CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE Successes in AFRICA Authors: Xiaoyue Hou, Xenia Zia Morales, Grace Anyango Obuya, Dasan Bobo, and Ademola Braimoh For African governments, Agriculture is a victim of climate promoting climate-smart change but also a major part of the agriculture is a priority. There is climate problem. With climate a range of agricultural change and dwindling natural management solutions, which resources, sustainability of the food can improve crop productivity, system is important. That's why the enhance resilience to climate World Bank promotes climate-smart shocks and reduce carbon agriculture, which aims to secure a emissions. Delivering this triple triple-win of increased productivity, win is essential to addressing greater resilience and a lower Africa's food security agenda. environmental footprint. Makhtar Diop Juergen Voegele Vice President, Africa Region Senior Director, Agriculture Global Practice The World Bank The World Bank Cover photo: Dasan Bobo/World Bank Left photo: Dasan Bobo/World Bank 3 The African Challenge Africa is home to more than 225 million undernourished Africa agricultural systems to almost triple overall people. Farm families in Africa and other parts of the world production. Doing so in a businessas-as-usual manner are already overrepresented among the poor. Climate would triple agriculture and land use–related emissions, change will strongly reduce their chances of escaping catapulting Africa to near the top of international agricultural poverty. emission contributors and making it impossible for the global community to meet its COP 21 commitment of keeping Climate variability is already reducing productivity. temperature change well under 2°C. Research indicates that decreases of about 5 percent in crop productivity are expected for every degree of warming Agriculture and agriculture-driven land use produce 25 above historical levels. Without actions to improve the percent of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), making resilience of agriculture, a rise in average temperatures of it a big part of the climate problem. But agriculture can also 2°C by the middle of the century might reduce yields by up become a part of the solution. to 20 percent. Additional temperature increases would cause exponentially more harm. More irregular rainfall Unless we change our approach to planning and investment amplifies temperature risks, and the consequent droughts for agricultural growth and development, there is a profound may trigger famines. risk of misallocating financial resources, generating agricultural systems incapable of supporting food security, Falling yields in many African countries occur at a time increasing land degradation and vulnerability of the poor, when population growth and increasing incomes will require and contributing to increasing climate change. 4 The Climate-Smart Approach Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach for CSA interventions should be considered and chosen for transforming agriculture and meeting the world’s food their benefits towards the overall farming system/landscape. security needs under the new realities of climate change. CSA interventions are most successful if they complement CSA aims to secure a triple win of increased productivity, the project-site situation. greater resilience and reduced GHG emissions. Successful CSA projects are often composed of a number CSA is an alternative approach to managing land of action-oriented solutions backed by enabling policies and sustainably while increasing agricultural productivity. CSA environments. can reverse the trends of land degradation and agriculture’s negative ecological footprint, sustain food production, This publication highlights successful CSA projects in Africa. enhance resilience, reduce GHG emissions, sequester These projects are implemented by the World Bank and carbon, and improve other ecosystem services. partner organizations. The World Bank is working to scale up adoption of CSA technologies and practices in Africa In order to scale up CSA, urgent action from public, private through the Africa Climate Business Plan. and civil society stakeholders at the international to local levels is required in four important areas: 1) Coordinated policy making; 2) Strengthened institutions; 3) Evidenced-based planning and decision-making; and 4) Dedicated financing and measuring its effectiveness (Lipper et al.). 5 81%            of families experience hunger in Nyando valley, Kenya Malnutrition affects 45% of children under the age of 5 CSA provides better options, improved productivity and nutrition, increased income, resilience and reduced GHG emissions 6 Climate-Smart Villages in Kenya: Building resilient farming systems Kenya’s Nyando valley is carved with deep gullies caused more resilient livestock varieties, veterinary services and by soil erosion. In the villages of Nyando, 81 percent of manure management; and agroforestry. families experience 1-2 hunger months - or periods when they are unable to produce food from their own farms - in a Farmers are no longer just “crop farmers” or “tree farmers”. year. To cope with these challenges, many farmers have They understand that diversifying their activities will make started practicing CSA, including using climate-smart their farms more resilient to climate change and lower their species and cultivars, and climate information services. carbon footprint, while increasing productivity and improving They also benefit from local development and adaptation the overall quality of their soils. plans and supportive institutions and policies. Inclusiveness is a strength of the climate-smart villages After getting trained, farmers decide on what climate-smart approach. Farmers from different communities, researchers techniques to implement in an inclusive process that from different disciplines, non-governmental organizations empowers women and other groups. Drawing from their and other partners, come together to test a range of options training, farmers have been able to transform their land in an integrated way. The climate-smart villages have into productive and high-yielding farms. improved food security and resilience, and given smallholders options for adapting their agriculture. Many farmers now practice water conservation techniques; better livestock management through the introduction of This project is supported by the CGIAR-Research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Left photo: Dasan Bobo/World Bank 7 Honey production has increased by over   131%    while incomes have grown by nearly 356% 8 The Bee-siness of Agriculture:  Developing commodity value chains through Public- Private Partnerships The Mau Forest’s Ogiek people have practiced beekeeping product. Efforts to improve the quality of honey, especially in for generations. But their experience hasn’t spared them the post-harvest handling, have improved marketability, as has challenges that come with running a business: low certification by the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEB), bar production levels, lack of organized marketing structures, coding and development of the Ogiek brand. A market outlet low prices due to low quality harvests, wasted hive in Mariashoni sells directly to customers. products, and lack of skills in improved beekeeping technologies. Environmental and forest conservation has become more important as beekeeping has expanded. Beekeepers are With technical support, beekeeping has improved. Honey encouraged to plant trees in their apiaries. These trees not production has increased from 2-10 kilograms to 15-20 only rejuvenate the forest and act as a carbon sink, but also kilograms. Unlike traditional farming practices, beekeeping produce flowers that attract bees. is not resource-intensive. Once the hives are built and the apiary is correctly placed, farmers can start harvesting after Capacity building efforts and investments from stakeholders 6 months. such as the Kenya Forestry Service, Kenya Commercial Bank, Baraka Agricultural College, and the World Bank have Ogiek beekeepers sell honey to their cooperative which improved livelihoods, enhanced sustainability and proven processes, refines, bottles, markets, and sells the finished that traditional practices can become a profitable business. From left clockwise: KAPAP, KAPAP, Dasan Bobo/World Bank, KAPAP 9 Intercropping can change the micro- climate in coffee growing areas and reduce temperatures Suitability maps like the one above produced by IITA by 2-5°C shows that areas that are suitable for Arabica coffee will drastically decrease as average global temperatures continue to rise. Inaction could result in estimated losses of US$100m/yr 10 to the coffee industry Coffee Farming in Uganda: Where science and the private sector meet Coffee is Uganda’s largest export product. It generates 20 The maps show that if current coffee production systems percent of foreign exchange earnings. However, climate are maintained, then current Arabica growing areas may not change could negatively affect coffee production and be suitable for the coffee variety going forward. Estimated dampen the economy. To address this challenge, research losses may exceed US$100 million per year. institutions are working throughout the value chain to grow the coffee industry and empower smallholder farmers. With this information, farmers and the private sector are able to better plan their investments for a sustainable future. Adaptation is a must and by adding shade to coffee, it can Farmers will become more climate resilient by choosing the change the micro-climate and reduce the temperature in right type of crop. Meanwhile, with a clearer idea of the coffee growing areas by 2-5°C. These shade trees, like future impacts of climate change, the private sector can banana, can generate 50 percent additional income for better plan for their business. farmers, while also absorbing carbon in the soils and reducing temperatures and drought problems. In addition to CSA techniques such as intercropping, mulching and the use of shade trees, researchers used International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate models to develop maps showing where Arabica and Robusta coffee varieties can be grown in Uganda. This project is supported by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Left photo: Dasan Bobo/World Bank 11 Suitability map: IITA 228,000 farmers adopted improved farming techniques Rice production has increased by nearly 30% 12 Irrigating the Future of Tanzania: Raising productivity through irrigation investments Agriculture dominates Tanzania's economy, accounting for climate change. The ultimate goal of ASDP is to enhance 46 percent of GDP. Ecnomic growth relies heavily on the agricultural productivity, farm incomes and food security, performance of the sector. Improvements in agricultural contributing to the achievement of the Second Poverty performance can have a direct impact on the incomes of the Reduction Strategy (MKUKUTA II) and the Comprehensive poor. African Agriculture Development Program's (CAADP) goals to promote agricultural growth and achieve food and Growth in the agricultural sector is determined largely by nutrition security. factors that lead to increased productivity, including access to agricultural inputs (mainly improved seeds and fertilizers), The project has directly benefited 228,000 farmers, 25 research and extension, irrigation, and mechanization. percent of whom are female. The total area under irrigation Facilitating factors such as access to output markets, has increased by over 80 percent. This has led to an access to credit, and infrastructure such as rural roads also increase in rice productivity from 4.5 metric tons to 5.8 have an impact on growth in the agricultural sector. metric tons. In addition, to improve the policy environment Irrigation provides reliable access to water, which protects for private sector investment, initiatives like the Southern farmers from periodic shocks caused by climatic variability. Agricultural Growth Corridor for Tanzania (SAGCOT) have been put in place to foster inclusive, commercially The Agricultural Sector Development Project (ASDP) successful agribusinesses that will benefit the region’s supports small-scale irrigation investments to raise small-scale farmers, and in doing so improve food security, productivity and insulate producers from shocks caused by reduce rural poverty and environmental sustainability. Left photo: Sarah Farhat/World Bank 13 Soil analysis and mapping has been conducted in over 60%  of districts across Ethiopia Distributing appropriate fertilizer blends through 5 plants in 4 regions has improved crop productivity 14 Mapping out Ethiopia's Soil Health: A path to a green economy Ethiopia is committed to becoming a resilient and These findings have helped to revise fertilizer low-carbon economy by 2030. To meet this goal, soils from recommendations at the woreda and kebele (neighborhood) different woredas (districts) are being surveyed and levels, as well as to identify highly acidic soils that should be analyzed. The result of these analyses are translated into rehabilitated with the use of lime. These not only improve soil maps and documented in the national soil inventory farming practices but also reduce the use of greenhouse database. gas emitting urea and nitrogen. Ethiopia has 18 soil classes and it is estimated that 80 To meet the increasing demands of appropriate blended percent of the country is covered by nine major soil types. A fertilizers, five fertilizer blending plants were established in wide range of topographic and climatic factors causes the the four regions with the largest agricultural production. extreme spatial variability of the soils. Inadequate Additional fertilizer blending plants are planned for other information on soil fertility status can often lead to erroneous regions in Ethiopia. application of fertilizers, further damaging soil health and productivity. Farmers are already reaping the benefits of sound soil advice. By applying the appropriate fertilizer and composting Soil analyses show that Ethiopian soils are 
deficient in one techniques, farmers are able to increase productivity while or more essential nutrients - namely nitrogen, phosphorous, reducing fertilizer expenses. This is not only good for the potassium, sulfur,boron, zinc, iron and copper. farmer but also for overall soil health in Ethiopia, putting Ethiopia on track to become a green economy. Left photo: Dasan Bobo/World Bank 15 87,000 farmers trained and practicing CSA interventions Annual household income grew over 260% 1 million ha set aside as community conservation areas 16 Incentivizing Agriculture in Zambia: Conservation through sustainable agriculture practices Recent years haven’t been easy for smallholder farmers in To date, 87,000 farmers - 52 percent of whom are women Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Traditional farm practices, as well - have benefited from formal training in climate-smart, as lack of access to improved production technologies and sustainable agriculture. They now practice low-tillage affordable inputs, have resulted in crop shortfalls. Farmers farming, mulching, and composting, in addition to have pursued unsustainable agricultural practices to help beekeeping, dry season gardening and poultry husbandry. them cope, which have spurred soil degradation, These practices have enhanced productivity and reduced deforestation and biodiversity loss. the need for inorganic fertilizers, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions. The Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO) is a model for rural development that uses inputs, technologies Over 10 million cassava cuttings have been planted to serve and markets to help smallholders achieve food security and as a drought-resistant food reserve. This also reduces the boost incomes while conserving the natural resources they risk of rainfall run-off and can help increase the storage of rely on. COMACO’s premise is that with the right incentives water in the soil profile. Deforestation and bush fires have and training, smallholders will favor sustainable agriculture decreased. Participating farmers’ incomes have risen by at practices over more destructive ones, especially if basic least US$200, compared to before the program. food and income needs are met. COMACO offers above market prices for goods that are produced in compliance This initiative shows that CSA is a win-win for everyone - it's with sustainable soil, farming and conservation agriculture both good for the environment, as well as farmers’ incomes. practices. Left photo: IITA 17 Livestock sector contributes to 39% of rural incomes 253,000 livestock farmers have adopted improved husbandry practices 19.6% of Zambia's GHG emissions is from the livestock sector 18 Improving Livestock Productivity in Zambia: Investing in animal health In Shesheke, western Zambia, cattle rearing is more than surveillance, laboratory diagnostic capacity, control of just a livelihood. It is a culture that can be threatened by the animal diseases and institutional support to the livestock spread of animal diseases. As cattle share watering holes and agriculture ministry. LDAHP is also supporting capacity with buffalo, particularly during dry season, herds are strengthening of key public institutions in the livestock especially at risk for contracting Foot and Mouth Disease sector, with the specific objective of improving delivery of (FMD). To prevent an outbreak of FMD and other animal advisory and technical services to enhance the adoption of diseases in the country, the Department of Veterinary good husbandry practices and innovative technologies. Services in the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MFL) LDAHP promotes the sustainable development of the has set up vaccination centers throughout the province. livestock sector by increasing food production while at the same time reducing GHG emissions. The livestock sector contributes approximately 39 percent of rural incomes in Zambia, making control of FMD and other Zambia’s long term livestock sector strategy is to establish a diseases and their vectors a critical priority. The country is Disease Free Zone with the objective of accessing already faced with the challenge of low productivity in the international markets for livestock and meat products. In the livestock sector due to underinvestment, poor animal short to medium term, the proposed LDAHP would underpin husbandry and poor animal nutrition. this strategy and contribute to improving veterinary and livestock services, food safety and productivity of the Bringing animal diseases under control is a prerequisite for smallholder production systems. Since the project’s productivity improvements. The Livestock Development and creation, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia has been Animal Health project (LDAHP) has allocated US$25.7 verifiably cleared from 11 of the targeted 18 districts, million to strengthen veterinary services including and 253,000 livestock farmers have benefited. Left photo: Alex Mwanakasale/World Bank 19 Drip irrigation saves 25% of water use in irrigated areas Tree crops provide higher returns and are better adapted to drought and climate change than cereal crops in rainfed areas 20 Combating Drought in Morocco: Supporting smallholder farmers in a changing climate Morocco is prone to drought, and climate change is already access to technologies and services and promoting their resulting in higher temperatures and lower and more integration into the market. The PMV acknowledges that unpredictable rainfall. This has implications for the support to small farmers is even more crucial under climate agricultural sector, which is critical to the country’s change, as they have limited technical and financial means demographic and socio-economic situation, generating 40 to buffer increasing climate unpredictability. percent of jobs nationwide, mostly in rural areas where the majority of the poor live. The sector is largely composed of Water management is key under drought conditions and small subsistence farmers, but it also includes dynamic and climate change. In irrigated areas, the PMV and the related well performing large farmers, who use state-of-the-art National Irrigation Water Saving Program (PNEEI) promotes technologies and are well integrated into the national and improved water service and adoption of more efficient international markets. irrigation technologies. As a result, water is provided when it is best for crop needs, and can be used by small farmers In 2008, Morocco launched the Plan Maroc Vert (PMV), a more effectively and efficiently. In rainfed areas, the PMV long-term agricultural strategy aiming to double the promotes - among others - the transition from cereals to tree value-added of the sector and create 1.5 million jobs by crops: olive trees are well adapted to drought, provide 2020, thus transforming the agri-food sector into a stable higher return to small farmers, and are less at risk of source of growth, competitiveness, and broad-based year-to-year fluctuations than annual crops especially when economic development in rural areas. The PMV gives practices like rainwater harvesting are put in place. targeted attention to small farmers, aiming to facilitate their Left photos: Gabriella Izzi/World Bank 21 45% 22 14 A Sustainable Food System in West Africa: Building an integrated , research driven approach Agriculture plays a major role in West African economies, WAAPP has developed and distributed 160 climate-smart contributing more than 40 percent to its GDP and employing crop varieties, provided climate-smart technologies such as around 70 percent of the region’s population. post harvest and food processing technologies, and trained farmers on climate-smart practices such as composting and The World Bank-Funded West Africa Agricultural agroforestry. Productivity Program (WAAPP) is making agriculture more climate-smart across 13 West African countries to ensure Farmers are also getting access to technologies like more that the agriculture sector remains sustainable for future efficient water harvesting systems. WAAPP assistance has generations. helped over 7 million farmers and more than 4 million hectares of land be more productive, resilient, and lower WAAPP's support to a new generation of local scientists greenhouse gas emissions. and “national centers of specialization” - or research centers focused on commodities that are a country’s competitive Productivity has increased by up to 150 percent. Food advantage - has helped develop climate-smart varieties of production has increased by more than 3 million tons, staple crops such as rice (Mali), banana plantain (Cote beneficiary incomes have grown by an average of 34 d’Ivoire) and maize (Benin). Collaboration with a network of percent, the hunger period has been reduced by half, and cooperatives and extension workers is helping deliver these staple food availability and nutrition standards have new varieties to farmers across West Africa. increased throughout West Africa. Left photos: Dasan Bobo/World Bank 23 Benefits of a regional approach: 1. Reduces duplication by allowing a single regional research institute to undertake work that otherwise would be done in parallel by multiple institutions; 2. Helps capture economies of scale by concentrating resources, where they can achieve critical mass; 3. Increases payoffs to research by facilitating dissemination of improved technologies across national borders and increasing number of beneficiaries; and 4. Mitigates isolation and silos by creating effective mechanisms for facilitating knowledge exchange and technology transfer.  24 Regional Integration in Southern Africa: Fulfilling agricultural potential through R&D In recent years, agricultural productivity has increased agricultural R&D. In southern Africa where groups of throughout sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and within southern countries share similar agro-ecological zones and farming Africa in particular. But most of the growth has come from systems, there is a potential for finding shared solutions to bringing previously uncultivated land into production, rather common problems. Technology spillover is already than from intensification made possible by technical change occurring within the sub-region, and a number of (increased input efficiency). Comparisons of total factor high-yielding crop varieties and improved crop and livestock productivity growth have shown that during the past decade, management practices have been successfully technical change accounted for a larger share of agricultural disseminated across borders. productivity growth in Asia and Latin America, compared to Africa. The Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa (APPSA) brings together participating countries in southern To fulfill agriculture’s potential in southern Africa, Africa to improve technology generation and dissemination investments in agricultural research and development through capacity building within national R&D systems and (R&D) are needed. Despite the confirmed returns to enhancing regional collaboration. investments in agricultural R&D, agricultural research in Africa is particularly underfunded. Since the launch of APPSA, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia have joined, 42 technologies have been made Regional integration has proven to be an effective strategy available to farmers and other end users, 48 collaborative that can allow groups of countries facing common research research/extension sub-projects are under implementation, challenges o increase the efficiency of their investments in and 8,225 farmers have been reached. Left photo: John Hogg/World Bank 25 End Notes Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT Statistics Database. [Rome]: FAO, 1998. Jassogne, Laurence, Peter Lderach, and Piet Van Asten. "The Impact of Climate Change on Coffee in Uganda: Lessons from a case study in the Rwenzori Mountains." Oxfam Policy and Practice: Climate Change and Resilience 9.1 (2013): 51-66. Lipper, Leslie, et al. "Climate-smart agriculture for food security." Nature Climate Change 4.12 (2014): 1068-1072. Right photo: Dasan Bobo/World Bank Back cover left: Xiaoyue Hou/World Bank Back cover middle: Grace Anyango Obuya/World Bank Back cover right: Amadou Ba/World Bank Above photo: Xenia Zia Morales/World Bank 27 © November 2016 World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org/agriculture www.worldbank.org/foodsecurity Twitter: @WBG_Agriculture