeaJlbHoro H xKejiaeMoro qlHcia gTeTefi. B 1991 r. iialiBbnCII,IIe
nOKa3aTCJIH oAKH"aeMoro iHc.ia geTeH 3apHIKCHpOBaHbI B CeJbCKOHf
MCCTaHOCTHI, B 1994 r: - B M'IOCKBe ii C.-HeTep6yprc, B nepiioq c 1998
no 2000 r - CHOBa iia ceAc. OirMe4aeTc4 TraK)Ke, qtjO HJ ea bHlOC TlEC-
nJo AeTre BblIJIe y pa6OTaIoIuHx KeEIIHIIUH, B TO BpeNMs KalC OAH,2ac-
MOC - y Icpa6OTaiouviHx [1 21; 442].
B 1epapxHHn fpH-ifH, npensI'rCTByIoMIUx peanml3a.IH H perpog4vK-
TEBIIbIX npaB KceHWMIHHI, Ha ricpBoe MCCTO 6oAblmlriicTBo HcCICACOBaTe-
jie6 [56, 163; 105: 254; 442] CTaB51T HerpHCmeICMbie MaTeplCaAhHbIC
HI )KHAILUIHb1e VCJIOBlHI, HeVBePCHIIOCTb B 3aBTpallHCM ,-He. B TO AKC
BPCMNI pSg aBTpOlOB [80; 578] vKa3blBalOT Ha rnpeo6jiagaHHe BllI3KOHO-
MH4eCKIHX CJaK'ITOpOB - HFlpaBcTBCEiHblX, 4VXOBHbIX, EllalIIOIIaJIbHbIX,
coLiaiJiii3'io-nc~i-xo'1ov'i4ec',"Hx,
,Wns B03PC1CTEHOH rpvnn,ii 21-27 neT HaH6oiJee BaIKHblM IIBilCeTCII
(p.KTOp HOTCpti rpo4c)ccHoiIaJII3Ma H CAe(CHII 1(01 KOIKVpClITOCFIO-
Co611oCTH 13 T-rpyOBOkI cepel-)e [442]. Ho MHei-HIo B.B. BoAtpoiLio6, xOrT
peHPOAWKTHBIIl,ie yCTaHIOBKIH B 60JIblrnCI4 CTFI1CIIII OIIpC,JCJIIIqOTCH 1111-
AIHBIItytJJIbHOH I llIIOCTHOIOI oplI1T'rallHefl, LeM 4pyFPINIH CpDtKTOpaMtII,
110 13 KA<blI MOMCHIT Ha X'CTaHOB3KIH geTHOCT1H CVUICCTBCIIIIOC BJIISI-
HIIC OKa3blB30oT 7YCJIOBHSI >1K113H1I I-cciemCJH1i5I. HoKl,3vlTeJlll Il/C,-bEIHOIo
ii XCeuJaemoro 'iHCJiia Ac rci' 13o MHOI'ONI OHPCeJIe:IIOTC3 ikeilHOCTLIANIM
OpHICHITa"HIIMH, O;AHaKO TIOKaaTIeAb Om)IigaeMoro -iiicna geirecfi AiaK-
cInMaJei- y o0eIHHOIIXfliHX CBOC MNTiaepllHabHOC HoJAoWKCHHe KvIK XOpO-
nie H1 O-ICIlb XOPOLHCC. flo cpaimHeIHI c iiHIMH vTCX. KTO Cq4HTCT, LTO



82                                FewiAepllble npo6AeMbl B POCCuH
?KHBeT B OHTCHb HJiOXuX yCJIOBHAIX, 3TOT HOK23aTCJIb B TpH pa3a HHJKe
(0,76). Bonee TpCTH peCnOH,AeHTOB HoTiaraloT, xTTO MYBCTBO yBepeHHO-
CTH B 3aBTpaLHeM AHe aKTHB143HpOBaTO 6bl penpOAyKTHBHoe noBeJqe-
Hue HaceCJeHHR [122]. OTMeCIaeTcRq TaKlKe, FTO ABe TpTH CeMep OTKna-
AbLIBaOT pOAeHHe geTeHi no MaTepHa1bHbIM coo6pa)KCeHHRTM [900,
10]. BMeCTe C TeM, corIIaCHO JaHHbiM npOBeAeHHOrO B 1993 r. nccne-
4OBaHHRT, YPOBeHb pO)KaeMOCTH B Manoo6ecneMLeHHblx CeMbRTX 6bmT
gaXKe HeCKOJbKO BbMHEeC '-eM B o6ecneeuCHHbx [35]. B K2iCCTBC 3Ha11H-
MoFo (4aKTopa CHHeHCHHT poCaemocMOCTH B pRAe pa6OT BbiCJeTiReTCR
TaK>Ke BbICOKaBR 3aHR4TOCTb KeHCII4HH B o6IuWCTBeHHOM HpOH3BOACTBe
[936].
PRj HcciiCeOBaTeCiCH [35, 89] (4HKCHPYIOT o6paTHYbO 3aBHCHMOCTb
oxKrAaeMoro nHciia ,AeTeC OT ypOBHso 6pa3oBaHn4R )KeHIItHHbl, HO OT-
MexialoT, FITO K cepeCAHHe 1990-X rOAOB 3Ta CBS3b npaKTHireCKH HC,4e3-
ina. HanpliMep, B MHOrOJACTHbIX CeMbAX 3a{i1KCHpOBaH OTHOCHTCJIbHO
6onee HH3KHH YPOBeHb o6pa3OBaHHI4 pouIvn'eneni [55, 58]. B TO  CBpe-
Mm, coriiacHo AaHHbIM MOHHTOpHiHl'a BLUHOM, B 1999 r. Hau6onee o6-
pa3OBaHHbie KeHIACH[Hbl HMeJH CaMblHI BbICOKH nioKa3aTeJib oxuHae-
Moro 'HciJla AeTel - 1,09, FITO Ha 2 2,5% npeBblwUaeT cpeAHHH YPOBeHb
[1239,38, 16; 1240,381. TaKHM o6pa3OM, BbICOKICf YPOBeHb o6pa3oBa-
HIRST pQOMTeneH ftCIepeCTa 6blTb OA4HHM 143 rJIaBHblX 4KaKTOpOB cACp-
?KHBaHHRq pOKAC-ieMOCT4 [1001.
BO BTOpOHI OiOnOBHHC 1990-x rOgOB HapSTgy C pa6OTaMH, auauiu-
3HPYIOHU4MH PeHIO/yKTHBHoe IOBeCeCHHe B acHCKTe /LeMorpacPHHe-
CKHX HpOI/CCCOB, EIOqBHJHCI, HCCJIeCAOBaHHRi, aKLeHTHPpyIoIHe BHH-
MaHHC Ha penpO/AYKTI4BHbLX npaBax MyxKCHHi H >KeHBLIlIH, CTenHCHH
CB060,/bI HX PCHEOAlYKTHBIIoro nroBeCeHHSI. BO3MOACHOCTH HOlHlO-
LeCHHO OCyLuCCTBJIHqTb )YIIKIXHH BOCrITaHHMq CeTCei. Ho MHlCHHIO
6OJIbnIuncTBa aBTOpOB, HbIHICHIHH4H THn pa3BHTHA1 PoccuH xapaK-
TCpHt3VCTCA <EHeCBO6OAOT> 13 peBpail3aLUliH peCPO/YKTHBHbIX 4YHK-
HImH CeMbH. Peanblloe rioJIO)KCeHCe ieTI ie TOJTbKO B cqepe OXpaHbl
pelpO/AyKTIIBIIOFO 3,qhpOBb1 ?KCHIIItHIH It My-KWHH, H1O H B o6JiaCTH
o6ecriceFeHnu IIX pCHpOJYKTIIBHbIX np2B no LXCiOMY pRAy nOKa3aTe-
nef KpHTHHCCLKOC. OT4CTJIHBO HpO0BJI5eTCST rC,eICipHaR aCUMMeT-
pHST B pCelpOAyKTIHBHOM IlOBCeCHHll [76; 122; 625]. OTpa)KzeImeM
3Troro npoijecca RBJIeTCTC pOCT AonI HeCionIbix ceMefT, 'ITO eCJaeTC
pOA1HTeClbCKMIO Harpy3Ky eirne 60nCee acHMMeTpu-HOA. IF o ga1HHbJM
MHIKpoiepenCHcH 1994 r. ferxOnJHbe ceMbH COcTaBIJInH 13,4% Bcex
gOMOX03RHCTB H 17% CCMCe c lCTbMH /1o 18 iieT. B KaWAOP riRTOI
CCMb c ceTbMH /A0 18 n1Ce OTCYTCTByeT OA1HH pOaHTeJIb. OCHOBHbIMH
(caKTopaMu paCHpOCTpa3HCHIIOCTH HeIOJIHbIX ceMeH RTBJIRIOTCRE



4. Hlpo6neMbl 3J0pOBb5                                     83
pOCT HHcJIa pa3BOlAOB, CHHAceHHe -iHcica nOBTOpHbiX 6paKOB, BHe-
6pauHaA pO)cfAaeMOCTb H pOCT qi4cjia B,0OB.20
HIo MHeHHIO psAa aBTop)oB, perpOAYKTHBHbIe yCTaHOBKH 2KeHHLLHH
HCIOCpeACTBeHHO CBH3aHbl C MaprHHa.TIH3aLxHeh COLU4aJIbHOrO CTaTy-
ca MyXKCHH. OTBeTCTBCHHOCTb 3a pO>KAeHHe H BOCflHTaHHC pe6CHKa
)KeHmHHbl BCe 6Onbme 6epyr TOJHbKO Ha ce6a, ,jaxKe Korga pe6eHoK ,Ke-
nIaHeH gox o6oHx poJHTeneft 06 9TOM rOBOpHT pOCT AOJI H OTKa3OB OT
ocJHJuHabHOt perHCTpauHH 6paKa. B COBpeMeHHof POCCHH YPOBeHb
pOxKAaeMOCTH HpaKTHMeCKH HOJIHOCTbIO onpee/JCleTCs )KeJIaHHl4MH H
YCTaHOBKaMH >KeHMHHbl Ha ,ACTOpOAeHHe, a eme B 6OnbrneA CTeneHH
eeC 4hHaHCOBbIMH 1B03M0mKHOCTmCMH. Ecn-H paHbme pemaioIee CJTOBO
B pCHpO4YKTHBHOM HIOBeCCHHH ripHHaJiCeXKano MyA04HHaM, TO Te-
rlCpb - 2KeHHJ4IHaM. HpH 9TOM yCJIOBHI, YPOBeHb H KaqeCTBO >KH3HH
6OnblIHHCTBca pOCCHHCIKHX ?KCeHUH4H OrpaHHMHBaOT HX penpo/JyK-
TUBHbIe B03MOAKHOCTH H 4JOpMHpyIOT HOpMbl peCHpO/YKTHBHOrO 1o-
BCegeHHH, OTJIHqHbIC OT Tpa>u1HHOHHbIX CTepeoTHHOB [76, 96; 953].
C O/AHOI4 CTOpOHbl, pOCT' JOJIH BHC6paxHbIX pO)K4CHHI>I SBJTISeTC5I,
HO MHCHHIO pua HCcCn,iOBaTejjeC, HOKa3aTeCJeM pOCTO CTeneHHI pe-
HpOAyKTHIBHOfl CBO6OJbl KCHUHHH [76; 81J. C ,pyrof CTOpOHbl, OT reH-
ACpHOH aCHMMeTpHI4 B CeMeCHOP ccpepe npOHrpblBalOT ii )KeHRHHbl,
H MyAcKqIHHbl. HlpH pacriage CCMbH pe6eHoK B 99% cIyIaeB OCTaeTC5
c mairepbio, a pOJlb OT4a CBO3AHTCA K ynniaTe aJHMCHTOB. MyACx4HHbl
pe,AKO BHOCSIT MaTCepHanbHblhA H TeM 6onee sMOiJHOHaJIbHbIt BKIAC4
B BOCrHTaHHe eTeCl, ecCTiH 1-IC KHIByT C HHMH B ORHOM /OMOX03SHCTBe.
TaKHM o6pa3OM, B OjHOf 143 Ba;KHCemhLHx c4iep )KH3HegCCTCJIbHOCTH
OHM iHHIueHbI paBHbIX HpaB 3Iq peaCJIH3aLHH CBoero JIH4HOCTHOrO Ho-
TeHULIIaJa, ipoHcxo4iT geBaIbBaI4HH HHCTHTyTa OTLOBCTBa [339; 484,
1 ]. I MyAC-MHHbl, I )KHeWI4EHbl C'IpaJaJEOT OT OTCVTCTBI45 KyJIbTypbl <IpO-
JHTeCJbCTBa nocne pa3Bo4a»>.
3aKOHO4aTe.bCTBO onpecgejC CT JIHUb CHHaHCOBbiC o6A3aTeCJbCT-
Ba OTIOB, OCTaBBJIHh BOrpOC o6 ux y-aCTHT4 B BOCHHTaHIHH ACTeC 6e3
KaKoI-JIH6o pCJlIaMeHTaIJHH. OgH2aKo H B LaCTH IJHHaHCOBbJX o6513a-
TCJebCTB 3aKOHOc,aTCJIbCTBO He HMCeT AeCICTBeHHbIX MeXaHIH3MOB
B3blCK31IH5I atiiMeHTOB. B YChIOBHhX ocJIa6JIeHHM MexaHI43MOB rpaK-
TllHCCKOrO BbIHOJIHeHHJ 3aKOHOJJaTCTIbHbIX HOpM H COLJHaJbHbIX
20 ,qolH ,ACTeC, poxK4HHbIX Blie O4HLJIUaJIbHoro 6paKa, BblpocJla C 15°.%
B 1990 rnjo 25% B 1997 r. Ha3i6oWiee BblCOKaH ,A03q1 BHc6paMHbIxpoK[JClllJ  - B
MOJIO4bIX E1 CTapHIlx B03paCTHwIx rpyrnax [130,157; 256, 125; 254; 982; 1104,
21]. Ho qifcjny pa3BO)JOB (50% 3acJIioqaeMblx 6patKoB 3aKaHqHBacTcA pa3BO-
goM) Pocc-rn Haxog TrcA Ha o041oM 113 HepbBIX MCCT B MHpC. B cpegHeM pacila-
aeTCsI 4AB3 113 IKa4bIX f1IT1-l 3apeFHCTpIIpOB.lllblx 6paKOB [584; 845, 80].



84                                reHACpiHbie npo6iieMbI B POCC1BHE
rapaHTHfl, LUHpOKOrO pa3BHTHr TeHCBOH H HeC4OpMaAbHOA 3aHqTOC-
'rm npo6neMa BblriJiaTbl a4HMeHTOB pemaeTcTH <<npomeio, -ICM B gope-
4OpMeHHbli nepHoq. B KOHLe 1990-x rOgOB JiHIUb B 1/5 cIry4aeB ani-
MeHTbl HpeBbflIanIH npO>KHTO-Hblg MHHHMyM pe6eHKa, B CTpyKType
KOTOpOFO He ripeCyCMOTpeHbl 3aTpaTbl Ha o6pa3oBaH"e H MeqiH1,HH-
CKOe o6cJIyKHBaHHe. Ho ,AaHHbIM pH,ta o6cnegoBaHHA, B Cpe,JHeM
a.IiHMeHTbi nOKpblBaEOT TOTIbKO HOJIOBHHY paCXO,AOB Ha HHTaHHC pe-
6eHKa. JTHmb B 2% cIyIaeB aJlI1MCHTbl OKa3aAIHCb OTHOCHTCJlbHO BbI-
COKHMH. TOnbKO 5% OTIAOB onjia'IIHBaIOT o6pa3OBaHHe CBOHX ,geTeA,
12% rOMoraEOT B OpFaHH3aL-HH oT,TAbIXa. CyAi no OTBeTaM pa3BeJgeH-
HbIX MYAK4HH, JIAlllb TpeTb H3 HIIX TaCTO BHRAHT ,qeTeA, HOJ1OBHHa -
H3pe,ia, 17% - He BH1LAT Boo6me. )KCHIU1HHbl KOHCTaTHPOBaTiH eme
MeHblIlYIO qaCTO-iy BCTpe4. Ilo HX MHeHHIO, Boo6me He HMeeT KOH-
TaKTOB C geTbMH 6onee TpeTH pa3BeCeHIHbIX OT1JOB. C TemeHHeM Bpe-
MCHH nocnie pa3BoAa 4acToTa BCTpei yMeHbLnaeTc5. BjiHflHHe OTI1OB
Ha gaeTeH AK<e-IMIHbl Hame paC1\eHHB1aOT KaK Heral'HBHOe HJIH HHKa-
Koe. OHfH, eCJ1H H XOT51T H3MeHHTb rojlo)KeHHe, TO B CTOpOHy yMCHb-
iUeHHSI HHTeHCHBHOCTH o6meHHq [|180; 254; 845; 846; 914,182; 1104,
17; 1054].
HecBo6oga B peaiH3atumH perCpOJXIKTHBHbIX PyHKIAH[1 R,A) )KeCHIMH-
Hbl, no MHeHHiO pia HccJIe,goBaTejieH, cBsL3aHa TaioKe c <'a6conioT43a-
"HeHi>i ee COI4HaIbHOp pOj1H MaTepH. OTcioga BO3HHKaeT OflaCHOCTb
pC,LyLJHpOBaHHH BCeX COLHtaJlbHb]X dPyHK1i4HH >KeHlllHH K cpyHKLJI\H
MaTCepHHCTBa [76,81]. MeCy TeM POJIb MaTePH He ,OfUKHa BbICTynaTb
KaK o6mecTBeHHas o6M3aHHocTb, a 6blTb HCKmiO4-H4tCeJbHO HEAl4BH,Ay-
.JnbHbIM Bbi6opOM. OIAHaKO, no JgaHHbIM o6cneAoBaHt4A, 'ynb MeHee
TpeTH >KeHIIIIH 4H 'yrb 6oiee TpeTHI MyoH4H paccmaTpliBaOT MaTe-
pHHCTBO KaK O6513aHH0CI'b. BMCCTC C TeM 4400 )KeHMILHH H 55% My)KI4HH
v6eA<geIlbl, 'lTO qOfir My)K'-1iIbI - paCT14T, H BOCIIHTbIBaTb j,eTeA
[254,92].



5. rEH]aEPHbIE ACHEKTbI 3AHHTOCTH
H COCTOHHHIR PbIHKA TPYJA
B PoccHif B HOCJCeHee gCCeTHJCeTHIC F1031111H )KC1eil1H1-1 B 3KOEIOMIlKC
yxyJWmHJiHCb no LuejoMy psqgy IIapaMeCpOB. FeCHepHblll pa3pblB, Hia-
6JIIo,aBIIEfHC5c If B COBeTCKOC BpCM5q B FlO.TOiKeHli MX'wKqlHF4H H)KCHlliJH
B 3KOHOMII4eCCKOICI c4epe, cTaJI eCiiC innipe. 3a FOgb1 peC4)OpM npOH30IIo-
114 BawKHeHInIe 13MCHCeIl5L B cc4)epe )KeilcKofl 3aHMlToCTIH: CHlfACeHHe
YpOBH5f 'pyrjOBO1f aKI'HBHOCTII )KCHHIIH TpVAOCHIOC66HOFO B03paCTra;
VCIimeiHe OTpacJieBO4, ripo4eccHoHaJ1b1loH 11 BepnHKWIbHOfA cerpe-
FaLqHH; VBeJi4IetCie reCHgepHOFO pa3pblBa B onIJiaTe TpyIIa; HOBblIIleiEHe
CKJIOEf1HOCTlH K IICKPHMHHULWIllH KeCllEi Co CTOpOHbl pa6oToja'I'CJ1efl
llpH HaHfMC Ha pa6oTy, OC06CHHO B XiaCTi iOM ceKTope [767]. B 3'I0o liAa-
Be paCCMaTpI1Ba1OTCq reHiaCpHbJC aCneKTbl 3aH5HTOCTH If COCT'I'01Hf51
pbIHKa Tpyjla (CM. T3KICC pilc. 5. 1, ire npeICTaBJICHbl gaHHblC nO P3Ugy
CTpaHI). FJiaBa COCTOlfT H3 CACJ icOIutHX pa3,IICJIOB:
PHc. 5.1. YpOBeHIa 3aKOHOMnlCIC0Ko  aKTHBHOCTH
My34iHH H w*CeHlhIIH B % (1999-2001 rr.)
90r
70
60~
50
40 
30ii1
It-o    m 1                         cr =:   m  cr  < .
7; <     C            0                    0
> 



86                                 reHjqepHbLe Hpo6JTeMbI B POCCu1H
* FeHgepHbie TCHeCHeHHH Ha pbIHKC TpyAa.
* FOpH3OHTaTbHaM H BepTHKalJbHaH cerperaLiHM.
* FelHepHax aCHMMeTpI4u B CriLeHaJlbHOCTHX C OHiaCHbTMH H He-
6.iarOnpHaTHbIMH yCJIOBHu1MH Tpyga.
* reHgepHble acneKTbl 6e3pa6oTHmbl.
* reHgepHbIA pa3pblB B onraTe Tpy4a.
A. rEHIAEPHbTE TEHAEHIjHH HA PhIHKE TPY)JA
YpoBeHb SKOHOMHWeCKOH aKT1HBHOCTH )KeHM14H TpyjOcioCo6HOro
BO3paCTa CHH3HJIC51 Ha 7,5% (c 81,6% B 1992 r. Ao 74,1% B 2001 r.), a y
My)KxIHH 3TOT rIoKa3aTeJh coKpaTHITC Ha 6,4% (c 86,6% Ao 80,2% COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO) [1010, 72]. TaKHM o6pa3oM, cyigeCTBeHHbIx reHCepHbIX
H3MCHeHHI B 3TOP o6TiaCTh He HpoH3OI3iJIo. Ha6nIo4a.noCb o6mee
CHH)KeHHC TpytoBof aKTHBHOCTH HaceneIHI, Ha qOHC KOTOpOFO
rPOiLeHT CHHAKeHHM TPYAOBoP aKTHBHOCTH y >KeHII4H 6bm HeMHOrO
6o0lbmie, w4M y Myx-IJHH (pHc. 5.2). JalaHHbie PM33 (4T)HKCHpyOT 6onee
yMepeHHoe CHHACeHHe TpyAOBO$ aKTHBHOCTH HO KpaHHMM BO3paCT-
HbIM i'pynriaM, 4CM gaHHbiC rOCKOMCTaTa, -ITO CBII3aHO C 60obmeAI yrT-
KOCTbIO PM33 K C.Ty4aPHbIM pa6oTaM H npnipa6oTKaM, XapaKTepHbIM
nsI 3STHX BO3paCTHbix rpynn [919, 217].
PHC. 5.2. YpOBeHL 3aHSTOCTH My2c'HH H weCHHH
nO BO3pacTHIAM rpynnam (1993 H 2001 rr.) B %
100                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~>KeHUAWHbl 1993
_ o,., 1993
90                                                 2001
80 I
700
60 t
-50.
40:
20
10
po2O 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-72
Bo3paCT (neT)
IJckno'tuc: rOCKOMCTal'.



5. FenjgepHlbe acncKTbl 3aHSTOCTH 11 COCTOAHHHS pbIHKa Tpyja  87
4oJIa )KeHMHH CpegH :3KOHOMH4CCKH HeaKT4BHOIFO HaceCJeHHH
B Tpyjocnoco6HoM BO3pacre B 2001 F. COCTaBHhia 56%. Padnpe4enenHe
Ha Kenamouux 1H HC )Kejiaioi4Hx pa6oTaTb cpeAH 3KOHOMHIleCKH HeaK-
THBHorO HaceJICHHI y MNy(HHH H ?KeHUJHH TaKOC eKe: 56% ACeHI14H cpe-
AH HeC KenaioMLUx pa6oTaTb H 56% >KeHIIH H C sC4U Bcex 3KOHOMHCec-
KU HieaKTHBHbIX, HO -KeCJaoImHx pa6oTaTb. HlpH'4eM, CpeAH He
Bbipa34BIU4X 2KeJiaHHe pa6oTaTb JllJ" neHCHCOHIIOrO Bo3paCTa 6onbLle
My2KxHH (58%), qeM )KCHRJUH (42%), CCTCCTBCeIHO 6OJlbmm  AOMOXO3I-
eK (97%), 4eM AOMOX03HHHOB (3%), H riO4TH OJAHHaKOBbie reHgepHbie
gOjiH y CTyAeHx4CCTBa. Cpe,zu My)K'-IHH TaK>Ke 6ombiue .TIHl, He Bblpa3HB-
mux )KeCalHUe pa6OTaTb no <ogpyrfM ripH4HHaM,> (10% Bcex HeaKTHUB-
HbIX My)Kx4UU H 7,2% )KCHIHH) [357].
HC3aHa1TOCTb )KeHMHH B oru7a13HBaeMoM CeKTOpe 3KOHOMHKH 6bl-
BaCT cerOAHH KaK BblHy)K,LxCHHOPI (ropOqWAHHOP 6e3pa6oTHw4ef BCeX
C4OpM - OTKpbITOP, CKpbITOfH, HeronIHoI U T. .), TaK IU jo6pOBOJlbHOH.
L,Ta alaina3a MOTHBaiUU HC3aHHTOCTH >KCHIIIUH B nepeXO4Hlblh nepit-
OA H3yYa3JIUCb LeHHOCTHbIe opeCHTaUHU aKTHBHbIX )KeHMHH [190;
30 1; 570], HX ?KH3HeHHbCe CTPaTerHU, coIJUanbHoe caMOM4YBCTBHlC [e11
189; 228; 302; 423], pa3pa6aTbIBancn MOHUTOpHHFr oLeHKH COUHaJIb-
HOFO caMO4YBCTBUlA 3aHhTblX )KeHLJIH [423], aHJa1H3UpOBauIHCb cTe-
pCOTUrMbI KKeCICKOrO nOBejeHUI [496] U reHACPHbIC CTepeOTlribl no
OTHOLUCeHUIO K >KeH1HHaM  188; 440], reHACPHO pa3aIn`Ha cou4HanTI-
3aqRH [614].
PacweTbm [no gaHHbIM PM33 IOATBepInmJUiH UpeCnoJt oAeHCCUU 0 BJU-
5111SHUU COHaJTblo-J1cMorp;acpm4eCKHX ctaKTOpOB Ha BepOSITHOCTb
npe6blBaHMA B CTaTyCe SKoHOMHU'eCCKH aKTHBIIOrO HaCeJICH,A H Ha
BepOh1THOCTR CMeCibl cTaTy7ca aKTHBHoCTU. OTpHLna-reJbHoe BJIUSIHtie
OKa3blBalOT 4laKTOpbi nonAa (y )KeHLIIJH BCpO5THOCTb flpe6bIBaHIIfl
B CTalyce SKOHOMUmCCKH aKTI4BHOrO HaCeCJCHUH B lACJ1OM HUUKC, KaK
H BepO5ITHOCTIU niepexoga 113 CTaTvCa SKOHOMlU4eCKHI HleCKTUBHoro
HaCCheIC15I B CTaTvC SKOIIOM14CCKU aKTHBHOI'O HaCCeICHIUI), BO3p3C-
Ta, IaHi4qUSA HeTp},JOBJAX /jJXOXtOB (jAns )KCHIHUH), KoJIUeCTBa jeTCTl
(ALA3 WKCHWIHU), KOJIUH-eCTBa 4IeCHOB CCMbU, CTaTyC neHCCUOHCpa 1111I
CTygClITa (60JIb[LC Jeim MyAQHfI), 34OpOBb51 (60obUe g.T1 MyJKqEIUH).
K rOJIO)KUlTCJlbHFblM paRKTOpaM OTHOCITCI VpOBeHb o6pa303B2HIIY
(6onbiue ,Ti3i wKeHMHJI) U CCMCIHblAH CTaTyC (60Jobmite giL My)AKC4H: 3a-
MY)KHHC )KeHII4HHbl H OCO6CHHO ?KeHaTbiC My3Kq4Hbl SKOHOMULICCIII
aKTUBHce). HpHqcM cpaKTop HUTpyeOBOFO JBOxoxoqa BJIHSIJ Ha BXO4 Ha
pbIHOK Tpyga, HO He BJ4H1l Ila BbIXO4 C pbIHKa TpyJa. claKTOp KOJIU4Ce-
CTBa AeCTCH nIpOABJIAJIC HCOAHO3H134HO: OTpHULJTCJbHOC BJI1UIIHU KO-
JllUleCTBa TeTCH Ha BO3MOKHblH yXoA C pblHK Tpyza 1npOTHBOpeC4UJO



88                                 FeH4epHble Hpo6neMbl B PoCCu41I
OTPHW2TeCTIbHOMY BJIHIlHHIO KORw-eCTBa aeTeC Ha BO3MO)KHoe nipe-
6bIBaHHe B CTaTyCe SKOHOMHiHCCKOH aKTHBHOCTH [919, 217-223].
YpoBeEib 3aHHTOCTH )KCHLHH 1H MVKQlHlI B TpygOCrIOCO6HOM Bo3pa-
CTe CHH13HJICq B paBHOP CTCelCHH, HO C pa3HbLIX YPOBHeH: y xKCeilHH -
c 77,5% B 1992 r. go 67,7% B 2001 F., y Mv)KHHI - C 82,2% go 72,6% co-
OTBeTCTBeHHO [1010, 72].
B. FOPH30HTAIIbHAJI H BEPTHIKAJIbHASI CErPErAIIHJI
B aTOM pa3aene o6CynA<aeTCM YCHJIIHBBaoIoma51CS CCrperaiHSI )KeCHJHH
iia pa6o4eM MCCTC H Ha pb1HKC Tpyla. TaKaaq cerperarilH5 MoAceT 6blTb
KaK ropH3OHTaJbHOH, TaK It BCpTHIKaJbHOP (BCTaBKa 5.1). Bo-niepBbIX,
nO,HJHHMaeTCq ripo6;IeMa OTpaciCeBOlH cerperaiwn. CoKpawmcrHe 'mc-
na pa6oTaloiunx My)K-IIH H )KeHIIH4H B pa3HblX OTpacJLux HpOIICXO}AHT
HepaBHOMCpHO [581, 2-5]. B r1epHoA c 1995 no 2000 F. pe3KO COKpa-
THTIOCb 4HCJIO 3aHaTbIx B CTPOHITeJbcrBe (MyA'IIHH - Ha 48,8%, KeH-
TiHIH - Ha 49,1%), B o6pa6aTbIBEaloUeM CCKTOpe (COKpalieH-ie Ha
14,5% H 23,1% COOTBe'C'CTBeHHO), B ccpepe TpaHCflOpTIlbIX YCJIy (Co-
KpaMeHHHC Ha 19,8% H 13,6%°o COOTBeTCTBeHHO). )Ja)KC B HfeKOTOpbIX
TpagHI4HOHHO <QiKeHCKIIX'> OTpacnisx OTMCeaCTC5I 3HaqHTeCJbHOe CO-
KpaHtl-HHle Hcna pa6OTalOllJIlX w1efiII41H: B AeIFKOH HpOMbIlJleHHOC-
TH - Ha 34,4%,1 B TCKCTHIOII blp101  OMbllIJICeI 1IOCTI - Hia 38,7%, B ctce-
pe HPO013BOTCTlBa FOTOBOA OJJeC<gbi - Hla 28,9%. B 2000 1'. 6buIO
3aperHCTPHPOBaHO He3HaqHTCJhHObfC VBCnJiqeHiLe (Ha 0,3% /o) B o6n#CP
HHcJIeHHOCTII 3aHHTblx: MIVKClKasl 311HE5ETOCTb BblIpocCia Ha 0,4%,, a  CKeH-
CKalE 3aH5TOCTb - Hfa 0, I 'o
ColFJlaCIo OC~PHHIaJ1hI 101 C'1'aTHC'T'IIKC [357], 4cpcMHIHH33I pOBaHlibl&
O'lTpaCJ1H (06pa3oBaHHC, 3ApaBooxpaHCIIIHC, QniIaHCbl) COXpaHIHJ1H
CTaTyC 4cpMeIHH3HJpOBaIlHbIX OrpacneJl: B TOpFOlBJ1C H O65ICCTBCHHONI
UnTaf IO mAia(Ce ycHhHJ1cM np[o I4ecc CM Id IIHH3alIIH, a B npOMbiiuiJieHHO-
CTHI H CTpOHTC'JThClTbC IieiaohOATJ1C51 H9OiLCCC '-MaCIKVJIHH113aHtIJH. B nc-
pHmO c 1995 no 2001 r. JOJIg KelCIkIrlH, 3.IHyTbIX B HpONMhwIIH1JICIIHOCTHl,
CH1431H1dCI,c 41%( ,o"A 383<'>,. B cTrpoIICHeJCTBC e-C 23% jo ,1, IB o6pa3o-
BaHHH - C 83%j,Ao 81B, B 3gpaBCOOxpaHeHli - C 81"AO 80%,,, B 4JH4IaH-
COBOPf CpepC - c 74'h, ;io 72>'\9..
OJIIaKO J1O pCpopNf yKCHCKI1I TpYJJ iipeo6JIaAall B MaHIHOCTpOC-
HIH H xIIMIIMCCKOc HpOMieJiCiiHocCTrII. HlCpCOpHCHTaeIra I li-a Cblpbe-
BblC OTpaCJIIH CO01K9aTHAJLI ,KCHCEKII H Tpj`J 11 HlpOMbllllJICHHIOCTH B ABa
pa3a, a HeCPCXO;t AKCHlIlHH B CCpv TOPFOBJIM CBHAeTeJlhCTByeT 0 Ho-
H   (lCIIHII VpOB 115 Kl(BaTH4iDIIKailm KCeHCKOI'O TpvAa H o nOTC9C Bb1CO-
.   ,   .   . ..        . 



5. Feirtepiibe 2CIeK1KbI 3Sa1HToCT1I H COCTOsHIM pbliHKa Tpyja,     89
BCTaBKa 5.1. Hlpo4eccHoHaLbHaA cerperaixan HO 1PH3HaKy nona
HpoLIa3BoACTBcIiHanq cerperaitHs Ho upHa3ilaKy ilo;Ia HIOCHIT yCTOPMHYlBbll4 xa-
parrep H viposwnBeRTCa B OTHoi[HCHHH My)KtHH ii )CIeHHijuji, 1IpCL,CTaBJ15101Ao1X
OHIpeeCnCJlJ1b1C npocJeccHH, 3aaT151bix B onpeAeTeHHbIX oTpac}isx 14 3aHHMMaIO-
mHX oHipcAeJLCHHbIC JA0JIDKH(C1CTH. HpoLa3BocTLLeHHasM ceFperar.iIlsi 6blBae'i
AByX BI1AOB - rOPH3OHTaJlbHOH H BepTHKaIbHlOH.
rOpu3oHTaJLn6HaJ cerperalaH BbipcDKaeTC5I B HepainiomcpHom pacnipe-
eiLmLIHH MyK'4mHHi it )KeHlUHH HO HpOQeCCC1HsM H1 OTpacJiSiM BKOILOMHIKfL (OT-
pacncBsas cerpceraI4Ha).
BCpTHICaJihHaS cerperaiHs BbipadKaeacg B 1iepaBI1OMCpIHOM pacnpeCCe-
nieHHH Myx21HH H KCHlIlUH nHo llO3H4E5HM AOAKHOHI HepapxuiiI [1041, 137].
HaH6onee '4aCTO Ans7 H13MCpCHH15 ypOBHE51 cerperLpaLLHH HpeMCH5CTC5A IIIiCKeC
paCXO2CACHHfl AyVIKaHa, oHpcgeJiembil CACEyiOLilHM o6pa3oM:
2 ,
2 =-ZIM -17 XlOO%
rAe M, 03olaHacT JOJIIO BCCX pa6O'1'HHKOB My)CKqlH11 B1 jaLHoH iipocpeccHIn1 ElnH
OTpacJIT; Fi O3HaTMaCTJOJ11o Bcex pa6oTllEIKoBxKevlzMEl BAaHHioI npoQeccifi
HAJI OTpaCnH.
111IACKC HOKa3blBacI,, CKOJIbKO pa6OlHEfKOB OHOF'O nIonia 90JonJAHfl CMCHIITb
MecTo p.a60obl (HpEI yCJIOBHE. tiTO pa6O'HHIEKI HpOTHBOHOBO2K11OFO nona oc-
T10OTCsr Ha CIOHHX MccTsax) im' o6ecneqeHI-IH paBHoMepHOFO pacnpe4eIcmliql
W)MV)LCMII H IKCHIIIHII BHyrpHf oTpacJIH. HluLeKc MOmKeT HpHH4lIMaTh, BCJIElHEIMHbl
OT 0 m100. Bemnniiiqia 0 CooTIeTCFTByverC 1OJHONMV coHa/ieHHI() cTpyKTyp, a Be-
nimiia 10 0()() coorBcTcrBCT 100% pacnpcjeneTicmIo Tpy1jjl no pH3HaKVII no0Ja.
HosToMy ECHHCeCHHC BeJlHqHHblI HH;kCKCa BO BpCMCIIJI COOTBC'ICTBN'CT VMICHb-
nictiriio cerperaHtivi, a vIIenHtiieITe -poc-Ty CCrpcral4HmI.
KOIO ripoqCCccHoIafbHoFO nOTCHiHiHana oKCHCKOHf pa6o'Lcfie         ciJImI
[404, 158].
HCpcHeKtrHl3bl HCNYCUIII'lCTIJbHlbl: pOCT R CblpbCBOfi npOMIILtLleHIHO-
CT1H C034aCT Iepc9CeKTHllBbl AIn <<MyA,KCKHX > rtpoceccifi, a rnpHi¶.TlimKao-
jgifiyi CeMorpa4JIHecKCHI cria3I cozpaTwtr c4)epy' pHI4MHeCHCI u   Kceri-
CKIRX"> HpO)eCCCHP (H2a-labnioe 06pao3BaHniC, MCHJLgHIIaIE wAJIs 4C'l'CfH
It 1'. 4.) [464, 1 57]. HpaB4a, geMOFpa(4H4CeCKRHH coag O>K)i1TkCeTC5 He
B 6JII Ka HICIuc, a B OrjaJICHIIoH  nCpCrCKTHIBC, 'iTO CB513cUIO CO CTpVK-
TVIhlblM (PaKTOpOM (B HiaCtroieCe BpCMt GoJIee MmHO'O'   CIC:i1Il,ic Ito-
KOJICHllS BOIIIJIH 13 penpOAVyKTHBIiblfl B03paCT) 17 C OTJIOml;eHHbIMlI
pOACHIISMml [472].



90                               FeHAepHble HpO6JIeMbl B PoccIH
Tpa,Ru4UHOHHO BbICOKaS ,AoJI5 >KeHHIJHH B HaylIHOM COo6UgeCTBe
co03aana (4eHoMeH peMMHHH3aLUHH HayKH B POCCHH [994]. OAHaKO JnI
rioTiy4eHi4A ageKBaTHoPl KaPTHHbl reH,epHoro pacrpeAeeHHsl pe-
CYPCOB B 3TOH OTpaCJIH Heo6xoJiHMo Y4HTblBaTb He TOTIbKO ripo-
LeHTHbIe nOKa3aTejiH, HO H pacnpeACnejHHe qHHaHCOBbIX HOTOKOB,
npetocTaBhI.eMbIX )KeHnUHHaM-y,-eHbIM. B yCTiOBHhiX pe3Koro CHH-
)KeHHSI 61o)KeTHorO qcHHaHICHPOBaHHI4 HaYK1H ga>Ke riOBbIleHHOC
npe,ACTaBHTeJIbCTBO >KeHMI1HH B 3TOH c(Cepe He IBlIAeTCA KpHTCpHeM
reHACpHoro 6JIaronoJyqHq. CHHAKeHHCe (HHaHCHpOBaHHq Hay4HbIX
HccjieAOBaHHA, oco6eHHo B ryM3HHTapHbIX o6jiaCTAX, ]IOBbICHJIO
AJIA BbicoKoo6pa3OBaHHbIx )KeHMLHH PHCK OKa3aTbCq 3a 4epTOfi 6e,-
HOCTH, 3a iepTOA CoumHaJbHOH BOCTpC6OBaHHOCTH [157; 641; 642;
647], xITO riO,TBep?KalOT TAaHHbIe OrIpOCOB >KeHIH14H-cJyICaLlHHx MFY
HM. M.B.JIOMOHOcOBa [L 11; 228]. 3a nepHoA c 1990 no 1998 r. 'Hcjio
AKeHIUHH, 3aHATbIX B HayqHO-HccnegOBaTenbCKOA cq4epe, COKpaTH-
.JOCb C 1,5 MJIH. ,Ro 645 TbIC. 4ejiOBeK (y MY)K4HH 6blma noxoXKal Kap-
THHa) [870, 47]. 3aKpbITHe MHOrHX ilpOCKTHbIX H HayMHbIX OpIraHH-
3aL"Hm, coKpaLeHHIC KagpOB cpeAHero yripaBj1eHMeCKorO 3BeHa (rge
>KeHWHHbl COCTaBJIIjiiH 6o0nee 60%) [868,158] TaKAKw CBHgeTeCYbCTBO-
BaniH 0 HenpOrIOPLtHOHaTIbHO Cepbe3HbIX nOcie,ACTBH51X CTpyKTyp-
HOrO peq4opMHpOBamHHH 3KOHOMHKH AJ151 )KeHM4HH.
BJoIKeHHA B OCHOBHOH KariHTani rpeAJipH4THH TaKCKe HMeeT rCH-
AepHyIO OKpaCKy: HarpHMep, HHBeCTIf4HH B OTpaCJiH <kMy)KCKOP>
3KOHOMHKH B 1999 roAy COCTaBHJIH 49%, B reH,AepHO-HeHTpajIbHbIe
OTpacmH (MaUnHHocTpoeHHe, XHMH4 , )KKX) - 35%, a B <(KeHcKHe~>
OTpacjiH - 16% [868,156].
B COBpCMCHHOH POCCHH 4CHUKeHHbi npeqii1O4HTaEOT pa6OTaTb
i-ia 6onee KpYHHbIX FInCJIJPIH4THHX (ypOBeHb 3aHqTOCTH KeHM1HH
Ha MaJIbix npe,l-lrpHBTHHx TOJIbKo 36%, TOrAa KaK Ha KpyHHbIX H cpeg-
HIIX - 53%) [357]. TaKoe noJIoAKeHHe MOAKHO 06bSqCHHTb ABYMq
npHMHHlaMH. Bo-nepBbIX, MaJbilH 6n3Eiec aCCOuHHpyeTCq C HeCTa-
6HJIbEIOCTbEo H 6onee BbICOKHM pIICKOM HOTepH pa6OTbI. B ceMbsIX
,4aCTO Bbi6HpaeTCA cjieayioinAas CTpaTerHi: )KeHMHHa OCTaeTCH pa-
6oTaTb Ha CTa6HnJbHoM rocyAaPCTBeHHOM (a 3HaqHT, oTHocHTeCJbHo
KpynHOM) HpCeAiJpHRTHH, 'ame C O4CHb HH3KOH onIiaTOH TpyTLa,
a MyA'IIHHa H1MeT 6onee nppH6bIlJbHyIO, riycrb H HeCTa6HIbHyIO pa6OTy
C EleEIOPMHPOBaHHbIM pa6OHCM BpCMCHeM [484]. Manioe rpenpHmA-
THe COOTBeTCTBYeT HMeHHO HocjneAHHM xapaKTepHcTHKaM. Bo-BTO-
pbIX, OKOJIO 40% ManjbiX nPeAIPHMATHA qdYHKLHOHHPYIOT B <'MY;KCKHX'>
oTpacisix 3KOHOMHKH, r,Ce JAOi5i )KeH1HH He ripesBbimaCT 20-24%
[357; 635].



5. FeHgepHbie acHieKTbl 3aHfATOCTH 1U COCTOSHl4S pbIHKa Tpyga  91
CoxpaHsAeTcsA BbICOK1H19 YPOBeHb BepTH4KaJIbHOln ropH3OHTaTib-
HOH4 cerpera"LHH: >KeHMlHHbl 3aMenalOT BaKaHTHbie 9OJDKHOCTH, xa-
paKTcpH3yiomLHeC5I 6o0nee HH3KHM CTaTyCOM H Tpe6yionmHe 6o.Tiee HH3-
KO1 KBajHc4¢HKaiAHm [484].
PacHpegeneHHe My)KqlHH H >KeH[HH HO 3aHATH5IM Ha OCHOBHOfH
pa6oTe HecHiMMeTpl4lHO. 13 2001 r. Loj1A >YeHLfA14H Ha PYKOBOJAJEfLl4X
qOJD)KHOCTAX (Bcex ypOBHeHl) COCTaBHna 36%, a cpegTH HeKBaj1H)HU1]4-
POBaHHbIX pa6oql4X BO Bcex OTpaci5ix 3KOHOM14KH4 - 56% [1010,
78-79]. B Ta6jiHIe 5.1 HlpHBOA TCA JaHHbie o reHtiepHoM pacdpege-
IieHHH- cJIy)KaIHX B rocyqapCTBeHHbIX H MYHHl4HlHaJbHbIX yFpewe-
HH15IX (Ho KaTeropH5M H 1 O.TIA(HOCTAM) no COCTOAIHHIO Ha 1 AHBapA
2002 r.
>KeHcKaHq Kapbepa B YCJIOBHAX H3MCHCHH4Hi Ha PbIHKC Tpyga [39; 145;
160;299;400;632;718;845;862;882;972; 1068; 1229; 1230; 1231]yc-
JIO>KHMHaCb, npiio6peiia HHCXO5fUH414 xapaKTep gi51 MHOrHX KeH11J1HH
[484; 845]. 3Ta TeH-eHJtl4H HQOHHMmaeT BOnPOC o co3gaHH4 TeXHOJIO-
rHH4 rioJgepKK  H aAarITa1I4H aKTHBHbIX AKeHMIHH [39; 718; 1068] KaK
4epe3 KaApOBYIO rlOJH4TIIKy HpeglUIPH5ITHIA (MHKpOCTHMyJ1HpOBaHHe)
[299], TaK H Fwepe3 CTHMYJHPOBaHH4e Ha MaKpoypOBHe, Ha ypOBHe rocy-
japCTBeHHo0 noJIHT14KH [400]. HecMOTpB Ha TO, FTO Kapbepa HMeeT
6o0Jbmoe 3HawEeHHme AR1A MHOFHX )KeHMIIHH, B 3TOH c4pepe HX HO3H14HH
yXyAmHInHCb [1229; 1230; 1231].
CpaBHel-HHe couHaJAbHOA Mo6tJIbHOCTH no rHolny (oUeHHBaeMoH
Ho HoKa3aTeJHO <T141T1 TpyqOBOA KapbepbI>) B 1980-x H 1990-x rogax
HOKa3aJio CY1UCCTBCHHbie l3MeHeHH5I THna 1H HaHlpaBjiCHHA COUliaAb-
HbiX riepeMemeHHH no noiy. B HaCTO5Imee BpCMSI y My-XtHliH 6o0nee
6hiarOnOaIy4Hoe HOJIO)KeHtHC, XOTI' 3Ha-FiHTeJbHOe CiHmKeHHe My>K-
CKO01 Mo6linbHOCTH 6buio 6o0iee OMyTHMbIM B cHjiy HX 6onee BbICOKO-
FO CTaTyCHOro YPOBHRI B ipo)mioM. )KeHtUHHbl HOTCepAIH MeHbmlle, HO
CCeFOHSI Ca1IbAO IHX Mo6H.TbHOCTH HMCeT OTpHUaTeffbHOe 3HaHEHHe,
cJlylaeCB YXYAM1CHH4I KapbepbI 60o.blme, 'leM chy1iaeB KapbepHOFO poc-
Ta. FlpH4eM, AceHIAHHbl CpeaHHX BO3paCTOB (30-39 neT) B KOHLCe
1990-x rOgOB H-MmeJI caMOC HH3KOe CaJIbAO COuLHaJbHOf M06HJIb-
HOCTH, TOrFa KaK HX POBecHHKH My)KIl-lHbl - caMoe BbicoKoe. CTa)K
pa6oTbl (Bo3pacT) CepCCTarJ 6blTb 4aKTOpOM  OJIOAKlHTeChbHOA COL4H-
aJIbHOH MO6HJIbHOCTH, Bo3POCJIa pO.TIb o6pa3oBaHHM. ,D;nsl MY)K4HH
(B OTJIHf1iHe OT wKeH[LHH) Ba)KHoe BJIHIIHHe Ha Kapbepy OKa3blBalOT
pa3BOA H ceMeHHOe nojO)KetHHe HocnIe pa3Boqa [845, 84].1 HTepeCHO
6bIno 6bi CpaBHfTb 3TH cTaTHcTT1W4ecK4e JjaHHbIe C CiiTyaLeHCe B Apy-
rFx CTpaHax.



92                                     FeHAepHbie npo6neMbI B POCCHH
Ta6anina 5.1. COCTaB no nony pa6OTHHIKOB, 3aMeCIIaBMHX
roCytapCTBCHHbIe H MyHHIlHHaJIbHLIC gOJI)CHOCTH,
no ICaTerOpHM, rpynnam LoJIAcHocTeTi Ha 1 AHBapH 2002 r.
(B %)
rocydapcineennbte  rocydapcmeernmble My-iut4unazmnbIe
oa7,vci-ocmnu     ovicnlocmu      dwvinocrnu
/5eoepano-io   zocydapcmoewoiou
eocyWapcinoeunoa      cJyIc6bl
C7yMC6bu       cy6wtcmoo PCP
Xen-     Myuec-   )At-     Myvc-    New-    A1yc-
U41UHbI   tU il0  U4UHb1    IUUbi  U44Ulbl   4UNbl
3aMeuyaamne
,AOhI2HOCTH
BCero               71       29       69        31     75       25
B TOM -ILcne:
KaTeropIi1 <4A,>    58       42       45        55     27       73
KaTeropHi <,,13     61       39       48        52     52       48
KaTeropEEI <4B4     75       25       71        29     79       21
B TOM mHcie HO rpyinHaM
JOJ)1KHOCTCIl:
BbICIIeIC           12       88       28       72      42       58
riaBHlbiC           23       77       46       54      57       43
BeAymme             67       33       64       36      73       27
crapuIlle           73       27       75       25      82       18
NrnajL111e          88       12       87        13     91       9
Ilclnot4inuK: FOCKOMC'T'aT.
JaOflA ) eHIJHH cpegin caMO3aHRTOrO HaceJIeHUiL conocraBHMa C g0-
lien MyW+C'HH (48% B 2001 r.) [1010,72]. O,HaKOTpyAHo HOHATbpa3HH-
HIY B THIIaX CaMOCTOIITeJIbHiOH 3aHSITOCTH (<oMeJIHOxrHHIa>>, pCnCTHTOp,
eCTeKTIIB 11 T.,J.).
-fpaqMa 4AHCKPHMHHM1HalE 51HKeHHH 4HIBPOBAIHCTC5I B He)KeJIaHiHI  pa-
60TO,a'reneie HaHHMaTh Ha pa6ofy )KeHLUHH. I3ojiee HOJIOBHHbl pa60-
TO4aTeJlei CHUEITaIOT, MTO o6peMeHeE3HoCTb CeMCeHbIMH o6513aaIHOC-
TSlMII CHHKaeT IJCHHOCTb KCeHCKOHI pa6oue$     CHJIbl, E B YC.IOBHSIX
BbICOKOH KOHKVJeHIJHH 3a pa6o'tre MCCTa pa6oToj,aTeJnH npejrnoMn-
TaEOT p6o-TI-IHKO3, rOTOBhbX bK nOBbIllICIIHbIM Iarpy3KaM H CBepxvpo--
lIbIM pa6oTaM [76<7, 59].



5. FeHvepi-ble acneriTbl 3aHSTOCTHII COCTOHBMA pblEIK'al Tpyg3  93
Ycuneiinie AHCKPUMEIHM [1HH )KCHMIHH Ha pbIHKe Tpyqa flpOHCXOAIHT
H BCJIeCICTBHe H3MeHeHHf xapaKTepa Tpyja H TPYAOBbIX OTHOLHLHH6.
BKJIIO'CHHC POCCIIII B COBpeMeIIHbIHI pbIHOK Tpy4a, 1IOCqHIjHH HepTbI
3HOXH HOcTcTopJgH3ma, HeH 36eKHo ripHB4eCT K yBeJIHMl4CHIIIO OJIH Ha-
JqOMHOFO TpyjAa, HelHOJIHbIX peACAMOB 3aH9ToCTII H EHC(4JOpMaJbHOrO
cCKTopa SKOHOMHKH, pOCIy KpaTKoCpoYHlbIX KOHTpIKTOB II ciiyHa-
HbiX 3apa6oTKoB, nIOBblUCHHIe0o Tpe6oBaHuH K Mo6HJIbHoCTH H rIpo-
4CeCCHOHaJIH3My pa6o'-ieh CIIJIbl. OeCBJIHC), 'ITO BCe 9TIH TCHCeHUHH
HeraTIIBHO BRHAIOT Ha B03MOAKHOCTH )KeHI4HH KOHKypHpOBaTb Ha
paBHbIX C M,KA44HHaMH Ha C'OBpeMeIlHOM pbLHIKC Tpy4a: >KeHHIHHbl Me-
liec Mo6H4IbHbl iHpO4CeCCHc)OHaJlbHO HI TCppHTOpHaJIbHlo, OHH 3arpy(Ke-
Hbl peCpOAyKTHBHbIM TpyAOM, MeHee KOHKypCHTOCHOco6Hlbl. DTO 3Ha-
HIlT,' 'TO HX BbITeCHIT B C4KcpyyOHOpa3oBbIX/cJIv-4aLHbiX KOHTpaKT'OB,
HeCCpOpMaIbHbIX TpygOBbIX OTHOieCHHII, HajoMHorO Tpy4a, F4C MCelb-
unc pecypcoB It BO3MO>KHOCTCh [636; 638].
A,raniTaUHA )KCHHIHH K MCHAOICueMycM pbIHKY Tpyga [56; 151; 158;
402;403;691;717;719;720;726; 799;858;883;949; 1006; 1043; 1135]
HpOHCxoQ4T, B '-aCTHOCTH4, CepC3 BTOpUHHHIO 3a2SITOCTb [532; 921]
('4TO BTieC'eT 3a co6oP pOC rTpyr0Bofi Harpy3KH), yxoXi B HCFOCy4ap-
CTBeHHbie ceCKTopa 3KOHOMHKI-I [675] (c xapaKTepHOP HeCTa6HTIbHO-
CTbIO HI HapyLeHIHHH3MH CoumHaJbHbIX rapaHTUHPI) H1 VXOA B HC4Op-
MaJIbHblIl ceKTop SKOHOMHKH4 [1126; 1128; 1129] (rge rCH4epHaH
AHCKJPHMHHaJHSI npOfBJIleTC5l oco6eCJHO 51pKO). HanpuMep. cpeCH
>KCH14IHH, HMeCoWHx HuH H14yllHX ,TOrlOJIHHTCYIbHyIO pa6o03 jl,onqr fa-
eMHblX pa6OTHHKOB COCTaBJIqCT 84% H npCeBbl)aeT COOTBeTCTByIoIIJH$i
HOKa3aTe;lb CpeAH MyA'I4HH Ha 13 rlyHKTOB. B jBa pa3a MCeblbCe KeH-
m[HH, qeM My)K'IIH, pa6OTalOT Ha OCHOBe CpO4HIbIX KOHlTpaKTOB, o IaO-
l'OBOpaM no,LpH,3a H ApyFl'IM rpaAcaHCKO-npaBOBbIM  4oroBopaM
[1139,182-183].
HeC4opManbHbIl ceKTop SKOHIOMHIKH [ 1126; 1128; 11 29] - aTO cpe-
jZa, rACe IaCTO HlapylUlaIoTTCi [IpaBa rpaxA{JaHHHa, pa6oTHHKa, 'e:ioBCKa:
HC ipeC4OCTaBJBIIOTCSI 3aKOI IO;aTeJlbHO VCTaHOBJICHIbIe COJUHaJIblbIC
Jlbl'O'T'bI; He rapaHTEIpOBaHb[ oninara Tpy4a Ht HPO4OJI5KIITCJIhHOCTb 3a-
I I5TOCTIH; OTCVTC'I'B)IOT' TPYLXOBbIC KOHTpaKTbl; yCJIOBH5I TPVAa TS>KeCJibIC
tI HCNMXaIIl3HpOBaIIHbIC H T.J. 1H HMeCHII1o Ta cpeJa xapaKcTepHl3VeTCII
3Ha3 ITCJIbIloh rFCHgCpHOCI aCHMMCTpHNCTI  H rIOJIimpH3aL4HCP: BbICOKHCe
(HCpCAKO KpHMHIa2JlbElbiC) AOXO4bI (B .3TOM CCKTOpC nipeo6nagao'I
MVA(HIE4lHbI) COCCACTBVIOT C IIHU3KOOHIJI.41BaC'SMOfI pa6oTohI V 'aCTHOrO
FpC4HpHripiiM'aieCJ-I (TOpFOBJIn Ha pbIHKax, B JiapbKaX, 11i VJIa HC, y60p-
Ka FONiCellCHIIl I TUN. -B 3T'lOrm ceCKopc ripeo6nagaro-r )KCHII[lIlEbl)
11126,89].



94                                 reHwepHble npo6nleMbl B PocCHH
C. FEHAEPHAJ ACHMMETPH5 3AHFTOCTH
HIO IIPOCECCHIIM C OIIACHbIMH
H HEE.TIATOIIHPHTHbMMH CAHHTAPHO-
rHrHEHHqECKHMH YCJIOBHJMH TPYJA
HeT OAHO3HaMHOfl ogeHKIH 3aHhTOCTH My)KIHH H )KeHI4HH B He6iiaro-
pHHTHbLIX YChIOBHHX TpyTJa. C OHOf4 CTOpOHbI, Ha6juloa1OTc5 Hera-
THBHbIe TCHfleH"HH B 3aHBTOCTH )KeHA14HH Ha BpegHbIX, OHiaCHbIX, TM-
>KeCJblx npoH3BoACTBax [500]. C Apyrof CTOpOHbl, o4HuHanbHaI
11OhIHTl4Ka JlbrOT H 3anpeTOB Ha MHoFme HHpoeccCHH AR KeHMHIH yC-
Tapeiia H CHH)KaeT KOHKypeHTOCHlOCO6HOCTb )KeHIIHIH Ha pbIHKC Tpy-
4a, ,/eCaJa  HX «<COU4HaJIbHbIMH H1HBaJIHmaaMH4> [320; 321; 1139]. B HacToM-
iuee BpeMSI HaCxiH4TbIBaeTCA 6onee 600 BHTOB pa6oT 1H Hpo$eccCHfl, rge
Tpyq )KeHCH1H 3anpemeH.
Ha tOHe o6uero COKpaMeHIICH  3aHflTbIX B 3KOHOMHKe COKpama-
CTCH MH Ci4ICiiHHOCTb pa6oTalOnwX  Ha nPOfH3BOCTBax C BpCAHbIMH
H onaCHbIMH YCJIOBH51MH Tpyqa, HO yACJIbHbIfl BeC lHCJICHHOCTH TaKHx
pa6oTHHKoB yBCJI4HMWCSI H B npOMbImJeHHOCTH, H B CTpOHTeCIbCTBe,
H Ha TpaHcrOpTe (c 1990 no 2000 r. B cpeAHeM B 1,5 pa3a) [1065, 279].
He6xraronpnTMblMH CaHHTapHo-rHrHCHH-i4CCKHMH yCJIOBHHMH Tpyga
OXBaqeHo 6o0lbmee 'rcrio pa6oTalonjHx MypKMHH, ,1eM KceHUJHH. 06-
luasi iHHCJieHHOCTb pa6OTaIO[UHX B yCJIOBH4HX, He OTBeCiaiOtgHX CaHH-
TapHO-rHrHeHHM4eCKHM HOpMaM, COCTaBJTIUIa Ha KOHeil 2000 roAa
3130,3 TbICIMPH tIeJIOBeK, B TOM '-IHCAe My)K4HH - 2277,1 TbICWEIH 'If3O-
BeK H KeHUI4HH - 85 3,2 TbIC5IMH 'eJIOBeK.21
HpaKTHx-ecKw BO BCeX oTpaciiAx (KpoMe gepeBoo6pa6aTblBaiolneA
npOMbIIneHHOCTH) 7OJIfl IKeHHHH, 3aHh1TbIX B yCJIOBH4EX, He OTBeqalO-
IIJHX caHHTapHO-rFrHeHHiieCKIIM HOpMaM, cpegH BCeX pa6OTaIOHJHX
)KeHLIIHH, CyEUeCTBeHHO MelIbuIe aHaJIorH4HOFO fIOKa3aTeCi5 y Myx-
4HH.22 CXOAHaA KapTHHa Ha6JoHaeTCsq B 3aHLETOCTH TmJKeJIbIM c)H3HM'-e-
CKHM Tpy,jOM H Ha o6OpyAOBaHHH, He OTBeCa4OMHM Tpe6OBaHHiEM 6e-
3oiiaCHOCTH. B 2000 rojiy B HpOMbIUI=CHHOCTH yAeJIbHblH BeC KCeHMI1HH,
3aHATbIX TO>KeJIbIM 4H3HCeCKHM TpyAOM, B o6Wlte -IHCJIeHHOCTH pa6o-
21 B npoMbImJIeHHoCTH4 u4cJieHHOCTb MyXKCHH, pa6OTaIOIU4X B TaKi4x ycjio-
B1451X, rpeBblmaeT 4HCJIeHHOCTb >KeHMU4H B 2,4 pa3a, Ha TpaHCHOpTe - B 4,8 pa-
3a, B CTp04TeTIbCTBe - B 6,1 pa3a, a oTpacInqx CBRSI3 - Ha 12,5%.
22 B 2000 r. B HpOMbHiuJ1CHHOCTH y >KeHIJmHH STOT noKa3aTefIb COCTaBlJI
15,1 %, y MywA4m-H - 26,5%, B CTpOH4TeJbCTBe - 6,1% ii 11,3% coOTBeTcTBeHHo,
na TpaHCnopTe - 6.8% H 15% COOTBeTCrBCHHO [1237, 280].



5. FeHIcpHbne aCIIeITbl 3aHM5TOCTH H COCTOIIHHSI pbiHKa Tpyga  95
TaOUHX )KCHM1HH, COCTaBIJI 1,1%, y MyA'IHH - 4,7%, B CTpOHTeJIbCT-
BC - 3,1% u 4,7%, Ha TpaHcrOPTC - 0,8 % H 3,4% COOTBeTCTBeCIHO.
1l3MeHeHHe xHCneHHOCTH )ICKeHIIHH, nonyqaioMHx JIblOTbl (3a ne-
pHO, c 1995 no 2000 r. IHchIO )ReHMHHriH noTiy,aioui4x TIbrOTbI H KOM-
neHCaLH14H 3a pa6ory B He6JiaroopHMTHbIx YCnOBHHX Tpyga, CoKpaTH-
JIOCb Ha 28,5%) H rieHCHII Ha JIbrOTHbIX OCHOBaHHHX (3a HepHog c
1995 no 2000 r. IHcYo ACCeHHJHH-noJyHaTCJleH JTbrOTHblX rieneHCH CO-
KpaTHhIOCb Ha 22,9%), B 3HaqHTeJIbHoIl CTereHH 3aBHceno OT H3MCie-
HHM 4HCneHHOCTH JIbrOTHIJI, 3aHITbIX B KOHKpeTHbIX oTpacniix 31K0-
HOMHKH. B piuge oTpacTiefl COKpaWeHHe JlbrOTHHIJ onepe>Kano
COKpaMCHHe pa6oTHHIu B He6TiarorpHSlTHbIX YCJ1OBH51X Tpyi,a. HanpH-
Mep, cepbe3HOC COKpalWCHHe xHCJICHHOCTH AKeH[I1HH - noJIytlaTeIieP
TIbFOT H KOMHeHCaIIHf ripoH3OLUTIO B CTpOIITeJbCTBe: Ha 83,4%. Hpn
3TOM o6ai MHCJIeHHOCTb )KeHMIIHH, 3aHHTbIX B CTpOHTeCJbCTBe, H pa-
6OTalOMHx B He6TiaroFopHHi[THbIX YChIOBHh1X Tpy4a, COKpaTTHhIaCb nprl-
MepHO Ha 50% [581, 2-5].
FeHgepna,q aCHMMCTpH5 3aHHTOCTH B OriaCHbIX YCJIOBI4AX Tpy4a
H YCJIOBH51X Tpyja HC oTBeCaIoIHX CaHHTapHO-rHrHeHHHeCKHM
HopMaM I4JopMHpyeT H reHCepHY1O aCHMMCTpJHo ripoH3BOACTBeItHo-
rO TpaBMaTH3Ma H npOc4CCCHoHaJIbHoVi 3a6oJIeBaCMOCTHI. B geIOM
no BceM oTpacJIaM 3KOHOMHKH B 2001 i. HOCTpagaJiH OT HccCaCTHbIX
cJIHyaeB Ha HpOH3BOACTBe 6e3 CMepTe.TibHOrO nCXO,a 110 TbIC5IM
My)K-IHH H 34 TbICHF4H KCeHIWXHH (To CCTb My)K"HHbl COCTaBHJIH 76%
TaKHx noCTpag4aBn1Hx), a nofH6nH OT HeCHaCTHbIX cTy-aeiB Hia npo-
H3BOJACTBe 4085 MyAQ-IHH H 283 KceHIHHbl (cpeAH norH6ii6Hx My>K-
tiHH 6bnio 94%) [100, 184; 668 120].
D. FEHIEPHbIE ACHEKTbI BE3PABOTHUbI
Ewe OJJHa npo6neMa B ccPpe J KeHCKOFO Tpy,a - BbITCCHCHHC )eH-
MHH H3 Ctepbl 3aHSITOCTH H aKTHBHOe rioriOJIHCHHe p51AOB 6e3pa-
6OTHbIX. Y4eJibHbIA BeC 3aHHTbIX CKeCHHHH COKpaTHTIC5 3a 1990-C FO/gbI
c 51% go 48%. BbITecHeHeC >KeHIIHH H3 C(jepbI 3aHSTOCTH B 1990-e
roJJbI npipo6peTio HBHO UCKP1HMHHaUHOHHblfI xapaKTep. H3 12 MJIH.
4eJIOBeKK, 1oTep7TBlHX pa6oTy c 1991 no 1998 F. 8 MJIH. COCTaBHJIH
>KCHIIHHbi. B rCepByli0 ot-epeAb ?KeHiHHbl BbITCCHASJIHCb H3 cq4ep BbICO-
KoKBaTIHIAHUHPOBaHHorO Tpyjaa - yipaBJIeHHA, HH4OKP, npH6opocT-
poeHHn, 9nJIeKTpOHHKH. Jtaxe B TpagHllHOHHbIX ,rIA POCCHH <«AKeHCKHX4>
oTpacjiax (iHHaHcblI, CBR3b, TOprOBJT5, )KKX) >KeHMIHH 3aMcmaioi
My)KxIHHbI. DKOHOMHweCKHH Kpll3HC OCTaBHJI 6e3 pa6oTbl MHO)KeCTBO



96                                  FcH,epHbie ripO6JiCMbl B POCCIH11
)KeHMIIH, paHee 3aHqTbIx B jierKOHI 1TpOMbIiUJilHHOCTH [870, 46-47;
880].
rlpeo6naJgaHme )KeHfZ AHIH B CrIHCKaX perHCTppyeMblx 6e3pa6oT-
HbIX, flpHTOM, x-TO AOJIq My)Kx4HH H )KCeHH14H B COCTaBe 6e3pa6oTHbIx
nio MeTOqHKC MOT HpHMePHO oaQHHaKOBa, cO3gaeT BrCMiTaneHHe OT-
HOCHTeC.bHO HeHTpanbHOA cmTyaL"HH. TeM Ele MeHee, 6ojiee >KeCTKoe
BJIH,lHHe 6e3pa6oT�uLa OKa3blBaeT Ha >KeHMI1HH HO KPHTepHSIM ripo-
nOJDKHTeJIbHOCTH InolICKa pa6OTbI, '-aCTOTbI ripe6bBaHHl 6e3 pa6oTbI
H IpOLOnCKHTe.TIbHOCTII ipe6blBaHHSI B CTalyce 6e3pa6OTHblx. >KeH-
CKaA5 6e3pa60THLHa 6onee 3aTSD(KHaI, )KeCHIHbl x-aCTO <'nepexOAATh>
Ha pa6oTy Ho AoMy, OTx4a5B[HHCb HaHTHI pa6oTy, MeHqIOT CTaTyc 6e3pa-
60THbIX Ha CTIaTYC AOMOXO3,eK, CO3jAaBaI I4JIJIIO3HIO <,peiueHHH nIpO-
6JneMbv>>. BOJTbhIHHCTBO 6e3pa6oTFlbIx MV>K'14HH )OCTaTO-Ho 6blCTpO
HaXO,5T HOByIO pa6oTy, a OCHOBHa5i macca )KeHIHIH, BbITeCHeHHbIX 143
o6mecTBeHHoro IpoH3BoJ,cTBa, TCepqOT ee HaBcerla [740; 767; 1130].
PHc. 5.3. CpeuH" ripOjOjflMTCJII.HOCTb roHcKa pa6OTW
6c3pa6OTHbIMH Mym-mHaMm H 1     eHIgHHaMH
12,0
10,0            [3MyH>MHbl|
MweHLUW,Hbl|
8,0
, 6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
1993   1994  1995   1996  1997   1998  1999  2000   2001
rOAbi
IC1170CiIl (K.: IbCKOMCT3'I'.



5. FeHACpHbie aCrieKTIA 3aHWITOCTB H COCTOSIIIRS pblIl3K Tpyga  97
Hpo,o.mvKHTeJIbHocTb ICpH0oJa AKCHCKOH 6e3pa6oTHHbI pocnia
c 4,9 MecrnLeB B 1992 r. go 10,2 B 1999 1. H CHH3HJTaCb ,Ao 8,8 B 2001 r.
(y MV:K,HQH CoOTBeTCTBCHI-lo: 3,9 MecMra, 9,2 MecIula II 7,8 Mec5llHa). B
TCFeCHHe BCCeO nepH0oga pCepopM cpegm 6C3pa6oTHbIX >KeHMUHH AonsI,
HlmAyIi4Hx pa6oTy 6onee rOAa, 6blma BblHIe, '1CM COOTBeTCTBYtOL1Hf4 nIo-
Ka3aTCJ1b y MV>KA(HH. B 2001 r: y AKCHlLHH 3TOT1 noKa3aTenb COCTaBHJ
40,5%, y Myv*OIHH - 33,9% [1010, 85]. CpeUH Bcex 6e3pa6OTHbIx, Hilly-
rjllx pa6oTy 6onee rogqa, >K)CHMIUHbI COCTaBJIqIOT 72%/,. Ho gaHHbIM
PM33, y >KeHHI-IH ilepHiOgbJ 6c3pa6oTmllbI B CpegHeM 6bIlH 6o0iee KO-
pOTKHMH, HO 3aMY)KHHe )KeHMMHHbl ropa3AO AO)JbiLe 3aHHMaJIHCb nO-
HCKOM pa6oTbl. 31To MOX<HO 06(5bHCHIITb TeM, FlTO He3aMyWfHHe )KeH-
LIIHlHbI 6onee HHTeHCHBIHtO H1y-T pa6oTy nHm60 HMCIOT 6onee HI3KY'10
PC3epBHYIO 3apa6OTHyIO unajiy a TaK>Ke C TeM, FITO 3aMy>KeC'CBO -
(JJaKTOp, OTpH[HraTeCbHO B Hs13O410MIrI Ha TpyAoyCTpOACTBO [919,224].
IlOFtTH BO BCeX 4lopMax 6e3pa6oT'l4lbI - 3apeFHCTpHpOBaHHO-,
CKpbITOH, BbIHMyAeHHO4, IICHOJIHOH, CTpyKTypHIOP -  CKeHfLHHbi nl6o
ilpHCYTCTBY1OT HapaBHe C M2KFHHHaMH, 1H560 OIa3blBalOTC5I B XYALtU1X
nO3HLr15X B OTHOIIICeHlH Bl-.IXoga 113 CHTYa141HH H nora,oaaHHM B CTaTVC
6e3pa6OTHbIx [10; 40; 49; 66; 103; 161; 162; 163; 183; 187; 248; 298;
316; 317;411;422;459;494:527; 585;716; 729;744;758;821;823.849;
920; 997; 998; 1000; 1033; 1126; 1127; 1234]. Oco60 OCTPO cmTy3aIHm
c )KeCICKOk 6e3pa60THLrei R3birl,agLT CpeJlH MOgeOw;Kl [66; 422; 744;
1000], B CC.IbCKOII MeCTHOCTrI [821], B geCIpeCCIIBHbIX pCI'llOHaX B y7C-
JIOBflsX CTarHa3tilJHH rpoH3Bo,cTBa [187; 422].
KernHigit x4aitie yBO1b1IM1OT (B 2001 ro,y cpegH 6e3pa6oTHblx )KeH-
flUIH 6bilO VBBOJlei-o 27,1%, CpCeHi MY)xKH  - 23%'',), M7iK'4lillibl VXOAHT
no co6CTBCHHONIV IKCJ]aHl1110 (B 2001 iogy 22,4%i. 6C3pa60THrblX )KeH-
LtIIH II 29,5'% 6C3pja65OTll-bIXIV)KA<HH VBOJIHJIICb HO Co6CrBCHIIOMN'V KC-
JIaHitifo). CpegH NBOJCHHlIbIX no co6cTBerlHoMy CKeJJaHPII) AWCHIIIHll
TO]lbKO 39% (IIO OCpH1HtiaIbl1b1M JaIlHbIM 3apel'C1CTpHpOBaHHOrH 6e3-
pa6OTIulbl - 25%',) [357].
Flo crioco6aivi nOHiCKa pai6o0'1i,1 6C3pa6OTHIbIe NlM2Kt41]Hbl iu AKeHIill-
libl TaMK3C o'rTHi'-alOTCH. 23 IO lo i3HrbIM PM33, cKAoIHHocrb )KCHITLIH
Ko6paHlieHIoll0 B F'oCyN'pCTBeHllbIC CJIpiK6bl 3aFHITOCTH (H 3(pCpCKT OT
3TIIX ACPHCT1'BH1'l) iopa3JO Bb1IIIC. 4CM CKJIOIIHOCT'b IICHOJII3oBaTb iCe-
IOpM1JIbtibIe Kalai]lbl Tpv,VTC vTpOfICTBa )KCHIIlHNlll Mlellee aKltIBHbl
B lOtICKC pa60 'bI Boo6IiCe H B Bbl6ope pa33JIIIHbIX KIHaJIOH BrpyOvcT-
2A B 2002 1. Cpju-II o6paTIlBlIIUIXC54 B YOCyvjIpCTBC11VO0 CJIV(OV 31H1STOCTII
A(el1l1lml 6blJIo 54(;, B KomMCepcCKViO - 43 , K 06()-rBJICHr 1sN1 -46 A l, IC ApV3b-
lNM - 45", i< pa6oorogarreJiHNt - 42¶f, [357].



98                                 FeHgepHbie upo6AeMbl B PoCCMII
poICTBa, B MaCTHOCTH, xITO CBI3aHO B OCHOBHOM C orpaHHieHHbIMH
B03MO)KHOCT5IMH4 >KeHM1HH Ha pbIHKe Tpytqa, C reHACPHbIM14 npe,grio-
t4TeCHxMH pa6OToAaTeCjic (XCeHMHHbl HeOXOTHO o6pamaIOTC5I K pa-
6oTo,aTehIAM 14 B MaCTHbIe areHTCTBa), C pa3niH4HHHAMH B YPOBHe ,ToXo-
AOB (B '4aCTHbiX areHTCTBax CT014MOCTb yCjiyr BblMe), C pa3jiIn4IHMH
B o6feMe pacrio.iaraeMorO BpeMeHH (4HTepBbIO C pa6oToAaTeiiqMH4
3aHHmMaeT 6o0bmUe BpeMeHH) [919, 232].
E. rEHIEPHbIlf PA3PbIB B OHJIATE TPYJA
B Ha-iane 1990-x rOAOB 3apa6oTHa5l nnaTa )KeHM14H B POCCH14 B cpe,-
HeM COCTaBji5ina 60-70% OT 3apa6OTHoA r11aTbl MyK.W4HH, a K KOH4y
1990-x - Bcero 56% (no AaHHbiM BLI40OM). Flo gaaHHbIM FOCKOMCTaTa,
reH,ICpHblg pa3pblB B 3apa6oTHoA1 rmaTe CyIeCTBeHHO He 43MeHH4TICS
c 1990 r [880]. Hlo pe3yJIbTaTaM He3aBHCH-IMbIX HccjiegoBaHHlA, rJIA
KPYrfHoro ropoAa (TaKoro KaK C.-leTep6ypr) COOTHOIJICHUe Tpy1AOBO-
ro goxorAa >KeHUMHH ii MpK-A4H 6buio 63%, a a3ni manioro ropoAa (Ha-
npHMep, BA3HHKH) - 81% (1997 r.) [1054, 142]. Eiue OAHH4M 4paKTo-
pOM Mo?KeT 6blTb BO3pacT (pH4c. 5.4).
DTOT pa3pblB B onniaTe TpyJa CB513aH C ropH43OHTanIbHOI (Me>K-
Puc. 5.4. rFeHepHLIA pa3phMB B 3apa6oTHoAi rIaTe
B pa3]RbX BO3paCTHbx rpyrinax,
(PM33 1998 r., 2001 r.) [92,13]
90
80  \                    -4|-~~~    ~      ~    ~~~~~~2001 
80
70
60
50
40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64
Bo3pacT



5. FeHgepHbie acHieKTbl 3aHHTocTH H COCTOSHHq pbIHKa Tpyqa  99
oTpacJIeBofl) H BepTHKajlbHOlA (BHyTpH1oTpacieBoA) npocpecci4-
OHanIbHOH cerperagI4eA. B Ta6jImLue 5.2 ripegCTaB.TieHbI gaHHbie
o reHgepHOfi gHc4("epeH1umaLJUHH B oninaTe TpyAa 3a riepHog c 1999
Ao 2001 r.
B 2001 r. OTHomleHHe pa3mepa 3apa6oTHofl nITaTbI K pa3MCPY
rIPOKE4TO4HOFO MHHI4MyMa B <'MyKCKI4X,> OTpacJIMx 3KOHOM14KI1 KO-
Jie6aJIOCb OT 2,6 go 6,4, a B <2KeHCKHX'> oTpacniAx 3KOHOM4KH - OT 1, I
go 2,4 [868, 159]. B CTpyKType 3aTpaT Ha pa6o4yio c4JIy peryjDApHbIe
HpeMHm, egl4HOBpeMeHHb1e HOOAPH4TC]IbHbIC BbinnaTbI, o6ecriexie-
HHe pa6oTHH4KoB WKHIbeM, paCXO,JbI Ha rpoecCl4OHaAbHoe o6yte-
HH4C XapaKTepHbI ,An3 <'MyWCCKHX>> oTpac.Tieli, a HaTypaJIbHbIe BbirIa-
Tbl - ,AAA <<KCHCKHX>>. A6co.Ti1OTHaA BejIHt4HHa 3aTpaT Ha pa6oqyfo
C4JIy B ABa pa3a BbI-ue B cqepe <'MyAKCKOiH 3KOHOMHKHO [1139,
178-181].
BHyTpI4oTpaciieBasi TgHCKpMMHHagH51 B oHiiaTe Tpyga cyi4eCTByeT
gaxKe B Tex OTpacimx, rge )KeHH]14Hbl COCTaBJI3HOT 6OJThIbIIHCTBO pa-
60TH14KOB. HanpiMep, ypOBeHb onnaTbI Tpyjga roCyTaapCTBeHHbIX CnTy-
KaM1Hx-MypKl4H 6o0iee 'eM B LBa pa3a rpeBbLuaeT pa3mep 3apa6oT-
HOi rinnaTbI rOCoyLapCTBeHHbIX cAy>KamHlx-)KeHL914H, TaK KaK )KeHI114Hbl
HpCi MyI4CCTBeHHO 3aHHMaIOT HH3KOOnHna4HBaeMbiC OTI0KHOCTH
[1139,174-175].
KpoMe TOro, cyiIecTBye'r pa3HHuIa B oruiaTe TpyiAa MY)Kql4H H >KeH-
IIIHH B paMKaX O,AHOAI4 TO >Ke npo(peccHH. Ilo ,gaHHbIM o6cjIeAoBa-
H14H FOCKOMCTaTa POCCI4CKOI4 q)egepaUHm (2000 r.), 3Ta pa3HHtAa 6bI-
nia CB5l3aHa ipe)Kge BCCFO C TeM, 4TO R,Asl )eHIUA4H YCTaHOBjieHbI 6o0iee
HH3KH4C TapHljJHbIC CTaBKH4. HaripHMep, 3apa6OTHasL nTiaTa y MyA)KI44H-
6opTnpoBoBgHHKoB 6bmia Ha 30% BbIme, 4CM y )KeHMH4H, y o6BanbWAH-
KOB mSca - Ha 50%, y Bpatlefl - Ha 15%, y CpeCHero Me,TiHUHHCKoro
nepcOHaTIia-Ha 10% [1139,175].



100                                    FeHi4epHbIe flpo6JIeMbl B PocCHu
Ta6njHia 5.2. OTHOmIeHHe 3apa6oTHoA IJaThI 2KeHIflHH
IK 3apa6oTHoA nAaTe MyXYCHH, 1999 - 2001 r.r.
(B %)
1999    2000    2001
Bcero                                          65      63       63
B TOM '-IHCne:
HPOMblneHHOCTb                                 64      63      62
CenbCKoe X03S36CTBO                             88      88      88
JlecHan IPOMbIIJCHHOCTb                         99     103      104
CTpo0TemcbTBo                                   79      77      77
TpaHCHOPT                                       75      73      72
CBSL3b                                         62       58      58
ToproBjiX H o6mgeCTBeIHHooe HHTaHHC             64      65      62
IlH4pOpMa{uHOHHO-BblHHCJ14TeJLbHoe O6CJIYXCHBaHHC  69   65      67
reonoriiA H pa3BeCAKa Hegp, reoge3anqecCKas
H rHfpOMeTeOpOJOrnmCeCKaa cnlAK6bi            55      54      49
X?KnHLUHO-KoMMyHanbHoe X035AUCTBO,
HleHpOL3BOAcTBeHHbIe BHblI 6blTOBOI'O
o6CnyxcHBamIm HaceneHIHA                      76      78      78
3gpaBooxpaHeHme, (p4I3HMcKaCaL KyJibTypa
H COuImaibHOe o6ecneMeHHe                     71      71      76
o6pa3OBaFiHc                                    78      80      78
HCKLYCCTBO H KyinbTypa                          76      72      65
HayKa n iiayinoe o6cnyxcKrBaHue                 68      68      66
(D4HaHcbl, KpeAJLT H CTpaXOBaHue                70      72      70
YnpaBieHvLe                                     80      81      79
IlcinoZfliUK: FOCKOMCTaT.



6. rEHlAEPHbIE POJIH
B lOMOXO3HhCTBAX
3Ha24HTeAbHoe BlHHMaHHU pOCCHfiCKa5I FeH,gepHaq 3KOHOMH4leCKaSI
JIHTepaTypa yJAcJs5eT HCCJ1CAOBaHHAM ceMbH, BHyTpHCeMeTHOA AH4ia-
MHKe, Cyripy)KeCKHM OTHOuiIeHHAM H reH,CepHbIM pOJIAM. BaXKHO OTMe-
THTb, x-TO pacnpeqejieH"e FHeHgepHbIX pOJlefl q)OPMHPYCTCq B [IepBylO
O4epegb Ha MHIKPOYPOBHC -- Ha YPOBHe CeMbH, JOMOX03o3f-CTBa, qTO B
CBOIO O4epeqb BJIHACT Ha IiCpeOKeCHHme eCHCKOn pa6O'CA CHJlbl Ha
PbIHKC Tpy.a, Ha pacripeAcrieHHe peCYPCOB H Ha 3KOHOMHKV B eIlCOM.
DTa rFJaBa, I1OCB5quHeHHaA5 reH,qepHbIM POII5M B AOMOXO3SIHCTBaX, CO-
CTOHT H3 Cjie,AyiomHX roJpa3,ge.ToB:
* Pa.3geneHHe JAOMaMHerO Tpy,a MeA<y cynpyraMH.
* B03pOa(eHHe TpaaHAH4OHHOH CCMbH.
* PacipegeneHHe j,OX0O0B BHYTPH AOMoXO3,qficTBa.
A. PA3iEJIEHHE IOMAIHErO TPYfA MEKY CYHPYrAMH
Pacnpe,eAieHHe reH,epHbIx ponei B POCCHH OcTaeTcAI TpagUH0JHOH-
HbIM: gOMaWHHH Tpyq HpHMHymeCTBeHHO OCTaCTCSI 3a >KeH[UHHOA,
ccpepa orinaqHBaeMOH 3aH5IToCTH - 3a My>K44HHog. BOJIbl4HHCTBO pyc-
CKHX MYW'qHH H )KeHMHH yBepeHbI, qTO 3apa6aTbIBaHHe qeCHer - 3TO
po0.b, 6o0iee nogxogAmlas Ami5 MyCqMHH. TeM Hie MeHee 3Haq4HTeJbHa5f
qaCTb XKCH1JAHH CKCJIOIHa ChH]TaTb, ITO COBMCI4eHHe CeMCHHbIX It npo-
(4CcCHOHaTIbHbIX o65I3aHHOCTeH - HaHiyquiiHi BapHaHT aJI51 HHX
[117; 1181. Ha CnOBax MHoi-He MyoKMEHbI H CeHMIIHHbi corFJaCHbl C TeM,
'TO goMaiHHH TpyA goJDKeH BblnOJIHSTbC5IHIOPOBHY [771, I I 1].
B peaJIbHOCTi OCHOBHa5 AOMaIUH5M Harpy3Ka JeICKHT Ha )KeHMHHax,
yCTOHqHBO BOCripOH3BOAlITC5I HepaBeHCTBO B paCHpCJeJeeIHH TpYAOBOA
Harpy3am CyripyrOB (pHC. 6.1). )KeHcKA goMallIHHHI Tpyr npoofDKHTefIb-
i-iee MYKCKOrO 6onee 4eM B IPH pa3a, a BOBJleC'CHIIOCTb B Hero )I(CH11MHH
roqTE CTonpoHgeHTHaAI. BHepbIHO-IHbl Tpyg My<q(4HH MeHee ripogojoiH-
TCJTiH, HpH 3TOM Ka<blfi llflrblH OcBO6OAqeHi OT 3TOFO TpyJa [84; 771;
771]. HIp1leM 60JTbMIHHCTBO BEIIOB Tpvyqa B COBpeMCHHOM pOCCHH4CKOM
AOMalIHeM X03,qHCTBe pacripege.eHO HepaBHiomepHO (4'-o B MCHbieCH
CTCIICHH KacaeTCAi pa6OTbI B I [OjACO6HOM XO3rnIC'IBe [84; 771] 11 noMoNiIH



102                                FeHgepHbie npo6JIeMbI B POCCuH
PHCyHOI 6.1 BO3pacTHaH HHaMEHica COBOKYHHUJX 3aTpaT
BpeMeHC  Ha AoMamHHir rpy,: reHepHiJae pai3mIHm
(PM33, 1998 r.) [673,59]
40
35
30 1 [;. ;..t;~~~~~~~~ *MY)KWHbl
30UMYMIHI
3aTpaTbl BpeMeHLA 25      -                      *)|eHuRHbI
Ha JgomaWHWl* Tpy 20          . 
(qaCOB B HeglenIo) "5
10            .,..
5\, 
9                    f ~~~~~~~~~~~)KeHUIAWHbi
30~~~~  ~~~o ~~MY)K4r4Hbl
10 0 4
kcmoaiHupc: PM33, 1998 r. [673, 591.
,Apy3bflM H poAcTBeHHHKaM [77 1]). HlOCKOJnbKy )KeH1HHbI HMelOT 3HaqH-
TeCjbHO 6o0Jbirylo, -eM MY4HHbl, AOMOXO35IflCTBeHHyiO Harpy3Ky, a <<pa-
U1HOHaRbHbl!>> Bbi6op B rIOJb3y TOH HnH HHOH Cq)epbl 3aEHTOCFH - 3TO
npeporaTHBaTOJIbKO MY)KxHH4H, AJL )KeHU4HH OrpaHHWeH Bbi6op H B03-
MO)KHOCTH B 3KOHoMH4ecKoH caMocToITeCJbHOcTH H pa3geJieHHH T4O-
MaWHerO Tpyga [84; 136; 466; 495; 901]. HpH 3TOM MacMTa6bi rpHMeHe-
HHM)KeHCKoroTpyF a B 3KOHOMHKe no-npeAKHeMy BenHKH (48,3% BCeX
3aH5IThIX B 2001 r.) [870, 48]. C¶egoBaTejIbHo, AnJ pOCCHHCKHX )KCHMUHH
aKTyanbHOfi ocraeTc ripo6&eMa<<BOHHoro~> pa6o4ero ,H5I.
FIeHgepHbie pa3jiHlH4l5B HcriOJTb3OBaHHH BpeMeHH Ha goMaEiHio0o
pa6oTy coxpaHq{1TCq B YCJIOBHM4X yBCJIe4CHH5 BpCMeHH Ha 3TOT BHA
ge5TeJIbHOcTH JqIo6o4Hx cynpyroB, 4TO CB53aHO C aKTHBH3aLHefi ge-
sITeTIbHOCTH B riogCo6HOM XO3qHCTBe (cTpaTerHH BbIWRHBaHHH5 A31s
MHOrHx poccHHH), KOTopaq pacnpeejienHaB OCHOBHOM paBHoMepHo.
YBeCTHLIeHHe y4aCTH51 MYK4UHH B BocriHTaHHH14 ReTeH,oco6eHHO Bcenib-
CKOH MeCTHOCTH, BeCbMa He3HailHTeJlbHO [771].
HecMoTpsI HapeqopMbl BcHcTeMe co"mHaflbHoA 3aMHTbl HaceJTeHH5
B90-e roFbi, KoTopbiecgejianH MaTepHHCKMHfoTflYCK nO yXO.y 3a pe6eH-



6. FeHqepHbie ponu B qOMOX03sICTBax                       103
KOM pOAHTeJIbCKHM My)K'IqHHbl IOWTH He HOJIb3yIOTC5 CBOHMH pOAHTe.ib-
CKHMH npaBaMH. HaripHMep, B Hon6pe 2000 r. TOTIbKO oKOio 8 Tmic. My-)K-
'IHH HaxogiHiHCb B oTuycKax no yXoBy 3a pe6eHKOM gO TpCX iieT [225;
242], 'ITO COCTaBHmO 2,3% HaXOzHBIHXCH B TaKHX oTrlycKax. HpH 3TOM
MyAK'HHbl 'ian4e HCHOJTb3ylOT HeOriTa'IHBaeMbliH OTHCK no yXoAy 3a pe-
6eHKoM c 1,5 go 3-x ne'r (3,2% HaxoJlHBJUIHXC5 B TaKOM oTrycKe), 'eM 'a-
CTHMHO orLia'4HBaeMblH OTUYCK ro yXogy 3a pe6eHKoM go 1.5 nier (1,6%
HaXOAJH%XC1 B TaKOM oTnMcKe). 3KcnepTmi C4HTamOT, wTO 3Ta CHTyaulH
o6,bcH.qeTc.q He TOJIbKO reHgepHbIMH CTepeOTHnaMH, HpHHqTbIMH B
pOCCHHCKOM o6mecTe, HO H HegoCTaTO'IHOA HHc4)OpMHpOBaHHOCThIO
HaceJieHH5o 0 npaBHnaax HCCnOJIb3OBaHHR OTnIyCKOB HO YXOJY 3a ManeHb-
KHM pe6eHKOM (no'IT HOYIOBHHa HaceCjeHHS He 3HaeT 0 <opOHTejb-
cKOM,> xapaKrepe OTnycKa) [100, 159-160].
CBo6ORHoe OT oniiaIHBaCMOH 3aHATOCTH BpCMA -KCHHmHH IgeAHTCA
Ha gocyr iH gOMauHHi Tpyg. COdHaJIbHbie TpaHC(4OpMagHH B POCCHHI
COKPaTHhIH AOJIIO Aocyra, TO CCTb Co6CTBeHHO CBo6OgHOrO BpCMCHH g15
)KeHMHIH. Oco6eHHo 3TO CKa3aJIOCb Ha CeJIbCKHX >KeHll\HHax H xKeHMH-
Hax w3 HH3Koo6ecne'IeHHblx cJIoeB HaceTIeH4, TaK KaK MM npMXOgHTCH
6paTb Ha ce6n AoriOJIHHTenbHyIO pa6o'ylo HaFpy3Ky, CBq3aHHPIO c pa6o-
TOA B no)jco6HoM xo3MHcTBe. BTopHxlHa5I 3aHATOcTh, eILTe OgHa pacrpo-
CTpaHeHHaI CTPpaTerHq agarITaimHH K riepeMeHaM, TaOKe coKpaMaeT Co-
BOKYnHblf o6-beM 4CBo6OgHOrO> BpeMeHH pOCCHAcKmX KeHMIHH.
HeripH3HaHHe ,joMamfHero (penpoxy,KTBHoro) Tpyga KceHM1HH CO-
UHaJlbHO3Ha4HMbiM TpygomM pHBOL9HT K >KeHcKHM rIOTCepM B 3aHATOC-
TM H B neHcHOHHOM o6ecne'eHHH [86; 476; 887]. loribITKa O1CHHTb
gOMaLUHHi4 Tpy, a 3Ha'1HT, BKTHO'HTb ero BO BCe IIHCTHTYLUMOHaTIbHbie
CMCTCMbl - reHCHOHHOe o6ecne-ieHne, 3aHqTOCTb, COLuHanJbHOe o6ec-
nrewene - KaK rOJIHOqeCHlHbIl TpyL, rpHBOA14T K JHgCe <ocaTeCIHTHbIx>
C0eTOB B CHCTeMe HaL"HOH.lIbHb1X Cx'eTOB, Ha3Ha'-eHHe KOTOPbIX CO-
CTOHT BO BKiOeHCHH perIPOXyKTHBHOFO Tpyga xjsi ero BH3yajl4H3amHH
B HaL1HOHaIbHOM goxoge [1026].
Boripoc BJH4HHM penpO,yKTHBHOH, AOMOXO3BHcTBeHHOH Harpy3-
KH Ha KOHKypeHTOcHoco6HOcTb H paBHbIC B03MOiKHOCTH A<CHMHH
iia pblHKe Tpyga aKTHBHO aHTaIH3HPYCTCH B POCCHHCKOfH .THTepaType.
B oql IHX pa6OTaX paccmaTpH BafTCAnpo6jieMbI comeTaHHR gOMaHe-
ro H OrIIna'IHBaeMoro Tpyga Anq )KeHWHH, CTaBHTCH BOTIPOC 0 HOHCKe
HOBoro reHAepHomO KOHTpaKTa B 3ToA cbepe [24; 51; 249; 294; 416;
562; 620; 891; 1057], Bgpyrix - o6cywKAaeTCI Boipoc o Bbi6ope Me>K-
gy CeMbeH H pa6OTOA ARA >KeHMIHHbl KaK C TO-IKH 3peHM  CaMHX weH-
]I1AHH H MyW'IHH (BKrnIO'asi MOJIOgbe KOrOpTbl [1232]), TaK H C TOIKH
3peHHA HccAegOBaTeJieA [95; 115; 118; 196; 569; 1020; 1025; 1218;



104                                 Fel,pepHbie ripo6neMbI B PoCC14H
1232], riOATBep)rgaeTC51 Te3HC 0 HeCOOTBeTCTBHH cHMHaTEHH y xlaCTn
HaceCJeHHh K TpaAHLJHOHHoA, naTpnapxaTHOfl, CeMbe H B03MOAKHOC-
TeH H )KCeiaHHH )KeHIIJHH BbI6HpaTb TOJIbKO JOMaIIIHHH4 Tpy, [ 117;
118], B TpeTbHX - CTaBHTCuI BOnIPOC o rlpHIHHrHaIabHOf4 B03MO)KHOC-
TH reHACpHOP CHmMMeTpHH B cc4epe 3aHITOCTH, o paBHbIX B03MO2KHO-
CTHx H rCHepHbIX CTepeOTHiiaX Ha pblHKe Tpy4a [97; 313; 722; 1028].
HepaBHOMepHoe pacripeeCJIeHHCe pCIpOJyKTHBHOFO Tpyqa Ha MUK-
POYPOBHe (B CeMbe) H AHCKPHMHHa14Hah  KCeHMIHH B c4epe oruiaq4Bae-
MOFO Tpy,a yCHJIHBaEOTCM npotjeccamt rJIO6aJHI3aLXHH SKOHOMHKH,
nPlIBOLSAIJHMEH K aKCHOpTV perCpOJqyKTHB1BOrO Tpyga, K HepaBHOMep-
HOMy JOCTVHV K pecypcam no CTPaHaM. OT STOrO B 6onbmet cTenHeHH
CTpajjaiOT) KeH1IIHHbI, H4bH npaBa y)MehnmIOTC Ha FJ1o6aRJbHOM pbIHKe
TPyaa [615; 636; 638; 766; 886; 895; 1051; 1075; 1080]. POCClE4CKHCe
)KCeHMHHbl BKJTIoMieHbI B IpOIJCCCbI MeCKyHaPOAHOA TpyqOBOfl MH4rpa-
LLHH4 EI B Ka4eCTBF HOCHTeCJeH penpOJXYKTHBHO-O Tpyjja (HnaH, C,eCJIKH,
CYPPOFaTHbie MaTCpH), H1I KaK o6beKTbI CCKCvaJbHO1 TOPFOBJIH [617;
819; 839; 1074; 1219], H KaK HOCIITeCTiH geC1eBo0 pa6oweh CHJIbl [490;
617; 637; 638; 648; 695; 702; 1073; 1076; 1077; 1078; 1079; 1080].
B. BO3POKJ§EHHE TPAJHUHOHHOfI CEMbH
HlepBan nOnOBnI ia 1990-X rO/JOB xapiKTCPH30BanaCb B POCCHII B03pOA(-
JLeHHeM cuMriaTHH K Tpa/UILHOHHO ceMbLC, 'ITO 6bmO CBA3aHO, B FlaCT-
HOCTH, C VC'l'aJIOCTbIO KeCHlUIHH OT <tTBOPHEoro') pa6o,4ero AHj-. Cpegv
JAPJFHX (PaKFOpOB: Ml(4)OJIOF'H3atLH-m pOJIH JOMOX03MH4KH, HcFIoJIb3oBa-
HHe 5KeHMIIH B KaqeCCTBe pecypca COKPalI4CH1,5J pbiHKa Tpyga, COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIIJ251 HOJIHTHKa  C rocya pCTBa (yBeCJ IHCHHe OTflYCKa Flo yXOAY 3a
pe6eHKOM 40O TpCX neT), nOiO)KHlTeJIbHOC OTHOIIeIHHCe HoJHTHKOB-MyAC-
FIHH KBo3poxLeHHHEO TpaAHIIAO0-l111OHI CCMbiH H O31HI4HH CMH, peKna-
MHpIIOIi,4X <InpenCCTIIH HOqo6HhbX O'1IIOIIICHHe I HOJIOB (BCTIaBKa 6.1).
Bo3poXTeClMe CEHMH,THPl K TPd,alllII 001 0O10CCMbC H1 K eCCCTKOMy pac-
rpeCJeLCeHH4) ponefP (-KOPMInbIla'> It ,AOMOX031n1ZKH>) B cepe4H-ime 90-x
roJlOB BOILIJO B npOTI1BOPCF4LC c 6ObeKC'CBHBLO1 aKOIIOMHeCCKOi o6CTa-
HOBKOI H HICTOpHCfl 4)OpnMlpOBaHlIM CCMCHIHbIX JOXOAOB B POCCHHn
[484]. A4BX3sIPInJIXITHaM NIO4ACJIE, CeMbl - HaCJIe4eIC COBCTCKOFO flPOIIIJIO-
1'0 - BOMCpOH3BO14AIITC II cero4 151, B \'CJIOBILX KpakiHe HH3KOrO }OBH31
WKH3HH 1IacCJiCHHSI: rlQoJaBrJlHoluee 6onlblTuIHCmTBO ceMei[ npoCTro I IC Moiyr
aK irrt Ila OAHV 3aprLinaTv KpON¶e T1oro. He1'aTHBHbll OHblT <6CHACHHSI qOMxaB>
151 N MIllOrlIX KCHIIlIIIH CTtJI CTHMYJIOM HOBTOpIIOFO BbIXOJa Ha pbIHOK
TpVAa 1T411 113MCHIC-II5I C13011X B3FJ1J1l4OB Ila <<'HOpMablbHoe,> pacrpegexne-



6. FeHcpHbIC pOnJH B gXOMOXO3IHCT1BaX                               105
BcTaBKa 6.1. Pa3eCieHHe TpyJIa, ocHoBaHHoe Ha reHxepHiAx
OTAIHMHl lEX
Pa3aleJneHne TpyJqa, OCHOBaiIIH(C Il reHFHJepHBIX OTJIHHlIX- cpOpMa pa34eCleHHq
rTpyjta COrIaCHO HpeCACTaBJeIImmM o <NMyx(CKOP pa6orTe-> 1 >,KCHCECOI pa6oTre. Fla oc-
HOBaIIHI4 rCI iepHbIx paaiw4fiB, KOTOphmC, XOTQ H Co3Jaio0TCA, KaK FHoliailoT, coilji-
lUb1 10, HBJTIqIOTC5I pC3yJlTaTOM <'CCTeCTBCIIHbIX'> KalcTniE It cioco6Hoc'erf noJo.B
Pa3LCe1CHHC lpyNa HO nOTIOBOMV FIpt43IaUy OHCBIIAIIO 11 60JobmllICIaBe I3BeCrC7bIX
o6tiuecm, 0 lO cro npoqBJCHHM I ClTCencHCiigiIH(pepeCILiIaLHIiiI coIJimJiHo H I4CTOpII-
qecCIaH OTIIOCI1TCJlbHbl. 3Ta  Opo0DMa HiaH60JICC xapatrepiHa Jnq Il11VJ-CTpElaJbllIX
o6uCcs'B H COHIOBOsOa§eTCQ pXIIiI'HBeM MCXQL HeOIIla4elIHBIM 4OMaLIlfIHM 'Ip'-
,JOM H I IaeMHbIM TpYJ,OM, MCAVJ 4'laCTI 101 lOfn11 1iV-H0�IoPi C(CCpaMHi. XOTQ cqCephi ieH-
JCpH14pOBaHbI (-acTHaq cKepa CBO3bIBaC`rcq c wsmHllitliaMii, Iiy6.TEIw-iahl -C MXTAC-K1I-
iIaMH), Ho0o6iibie pa3Anu4H 1 JISIAIOTCq B 6o.',iiuef MfepCC 1LCe1O101'H'4CCKIIMHI, eCM
!MHiHpH'-cCKHiMH. B COBpCMCeI1ib1X KaHlHTaEIHCTH'-eCKHX 0651CCTI3sax  CIeHIIbibi
CKOILeLCHITPHPOBaIII,I B CIICrieEIm-ICCK1cx OTpaCjIqX EIpOMbIlnLCIeIIl1OCT14, ycJnrvax II
rHpO4IeCCBHX, CBSI3aI1HbIX C yXOAOMI. O.nbl' IKCUCKOrO I1aCMIIOFo TpyM1 B npeo6aala-
iOfelC cTcnIeHH CBJ3aHI C XY,IIIIIMH YCJOI1H5MH TpVJZIYa, 6oJice HII3KHM VpOBII-NI oH-
Jl'bl Ef MCI IbImHM OXBaTOM HpO(4COIO3aMH.
I1cmnoqnuK: KOJIJIIHH3, BoAbU6liO mJBOJUCOIb1// C01/1,O02u'-wCKuZ/i C7Oefhb. M.: AST,
1999.T.1, c.182.
H1 e poneP. K KOHL!y 1 990-x rO[40B M1C IO )CHIAIUIH, KTO BblHAf,4C1 1I1HO OC-
'r'aeT,rc  oMa H1 XOMeT HaJfITH pa60Ty i1pCBb1CHI0O H4CJIO TCX, K'IO 1 Ce XO'CT
3Toro (B OTJIH'IHC OT CPFTVa LI-in B ccpeCIAHe 90-x n1u) [870, 48].
C. PACHPFAEJIEHHE IJOXOTA BHYTPH 4jOMOX03JhCTBA
PacnpegejLeHle e BJ1aCTH MiiA MexaHH3M 1pHlH51T115TI peeClClI B CCMIbC
cLeke opnma rCHAepiHas npo6neAma. HjpJ CM, TraiCe CtawTOpbl gOMoX03ji1H-
CTBa, KaK peCpogyKTBlBllblH Tp,V, HpOII3BOJCTBCeHT lbLH TpY,A, CTpyK'lvpa
4OMoXO3Xl1CTBa, YPOBCHb JOXo0,B )JOMOXO3S4CTBTI 13 CITO 4JICHOB BTO-
pH11-fibI Ho OTHOILIMClHEO IK BJIaCTHOMy (aK''Opy OrpeCuCJ15cLOIICMv CeC-
HCHb .3raJIHTapHOC'1'1 H rI'eJiepIiOC pacnpegeTlCHHe poJICPf B CCNMbC
[487; 488]. Pa3Hble HiCcICJieOI1aJIH5I LCeMOHICiPiIpVIOT HICcKOJIbKO pVa3HbIC
pC3yJbT3Tbl. O,AHII JLaHHih1e CBHigCTreJbCTBVIOT, '-TO, C O/JHOP CTOPOI3bl,
OKOO TpeTH OHPOIIICHHbIX A'CHLIHH (37%?,,) BbHIHVKACeIbi HOCTIOSIHHO
MIIEI BpCM51 OT BpeMCHHEI HpOCHTb My?KCA, 1T06b1 TC paini IIM 4CHCI; mHIII
OT'IHTbIlBaOTCSI riepce My2KbHMH4 o6o BCex iijnH 6onbmCef HacTl pacxo-
AkOB.JOJIA TaKHX ?KCHIIIHH HJpaiKTIICCKH1 OAj14HaKOBa B CCMbISX C pa33iblM



106                               reHgepHbie npo6JieMbi B PocciH
MaTepHaIbHbIM IOJIOICeHHeM. C ,pyrofl CTOpOHbl, OKOnIO TpeTH iKeH-
M1UH HMelOT COBMeCTHbifi 6ioA>KeT C My2KbAsMH, npH 3TOM, KaK npaBJIo,
Bce cepbe3Hbie pemeIeH nplHHMalOTC51 B CeMbC COBMeCTHO, a penie-
HH5I no HOBCCeHeBHbIM TpaTaM - )KCHUHAHOA [263; 1048;1237]. Ho
pyrEHM E4CCJIeAOBaHHHM, B MacTm ceMeA RoMaMHC ,TeOXOAbi 14 pacxogbi
KOHTPOJIHPYIOT )KeHiHHbl, MYXC'HuHbl OTXaiOT rpHOpT4T e)KCHIIWHe B
pemueHu4 nO4TH Bcex CO9LHanbHO-6blTOBbIX BOHpOCOB, a pacnpegiJee-
HHe BnaCTH B ceMbC CTanIo 6onee geMoKpaTHqHbiM [56; 776,13; 914].
PM{i UccaieAoBaTcjIeIA C'4HTaiOT, 'ITO BHyTpHCeMeITHOe pacripegeuie-
Hme AOXOJOB KoppeTiiHpyeT C BejiHlqHHOi 3KOHOMw-ICCKOrO BKnaga Cy-
rIpyroB, a TaioKe C FX BO3pacToM - eM MOnJOKe KoropTa, TeM CHAbHee
3raJiHTapHbIC eCHHOCTH. TaioKe OTMCeaeTCS, WTo reHAepHoe pacnpe-
AWjieHi4e AOXOAOB MeK,Ay MY)>KMHHaMH H4 >KeH111HaMH H pCeleHH51
o pacnpeAe.TieHHH AOXOAOB Ha oripeCenieHHbIe CTaTblH noTpe6jieHH5i
MOryT 6blTb HeCnpaBeXJiHBbiMm, B MeM npOoBJSAeTCsq 3KOHOMWiiecKoe
HacHJe CO CTOpOHbI My,Ka [461; 466; 475; 1237]. HpH 3TOM )KeHMHHa
MO2KeT npIHHOCHTb 6Onblmll AjOXOA, HO He HMeTb B03MOUKHOCTH pac-
nopRHKaTbCR CeMCfHbIMH4 cpeACTBaMM B paBHoAl CTeneHH [1237].
Ocp1mi4aJbHbIfi 6paK B 60.nblefl4 creneH4, 4eM He3aperucrpupoBaH-
Hblg 6paK HIF napTHepcKle OTHOmleHH, MoweCT 6blTb HHcTHTyToM BOC-
HpOH3BOACTBa reHJepHofi acHMMeTpHH B cTpyKType CeMeHHbIX BJIaCT-
HbIX OTHoIueHHf4. B qaCTHOCTH, 3KOHOMHiqeCKoe HacHia He B 66Jbmefl
cTeCieHH pacnpocTpaHeHo B o(4HuHaJIbHbDX CO013ax [1237], B Heoc4TH1gH-
aXbHbIX CO1O3aX MyfCqHHbi aKTHBHee yxiaCTByOT B AoManlHeM TpyAe [771].
3a(4KCHpOBaHa 3aKOHoMepHOCTb: 4eM HH)Ke o6pa3oBaHme My-)Ka,
TeM 6oJIbme OH upeAnOqHTaeT COBMeCTHOe BegeHHe xo3.qHCTBa H
TO, qTO6bi 610oAjeToM pacrop5DKaAaCb Keuia. My)KHiIbi c CaMbIM HH3KHM
H c caMb1M BbICOKHM YPOBHeM o6pa3oBaHI4Yl 6011bIC BCerO XOT51T COBMe-
CTHO HirpaTb POJlb KOpMH4JIbIa. TaKofl pe3yTIbTaT Mo)KeT o6bsCHqTbCq
TeM, TO rnepBbIC HCHbIThlBalOT 60Ibnlyro 3KOHOMHiiecKyio HyxKAy, a BTO-
pbIe 4aiue >KeHaTbl Ha >KeHMHHaX BbicoKoo6pa3oBaHlHbIX H HMeioIHx
BbICOKHH CTaTyC 3aHiAToCTH. CpeAH )KeHH]HH nOJIy'qHBMIHe xopomee o6-
pa3oBaHme 6oJIblie opHeHTHPOBaHbl Ha paBHoe yqacrme B IoXoRe ceMbH
[771, 30; 887,25-40].
B KaqeCTBC 3aKOHOMepHOCTH OTMexqaeTCs, 'ITO COCTO5HHe BHyTpH-
CeMCHHbIX B3aHIMOOTHOiCHHH TeM ilyqMte, qeM BbIuie YPOBeHb MaTe-
pHaJIbHOA o6ecneqeHHocTI CeMbH. ,Jorn5 >KCH4HH 1H3 OjiHbiX CeMeH,
He YAOBJIeTBOPCHHbIX pacnpegeneuHem o6n3aHHOCTeH no pacnops-
)KeHHK) CeMeAHbIMH 4AeHbraMH, B 6eAHbix ceMb3iX BblUe, 4eM B ApyrHX
CJIo0Ix HaceieHHu , a Koi4JIHKTbl Ha 3TOH nolMBe BCTpeqalOTCH BTpOe
,qaue [888; 1049].



7. 1EFHOCTh H FEHLEP
B PoccHH ceroAHA pacTeTp a3pblB MexKJ 6oraTbmMH H 6eAHbuIM4. Oqe-
BHAHO, WTO Ha -)KeHIHHaX H MyXKqHHaX HenpOnOpIIO o4HaHbHO cKa3bl-
BalOTCHI CHHCKeHHC Ka'eCTBa )KH3HH H Bce 6o0iee coKpagaioomueca
3KOHoMHMecKHe B03MO)KHOCTH. B JaHHOf rnIaBe aHMH3HpyeTC1 OT-
HomeHHe MexcKgy 6e4H-ocTblo H reHgepoM, H o6cyzxgaloTcA cne,ylo-
|ItHC BOrIpOCbl:
*   eCMHHH3aLjH5 6CAHOCTH.
*  3eAHocTb B HenUOnHbIX H UOJIHbIX ceMbsIx.
* reH,gepHbie BOHpOCbJ pacrpOCTpaHeHHOMT 6e,HOCTH Cpe4H
reHCHCOHepOB.
* reHrepHbIe OTJH1H1q 13 gocTyne K pecypCaM.
*  IHTaHHe.
* reHwepHble rpyrnrbi pHCKa (ACHcKHe H MyAcCeCKH erpynnbl).
A. 0DEMHHH3AIIIH    I3FHOCTH
Ho MHeHHIo npaKTHCeCKH Bcex 3KcrepTOB, cHH)KeHHe YPOBHA )KH3HH
H Bo3MoACHocTeH pa3BHTHM qenoI3BelecKoro 1IOTeH1Hana 3a roAbi pe-
43OpM 3aTpOHyTIO KeH[gHH B 6onbmeP cTeneHH4,,-eM My)KWHH, 'ITO
flO3BOJIeT rOBOpHTbh O q4eMIIH3aLHH 6CeHOCTH. Hpeo6na,aHHe xeKi-
M1HH Ha6ffloJaeTcs rpeA4e BcerO B rpynnax C OTHOCHTeJIbHO HH3KHM
COUHaTbHblIM CTaTycoM u YPOBHeM goxoga (a4MHHHcTpaTopbl COUH-
aJIbHOH c43epbl, MaCCOBaA IIHTeJIJ4reHCHIA, <'HOJIyHHTeIITireHFCHgA>,
HeKBan4HcPHUHPOBaHHble patOTHHKH, pa6oTHHKn MaCCOBbIX npo{ec-
CHH TOproBnJH H o6cJyxKcBaHH4A). 3Ha'-rnTenbHaA -iaCTbh THX >KeHIHH
?KHBeT B YCJIOBHH4X HHHmeTbl H 6eAHOCTTH [9851.24
24 lo noHQcIeTaM 3acnancKouf T.H., n 6a3oBoM c.noe (cpegw4 3aHsTbIX HU43KO-
orIJIaMHBaeMbIM HaCMHbIM TpyJlOM) )JceHMHIHbl COCTaBJISIOT 6oubImI4HCTBO -
55%, B HH2KHCM cJIoe, cpe,Ag COUMl>JIbHO 6eeCnOMOMHbIX u4x B 1,5 pa3a 60onbme,
'leM My)KE414H, B TO BpeMh KaK Ha 6onee BbICOKUX 3Ta)Kax COqiiaJIbHOa CTpyKTy-
pbI )KCHUHH CymeLCCTBeHHO MeilbmC, 'eM My)KX'IHH [406,455-464].



108                               FeLijicptimlie iipo6nCMbl B PoccIIII
BaLKHbIM MOMCHTOM 5IBJISmeTCH TOT 4aKT, HTO pa3pbIB MCeKxy 6eAHbl-
MHi H 6oraTblMH yYCHJHBaeTCR. BJejibIM, cpegH KOTOpblX 6oJIbuwHHcTBo
COCTaBnEIOT >KeHMHIHbI, BCC cJo?KICee OCyigeCTBJIqTb AOCTYI H KOH-
TpOIIb iiaA pecypcaMH [8891. C6epewKeHHI4 TaKiKe KOHUeHTPHPYIOTC5I
y 6oraTblx AOMOXO3SIPCTB [8801. CeMHHI3ausil 6eJiHocTu IpOHBTIAIeT-
CR HC TOlIbKO rOCpegCTBOM BbLCOKOEH BepoqiTHOCTH noiiaAaHHl >KetH-
LIJHH B 4HCTIO 6e4HbIx no goxoqaM, HiO H B 'lOM, ITO >KCHCKaq 6CeHOCTb
HMeeT KpalHHHe cpOpMbI ripoqBJIeHHI4 B BHge 3aCTOi4HOf4 H rjIy6oKoA
6CeAHOC''H (caMble 6eqHbie CpeLH 6egElbix).
Hpo6iieMa reHgqepHoro pacnpeqejieHHs JOXOAOB B pOCCHHCKOI
J1'HTepaType paccmaTPH1BaeTc ipeiHMyWeCTBeHHO C JByX CTOpOH: cpaB-
liiBaCTC5I TOXOAHbIH YPOBeHb JOMOX035111CTB pa3HbIX COtHaJbHO-ge-
Morpa'pH4CCKHX TIlHOB E OueCHlHBaeTCHg 'cErCpHbli4 pa3pblB B 3apa6oT-
HOH HiiaTe H joxoAax My)KIHHH II )KC1-IILEH. Hcc'ieJoBaHH5 IOKa3alH,
1'-TO V OBeilb MaTCpHiajlbHOI o6ecrieCeiHHOCTH TCCHO KOppCeIHpyeT
C eeMOrpa4JH'CKHM COCTaBOM (UW<AI4Ben'iIecKoA IIarpy3KOH) H goXo-
gaaMH '-IJiIOB ceMbH4 [847]. FaKHM o6pa3OM, q)eMHHH3aIUjH 6eqHOcm1
oripeJenCJIMCTc5 KONMnJeKCOM COuL1aJIbHlO-geMorpac1JHi4ecKHx qJaKTOpOB.
BO-rlepBblX, )KeHlAiHbI ClcyIeCTBeHHO CHJbHeC MYKXqHH 3aTpOHyTbi 6eq-
HOCTbIO B CB51311 C 1IHU3KOII orJiaToH TpyAa. Bo-BTOpblX, HenOJIHbie CeMbH
(po,qITenb C qCTbMH) B 97% cWyqaeB B Ka4eCTBe pOgmHTei HMeiOT MaTb.
B-TpeTbHX, y ?K1H41I1H nieHCHH HH>Kei, 4eM y My)KCIHH, a ?KeHIIAHH neHCU-
OHepoK - 60nbniie, oco6eIHO cpeCmH CaMbIX CTiapHIIX B03paCTHbIX
rpynin. B pe3vmbTaTe U3 o6ujxeAi HcjiCeHHOCTH IKeHlMHH B rpynny 6eAHblX
nonaAaeT HO4H nofIOBIOHa [1003,41; 889,13].
B Ka'4eCTBC 3Ha4HMOFO CpaKTopa (ceMHHH3aLiHH 6eqHOCTH MHOrFe
HicciJeAOBaTeCJ1 BblgeiJIEOT CHHwKCHHe B xoje 3KOHOMm-IeCKHX pC-
c1OpM YPOBH OrIJIaTbl Tpyga B PeMHH43HPOBaHHibIX OTpacJIiX COU14-
ajlbHOA cU4epbl. qCMHHH3HpOBaHHbIe OTpacjiH TpagHjlHOHHO xapaK-
TepH3OBaSjIICb 6ojiee HH3KHM ypOBHeM OHJ1aTbl Tpyja [45; 101; 113;
135; 382; 405; 484; 710; 767; 848; 901; 1104; 11 1. Bpe3yjibTaTe 3Ha-
MHTeJIbHaf5 qaCTb >KeHlI[IH KOHueHTpypveTCM Ha pa6ou4x MecTax
C H113KHMH 3apa6OTKaMH, 3aprLiaTa Ha KOTOPbIX 1Horga iie AOCTHraeT
ga>Ke HpO>KHTO1HOI'O MHlHHMyMa H He pacCviHTaHa HH Hia HxA<THBeH4e-
cIvo I-iarpvy31: r-i gauKe tia BOCnpOH3BO)jCTBO cnOCO6HOCTH K TpyLy
[870; 1003,45-46; 1104,31]. B CTaTHCTI'I4ecKHx pixpax pacrpegeiieElHi
pa6oTHllKoB Ho pa3mepaM 3aprJIaTbl >KeCHHHllbi ripeo6JiagaIOT Ha ne-
BOM MaJioonjiaHIlBaeMOM Kpalo, a MW)K4HHb l- Ha rpaBOM BbICOKOOn-
JIal-IHBaeMoM [767, 59]. AKeHllmUHbl nonaHaIOT B rpyriny 6oraTbIx npe-
HMyuLeCTBeHHO 3a C4CT IOXOAOB My;KeCl, KaK rIpaBHJIO, HrpaM B CeMbe
rOiogMIiiiCeIIvLO pOJlb, LITO )CJ1nCT HX COLIHJ1bhIOA FOJnO)KeHHC HeVC-



7. beCj1ocTm ii refixep                                      109
TrofxiHBbIM [889, 14]. Cywuec-'BeIiHoe (Ha 30-40%) oTCTaBaHi4e cpeiHeP
3apa6OT1oPl rITiaTbl iKeiiIUHH OT 3apa6OTHOf flIiaTbl MY)Kq(H oco6eH-
HO 6ojie3HeIHo JAJI5 HeHOJlHblX ceMeA. 06nulHI TPYLOBOIJI ,XO  TKeHi-
I14HH M3 HeCOJIHhIX ceMceiu B Cpe;AHCM lIe AOCTiraCT VfOBHB MNIKCKOrO
H JTI1[b Ha 18% o6rOHHeT 3apa6OTKM ?KelHl4ljlHH B nOJlHbIX ceNIbx. ,lo-
MOX031II1KH Hi 6e3pa6OI'HbIc 3aM¶-TKHhC )KeHCIHHbI orJiw4alOTCq BbICO-
KOA oioJIef rpegcTaBuHTleRIbcTBa B I-PVnHe C HM3KHI4Il gOXogamm [1 104,
18, 25]. Ho gaJlHbIM 06CJIeCO)BaHlsEI B ropoaax C.-Herep6ypre ii Bq3HII-
Kax, no FoKa3a,i'e'JiM 6egiHOcTI pa6oT,atoni-ie )KeHMH4Hbl oKa3aJilCb
6o.nee 'S13B1IMbIMMI, x4CM pa6OTaiOmure MNIV)HHWIlbl, 6egHiblx rio Iinei ll-
rNI cpeqrlI HUX 6buTO Hia 21-23%') 6oJlbLue. BMeCTe C TCM 01Me4-aeTcA, 4TO
Ha HOBbIIHiHHVIO He3air14HhieHHOCTb iKeHIIHH Bo3JeIeIcTBVIO- CpaKTO-
pbl IHe CTOJIbKO <1HOBO3>, CKOJIbKO Tpa)jIITJIOlIHoif 6eqilOcTII, Te. jiaK-
TOpbl COlIllaJlbHo-geMorpa(pEfiecKoro xapaKTcpa. B HeIOJIHbIX CeMb-
Vix VpOBeHb 6ejHOCTII no JHIliIieHlHNIM 6bUI BqBOe Bblme, 4CM B rOJIHbIX.
B HCcJIcAOBaHHH A. CYl3OPOBa, HOCBslHCHIIOM MareMaTLI4-CCKoIC
OLCHKC iaKl'OpOB pCMHHIl:3al"HIi 6egiiOCTII Ha CTaAEIIh C03AaHHm BBf
H EIa CTa,jHhI pacrpegeJneHHJi ,^OXOJ,jOB, pOJlb c(aKTopa ,[lCKPHMNIEIHaLHEIH
B orumaTe Tpvjla OljeHIIBaeTc5i AOCTaTO4HO CKpOMHO. Ero pe3V.lIbTaTbl
IHOKa3bIBaIOT, 4TO O64Ce3KOHOMMjIeCKIte CJaKTOpbIl o6yc;IOBJHBAIOT
55-60% COBOKVyHOrO le(PHHLUITa pecypcOB 6e,iUbix AOMOXo3AAiCT1,
B T'O BPCMS KaK oco6eIIHOCT[I CEICTCMbl o6pa3OBaIHHS H nepepacHpege-
JieHHRA AOXOAOB, HMNeiomIUe 51pKO Bbfpa)KeHIIVIO J'eHAeepHvIO oKpacWKi -
40-45%/. OAHaiKo npM 3TOM AIICKPIINHIHHIIAI4 Ha CTagHH o6pa3OBaHvrA
AOXOAOB urpaeT OTlIOCEHTeCJbHO HC3HaqHTCJIbHYKO pOJlb B lJOpNIMHpOBa-
HUH o61Hix MaciLUTa6OB )KCHCKOEf 6eAHOCT'm, nO3BOJ[qq YMeHblIHTb
cvMMapHbLif ,jCec4H1{ET PCCNY)COB 6e/gbIx qOMOX035J6CTB .lTIlllb Ha 4-5%/e.
31la-rITreilbHo 6ojiee BeCOMbIM (paKTOpONM 9135I CTC5l HCcOBCpLiCHCT'BO
MexaHI13Ma nepepacppc,reneCHI41 OOXO,LOB [1 104, 96].
B CB5I3H C 3TEIM 3KcpCrTbi Y'Ka3bBfalfo IHa HeIOCTaTo4HOCIb Hf H113-
KYTIO 3CpCFZKTHBHOC3IH b CHCTCNlbI COLillaJIblbXl XIipalC(cpepTOB. ,2IeTCTKHC
Hl pO0{HTCJIbCI(FIC noco6Lli tiMeK)T l0OMNHlIaJlbHblfI XapaIKTCp Hl He no-
KpbIBaO'T IIe TOJIbKO aJIbTCpI-laT'IHBHbIC N-CAJVI'l, HO H- HPO)KIIE'Ox4HblEl
NMII IHMVM pe6cilKa. HanpINep, cAKcNCecS4,ioc riocooiIe iia KazJgoro
pe6eHKa COc'raBJ5JI(O B 1998 1. 11,7 .or orpOKiTox-iiOro mHHiMVMvIa,
B 2001 r. - 4,6%. rloco6rie I i a AeTeH OgEIi IOKIIX Ma-I'TCpEC 6hbo BCCFO B
ABa pa3a BbILue. a Hoco6Hm ela HaeTek, 4bHU pOgU''eJIi npOXOogRT BOCH-
HyKO cJlv)K6v no 1IpU3bIBV1 II Ha Ae'rem, 4bEr POllTeCJ  vKJIofHSiKIO'icI 01i
aIIMeHroB, COC'raBLIJIO t7,5% NICTCKorO HpOiKTU'ro4fICOFO MEIHHIIMVM'Ia
B 1998 1. H 7%?" B 2001 r: [pacc-Iirraiio Ho 1010, 1 37; 231. 86]. 1H jlSiKC ia-
KIlC CVMMbl Ila HPOTRi)KCLILIlI 1990-x 1'OJOB EIC OXOAIII.7H IT7o a;jpCcaTa



110                               reHAepHbie npo6AeMbl B Poccuu
no IpHlq4He 3aAepxucc1 ruiaTe)Kel . Yge.nbHbIH Bec geTeH B BO3pacTe go
16 .neT (ui yqanMxcH  o 18 JIeT), Ha KOTOPbIX Ha3HaJanOCb exKeMecq-
Hoe noco6Me, coKpaTHmjic C 81,7% B 1998 r., Ao 68,8% B 2000 r. [1010,
172], a yAejIbHblfi Bec JaeTeg Ao 6-TH nieT C qeHexcHbiMH AoxogaMM Hi-
ACKe npo0HTo0Horo MHHMMyma BbIPOC c 25% go 30%, geTeef C 7-TM AO
15 nier - C 3 2,8% go 40,3% COOTBeTcTBeHHO [ 1 0 1 0, 138].
B. BEAHOCTh B HEHOJIHbIX H HOTIHbIX CEMbJIX
K Haqaniy pecIopM HeCIOJIHbIe CeMbM no YPOBHio 6eJHOCTn YCTYnIIm
JIMIIUb OAHHOK14M flOXG4JIbIM JHOJSHM, 143 KOTOpbiX 82% COCTaBJii 4KeH-
II1HbI. OzwaKo, yxce no gaHHbIM o6ciieRoBaHw1 1993 r., Ha nepBoe Me-
CTO BbIXOAJT CeMbM c AeTbMI4. CpeqiH HHX BblJemSIIOTCq MaTepMHcKHe,
TpH HeTBepTI4 KOTOpbIX rionaAaeT B KaTeropino 6eAHbIX. H4MeHHO He-
rOJIHbie CeMbHr no gone 6eAHbIX onepeKaloT BCC gpyriHe T41IbI ceMeH,
a no cpaBHeHHIO C HOJIHbIMH cCMb5M3m C AeTbM4, HX cpeAHHfi AOXOA
COCTaBRI51J B 1993 r. 62%. Ho pCrFOHaM POCCMM 3TOT HoKa3aTeCJb Konie-
6a.IcH OT 55% go 69%. Boiee TpeTH OAHHOKHX eHCHCOHCeOB H 'eT-
BepTb HeCOJIHbIX ceMePi OTHOC5ITCS K 6egHbIM cpa3y Ho BCeM TpeM oc-
HOBHbIM KpMTepiM: a6COJIOTHO (rno AoXoTIaM), OTHOCMTeCJbHO (no
niimeHMSM) H no cy6,beKTHBHoA oueHKe [339; 768; 1104].
Boxiee nOJIOBHHbl HeCOJIHbIX (MaTep4HCKH1X) ceMefl H ABe TpeTM
09fHOKHX nO>KHJIbiX )KeHHI4H OKa3aTIHCb 3a 4epTOA 6eHiocTH B nep-
Bbic rOAbi pe4IopM. ,Ionm 6eqHbIX cpegH HenOJIHbIX ceMeH B 2,5 pa3a
npeBblimania aHaJIorFMqHbII nOKa3aTeJIb AJIA ceMeft c cynpyACecKofl na-
poH [1104]. YpOBeHb cbeMHHH3axHHi 6egHocTH B POCCHH, 1H3MepeH-
HbIH no KPITepHto YPOBH51 >KM3HH <,)KeHcKHx,> AOMOXO3AiiCTB (MaTe-
PHHCKHX ceMeA H OgAHOKHX neHCHOHepoK), CHH)KaCTCq B rOgbI
TIJKeCJbIX 3KOHoMHqecKHx noTpqceHHf4 (HanpMmep, KP43HC 1998 r.)
H paCTeT B 6xraronIOny'qHbie rOAbl. 3TO CBH3aHO C TeM, xTO B KpH34CHble
FO,jbl pe3KO naaaeT MaTepHaJIbHaA o6ecrIe'eHHoCTb Bcex cJIoeB Hace-
jieCHH5, p5lAbI 6egHbix riOflOlHIIOT TpaAIH41J4OHHO He6eJHbie COuL4ajib-
Hbie CjOoH.
H1CCJIeAOBaTeCji oTMCeaioT, -TO cYHieCTBeHHbIM cpaKTopoM 6eAHoc-
TH IBJIMeTCq HaJIm4He B CeMbe HXAMBeHUeB. Ho AaHHbIM TaraHpOrCKO-
ro o6caeAoBaH1, MABe TpeTH nOJIHbIX ceMeH c AeTbMH TaloKe MMeIOT AO-
xog HH>Ke npO)K4TOTIHOrO M4H4MyMa. HIo gaHHbIM o6cneAoBaHHI4
B Pbi6HHcKe, ypOBeHb gymneBOrO AOXOAa B CeMbSIX C AeTbM1H O TpeX.TeT
B 1,5 pa3a HHKeC, qeM B ceMbAx c AeTbMi4 3-16 nieTH4 B 2 pa3a HHKeC, eM
B CeMbqX 6e3 ereTef[ 100, 1631. ,1x MHoroAeTHbIX ceMeH xapaKTepHbl



7. BeHocTb H reHiep                                      111
HH3KH1A MaTepHaAbHbIf gOcTaTOK Hn rLioxHc )KHJiHl-iHbIC ycoIOBHA. aa)Ke
C yqeTOM CO4HaJIbHbIX BbImIaT H JIblOT, AeC(HI14HT geHeAKHbix gyneBbIx
AOXO0OB B nOJIHbIX MHorogeTHbX ceMbIX B 2000 r. 6bm Ha 27,5% Bbime
cpeAHero ypoBHA, a B CeMb5X C ,pyrHMH POACTBeHHHKaMH - Ha 36,5%.
JeBAHOCTO HpOI1CHTOB MHoroJeTHbIX HerioJIHbIX ceMeH HMelOT AOXO-
gbl HHeKC HpOAHTO14HOrO MHHHMyMa, 70% - HHKe IOJIOBHHbl npoAK-
To4Horo MHHHMYMa [55, 58; 1003, 4].
B pqge HCcj1eqOBaHHf4 KOHCTaTH4pyeTCA reiigepHaA HepaBHoMep-
HOCTb pacipegejieHHs rpy3a 6egHOCTH. 3To HpOHCXO,THT B CBA3H
C TeM, xTO CeMbH HacTpaHBaeTCH Ha BbDKHBaHH4e,a aBaA(Heg   HHCT-
pyMeHTbl BbDKHBaHH5 HrepcXOSHT B cqaepy BegeHHM goMamHero XO3Hf-
CTBa, KOTOpbIM 3aHHMaIOTCH npeHMyUeCTBeHHO KeHHUHHbI. )KeHMIH-
Ha Ha ripaKTHKe OCyleCTBJ[5IeT (YHKLH1O MHHHMH3amHH)KCeAeAHeBHb1X
IOTpe6HTeJIbCKHX CeMCHHbIX paCXOAOB Ha HHTaHHe, CMHHTapH1o
H rHreHy [33; 776; 869, 889, 1 1]. KaK 1IOKa3anjo HCchiegOBaHH4e <d(e-
HOCTb H COL4HaAbHaH 3KCKnIO3H B PoccHH: perHOHaJIbHbie, 3THOCO04H-
aJIbHbie H CO1JHOKYJbTYPHbiC aCneKTbIP>, XOT51 Ha CJIOBaX HyWZbl ,DeTCe
SABJI3OTCA HerpepeKaemMbIM IpHOpHTeTOM KOJijieKTHBHbIX paCxOgOB
gin o6oi0Hx cynpyroB, HMeHHO >KeHMlHHbI CKJIOHHbl orpaHH4qHBaTb
co6cTBeHHbie rioTpe6HOCTH, KOrAa peqb HleT 0 HyA<Aax gpyrHx iMne-
HOB CeMbH. l4cICieJOBaHHm HOqTBep,4HhIO TOT 4)aKT, ITO, g7)aKe Korga
)KeHmHHa CaMOCTOATenbHO npHHHMaeT rOBCeCAHeBHbIe peulmeHHA, Ha
WTO rIOTpaTHTb geHbrH, KOMY H 4TO KynlHTb, 3TO OTHIOb He 3ai4HUaeT
ee OT Co6CTBeHHOA genpHBaL4HH. 06A3aHHOCTb cJiegHTb 3a TeM, 4To6bI
<'B gOMC BCC 6bmJIo'>, IlPHBOAHT K TOMy, -ITO KCHMIIHHa o6bI4HO OTKa3bI-
BaCT B CaMOM HCO6XOTHMOM ce6e caMoM.
flo cpaBHeHHIO C COBeTCKHM riepHOgOM npo6JieMa yCTpO9CTBa jqe-
TeH B OIIKOJIbHbie y"pe>KeHHM MOAHC1T4h1HpOBaAaCb: Ha CMeHy He-
XBaTKH MeCT ripHirmia npo6.TeMa gOpOrOBH3HbI ycjiyr. H o AaHHbIM
HCD33HH PAH, B Haa4ane 90-x ro,OB 1000% ceMc C eTbMH AO11UKOnbHOf'O
BO3paCTa He MOrTiH ce6e nO3BOJ1HTb noJIb3oBaTbCA ycJryraMH qOffIKOJlb-
HbIX y4peCHM4HHH H3-3a HX goporOBH3HbI. llo aHlibIM oripoca 1999 r.,
yCjnyrH LCeTCKHX OLHUKOJIbHbIX y"pmeHHH1 MOrVT ce6e nO3BOJnIHTb
TOJIbKO 42% AOMOX03RHCTB C ,aeTbMH COOTBeTCTBYIoLerO BO3pacTa.
CpegHiA onnaTa 3ThX yc.iyr cocTaBn3mla B 1998 r. -  18 py6.ieA B Me-
CAUA (16% rlpO)KHTO4IHOrO MHHHMyMa) 6e3 y4eTa 9OHOJIHHTfeAbHbIX
paCxoAoB Ha peMOHT, IHTaHHe H Tg. Flo gaHHbIM o6cxregoBaHH4 B Pbl-
6HHcKe, cpegHqIrn 3apa6oTHaM rinaTa >KeHUMHHbl B BO3paCTe go 30 JICT
cocTaBmniia B 3TOM ropo,ge MeHee 300 py6neH B MCC5IL, B TO BpCMqI KaK
MecC5qHaA CTOHMOCTh yciyr yICJiH--caa - 600 py6iefi. TaKoe COOTHO-
mueHie 3apa6OTHOA fIaTbi E CTOHMOCTH ycAyr aeiiaeT 3KOHOMH,-ecKKH



112                                FeFiAepfibIe npo6neMbl B POCC14BH
6eccmblciieHibM Bb1XO4 MOJIOAOH MaMbI Ha pa6oTy [790, 20; 428, 36;
888,43-45; 10491. B OTBeT Ha COKpameHHe nHiaTeCecCflOCo6HoIO Cupo-
ca qHC.Tio eCTCKHX qO1IKOJIbHbIX y4pCAC4eHHPI COKpaTHJIOCb c 87,9 Tbl-
cA-i B 1990 r. go 50 TbICSI' B 2001 r. flpl 3TOM B 1990 F. ACTCKHC 4 o-
IHKOJIbHbie yHCpe2MACHH5A nocemajui 66,4% ACTCel, B 1995 r. - 55,5%
AeTrei, B 2001 r. - 57,2 %i AeTel [911, 209-210]. Hpn aTOM Ha Halano
2002 r. 302,7 TbICAq AeTCe HF"JaJIHCb B yCTpOACTBe B AOllKOJIbHbIe yi-
PexCAeHHA [911,209-2 10].
Hlo MHeHHIO SKCHCpTOB, BOHpOC 0 TOM, 'ITO HOBJIIIIJfO Ha CHIDKeHHe
cnpoca Ha AOmlKOJIbHbie ytlpeMeCHHH: yBeJIIP-eHHe OTHyCKad no yXogy 3a
pe6eHKOM go 3 TieT HiH IHIeOCTyNHOCTb ftOIIIKOJIbHbIX yMpecgeAiHHP AnS
MHOFHX COLIHaJTbHbIx rpyiHI BCJIeCCTBHC pOCTa LJeH Ha HX yCnyr, noIKa
WITO OCTaCTCSf OTKpbITbIM. AMeeT nH COBpeMeHHa3i poCCHmfCKaA )KCeHMIH-
Ha CB060gHblH BbI6op: pa6oTaTb H4 YCTpOHTb pC6CHKa B AOHIKOJIbHOC
yipCwzACeHHe, tie pa6OTaTb 14 YCTPOHTb pe6eiiKa B AOIIIKOJLbHoe y-ipe?c-
gelHH,e He pa6oTaTb H He }CTP2H1 B2Tb pe6eHKa B AOHlIKOJIbHOC yqpCex,eC-
HHe? ,ILaT OTBeTa Ha STOT BOHpOC HyAKHbI JXOHOJIHHTeCbHble IcciCnAOBa-
HHSf. KpoMe TOI'O, B 6rnxcahiniefl I1epcneCrIHBe B CBS33H co CTpyKT1IHbLM
JeMorpaH'iecCKHM CdaKTopOM (B peripOJyKTHBHbIl B03paCT BCTYHhlH
6onee MHOrOmHCJilCHHbiC ILOKOJICHHSI) H C OTJIOeCCHliblIMH pOx<AeHHMMH
B KplI3HCHbiC rOgbI HOFrHO3H14pyTC5I pOCT 'IHCJla pO>KAeHHbIX AeTCf
[472]. B yCJIOBHSIX COKpL IeCHHM '-iCJia AOHIIKOJIbHbIX "peCAKeCHHH MO-
xKeT o6oCTpHTbCH HpO6JICMa HX HeXBITKFH H HpOH3OHTH HOBOe pe3Koe
no4opmOTaHHC COOTBeTCTBYLEOIUIX ycJiy
PaCTeT gojion IeoI;lanHBaemoro rpyj%a AKeHMIIH no yXojy 3a 6o0lb-
EIbIMH qJIeHaMH HX CCMICUI, B OCo6CHHO Y513BHMOM HIOAioCKHHIH Hiaxo-
a5ITCA pa6OTailoLHe >KeZHIHHbIIBL MOJIOgOrO H CpeCHCFO B03paCTa. MaTe-
pHiJaIbHia2 HCgOCTY'HHOCTh yCivi' COHILIHA,IBHO  ccJepbl BbITaJIKHBaCT
eCeTH H CTapl2KOB B ccpepv Ma'lCpHHCKOP H ?KeHCKKoI orHeKH, orpaHI4-
4HBaI1 npocbeccHoHaJIbHVIo MO6HJIbHOCTrb A,eCHUlHH. CornaCHo E.B. Ky-
nal'aHHOH. B MocKBC C IOSIBJICHiteM B CCMNbC pe6CliKa-HHBaJIHJa 43% Ma-
Tcpel> EI 3%o OTiOB, HeCCMOTp59 Ha MaTCjpJaJlbHbIC TPVAIIOCTH, 6bIJIn
BbIfVX<ACHbi 6pocnTb pa6ory [72; 100, 197; 889]. TaKHe flpOBaJlbl ClIC-
TeMNbI coLiHanbHOPI 3al4tHlTbl KaK OT''CVTl'CTBHCe B ClICTeMC HOMOLuH <<cH-
)1OBbIX,> YChTIT HOCSfT, K1IK flpaBHTI0, IreHiAcpHlbl4 xipaKTcep )loAKaTCIC 112
HJIeImH (eHIIHH, oco65eIHO Ha rHiJI' )KCHLHIH cI e ACTlbMH-HHBBaJTIAaMHi
[116; 308]. HeraTHBHOC 1CeHCepHOC CJICACTBIHC peCtopM, COCTOMICeC
B HCB03MO)KHOCTH COBMCIIeMTb CCMCIHYINO iI [IPOH3BOACTBeHHYIO pOJIH
oco6eHHbo OI,THMO anS 6egjibix JIQMOXO33If1CTB.
Ho OLJeHKaM SKciepTOB, llaH6oJIee ymeMJlCHbl )KeHfIHHbl H3 6ej-
HbIX gOMoxo3X3Pc'rB, rIOJO)KACHIIC KOTOplIX 3aMCTHO XVCKe, '4eM y(KeH-



7. BeAHOCTb H reHACP                                      11 
RHH H3 6onee 6narononyiqlblx cnoeB HaceneHHrr, c 0/tHOP CTOpOHbl,
H qeM y My3CK4HH H3 6cjJHbIX JAOMOX03,qACTB, C j4JpyrOJ'oi nlj )KeHCHWHH
I13 6eCUHbIX CeMcH xapaKTepHo COCTOSHHe COJHaJIbHOf alHOMH1H LI no-
CTOSHIIOrO CTpeCca, Cero HC Ha6JHogaeTCA KaK JJOMHIIHpyIOIIeJi
TeClHCHIAHH y KeHCHU4H H3 Jpyrl4x cJIoeB HaceCJeHHq. Y MyACHEfH 143 6e,-
HblX ceMCH CHH]JpOM COUHaJbHOA alHeM4H XOTH H nrpHCyTCTByeT, HO
B MCHbICeHI CTeneHH. >KarIO6bl Ha HOCTOSHHOC CaMOOrpaHH4CHHlC, TR-
>KeJIoe rHcHxoJIoi'HCecKoe COCTOHHC )KCH1HMH H3 6e41bmx CCMeC BO
MHOFOM 06'bICHIIOTCA FeHiACpHOP HepaBHOMepHOCTb1O pacipe,eine-
HH51 rpy3a 6CTRHOCTH. HIo AaHHbIM o6cnCefOBaHwA 6enHbIX FOpOAC0IKHX
JAOMOX03,HCTB, )KCHWHIHbl B IeJComM H OCo6CHHO 2KeC mHIbI 143 6eJHbIX
AOMOX03AACTB BbiACJmiiiH HFeraTHBHbie nOCJIeJCTBHSI pCc¢OpM JImA HX
CeMeHHMbiX ponef, npeCKgC Bcero CBM3aHlibCe C BOCLHTaHMeM JCTCfl.
43ame, 4CM HeraTHBHbie noCIieCCTBHM peqCopM Bnpyrnx caepax. Aoaa
>KCeHUHH, C4HTa1oLHx, '4TO 3a 10 JICT peCopM YXYALUHJITHCb HX B03-
MOWKHOCTH nOJIyHTb wKeCJacMoC o6pa3OBaHHC, CpCjMH HPO)KHB3alOUlHX
B 6e.Hbix OMOXO3I1t4CTBaX cocTaBHJIa 71,5%, B TO BpeMM KaK B cpeCHe-
o6ccneqelHbIx - 62,6%, B (doraTbIX -44,7%. YxyjmeMMe BO3MO)KHO-
CTCe paCTHTb H BOCn1HTbIBaTb gaeTeC OTMeTHJIH COOT>BeTCTBCHHO
90,4%, 82,3% H 78,9% [1048].
43151 )KCHLUHH 143 6CeAHbIX AOMOXO3IItCTB 1rpy3, coflpD1KCHHblH C He-
06XOAHMOCTblO COBMeCeH1I ponet, HeCpaBHHMO 6o0jbLe, 4eM B 6o-
nec 6narononymHblx CeMbHX He TOnbKO B CHJY 6OnbmUel  T?KCeCTII ce-
MeCHOIA HOII1, HO H B CBII3H c HeO6XOlJWMOCTbIO 3apa6aTblBaTb IHla
KH13Hlb. H4ccJeCAOBaiHHM BbIIBHJIH, 4TO BO MHOFHX pefHOHax POCCHiHi
(CeBep, AnTah, Hc,4epHo3CMbC) K(K B ropoqAX, T1K Hf B CCJIbCKOHI MCCT-
11OCTH >KeHMHHIH l CTaHOBSTCA rJIaBaMH CCMCP, 3aMCHMSI JrpagHpyIo-
lllIUX My)K2IHH. TaKOP HpHMmCp i'eHeCpiOrO paBeHCTBa TpyHlEO Ha3BaTb
tO3H1HTHbiM. B LBYX TpCTAX 6CAHblx ropOOCKHX CeMCH 4yHHKHr1I OC-
HOBHOI'O H4114 paBEIO1'O KOf)M1IJlbL!a BblHOJIHMCeT AKCHH4HH, Hrip4CM
B nOJIElblX CeMbSIX 3TO HpOIICXOAHT HIpHMCpHO B HOJIOB1HH CcIV4aCB.
B 6naronOnyqHbIx HOJIlIblX ceMbMx coorBeTCTCBsyoltJ3 P0o11 3aMCTHIO
HT5K1e. B ABYX TpCTh1X HOJIElhiX CCMCe, F`AC OCHOBHbIM KOpMH.JibueM
BbICTyHaJa >KCHi[LHHa, HMCmJ  MCCTO KOII(HIKTbIl 13-33 anKoKF0H3N3Ma
H1IH 13apKOMa3H11 my)Ka, a eIte B 4aCTH CCMC14 HpO6JiCMa allKorojFI03Ma
My?KCP TpeBO2KHJa hKCHLIHIH, XOTI H HCe SBJIiaCb Hlp9q141O1 CCOp.
CymeCCTBCHHO TO, 4TO, CCJIH1 eCIIItHa HrpHHHMaCT Ha ce6si tJyHKIHIEO
He TOJIbKO KOpMHJIbLa, HO 11 FJIaBbI CeMh, jcerpaAaiina AOMOX03SCT-
Ba OCTaHasBJI4BacTc5 [427, 96]. B cHTyaJLHH 6CAHOcrn cpe,A14 oHpeCac-
JICHHblX CJIOCB H3acCJICHHS IlOJIO)KeHHe HeCHOJIHOH CCMbH 4I2CTO MaTe-
pE1aJIbbO JIy4ELC, 4eM  0ojioO1 . BonpeKH CTCpCOTHHlfT B CCMbS1X



114                               FeHAepHibe npo6AeMbl B PoCCIcr
aJIKOrOTIHKOB MY)Kb5 liaCTO noTpe6jiqoT 6onbmlIe CpeICTB, 4CM npmHO-
CIT B ceMbIO [254; 1109].
C. rEHAEPHbIE BOIIPOCbI BFMHOCTH
CPFEH HEHCHOHEPOB
AlonH 6ejHbIX rieHCHOHePOB HeBejiHKa, HO HMeeT TeHJeHU14IO K pOC-
Ty25. 11pH :sToM ChCeyeT y'HTbIBaTb, MTO rpaHmi-a 6eAHOCTH lleHCHO-
HePOB - Ha TpCTb HHACw COOTBeTCTByIOiliCH rpaHHl4bl, YCTaHOBICHHOH
NM TpyAoCnoCo6HrO HaceJeHHS. CpeeH cemeM OgmHOKHX rieHCHO-
HepOB, coriiacHo AaHHbIM 61oxzeTHoro o6cnegoBaHHB FOCKOMCTaTa
PO 1998 r., Roim 6eAHbix 6bma BABoe HH(e, 4ieM no BceMy HacenieHHrO
(19,2% nPOTHB 40,9%). O0,HaKO TaKOH pe3y1JbTaT AOCTHraTiCH 3a C4CT
MOjOJobIX pa6oTalomHx neHCHOHepOB. >KeHMHHbl B BO3paCTC cTaplue
65 jneT, rpO)KHBBOaHo e OTTAeCJbHO, He HMeiOm4eHC OcTya K ApyrHM
TpaHcc)epTaM, KpOMe rieHCHi, nOTCP5BIIIUHe 4H3H4ecKyio cnoco6-
HOCTb K AOrlOJIHHTeJ1bHbIM 3apa6oTKaM H BeAeHHIO iH-iHoro noioAco6-
HOrO xo35H1CTBa, npaKTi'H4eCKH BcerAa OKa3blBalOTCI 3a xepToH 6eAHo-
CTH. beCHOCTb B gAaHHOM cjiy,4ae OTJIH4aeTC51 He TO.IbKO MaCCOBbIM
paCnpOCTpaHeHHeM, HO H KpaHHHMH tOpMaMH npoqBneHHs. Onpoc
2000 r. noKa3a.n POCT AoJIH 6eRHbIX cpeAH OA1HHOKHX riCHCHOHepOB
cTapmux Bo3paCToB, riO4TH 90% M3 KOTOpbIX )KeHMHHbl. [1104; 768;
339]. Hlpo6iieMbi AceHllHH-neHCHOHepOK HaH6ojiee OCTpbl B ceBep-
HbiX perHoHax, rAe CTOHMOCTb ?KH3HH HaMHorO Bbliue, a qOrOjiHH-
TeJIbHbie gOXOgbI OT JH44HOrO HOACo6HOrO XO35HCTBa MHHHManJbHbl
[427,15].
DKCllepTbl OTMCealOT, -ITO, TaK KaK pa3AehiCHHC OnHJaqHBaeMOrO
H HeorjiaMHsBaeMoro AomalnHero TpyAa cKnaAbHBaeTCq iie B flOTIb3y
WKeHIAHH, BBegieHHe HOBOH rocyAapcTBetIHoH ieHcHO HHOH CHCTeMbI
MO)KeT nIpHBeCTH K ycHjieHHIO AHCKPHMHHa1HH neHcHoHepoB-)KeH-
IlHH [1104]. B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOBbIMH HopMaMH, pa3mep neHcHH on-
pegeJIHeTcR Pa3MepoM reHCHOHHbIX B3HOCOB H npOAOnJI)KHTeJIbHOC-
TbIO CTpaXOBOrO CTa)Ka, H3 KOTOpOrO HCKjno4alOTC5H HeCTpaXOBbie
(HeonnaW4BaeMble) nepiiojbl - OTflyCK no yXOAy 3a pe6eHKOM xRO
3 TeT, OTHYCK no 6one3HH HMH no yXoAy 3a AeThMH, oTHyCK no yqe6e,
cRy)K6a B apMmmH H TA. IPIH MCHOJb3OBaHHH 3THX nepepblBOB cymecT-
25 B 1995 r. 3a 'iepTOA 6eAHOCTH HaxoJHJOCb 6,8% neHCHOHepOB, B 1997 r.
cpeAu4 MyX(IHUH - 7,1%, cpei sKeHMgMH - 10,9%, B 1998 r. 12,5% H 15,6% COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO.



7. BeRHocTb H reH,ep                                      115
ByeT reHgepHan acHMMeTpHAI: OTHYCK Ho yXoAy 3a geTbMH rnpeE1My-
meCTBCHHO 6epyT )KeHWHHbI 14 OHH wce, KaK npaBHJIo, yXa)KHBalOT
3a 6onIbHbrMI-r AeTbMH4 H4 PO,CTBeHHHKaMH [87,108]. Pac4eTbI, rioKa3bI-
BaIoT, FITO CCIiH YPOBHH 3a)nJIaTbI MyAKCEHH H >KeHIILH pa3JI4EaIoTC51
Ha 30-40%, TO HpH4 rpOt-iX paBHbIX yCJIOBHmx neHCHoHHbIe HaKorTIe-
HH4. >KeHM14H COCTaBqT Bcero 70-77% HaKoriJIeHHf MYKql4HH. Ho Ec-
noJIb3oBaHHe OTrlYCKa no yXo,Ay 3a pe6eHKOM gOflOJIHH4Te.lbHO CHH3HT
- HeHCHOHHbIC HaKorIiHeHI4q >KeHM14H Ha 7-1 1%, ABa pe6eHKa H jBa
OTHnyCKa <<cbega1oT~> 14-21' HaKOHIieHHf4, TPEl - 21-30% [87, 106].
B 3aBHCH4MOCT14 OT o6pa3OBaHHqI iieHCHOHHbIe HaKOieHJCHH MY)KMEIH
c BbICIIHM o6pa3OBaHHeM MOryT 6bITb MaKC4MaJIbHO yBeCnJHeHbI
B 1,3-2,8 pa3a (HO CpaBHeH14EO c MmelOIi4EMH TO.IbKO cpe,JHee o6pa30-
BaHi4e), >KeHM14H - B 1,5- 3,l pa3a, HO a6cOnlOTHbnI4 BbIllrpbIm AKeH-
M14H TeM He MeHee 6yjaeT MeHbme. B peaTIbHOAi gef4CTBHTCJlbHOCTH no-
Ka 'ITO HMCeT MCCTO BbipaBHHBaHHe rieHCE4H Ha MHHH4MaJIbHOM
yPOBHC: B 1998 r. cpeAHq IneHCI4A wKeHMHH CoCTaBJi5la 90% M)KCKOf4,
B 1992 - 92%, B 2000 - 94% [86,70-81].
D. rEHAEPHbIE OTJIWHxIH    B jOCTYHIE K PECYPCAM
B pOCCHfECKOE4 3KoHOMi4He(CKofl n14TepaType aHanMi34pyeTcq reHJ>ep-
Has TMcHc epeHLUHaL"HS: B HCronJb3oBaHm4H 6iogIceToB BpeMeHH H4 B
pacrpeReneHHH .oMa21HeHrO Tpyga; B 3aHITOCTH4; B ,AoxoJgax; B ,ocTyne
K npH1BaTH43HpyeMoMy n.4H,HOMy HMymeCTBY H HMi1ymeCTBy rpegripHAI-
TH4Ei, rloJIy-eHHOMy B ripouecce lpEHBaTH43aE1HH; B gocTyne K H4cHOJb3O-
BaHH410 CoLqHaJbHbIX 6iiar (:3,paBooxpaHeHHe, o6pa3oBaHHe, ieCHCH4-
OHHOC o6ecnerieeHe, CoLH4aTIbHa5q 3aWHTa).
OLgHHM H13 OCHOBHbIX pecypCoB, roTpe6jiqeMbix reIH,epHo ,gwHcje-
peHLH4pOBaHHO, IBIMeTC5I BpeMm, H1 B riepByio oIepeAb BpeMA, noTpa-
'-eHHOe Ha pa6ory B gOMaLmHeM XO3IHACTBe IVI4 Ha peHpOAyKTHBHbIH
Tpyg B HJHpOKOM CMbIcjie CJIOBa (poveHne H BOCriHHTaHHeC JeTeA, yxoj
3a 6o0rbHbIMI-1 npCCTapeJIbiMH '-UeHaMH goMaIIIHero XO3.IfCTBa, rio,-
gep?KaHHCe goMaMHero XO3.qf4CTBa H1 co1u4aRbHbIX KOMMyHHKaLuHfl
[636]).
B pOCCHflCKOEA 3KOHOMHtleCKOfl4 .l4TepaType nociieJHero AecATHl-
ieTHSA aHanEI3 6ioJweToB BpeMeHH4 [1; 47; 84; 136; 475; 495; 794; 795]
H pacnpe,ejieHHH Tpy,a B qOMOXo3Hf4CTBe [43; 84; 481; 476; 484; 771]
6a3H4pyeTcs B OCHOBHOM Ha ,AaHHbIX CpparMeHTapHbIX i4CCcj,eOBaHH4fi
'iaCTHbIx KOJICKTHBOB 3a OTgeJIbHbIe rO,bI (1992, 1993, 1994, 1998;
2002 - HegeTaJIH43E4pOBaHHbie 6IopIKeTbl), B OTAeJIbHblx ropojax



116                               FeumepHbue npo6JleMbl B POCCHH4
(HICKOB, MocKBa, HiHmHcA HOBropoA, UBaHOBO 1H Ap.), pexCe - B cenb-
CKOP MCCTHOCTP!. B HeKOTOpbIX payHAax PM33 TaK>Ke co6mpaJlHCb
,aaHHbIe o 65oKweTax BpCMCHu! HaceneHHM. OAHaKO Ha FoCyJapCTBeH-
HOM YPOBHe o6cjieAoBaHHc 61o,IeKToB BpeMeHH npHOBOjAHAOCb C pa3-
JIPH1OH HCepP!OAHIHOCTblO JIUHLb c 1972 r. no 1990 r. Ho3xce CTOJIb
Ba.KHhiA jl nOHP!MaHHS reHACpHbIX pa3J1M!I4A B pacHpeAjCieHHH pe-
CypCoB CTaTHCTHKa FOCKOMCTaTOM POCCHHCKOH qe,CepaCLHH He co6H-
panaCb.
HanOMHHM, 'TO OCHOBHaSI AoMamH3sui Harpy3Ka ICeKPT Ha )KeHIPH-
Hax. HepaBeHCTBO B pacUCpeejiaCHHP! TpyaOBOA Harpy3KH cynpyrOB yC-
TOM14HBO BO BpeMeHH: KaPTHHa He MeHAiUaCb HH! B COBeTcKHm, HH B pe-
CpopMeHHblHi nepPo!. PaBHoMepHoe yBeCHxIeHHCe y-aCTHq MyKQ4HH
H )KeHMHH B pa6OTe B no4co6HbIX Xo3IItCTBaX B riepHoA peC4opM
HO CyTH Jilllb YCHJ1HBaeT ,AHCKpHMHHaHfO KCeHmHJIH, co3AaBaa TAmi
HHX <'TpCTHHf )pPOHPT>: orlia,IHBaeMaM 3aHJITOCTb, co6CTBeHHO AoMaHiu-
Hill! pa6OTa, pa6oTa B JlHX. Ho pa3HbIM oLIeHKaM, )KeHCKH$I AOMaMIHHH
TlP4 py,OJOJ1XKP!TCJ1bHee MV)KcKoro 6onee 4eM B TpH pa3a, a CBo6oqHoe
BpeMYI y My)KIP!H 6on0mbLe B EABa pa3a.
KOIe'HbIC COl4HmabHbiC 3ACepAKP! SKOHiOMP!CCKHX pCeOPM 6blIPH
BO3TIO>KeHbl Ha AoMoXo3.HqcTBa, a 3HaxHT, B nepByio oMCpeCJb Ha KeH-
MIUPH [868, 155], BblHOJ1HqHOL4HX OCHOBHyIO JAOJIO oaOMa11IHerO TpyJa.
floIKa3aTenbHa JAHHaMHKa CTpyKTypbi 6brTOBblX yCJIyr HaceICeHU O: ,AOJI
yCJyr, KOTOpbie MOiyT 6blTb 3aMeHeHbl TpyTLoM wKeHIJH B jLOMallHeM
XO3AHICTBe (ycayri! HpaMeMHbIx, peMOHT H rOiIHB o,exgbl), CoKpaTH-
niaC, ,AOJIS <<MyAcKCX>4 yCnIyr He H3MmeHHJaCb (peMOHT o6yBH, peMOHT
6blTOBOH TCXHHK!H, peMOHT Me6enH) HnH! Bb1POCJIa (peMoHT aBToMo6P-
neH). to.jIA yciiyr ripaeCHbIX H aTenbe no peMOHTY oAeICKbl C 1994 r. no
2001 rr. COKpai,tPiaCb COOTBeTCTBeHHO B 3 H B 1,5 pa3a. ,aojm ycnyr no
peMOHTY H TeXHHPeCKOMY o6cJIyAKPBamHlO TpaHCrOpTHbIX CpeACCB
BbIpocJIa B TpH pa3a [1010, 257]. OTCyrCTBP!e penpe3eHTaTMBHbIx, He-
FCpepblBHbIX H COHOCTaBHMbIX PMOB ,gaHHbIX 0 HOJIO2KeHPH !ACJ B 3TO0
o6JiaCTm He IO3BoJiAeT aAeCKBaTHO OILCHHTb BJIHHHe! CogP!aJIbHO-3KO-
HOMHCeCKP!X P!3MCHeHP!P! Ha My?Kx4PH H KceHM1PH. Heo6xoflPHMo Ha
O(4)PLHaJbHOM ypOBHe Ha4aTb c6op HHtopMaLII4H o 6io,QKeTax BpeMe-
1HP B POCCHP!I KaK MP!HHMyM c "eCom ce3COHIOCTP! T!Hna HoceJiCHHM H
COIAUPaJlbHo-teMOrpac4¢ xCCKP!X X2paKTCep!CTHK peCrHoHACHTOB.
OTgeCTIHbflH 6noK JIHTepaTypbi HOCBhmeH CeCJbCKHM )KeHMHH2M
[48; 58; 65; 198; 466; 646; 651; 801; 821; 976; 1164], B HaCTHOCTH BO-
HpOCaM rlPPBaTH3a1LP!P! B CCJlbCKOH MCCTHOCTH P! HpO6JIeMaM pa3BP!-
THu (QCpMepCTBa H yx-aCI'I I B 3TOM HipoLecce xKCeHlPH. Cina6oe pa3BP!-
TP!C 3MeJIbHIOH pCe4OpMbl B POCCHP, H cCepMepCTBa B MaCTHOCTP,



7. bCJvHOCTb H 1CHACp                                      1 17
HOCJyA'HJO flpH'-IHHOH He/qOCTaTKa JInTepaTypbi no BOr1pOCaM reH-
ACpHOrO paBeHCTBa BO BJ1tlageHH 3eMJIefl, B pa3BHfTHH ceCpMepCKOrO
Xo3aqHCTBa. Kpaf-Hie He3Ha3MHTeCbHO M4HCAO HccJIeAOBaHfHP, Ha cero-
wEIamlUHIlf4 1eHb B PoccHH oTCyTCTBYIOT CTaTHCTH4CCKHe jaiHHbIe o rCH-
ACPHOM pacnpegeaieHnH 3CMCJIbHbLX pecypcoB, a TaKoKe o pacnpe4e-
JeHHH CpCeCTB qcCpMepCKOI'O HpoH3BOJCTBa, HIpOYKKIlHHl CeTibCKO'O
X03IIHCTBa, ripOH3BC4CHHO1l B tCpMepCKHX X03IILCTB'X.
COI'lnaCHo Ka'ICCTBeHHOMy Hcce;JICJOBaHHIO 1999 F. (q)oKyc-rpynno-
BbiC HHJIABIIBAYaJbHbIe HLITCpBbIO) [466], MHCHIS 9pa33JIIHlbIX rpynn
MVOK-JtIH H AKCHLIHH (B TOM tHCICe )KCHfLHH - Co6CTBCeHHIH2 4JIH CO-
BJIaACJII4I)eCpMCpCKHX XO3SiHCTB) nO Bonpocv pa3BHTHI4 4CepMepCsBa
H yx1aCTH51 )KeCiHHH B 3TONM HpOLeCCCe B POCCnH 6buJIEI B 3HatHHTCJlbHIOT
CTeHCHH CeAHHO4yHILHI. Hf4I4llHbl OTCYTCTBHI4 MHIPOKOFO p23BHTH151
4epMepCKeX X03SIIICTB Io10 lHHflfIaTHBC CHH,3Y (113 KpeCTb]IICKHX XO-
35HICTB) 3aKJHOMaIOTCM He TOJIbKO B HeXBaTKC tOHAOB, KpCeHTOB, He
TOJIbKO B OrpaHH114CHHOM JOCT)yrC K 3eMJIbHbIM pecypcam H OflaCCHet-
liX HCCTa6HJIbHOCI'H, HO, q'TO HaH6oeeC BaaKIIO C TOHKH 3peHH5r nep-
CIeKTHB pa3BI4THSI, B OTC"I'CTBHH 3HaHHtI (xleTblpe OCHOBHbIX BFuJa
3HaifHH H HaBbIKOB: IopHJ4HtteCKIIX, 6yxrahlTepCKliX, OpFaHH3aLIHOH-
HbIX H TeXHOJIOFH'-lCcKHX) H IIKOJI, KVpCOB, CTpyKTYP rno JIIIKBI4AaLH4H
3THX npo6JieM. HeraT-IBHble pC3yJlbTaI'bl IOHbITOK pa3BHTb eCpMep-
CKOe XO3IIHCTBO flOCJl)iKyHJI CJIC4CTBHCM HerpCMOTHOrO yrIpaniiemua
nepCOHanOM, HeCHOCo6HiOCTH 1OpvI4HgmCCKI FJp2MOTHO O4CIMOPMHTb OT-
HOLICHHI5 C MCCTHOH BJTaCTh1O HI O4JOpMHTb 6yXraJITepCKe 4eJOKvMCH-
Tbl, HCICiOCo6HOCTbIO BepHbIM 06pa3oM O4IOpMHTb CTc-iaBHbIe H KpC-
ALHTHbIC 6yMarn, HeCnCO65HOCTblO pa3BHTb HHiitpaCTpyKTy'py C6blTa,
BpaxKle6ior'o OTHOIHLCHHIq COCCACle K H3HHH3OaJoCMe (c4epMepy.
Y'4aCTH e)KCHIIIHH B CPMpepCKOM ABH)KCeSHHI B COBpCMCHHOfl Poc-
CHH B03MO)KA10 B OCHtOBHtOM TOJIbKO lIpM HaJIEHIxHH M XKt1HHbl-riapTeC-
pa (KaK HpaBHJIO - MyKa), B H4aCTHOCTI4, n3-3a BbICOKOH CTeieCHHI KpH-
MHH3JIbHOCTII Cpegbl, HiCpa3BHITOA PIHHJpaCTpyKTvpbl qCpAMepCTBa H
60JlbmOH LOJIH d4H3MIeCCKOIFO Tpyna [466].
E. HHTAHHE
FeivepHai-as SC14MMC-T'pl5I B o6ecnie'-CHHOCTH FOJI)HOLCHIlblM HHfT3HHCM
H1C SBJSLTI3Cb B pOCCHECKEIX HlCCJICgOBaIIHIqX HOC.TC4HCI'O 4leC5'1HJICTHI4
IpCAMCTOM CaMOCT'OITCJ1bHOrO alIanH3a. OgiaaKo, xtTo6bl CvJEITb o6 OC-
'rpo're 3TOA acIIMMeTpHHI, I [eo6xoAjimo iogApooHee HpOaHaJIH3HIpO-
BaTb CBII3b MCgy 6eAilocrbJo H HII'1'aHHCM. COHOCTa3BRCe iHeC 4aKTwLiec-



118                               reHgepHbie npo6JieMbl B PoccMH1
KHX paCXOAOB neHCHOHePOB Ha [IHTaHHieCc npO HTOqHbIM MHHHMy-
MOM nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO B CpeCHeM OHH Ha 7% HHKe MHHHMhanbHO giony-
CTHMoro ypOBHS, Te. HaniHLo O4eBtAHblH q)aKT HeAonoTpe6jieHHA riH-
UeBbIX  npOayKTOB.26 orpaHH'IHBalOT ce6H   B rmTaHTH    75%
neHCH4OHepOB. pllSI 3To11 rpyrnrib CeMei xapaKTcepHO 3Hal4TCJIbHOe He-
AonoTpe6jieHHe KaIopH4, 6e]nKoB H yrjieBOJ,OB Aaawe OTHOCHTeCJbHO
CKyaHbIX HOpM, 3aO)KeHHbIX B npOKTOT-HoM MHHHMyMe, flpH pocTe
,qoOjiH paCxoAoB Ha rIHTaHHe B noTpe6HTeJIbCKoM 6ioAweTe. F0o AaHHbIM
TaraHporcKoro HCCJIeAOBaHHfl, OJM Ha3BaBmIHX CBoe nHTaHHe XOpO-
iIUHM H OTJIHLIHbIM B 1981 r. cocrawniAia 42%, B 1994 r. - 40%, B 1998
I'. - JIHiIb 18%, B TO BpeMH KaK ruioxHM H oIeHb ru1oxHM - 14%,16% H
39% COOTBeTCTBeHHO. CaMaa HH3Ka3 olueHKa Ka4eCTBa nHTaHHR - y
JIHhI cTapme 60 TieT, HaH6oTiee BbICOKaq - y pOA14Tejief4 B OTHoHIeHHH
n4HTaHHH qeTeH. B TO wKe BpeMSI 39% MHoroqTeHbLX ceMeH )KaJIOBajiHCb
Ha OAHoo6pa3He H HeKaiCCTBeHHOCTb nlHTaHmA, 5,4% - 4To HM npH-
XOAHTC5I )KHTTb BIlpOrO.IOJAb, 47% - Ha He,OCTaTOK ogewAbi H o6yBH
[102, 56-57; 339,159; 776,15].
2hKcnepTbl OTMeCIaioT yCTOWqHBYIO CBq3b ypOBHq MaTepHanJbHOA
o6ecneMeHHocTm H KaqeCTBa HHTaHHS C COCTOHHHeM 3AOpOBb3, B TOM
'4HcJie C Hanjm4eH M 4JI4 OTCYTCTBHeM xpoHH4eCKHX 3a6oJIeBaHHk.
B CeMb5X C ijiOxiM MmaTepHanJbHbIM CTaTYCOM B 3,5 HHeKC MHCnO nH,
CqHTaiouU4x ce6fl npam4-iecKH 3TOpOBbIMH. CpeAiH oIeHHBmHX CBoe
rIHTaHme KaK xopoiuee TO1IbKO 8% HM4mem nrioxoe 3AOpOBbe, B TO Bpe-
MM KaK CpeCH rIJIOXO rlI4TaoIi4Hxcq - 28%. B rpynne C OTHOCHTeiibHO
6.naronpH.THblM MaTepHanJbHbiM ronoKeHMem, rAe qeHer xBaTaeT,
4TO6bl He 3KOHOMHTb, )KeHMH4H C OTJIWIHbIM 3,AOpOBbeM B 2,6 pa3a
6o0mbue, x4eM B CeMbHX, rAe npHXO,HTC31 OrpaHH41IBaTb ce6q qa>Ke
B HoKynKe npO,IlyKTOB H1TaHHSI. HIo TaHHbIM o6cne,oBaHHA 6e,AHblX
ropOACKHX ,AOMOXO35IfCTB, OLUeHHJH CBOe nHTaHHe KaK xopomee
14,4% >KeHM1HH, 3JOpOBbe - 19,7% [1048]. B i4Hciie OCHOBHbiX cQaKTo-
pOB, KOTOpbIe, nO MHeHHIO MaTepeH, XpOHHmeCKH 6onbHIlx AeTeH
HPHBeCjH K riaTOJIorHH Ha nepBOM MeCTe CTORT CO11HiaRbHblC (rnioxHe
MaTepHaAbHO-)KH.THIJ4Hbie YCJIOBH4 B nepHo, pOCTa H pa3BHTH4I pe-
6eHKa). CnelumaAbHbie o6ciiegoBaH-i HOKa3blBaIOT, '4TO B 2000 r. oKo-
nio 10% ,CeTef B B03paCTe AO 6 TieT XpOHHqecKH ronoAajnH [339, 159;
504; 900, 15; 902, 56].
26 FpOxI4TO4HbIl MIHIMyM neHCHOHepa npepycMaTPHBaeT 1,5 Kr Kon6a-
Cbl, 4,9 Kr mqca, 1,8 Kr CJU4BO4HHOrO Macia B ron.



7. BeAHOCTb H reHgep                                        119
F. rEH,TEPHbIE UPYrHIbI PHCKA
OTHocHTeabHblH alHaiiH3 pHCKOB riOriaJaHH54 B HH3IIIHe COI4HaAbHbie
rpynnrb )KeHM14HaMMH H MAKM(HHaMH BbIiBJIqeT 3HaMl4HTeJIbHyiO reHAep-
Hylo gH("PepeHL"HaLu4to. HHwe paCCMaTpHBaEOTCq PHCKH, COrip5AKetI-
Hbie C )KeHCKH4MH rpyfriraMH, a 3aTeM MywKCKHMH.
?CKeiiciue zpynnbspucKa
CpegiH COHaJIbHo-JgeMorpaqpHIqeCKHx rpynn pHCKa (B nepByio owe-
peqb B OTHOLHeHHH flofla,aHHM B CTaTyc 6e,HbIX) MOAKHO BbIqe.IHTb
%KeHMIIHH-rjiaB HneOJIHbIX ceMef [181; 81; 232; 255; 461; 478; 482; 509;
510; 625; 927; 1104; 1110], iKeHrAHH H ieBO1eK H3 MHorogeTHblX ceMeI4
[461, 519, 1145], (O,RAHHOKHX) neHCHoHepoK [218; 501; 1054; 1104],
>KeHWHH-H4HBaAROB, H WKeHl14HH, HMCiOomHX geTeP-HHBaJH0OB, 6e3pa-
60THbIX H CeCJbCKHX KeHUIIHH. Pa3BoA Ta(Kwe ABII5eTCH Anq51 >KeCHHH
c4aKTopoM pucKa nonagaHHHl B CTaTyC 6eqHbIX. ,gLeTH (B HeMyCyJIbMaH-
CKHX ceMbIX) oCTaIoTCS c MaTepbIo, yBeJH.TH4 HBaq WHBeHCeCKYIO Ha-
rpy3KY Ha >KeHuMHH, OCO6CHHO B yC;IOBHs5X pa3pyLIeHH5 COmHaJIbHOfi
HHcPpacTPpyTypbi H HeBblnnaT ai)HMeHTOB [478; 625; 1110].
Ta6nEmAa 7.1. Pacnpege.meHHe noAlyaTeA ef noMo0iH
B CHcTeMe coixHa1iLHoro o6ecneceHHA cpeqH JiHiA
6e3 noCTOaHHOrO MecTa MKHTCebcTBa Hun riOCTOaHHOHi
3aHaTocTH, no KcaTeropu0HH yqpeWeHA,2001 r.
)Kemqu4ub  Myuciunbt   PacnpedeneHeue
,;   ,/. -|, . -*'
Kew4U4iUH  MNv"Uubt
Bcero
TbIC. qeJIOBeK           10         47
rlpoUeHTOB               100       100       17        83
B TOM fl4CJIe B:
AOMe HO4HOrO flpC6blBaHSiA  34         42       15        85
COflWaIJbHOM rHHioTe        14          6       33        67
Coi4MamRbHOg rOcThHH1Ie     1 1        10       19        81
qeH-Tpe COUIBaAbHoA aAanTaa4um  25     27       16        84
npo'IrX                     16         15       17        83
Mcmowa-uic FocKoMcTaT.
PHCK noilagaHA B CTaTyC 6e3pa6oTHbIX BbImlll 43H MOjiOqbiX >KeH-



120                                leHJgCpHfle Hpo6nleMbi B Poccn-
HUHH, Alq )KCIIUI4FIH C BbICOKOH HACMBeH-ieCKOH Harpy3KOi. PH1CK no-
flaCTb B CTaTyC HH3KoOHJIHaHBacMbIx BbIlUC JyLls MOJiOAbIX H nO)YKWIbIX
)KeHLiHH, ,AII CeCJbCKHX AKeHEijHH, JflJ AKeH( HH, pa6oTaiolnjix B 6ioi-
5KeTHOH c4epe, Ha Tpa,4H1U4OHHO <'ACeHCKHX'> pa6oC'-i4X MCCTaX.
HeKOTOpbie MOgeCflH TPYAOBOrO 1InOBeeH4HHM TaKIOe BBOASIT pOCCHH-
CKHIX KCeHltLHIH B rpynHnbl PHCKa B OTHOInCHHH Hapyl[leHH5I npaB 'e4Tio-
BeKa 11 rpaA<gaHIIHa. PI1cK iiapyiiieinflr HpaB H4eioBeKa BblIie y ?KceH-
BUEIH-TpyAoBbIx MIIrpaHToK, HOCKOJlIbKV HX CTaTyC HepeAKo cBI13aH
C CeKCy'adbHbIM iiaCiluJleM, HC3aKOHHbMM 13'b$ITHeM nacrIopTa, orpaHH-
'4eHHCM CBo6ohbl nFepeCBHAKeHH4., OhIFOBOfl i Ka6anof0, Heco6.nHOAeH4-
eM yCuIOBHA KO0HTpaKTa (HeAonnaTa, 6onbrmaM 11pO94OJ)KHTeJLbHOCTb
TpyJIa H jjp.), HpHHYKyAeHHeM K CeKC-TpyJIy, yrp03aMH H 1iaCHJIHeM
[1077].
CTpaTCrHR aJafanTaI4HH K HOBbIM CoIuHaJbHo-SKoHoMHlMeCKHM yC-
JIOBHU1M Hepe3 YXOJI B He4)opManbHbflH CCKTOp 3KOHOMHKH TaK?Ke BBO-
2JIHT KCeHUJHH B rpynrIy pHCKa, HOCKOJ1bKY reHgepHa ,AHCKPHMHHalHHl
FIPOMBJIMCeTCM 3AeCb oco6eHHo MpKO [1 126; 1128; 11 29].
)KeHMIIHHbl, H-O)KHBaiOMJHe B CeCJbCKOI MeCTHOCTH, MBTIIHOTCM ca-
MOCTOMTeCJbHOH rpynnoCi pHcKa, FOCKOJIbKy HX rlo0oJ0eiiHe OTHOCH-
TCJIbHO I'OpOOCKIIX wKCHBIJIH 6onee TqDKeCioe. DTO CBq3aHO c o6tuef
SKoIIoMHC4eCKOfl CHTvaIJiA4e B CeCIbCKOH MCCTHOCTH, C pa3pyuICHHeM
CoLialanbHOfP HHcpaCTpyKTypbl B ceiiax, C OTCyTCTBHeM pa6o4wx MeCT
B YCJIOBHM1X pa3Baaia eAHHCTBeHHOFO JIeCXo3a, CoBXO3a, KOJIXO3a [651;
801], C fOJOBOIi JJHcnponopLulIei  B CTapeio1iteM HaceCIeHUM B CeCJb-
CKOH MNCCHOCrH. )KeHCKaM 6e3pa6oTnl4a B CCJebCKOfl MCCTHOCTH [65;
821] o6oCTpMe1'r'c CrCeWllPlHKOf pa6OTbl cnywc6bl 3aHMTOCTH, npejo-
CTaBJWIlOleHA B OCIIOBHOM ropOJCKHe <'My3cCKIleT> BaKaEiiCEnE [65 1.
ICICIICHHoC'Ib 6e3,\4oMllIx )KeJIJIiitI MeHbIlIC EHCJiceilHOCTI 6e3-
,OMHbIX MVAKHH.Ek, HO EIX HtoJJOAKeHueC 'i,cenee no p3:,TAy npw-141I (Ta6n.
7.1). Bo-n-epBblX, B KP14MHHalbHOh [l MamplpraJiilbEEOP cpeCgWe 1H3HoJIO-
rFmeCKII 6oniee c.Tia6blC HIIJAHBI4AbIl HoZABepiaioTscM 6onbmLwMNN Op4TeC-
HCIHqMM. Bo-BTOPbiX, iTeCocTrvHOClb ;VMM 6C3Gea4oMEhlX EKCHLIUAIIE rCIHe-
KOJTOrFlICCKOII HOMIOLUH  it rpo4)IIiaKiIIKa i narOjiortiHA  nnooa
YCJO)KIIMIOT HX 6C34OM11OC nOJIO)KCII1HC H V1 LKCJISIOTI IOCJLCAClBIIM Ta-
KOrO OJIoCoweHHII. Ho  HaEIIibiM loCHTpa LoccaIirnn4llaA3opa, B 1999 r.
B MOCKBC 6blJTO 3apeIIHCT pIpOBaHo 33 CJi\HaHM BpOwAeECHOrO cHEiHJIH-
ca v ACTCH, pOwKeCHHbIX 6C3etoMIlbANI MaTrepqMM, 'FTO COCTaBHnJO
58,9%](, OT BCCX cIvmaCB 4aHIIol na'ronormi'i (Tra6n. 7.2) [1443].



7. E3ejwlocTb U rFe,Aep                                        121
Ta6jiHiAa 7.2. 3a6OJlnBaeMocTb cH4IIUHcoM
no Bo3pacTHmM rpyrnaM, 2001 r.
Ke,t-I4unth  MViCw{unb  Paclnpe1eqcwwe
no no'7Y, a,,
N.ielm4unbig A\I}JwqClmXbl
Bcero
B TbIC. qeji.             103        104
B npogeHTax                100       100        50       50
B TOM '4iBJ1i B BO3pacTC, ACT:
0-14 ne'v                  1,0       0,8       56        44
15-17AeT                   6,5       2,4       73        27
18-19neer                 11,3       4,9       52        48
20-29 iieT                44,2      41,2       52        48
30-39 nelr                20,7      27.0       43        57
40 nerHicTaprIe           16,3      23,7       41        59
I1cmcoqHuK.: Focicamcmam.
MymwcKue zpynnb pucKa
Y MyWCqHH MO)KHO Bbi,Ten1iTrb CJicgyIOioLHe OCHOBHbIC rpVyiinbl pliCKa:
CCJlbCKHIe MY)KQIHHbl (pHCK :3aT5qKHOfi 6e3pa6oTH4Ubl); 6e3A0MHbie, 3a-
KJHEoleHHbIe, 6oJblmbie Ty6epKyJle3oM, aJIKOFOJ1H3MOM it HapKOM1HIH-
eiA; 6CecpvI30pHble MaJTIb'JEilM.
Flpo6neMa My;KCKOA 6C3pa6oT'ribl B CeabCKOfi MCCTHOCTH B yCnO-
BHSIx a6coJllOTHOro OTCyTCTBHSI BaKaHTHhiX MCCT B paMOHe Iix roceJie-
IIHM 11 H OTCyTCTBH51 ,eHer fHa riepCeBH)KCHHC K MCcTi) pa6oTV ii apCHAj'
>Kl4JIb51 B ropoge lpH HH3KIHX 3apa6oTKax B 6JIIDKaHimHx ropogax acna-
CT HX COIlHa1bHO yS3BIiMblIMH, BbJHYWVj2 HCKaTb I3peNCHIlblC, CC30-1-
lIbiC 3apa6oTKH B HCc¢OpMJqbHOM CcKTOpC 3aHHITOCTHi. M-CIqF1Hbl -
HeJcel'ajlbHbie MHirpaHTbl T,lKWKC SHBJI51OTCS F'pyHlIOfI plICKa, noialaqa51
B HerlpaBOBYEO cpejqy. (QKeilumiibi -  IicJIeFalblbIC MHFrpatITKH H4MeCOT
OTEOCi4TreJbHO 60Jlbme HpO6JiiM, CBL3aHIIIbIX C CCKCVy1blJiblMH I M lpEI-
TCCHCHHAIMH, HaCHJIHeM, H3blMafHEHM HaCUOpTOB, HCpCHOCOM lSDKceC-
TeEi1, og/iaKO H My7-KHIHHbl B gIaHHOM CTalyCC MBJI1O'TC3I COEi4:ltIbHO V513-
BEiMbIMEi).
Ilo talHHhlM 1'HcTHTy'r'a COIHaJbHO-3KOHONllHqeCKHIX Hpo6jieM
PAH B HaCTOlleeCC BpCM  B f'OCCHHI OKOJIO qeTbIpeX MILTJIJIHOHOB AByX-
coT rIblCW-1 6e3)j0MI1bIX. Cpe|lEl IlIIX MY)K4H11 - 68%, >KcCIJUnim COOTBeT-



122                                FeHjgepHbie npo6neMbl B PoccHu
cTBeHHo 32%, 63% 6e3JqoMHbIx HMiefOT 4eTeA, 51 % H3 HHX pa3BeAeHbI,
15% COCTORT B 6paKe, 14% BIOBbl H B,4OBIbi, 20% HHKOrga He COCTOq-
11nH B 6paKe. Ilo aHHbIM CaHKT-HleTep6yprcKof4 perHOHaJbHofl 6niaro-
TBOpHTeIbHOfi OpraHM3aLgH4 HOMOmH jiHL1M 6e3 orpeeCJieHHoro
MeCTa> KHTeJIbcTBa, MY)KxHHbl TaKoKe CoCTaBnslloT 70% nOCeTHBIII1HX HX.
CpegH noceTHTeJIeH 87% 4MmeCi cpe,jHee HJIH cpe,Hee cneie4HaJbHoe
o6pa3OBaHH4e [1443].
HlpecTynHocTb B OCHOBHOM My)KCKaS o66jaCTb pI4cKa. B 2001 r. cpe-
41H BCeX JI14U, COBepi1HB1IHX npeCTynnIeHHe, MV41HH 6bulo 83%, cpegH
HecOBepmeHHoTieTHI4X- 92%. CpegH JI"HA, COBepIlHBMH1X TAWKKHe
npecTynneHHL, My)KMHfHbl CoCTaB4JIII 89%, COBePI1HBUHX y6HHCTBa
E1 noKyrHeHHS Ha y614f'ICTBo - 87%, Kpa)KH - 91%, rpa6e)Ki - 92%,
pa36014 - 94%, xyJIHraHCTBO - 89%, HapKOT14-eci4KHe npecTynne-
HH4A - 83%. B TaK4X npeCTyi.TieHHs4X, KaK npHCBOeHHe, pacTpaTa,
MOHICHHHHCCTBO, B351TOlHi-leCTBO, Ha Ao0jo MY7KAH14H HPHXOAH4TC51
60-70%. Pacnpege.ieHHe OCyAZ4eHHbIX )KeHM14H 14 MyKX414H n10 BH,aaM
ipeCTynneHHH (no i1pmrOBOpaM CyAoB, BCTynIBLU1HM B 3aKOHHYIO CH-
JIy B 2001 r.) 6nH3Ko K reHgCpHOMy pacipeqeTiCHeio COBepMlHB4BIHX
npecyrmerHHe [3571. B TO )Ke BpeMA CTaTIHCTHKa KCepTB, HoKa3blBaeT
6o.nee paBHoe reHAePHOe pacrpegeiietHie. B 2001 r. BbIqBJIeHO
555 TbiC. npecTyruieHHH, conp>DxeHHbIX C HaCHnbCTBeHHbIM14 qeACT-
BHSIM14, no KOTOpblM MmelOTCI noTepneBMmHe. pH :TOM )KeHM14Hbl
6bmiH >KePTBaMi4 210 TbIC. TaKHx npecTynJIeHHH. [357].
Ta6jinmia 7.3. HapiroMaHHn, awTHBHaA  opMa Ty6epKy.7e3a,
anHCOrOJIH3M H anJOrOJILHbICe HCHX03bI cpegH KeHH HH
H My;'qHH , 2001 r.
Ha 1()0 000 naceHeuw  Pactipedeoenue no non,7 6 %
XKenuu4ubI Myxi'tubi   Keiu4uubi  MyYCqUHbi
HapDKoMaqnm            13.7    77.9          17        83
AkKorojrn3M
U aJKoroJIbHbie rHlCXO3bl  51,9  241,4     20         80
AKTIIBHa5 copMa
Ty6epKy.ne3a         42,1    141,3          25        75
Ilcmo'rnuK: rOCKOMCTaT.
PHCK 3a6oneTm Ty6epKyne3oM y MY)1KC4HH 3HaqH4TCJIbHO BbiLuIe, xleM y
)KeHHUrHH (Ta6rniua 8.3). B 2001 r. cpegH 6ofleiomi4x aKTHBHbIM Ty6ep-
KynIC30M 6buio 75% MyKI14HH (B CTapllluX TpyAOCnOCo6HbIX B03paCTaX



7. BeAHOCTb H FCHgCp                                      123
My.&qHH 6buIo OKono 80%). Aeno B TOM, tITO BCHbimIIKH 3TOfl 6oJIe3HH
B POCCHH B 1990-ble rO,bI BO MHOrOM 6buiH CBS13aHbl c aHTHcaHHTap-
HbIMH YCJIOBHM4MH B MCCTaX JTHi4CHe4A CB060abl, a My)K'IwHHbl COCTaBjI5-
nIH OCHOBHOH KOHTHHreHT Cpe,AH 3aKJHO4eHHbIX.
3a6ofleBaeMocTb FOHOpeefl - npeHMyWeCTBeHHO MY(CKaqH npo-
6.neMa (B 2001 r. 73% cpegH 3a6o0iCBHIHX - MyWKZH1Hbl). TO.bKO JgeT-
cKaui rpynna (0- 14 neT) HMeeT nepeBepHyTylO KapT4HY - B 3TOH rpyn-
He Maanb1IHKOB TOJIbKO 19%. HIPH PaBHbIX ,ATloX MY)KMHH H wKeHIHHH
cpegH 3a6oJIeBHu4x CHi4WIJHCOM, y,4HeHH 3Ta 6o01e3Hb npeo6nagaeT
B MOJIO,bIX BO3pacTaX, y MyWK4HH - B CTapimiHx. B 2001 ro,gy cpe,iH
6OJbHbIx C144HJH4CoM B BO3paCTe 0- 14 neT )KeHLUHH 6bu1o 56%, B B03-
pacTe 15-17IeT - 73% (Ta6A. 7.2) [357].
3a6o.reBaeMocTb anKOrO;u-H3MOM H ajiKOrOJIbHblMH rHCXO3aMH pe3-
KO gHi4CepeHtU4POBaHa no Honly. 3To HpeHMiIyieCTBeHHO <~My3RCKHe~>
npo6ineMbl (Ta6n. 8.3). B 2001 F. Ha CTO TbICSAx HaceiieH14,I IIpHXOIH-
JIOCb 51,9 3a6OJeBlHHx )KeHmiHH, MYAQIHH - 241,4. MyWqHHbl COCTa-
BsIHn 80% cpe,H 3a6OJIeBIMHx anKoroJIH3MOM H aJIKOrOJ1bHbIMH HCI4-
X03aMH. 3a6ojieBaeMOcTb HIpKOMaHHeCA TaK2KC He 5BIe5iCTC5I reHJACpHO
HeATpaJIbHOh npo6ieMoA. 13 2001 F. Ha CTO TbIC5q HaceneHHSA npHXO-
,14JOCb 13,7 3a6oJleB[lHx )KeHAIIHH, My3RqHH - 77,9. My;RqnHbl COCTa-
BHHJI 83% Bcex 3a6ojieBsHHx [357].
OTCyTCTBHCe cepbe3HbIX o6c31egOBaHHA 6ecnpH3oplbIx ,CeTe9 He
nO3BOJI5eT HpHBeCTH CTaTHC TH'eCKHX JAaHHbIX o6 HX reHLqCpHOM pac-
ipeqeJieHHH. OgHaKO CyIeCCTByeT BHOJIHC npaBJAoriOA6Ha51 mHnOTe3a
o npeo6na,gaHr�H Ma1jbqHKOB B 3TOA cpeL>e (aHaAorHwHo rpeo6iaJga-
H410 My;KRqHH B cpe,ge 6e3gToMHbIx). HIpH pOCTe 4Hcjia ,eTeTH H nogpo-
CTKOB, OCTaBIH14XCA 6e3 rOine-CHHS pOA1HTefieA, B 2,6 pa3a c 1990 r.
no 2001 r. (WH4 B 1,13 pa3 c 1995 r. no 2001 r.) [911], 3TO MoKeT CTaTb
Cepbe3HOA reH,eCpHOti npo6iieMog. Eie orAHa rHnOTC3a - o pacTy-
UCfl ,A1HHaMHKC CeKCYaIbHbIX ,LOMOraTeCJbCTB B OTHOLHeHHH MaiJb4H-
KOB, KOTOpa5l TaKOKe Tpe6yeT OHnOJIHHTeCbHbIX HCCiieTOBaHHI4.






8. )KEHIIIHHbI B HOJIHTHKE: Y'IET
fEHLAEPHbIX ACHEKTOB B HOJIHTHKE
lepexog POCCHH K pbIHO'lHOf SKOHOMHKe OKa3anJ Ha AKCHIHH JHBOS-
Koe B03ACeCTBHC: C OQHOtI CTOpOHbI, B03HHK.I1H HOBblC ipeflIITCTBSII,
a C jpyroA4 - HOBbIC BO3MO)KHOCTH, KOTOpbie HOCcT KaK BHyTpeHHHH,
TaK H BHeCHHHH xapaKTep. HH M)KCKaK HOJTIHTHlMCcKaS snwrTa, HHI B03-
HHKInee HOBOC )KeHCKOC eIBH)KeHHe He CMOrFH OKa3aTb AOCTaTOHHO
MOULHOFO BJInHHH4S Ha ripoI4ecCbI MOCepHH3aLHH B o6igeCTBe, B TOM
HCje 14 Ha MoAepHH3aLuHIo BJaCTH, B T4CTHOCTHI B flOJb3y YCILTICHH5I
ee reHfepHOH COCTaBJmiHoHuCe.
JaHHa rnTiaBa nOCB5meHa H OJOA(CKeHHIEo KCeHIHH B HOJIHTHKe Poc-
CHH, rjqe paCCMaTpEHBalOTCH reHCepHbie aCHCKTbl HOAIHTHCeCKOrO
HpeACTaBHTeCJbCTBa B CieaVyOImmHx pa3Cenax:
* BO3MOKHOCTH H Hp(C'H1TCTBuII Ha HyTi V4aCTH5 )KCHWIHH B nO-
J1HTH4eCKO$ H o6ujecTBeHHol CSeTeCIbHOCTH.
* TeHAeHLUI4 14aCTHJ ?KeHIIUH B OJI1HTlKe.
* YJIy4meIeH-e rloJIo)KeHHm ?KeHWHH H o6ecne4eHHe reHCgepHOFO
paBeHCTBa.
3aTeM B ,jaHIOf rFJIaBe paccmaTpHBaeTCH pOb KeHcKiHx HHO B OT-
CTaHBaH4H FCeHgepHoro paBeEiCTBa H yKa3blBaCTCf Ha lOTCHIJHaJI 3TO-
ro ,B4BH?KeCHHR JnI reHACPHOrO paBeHCTBa.
A. FEHAEPHbIE ACHEKTbI HOJIHTHWECKOrO
HPI4CTABHTEJIbCTBA
HppohecCbl JeMOKPaTH1JamHH nepecTpoel4Horo nepuoga 3aKOHO-
MCpHO HpHBeJH HCCJICOBBaTeCeJH K HeO6XOE4HMOCTI nepeocMbiCIIe-
HHS fOCTi)KeHKHH Hi cyWeCTBYIOIUHx npo6neM B  CKeHCKOM BOIpOCC.
OcHoBHbI-io ToTKJIOHIim pa6oT nepHoga c 1993 r. no HaCTO5H4ee BpeMui
CO3By'Hbi 6ypHbIlM CO6blTE3M nopeqCopMeIlHoE POCC;iII. Ony6mnElKo-
BaFHHbIe KHHPHr, 6pomIopbl, CTaTbH HOCSIT ripeHMmyeCTBeCTHO KpHTEf-
'-iccKyio HanpaBJIeHHOCTb, IJeraTHBioe OTHOIUeHHe K OribiTy pellieHHIl
KClHCKOFO BOnpOCa Ha pa3HbJX 3'rariax pa3BHTH5I CTpaHlbl [3; 23; 25; 32;



126                               FeHAepHbie npo6iieMbl B POCCHH
44; 91; 104; 115; 129; 212; 216; 233; 234; 235; 370; 424; 595; 747; 786;
910; 1100; 1101]. ,1M aTHX pa6oT HaH66oTiee xapaKTepHo cJieypotgee:
*  IepecMoTp npeo6TiagaBniefl paHee B o6uiicTBeHHoM CO3HaHHH
MapKCEHCTCKO-ieJHHHCKO1 KOHgLenmUA  po0.7T H MeCTa KCeHU4H
B o6HUCCTBe.
* 06o3Ha4eHH4e HOBbiX npO6JIeM.
* HoSBIeHHe HanpaBjieHlH )KeHCKOVO Bonpoca - )KeCHCKOe paB-
HOnpaBH4e H paBHble B03MO)KHOCTH, ripaBa )KeHIHIUH Ha CaMO-
oripeAcieHHe, caMopeaJI43aLHIo.
HeCOMHeHHbli HHTepeC rpeCgCTaBnhlEOT ronbITKH HeKOTOpbiX HC-
cJIegOBaTeJIbHHI41, yxaCTHH14 )KeHCKOrO qBRWeHHA, COHOCTaBHTh <')KeH-
CKYIO MCTOpH110> PoCCHi Hi 3anaga, CpaBHHTb MeTO,Tbi ,TOCTHX(CHHSi ie-
neu, o6sbcCrHTb cne"HCmiKy HCTopHtiecKofl cHTyatUH  B POCCHH [12,
10-14; 17; 20; 41; 106; 155; 267, 128-129; 276; 296,18; 297; 412, 33;
447; 759; 770,3-4; 1022; 1171; 1173; 1177; 1203,20; 1207,86].
Boamovcocmu u npensmcm6uu ia nymuytiacmua 3eel4uH
a nouumu4ecKou u o6usectmeewLou Oeameilbfocmu
repexo, POCCHH K PbIHOMHOA 3KOHOMHKe OKa3aJI Ha )KeHU)14H ABBOq-
KOe BO3,qeiCTBH4e: C ORHOA CTOpOHbI, BO3HHKJIH HOBbie nperSITCTBH4,
a c jqpyrof - HOBbie BO3MOAKHOCTH, KOTOpbIe HOCqT KaK BHyTpeH-
H1H4, TaK H BHeUIHH4H XapaKTep. YBeCnHCeHH4C HIOTIHTHeCKHX CBo6o0
rIO3BOJH4JIO )KeHMLHHaM BbICTynaTb riy6jiH4-lHo HpOTHB AnHCKpHMHHa-
1jmH H ceKCHlCTCKHX CTCpeOTHnOB; 3KOHOMH4eCKH49 KPH3HC H CrO
BJIHHHeH Ha IKeHLHL4H o6yCJIOBHJIH aKTHBHOCTb >KemHumH HO 3aMlHTe
xKeHCKHx ipaB Ha pa6o4eM MeCTe H B cTiyK6aX 3aHAITOCTH [129, c. 163;
139; 230; 252; 379; 393; 397; 432; 508,67-69; 522; 563; 575; 591; 598;
692; 736; 796; 800; 866; 906; 1005; 1021; 1040; 1133; 1142; 1084;
1193; 1211].
Fog gaBeHi4eM MHpOBOrO coo6MeCTBa PoccR CTaHOBHTCH 6o0nee
OTKPbITblM rocy,nXapCTBOM H rpeCCTaBhMeT MHpOBOMy coo6meCTBy OT-
HOCHTeCJbHO nogpo6Hbie OTteTbl 0 HOnIoKeHHH WKeHHEH4H, ripoBJIASs
onpegeiieHHyIo BOCrIPHHM4HBOCTb BJH514HHIO, OKa3blBaCMOMy )KCH-
CKHMH OpraH43aUiRmHi H o6&beg,HeHHMHRM  [207; 277; 278; 281; 731;
734; 857]. Hep4o0 3KOHOMHqeCKOA H IOJIHTH4eCKOA TpaHCc4OpMa-
UHH B POCCHH4 Co3,aa YCJIOBH4I AJIq BO3HHIKHOBeHHsI COBpeMeHHOrO
)KCHCKOrO ABH4KeHHq.



8. ACeHULHHbI B nOJIHTHLe: y4eT reHCepFHbLX aCeCKTOB B 1IOJIHTHKe  127
PHc. 8.1. rCHAepHirA cocTaB AeTyTaTOB roCyzApCTBcHHIHO   JJyMM
B 2000-2003rr. (no COCTOJ1HHIO Ha 16 nHBapn 2002 r.) (B %)
LjenyTaTbl, He coCToFeL1  .  i
B AerlyTaTCKMX o6berLHeHBHLAX  .. ;   , = 
OTeecTBO -BC$ POCCe.         .     -'  ,
s~~~~~~~~~~~~ I- ...;. .  ..  ,   . 
Co0o3 npaRblX CIJi L                 -
KOMMyHAcTmLeCKaR napme P$D  *,*l 
EgXWHCTBO
AFponpombiwileHHaS   'i           -..s, ,4'l.o'is  r'. 
PerwoHbI Pocciv  .         +l ' ;  -'
I                            I I'  i
HapoAHnbl JenyTaT   *      .
I,. 
fle6epanbHo- -eMoKpaTreecKaa h.                 _
napTMFI Pocczt - r- -x Xt.. . e. 
flB~TV1f1 Po.e      .   .  .       _   .
Hcrnow-uwc: rOCKOMCTaT.
MHorme poccH{cKHe aCHaJIHT1KH COJHaPH3HPY0TCH C pacripOCT-
paHeHHOO B MHpC TOqKOHf 3peHHM 0 TOM, 'ITO )IUIHIKeHbl BHOCHT CBOHI
oco6blfl BKJiaT B o6.geCTBmeiHyiio AH3Hb. Hcropni4ecKHfl OnbIT napJla-
MeHTapl3Ma CBI4eTeJIbcTByeT: eCCIH B riapjiameHTe CTpaHbl MCHbeIC
10% MCCT ripHHweJC)T KeHllHHaM, 3TO 3aTpygHhieT npHHITi4e 3aKO-
HOB B 3aWHTy AeTeH; ecCJH ;KeHMHHaM HHPl4HaAne1KT 20-30% MeCT -
BCpO5THOCTh HPOBeCgHHA B )K3Hb npOrpaMM, oTpaxaioi4x I4HTepe-
Cbi )KceHmi4H, jeTeti, pC3KO BO3paCTaeT. POCCHi4CKHM OnbIT nOATBepAcga-



128                                FeHliephible Hpo6neMbl B PoCCun1l
eT gaHHYIO TeCHJCHUj11O: HMCIIHO ACeHIlIHHbI-jenyraTKH BbIABHUraHOT 3a-
KOHOAaTeTlblbLC HHII"HaTHBbI, OpEICHTHlpOBaHHbIC Ha CO"HaSJbHbIC
HYWACbl HaceTieHHA, OjEHaKO HX ripeCCTaBMTeJIbCTBO B BbICEIIeM 3aKOHO-
4aTeJbHOM opraHe CTpaHbI HeCoCCaTOMHO (CM. pHC. 9.1) [1147, 28].
)KeHwHHbI-nOnIlTHKH nOAMxepKHBaLOT H9PHOMTeTHOCTb TaKHX npo-
6neM, KaK COLJHaTbHOe o6ecneHeHHe, pa3BHTMie CeTH AOIIIKOJIbHbIX H
lUKOJIbHbIX yQpeMCHHi4, o6pa3oBaHHe, 3JpaBOOXpaHeCHHe, 3aHqTOCTb
H HpOqBH)KeHHe )KeHMIIHH no cJy2K6e, CTHMyJ1HpyEOT ?KeHMttH K y4ac-
TWIO B nOJIHTHeCCKOfi ,Ae5TeJbHOCTHI H 3aHriTHIo HOJIHTMCeCKHX no-
CTOB. OTCTaHBasq reHACpHbIi rlOAXO, BO BCeX c4epax ?KH3HH o6mecT-
Ba, AKeHMIIHHbI rIPHBHOC5IT  HOBbie 3aIeMeHTbl B   3BOJIIOIHIO
HOJI0THMecKoH KyJIbTypbl POCCnH [1022; 1190, 3-7; 1196, 13]. KoHeC-
HO, 3TO IpOHCXOJIMT B TOM cjiyae, ecJH )KeHC HHa-4H HOIMTHK OCO3HaH-
HO OToACeCTBJ5IeT ce6n c HHTepecaMH, KOTOpbIe nIpHH5ATO CMHTaTb
CneH4HqMMeCKMIM <<OKeHCKHMH HHTepecaMH> HA   110o KpaHHCMe Mepe
6onee 6JnH3KHMH, HOHHTHbIMH H HaCYHHbIMHM JJ151 wKeHMH [822; 1075;
1169; 1204,83.]
O,HaKo nepmoq riocCieAHeH CeKa4bI XX BeKa H H'a-anO TpeTbero
TblCieJIeTH5 xapaKTepKTH3l3IOTCh qeTKO Bblpa?KeHHOf TeHIeHUiHeH IK
OTiyACACHIHO KIO)KeHWMH OTrIOJIH-IcKoP H rOCyMapCTl BeHHOh BnjiaCT.
aOMHHHpyLOIef MY)CKOfI rTOJIHTHMCCKOH 3nJTCT HeyAaIOCb CO34aTb
yCTOMHMBOI H c6anaaHCHpOBaHHOl CHCTCMb BJIaCTH, c4yHKLHHOHMpy-
IOnwf Ha BO306HOBJIACMOH OCHOBC, HO,ioAepImBaIoIIe4C CTpOMTCJlbCT-
BO B CTpaHe geMOKPaTHeCCKOrO o6UeCTBa, onupaiorulerocq Ha o6mg-
q4CAIOBClieCKIie LCHHOCTM. DTO OHH H3 CepbC3HCLHMHX npoc,eiTOB
MyACCKOf rioJHITHMCqecKoI4 32ITbI [797].
BO3HvuKulee HCOBOe CKeHCKoe BHKCHHe, HCTOpHMMCCKH p1H3BaHHIOe
CTaTb pynOpOM MHTCepCOB )KeHCKOFO HaceneHHl CTpaHbI, 'I'aKOBbIM He
CTanJo. OHO He cMorio OKa3aTb AOCTBTOl4HO MOfltHOFO BJIH3-5IHHI Ha
flHOAeCCbI MoAePHHI3aIllH B o6iiIeCTBe, B TOM HcJLe i Ha MOAepHH3a-
1HI10 BCTIaCTH, B nIOJ1b3y VcIJIeCiIHI reHFCpH O6l CC COCTaBBJEOLgcH. CaMM
5KeH-IlllHbl HO3BOJI3Ull 3a cC6Ii pelatTb CBOEO CvJyb6v H 6c3 CBoero aK-
TH1BIIOFO NV4acTr5 orlpegJI5r'f rIpIIOplITeTbI u BeKTrOp pa3BMTH5Il cTpa-
Hbl [14; 15; 25; 108; 124; 125; 140; 688; 765; 786; 791; 865; 947; 1039;
1056; 1063; 1119].
OAHaKo, cJIeCyCT HOMHIITb, I O  CKeHlIlHHbI CTaJIKMBaLOTC3I C MHOIFO-
'-HCJICHIbLMIn HpCHhITCTBH151MII Ha nyrn (4OpMMJpOBaHHMY CBOMX co6CT-
BCHHbMX I1HTCpCCOB H 4OHeCCHIHL MX JO CBCACHMS4 o6MCCTBeHHOCTm
[910; 1186; 1192; 1198; 1211; 1220; 1244],KOTOpbeMoem)KHo crpynnH-
pOBaTb Ho TpCM OCHOBHbIM HaHpaBJICHHIM: HIOJIMTHMCCKOC, COIHaJlb-
110-SKOHOMNMICCKOC, HJCOIIOrFHMCCKOC (HJIH COuHOKyJIhTypHOC) [822;



8. >KemutHHbi B noJIHTHKe: y,eCr rJe,gepiibix aCHCKTOB B rJonJiTHKe  129
929; 961; 980; 1017. 1038; 1050; 1056; 1100; 1102; 1103; 1107; 1172;
1173; 1183; 1187; 1203].
Cpe/U4 nOJIHTH'eCKHX npenIITCTBHH4, C KOTOpbIMH CTahIKHBTalOTC
eKCHLLIHHbl, HaH6oJIee Ba)KHbl cJ1eCAyoHje:
* AOMHHHpOBaHHe <MacKyI1HHHOH'> (TO CCTb My)KCKOA) Mo0e4iii
HOJIITHT4CeCKOH AKH3HH H 4yHKlIHOHHpOBaHHH BbI6opHblx rocy-
AaPCTBeHHbIX OpraHOB;
* HeXBaTKa napTH14HOH noggep)KKH, KOTOpa51 BblpaIKaeTC51 B orpa-
HH4CHHOH Cp44HaHCOBOt nofepJ)KKe )KeHC4HH-KaHAH4aTOK;
* JIHMHTHpOBaHHblH ,tOCTyf K nOJIHTHCeCKHM CeTSiM;
* rOCHOJCTBY1OMHe ABOt1HbIe CTaH4apT'bl;
* HeCOCTaTOK KOHTaKI'TOB 14 KOOnepauLmH c ,gpyrHMH o6IeCTBeH-
HbIMH opraHH3aI4HqIMH, TaKHMH KaK HlpOCpC0103bI H KCeHCKHe
opraHH3aU HH;
* OTCyTCTBHe xopomc) pa3BHTOH o6pa3oBaTenbHot H CHCTeMbl
HoJArOTOBKM JA.51 )KeHcKoro JHJJCpCTBa B IJCJOM, H, B '-iaCTHOCTH,
MJI4 HPHBJIC4eHHM MOJIQObIX )KICHMHH B HOJIHTHKy;
* npu4poa JIeCKTOpaJIbHOi CHCTeMbI, KOTOpa51 Mo>KeT 6bITb 6na-
rOHpHHATHOP 14)H1 He6nIaroFpHsTHoH AAA1 fKe(CuUHH-KaHgII4aToK
[26; 1101; 1103; 1172; 1173; 1187; 1203].
l4fleoTlortHiecKI,le H ncHxoTiorFH-eCKHC nperiHTCTBH4 AJISI )KeHlliHH,
HJJIyIlHX B Hap.)aMeHT, cJIeAyiomHe:
* ireHAepHasl HCeoJIorFIS H KYJIbTypHbiC MOACJII noBe4eHwI4q a TsaK-
AKe HpeC4OHpeCeeJIlH-hlbe COL4HJabHbIe ponu, HpegrlIcaHlHble
MyAKCLHHaM H ACCeHIIHHaM;
* HICXBa-TIKa VBCeCHlIOCTH >KCHMHHH B ce6e H CBOHX cHJiax Aun vqa-
CTHS5 B H36HpaTCJIbHoi F'OHKe;
* BOCHpH51TrCie )KeHIIHHaMH HOJIIHTHKH KaK <FrpB3HlOH-> H1'pbI;
* o6pa3 )KCHIIJHII B CpC,qCTBax MacCOBOH H1(4IopMaLHHl [133; 137;
182; 206; 335; 346;426; 760;955; 1021; 1091; 11 33; 1075; 1084].
B POCCHH TpaAHl4HH HQ)4OJDKa1OT HoAp4lepKHBaT, Hi AMce HacTa-
HBaTh Ha TOM, W   H9nepBOCTreCeH11aH )KeClcKa5l pOIb 3aKnTIOHCHa B cC
MaTepHHCTBe H �<xpaHieIHll ti noJUIpPKaIIHH 4oMau1HCro oH4ai at>. 3a-
CHJbC T''paAHI4HOIIHOH HaTpHapxaTl1oP CIHCTeMhI IJelI1IocTei 6niaro-
HFH5ITCTByeT ccrperaLjiH ponef iio flpH3HaKy I IoJia, it TacK Ha13bl-
BaCMbile <-Tpag4HLHoHHbIC KyJIbTIYpHbIC LJCHHIOCTH'Ž BpaAKJe6ilbI no
OTIIOLICHHIO K HpoAgBHAeHHI), IpOIpeCCCy H 1'y-aCTIHI0 aKeClnltrin B JI1O-



130                               FellqCpHbIe rnpo6JieMbl B PoCCHII
6oM HOJIHT]4xeCKOM npoiLecce. B o6lrecTBe MIpOKO LUHPKYJIHPYeT
H,geonCor00H o <,MeCTe )KeHuMHHbl,>, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpOH )KeHmH-
HaM OTBOAHTCsR pOJb <<pa6OTaioWeA MaTepw>, B o6meM H43KO onnIa-
'4HBaeMoI H anOJ1HTU4HOA. 3a npone.TlyIK JACKaJy B CTepeOTHiHoM
BOCIIPHHTHH Hpeccofl >KeHIIUH BO BJ1aCTH MaJ10 -ITO H3MeHHlIOCb
[335; 426; 584; 760; 955; 1021; 1075; 1084; 1091; 1133; 1172; 1181;
1244].
CoIijHaIIbHo-3KoHoMi4ecK4e rperiqTCTBHII nq yqaCTHSl )IKeH14HH
B rIOJ]HTH4eCKHX HHCTHTyTaX H Bbl6opHbIX opranax KopeH5ITCq B H4X
COUHaJIbHOM H 3KOHOMHMeCKOM CTaTyce B o6necTBe. CoUrnanbHo-
3KOHOMH'-IeCKiHe TpYAHOCTH, OKa3blBaiOIHe BJIHAHHe Ha AKeHCKOe
y4aCTHe B riapTiaMeHTax, MoryT 6blTb crpynnHP    CBIe,jiAyioHHM
o6pa3oM: 1) 6eJAHocTb H 6e3pa6OTH4ua; 2) OTCyTCTBHe aAeKBaTHbIX
±HHaHCOBbIX pecypCOB (y"4TbIBaA POCT pacXoAoB Jnm ripOBegeEHiB
3jXCKTHBHO4 H36HpaTeJbHOA KaMnal-11414, I1pHXOHTCH rlPH3HaTb
HaJuHqHe ,RnOnJHHTeJIbHbIX Cepbe3HbIX TpyJAHOCTeH ,JIA1 wKeHIM1H
B POCCHHCKOH De,tepaumH) [354; 447; 548; 549; 563; 568]; 3) Ka>K-
AOAHeBHOC 6peMA goaMaHHX 3a60T H npOc43CCCHOHaJIbHbIX o6a3aH-
HOCTCHe.
Ba>KHbl H COuHOKyJIbTypbIe npenslTCTBH4n. HIPHXO.AHTCH CTajIKH-
BaTbC51 C TeM, -ITO B POCCHH KCeHLUHHbI BoCrpHHHMaEOT nOIh1HTHKY KaK
<(rp5T3HyIO'> mrpy 3TO HO0,qpblBaeT yBepeHHOCTb )KCHMI4H1 B CBOHX CH4-
nJax, ripenATCTBYA HX y,HaCTH1O B fl0JIHTHqecKo0  KH 3HH CTpaHbi. K co-
)KaTeHIEO, noJAo6Hoe BOCHPH5ITHe nOnHTH4MeCKOA apeHbl, MIIpOKO
PaCIPOCTpaEleHHoe H B A,pyFHX CTpaEfax, oTpaAKaeT peaJlbHoe COCTOq-
HHCe JA" B pHAe rOCyJDapCTB, BKYIIOxlaI POCCHHfCKyIo cIegepanH1o. H1 xo-
T31 rIpHIHHbI 3TOrO 3iBJICHHti He BCCrAa OJHHaKOBbl B pa3HbIX cTpaHax,
oAHaKO 3aMeTHbl H onpegeneHEibe o6uHe TeH,Cem1HH [934; 1018;
1186; 1204].
iA Hpo,LABHwKeH4A )KeHIAHHaMH co6cTBeHHbIx HHTepeCOB BsaKHa
no3HLH5I CMII no 3THM BOnpOCaM, riOCKOJIbKy4 HX Bo3,AegCTBHe Ha
o6mecTBeHHoe MHeHHe H CW3HaHHC TPYAHO nepeOUeHHTb. CM1I
B POCCHH CKJIOHHbl K MHHHMH3IUaqH OCBemeHH41 Co6blTHH4 H AeC-
TeCJbHOCTH opraiH3aiHH4, OTpawKatOMiHx lHTepeCbi )KeHMUHH. OHH,
BKJniO'4a5 H )KeHCKHe H313aHHA, He,TOCTaTOqHO HH4IOpMHpy1OT Hace-
neHHe o npaBax H peaJlbHOM rIlOJIO)KeHHH >KeHHMHH B o6iiueCTBe,
o rocyAaPCTBeHHbix mepax no ero yjiyximeHHiO [335; 426; 760; 955;
1084; 1133; 1243; 1244]. CMII Ha UpaKTHKC HCI1OJIb3yIOTCA ARA yn-
pOxieHHI B o6IWeCTBeHHOM CO3HaHHH rCHgepHbIX npeApaCCyAKOB
H CTepCOTHnOB o <'MeCTe )KeHmiHH>>. TeMbi o AejiOBbIX >KeHIHHax,
Hx yCnexax, o geHTeJIbHOCTH HeKOTOpbIX CaMOOTBep)KetiHbiX wKeH-



8. >KeHUAHHbl B oJI14THKe: yqeT rCHAeptlbIX aClleKTOB B nOJIi4THKe  131
4HH peAK1H H HeperyFTIqpHbl Ha CTpaHH1JaX ra3CT H )KypHaJIOB, B ne-
pegaqax TejieBHgeHH5I H pa,Ao. TeMbI o AeMOHCTpaiL4H5X MOA, 3Be3-
,gax H KHHo3Be3gax, ceKpeTax HeyBfugaeMoA MOJO1AOCTH - HaH6o-
niee TH4HHl'Hbie ,AAi CMI4. BpAA JIM TaKoH noRxoq cnoco6eH npH,taTb
-IyBCTBa co6CTBCHHoro ,TLocToHHCTBa, Bepbl B co6CTBeHHbIC CHJIbI
iH caMOYBa>KeHHl4 )KeHuiHaM H cnoco6cTBoBaTb HX HO3HTHBHOMY
pemeunHi10 3aH5ATb roCyAaPCTBCHHbie Hw4 rOJIHTHiCCKH4 H03HMHH
B o6MecTBe H BO3JIO>KHTb Ha ce6H o6uecTBeHHyIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb.
[335; 426; 760; 955; 1084; 1133; 1243; 1244].
Cpe,H 4qaKTOpOB, BJIH5AIOIHX Ha BbIL1BHAeHHe wKeHU%HH B cPepy
HpHHMTHE5 peIneHHfl, OTMe4alOTCA: 1) HCeoCTaTOMHO pa3BHTa HOJI4H-
TH14ecKaA KyJibTypa; 2) HegoCTaToK yBepeHHOCTH, KOTOPyIo HCfbITbl-
BalOT MHOrHCe KCeHUH4HbI H3-3a npeHe6pe)KeHHH noJIHTH4ecKH4MH nap-
TH5IMH 1HHTepeCOB WCHiiHH, 3) ronH1TH4eCKa3 HerpaMoTHOCTb
H36HpaTeJieti. [184; 193; 213; 219; 241; 267; 291; 292; 310; 929].
Teudeur4uuyqacmunpoccu cicux xcenu4un e noAumuce
B 1993 r. B POCCHH UOIBHJIICb Focy,apcTBeHHaA p,yMa- HH)KH53i na-
niaa pOCCHCKro rO napjlaMeHTa. B HaCTORIlHf4 MOMCHT eAeCTByeT
FOCy,gapCTBeHHasI J1lyMa TpeTberO co3blBa; CpOK ee ,geHCTBH5I 3aKaH-
1-HBaeTCA B 2003 r.27 fepBoHaJaAbHo H14>KHAI rianaTa H36HpanaCb
CPOKOM Ha Ba ro,a, a B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOM 0 Bbi6opaX B FOCy-
1apCTBeHHOt JWMy OT 1995 r. - Ha 4. HanOMHHM, lTO B POCCIiH Aefl-
CTByeT cmemaHHaA 1436HpaTreJbHa5I CHCTeMa: 225 MCCT B iapjiaMeHTe
(pOpMHpyIOTC51 no (j)eCepaJbHOMy oKpyry (no niapTHH4AHOMy CH4C-
KY - npOnOpx1HoHaIbHaAl CHCTeMa) H 225 MCCT - no OAHOMaH,qaT-
HbIM OKpyraM (MaoKopHTapHaa CHCTeMa). Bcero B FocygapCTBeHHOHi
,ayMe 450 MeCT [1097, 11 -141.
B pe3yTbTaTe BbI6opOB 1993 r. B HHACHIOIO naiiaTy POCCEHICKOrO
napjiameHTa 6buIo H36paHo 60 >KCHMHH (HJIH 13,5% OT o6mero co-
CTaBa naraTbl): 26 geriyTaTOK IPOLIRJTH B naniaTy no O,HOMaHJaTlibIM
oKpyram HjiH 11,6% OT o6Mero 1-iHcJIa MecT, H36HpaeMbix no gaHHO-
My MaH-aTy, H 34 AlelyraTKEll no napTHI4HbIM crH4CKaM, '-TO CocTaBH-
nio 15,1% OT o6ulero  Hncia MeCT, H36HpaeMbix Ho napTHAHbIM cnH-
CKaM. 3To rIO3BOJHnJIo BnepBbiC Co3AaTb KCHCKyIO mpaKIAiHio. 3aTeM
,AOJIA KeCHmiH cpegi4 ,geryTaToB B rocyraapCTBeHHOA ,7lyMe HeyKJoH-
27 HepBaH roclyMa: 1993-1995 rr., 3TOpaA: 1995-1999 rr., TpeTbA:
1999-2003rr.



132                               FeliepieHble nipo6neMbl B POCC4IH
HO CHH?KaJIaCb. B 1996-1999 rr. fx 6bu0o 9,7 %, a B 1999-2003 rr. -
7,6%.
Pa3BHTHe H36HpaTeCJbHOH CHCTeMbI POCCHH CBY3aHo CO CTaHOBJIC-
HHeM HOJHITWM-eCKOf CHCTeMbI, BegyiMqi  3BeHOM KOTOpOH SIBJISHOTC5H
HOJIHTH'IcCKHe o6IgeCTBeHHbIe o6wbernHeHr45 06nepoccnfcKlce no-
JIHTHW-CCKHe o6begI4HeHHq - OCHOBHbIC Cy6'beKTbI H36HpaTeCJbHOrO
upoijecca. TaK, B 1993 F. B H36HpaTenbHOf KaMriaHHH MOruH y4aCT-
BOBaTb 93 o6MeCTBCHHbIX OpFaHH3aUHH H o6TCbAHHeHl5A. B COOT-
BeTCTBHH C Tpe6OBaHHIMH H36HpaTeJIbHOrO 3aKOHOJaTeCJbCTBa
POCCHHfCKOH Oecgepajun c6opoM nojnicet, HeO6XOi4MbLIX ,Liq pe-
riFCTpaLU4H B Ka4eCTBe H36HpaTeJIbHOrO 6noiKa HniH o6CbeAHHeHHS4, 3a-
HHMaJIHCb 35 o6igeCTBeHHO-HOuI4TmMeCK4X o6ibeJweHI4¶, 03 KOTO-
pbIX uIHmb 23 cyMenH Ha6paTb Heo6xoAHMoe KOJHMqeCTBO HoJHceCH.
B pe3VIbTaTe TOJIbKO 13 H36upaTeJIbHbIx o6'beAHHeHHf H 6niOKOB 6bi-
Jill ,jOryii1eHbI Ky1ac- THIO B Bbl6Opax. 143 HHX 8 napTHi4 H 1HBH)KCHHH
ogepwaJan  no6egy Ha BbI6opax B FOCyRapcTBeHHy1o AyMy. A B BbI6o-
pax 1995 r. qi4cno o6uLtecTBeHHbIx o6teAUHHeuiHu  H OpraHH3alJl4A,
MCeBHIIIX ripaBo yMaCTBOBaTb B n36upaTenbHOfl rOHKe, BbIpOCJIO
B TpH pa3a H COCTaBHJiO 273 CeAHHHLIbl. HpaB4a, B KOHeCHOM HTOrC,
Hocne co6nIoqeHwl BCeX Tpe6OBaHHH AeHiCTByIOMerO B TOT MOMCHT
H36HpaTe.IbHorO 3aKOlIoAaTeCJbCTBa, 1H0mb 43 H3 HHX (4InH Bcero imIe-
CTa5 qaCTb H3 o6mero qmcna) 6blun JIonymeHbl K BbI6opaM, a B FOCy-
gapCTBeHHYIO ayMy npoIDno TOJIbKO 4. flpaKTIcKa npOBeICHHH STHX
BbI6OpOB nOKa3ana: qeM 6Onbme o6fteAHHeHHY4 yqaCTByeT B Bbi6opax,
TeM MeHbIuCe fX rIpOXO0,HT B napJIaMeHT. FocyAapCTBeHHaH JIyMa BTO-
poro cO3blBa MmenIa Mpe3BbIMatHO HH3KHH YPOBeHb npeACTaBHTeCJb-
CTBa, rIOCKOJ1bKy qinco roJIOCOB, B CyMMe OTXaLHHbIX 3a He ripolleA-
LIIHe B 1iiapHJaMeHT 6JIOKH, HpeBOCXOAHIO qHCJIO roniOCOB, OTJAaHHbIX
3a 6noKM, npoLejArHe B FOCyAapCTBeHHyIO Aymy. B H36HpaTeJIbHOh
KOMnHiHHH 1999 r. npaBOM Ha y-qaCTHe o611agaaiH 139 o6mecTBeHHbIx
o6-be,4uHeIHHmf, HO BOCHOJIb3OBa2HCb STOM rIpaBOM H 6bEun yTBepAve-
Hbl ICHTpH436HpKOMOM TO1IbKO 28 [26, 11; 26; 153, 181; 296, 18-19;
323, 175-177; 343; 348, 129; 988; 1101, 2; 1142, 13-15; 1172; 1084,
102; 1190; 1193,57].
)KeHMuHbl nrpaiOT Ba2KHyiO pOJIb B HPOBeAeHHH KaMnaHHH H
Mo6HJH3ai4HH IO,MeCPKKH AJNI CBOHX napTHH 1110nH o6IeCTBeHHo-rio-
JnHTH'CqeCKHX o6gbeiHeHHf4, O,THaKO OHH pCAtKO 3a3HHMaIOT flOCTbl
B napT7THH Ha YPOBHe HPHHSTHSA peEueHHH B napTtIuHbIX CTpyKTypaX.
XOTM HOJIHTHqCCKHi4e napTHH o6TiaAaIOT peCypCaMH ,AnI BeAeHHSI 03-
6HpaTenbHbIX ICaM IaHHH, )KeHMIHHbI He HOiIoqaIOT BbirOA OT 3THX pe-
CypCOB. HanpfiMep, HapTHH He o6ecrneMBaIoT CyWeCTBeHHOfl no,-



8. )KeHMjHHbl B noJIIITHKe: yAerT FeHeCPHbIX acIeKToB B HOJIHTHKe  133
gCp)KKH AAR )KeHUAHH-KaH,7H4aTOK. HccJiCeOBaHIIH nOKa3blBalOT, -ITO
HH4CJO H36paHlHbix ?KCeHflUH-rnapJaMeHTapHeB rIpqMO 3aBHCHT OT
4mncna KaHqHgaTOK, 6Onbmile KaHjHgaTOB O3Ha4aeT 6o0Jbmme KCeH-
HHH - x4JICHOB HapjiaMetTa. TaK, Ha Bbl6opax 1995 F. HaH6Ob6Jbmee
lipOTLCHTHOC COOTHOuICHllC KaHAHgaTOK B IeHiyTaTbl rOCy,AapCTBeH-
HOH gyMbl Ha6jHoqajiOCb B 4-x H36HpaTeJIbHbIX o6IbCeHHeHHMX (6e3
yqeTa HlOJITH4JeCKOrO ABf'OKeHHq <<>(eHT1HHbI POCCHH; CM. 6o0iee no-
,~po6Hoe o6cyweHme HH>Ke H BO BCTaBKC 8.1). 06pamaeT Ha ce6fl
BHHMaHHC TOT CpaKT, l4TO B3ce ieTblpe 6jioKa, B KOTOpbIX 6bmn caMbIH
BbICOKHH riOpoieHT )KeHLIAHH-KaHAHAaTOK, OTHOCRITCR K .ieBOMy np0-
KoMMyHHCTI-IeCKOMy m4ACOjiOrH'1CKOMy CnCKTpy. B TO BpCM5I KaK Ha
HpegbigyMiHx (1993 r.) Bbi6opaX TpH 6.TIOKa 113 qeTblpex, B cHHcKax
KOTOPbIX 6buio camoe 6on i,moe COOTHOeII-i"e, KeHIUH, OTHOCMJAHCb
K AeMOKKpaTHIeCKOMy H npaBOJlH6epaJIbHoMy KpblJIy. H IpaBAa, gojni
>KCHU1HH ga>Ke 3JICCb, KpOMC OjHOrO 6noiKa, He BbIXOAH31a 3a ripegelfbil
1 1%, geMOHCTPHPpyq OAHHaKOBOe OTHomeHHe H ipaBbIX, H iTeBbIX K
BOnPOCy IPOABH)KeHHl5 )KCHWHH Ha YPOBeHb MaKpOnOJIHTHKH. O0ie-
BHAHO, WTO O6'bCA1HHCHH51 HOBOH AeMOKpaTH4eCcO1o OpHeHTWalHH He
flOnbITaIHCb H3MeHHTb IpOLUCHTHOC COOTHOImeHHC CBOHX KaHJqI{Aa-
TOB B rIOJlb3y >KeHCKOI'O HpCACTaBHTeJlbCTBa. B oLgHOMaHAaTHbIX OKpy-
rax KaPTHHa BbIrniiiCJna HeCKOJIbKO HtHaqe: AWCeHMHI1bl COCTaBJ13IJIH
13,1% OT o6mero rHCjla npeTeHJeHTOB B FocyLapCTBeHHyIO ZYMY 14H1
41,5% OT -iHcia aHAHAaToK. [971; 981, 19-2 1; 1084,104; 1100; 1172;
1178].
,lo 19 AeKa6pq 1998 E B MIHIOCTe POCCHH B KaMCCTBe IOH114TW-ec-
KHX o6fbegIlHeHHH 6buO 3apelCHCTPMPOB2HO 139 o6LepoccHHiCKHX
H36HpaTeJIbHbIx o6feji.neHfil. JIHITb 21 )KCHII1HHa 6bmIa cpeaH1 Jii4Ce-
POB B 3THX OpraHML3a{H5A, WTO cocCTaBJ3JIO TOJIbKO 15% OT o6Mero
XIHc31a OpraHH3a[ HH  o6HBH1HXC5 ripaBa Ha y-aCTie B Bbi6opax. (Ha
CaMOM geLCe 21 )KeHHMlfIa BO3rniaBJI5eT Bcero 17 OpraHH3aLiHH, no-
CKOJIbKy B p;Je 143 H1HX i-HeCCKMOJbKO conpcCcegaTeJIeA). CJieAyeT 3aMe-
THTb, 'ITO 1Ot1TH 1 MjIII. rpa1,LaH POCCHH 6bLTH 3ageuCTBOBaHbl B 143-
6HpaTeJIbHbIX KOMEICCIISTX pa3Horo ypOBHS3. HpH4CM 6OnbmLHHCTBO
B KOMIICCHSTX - )KCHM-HHbl. (3To aKTHBHbIH rpa)LaHCKHH nOTWHI{HaJ
o6nleCTBa, Ha KOTOpblH, K COiKa3ieHHIO, AKCHCKOe ABHAKeHHC HeJROCTa-
TOMHO o6palLtaeT CBOe B11HMaHfie). 143 28 O6'ebAHHeHHI4, gor3yl[eHHblIX
K H36HpaTiebHlOH 6opb6e, 2 o6-beAlHJeHHA 6bIu1I >KeHCKHMH. [153,
194-200].
BriepBble 3a rOAbI icpeCTPOHKH B MHOFOnapTHHHbIX BbI6opax
1999 I. FpOTHBOcTro5iiiHe He HPOXOAHJ1O non H4HHH <'KOMMyHICTbI-pe-
TpOp'.aJhbl>, 3OBVI[lIe iia3ajl, HnH 14po3ojiKCeHl4C KypCa pecjopM. [1186;



134                               reHAepHbie nipo6iieMbl B POCCHH
1204]. Oco6eHHOcTb ee, KaK rHogiepKHBaJIM MHorHe poccHHcKMe aMa-
IHTHKH, COCTOTIIa B TOM, qTO H36HpaTeJIbHaA KaMnaHHM npOBOAMJaCb
c ripHpejiOM Ha npe3HMeHTCKme Bbi6opbi. OHa HmIa Ha 4)OHe BOeHHbIX
,qeACTBIfI B 4eqHe H KPH3MCHOrO COCTOHHmA 3KOHOMHKH (qpHHaHCO-
BbIl KP43HC 18 aBrycTa 1998 r., POCT geH B 3-4 pa3a, na,eHiHe Kypca
py6nii no OTHOuIeCHI10 K ,AOjijiapy). KPH3HC HCHOJIHMTeJIbHOH sniac-
TM - macTaA CMeHa npaBMTenbCTB. MOpanbHblA KPH3HC rpOSIBHqCAI H
ycyry6Hnc.q M36MpaTeJIbHOH KaMnaHiHeA 1999 r., KoTopaSi BOLiia B HC-
TOpHIO KaK BOAHa KOMnpoMaTOB. Pa3ropaxacb )KeCTOKa5 6opb6a B )KC-
CTKOA MyKcKoft rOJ1MT4MeCKOH 3JnTe. Bo3HHiKna peanbHafl yrpO3a xiA
)KeHII\HH - rIOTep5ITb BCe TO, 4To 6bIuO 3aBoeBaHO paHee B iepHog
1993-1995 rr. B CiHCKaX riapTHf4HbIX BeqyMUHX H36HpaTeJIbHbix 6no-
KOB 44cJIo AeHuAHH-KaHHAmaTOB cocTaBnsIo 10-12%, a MeCTa B HHX
pacnpegenlHCb He B HX HOTIb3y.
Hpouecc OT6opa H BbIABmKeH1BI B paMKaX nOTHTHmeCKO HnapTHU
no CBOCMY xapaKTepy He 6iiaronpHrTcTByeT npOA,BRDKeHm1o AKeHIAMH-
KaH,TMaTOK: HpH HOMHHaJ4MH nOiepKMBaMOTCA <'MyWCKRe xapaKTepH-
CTHKW>, H taCTO MmeHHO OHH CTaHOBqTCq CTaHJAapTaMM, KPHTepIMmH
,NvM OT6opa KaHA14LaTOB; npeApaccygKH OKa3blBalOT He6JIaroHpHMTHOe
BO3geCfCTBHe Ha BOBjieCeHHOCTb KCeHULMH B HapTHITHbie CTpyKTypbl.
OH14 CKOBbIBalOT H OTBpamLaK0T )KeHH14H, CKJIOHHbIX K aKTMBHOH nap-
THHHOH A,qCTeJlbHOCTH, OT y-aCTHR M He cHoco6cTByioT HHTCrpaM4HM
AKeH[MIH B riapTHHHbie PAAbI H pa6oTy napTMH [588; 1100; 1172; 1190;
1193; 1199].
B CBOIO o4epeJgb, ripOMCXO,T1T He,xoolAeHKa KceHMI4H KaK HO.TIMTH-
KOB H TeMH, KTO o6ecneCMBaeT cHMHaHCOBbie pecypcbi l,Ji KaMaHHaH.
KaK ripaBHMo, napTHAHbie CHHCKH BO3rhiasBJioT MyAKqHHbl, )KeHHA4Hbl
MX 3aMbIKalOT. 11 ecCIH napT1THH Ha Bbi6opax Ha6epeT HeAOCTaTO4HOe
KOJIH1{CCTBO rOJIOCOB, TO MeCTa B napTiameHTe 3aHHMalOT npeA~ge
Bcero My3'KqIMHbI. B noqo6HbIX cipyiaqX )KeHC HHbI BKAIOoalOTCs B C14-
CKH Anim eMOHCTpagHiM IOJIM4TKOppeKTHocTH. TaK, Ha Bbi6opaX 1995
H 1999 rr. no CpaBHCHHIO C Bbi6opaMm 1993 r. 4mciieHHOCTb )KeHCKHX
KaH,D,afyp BbIpOCJla B JABa pa3a - c 7% go 14%. B 1995 r. CTapT 136H-
paTCfIbHOrO MapaqoHa oTJIHqajic5 CTpCMjieHHCM pa3birpaTb <')KeH-
CKyIO KapTy~>. DTO OTpawanOCb KaK B PHTOPHKe HpeABbl6OpHbIX peqei
KaHAmH,aTOB, KOTOpaq 3aaaciyWo 6buia nocTpoeHa Ha LgeHHoCTqx, Tpa-
AH41HOHHO CBA3biBaeMbiX c )KeHUAHHOft (ceMbq, ,AeTH, CTa6HMbHblH
gOM, 6ygynee - HaMU geTI4, coC4anIbHO opiMeHT4poBaHHoe rocygap-
CTBO, jgo6po-oiar H T.,.), TaK H B nogqepKHTOM BKJIOxieHMM AKeHCKMX
HMeH B CHMCKH KaHM,aHTaTOB. KaK ipaBuJO, HMeHa <M3Be3A,>, nonynup-
HbiX aKTpMc, hIHTepaTOPOB H AeHTenefi HCKYCCTBa [379; 571; 595; 597;



8. )KeHnlAHHbl B Ho.'IHTHKe: yHe'r reHnepHbIx acrieKTOB B HoJnHTHKe  135
598; 600; 601; 1101; 1204].
JaBa OCHOBHbIX cfaKTopa o6ycJnoBHn4 3TO CTpeMAeHiHe: )KeHMHHbI
COCTaBJI5OT CBbIBIC nOJIOBHlHbl H136HpaTeneHi POCCH4H, B ronocax KOTO-
pbIX, HCCOMHeHHO, Hy-KajCB Ka>KgblI KaH,1HJ4aT, H YPOK' 143614pa-
TeCJbHOH KaMnaHHH 1993 r. HaCTO3ITCJ1bHO Tpe6OBaJIl4 HOBOA TaKTHlKH4
fOBAeCHS1A OT napTHiH H4 6jioKoB, npeTeHuyioM0 x Ha ro,gepKKy KeH-
CKOrO HaceneHH5l. <4CoBbmIreHHoe>> BHHMaHHC K >KeHCKOMY cpaKTOpy
BO3HHK4O KaK BblHY)KACHHIX1 peaKilU4i Ha Heo>KigaHHYIO flo65egy no-
14Tl4HeCKOFO ,jBi42KeHI4A <<>)KeHmHIHbl POCCH44>>, 3aBoeBaBlllero Ha Bbl-
6opax 1993 F. CBbime 8,13% rojiOCOB BCCX n1pl4HAB11HX yqaCTHe 143614-
paTeJiCHi. 'i4cjio weHHHH, <.rTpOpBaBl14XC3I B 60flbmylo riOJM4THKy.>,
6buIO AOCTaTO4HO BCJIHKO I,TI TOrO, 4TO6bi HMeTb rTp2BO Ha Co3gaH14e
CBoeC4 >KeHCKOf4 4paKl4HH B FocyAapCTBeHHOfl AyMC. I3BeCTHO, 'TO
aTa (paKU14m 6buia CpegCH CaMblX flpOgYKT14BHO pa6OTaiomi4x noHpa3-
geJieHuH B pOCCHHCKOM riaJ)JIaMeHTe: OHa IpHH511Ia yL-aCTHe B rO,iro-
TOBKC H pa3pa6oTKe IiOJIOBIIHbI BCeX 3aKOHOgaTeJlbHbIX HHHUHaTHB,
paccMoTpeHHbIX rocygapcTBeHHoH O IYMOH 3a 1993-1995 rr. [441; 598;
600; 751; 1084,102; 1134,221; 1182, 75]
B 1995 F. Be-KCHHe <')KCeHIHHbl POCCCH4> He npeoojoiieno 5% 6a-
pbep, XOTX1 H BnTlOTHyKO rlpl4,gBHHyJIOCb K HCMy, rionYHB 4,610% roJIo-
COB. AKeHMHHbl, HOlJIy'qHB HCTOpHeCKHH mmaHC, CVMCJIH HM yCyiCe1HO
BocrIoJIb3oBaTbCM, npopPBaBnmHCb cpa3y Ha o61TgeHaLuHoHaJlbHyio rio-
IHT14TCeCKyiO apeHV, HO He cMo-JIM ero ygep?KaTb. HlopaKeHfie Ha Bbl-
6opax ABHxKcHmu <>KCeHM14HbI POCCHH-> (BCTaBKa 8.1) o6epHyJloCb
HopaKeHC4eM Bcex pOCCHXIHOK: B o6mecTBeHHOM CO3HaHHm He CyricJi
3aKpenHTbC51 flO3HTHBHbIH o6pa3 weHuLHHbl-nOAI4THKa. TeM He Me-
Hee, B 44 perioHax CTpaHbl, TO eCTb B rOCIOBHHe cy6CbeKToB POCCHH-
CKOA qcegCepagmHM, 5% 6apbep 6bmi npeOgaOJCH 1136ipaTeJIbHbIM 6uIo-
KOM )KeHLt4H. Bcel'o 3a KtHHmqaToK 6noKa <&KeHHUHHbH POCCHIH>
nporojiocoBaJno 3 188 813 1436HpaTeneJI DTO A lCTBHTeCJbHO HOAH-
THW-eCKaSI ci4na, 1IOTeHLuHial KOTOpOH BeCJI4K, H fe CLI1HTaTbC3I C HeH
HCJIb33. OJAHaKO B 1995 r. ABiH)KeH4Ce <<eH14UHbl POCCHHW. ronlyOIHUIo
rojiOCOB MeHbUie, 4CM Ha npeCbigymHX Bbi6opax, Korga 3a Hero OT-
ganjH ronoca B 87 H3 89 cy6beKTOB PeJgepaAHH. HanpHMep, B OM-
CKOH o6nacTm4 B 1993 r. 3a )KeHCK14Ai CnHCOK 6bIno nogJaHo 21,19% ro-
JOCOB, a B 1995 r. - 6, 22%; B 5lMajio-HeHegKOM aBTOHOMHOM
oKpyre -19,12% 14 6,62% COOTBeTCTBeHHO [397; 601; 605; 689; 1 102;
1210].



136                                      FelicepHbhe npo6neMbI B POCCHHU
BcTrarca 8.1. lopaxceCHe ABH1CCeHRH *2eHIgHHhI POCCHH*
3KcnepFrbl BbigenJmHOTr cniegyionine HlpMHlHbl Heyla4H JBHXCeHHA <O)KeHll4-
ElbI POCCHHw> Ha BbI6opax 1995 r.:
1. HeCeTKOCTb HOJIH4THMecKHix HO3HUAHI ABH)KeHHH <>KCeHIHHbL POCCH1u>+ nO
MHOrlM OCTpbIM ripo6JieMaM gHq. BiH)KeHH[O Hyxila 6b1m1a CBOJ npo-
rpaMMa MHpa B H4e'-He. Heo6xogHMo 6bl[o pa3pa6OTaTb HP4HHLHUb[
rpa)KAaHcKoro KOHTpOhI[ Hag apMUCeH H1 LIHIpOKO HiX rponaraHwIHpoBaTb.
,LBHDKeHCHIO He yAaioCb BOBpeMS onpeAefjL4Tb CBOe OTHOlleHFBe KC KOMMy-
HHCTaM.
2. OTqyTWACAHHOCTb 6noKa <O>KeHI4HHbI POCCH11H> OT MHOr'HX CerMeHTOB o6me-
pOCCHHCKOFo OCCeHCKOFO ABH)KeHHqS, KOTopa2 HpORBHmaCb B He2CeIaHHH14 ABM-
>KeHHS[ <QtKe2HILHbl POCCHH1 Hip1MO H oipegeJIeHHO HAeHTIH±H4)LZHHPOBaTb
ce6aq C coiJHanihHO-Hol[HTH-ieCKH4MH HlHTCpeCaMH )KCeHCKOFO HaCeCReHHS.
,qBHxKeliHe 7eJ[ajio CTaBEKy lJIaBHbIM o6pa3OM Ha 4HHTepeCb[ CeMbH B HLCeoJIo-
rw-[eciCOM o6ecneMeHIrnr CBoCe KaaMHaHlHll.
3. TaKTH'-FcEicle HpOC'-CTbl: onopa Ha HeCKOJIbKO 430HTH'IKOBMX'> OpraHH3a-
LLH. '4-1o06bl 3aBOeBaTI, CTOpOHHHKCOB H paCLLIHpHTb CBOIO COHHaHIbHyio 6a3y.
4. AoporOBH43Ha KaMnaHHH 1995 r.: oa CoCTaBnana OT 250ao 300TblC. AOJIJI. Ha
[CaHAIj[a'l'at (a'ra H36HpaTenh,Ha5l KaMnanH  OKa3aaJaCb CaMOf gopOrOCTOa-
iueh B MHlpe).
5. VcHxonornuqecKHEil (4aKTop, KOTOpb[I HMeJI orpoMHoe 3HaHeHHC [397; 605;
689: 1102; 1210].
)KCHIHHblHI-nCnyTaTbl B cBoeM 6o0]11,1HI[CTBC HaxoglIJ[llCb fo,4 rFlHHO3OM
o6MaHMl4BOPI JierKOCTH no6CAhl Ha HpCAblAyl[lLIX 13bl6opax, '-TO CHIDKaJI0
EIX Mo6HJLL3aLH40HHibli[   FoTreiLiJan. llarpHapxaIJIbHblC CTepCOTL[lnbl HpO-
goJnKaJiH CKOIBIBaiTb o6IUCCTBeHIIOC C03Haaie, napaiH3yfi KaK O6niqCTc3o,
TaK HcaM[txceCHUL1HH [79: 139; 194; 261; 307; 456; 499; 549; 583;952; 1084;
1210].
BnocneJc'Cnnu BHH FonlITlHlCCKOC 4BHA(CIIHC <<eKCHHHHhI POCCHH'>
B TIOM BlIAe, KaK OHO 6bULo C034laAHo H3HaMaJlbHO, pacniaioCb Ha oT'Aggt-
HbIC MaCT.28 ",HHAB(C1C <(eHlqLHHbl POCC1Wo> HOCTaBHJIO CBoel 3a,ga-
MeH OKa3aHHC BJAHIII-IIH  Ha npaBlTCJIbCTBO, rIOnnTi-cKy, 3aKoHoJLaTenb-
CTBO B pyciie ripOjBHIiKCCIIiII COULJHJIh,ibIX Hf1TCepCOB Haccci-ina [25;
598; 601 ].
28 Hia3BnatIHC 1oJ[HlT[IqCCKOC) IBlDKCHHC AKCiilllli[hlbl POCCHII" COXpallllJIOCb
3.a o6[leCTIC[eIllll[ [M /tl311EKC[IHCM, KOTOpOC 1303r1ia11[J' A.B. (IlPlcv103a.



8. KCHUI¶IfHbl B flOJI1TBKe: yieir F'CJllCpHbIX aCFICKT'OB B FIOJTIIITKHC  137
BbI6opbI 1999 F. 13 FocvgpCTBelIHVIo lQMy ffBH4JIHCb ewIte O4HHM
nIaroM pOCCHfEICKOrO o6w5LecTCa Ha fyTH OCBOeHH51 geMOKpaTHiHeC-
KOFO yCTpOHCTBa BJacrTi. CornIacrio 1136H1paTeJIbHoMy 3aKOHy1) npn-
HRiTOMy go BbI60pOB 1999 F., KaEIrHi4aTbl H 6noKii MorJIl ripegcTaB-
JISITh 311460 crJHcKH 1136hlpaTeIleH B Hog4epAKKV 6nOKa, nn6o 3anor.
BMecCo HogrHHicefi u36HpaTrenbHoe o6hehirnHeiHne HMenco npaBo (3sTO
6buIo HOBbIM B 3aKOHe) BL[CCTHI H36HpaTCJebHhIlH 3aJIOr (CTaTb51 64):
43l15 KaHngngjaia Oi COCTaBBALJI 83 490 py6JieH (3 211 gonn. ClIA), a
4311 cbegepanbHoro 6noKa - 2 087 250 py6nef (80 278 gonn. CIlIA).
Mexqy TeM, no SKCeICPTIlb1M OLJeHKaM, B Pa3hlbIX OKpylax iieo6xogii-
MO 6blnIO OT $ 300 TbIC. gOJInn. go 2 MJII. 41onn. 4po HIOBeC4eHH5 113611-
paTeJlbEIOHl KaMHaH HH. 5ICEIO, Iro 3T9T  HIOBOBBeCCeHI45f He cyJIH31H
Bbirog 4lnff KCeHuiHl, fIOCKOJIbKV )KeEHuLHHbl, KaK rpaBH3TO0, HC o6naAa-
LOTr OCIVHOM K <6OJIbIIIHM 4eHbraM>> [153, 170-171]. (HpuM'eM H1361!-
paTenhHl,lH 3aaor lie Bo313panaeTcn H36upaTeAbHOMy o6'be4IIlHe-
EIIIo, eceiii 6nOK HC nHr 145131 y'lacTne B pacnpegeieHHten e iCnHTaTCKHX
MaH4qaTrOB H Ha6pa31 no pC3ynTbTaTaM rOJIOcOBaHH51 MeHee 3% vono-
COB OTo6igero '-mcna t36HipaTreTeH, npllHHBIIIHX v-ac,iie B I'O310C0-
BaHHIHf no 4egepanbHOMv 1436HpaTe31bHOMy OKpyFy). H3 10 KaH4H-
g1aTOB B M3pbI MOCKBbl TOJ3bKO 2 co6panH nognncn na36npaTeJefl,
OCTa3JbHbLe BHeCCIH 3a30or. HOBbIH 3aKOH coxpaHnI Tpe6OBaHHEe n11-
THHnpo4eHTH?oro 6apbepa rOnOCOB [153, 165-170]. CTO'-IKH 3PCH1451
vy'aCTHf B BbI6opax ?KeHllIHH, 14 3anor, H 5-npoueHTHlAh 6apbep
06IbcKTIIBHO lIC CnOCo6CTBOBaJIH BbIABHACCHHK) El npoXOACHIHO
6onbmLuero luicia ?KeCiiIIJlH B 3aKOIiO4aTe31lbHbI opraH. HIOCKO31bKy
AKeHILHI4Hb,I, KaK HpaBH3oT [)OHe HMC1enH 4ocTvHa K (JIIHaHiCOBbIM pe-
cvpcaNM, ii 2) 5%/'-H 6apbep B HpHHfH4HC BbICOKa5 Hr1aHKa 4311 MeCIKIIX
napTHfH 14 o5begHeirnHH. HecJv'IVafHO MHpOBOe Coo6LeCTBO ClIlTa-
eT', ITO T3KOH 6apbep 40OJDKeH 6blTb CHHeKCHI KaK OFPaHHM-1HBa1oIuHfl
1peglCTaBITe.TbHOCTb geMOKpaTHH.
B xoge Bbi6opOB 1999 r. B FOcygapCTBeHHybo AYMY 6blnO vi36paiio
BCCro 20 ?KCHIIH4H no O01HOmaH4aTHbIM oKpyraM. HpouiLegntule B Focy-
qapCTBeHElyK) ,IJyMy )KeCHHHllbl HMen3H OFIbIT 6Opb6bl B nep-og> 14361-
paTenbHOP KaMHnaHHH H pa6oTbl 3H6O Ha C[e4>epaJIbHOM, nv160 Ha pe-
FHOHanbHOM YPOBHC BJIaCTH [26; 27; 1 185; 1 186; 1204]. Cygr Ho 'iHc31y
KaHIH,gaTOB, 6anhloTnpOBaBrnh1xCa B cpegepaIbHblv l nap31aMeviT, 60pb-
6a B Ba34uaTH4 OgHOMaHgaTI-rbIX OKpyrax, rge no6ewrlnm >KeHIIMHHbl, Be-
naCb )KCCTKa51. CaMoe Manoc KO31HICeCTBO KaI,H4HaTOB B OAHOM OKpNTC
COCTaBJI5131o 4 x-ienoBeKa, a caMoe 6onbLUoe - 19 KaHAHAaToB.TonbKo
B STHx 20 oKpyrax 6aJuIOTu:oBanoCb 138 KaHgHgaTOB, 143 HHX 36 KeH-
IIIHH, T.e. 26% [26; 27; 1185; 1186; 122-124].



138                              reH4epHbie flpo6JleMbI B PoCCIu4
Flo napTHfHbiM CrIHCKaM B focygapCTBeHHyIO ayZy 6bulo u36paHo
14 AKeHIjHH.29 B HTOre Bcero 34 )KeHmHHbPi-erfyTaTKH, HniH 7,6% ,eny-
TaTcKoro Kopnyca (OT o6njero 'Hcna 450), CTaTiH napjiameHTapHxmm
FOCyTIapCTBCHHO A,yMbl TpeTbero co3blBa (1999 - 2003 roQ).
OgHaKO He BCe wKeHmHHbl-KaHjHgaTKH ripoAeMOHCTPHPOBaJII4
ycnex. HopaweHme nOTCpnenJH ABa KCeHCKHX H36HpaTenbHbIx 6no-
Ka - <<OKeHflJHbl POCCHH,> 3a KOTopbiC 6blio OTA2HO nuHmb 2,07%
(1 215 172 ronoca), H <Pocc4ficKa inapTIa 3aILlHTblAKeHIHH>>, 3a KO-
TOpyIO nporonocoBano nJrub 0,82% (479496 roJIocoB). B o6ngeA
CJIO)KHOCTH nOMTH 3%. [1186,122-126]. >KCHMHHbi 6bmnH KaK HHKor-
ga pa3pO3HeHbl, H ronoca H36HpaTeJIef oKa3amicb pacceSHbl (Ha Ha-
4a21o npeABbI6opHOf 6opb6bl 6bLno 3aperHCTpHp0BaHO HeCKOJIbKO
>KeIHCKHx 6nOKoB). Ha >KeHCKHe ronoca HpCTeHAOBaJiH H ipyriHe H3-
6npaTeIbHble 6nomr.
KpynHaa nOL4HTHMeCKaH o6nieCTBeHHaa opraHrm3arHj <'OTeieCT-
BO>> - OAHa H3 nepBbIX pa3BepHyna pa6oTy no ipHBneJeHHIO Ha CBOIO
CTOpOHy MHOrOMHCneHHOrO H AHCUHnHJIHHPOBaHHorO >KeHCKOrO
3TIeKTopaTa, nOgrOToBHIB CneHLHafIbHyio nporpaMMy rOBblwJeHHA pOnH
xKeHMHH B o6gecTBe >OTe'eCTBO - ?KCHUHHaM,> H HPOBeCL crieCmH-
aflbHblH PopyM, Ha KOTopbli 6bInu npHrnanicmHbl )KeHCKie HKO.
B riporpaMMe 6bmo 3aSiBJIeHO, xTO <OTeHecrBo'> oCo3HaeT: HOpMbI ge-
MOKpaTHH H SJiCMeHTrapHa2 COLnahIbHas CnpaBeJIJHBOCTb Tpe6yeT,
MTo6bI HPCjACTaBHTJeIbCTBO )KeH1HH H My;KMHH B ynpaBnenHnH jenamn
rocy4apcTBa, B CTpyKrypax HCHOJIHHTeJIbHOh, 3aKOHoAaTenbHOA, cy-
ge6HoV BjiaCTH COOTBcTcTBOBaJIO Hx ojie B CoCTaBe o6iecTBa, HX
BEJIW B o6mecTBeHHoe rIpOH3BOACTBO H BOCHpOH3BOACTBO. O4HaKo
B r0porpaMMHOM AOKYMeHTe <'OTeHeCTBO -)KeHHHHHaM>> STO CTpeMne-
HHe KOHKpeTHO He 3aC[HKCHpOBaHO. Hpu STOM B CoCTaBe 4CeHTpalIb-
HOI'O COBeTa <<OTeCeCTBa>> Bcero 6,6% xKeHMHIH, a B HloJIHTCOBeTe -
13,3%. PeanbmibIMnl pbl-airaMH- MorJo 6bl CTaTb BBeCeHHCe AOJIKHOCTH
3aMeCTHTTCJI YnonnoMomoieHHoro no npaBaM4 enoBeKa - YnonHoMo-
-eHHoro no paBHbIM npaBaM H paBHbIlM B03MO)KHOCTHM XAT WeH CHHH
H My4KMHH. a TaKoKe 6logKeTHoe 4jJHHaHCHpoBaHIie rocyIaapCTBeHHoH
riporpaMMbI no reriigepHoMy paBeHCTBY [784; 1186].
Ha perHoHaJbHOM YPOBHe BJIaCTH TaK}Ke 5pKO Bbipa>KeHa TeH-
AeHLUHA K reHeCpHOH aCHMMeTpHH B npeCCTaBHTCJIbHbIX opraHax
BJIaCTH. B 1995-1999 rr. nbl6opbI UeI-IyTaTOB 3aKOHogaTeJIbHbIX
29 B nx mHcJie: no 3 - OT IHPq) H 6nToKa <'ERHHCTBO»>, rno 2 - OT <>A61OKO0>
u CHC, 4 - OT OBP. OTMeTHM, ITO 3 xKeHmHHbi npomiur KaK He3aBlIcMblIe
KaH,auIgaTKn4.



8. >KeHi9irHbl B IOJITHKe: yieT FeHThepHbMX acieKTOB B HOJIHTBKe  139
(npezCTaB4Te.nbHblX) OpraHOB rOcyAapCTBeHHOi BJIaCTH oxlepeg-
Horo CO3blBa 6blm npOBeC1eHbI B 88 cy6&beKTax POCCHH1CKOH $Dege-
pa4u4.30
B cocTaBe AeryTaTOB 3aKOHHogaTeJIbHbIX (npeAcTaBHTenbHbIx) op-
raHOB roCygapCTBeHHOA BJIaCTH Cy6'beKTOB POCGHICKOB PDeJepa4HH
(no COCTOIIHHIO Ha HlOHb 19)97 r.) HaC'iHTbIBaJOCb BCerO 3600 genyra-
TOB, cpeg4H KOTOpblX 6bino JHMIb 337 2KeHILHH, HnH 9,36%..31 Ha 17 4e-
BpaJIsi 1999 r COOTHOmleHHe MyW'4HH H )KCKeHMHH B HenyTaTCKOM KOp-
rnyce MaYO H3MeHC4ImoCb: 6buio H36paHo Bcero 3730 enyrTaToB, cpeAH
KOTOPbIXAKCHIWHH 354, HJIH 9,49%. KaK1 H paHee, B HeKOTOpbIX 3aKOHo-
gaTeJIbHbIX opraHax cy6CbeioB (eCepal4HH He oKa3aJIoCb HH OAHOf
wKeHIIHHbI [185, 9-14; 447; 1186].
B HCHIOJIHHTCJlbHOII BeTB BnIaCTH noo00KCeHHe xyoce (jqo aBrycToB-
CKoro KpH3Hca 1998 r. B POCCHH cpeAij rniaB HpaBHTheJbCTB pecrry6nnK,
amJMHHHCTpalHti, ry6epHaTopoB Tepp4TOpHti 6bmia JIHMb OAHa KCeH-
[IHHa - ry6epHaTop KopswqcKoro aBTOHOMHOFO oKpyra, Ha oKTHf6pB
2001 r. - HHI o,HoH). 3aMeTHbIx CAB141OB B paciHHpeHHH yFacnsi ?KeH-
IHH B BbICIHIIX CTpyKTypax BJIaCT4 He flPOH3OHMO H Hocne HICKHH-
CR0OH KOH()CpeHCI4HH 1995 r. - B3siTbIe HpaBHTenbCTBOM POCCHHfCKOHi
cDeAepaunH1 o6a3aTenbcTBa Fiepeg J1H1oM MHpOBOrO coo6meCTBa BbI-
I1OJIHrIOTCH, HO TOJIbKO (KOCMeTHYCeCKH4> <(-Ha 6yMare>> (6bmH HpHHATbI
COOTBCTCTBY1OMUHC OpH4Hg4alIbHbie ,JoKyMeHTbl).
HlpaBAa, B 26 (143 o6mero tmcjia 89) cy6beKTax POCCHHlCKOH
cDegepai,4 (nHiii 29%) AxKClAHHblI qBJISIIOTCSL 3aMecT4Ten.TliMH rFIaB
HpaBHTeJIbCTB pCCfly6JIHK, ry6epHaTopoB, KpaeBbIX, o6naCTHbix ag-
MHHHcTpaLJH4. OAHaKO B OCHOBHOM )KeHHUIlHbl 3aMemalOT AoJI>KHo-
CTH HH3HIIHX cTyneHefI roCygapCTBeHHOf4 cIywK6bl H HX npOABBHACe-
HHe B BblCHIUCe 3mlIenolIbI BJIaCTH npo6ieMaT4mHo. Ho0iBHanacb oAHa-
elIHHcTBeHHaH >KeHIIJHHa BHUCe-HpeMbep BMeCTO HCpeKHI4X Tpex MH-
HHCTpOB, 3aHs1TbIx Ha COLjaJIbHOf ccpepe (BKnIoH4M cioAa H MIiHH-
CTepCTBO KyJIbTypbl) [447, 1092]. B IIeCfoM 113 o6Weh 4HcJIeHHOCTH
ACeHI14H - rOCy4apCTBeHH1AIX cJIy)KanHx, Ha <'BbICImHx-> AOTICKHOCTSIX
30 Bbi6opbl B 1995 r. COCTOIL'ICb B 10 cy6'beicrax, B 1996 r. - B 29, B 1997 r. -
B 33, B 1998 F. - B 17 HI B 1999 r. - B 7.
31 B emTblpex cy6beKTax PoCcc4ncKofti DegcpagH4 - P33aHcKof4, KypcKoE4,
OMCKoB iU ToMcKoE4 o6AacTHx - B COCTaBe ,genyTaToB HeT E-I O,AHOh )KCHIIHHbI,
B 74 - My)K4HHbl-JenyraTbl COCFaBJLIBOT OT 80 go 99%, B TOM Hncyie H B MocKBe,
IJVC B FopocKof ,ayme 6% ?CHIIHIH. Ton1bKO B 'eTbipex cy6beKTax POCCHUECKOE
$ejiepaumi4 - B ABYX (MOCKOBCKOEI H KypraHcKoB) o6lacTmx H tlBYX (3BeHKm4P-
CKOM H KopSIKCKOM) aBTOHOMHb[X oKpyrax - cpejiw geCyTaTOB 30% )KeHUI4H.



140                               1eHAepHbIle npo6.neMbl B Pocc1ui1
3aHJqTO JHIllb I 3% [447; 547]. AaHHbIe LlHcfppbl OTpaKaIoT HecOOTBCT-
CTBHe reHTepHoro 6a.naHca B rocygapcTrBeHflbIX opraHax reHAepHo-
My COCTaBV HaCeneHHRI, iie rOBOpi yKc o0 TOM, HTO Ja2IHbIe (4THKCHpy-
JOT )KeCTKOC HapyeCHHC ipaBa KeCHHII4H 6blTb H36paHHbIMH B
HrpegCTaBHTJe1bHbie OpraHbI BJIaCTH.
TaKHM o6pa3oM, wKeHMHHbl caMi AOOJDKHbl CO3,aBarb H opraHH30-
BbIBaTb CBOH CeTH, y"HTbC5I corfIacoBbIBaTb CBOII HHTepeCbI c pa3JI14-
HbIMII opraHH3aLumHMH, HaCTaHBaTb Ha MeXaHH3MaX, cnoco6cTByIo-
HHX HX Co6CTBeHHOMy npeAcTaBHTeJIbcTBy. OAHHM H3 BO3MO>KHlbIX
MexaHH3MoB 5IBJIBeTCH CMCTeMa FeHuepHoro KBOTHpOBaHHq. B Hawane
XXI BeKa B POCCHH BeqyTcC OCTpbIC eHCKycCCHH OrHOCHTeCJbHO CHCTe-
Mbl KBOTH1pOBaHH5 KaK HHCTpyMeClTa peMeH4HHq ipo6TieMbi ageKBaTHO-
ro ripegCTaBHTeTIbCTBa >KeHMIHH B iapTIaMeHTe CTpaHbl. OqHaKo 6onb-
mHHCTBO HOJIHTH'eCCKHX napTHH HaCTPOCHO OTpHHaTeJIbH0 K 3TOH
mepe [984; 1197; 1203; 1205; 1207].
H BCe )Ke CmTy7agi{1 nOCTerIeHHO MCHqeTCH K JyT4lleMy, o 4eM CBH-
,CeTeJIbCTByeT P5A OMpOCOB o6ItleCTBeHHoro MHCHH5I. B 'aCTHOCTH,
pe3yJIbTaTbl coiAH0nomw1CcKoro oripoca HaceJIeHM4I POCCHH (31 Map-
Ta - 2 anpeiis 2000 r.) 4HKC1pylOT: nO1TM 60% pOCCMIH rlojiO>4Kf-
TejibHO OTHOC1TCA K >KeHIA1HaM-nojuHTHKaM, 4eTBepTb - OTpM1ta-
TenJbHo, a 16% - 3aTpy"HnJ1HCb OTBeTHTb [346]. B anpeiie 2003 r.
FocxyAapcTBeHHays m aYM  B iiCepBOM 'ITeHMM paccMoTpejia 3aKOHOnpO-
cKT <.O roCygapCTBeHHbIX i'apaHTHIIx paBHbIX ipaB H CBo6oq My)KxuHH
H ?KeHujHiI H paBHbIX B03MO)KHOCTeU JlviS HX peaj1M3au4t\>. HloKa3a-
TCJIbHO, ']TO H3 345 geinyTaTOB, HpHCyTCTBOBaBmIIHX Ha 3aceCjaHHH,
342 OTioep)Kaim 3aKoHonpoeKT. HIpH 3TOM 105 CeivTaTOB rocygap-
CTBeHHOA JyMbl He yqaCTBOBan4H B Fo00ocoBaHIHM, TCM caMbIM He o6-
HapOOBahiH CBOIO nfO3HLIMIO HO BOHPOCaM paBHOnpaB, AKeH1HH
H MVyKMHH [757; 1097].
Bonpochi yiyttuienum nloJceLO uuR 3icenu4u u o6ecnevientu
zeuoepfozopaenecmaa 6 oocydapcmoewnoti nouiumuce
(IOpManbl1O rocyqapCTBeHHa5I nOJHTHKa POCCHHCKOA cDegepaLuHH
3a npomelCHlCe FOAbli npecnIeAoBaiia Lueim yIyMleICHMS COUHJajibHO-3KO-
HOMH4CeCKoro CTaTyca )KeCHiHH. B TemCHHe 1990-x rO,oB 6bn npI4H5IT
pw'A YKa3oB HIpe3HAeHTa POCCIfICKOHi q)egepalHMH 0 3aga'4ax rocygap-
CTBeHIloH riOJILITHK14 B OTHOHiIeHHH )KeHmiHH. B 3THX gOKyMeHTaX yj"y-
lJeiCUe rojio)KeHHS4 )KCeHM1HH H o6ecCfeCeHHC <'OJHHaKOBbIX YCJIOBH4
g,qJ d4aKTHmiecKoro paBHOilpaBHM AKCHIIMHH H MY)K4HH B r1OjLTHqeCKOfi,



8. )KCLIHIHHml B HlOJIIITIIKC: y,'4e'v rCiACpHbIX aCHCKIOB B IiOJIIiiIile  141
co4HaJlbHOH, 3IKOHOMHeCKOfH H Kylb'Iyplio0I A(1L3HH CTpaHbl> lplH3-13a-
BaJHCb OllHM H3 HpHOpHeTC1'IiblX HafpaBJLeHHH coiHaIXIbHO-3KOHO-
MHMeCCKOH OInHTHTKH KIOcyg,apCTBa. Tiq IICriOJIHCHSI 3TllX 3aJJaH 6bluIH
lpeCHPHH5ITbI P"A Mep B TOM 'HCIC:
* co34a1ia c4ejlepanlbHaa riporpamma <>KeClItHHbI PocCnIt>;
* nOAl'OTOBJiTie HaIJHOHaRbHblh AOKJlA 0 BblIHOJIHCHHH B PoCCI-u-
KOHBCHgHH OOH 0 JhHKBHJaLI4HH BCeX CpOpM ThHCKPHIMIIHa"LIlI
B OTHOIlJCHHH )KCKeHlIHll;
* o6pa3oBaH Ha"HoHanbHbfl4 COBCT HO iogFrOTOBKe K BceMHphIot
KOHc4epeHIH A )KCHIflHH B HCeKUHe.
B 1993 r. 6bmTa TaKCKe cO3gaHa O6wecTBeHHanT KOMHCCHM no BO-
npocam 2KeHMHIII, CeMbfl It geMOrpaC4)Hii llpH flpc3HActilTe POccHH-
CKOH (PeAepaL,HH. B 1996 I cnoBa 6bm11 H34aH pRA YKa3oB Hlpe3lnen-
Ta POCCHHCKOH clejleparkHw 1H HlOCTaHOBJICHIHP{ HpaBHTeJIbCTBa
POCCHACKOIH 'IeCepaLJHH no yJiy-meHnmio HOJIO)KCHH1)I AeCH1LJHH, B 41a-
CTHOCTH - HpIHHTHia KoH1JenH- ynJIieBiHHH rioJIOKeHAHHB ACCHL1%HH
B POCCHHICKOH (DeAepaLHn. POCCH5L FIlHCOCeIHHHJiaCb K HCKHHCKOfB
aeKnapagmH HJ fInaTcpOpMC 4ePc-rBII. H3 12 npo6JieMHblx o6naCTeh
Ho yJLTM1JICHH1O nOJIO>KCHHH ?KeHFIIHH, 06031Hax4CeH1b1X B HleKHHCKOI
Hl7JIaTrpOpMC ACeCTBHP, B KoHleninlI POCCHHCKOl $PejepauHn npr -
H5Tbl TOJlbKO HnTb. STo a) co6JlnO4cCHe npaB >KeHllJlHLf B Cl4HHCTBe c
npaBaMH H OCHIOBHbIMH CBo6oJaaMH 'leTiOBeKa, 6) yqaCTHe >KeHBllJHH B
npHHPfTHH pelleicHHA a BCCX ypOBHHX, B) o6ecneqeHne paBHbIX VCno-
BUH Ha PbIlHKe TpyLa, F) oxpaHa 3AqOPOBbAl KCHHIHH, g) ripeo4oJIeHFLe
HaCHJIH51 B OTHoIIeHHH)H HKCIILLHH [837, 65-80]. B 1996 F. HIocTaHoBne-
Il111M FIpaBHTeJlbCTBa POCCHPICKOf $Degepa4tiH 6bmI I9pHHITE f<HauHo-
HaJlbHhli nInaH geACTBHf no yiyTLiieHIlio HOJIO>KCHHHq ACeHLT IIII H Ho-
BbUILLeHH,o HX poJ1H B 06HJCCTBC jo 2000 r.>. CpegCTB Ha peaTiH3aLIlEO
HaiHoiaJnbHoro niiaHa BbIIIefleHO He 6brnO H, COOTBeTCaBeHHO, OH HC
6bmI peanH3OBaH.
C 1996 r. pa6oTaeT KOMHCCIHq HO BOnpOCaM yTivHmIeHHYI rOiOToce-
HHSI )KCHIIJHH, eCJIblO K07OpOH nlpoBo3riTIameHa KOOP9lHHa4HM jeJHCT-
BHH! rocy;apCTBCHHbIX CTpywryp. Heo6xoJwMo 3aMeTHTb, '-ITO HO0IHO-
MOqHIIST aTOH KOMHCCHH BeCbMa HeoHpegCAeeHbl, KaK, BIpOoMem
11 C03JlaHHbIX B 6OJIbLUIHHCTBe cy6belCrOB POCCHIECKOH7 1Degepa"I4H KO-
MIICC4H nO BOrpOCaM VJIVxHlICHHI ITOniO>KeHHI ACKeHIHI. HlOMHMO
gaHHOf KOMHCCHHL, c 1996 r. B 3aKOHOJgaTeJlbHbIX H HCHOJHIHTeJIbHbIX
OpraHaX BJ1aCTH CTaaJIH BO3HIHKaTb pa3JiHHHbIC CTpw KT9pbl HO BOnpO-
caM eCCHMIAHII, B TOM 'IHCJIC:



142                               reHwepnibue npo6neMbl B Poccni
* KoMHTeT no gCeIaM AKeHIJHH, ceMbH H MonoJeIKH rOcyJapCTBeH-
HO1 AyMbl.
* OT4en coHaTanbHO-9KOHoMH4MeCKoro noloKeHHHI )KeHI14HH
4CnapTaMeHTa no enama CeMbIH, )KeHH1HH H JAeTeA MHHHlCTep-
CTBa TpyJaa H COLUHaJIbHOrO pa3BHTH51 PoccHE4cKoI4 Pegepa-
144HH.
* OTge.n no BonpocaM >KeHHAHH, CeMbH, MOJIOJejKKH B arinapaTe
YnonHoMoMeHHoro no npaBam qeJIoBeKa.32
JJaHHbie CTpyKTypbl o6blrHO C4H4TalOTChI 3aJ1MeHTaMH HagLno-
HanbHoro MeXaHH3Ma Ho yTi"iymeHHIo nOJoOKeHHA )KeHMyH4H. OAHaKo
CICieyeT nOg4epKHyTb, 'TO CTaTyc Haw4OHanbHoro MeXaHH3Ma He
onpeCeiieH, OH He HMeeT oTAeJIbHoro 6iogpKeTa Aia CBOeC4 AeHTeCJb-
HOCTH, He o6JlaRaeT ]TIOJIHOMOMHslMH JMI  HHH-14H4POBaHHH 3aKOHO-
JaTeCJbHbIX HHHUHaTHB H OKa3aHH4H BJIH4HHH  Ha ±OPMHPOBaHHe
HO.TIHTHKH reHJqepHoro paBeHCTBa. 3HaIHreJIbnbIM HegOCTaTKOM Cy-
igeCTBylOMef4 cCHTyaUJHH SBJIseTCI HeICHOCTb B TOM, KaK pa3ACeJi5eTCH
H KOOp4HHHpyeTC51 geATeCJbHOCTb BbIHIeoHHcaHHbIX CTpyKTyp [175,
112].
HIpHHSITbie B rIOCJIeAHHe FOAbI HaLl4OHaJIbHbie lOKyMeHTbl 14 CTpyK-
Typbl OTme'ieHbl AByMS HeJOCTaTKaMH. Bo-nepBblX, OHH HOCST eKJIa-
paTHBHbflf xapaKTep H HCe o6ecCMeHbl pecypCaMH. BO-BTOpbIX, OHH
HaiLegieHbl Ha <'yJIyMHleHHe HOJIOACeHHH >KeHII4HH'>, a BOBCe He Ha 0o-
CTH2KCHHC reHACpHoro paBeHCTBa.
B 1997 r. fOcyAapcTBeHHaA /1yMa POCCIHhCKOH q)eAepamiHH oAo6pH-
;ia <<KOHerenIulnO 3aKOHOTBOpMeCKOfl AeSITenbHOCTH no o6ecneCCeHHIO
paBHbIX ripaB H paBHbIX B03MO)KHOCTeH MyWXqHH H KeHHiHH'> [837,
7-61]. ABTOpbI KOHnenU1HH OTMCHa4H, 'TO B POCCHH Ha bOHe Qop-
MaJbHO-1opH14wIeCKOrO paBeHCTBa npaB )KCHMHH H My2K'-HH cyrLecT-
ByeT ({aKTHCeCKOe HepaBeHCTBO 2KeHLHH B pAe c)Cep )KH3HH. HIPH-
MHHa 3Toro KOpeHHTC1 B OTCYTCTBHH paBHbIX 411 MyAKQHH4H H4)KeHLIAJH
BO3MO)KHOCTeH B peanlH3aL4HH CBOHX KOHCTHTYUHOHHbIX npaB H CBO-
6o4 [837, 11]. Leenb KOH1IenHLHH COCTOHT B TOM, HTo6bi <onpeqeJIHTb
o6myio CTpaTerHlo1H HPHOPHTeTHbie HanpaBnieHns 3aKOHOTBOpqec-
KOH eCSITeJIbHOCTH no o6ecneieHH1o paBHbiX npaB H CB060, MyA44HH
H )CKeHH1HH H C034aHH10 paBHbIX B03MO)KHOCTCH g,11 HX paJIH3auHH
[837, 11-12]. Bo HcnOJIHeHHe 3aAa'I KOHIeJrILHH 6bmi ioArOTOBJIeH
32 B 1H)OpMaa4UOHHO-aHaaTIHT4ecKoM yripaBJIeHHH CoBeTa $DegepaiUmn
(DC PP) cyHeCTByeT UeHTp reHgepHOti 3KCnepTH43bl 3aKOHOHpOeKTOB, HO OH
5LBJiAe5TCH BpeMeHHbIM o6meCTBeHHbIM OPMHPOBaHiHeM [732, 10].



8. )KCHMlHHbi B IOIBHTUKe: y'eIr reHJCpHbIX acneKTOB B HOJIHTHKC  143
npoeKT cte,CepaRbHoro 3aKoHa <O rOCygapCTBCHHibiX rapaHTHHX paB-
HbIX ripaB H cBo6og H paBHbIX BO3MO2KHlOCTeH MyX<qHH H >KeHUxHH
B POCCHIHCKOH q)PeepaLuHH'>. BeCHoH 2003 r. FocgyMa paccMoTpena
rlpOCKT B nepBOM '4TeHHH.
B 2000 r. FlpaBHTenjbCTBOM POCCHHCKOfH cIe,epaumit 6bmT nIPHH5IT
euxe O,AHH <<HaL4HOHahbHbi ruiaH aeACTBHH rio yJyq4eHHHIO1 rHojoKe-
HHH )KCHMUHH H rIOBbim1eHH1O HX POnhH B o6HMeCTBe Ha 2001-2005 rr.,.
B HeM HaMexeHbl TaKHe MepOIHPHITHI4, KaK:
* nOrOTOBKa H llpeAOCTaBjieHHe meCTOrO HCepHoAHqeCKorO AO-
KiiaAa 0 BbIrIOJIHeHHH B POCCHHCKOH Oejgeparuim KOHBeH[xHH
OOH 0    IHKBHJBAa"1HH BCeX bOpM AHCKPHMHHaLnHH B OTHOLe-
HHH 2KeHH14H;
* HOAFOTOBKa C60pHHKa HOpMaTHBHbIX flpaBOBbIX gOKyMeHTOB
OOH, OECE, CoBeTa EBponbl, E3C nO BoripoCaM paBHOripaBHI
My;K'IHH H )KeHHAHH;
* iOiorOTOBKa HH)opM a"lHOHHbIX H CTaTHCTHCeCKIIX C60pHHKOB;
* HpOBegeHHe MOHHTOPHHra HOJIO>KCHH5I )KeHMLHH Ha PbIHKC
Tpy,a H nOJl'OTOBKa Ha ero OCHOBe COOTBeTCTBYIO11AHX npewAo-
wKeHHI.
K cow*aiieHHlo, ripo6iieMa AIHCKPHMHHalIHH >KeHMH1H Ha PbIHKe
Tpy,a, oTMe-iaeMa3i 3KcnepraMH [97, 579, 608, 678, 884, 916], Boo6mue
He HaHmia OTpa>KCeHHS{ B gaHHOM ,oKyMeHTe. OLHeHHBaA HaL4HOHaTib-
HbIl riInaH JeHCTBHH1 B eCTiOM, 3KCnepTbl OTMCealOT, qTO, K co)Kane-
HHIO, MHOrHe 3aJAaqH He KOHKpeTH3HpOBaHbl, cbOpMyJIHpOBKH MepO-
rIpH54THf4 HOCS3T a6CTpaKTHmII4 xapaKTCP, He oripe,ej1eHbl PCCYPCbl ,An3
ero BbinoTiHeHHR. aTO 03H3qlaeT, '4TO HaluHOHaJbHblk rinlaH Bp5A Jnl
6y,jeT BbirIOJIHeH [175, 116].
B nepHog 2002-2003 rr. MHHHCTePCTBO Tpyg H co1uHajibHoro
pa3BHTHA POCCHkCKOAi q)egepaRmHH pa3pa6OTano reI-rcp-Iyio cTpaTe-
rHio POCCHHCKOHt cepagl, B paMKaX KOTOpOA OnpeeaCnIHb LlHeiH H
3aga4H rocyJapCTBeHHOH reHA,epHoi rIOJIHTHKH - o6ecne-eIlHe pa3-
BHITHS3 4ejiOBeC4ecCoro noTeHLHaIna, pa3BI4THe geMOKpaTHH, cO,geACT-
BHe VCTOHqH-IBOMy pa3BHTHR) 3KOHOMHKH. I1OMHMO 3TOro, paCcMaTpH-
BaiOTCI reFi,gCpHbIe Hpo6JTeMbI B 3KOHOMH4eCKOH, COLtHaAbHOf1 H
HHcOpMaHiHOHHOH HOJUHTHKe, B o6nacTH 3,paBOOXpaHeHHIA, KyJIbTy-
pbl, HaYKH H o6pa3OBaHHB. K co>KaiieHHIO, B AaHHOM AoKyMeHTe no-
npeKHeMy He ornpeenieHbl MeXaHH3Mbl H PCCYPCbl BbrlIOflHeHHA 3THX
eieiefl, a TaioKe cpe,LCTBa KOHTpO,JM [204].



144                                        FeliAeplblc HpO6JiCMbIl B POCCHEI
BCTaBICa 8.2. THHhI rocyJapCTBeHHoA UOJIHTHICH
B OTHOmeHuil )KeHmHH
HlaTpHapxaAbHbfhk TlH WOCHOBblBaCTCrm Ila KOHLCr4HII1 oIpCJICeICHHOrO
pa3aJlernHIIJ 4`1ILKIUIH MeeAciy MyYTAKIIHMH H M KCeHLHHaMI4 B CCMbe ii o6MLCCT-
Be. TaKHM o6pa3oM, MaTCpIUHCTBO, 3a6oi'a o 4AeTsx H HX BOCHHTaIIHe, a TaKoKe
pa6oTa no JOM OMV C'IHTaOTCB <pHpHpOIIOHo> MHlCCHefi )KCHIIIJIH. Myx>iEilaM
nIplHHlCl,lBaACTC5 poJII, cv6temva IoCy/apCTBet1ubix, ripo4eccHollanbllblx 11
o6lnJecTBeHHblx A1JW; FJIaBbl CeMbH It KOpMItJlbLra, a TaioKe CBH3yiToIlerO 3Bella
MeCMgy ceMbeiL H o6rrlecTBoM B lJenOM.
CHnxKeIIlie vHaCTwI MCCHMIIUH B npO(eCcCHOloHaJ1bHOA AetsTeCJbHOCTII; CO3)I1a-
13He X'CJIOBHH I1I5I BbiHOJiIICHlliI weClJHHaMLI lIX or1pHpOAHb,1XI qyHKUHO MaTeC-
pi 1o gomamticI xoWalAKIl; oIrpaHHiueHue HIX  aCTCTHsl B npoLecce ynHpaBJICHHM
H HPEIlO31THRL PClll1ll l B O6fl1CCTBCHHOik cc4cpe; niponaraHua ugeana HesMaH-
CLII1HpOBHliHOil )KeHIflIII,I - BCC 3TO MOtKoio CqHiTsaTb OCHOBlIbIMH 'lcpTaMNi
HaTpHiapxanIbHOH lOf11'THIKI.
HlaTepHaJIAHCTCica3i nIoiHTHKa - 3TO HOJIHTHKa F'OCyAjpCTBelOlE'O npo-
TeKIOIHoMI13Ma HO OTHoILIHeLTO K AICHIBHHaM, KOTOpaI OClIOBaHa Ha MJapKClIC'I'-
CKO-ielCIIHI1HCKOM HOHHMNHLH Hy'IeIJye C peiICHHIL )CeHCKOfi npo6necmb. Cpegiu
OCHOBlIbIX 3.TicMeCTOB 3TOll TIOJIIITH'KH: JOCTIH)KCHHC paBHOI'O COLI1la'bl,1o-
npaBOBOl'O c'I'aMCa Mc)K'mJHH 11 IKel 11 1111; LlIHpOKoe y-lacr'ie )KCIIIII B o6IIe-
CTBCHHONM HpO113BOACTIIC; cO3AaHiue VCJIOBlHH Ansr HpHBTe1wCHHMI AKCeHEIEIHbI
K HCIIOJIHCHHIO TpCX poneHi - pa6oTlIHKa, Marepm H RomMaiiiHeH XO3AMIKH; CO-
3AaHHHe cHcTeMbi COUHaIIbHOH 3atLLHhbi ViJM KCeIHlL4HH B BHAC lblCOT, nocO61ii,
OTII'CKOB HO pOJaM HI VXOA} 3a ACTbMII, orpall'l4eLlHe )KCHCKoro I pyAa H T. A.
3raJalnTapH.ufl THU rOCy/apCTBeHHOH IIOJIHTHKH B KaqccTBic OCHOB-
HOPI CBOCeP HeimH npeceCICjCT CO3Ja/HHC paiBIlb1X yCJiOBlIO /Li )IH'4-ioI caMope-
anu3aaUlllu BO Bcex ctepax o6nIec'rBeCHHofl >KH13HH HC3aBHCHMo or1 no;na. Pe'-b
LU/eT liC o6 ,VCpC;THCflHIlHo '4CJIOBCKa, a o6 YCTpaHeHHH HIOpOJICliBblx pa3JII-
'1IHHI B i-poLecce caMopeaJiH3alJHHl, JOCTH(KeCHHlI TaKOL'O COCTO5THHLR O6HIJCCTBa,
KOL/a MV)K'IlIHaM H XKeHIIMlH2M 6yLyi' rapaHTHpOBaHbl paBHBIC BO3NIOKHOCTH1
Am151 pCaJIH3aLHH lIX TBOp4eCKOVO H YIHlIHOCTHoro IOTCHIHana.
OCHOBHbIMLI HaHpaBJLeHHMMH 3FaraTHTTapHoI HOJHTHIKH sBIIsAIOTC5L: y"acT4e
)KCHMLIH BO BCeX clpcpax rpO(I4CcCHOHaJbHO  qeJITCJIL,HOCTH, BKJIIOMaM ynpaBnle-
HEIe rOCygapCTBOM, BbIpaBHL4BaHHCe cooTnIowJeH5L B OrJIaTe Tpy,Aa 11o OlpaCMJm
HpOH3BOgCVBeI oli O1I HCLIPOLI3BOJCTBCHHOL AeATeJIbliOcrH; CO3MJaHHC YCJIOBH1l
gm  MaKCIMaJlbHOrO OCBO6O)eCHlbI qJlICHOB CeMbH OT BbHiOJIHCHH.B pyVHIHOH
/IOMaNaHePI pa6oTbr; pacnpOCTpaiHHHCe rOCyJ4apCTBeHHbIX ilbrOT, CBSI3aHHbIX
C VXO/OM 3a /eTbMMH, Ha 06oHX pOAHTCJTieC; ripeogo.uCHHCe H5aTfl1apXaTHbIx cTe-
pCOTHHOB MV)CKHX H AKCHCIMX poneu B o6mecie, co3AaHmHe 6naronpnsuTHoro
o6niccaBeHHOI'0 MHCH1HS 0 COI4HaJlbHOM paBeHCrBe IOJIOB. [1041,186].



9. BbIBojIIl i1 peKOMCHAa"4HU                             145
B. POJIb KEHCKHX HErOCYJAPCTBEHHbIX
OPrAHH3AUHfi B OBECHEMEHMH rEHIEPHOrO
PABEHCTBA
B HOpCef4OpMCHHOH POCCIHH B03HHKJH YCJIOBH AM Co3gaHHM o6Me-
CTBeHHbIX rpynn, OpraHH3a4Hf H o6teAMHeHHAHf. Hlo BceH CTpaHe Ha-
6jnojgamc5E HX pOCT, BKJHIOq1 H mrioBJCHe e )KeHCKHX HIIO pa3nH'-4HOfl
HaiipaBsieHHoCTH. B CTOTIH4ie o6pa3oBa.noCb H geACTBoBaio OKOJIO
1000 o6WecTBeHHbIx opraHH3aHrHH, cpegH4 KOTOPbIX IeC51Tan5 'EaCTb
(100) - wKeHCKHX [3; 25; 441; 124; 688].33
flepeg pOCCHAcKHM WKCHCKHM ABBH?KeHHCM OCTpO BCTaTia npo6rieMa
KOHCOMHAa1tHH, OCO6CHHO Ha MCCTHOM H perHOHanJbHOM ypOBH5AX.
<'CTapbIe>> CTPYKTypbl wKeHCKHX OpraHH3aIHA HpeATIpHHHMajiH yCHIHM
B 3TOM HaripaBJIeHHH: <<CO1O3 >KeHHmHHl POCCHHW> KOHCOJIHJHpOBa1i CBOI H
CHJLbI, KoMMyHHCTHCTeCKa31 HaPTH1 POCCHHlCKOA cIegepaLUHH 1epe3
CBOEO <<goHepHIoo>> )KeHCKYO OpraHI43aiLHiO CTpeMHinaCb CO3JaaBaTb
CTpvKTypy CBepXy ,OHH3y. TIaKHe HOFIbITKH HpeCipHHHMan4HCb H aeMO-
KpaTH4eCKHM KpblIOM AKeHCKOFO ABHA(eHH5I. OAHaKO, KaK IE B o6Me,qe-
MOKPaTHCeCKOM ABIvKeHHH, B )KCHCKoM ero KpbLTi Ha6JImoAaJIHCb Tpyg-
HOCTH Hia nyTH o6,beCHHeHH4q AVM COBMeCTHblIX ,CHCTBHfi. OTCyTCTBHe
o6rieHaURHoHanbHoA )KCHCKOIl HJ4eH, cnoco6HoA nIOBeCTH >KCHCKOe
JABH>KeHHe B HanpaBneHHH CFO KOHCOJIHaiaLmHH H <<ajeprwm> KopraHH-
3aiU4OHHbIM rlOHbITKaM rICi KOOpAHHau"HH geCTBH4I CHH3V qOBepxy
H KEJIO6b]M (4jOpMaM opraHH3aL4HH, KOTOpa5i MorFJa 6bl IIOcIWrHVrb Ha
caMoCToSITeJIbHoCTb HapoygatouHxcq rpynirI H o6fteglnHeHI1A, rpe-
rl,qTCTBOBahIH CTpOHTeCJbCrBV KOaJ1HU4HH cpe,mH xKeHCKHx HHO [3; 14;
25; 44; 56; 108; 115; 124; 125; 142, 22-24; 148; 155; 165; 424].
TpahcICopMauHa pOCCHCKOOrO o6mecT3a IOCTasBHnia nepeeg KeH-
CKHM ABH)KeHHCM HOBYIO 3ajgaMy - croco6CTBOBaTb YCJIOBH5IM paCKpe-
no1IIAeHH54 JIH4HOCTH. DTOH '3agaxH COOTBeTCTByeT l'OpH30HTaJlbHa5I Cl-
CTeMa o6'bCeHHCHHA OpMaHH3auHH. HOBbIM )KCHCKHM OpraHH3atiH5IM
H o6ibeAlHC1eHHwM (KeHcKJ JlHra, KOHCOPIEHYM >KeHCKHx HcnpaBH-
TeJIbCTBeHHbIX 06-begHHeHiH  H mp.) xapaxTepHa aBTOHOMHOCTb: Ha-
.TIHiHe HO.IHOCTbIO caMOCTO5,TefTbHbIX yCTaBOB H OTCeJIbHbix 6io0Ae-
TOB; CO6CTBeHHoH ripOrpaMMbl ,qCHCTBHf IE CKJIOHHOCTb BCITyHaTb
B KpaTKOCpO4HbiC o6ebCJHHeHHM5 AAR5 COBMeCTHbIX aKtU4Hi [3; 14; 25; 44;
56; 108; 115; 124; 125; 142; 148; 155; 165; 424; 688].
33 Ho gaHHbIM A.M. lUBCeLOBOA, 3aHHMaBmFeA B 3TOT nepnog FOCT rnIaBbI Ko-
MIlTera no o6HeCC'BeHHbIM CBR33M HpaBHTelbCTBa MOCKBbl.



146                               reHrepHble rnpo6.neMbl B PoCCnu14
Yce B cepeHUie 1990-x roAoB B POCCHfiCKOtI Oe4epanHu 6bma co-
34aHa 3aKOHoAaTeJIbHa$ 6a3a - aKTbi H ApeKTIHBHbIe goKyMeHTbl,
a TaioKe HeKoTopbeLa3IieMeHTbl rocymapCaBeHHoro MexaHH3Ma no cra-
TyCy y)KeHHH.34 Bbuio co3MaHO cne1HahIbHoe 1oOpa3JeJIeHHe B FOCy-
JqapcTBeHHofl AyMe - KoMHTeT no genam AKeHCIHH, ceMbH  MoJIoge-
Kn,    Hpe3H.AeHTCKaM   KOMHCCHA     Ho   geCiaM   )KeHIIjHH,
MeKnpaBHTeCJbcTBeHHaM KoMUccUi no riejiam AKCHmiH, a B peruOHaX B
paMKax HCIOJIHHTeCJbHOfl BJIaCTH CyuIICCTBOBaJIH noflpa3ACJIeHH4, KaK
npaBano, B CTpyKType opraHo counxmbHoro o6ecneweHHr 3aHuMaio-
niHecCH npo6neMaM  )KCHCKOI'O HaceneHHSA OAHaKo 0co3oaHHn Hai"-
oHaJIbHOrO MexaHI43Ma HHTerpaUHH 14HHTepeCOB )KeHCKOrO HaceneHnn
B npogecc o6necTBeHHoro pa3BHTH  6buio eie gajleKo. Hpn BceC4 CBO-
efl HeAOCTaTO'HOCTH Mo)KHo yTBepxcgaTb, YTO 6bi CO3JaH onpegeneH-
Hbif npaBoBof MHHUMyM, onHpascb Ha KoTopbil MoKeT pa3BHBaTbCuI
npouecc no co3AaHHIo H pa3BHTHIO He3aBHcHMoro 2KeHCKOrO ABHCKe-
HHI B Poccun. OuAyHia.macb np V3TOM Heo6xognMocTb B oKa3aHann no-
MOIH perHoHaM no CTPOHTeCJbCTBY )eHCKOrO ABH eH(CH CHCHH3y TaKyio
HOMOI4b CJIeTOBaJIo pa3BHBaTb B HeCKOJIbKHX HanpaBlieHHHX:
* o6pa3oBaTenbHo-MeToAonorwiMecKoe (muKonbl nIiepcTBa, 6n3-
Heca);
* KOOpgnnHaqMn paBHbiX KoJCerHaJIbHbIX AefCTBHt;
* 3aMl4Ta (no66npoBaHre) MHHMIaTHB, BblBHFraeMbIX CHH3y,
B COOTBeTCTBYIOI4eM BeCOMCTBe cpegepanbHoro ypOBHA;
* pa3BHTHe COBMCCTHbiX npoicKTOB C rocygapcTBeHHbnIIMH CTpyKTy-
paMH (coLuiUaJ1bHbIf 3aKa3) (HanpiMep, MocKoBcKoe HpaBHTenb-
CTBO nonnicano HocTaHoBJIeHHe o COTpygHH'-eCTBe c HIO.
STOT pa3,gei npeg.naraeT KOHKpeTHbie Mepbl nOJITHKH, 'ITO
He BXO,HT B CeJlb HacToImero o630pa).
B ccpeAHue 90-x rr. HaMeTlJIOCb O)KHB4JIeHHe BO B3aH4MOOTHOIme-
HHMX KeHCKIHX HKO c FocyAapCTBeHH0oti AyMOf - 6bmI.n npOBeAeHbl
cnymaaH-A no )KeHCKHM npo6neMaM. CyULeCTBOBan JIKCnepTHblm COBeT
no KCeHCKHM npo6neMaM npp rocygapcTCeTHHoa yyMe, 6bma noAro-
ToBnieHa <<KoHrlenwIA 3aKoHoTBOpMecKofl ACaTeJIbHoCTH no o6ecne-
eHmeno paBnIbIX npaB H paBHbIX B03MO)KHOCTetY MY2MHH H1 A(KeHILHW>
npn KoMl4TeTe focygapcTBeHHoha ,LtyMhI no le.iam ?KeHIHH, CCMbl4
34 DTO npewce Bcero CTaTb$I 19 KOHCTWPYUHU4 PoccUUcKoa (DeAepaurn�,
YKa3bl lpe3nAeHTa U4 flocTaHoB3neHHa [paBlwTeJbcTBa [831; 828; 1082; 1083;
1084; 1085; 1086; 1087].



9. BbiBogbi H peKOMeHgauHI                               147
H MOJIOAe)KH, KOTOpaA noiy-iljia o,go6peHHe 3KCiepTHorO CoBeTa.
HlpHMepoM AKeHcKoro jio66H3Ma CTraiH YKa3bI HIpe3HgeHTa, KOTOpbie
6bmH H3)AaHbI nO, BJIHAHHeM 2KeHcKOrO ABH1?KeHHM B POCCHHI B KaHYH
HpeJCToRIHHX ripe3HJCHTCKHX BbI6OpOB [553; 751; 1083; 1086; 1087].
CoBpeMeHHoe pOCCHACKoe )KeHcKoe ABHACeHHe HaXOqHTCH B CTa-
,AT4H cBoero cTaHoBjieHHI4, H CHHTaTb ero CJIO)KHBl4lHMcq 6buio 6bl
Hipex<geBpeMeHHO. BMecTe C TCM OHO yp(e pacipocTpaHMnOCb B Poc-
CH4HCKOHi (DegepaUHH, CyuJeCTByeT LmiHpoKoe pa3Hoo6pa3He ue.nefl,
(4OpM ge5ITeJIbHOCTH H nOJ1HTIIeCKHX cHMriaTHHi B AKCHCKEHX opraHH-
3aLAHAX He TOJIbKO CTOJTIH"bl MOCKBbl, HO H B npOBHHL1HJanbHblx ropo-
xax, 'eTKO HaMeTHnaCb TeCHeHLHI K POCTy CaMOCO3HaHHM KeHCKOFO
HaCenIeHHH [27; 28; 29; 435; 533; 751; 865; 1204].
Dio6ajiH3aLu�i )KeHCKOIFO ABHwKeHHl4 -  aCTb MHpOBOrO npoLiecca
r.To6a11H3aLuHH. K KOHIiy XX BeKa HO-IqTH BO Bcex cTpaHax MHpa pa3BH-
BaeTC5I KCHCKOe ABHKCHHe - pa3jiHMHoe rio MacIUTa6aM H CTeneHH
CBoero BJIH5IHHA BHyTpH CBOHX HaLHOHaUbHbIX o6iUecTB, 6opiomeecs
3a pa3Hoo6pa3HbIlf CieKTI) ripaB H BO3MO?KHOCTeAi ,gRn KeHHUHH. Be-
JH4KO 3HaHeHHCe H1HTepHeTa KaK HCTOMHHKa HH(4fOpMalHH, o6MeHa
OrlbITOM H H1gC5MH H K2K Cf)eACTBa KOMMyHHKa17HH.
BeCiHKO 3Ha4eHHe MeCKr(yHaPOJAHOF0 COTpyqHHCCTBa ,PAn pa3BH-
THA COBpCMeHHOrO pOCCiiCKOKO )KeHCKOrO ABH>KCHH5. >KeHCKOC TBH-
)KeHHe B POCCHH CKOBaHHO OTCYTCTBH4eM MaTepHaJIbHbIX pecvpcoB -
OTeCeCTBeHHbIH 6H3HeC He CKJIOHeH JqaBaTb ,geHbrH Ha cro pa3BHTHe,
rOCKOJIbKy He BHJAHT B HeM aBTOpHTeTHOH KaK o6igeCTBeHHOR, TaK H
nOJIHTH4CCKOH CHJbl, C Oq1IOH CTOpOHbI, a c pyrofl - 3aKoHogaTe.Tib-
Haul 6a3a He cnoco6cTByeT pa3BHTHio 6AarOTBOpnTenbHOCTH B CTpaHe.
MeKgyHaporqHoe 411HHaHCHPOBaHHe npoeKTOB, ocyHAeCTBJIqeMbIX
HUO, B TOM  HCjie H >KeHcKHMH, Ha CaMOM ,Teie Mo)KeT B 3HaMHTeJlb-
HOHf CTerieHH OKa3bIBaTb BJIHMHHe Ha CJ)OpMHPOBaHHe WKCHCKOrO ABH-
)KeHH5I1 - OT oHipeTeJieHl1H rIOBeCTKH jO OpraHH3aU1HOHHOA TaKTHKH H
CTpyKTypbi [247; 292; 319; 346; 524; 1204].
HpoLtccc rflo6a.jiH3aIUHH >KeHCKOrO ABH)KeHH5I qpeBaT HeraTHB-
HbIM HpolBjieHHeM B TOM, oT0 ripo6TieMaM, HaH6oJIee Ba)CHbIM ,.nl
3anflaHbiX aKTHBHCTOK H TeX, KTO HX riOggep)KHBaeT, MO)KCT npHaa-
BaTbCA <<o6beKTHBHaql> 3Ha'-IHMOCTb, H OHH KaK TaKOBbie MoryT 6bITb
<'HaBH3aHbl>> aKTHBHCTKaM B ApyrHX CTpaHax. B pe3ynJbTaTe HorTbITKH
aKTHBHCTOK rOCTpOHTb ABH>KeHHe Ha MeCTHOM YPOBHe MOryT 6blTb
o6pe-eHbI Ha npoBani, riOCKOJIbKy (c Y"eTOM HOHCKa cPHHaHCOBbIX
HCTOMHHKOB JAnJ ocymeCT13jieHH ripOeKTOB) nepBOCTerieHHoe BHH-
MaHHi 6yJAeT o6paiueHo Ha Te rpo6TeMbi, KOTOpbIC HPH3HaHHbl BawK-
HeHmIHMH Ha MecAyHapOAHOM YPOBHe H B peeHu1HHH KOTOPbIX MO)K-



148                              FeHgepHbie nipo6neMbl B PoCCHIH
HO PaCCqHTbIBaTb Ha MexCTyHapOAHy10 noAep>KKy, a He Ha Te BOripO-
Cbl, KOTOpbIC OKa3bIBaIOTC51 HaH6oIee 3HaxHMbIMH Ha MeCTaX. 5ACHO,
1ITO rIpH 3TOM CTaBHTC51 Hog COMHeHHe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO MHpOKOH CO-
L4HaJIbHOfi 6a3bl nJIA pa3BHTHfl rpax<AaHCKOH aKTHBHOCTH Ha MeCTaX,
riOCKOJIbKy CnlegHcHKe MCCTHbIX HHTCepCOB He npH,AaeTcsA rpHOpH-
TeTHoe 3HaieHHe. TaKH4M o6pa3oM, BJIHIIHHC MC)emeyHapO,RHOfl co-
CTaBJlIAoe Ha CTaHOBTieHme H q4OpMHpOBaHHCe KeHCKoro ,ABt4Ke-
HH54 B COBpeMeHHOH POCC4HH HeORH03HaxIHO [615, 318-320; 928,
23-26; 1204].
BMeCTe C TCM BOnipeKI4 BCeM Tpy,gHOCTMM >KeHcKoe ABBH)KCHHe B
POCCHH 41CHBeT H qyHK1iHOHHpyeT He xyxKe nuo6oro gpyroro COmHajib-
Horo HnTH o6mecTBeHHoro gBHmxeHHA B CTpaHe. OHO OH4paeTCcq Ha Ta-
KHe CHJIbHbie CBOH CTOpOHbl, KaK BbICOKHH o6pa3oBaTe.nbHbIH ypo-
BeHb KeHLUHH H coxpaHHBIHIYIOC3H LLeHHOCTHYIO opHeHTauiHlO Ha
pa6oTy BHe AOMa, KOTOpaq He HO3BojiSeT HOCTaBHTb )KCH4HHY Ha KO-
nieHH nOCpCeCTBOM HeCOnOrHH <<4pHpOgHOrO ipeAHa3HaMeHH5P>.
>KCHCKOC gBH)KeHHe o6nagaeT ornpegeTieHHbIM CcPOpMHpOBaHHbIM
HHc4OpMa14HOHHblM rOjieM H Hay'qHO-TeOpeTMqeCKHM rOTeHLHajiOM,
cnoco6HbIM nIOMO'qb B CO3jaaHHH BpCMeHHbIX KOIH1UH4A H anbqHCOB.
POCCHACKoe )KeHCKoe ABH)KeHHe HaxOgI4ITCq B IHyTH, npeoqojieBaq
MHorHe HpeCrITCTBHq [1053; 1056,90].
CeICuHIWHKa COBpCMeHHOrO pOCCH4CKO4 O )KCHCKOFO JBH)KeHH 3a-
EmnIoaeTC5 B cJIeAyiomeM:
* OHO H36eraeT <4KOH4IpOHTaqLHOHHbIX geMOHCTpaUl4AH>;
* He KOH"eHTpHpyeT CBOH YCH4IHq Ha Mo6HmH3a1mHH 6onbmHoro
4iHcJia WKeHML4H;
* nojgo6Ho qpyrHM o6MCCTBeHHbIM JBH)KeHHeM nopecpopMeH-
Horo repHoJga, CTaJIKHBaeTCH CO 3HaTlIHTeCIbHbIMH 6apbepaMH
g3im ocyiAeCTBjieHHl COBMeCTHbiX geHCTBI4H H pa3BHTHII B3aH-
MOOTHOmeHHI> COTpyHjHH4CcTBa Mew.Ty OpraHH3a"HAMH, rpyn-
rIaMH H o6-begHHeHRAMH, oco6eHHO B MocKBe.
KeHcKiHe HIIO CTaJIKHBalOTCq C OrpaHwi4eHHblM UiOHATHHHbiM an-
napaToM ,gsI o6cyxeHHM HJeojiorHH (4eMHHH3Ma c MaCCaMH )KeH-
CKOrO HaCe.ieHIIA, C HeBepHeM JiiOJRei B CBOIO crioco6HocTm HOBJH45ITb
Ha xog co6bITHHf H T0o6HTbCq ycriexa. AKT4HBHCTKH 2KeHCKorO ABH)Ke-
HHS4 BbICTYIalOT UpOTHB CeKCH3Ma B o6rMeCTBeHHOA c4Iepe, HpOTHB
CTepeOTH1IOB reHgepHbIX poJIeH, YKOpeHHBl4HXCM B CO3HaHHH Ha
rlPOT5IAKeHHH MHOrHX qeCCHTHTieTHH H BO3po)KgeHHbIx rioqBjneHMem
pbIHOxIHOfl 3KOHOMHKH.



149
flpo6fneMbl BbDKHBaH1451 H TPYAHOCTH CO-eTaHHSI CeMCHHbIX o6,q-
3aHHOCTeH H pa6oTbl BHe gOMa - Kpyr TeM, Ha 6a3e KOTOPbIX MOACHO
go6HBaTbCsI paCmHpeHHhI cOUHaAbHOA 6a3bl jABHAcCHH51, yBe.TiH4CHHS
HH(POPMHPOBaHHOCTH HaCCJieHH51 O ?KeHCKOM ABH)KeHHH, CTpOH-
TenJbCTBa MOpajIbHOH (H B03MO)KHO MaTepHaIbHofi) nO,eCP)KKH ,AnVI
caMoro ABHACHHR. CerOAHI pOCCHACKOMy )KeHCKOMY ABHKeCHHI0 He-
o6XoAHMo OC03HaTb HaCTOITCJIbHytO HCo6XOJlHMOCTb HpHBJIC-ieeHHSI
)KCHCKHX MaCC K ABHmKeHHK)7, C03aHHq ero lIIHpOKOH commHanbHofi 6a-
3bl, rliCpOjieCHHM H30J51II7HH OT IUHPOKHX cTioeB >KeHCKOrO HaceTie-
HHA1 H BbiXoLqa ZABWKceHI51 3a paMKH <3JIHTHOFO npoTecTa,> OTACeJbHbIX
WeHCKHx rpynn H 0o6bCeHUHeHHH. B COBpCMCHHbIX YCJIOBIISX POCCHII
nepexO,gHOrO HepHoJAa )KeHCKoe ,LBH)KeHHe HCTOpWmeCKH o6pcqeHO
Ha COBMCCTHbie gefHCTBH45, Ha CTPOHTJeIbCTBO KOajiHLU4fl B 6opb6e
3a gOCTH>KeiiHe reH,ACpHoro paBeHCTBa, paBHbIX npaB H paBHbIX B03-
MO)KHOCTeH H YCTpaHeHHI4 ,HCKPHMHHaL4HH Ho ripH3HaKy noria [904,
23; 1075, 23; 1226,11-13].
OAHoBpeMeHHo pOCCHHCKOe KCeHCKOC JgBH>CeHHe CTaHOBHTC5I He-
OrbeMjieMOH t4aCTbO MeK YHMPOAHoro gBHAKeHHI4, mrpaiomero BCC
6o0iee 3aMeTHYIO pOJlb Ha MHpOBOH apeHe B onpeACneIHHH xoAa HCTO-
pHiCeCKOFO pa3BHTHR. HMeHHO Mex<gyHapOAHa31 CO.THiAaPHOCTb )KeH-
CKHX HrIO o6ecneHHBaeT HHTeIiTieKTyaJIbHbie CBM3H, CpHHaHCOByIO
ro,IepIcKKy H Aa)Ke YPOBeHb BHyTpeHHeCI 3aKOHHOCTH ,pIn aKTHBHCTOB
B POCCHH [615; 762; 765; 774; 775; 791; 838; 904; 1075; 1226].



I
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I
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9. BbIBOJAbI H PEKOMEH4AJIHH
A. rEH,IEPHbIE IIPOBJIEMbI POCCH%4CKOA 4PF,4EPAIfIHH
B .oKfiage reHfepHbIe BoHpoCbI aHlaH3HPYIOTC5 Ho ceMH HanpaBne-
HH5IM. KaK CBH,AeCTCJIbCTBYIOT gaHHbie H aHanlH3, CO4CepKaMiHeCH
B HPCe/IeCCTBYIOI1HX rIiaBax, CyHeCTBYIOT 3Ha'HTeCJbHbie reCHAepHbIC
pa3JIHHHf B TOM, xITO KaCaCTCH IrOIOA)KeHHS 2KeHMHH H My)OIMHH B Poc-
cHHfcKOH 'IegepauHH. XOTSA aKieHT Ha aHaJIH3e H oueHKe reH4CpHbIX
pa3JIHqAHH B HOJIOXCHHH My?K4HH H KeHmHH ,eiiancA B KaAcgof rnaBe,
y"HTbIBalOTCH, rge BO3MO)KHO, TaKOKe rOCJICeCTBHH reH4epHOfl aCUM-
MeTpJHH 4Al CHHCeCHH 6eRHOCTH, H peKOMeHry0OTCI onpefelieHHbie
Mepbl.
B POCCHHiCKOfH ceepaC4PUHH cJIo)KHiTaCb YHHKanubHah cCHTyaTUH
B OTHOieHHHH rCH4epHbMX npo66neM. TaKHe npo6AeMbx KaK 43CMH-
HH3aLjHSi 6eCHOcTH, yxylIeHHe couHaJbHoro H 3KOHOMHCeCKoro
nOJO)KeHHSA )KeHI4HH, KpIITHMCCKHfl YPOBeHb pCrpO4yKTHBHOrO
39OpOBbH, 4HCKPHMHHaUHi 2KeHHJHH Ha pa6oiHx mecTax, a TaiKce
HCKcIoMeHHe )KeHMHH H3 npouecca HpHHhTHI pemeHHH, Conpo-
BOAalOTCA ycyry6iieHueM CrCUH±HMCCKH MYTKCKHX npo6iieM, Ha-
ripHMep, HOBblmeHliceM YPOBHHI CMepTHOCT14 CpC4H MyXMXIHH, pacnIH-
peHHeM Pa3pblBa B YPOBHC o6pa3OBaHH,, a TaKKe o6ecieHeHHeM
OTUOBCTBa.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C paCCMaTPHBaeMblMH ireHJePHbIMH oco6cH-
HOCTSMH, cJIegyeT paccMoTpeTb HeKOTOpbIC o6HLHeC TeMbl, Heo6xoAH-
Mbie 1A5 HOHHMaHHM H OjeHKH Hpo6JieMbi reHgepiorO HepaBeHCTBa
B POCCHICKOt qFeCepaUHH, B JacTTHOcTH1, 1) COCTOHHie ge-lope H ge-
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THHOB B OTHOLueHHH geHHOCTH ?KeH1AHH KaK pa6OTHHKOB H HX pO.IH B
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CTepeOTHHbI H OTKPOBeHHO CeKCHCTCKHe o6pa3bl >KeHI4HH B rogaXe
CMLI HirpaOT BaCKHMIO ponb B COXpaHeHHH AHCKPHMHHaUIHOHHbIX
HOpM H HpoLtejyp.



152                              FeHJaepHbie npo6JneMbl B PoCCIt 14
B. 3AKOHO7IATEJIbCTBO H OISECHEMIEHHE FEH4EPHOrO
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B POCCIIHCKOH cPegepaLHH OTHOCHTeCJbHO HeMHOrO ny6nH-
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JHUKamHhiMH H rIOCBsmeHbI YCTaHOBJIeHHo1 TOrO, KaKHM o6pa3OM
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npaKTHKe. HIOMIIMO STOmO, KOHCTHTyIJHOHHblfl HpHHLHHn paBeHCTBa
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YCTaBax 34 H3 89 cy6'beKTOB POCCHHCKOH Pejgepaumn. OJHaKO upir-
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4alOTCS1 MeCJ1y co6OA B FHoHMaHHH H HHTepCpeTaIHH reH,CepHoro
paBeHCTBa, H B peanbHOH WRH3HH4 3TOT HpHHUH4F MaCTO HapyllmaCTCS.
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3TH IIOHSTHI OCTa9OTCS HeCoCTaTO4HO SICHbIMH w4s' npO4IecciofHanb-
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TOFO, KaK ywe YFTOMHHaUIOCb BbIuie, _HCKPHMHHLHaHOHHbie HOpMbI H
HpaKTHKa B 3H9MHTCJebHOH Mepe IOAKPCI5IqIOTCS reH,CepHbIMH CTe-
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7Ke BpeMS eCTb HeKOTOpbIC KOMIOHeHTbl B COCTaBe aJAMHHHCTpaTHB-
HbIX MeXaHH3MOB, KOTOpbie HO3BOJSIIOT CJIeCHTb 3a co6JoieHHCM



9. BbMBOAbl i4 peKOMeH1Aai1im                           153
rpaB H HHTepeCOBrpaxKaH B pa3.TilHMHbIX ccjsepax KICH3HH. TeM HC Me-
Hee HH4IOpMaLaHH, HOATBep)I4aIOIeCH HCHOhIb3OBaHHCe THX BeCoMCTB
151 r1pCAOTBpameHJACH14HCKPHMHHaLuHH HiH yCTpaHeHHH (4OPM 4nC-
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qaa rocygapcTBO), a TaKOKc OTCyTCTBHeC SCIeKTHBHbIX MexaHH3MOB
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ro POCTaH HpOABH)KeHHu1 wCeIUIHH. B POCCHH B HaCToq1JJee BpeMH Be-
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154                                 FeHgepHbie npo6neMbl B POCCHH
BcTaBKa 9.1. rlpeViaraeMie MCpbl B OTHOMeHHH 3aKoHoAaTejibcTBa
B o6jiacTH reuzAepnoro paBeHcTBa
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utero OT HMCHH pa6oTogaTejI, H npeACTaBHTeJI3S npoqcolo3a), a TaloKe (3)
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B HacTo5quAee BpeM5I wKeHUMHHbI onepe>KaloT MYAC;K4HH B o6pa3oBaTeCb-
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a TaKOKe HeCMOTp51 Ha O(4H1lHaJIbHO ripOBo3rnaiueHHoe paBeHCTBO
npaB H JAOCTYIIHOCTH o6pa3OBaHwiA, CCTb AaHHbie O CKpblTOfH reHAep-
HOA AHCKpHMHHajAHH B gocTyne K o6pa3oBaHlno Ha Bcex YPOBHIX -
OT OIlUKOAIbHoro o6pa3OBaHHMI O YH14HBepCHTeTa. 3Ta JAHCKpHMHHa-
iui yCLUIilaCb B riOpe(pOpMeHHblH nepHO,l, OTpa3HBIIIHCb B OCHOB-



9. BbwBoAbl H peKOMeHaiUHH                                155
HOM Ha HH3KOMOXO,THOf4 4aCTH HaceIieHHI4.
>KCH14Hbl qauAe, 4eM My)K4HHbl, cTpeM5lTC1 nOBbICHTb CBOH npo-
CeCCHOHaJ1bHbIC HaBbIK4, HO CTanJKICBa1OTC51 C TeM, WTO rIOBbILueHHC
KBaJ4HcpHKaUHH H HeripepbIBHOe o6pa3oBaHire OKa3blBalOTCH1 BCe Me-
HeC gOCTynHbIM4, xITO CBSI3aHO B OCHOBHOM C reHgepHO-acHMMeT-
pH14HbIM pacnpe,geIeHHeNM,ToMalmH1X o6SI3aHHOCTeCi H ceMeCHbIX
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paHeHH1O Tpa2H414OHHbix reH,TCpHbIX CTepeOTHHOB, oco6eHHo Tex,
'ITO CBl3aHbl C AOMOX03HflCTBCHHbIMH H pOgHTCJIbCKHMH o6A3aHHoC-
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geBO'-CK OT 3aHSTHI49 «MfKCKHM4>0 npeTMeTaMH HepaBHbIfi jocTyn
K o6pa3oBaHI4io, OCHOBaHHblfI Ha reH,TepHbIX CTepeOTHnax, O6blMHO
He oLUeHH4BaeTCs 0o6[eCTBOM (B oco6CHHOCTH CaMH4MH )CeHI4HHaMH)
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me o6pa3OBaTenbHbIx ycnyr npewAiaraeTCa 3a nniaTy. B1oJ*eTHbie ac-
CHirHOBaHHM Ha O6pa3OBaTeJIbHbIe nporpaMMbl pacnpeJIenAIoTcA He-
paBHOMepHO B 3aBHCH4MOCTH OT YPOBHo O6pa3OBaHwI. B 6ObammHHcTBe
cay4ae nuiaTa 3a o6ymeHHe BBOJE4TCfl Ha TeX ypOBHMx, rzje npeo6na,Aa-
LOT KCeHIMHHbl, H pacTyMee qHiCJIO CTyCHTOB B CHCTeMC npobecc4o-
HaJIbHOf rIOgroTOBKH SBIIAeTCS B OCHOBHOM pe3yJbTaTOM pacmiHpeHi
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(ryMaHviTapHble rIpCeAMTbI, CO1iHaJIbHbiC HayKH H SKOHOM1Ka). C gpy-
roi CTOpOHbl, goJsI CTyeIeHTOB, oflJIaMHBaioI4HX CBOe o6yCeHHe, OT-
HOCHTCJlbHO HH3Ka B <'My)KCKHX>> (TexH'4qecKHx) npoqeccnrx. Boonee
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BaHHIH ?KeHIA14H, B COBOKYrIHOCTIH C O)KH4BJCeHH4eM iaTpHapXaJlbHbIX
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peAb onra'IHBaTb o6pa3oBaHHe ChIHOBeCi.
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B POCCHHE4. OAHaKO, "14TbIB25I 6eCnpieleAeHTHblH pOCT MHcJIa 6e3AoM-
HbIX e,eTeH (6o0ubWl4HcTBo MaIbM14KH), KOTOpOe COCTabSIeT, no pa3-
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6nii*Kafiln4e HCCKOJIbKO JIeT.
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3Ha-Hl4TeCJbHOC HOJIO2KHTeC bHOC BJIHIHHeC Ha UpO4OJDICHTeJIbHOCTb
)KH3HH, B TOM x-HcneJ  Ha ClHHKCHHCe reH4epHoro pa3pbla B pOJAOJI-



156                                    rewHepHbIe npo6JIeMbl B Poccr4r
>KHTCJ1IbHOCTH AKZH3HH. KpOMC TOMO, HeKOTOpbIC 3KCnepTbl OTMeMalOT
Ha2JIH4He Ba2KHbIX HeMaTepCHalbHbIX npeCHMylleCTB o6pa3oBaHwI Jvrn
pOCCHHCKHX 2KeHll1HH.
HIpcgnaraeMbie BO BCTaBKC 9.2 Mepbl HanpaBJICHbl Ha riOBbiuieHHe
o6pa3oBaTcJlbHoro YPOBHH My)KtIHH H >KCHIIWIH B POCCHuiCKOf (Dege-
pa I H1H .
BeTaBaca 9.2. Upe1,aaraeMMc Mephi Ai o6ecueqenHn
reH,Repnoro paBCHCTBa B o6AiacTn o6pa3oBanmn
* HrpOBeCTH4 reHieHyio 3KCHipTH3Y CHCTeMbl HaUL4HOHaJbHOrO o6pa3OBaHI4Z.
* HaMeTHTb KOHKpeTHyO rHO3IHTHKy H Mepbi, HanpaBJenHHbie Ha YCTpaHCHHe
y3KLHX MeCT B O6pa3OBaHHII My)KqlHH H >KeHUAHH AJIA yCTpaHeHHS reHgIepHb1X
OTIrHM444l B gAOCTyne K o6pa3OBaHr4o.
* B miKonbHofl HoJrOTOBKe JnJ1 Bcex MaJIbqHKOB H geBOMeK pa3pa6oTaTb cne-
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iICe nponycK LIUKOJbHbIX 3aHITHlti.
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Mexcgy CeMbIRMH, oTnpaBJIArnoLIHMH CBOHX CeTeC B mKoJIy, qepe3 rpegocTaB-
JIeHHe KOHKpeTHbIX CTHMynIOB o6ecCeMIeHHM TaKOrO COTpyAHHHeCTBa.
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Fendep u npo6eMbL 300pO0661
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JIH3HpyeTC5 B KOHTeKCTC BCCO6IIIeFO KpH3HCa HauHOHaJJbHOfI cHcTe-
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Ha 3ApaBooXpaHeHHe, flp-ieCM 37% BCeX paCXO4OB COrlpH)KeHbl C on-



9. BbBOAbl1 H PeK0MeHRAfIH                               157
JlaTOH ycniyr gopormx MCALH1IHHCKIIX UeHTpOB. TaKHM o6pa3oM, 30%
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Hbl COCTaBiUiOT 60JIbMHHCTBO CpeAH CTapmeA1 BO3paCTHOH KOIFOpTbl H
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158                                    FeHAepHbie npo6neMbl B POCCHH
mue 6epyT Ha ce6zq BCIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh 3a pOAeCHHe H BOCfiHTaHHe
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ACH3HH 60oTbmlHHCTBa )KeHHLHH OrpaHH'IHBaIOT H4X pCflpOAyKTHBHbiC
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yrJiy6aaeTca reHrepHaa aCHMMeTpHS B CeMbe.
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JII eme 60onbullO reHAepHyio aCi4MMeTpHiO. C 1992 no 2001 r. BKJIIO-



9. BbIBOAbI H PeKOMeHAauHm                                159
HlTeJIbHO ripO1eHT AKeHMCHU  TpyJAOCnOCo6HOFO BO3paCTa CHH,KaTICqI
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TpyA B ceKTopax c npeo6nagaHmeM wKeHI4HH, BKJHoqaA HaqanlbHoe
IIIKOJIbHOC o6pa3oBaHHie.
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CeKTopa, rUe <oMy?cCKOP>> CerMeHT O6bF4HO HMeeT BbICOKHA goXo, (He-
PCeAKO H3 He3aKOHHbIX 4CTOHHKOB), Tor,Aa KaK <<)KeHCKM4A> CerMeHT
BbIHYX2KeH AOBOJIbCTBOBaTl3CSI B OCHOBHOM H143KOOrLTIa4-IBaeMoA pa-
60TOh B He6OJIbIfHX 4aCTHbIX qcjHpMaX (TOprOBnSI Ha pbIHKaX H B KHO-
CKax).
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3aHOJnH31OT BaKaHCHm 6onee HH3KOrO CTaTyCa, Tpe6yioigHe MeHbimef
KBaAH4)1KaLgHH; B 2001 r. HaI.OTIIOn)KeHCHU4H r1pHXOJ4HJOCb 36% yrpaB-
iiCHeCCKi4X gOJVCHOCTeA (BCex YPOBHCeA) H4 56% HeKBaTiHi4I14MPOBaH-
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ga, KorAa pa6OTogaTe.hb OTKa3blBaeTcH npFHHHMaTb Ha pa6oTy
)KeCHIHH. Boonee HOJIOBHHbl BCeX pa6OTogaTeJIeCf CH4TaIOT, 4To 6peMA
CeMCHHbIX o6S13aHHOCTCH CHH)KaCT uCHHOCTb )KeHCKOrO Tpyra.
3Ha4HTejibHOA reHgepHOHi aCHMMeTpHCP OTMCe-eHbI He6TiaroripH-
MTHbIe YCyJOBI{ TpyJa. B 2001 r. My>K4HHbl 3aHHMajiH 71% BpeCHbIX pa-
6oHHx MeCT B iipoMbIHIJIeHHoM npOH3BOACTBe H 86% B CTPOHTeJIbHOM
CeKTOpe. HOpMaTHBHbIC 3.1IpCTbI He HO3BOJIS1IOT )KeHH-4HaM 3aHH-
MaTbC3i 6o0nee 4CM 600 pa3JlHHHbIMH BHgaMH pa6oT H ripOcleCCCH4f. B
2001 r. Ha .ojI1o My)K1H1H npl4XOAH4nOCb 76% TpaBM Ha pa6o4eM MeCTe
H 94% CMepTCH B pe3yJIbTaTe HeCqaCTHoro cJTyia5 Ha rpOH3BO,CTBe.
BbICOKHH4 YPOBeHb 3aH51TOCTH B oTpacji3ix C BpeCHbIMH yC.TOBH14MH
Tpy,Ra ABJLeTCq AOIIOJIHH4JeIbHbIM cI)aKTOpOM BbICOKOH CMCPTHOCTH
CpeCH MyKq4HH.
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AKeCHI1AHHbI COCTaBJI5HOT 60JIbIIIHHCTBO cpCeH H113KO01Tra41IHBaeMbIx
pa6oTHrIKoB H B CBoeCi KapbepC 3aHHMalOT rOq4HHeHHbIe OJnWKHOCTH.
YCnexi KeHCHI4H B KapbepHOM POCTe cqepTCKHBaeTC31 npeo6naiaaIouHMH



160                               FeingepHbIe npo6ireMbI B POCCHH14
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qDHK pa6oTbl.
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UIgHH (HOACIQHTaHHbIe B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOpMaMH MOT) OTpaxcaloT
6onee rCHqCpHO HetTpaJIbHylO CHTya[HIo. B TO XKC BPCMA o6blqHO
ICeHIgHHbl OCTaiOTCH 6e3 pa6oTbl AOJnbUe. rIpo6neMa 2KeHCKoI 6e3pa-
6OTH4Lbl qBJIHeTCH oco6eHHo OCTpOH cpegH 6onee MOJOJbiX rpynn Ha-
ceCJeHHI4, B ceJLbCKHX o6nacTax H 3KOHOMHMCCKIe AetipeccCHBHbIX perLH-
OHax C 3aCTOfHbIMH OTpaCJiiMH.
B POCCHH no-npe)KHeMy cymeCTByeT 3HaxHTeTIbHbIH reHAepHbIH
pa3pbIB B YPOBHe OIlJIaTbl TpyAa (30-40%). Pa3pblB B 3apa6OTHOfl nna-
Te SBJIIIeTCSI CJIeCCTBHCM HCCKOJIbKHX c)aKTOpOB, B TOM MHCJIC: 1) BHyT-
pHOTpacJleBOf cerpera4HH; 2) BepTHKaJIbHOh cerperauHH, a TaKioe
3) pa3TIH'4H4 B YPOBHe OrIUIaTbI Tpyqa My?KMIHH H )KeHMIHH Ha anajo-
rHMqHO pa6OTe; 4) onpeCeJTieHHblfl BKJIaA BHOCHT H flHMaAH AJHCKpH-
MHHa5IlHhI )KeHMHH B onnaTe TpyJa.
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pa3OM: pa6oTa Ho gOMv no- HpeKHCMY OCTaeTCa npeHMymeCTBeHHO
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Tpyge. B 2001 r. ojoniq ?KeHLHH B o6uiefl 3aH5TOCTH B CTpaHe COCTaBJLA-
nia 48,3%. HOCKOnbKy' geHHOCTb AOMaBHeCH pa6oTbl He IH-3HaeTCR
o6uecTBoM, 2IeH{HHHbI HecyT nOTepH B 3aH1TOCTH H nCHCHOHHOM
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L4HH 6ejHOCTLiv>. KaK flOKa3blBaIOT HeKOTOpbIe HCcCneAOBaHHA, cpe4n
6eAHoro B3pocJ1orO H2ceCJeHHl )KeHMIUHH COcTaBJmISOT 43,3%, a Myxc-
'IHHbl - 29,4%. H1OMHMO STOrO, )KeHCKas 6CJHOCTb HtpoHBJHeTCi H B Ta-
KHX KpatIHHX cIOpMaX, KaK 3aCTOnHas H riTy6oKaa 6e4HOCTb (<<6eAHeC-
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pO4aKTOPOB, B TOM 'IHcJie CJICAyIOI14HMH: 1) HaJH'IH4e reHAepHoro
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coAepAKaTb H14K4HBeHLueB; 3) BO MHOrHX cTiy4aHx eAHHCTBeHHbIM



9. BbIBOqbl H peKoMetigatml                                161
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162                                  FeHAepHble Hpo6JleMbl B Poccuu
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* PacmiupuTb o6pa30oa'renAblle iipOrpaMMbl X(CH14MH C LteiibO HX nOgrOTOB-
KH K noJul'I MMCeCKOM ii iy6JI4HoH ACaTeJIbIIOCTU BbICOKOrO YPOBHI.
* Co3jAaTb Luei rp HOAFOTOBKH CCeHIUMH K ) MaCTMIO B nOJIHTmHeCKOk o6uAecT-
BCHHOH ACeTCnbHoc'rHi H yHpabeHHH.
* BBeCTm perynJpHblI OTKpbl'l'blA COCTH3aTeJlbHbIP npoLCecc AAq 3aHSITMM Ba-
KaIITHbIX JgonmmocTei, c Tpe6oBaHMeM B OTHOmCeHHH y"aCTim >KeHLUHH.
G. rEHJIEPHA5 CTPATEUISHI POCCHH
Hlocne 3aBeprIUeHH  pa6omri PoccHl4cKo-KaHaJcKoh! KOHc4epCHLIHHI4
2002 r. MHHH4CTePCTBO COLLH4aJbHOFO Pa3BH4THM H4 Tpy4a POCCH14ICKOI4
$>eJepauuH  pa3pa6OTaTO Fexi,gepHyio CTpaTerHIo, o6ibeAHHHBUybO



9. BBIBOjbl m peKomeHAaLfUl                              163
TpH HaipaBJIeHHMM 4e5iTeJbHoCTH - SKOHoMHKo-3KoJIorH4qeCKoe, op-
raHI43agHoHHo-oIJIlTHMeCKoe 14 COX140-KynbTypHoe. Heo6xo,w4-
MOCTb pa3pa6oTK H H4HHmH5ITF reHAepHO opH4eHTh4poBaHHoH4 CTpaTe-
rHH o6ycnoBwICHa LeJIbIM pMgoM cogiH2aJbHbIX npo6neM, B03HHKIUHX B
pe3yJIbTaTe o6iiecTBeHHo-3KoHoMH4ecKHX H riOJHTHMTecKHX H3MeHe-
HUH4 B CTpaHe. <CTpaTerHo HIO ,AOCTHKeHHio reH,AepHoro paBeHCTBa
He caieAyer nyraTb co cTpaTerH4erl no Jn4KBHAag144 reHAepiHbIX pa3JIH-
trnfl. Ee OCHOBHah 3a,a4a - co3AaHi4e riOJTIHT14HeCKJ4X rCpeCnoCbLTIOK 14
Heo6xo,qMbIx CO1xHaVbHbIX yCJIOBHfl4 Aim MaKcHMaJIbHo nOJIHOH pea-
.I1H3aUHH4 eCTeCTBeHHbIX Bo3Mo)KHocTeH4 AKeHIIHH H MyAKCl4H BO BCex
cqepax AMC3HH4 B ge.mx o6ecne4eHw4q yCTO4PIIBoro pa3BH4TM o6ixe-
CTBa. reH,vepHyio nOJIHTHKy Heo6XoJXHMo pa3pa6aTblBaTb B TeCHOM CO-
TPYAHH4eCTBe C HerocyqapCTBeHHbIMH opraHH43aLHMM4, rIpeJACTaBJ1-
iOIHMHm HaH6oJlee aKTEHBHyIO H CO3HaTeJIbHyIO MaCTb rpaAAaHCKoro
o6neCcTBa'> (FeiHaepHaz CTpaTCrHM, 2003:9).
FeHAepHaq CTpaTerC45 - 3T0 6a3oBblr4 gOKyMeHT, onpeqejiAio-
114A OCHOBHbIe HanpaBneiiHH4 reHigepHoi HOJI4HTl4KH H4 rIOpl4TeTbI
B cpeCAHe- H4 ,JOJIroCpo-HoH repcrCeKTH4BC. FeHepHaiA CTpaTerC45h
rIaBHbIM o6pa3OM HaUeCieHa Ha Ip4JBHeCCHH4e reHJACpHoro acrieKTa
B COBMeCTHY1O AeClTeCJbHOCTb 3aKOHOgaTeCIbHbIX H4 HCIOnHHTeCIb-
HbIX opraHoB, a TaKxce HpeCACTaB4TeJeCA rpa>MaHCKoro o6meCTBa,
yMaCTBY1OH1X B peahIH3alkH4 COJH1aJIbHbIX riporpamm H B 3alHHTC
npaB qe.ToBeKa. <'FeHAepHas HiHaFpaBJIeHIOCTb rOCyAapCTBeHHOlA
IO.TIHTH4K4 Io3BOTiqeT: 1) OCyWCCTBJIITb, ripi IO4Cep>KKe HeCpaBH-
TeCJbCTBeHHbIX OpraHH3aliHH, rOCy4apCTBCHHblA KOHTpOnb 3a co-
6.nOJgeHieM paBeHCTBa npaB MyAK0HH4H H)KeHHHH B c(Cepe TpyJqOBOf4
4Ce3TeCJbHOCTH, ynpaBJIeHH1I H pacJpeqeCJeHH4H AOXOAOB; 2) Kop-
peKCTHpOBaTb rOCy7AapCTBeHHyIO HOJHTHKV Ha qCJeCpaJIbHOM H pe-
FHOHaJIbHOM YPOBH5IX BO Bcex OTPaCJI5hX SKOHOMHKH H CoBep-
ImCHCTBOBaTb 3aKOHOgaTCTIbHyIO CHCTeMy C LJeJIbO BHeCpe1V 1HH  H
3aKpCHhiCHHh1 CrHACPHOFO paBeHCTBa; 3) pa3BHBaTb MeAggyHapOA-
HOe COTPYAHHMCCTBO no o6MeHy OIIbITOM B o6JIaCTH FCreHepHoA ,ze-
MOKpaTHH H Ho peaJ1H3auHH COBMeCTHbIX npOeKTOB B CMeCKHbIX o6-
jiaCTHqX0 (FeHrepHal CTpaTerHsi, 2003:18). HeKoTopble MexaHH3Mbl
OCyI4CCTBJICHHM1 reH4epHOf IHOTIHTHKH HPlHBeACHbl BO BCTaBKC 9.5.
YKa3aHHbie MeXaHH3Mbl COACeCTBYIOT peaI4H3aL4HH MepOrpH4ITHI4,
ripegnIaraeMbIX B PaMKax goKIiaga «FeHgepHbie npo6neMbl POCCHHi-
CKOA cFegepajHH»>.



164                                     FeHAepHbIe npo6neMbI B POCCHM
BCTaBca 9.5. OCHOBHMe McXaHH3MIJ OCyIgeCTBIeCHH
reH,gepHoA HOJIHTHHcM
* KoHcoaHJa4m AJeMoKpaTH'ecKHx HHCTHTyTOB B uejiXx HHKopHopHpoBa-
HHU HHCTHTyIAHOHaJbHbLX q1OpM reHgepHorO MOHHTOpHHFa (nyreM onpege-
JICHHH noKa3aTejie9, HO3BOJIMIOILHX pernrCTpHpOBaTb ypOBeHb renAepHoro
napTHepCTBa, 3KOJoriflecKOfl H geMorpa)HMeCKOfl yc'roWmBocTH, a TaioKe
nio6ble HoJIoxcHTeJIbHbIe mm oTpHuLaTeJIbHbIe H43MeHeHHS B cq1epe 39paBOO-
xpaHeHHA, o6pa3oBaHUM H 3aHSTTocTH).
* 3aKoHolaTenbHoe 3aKpeniHeHHC H BHeCpeHHme o6S3aTeCJbHOH reHgepHoH
3KcHePTH3bl Bcex 3HaMHMbIX nnaHOB H npoeKCCOB.
* Pa3BHTHe reHAepHoH cTaTHCTHKIH Mn OTcJIeKHBaHHSI H3MeHeHHH B YPOBHe
AOXOAOB, JOCTyrIHOCTH BaKaHCcHa H pacripegeJIeHHH ReriyraTcKHx MaHAaTOB
B 3aKoHoAaTenJbHbMX oplaHax MeJKAy MyK-iHHaMH H )KeHLgHHaMH.
* PacmHpeHHe npeCTaBHTeJLbCTBa xKeHBIHH B opraHax 3aKOHOgaTeJIbHOH
HnI4H HCHOJIHHTeJIbHOH BJIaCTH Ha 4CeAepaJlbHOM u MeCTHOM ypOBHJIX.
* Pa3pa6oTKa H pea1IH3MUHM q1eAepaJIbHbIx H perHOHaJIbHbIX nporpaMM no
6opb6e c 6egHOCTbmO, HaHpaBJICHHbIX Ha o6y3WaHHe TeHeH1H4UH K 4)eMHHH-
3a4HH 6eAHOCTH H 6e3pa6oTHutbI.
* KOOPAHHaLgJIA ycmhni roCyAapCTBeHHbLX OpraHOB H rpa)X(aHCKP0F o6iie-
CTBa HO BHeCpeHHIO H paciLHpeHHlo reHAepHorO KOHTpOJBI 3a HpOBeAeHH-
eM COqHaJIbHbIX H 3KOHwOMHMCCKHX pe4JOpM B HHTepeCaX yCTaHoBJIeHHM
B CTpanie 6onee CpaBeAJI4HBOrO o6ILeCTBeHHoro H 1KoHoMHHecKoro no-
pJ,Ka.
* flpoBeAeHHe MaCmLTa6HbIX Ha44HOHahIbHbIX H Mee)KAyHapofHblx aKUHL4
H KoMIaHHt no HHc¢opMHpOBaHHio H HPOCBe1eElHHio o6mucCTBeHHocTH
B UeTIAx yCH1IeHHs reHAePHOH CHMMeTpHH H 41OpMHpOBaHHiO reHepHo-
HeHTpaJbHbIX KYJIbTYpI}bIX TpaIHHHl.
* BbLieneHHe CpeCCTB Ha iepecMOTp HporpaMM AOIHKOJIbHb1X H o6Meo6pa-
3oBaTeJbTHbIX yqe6HbuX yqpea(CeIHH.
* OpraHH3a4Hn cneCHanJ13HpOBaHHbIX yie6HbIX KYPCOB B pa3J1HMHbX cOPe-
pax ReaTenbHocTH, HO B nepByiO oiepegb B TeX, I e npaBa )KeHHIIH HaH6o-
nee yuiemneHni (pbIHOK Tpyia H nOJ4HTHMecKH4e OpraHH3aUHH).
I'cntow-iuK: FeCHIepHahI cTpaTerHa, 2003. C. 15-17.



9. BbuBO,qbl H1 PeCOMCH1aIUHH                                  165
B uejloM FeHAIepIyio CTpaTerHlO HeO6xoJUIMO paccmaTplBaTb B Ka-
lIeCTBe flOJIHTH4eCKOrO JgoKyMeHTa, HIaIeCJeHHorO Ha OKa3aHHe mLHpo-
KOH CHCTeMHoH HOiCep)KK[I y53BHMblM rpyriraM HacenJeHH5I B HHTCpe-
cax JAOCTH)KeHHS reuHepiioro paBeHCTBa rIyTeM pcai143aatHj     p3ia
3aa4M (BCTaBKa 9.6).
BcTaBKa 9.6. FeHlepHaJI cTpaTerCH H 3aga-H
* 3apylHTbCn HO)ioepXKKO HripaBHTeCJbCTBa JAJ1 pa3BHTHAS HenpaBHTC.eIbcTBeH -
HOH o6igecTBeHHou 4HHpaCTpyKITypbl Ha OCHOBC HpHHUHHa reHJWepHoro
paBeHCTBa.
* HOBbICHTb cTaTyc HConHJaYHBaCMote pa6oTbl HO AOMy H BOCrIHTaHHIO CeTef,
CTHMYJIHpOB3Tb nepepacnpejgeneHme 4OMaLUHHX qJyHKUHH 'vieHOB JAOMOXO-
3uIlcTBa xAns o6ecneMieHHs 6onee c6anaHCIposBaHHoro y-acT51 MyXKO4JH
H i)CKeHUHH B pa6OTe rio goiDy
* CTIMyyJIlpoBaTb pOCT JIUIEIHbIX c6epexKeHHf 4JIeHOB JAOMOXO3HLICTB.
* YBeCJIHMTb q4cJIeHHOcTb KeHIIIHH B MeCTHbIX opraHax BJiacTI, Bicioqaa
>KeHIIIHH, 3aHHIMaIOLAHX BbLICOKHe AMUHIICTpaTHBHbIC AOJT)KHOCTH.
* OxpaHHTb nIpaa B)KKeCHHH B [ie(4JOpMalIbHOM ceKTope 3KOHOMHKH, rvje qHCKpH-
MEUHHaLLHM, HacHhIe H ripHHy/IHT1eJ,HbIH Tpyg pacrlpOcTpaHcHbI OMCHb IHHpOKO.
Hcmo-miwc. JeLvIepHaM crpaTerHa, 2003:25.
CTosrnrne nepeg POCCHt1CKOfl Pe4epaliHeHl npo6neMbl HaCTOSTeCJb-
HO Tpe6ylOT OT npegCTaBHTeCIfe rocyAapCTBeHHOfl BJ1aCTH H4 mDpO-
KOH o6jecTBeHHocT4 riepCCMOTpa MHor'HX BOTIPOCOB H rIOHCKa HO-
BbIX pemUeHHlE c reHAepHO I nO3HL4UHH.
B paMKax FeHnepHoi cTrpaTeCFHH H gaoKIiaga o reHAepHbIX rpo6Jie-
MaX B POCCEH onpeeieneHbl OCHOBHbIe ripeCHTCTBHqI K AOCTH)KeHH10
rCHJgCpHOFO paBeHCTBa B c4cepe 3aHYITocTH: 1) CTaTHCTHlMeCKH Fo,-
TBepCACeHHblC caKTbI J1HCKPHMHHaLI4HH B OTHOIeHCHHH ?KeHIIlHH Ha
pa3HbIX cTaftlHJx npouecca npHBaTH3alHHH; 2) OTCYTCTBHe MexaHH3-
MOB LAA H oMCp2KKH4 AKcHlIHH-rIpegrIpHHHMaTe.Teie; 3) KpHMHHaJnH-
3auTH5I HpeLArpHHHMaTeJIbcTBa, '4TO npHBeCJO K paCLBeTy <<cepoi 3Ko-
HOMHKH'> H HTpeBpaIIeHH1O KPYnHbIX H CPCAHHIX HpeC4HpHRTHf
B <<HHCTO MyXCCKyIO'> cc4epy JeRTeCJbHOCTH; 4) cna6bwe MCXaHH3MbI 3a-
UlHTbI npeLHpH51THfl M1anoro v cpejuHero 61iv3Heca. 3aKpefneHHbIc
FeH4epHOfl CTpaTeFHCH LCJiH 11 3agH w  Ha pbIHKC Tpy,a HaHJIiH CBOe
OTpa>KCHHC B MeponprHIJH fLTx, peKOMeHJOBaHHbIX B AOKJIna,C ZFeHgep-
HbIe npo6neMrIb B POCCHHt>. 3TH LHCJlH TPllBOI45ITCSI BO BCTlaBL(e 9.7.



166                                 FeH,uepHbIe npo6neMbl B POCCHH
BcTaBKa 9.7. reHgepHo OpHcHTHpOBaHHIe 4ieIIH Ha phHiKC Tpyga
* Pa3pa6oTKa HojiTHKH H KOHKpeTHbIX Mep no coKpage1tHHIO pa3pblBa B OH-
nTaTe Tpyga y MY)KqHH U )KCeHM1HH.
* YnyqiieHne yCjioBnAi Tpy)za c yqeTOM reHAepHbix xapaKTep4cTm4Kn Al OCBO-
6o0qeHHq )KeHMMH H MYXKq'HH OT pa6OTbl B TSDKenbIX H onaCHbIX yCjIOBHHX.
* Pa3pa6oTKa H peaCn3aIAMR peTAepaAbHbIX H peFHOHaJIbHbIX nporpaMM no
pa3BHTHio npe,rnpMTHi MaJioro 6H3Heca, BK o4IalOlrHx B KameCTBe o6fl3a-
TeJIbHOro yCJIOBHR pa3BnTHe ceMef4HbIx npegnpHmTHfi H npegnpHTiTi, B03-
riiaBJIeMbix )KeHWIHHaMm.
* YjiyqreHne yCnIyr no KpeAHTOBaHI4O npeAnpHHTHi4 MaTioro U cpexqHero
613Heca, CTnMyJH4pOBaHH4 )KeHCKOrO ripe,gnpHHtMaTejibcTBa.
* 06ecneqeHne 3aHAToCTH 4 yCJIOBMii iiA ycneinHoro npo4)eCCHOHaJIbHIFO
pocTa xvuI ceMeHiHblx rpaxqaH, npHHMeHeH4e cinerAHaJIbHbIx mep no oxpaHe
MaTepHHCTBa Hl OTLUOBCTBa H yKpennieHHIO paBHOupaBHM MyOKMHH H )KeH-
rLHH.
iHcmouiui: reH,iepHaA cTpaTerHA, 2003. C. 20-21.
KaK OTMCeajiOCb B ilpCegeCTBY10HAHX rIiaBax, ripo6JIeMbl 3gpaBOO-
XpaHCHHH C cerOAHS OC06CHHO aKTyaJIbHbi. Heo6xoAHMo pa3pa6oTaTb
p5, KpaTKOCPOHbIX 14 CpegHeCPOMHb1X MeporipHHTH4 .Anqs yJIyqwe-
HMHS COCTOSIHHMA 3AOPOBb  AKeHWHH 14H My)K414H. K1OFitoBOH 3aga11eA
,J1IH CHCTeMbl 39paBooxpaHeHHq AIBjieTCS oxpaHa 3AOpOBbq MyWKtHH
H KeHIIj1H B Te-eHHe Bcero CpOKa )KH3HH. B COOTBCTCTBHH C reHAep-
HOH cTpaTerAeH 1 gTOIUaIAOM O reH,eCpHbIX Hpc6.TeMaX B POCCHH
Heo6xogulMo ocyuAeCTBJIqTb (e>KeroAHo yTBep)4aeMbIe) rocyAapcT-
BeHHbie npOrpaMMbl, rapaHTHpyloHHe npeIoCTasBjeHHe pOCCHH-
CKHiM rpaX<AaHaM, He3aBHcHMo OT nona, 6eclraTHblx MeCAH4UlHCKHX
yCJIyr, paBHoro TqocTyna K Cpe,ICTBaM iHarHOCTHKH, MeCAI491JHCKOH
H cogiHanbHoA HoMoigH Oco6oe BHHMaHHe Hy)KHO o6paTHTb Ha pe-
IleHHCe riepe'H4CjieHHbIX B goKniage npo6iTeM CO 3AOPOBbeM, TaK14X
KaK 1) HH3Kas po)gaeMOCTb B coHeTaHHH C BbICOKOfl CMCpTHOCTbIO;
2) He3acpeKTHBHOCTb Megl441HHCKHX yC.Ilyr; 3) BblCOKOe tiHcJIo a6op-
TOB; 4) pacTyuee q4HCjiO CeHCKHX 3a6oneBaHHH H 6epeMeHHblX cpe-
,A1H HecoBepmiieHHoJIeTHHx; 5) POCT rlOTpC6JIeHHA HapKOTHKOB H an-
KOrOjiHi CpCeH Mojioge)wH; 6) pOCT qHcjia BI4T4-1HqwHpoBaHHbIx H
60nbHblX CH14JAOM H4 JpyriHMH 6oie3HslMH, nepeCaomHMHC4m    noino-
BbIM nyTeM, 7) BbICOKHe YPOBHH MaTepHHCKOH H mnageHqeCKOH
CMepTHOCTH.



9. BbMBO,bI H peKoMeHgaUAHm                              167
B cpepe3gpaBooxpaHeHH yKa3aHHbie Bbime MepbI 0ojIHbiocyie-
cTnRmTbcs B paMKax HOCTORHHO geAcTByioHx rocy-apcTBeHHbIX npo-
rpaMM, TaKHX KaK eKero,AHo yrBepxaemax rIpaBHTeCjbCTBOM POCCHII-
CKOH DcegepaiAHH flporpaMMa no rapaHTHpOBaHHoMy npegocTaBwieHH4o
rpaxKaHam POCCHfCKOh Oegepa"Hm 6ecniiaTHo MC,eAHUHHHCKOH rOMo-
H  H qCe,epanbHaH nporpamma rio ripegoTBpa1eHLH10 H-i HcKopeHeHHIo
3a6oJiCBaHHH cogi-HanbHoro xapaKTepa (Ha 2002-2006 rr.), cocTaBHoi
iacTmio KoTopOf SIBjiSAeTcH3 iporpamma Cpo'IHbIx mep no npeqoTBpame-
HHIO pacnpocTpaHeHnA 3a6ofleBaHHA, BbI3blBaeMorO BHPYCOM HMMyHO-
,Je(pmHjTaM1eJoBeKa (nporpaMMa no 6opb6e c BUI HH(peKgI4eA H CHH-
AOM).
KpoMe Toro, FHeH pHaA CTpaTcHr HAiqoKjiag o reH,epHbix rlpo66ie-
MaX B POCCHH nogCepACBaIOT peanjil3a4H1O Mep, BKJlO4CHHbIX B HuInH
MepOHpHHTHHfl BpaMKax KOHuenU141HH 3alHTblpenpoxyKTHBHorO 30o-
poBbH FrpaxaH POCCHH B 2000-2004 rr. H HanpaBJICHHbIX Ha yBeTiHHie-
HH4C poCKa3gOpOBOA H aKTHBHOH )KH3HH, a TaKwKe Ha Y.JIY4meHHe pe-
rPOJyKTHBHorO 3gOpOBbA >KeHWHH H My)K'HH.
BceCTOpOHHHe H CKOOPql1HHPOBaHHbie ycHAH co CTOPOHbi rocy-
AapCTBa (4egepanbHbIx H MeCTHbIX OpratHOB 3aKOHogaTeJIbHOfl H HC-
nOJIHHTeJIbHOH biaCTH), rpaxaHcKoro o6tuecTBa H CMI4 Heo6xo,4HMo
HanpaBHTb (B cpeJgHe- H go.irocponHOH nepcneKTHBe) Ha a(qeKTHB-
Hyio 60pb6y C AHCKpHMHHa2"HOHHbIMH CTCpCOTHraMH, Co3gaiOi4HMH
ipeCHhTCTBH51 K goCTH)KeHHIo )KeH11HHaMH He3aBHCHMOCTH H yBeKOBe-
4HBalOW14HMH HH3KHH CTaTyC )KCHIIHH B CeMbe H B o6HeCTBe. /I,7I5 H,AeH-
TH(JHKa[uHH a,gaanTHBHOrO reHAepHoro acrieKTa HOJIHTHKH B O6JIaCTH
KyTibTypbi H o6pa3OBaHHR B POCCHH Heo6xoqHMo OCymeCTBHTb CTpaTe-
rHi-ecKoe rLUIaHHPOBaHHe xi5I cMemeH45I aKjieHTa B CTOPOHy reHAepHO-
OPHCHTHPOBaHHOA MOACjiH 6a3oBoro H HeripepblBHOlO o6pa3OBaHHlq
(<'o6yienHHA B Te-ICHCe BCeP ?KH3HW>). FeHgepHaq CTpaTer,Hq H mgoKIa
o FcHgCpHblX npo6JeMaX B POCCHH pa3JgeilOT 3aKperireHHyIo BO Bce-
MHPHOH AgeapaiH    O BbICiIueM o6pa3oBaHHn B XXI BeKe (HapmnK,
1998 r.) MbICJlb 0 TOM, MTO B npoiiecce pa3pa6oTKH H peajCH3aIAHH reH-
JaepHblX CTpaTerHH B o6JiacrH o6pa3oBaHHA <<Heo6xoAiHMo ipanaraTb
OnOnJIHHTeJlbHbIe yCHnHA 51 iHKBH,gaaLmHH JHO6bIX reH,Ceplibx CTepeo-
THHOB B c4)epe BbICIIlero o6p)a3oBaHHA4, "HTbIBaTh rew,epHbie acneKTbi
B pa3fTHqHbIX 9RHCtHRJIHHaX H Mpac1iHp3ITb LpHCyTCTBHm eeHmHH Ha
BCeX ypOBH$IX H BO BCeX , rHCLuHILHHaX, rge HX npeLgCTaBHTej1bCTBO AB-
nuieTcs HegOCTaTO4HbIM, H oco6eHHo CTHMYJIHPOBaTh HX aKTHBHOe yLa-
CTHe B npotiecce IPHH.ITHI peiueH4n>n (LgHTaTa npHBOAHTC3 B eH-
geppHoi CTpaTerHH, 2003:34l). TaKHM o6pa3oM, 1eHgepHaA cTpaTerHm
H1I-OKJIaA, HauenjeHbI Ha yKperneiHHe CHCTeMbbio6pa3oBaHHs(ycHneHme



168                                    reHALepHble npo6neMbl B PoccHH
HHcjIOpMHpOBaHHOCTH O reHJepHOf4 cHMMeTpHH), KOTOpa5, B CBO
o4epegb, 6ygeT cnoco6cTBoBaTb yKperuTeHHIO npeCTwIKa Heo±HIHaIb-
Horo H HeqcopMaJIbHoro o6pa3OBaHHI H caMoo6pa3OBaHHH,, a TaioKe
rIpeJOCTaBJISTb B03M0)HocTb COBMemeiHHSI o6ytleHHH c pa6oTofl n ce-
MeHHO   )KJ3HbIO. OcHoBHbie HanpaBnemn       nOJIHTHKH B o6nacrm KyJib-
Typbh 1 o6pa3oBaHM, HaripaBJIeHHbie Ha noTJepI   Ky U4 pa3BHTHeCreH-
JepHOP CHMMeTpHH, nepqCCHCeHbI BO BCTaBKC 9.8.
BCTaBICa 9.8. UojiHThIca BEn o6aacH IKyjAhTypih H o6pa3oBaHnHl,
HaiipaBaeRHasi Ha gOCTHXCeHHe reirjepHoro paBeHCTBa
* YBCJIM4HTL 0671beM HHBeCTHIlHf1 B <(q4eJBe'4ecK1H KarIHTanB>. FapaHTHpOBaTb
paBHbie B03MO)KHOCT14H AOCTyL1 K HeipepblBHOMY O6pa3OBaHHlIO XI BCeX
rpaXCgaH, He3aBHcHMo OT B03paCTa, IoJia, MCcTa A<CHTeCbCTBa H1H o6uAecT-
BeHHOrO rioJoAKeHHA.
* BBeCTH 344CKT14B11beC MeTObI HpCpioAaBaHHH Ha BCCX YPOBHAX CHCTCMbl
o6pa3oBaHHrn  A1 i npeogo:IeHraq CynwCCTByioigux reHiAepHbix paXIwnllHf.
* Hg lgepnKHBaTb CTpCMJiCFl1C rpaaH iipoaH iLJD)KTab o6y"eHee B BgeC HC-
qopMaJlbHoro 06pa30BaHL415 BHe CTCeI yqe6uhblX 3aBegernit.
* CTmMyJIIpOBaTb HplIMCHelIle JIePCJLOBbIX HH4IOpMallllOHHbIX TeXHOJIOri4fI
A14l15 A11CTaH1HoH110r O06yqeHiliq.
* CTmynhJI¶lpOBaTb aKagleMweCKLle U npHlIoaAlHble i4CCTIeA0Baii4%ri Ho reHiiep-
HOf TeMaTHCe an31 ocTileHi4Sl reHjepfioro PaBeHCTBa
* IH0oepKdiBaTb roCyV4apCTBeHHbIe U HeroCygapCTBeHHbie McI1C41cuJmiJI-
HapHbie HCCJieJLoBaHHSI B o6naCTE reHIepHbIx OTHOLueHIm4.
* PacnpocTpalimTb nV6nrncaiurn H-a IHHOCTpaHHbIX %3blKaX 0 pe3yJLbraTax Hc-
cjieAoBaH-H1 no TreMe reFieepHOIO paBeleCTBa.
* Pa3pa6oT-aTb 11 BHC41)pUTb CHCllIaIIII311pOBaHdib1C KypCb1 i1 y-ie6HibTe lipO-
rpaMMbl ino rCH-gepH0I rleMaTlKe iia BCeX YPOBHs1X ClICTeMbi o6pa3oBaHHs
(oTr 4101LKO0JbHoIO o6pa3oBaHws go acnHHpallylypbl/JL0oTopaHrypbl).
IcmnotUhlt: 1CHJkCpHaS CTpaTcrtimi 2003. C. 36.
IbcygapcTBeHlpo FeCitepHlo CTpaTernIo cJieCyeT paCCMaTpHlBaTb
B KaIeCcTBe CperTZCTBa AOCTH4KCHHH  JiCJR4, 3aKPenneHIIbIX B KOHCTIITV-
A11H4 POCCHHfCKOH $eepa4nn. Thi peaTLH3auHH CTpaTeHH sieo6xoqm-
MO pa3pa6OTaTb HeCKOJIbKO nOcJIe4OBaTeJlbHbIX nHIaHOB MepOnpHm-
TIlH (B COOTBeTCTBHH C TipCCHHlCJCHHIbIMH IJeiIIMH H 3aga4laMH) Hia
4eAepanbHOM, peFHOHaJbHOM H MeCTHOM ypOBHIIX. FcHJepHaa cTpa-
TerCY YCTaHaBJIHBaCT cJegyLoJIIAie HpHOpHTeTbl: Ha nepBOM 3Tane He-
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9. BbIBOjbi H peKIOMeHAauHH                              169
3aLAHH FeHjepHoA CTpaTerCHH Ha nepnog c 2010 rio 2015 r. (B HarAHo-
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nbI peaJIH3aLJHH CTpaTerHI-, BKIIOMlau rI�OTHbIe HiOeKTbI HO Kax(JOMY
H3 aTHX sTanoB); 2) HiO4rOTOBHTh rIaKeT ripeCJIOKeHHri no 6yjymHM
3aKOHoripoeKTaM o reHJCpHoH HoJIHTHKe; 3) ripOBeCTH reHAepHyio
3KCiepl4H3Y OTpaCJIeBbIX crpaTerHH, KOHueCHJHH H 14OKTpHH H roJWro-
TOBHTb ripegnoJKeHHh4 rIo BHeceHHIO H3MeHeHHH B AeCCTByIHOHe nna-
HbI (Feui-epHaa CTpaTerHs, 2003:38).
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ron - 6onee roJIHTH3HpOBaHHblH) AomoaA o reHiepHbIx npo6fleMax B
POCCHH iH FeHAepHas cTp aTerHsI npecCeIyCOT O,AHy H Ty )Ke IeJIb -
o6ecneMHTb 4OCTHKeHHCe reHAepHOFO paBeHCTBa H reHJACpHOt CHM-
MCTPHH B POCCHHCKOfH Oe4eparLHH. Ho joKiia AaeT OIeHKy reHgCp-
HOH CHTYaEAHH B POCCHH Ha OCHOBe ripeCCTaBhieHHbIX gqaHHbIX H HH-
qOpMaJAHH no CeMH CeKTOpaM, Torgaa KaK FeHepHahL CTpaTeCLH5
npejAnaraeT HOJIHTH-ieCKHe aJIbTepHaTHBHb AOCTHXKeHHH reHAepHoro
paBeHCTBa B yKa3aHHbIX ceKTopax. BMCCTC c TeM, B FeH;IepHOH CTpaTe-
rHH ripeCJe Bcero rHOg'-epKHBaeTCSI HeO6XO,HMOCTb BKJnioeI4HH FreH-
AepHoro H3MepeHHM B pa3pa6oTKy H aHJaIH3 i1inaHOB 4eHCTBHiH H no-
JIHTH'-CCKHX MepoHpHMTHfi. B AoKiiage BbICKa3bIBaeTCI nogAepCKKa
,qeCCTBHH, npeCnOACHHbIX B FeHgepHOfl CTpaTerHH. 06a gaOKyMeHTa
HPH3HaIOT HeO6XO,AHMOCTb COBCPICeHCTBOBaHH51 CHCTeMbI c6opa
AaHHbIX, 'ITo6bI rapaHTHPOBaTb 6onee o6beKTcHBHoe OCBeCeHHe reH-
,TCpHOH CHTya"I1H1 B POCCHH. 06a AoKyMeHITa npH3HaIOT Heo6xoLAW-
MOCTb CO3gAaHHIu CHCTeMbI MOHiHTOpHHra KaK o6A3aTeJIbHoro YCJOBHH
peaCiH3aE14HH HOJ1HTHHecKHx HporpaMM, OTpac1eBbIX cTpaTerH$4, KOH-
LCenHI.H H g,OKTpHH, HaLeCJeHHbIX Ha IapaHTHpOBaHHOe AOCTH)KeHHe
FeHCepHoro paBeHcTBa. HaKoHegA, o6a gOKyMCHTa flpH3HalOT, 4TO B OC-
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MaElHH o6 HJgeIx, 3aKOHax H B03MO2KHOCTSAX, AOCTYHHbIX MyXQ-IHHaM
H >KeHnJHHaM, H HITO fogo6Hoe HOJIO>KCfHHC Heo6xogHMo HCrIpaBHTb
nyrem paCmH4peHH51 CcCpbpI Hca4IOpMaIbHOFO o6pa3oBaHHw.
HOJIHTHlCeCKHe Mepbl, npelvlaIaeMbie B paMKaX FeiHuepHOA cTpaTe-
rHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOT MeponpH$ITHHM, peKOMeHAOBaHI{lbIM B JJoKJaI4e
o rCH4CpHbIX npo6jieMax B POCCHH. FeHAcpHan CTpaTer-CH5 HpeJcMaT-
pHBaeT 6onee IIIHpOKHf CELeKTp HOTIHTHWCCKHX nporpaMM H ,jefcr-
BHH 435l pa3pa6OTKH H paVIH3aLIHH ICpCe-iHCJICHHbIX B gOKJ1a,e Mepo-
rpHSITHAl.



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BH6.nHorpaci4r                                                          171
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liH6.i6 orpa4PHa                                                        173
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BH6jnorpa(PHxq                                                            175
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B H 6T H orpat14i                                                        177
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HbIX HayKax: COBpeMeHHbIe HoIIXOAbI. MaTepHanbi Mexi"HapOAHOA flay'4HO0l KOH-
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178                                       FeHgepHbie npo6JneMbl B PoccH4
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145. BacnreHKRo M.B., MaKapoB B.B., BOBK JIA HeKoTophie TeH-eHL1HH Mo6HJibHOCTH
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146. BacnubeBa r. Flepsbie rnaru )KeHAMlH-npe,gnplHHHMaTejiefi // H4euoiBeK U- Tpyg. -
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147. BacInbeBa JI.H. KpeMj]eBCKHe )KeHbl: ()aKTbl, BOCnOMHHaHHZ, ,oRKyMeHThI, cnIyxu,
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149. BacHJubqeHKO 3. A. )KeHHAHHa H rogrOTOBKa KaApOB BbICOKOU KBaJTH4)H4KaLH4 B
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150. BacHRb4eHKo 3. A. )KeHLIAHHa Ha pbIHKe Tpy)a B LlaabHeBOCTO4HoM perHoHe. B KH.:
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151. BaclOHuHa JIA Oco6eHHocTM opraHH3al.HH H MoTHBa1gHH TpyJa )KeHM14H B CO-
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154. B3rjsiM H3 POCCIH. - M.: rpeo6paxReHHe. 1996
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159. B4CJIoBa 1-IJI. FeHAepHaI gH(p4)epeHLifattHR B cilepe ynpaBleHlA: perHOHaJIbHblH
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BH6nm4orpa4Hsl                                                        179
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180                                        FeHgepnbie Hpo6JIeMbl B POCCHH
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EbH6THOrpaqnlat                                                          181
197. FacnapzH rO.A. HlogrOTOBKa loHomLeH H WgeByiIeK K p9OiiIHHIO CeMeHHO-6blToBblX
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182                                       reH,epHbie npo6AeMbl B Poccuu
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Bn6AHorpac¢Ha                                                         183
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184                                        leHJaepHbie Hpo6JIeMbI B PoccHH
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BEi6n TiorpaBrl51                                                       185
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186                                       1eHgepHbie npo6neMbI B POCCHH
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Bu6nnorpacq)n                                                          187
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HHTapHbLX HayKaX: COBpeMeHHbTe Ho)AxoxbI. MaTepuanbI MexTyHapOJiHOt Hay1-
HOH KoH4pepeHtHH. HBaHoBo, 15-16 ceHTs6pA 2000 r. '.2: CofHoAoHrA,
HoJIHToJIor4A, IOpHCnpyIAeHIlHA, 3KOHOMHKa. Peg. Xac6ynaTOBa OA - IBaHOBO,
2000.
301. EropoBa C.c. BJIHHAHIe peKoM6HHHpoBaHHoH cTpyKrypbi u-eHHoCTeg Ha UHHAlIBH-
)yaAbHblf BCJag JlIHHOCTH B yCToiTmHBoe pa3BuTHe o6wecTBa. B KH.: rel-lepHble
HCCJTe,OBaHH4 B ryMaHHTapHb1X HayKax: COBpeMeHHbie HOiAXOJIbI: MaTepuaJbI
MexqyHapOAHOui HayqHOH KoH4JepCHL1HH. Coluo.norusA, HoJIHTOJIOrHA, iop4Cnpy-
AeHnuHn, 3KoHOMHKa. 4. 2. HBaHoBo, 15-16 ceHTa6pA 2000 r. Peg. Xac6ynaToBa OA
- I4BaHOBo, 2000.
302. EropoBa C.c. >KH3HeHHbie cTpaTeriHH JIHMHOCT: reHAepHbl acneer. - I4BaHoBo,
1999.
303. EropoBa n.C. K BoHpocy o cTpyirype MOTHBaUHOHHoro HOBegeHHS )KCHIUHH Ha
HoTpe6HTeJIbCKOM pbIHKe. B KH.: COHHaJabHO-npaBOBOl CTaTyc )KeiLW4H B HCTOpH-
qeCKog peTpocneKTi4Be. - HIBaHoBo, 1997.
304. ELopoBa C.c., CTerlaHoBa C.M. reHnepHbIi rioAxog B MeHeflKMeHTe. - HBaHoBo,
2002.
305. EA He qaaHO HpoKmablBaTb HOBbIe nyryr...? H3 HCTOpHH )KeHCKoro 4lABuHKeHHs B PoC-
CmH. Bbmn.2 - CH6., 1998.
306. EnH3apOB B.B., 3sepesa H.B., Kana6HXHHa H.E. OCHoBHbie HanpaHeBHHM noigxo,a
K HCCuJieOBaHHHIM CeMbH H /AOMoXO3SIcTBa. OnpeeteneHHe HOHsATHl. B KH.: ,ZOMo-
XO3qH4CTBO, CeMbA H CeMeeHaA HOJIHTHKa. Peg. EInu3apOB B.B., 3BepeBa H.B. - M.,
1997.
307. EnII3apOB B.B., 3sepesa H.B., Kajna6HxHHa HE. HporpaMMa Kypca J,aOMOXO35s1CT-
BO, CeMbA H ceMePHal HOJTHTI lKa-. B KH.: KaTa.aor yMe6Hblx nporpaMM BICOHOMHqe-
CKOrO 4CaKyJnbTeTa MEY no iianpawleHHEo *.3KOHoMHKa4. Peg. KonecoB B.H., XoKxca-
eB A.H. - M., 2002.
308. EnH3apoB B.B., 3BepeBa H.B., HpoKolmbeBa JAM., Kana6HxHHa HE., ToKcaH6aeBa
M.,C. OTmeT no HpoeKTy COJCf4CTBHS CTTpyKTypHOu nepeCTpofiKe CUCTeMbl COHH-
aJIbHOH 3a1LHTbl HaceJIeHHM. KoHTpala PoccHAcxoro )OHnAa COlHawbHbIX PesIopM
(MHpOBOH E)aHK). - M., 2003.
309. EJHH A. HpHlHa XaKaMa4a CHOBa HanHcaJTa KHHXKKy http://izvestia.ru/
rubr.cgi?id=1 2881 &idr=522 CaHT H3BecrnA.Ru OT 17.01.2002
310. EnHeceBa o.1r reHAepHaa CHCTeMa H npo6JleMa )KeHCKoro yqaCTH4. B KH.: HleTBep-
Tas POCCHflCKaZ yHHBepCHTCecKo-aKaCMemHMeCKaB Hayt4HO-rpaKTHqeCKaA KOHcpe-
peHUHSA. Te3HeCblq JoKoaAOB, . .. - H)KeBCK, 1999.
311. EJIO3HHa 0. AiRyanbHble npo6hTeMbI aKeHCKOt 3aHATocTH B KH.: CoLuocKynbTyp-
HblU aniani reH7ACpHbIX oTHowLeHH. - CapaToB, 1998.
312. EJbILBH B. H. MaTepOHCTBO H OTUOBCTBO, npaBa xceHoigH. B KH.: PocCHu: lejioBeK,
ceMbA, o6meCTBO, roCy4apCTBo. HporpaMMa gaeucTBHi Ha 1996 - 2000 rojbi. -M.,
1996.
313. EJTbhIHHa B.B., HOBOKOBB H.I. Bo3MoXCHa ni reHgepHaM CHMMCTPH5 B cdepe Tpy-
4a? B KH.: reHrepHbie oTHollmlHHH B POCCuH. HCTOPm4, COBpeMeHHoe COCTORHHe,



188                                         FeHwepHbie npo6neMbx B POCCHU
nepcrieKTHBbI: MaTepHaAbI Me)KJlyHapoqHOtt HayqHO4 KOHtpePeHIAHH. HBaHOBO,
27-29 Max 1999 r. Peg. Xac6ynaToBa O.A. - HBaHOBO, 1999.
314. EMeJTbIHOB H. A. PerHoHxMbHai KaflpOBaM HoJIHTHKa: CKeHUAHHa H ynpaBneHiie. B
c6.: MaTepHanbl o6nacTHoA Hay'qHO-HpaKTHMCCKOA KOH4pepeHIHH O<KeHBIHHa H
npaBmieHne: COHaJbHOi, npaBOBol H 3KOHOMHHeCKH$1 acHeKTbhi,. - Tyna, 1997.
315. EpeMeeBa HA. )KeHu1HHa-pyKoBoAITenb: TpyaHOCT   Hl HiepCrleKTIBbi. B KH.: Co-
UHOI1yJbTypHbIH aHaJIH3 reHfepHblx OTHOieHHU. - CapaTOB, 1998.
316. EpHHa C. H. 0 B03MOXKHbiX HoJLxo,aX K H3yHCHHIO cOHMHaJbHO-ncHxoJIormHecKNIx
pa1cTopOB wKeHcNoB 6e3pa6OTHubl. B KH.: >KeHUAHHbI POCCUH: Hpo6neMbl agAanTa-
9LHE1 H pa3BHTH4R B HOBbIX SKOHOMHqeCKHX yCJIOBHSX. - HBaHOBO, 1995.
317. EpHHa C. H. 0 CneIJHcuHKe cJnOBOrO o6IteHHB 2KeHILH4H, noTepCTBrltHX pa6oiy. B
KH.: (DCMHHOJIO1'H5I: MeT0QOJIOrFHH HCCJICAOBaHIIA H MCTOAHKa ripeHo0aBaHHaT: Te3ai-
Cbl AOKnaJBOB. HBaHOBo, anpeTb 1996 r PeA. Xac6ynaToBa O.A. - IBaHOBO, 1996.
318. EpHHa C. H., FIoJIe'raeB 10. A. HHTepeC K IIOJIHTHNCKe H ripo6eMa HOTe1lA1laVbHOlO
H36HpaTeCiB. B KH.: Coullanbhuhle TpaHCtpOpMaLIHIII H HoTio)NeHHeC )eHIAHH B Poc-
CHH. MaTepHanbi MeAcyHapOAHOl HayNHOi KOHtpepellHmH. - UBal-OBO, 1995.
319. EpoxolHa n1,. (BCM1HHI3M II >KeHcKHC ro1HTHHecHCe opraH,3aluHH B POCCHI. B KNi.:
CoiHa.Ibmoo-nIpaBOBOfl CTaTyc )KeHrIIHHl B IlCTOpWHMCNO1 peTpOCHCeKTBC. - HBa-
HOBO, 1997.
320. EpmioBa E. H. 400 3aipeTHbbX npocqeccEn  // Tpyq. - 1999-7,5 cteBpanT.
32 1. EpirioBa E. H1. He HyoTHHbl HaM BallIM JlbrOTbl // TpyA. - 1997-7,14 MapTa.
322. EpmiloBa E., KorKnlHa E., JlHt6opaNlHa M. KoMy tH)KHa recnepnaa .3KcnepTH3a. /
He3aBHCHMaxq I a3eTa. - 1996 - 14 teBpanJ1
323. EtppeMoBa H. Ilpo6neMa flOJII1THlecKoFO OOBCALeHlB R)KeiIOIHH. B KH.: MaTeplanbi
IlepBofi poCCIUICKoHi AeTTIeC ITIKOJbi rio )KeicKHmM HI rCeIACpHbIM lICCne,jOBaRUHHM
-BnaA~al- 96> - M.: MLrH, 1997.
324. >KeHcKaff 6ea3pa6onrnia B PoecCHl. -- M., 1994.
325. KeCHCKaq CVIb6J B POCCH1. - M., 1994.
326. JKeHCKIIC .311VT'hbl iB Poccii. B KNi.: WKCHllili)1a II C11o60AA: nyFIE B1L6opa B MHTp Tppa-
gHIIHi ii riepeMCH. - M.: Hayva, 1994.
327. )Keisciie FcneAoBafila 11 PocCUiI. BH6nHorpatolig. 1S3WaTHHH 1994 - 1995 rit
328. IKCeCKeie o6iJecTBCHHbile opramHl3alkillH MOCKNbl. CQpaBo'oIHNK. - M., 2001.
329. )KeiicleC DJiiThwl B Pocciiii: cyillHioCTI H ocOC6CIIIIOCTII. HHi4opMauHoHHbIH c6op-
TlIHK ctoiiAa 1121 io-imaJmlioili H Me)NK.yiiapo/l-iokl 6e3onaCHOCTII // be30nacHocrb. -
1993 - Nu 6.
330. )KCeHCKIHl BOHPOC B NoIiTCeKcC ii-allOHayihbHOi IKuibTypbl. a3 HCTOpiHi xKeiicKovo
;IBHa(elllAla B POCCE1I. Bblri. 3. C6. HavMlblX TpVlOB. - Cf6.. 1999.
33 1. >LCi ICKOC FlpeOpmilliiMNdiaiebCTBO B 3KB NiOMHlKC PoccEll it CHE. (Mewperi0o1iaiib-
TIST iReICKC3R 06i9eCCTBeHaR OpraHuI3aaHllI 1411I)NCHepOBi 11 'TtielbiX O6OpOHHbIX
ripe[ITpiml iifi IKoHBC'pCHH H llwelILHlihib>. KOMBCCHsi Ho IIJaM )NeHCHOlHH RpmfH[peg-
ccAa rfene COBeTa cfePCepa.uJHi P0)). - M., 2002.
332. A(KeHillAiHa B 3CpK thIC pOCClUICKOEi ripeceCl. - N., 1997.
333. >KeHilkiiHa B aCpN:UIC COdi4HO),Ti'ilH. XIC)NtBy3oi1CNiIi CO. iiavMHi,IX cTaleii. PeA. Xalc-
6viiavrooBa O.A. - IIBaflOBO, 1997.
334. >KClllTHHa B MeiSiOiitcMcSH MilpC. - M.: Havy,.a, 1992.



B36Tniorpac4pm.                                                              189
335. >KeHrivHHa B ccpepe yrpaBJeIlHa: npo6neMbr 11 TeXHOl-OHil. MexcBV3oBcKaar Havq-
HO-HcCJIetoBaTenJbcKaA Hporpamm)a MDPemHHonorFH H rCHJepEib1e HCcJIeCJOBaHHB B
PocciH: HepcHeKTHBHble CTplTcrHH H TeXHonoFHH>>, IBaHOBCKIHO rocyAapcTBeH-
Hblfl yfHHBepcHTeT, H4BafloBcKxIIl qpHnuTan CeBepo-3anagHof aKageMHH roCygapCT-
BeHlHOfl cnxK6b,. - HBaHoBo, 1 999.
336. KeHLlHHa I B cqcpe vnpaBJIefHHas: Hpo6JleMbl H1 TeXHOJorIFH. MeCKBy3OBCKHp c6op-
HHK HavqHbIX CTaTeCL. - MBaHoBo. 1909.
337. )KeHLrln ia IFeraHTHoro Bo3pacTa. Paa3MI,IrmeHlle o )iKH3HH PI C1,§b6e. - POCTOB Ha
,JoHy: cpeHHrlKc, 1996.
338. )KCHLIHIHa, ireHAep, KyibLi)pa. PeL. XOTKIHa 3.A., HwymKapeBa HJI., TpodpHMoBa E.1.
- M.: MITFH, 1999.
339. >KeHiiUIHa, NMyatilfa, ceMba B3 PoccitH: nocneHMR RTpeTb XX BeKa. lpoeKT '<Tarai-
por.,. Peg. PlHMaLICBCKaA H.M. -- M., IICDI1H PAH, 2001.
340. KeHLilir-ia, o6pa3oBaHIlc, AeLMOKpaTISI. MaTepHlanAl 1-o0i MeaojvL-apo4-Ho1l MC)K-
IIHCUHHTIIIHapHOfl Hay4Ho-H1paKTHiMecKoH KOHtcepCHIHIII (11 - 1 2 geKa6pa
1998).- MlHICK, 1999.
341. KClIII9HHa-HiaqaJIblIIrK: KHira 0'r TOM, KaK VHPaBBuHTb HpegIAIIpH9THMCr. - Poc-
TOB-Ha-,aOHHY 1996.
342. KeCHLlilIlibl - JHfl4Cpbh HOBOil POCCIIH. BiEl3Hec HI oGiiecTBo. (4-sr AccaM6nea poc-
CHIHPlCKHX aeC.oBfIx KpyVFOB). - N5.. 2003.
343. )CeILtHuI ih - HoJIIHrKa - BJlaCTb. MaTreplianbl Kpyrnoro CTOJl.t ' y6 ' PeaJIHlCTbl'.
HHcpopMai kHoHHo-alaJlIITHrrecKIlfi 6lomieTeHb. N, 18.- I., 1996.
344. 1evHIqljribI - pbIHOK - KOflBepciOi: O6llIec'rBeHHoC MHNeHC a)KelILgIIH, 3aHgTbix Ha
nIpoH13BoALLCBax o6opoiiioA H poMbILtlJeliHocTft. OTB. PCAl C.lraCe El -    .,
1993.
345. 2KefiLLkllbl B 6H3alece: Pe(cpaTIIBHbhlh CC6OpIiIK. PegI. HCIBJIOBa M. B. - NM., 1993.
346. A(eHI9IIHbl BI meHRHioHICNTCR MNilp)C T IJCFOPs151 H coBpeMNelilHOcTb. MaTepilanIbl MeAQAy-
l1apo,JHofl fIayM1Tlo-HpaKTrHIrMeCKo04 KoH4iepelIJiH. - ItcelBCK, 199(.
347. )CKeLsuijlb,1 B nepCXO7IIlbIH niepilog. flpoeKT MONEE. PerioIEns' I,HfIl MOIIHITopHiH-
IFoBbifi yjowriajf N- 6. 1990 rojr. JeTTCK1ifl C OOII I N001i. MaN xHapo;7f1,  IeCHT 1p 1'13-
BIITMA ppc6eliRa. (Pliopeiilalli,IlTaJIlIM. -- 19)99.
-48. )ClKlImlLH,ii B fioniviTKe Cl yripalBJieHH: iC-ropiiB 11 coBipeMeIliJocTi. Te3lfCbl MewK-
,jxiIapo,'olol IVAN'-HOfI KOf1CpeC)CFi1JI1 18-19oKcrI6p5 199(( r. ilpocJial rb. - U4BailO-
HO. 1 99Q.
349. >KcelIIluniiI B POCCIHH B XX c'Lo1iIe rH: N4porm1 HpolluIoro, perilili H 14 fepCr1eKTr Bbl. -
I IICIHOBO, I)93.
35)). >KeiIi bt 13 POCCITIH: iHp06JileM1I UaimIl'TJII   11 pa,3CIT115 13 IIOBbIX BKOHOMHI'ICC-
KHIX VCJlIOBIIBX. C6. HavN.--MCTO/J. MCITCpIMAJ0)B. OTB. peg. EropoB B.1i. '1. 1-2. -BHia-
1 1(130, I tj5
.5 1. )1Kiciiimvivii 13 !iipaiemmi  - 5eaa3oracnocr, i3 CTpal ie 11 B mHipe. - I., 1999.
K52 >1e IlOIJhI Ba A'3.1 3111, 6e-3 BOIIi0  1 E1 IlaClUTM. MiTCpIaInhl MCANNVIIdpO2I{Ol aliOtpe-
pCiIIIBii. - PcrTli-fi l- i.  I 906 - Bi,mvcIK 1, - IQ9( - BimivcK 2, - I1)08 - BFl-
I1Cvc 3 
355)    Iemilii hbi .3. C0011:11.T1-,110 6C30BlCFHOC'T'b 11 ,OCTOI10e p.l13fiBIti C. N1UTarepIlJlibli
BCCpocCilfiCio'lo wKell(-KOIO KO1I pecca. 8-0 anpenm I0)(0O rF. -- NI.: K)piNiiLiccicao



190                                       FeHAepHbie npO6nieMbl B POCCUU
JiHTepaTypa, 1996
354. )KeHiuuHbI 3a COUHaj1bHyTO 6e3onacHocTb H yCTOI4HBOe pa3BHTHe. MaTepHanbi
Bcepoccl4icKoro NKeHcKoro KoHrpecca. - M.: IOpHA2HecKIa liHTepaTypa, 1997.
355. )KeH1MHHbl 3a coLHaJIbHy1o 6e3onacHocTm H yCTOt44HBOe pa3BHTHe. TpeTHk Bce-
pOCCUH4CKH4U KOHrpeCc, KOMHCCHSi nO BOnpOCaM )KeHICH4H, CeMbH H )AeMorpaqlMH
npm flpe3iAeHTe P$ - M.: lOpHMHqeCKaa nuHTepaTypa, 1999.
356. )KeHmHHbL H reHCepHbie npo6neMbl B CTpaHax C nepexOQHoti 3KOHOMHKOti:
s3rng IOHHCE('D. - New York, 1995.
357. )KeHHIU4Hbl H MyXCHHHbl POCCHH. CTaTHCTHMecKHfl c6opHHK - 1997, 1998, 1999,
2000.- M., 1997,1998, 1999,2000,2001,2002
358. )KeHnUnHbl H UOJIHTHKa. Pa3seii o>KeHMuuHbl H nonHTHKa>> OT4eTa o pe3ynbTaTax
coiHojiorHMeCKoro onpoca HaceJieHHA POCCHH (31 mapTa - 2 anpenn 2000 r.)
http://www.indem.ru/idd2000/arpi/04_11_2000/otchet4.html
359. )KeHimHbLI H npaBO (no MaTepiaHiaM KOHcepeCP UHH <>KeHLUHHM H npaBso B r. Ca-
paToBe 25-26 MaS 1995 r.) - CapaToB: PerH-OHanbHblg LTeHTP COLAHOJOHH H ripa-
Ba, AccoIHaLHmi >KeWHmHH-TopHCToB, 1996.
360. >KeHMuHbI H pa3BHTHe. MaTepHanbl HafloHaJibHOH KOH4IepeHUHH. - M., 1994.
361. >KeHrgviHbl H pa3BHTHe: npaBa, peaJLbHOCTb H HiepceKTHBbl. MaTepnanbi Bce-
pOC.KOHc4. no nOJTOweHl41HO CKeHMHH. M., 27-28 Maa 1998 r. CoCT. CaMapHHa O.B.,
PH6HmCBa T.B. - M., 1999.
362. )KeHRHAHbl H pOCCHICKOC o6U4eCTBO: HayqHo-HCTOpHieCKHf acueKT. MeKBy3. c6.
Hay'iHblx TPYAOB. Peg. Xac6ynaToBa OA. - 4BaHOBO, 1995.
363. >KeHIUIHbH  H CO4HMaJbHaR noJTHTHKa (reHgepHbIl acneKT). - M.: MUI1I/I4CBnH
PAH, 1992
364. )KeHIgHHbI Ha pbIHKe Tpyfa B 3epKa2e CMH4. C6opHHK MaTepHa2JOB H BbIcTyrUTe-
HHH. - M., 2002.
365. >KeHrHHbl Ha PbIHKe TrpyAa MocKoBcKo o6nacTH. - M., 2002.
366. >KeHWHHbl HOBOH POCCHH: PCa2bHOCTb H HepcneKTHBbl. (EHu6niorpa4HqecKuH
c6OpHHK). ,lna VI AccaM6AeH pOCCHrICKHX Ae)JIOBbIX KpyrOB. - M., 2003.
367. )KeHUHHbl POCCHU // I4HHopMauHoHHbil 6boineTeHb HOJIHTHMeCKoro ABHXCeHHM
-1994-No1, N92; 1995.N95.
368. )KeHOlHHbl POCCHH - Bqepa, ceroHAH, 3aBTpa. MaTepHanbi goKnaAoB H BbIcTyrJICe-
HHHI Ha POCCHtCKO-AMepHKaHcKot1 Hay4Ho-npaKTIMecKoH KOH1epcHCUHH. - M.,
1994.
369. )KeHmHHbl POCCHH B XX CTonieTuH: ypOKHi npomnoro, peanHH H nepCiCHKTHBbI.
MaTepHanbl Me>KperHoHaJIbHoI HayqHOPI KOH4SepeHLUHH1 I4BaHoBo, 18 Hos6pa
1992 r. - HBaHoBo, 1993.
370. IKeHIIHHbi POCCHH Ha py6eEKe XX-XX1 BeKOB. MaTepHanibi MeeKTkyHapoAHoH Ha-
y'HOt KOH4TepeHIJHH. i4BaHoBo, 23-24 anpenx 1998 roga. - 4BaHoBo: 1998.
371. )KeHtHHbl POCCUH. I4cTopHH H coBpeMeHHoCTh. Te3acbi Bcepocci4icKOfH Hay4-
Ho-npaIcrMecKoH KOHcepeHLUUH 9-10 qjeBpans 1995 r. - IKeBCK, 1995.
372. )KeHnUHHbl POCCHH. CTaTHcTHMecKH2 c6opHUK. - M., 1995.
373. )KeHH4HHb PoccHU: npo6neMbI a.OanTaLIHH B HOBbIX SKOHOMH1qeCKHX yCJIOBH4X.
C6OPHHK HayMHo-MeTogiHiecKHx MaTepHaJIoB. - I4BaHOBO, 1995.
374. KeHILZHHbl PocCHH: npo6neMbi agOanTaLtHH H pa3BHTHe B HOBbIX COIHaJIbHO - 3KO-



BnH6iNorpa4Ha                                                           191
HoMHqCCKHX yCJToBHAIx. HHCPC)pMa4HoHHbIlH 6ioanereHb. Ng 1. - HBaHoBo, 1995.
375. )KeHIjnHHbl. (PoHlf Vo6igecTBeHHoe MHeHHeO>. KOHTeHT-aHaJIH3 pOCCHHiCKHx ra-
WeT.// Coumc. - 1996 - No 2.
376. )CeHLI4Hbr-TeppopHCTKH B POCCHH. BlecKopbicTHbie y6HHubI. - POCTOB-Ha-,4o-
Hy, 1996.
377. >Kepe64Hn B.M., POMaHOB AH. YpOBeHb )KH3HH HaceiieHns. - M., 2002.
378. )Kepe6KHHa H. ABoAHaA nOBYHyKa geMOKpaTHH. // FeHgepHbIe HCCJTe9oBaHH5A.
XLJIH -- 1999 - . N° 2.
379. )KRHKOBa H.F. YqacTvie 2KeHHIHH B JeCsTeJIbHOCTH nojni'TuqecKix HIpTHH Ha HpH-
Mepe KHIPo H rIapTHH <.316noKoo>. B KH.: >KeHMHHa B MHpe My2KcKorl KyJIbTypbI: nyrb
K ce6e. MaTepHaiJbi MexQiyHapOHHOH HayqHOH KOHcepeHUHH. Pej. JeMH9oBa O.P-
C16., 1999.
380. )KyKoBa IA JeJTeJLbHOCTb )KeHcKHx 6naroTBopnTenbHbTX opraHH3aLtHf B POCCHH
no OKa3aHHIO HOMOmIH JjeTHM B XVIII - HaqaJIe XX B. // )KeHIgHHa B POCCHHCKOM
o6uweCTRe. - 1996 - N° 1.
381. )KyKoBa JIBA >KeHcKaa 6naroTBopITeJbHocTb B POCCHH B XVIII-XIX BB. B KH.: Co-
i4HaJIbHbJe TpaHccpopMaUHiH H noJIo)KeHHe )KeHWHH B POCCHH. - iBaHoBo, 1995.
382. )KyKOBCKaAT H. (. bejIHoCTh BO BJIaMHMHpCKOM Kpae: reeHIepHbIP acneKT. B KH.: Fel-
jepHbie HCChIeOBaHHM B ryMal IHTaPHbIX HayKax: COBPCMeHHble noAXOgbi. MaTepH-
anibi Me)KxyHaPoHoH Ha4HO4H KoHcepeHU4HH. HBaHOBO, 2000. H.2: CoLznonoru,
HOJIIHTOAOrHsl, lopmcnpyfeHugna, SKOHOMHKa. Pej. Xac6yflaToBa O.A. - HBaHOBO,
2000.
383. )KypaBneBa BA, KOBaIieBa BA. IKeHCKHr TpyX B HHAyCTPHH Ypana B 20-30-e rr. B
KH.: reHtepHbIe HC4cjie/OBaHHAl B ryMaHHTapHbIX HayKax: COBpeMeHHbIe HoAXOfbI.
MaTepHanbI MmexyHaPOAHOH4 HayIHOAl KoHtepeHIXHH. H. 3: HeCTopH, HA3blK, KyJIb-
Typa. Peg. Xac6ynaToBa OA. - UBaHOBO, 2000.
384. ?KypxKeHKo T AHaniH3 noj1o)HKeH4A )KeHL1HH B nepexOxAHOk SKoHoMHKe: B rIOHCKaX
$eMHHHCTCKOi 3nIHCTeMOnorlfH. B KH.: IKeHUIHHa, reHlep, KyjibTypa. Peg. XoTKHria
3A, HFYfKapeBa HI., Thoq4HMOBa E.H. - M., 1999.
385. )KypxceHKo T. COBpeMeHHaSI YKpanHa: ceMbA KaK pecypc COflHWnbHbIX TpaHC4)op-
MaqiHH. B KH.: reHAep H 3KoHoMHKa: MHpOBOH onbIT H4 3Kcrieprxi3a pOCCHHfCKOH
npaKTHKl. OTB. peg. H COCT. Me3cHiueBa E.B. - M.: PyCCKaM aIaHopaMa, 2002.
386. )KypzeHKo T.EO. JHcKypc phIUKa H npo6neMa reHuepa B 3KOHOMIKe // O6ugeCT-
BeHHbje Hayni H CoBpeMeHHOCTb. - 1999 -  5.
387. )KypnKeHKo T.IO. KeHCKauI 3aHB9TOCTb B YChIOBHlX Hepexo/iHoA 3KOHOMHKH: AlAan-
Ta4HZ K pblHKy HJIH MaprHHaIH3BaLHA? B KH.: Femina Postsovetica: yKpaHHCKeaa
)KeHIIHHa B ilnepeXO/HbIH HepHoA. OT C0UHaJbHbIX QBm)KeHHMf K HoJIHTHKe. Peg.
)Kepe6KHHa H. - XapbKOB, 1999.
388. >Kyp)KeHKo T.IO. IIpejMer H 3aMaqH qeMHHHCTCKOA 3K0H0MoMHqecKofl TeopHH. B
KH.: Teopna H HCTiopHs q(eMHHH3Ma. Peg. )Kepe6KHHa H. - XapbKoB, 1996.
389. )KypxceHKo T.KO. (PeMHHH3M H BKoHoMHHeCKaMJ TeOpHa: iepCieKTHBbl B3aHMoAeg-
CTBHA. B KH.: feHvepHble HccIegoBaHHA B POCCHH: Hpo6neMbl B3aHMoAeHTcTBHX H
nepcrieKTHBbI pa3BHTH5A. MaTepHanbi KOHcPepeHlHH. - M., 1996.
390. )Kyp)KeHKo TIO. OKOHOMHqCCKaA TeopHx H 4IeMHHH3M. B KH. TeopHsA H HCTOpM
tMHHH1Ma. Pe,. >Kepe6KHHa 11. - XapbKOB, 1996..



192                                       FeHAepHbie Mpo6jleMbl B POCCJIM
391. )KypAKeHKo TIO. 3KOHOMMqeCKax TeOpH5I U 3KOHOMI4MeCKaSA nOJI4TIHKa: reHAep-
HblfU acreKT. B KH.: FeH1epHble iCCIiegOBaHMs: (DeMHHMCTCKaA 3nmCTeMOJIOrVlM  B
COUIaJJbHbIX Havcax. - XapbKOB, 1998.
392. 3a cyXoM CTpOKOU CTaTHCTMKM // BeCTHrrK Focy4apC'rBeHHOk cnyXc6bI.- 1993 -N
6.
393.3a6aAblKUHa E. KeHcKCe opraH43aUI,M CaMKT-HleTep6ypra. BCTyHT Jul B OJHYMU3
HMX MOS BHyqKa? // Bce J1oA1H - ceCTpbl. BlonJIJeTeHb - 1996 - No 5.
394. 3a6ceiHa T.IO. TpyfAHOCTu1 uepCXOIHOrO MCePOA 11 MpO6JieMbl MOJ10gbIX cKeH-
HMiH POCCMU. B KH.: )KeHIIAMHa B 3epKaCe cou04 0orMH. BbM. 3. - 1bBaHOBO, 2000.
395.3a6cnu4Ha TIO., O6neHOBa HE. 4)OpMMpOBaHi4C COLUaAbHo-HpaBOBoro CO3HaHH5I
pOCCkLkCKux XKeHIAMH: OnbIT B3aMmogeACTBMM o6uAeCTBoBegoB, 3KCHepTOB H aKTM-
BMCTOIK HeHpaBMTeCJbCTBCHlLbIx opraiL3aLHmPi. B KH.: CO14MaJIbHO-npaBOBO0 CTaTyC
2KeHUU4Hbl B MCTOpHieCKOk peTpOCnCKIMBe. - HBaHOBO, 1997.
396.3aBa,aCKaA JT. H. PoccMicicne peaaInM: npo6neMa paBCHCTBa nOJIOB. B Kl.: HiHTerpa-
11MA )CCHIIUMH B ripouecc o6511ACCTBCMEHoro pa3BITIAI. PocculiAcaKa aKaAeMH ynpaB-
neHru, MMHMCTepCTBO COULmaJIbHOH 3alMUTbl HacejleHMX P(D, HayqHo-MccneAoBa-
TeJIbCKMA KOOJTCKTLTB <4TePPMTOpMajbHbie COUMaIbHbLe Ccny)K6bI>. '. 2. - M.: 11y',
1994.
397. 3aBagCKaSa J.. H. YHaCTMle >KeHIuIH pOCC.iHCKOrO rapjiaMeHTa B 3aKoHo(aTeJlbHoll
JeCSTeCJbHOCTI. B KH. BTopoO BCePOCC1HCKHM )KMCeHCKBil KOHrpecc QKeHCLi4Hbl B no-
nJIuITMKe, rIOJI4TMKa 4)II )KeHICCMH4>. 6 ItIOHux 1995 r - M.: IOpMg4MecKaB nu1TepaTypa,
1996
398. 3aAopOaKH1MKoBa E.B. lIpo6neMbl cTaHOBJIeHHl$ )KeHMu1H-pyKoBoAMTejielA B PoC-
CUM. B KE.: CO1UaMXbHO-MpaBOBOB CTaTyc )KeClCHHbI B 1CTOpMMCeCKOf4 peTpocneK-
THBe. - HIBaHOBO, 1997.
399.3aAOPOXSHIIKOE3a E.B., MOP3OB r.B. MYXScUHbIl-PYKoBOAU4TenM 0 KPMTepHMX oT6o-
pa aKeHMlUH, npeTeMHjyioiiAlX Ha 4OJDKHOCTb 0,RHOrO 143 YPOBMCH <(TpyjOBO4 Kapbe-
pbBi>. B KH.: reH-epHbLe OTHOuIIeHMSl B PoccuuI: MCTOpHIA, COBpeMIHHOe COCTORHi4C,
iiepcueKTIlBbl: MaTepia Ibl MmeCVyHapOAHIOP HayqHO4 KOHI)epeHULH14. Pej. Xac6y-
JIaTOBa O.A. - HBaHOBO, 1999.
400.3a.gopolKHKOBa E.B., COMMaTOB B.B. CTMMVyJHpOBaHMCe npo4eccCHmaObHOFO H Ka-
pbepHOrO HpOAB4)eCHSlI )KXeH4mi-i: MaTepi-ianlbHbli 14 MOpaJbHbIH acneKT. B KH.:
COL,aMJlbHO-npaBOBOi CTaTyC )KeHMHLMbI B MCTopMqeCKOik peTpOcneKTHBe. -
HBBIlOBO 1997.
401. 3aH51TOCTb KMeHlIH CCFOAH5I H 3aBTpa: C6OpHEK CTaTeC H Te3MCOB 0K1oaAOB Ha-
YqHO-HpaKTMqCCKOfi KOH(tePeHIHMM HIpHKaMbM  . OTB. peg. HOBKoBa 1H.H. -
HepMb, 1994.
402. 3aHBTrocTl b HI ioBegemlie AOMOXO3qilCTB: aglBaTaLUHM K yCJIOBHBAM nepexoga K pbl-
HOqHOM aKOHOMMKe B PoecCiU. PeA. Ka6anuxmHa B., LQaPK C. - M., 1999.
403. 3aMB9TocTb HaCeCeHJlC B YCJIOBHMX liepexoja K pblM4OqHOM 3KOHOmMKe. C6. HayHM.
CTaTell. - H*Knifl HoBrOpoA. 1994.
404. 3aH3TOCTb OT4CJlbHbIX COILlaJbHoO-jeCMOi'pa4HqeCKIX rpynn HaceCIHM% B nepC-
XO4HOM1 SKOHOMMKe PoccMM. Pea. KonocoBa P.H., Pa3yMOBa TO. - M., 1998.
405. 3aprmaTa H pacrr'laTa: ipo6fTeMbI 3ajoxKJIocTM no onriaTe TpyAa. Pea. MahIeBa T. -
M., 2(101.



BIl6nHorpa4HsA                                                         193
406. 3ac.iaBcKaA T.H. CoLumeTanbHaq TpaHCqOpMaLUHR pOCCHICKOrO o6u1eCTBa. - M.,
2002.
407. 3auIHTa npaB 4ejiOBeKa. C6OpHtlKoKyMeHTOB 1998- 2000. Hog o6lijele peg. MI-
POHOBa O.O.- M.: fOpHmgmqecRaq .TrHTepaTypa, 2001.
408.3aABIBns7eM HaiumH npaBa. HHCTHTyr )KeHIAHH, npaBa H pa3BHTHA. Ai,eHTCTBO CLIHA Ho
MeWfAyHapOgHOMY pa3BHTHIO. - M.: FiTac, 1996.
409. 3BepeBa H.B., Kahla6HlxHLHa HE. Flapa.OHrMa 3KOHOMHqecKlOie TeoPHH B KOMHiReKC-
HOM aHaJrH3e CeMbH H 9OMOXO3.qfcTBa. B KH.: ,aOMOX03AACTBO, ceMbq H ceMeOHaq
HOJIHTHKa. Peg. EJnH3apOB B.B., 3BepeBa H.B. - M., 1997.
410. 3gopoBbe aKeHIIHH PoccIiH: AHaAlHTH4eCKRHI gOKRiag: DKOHioMHieCKHC, 3KOJIOrH-
'ecKHe, npaBOBbie H MeJHL\HHCKHe acneRTbl. KOMHCCHS7 Ho geiaM WKeHM4HH, CeMbEH
H e           Fp l lpe3HACeHTe P1D. - M., 1998.
411. 3igpaBoMbICJ1oBa E. A. >KeHmHHbi 6e3 pa6oTbl // Bce mogmH - ceCTpbl. F>iomeTeHb
Hl17Y - 1994 - N9 3.
412. 3iqpaBoMbICJToBa E. A. KoJneKTHBHaA 6Horpa4HA pOCCHHCKHX (peMHHHcTOK. B RH.:
FeHigepHoe H3MepeHHe COLl4HanbHOA H nOJIHTH14ecKoH aKTHBHOCTH B repeXO,HblH
nepHog. (C60pHHK Hay'4HbIx CTaTel). IL eHTp He3aBHCHMbIX HccqegOBaHHH. - CH6.,
1996.
413. 3gpaBoMblCnoBa E. A., TeMKHHa A.A. BBegeHHCe. CoHaanbHam KOHCTpyKLHS reH-epa
H reH-epHa5l CHCTeMa B POCCHH. B KH.: feHgepHoe H3MepeHHm COUHaJIbHOH H1 HOnH-
THMIeCKOH aKTiHBHOCTH B iepeXO21HbIf HepHog (c6opHH4K Hay-lHbIx CTaTel). LUeHTp
He3aBHCHMbIX COuH2aJbHblX HccJTerOBaHHO.-CH6, 1996.
414. 3jpaBoMbLcnoBa 0. M. PoccHciCaA CeMbh B 90-e rOAbI: W<H3HeHHbhi CTpaTerHH
My)WIHH H >ReHIgHH. B KH.: PeH,epHblH KaieHJAOcKoH. Kypc JIeKLRH. Peg. Ma.rblmeBa
M.M. - M.,2001.
415. 3gpaBoMbICnoBa O., KuiraA H. >KeHcKaa TeMa B cpecCTBax MaccoBOH IlHcopMaauHH.
- M.: 3CJIAH, 2002
416. 3,paBoMblcnIoBa O.M. ,aBC Kapbepbl POCCHfCKRHX >KCHMHH // >KeHI9HHa HHloC. -
1996 - Ng 2.
417. 3gpaBOMblCOBa O.M. >KeHCKHe poniH. B KH.: TeHieHL1HH CO1IHOKVJIbTVPHoro pa3-
BHTHS7 POCCE1EI. 1960-1990I rrOTB. peg. ByreHKo H.A., Pa3JioroB K3. - M., 1996.
418. 3gpaBoMbICIoBa O.M. 0 B03NIOXKHOCTH H3MCHeHCH3 craTyca >KeHILIHHbl B cMcbe //
Hapo.oHaceneulHe. - 2000 - Ng 2
419. 3apaBOMbICJIOBa O.M., ApYKOH57H M.JO. PoccHIcKaR ceMb3H Ha eBPOHCIhCKOM toHe.
-M.. 1998.
420.3gpaBoMhIcnoBa O.M., ApyrIOH5IH MJO. POCCHACKam ceMbq: cTpaTeiFHD BbDrHBaHHa
// CeMba B POCCHH. - 1995 - No 3-4.
421. 3eMJIHKoBa A. C., BHTKHHa F. H. )KeHMHHbl-rpe,anpEHHHMaTenbHHubi O ce6e H CBO-
iiX Hpo6ieMax. B KH.: >KeHHIHIia B 3CpKaRjC COutHojiOr7H. -HBaHOBO, 1997.
422. 3cMJhiKoBa A.C., BSTKHHa rl4. ClpeCCHBIlblA perHOH: >KeHCKaq H Monoge>K Ha2B
6C3pa6oTfmUa B H4BaHOBCKOAo506acTr H mepbiee rHpeOQOJICHHM7 // )KeHHHa B pOC-
cHihcKoM o6LueCTBC. - 1996 -- N9 2.
423. 3eMjiqKoBa A.C., EropoBa JIGC, CaMapHHa OB., Capa.nHeBa 3X., Xac6yAaToBa OA.
HonoJKeHHe o MOHH1TOpHHre COLHdaJbHOrO CaMO'IyBCTBH4H 3KOHOMH7CCKH aKTHB-
HbIXaCKeiILHH // >KCHlIkHHa B l'OCCHHCKOM o6CecTBe. - 1996- No 4.



194                                       reHAepHbie npo6JieMbl B POCCHH
424. 3onoTaAI KHHra PoccHU. AibMaHax. CneIA1HvaH3HpOBaHHbIA BblHYCK <(3HaMeHHThIe
>KeHLI8HHbl POCCHU. Fog 2002-iH, POCCHAI>. - M., 2002.
425. 30J1oTyXHHa M.B. MHp aMepHKaHCKOti ceMbH. - M., 1999.
426. 3oTOBa 3.M. FeH1epHbie acneKTbl nojLHTHmecKoro npeAcTaBHTenbcbTBa. MaTepHa-
Jlbl 3aceAaHHm KOMHCCUH no jeiiam )KeHLIHH flpH npeqCeAaTejie CoBera CDegepa-
UHH PID 1H I4eHTpa reHAepHoH 3KCHepTH3bl 3aKOHOnpoeXTOB 14HcopMaU4HoH-
Ho-aHanHTHqecKoro ynpaneieHHn    annapaTa CoBeTa (DeRepaLx4H Ha TeMy:
<,MeTogoaborHSi reHAepHOL1 3KCnepTH3bl 3aKOHOIpoeKTOBO>, pyKOBOAHTeJb 3aBaA-
cKaa JI.H.. // HH4opMagHoHHbIti JTHCTOK - 1999 - Ng 43 (139), 22 geK.
http://www.owl.ru/win/infolist
427.3y6apeBH4 H.B. FeHIepHbie aCeICKTbI COHanbHorO HepaBeHCTBa B perHoHax Poc-
CHHI. (npenpHHT) - M.: MlIrH, 2003.
428. 46parHMOBa R., KpaCHMTbHHKOBa M., OBiapoBa n1. Y'IaCTHe HacenieHH$ B oniaTe
MCeAHLHHCKHX H o6pa3oBaTeJlbHblX ycCyr // 3KOHOMHiecKHe H coTmHaJbHb1e nepe-
MCHbl: MOHHTOpHHU o6rgecTBeHHoro MHeHHq. HHqopMa4HoHHHbIi 6ionAeTeHb
BLI4OM. - 2000 - NQ 2.
429. HiBaHOB CA )KeHIUHHa H o6nlecTro B POCCHH. B KH.: reH,1epHaA HCTOpHM: pro et
contra: Mexcay3oBcK149 c6opHHK 4HCKyCCHOHHbIx MaTepHanJOB H nporpaMM. PeA.
MypaBbeBa M.r. - JIB., 2000..
430. 4BaHOBa nLA. AOBepCTh )KeHIHHaM BLacTb. B KH.: BTOPOH BcCpOccHIHcKHH CKeH-
CKHHi KoHrpecc: <)KeHrgHHbI B nlOIHTHKe, HoJHTHKa iAS )KeHftHHO>. 6 HIOHm 1995 r.,
MocKBa. CTeHorpaMMa BbicTyniieHHH. - M., 1996.
431. HBaHOBa 3. reH1epHbli nOAXOR K BOnpocaM Ha4HoHajIbHoA Hi rnio6anibHofi 6e3o-
naCHOCTH - Heo6xogHMaA COCTaBn1lOLLaAU geMOKpaTHH // IlpaBa )KeHIIHH B PoC-
CHH. - 1999 - Ng 8.
432. 4BaHOBa 3. M. )KeHUA1HHa-Ipe3HmeHT - 3To o6,beK-mBHo // Kny6 <Peaj4HcTbI>. 14H-
(POPMaUHOHHO-aHaRHThqeCKHH 6ioymeTreHb - 1996 - No 23.
433. HBaHOBa 3. M. CoiAHau1bHblrH MapKeTHHr: OIlblT CouHOaOrHM'eCKOrO HcCclegoBaHHM
// Knxy6 <PeaJHcTbI. HH4q)opMauHoHHo-aHaJIHTHeCCKHA 610o.ueTeHb. - 1997 -
N9 31.
434. IBaHoBa 3. Hpo6JieMbl H B03MO)KHOCTH M)KeHIHH B KOHBepcHH BoeHHofI npoMbl-
JlmeHHocTH POCCHH // Bbu H Mbi. - 1997 - N I (17).
435. HBaHOBa 3.M. IKCHCKaA o6MeCTBeHHaq OpraHH3MaHs H noJIHTHqeCKaA )KH3Hb. B
KH.: BTOPOH BCepOCCHACKH xKeHcKH9 KOHrpeCc: <KCeHMDHHbJ B HOJIHTHKe, rOJIHTH-
Ka iq )KeHHAHH'. 6 HIOHH 1995 r., MocKBa. CTenorpaMMa BbicTynrIJeHHH. - M., 1996.
436. HrHTXaHSH E.L, MemUKOBa E.1., PacTeraeBa H.1. CoIJAHaJbHbie HO3H1JHH X(eHM1HH B
coBpCMeHHoM pOCCHHCKOM o6uAecTBe, B KH.: Hpo6TieMbT KeHUIHH H ceMbH rJia3a-
MH co1lHojiorOB. - M.: HC PAH, 1997.
437. Hl HaTbeBa M. H., Typreju 1. ,. CaBHL KaAs 0. M. IocyAapCTBeHHaB no)]epxKKa >KeH-
CKoro npegrnpHHHMaTeIfbcTBa B geripeccHBHbTX paHoHax CeBepHoro Ypafla /
)KeHUAHHa B pOCCHHCKOM o6uiec(TBe. - 1996 - N9 4.
438. 4rHaTbeBa M.H., Typrenb H,ll OcHoBHbie 3aKOHOMepHOCTH BbCBo6oxKAeH4HHH (KeH-
lgHH npH coKpaBieHIXH ilepcoHaIia rpaaoo6pa3yiowiHx COPHbIX npClnpnMTH1f //
)KeHrglHHa B poCCHCicKoM o6rgecTBe. - 1996- Ng 1.
439. HrHaTbeBa M.H., Typrenlb H,L. Oco6eHHOCTH 4IOpMHpOBaHHA PbIHKa )KeHCKoro



Bm6nHorpaduHA                                                         195
TpyAa B MHOFOOTpaCJIHBbIX rcIpHogo6bIBaioilgHx patlOHax. B KH.: D)eMHHAOH{rH5:
MeToAoonorHA iCCJIeAOBaHHm H MerOJWKa npenotaBaHHsA: Te3HCbl IOK)IatOB. Peg.
Xac6ynaTOBa OA - I4BaHOBO, 1996.
440. HrOnbHHKOB 3. A., [laTpyrueBa E. E. TeCTHpOBaHHe ilpe;tnlpHHHMaTeAbCKHX croco6-
HOCTeH yqaiiH4xcn XKeHIHH. B KH.: )KeHflHHbl PoccHH: npo6nembu agaanTaqHH H
pa3BHTHR B aKOHOMHieCcKHx Y(JIOBHAX. - HBaHOBO, 1995.
441. 43BecTmA. - 1995, Hoa6pb
442. HnbIrneB AM., flaBpeHTbeBa H.B. CTpaTCrHH BIOHoHeHHM PenPOAYKTHBHOFO Tpyga
B llpOH3BOACTBO // CoLHonorHqecKoe HccIieqoBaHHH - 2003 - N 3.
443. HMmg-JK)KeHU1HHbl-JiHJtepa. -- 4BaHOBO, 1998.
444. H4HTrerpaiuA xceHH1HH B npouecc o6necTmeHHoro pa3BHTHA. Pea. KOPHHK BE.B KH.
1-2.- M., 1994.
445. IHTepecul CeMbH, MaTCpHHCTBa H geTcTBa. / KpaTKHo c60pHHK HopMaTHBHbIX ax-
TOB. Ha3gaTe.nbCTBO < 3HTapHbIA CKa3a, KaJLHHHHirpag, 1996.
446. 1HTepHeT - X(cH94HaM! KaTanor HH(pOpMaI4HOHHbIX pecypcoB. CnpaBo'Hoe no-
co6He.- M.: 2000.
447. 1HHPOPMaU4HOHHO-aHahIHTH4CCKHtH maTepuaii o 4HcJieHHoCTH H COCTaBe 7KeH-
IIHH, 3aHsThIX B 4legepaIbHbLX H perHOHaibHbIX opraHax roCyAapCTBCHHO6 BJIac-
TH>. KOMHCCHB no BonpocaM ?KeHIIXHH, ceMbH u geMorpac3HH npfH Fpe3HaeHTe
POCCHfHCKOH4 rDePepa4HH. ,erapTaMeHT Ho genam CCMbH, KceHIIHH H geTeri MHHT-
pyna POCCHH. - M., 1998.
448. 1HH4OpMaLHH no 3aKOHogaTeCJbHoMy o6ecneieHuro peCreHHA pRxa COLHJanbHbIX
npo6neM iPpaKueHel FocygapCTBeHHO4 ,yMbI <«OTeCeCTBO-BCA POCCuA"> 3a nepHoA
OCeHHCH 2002 roAa CeCCHH. - M., 2003 (qPeBpaJnb)
449. 4OHeB BA, Kana6nfXnHa 14E. HaceneHne MH1pa Ha nopore TpCTberO TbLcAHCeJe-
THA // BenopyccKxnf 3KoHoMHHeCKL4A )KypHaJI. -2000 - N 4.
450.1I4oHueB B.A., Kavia6HXXHHa H.E., CyoRnnaToB A.l. H Ap. FlporpaMma KypCa <,3KOHO-
MHlKa HapogJoHaceleHHRA H geMorpa(4PIIB. B KH.: KaTanor y'e6HbIX HporpaMM 3Ko-
HioMHmecKoro q4aKynbTeTa MEY no HanpaBieHnio <O3KoHoMHKao. Peg. KonecoB B.H.,
Xojx<aeB A.l - Mi., 2002.
451. oi0HleB BA, KaAa6LIXHH H.E., CyAoniaTOB A.H., H AP. Yqe6Ho-MeTojn4qecKHe Ma-
TepaHjibI no Kypcy <3KoHoMlfKa H2PoAOHaceneHHA H gemorpa(4-n <o. 3-e HiaHn4e.
PeA. HoHueB B.A. - M., 2002.
452.1UcacB H.I. Bo3MO)KHaS MOACen, COLHaBJbHOH 3KcnepTH3bl. B KH.: FeHtepHblA 6rnq-
)KeT, reHAepHaA aKcnepTH3a. MaTrepnanbl MeeToAonorHmecKoro cemuHapa. PyK. npo-
eKTa P7caHHn4bEHa .C. - M., 200 [.
453. HCynOBa o.r. CoqHanbIHblH CMbICJI MaTepHHCTBa B COBPCMeHHOe POCCHH (<'Bam
pe6eHOK Hy7KeH TO.TbicO Bamo)// COQLHC. - 2000 - N° 11
454. Ka6bllueB 0. A noco6HA, KOMDeHCaUHH, JIbrOTbl MaTepH H pe6eHKy. Bn6nnOTeKa
pa6oToAaTena. - M.: <H3AaTeTbCTBO oFIPHOP'>, 1998.
455. Ka6blneB 0. A. npaBa POAHTTeneH H jeTeA. KOMMCHTapHH K CemeEfHOMy KOAeKCy.
- M.: 4IAaJaTe.ibCTBo PIPHOP'>, 1998.
456. Ka3aKOB M.A. HoJIHTHHeCKa3M 3SyTa C "<AKeHCKHM JIHIOMO>. B KH. )KeHHIHbl: AYXOB-
Hbie 4CHHOCTH. MHp. XXI BCK. Peg. CapanHeBa 3.X. - HH7KHHH HoBropoA, 1997.
457. Ka3aKOBa B. ManenHbKa5 XKeHLijHa B -My)KCKOM 6naHece> // Bbu H Mbl. - 1998 - Ng



196                                       FeJIgcpHbie npo6neMbl B POCCHH
4 (20).
458. Kana6uxHHa H.E. FeHAepHbIt CIaXTOP B 3KOHOMHMeCKHX H JIeMorpaadH'eCKHx
B3aHMOCBBq3,X. DKOHOMrKa r0MOxO3BrACTBa. B KH.: 3KOHOMHKa HapOOHaceJIeHHs{.
Peg. HoHreB BA. - M., 2003.
459. Kana6HxuHa H.E. Y 6e3pa6OTHItbl )KeHCKOC JHLIo // BeK. - 1994 - N, 18.
460. Kana6HxHHa H.E. feitnepHbifl CpaKTOp B BOcnplOH3BOACTBe fefrOBeqeCKOrO KaaHITa-
na. B. KH. IKeHIIIHoa. Ferigep. KyJihTypa. Peg. HywKapeBa HJI., Tpoi4HMOBa E.H., XoT-
KHHa 3A. - M.: MLE14,1999.
461. Kana6iixiLIa H. TeopeT'rqecKHe HaHpaBBJeHHB reHlepHoro alaani3a goMOXO3BOi-
CTBa Hl HeKOTOpbIC Bonpochl COLLHaVbHOH InOJIITHuKI. B KH.: FeHAep H 3KOHOMHKa:
MHpOBOH OnbIT M 3KCnepTH3a pOCCHHCKOHI nparTHiKC. OTB. pe,. H COCT. Me3eHueBa
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464. Kana6HxHLfa H.E. FeH-gepHaq 3RCfnepTH3a Mep coulHanbHo-,geMorpac4HMecKof n1o-
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465. Kana6HxuHa N.E. reH,ZIepHheC aCOeKTbl OpOgOJDIKTCJlbHOCTH AKH3HH H 6e3pa6oTH-
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466. Kana6&ixima H.E. FeHgAepHibie BOHpOCbl B POCCUH B KOHL4e XX BeKa (KaqecTBeHlioe
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471. IH:uIa6[rxHira H.E. FeiigepiublO 4CoaKTop B CoIUHaAbHIO-gCNIoi(paqiCCeoM p c HaJIKCm
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472. Kxa:ni6vixtmiii VIE.T f   iIaMBRKa pO)eICMNOCTH B PkOCCIH t1 I ICKOTOpblC BO1pOChl no-
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474. Kana6HXlHa IH.E. KeCIgHHa iI MV)KitlllIB.9KORIOMIlIMCCKOII cIpC. BKRL.: BBeCCiIe
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[75. iKana6nxilHa H.E. HacHnuc co CcOpOElbl MV)Ra: Bn1u15HIC ML p IciipCeAjieHtie BpeMC-



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BH6nuorpa(4Hr                                                          199
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B46Aiorpac4Hsa                                                          201
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202                                       FeHiepHbie npo6neMbl B POCC4Hu
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Bi46Auorpa4PH.                                                         203
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I316jiuorpaqHsa                                                          205
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206                                       FeHuecpHbie npo6neMbl B POCCHH
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BH6nHorpa4nia                                                          207
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208                                       FeHUeplible npo6neMbl B POCCHH
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BH6nHorpaq)IIA                                                         209
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HCHOJIHHTeJ1bHOa BjiaCTIH. B KH.: BTOpofl BcepoccHACKHH oKCHCKHk KoHrpecc
o)KeHILHHbl B onJIHTHKe, nOnuHTHKa An91 xKeHMHH#. CTeHorpaMMa BbICTyHJICHIIP. -
M., 1996.
690. MenbhTIlKOBa 0.1. q)aKTopbl, *CJOBHHi Hl TeH)jeH9HM pa3BJITHB. >KCHCKOrO rpegnpH-
HUMaTCebCTBa. B KH.: )KCHWHIIbl: CCMbq, o6lueCTBo, EOJIHTHKa. Peg. AeMHqeHKo T
M. - rIeH3a, 1999.
691. MeCJbHHIKoBa 0.F, BSaKyJIeB A.B. Flpo6jieMbl opraHH3aIIHH 3atHToCTH xKeHUkHH B y7C-
JIOBHSIX HeCTa6HjibHoH COLUHanbHO-9KOHOMHHCCKOM CHTmyaLuH. B KH.: )KeCHIHHbl:
ceMb,q o6IgeCTBo, HOJIHTHKa. C>TB. peg. eCMH)ACHKo TM. -  IeH3aa 1999.
692. Mep3JIAKOBa L.B. M3MeHeHHHc cTaTyCa pOCCEHiCKHX )KeHMIIH B 90-e Irogbi. B KH.:
qLeTBepTarq Poccli6cKasi yIIIIBRCpCEHTeTcKo-aKaJeMHiieCKaAl Hay"HO-HpaKTHiiecKa5i
KOH4)epeHidHSl. Te3HCbl AOKAa)AOB. - H)KeBCK, 1999.
693. MexaHE13M yHipaBJieHHSI IIHTCiKTieryanbHbIM HOTCHeuHahIOM H pa3BlTHeM reHqep-
HbIX OE HOIIICHHI B HpOMbILiiJIeHHoCTH. MeaKBya C6OpEIHK HaV'"lbiX pa6OT COTPyI,J-
HE1KOB, acHHpaHTOB H CTyeliCi'IOB. - EKaTCpnli-6ypr, 2001.
694. MeLuepKiHa E. 10. 17Horpa4miH <I lOBbIX pyCCKIIX': reHAepHaq JierEITHMa1jEl5l Ilpe2-
rpHifHMaTCJIbCTBa B HOCTCOB(CCKOM npOCTpaiHCTBC // leHAepInhle HccJeqoBaHHaE.
- 1998 - No 2.
695. MHrpa"iH >KeHllHH H3 POCCIIH - eme OQHa <cTparelrHSE ycnexa,>. B Kfi.: FeHjepHble
acneKTbi COLHIaAbHOH TpaHC43OpMaUHH B POCCHH. - Cfl6.., 1996.



210                                       FeH,iepHbie npo6neMbl B POCCHH
696. MH3yJIHHa E.B. TeKCT BbiCTynhTeHHM H OTBeTbI Ha BOIpOCbl B nepeqaae 4OHOAHTHMe-
CKHt OnIHMH> http://wwwradiomayak.ru/olimp/1999_02/990211a.asp
697. MHJIOBaHOBa J.A. OOH H npaBa )KeHLgHH. B KH.: CemHHoJIOFHST: MeTOfOJIOFHA HC-
cJIeCOBaHHB H MeTOAHKa npenoAaBaHHA. TC3HCbl LOKYIafoB. Peg. Xac6ynaToBa O.A.-
H4BaHoBo, 1996.
698. MHp CeMbH. MaTepHaInbl BTOpOrO POCCHACKOrO KOHrpecCa qL 1. TC3HCbl yMaCTHH-
KOB KOHprCCCa. - M., 2001.
699. MHTpotpaHOBa A.B. fHepcnieKrHBbl He3aBHCHMOI ?OKeHCKOrO ABHIKCHHSA B POCCHH.
B KH.: BOCnOMHEfaHCe o 6ytyUem... Bbin.2. - M., 1097.
700. MHTpoqaHoBa A.B. HOJIHTHCeCKaq KOH49CUI4Hl SKoq0cMHnHH3Ma. B KH.: MonoATOfl
HOJIUTHCecKHi npoLlecc: Hpo6JIemB H HCnccegOBaHUlH. M., 1996.
701. MHXafiJ1OB C. B. )KeH&IIIHI H InoJIHTHKa. // I1OJHTHKa. AHanw3. XpOHHKa. HporHo3.
- 1998 - BecHa.
702. MHXatinOBa E. Hpo6nema KCeHCKOH Miirpa9HH B pOCCiflCKUx HcTo0HHKax. B KH.:
FeHniepHbie aCHeKTbI COIHaJTbHO1 TpaHC4)opmaijUH. emorpajHal H COiH0JOorHM.
BbIn. 15- M.,1996.
703. MHxaPJOBa TATI. CHCTeMa Hepapxnn HOIOnB H TUH4ib paiAHOHaJibHOCTH. B KH.: )KeH-
MHHbI. AyXoBHbie 9eHHOCTH. MHP. XXI BeK. Peg. Capa.ineBa 3.X. - H. HoBropog,
1997.
704. MHxa$iJIOBCKaB 14. C. )KeHLgHHa H 6a3Hec. B KH.: 3aHA-Toc'b HaceCieHHAB B YCJ1OBHqX
riepexoga K pblHOUIHOf 3KOHOMHKe. - H. HoBropo0, 1994.
705. MHxafthoBcKaa H.B. H Ky3bMHHcKHA E.BD. HpaBO H36HpaTb H (I)aKTopbI, BnaHAoU.ie
Ha ero peaJIHaLuio. - M., 1996.
706. MHxaPJIOBCKaA HE.. HpaBa IeJIOBeKa B MaCCOBOM Co3HaHHH. - M., 1995.
707. MnxaMOBCBKaa H.6. HpaBa 'eCJOBeKa H COI.Ha7bHO - HOnYHTHUecKHe npoeCCCbl B
nOcTKOMMyHHCTHqeCKoH POCCHH. - M., 1997.
708. MUxeeBa A.P TpaHcpopMaHmA coIAHajibHbIx HHCTUTyrOB 6paKa H ceMbH. B KH.: Ce-
MbA H KeHHIuHHa: peaCbHOCTb H TeHIACHLHHII: MaTepHaJbl MmeCzyHaPOAHorO CHMUO-
3HyMa. PeA. CynpyH B.H. - HOBOCH6HpCK, 1998.
709. Mo>KeT nHU 6blTb y I1OJIHTHKK ?KeCHCKOe nHI4O? H4HTepBbIO C HpewceAaTenem LJeHT-
paJIbHOI1 H36HipaTeJLbho0l KOMHCCHH POCCHHCIKOH &Pez,epa9HH. BeCmHUAKoBbIM
A.A.// AoKTop TaTbHHa. - 2002 - No 2, HIoHb-aBryCT.
710. MoAUHma MA. PacnpegenHTe.'bHbIe oTHoMCHHM: AOXOJbl H HOTpe6JIeHHe Haceiie-
HI-A. (13 HaylHoro Hacne4nea). Peg. PtHMaiueBcKaA H.M. - M., 2001.
711. MoJIeBHI EAID. TpH sTarna SBOIOLLUHH )KeHCKOPi 3aHRTOCTH B pa3BHTbX 4HQyCTPH-
anbHbIx cTpaHax // IKeHuIHa B pOCCHtCKOM o6uIeCTBe. - 1996 - No 3.
712. MoneBHr E.'D. TPH WTana ABOJI10L1HH )KeHCKOA 3aH51TOcTH B pa3BHTbIX HHJycTpH-
afbHbIX CTpaHax. B KH.: DeMCHHOJIOlHSI: MeTO,0IOrOHM HCCJIeCOBaHHSI H meTOQAHKa
npenogaBaHmi-: Te3scbI jgoKnaAOB. Peg. Xac6ynaToBa O.A. - 4BalbOBO, 1996.
713. MonooKKome A. DKOHOMHqCCKHCC rpaBa KceHIIAHH B KOHTeKCTe CpaB -enoBeKa. B KH.:
3aqBnnHAeM HamH npaBa. - M., 1996.
714. MofloKoBa 3. 3. Bac KoHcyJIbTHpyeT lOpHCT. CoLHUMbHbIe H TpygOBble rapaHTHiH.. B
KH.: CoBpemeHHaH 2KCHLuIHHa. DHlHIKnoneqHiecKnA CipaBOH1U1K. - M., 1999.
715. MonoKoBa 3. 3. KaK opraUH3oBaTb cBoe xejno (npepnpHalTHe). B KH.: COBpCmeHUHa
>KeHLHU4Ha. JHIHKOHCfeolrHiCeCKHH cnpaBOHHHK - M., 1999.



BU6nHorpacPHu                                                         211
716. MOJIOxOBa 3. 3. Y 6e3pa6oTHlrbl )KeHcKOC JIHLO. B KH.: COBpeMeHHaa )KeHIIWHa.
3nHniczoneiiecicKHA CcnpaBOqHHK - M., 1999.
717. MoHaxOBa JlI. K Bonpocy o co9HaJIbHoH agaJITaI1HH )KeHIIHH Ha PbIHKe Tpyga. B
KH.: >KeHIHHbl H npaBO. OTB. peg. Ky3HeUoBa H.B. Htp. - CapaToB, 1995.
718. MoHaxoBa 10. A. COZH1aJbHaA a4aanTauiH SKOHoMHqecKH aKTHBHbIx KeHll.IHH B yC-
JIOBHHX pbiHKa. B KH.: >KeHg4HEbl. HCTOPHL. O6mecTBo. - TBepb, 1999.
719. MOHaXOBa IOA. 3KoHoMHqecKf aKTHBHble 7KeHI1HHbl B yCJIOBHMfX nepexoAHoro
pbIHKa. B KH.: )KCiIcKHe H reH4CPHb1C HCcJiegOBaHHZ B TBepCKOM rOCYJALpCTBeHHOM
yHHBepCL4TeTe. Peg. YCneHcKaa B.H. - TBepb, 2000.
720. Moop C.M. COIuHanbHO-DKoHoMH,iecKHe Hpo6JIeMbl 3aHHTOCTH XCeHIlIHH. B KH.:
>KCHL4HHbl: ceMba, o6lmeCTBO, HojHTHKa. OTB. peg. aeMHJeHKo T.M. -leH3a, 1999.
721. MopoBa A.l. HHBCCTH9HH B qeJloBeqecKHf KaHlHTan H COLHaJIbHYIo HHcHpaCTpyK-
fypy // CojAHc. - 1998 - N9 9.
722. MOCKOBCKaA A. >KeHCKHP Tp}' H npo6neMa paBeHCTBa HOAOB. B Ki.: )KeHUlIHbl B
pe(4opMHpyeMoi 3KOHOMHKe. - M., 1995.
723. MOCKOBCKaA CeMba - 2001. (I1H4opMaaUHOHHO- aHaJHTIT4,eCKHi4 goKIiaA Ho Ma-
TCpHiaaM HICCJIeAOBaHHA). - M., 2002.
724. MyAKYHBia H  CKeHH4IIHa B COBpeMeHHoM MHpe: MeHRIoHIHecC poAB H o6pa3bl. OTB.
peg. CegOBCRaf A H., CeMaiRKo H.M. T.1,2. - M., 1999.
725. MyACHHa KaRxCCepTBahAHCKpJHMHHaLHH Ho ripH3HaKyrnoia. Hpecc-peaH3 //)KeH-
IHHa B pOCCHHCKOM o6ntecrBe. - 1998 - No 1.
726. MywonHHa H. HlonooKeHHe )KCHLIHH Ha pbHlKe Tpyia. Bo3MOKHOCTH a,aHiTaBLtH
AKeHIIHH Ha pbiHKe Tpyjra. B KH.: )KeHlHHa B MHpe MyCKCOH KyJIbTypbi: riyrb K ce6e.
MaTeprianbl Mee4yHapOJAHOH iay'HoI KOHcJepeHLJHH. Pe,. A7eMH4AOBa O.P - C16..,
1999.
727. My(4 m1. DeMMHHH3M, rpaXvflaHCTBO H pa2lKaHIbHaB JaeMOKpaTHHeCcKaM rIOJHTHKa.
// FeH,gepHbie HCcjLeCoBaHHS. -- 1999 - No 3.
728. Ha3apoB AA, POKHHa F.B. 3aKoHogaTeebHaxf 3allHTa My2KRHH 14 OTLOBCTBa. B KH.:
FeH,wepHoe paBeHCTBO 1, POCCIH: 3aKOHOq3TeCJbCTBO, nOJIHTHKa, HpaKTHKa. - M.,
2003.
729. Ha3apoB B. H., Mopo3oBa E. B., BarHHa E. H. rHpo6)ieMbI CTPaTH(PHKaLLHH XKeHCKO-
ro 6e3pa6oTHoro HaceJneHHM. B KH.: >KeHL4HHbl POCCHH: Hpo6neMbi aHaIITaL\HH H
Pa3BHT4Mf B HOBbIX SKOHOMHqeCKHx yCAOBHfX. - HBaHOBO, 1995.
730. HaceneHi4e POCCHH ceroJrHM. MaTepHanbI Me)KBy3oBCKoH KOHcCepeHCLHH MOJIOAbIX
yqeHbIX. Peg. Kana6HxHHa H.E. - M., 1999.
731. HaqrHOHnbUHblH goma2g 0 BblllOJIHCHHH B POCCHHCKOo OegepaqHLH rlJIaTtopMbi
geCICTBH14f, HpHHITOf4 Ha {eTB('rpTOA BCeMHpHOO KOHtepeHnHMH Ho nOJOo;teHHio
>CeHMLHH. logroToRieH K CneLuwaubHOP CeCCHH FeHeparbHor AccaM6neH OpraHH-
3aUliJI 06beJAHHCHHbLX HaUHtI <O)KeHB4HHbI B 2000 rogy: paBeHCTBO MeCAy MyCKqIH-
HaMH H )ReHHIHHaMH, pa3BHTHL H MHp B XXI BeKe>. - M., 2000.
732. HaLIAOHvrlbHbIP MeXaHH3M yJIy'LneHHa riOJIO)KeHHS wKeHLIHH B POCCHEI. ,aoaKng,
ioQrOTOBICHHlbIfl KR43-H cecCHH KOMIICCHH OOH Hio ui)OCKeHHI0)IKeHLlHH (MapT
1999, HbIo-flOpK). M., 1999. 41 c. (BCCTHHK HHcOPMaLTHOHHOrO 9eHTpa HC3aBH-
CHMOFO )KCHCKOrO q)opyMa 1999 r. N9 16).
733. HaUHOHaIbHbdi nAJlaH JWACTBIIH rio vJI'4rLICHHIO rIOJIO;KeHHA We)HmHH B POCCUH-



212                                       reHAepHbIe npo6neMbl B POCCHH
CROH cTI eIepaLHH H HoBblImCeHlIo UX POJ1H B o6roeCTBe Ha 2001-2005 roJbL. YT-
Bep)RfeH PacnopsnleHHeM HpaBHTeJIbCTBa PoccHCUHKOi (PeXtepaUHH OT 28 14IOHZ
2001 r. N° 855-p. - M., 2002.
734. HaUHOHanIbHbni nZIaH JgeACTBHA no ynyrnmeHno HonoOXCCeHH CKeHIHH HM UTOBbIwe-
HIIIO HX po0IIu B o6nAecTBee o 2000 rosa (iioCTaHOBneHHe HlpaBHTeCbCTBa PIF OT 29.
08.96). // B1¶6iLHUOTeqKa HpOljCOIO3HOrO aKTHBHCTa. - 1998 - N° 10.
735. He nioTepamTbCe B Mope >KH3HM. - M., 2001.
736. HegBK HM.. Teopmi H npaKTlHKa M36HpaTeJIbHbLX KIaMnaHHH. (reHxrepHbltk acneeT).
- M.: 3ClaH, 2002.
737. HeKeMHaC K. AeMOKpaTH3auHiA 6e3 xCeHLHH? B K". >KeHILJHHbl PoCCHH - Bqepa, ce-
rO/AHAI, 3aBTpa. MaTepHa.nbi JAOKJIaOB H BbLcTynneHHlt Ha PoCCUIHCKO-aMepHKaH-
CKO HayHo-HIpaIKTCHeCKOA KoH4ICpeHIHH. - M., 1994.
738. HeKpaCoB. B. 13 <)jceJIC3HbIx4 HapKOMOB. - M.: BepCTbl, 1995.
739. HepaBeHCTBO H CMepTHOCTh B PoCCHu. - M.: MOCKOBCKIIU iLeHTp KapHerC, 2000.
740. HeCTepoBa 4., Ca6HpbSIHOBa K. HHBCCTHI1HH B HeJIOBeqecKHH KaHHTan B Fiepexot-
HbIlU nepCHo B PoCCIIH // EERC. - 1998.- No 9/04 JeKa6pb.
741. HCTHHllMHa.B CeMb: o6pa3 XACI3HH H HIO2ROCeHHe B pOCC1HCKOM o6iAecaBe. - M.,
1997.
742. HenaeBcKRfl ,4.1. H3yHeuHe CTepeOTHnoB MaCKyJItHHOCTH/ teMHHHHHOCTH y
IllKOJbHHKOB. B KH.: reHxepHbxe MCCneCOBaHHH5l B yMaHHTTapHbIX HayKax: COBpe-
MCeHHbie HO1Xo0bl. MaTepHaAbl Hay4HofI KoH4epeHuHmi. - UBaHOBO, 2000.
743. HH pa6oTbl HH CHpaaBe4nHBoCTH. ,AHCKpHMHHaLMUH ?KeHnfHHbl CO CTOpOHbI rocy-
IlapCTBa. Ha6rnogeHHe 3a npfBaMH lenoBeKa. HpoeKT no npaBaM CKeHmMH, - M.,
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744. HHRII4qOPOB 10. n1., CTyKa3oB B. A. 4eHlHloCT1IbIC OpHCHTa2UHi 6e3pa6oTHbIx )KCH-
IIAH H M MoJIoe>K. B KH.: CoLHxanhHaBq 3aLqiHTa 2KeHLUIIH: COBpeMeHHble npo6JIeMbl.
- I4BaHOBO, 1995.
745. HHKU(OPOB 1O.H., CTyKaAoB B.A., Xac6ynaToBa O.A. npo6neMbl a,alHTa214HH H pa3-
BIlITITH )KeHIIIHH B HOBbIX 3KOI1oMHIeCKHX yCJIoBHHAx. B KH.: )KeHllHuHbI PoccHu
npo6nemii aAaHTa1IHH H pa3BHTHB B HOBbIX OKOiOMELLHCCKHX CJTIOBLISX. - HBaHO-
BO, 1995.
746. HHKHepOpOBa H.H. HeKOTOpble npo6neMbl npasosoro peryuFpOJaIlIHS Tpyga )KeH-
114I1I1 B CBeTe peC4OpMbl TPYTOBorO 3aKOHogaTeIbCTBa. B KH.: AKTyahlbHbre npo6ne-
Mbi couHaJIbHo-InpaBoBoH 3aIH4HTbl 2ReHii4HIH: K 90- nCTlIlO flepBoro BCCpoCCMPI-
cKoro cbe311a 2ReHlll4H H 85-neTHFo MeyHapoglnoro x<eHCKOro JIHH 8 MapTa. Peg.
rDlvL1eHKo nH., BanH6anoBa a.H. - CnB.., 1998.
747. HHRKOFHOB A. OTKpblTbl4 HOOJIOBOH BonpoC. // OrFOHCK. - 2002 r.- NY 9, MapT
http://Xawww.ropnet.ru/ogonyok/win/200209/09-24-25.html
748. HOBHKOBa 3. C. )KeHI4HHbl B IOJIIITHMCCKOI IKH3EHH PoCCHI! // 11peo6paxKem1le
(PYCCxiHIi CeMmHHICTCKRHHAYPpiaJ). - 1994. - N,, 2.
749. HOBHKOB. D.E. MelcgpapogHaa 3a11HITa rpaB )KellI4HH: EfCTOpHUS 11 COBpeMeH-
1HOCTb. // Hpeo6pawe1HHe. - 1995 - NY 3.
750. O KeHlllIIHaX-iipe}ripHfHHMaTCeInHX B PoCCHHI // Manoe ipeCApHiTrie. - 1997 -
N7 9.
751.0 aao 1aOflOMp(CTHOI IICHTCfbl1ICTI¶ KonilTerl P411 IIOeAJiaM ACeHl11411. CCMlhI 11 MfO-



BF6niHorpatpuIsi                                                         213
Jioge>KH. HHq)opMaLtHm. - M., 1996.
752.0 KOHuLrennu npoeKTa q)e.epajibHoro 3aKoHa '0 nOIJI4THlMieCKJIX HapTH1X It Hap-
THAHO6 geATeJTbHOCTH>. lapJIaMCHTCKHe cJiymanHHH OT 9 HosI6pAi 2000 r. KoMHTeT
rOCyjAapcTBeHHof ,LgyMbh no eamnaM o6recTBeHHbIx o6-begHHeHMPIl U penJHrHO3Hb1X
opraHl3aLIlfi. O6o6iitaiomript AoKnajg HpejAcejQaTeuiq KoMHTeTa, BIRKTOpa lnhHFba
3opKanbuteBa. (www.akdi/ru/(3DSPRAVI N/AKDIHTM)
753. 0 HeKoTopbIX npo6neMax MeTooyiorHH reHgepHoh 3KCI1epTH3bI 3aKoHoqa'rei1b-
cTBa.-M., 2002.
754. 0 HOO)KCHHH C-MCee B POCCI1hCKOfl l)cJAepauLi. M.: lOpHm4eCcKaff JHITepaT'pa,
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755. 0 pOJIH )KCH11tHH B o6iLecTBeHHo-nonuTHFec1Co01 H COnHajibHO-3KOHOMHmieCKO1
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756. 06ecriet4cHIe paBeEctTBa HOjIOB: nIojiHTHKa cTpaH 3anaglHofl EBpOIIbl. - M.: HgesB
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757. 06ecrieieHHe paBHb1X HlpB H paBHbIX Bo3MOKCHOCTei A(eHLHHli E1 MNaOK4HH MexK-
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my-go.ru/Site/WomenForum/Saratov.html
758. O6nCOoBa H. F Ariamna coUHaibHio-HcHxoJIoYWtecKoro CTpccca y 6e3pa6oTHb1x.
B KH.: FeHvepI-bIe HccJe,JoBaHl M B I'ManWITdpHbIX HayKax: coBpeMeilible HOJqXO21bl:
MaTepHaJIbl MexczAyHapojjHoA Hay2lHo4H KOHcbepe10Hn. HBaHOBO. 2000 r. H.2: Co-
LQHOJ1OFHJ, OnJUITOJO'HH, fOprlCHpyIACIJiLkH, 3KoHoMHKa. Pej,. Xac6yniaTOBa O.A. -
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750). 06pal3bl CeilLrA1i1  B coBpeMeHHoH pOCCIHICKOH )KypHaJIHcTHKC. AHanH3 ()ege-
paJlbHof H perHoHaAbHofi ipeccbl. Bblri. BTopoO. 1997-1998 ir. - M.. 1998.
760. O6paLieAHe n  HKeLgmtf POCCHH K Hpe3ngeHTV Ptp BepXOBHOMy' IJIaBHOKOMaHAyiO-
iLeMv EJbTUHHy r,. Hl. (aripeflb 1998). ABH,KeilHe )KCHLUWH PoccrIII. - M., 1998.
761. 06panmeioie K KOMHCCUH no iHonpocaM ;KeHLIHH, ceClbl Ht 9e11orpaM)riu lHpH Hpe-
3HJ1CHnTe Pt). - M., 1997.
'762.06paigerivie vMaCTHHKOB MewAyHapoAHo6 BCTpCeFH )KCIeHH-'UIH-meHOB HapiaMell-
TOB CTp.H CHF K riJaBaM FOC}y1apCTB, HptaBHTJelbCTB 11 HIn1J1aMeHTOB c CTpaH CHF 10
AeKa6psp 1996 r. - M., 1996.
7(,A (i)6paICHHe y"iaCHrHnKOB fIaphlaNieTrCKMIX cjiylaHHHrl no reme 'TocNJAapCTBeHHaR
co9HanmamIana HoAgep)KKa HaCCJACHI 11 POCCHPiCKOH 0eJICpallE7HH Hpe3ftjoeHTy Poc-
CHiCKOH Fo)eiZeepauiit B.B. HIV-nIIH lIpEEHHATO iHa napfaMcrIcmlix cIT'iviiliaIHRX 9 OK-
'rsi6ps 2000 rojka
764. 06mLam 1n HPHKp 1JaHal noniHroJIorIILB. floj peA. B.ll. AyKoBa, U.11 KpaCHOii.t - M.:
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765;. 06iJkepocciH6cKoe o6iiec tlB 3cHf11o-H]fIoHFL,ecKoe JgBimKeC nile  KCeTTCKImt o6'hfem-
IlIeHlHbltl C0K03,. B KH.: FlOJTHTBHCCK1C TiapTru  lt AtBIDKCEHHA POCCHH. - N., 1999.
-00. 06'bujkHieIHI}3b1l ceNMrHap 110 lIpOeKTaM 4Ici2i1ep1iaq 3KOHOMHMa1, MITpOBOO OHhbT
H. 3tcHCT1PTn3i pOCCriICKOrt HpaRK'TTKH.,K ,CoU1aJnhITaq H.lIOTnTrKa, 3;KOTiON1TrKa H I'CH-
;tep-. Hpn T1o0LJIaCp%KKC >KcfCKCOH CCeTCLToi HiporMMLT HfEICTInoIAvA 10TXpbTTOe 06-
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77 O-iiapoim JIll.. I lpoo()bcihEa JIA. (t)lJoa.ihbO-aKoTO TTOCCKIIC ;r dTKT'Ophl 41C 1i1-



214                                       FeHJxepHbie npo6.neMbl B POCCHH
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BxŽr6nnorpa(4n¶n                                                       215
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Bti6nnorpacp 4Hn                                                         217
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BH6nHorpaun4                                                           219
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mH6JIHOrpaC4jiSI                                                         221
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BuH6xUorpacpnnq                                                          223
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940. CaMapLteBa O.K, 'DoMMHa T.A )KeHCKHH CTHAb yrpaBJeHHAI: TpH riopTpeTa. B KH.:
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224                                        FerigepHble rIpo6neMbi B Poccuti
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EM 6n 1Orpa 1HH1                                                        225
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226                                        FeH)IepHble npo6AeMbl B POCCHH
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Bn6rniorpa4n4sH                                                         227
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1024. CTeiaHWHKOBa H., JlaaKyHua .I. TpyzjOBoe 3aKOHoIaTeCTIbCTBO H peanIbHocTb: reH-
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228                                        FeH4epHble npo6neMbl B POCCHHi
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HCCJIeAOBaHH4 B ryMaHHTapHbLIX HayKax: COBpeMeHHb1e HO0AXOAbI: MaTepHanbl
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1029. CbIMeBa H.H., llIeB9oBa O.H. flpo6neMa iKCHCKOH 3aHSToCTH B geripeCCHBHoM pe-
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1030. Ta6ypoBa C.K. 3Eo.011H B napIaMeHTCKOM jiHcKypce. B KH.: FeH,xepHble OTHOLlIe-
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1034. TaTapHoKoBa 1G. B. CTIHJb ynpaB3eICHHM )KCHHIHH-Hpe4HpHHHMaTeJleFi: OGIbIT HC-
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1035. raTapHlfiKOBa IO.B. LITPHXHI K COLHaJIbHOMY noipTpeTy)KeHrLHHbI-npegrHpHHH-
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1036. TaTrapNeHKo A.q. HpeginiprIHMaml'enJbCTBo B CICTCMe LIeHHOCTHbIX opHeHTauHi<I
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1037. reKCT 06pauleHHu HHH4LHa1THBIO rpyFnT1bI H36HpaTeneH nO BblBH>RKeHHIO KaH-
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1038. TcamKi4ia A. A. >KeHCKHHi flyTb B foJLITHMKy: iCeH.epHa3 nepcneKTHBa B KH.: FeHgep-
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1039. TeCMKRHa A. A. lcoperitHccRHc HOAXO4bI K npo6JieMC IOJIHTHqeCKOrO pI4aCT115M:
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Bn66nHorpa4mHn                                                         229
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1047. THXOHOBa B.H. Mo,genb YCTOHMHBoro pa3BHTJHH H CO1(HaAb1Io-SKOHOMHHCqcKaM
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1048. T4xohboBa H.E. FCHAeepHubc aCnCKTbl BJIH5HHH peC4OpM 90-X FO/OB Ha HOTiO)Ke-
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230                                        FeHgaepHbIe npo6jneMbl B Poccnn
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1056. TonoKHHa EJI. YCJIbTmHT nH PocCHfl ronoca CBOHX XWeHIAlHH? B KH. }JeMHlaeHKO
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BH6nHorpaqHn                                                          231
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232                                        FeHx,cpHbIe npo6neMbl B POCCuH
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1098. (DeJepaJ1bHblu 3aKOH OT 30 AeKa6psl 1997 N9 137-cD3 <0 paTHl4dHKauHH KoHBeH-
liEIH o paBHOM o6paLIeHHH El paBUbIX BO3MO)KHOCTBX PNIB TPYJUIAIHXC My)KIHH H
>KeHLUIIH: TpyArlHecC c CCMeeHIHbIMI o6SI3aHHHocTBMHo// HlpaBoBaai OCHOBa o6ec-
nC4eHCHHB paBHbIX npas MVKqUHH H KeHCHUH H paBHbIX Bo3MowiHocTeH HX peaJlH3a-
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1099. (CegoTOB B.A. DKOHOMMHHecKoe H HipaBOBoe HOJIo)CHH4C )KCeHHHH B ycGJOBHlX He-
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CapanHieBa 3.X. - H. HoBropofl, 1997.
1100. 'Fe4ynoBa A.B. )KeHuMHHbl POCCHH - K PaBHOipaBHOMY HapTHepCTBy B HOJIHTHKe.
B KH. BTOpoEI BCepOCCI MCKHA XKe-HCKHOf KOHIrpeCc <>)KeHHHHbl B HOJnHTHKe, noJIu-
THKa AAR A(CHnHHO>. CTCHOrpaMMa BbICTyrlICHHII. - M., 1996.
1101. qteAynoBa AB. MyN-KHHHbI ene rlo)KaJleIoT. // He3aBHcHMaa ra3eTa. - 1995. -- No
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1102. qeXJynoBa A.B. Y nOJInHTHKH H )KeHCKoe 3iHuo. // Tpy. - 1995- No 209, 11 Ho036-
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110,3. q)eg,4efIKo h.M.0 TpyAHOCTBX rpogBIDKiHlm )KeH"HJHH B fTO4HTHKy. B KH.: BTopoH
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1106. q)eMHHlH3M. BOCTOK 3ana, PoccuB. - M.: HayKa, 1993.
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1109. (DeppH M.M. 0FeMIIHH3M H CeMeAHbie HCCjieCOBaHHB. B KH.: reHI-epHbIe TeTpaglH.
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1110. q0eCTH H., HpoKo4ibeBa ni. nocne pa3Boxa // MHp Poccu . - 1997 - No 4.



iEt6nHorpa4nH.t                                                         233
1 1 1 1. (PypTaT H.E. )KeHn.iuHbl B BcpT'lHKaJIbIOH gHq))epCHHHaLHIH OXOAOB. B RH.: Co-
EHlanbHO-HpaBOBOH cTaTyc >KeilILlHHbl B HCTOpHqCCKOA peTpOcrCeKTHBC. - 14Ba-
HOBO, 1997.
1112. QPypTaT H.E. Hyrm CHH)KCHIO HpCALJIO)KeHHB >KeHcKoL pa6oiHei cHJIbl Ha pblHKC
Tpyga. B KH.: FeH;AepHble HICCJICJOBaHHH B ryMaHHTHaptblX HavKax: COBpeMeHHble
roJxo.bi: MaTepuaAbi MemeAgyFiapoflHOH HayqHoA KOHtcpeCHjlIIl. q. 2. CoilHono-
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HHe, ilepcneKTHBbl: MaTepva.mbl MexMHROapOqHO HayHOAEOH KOI4eCpCLLHH. Peg. Xa-
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1114. XVIII MewrtylapOJHblf KOi[peECCC ceMbH. CeMrIlnapbl H BCTpetH. - M., 1996.
11 15. XaaMamga H. M. O6liic Aee.Tio. HpOCTo o CJOXKCHOM. - M.: PeKTop KOMMhiOHII-
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1116. XaKaMaga H.M.AeBttIbt 4fqMHJHIR.- M.: <OnMa ipeccc., 1999
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1118. Xac6ynaTOBa O. A. )KellrHHbI H poccHfCKoe o6LHAecTBO: Hayxlio-lcTOpHtqecKRIrl
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1119. Xac6ynaTOBa O.A. OHbirt H Trpaj"UHH )KeHcKKOIO fBH?KCHHB B POCCm<rI.
(1880-1917).-- HiBaHOBO, 199-1.
1120. Xac6ynaTOsa OQA. FlpO6neMbl aH44CpeHLlHpOBaHHOI'O FOAXOga K CHcTCMC co-
UHValbHO4 3allLHTbl KeHLflHtH Ila COBpeMCHHOM .Tanc. B KH.: COunwa.lbHaa 3aHLLlTa
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1121. Xac6ynaTOBa O.A. Hpo6neMbl COULHaJbHOH 3alLLHTbl )KeHLIIHEH H CCMbHI B HOBblIX
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nH'rHKa: perHOHaJIbHbie HpO66neMbl: C6. Hay'!. cTai'en. - HBalHOBO, 1994.
1122. Xac6ynaToBa O.A. 3rallbi pocHcEICKoH rocyJapCrBCHHOM HOJIIITHKH Ho BoBJIcqe-
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1123. Xac6yniaToBa O.A., Px6OBa Tc. HCTOpHR 6paKa H- ceMbH: CeMba H ceMeilaq i1ol011-
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1124. XcWHrH K.E. )KCHcKIHI BOnpoc. - CH6., 1996.
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1127. XOTKHHa 3. A reIepHbIC acnicKTbl 6e3pa6oTuutbl B CHcTeMe COLIHanbHOH 3aILHTbI
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1128. XOTKHHa 3. A )KeHU-irnia Ha pbJHKe Tpy1a H npOCTO Ha pbIHKC (HlpaBa )CeHLIHH
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234                                       reHgepHbie npo6neMbl B POCCHH
1129. XOTKHHa 3. reHgepHbiA nogxog K HCCneAOBaHHIO Heq4OpMaTbHOf 3KOHOMHKH.
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1131. XoTKIIHa 3A. reHgepHbiA noAxog K aHlfal3yTpyga H 3aHAToCTH. B KH.: FeHAepHbil
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1133. XOTKHHa 3A. Llp4o6pereHa H1 HOTepu nociiegHero eCCHTheTHeA XX BeKa: npa-
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1135. XoTKHHa 3A. CoLhlanbHble Hpo6J1eMbl 3aHRTOcTH B Het4opManbHoH 3KoHoMHKe
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1136. XpecToMaTHA ceMHHHCTCKHX TeKCTOB. HepeBoAbl. HoA peg. 3ApaBoMucsIoBoH E.
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1137. LIenH H HHAi4HKaTopbI: BblAepCKKH H3 OT4eTa <<Hporpecc 2KeHHHH MHpa. - IOH14-
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1138. 4eKMapeBa H. AKeHCKOA 3aHMToCTH - oco6oe BHHMaHHe // '4e.noBeK H TpyA. -
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1139. HeKopHHa H. >KeHUIHHbI H coUH2abHa3 HoJIHTHKa B YCJIOBHAX PbIHO4Horo pe-
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1140. eleKopHHa H. H4. FocygapcTBeHHaa f1OnHT4HKKa OXoAOB: IHoco6HH n 3apa6oTHaI
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1146. HepTopHnKaA TB. BonboimaA nIoHTHKa H )KeHIIHHbL B KH.: CapaiineBa 3.X. (peg.).
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BH6nnorpa4Ha                                                          235
1147. MepTopHrsaA TB. reHAepHaA nOJIHTHKa: )KeHCKHH KOHrpecc. MyAC1HHa Hi )KCH-
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1179. -1-BeAoBa H. A. HoeMynporpecc ByjiwetiiicHH CfaTyca,RKeHItI1lI BO Bcexcfepax)mt3-
Hli He cTanHBirft,CS peam,ifocmrbio? // oWEW/Mbl :,1j4aJnorRKeHm9HH. -2001 - N- 14 (30).
1180. LllBcIxoBa H. A. LlhIp0oRC y"aCTlIC RCiHl91HII B IJOJiHTHKC - nyTb K 3peCioH ACMO-
KpaiHui // CLLIA - RKoHoMHRa, noJHTrHKa, HACeoJIorHI. - 1999 - Ns 4.
1181. LUBcUoBa 1{. £CiAepHbIH qRaK'Op B H364paITe;JbHOfI KaMi1alHH // CIlUA - aROHO-



Fi3'6jimorpa4pHsi                                                           237
MHKa, i1OJiHTMKa, HjIeoJIorHm. - 1999 - Ns 3.
1182. llIBeroBa HA XieIulM4Hbl <y pyjLati? B KIi. LLIBCeOBa fiA flpocTro 0CJIO)K}iOM: reijLep-
i-toe ipocBereHiie. - M.: AHir HIBa, 2002. http://wwwowl.ru./win/books/easvgender
1183. I.BCcJ,OBa H.A. <OHa CHAHT AoMa.>: o6ulecTBeHHbIA ti<Lean HnH yHulM)uKet11e?> //
ToMamiHIiA oqar. - 1999 - No 5,
1184. LfIBezoaB H.A. Ee3 npaBa Ha ortit6Ky: OBIbIT Bbl60pOB 1993 H 1995 roioB. B KH.
tIUBeLrOBa H.A. HIPOCTO 0 CJIOWKHOM: reHt-uepHoe npoci3eiuwHne. - M.: AHTHKBa. 2002.
http://www.owl.ru./win/bool;s/easvgender
1185. lItclB0ona HI.A bbhlIl, rpaAtoaiHKOA Ei roJIOCOBaTb OC03HaliffO. // Fa3eTa. )KeIlIulfHbl
PocciiU - 2000 - N9 N,) 1-3.
1 180. li[3eABoa H.A. Bhi6opbl-1(99: WtCHC1tIIHbI B o6LfCeM FionrFuiqCCKONM Kou'reKcrc
PocciiEt. B KH. JLLBepio3ta H.A. IlPOCTO 0 C.TIOAIOM: ren;:epHoe FlpOcBefIIeHile. - NI.:
Ain 1THKBa, 2002. http://www.owI.ru./win/books/easygender
11 87. IllBe,goBa H.A. rcilI;TcpHOC paBeucH30o - itcJicitite BpeMeHui. B KH. >KHEiCKoe ripcJ-
nipijimMarejibCTBo 13 3KOHON1IHIICCKHX M I IOJIiHtiliCCKHiX CTpaTerilaX XXI BCKa.
((C6opHHIK). - M.: 2002.
1188. ItHeBXoBa H.A. repiAepHo-HyncBTBHiTflnbHit coLLiajlbHaq 1lonJTiKa - OCHOtBon  7ke-
MoKpaTitH'4CCKoro pa3BHTHIi1 o0lLIecCBla. B KH.: l1padl3a HeJiOBeKa J,JI5I >KeCiHtIIH. (BTO-
pOil BhihyCK). MaTCpliaJlbl itCCJ1CIOBaititH , HlpOB1e,fHlibhX B XOIC Tpcumiira 1lo npa-
BaM '-ICjIOBCKa ,Ji1 )KeHMmf1i I )I BOJ1?KCKoFO cpe4fepaJIbL1oI oKpyra. - Ha6epeamtHle
qenlIbl, 2002.
1180. l1IBCtJOita H.A. IcHACpHhbti 11OAIX() KaK 1)MKITOp IIOJIIITrlHHCCKOL KVJlbTyFpbl. B Kli.
>Ketwitffa It Bl3aClh: MaTrepuialbl Kpyryoo1' cTona- BToporo BcepoccHitcKolo KOH-
rpecca rioJitTrojiorFB. - M., 2000.
1190. LHiIegfoBa H.A. L,mi qero weEnmflttw  H)KH1I,I B napJiamcirre // >KeHLtu1iHt B Poccitf-
CKOM o6L1eC`TBe. - 1998 - N3.
111. liLIBeJroBa HA. )KeIIHtia Ha BJaCbh //HlpaBa)KeILfuilE B Poccitro.3aKoHoAaTenIcL-
BO It FIpaKTiKa. - 1999- N9 5.
1192. [1Inf3CoBa HA. 3miaHI-C npa B AeAaeT H.IC CllJhE1blNIn. B KHt.: Y4e6uloc noco6He.
<)KcfmtitiTaM TCxHtxcCiecKtx ripocliCCCuiA: HoBble iiepcrIeKritBbfl. - M., 199.
1103. IlIBC)ieOia H.A. lcnbTranuevc [ICpeXOJIl-o0 11CpioHqa - >KCHLufHiib1 B viapAaNeiHTC
PocciBni. B Kit. )Kei1iHb1B HrapJlaMeCHTc: 1OBCPX Lu(itpp. - CTroKroibN¶, 1998,
(,'Womcn in Parliament: Beyond Numbers-. International Institute for Democracv
and Electoral Assistance, (Internationial IDEA), - Stockholm, 1998).
1194. fflBCfOBa f-l.A. Ko0HcpepCH[u4itt oa513aTeClAcTB. // CUilA - aKOHOMbIlKa, ltlnTilKa,
ntAconoriti. -19')6 - N' 5.
1 1 95. lHBIte;oBa II.A. Hie Xo'.y 6blTb I pag4aului ioM - xouy 6brnh AOCTOiHOO rpaAcgau-
KOil. O0'KpbrrTOC ll}lCbMO HpC3ffaCH'eAi POCCILt. // ,Ol,KTOp TaTb3ita. - 2002. - N:) 2,
10ol lb-alBrycTr.
I 106. IflBctoBa H.A. 0 i-eirjcpiloii .uoAel,)HHI3aULi}ft wiac'ru. B KH.: 0 iteKOTopbIx upo6Jic-
MaX MCTO0oJ1OFIt'E1 iegepnIOII 3KcnepThI131A 3aKOHOJgaTeJbCTBa. (C6opEIffK). - NI.,
2002.
1 197. IlI1f(o)Ba H.A. 0'oriomcuue rocyappcrita K n1po6neMc Hactaumin. B Kli. KpiMUiCHiifl
Llcltlrp AJit. oKeHi 1hIl: OnObIT co3jalalH Itl pa160`bl. flo,j peit. I'IcpaeJuna E. B. H 3a6cJIri-
uiok T.0. - M.: Ilpeo6paKeutitc, 1908



238                                        FeHr'epHbxe npo6fleMbl B POCCHH
1198. mlBegoBa H.A [o3aAR UIHNIHHIH H bap6aAoca. HlapnaMeHTapHH B io6Kax: MH-
pOBbIe TeHgeHqLHH H pOCCHkcCKHe peanuH.> // He3aBHcHMahI ra3eTa -- 2000 - N- 2,
28 AHBapA. http://Iife.ng.ru/editor/2000-01-28/ 6_philipines.html
1199. UlBeAOBa HA HIonHmTMecKoe rpegCTaBHTenbCTBO )KeHTIHH. B KH.: MaTepHanbi
KOH4pepeHLiHH  lO6wnefiHble '4TeHHA. )KeHCKOCe ABXKeHHHe B KOHTeKCTe pocci4H-
cKoi HCTopHH->. MocKBa. 9-10 geKa6pA 1998 roga. - M.: 1999.
1200. mlBegoBa H.A. HoMeMy )KeHlIHHbl AOJIXHbI 14TH B noJHTHKy. //WE/Mbl: ,LIaJor
)KeHI4HH. - 1999 - N9 9 (25).
1201. [IJBegoBa HA [loqeMy )KeHMIHHbl 4OJDKHbl pea2JH30BbIBaTb CBoe npaBo H36HpaTh
H 6blTb H36paHHbIMH? // rpaBa )KeHWHH B PoccHH. 3aK(oHoAaTeibcTBo H npaKnrKa.
-1998 - No 4-5 http://www.glasnet.ru/-womnet/n4/artI0.htm
1202. liBeAoBa HA. floqeMy )KeHI14HHbl He rOJIOCyIOT 3a KeHLHH? B Ki.: Or AeiuaparuuH
paBHbIX npaB - K peahIH3aUHH paBHbIX Bo3MoxHocTre: MaTepHanbi KOH4)epeHwuHi,
nPOBegeHHblX POO 4KCeHCKOe egHHcTBO>. (cocT. H peg. HABbiqKoBa). - M., 2002.
1203. IlBegoBa HA rIpensTcTBHA Ha nflTH )KeHI4HH B riapJIaMeHT. B KH.: )KeHLAHHbl B
napJaMeHTe: noBepx LuHcpp. - CTOKrOJIbM, 1998, (oWomen in Parliament: Beyond
Numbers>. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance,
(International IDEA), - Stockholm, 1998).
1204. WIBegoBa H.A. [IpOCTO 0 CJIo)KHOM: reHgepHoe npocBeiiAeHme. - M.: AHTHKBa,
2002. http://www.owl.ru./win/books/easygender
1205.ILlBegoBa H.A. POCCHHmHKH 14 BAaTb. B KH.: )KeHIMHHa H o6ntecTBo: MaTep'avnib
MeacperHoHanbHoro KOHrpecca 1-2 mapTa 2001 r. - HmiHoH HoBropog: HBA-BO
Bonro-B5rTCKOf aKageMHH rocygapcTBeHHoi cJyxK6bI, 2001.
1206. LIBegOBa H.A. POCCUIiHKH H rIoJIHTHKa: reHAepHan Mo4ePHH31aLjH BnacTH. B KH.:
AJIbMaHaX <3OJnOTaA KHHra Pocci'HH. Cner4'an'3aHpoaa-BaHHbl BbIHycK <33HaMeH4TbIe
xKeHIgHbl PoccHH. Fog 2002-f-l. POCCmA. - M.. 2002.
1207. lLuBegoBa H.A. TepHHcTbmfl nfyTb B HiapJTaMeHT: H3 mexcAyHapogHoro onbiTa. B KH.
mJBegoBa H.A. HpOCTO 0 cJOXKHOM: reHACpHoe npOCBenieHHe. M.: AHTHKBa, 2002.
http://www.owl.ru./win/books/easygender
1208. lllBegoBa H.A. $egepalbHblfi 6ioAxKeT KaK 3epKano Haqr'oHHanbHblx HHTepeCOB //
>KeHugHma B pOCCHHCKOM o6tecTBe. - 1999- Ng 3 (15).
1209. lilBegoBa H.A. cPegepamnbHbflH 6iogxKeT KaK 3epKanio HaLuHOH4abHbMX ripHOp1Te-
TOB, 4u1H HoMeMy )KeHcKHe OpraHH3aL4HH 4oliKHbi HoHMMaTb 6bogAKeTHb1A npo-
uccc? B KH.: FeHAepHbie OTHOmCeHHsi B POCCHIi: HCTOpH51, COBpeMeHHoe cocToAHHe,
nepcneKTHBbI: MaTepHambl MexKgyHapoguio$ Hay'mHO  KoH'cepeHumH. Peg. Xac6y-
niaTOBa O.A. - HBaHOBO, 1999.
1210. 1I1BegoBa H.A., HcpaensmH E.B. oBbi6opbi 1995: )KeHIIIHHbl B HOJIHTHKe PoccHH.',
(Hay'iHbI,l 4oKnag. CpaBHH4TenbHbli aHaAH3 HTorOB Bbl6OpOB B rocygapcTBeHryio
]AyMy C ripeCTaBHTeJibCTBOM )KeH1HIH B BbICIflHX 3aKOHOXaTeTJbHbIX opraHax CIMIA
H' Kaiagbi)o>. yqeHblfj CoBeT HCKPAH. - M., 1996.
121 1. llUBeUOBa JI. 14. HHTerpaur'H xeHLrIAIH B nOJITHKy. 70-90-rr ABTopeq4epaT AHC-
cepTaurHH Ha COr'CKaHi4e CTeHeHH KaHgrgaTa nO.JIHTHMecKHx HayK - M., 1997.
1212. LlIenir T. CeMeAHblu o6pa3 )KM3HM H ceMbB B cOBpeMeHHbIx yCJiOBHAx // BeCT-
HHK COLmaJibHOft pa6oTb. - 1994 - No 2.
1213. I-UeHgepeUiKa A.H. rpo6nema AeMorpa¢HqecKoro tIOBegeHHM )KeHIIHHbl B Co-
BpeMeHHOA PoccHH. B KH.: COgHanubHO-npaBOBOt cTaTyc wKeH4MHHbI B crcopHiec-
KOH pCTpocieKTHBe. -B4aHOBO, 1997.



EBm6nHorpaqH3i                                                          239
1214. llleperH $.3., XapHeBa B.F., CepHKOB B.B. CouuonoraH o6pa3oBaHHa: HpHKnaag-
HoA acneKT. - M., 1997.
1215. lllnoBa T.C. CTipecc, 3ajopoBbe H H3MeHeHHe CaMOCOXPaHHTenbHoro tIOBeCeHHR
HaceneHHs MOCKBbl 3a rOJbI pe4)opM. KH.: POCCHA: pHCKH H onacHOCTH nepexoqHo-
ro repHoga. - M., 1998
1216. llHwoBa J.C. TpaHC(popMauHn wCeHcKoo4 MoeIiH caMoCoXpaHHTeCJbHoro TIOBe-
AeHHSi // CouiAonornwecKme Hccne4OBaHHa. - 2000. - Ng 11
1217. 11Inona J.C. TpaHicopMauam My7KCKOH H KCHCKOAH MoelJen caMocoxpaHeHaI
B yCJIOBH31X peq)opM. B KH.: My)*CHHa H )KeHLIAHHa B COBpeMeHHOM MHpe: meHAno-
H4HecA pojnH H o6pa3bl. OTB. peeA. CewIoBcKaA A.H., CeMauxKo MHM. T. 1.- M., 1999.
1218. [llHMpOX X. OpHeHTaLHR ikeByLiIeK H 7KeHIIgHH Ha ceMblO H HpoteccHOHaTIbHYJO
geMiTeJTbHocTb. B KH.: BocnoMlfHaHrn  o 6yAymeM: HpocBeTHTenbHan pa6OTa C ge-
BYUKaMH H MOJ1OAbIMH KeHU4HHaMH. PeA. IlHnyJIo TM. - M., 1994.
1219. I lHMyKOBHq C., Porai C. ToproBnai XKCHIUHHaMI: iipooJKeHHe TpagHIuHH //
AKeHcKar COAHlaapHOCTb. -2000 - N9 1.
1220. IUHHeJTeBa TI. T. )KeHgrrHHa H IIOJIHTHKa // 06naa H npHKIInaAHaA roJHToorHmA. -
MFCY. - 1997.
1221. fIIKOJbHHROB B. CoBpeMeHHble TeHqeHULHH cMepTHocTH Ho pHqMHHaM CMePTH B
POCCHH 1965-1994.- flapmK,1996.
1222. JLJiTneHTox B.3. PaBeHCTBO H cIpaBeXIHBOCTb B POCCHH H CliA // Coltmonorm-
'iecKMn )CypHan. - 1998. - Ng 3-4.
1223. lWlonoBa A )KeHiIHHa Ha pbLHKe TpyJa. B KH.: CoInoOCynbTypHblt& aHainH3 reHTep-
HbIX oTHomeHHt. Peg. SlpcKaM-CMHpHoBa E.P. - CapaToB, 1998.
1224. WilnaK E. PoccnIcCKoe o6MeCTBeHnoe MHeHHe o6 y4acTHH )KeHIIHH B cOBpeMeH-
HOM pOCCHHCKOM HOJIHTHMecKoM iipoizecce. // MOHHTOpHHr o6HeCTBeHHoro
MHeHHA. BLIHOM -1998 - N26 (38).
1225. IUTbUTeBa TI.B. BJIHBHHe reHaepHbIx cTepeOTHnIOB Ha xapaKTep B3aHMogCACTBHM
)KeHIIAHH-pyKOBOAHTeJIeA C IIOWIHHCHHbIMH B He4arorHMecKHx KOjijieKTHBax. B
KH.: MaTepHanbi HlepBo$ pOCCHHCKOA nIeTHeH wILoTibi no ACeHCKHM Hi reHAepHbIM
HccIieCOBaHJTM <oBajiaHg-96o. - M., 1997.
1226. llTbmTeBa JT.B. )KCHmH14Hbl BbI6HpalOT CBOH Hryrb. //>KeHMHHa nJIOC.- 1994 - No
2.
1227. my6HHa TIF. )KeHMUHHbl B cTpyKTypax 3aKOHogaTeCJbHOA BnaCTU Ha perHOHajib-
HOM ypOBHe. B Km. BTOpOH BcepoccvicKiH )KeHCKHH KOHrpecc -)KeHlLJHHbl B Ho-
JInHTHKeI, oIJIHTHKa Anfi A<eHLIHH>. CTeHorpaMMa BbIcTynneHHI. - M., 1996.
1228. IllyBaHoB H. B., [ITanoBaiToB B. H. MHpoBbze TeHCeHuHH pa3BHTHS1 )KeHCKoro
|]9peCrHiHMmaTeJIbCTBa // >KeHrAHHa B pOCCHACICOM o6IIeCTBe. - 1998 - N 1.
1229. [ep6wq TI. H. 3HaqeHHe  TCIj)flepbl B AKH3HH >KeHIAHHbH. B KH.: FeHAepHbre HcJICe-
AOBaHHM B POCCHH: Hpo6JieC\i  ;HMo4eHCTBHMs H TepCneCTHBbI pa3BHTHA. MaTe-
pHaTbi KoH4)epeHuHH. 24-2 5 ni-BapA 1996 r. - M., 1996.
1230. IJJep6wi TI.. Kapbepa )KeHrIIHH: ee cMbilICI H 3Ha4eHHe. B KH.: CoigHanbHazi qteMH-
HOJIOrHa. Bbn. 1. - CaMapa, 1997.
1231. Iep6Htl TI.. Kapbepa CeMeHHOH )KeHHHHbl (K HocTaHOBKe npo6neMbl). B KH.:
*$eMHHOJIOrHsIA: meTO/OJIOrHM HCCJ1CAOBaHHl4 H MeTOUHKar npenogaBaHHa: Te3HCbI
)AOKJIaAOB. Peg. Xac6ynaToBa O.A - HBaHOBO, 1996.
1232. Wep6Hq JTIM. I4eHHOCTM CeMbH H npO4eCCHOHaAbHOI Kapbepbl B npefCTaTBe-
HHMAX nOJpocTKoB. B KH.: MyKiHHa H >xeHIUMHa B coBpeMeHHOM MHpe: MeHsAOIJAH-



240                                        FeHvepHbeIC npo6neMbl B POCCUH
eca ponEi H o6pa3hl. OTB. peA. CeCVOBCKaH A-H., CeMalrnKo 1.M. T 1.- M., 1999.
1233. YyKO J1 H1.3arcoHogjaTeJlcbCBo [10 COUHdJIbHOA 3aHlHTe pa3J1HMHb1X KaTcropuH
rpaX,11aH B POCCHACKOH (PeaepauflH. M.: H43AaTenbcKrH4 TOproBbIE1 JAoM <'repaa-,
1998.
12 34. D63eeBa C. >KeHCKaM 6e3pa6oTTlLga: 6eaa, He oco3HaHHaa o6nlecerBoM? // 3KOEIO-
MIlKa II) )K131b. - 1994 - No 22.
1235. DKOHOMuKa H coLHmaJbHaa nOnIHTHKa: reHlAepHoe H3MepCHHe. Kypc neKpiLI. Pea.
ManbIllcBa M.M. - M., 2002.
1236. KKoHoMHqecKaa ollCHKa nOCJIC/4CTBH4 H2acHj11iH B ceMbe (3apy6eaKmbig OnbIT EIC-
cneoaoBaHHIi) - MaTepCaHIb1 CanTa ()OHaa H3"4CHHB 3C4eKTHBHOCTH COI4HaIab-
HO-SKOiOMHm4eCKHX CHCTeM (MOCKBa) (www.fies.ru, maTepnaii 3aropynbKo H.M.,
HlOTaneHKO M.C.).
1237. DKoHOMHqecKoe Hacunue. B KH.: AoMaBIiHee HacHJLHe B OTHOHIueHHt )KeH1HlHH:
MacIITa6bl, xapaKTep, npeCaCTaBJICHsH o6ICCTBa. MaTepanbil KOH¢epe1iHmtl
15-16 Maa 2003 V., MOCKBa. Pea. FoplulKoBa H4I., LlJypbiruHa 14.. - M., 2003.
1238. 3KoHoMwIMecKHe It COL1HanbHbie IlepeMeHbl: MOHHTTopHir o6mIecFBeHHOPO MHe-
1M14  5HH4OpMaLklOHHblH 6bonnJIeTeHlb B4HO0M. - 1999 - N- 6.
1239. DKoHoMwiecKIIe H COIJBaJbHbIe riepeMeHbl: MOHHTOpHII O6H4ecTBCHHOIO MHe-
HIMu. HH4nOpMaUtHolfHbl 6loJne'TelHb BIA4OM. - 1997, N° 3.
1240. 3KOHOHOMHMeCKHe H CoLuHw1abHble HepeMeHbl: MOHHTOPHIHr O6ILeCTBeIHHOrO
MHeHHH. MHH¢opMalHoIiHbJfl 6bonJleTeHb BLM140M. - 1999, Ng 4..
1241. EOpnosa E.C. 14HH,4HB: reFiAepHlb1C npo6neMbl Ha py6e5e XXI BeKa // Coilwc. -
1998- N"> 12.
1242. SKOBBneBa MM. HoAroTocBKa neaarorwiecKRx KaZIPOB B XKCHCK1HX rmMHa3HHAX PoC-
CHH BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHiHe XIX - iiaManie XX B.: Ha npumepe BJIaHl4MHpCKOA H MBa-
HIOBO-BO31IcceHCKOH IKeiicKHx rHMiia3H. B KH.: IeRgepHbie HCcCJCOBsaHHSI B ryMa-
H11TapElbIX HayKax: coBpeMeHHblC HOAXXObl: MaTepuanbi MmcayHapOaHO$ HaV'HOti
KOH4IepeHUHH. H. 3. H1CTOpi, s3blK, KyJIbTvpa. Pea. Xac6ynaToaa O.A - UBaloBo,
2000.
1243. MMnonbcKaa PM. AceHcKaq npecca. Ee ThnoJIormHeCKrCe oCo6eHHOCTH. // BecT-
HElK MUY. CepH4a 10. )ypHaJHCuKa. - 1995 - No I
1244. EIIOBCKUHi Pr. IKeHUItHa H lOJIHTHJKa: peaCbHOCTb H npo6neMbi. B KH.: 'epHeOKo
PA. (OTB. peR.). )Kemiu14Ha-ripe3HAeHT: MaTepHanib <Kpyrnoro cToJIa>. COCT. Beas-
KOB H.H. U M.B. I4blraHOB. - M., 1996.
1245. IIpomHuHcKas AA. TeKcr BblcTynfeliCHHl H OTBeTbI Ha BoHpoCb1 B riepe)laaMe <lHonH-
THueCKuHH OHMnm> http://www.radiomayak.ru/olimp/1999_03/990326a.asp
1246. IpbwHu¶a T. >KeHCKam noBecTKa aqHw BO BJIacTH (B3rrnqa >KeHnxHHbi-napnaMeHTa-
pus) http://wwwasi.org.ru/asinfo/49798.
1247. http://www.homeless.ru
1248. REN TV. 23 ,aeKa6pH 1999.



ll



B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aAOQaMH CTpaTerHH BceMHpHoro 6aHKa no o6ecne4eHHIo KoMnneKCHoro
nOAXOAQ K reHAepHOMy paeBHCTBY (2002 r.) AaHHoe HccneAoBaHHe HanpaBneHO Ha H3y9eHHe
reHAepHoA cHTyaOLAH B POCCHUCKOU IeAepaL;HH. OHo 6a3HpyeTcsi Ha BCeCTOPOHHeM aHanU3e
AOKYMeHTOB H ny6nWKaL4mH  0 nOJ1)KeHMH )KeHLL4HH H MY)K4HH B pa3JnH4HbIX c4epax )KH3HeAeB-
TenbHocTH, reHAepHoH aCHMMeTpHH, H3MepsieMoH no psiAy noKa3aTeneH (TaKHX KOK 3AOpOBbe,
o6pa3oBaHHe, 3aH5;TocTb, pbIHOK TpyAa, 3aKOHOAaTenbCTBO H y40CTHe B nonJTH4ecKOH )KH3HH).
Pe3ynbTaTbl AaHHoro HccJieAOBaHHsi npeAnonaraeTc5I HCnOnb3oBaTb npH peanuH3GLH  reHAep-
HOU CTpaTerUU POCCUUCKOU cZeAepaiAwm, noCKonbKy OHH OXBaTbiBaKOT HaH6onee Ba)KHbIe, C
TOKH 3peHHSl reHAepHorO HepaseHCTBa, c4,epbl pOCCHUCKOA AeeCTBHTenbHOCTH. QOKJ1aA He CO-
Aep)KHT rOTOBbIX OTBeTOB OTHOCHTenbHO cnoco6oB CHH)KeHHU; reHAepHoro HepaBeHCTBa. ABTO-
pbl J1HWb nonbiTanHCb HAeHTHc<HLAHpOBaTb o6nacTM, rAe TaKoe HepaeeHCTBO cyuJecTByeT, H OLAe-
HHTb nocneAcCTBHs ero cyUieCTBoBoaHH.
B AoKJIaAe npeAcTaBneHbi pe3ynbTaTbi aHaonH3a 1248 ny6nHKaLAHA no reHAepHoA npo6neMa-
THKe, H3AaHHb]X B POCCHUCKOU :t'eAepaLAHH 3a rOAbi nepexoAHoro nepMoRa - AeCATH neT 3KO-
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