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() `'. . , , . 3. . , « ». , , , , . , -- 2 ` ' . , .3 17% ( ), , - . , . 4. , , . , . , . , , , , , , : , . . , , , , , . 5. : . -- -- . , , , . 6. . . , . . 3 (WB-2) Growth, Employment and Living Standards in Poland, World Bank (2004). 2 , , , - . . . - , " . , ."4 ­ , . 7. - . , . , , ( ) , ( ). , , , ( - ) , , , ( - ) . . - , . 4- : http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMENT/EXTLED. 3 1: . , ` () , , , , . , ( ) : -, , ; , , ; , .5 8. . , 6 , . ", , , . , , , , ."7 9. ­ . : (1) ? (2) , , , ? (3) , , ? 5E : - : http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/intro/working1_en.htm and Community Strategic Guidelines on Cohesion 2007-2013. 6Andre Sapir (Chairman), An Agenda for a Growing Europe: Making the EU Economic System Deliver: Report of an Independent High-Level Study Groups established on the initiative of the President of the European Commission (2003). 7Andre Sapir, An Agenda for a Growing Europe: Making the EU Economic System Deliver ( 2003). 4 10. . 1 , , , , . , . 11. . . , . NUTS2, ( ) , 1 .8 NUTS1 1,2:1. NUTS3 3:1. NUTS2 1,8:1. 2,3 . 88 . 12. 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 " ". , -- , . , , . (, 45- )9. , 8NUTS . 9Rice, P.G., A J. Venables, and E. Pattachine, "Spatial Determinants of Productivity, Analysis for the UK Regions'; Regional Science and Urban Economics," (2006). 5 , .10 - NUTS ­ , . NUTS . NUTS1 3 7 ; NUTS2 ­ 800 000 3 ; NUTS3 - 150 000 800 000 . ( , NUTS2, --, , 45 ). ; (.. 88 , , , ). , 75000 / () . (14 ). : , ( ) . 13. . . , . , --, , . 1, 0,22 0,80 . , . , , , . 14. , , , , . , , . - 10 ( ) , , : , , , . , , , . , , . , (IBRD, Poland:Directions in Regional Policy (2004) and IBRD, Growth, Employment, and Living Standards in Poland (2004). 6 ( ) . ; ( ) - . , , . (- ). () () . 15. , --, . (, ) . , ( ). . , . . . , . 16. , . 1 1: , +.78 -.37 -.30 , +.79 -.77 -.69 +.96 -.88 -.92 . +.93 -.81 -.91 , +.59 -.40 -.46 +.33 -.47 -.33 . , * . . . 0,69 0,96. , . ( 2A), ( 2B). . 7 2A 2B : : 7500 15 14 7000 13 ) 12 6500 (%11 10 6000 9 8 5500 7 6 5000 5 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 17. 2 , . , , . ( 0,79, ). 18. , . . 2, . 0,07 0,25 . , , -- 0,07 0,10. , . 0,25 . 2: , . , , , , . , .., , , . , , , .. , . 8 , . ( ), . , , . , , . , . , , . , , . ( , , , , , , .) . , , . . , , . , . , , . , , , . . , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . 19. . 0,04 ( ) 0,26 . , : 0,22 0,58 . 14% - 6% , . - 18% , 4%. 7% - ( ) 2% , . , 25% 0% -. - 39% 2% . 9 2: , 0,22 0,07 0,19 0,27 1 5 0,26 0,07 0,14 0,33 2 7 0,42 0,10 0,15 0,37 4 18 0,58 0,18 0,16 0,39 0 25 0,38 0,25 0,24 0,55 8 39 0,80 0,24 0,26 0,58 2 38 0,22 0,04 0,22 53 88 3: , .11 -- -- , . 4,30 . 2,15 . . -, , . , , , . , , . : ( ), . , . , ( ) 55% . 40%.12 , , , , . . (ECAPOV) . , , , . . , , ,13 , , 11IBRD, Growth, Poverty and Inequality: Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (2005). 12 ECAPOV , , . 13IBRD, Growth, Employment, and Living Standards in Poland (2004). 10 . ( ) , ECAPOV , (4,30 5,50 ) . 20. , . -, . , 2 -- `' , , .. -- . , , , , . . 21. ? ? , , , . , . . , , , , , , , . .14 22. , , , .15 , .. . . 37% 14 , , , . -- ­ , , . `' , , . , , . 15IBRD. Growth, Poverty and Inequality (2005), op.cit. 11 16 7% , . 12% 2% , , , . 16% . , (7%) , (7%). . 23. . 13% , , (12%) , (21%). (79%) , , (72%) , (68%). , , , . , . 24. . 14% 5% 7% . 20% 4% 6-7% . (12%) , (7%). (24%) , (18%) , . . .17 25. . 14% ( ). , , 5%; ­ 2%. , , 16 , 37% . 17, . 9,06%, - 7,5% - , . 7,6%. 12 , 30% 17% , 7% , . , . ( ) . (7%) , , (8%) - (6%). ( .) 26. , -- , . , . ( ) 27% 9% 4% . 54% 14% 5% . 50% , 38% - 12% . 27. 3: * . 16 .45 -.10 -.12 .21 NUTS2 6 -.29 .92 .05 -.17 NUTS3 28 .26 .11 .01 .36 8 -.22 .89 -.91 .82 79 .65 .54 -.29 .55. 7 .43 .42 -.83 .88 16 .38 .63 -.33 na 5 -.58 .65 -.06 .06 * : = 1; . = 2; = 3; = 4. . . , . 3, , . , . ( ) . : , , , . 13 28. , , , , . : . , . , . 29. , . . -, . , (, ) . NUTS2, , 33%. 3. (NUTS3) . 30. -, . , . . , , . 1990- . . -- -- . . , . . ( -- -- ). , , - , , , .18 31. ? , 18IBRD. Poland: Directions in Regional Policy Background Papers (2004). 14 , « »: . , -- . , . : , . , « »: , . , . ` , ', ` , '. 32. , . , , . 33. . , , ( ), ( ), ( , ), .19 , , . 34. , . ` ' . , , . 19J. Williamson, "What Should the World Bank Think About the Washington Consensus?" The World Bank Research Observer (August 2000), vol. 15, no. 2. 15 , . ( ) . , , . 35. , . . . , . --« »-- , . 36. , ( , , ..), . . , , ( ` ' ` '), , . , , , , . 37. . .20 , , , . , , , , .21 38. , , , . -, , , , . 20Harvey Armstrong and Jim Taylor, Regional Economics and Policy Third Edition (2000). 21 Gordon Hanson, "Geographic Concentration" in Gordon Clarke et. al., Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography (Oxford University Press, 2000). See also Masahisa Fujita and Jacques-Francois Thiesse, Economics of Agglomeration - Cities, Industrial Location, and Regional Growth (Cambridge University Press, 2002). 16 . . Venables Burgess , " , , , , , ` ."22 39. . , . , , . ( , , , , ).23 , (, ) .24 . Paul Krugman, ` ,' , . , . . , . Michael Porter , , , , , .25 , . , Rosenthal Strange (2004), 22Robin Burgess and Anthony Venables, "Toward a Microeconomics of Growth' in IBRD," Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics (2004). 23A.J. Venables, "Shifts in Economic Geography and Their Causes," paper prepared for 2006 Jackson Hole Symposium. 24Paul Krugman, "Where in the World is the New Economic Geography?" and Michael Porter, "Locations, Clusters and Company Strategy" in Gordon Clarke et.al., Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography (Oxford University Press, 2000). 25 Masahisa Fujita, Paul Krugman, and Anthony J Venables, The Spatial Economy:Cities, Regions and International Trade (MIT Press, 1999) and Edward L. Glaeser, "The New Economics of Urban and Regional Growth," in The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, edited by Gordon L. Clark, Meric S. Gertler, and Maryann P. Feldman (Oxford University Press, 2003). 17 . , 3-8%. , 50 000 , 50%.26 40. . . , . , , , . , , , .27 41. , . , . . , . , , . , , . . . ( , , , .)28 42. , , . , , . , , , , . , , 29 , 26Rosenthal SS. and W.C. Strange, "Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies in V. Henderson and J. Thiesse, Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics. 27 Gordon Hanson, "Geographic Concentration" in Gordon Clarke et.al., Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography (Oxford University Press, 2000). See also Masahisa Fujita and Thisse, Jacques-Francois Economics of Agglomeration - Cities, Industrial Location, and Regional Growth (Cambridge University Press, 2002). 28Venables, op.cit. 29 Myrdal, Gunnar, Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions (1957). 18 .30 43. , . 3 , , . . 0.350 0.330 . , . 0.310 , Sala-i- 0.290 . Martin, , 0.270 0.250 .31 0.230 0.210 0.190 , 0.170 0.150 ( 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 ) , ( ). 3 , 1995-2003 . , . , . ? 44. . , . , ( ). , . . 30Regional Cohesion Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence, Center for Economic Policy Research, Discussion Paper 1075, London, UK. 31Xavier X. Sala-i-Martin, "Regional Cohesion: Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence," European Economic Review (1996), No. 40, pp. 1325-1352. 19 4 ( 45. ) , ( ) .32 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 . , . , "" , .. , , . , , . 12% . , , 13000 "- " , , 35000 10 .33 , . , , .34 , - .35 4, , 0,5% 1,5% 2,5% , .36 , 32Robert Lucas, "Migration and Lagging Regions," unpublished paper prepared for World Bank (July 2002). 33IBRD, Enhancing Job Opportunities: Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (2005). 34Ibid. 35IBRD, Internal Migration and Commuting in the New Member States of the EU (2006). 36 , . 20 - - .37 46. -- -- ? -, , , , . Harris Todaro38 , , , . . , 2004 . 14,6%. , ( ), , , , . , . , , 17 . , 20% . 47. , , . . , . , , , . , 20% , .39 , . 48. . , , 37Fdrmuc (2004) and Ederveen and Bardsley (2004), respectively, cited in Peter Huber, Regional Labor Markets in Transition (2006). 38J. Harris and M. 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( , ). , , , ( ). 52. , . , . , .46 Feldman , ` '. , 1999 , 66,3% , , , . Feldman , , .47 45IBRD, Enhancing Job Opportunities (2004). 46Robert Lucas, op.cit. 47Horst Feldmann (2004), op.cit. 23 , . 53. « », , , . . . ( ) . . . , -- -- , , . , « », , . 54. . .48 , . , . 55. , . 60% , , - , , , . 60% . 50% . 1993 ­ 1998 ., Cieslik49 . , 48IBRD, Enhancing Job Opportunities: Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, (2005). 49 , Internal Migration and Commuting in the New Member States of the EU (2006). 24 , .50 ( ) 1993-2000 . , , . , , , . , , , , . 56. . 1990- . ( ) . , , . 5 . . , , , . , . 2001 , (, , , , , ) , . 2002 , , . , . 76% , ­ 73%. , 0 50 100 150 200 . %(2005) 32% 50IBRD. Internal Migration and Commuting in the New Member States of the EU, (2006). 25 170% . 5, 21% , ­ 8%.51 57. . . , , . , , , . 58. , , , , , . Armstrong Taylor52 , . , , , . 59. . , , . 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World Development Report: Infrastructure for Development (1994). 68 David Alan Aschauer, "Is Public Expenditure Productive?," Journal of Monetary Economics No. 2 (March, 1989): 177­200. 69 Kenneth Button, "The Role of Infrastructure in Promoting Growth and Development in Lagging Regions," paper presented at the World Bank Workshop on Promoting Growth and Development in Lagging Regions, June 3, 2002 (unpublished draft). 70 John Bradley, "Has EU Regional Policy Been Effective?: the Debate on Structural Funds," Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin (August 2005), op. cit. 71 Philippe Martin, "Public Policies and Economic Geography" in Bernard Funck and Ludovico Pizzati, European Integration, Regional Policy and Growth. 30 , , .72 Basile, de Nardis Girardi 1980- 1990- . , , ` ', .73 Stierle , ` , .'74 , , ` , '. 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( 92 10% ). , , , , . , , 90% . 91IBRD, Enhancing Job Opportunities Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (2005). 92, , , , , . 35 , , 40% , , .93 , ( ), - , . . . , , . , . , , , .94 75. . , , , , ( ). , , . , , . 76. . , . ( - , ).95 . ( , - ), ( ). 93Simon Johnson, John McMillan, and Christopher Woodruff, "Property Rights and Finance," John Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper 231 (2002). 94Johnson, McMillan, and Woodruff, op. cit. 95"Local Economic Development: A Primer­Developing and Implementing Local Economic Development Strategies and Action Plans," World Bank (2004). 36 77. . , . ( ) . , . , , ( ) / . , ( ), , . 78. . , , / (, ) . , , (20%) (46-50%) . , 14 96, . , , 36 1500 ( 2001 ) , . , 28 , , 97 , . . . , , . 79. , , 96 , . , . , . 97 , 1 2003 . 37 ; , , .98 , , , , . , : · ; · ; · ; · , . 80. . , , , , , , , . , , . 98 , : Bradley, John. 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A Critical Survey, World Bank Research Observer (2006): Vol 21 (2). 42 , . 20% . , , ; .113 91. (1972-1981 .) «-», «-», . -- . , , . ( - 70 ) . . (1977), . . , ( ) , . , . , .114 92. . , . 1950- . 2% , . 1958 . 1973 , 1979 ­ , . . . , , , , . . , . 113De Ferranti, Guillermo Perry, et. al., From Natural Resources to the Knowledge Economy, World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies (2001). 114Ann Markusen, "Interaction between Regional and Industrial Policies: Evidence from Four Countries," proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics (1995). 43 . ( , 20% ). -, , , . . 1982 ( ) -. , "" 115, . , "" . (Apple, Compaq, Dell, Gateway IBM) (Intel NEC) , (Microsoft, Lotus Oracle.) . 93. , . , , . , , Rodrik. , ` , '. , , ` , , , , '.116 94. , . , , . , , , ( ), , , . , , , . 7, , , , 115 . 116Dani Rodrik, "Industrial Policy for the Twenty-First Century," September 2004. 44 , , , , , . , . 7: 1. ................................................................................................ : ........................ ............................................................................ ............................................................. 2. .............................................................. ...................................................................................................................................................... ­ , ; ................................................................................................................. : ............................................................................................................................................ 3. ­ ......................................................................... ­ ............................................................................. ­ , ........................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ................................ ............................................................................................................ 4. , ........................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. 5. ................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................................................... 6. ..................................................................................... ....................................................................... 95. . , , , : , , , . , , , . 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