E4523 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited 1778 Masaki Street Msasani Peninsular, P.O. Box 80460, Dar es Salaam Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Gas Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region- TANZANIA Prepared by Submitted to National Environment Management Council (NEMC) Regent Estate, Regent Street, P.O. Box 63154, Dar es Salaam Tel: 255 (022)2774852; 2774889; Mobile – 0713-608930; Fax- 255 (022) 2774901; Email Address: dg@nemc.or.tz Date of Submission: 7th April 2014 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page i of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Declaration This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment report has been prepared by; Name and Responsibility Signature Eng. Venant Rwenyagira – ESIA Team leader, Environmental Specialist with extensive experience in Environmental Engineering, Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling, Production and Gas to Power Generation Management Mr. Huruma Kisaka – Sociologist responsible for social impact assessment Ms. Greven Msenga – Mass Communication Expert responsible for Stakeholder’s Engagement and Public consultations Mr. Frank Mbago - Ecological studies and corresponding impacts assessment Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page ii of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Executive Summary A: Title and Location of the Project Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Gas Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region B: Name and Contact of the Proponent M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited 1778 Masaki Street Msasani Peninsular, P.O. Box 80460, Dar es Salaam. Tanzania Name of contact person, Christophe Maitre –Country Representative Telephone No: +255 782 444352 Email: cmaitre@tanzaniamp.com C: Environmental Firm of Experts: Environmental BENCHMARK- Consulting Civil-Environmental Engineers, P.O. Box 77222, Dar es Salaam, Tel: 0784/0754/0715-353954 or 022 2775058 Email: admin@environmentalbenchmark.com Contact Person: Eng. Venant E.K. Rwenyagira – Registered Environmental Expert D: Brief Outline and Justification of the Proposed Project (i) Description of the Project Environment The Government of Tanzania (GOT) through its Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) invited the international petroleum industry and other specialized investors to participate in the exploration of hydrocarbons in Tanzania under the Production Sharing Agreement (PSA). Production Sharing Agreements (PSAs) are tripartite Agreements involving the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania as a resource owner, and Exploration and Production Companies as operators/contractors. Under this arrangement in year 2009, M&P Exploration Production in Association with Wentworth Gas Limited started activities in the Mnazi Bay exploration and production concession block that covers an area of 756 sq. km located some 400 km south of Dar es Salaam closer to the border with Mozambique. The block has gas production facilities at Mnazi Bay consisting of four producing wells (MB-1, MB-2, MB-3 & MS-1X), gas processing plant and a 28 km pipeline which conveys the gas to Mtwara Power Plant, which demands around 2mmscf/day of gas. This power plant supplies electricity to the southern coastal regions of Mtwara and Lindi. Now in the wake of significant developments in natural gas to power generation, industrial and residential sector dependence on natural gas from imported bio-fuel, there is already a great demand for gas which encourages further development of existing facilities and also new facilities. The Government of Tanzania and other development partners have noted this and construction of the gas pipeline along the coast of Tanzania from Mtwara to Dar es Salaam have already started. Construction of the pipeline is a great incentive to the partners in Mnazi Bay Concession Area to put more effort towards generation of more gas that can be conveyed to Dar es Salaam where there are more users. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page iii of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region (ii) Project stakeholders and their involvement in the EIA process Public consultation is a process through which different stakeholders influence and share their views regarding development initiatives and take decisions on project resources that affect them. The stakeholders of the proposed project were identified and involved through holding public consultation meetings, some individuals having roles in the project and government authorities were also consulted as presented under Appendices A2 to A5 of this report. The consultations were firstly aimed at explaining the intentions of the project and likely impacts envisaged from the proposed project. The consultation exercise was followed by gathering relevant information related to the social and environmental issues within the project site. All information obtained were collected and recorded in form of minutes of the meetings including issues or concerns raised, proposed mitigations actions, list of meeting attendees and pictures showing the attendance. Among the issues and concerns raised by the stakeholders in order of their priorities include; a. The project shall be implemented with high transparency and accountability in valuation of properties and compensation. b. Employments issues and rate of wages during employment. c. A dire need of regular contact and regular feedback practice with the respective local communities d. A need to fulfill corporate social responsibilities promised by most companies Other issues mentioned were a. Use of Government Offices from the district level to the village level to ensure proper coordination of the issues b. Use of local leaders in valuation and compensation issues c. Mode of payment for compensation money d. Marine Park and its activities e. Mangroves effects and restoration f. Use of sea water (saline) and its effects to crops g. Effect of seismic activities to the crops and other plants in future h. Water supply, i. Education for the youths in the village (iii) Explanation on why some impacts are not addressed All impacts observed are addressed in this report. It is important to note that the project has been in existence for some 8 years whereby some of the impacts of the project have already occurred and some started when the project was first initiated in 2005. For example the issue of major land acquisition will not be there as the land under the wayleave for the pipeline project (30m wide) was acquired by the government in 2006 except for the last 2.8km (equivalent to 8.4ha) where the pipeline will be diverted to join the new Gas Processing plant at Madimba. The land acquisition for this stretch is now in progress under a separate arrangement by the license holder TPDC and the information will be contained in the separate RAP document prepared by the respective institution. It must also be noted that some conditions on the use of the wayleave were relaxed to allow the residents to plant crops not exceeding 1.8m in height but no houses or permanent structures were permitted within the permanent pipeline wayleave. It was assumed that the 30 m wide wayleave will allow for installation of a second pipeline in the future, should the growth in demand for gas at Mtwara exceed the capacity of the installed 8 inch line. Since major part of the land has already been obtained, further compensation for the 8.4ha Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page iv of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region of land would be required. As for the crops which were allowed in the wayleave, project proponent will provide notification of construction well in advance to ensure farmers have harvested all crops prior to the commencement of construction in the wayleave. In case there are contractual obligations on the proponents side that force cultivators to forfeit their crops as they will not mature then compensation will be carried out to the losers. (iv) Stakeholders Consulted Various groups of stakeholders were identified and consulted. Among the consulted stakeholders include Mtwara Regional Commissioners’ Office, Mtwara Rural District Commissioner’s Office, Mtwara Rural District Executive Director’s Office, Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP), Madimba Ward Development Committees, (Councillor, Ward Executive Officer, Extension Officers, Village chairpersons), Wards’ Environmental Committees, Villagers of Msimbati- Mtandi, Mngoji and Madimba villages. The attendance list, minutes of consultation meetings and pictorial records of consultation meetings are presented under Appendices A2 to A5 appended to this report. (v) Results of Public Consultations Public consultation facilitated public input and facilitated negotiated outcomes. The consultation also created trust and partnerships among members of the local community and the project proponent. Since the project proponent has been in the area for some time now, operating the existing gas processing plant and there are relationships that have been forged already, there are no doubts that the project will proceed without any difficulties as long as community concerns are adequately addressed. Hopefully, negative impacts will be minimized and positive impacts will be enhanced. The public consultation also provided an up-front indication of issues that may prevent project continuation, that can cause costly delays at a later stage, or result in enhanced and shared benefits. Even though most of the members from local communities concentrated on the on- going seismic survey, but it surely indicated that “ironing out” small misunderstandings may pave a way for smooth execution of the project. (vi) Description of the major significant impacts Mobilization phase a. Land take- some land will be taken from agricultural use to facilitate the proposed infrastructure upgrading project especially for flowlines and main pipeline and access roads to reach places of work. However this land take issue is not the responsibility of M&P, it will be handled by TPDC b. Vegetation loss – this will be through envisaged clearance along the pipelines and flow lines, access roads and camps for workers places. M&P will handle issues within its area of jurisdiction such as in flow lines Construction phase Gas processing Plant a. Pollution of Water Bodies from spills - b. Noise during construction – c. Emissions from Generators – infrastructure upgrade works will have own source of power that may be a source of emissions-pollutants to the air. d. Generation of solid wastes and trash from construction activities Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page v of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region e. Haphazard disposal of Sewage f. Transmission of diseases to resident community and vice versa Marine Pipeline a) Disturbance on benthic environments during trenching on the sea bed – b) Marine Water pollution – c) Effects on coral reefs d) Interruptions to fisheries and fishing activities - Wellheads, Flowlines and Land Pipeline a. Haphazard defecation by crew during construction resulting into spread of faecal- oral diseases b. Likely disturbances to historical and archaeological finds during site trenching along the flowlines and pipeline c. Nuisance from noise during construction d. Poor air quality from dust and emissions along the terrestrial pipeline and access roads to sites of works e. Increase in traffic levels to the surrounding area and likely accidents in the project areas. f. Contamination of water from leakages of fuels and lubricants from the vehicles carrying construction materials, machinery and equipment - g. Possible injuries to humans, livestock and wildlife from falling into trenches. h. Socio-economic impacts through spread of diseases (HIV/AIDs, STIs or STDs) among members involved in construction i. Soil erosion along the cleared pipeline and flowline routes j. Interference on natural drainage k. Safety risks associated with pipe welding works and exposure to radioactive materials Demobilization phase a. Footprints left behind by access roads, vegetation clearance and trenching on completion of the construction works b. Loss of employment Operation Phase Gas Processing Plant a. Gas leakages, Industrial Accidents and consequential accidents of fire explosion. b. Air pollution c. Waste Water Generation- d. Water Pollution e. Noise Pollution f. Flora and Fauna Marine Pipeline, a. Safety and security risks of Marine Pipeline from fishing patterns- b. Gas leakages and consequential accidents of fire explosion c. Threat to marine life along the marine pipeline Land Pipeline, Flow lines and Well heads a. Gas leakages and consequential accidents of fire explosion b. Soil Erosion c. Endemic, threatened and protected plant species - Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page vi of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region d. Use of access roads by poachers to gain entry into areas with natural resources (Mangroves) (vii) Alternatives Considered It should be noted that during the assessment of the project impacts, the investigation of alternative site locations were limited to the present boundaries of the gas processing plant and wells locations. This is due to the fact that the gas processing plant is an operational facility and has operated for the last 8 years and still produces gas that feeds Mtwara Power Plant. Therefore the project location is recognized and proposed infrastructure upgrading is envisaged to follow the existing boundaries. As to the design alternatives, it was reasoned that since the existing Mnazi Bay gas processing infrastructures are still useful, what is required is to upgrade and add some more facilities to increase their capacity to be able to meet the requirements of the National Natural Gas Infrastructure Development project (NNGIDP) On technology alternatives, it was observed that certain tasks are better done mechanically than labour based, for example, trenching, stringing and laying the pipelines or vegetation clearance for the long distance to allow timely installation of the pipes are better done mechanically by excavators and other machinery. Labour based activities will also be implemented where feasible. The consideration of “No-Action” alternative was dismissed as an alternative due to the need and desirability of this project. It must be noted that the Gas Processing Facility (GPF) at Mnazi Bay is currently limited by the dehydrator. It currently has a capacity to handle gas up to 10 mmscfd, hydrocarbon liquids up to 100 bpd, and water up to 10 bpd. The four wells in place have the combined capacity of 80 mmscfd. The no action alternative would mean that the extra 70 mmscfd will not be processed. The ever increasing demand for gas to the power generation sector will not be met thus frustrating all efforts in current developments and yet the country’s dream in exploitation of the natural resources, mainly gas and oil will not be realised. (viii) Recommendations and Plan for Mitigation of Impacts Mobilization phase (Gas Processing plant, Marine Pipeline and Terrestrial pipelines, wellheads and flowlines) d. Land take- For the 8.4 ha of land to be acquired compensation will be carried out which will involve value of land in question and all developments in form of crops, vegetation and salt flats. e. Vegetation loss – The proponent will avoid unnecessary clearance of trees and vegetation cover around the project area. Construction Phase (Gas Processing plant, Marine Pipeline and Terrestrial pipelines, wellheads and flowlines) e. Pollution of water bodies from spills - Machineries will be properly serviced and checked to make sure that they do not leak fuel and lubricants. Refueling shall be carried out beyond 100 m from the water source. f. Noise during construction – Noise generators shall be well maintained or fitted with noise silencers such as mufflers to reduce noise, Enclosures to screen noise shall be used in case ideal sites for generators cannot be secured Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page vii of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region g. Emissions from generators – Generators shall be well maintained for efficient running and the location of generators in remote place will have sufficient dispersion of pollutants h. Generation of solid wastes and trash from construction activities - better site keeping will be practiced in order to minimize wastes generated in all construction sites. i. Haphazard disposal of sewage - The contractor will provide and ensure that good sanitary conditions are provided to the workforce at any working site, If the contractor will use the sanitation facilities at the existing Mnazi Bay Gas Production Plant there is a functional wastewater treatment plant. j. Transmission of diseases to resident community and vice versa – sensitization of both project employees and local communities, screening project crew as per national HIV’AIDs policy. k. Disturbance on benthic environments during trenching on the sea bed – Investigate the possibilities of laying the pipeline on the sea bed without trenching it, and if trenching will take a relatively short time indicating that the disturbance will be temporary in nature l. Marine Water pollution – Trenching at the entry and exit points of the pipeline into and out of water respectively shall be carried out during the lowest tidal period and when the wave action is at its minimum; Trenching machinery shall be well serviced and maintained to avoid leakage of lubricants and other hydrocarbons. m. Effects on coral reefs -The route was well selected to minimise the impacts on the coral reefs. Presence of corals outside the proposed pipeline route, the stirred sediments will settle before reaching the corals located away from the marine pipeline route n. Interruptions to fisheries and fishing activities –the fishing community should be allowed to use all project areas except where there is a risk to project facilities. The floating markers (buoys) will be put along the marine pipeline to identify its location very easily and this will not affect their livelihood and their source of income. o. Haphazard defecation by crew during construction resulting into spread of faecal-oral diseases -Sensitization of employees of proper sanitation including haphazard defecation. One or two portable sanitation facilities including toilets shall be provided and sensitization carried out to employees to use them. p. Disturbances to historical and archaeological finds during site trenching along the flowlines and pipeline - q. Safety risks associated with pipe welding works and exposure to radioactive materials – The contractor will have appropriate procedures, training and qualified staff to minimise the risks associated with welding and x-raying of the welds on the pipe ends and isotopes importation, handling, use and export or disposal shall be done in collaboration with the Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission -TAEC r. Poor air quality from dust and emissions along the terrestrial pipeline and access roads to sites of works – water sprinkling in residential areas s. Increase in traffic levels to the surrounding area and likely accidents in the project areas – sensitization of the local communities and drivers on speed limits. t. Contamination of water from leakages of fuels and lubricants from the vehicles carrying construction materials, machinery and equipment - Machineries will be properly serviced and checked to make sure that they do not leak fuel and lubricants. Refueling shall be carried out beyond 100 m from the water source. u. Possible injuries to humans, livestock and wildlife from falling into open trenches – barricading of all open trenches at human and livestock crossing locations. v. Socio-economic impacts through spread of diseases (HIV/AIDs, STIs or STDs) among members involved in construction – sensitization of the local communities w. Soil erosion along the cleared pipeline and flowline routes-implementation of erosion control measures in all areas of rehabilitation works will be carried out and specifically during Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page viii of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region the dry season and on completion measures will also involve planting more flat growing vegetation that provides cover for soil. x. Interference on natural drainage- Restoration of natural drainage pattern on completion of trenching works, Demobilization phase a. Footprints left behind by construction works – restoration of project areas on completion of the works b. Loss of employment - On job training will be carried out during implementation of the works to ensure that local people have higher chances of getting employed in other projects in the country. This will be ensured through giving certificate of service on completion of the assignment. Operation phase (Gas Processing plant, Marine Pipeline and Terrestrial pipelines, wellheads and flowlines) a. Gas leakages, Industrial Accidents and consequential accidents of fire explosion - MPEP should develop and implement gas leakage emergency response plan to deal with gas leaks. All accidents and sources of gas leaks shall be investigated and remedial actions taken b. Air pollution - There is a transmission line from Mtwara, now delivering power on the boundary of the gas processing plant. Connection to this central power may reduce the emissions from the on-site power gen set and The Contractor shall ensure that the power generating unit emissions meets the limit of such gases in the air (According to World Bank Standards) c. Waste Water Generation- Investigations shall be carried out to determine if the existing wastewater treatment plant has the capacity to cater for additional facilities. Effluent from the treatment plant shall meet the requirements of discharge permit and also MPEP shall acquire the discharge permit from the Ruvuma Water Basin Office d. Water Pollution – Refuelling of Equipment and vehicles shall be carried out on a designated area, chemicals shall have appropriate storage facilities including provision of bunds, fire fighting requirements and drainage on plant area to collect spilled hydrocarbons shall be fitted with oil separators e. Noise Pollution - The contractor shall ensure that the equipment or noise attenuation measures can mitigate the noise levels to the allowable local and World Bank Noise Standards and the closest residential properties are those used by the Marine Park workers and they are located about 1000m away. The noise levels can be in excess within the plant boundary where the employees can use the noise reduction gear or sound insulated portable cabins. f. Flora and Fauna – MPEP will continue to identify the plant and animal species around the plant which are vulnerable and put protection measures in place. g. Gas leakages and consequential accidents of fire explosion on wellheads, flowlines and pipelines - MPEP will develop and put into operation an Emergency Response Plan including leak prevention and maintenance program, training, regular drills on safety and emergency, installation of automatic closure of valves. h. Soil Erosion - Implement soil erosion control measures in all areas that will be identified to have this problem. MPEP may allow local communities to plant shallow root crops such as cassava, groundnuts and maize to stabilize the loose soils after backfilling and restoration of the area. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page ix of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region i. Endemic, threatened and protected plant species - Plants specialist will be engaged to identify all such plant species and institute mitigation measures towards protection of the plant species. j. Use of access roads by poachers to gain entry into areas with natural resources (Mangroves) - MPEP will liaise with local communities on the use of the access roads and report all illegal activities to Marine Park and other Government Agencies including Police. k. Safety and security risks of Marine Pipeline from fishing patterns- The risk associated with dynamite fishing shall be investigated thoroughly and mitigation actions devised. The safety of the existing 8” marine pipeline which supplies processed gas to Mtwara power plant is an indication that dynamite fishing actions may be minimal or may be happening in distant places far from the pipeline but there are no signs that dynamite fishing is non-existent. But MPEP shall continue to work with the local communities to discourage dynamite fishing. l. Gas leakages and consequential accidents of fire explosion - MPEP should develop and implement gas leakage emergency response plan to deal with gas leaks on marine pipeline. m. Threat to marine life along the marine pipeline - MPEP will monitor marine life on the marine part of the pipeline to ensure there is good recovery of corals. (ix) Environmental and Social Management The Environmental and Social Management gives an outline of the arrangements that will be put in place to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures actually do control or assist to minimize the impacts of the proposed project. MPEP and its contractors envisage working in close cooperation with the villages, ward, district and national level authorities to ensure that the project is conducted in a smooth manner. Structures for undertaking various responsibilities during installation of gas processing facilities, pipelines and flowlines have been specified in the environmental and social management plan under section 8 of the report. (x) Proposed Monitoring and Auditing Monitoring and auditing of the project has been presented in section 9 of this EIS and each section contractors should prepare environmental and social monitoring plans to match implementation schedules. This is deliberately done to ensure that nothing of impact slips away unnoticed. MPEP will monitor and record all parameters according to individual Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan devised and submitted for approval before the works start. The MPEP’s Health, Safety and Environment Officer (HSE) will liaise with contractors’ HSE Officers to ensure that all elements to be monitored are specified and are monitored accordingly and the total monitoring budget amounting to USD 278,900 has been estimated. (xi) Cost and Benefit Analysis Cost benefit analysis of the project was carried out to weigh lifetime expected benefits against all expected costs. Attempts were made to assign dollar value on environmental and social impacts but the fact that cost-benefit analysis seeks to translate all relevant considerations into monetary terms makes the whole analysis complex. The upgraded gas production facilities will not be a standalone project; it will be augmenting other similar facilities such as the one from the deep sea or other sources such as Ntorya -1 where gas tests showed satisfactory sources to equally feed into the National Natural Gas Development Project. Therefore the feasibility of the pipeline which is now under construction in some ways shows the benefits of the proposed gas infrastructure upgrading. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page x of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Apart from the pipeline, the developments in Mtwara which includes construction of the power plant, construction of the cement and fertilizer plants all present the coming benefits of the proposed upgrading of the gas production facilities. (xii) Decommissioning Decommissioning is the final phase in the life cycle of a facility. Most often, decommissioning involves operations such as dismantling and demolition of structures and management of resulting materials. All these activities take into account of the environmental health and safety requirements for the operating personnel, the general public and any implications to the environment. Gas processing infrastructure is not like products manufacturing facilities or machinery whereby the methods used to manufacture some products are replaced by modern technology or a new process! More often, these gas facilities would need regular maintenance, replacement of worn out parts or expansion instead of their decommissioning. The lifespan of the gas processing plant can go up to 25 years, the current gas facility has existed for over 8 years now and may continue to serve as long as the gas reserve is proven to last. Therefore decommissioning of the proposed project is not seen as an activity which will be needed in a near future instead of maintenance or upgrades that are now proposed. Also due to the demand of electric power and natural gas for industrial use, upgrading or expansion to the next higher stage will always dominate the minds of the project proponent instead of decommissioning unless the gas reserves get depleted. Therefore decommissioning of the Mnazi Bay gas processing plant has not been seriously considered due to the expected life span of 25 years and its importance in supporting the electric power supply in the southern towns of Mtwara and Lindi and its role in gas supply to the National Natural Gas Infrastructure Development Project (NNGIDP). Under normal situations, regular replacement of worn out parts and upgrading will always come first before one considers decommissioning. (xii) Summary and Conclusion This environmental and social impacts assessment report is intended to offer an objective assessment on the concerns that were raised during scoping phase and during detailed ESIA study as well as those noticed by the assessment team in the project area. The report has also identified and assessed the potentially significant environmental and social issues. Ultimately, the report should give NEMC, World Bank and other interested stakeholders the opportunity to make an informed decision regarding its next level. The project can result in a variety of impacts on the natural environment as well as on the communities around and beyond. Mitigation measures for the impacts identified were proposed as well. Alternative project options were considered but it was evident that the project is important and it is much awaited to augment supply of the natural gas. Equally important, the “Do-Nothing option” which signifies that the project will not be implemented was considered. This indicated that the country’s dream in exploitation of the natural resources, mainly gas and oil will not be realised. Therefore the “no-project” can be justifiably dismissed as an alternative due to the need and desirability of the project. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xi of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Overall the impacts mentioned in the assessment are not of sufficient importance to stop the proposed project. Management of the identified negative impacts will require implementation of the necessary mitigation measures and the modalities presented in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The Project Proponent should take on board all the comments received from the public during consultation for sustainability of the project. Of course there are land acquisition issues to accommodate flow lines and the new 2.8 km stretch for the new pipeline wayleave to Madimba Gas Processing Plant but these acquisitions are taken care of by the government (TPDC). Based on the assessment of the issues, the proposed upgrade of Mnazi Bay Gas Facilities is feasible. Part of the project is already operational for over 8 years now and the results of the power supply in Mtwara town are profound in terms of temporary and permanent employment opportunities. It is high time that the facility receives an upgrade to meet the planned gas consumption for electric power generation and also in industrial consumption. The proposed mitigation actions presented in the report shall be made binding to ensure that environmental impacts are minimized and properly monitored during construction and operation phases of the project. Furthermore, in order to ensure the construction and operation of Mnazi Bay Gas plant does not result into potential negative impacts on the surrounding area, the Environmental Management Officer in collaboration with villages or ward environmental management committees must work together and continue to function as key role players to ensure that the elements of the EMP are closely implemented and followed up. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xii of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region CONTENTS Executive Summary........................................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ xviii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. xx Acronyms and Abbreviation ......................................................................................................... xxi 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Project....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Mnazi Bay Facility Upgrading Project ........................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Description of the Current Facilities at Mnazi Bay ............................................................................................. 4 1.4 Nature of the Project in Accordance with Environmental Management Act Cap. 191 of 2004 ................. 6 1.5 Objectives of Environmental Impacts Assessment............................................................................................. 7 1.6 Methodology of the EIA ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Description of Proposed Project .............................................................................................. 8 2.1 General Plan............................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Description of Proposed Infrastructure Upgrade................................................................................................ 8 2.3 Objectives and purpose of the proposed project................................................................................................. 9 2.4 Project Activities during different phases of the Infrastructure Upgrading Project ....................................10 2.4.1 Mobilization.........................................................................................................................................................10 2.4.2 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................................................11 2.4.3 Contractors’ Demobilization Phase.................................................................................................................12 2.4.4 Operation Phase .................................................................................................................................................12 2.5 Proposed Infrastructure Upgrading Program.....................................................................................................12 2.6 Preliminary Design of the Proposed Mnazi Bay Infrastructure Upgrading Project.....................................12 2.6.1 Gas production Facility Plot Layout ...............................................................................................................14 2.6.2 Gas Production Facility Plot Layout Plan ......................................................................................................16 2.6.3 MB-2 Plot Layout Plan and Existing situation ..............................................................................................17 2.6.4 MB-3 Plot Layout Plan ......................................................................................................................................18 2.6.5 MS-IX Plot Layout Plan and Existing Condition .........................................................................................19 3. Policy, administrative and Legal Framework ........................................................................ 20 3.1 General Overview of Legislations ........................................................................................................................20 3.2 Relevant Policies......................................................................................................................................................20 3.2.1 The National Environmental Policy (1997) ...................................................................................................20 3.2.2 The National forest Policy (1998)....................................................................................................................21 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xiii of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 3.2.3 The National Land Policy (1995 - Second Edition 1997) ............................................................................21 3.2.4 The National Energy Policy (2003) .................................................................................................................21 3.2.5 The National Water Policy (2002) ...................................................................................................................21 3.2.6 The Transport Policy (2002) .............................................................................................................................22 3.3 Relevant Laws, Regulations and Guidelines .......................................................................................................22 3.3.1 The Environmental Management Act (EMA) No 20 of 2004 ....................................................................22 3.3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulation G.N. 349 of 2005 .........................................22 3.3.3 The Village Land Act No 5 of 1999 ................................................................................................................22 3.3.4 The Land (Forms) Regulation of 2001 ...........................................................................................................23 3.3.5 The Land Acquisition Act, Cap.118 R.E.2002...............................................................................................23 3.3.6 Marine Parks and Reserves Act No 29 of 1994.............................................................................................23 3.3.7 The Forest Act No. 14 of 2002 ........................................................................................................................24 3.3.8 The Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2009 .............................................................................24 3.3.9 The Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act No 27 of 1980 ............................................................24 3.3.10 The Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003 ........................................................................25 3.3.11 Other Relevant International Treaties and Conventions.........................................................................25 3.4 The World Bank’s Performance Standards.........................................................................................................28 3.5 Administrative Framework ....................................................................................................................................37 3.5.1 Central Government Agencies .........................................................................................................................37 3.5.2 Regional and District Administrative Structures ...........................................................................................37 4. Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions .................................................................... 38 4.1 Physical Characteristics ..........................................................................................................................................38 4.1.1 Location of the project ......................................................................................................................................38 4.1.2 Climate..................................................................................................................................................................38 4.1.3 Physical Characteristics and Natural Environment of the project area .....................................................38 4.2 Biological Baseline ..................................................................................................................................................39 4.2.1 Vegetation categories in the study area. ..........................................................................................................39 4.2.2 List of key plant species recorded from the project area with their biological status..............................43 4.2.9 Results from the Biological Baseline Survey ..................................................................................................43 4.3 Socio-Economic Profile .........................................................................................................................................45 4.3.1 Population............................................................................................................................................................45 4.3.2 Occupation and Income ....................................................................................................................................46 4.3.3 Social Services .....................................................................................................................................................47 5. Stakeholders Identification and Public Consultations .......................................................... 53 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xiv of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................53 5.2 Stakeholders Identified and their involvement in the Assessment .................................................................53 5.2.1 Authorities or Decision Makers .......................................................................................................................54 5.2.2 Project Proponent ..............................................................................................................................................56 5.2.3 Affected Parties (Directly and indirectly affected) ........................................................................................56 5.2.4 Interested Parties ................................................................................................................................................56 5.3 A summary of the stakeholders’ consultation results ........................................................................................57 6. Potential Environmental Impacts of the Project and Mitigation Measures ......................... 59 6.1 Mobilization Phase..................................................................................................................................................59 6.1.1 Gas Processing Plant..........................................................................................................................................59 6.1.2 Marine Pipeline ...................................................................................................................................................59 6.1.3 Wellheads, Flowlines and Land Pipeline.........................................................................................................59 6.2 Construction Phase .................................................................................................................................................62 6.2.1 Gas Processing Plant..........................................................................................................................................62 6.2.2 Marine Pipeline ...................................................................................................................................................64 6.2.3 Wellheads, Flowlines and Land Pipeline.........................................................................................................66 6.3 Demobilization phase .............................................................................................................................................69 6.4 Operation Phase of the Gas Facility and Pipeline .............................................................................................69 6.4.1 Gas Processing Plant..........................................................................................................................................69 6.4.2 Marine Pipeline, ..................................................................................................................................................71 6.4.3 Land Pipeline, Flow lines and Well heads ......................................................................................................72 6.5 Assessment of Significance of Impacts ...............................................................................................................73 6.5.1 Approach to assessing the significance of impacts .......................................................................................73 6.5.2 Summary of both positive and likely negative impacts ................................................................................76 7. Analysis of Project Alternatives .............................................................................................. 82 7.1 No-Action Alternative............................................................................................................................................82 7.2 Location Alternatives..............................................................................................................................................82 7.3 Design Alternatives .................................................................................................................................................82 7.3.1 Pipeline from Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility to Madimba Central Processing Facility .................82 7.3.2 Gathering network – M&P Constructed and Operated facilities ...............................................................83 7.3.3 Gathering network, TPDC-CPE Constructed/M&P Operated Facilities ................................................83 7.3.4 Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility .................................................................................................................83 7.3.5 The Delivery Point .............................................................................................................................................84 7.4 Technology Alternatives ........................................................................................................................................84 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xv of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 8. Environmental and Social Management Plan ....................................................................... 85 8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................85 8.2 Modalities of Implementation of the ESMP ......................................................................................................85 8.3 Roles and Responsibilities of the Parties.............................................................................................................86 8.3.1 Roles and Responsibilities of TPDC (License Holder and Regulator) ......................................................86 8.3.2 Roles and Responsibilities of the Project Proponent ...................................................................................86 8.3.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Contractors ......................................................................................................87 8.3.4 Quality, Health, Safety and Environment (QHSE) Advisor .......................................................................87 8.4 General Management Obligations of Parties......................................................................................................88 8.5 Operational Controls and Procedures .................................................................................................................89 8.5.1 Fuel and Oil Spill Management ........................................................................................................................89 8.5.2 Fuel Storage Control and Procedures .............................................................................................................89 8.5.3 Waste Water Management ................................................................................................................................90 8.5.4 Hazardous Waste Management ........................................................................................................................90 8.6 Implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan ...........................................................91 8.6.1 Implementation Arrangement of the EMP ....................................................................................................91 8.6.2 Reporting Arrangements ...................................................................................................................................91 8.6.3 Cost estimates for ESMP ..................................................................................................................................91 9. Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan .......................................................................... 97 9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................97 9.2 Reporting Arrangements ........................................................................................................................................97 9.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan...........................................................................................................................98 10. Cost Benefit Analysis ............................................................................................................ 104 10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................104 10.7 Environmental and Social Benefits of the proposed project. ........................................................................104 11. Decommissioning ................................................................................................................. 106 12. Summary and Conclusions.................................................................................................... 107 12.1 Summary .................................................................................................................................................................107 12.2 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................108 References .................................................................................................................................... 109 Appendices ................................................................................................................................... 111 A1: Approved Terms of Reference for Carrying out an Environmental Impact Assessment ........................111 A2: List of Officials Consulted in Mtwara ...............................................................................................................114 A3: Pictorial Records, Minutes of Meeting and Attendance List for Msimbati and Mtandi Villages.............115 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xvi of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region A4: Pictorial Records, Minutes of Meetings and Attendance list for Mngoji Village........................................120 A5: Pictorial records, Minutes of Meeting and Attendance List for Madimba Village .....................................127 A6: Checklist of the Vascular Plants Identified from the Project area ................................................................134 A7: Proponents Legal Documentation .....................................................................................................................141 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xvii of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region List of Figures Figure 1: Exploration, Production, Applications Activities and Open Acreages Map ............................... 1 Figure 2: Administrative map of Tanzania showing the location of the proposed upgrading of infrastructures ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 3: Participating interest in Mnazi Bay License Block .......................................................................... 3 Figure 4: Maurel et Prom Activities Worldwide (Source – Maurel et Prom 2012) ..................................... 4 Figure 5: Mnazi Bay existing facilities including pipeline to Mtwara Power Station................................... 6 Figure 6: General layout of the proposed Mnazi Bay infrastructure upgrade.............................................. 9 Figure 7: Demand forecast electricity in Tanzania......................................................................................... 10 Figure 8: Schematic diagram showing some of the infrastructures at Mnazi Bay and Mtwara town and extension lines to Lindi and Masasi Towns.................................................................................... 13 Figure 9: As built infrastructure at Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Plant ......................................................... 14 Figure 10: Satellite image of Mnazi Bay Gas Production Plant showing the existing situation ................ 14 Figure 11: Gas Plant Plot layout drawing .......................................................................................................... 16 Figure 12: Layout drawing and existing situation of MB-2 Plot .................................................................... 17 Figure 13: Layout drawing and existing situation of MB 3 well plot............................................................. 18 Figure 14: Layout drawing and existing situation of MS-IX Well plot ......................................................... 19 Figure 15: Percentage cover of the vegetation categories classified in the project area ............................. 39 Figure 16: Part patch of secondary miombo woodland vegetation type growing near Madimba gas processing plant. A tree with yellow flowers is Ochna holtzii ........................................................ 40 Figure 17: Children from Madimba village fetching water and washing at the marshland vegetation near Madimba village .................................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 18: Coastal Thicket/Bushland with relic forest vegetation type near Msimbati and Kilombero areas. On right side (above) an IUCN listed tree species Baphia macrocalyx noted at Kilombero area ................................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 19: Mangrove woodland vegetation type across the ocean on Madimba side occurs along the existing gas pipe line to Mtwara. The shrub above with aerial roots is Rhizophora mucronata common mangrove tree species ....................................................................................................... 42 Figure 20: Farmland dominated with cashew nut and cassava field growing along the proposed gas pipeline to Madimba .......................................................................................................................... 43 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xviii of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Figure 21: Extent of mangroves cleared near Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Plant to accommodate the pipeline to Mtwara power Plant and the flowline from offshore gas well MB-1 as of March 2014 ...................................................................................................................................................... 44 Figure 22: Extent of mangroves cleared to accommodate the 8 inch pipeline to Mtwara Power Plant as of March 2014 .......................................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 23: Some health facilities in Mtwara district ......................................................................................... 48 Figure 24: Location for Mnazi Bay Gas Production and Processing Plant and the pipeline to Mtwara town power plant ............................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 25: Mtwara Power Plant........................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 26: Well MB-2 site .................................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 27: Well MB3 site ...................................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 28: Well MS-IX Site.................................................................................................................................. 60 Figure 29: Thirty (30m) existing wayleave from Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Plant towards Mtwara Power plant (just before the entry point to the marine section of the pipeline) ................................... 61 Figure 30: Existing wayleave for MB-3 flow line to the gas processing plant ............................................. 61 Figure 31: Mnazi Bay area showing the dark blue areas of deep water locations that have lesser coral reefs ...................................................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 32: Likeliness of soil erosion in steep slopes of the pipeline.............................................................. 72 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xix of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region List of Tables Table 1: Development interest in Mnazi Bay License Area .......................................................................... 3 Table 2: Extract from the First Schedule of the EIA and Audit Regulations 2005................................... 6 Table 3: Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), Treaties and Conventions to which Tanzania is a party to include; .......................................................................................................... 26 Table 4: list of vegetation types classified in the project area ..................................................................... 39 Table 5: List of Threatened and CITES listed plant species (CITES/IUCN) ......................................... 43 Table 6: List of cultivated crops recorded from the farmland in the study area ...................................... 43 Table 7: Population of Mtwara rural district by sex, Average household size and Sex Ratio ................ 46 Table 8: Health facilities by operating agency ............................................................................................... 47 Table 9: Health indicators in Mtwara rural district ....................................................................................... 48 Table 10: Malaria Situation in the District 2009.............................................................................................. 49 Table 11: Number and Enrolment at Pre-School Centers Sex, 2009 .......................................................... 49 Table 12: The main source of drinking water in Mtwara District ................................................................ 50 Table 13: Stakeholders identification and analysis from governing bodies................................................. 54 Table 14: Stakeholder’s analysis at project proponent level .......................................................................... 56 Table 15: Stakeholder’s analysis for likely to be affected groups.................................................................. 56 Table 16: Stakeholders analysis for other interested groups ......................................................................... 56 Table 17: Summary of stakeholders’ consultation results .............................................................................. 57 Table 18: First Step assessment criteria for evaluation of impacts1.............................................................. 73 Table 19: Analysis of Environmental and Social Impacts ............................................................................. 76 Table 20: Impacts Assessment Matrix .............................................................................................................. 79 Table 21: Recommended Management Obligations by Phases .................................................................... 88 Table 22: Environmental and Social Management Plan ................................................................................ 92 Table 23: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ................................................................................... 99 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xx of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Acronyms and Abbreviation CBOs Community Based Organizations CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) CMBL Cyprus Mnazi Bay Limited DC District Commissioner EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impacts Statement EMA Environmental Management Act EMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment GOT Government of Tanzania GPF Gas Processing Facility HDPE High Density Polyethylene HIV/AIDs Human Immune deficiency Virus infection / Acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome I&APS Interested and Affected Persons IPTL Independent Power Tanzania Limited IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature Km Kilometre KO Knock out M&P Maurel and Prom MB-1 Mnazi Bay Well No. 1 MB-2 Mnazi Bay Well No. 2 MB-3 Mnazi Bay Well No. 3 MBREMP Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park MMSCFD Million Metric Standard Cubic Feet Per Day MPEP Maurel &Prom Exploration Production MPEPTL Maurel et Prom Exploration Production Tanzania Limited MS-IX Msimbati Well No. 1X NEMC National Environment Management Council NGOs Non- Governmental Organisations NNGIDP National Natural Gas Infrastructure Development Project PAPs Project Affected Persons PSA Production Sharing Agreement SACCOS Savings and credit cooperative organizations STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited TOR Terms of Reference TPCC Tanzania Portland Cement Company TPDC Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page xxi of 162 1. Introduction 1.1 Background of the Project The Government of Tanzania (GOT) has been encouraging the oil and gas upstream sector to tap the local resources to reduce Tanzania’s reliance on imported petroleum products. In view of this, the Government of Tanzania invited the international petroleum industry and other specialized investors to participate in the exploration of hydrocarbons in Tanzania under the Production Sharing Agreement (PSA). Production Sharing Agreements (PSAs) are tripartite Agreements involving the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania as a resource owner, through its Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) and Exploration and Production Companies as operators/contractors. Figure 1 below shows the exploration activity map and licensing situation as per October 2013 and the location of the Mnazi Bay block. Mnazi Bay Block Figure 1: Exploration, Production, Applications Activities and Open Acreages Map Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 1 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 1.2 The Mnazi Bay Facility Upgrading Project Under the above PSA, M&P Exploration Production in Association with Wentworth Gas Limited entered into an agreement with Government of Tanzania in respect of Mnazi Bay license area. The Mnazi Bay exploration and production concession block covers an area of 756 sq. km and it is located some 400 km south of Dar es Salaam in south eastern corner of Tanzania bordering Mozambique to the south and lying along the north eastern flank of the Ruvuma River. Administratively, the license area is located in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region as shown regional administrative map on figure 2 below. Location of Mnazi Bay Block where Proposed Infrastructure Upgrade will take place Figure 2: Administrative map of Tanzania showing the location of the proposed upgrading of infrastructures Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 2 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region The participating partners in Mnazi Bay license area are M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited, Wentworth Gas Limited from United Kingdom, Cyprus Mnazi Bay Limited (CMBL) and TPDC. The first three parties work together in the exploration and while in production and development avenues, the fourth party comes on board. In subsequent amendments, the M&P Group holds 60.075% of the issued shares capital of CMBL, while the remaining 39.925% is held by the Wentworth Group. Therefore the participating interest in production and development of the license area is as shown on figure 3 below Figure 3: Participating interest in Mnazi Bay License Block In summary the participating groups in Mnazi Bay License area is presented on table 1 below. Table 1: Development interest in Mnazi Bay License Area Group Development Interest M&P Affiliated companies 48% Wentworth Affiliated Companies 32% Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) 20% From the above setup, M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited with the certificate of incorporation Number 73702 attached under Appendix A7 is the lead partner in all activities taking place in the concession area and also other subsequent development plans and hence MPEPTL is the operator of the Mnazi Bay PSA, on behalf of the joint venture. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 3 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Businesswise, the parent company, Etablissement Maurel et Prom SA is a France-based company engaged in the exploration and production of hydrocarbons (oil and gas), and in oil drilling activities. Its main activities comprise geological surveys, seismic acquisition and processing, geophysical interpretation and drilling. The Company pursues its activities mainly in Africa and Latin America, but it also has its businesses in Gabon, Senegal, Congo, Mozambique, Syria, Tanzania, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, France and Italy. Both companies are actively operating whereby Etablissement Maurel & Prom (“M&P”), is a publicly listed company, whose shares are traded on the Paris Stock Exchange (MAU:FP), and Wentworth Resources Limited (“Wentworth”), publicly traded on Oslo Bors (OSE: WRL) and AIM on the London Stock Exchange (AIM: WRL) Figure 4: Maurel et Prom Activities Worldwide (Source – Maurel et Prom 2012) Now in the wake of significant developments in natural gas to power generation, industrial and residential sector dependence on natural gas from imported bio-fuel, there is already a great demand for gas which encourages further development of existing facilities and also new facilities. The Government of Tanzania and other development partners have noted this and initiatives such as construction of the gas pipeline along the coast of Tanzania from Mtwara to Dar es Salaam have already started. Construction of the pipeline is a great incentive to the partners in Mnazi Bay Concession Area to put more effort towards generation of more gas that can be conveyed to Dar es Salaam where there are more users. Therefore there are good intentions of upgrading Mnazi Bay facilities. 1.3 Description of the Current Facilities at Mnazi Bay Current production facilities at Mnazi Bay consist of four producing wells (MB-1, MB-2, MB-3 & MS-1X), gas processing plant and a 28 km pipeline which conveys the gas from Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Plant to Mtwara Power Plant, which demands around 2MMSCF/day of gas. Development of these facilities were done in phases, whereby MB-1 well was drilled by AGIP in 1982, which was re-entered by Artumas, the previous operator in 2005 after signing the Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) with the Government in 2004. MB-2 was drilled in 2006, MB-3 and MS-1X drilled in 2007: This power plant supplies electricity to the southern coastal regions of Tanzania including the regional headquarters of Mtwara, Lindi and Masasi towns as partly shown on figure 5. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 4 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region In 2009, M&P and Cove Energy farmed in, thus M&P becoming the operator on December 2009. In 2012, M&P started new exploration campaign, Ziwani-1well drilled and acquisition of 250 km² offshore seismic. Later in 2012 M&P started Mnazi Bay redevelopment, work overs on MB-2, MB- 3 and MS-1X wells. Since one well is not connected and the rest are not connected there is not much that can be said about their environmental and safety performance until next year when they are all connected and contribute to the central gas processing plant at Madimba intended to supply gas to the major pipeline linking to Dar es Salaam. Each of the producing well has the following characteristics;  MB-1 is located 800 meters offshore to the gas processing facility on the Msimbati peninsula. The MB-1 well is capable of producing 20 MMSCFD. This well is currently closed.  MB-2 appraisal well extends the Mnazi Bay field structure updip from MB-1. The two wells (MB1 & MB2) are capable of a combined production of 50 MMSCFD with the present tubing configuration.  MB-3 exploration and appraisal well is located approximately 1.5 km east of MB-2 and drilled to further extend the updip structure of the Lower Miocene and Oligocene sandstone formations of the Mnazi Bay field and to test a Lower Oligocene structure. MB-3 is the only well currently serving the power plant in Mtwara town.  Exploration well Msimbati-1X (MS-1X) is located approximately 5 km east of MB-1  There is an existing gas processing plant designed to produce 10 MMSCFD, however it is currently processing 1 MMSCFD of gas which is used for power plant at Mtwara. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 5 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Tanzania Mozambique Figure 5: Mnazi Bay existing facilities including pipeline to Mtwara Power Station 1.4 Nature of the Project in Accordance with Environmental Management Act Cap. 191 of 2004 According to the First Schedule of the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 made under sections 82(1) and 230 (2) (h) and (q) of the Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 (Cap 191), the proposed project falls under the list of projects requiring EIA. The project is classified under item 8- Petroleum, which involves oil and gas fields’ development, offshore and onshore pipeline construction and construction of oil and gas processing. Table 2: Extract from the First Schedule of the EIA and Audit Regulations 2005 Now since the project is envisaged to involve upgrading of facilities for gas separation, processing, handling and possibly storage facilities as shown under sub items (i) to (iii), as Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 6 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region indicated in the extract above, the statement is hereby made, presenting all necessary requirements as stipulated in the EIA regulations. 1.5 Objectives of Environmental Impacts Assessment This environmental and social impacts assessment is intended to cover various aspects which form an integral part of the Environmental Assessment (EA). Environmental Impacts Assessment is a procedure for describing the project characteristics and the environment likely to be affected by the proposed actions, identification of impacts of the project on the local environment and assessment of the significance of the impacts in terms of its effects on sensitive ecosystem relative to the baseline state and socio-economic impacts. The impacts assessment also sets the management and monitoring plans so that the identified impacts can be adequately managed and well followed to ensure that the impacts do not result into changing the subject environment consisting of the environment, social and economic aspects its surroundings. The assessment in the final end allows the decision makers to consider whether or not to proceed with a project. 1.6 Methodology of the EIA The methodology used in the assessment is review of the literature, design and construction methods to be used in carrying out the upgrading of the gas infrastructure at Mnazi Bay. Local authorities and public engagement followed by consultation was also instrumental in gathering the views and observations of various stakeholders. Also in order to gather the information about the environment to be affected by the proposed activities, the services of the professional ecologists were employed in identification of the plants (flora) to be affected in course of clearing areas and pipeline routes. In the field, biological survey was based on qualitative method where physical access to various locations was used to reach various points in the project area. The vegetation types were classified basing on their physiognomic characterization. General identification of plant species was conducted directly in the field by a botanist aided by various plant identification books including Flora of Tropical East Africa. For those other interesting plants which were not easily identified in the field, plant specimens were collected pressed and taken to the herbarium of the University of Dar es Salaam for further identification and preservation for future references. Two documents of CITES list (Convention on International Trade an Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and the IUCN Red List of Threatened plant species, were used to identify those plant species falling in any of its categories and appendices respectively. A data base of List of East African Plant species (LEAP Master-1996) were used to identify endemic and rare plant species occurring in the project area. Digital Camera was used to take photographs for further illustrations as well as GPS used for tracking the beginning and end points of the established project routes as well as marking various important points especially those where key plant species were identified as well as vegetation types classified. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 7 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 2. Description of Proposed Project 2.1 General Plan In general terms, the Mnazi Bay Gas Field Expansion is associated with infrastructure investments required for the upgrade of the Mnazi Bay and Msimbati gas fields on the Mnazi Bay block to supply gas to Tanzania’s National Natural Gas Infrastructure Development Project (NNGIDP). The expansion will allow current production level of around 2 mmscf/day to increase to 80 mmscf/day in the first phase, aiming to reach at least 130 mmscf/day in the second phase. The development will also include drilling of one back up well and surface facilities upgrade to handle the additional gas production. The initial 7-month production period will allow the operator obtain reservoir pressure data to help firm up the field development plan. Compression facilities and additional drilling is expected after the initial phase. A preliminary cost estimate assumes an additional well to be drilled in a near future but the location is subject to the results of the seismic survey currently in progress, however other 15 wells are expected to be drilled throughout the life of the PSA and the possible commissioning of gas compressors after the third year of production. The integration of dynamic reservoir data, coming from the pressure build ups from the existing wells, with the static model will provide the operator to firm up the preliminary assumptions for the full field development. 2.2 Description of Proposed Infrastructure Upgrade The proposed gas infrastructure upgrade will comprise of the following elements 1. Pipeline from Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility to Madimba Central Processing Facility –this will be a 16” steel pipeline of a length of 11.8km, starting at Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility to Madimba Central Processing Facility, which is now under construction on a separate contract under TPDC. This second pipeline will run parallel to the existing pipeline which conveys the gas to Mtwara Power Plant. The pipeline will be constructed and operated under the supervision of TPDC. 2. Gas gathering network -This will include MS-2 wellhead and well-pad, flow line from well MS-2 to the Cluster of well MS-IX, Well MS-1X Cluster (including MS-1X Wellhead and flowline from MS-1X Wellhead to MS-1S Manifold), Fibre optic and power cables from MB-3 Cluster to MS-1X Cluster, MB-2 Wellhead and Well-pad, Flowline from MB-2 to MB-3 Cluster, MB-3 Wellhead and flowline from MB-3 Wellhead to MB-3 Manifold, Fibre optic and power cables from Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility to MB-3. The proposed development includes only one well but the location is not decided until the results of the seismic survey are concluded to determine the location of the well. 3. Gas gathering network – This is another network which include trunk-line from MS-1X Cluster to MB-3 Cluster (including pigging facilities), MB-3 Cluster, Trunk-line from MB- 3 Cluster to Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Facility (including pigging facilities). 4. Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility - This is a gas production facility located at the end of Msimbati peninsula in the Mnazi Bay License Area. Currently the gas is received at the Mnazi Gas Production Facility from one well MB-3 but MB-1 in the Mnazi Bay and MB- 2, and MS-1X in the Msimbati Gas Field will be connected through the proposed gathering network. 5. The Delivery Point – This point will be located downstream of the metering unit, at the 16” flange of the second valve of a double block and bleed set to be located at the fence, close to the pig launcher unit for the 16” pipeline going to Madimba Central Processing. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 8 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region The general layout of the proposed Mnazi Bay infrastructure upgrade is presented on figure 6 below. Figure 6: General layout of the proposed Mnazi Bay infrastructure upgrade 2.3 Objectives and purpose of the proposed project Current facilities at Mnazi Bay consist of four wells (MB-1, MB-2, MB-3 & MS-1X), processing plant and 28 km pipeline from Mnazi Bay to Mtwara. Current combined production capacity is 80 mmscfd (20 mmscfd average per well x 4 wells). The design capacity of the processing plant is 10 MMSCFD however it is currently processing 1 MMSCFD of gas which is used for power plant at Mtwara. Gas demand has been increasing in the country, firstly to supply to the power generation sector and this will continue to rise as forecasted below. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 9 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Figure 7: Demand forecast electricity in Tanzania Due to the ever increasing demand of electric power, TANESCO continues with its extensive plans to construct gas turbine power plants. Also the government has initiated a large project of laying the pipeline from Mtwara to Dar es Salaam including the gas processing plant at Madimba in Mtwara. The ongoing developments at Kinyerezi Power plant, Ubungo Gas Turbine Power Plant, IPTL Plant at Tageta and future industrial developments in Mtwara and Dar es Salaam continue to show that there is huge demand of natural gas to fulfil the current and future requirement. In view of all these development of assured gas market, M&P Exploration Production is intending to upgrade the Mnazi Bay facilities ready to meet the gas demand. 2.4 Project Activities during different phases of the Infrastructure Upgrading Project 2.4.1 Mobilization Since the proposed project includes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, the project activities will be assumed to follow normal project routines whereby there are pre-construction activities, construction activities and finally operations and maintenance activities. This initial stage will involve mobilization of the construction human resource, construction equipment and plant, construction materials and erection of worker’s camp. At this stage, various wastes (including solid and liquid types) will be generated from construction of temporary camps. The construction camp like any other work place will generate, garbage, packaging, sacks, papers, cardboard boxes, plastic, wood crates, bottles, glass, metal cans and the like. Such wastes will need to be segregated for recycling or incinerating at designated project sites. All project upgrading activities will be carried out within acquired well sites or along the existing right of way or within the boundaries of the identified project sites without disturbing or obstructing the neighbouring facilities. Some wayleave for gas collector lines are in the process of being acquired by TPDC (e.g. from MS-IX well to MB-3) through identification of the areas to be used and the land acquisition process as provided for under Land Act No. 5 of 1999. In order to ensure safety and fewer disturbances to others, the project Contractor will barricade sites perimeter walls or areas with suitable material or as it will be determined during project Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 10 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region implementation. In case of trenches for flowlines, proper barricades have to be applied to warn and protect the people of impending dangers of falling into open trenches. Also, as required, the Contractor will hire labour and erect necessary temporary facilities to cater for offices and storage yards within the construction site or outside the site as it may be agreed and permitted by the respective local village authorities. Mobilization phase will also involve purchase and stockpiling of construction materials. Other construction equipment such as loaders, pipe stringing equipment, marine pipeline vessel, crane and lifts will be mobilised to the site of works as need arises. Relevant authorities, starting with the national level to the lowest level of the households will be notified of the project activities. This process will involve regional and district administration, local communities, land owners and any other interested and likely to be affected parties in the project area. Surveying will also be carried out to establish control points for flowlines and main pipeline. 2.4.2 Construction Phase Upon completion of preliminary activities involving erection of site offices, storage facilities and necessary services (water, temporary wastewater facilities and electricity) as required, the actual construction work of works will start which will involve; - Setting out to demarcate rights of way, work areas, clearing limits. Access roads, detours, bypasses and protective fences or barricades should all be in place before gas collector/gathering lines begin - Sites preparation –clearing and grubbing to remove unsuitable soils, construction of bypasses and possible modification of existing drainage structures - Excavation for trenches for collector lines and excavation of foundations for bases of compressors, water treatment and dehydration building - Trench sheeting and bracing to protect trench side walls. In general Mnazi Bay areas including Msimbati and Mtandi areas are dominated by sandy soils, therefore protection of the trench side walls is indeed expected. Also while trenching on the sea bed, the corresponding environmental concern of disturbances to corals and suspension of high content of sediments will need to be observed - Concreting bases of foundations - Laying of flow/collectors pipes - Backfilling, disposal of overburden and surface restoration to at least match the condition that existed prior to the sanitary sewer construction. Once the substructures of separators, compressors, dehydration buildings are completed, works for the superstructures will start followed by installation of services including pipe rack and cable trays and electricity reticulation and finally finishing ready for handing over the gas processing plant. Various wastes, ranging from solid to liquid and gaseous materials will be generated. The staff camp like any other domestic place will generate wastes in form of garbage, packaging, sacks, papers, cardboard boxes, plastic, wood crates, bottles, glass, metal cans and the like. Such wastes will need to be segregated for recycling or incinerated at site. However, burning or incineration should be done with great care while excluding materials with poisonous emissions. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 11 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 2.4.3 Contractors’ Demobilization Phase Contractors’ demobilization phase will involve clearing all the site activities in terms of tiding up of all sites facilities and demobilization of all construction equipment. Disposal of any remaining unwanted material will also be carried out during this contractor’s demobilization phase. However, various wastes will be generated during this stage of which the same methods used to manage waste for mobilization and construction phases will apply. These will include solid wastes from packaging materials, wood and steel crates, cardboard, wrapping materials, boxes, sacks, drums, cans and chemical containers and any other unused materials. Along with this, upgrading for damaged areas including access roads towards well sites will be carried out before commissioning the project. On the other hand wastewater will also be generated from work camps, and runoffs crossing hydrocarbon contaminated areas. As this wastewater can cause detrimental effects to the surrounding environment, conventional wastewater treatment systems such as septic tank and soak away pit will be employed to ensure safe and proper onsite disposal of waste water. After the project completion, temporary workers especially unskilled ones will have to go back to their places before upgrading works started. Upon completion of contractor’s obligations, the structures will be handed over to the Project Proponent MPEP for the operation phase. 2.4.4 Operation Phase Once construction and installation of the respective gas infrastructure is completed, the actual purpose of the gas processing and conveying will start, that is collecting gas from wells and conveying it to the gas processing plant at Madimba or collecting the gas for purification at Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Plant and later conveying the purified gas to Mtwara town for power generation project. The wastes and wastewater coming from control rooms and staff camp will be treated at Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Plant where it will later be disposed off after treatment. 2.5 Proposed Infrastructure Upgrading Program M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited and its contractors envisage starting the proposed infrastructure upgrading project towards the end March 2014 immediately after completion of mobilization activities and other agreement formalities, including completion of receipt of the environmental clearance certificate from the National Environment Management Council. Timing of the proposed infrastructure upgrading project to commence is likely to be anytime from March 2014 onwards, subject to completion of assignment formalities. Since the Mnazi Bay area has been actively involved in active hydrocarbon exploration, gas purification involving proposed infrastructure upgrading projects and drilling for at least the last 20 years, and there has been gas production, processing and transportation from Mnazi Bay for the last five years, M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited believes that proposed infrastructure upgrading project is a familiar activity to the local populations in this area. M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited also believes that the environmental clearance process can be hastened in this area to allow ongoing gas processing activity without any unnecessary delay. That is why a latest start date for the infrastructure upgrade of March 2014 is proposed. The proposed infrastructure upgrading project programme is expected to take no more than 6 months based on the fact that mobilization will be simplified by the existing infrastructure. 2.6 Preliminary Design of the Proposed Mnazi Bay Infrastructure Upgrading Project The design capacity of the Mnazi Bay Processing plant is 10 MMSCFD however due to low demand in natural gas it is currently processing 1 MMSCFD of gas which is used for one power plant at Mtwara. Gas is transported through 28-km terrestrial and marine pipeline linking Mnazi Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 12 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Bay to Mtwara town where there is a power generation plant supplying electric power to Mtwara Lindi and Masasi towns. The demand for natural gas has been picking up in power, industrial and residential sector. Also the power sector is shifting from bio-fuel to natural gas as source of fuel and also steady industrial growth have resulted in increased natural gas consumption. Further due to economic development, the use of natural gas in residential sector for cooking is increasing. However the growths in these sectors are now limited by the existing infrastructure resulting into constraint in supply of gas. The current pipeline is capable of transporting close to 70 mmscfd, allowing large increments of productive capacity to be quickly and cost effectively added to the system in order to service potential larger off-take commercialization projects in Mtwara. The Gas Processing Facility (GPF) at Mnazi Bay is currently limited by the dehydrator. It currently has a capacity to handle gas up to 10 mmscfd, hydrocarbon liquids up to 100 bpd, and water up to 10 bpd. The Gas Receiving Facility (GRF) at Mtwara has a capacity to handle gas up to 10 mmscfd, hydrocarbon liquids up to 1.5 bpd, and no water handling capacity. The 8” sales gas pipeline has maximum operating pressure of 1440 psig, and a throughput capacity of 27 mmscfd @ 500 psig inlet (without compression) and 70 mmscfd @ 1250 psig inlet (with compression). Figure 8: Schematic diagram showing some of the infrastructures at Mnazi Bay and Mtwara town and extension lines to Lindi and Masasi Towns Production facilities Characteristics: GPF capacity: 10 MMscf/day (20 MMscf/day, with new dehydrator) Pipe capacity: 27 MMscf/day (70 MMscf/day, with addition of compression) Pipe diameter: 8 inches Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 13 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 2.6.1 Gas production Facility Plot Layout The gas processing and receiving plants were designed and constructed to accommodate modular expansions in production capacity to increase the existing processing capacity limitation. As shown on the plot layout drawing below, there is room for future separators, compressors, dehydration building pipeline rack and cable tray and water treatment plant Figure 9: As built infrastructure at Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Plant Figure 10: Satellite image of Mnazi Bay Gas Production Plant showing the existing situation TPDC requested a pressure of 94 bar upstream of the Madimba GPF, which results in a pressure of almost 96 bar at the gas delivery point. Reservoir analysis based on existing limited pressure information shows that the existing four wells are capable of providing gas at 96 bar Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 14 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region at the delivery point with 80 mmscfd throughput for at least 3 years from starting commercial operations of the NNGIDP. Thus a compression system is also envisaged to be installed in Mnazi Bay within 3 years form starting commercial operations. The designs of proposed infrastructure upgrading are presented on the layout drawings below. Also the satellite images of the current physical properties of the respective plots have been presented. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 15 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 2.6.2 Gas Production Facility Plot Layout Plan Figure 11: Gas Plant Plot layout drawing Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 16 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 2.6.3 MB-2 Plot Layout Plan and Existing situation Figure 12: Layout drawing and existing situation of MB-2 Plot Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 17 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 2.6.4 MB-3 Plot Layout Plan Figure 13: Layout drawing and existing situation of MB 3 well plot Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 18 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 2.6.5 MS-IX Plot Layout Plan and Existing Condition Figure 14: Layout drawing and existing situation of MS-IX Well plot Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 19 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 3. Policy, administrative and Legal Framework 3.1 General Overview of Legislations In Tanzania, the main sources of the legislation including those of environment are common laws and statutory laws in the form of principal legislation and subsidiary legislation. The proposed infrastructure upgrade project, like any other large development projects needs to comply with Tanzania legislations in all aspects as the country aims at achieving sustainable development through rational use of natural resources and incorporating all such necessary measures in any development activities in order to safeguard the environment. In view of the above, relevant legislations pertaining to environmental quality, health and safety, pollution of ground and surface water, pollution of soil, land and land use control, forests, wildlife, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species among others, were examined in order to ensure that the proposed gas infrastructure upgrade meets and abide by the existing regulations. In this section, a full analysis of different policies, legal and administrative frameworks and relevant international treaties and conventions as they apply to this project are discussed. 3.2 Relevant Policies 3.2.1 The National Environmental Policy (1997) The national Environmental Policy (NEP) sets goals committing the country to sustainable development of its natural resources. The policy gives the framework for formulation of plans, programs and guidelines to achieve sustainable development. The Policy under chapter 4 presents clearly the important of the Environmental Impact Assessment in the implementation of the National Environmental Action Plan. Under paragraph 64 of the Policy, it is stated that it is in the context of the EIA regime that policy guidance on choices to maximize long-term benefits of development and environmental objectives can be revealed and decided upon. The Policy also adds that EIA being a planning tool, it shall be used to integrate environmental considerations in the decision making process in order to ensure that unnecessary damage to the environment is indeed avoided. The key objectives of the policy are; - Ensure sustainability, security and equity in the use of resources - Prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation and air resources; - Conserve and enhance the natural and manmade heritage; and - Raise awareness and promote public participation, enhance international cooperation on the environmental agenda The policy advocates use of other relevant approaches in environmental management such as economic instruments, environmental standards, indicators and legislation. The planned project will almost touch all spheres described in the policy which include land, water, vegetation and air resources. These areas are touched in terms of encroaching into people’s land, clearing vegetation which are expected to interfere with air resources. Therefore M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited will ensure that all provisions in the policy are fully observed and this is reflected in this environmental assessment. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 20 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 3.2.2 The National forest Policy (1998) The National Forest Policy of 1998 demarcates and reserves in perpetuity for the benefit of the present and future inhabitants, sufficient forested land and land capable of afforestation, to ensure environmental stability and maintenance of the ecological balance including atmospheric equilibrium which is vital for sustenance of all life forms, human, animal and plant. In observance of this requirement Policy Statement No. 23 states that EIA is required for investments which convert forest land to other land use or may cause potential damage to the forest environment. M&PEPTL intends to work in the area covered with mangrove forests Also access roads and pipeline routes may involve clearance of existing vegetation and plants. Therefore during project implementation, some vegetation will be planted as mitigation measures for vegetation to be cleared during the project construction. 3.2.3 The National Land Policy (1995 - Second Edition 1997) This policy promotes and ensures a secure land tenure system to encourage the optimal use of land resources, and to facilitate broad-based social and economic development without upsetting or endangering the ecological balance of the environment. The Land Policy provides for “full fair and prompt compensations” when land is involved in terms of using peoples land and clearing their crops and vegetation as is the case in this gas infrastructure upgrade. The land policy also provides for compensation for land acquired in the public interest to be based on the principle of “opportunity cost” whereby the principle of equivalence or substitution all aimed at obtaining or acquiring an equally desirable alternative leads. M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited will observe the requirements of this policy through involving the Mtwara regional and district authorities in identification, evaluating and valuing the loss to be suffered and allocate fair compensation for the loss of crops. M&P Exploration Production is aware that even though the project area will not acquire the land for permanent use but, there are still some grievances from the respective communities which will be resolved amicably with the respective likely to be affected persons. 3.2.4 The National Energy Policy (2003) This policy outlines to adopt clean technology and minimise pollution in developing the energy sector in the country. It emphasises utilization of the natural energy resources such as water, gas, coal, petroleum and wind in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way. Furthermore, the policy states that energy is the prerequisite for the proper function of all sub-sectors of the economy and it is an essential service whose availability and quality can determine the success or failure of development plans. Since the project proponent is in advanced stages of gas harnessing and processing and conveyance, the proposed upgrade of infrastructure will immensely contribute towards the success of the policy in terms of observing all the policy requirements. 3.2.5 The National Water Policy (2002) The National Water Policy (NAWAPO 2002) addresses adequately all relevant issues on integrated water resources management and adopts comprehensive policy framework and the treatment of water as both a social and economic good. The policy issues particularly in water resources management underscore the disaster management from accidental pollution of water Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 21 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region sources (Clause 4.8.4). The main objective is to protect against hazards associated with pollution of water sources. The policy states that there are disasters associated with accidental spills of poisonous and hazardous materials into surface and groundwater resources. Such accidents could occur from burst or leaked oil pipes, damaged chemical industries or spillage from transportation vehicles and vessels. This could lead to serious pollution of water sources and thus ecosystems and biodiversity, and may seriously affect health of people and animals. In order to protect against and mitigate the effect of hazards associated with accidental pollution of water resources a quick and emergency assessment of extent, and possible impact will be implemented and information made available to concerned authorities. Transportation of fuel for works that may be regarded as hazardous materials, as specified in the policy, will follow established rules and guidelines. During implementation of the project, M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited will have all procedures in place to observe the requirements of the National Water Policy in order to minimize pollution of water sources. 3.2.6 The Transport Policy (2002) The Transport Policy (2002) aims at enhancing transport safety and environmental protection, through taking steps to review and update national legislation in transport operations and safety requirements. The transportation of all tools equipment and associated facilities from storage or other to the project area in Mtwara rural district will observe the requirements of the transport policy that is socially safe, environmentally sound. 3.3 Relevant Laws, Regulations and Guidelines 3.3.1 The Environmental Management Act (EMA) No 20 of 2004 The administrative and institutional arrangements for environmental management for all sectors in Tanzania are stipulated in the Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004. EMA 2004 gives National Environment Management Council (NEMC) the overall responsibility for undertaking the enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of Environmental Impact Assessment and in this regard facilitates public participation in environmental decision-making. NEMC is responsible for screening and reviewing various investments and projects of the national significance. To ensure that the Act is observed, M&PEPTL commissioned this EIA and will fully observe the requirement of the Act. 3.3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulation G.N. 349 of 2005 These regulations were prepared under EMA 2004 and require developers to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment for any project likely to have negative impacts on the environment. Application for an Environmental Impact Assessment certificate is necessary for such project. This report has been prepared in total observance of these regulations. 3.3.3 The Village Land Act No 5 of 1999 The Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999 establishes three categories of land: The Act has the general land, village land and reserved land. The proposed project will be carried out in the village and Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 22 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region marine reserve lands In addition, land may be declared ‘hazard land’ where its development might lead to environmental damage, e.g. locations such as wetlands, mangrove swamps and coral reefs, steep lands and other areas of environmental significance or fragility. It is expected that the pipeline and gas flow lines will touch the mangrove areas where the requirement of this Act will be fully observed. The Act also recognises customary tenure as of equal status to granted rights of occupancy. Importantly, the land act promotes gender equality by recognizing equal access to land ownership and use by all citizens- men and women – and giving them equal representation on the land committees. Since the project will be touching land belonging to various groups including men and women or any disadvantaged groups, then existing country legislations will be fully observed. Also in course of identifying the pipeline routes, properties and crops to be affected will be identified valued and corresponding compensations will be made as required. The budget for compensation package has been set aside. 3.3.4 The Land (Forms) Regulation of 2001 The Land Regulations were made under the section 179 of the Land Act 1999, and provide all specific forms required for Management and Administration, Granted Right of Occupancy, Mortgage, Lease, Easement, Co-occupancy and others including compensation forms (Forms 69 and 70). M&PEPTL will keenly observe these regulations and other necessary procedures in order to reach harmonious agreements with landowner before project implementation. 3.3.5 The Land Acquisition Act, Cap.118 R.E.2002 The land acquisition act requires the minister responsible for land to pay compensation as may be agreed upon or determined in accordance with the provisions of the act. The act stipulates that no compensation shall be awarded in respect of land, which is vacant ground, or to be limited to the value of the un-exhausted improvement of the land, in case the development of the land is deemed in adequate. The acquisition of the land for the public use as well as for the resettlement sites is within the provision of this Act. Further the Act specifies other requirements prior to the acquisition of the land such as investigation for the land to be taken, issuing notice of intention to take land and mode in which notices will be served. It further defines the requirements for and restrictions on compensation. MPEPTL will be observing this requirement and it has already initiated the process of consulting all land owners who will be falling in the gas flow lines and main pipeline to the gas processing plant at Madimba and access routes to project sites will be fully compensated. 3.3.6 Marine Parks and Reserves Act No 29 of 1994 The Marine Park and Reserves Act, No 29 of 1994 under Section 13 states that: “No construction or other activities within the marine park or reserve, including the activities authorised under section 13 of the Act, shall be undertaken without conducting an EIA of such activities pursuant to legal, policy or requirement or pursuant to the general management plan or regulations under this Act or any general management plan for the area of the marine park or reserve”. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 23 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region The above conditions are safeguard by the requirement that all investments or development activities within the marine parks or reserves shall undertake Environmental Impact Assessment prior to acceptance in the marine park or reserve and are meant to ensure that the recommendations of the EIA are agreed by the investor. In order to observe the requirements of this Act, the project proponent initiated this EIA and will continue to observe the requirements of this Act. 3.3.7 The Forest Act No. 14 of 2002 This Act provides for protection of forests and forest products in forest reserves and restrictions and prohibitions in forest reserves. Any contravention of the restrictions and prohibition is considered an offence under this Act and subject to enforcement. The law was revised in 2002 to meet the new requirements under the Forest Policy. The Forest Act No. 14 of 2002 requires that for any development including mining development, construction of dams, power stations, electrical or telecommunication and construction of building within a Forest Reserve, Private Forest or Sensitive Forest, the proponent must prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment for submission to the Director of Forestry. The law also requires licenses or permits for certain activities undertaken within the national or local forest reserves, such as, among others, felling or removing trees, harvesting forest produce, entering a forest reserve for the purpose of tourism or camping, mining activities, occupation or residence within the reserve, cultivation, erecting any structures. The proposed gas infrastructure upgrade will be partly carried out in the mangrove forests near the gas processing plant and also the other side of Mnazi Bay where the pipeline will be linked to Madimba plant. The requirements of this Act will be fully observed. 3.3.8 The Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2009 Water legislation has been updated to bring it in line with the National Water Policy 2002. This Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2009 provides for institutional and legal framework for sustainable management and development of water resources; outlines principles for water resources management; provides for the preventions and control of water pollution; provides for participation of stakeholders and the general public in implementation of the National Water Policy; repeals the Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act, 1974 and vests all water in the country to the Government of United Republic of Tanzania and sets procedures and regulations for the extraction of water resources. The Act also set standards for receiving waters and effluent. It is anticipated that the proposed project will use water drawn from within the current water sources in the area, use it for project activities and later discharge it into on-site waste treatment plant made as part of the project infrastructure and the project staff will be accommodated in existing facilities which are drained into soak away pits such as the camp at Mnazi Bay. 3.3.9 The Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act No 27 of 1980 The petroleum Exploration and Production Act regulates petroleum exploration and production activities. Section 48 of the Act stipulates that a registered holder of the license cannot exercise any of his rights in respect of the following areas without a written consent of the Minister responsible for Energy; 1. Any land dedicated for any public purpose (other than mining) 2. Any burial place Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 24 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 3. Any land which is a site of or within 100 m of any building, reservoir or dam owned by the Government 4. Any land forming part of the licensed or Government aerodrome or of any Government landing ground 5. Any land on which there is a defence installation, or on land which is within 100m of the boundaries thereof. 6. Any reserved area or any protected monument The section also requires the holder to obtain the written consent of the lawful occupier before exercising his rights in: - Any land which is the site of or which is within 200m of any inhabited, occupied or temporarily occupied house or building - Any land within 50m of land which has been cleared or ploughed or otherwise prepared in good for the growing of agricultural crops or upon which agricultural crops are growing - Any land from which agricultural crops have reaped - Any part forming part of an aerodrome A registered holder of a petroleum exploration or development license wishing to carry out his activities on land in a national park or in forest reserve or in any game reserve (in this case the Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park) , or in the range development area must obtain the written consent of the authority having control over the park or reserve area. Section 24 enjoins the Minister responsible for energy to make regulations prescribing all matters that are required or permitted to be prescribed for carrying out or giving effect to the Act including regulations on conserving , and preventing the waste of, the natural resources whether petroleum or otherwise, of the land to which the Act applies. M&P EPTL has obtained all necessary permits to carry out exploration activities in the area under the Production Sharing Agreement with TPDC. Also carrying of this environmental impact assessment, the project proponent fulfilled the requirements of the Act under section 24. 3.3.10 The Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003 This act sets provisions for the safety, health and welfare of persons at work in factories and other places of work. It is also meant to provide for the protection of persons other than persons at work against hazards to health and safety arising out of or in connection with activities of persons at work; and to provide for connected matters. The gas facility upgrade area will eventually be a place of work to be registered as per OSHA regulations that govern the places of work and observe all safety and health practices at work sites by its consultants, contractors and sub-contractors. 3.3.11 Other Relevant International Treaties and Conventions Tanzania has ratified a number of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and consequently has duties under those agreements. In this gas fired power generation project, work will be carried out in environments likely to be affected if mitigation measures are not strictly applied. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 25 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Table 3: Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), Treaties and Conventions to which Tanzania is a party to include; Type of Name of Convention Relevance to the Project ** Convention 1.Pollution 1. The convention on the prevention of The project operations will involve Prevention Marine Pollution by dumping of generation of gaseous, liquid and solid Conventions Wastes and other wastes, London, wastes from infrastructure upgrade (1972) which will be disposed off at the respective sites after they have been neutralized or diluted to acceptable levels 2. The convention on the prevention of Marine Pollution from ships (MARPOL) (1973) 3. United Nations convention on the Law of the sea, Montego Bay, (1982) 2.Bio 1. Convention of Biological Diversity, Project activities involve clearing of diversity (1992) ratified by Tanzania in 1996). vegetation from the area for access road related and flow lines and main pipeline. Conventions 2. Convention to combat, desertification, Vegetation clearance should be particular Africa, Paris 1994 confined on only necessary areas to avoid disturbance to biodiversity. 3. The Cartagena Protocol on Bio safety The project will also work with the to the convention on Biological respective communities in conservation Diversity (2000) of available flora and fauna Other 1. The convention on International Wherever in the project operations, Conventions Trade and Endangered species of Wild where endangered flora and fauna Fauna and Flora (CITES), Washington species are likely to be encountered, the (1973) project staff will in no event involve themselves with trade of these species. Measures will be put in place to protect those species under IUCN and CITES. 2. The convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Paris, (1972) 3. The convention of Wetlands of International Importance especially as water fowl Habitat (The Ramsar Convention) (1971) ratified by Tanzania in 1998). Climatic 1. The United Nations Framework The project will prevent the leakage of change convention on climatic change (1992) methane or other green house gases into Conventions the atmosphere through regular maintenance of the project facilities 2. Kyoto Protocol (1997) Chemicals 1. Basel convention on the control of All the wastes generated at the project and Ozone Trans boundary movements of sites will never be moved beyond Protection Hazardous Waste and their Disposal, Tanzania boundaries. Disposal will be Conventions 1989 done in Tanzania and disposal permits if Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 26 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region required will be sought from the respective ministries 2. Rotterdam convention on prior Informed Consent Procedure 3. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 4. Vienna Convention on protection of The dangers associated with air Ozone Layer pollution from gas upgrade facilities may be reduced through improved technological solutions, better routines of operations and maintenance and knowledge through competence and know-how. 5. The Montreal protocol on substances The cooling facilities to be used by the that deplete the ozone layer, Montreal, project will avoid using CFC’s for 1987 cooling. 1. Protocol on Liability and compensation on Damage resulting from Trans boundary movement of Hazardous waste and their disposal, 2000 Regional 3. The Convention on the conservation conventions on Nature and Natural Resources, 1968 Algiers, (1968) 4. The Bamako convention on the Ban All importations of detonators and of the import into Africa and the chemicals will follow national control of Trans boundary movement legislations on the Industrial and of Hazardous Wastes within Africa, consumer chemicals(Management and 1990 Control Act No. 3 of 2003 5. Nairobi Convention for the protection, management and development of the Marine and Coastal environment of Eastern African Region, 1985 and the related protocols. 6. Lusaka Agreement on cooperative The project operations are likely to enforcement operations Directed at encounter area with endangered flora illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora and fauna species. The project staff and (1994) the Contractors staff will in no event involve themselves in trade of these species Note: ** Since M&P EPTL is an international investor, all conventions and others to which Tanzania is party to, will be observed during the project implementation. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 27 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 3.4 The World Bank’s Performance Standards This section summarizes the environmental performance standards and guidelines applicable to the proposed Mnazi Bay Gas Facilities Upgrading project. Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Theme Criteria Environmental and Social 1. Does M&P have a process to assess the 1. Yes M&P do have the process in place Assessment environmental and social impacts and risks and it is according to the requirements of of the project? the Tanzanian Environment Management Please describe your activity’s area of Act No. 20 of 2004 that any project to be influence; as well as the role and capacity of implemented must be subjected to the third parties, if applicable. Environmental and Social Impacts 2. Have disadvantaged or vulnerable groups Assessment been identified? 2. Yes, in the project areas these are If so, do any adverse impacts fall normally identified and these include disproportionately on them? elderly, women and children and disabled in the area M&P looks for means of assisting these vulnerable groups including linking them to local NGOs involved in helping such groups Management Program 1. Does the M&P have a program(s) of 1. Yes, M&P have such programs through mitigation and performance measures that environmental and social impacts which addresses identified impacts and risks? are normally carried out as part of project routine to get the clearance from local 2. Has/will an appropriate Action Plan bodies such as the National Environment document(s) been/be prepared and Management Council (NEMC) disclosed to affected communities? 2. Yes, Environmental and Social Management Plans are normally prepared as part of the Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment and disclosed to affected communities. Case in point is the Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Gas Facilities in Mtwara Organization 1. Are responsibilities and authorities for 1. Yes they are as there are personnel implementation of the management employed by M&P to deal with program defined and communicated responsibilities associated with appropriately through the M&P’s management programs organization? Training 1. Has the M&P identified the training needs 1. Yes the training needs are normally for those persons with responsibility for identified and so far HSE officer and implementing the management program? CLO have been attending regular trainings on Environmental Management Matters Community Engagement 1. Has the M&P established a community 1. Yes there is a Community Liaison Officer engagement process for affected (CLO) employed for these community communities? related issues a) Has/will appropriate disclosure of a) Yes, the EIA conducted recently for assessment information to, and Upgrading of Mnazi Bay Gas and consultation with, affected many others involved consultation of communities been/be conducted the communities to be affected and in a timely and culturally disclosed all information associated appropriate manner? with the project and communities b) Has the process ensured, or will it participated in giving mitigation Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 28 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region ensure free, prior and informed actions consultation of the affected b) Yes, the process involved open community, if applicable? consultation where the minutes were c) Is there a procedure for receiving prepared, attendance register made and facilitating resolution of and pictures of attendance were taken affected communities concerns for records and grievances regarding c) Yes, there are grievances mechanisms environmental and social in place to facilitate resolution of performance? problems from affected communities Monitoring 1. Has the M&P established procedures to 1. Yes, monitoring procedures are in place monitor and measure on a regular basis the according to Environmental and Social key characteristics and performance of the Monitoring plans prepared as part of management program, including the use Environmental Assessments for all external experts where appropriate? projects Reporting 1. Is appropriate environmental and social 1. Yes, the environmental and social performance information periodically performance information are reported as reported internally to senior management? per Clause 4.2.1 of the M&P’s Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility which addresses M&P group arrangements to addrss environmental issues, assessment and certification initiatives and employee training and information actions on environmental protection. 2. Is appropriate environmental and social 2. Yes the environmental and social performance information reported at least performance information is reported to annually to Affected Communities? the affected community through regular meetings with the community leaders Performance Standard 2 Labor and Working Conditions Theme Criteria Human Resources Policy 1. Does the M&P have an appropriate human 1. Instead of a human resource policy, M&P and Management resources policy that addresses all has Industrial Relations Procedures (Ref requirements of the performance standard Clause 4.1.3 of the Corporate social and and includes: Environmental Responsibility). These include a) Being readily accessible by procedures for employee information, employees? consultation and negotiations b) Being clear and understandable? c) Providing information on rights under national labor and employment law? 2. Has the M&P documented and 2. Yes these are part of the contract agreement communicated working conditions and signed with each employee during recruitment terms of employment to all workers and employment directly contracted? 3. Are the terms and conditions in accordance 3. M&P operates in countries where the with: relatively recent local oil and gas exploration a) Any collective agreement (s)? and production industry does not always have b) National Law? a collective branch agreement. In absence of 4. Has the M&P implemented a grievance such measures M&P enter into collective mechanism to review and address agreements in particular to cover employee employee complaints? health care costs and compensation Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 29 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region a) Are all workers aware of the 4. Yes M&P has a grievance mechanism to existence of a grievance review and address employee’s complaints mechanism? a) All employees are aware of the existence b) Is there a responsible person to of the Grievance Mechanism and all new review complaints and follow up employees are informed of the mechanism on them in a timely and during recruitment transparent manner? b) Yes there is a responsible person Human Resource Officer /Office Manager ( Raphael Mbena) who deals with complaints and follow ups Worker’s Organization 1. Does the M&P comply with national law in 1. Yes, M&P observes and allows workers to allowing workers to form and join workers join the workers’ organizations of their organizations without retaliation or choice without any discrimination or discrimination? retaliation 2. If national law substantially restricts 2. Since there is no national law that restricts workers organizations has the M&P workers’ organization M&P has not gone provided alternative means for workers to into looking for an alternative means for express their grievances and protect their workers rights organizations without retaliation or discrimination? Non-Discrimination and 1. Does the M&P have documented 1. Yes, M&P has the procedure for Equality Equal Opportunity transparent procedures, including of Treatment as per Clause 4.1.6 of the recruitment, discipline, performance and Corporate Social and Environmental grievance procedures, to ensure that Responsibility. These include measures employment decisions are not made on the taken to promote gender equality, basis of personal characteristics unrelated measures taken to encourage employment to job requirements? and integration of people with disabilities and anti –discrimination policy Retrenchment 1. If the M&P anticipates retrenchment of a 1) M&P is committed to full compliance with significant number of employees, have the non-discrimination principles as set they: out in applicable French (declaration of a) Developed a plan to implement the rights of man and of the citizen, laws the retrenchment and selected and decrees in force), European and Local those who will be dismissed, based Tanzanian Conditions on Labour Laws. on non-discriminatory principles? Plans and Procedures are not developed b) Developed a plan to mitigate yet as M&P is getting into new avenues adverse impacts; and where recruitment instead of retrenchment c) Have they consulted workers is taking place. appropriately? Protecting the Work 1. Does the M&P ensure child labor is not 1. Yes, M&P observes promotion of and Force used directly, or through contractors or in compliance with the international labour the supply chain? organization’s fundamental Conventions. a) Does the M&P check the ages of The company’s general policy complies all employees? with the general principles on international b) Does the M&P ensure that young law (OECD, ILO, EU Law) as well as workers (15-18 years) are not national labour laws that exclude, in employed in dangerous work? particular, all forms of discrimination, c) Does the M&P ensure that child harassment, forced labour and child labour labor is not used in their supply (Clause 4.1.7 of the Corporate Social and chain and do they commit environmental responsibility of M&P contractors and suppliers to not use child labor? Occupational Health and 1. Does the M&P provide its workers with a 1. Yes, and M&P has a Health and safety Safety safe and healthy work environment? policy whereby M&P is committed to a) Has the M&P taken steps to continuing to improve working conditions, Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 30 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region prevent accidents, injury, and preventing risks and reducing nuisances, disease by minimizing the causes by implementing a “Health and Safety, of hazards? Security, Environment and Quality” b) Has the M&P trained workers in management programme, which is based occupational health and safety? on industrial best practices, in compliance c) Does the M&P document and with national regulations as per Clause report on occupational accidents, 4.1.4 of M&P corporate social and diseases, and incidents? Environmental responsibility d) Does the M&P have an emergency prevention, preparedness and response arrangement? Performance Standard 3 Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention Theme Criteria Pollution Prevention, 1. Does the M&P apply project-specific 1. Yes, It have Pollution of Waste Resource Conservation pollution prevention and control and waste Management Policy (Clause 4.2.2 of and Energy Efficiency management techniques that are consistent the Corporate Social and with good international industry practice, Environmental Responsibility )which such as those reflected in the EHS has measures to prevent or remedy Guidelines? 2. If the M&P Activity has the potential for releases into the air, water and soil that significant impacts to ambient conditions, seriously affect the environment, have ambient considerations been taken measures to prevent recycle and into account and appropriate strategies to eliminate waste, and management of minimize impacts promoted? noise and other forms of pollution 3. Has the M&P’s operations incorporated specific to an activity. resource conservation and energy efficiency 2. Yes M&P has Sustainable use of measures? Resources Policy (Clause 42.3 of Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility) which includes water consumption and supply according to local restrictions, consumption of raw materials and measures taken to improve the efficiency of their use and energy consumption, measures taken to improve energy efficiency and use of renewable energy. 3. Yes as per no 2 above Wastes 1. Has a hierarchical approach of avoidance, 1. Yes, the approach on waste minimization, recovery, reuse, and management is made according to the environmentally sound disposal been Pollution and Waste Management applied to the management of hazardous Policy Cluase 4.2.2 of the Corporate and non-hazardous wastes? Social and Environmental Responsibility of M&P Hazardous Materials 1. Does the M&P manage hazardous 1. Yes, M&P manages hazardous wastes materials so as to avoid uncontrolled and in one of its project sites M&P releases to the environment? constructed water treatment plant to process water from drilling activities Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 31 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region and installed piezometric wells to monitor water quality in the river and underground water Emergency Preparedness 1. Does the M&P have emergency 1. Yes M&P has EPRPs which include and Response preparedness and response plans that are spill of hydrocarbons, gas pipeline commensurate with the level of project rapture, fire etc Also M&P ensures its risks? contractors for drilling and other activities have EPRP relevant to their activities in the license area Green House Emissions 1. Where GHG emissions (direct plus indirect 1. In M&P activities GHG Emissions are from purchased electricity) exceed 25,000 mainly caused by Natural gas flaring, tons CO2 annually, does the M&P conduct venting and any possible fugitive annual monitoring, and evaluate options emissions from fittings. The limits of for emissions reductions or offsets? Mtwara power plant are Pesticide Use and 1. If pesticides are used, is their selection and 1. The Project will not involve any Management management consistent with good pesticides but if fumigation will be international industry practice and part of required within the camp facilities, an integrated pest management and/or locally certified companies will be vector management strategy? engaged to provide the services while observing national and international requirements on pesticides Performance Standard 4 Community Health, Safety and Security Theme Criteria Community Health and 1. During design and construction, 1. Yes, M&P has evaluated the potential Safety operations, and decommissioning and for community impact closure, has the M&P evaluated the potential for community impacts associated with the project considering: a) Theft of equipment and materials such as a) Infrastructure and equipment geophone cables, batteries , dynamite, safety? injury to personnel etc b) Hazardous material and safety? b) Explosives (dynamite) during seismic c) Natural resource issues? survey d) Exposure to disease? c) Use of fire wood and d) Exposure to HIV/AIDS, STIs and other communicable diseases, Emergency Preparedness 1. In the event emergency preparedness and and Response response requires participation of the community, has the M&P: a) Collaborated with government a) Yes, M&P Collaborate with the Fire agencies and the community and department, militia men and leaders in assisted these entities to establish respective villages for security of and maintain preparedness for infrastructures and other equipment such emergencies? as dynamite b) Gauged government capacity b) Yes and this through provision of shortcomings to adequately aid emergence vehicles such as ambulance the community in emergency and airlift for emergency evacuation to response? national hospital c) Compensated for government c) Yes, in some instances the fuel was Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 32 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region capacity shortcomings to ensure provided to fire tenders and also adequate emergency response? company vehicles were used to ferry security officers to secure the safety of the facility Security Personnel 1. If the M&P retains security services for a) Yes M&P performs due diligence of Requirements the Private Sector Activity, has the M&P: security services providers on hiring and a) Performed due diligence of the on regular basis. Also there is a back up proposed security services provider? for government security due sensitivity of b) Incorporated specific requirements of installations and also in view of the fact PS4 into contract specifications for that the license holder for all oil and gas the security services provider? projects is TPDC, the government c) Established a grievance mechanism institution allowing affected communities to b) The PS4 requirements are made on present and obtain a robust M&P private security hired by the company not response to communities’ expressed on government security forces as they are issues with security arrangements? answerable to the ministry of home affairs d) Investigated allegations of unlawful c) Yes the Grievance mechanism is and/or abusive acts of security established for local communities affected providers? by both security officers private and government. In case of the grievance is against the government security the matter is taken up with the respective leaders of the government force but on the private the grievance is handled by M&P in collaboration with the leadership d) Any allegations are adequately investigated and addressed as they are brought up to M&P Performance Standard 5 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement Theme Criteria Compensation and Benefits 1. Has the M&P provided opportunities to 1. No, since the project is operated on for Displaced Persons displaced persons and communities to agreements with the Government as per derive appropriate development benefits PSA, most often the government from the project? instructs the operator to follow the government procedures and regulations which are made according the laws of the land. Also the government regulations are “fair and prompt” and they do not set any precedent that is difficult to implement with any other similar project. 2. In case M&P tops up the benefits these should not appear in the PSA Consultation and Grievance 1. Has M&P disclosed all relevant 1. Yes, M&P has disclosed all information, Mechanism information, consulted with affected consulted all persons likely to be affected persons and communities and facilitated by the project and cooperated with them their informed participation in the to devise mitigation measures in projects decision making process relating to which are solely dealt with the M&P such resettlement? as recent seismic surveys in the license 2. Has M&P established an effective area. grievance mechanism? 2. Yes it has established grievance Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 33 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region mechanisms which involve members of the community, leaders of the community and the representatives from the local communities Resettlement Planning and 1. Has M&P considered alternative designs 1. Yes, directional drillings, relocation of Implementation to avoid or minimize economic and drilling sites and seismic lines have been physical displacement? some alternative methods used to avoid 2. Has M&P identified persons to be or minimize displacement of people in displaced by the Private Sector Activity the license areas and those eligible for compensation and 2. As the civil works by M&P have been assistance through a baseline census implemented on land acquired sometime with appropriate socio-economic ago by the company, no land needs to be baseline data? acquired and no persons are being 3. Has the census established the status of displaced as a result of company activities. displaced persons according to their Some land acquisition leading to legal rights or claim to land? displacement is being undertaken as the 4. Has cut off date for eligibility been result of the works financed by the established or disseminated? government (TPDC) a) Has M&P prepared RAP or 3. Legal right and Traditional claim to land resettlement framework (if physical are both recognized by the Land Law displacement) that mitigates negative (Land Act No 4 and 5 of 1999) in impacts of displacement, identifies Tanzania. Therefore compensation does development opportunities and not discriminate any of these land establish entitlement for all affected ownership type persons? 4. Since these project are through b) Has the M&P (if economic but not cooperation with the Government physical displacement) developed through TPDC, the cut-off date is procedures to offer compensation normally established according to the or other assistance that will establish entitlement for affected compensation procedure and regulations persons or communities? stipulated in the Land Acquisition Act, c) Has M&P established Monitoring & Cap 118 R.E. 2002 which governs land Evaluation mechanism? acquisition by the Government for public purposes in Tanzania a) No RAP or ARAP have been prepared to-date as it has not been necessary for M&P to do so; the land acquisition has been done by the government (TPDC) for its civil works. Therefore compensation was done by the government. b) M&P has not been involved in land acquisition but in case this happens as part of its responsible approach, M&P strives to ensure respect for human rights when evaluating new investments. Non adherence to human right principles can have the adverse effects on the feasibility of the project, its financing, progress and completion as well as M&P image Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 34 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region as per Clause 4.3.5 of the Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility of the company c) If M&P is involved in land acquisition considering eligibility for compensation and a monitoring and evaluation mechanism will be in place taking into account different phases of the project from preconstruction, construction, operation to decommissioning. Physical Displacement 1. Has the M&P offered displaced persons 1. No, since land acquisition and any choices amongst resettlement options, displacement is being done by the relocation assistance, and/or Government for TPDC’s civil works, compensation according to their status M&P has not come to this stage but in and entitlements as described by the case there is this requirement the WB Performance Standard? requirements of these performance standards will be fully observed Economic Displacement 1. Has the M&P provided replacement 1. No, since most of the acquisition and property, compensation, targeted economic displacement is done by the assistance and/or transitional support in Government for TPDC’s civil works accordance with PS5 requirements? M&P has not come to this stage but in case there is this requirement the requirements of these PS5 will be fully observed Private Sector 1. Has M&P supplemented government 1. Yes M&P is ready to supplement Responsibilities under actions and bridged the gaps (if Government actions but with some Government-Managed applicable) between the government- care to avoid complaints from the Resettlement assigned entitlements and procedures government about setting precedent and the requirements of this WB for the project, thus making it difficult Performance Standard? for the Government to implement other community based projects when there are no other private companies to supplement government efforts or actions. 2. M&P supplements government actions through other corporate social responsibilities such as services to the respective communities. (water supply, schools, medicines to the community health facility, evacuation to advanced services etc Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 35 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Performance Standard 6 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources Theme Auditable Criteria Protection and 1. Has the M&P specifically addressed the Yes M&P has a Protection of Biodiversity Conservation of significance of Private Sector Activity Policy (Clause 4.2.5 of M&P Corporate Social Biodiversity impact on biodiversity as part of their social and Environmental Responsibility) detailing and environmental assessment process? measures taken to preserve or develop 2. Has M&P identified /modified, natural and biodiversity. critical habitat which may be impacted by On all M&P environmental permits, the their activities? potential impact of the company activities a) In natural habitat, has the M&P considered alternatives, cost & on biodiversity is assessed by conducting benefit analysis of their activities environmental impact studies. Species are and adequately mitigated any surveyed, detailed forest inventories are potential degradation? produced and environmental b) In critical habitat, has the M&P determined that there will be no management plans are drawn up. measurable adverse impact on b). Yes in Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine species or habitat? Park (MBREMP) where the project is c) In legally protected areas, has the intended, environmental impacts and cost M&P addressed the requirement for benefit have been carried out plant species critical habitat as well as ensured have been identified and mitigation measures that their activities are consistent have been proposed for the coming stages of with defined protected area the project management plans, and consulted with key stakeholders, and implemented appropriate program to and enhance conservation. 3. Has the M&P identified any alien species No identification of alien species has been which may be intentionally or carried out but environmental impacts unintentionally introduced through its assessment and risk assessment are normally activities? carried out to identify such risks and once a) If intentional introduction of alien the risk is noted baseline of species is carried species is planned, has this received out before the project starts and after the appropriate government regulatory project implementation during the operation approval, or in the absence of a phase monitoring is done to see if there are mechanism for this, has an any changes appropriate risk assessment been a) No intentional introduction of alien species completed? is planned in M&P activities. Management and Use of 1. Has the M&P identified renewable natural 1. Yes, M&P uses sea water to get Living Natural Resources resources which it will use, and committed domestic water for consumption in to managing them in a sustainable manner? the staff camp at Mnazi Bay and brine a) In natural and plantation forests, that is produced from the Reverse has the M&P obtained independent Osmosis Facility is separated treated certification those natural forests and plantations are being managed and mixed with sea water and sustainably, or a time-bound returned to the sea. This is according phased action plan to achieve such to Clause 4.2.3 of the Company’s certification? corporate social and Environmental b) In freshwater and marine, has the responsibility M&P obtained independent a) The mangrove forests which were certification of the sustainable cleared to allow laying of the management of these aquatic marine pipeline were replanted Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 36 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region resources, or provided other and they are at an advanced stage independent studies to slow these of regeneration (See Figure 27 in resources are sustainably managed? this report 3.5 Administrative Framework 3.5.1 Central Government Agencies Environment Matters at the National Level The Minister responsible for Environment (VP Office) is the overall responsible for all matters relating to environment, responsible for all policy matters, necessary for the promotion, protection, and sustainable management of Environment in Tanzania. The Director of Environment coordinates various environmental management activities being undertaken by other agencies and promotes the integration of environmental considerations into policies, plans and programmes, strategies and projects. EMA 2004 gives NEMC the overall responsibility of undertaking enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of Environmental Impact Assessment. 3.5.2 Regional and District Administrative Structures Environment at Regional and District Levels The Regional Administration Act No. 9 of 1997 provides for Regional Commissioners to oversee Regional Secretariats, with District Commissioners directly supervising the District Councils. Local authorities oversee the local planning processes, including establishing local environmental policies. The National Environmental Policy establishes a policy committee on Environment at Regional level chaired by the Regional Commissioner, mirrored by environmental committee at all lower levels, i.e. at the District, Division, Ward and Village or Sub-ward “Mtaa” Councils. Under EMA 2004, the Regional Secretariat is responsible for coordination for all advice on environmental management in their respective region and in liaison with the Director of Environment. At Local Government level, an Environmental Management Officer is designated or appointed by each City, Municipal, District or Town Council. In each City or Municipality or District, Environmental Committees are established to promote and enhance sustainable management of the Environment. The Ward Development Committee is responsible for proper management of the environment in their respective areas. The District or Municipal Council designates for each administrative area as township, ward, village, ‘mtaa’ or ‘kitongoji’ an Environmental Management Officer who coordinates all functions and activities related to protection of environmental in their areas. In all levels starting at the regional level towards village level (i.e. Mtwara Region, Mtwara rural district, Ziwani Division and respective neighbouring wards of Tangazo, Madimba, Msanga Mkuu and Tangazo and other areas within the Mnazi Bay License area) such environmental structures are developed and the Consultants consulted and worked with the Ward Development Committee and the Village Councils at all required levels. These structures will continue to be integral part of the project and the project proponent will cooperate with them in their respective villages or locations Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 37 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 4. Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions 4.1 Physical Characteristics 4.1.1 Location of the project The proposed project is envisaged to be implemented in Mtwara Rural District which is one of 6 districts of Mtwara region. It lies between longitudes 39 o 0" and 40o 27" east of Greenwich. It is also situated between latitudes 10o 0" and 10 o 07" south of the Equator. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the East, Lindi region to the North and Tandahimba to the west. It covers 3,597 square kilometres. Altitude of the project area ranges between 0 meters along Indian Ocean and 350 m above Sea level. 4.1.2 Climate The district has two main seasons, a warm humid rainy season which starts from November to May and a dry Cool season which start from June to October. The average annual rainfall ranges between 800mm-900mm while the average temperature ranges between 23oc in June and 30oc in October. 4.1.3 Physical Characteristics and Natural Environment of the project area The district is divided into four zones. a. The Coastal Zone The zone covers an area of 28,200 hectares is potential for agriculture, fishing and tourism. Food crops grown include sorghum, cassava, rice, maize and legumes. Cash crops produced in order of importance are cashew nut, simsim, coconuts and ground nuts. Fishing is done in small scale due to poor fishing tools and lack of fishing tools and fishing gears. However fishing activity to support most of the coastal people’s life it is a continuous activity, compared to agriculture which is seasonal. Tourism is found in Msimbati where there is an 18km beach, and one beach camp. Fishing industry in the District is still dormant despite the tourism potentials the District has. It is expected that Mtwara corridor and Mnazi Bay Gas project will bring up tourism b. The Makonde plateau This is the biggest zone in the district covering 269,700 hectares. The zone covers the central part of the District; it covers the whole Nanyamba division and large part of Kitaya, and Tandahimba divisions. It is the most productive zone for both food and cash crops, and small stock keeping. The main economic activity is only agriculture and since there is neither river nor lake. Fishing is not experienced, crops grown in order of their importance are cassava, sorghum, maize, upland paddy and legumes. Cash crops include cashew nut, coconut, simsim and groundnuts. c. The Ruvuma valley zone The zone has very fertile soil, which is fed by river deposits. People in this zone are mainly engaged in Agriculture and fishing. Agriculture is done in the valley plains and upland areas. Lowland paddy is grown in this zone along with cassava, sorghum, legumes and maize, cashew nut, coconut, simsim and groundnuts to support the people’s life as source of income. Fishing is done both in the River and Indian Ocean, for income generation and as a protein subsidy. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 38 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region d. The Kitere plain The Kitere plain covers as area of 18,700 hectares. The plain is found in Mpapura division and covers all most the whole Kitere Ward. The plain is accompanied by Lake Kitere, which collects water from upland areas of Njengwa and parts of Lindi Region. The plain is very rich in producing paddy and vegetable. Other food crops include cassava, sorghum, maize and legumes. Cash crops grown are cashew nuts, coconuts, simsim, and groundnuts. 4.2 Biological Baseline 4.2.1 Vegetation categories in the study area. Vegetation is an integrator of environmental factors in that it reflects the climatic, physiographic, seraphic and biotic features pertaining to the land on which it grows. An understanding of the vegetation and plants of an area can therefore give good insights into the agricultural or biological potential of that area. Some land uses also depend directly on the vegetation resource and in this case an inventory of vegetation is obviously of great importance (Timberlake, Nobanda and Mapoure, 1993). In the project area a total number of five vegetation categories have been classified includes; Secondary Miombo woodland, Marshland, Coastal Thicket/Bushland, Mangrove and Cashewnut-Coconut woodland as shown on table 4 and figure 15 below. Table 4: list of vegetation types classified in the project area S/N Vegetation type Estimated cover % 1 Secondary Miombo woodland 2% 2 Marshland 5% 3 Coastal Thicket/Bushland 10% 4 Mangrove 18% 5 Cashewnut-Coconut woodland 65% Secondary Miombo woodland 2% Marshland 5% Coastal Thicket/Bushland 10% Mangrove Cashewnut-Coconut 18% woodland 65% Percentage cover of Vegetation Categories found in the project area Figure 15: Percentage cover of the vegetation categories classified in the project area Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 39 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region a. Secondary Miombo woodland This vegetation type is in disturbed miombo woodland category dominated with a genus of Brachystegia. Tree height reaches 3-7 metres tall dominated with Brachystegia spicifomis, B. boehmii, B. bussei and B. microphylla . Other trees includes; Pericopsis angolensis, Pterocarpus angolensis, Swartzia madagascariensis, Afzelia quanzensis Berlinia orientalis Combretum Molle. C.zeylanica and Erythrophleum suaveolens In the project area it is found on a small patch at the end of the gas pipe line where it enters the processing plant. A big part of this vegetation have been cleared for the construction of the gas processing plant and along the way leave to of main gas pipeline to Dar es Salaam. This vegetation category has some ecological importance value as it hosts the lives of some CITES listed tree species as listed above. It is most likely that some of CITES listed tree species are in location for new well. Since the location of this new gas well is dependent on the results of the on- going seismic survey, then when the location is determined mitigation measures will be implemented then. This can either be done though relocation outside the well site or relocation of the drilling site followed by directional drilling. However, this vegetation type is locally and regionally common covered in many places of the southern part of Tanzania including Selous Game Reserve therefore there is no risk of loss of biodiversity. Figure 16: Part patch of secondary miombo woodland vegetation type growing near Madimba gas processing plant. A tree with yellow flowers is Ochna holtzii b. Marshland This vegetation category is characterised by land with high water table dominated by water loving plants which include sedges and rushes. In the project area it is found on a very small portion near Madimba. Dominant sedge species includes; Cyperus prolifer, Cyperus immensus, Nymphaea retusa and Fuirena calolepis as shown on figure 17 below. This vegetation type is of ecological important as it is the source of water for animals and human as shown on figure 17 below. However, many of these small patches of wetland are found within the area and the plant species found in here are locally and regionally common. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 40 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Figure 17: Children from Madimba village fetching water and washing at the marshland vegetation near Madimba village c. Coastal Thicket/Bushland This vegetation type is characterised by an assemblage of woody plants shrubs with scattered emergent trees with small patches of evergreen forest canopy height ranging between 5-8m tall. Common tree species includes; Spyrostachys africana, Cleistanthus schlechteri, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Acacia, Acacia polyacantha, Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus, Afzelia quanzenzis and Lannea stuhlmanii. In small patches of evergreen relic forests trees species of , Hymanaea verrucosa, Manilkara sulcata, Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius, Pteleopsis myrtifolia, Berlinia orientalis, Manilkara zanzibarica, Markhamia obtusifolia, Dichrostachys cinerea, Diospyros zombensis., Haplocoelium inopleum and Maerua angolensis becomes common. In the project area this vegetation type is found along the existing gas pipe line heading to Mtwara before the junction to Madimba Processing plant. This way leave is already cleared to the herbaceous level. Therefore the project civilities will have no impact onto this as shown on figure 18 below. Figure 18: Coastal Thicket/Bushland with relic forest vegetation type near Msimbati and Kilombero areas. On right side (above) an IUCN listed tree species Baphia macrocalyx noted at Kilombero area Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 41 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region d. Mangrove woodland This vegetation category is defined as trees and shrubs that that grow in saline coastal habits in the tropics and subtropics. The mangrove community in the project area is dominated with species of Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriopsis tagal, Sonneratia abla and Avicennia marina as shown on figure 19 below. In the project area this vegetation category occurs at Msimbati about and across the ocean at Madimba where a large portion exists. However the project activities will have no impact onto this vegetation as it abundantly occurs on the existing gas pipeline to Mtwara which was once cleared to accommodate the pipeline and through regeneration these mangrove species came up again. Figure 19: Mangrove woodland vegetation type across the ocean on Madimba side occurs along the existing gas pipe line to Mtwara. The shrub above with aerial roots is Rhizophora mucronata common mangrove tree species e. Cashew nut Coconut woodland (farmland) This vegetation type is characterised by a land which its natural vegetation have been cleared being replaced with agricultural crops and settlements. In the project area this vegetation type is the largest occupies almost 50% cover of the total vegetated of the entire project area. It is common found in areas with both settlements and pure farms dominated with Cashew nut trees( Anacardium occidentale),Coconut trees(Cocos nucifera), cassava field(Manihot esculenta) and Mango(Mangifera indica).The cashewnut trees becomes very extensive in all places forming a dense woodland as shown on plate 8 below. The project activities will affect this vegetation type through slashing some agricultural crops as listed above. It is highly recommended that a reasonable negotiable compensation should be made per fallen cash crop tree to avoid land use conflicts. It shall be noted that the valuation of these cash crops is undertaken by TPDC and not M&P. Therefore here the recommendation is provided for the success of the project. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 42 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Figure 20: Farmland dominated with cashew nut and cassava field growing along the proposed gas pipeline to Madimba 4.2.2 List of key plant species recorded from the project area with their biological status Table 5: List of Threatened and CITES listed plant species (CITES/IUCN) Species name Family Common Name- Biological status ((Swahili/English) Baphia macrocalyx Papilionaceae Mkwala- makonde IUCN (VU), ENDEMIC Pterocarpus angolensis papilionaceae Mninga (Bloodwood) CITES (Appendix 111) Pterocarpus tinctorius Papilionaceae Mninga maji (Bloodwood) CITES (Appendix 111) Xylopia collina Annonaceae - IUCN Endangered Table 6: List of cultivated crops recorded from the farmland in the study area Species name Family Common name (Swahili) Saccharum officinaris Gramineae Sugar cane/ Miwa Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Cashewnut/ Korosho Musa cultivars Musaceae Banana plantains/ Ndizi Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Sweet potato/ Viavi vitamu Cocos nucifera Palmae Coconut/Mnazi Annona muricata Annonaceae Cherimoyer/Topetope Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango/Maembe Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae Cassava/Mihogo Citrus cinensis Rutaceae Orange/Machungwa Carica papaya Caricaceae Papaya/ Papai 4.2.9 Results from the Biological Baseline Survey From the survey findings it has been noted that the proposed project area has a number of vegetation types with high diversity of plant species including threatened and CITES listed species. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 43 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Also it has been noted that the project site harbours very important ecological sites including the mangrove community which is known to offer various ecosystem services. However, the biological survey found that large portion of the project area is occupied with cultivations where the natural vegetation has been cleared many years back and in the existing pipeline wayleave as shown on figures 21 and 22 below. Also from the survey findings it has been noted that part of the pipeline which cut through the natural vegetation it is already cleared and owned by TPDC therefore there will be no longer vegetation clearing only few shrubs and herbs. Therefore the project activities will have minimal risk of loss of biodiversity in the project area as it is expected to follow the existing wayleave except for the 2.8km where it leaves the existing wayleave to join the new Madimba Gas Processing Plant. Finally, the survey concluded that the project activities will have very slightly negative impact on the vegetation as the existing vegetations found in the project area are locally and regionally common. Figure 21: Extent of mangroves cleared near Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Plant to accommodate the pipeline to Mtwara power Plant and the flowline from offshore gas well MB-1 as of March 2014 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 44 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Figure 22: Extent of mangroves cleared to accommodate the 8 inch pipeline to Mtwara Power Plant as of March 2014 4.3 Socio-Economic Profile 4.3.1 Population Basing on the 2012 census data, Mtwara Rural District had a population of 228,003 people of whom 107,922 were males and 120,081 females. Average household size is 3.9 and whereby the sex ratio is 90, as extracted from table 7 below. The growth rate of Mtwara region is about 1.2 which is well below the national average of 2.7. The population density of Mtwara region is 76 people per square kilometre. The dominant ethnic group in the district is the Makonde. The highlighted wards are those falling in the license area. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 45 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Table 7: Population of Mtwara rural district by sex, Average household size and Sex Ratio (Source: 2012 Population and housing Census) The yellow highlighted ward is Madimba which covers the project area 4.3.2 Occupation and Income Most of the people in the project area involve themselves in agricultural activities, some in fishing, livestock production, and beekeeping activities as their source of income. Agriculture is the predominant economic sector in the project area. About 90 per cent of the agricultural output is by small holder farmers. The district depends on farming as the main source of income, of which contributes about 75% of the total income. Mtwara district has a total of 358,700 hectors of land, 250,000 hectors arable land; this is 69.5% of the total land. Food crops grown include: Cassava, Sorghum, Paddy, Maize, Sweet potatoes and legumes. Cash crops include: Cashew nuts, sesame, coconuts and groundnuts. Livestock keeping is very low, resulting into adverse effects on the status of the people. One person consumes less than a litre of milk and less than a kilo of meat and 1¼ egg per year. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 46 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region The district is also engaged in Cooperative Marketing, this is important because most of the members are too poor to own their own transport, storage facilities or even to influence prices of their commodities especially cashew nut which is the major cash crop. The objectives of having the cooperative union in the district are to promote the economic and social welfare of its members and to market their commodities more efficiently than the middlemen. The other objective is to increase accessibility to credit, and education to its members and at the same time serves the needs of their consumers effectively. Mtwara District Council has a total of 38 cooperative societies of which 25 are primary cooperative, twelve (12) savings and one irrigation cooperative society. The current membership of the societies stands at 4290 members. There are several constraints faced by the cooperatives in the District and these include lack of effective capital, both in funds and capital equipment, education, and training of personnel. Lack of capital has led not only to insufficient business but also to little security with which they can obtain larger loans for expansion. This has led to failure of most of these societies to tap economies of scale. Fishing Fishing is done on a 125 km coastal strip and along the Ruvuma River using poor equipment and dynamite. The fishing industry in the district is faced with an acute shortage of modern fishing gear. The District has made an effort to ensure that the bad fishing is avoided by promoting availability of appropriate gear for fishing communities, credit subsidies for fishermen and promote awareness campaigns and research studies. Beekeeping Because of much nectar yielding plant species including woodland miombos, the potential for beekeeping in Mtwara District is good. Furthermore, the yielding period is long as cashew nut trees start flowering early in the dry season. Beekeepers in the district have more traditional beehives than modern ones. Beekeeping if taken seriously through use of better beehives and better management could significantly add to household incomes and provide a much needed employment outlet. 4.3.3 Social Services a) Health Services The district has a total number of 38 health facilities of which four (4) of them are health centres and thirty four (34) dispensaries that are owned and managed by both public and private institutions. However, health performance is adversely affected by limited funds. This has resulted into inadequate supply of drugs, materials, shortage of qualified and skilled personnel and poor incentive for the existing staff. The detailed summary of the health facilities in the district is as follows: Table 8: Health facilities by operating agency Facility Type Government Private Total Hospital - - - Health centres 3 1 4 Dispensaries 34 - 34 Grand Total 37 1 38 (Source: Mtwara Rural district Economic Profile 2011) Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 47 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Figure 23: Some health facilities in Mtwara district All government health facilities provide free services while private charge user fees for their services. Health Indicators Compared to national figures it can be concluded from the vital health indicators that the overall health status is bad. Table 9: Health indicators in Mtwara rural district Indicator Mtwara District IMR 138/1000 U/5 Mortality rate 231/1000 MMR 192/100,000 CDR 21 deaths per 1000 persons HIV/Aids infection 8.0% Malaria Infection 28% Use of proper latrines 27% Life expectance at birth for female 47 years Life expectance at birth for male 48 years (Source: Mtwara Rural district Economic Profile 2011) In view of the above, the council in this planning period, aims at reducing under five mortality rate, improve vaccination coverage, increase number of health centres, dispensaries, building District Hospital, increase the supply of essential supplies and staff among other things. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 48 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region HIV - Infection and AIDS Diseases It has been established that, the first Aids victim in Mtwara district was recognized in 1986. Since then the number of affected people has kept increasing. The exact number of people affected is not yet known due to the fact that many HIV and Aids cases are not reported. However, by 2009 a cumulative total of 701 victims have been reported in the district which register a rate of 8.0% of the district’s 15-49 years. A total number of 17 VCT sites have been established which counselled and tested 8,772 clients tested positive. Malaria Situation in the District 2009 Malaria for three consecutive years has been the number one cause of illness. During the 2008/2009 fiscal year malaria alone accounted for 59% of all the cases that attended OPD and IPD. Table 10: Malaria Situation in the District 2009 OPD CASES IPD CASES OPD + DEATHS IPD <5 >5 TOTAL < 5 >5 TOTAL <5 >5 TOTAL 38,661 24,843 63,504 849 456 1305 64,809 24 13 37 (Source: Mtwara Rural district Economic Profile 2011) Challenges for the Implementation of Health Service Delivery  Inadequate clinical and other support staff to handle the many clients that report cases of illness to the health facilities  Insufficient specialist clinical staff who can effectively handle peculiar illnesses with sufficient attention to individual clients.  Inadequate health infrastructure including health facilities and staff accommodation  There are inadequate medical facilities such as drugs for primary health problems such as HIV/AIDS among others. b. Education Pre - Primary School Education It is only in recent years that pre-primary school education has gained popularity. There were only 88 nursery schools in 2008 but by 2009 this had increased to 111 schools. So that it is estimated more than 93% of eligible 5 to 6 years old attended pre-schools in 2009. According to Table 9 the balance between sexes is almost 49:50. The average number of pupils per class is 49 to the district. On the other hand the average number of pupils per teacher varies a lot. The district average is 1:49. Table 11: Number and Enrolment at Pre-School Centers Sex, 2009 Expected Enrolled Pupils/Teachers Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total % ratio 3007 2866 5873 2698 2764 5462 93 1:49 (Source: Mtwara Rural district Economic Profile 2011) Primary Education The council has total of 114 primary schools with a total enrolment estimated at 46519. Girls are 23138 of the total enrolment, whereas boys are 23381. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 49 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Enrolment in primary schools stands at 92%, whereas, drop out and truancy rate stands at 38%. On the other hand, while pass rate at standard seven is estimated at 63%. 100% of those who qualify that are selected to join secondary education. Secondary Education The Council has a total of twenty (20) secondary schools of which nineteen (19) are community owned and one (1) is privately owned and run by a religious organization. The total student body in these schools stands at 6344 with 3999 boys and girls 2345. Transition rate from primary to secondary school stands at 100%. This could imply that, on one hand the available secondary schools can meet the demand or the pass rate at standard seven. However, the data have shown that the pass rate at standard seven stands at 44.5%. Adult Education The Council has illiterate rate levels standing at 25%. In this regard, adult education is an area that the Council should give a due consideration. To reduce this level, the council plans to operate adult classes in every village in the council and introduce the MUKEJA program. Education sector is hampered by lack of community awareness on importance of education, lack of adult education classes, qualified teachers, inadequate teacher houses, shortage of teaching and learning materials and truancy. Water and Sanitation According to AMREF1, in 2010 the proportion of the population in Mtwara rural district that had access to safe drinking water was 30.4% and the proportion of the population that had safe sanitation was 27% indicating that rural population in the district are extremely undeserved. The remaining population gets its water supply from unprotected sources such as rivers/streams and untended shallow wells as well as some harvesting of rain water. The district suffers from a devastating water shortage except those areas that are close to rivers Ruvuma, Mbuo and lakes Kitere. Table 12: The main source of drinking water in Mtwara District Service Population getting the service Attainment % 1 Tape water 49,850 23.9 2 Shallow 26,000 12.5 wells 3 Deep wells 3,500 1.7 4 Water Tanks 705 0.3 5 Dams 21393 10.3 Total 101,451 48.7 (Source: Mtwara District Economic Profile 2011) Reflecting on the above situation, the council aims to provide clean and safe water and bring water services closer to the people. To meet this demand, the council plans to increase number and strengthen water committees, increase community ownership and management of water schemes, increase number of wells and establish District Water Fund and Water Board. Community Development Community development refers to those measures and efforts that enable people recognize their own abilities, identify problems and use the available resources and opportunities to earn an income and build a better life on self-reliance basis. In this endeavour, the District has been able form/establish 429 youth and women economic groups. The District aims to increase number 1 AMREF http://rsr.akvo.org/project/131/ Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 50 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region of youth and women economic groups, increase number of loans extended to women and youth economic groups and increasing number of trained women and youth economic groups on business skills. Roads The Mtwara-Masasi road is the only tarmac road which runs across the district. Bicycles are the major means of transport. Boats also facilitate easy access to Mtwara town by coastal people. The district had no railway and airport. District Council has a total of 846 km of roads, out of these, only 36km are tarmac, 25 km gravel, 561 km are earth roads. Further desegregation shows that 134 are trunk roads, 151 regional roads, 346 district roads and 215 village roads. Due to shortage of funds the roads are not routinely maintained and hence some of them impassable throughout the year. In view of this situation, the council aims to increase rehabilitation of the available earth roads, construct new earth roads, train Ward road committees on labour-based technology in road construction and maintenance and increase number staff. Energy Electricity Mtwara District is currently getting electricity from natural gas which is extracted and processed at Mnazi Bay near Msimbati Village. Mnazi Bay processing plant is located onshore at the Msimbati Peninsula and can process up to 10 mmscfd and it has an expendable capacity of up to 100 mmscfd. The current requirement stands between 4.5 – 6.0 mmscfd. The gas from Mnazi Bay is conveyed to the power plant located in Mtwara town near Mtwara port by a 8” pipe, 27km long from Mnazi Bay to Mtwara as shown on figure 22 below. The maximum throughput of the pipeline is 70 mmscfd. Power Generation There are 18MW turbines installed in Mtwara whereby the current power demand is 12MW only. The set up of the power plant is shown on figure 24 below Figure 24: Location for Mnazi Bay Gas Production and Processing Plant and the pipeline to Mtwara town power plant Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 51 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Figure 25: Mtwara Power Plant Fuel wood The use of firewood in rural areas and charcoal in urban is the traditional way to the preparation of food, heating water etc. With only 2.2% the district's household gaining access to electricity, fuel wood is indeed the predominant energy source for domestic purposes. Intensive and extensive use of fuel wood is depleting the region's forest slowly but surely. Other forms of Energy Fossil fuels are also important for domestic lighting purposes; kerosene is the number one source in both rural and urban areas. Secondly, exploration for natural gas in Msimbati Bay could yield an abundant alternative source of domestic energy. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 52 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 5. Stakeholders Identification and Public Consultations 5.1 Introduction Following receipt of the intention to upgrade the infrastructure at Mnazi Bay and contract to undertake the EIA for the proposed project, the consultant’s first response was to carry out a reconnaissance of the site of works to familiarize themselves with the area as well as gather necessary information. The reconnaissance was followed by identification of stakeholders of the project from the national level to the level of minute structures around the project area (that is from Ministry level to local authorities, agencies, communities and individuals) that are likely to be affected by the project. These are interested and likely to be affected parties (I&APs) who are to be either directly physically (or emotionally) affected by the project and related activities or interested in the project though they may not be directly affected by it. Having identified these stakeholders, consultations with them through interviews and public meetings were arranged and conducted. Consultations with government authorities were made through interviews and discussions, while consultations with local communities were made through public meetings. During the consultations with the Interested and likely to be affected parties, presentations of the proposed project were made; the requirements environmental assessment and the process itself and the governing environmental legislation were also presented. The stakeholders were then given opportunity to present their views concerning the project, with respect to environmental and social-economic spheres. The outputs of the public meetings and interviews were the identification of major significant issues and impacts which should be considered in the preparation of the EIA. A summary of the stakeholders’ consultation results is given in Section 5.3 of this report showing which issues were identified and the way how they will be dealt with during implementation of the project. 5.2 Stakeholders Identified and their involvement in the Assessment Based on checklists and environmental assessment protocols, Environmental BENCHMARK identified stakeholders based on their day to day roles and responsibilities in relation to the proposed Mnazi Bay infrastructure upgrading project at earmarked sites. Starting from the international level, M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited is an international company running business in Tanzania. Then at the national level, the proposed business falls under a respective Ministry, then as per legislations there are entities responsible for policies, acts and guidelines, institutions responsible for EIAs, institution responsible for coordinating the Petroleum Industry. This is an investment project; therefore there is a one-stop centre responsible for investors, then there are offices in the region with mandate of overseeing activities in the region and similarly down to the district level. Then from these higher levels, there are those directly or indirectly likely to be affected by the project at lower levels of ward and eventually the communities in respective villages. Therefore the stakeholders were identified along these lines. Some of the other stakeholders, such as government authorities from the regional level to the district, wards, villages and sub-villages levels that might have interest in the project or exercise some influence on the project were also predetermined as shown under each level in the following tables. Upon identification one to one consultations were held with the officials at higher levels followed by consultation visits at the ward and village levels. Also meetings in form of public gatherings were organized and held with the respective communities. In these meetings intentions of the project and corresponding activities were presented. Upon presentations, the communities were asked to present the experience they had with similar projects in the area. Concerns or problems that emanated from similar project were used as examples to present the environmental and social impacts related to the proposed infrastructure upgrading project. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 53 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 5.2.1 Authorities or Decision Makers Table 13: Stakeholders identification and analysis from governing bodies Level Institutions Roles and responsibilities National Level Ministry of Energy and - Issuing policies Minerals - Providing legal frameworks - Issuing licenses, provision of compliance certificates - Enforcement of laws and regulations - Setting operational standards for irrigation projects at all levels from the small, medium to large scale - Project monitoring Vice Presidents Office - Coordination of the Environmental Division of Environment Management Policy, Act and Guidelines and NEMC, - Environmental Monitoring and Auditing - Advice to the government on all environmental matters Ministry of Water - Authority over water resources - Enforce law and regulations in the area of influence of the project Tanzania Petroleum - Project Facilitator / License holder Development Cooperation (TPDC) Tanzania Investment - Registration of Investors and regular Centre guidance on investment matters International Level World Bank - Financier - Project Overseer on Environmental Due Diligence M&P EPTL and - Investor / project operator Wentworth - Investor TPDC - Shareholder Zonal Office Ruvuma Basin Water - Water abstraction permit Office - Monitor of water usage and enforcement of conditions based on permit requirements - Water discharge permit National Environment NEMC representative in the southern Zone Management council Mtwara Zonal Office Regional Level Regional Commissioners - Oversee and advise on implementation of Office Mtwara national policies at regional level Regional Administrative - Oversee enforcement of laws and Secretary regulations - Advise on the implementation of development projects and activities at the regional level. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 54 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Mnazi Bay Ruvuma - Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem Estuary Marine Park processes (MBREMP) - Promotion of sustainable resource use and rehabilitation of damaged ecosystems - Involvement of local residents in the development and management of the park, ensuring that they have priority access to resources and economic opportunities - The simulation of rational development of underutilized natural resources - Promotion of environmental education and information dissemination - Facilitation of research and monitoring of resource conditions and uses - Conservation of historic monuments, ruins, and other cultural resources - Facilitation of appropriate eco-tourism development District Level Mtwara Rural District - District top most leader representing the Commissioners Office Government in the District. District Administrative - Oversee and advice on implementation of Secretary national policies at district level - Oversee enforcement of laws and regulations - Advice on implementation of development projects and activities at district level. Districts Executive Chief executive officers for all development Directors’ Offices activities in the district level Member of Parliament - Representative of the local communities at for Mtwara Rural the national level Constituency - Board member in various development committees in the district District Natural - Plan and coordination of community based Resources Department natural resources (Forest and Wildlife - Enforcement of laws and regulations Divisions) - Responsible for wildlife management in the district - Overseer of rights to utilize resources of the wildlife in the project area Land and Environment - Land use planning - Environmental management - Land valuation and compensation procedures at the District level. Districts - Baseline data on social and economic Planning/Health/Comm conditions unity Development - Extension services Departments District’s Agriculture - Information on the soils of the project area Departments Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 55 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region District’s Water - Information on area hydrological Departments conditions District’s Environmental - Coordination of environmental matters at Committees the district level Ward Level Madimba Ward - Oversee general development plans at the Development ward level Committees, (Councillor, - Provide information on local conditions Ward Executive Officer, and extension services Extension Officers, - Project monitoring in their area of Village chairpersons) jurisdiction Wards’ Environmental Committees Community level Village council Provide information on social conditions (Chairman/ VEO, Environmental Committees) 5.2.2 Project Proponent Table 14: Stakeholder’s analysis at project proponent level Level Institution Roles and responsibilities National/Regional - M&P Exploration - Investor level Production (T) - Facilitate EIA study Limited - Compensation arrangement (if any) - Wentworth Gas - Project implementation Limited - Project monitoring and internal auditing - Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation 5.2.3 Affected Parties (Directly and indirectly affected) Table 15: Stakeholder’s analysis for likely to be affected groups Level Institution Roles and responsibilities Community Villagers (Msimbati- Mtandi, - Peasants/farmers Level Mngoji and Madimba - Land /property owners 5.2.4 Interested Parties Table 16: Stakeholders analysis for other interested groups Level Institution Roles and responsibilities Community - Village Chairman - Environment conservation groups Level - Village Executive Officer - Social well-being groups (e.g. SACCOS, - Water Committees HIV/AIDS GROUPS) - Environmental Committees - Project Monitoring - Health committee Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 56 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region - Institutional heads –schools, dispensary - Elders - Youth groups – HIV/AIDS sensitization groups - CBOs - NGOs - Livestock keepers - Other investors in the villages (if any) 5.3 A summary of the stakeholders’ consultation results Main concerns/comments and the number of times the issues were mentioned through public involvement is summarized below; Table 17: Summary of stakeholders’ consultation results Issue / Concern Frequency - (the Actions during number of times the implementation of the project issue was mentioned) Use of Government Offices from 1 Regular contacts to be the district level to the village level to maintenance with DC office ensure proper coordination of the in Mtwara issues Transparency and accountability in 16 Hire registered Valuers Valuation of Properties and compensation matters Regular contact/ feedback practice 6 Regular contacts to be with the respective communities maintained Use of local leaders in valuation and 1 Instruction to be issued to the compensation issues Valuers to issue prior information before visit the locality Mode of payment for compensation 1 Banks will be applied to money ensure safety and security of people’s money Employments issues and rate of 9 To follow the laid down wages during employment procedures Marine Park and its activities 1 Marine Park to be consulted on all matters in the project area. Mangroves effects and restoration 1 Proponent to liaise with the Marine Park and respective villages in the project area. Corporate Social Responsibilities 2 To be implemented during project implementation Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 57 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Use of sea water(saline) and its 1 Exercise stopped effects to crops Effect of seismic activities to the 1 Monitoring and reporting to crops and other plants in future the Project Proponent in case of any effect to the plants Education of the youths in the 1 Proponent to participate in village education programs Water supply 1 Proponent to see the level of responsibility in community social services including Water Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 58 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 6. Potential Environmental Impacts of the Project and Mitigation Measures Gas infrastructure upgrading in rural set up such as Msimbati village and in marine environment such as in Mnazi Bay, is likely to give rise to a number of environmental impacts ranging from vegetation loss to disturbance of marine environment and safety and security risks. In the following subsections likely impacts are presented, described and impact mitigation actions are listed depending on phase of the project. The impacts are categorised under respective phase and the corresponding location including gas processing/production plant, marine pipeline and land pipeline. Since the impacts for terrestrial pipeline, wellheads to flowlines are similar in some way, they have been combined for simplicity and avoiding repletion of the impacts 6.1 Mobilization Phase 6.1.1 Gas Processing Plant Gas processing plant is a functional facility which only requires an upgrade in terms of installation of additional separators, compressors, dehydration building, pipe rack and cable tray and water treatment plant. Under pre-construction phase, this plant will be subjected to receiving human resource and plants and equipment. Since there are portable cabins, the mobilized human resource will not require additional accommodation. The only impact may be as the result of rearrangement of equipment or structures whose work will fall under construction. 6.1.2 Marine Pipeline Similarly under mobilization, the marine section of the pipeline will not have any impacts except those associated with the survey to demarcate the route of the pipeline such as releasing the anchor to the sea bed to stabilize the survey boat during surveys. Also disturbances of the sea bed may emanate from physical hammering of the sea bed or coral reefs to establish its nature. 6.1.3 Wellheads, Flowlines and Land Pipeline Most of the sites for wellheads are cleared of vegetation and they have been in constant use for some time now to store various materials as it may be noted on the aerial images. Unfortunately there is not much information about implementation of the Environmental Management Plan of these wells because most of the wells were not connected to the gas processing plant. Gas well MB-1 stated production but it was later closed and hooked MB-3, the remaining gas wells including MB-2 and MS-IZ were never hooked up to the Gas processing plant due to the low demand of gas in Mtwara for generation of electric power. The satellite images recorded around June 2013 show that the areas are indeed clear of vegetation as it can be seen on these satellite images below. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 59 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region MB-2 Figure 26: Well MB-2 site MB-3 Figure 27: Well MB3 site MS-IX Figure 28: Well MS-IX Site a. Vegetation loss through envisaged clearance along the pipelines and flow lines, access roads and camps for workers places The major impact on the flow lines and land pipelines will be vegetation loss through clearance on some routes which are now not yet identified. Some of the proposed routes for pipelines and gas flow lines will be sharing the way leave with other flowlines which were laid some years back. These way leaves (see figure below) have some vegetation Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 60 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region and greenery areas that started blending very well with the surroundings. Once again these good plant species will be lost, thus loosing the familiar aesthetic view of the area. Such vegetation clearance may lead into loss of engendered, threatened or protected plant species under CITES, IUCN etc Figure 29: Thirty (30m) existing wayleave from Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Plant towards Mtwara Power plant (just before the entry point to the marine section of the pipeline) Figure 30: Existing wayleave for MB-3 flow line to the gas processing plant Mitigation Measures - transect walks will be carried out before start of the works to identify areas of ecological importance in terms of vegetation both threatened/ endangered species - Clearance of vegetation along the pipeline and flowlines will be replaced with the similar vegetation on completion of the works - Limit the vegetation clearance to the width necessary for permanent works of the proposed infrastructure upgrading project. Some trees on the edge shall be left intact - restoration of cleared areas on completion of the proposed infrastructure upgrading project - Use of machetes and hand held chain saws will minimize the loss through selected clearance rather than using heavy equipment such as bulldozers or graders or front wheel loaders Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 61 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region b. Land take- Land will be taken from agricultural use to facilitate the proposed infrastructure upgrading project. This includes areas for flowlines and main pipeline, access roads to reach places of work. Mitigation measures - Access road will continue to be those used during drilling of the respective wells - Fortunately the envisaged land take to facilitate proposed infrastructure upgrading project will partly take the wayleave for the existing pipeline and some of the flow lines. The only land that will be freshly taken is about 8.4 ha deduced from the length of 2.8km and the width of 30m - For the 8.4 ha, compensation will be carried out which will involve value of land in question and all developments in form of crops, vegetation and salt flats. 6.2 Construction Phase 6.2.1 Gas Processing Plant a. Pollution of Water Bodies from spills - During construction phase there may be leaks (lubricants and fuels) from poorly serviced equipment and refuelling in places likely to pollute water. Mitigation Measures - Machinery and equipment shall be properly serviced to ensure that they do not leak lubricants and fuels - No refuelling of equipment and machinery shall be carried out within 100m of the water source b. Noise during construction – there will be noise from generators, drilling activities, site preparation to receive the equipment and sound of cranes and lifting gears during installation of the equipment Mitigation measures - Generators shall be well maintained or fitted with noise silencers such as mufflers to reduce noise - Enclosures to screen noise shall be used in case ideal sites for generators cannot be secured c. Emissions from Generators – infrastructure upgrade works will have own source of power that may be a source of emissions-pollutants to the air. Mitigation measures - Generators shall be well maintained for efficient running - The location of generators in remote place will have sufficient dispersion of pollutants d. Generation of solid wastes and trash from construction activities – construction activities normally generates a lot of solid waste ranging from containers, packaging materials, wood and steel crates, cardboard, wrapping materials, boxes, sacks, drums, Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 62 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region cans and chemical containers, straps. Neighbouring villages do not have place for safe disposal of these wastes. Mitigation Measures - Collect all generated waste in designated places - Segregate recyclables (plastics, metal cans and glass for recycling) - Compost all biodegradable/ decomposable materials - Burry or burn( incinerate) all simple papers and all non-hazardous materials - Post appropriate signage such as “DO NOT LITTER” or “USITUPE TAKA” at all strategic sites - Trash and waste shall be well collected and removed from site to sanitary land fill or dumping site in Mtwara Municipality. e. Haphazard disposal of Sewage – construction camp and offices will have workers in the order of 100 who will use water and generate sewage. Without proper sanitation facilities there are possibilities of haphazard generation and disposal of wastewater. Mitigation Actions - The contractor will provide and ensure that good sanitary conditions are provided to the workforce at any working site. - If the contractor will use the sanitation facilities at the existing Mnazi Bay Gas Production Plant there is a functional wastewater treatment plant. - Ensure that all waste water from portable cabins used for accommodation and office is properly drained into the septic tanks and soak-away pits or a treatment plant. e. Transmission of diseases to resident community and vice versa Newly engaged employees if they are not subjected to medical examination and treatment of any ailment, they may become the source of spreading diseases to other employees and later to the resident community. Also transient workforce who move from one place to the other in short duration have been consistently associated with spread of STIs/HIV/AIDS in every new areas they go to Mitigation Actions - Sensitization and health awareness campaigns to all involved in the project including service providers - Project will assist the nearby health facility in sensitization of those involved in a project - The fact that crew will mostly be from the local communities in the project area reduces the anticipated risk of contracting or spreading diseases due to limited number of outsiders - Sensitization and health awareness campaigns to both resident community and project staff, - The crew will undergo thorough health screening according to the National HIV/AIDs Policy; also the proposed infrastructure upgrading project team will have its own medical and health facilities on fly camps including the ambulance for evacuation in case of emergency Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 63 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 6.2.2 Marine Pipeline a) Disturbance on benthic environments during trenching on the sea bed – trenching on the sea bed to install the marine pipeline is likely to stir the sediments which will eventually clog the feeding mechanism of marine organisms Mitigation Measures - Investigate the possibilities of laying the pipeline on the sea bed without trenching it - The trenching will take a relatively short time indicating that the disturbance will be temporary in nature b) Marine Water pollution – during trenching once the sediments are suspended in the water medium, other processes such as photosynthesis will be interfered with through clogging thus affecting the marine environment. This effect also can kill phytoplankton and zooplanktons which in turn affects organisms that feed on them. The whole food chain will therefore be affected. Trenching machinery can also be leaking hydrocarbons or fuel spill thus leading to aquatic pollution affecting the marine life Mitigation Measures - Trenching at the entry and exit points of the pipeline into and out of water respectively shall be carried out during the lowest tidal period and when the wave action is at its minimum - Trenching machinery shall be well serviced and maintained to avoid leakage of lubricants and other hydrocarbons. - Establish baseline conditions of the aquatic biodiversity before start of the works and use this baseline information to augment monitoring of the marine environment during project implementation and operation phases c) Effects on coral reefs – Coral reefs are a major feature within and adjacent Mnazi Bay. Three reef areas (Mnazi Bay South reefs, Chamba cha Matenga, Chamba cha Chumbo were identified in the project area. Chamba cha Chumbo is the most extensive of the three reefs but within the Bay itself, the corals are less abundant and less diverse towards the South and Msimbati village on the East due river sediments load entering the Bay at this location. The satellite image below shows the extent of the corals. The proposed marine pipeline is likely to have impacts on the corals if there is no proper route selection. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 64 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Figure 31: Mnazi Bay area showing the dark blue areas of deep water locations that have lesser coral reefs Mitigation Measures - Establish baseline conditions of the aquatic biodiversity before start of the works and use this baseline information for continuous monitoring of the marine environment during project implementation and operation phases - The exiting marine pipeline route was well selected to minimise the impacts on the coral reefs. This route shall be followed as much as it can be practised. - Due to the presence of corals outside the proposed pipeline route, the stirred sediments during calm weather (proposed to be duration for work) will settle before reaching the corals located away from the marine pipeline route d) Interruptions to fisheries and fishing activities - construction activities could interfere with fish resource exploitation and also materials in form of sediments from trenching and laying of the marine pipeline, oil and other wastes have the potential to pollute the fishing environment or suffocate the aquatic life. Mitigation Measures - The presence of the existing marine pipeline which conveys processed gas to Mtwara Power Station gives some awareness to the local fishers also a further restriction in the area will not be viewed as a new issue and the fishers are already familiar with the limitation. - There will also be a positive impact from introduction of the marine artificial substratum (pipeline) that will create another suitable habitat for fish based on the duration it will be in place. - Whenever possible the fishing community should be allowed to use all project areas except where there is a risk to project facilities. The floating markers (buoys) will be put along the marine pipeline to identify its location very easily and this will not affect their livelihood and their source of income. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 65 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 6.2.3 Wellheads, Flowlines and Land Pipeline a) Likely disturbances to historical and archaeological finds during site trenching along the flowlines and pipeline Based on the nature of the site it is possible that scientific, historical or archaeological interest or anything of value during excavation works may be encountered. The presence of historical finds may not be that evident but in the course of excavation it may indicate that the area is of historical importance. In any case if this happens or if the contractor discovers such finds mitigation measures include; Mitigation measures - Notify the Supervising Engineer giving the nature and location of the findings. The Engineer will consult the National Museum. - The Contractor shall exercise necessary care so as not to damage artefacts or fossils uncovered during trench excavation operations and shall provide such cooperation and assistance as may be necessary to preserve the findings for removal or other disposition by the respective bodies including the National Museum. - Where appropriate by reason of a discovery, the Supervising Engineer shall order delays in the time of performance or changes in the work, or both. If such delays, or changes or both are ordered, the time of performance and contract price shall be adjusted in accordance with the applicable clauses in the general Conditions of Contract. b. Nuisance from noise during construction Noise may pose a problem to the population living or working in places next to project areas. The intensity of this impact vary according to the degree of severity or sensitivity of those affected, the most sensitive recipients to noise are schools, hospitals and residential areas. This impact would also affect other species like birds and other organism living along the project areas. Mitigation Measures - Use of properly serviced and well maintained equipment - Silencers (mufflers) shall be used to minimize noise on otherwise noisy equipment such as generators and compressors - Sensitization of the adjacent communities on likely noise from construction activities - Where noise levels will be beyond 85dB(A), ear muffs and plugs shall be provided to all those working within the area with high noise levels - The site for noisy equipment such as front wheel loaders and pipe transporters will be located away from possible noise receptors such as offices and sensitive locations such as residential centres. c. Poor air quality from dust and emissions along the terrestrial pipeline and access roads to sites of works- The potential impacts on air quality will be located mostly in the areas subject to clearance of routes and excavation of trenches for the main pipeline and flowlines. The nuisance is likely to happen when construction is done in neighbouring villages under dry weather conditions. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 66 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Mitigation measures - Water sprinkling to reduce the dust at the construction site - Use of dust masks to operators and those working in the dusty areas - Use of goggles for all operators - Construction machines/equipment will be well maintained to ensure total fuel combustion. All vehicles involved in construction works will be frequently checked and well serviced during the whole construction period so that the level of exhaust emissions is reduced d. Increase in traffic levels to the surrounding area and likely accidents in the project areas. During construction there will be more vehicles coming to construction sites to deliver various construction materials and staff. This is likely to lead into accidents that may involve loss of life or injuries Mitigation measures - Only essential traffic shall be allowed and used in the project area - Sensitization of the nearby communities about the increased traffic and likely accidents - The contractor will institute speed limits of 40km/hr in all work areas and across villages. - Sensitization of drivers and also use of the negative reinforcements to punish traffic offenders e. Contamination of water from leakages of fuels and lubricants from the vehicles carrying construction materials, machinery and equipment - Ground water and surface water contamination would also occur if the contractors do not follow pollution control measures when servicing machinery, transporting or handling chemicals. Mitigation measures - Dripping pans to be used to contain all hydrocarbon leakages on construction equipment along the flowlines and main pipeline - Refuelling shall be carried out on designated areas such as hard stand likely to contain fuel from spillage to the water - In case of hydrocarbon spills, the contaminated soils will be collected and treated to remove the hydrocarbon and prevent the hydrocarbons from being washed away in storm water to the nearby water bodies. - Protection of water sources against pollution from project activities. - Preparation of hydrocarbon spill contingency plan by the proposed infrastructure upgrading project crew f. Possible injuries to humans, livestock and wildlife from falling into trenches. Once trenches are dug, without any barricading they pose a serious threat if they are left open overnight and for so long. Mitigation measures - Construction sites shall be provided with barricades to protect humans, livestock and wildlife from falling into open trenches. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 67 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region - Trenches shall remain open for a minimum time to avoid injuries. - Observe all World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety guidelines during implementation of the project g. Socio-economic impacts through spread of diseases (HIV/AIDs, STIs or STDs) among members involved in construction - The construction site will be a place of work where job seekers and other service providers such as food vendors commonly known as “Mama Lishe” will gather for the purpose of work and services. Such gatherings will allow contacts that cannot be avoided, thus leading into spread of diseases (HIV/AIDs, STIs or STDs) to the resident community by the project personnel and vice versa. Mitigation Measures - Sensitization and health awareness campaigns to all involved in the project including service providers - Construction workers to undergo health screening according to the National HIV/AIDs Policy, - Project will assist the nearby health facility in sensitization of those involved in a project - The fact that crew will mostly be from the local communities in the project area reduces the anticipated risk of contracting or spreading diseases due to limited number of outsiders - Sensitization and health awareness campaigns to both resident community and project staff, - The crew will undergo thorough health screening according to the National HIV/AIDs Policy; also the proposed infrastructure upgrading project team will have its own medical and health facilities on fly camps including the ambulance for evacuation in case of emergency h. Soil erosion along the cleared pipeline and flowline routes – the excavation works will involve disturbing and making soils loose susceptible to soil erosion Mitigation measures - Implementation of erosion control measures in all areas –such as avoid disturbing vegetated areas not needed for work, planting vegetation that holds soils together and use cut and dried vegetation to protect bare soils. i. Interference on natural drainage – Since clearance and trenching method will be involving heavy machinery such as bulldozers it is likely that natural drainage will be interfered with and natural flow altered Mitigation measures - Restoration of natural drainage pattern on completion of trenching works - Natural drainage areas will be well protected if labour based clearance methods are used instead of heavy equipment j. Haphazard defecation by crew during construction resulting into spread of faecal-oral diseases Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 68 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Mitigation Measures - Sensitization of employees of proper sanitation including haphazard defecation - One or two portable sanitation facilities including toilets shall be provided and sensitization carried out to employees to use them k. Safety risks associated with pipe welding works and exposure to radioactive materials – Welding of the pipes has to be done by more than one person at one location. This means that one welder works on the lower side while the other one is on the top. This mode of work exposes the welders to higher level of risk. Also the integrity of the pipe welds is determined through use of radioactive material to x-ray the joint. Proper care is required to ensure the safety of personnel and neighbouring communities. Mitigation Actions - The contractor will have appropriate procedures, training and qualified staff to minimise the risks associated with welding and x-raying of the welds on the pipe ends - Isotopes importation, handling, use and export or disposal shall be done in collaboration with the Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission -TAEC 6.3 Demobilization phase a) Footprints left behind by access roads, vegetation clearance and trenching on completion of the construction works Mitigation Actions - Restoration of all areas on completion of the infrastructure upgrading works - Tree planting strategy will be initiated to all villages to offset the footprints left by the proposed infrastructure upgrading project assignment. b) Loss of employment – on completion of the infrastructure upgrading works, loss of employment will be an imminent impact and it is inevitable Mitigation measures - On job training will be carried out during implementation of the works to ensure that local people have higher chances of getting employed in other projects in the country. This will be ensured through giving certificate of service on completion of the assignment. 6.4 Operation Phase of the Gas Facility and Pipeline 6.4.1 Gas Processing Plant a. Gas leakages, industrial accidents and consequential accidents of fire explosion. There may be cases of gas leaks, accidents and explosions leading into fire- injury and loss of life Mitigation measures - Observe and implement M&P’s gas leakage emergency response plan to deal with gas leaks - All accidents and sources of gas leaks shall be investigated and remedial actions taken Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 69 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region - Conduct regular drills as specified in the procedure for emergency response plan to be in a state of preparedness. b. Air pollution - this will mainly be due to discharges of NOx, COx and CO as the result of combustion processes from the power-generating unit(s) at the gas processing plant. Also fugitive methane may accelerate global warming. Mitigation measures - There is a electric power transmission line from Mtwara, now delivering power on the boundary of the gas processing plant. Connection to this central power may reduce the emissions from the on-site power gen set - The Contractor shall ensure that the power generating unit emissions meets the limit of such gases in the air (According to World Bank Standards). c. Waste Water Generation- Sewage and waste water from additional facilities and additional staff of the Mnazi Bay gas processing plant may exceed the treatment capacity of the installed waste water treatment plan. Mitigation Measures - Install the wastewater treatment facility with capacity to cater for all facilities including additional facilities and staff. - Effluent from the treatment plant shall meet the requirements of discharge permit and also MPEP shall acquire the discharge permit from the Ruvuma Water Basin Office d. Water Pollution – chemical spills, oils, diesel fuel may lead into water bodies (ocean) Mitigation Measures - Fuel shall be transported by reputable firms under careful management - Refuelling of Equipment and vehicles shall be carried out on a designated area - Chemicals shall have appropriate storage facilities including bunding and fire fighting requirements - Drainage on plant area likely to collect spilled hydrocarbons shall be fitted with oil separators e. Noise Pollution –sound level around the plant upon installation of the compressors may exceed the noise limits Mitigation Measures - The contractor will establish the baseline noise levels before installation of the noisy equipment and devise noise attenuation measures in case the noise is above the allowable limits - The contractor shall ensure that the equipment or noise attenuation measures can mitigate the noise levels to the allowable local and World Bank Noise Standards - The closest residential properties are those used by the Marine Park workers and they are located about 1000m away. The noise levels can be in excess within the plant boundary where the employees can use the noise reduction gear or sound insulated portable cabins. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 70 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region f. Flora and Fauna -the gas processing plant is located in remote area where there exists variety of flora and fauna which may be protected/endemic or threatened. These species are likely to be lost in the course of executing some works. Mitigation Measures - MPEP will continue to identify the plant and animal species around the plant which are vulnerable and put protection measures in place 6.4.2 Marine Pipeline, a) Safety and security risks of Marine Pipeline from fishing patterns-There are indeed risks associated with dynamite fishing, corrosion of pipeline or accidental mechanical failure of the marine pipeline. According to the ESIA report carried out 2005 by Artumas, it was reported that in 1997 fishing with dynamite was a major problem causing extensive degradation to coral reefs throughout the Mnazi Bay area. It is believed that the practice was especially prevalent in the project area due to its vicinity to the villages on the south-side of the bay from where most dynamite fishing was conducted. The government initiated some efforts to combat dynamite fishing in 1998 followed by construction of the Gas processing plant at Mnazi Bay and construction of Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park offices made it difficult for dynamite fishers to continue. Mitigation measures - The risk associated with dynamite fishing shall continue to be monitored thoroughly in the area before implementation of the project and mitigation actions devised with the Marine Park Authorities. The safety of the existing 8” marine pipeline which supplies processed gas to Mtwara power plant is an indication that dynamite fishing actions may be minimal or may be happening in distant places far from the pipeline but there are no signs that dynamite fishing is non-existent. But TPDC shall continue to work with the local communities to discourage dynamite fishing. - The marine pipeline shall be designed to avoid corrosion through use of sacrificial anodes/cathode(?), epoxy coated steel pipes shall be used after they are coated with the layer of concrete about 5cm thick - TPDC will conduct regular inspections to ensure that the pipe integrity remains intact. - Electronic and intelligent devise (‘pig’) will be used through the marine pipe from Mnazi Bay Gas Production plant to Madimba Gas Processing plant to carry out regular inspection - Floating buoys shall be used to mark the location for the pipeline and to alert any fishing boat that one is in the pipeline wayleave. b) Gas leakages and consequential accidents of fire explosion Mitigation measures - TPDC should develop and implement gas leakage emergency response plan to deal with gas leaks on marine pipeline. c) Threat to marine life along the marine pipeline Mitigation measures - TPDC will monitor marine life on the marine part of the pipeline to ensure there is good recovery of corals. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 71 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 6.4.3 Land Pipeline, Flow lines and Well heads a. Gas leakages and consequential accidents of fire explosion – there may be a risk of gas leak and other gas pipeline accidents due to pipe rapture or valve, mechanical failure or digging up of the pipeline and attempts to drill through it. Mitigation measures - MPEP will develop and put into operation an Emergency Response Plan including leak prevention and maintenance program, training, regular drills on safety and emergency, installation of automatic closure of valves. - Initiate effective communication system with the local communities along the flow lines and pipeline b. Soil Erosion – before the soil stabilises or before flat growing grasses dominate the wayleave area, there are possibilities that soil erosion may start taking place along the pipeline/flow line corridor as noted on the picture of the new pipeline below. Such erosion will be pronounced in areas with steep slopes. Mitigation measures - Implementation of soil erosion control measures in all areas that will be identified to have this problem- measures including growing flat growing vegetation that holds soils together or vetiver grass will be site specific - MPEP may allow local communities to plant shallow root crops such as cassava, groundnuts and maize to stabilize the loose soils after backfilling and restoration of the area. - Limitations shall be imposed on the farmers not to plant deep rooted trees such as mango, cashew nuts trees on the pipeline wayleave Figure 32: Likeliness of soil erosion in steep slopes of the pipeline c. Endemic, threatened and protected plant species - There may exist plant species which are protected/endemic and threatened within the pipeline corridor Mitigation measures - Plants specialist was engaged to identify all such plant species and mitigation measures towards protection of the plant species will be instituted including relocation outside the pipeline wayleave. - Liaise with Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP) in order to get guidance on the modalities of protecting all such plant species. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 72 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region d. Use of access roads by poachers to gain entry into areas with natural resources (Mangroves) - Access roads will be opened to transport, lay the pipeline and welding and x-raying, stringing and backfilling. Upon completion, if these roads are not provided with some form of barrier they may provide easy access to poachers. These roads may be easily removed but on the other side they may be used for inspection of the pipeline Mitigation measures - MPEP will liaise with local communities on the use of the access roads and report all illegal activities to Marine Park and other Government Agencies including Police. - Liaise with Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP) on the management and conservation of the mangroves and other resources. 6.5 Assessment of Significance of Impacts 6.5.1 Approach to assessing the significance of impacts An overview of the proposed gas infrastructure upgrade and associated activities has been presented in Chapter 2. Both beneficial and potential negative impacts of the proposed project have been presented under section 6 above and summarized in the table below. These impacts are now analyzed into different categories based on the stakeholders’ views and perceptions, the consultants experience in undertaking Environmental and Social Impact Assessments and experience gained in other similar projects. The approach used to assess the significance of the potential impacts and assess the effectiveness of the mitigation or enhancement measures is to apply significant ratings to each impact based on objective criteria, such as magnitude, extent and duration of that impact, to yield a final evaluation of the significance of impacts before and after mitigation. Application of significance rating reduces the number of variables which need to be considered by the decision maker, whilst providing pertinent information about the implications of the proposed gas infrastructure upgrade at Mnazi Bay. The assessment criteria is given on the table 18 below Table 18: First Step assessment criteria for evaluation of impacts1 First Step Criterion Categories Extent or Spatial Local/Site specific; Regional ; National; International influence of Impact Magnitude of Impact High: natural and/or social functions and/or processes are at that spatial scale severely altered Medium: natural and /or social functions and /or processes are notably altered Low: natural and /or social functions and/or processes are negligibly or minimally altered Duration of Impact Short Term (ST): 0-5 years; Medium Term (MT) 5-10 years; Long Term (LT): 15+ years 1 Brownlie and Willemse (1996) Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 73 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Also other criteria considered to evaluate whether or not adverse impacts are significant include: • environmental loss and deterioration; • social impacts resulting directly or indirectly from environmental change; • non-conformity with environmental standards, objectives and guidelines; and • Likelihood and acceptability of risk. Criteria to evaluate adverse impacts on natural resources, ecological functions or designated areas include: • reductions in species diversity; • depletion or fragmentation on plant and animal habitat; • loss of threatened, rare or endangered species; • Impairment of ecological integrity, resilience or health e.g. • disruption of food chains; • decline in species population; • Alterations in predator-prey relationships. Criteria to evaluate the significance of adverse social impacts that result from biophysical changes include: • threats to human health and safety e.g. from release of persistent and/or toxic chemicals; • decline in commercially valuable or locally important species or resources e.g. fish, forests and farmland; • loss of areas or environmental components that have cultural, recreational or aesthetic value; • displacement of people e.g. by dams and reservoirs; • disruption of communities by influx of a workforce e.g. during project construction; and • Pressures on services, transportation and infrastructure. Environmental standards, objectives and targets to evaluate significance include: • prescribed limits on waste/emission discharges and/or concentrations; • ambient air and water quality standards established by law or regulations; • environmental objectives and targets contained in policy and strategy; and • Approved or statutory plans that protect areas or allocate, zone or regulate the use of land and natural resources. Sensitivity or Importance of Receptors Receptors are considered as physical or biological resource or user group that would be affected. The baseline studies will identify potential environmental receptors for each environmental element. Some receptors will be more sensitive to certain environmental effects than others. The sensitivity or importance of a receptor may depend, for example, on its frequency or extent of occurrence at an international, national, regional or local level. Description of impact For each environmental element, the likely environmental effects will be identified. Impacts will be either adverse or beneficial. Significance of impacts The magnitude of an impact does not necessarily directly relate to its significance since the significance of the effect depends on both its magnitude and the sensitivity or importance of the receptor. For example, a significant effect may arise as a result of a relatively modest effect on a resource of national value (e.g. impact on the marine park, a touristic attraction), or a large effect on a resource of local value. The significance of an effect would generally take into account the following criteria: Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 74 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region • extent and magnitude; • duration (short-term and long-term); • reversibility and irreversibility; • performance against environmental quality standards; and • Sensitivity or importance of the receptor. Levels of significance that would be used in the assessment are, in descending order: • Major; • Moderate; • Minor; • Negligible. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 75 of 162 6.5.2 Summary of both positive and likely negative impacts b. Negative impacts of facilities upgrade Table 19: Analysis of Environmental and Social Impacts Analysis of Environmental and Social Impacts Effects Duration Reversibili Extent ty or Significance Spatial Environmental and Social Impacts influenc e Description of Impacts Reversibl Secondar Regional Medium Irreversi Indirect Primary Direct Local Long Short term term ble y e Positive impacts Employment opportunities      Improved government revenue in terms of taxes for purchases      Assured and increased supply of natural gas to NNGIDP      Negative Impacts Mobilization phase 1. Vegetation loss along the pipelines and flow lines, access      roads and camps for workers places 2. Land take- for flowlines and main pipeline, access roads to      reach places of work. Construction phase Gas Processing Plant 1. Pollution of Water Bodies from spills      2. Noise during construction      3. Emissions from Generators – pollutants to the air      4. Generation of solid wastes from construction activities      5. Haphazard disposal of sewage      6. Transmission of diseases to resident community and vice      versa Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 76 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Description of Impacts Irrevers Reversi Indirec Region Second Primar Mediu Direct Local Long Short term term ible ary ble m al y t Marine Pipeline 1. Disturbance on benthic environments during trenching on      the sea bed 2. Marine water pollution      3. Effects on coral reefs      4. Interruptions to fisheries and fishing activities      Wellheads, Flowlines and Land Pipeline 1. Likely disturbances to historical and archaeological finds      during site trenching along the flowlines and pipeline 2. Nuisance from noise during construction      3. Poor air quality from dust and emissions along the terrestrial      pipeline and access roads to sites of works- 4. Increase in traffic levels to the surrounding area and likely      accidents in the project areas. 5. Contamination of surface and ground water from leakages of      fuels and lubricants from the vehicles carrying construction materials, machinery and equipment 6. Possible injuries to humans, livestock and wildlife from falling      into trenches 7. Socio-economic impacts through spread of diseases      (HIV/AIDs, STIs or STDs) 8. Soil erosion along the cleared pipeline and flowline routes      9. Interference on natural drainage      10. Haphazard defecation by crew during construction resulting      into spread of faecal-oral diseases 11. Safety risks associated with pipe welding works and exposure      High to radioactive materials during x-raying the pipeline Demobilization phases 1. Footprints left behind by access roads, vegetation clearance      and trenching on completion of the construction 2. Loss of employment      Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 77 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Description of Impacts Irrevers Reversi Indirec Region Second Primar Mediu Direct Local Long Short term term ible ary ble m al y t Operation Phase Gas Processing Plant 1. Gas leakages, Industrial Accidents and consequential      accidents of fire explosion. 2. Air pollution      3. Waste Water Generation      4. Water Pollution      5. Noise Pollution      6. Impacts to Flora and Fauna      Marine Pipeline 1. Safety and security risks of Marine Pipeline from fishing      patterns- there are 2. Gas leakages and consequential accidents of fire explosion      3. Threat to marine life along the marine pipeline      Well heads, Flow lines and Land Pipeline 1. Gas leakages and consequential accidents of fire explosion      2. Soil Erosion      3. Endemic, threatened and protected plant species      4. Use of access roads by poachers to gain entry into areas with      natural resources (Mangroves) Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 78 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Table 20: Impacts Assessment Matrix Impact Activities Mobilization Phase (Constr Demobilization Operatio uction phase n Phase Significance Project phases Phase) Score Description of Impacts based on Project infrastruc infrastruc Laying of Demobili Hiring of Transpor Equipme Construc identifica Operatio zation of tation of equipme Environmental and Social Components n of the Project tion of labour labour force force areas ture ture tion gas nt nt POSITIVE IMPACTS 1. Employment opportunities +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 -1 +1 10 High 2. Improved government revenue in terms of taxes +2 +2 0 +2 +2 0 +2 10 High for purchases 3. Assured and improved supply of Natural gas to +1 +1 +1 +2 +1 0 +2 8 Medium NNGIDP NEGATIVE IMPACTS Mobilization phase 1. Vegetation loss along the pipelines and flow lines, -1 0 0 -2 0 0 -1 -4 Low access roads and camps for workers places 2. Land take- for flowlines and main pipeline, access -1 0 0 -2 0 0 -1 -4 Low roads to reach places of work. Construction phase Gas Processing Plant 1. Pollution of Water Bodies from spills -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -7 Medium 2. Noise during construction 3. Emissions from Generators – pollutants to the air 0 0 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -5 Medium 4. Generation of solid wastes and trash from -1 -1 0 -2 -2 0 -2 -8 Medium construction activities 5. Haphazard disposal of sewage 0 0 0 -2 -1 -1 -2 -6 Medium 6. Transmission of diseases to resident community -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -9 High and vice versa Marine Pipeline 1. Disturbance on benthic environments during -1 0 0 -2 -1 0 -1 -5 Medium Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 79 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region trenching on the sea bed 2. Marine water pollution -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -7 Medium 3. Effects on coral reefs 0 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -1 -5 Medium 4. Interruptions to fisheries and fishing activities -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -1 -6 Medium Wellheads, Flowlines and Land Pipeline 1. Likely disturbances to historical and archaeological -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 0 -2 Low finds during site trenching along the flowlines and pipeline 2. Nuisance from noise during construction 0 0 0 -2 -1 0 -1 -4 Low 3. Poor air quality from dust and emissions along the 0 -2 0 -2 -2 0 -1 -7 Medium terrestrial pipeline and access roads to sites 4. Increase in traffic levels to the surrounding area and -1 -1 0 -2 -2 0 -1 -7 Medium likely accidents in the project areas. 5. Contamination of surface and ground water from -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -1 -6 Medium leakages of fuels and lubricants from the vehicles carrying construction materials, machinery and equipment 6. Possible injuries to humans, livestock and wildlife 0 0 0 -2 0 0 -1 -3 Low from falling into trenches 7. Socio-economic impacts through spread of diseases -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -8 Medium (HIV/AIDs, STIs or STDs) 8. Soil erosion along the cleared pipeline and flowline 0 0 0 -2 -1 0 -1 -4 Low routes 9. Interference on natural drainage 0 0 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -5 Medium 10. Haphazard defecation by crew during construction -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -1 -6 Medium resulting into spread of faecal-oral diseases 11. Safety risks associated with pipe welding works and 0 0 0 -2 -1 0 0 -3 Low exposure to radioactive materials during x-raying the pipeline Demobilization Phase 1. Footprints left behind by access roads, vegetation 0 -1 0 -2 -2 0 -2 -7 Medium clearance and trenching on completion of the construction 2. Loss of employment 0 0 0 0 -2 -2 -1 -5 Medium Operation Phase Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 80 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Gas Processing Plant 1. Gas leakages, Industrial Accidents and 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -2 -3 Low consequential accidents of fire explosion. 2. Air pollution 0 0 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -5 Medium 3. Waste Water Generation 0 0 0 -2 0 0 -2 -4 Low 4. Water Pollution -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -7 Medium 5. Noise Pollution -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -7 Medium 6. Impacts to Flora and Fauna -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -7 Medium Marine Pipeline 1. Safety and security risks of Marine Pipeline from -1 0 0 0 -1 0 -2 -4 Low fishing patterns 2. Gas leakages and consequential accidents of fire 0 0 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -5 Medium explosion 3. Threat to marine life along the marine pipeline 0 0 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -5 Medium Well heads, Flow lines and Land Pipeline 1. Gas leakages and consequential accidents of fire -1 0 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -6 Medium explosion 2. Soil Erosion -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -7 Medium 3. Effects to endemic, threatened and protected plant -1 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -7 Medium species 4. Use of access roads by poachers to gain entry into 0 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -6 Meduim areas with natural resources (Mangroves) Key for impact severance and acceptability Key for Significant -2 Very Severe Impact (unacceptable) Impact Rating -1 Severe Impact 0-4 – Low 0 Not Applicable 5-8 - Medium +1 Good Impact 8-12 - High +2 Very Good Impact (Acceptable) Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 81 of 162 7. Analysis of Project Alternatives The EIA procedure stipulates that an environmental investigation needs to identify alternatives for the proposed activity. Therefore, it is required that a number of possible proposals and alternatives for accomplishing the same objectives be considered. In principle, these should include an analysis of the technology, location, timing, input and design alternatives as well as the “do-nothing” option. 7.1 No-Action Alternative The “no-action” alternative means that the proposed infrastructure upgrade at Mnazi Bay will not be carried out, thus leaving the existing infrastructures in their current situation. Also the area earmarked for pipeline will be left intact. It must be noted that the Gas Processing Facility (GPF) at Mnazi Bay is currently limited by the dehydrator. It currently has a capacity to handle gas up to 10 mmscfd, hydrocarbon liquids up to 100 bpd, and water up to 10 bpd. The four wells in place have the combined capacity of 80 mmscfd. The no action alternative would mean that the extra 70 mmscfd will not be processed. The ever increasing demand for gas to the power generation sector will not be met thus frustrating all efforts in current developments and yet the country’s dream in exploitation of the natural resources, mainly gas and oil will not be realised. 7.2 Location Alternatives The location earmarked for infrastructure upgrade at Mnazi Bay now exists therefore there is no any other alternative location that can be weighed against the existing facility. The gas wells are drilled and existing except some of the flow lines which are not in place. The location for the marine pipeline is very close to the existing marine pipeline. Available bathymetry data indicates that the existing route is the most direct route across the Mnazi Bay and also provides uniform seabed profile. Additionally, the existing route trends away from existing coral reefs (mainly in the south) which suggested the potential for a lower risk of environmental impact on marine biota. Terrestrial pipeline will partly follow the wayleave of the existing pipeline except the last 2.8km where it will branch away towards Madimba Gas Processing Facility. 7.3 Design Alternatives The objective of the proposed infrastructure upgrade is to supply gas to Tanzania’s National Natural Gas Infrastructure Development Project (NNGIDP) which has already taken shape by construction of the Gas processing plant at Madimba. 7.3.1 Pipeline from Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility to Madimba Central Processing Facility The pipeline is a 16” steel pipeline of a length of 10km and originates at the Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility and runs to Madimba Central Processing Facility. This pipeline is composed of: - One (1) pig launcher at Mnazi Bay Production Facility, - Three (3) sections: o 1st section: 0.5km onshore from Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility up to peninsula landing fall point Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 82 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region o 2nd section: 5km offshore from peninsula landing fall point up to continental landing fall point o 3rd section: 6.3km onshore from continental landing fall point up to Madimba Central Processing Facility - One (1) pig receiver at Madimba Central Processing Facility. The alternative to this pipeline would be either to use the existing pipeline that conveys gas to Mtwara Power Plant but it is limited by its size of 8”. Therefore any increased production of gas cannot be accommodated in the existing pipeline. Since Madimba gas processing plant is already under construction, there are limited alternatives to the proposed pipeline. 7.3.2 Gathering network – M&P Constructed and Operated facilities a. MS-2 Wellhead and Well-pad b. Flowline from MS-2 to MS-1X Cluster -This flowline is a 6” HDPE pipeline of a length of 3.7km and originates at the MS-2 well-pad and runs to the MS-1X Manifold in MS-1X Cluster. c. MS-1X Cluster (including MS-1X Wellhead and flowline from MS-1X Wellhead to MS- 1S Manifold) d. Fibre optic and power cables from MB-3 Cluster to MS-1X Cluster e. MB-2 Wellhead and Well-pad f. Flowline from MB-2 to MB-3 Cluster -This flowline is a 6” HDPE pipeline of a length of 1.45km and originates at the MB-2 well-pad and runs to the MB-3 Manifold in MB-3 Cluster. g. MB-3 Wellhead and flowline from MB-3 Wellhead to MB-3 Manifold h. Fibre optic and power cables from Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility to MB-3 These facilities are part and parcel of the major elements; therefore there are limited alternatives to these. 7.3.3 Gathering network, TPDC-CPE Constructed/M&P Operated Facilities a. Trunk-line from MS-1X Cluster to MB-3 Cluster (including pigging facilities) - The Trunk-line is a 16” steel pipeline of a length of 3km and originates at the MS-1X Cluster and runs to MB-3 Cluster. b. MB-3 Cluster – c. Trunk-line from MB-3 Cluster to Mnazi Bay Gas Processing Facility (including pigging facilities) 7.3.4 Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility The Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facility is an existing gas production facility located at the end of Msimbati peninsula in the Mnazi Bay Contract Area. Gas is received at the Mnazi Gas Production Facility from the wells in the Mnazi Bay and Msimbati Gas Field via the gathering network. The Mnazi Bay Gas Production Facilities will be upgraded in order to handle the flow rate going to Madimba Central Processing Facility, as well as the flow rate going to other clients. In addition to the existing facilities (including MB-1 tie-in), some new pieces of equipment will be added and/or modified: - GPF Manifold with two (2) headers: one (1) production header, and one (1) test header, both designed to be connected to four (4) wells, and on which MB-1 will be re-routed, - GPF main Production Collector, on which will be connected the outlet of GPF Manifold, and the line coming from the pig catcher of the 16” trunk-line described above, Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 83 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region - One (1) test separator - One (1) production separator - One (1) production liquids drum - One (1) fiscal and transactional metering unit - One (1) KO-Drum and Flare package - One (1) additional gas genset 7.3.5 The Delivery Point The Delivery Point will be located downstream of the metering unit, which will be located at the fence, close to the pig launcher unit for the 16” pipeline going to Madimba Central Processing Facility. This unit has no alternative as it is part of the operating facility. 7.4 Technology Alternatives The construction technologies can only be considered in two forms namely; mechanized and labour based techniques. Mechanisation of construction works became necessary to replace labour which was becoming ever more expensive and scarce. However, in many third world countries labour is now abundant and people are prepared to work for low wages than in the developed world. Moreover, construction equipment and some of the inputs needed to keep it working need be imported, diverting scarce foreign exchange from more vital purposes. In such circumstances it is not surprising that efforts began some twenty-five years ago to develop construction techniques more appropriate to the economic and social conditions in developing countries. Labour-based techniques do not imply the complete elimination of machinery but rather selective replacement. Certain tasks, for example, digging trenches and also laying gas pipeline in trenches and backfilling are better done mechanically by excavators and compactors. Both of the latter have the advantage of being multi-use which is essential in the country where specialised equipment tends to be under-used. For other tasks, simple machines have been developed which can be used to save labour if wages or scarcity justify it. Unfortunately, labour-based works have not had success in Tanzania and across Africa. Changing a well-established technology requires a multi-level approach, as well as the time to learn. It cannot be done piecemeal and hurriedly. Putting aside the profound shifts in attitude which must be induced, they require extensive retraining of construction work managers and engineers and given the trend towards private sector involvement, technical and financial assistance to construction firms. These in turn can only survive if they can be guaranteed a steady flow of similar work, which can only be assured by a global approach. Their relative simplicity permits decentralisation to local level management. However, again we are confronted with the need to train and supervise their implantation to ensure that the acquired knowledge will continue to be used after the project is over. Too often works have been carried out without adequate training and supervision and have been of poor quality. In other cases, managers and enterprises have been trained and equipped but could not continue subsequently to apply their skills and have found unemployed or bankrupt or fail to utilize available natural resources for development. Labour-based works can be introduced within a high level commitment to privatisation, decentralisation, employment creation and poverty alleviation. Labour-based works can be powerful policy instruments to support these objectives. However, without a real rather than rhetorical commitment of government and donors they will not realise their potential. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 84 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 8. Environmental and Social Management Plan 8.1 Introduction The management plan will be implemented in the form of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) which highlights the key environmental and social issues associated with the proposed gas infrastructure upgrading operations and sets out the specific mitigation measures (presented earlier in section 6) to be implemented by contracted parties and M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited. The measures are designed to eliminate, offset or reduce any identified adverse environmental impacts to a level that is as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). The management plan incorporates M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited environmental policy commitments, best practice guidelines and relevant International and Tanzanian standards. 8.2 Modalities of Implementation of the ESMP The successful implementation of the ESMP will require the adoption of the mitigation actions presented in section 6 and their integration into the contractor’s own HSE management systems as well as ongoing commitment from M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited. In addition, the contractor’s HSE management systems will be required to include the provisions described below to ensure that the ESMP is effective. Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for completion and execution of the ESMP will be communicated to all appropriate individuals (e.g. installation contractor, company-environmental officer, HSE advisors, project sections managers (gas plant, marine pipeline or terrestrial pipeline, well heads and flowlines etc). 1. The provision of permit and agency information to appropriate members 2. On site and on field operational supervision to ensure compliance with the HSE Management System, additional HSE regulations and permit conditions 3. On site and on field training to ensure that all staff and construction crew are familiar with the environmental protection procedures. 4. Appropriate reporting and remedial action procedures to ensure that any incidents are reported promptly and dealt with effectively. 5. Assessment and revision of the ESMP as required. 6. Auditing of the ESMP’s implementation by M&P Exploration Production Tanzania and NEMC The Environmental and Social Management Plan contains the following information: - Definitions of roles and responsibilities of parties involved in carrying out the proposed infrastructure upgrading work and certain project personnel - Description of general environmental management activities, which provide the framework for implementation of the recommended mitigation measures - Plan for implementation of recommended mitigation measures for specific environmental impacts It should be noted that it is a requirement that the Contractor develops environmental objectives, targets and implements an Environmental and Social Management Plan to meet legal and regulatory requirements and for those other environmental aspects considered to be significant to the operation. Whilst this ESMP can provide a basis for any such document prepared by the Contractor, it does not absolve the Contractor from fulfilling his responsibility Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 85 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region of producing a crew or project specific ESMP which should include the recommendations of the ESMP. 8.3 Roles and Responsibilities of the Parties This section outlines overall roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in the planning and implementation of the proposed gas facilities upgrade and all sites of pipelines and gas flowlines sites. Protection of the environment is a specific management responsibility in the field. All activity or section managers should be aware of their responsibilities for the ESMP and the maintenance of environmental standards. All individuals involved in the project should be made aware of their environmental responsibilities and relevant standards and procedures, as necessary. Staff induction should include training in environmental standards and clarification of the roles and responsibilities outlined in this section. 8.3.1 Roles and Responsibilities of TPDC (License Holder and Regulator) The Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) is the main contact point between M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited and various government bodies involved in environmental, social and health protection. They are responsible for setting out the general environmental provisions in the Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) and may set other conditions relevant to the conduct of the work such as safe links with respect to existing facilities and other important features such as Madimba Gas Processing Plant, which is now under construction. 8.3.2 Roles and Responsibilities of the Project Proponent As project proponent, M&P Exploration Production Tanzania is responsible for implementing the ESMP. The General Manager of M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited will have overall responsibility for the environmental performance of the project and compliance with Tanzanian law. M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited should obtain relevant permissions and approvals and consult and notify TPDC, and relevant District and Village Authorities. M&P Exploration Production Tanzania will ensure that one of its representatives is given the responsibility of monitoring the environmental performance of the infrastructure construction operations and report on health, safety and environmental matters during the project. M&P Exploration Production Tanzania should ensure that any environmental incidents or accidents are timely reported to NEMC, OSHA and TPDC and that any other requirements of the PSA, such as reporting or monitoring activities are completed to TPDC’s satisfaction. M&P Exploration Production Tanzania should ensure that key environmental and social information is included in the invitations forwarded to all tenderers for gas infrastructure contractors. A copy of the final and approved report/statement of the ESMP should be provided to all sections or area contractors. Contractors should be advised of the location of the facilities as from the wellheads, flow lines to gas processing plant, to marine and terrestrial pipeline to be linked to Madimba gas plant. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 86 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 8.3.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Contractors The project contractors are responsible for implementation of, and adherence to, all provisions of the ESMP and with any environmental and other codes of conduct required by M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited. Overall responsibility for the environmental performance of the contractors will rest with M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited. The Party Chief will be responsible for effective implementation of the mitigation measures during project implementation. Personnel should be trained regarding environmental procedures and the requirements of the ESMP. M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Ltd. should supply sub-contractors with all relevant information concerning the project as required for environmental evaluations, such as details of sensitive locations, resources use, fuel consumption, hazardous materials and waste production. The contractors should report any environmental incident/accident details to the HSE Advisor, and should take account of any recommendations made by the HSE Advisor. There are procedures set out to assist in the identification and minimization of the environmental aspects of the project activities which have or can have significant impacts on the environment. 8.3.4 Quality, Health, Safety and Environment (QHSE) Advisor A designated HSE Advisor should be provided by the Contractors. M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Ltd. may also decide to appoint a HSE Representative for the project. The HSE Advisor is responsible for ensuring that all contractor staff members are aware of the contractors environmental responsibilities in accordance with the contract signed between M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Ltd and the project contractors. In addition, there shall be an Environmental Advisor (EA) who is essentially provided by the Consultants who successfully carries out the approved ESMP. The EA should brief the contractors on sensitive aspects of the environment in which the activities will occur and should give information on recommendations presented in this report and any other environmental management documents and policies. The EA should monitor the environmental performance of the contractors and provide environmental advice as necessary. A record will be maintained by the EA of any previously polluted areas encountered during the project. Details recorded will include location (with Global Position System coordinates), size of affected area, description of type of pollution and any associated wastes and corresponding measures carried out. These records will be provided to M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited at the end of the project. The EA is responsible for compiling environmental records based on information provided by the contractors and will prepare a final summary report submitted to M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Ltd and NEMC at the end of the project. This should include environmental monitoring incidents/accidents and recommendations for future activities. The Environmental Advisor will also become the community facilitator for smooth operations. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 87 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 8.4 General Management Obligations of Parties Table 21 below summarizes the recommended environmental management obligations of the project proponent and contractors before, during and after the proposed gas infrastructure upgrade is completed. These obligations provide the management framework for the specific mitigation measures proposed in this environmental assessment. Table 21: Recommended Management Obligations by Phases Project Phase M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Section Contractors – compliance Ltd criteria and commitment Should ensure that: Should ensure that: Mobilization - Key environmental information is included - Sub-contractors and staff are aware in Invitations to Tender. of their environmental obligations - Contractors are provided with details of - All plans and preparations are in commitments to TPDC and other place to allow the project to take government bodies. place as planned. - Contractors are provided with a copy of - All necessary tools and equipment ESMP including consumables are available - Contractors are provided with details of to allow environmental requirements sensitive area; locations of various facilities to be fulfilled. including the wells and locations for flow - Project HSE Plan has been produced lines and pipelines including co–ordinates. including project specific ESMP - A pre start–up HSE meeting is organized. (Project contractors) - Project contractors have been issued with - Accurate maps are available to allow safe distance information say from the identification of all environmentally existing pipeline. sensitive areas, regulatory boundaries, - A compensation scheme is in place for all flow line and pipeline routes, etc) crops and vegetation that will be affected - All relevant stakeholders in PSA areas by the project activities. have been contacted and informed of planned activities. - Licensed hazardous waste disposal contractor should be engaged. Should ensure that: Should ensure that: During Construction - Contractors are updated with respect to - Sub- contractors and staff are any new environmental and social issues in updated with respect to any new the project areas. environmental issues in the project - All health statistics and incidents are areas. reported to OSHA, NEMC and TPDC or - All environmental statistics and other appropriate authorities as required. incidents are reported to M&P - The ESMP is implemented by the Exploration Production Tanzania or contractors. other appropriate authorities as required. - The ESMP is implemented by sub- contractors and staff. - HSE and tool box meetings are held on regular basis. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 88 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Demobilization Should ensure that: Should ensure that: - Contractor’s Final Report is reviewed. - A Final Report is produced - All PSA requirements, including any summarizing all environmental reporting or follow-up activities are aspects of the operation including completed to the Regulators satisfaction. incidents, observations, monitoring - All contractual and EIS requirements are results and photographic records. completed by contractors. - Any contractual and EMP requirements, including any further reporting or follow-up activities are completed to M&P’s satisfaction. Operation - All operational records produced as required phase - All health statistics and incidents are reported to OSHA, NEMC and TPDC or other appropriate authorities as required. 8.5 Operational Controls and Procedures This section highlights those controls and procedures which are specifically recommended to minimize the impacts identified in section 6 above in relation to the protection on the environment in the project area including the PSA area. Operational controls and procedures will therefore be provided with respect to:  Fuel and oil spill management  Sewage waste management  Hazardous waste management Although there are impacts of high importance, it does not remove obligation of the project contractor from putting mitigations with respect to the impacts of medium or low importance in place. 8.5.1 Fuel and Oil Spill Management Fuel and oil spill management is regarded as a matter of high importance due to the high environmental impact that would be associated with a major fuel or oil spills in the project including areas in sea vicinity. Spills could result in from activities directly associated with gas facilities installation or construction activities and those indirect activities. 8.5.2 Fuel Storage Control and Procedures The following operational control and procedures apply to fuel storage: Refuelling Controls and Procedures Fuel transfer operations should be done so that there is no spillage. The following operational controls and procedures apply:  Avoid fuel transfer operations near water bodies.  Catch drips and spills during the refuelling operations.  Tanks must not be filled to maximum capacity; room must be left for expansion and vehicle movement.  Pistol nozzles must always be used on dispensing hoses. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 89 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region  Automatic shut-off nozzles or quick coupling (similar to those used in petrol stations) are particularly recommended for the dispensing hose.  The fuel handler must know the location of all fuel shut-off controls and shut-off procedures and must know ‘never leave the refuelling operation’ while in progress.  The fuel handler must be trained to respond to, and contain, a fuel spillage.  Drum pumps must be available for refilling from fuel drums in the field.  Funnels must be available for refuelling from jerry cans in the field. Fuel or Oil Spill Response The following operational controls and procedures apply to fuel or oil spill response:  An emergency response plan must be available for spills. It should be communicated to crew members and reviewed regularly at training or safety meetings.  Tools and materials must be available to clean up any spills or drips.  Equipment must include absorbent material, shovels and plastic bags.  While performing maintenance on vessels, ensure that there are sufficient drip trays in position to catch any spills or leaks.  Spills or leaks of oil or fuel should be cleaned up immediately and disposed off as hazardous waste.  All spills or leaks should be reported in accordance with both the operator’s procedures and local regulations. 8.5.3 Waste Water Management Impacts from improper sewage waste management could occur during implementation of the projects. Contractor shall produce a waste management plan for the works covering all wastewater generated from its activities. Sewage will always be handled in such a way that neither surface nor ground waters are contaminated. 8.5.4 Hazardous Waste Management Hazardous waste that will be generated from project construction activities shall be treated with care based on international standards where Tanzanian standards are silent on the respective hazardous wastes. The following operation controls and procedures apply to hazardous waste disposal:  Contractor must produce a waste management plan for the project which must include hazardous waste disposal. Hazardous wastes include: - Oily waste (Used lubricating oil and filters) - Chemical waste (batteries, obsolete chemicals, where applicable) - Medical wastes - Radioactive sources used for x-raying the pipeline during testing.  The possibility of spillage of waste fuel and oils should be included in a project on fuel and oil spill emergency response plan.  MSDS for hazardous material should be readily available to contain the material wastes.  An inventory of hazardous waste must be maintained.  Hazardous wastes must be disposed of by a licensed waste handler.  A transmittal system must be used for transportation of hazardous waste from project site.  Transporter must have industry experience in handling hazardous waste. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 90 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region  Transporter must have procedures and equipment in place for handling spills and leaks of waste in transit. 8.6 Implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan The objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) are to describe;  the legislative and administrative frameworks in the country on Environmental Impact Assessment Management,  implementation arrangements for the ESMP,  the environmental monitoring program and reporting arrangements and  Design consideration regarding environmental, health, safety and social impacts. In Tanzania the Environmental Assessment framework is guided by the following two key national legislations: - The Environmental Management Act (EMA) Cap 191 (No. 4 of 2004) - The Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed gas facilities upgrade, like any other projects is under the Vice Presidents’ Office, where the Minister of Environment falls. Therefore for entire environmental and social impacts assessment process, the main players are the following: - Minister of Environment who approves the EIA and gives the environmental permit, - NEMC, who arranges for EIAs, undertakes enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of EIA. 8.6.1 Implementation Arrangement of the EMP The project proponent, MPEPTL will commission various contractors and sub-contractors to carry out the work or part of the works. To minimize potential environmental and social negative impacts, the project will require the support of various institutions in the project area. Table 22 below outlines the actions of the ESMP. The organizational framework for the EMP is designed to evolve as the project progresses through preparatory and mobilization stages, construction, demobilization and finally operation phases of the gas infrastructures. 8.6.2 Reporting Arrangements TPDC, M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited and Consultant’s appointee to deal with Environmental Management will cooperate with other experts in Mtwara rural district such as District Land Officer and District Environmental Management Officer to provide the Regional Environmental Management Expert (REME) under the Regional Secretariat with environmental reports of the project implementation as part of the progress reports and annual environmental monitoring reports. The REME is the link person between the region and the Sector Ministry Environmental Section (Energy Sector Environmental Coordinator) and the Director of Environment as well as the Director General of NEMC. 8.6.3 Cost estimates for ESMP The costs for implementing the mitigation measures have been estimated based on previous projects and engineering judgment. The actual costs will be as presented by the successful project contractors on section basis. The priced bills of quantities for environmental and social impact mitigation measures shall be made part of the contract for these mitigation measures to be effective. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 91 of 162 Table 22: Environmental and Social Management Plan Impacts Responsible for Time Frame Target level/Standard Reporting to Estimated Remarks Mitigation cost (USD) Mobilization Phase 1. Vegetation loss along the MPEP/Section Before the All PAPs are compensated District 200,000 Estimate only pipelines and flow lines, Contractor/ survey for vegetation loss Agricultural actual cost to access roads and camps for officer be determined workers places after valuation of crops 2. Land take- for flowlines and MPEP/Section Upon All PAPs are compensated DC/DNRO 100,000 Estimate only, main pipeline, access roads to Contractor identification of for land acquired land cost to be reach places of work. routes known after valuation of land to be expropriated Construction Phase Gas Processing Plant 1. Pollution of water bodies MPEP/Section Daily during pH = 6-9 DEMO 10,000 from spills Contractors construction BOD= 50 mg/l and installation TSS= 50 mg/l of facilities Oil /grease= 20 Phenol= 1 Sulphide-=1 Toxic metals =5mg/l 2. Noise during construction MPEP/Section Daily during As per noise limits for DEMO/OS 1,000 Estimate only Contractors construction industrial setup HA but actual to be period < 70dB(A) determine after identification 3. Emissions from Generators – MPEP/Section Daily during Emissions meet both local OSHA 5,000 infrastructure upgrade works Contractors construction and WB requirements. Limits will have own source of power phase NOx=150 g/m3 (24 hour that may be a source of average) and 100 g/m3 emissions-pollutants to the air annual average 4. Generation of solid wastes MPEP/Section Throughout Good housekeeping ensured DEMO 1,500 Monthly cost and trash from construction Contractor construction for waste Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 92 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region activities period management 5. Haphazard disposal of Sewage MPEP/Section Daily during No sewage waste is DEMO 1,500 Monthly Contractor construction haphazardly disposed charges for phase management of liquid waste 6. Transmission of diseases to MPEP/Section Daily during Zero cases DMO/DAC 15,000 Sensitization resident community and vice Contractor construction C costs versa phase Marine Pipeline 1. Disturbance on benthic MPEP/Section Daily during Minimum and temporary DFO 500 environments during Contractor laying the disturbance trenching on the sea bed pipeline 2. Marine Water pollution MPEP/Section Daily during Installation is done during DFO 2,500 Contractor pipeline calm period installation 3. Effects on coral reefs MPEP/Section Daily during No effects to coral reefs DFO 2,500 Contractor pipeline installation 4. Interruptions to fisheries and MPEP/Section Daily during Minimum disturbance to DFO 500 fishing activities Contractor pipeline fisheries and fishing activities installation Wellheads, Flowlines and Land Pipeline 1. Likely disturbances to MPEP/Section Daily during No cultural or historical site Antiquities 2,000 historical, burial and Contractor construction is disturbed and archaeological finds during and installation respective site trenching along the of pipelines and local leaders flowlines and pipeline flow lines in project areas/ 2. Nuisance from noise during MPEP/Section Daily during As per noise limits for OSHA/DE 3,500 construction Contractor installation industrial setup MO < 70dB(A) 3. Poor air quality from dust and MPEP/Section Every day Air pollution does not DEMO 2,500 emissions along the terrestrial Contractor during pipeline become a nuisance pipeline and access roads to installation sites of works- Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 93 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 4. Increase in traffic levels to the MPEP/Section Every day Minimum emissions Traffic 1,000 surrounding area and likely Contractor during laying Mtwara accidents in the project areas. and installation 5. Contamination of ground and MPEP/Section Throughout No water contamination DEMO 1,000 Control surface water from leakages Contractor construction measures of fuels and lubricants from and laying of the vehicles carrying pipelines construction materials, machinery and equipment - 6. Possible injuries to humans, MPEP/Section Daily during Zero incidents DEMO 1,500 Barricading livestock and wildlife from Contractor construction measures falling into trenches 7. Socio-economic impacts MPEP/Section Once a month All staff and villagers in DACC 3,000 Sensitization through spread of diseases Contractor during laying project area are sensitized program (HIV/AIDs, STIs or STDs) and installation 8. Nuisance from noise during MPEP/Section Daily during As per noise limits for DEMO/OS 2,000 Noise construction Contractor construction industrial setup HA attenuation period < 70dB(A) measures Demobilization phases 1. Footprints left behind by MPEP/Section Daily during No project footprints left DEMO 5,000 access roads, vegetation Contractor demobilization behind clearance and trenching on completion of the construction 2. Loss of employment MPEP/Section Daily during No complaints Labour 3,000 Contractor demobilization office in Mtwara Operation Phase Gas Processing Plant 1. Gas leakages, Industrial MPEP Once a week No gas leakage. Zero OSHA 1500 Costs for Accidents and consequential (Operator) during fugitive emissions weekly accidents of fire explosion. operation inspections 2. Air pollution (Emissions) MPEP Monthly during VOC = 20 mg/l DEMO/OS 3000 (operator) operation H2S =30mg/l HA Odour = not offensive at Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 94 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region receptor end. Emissions meet both local and WB requirements. Limits NOx=150 g/m3 (24 hour average) and 100 g/m3 (annual average) 3. Waste Water Generation and MPEP Once a week pH = 6-9 DEMO/MB 2,500 haphazard disposal during BOD= 50 mg/l REMP operation TSS= 50 mg/l Oil /grease= 20 Phenol= 1 Sulphide-=1 Toxic metals =5mg/l 4. Water Pollution MPEP Once a week pH = 6-9 DEMO/MB 2,500 during BOD= 50 mg/l REMP operation TSS= 50 mg/l Oil /grease= 20 Phenol= 1 Sulphide-=1 Toxic metals =5mg/l 5. Noise Pollution MPEP Once a month < 70dB(A) OSHA 2,500 during operation 6. Impacts to Flora and Fauna MEMP Once a month Match the existing DNRO/MB 2500/year during vegetation REMP operation Impacts Responsible for Time Frame Target level/Standard Reporting to Estimated Remarks Mitigation cost (USD) Marine Pipeline 1. Safety and security risks of TPDC Once week No risks to pipeline DEMO 1,000 Costs are for Marine Pipeline from fishing regular patterns- inspections 2. Gas leakages and TPDC Once a week No gas leakage DEMO 1,000 Costs are for consequential accidents of fire regular Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 95 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region explosion inspections 3. Threat to marine life along the TPDC Once a month None DEMO 1,500 Costs are for marine pipeline regular inspections Land Pipeline, Flow lines and Well heads 1. Gas leakages and MPEP/ TPDC Once a week Minimum or zero fugitive DEMO 2,000 Costs are for consequential accidents of fire emissions regular explosion inspections 2. Soil Erosion MPEP/TPDC After rain No eroded areas along DEMO 1,500 Costs are for season pipelines and flow lines regular inspections 3. Endemic, threatened and MPEP/TPDC Once All such species are cared for DNRO 1,000 Costs are for protected plant species regular inspections 4. Use of access roads by MPEP/TPDC Once a month None DNRO 1,200 Costs are for poachers to gain entry into regular areas with natural resources inspections (Mangroves) Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 96 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 9. Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan 9.1 Introduction Environmental and social monitoring plan describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterize and set a line of follow up on the quality of the environment and social related aspects during the implementation and operation of the Mnazi Bay infrastructure upgrade. Monitoring may sometimes become a long term process that should begin at the start of the project and continue throughout the construction duration or possibly at the end of the impact that emerged from the proposed gas infrastructure upgrading project. Its purpose is to establish benchmarks so that the nature and magnitude of anticipated environmental impacts are continually assessed. So monitoring involves the continuous or periodic review of mitigation activities to determine their effectiveness. If the performance of environmental management system is low when using internal monitoring plan, then the proponent will organize external monitoring. All types of monitoring help to make a follow up of different stages of the project and ensure proper use of limited resources. Consequently, trends in environmental degradation or recovery can be established and previously unforeseen impacts can be identified and dealt with during the monitoring period or passed on to the subsequent stages of the project such as operation when all the infrastructures have been installed or constructed as required. The section contractor(s) should prepare environmental and social monitoring plans which will cover the mobilization, construction, demobilization and operation phases of the project. 9.2 Reporting Arrangements Section (Gas Processing Plant, Marine Pipeline or terrestrial pipelines and flow lines) Contractors’ appointees to deal with Environmental Management will cooperate with respective Mtwara District Environmental Management Officer to provide the Regional Environment Office with environmental reports of the project implementation as part of the progress reports and annual environmental monitoring reports. The Regional Environment Management Officer will be the link between the project and the National Environment Management Council and the Department of Environment under Vice President’s Office Since the proposed assignment involves gas infrastructure upgrade, the project proponent, M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited, has developed a thorough understanding of the scope of potential environmental impacts of the proposed upgrade and will set effective monitoring strategies matching those exiting in the PSA area. Table 23 below presents monitoring activities and estimated costs for monitoring the project in form of an Environmental and Social Monitoring plan. The plan outlines the parameters that will require monitoring during mobilization, construction/installation, demobilization and operation, indicators for monitoring, assigns responsibilities and states the means and frequency of monitoring. Cost estimated for monitoring activities is also presented. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 97 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 9.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan The regulatory authorities at the District level have to see to it that the commitments made by the project proponent through mitigation measures are really put into practice and that is the essence of this environmental and Social Monitoring Plan as presented on Table 23 below. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 98 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Table 23: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan Impacts Parameter to be Monitoring Monitoring Area Measure Target level/Standard Responsibilit Estimated monitored Frequency ment y cost (USD) Unit Mobilization Phase 1. Vegetation loss along Crops along Once before Areas for All crops Total area <60 ha M&P EP 5,000 the pipelines and flow infrastructures to vegetation infrastructure to within 60 lines, access roads and be upgraded are clearance starts be upgraded ha camps for workers compensated places 2. Land take- for flowlines Complaints from Once before the Around project ha Total area should not DLO/DNR 3,000 and main pipeline, landowners project starts sites (pipeline exceed 60 ha O access roads to reach and flow lines places of work. Construction Phase Gas Processing Plant 1. Pollution of water Pollution control Daily during Around No of Oil in water not exceed HSE officer 3,000 bodies from spills measures in Construction Wellheads, incidents 20mg/Nm3 hired by place/ Flowlines and section Hydrocarbons in Land Pipeline contractor water/ground 2. Noise during PPE in place and Once a week All noise dB(A) As per noise limits for Section 2,000 construction noise levels during surveying receptors in industrial setup Contractor records project areas < 70dB(A) and all PPE issued 3. Emissions from Emissions (NOx, Once a month Around the Gas g/Nm3 As per requirements of MPEP 2,000 Generators – SOx, PM10, CO during Processing Plant TZS 845:2005 Air Quality infrastructure upgrade construction area Specifications and WBG works will have own Requirements source of power that may be a source of emissions-pollutants to the air 4. Generation of solid Level of Once a week Around Gas M3 or All wastes generated are MPEP 2,000 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 99 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region wastes and trash from housekeeping/Tid during Processing Plant tonnes collected for disposal construction activities iness construction at Mnazi Bay 5. Haphazard disposal of All sewage is Daily during Around Gas M3 or All wastes generated are MPEPE 2,000 Sewage connected to construction processing plant tonnes collected for disposal Septic tank or at Mnazi Bay treatment Plan 6. Transmission of diseases Incidences of Twice:- beginning Neighbouring Incidents Target level 0 incidents MPEP/DA 1,200 to resident community infections of the construction villages of CC and vice versa and on completion infections of construction Marine Pipeline 1. Disturbance on benthic Benthic Once a week Along the marine None No disturbances MPEP 2,000 environments during environment during installation pipeline trenching on the sea of marine pipeline bed 2. Marine Water pollution Pollution control Regularly during Along marine No of Not exceed 20mg/Nm3 HSE officer 1,500 measures in survey lines incidents hired by place/ marine Hydrocarbons in pipeline water/ground contractor 3. Effects on coral reefs Affected coral Daily during Along the route None No effects to coral reefs MPEP 2,500 reefs pipeline installation for marine pipeline 4. Interruptions to Fishing activities Daily during Marine Pipeline Fishers Minimum disturbance to MPEP 1,500 fisheries and fishing pipeline installation area complaint fisheries and fishing activities s activities Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 100 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Wellheads, Flowlines and Land Pipeline 1. Likely disturbances to Socio- Once during Along pipelines No of Zero sites disturbed MPEP 2,500 historical, burial and cultural/historical trenching for sites archaeological finds sites pipelines during site trenching along the flowlines and pipeline 2. Nuisance from noise Noise levels Daily during Around dB(A) As per noise limits for MPEP 1,500 during construction installation wellheads, flow industrial setup lines and pipeline < 70dB(A) 3. Poor air quality from Emissions (NOx, Once a month Around the g/Nm3 As per requirements of MPEP 1,500 dust and emissions SOx, PM10, CO during wellheads, TZS 845:2005 Air Quality along the terrestrial construction flowlines and Specifications pipeline and access terrestrial roads to sites of works- pipeline area 4. Increase in traffic levels Number of Every day during Around Traffic Zero incidents MPEP 1,000 to the surrounding area accidents/incident laying and wellheads, flow Incidents and likely accidents in s from vehicles in installation lines and pipeline the project areas. project area 5. Contamination of Pollution control Regularly during Around No of Not exceed 20mg/Nm3 MPEP 1,500 ground and surface measures in Construction Wellheads, incidents water from leakages of place/ Flowlines and fuels and lubricants Hydrocarbons in Land Pipeline from the vehicles water/ground carrying construction materials, machinery and equipment - 6. Possible injuries to Injuries from Once a week Around Number Zero injuries MPEP 1,200 humans, livestock and trenches during Wellheads, of injuries wildlife from falling construction Flowlines and into trenches Land Pipeline 7. Socio-economic Sensitizations Once a month In villages near No of All staff and villagers in MPEP 5,000 impacts through spread during laying and the project sensitizati project area are sensitized of diseases installation (Msimbati- on Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 101 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region (HIV/AIDs, STIs or Mtandi, Mngoji sessions STDs) and Madimba held Demobilization phases 1. Footprints left behind Restoration Daily during All project areas None No project footprints left MPEP 2,000 by access roads, activities demobilization including gas behind/ tidying up is fully vegetation clearance plant, pipelines carried out and trenching on and wellheads completion of the construction 2. Loss of employment Smooth Daily during Human Resource None No complaints MPEP 1,000 procedure of demobilization Office laying off employees Operation Phase Gas Processing Plant 1. Gas leakages, Industrial Leakages Once a week Gas Plant No of No gas leakage. Zero MPEP 2,000/month Accidents and during operation leakages fugitive emissions consequential accidents of fire explosion. 2. Air pollution Emissions (NOx, Once a week Gas Plant g/Nm3 As per requirements of MPEP 1,500/month (Emissions) SOx, PM10, CO during survey TZS 845:2005 Air Quality Specifications 3. Waste Water All waste water Once a week Gas Plant As per pH = 6-9 MPEP 2,000/month Generation and draining to during operation parameter BOD= 50 mg/l haphazard disposal treatment facilities s TSS= 50 mg/l Oil /grease= 20 Phenol= 1 Sulphide-=1 Toxic metals =5mg/l 4. Water Pollution Pollutants in Once a week Gas Plant As per pH = 6-9 MPEP 3,000/month water during operation parameter BOD= 50 mg/l s TSS= 50 mg/l Oil /grease= 20 Phenol= 1 Sulphide-=1 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 102 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Toxic metals =5mg/l 5. Noise Pollution Noise levels Daily during Around gas dB(A) As per noise limits for MPEP 1,500 around the gas installation processing plant industrial setup plant < 70dB(A) 6. Impacts to Flora and Flora and fauna Once a month Around the gas No of No impacts to flora and MPEP 2,000 Fauna during operation plant events fauna around the gas plant Marine Pipeline 1. Safety and security risks Pipeline safety Regularly during Marine Pipeline none No safety risks to pipeline TPDC 1000/month of Marine Pipeline from operation fishing patterns- 2. Gas leakages and Gas leakage Regularly during Marine Pipeline Events of No gas leakage TPDC 1000/month consequential accidents operation leakage of fire explosion 3. Threat to marine life Threats to marine Regularly during Marine Pipeline None No threat to marine life TPDC 1000/month along the marine life operation pipeline Land Pipeline, Flow lines and Well heads 1. Gas leakages and Leakages Once a week Gas Plant No of No gas leakage. Zero MPEP/TPD 2,000/month consequential accidents during operation leakages fugitive emissions C of fire explosion 2. Soil Erosion Erosion measures Regularly during Along trunk Number No eroded area MPEP/TPD 1,500/month operation pipelines and of C especially after rain flowlines Locations season 3. Endemic, threatened Plant species in Once a month Along trunk No of All such species are cared MPEP/TPD 1,000/month and protected plant danger during operation pipelines and species for C species flowlines 4. Use of access roads by Access roads Once a month Access roads to None No access road is used to MPEP/TPD 1,500/month poachers to gain entry during operation pipeline wayleave harm the natural resources C into areas with natural resources (Mangroves) Total Annual Monitoring Costs 278,900 per year Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 103 of 162 10. Cost Benefit Analysis 10.1 Introduction Cost Benefit Analysis is a tool used either to rank projects or to choose the most appropriate project option. The ranking or decision is based on the expected economic costs and benefits. The general rule is that the project should be undertaken if lifetime expected benefits exceed all expected costs. The aim of the cost benefit analysis is to present the lifetime costs and benefits of upgrading the gas infrastructure at Mnazi Bay as a single number that can be compared to either the interest rate prevailing (e.g. using the internal rate of return) or the costs and benefits of other competing project to give either a net present value or a benefit/cost ratio. To do this, the stream of net benefits is discounted. The process of conducting the environmental cost benefit analysis involves - Description of the project and corresponding capital costs - Identification of the project consequences in time frame order and obtain their monetary values - Determination of the type of Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis In the following sections, the environmental cost benefit analysis of the proposed upgrading of Mnazi Bay Gas infrastructure is presented. The subject Cost Benefit Analysis focuses on the proposed Mnazi Bay Gas infrastructure upgrading even though the benefit can largely be realized from the combined development of all gas schemes that have been discovered and developed or are on the “drawing board” for development to support the National Natural Gas Infrastructure Development Project (NNGIDP). The combined development includes the discoveries in deep seas, improvements of Songo Songo Gas Facilities and the subject project at the Mnazi Bay. It is important to note that the development of the gas pipeline project from Mtwara to Dar es Salaam is at an advanced stage and before its implementation, it required the following commitments ensure economic viability.  The gas exploration companies shall commit the domestic portion of the newly explored reserves for this project. This will help to increase the proven reserve level by 800 – 1,000 BCF to facilitate supply of gas for next 20 years.  Songas / Pan African shall commission two new gas processing trains at Songo Songo Island and commit transportation of 140 MMSCFD through the new pipeline system.  The 300 MW power station at Tanga is to be developed and commissioned by 2016-2017 and  Gas processing facility at Mnazi Bay shall be expanded to process minimum 130 MMSCFD of gas which shall be transported through proposed pipeline. 10.7 Environmental and Social Benefits of the proposed project. Availability of natural gas in Mtwara alone to produce electric power had been a blessing. According to the Mtwara Energy Project report, it is stated that up to 2013, over 45,000 households in Mtwara were connected to electricity. This in turn supports significant direct and indirect job opportunities and improved standard of living for an average person. Some interviews and reports indicate that since inauguration of gas to power supply in 2006, there has Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 104 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region been a gradual increase in business and as the result job opportunities have been created and it is not the same Mtwara! Apart from the focus on Mtwara, there are plans underway to construct a 400MW gas fired power plant at Mtwara and also there are joint venture plans including TANESCO and US based Power Firm Symbion to construct a 650-kilometre high voltage power transmission line from Mtwara to Songea, where it will be connected to the national power grid through a line that will be constructed from Makambako to Songea. Besides supporting the power plant that will continuously require uninterrupted supply of natural gas, the project would also supplement supply of gas and electricity to a new cement factory under construction by Dangote Company and also a fertiliser plant. The power plant will also provide electricity to Uranium One’s planned mine in Ruvuma region. All these planned developments both in domestic and industrial sites signify a dire need of plentiful supply of natural gas not only from Mnazi Bay but from other new sources. The upgraded gas production facilities will not be a standalone project; it will be augmenting other similar facilities from the deep sea or other sources such as Ntorya -1 where gas tests showed satisfactory sources to equally feed into the National Natural Gas Development Project. Therefore the feasibility of the pipeline which is now under construction in some ways shows the immeasurable benefits of the proposed gas infrastructure upgrading. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 105 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 11. Decommissioning Decommissioning is the final phase in the life cycle of any functional facility after securing suitable site for it, design, construction/installation, commissioning and operation. Most often, decommissioning is a process involving operations such as dismantling and demolition of structures and management of resulting materials. All these activities take into account of the environmental health and safety requirements for the operating personnel, the general public, and any implications to the environment. Gas processing infrastructure is not like products manufacturing facilities or machinery whereby the methods used to manufacture some products are increasingly replaced by modern technology or a new process! More often, these facilities would need regular maintenance, replacement of worn out parts or expansion instead of their decommissioning. The demolition of the gas processing and conveyance infrastructure after its useful life can be thought of in terms of replacement of the defective sections of the pipeline, replacement of worn out or defective valves, etc. The lifespan of the gas processing plant can go up to 25 years, the current gas facility has existed for over 8 years now and will continue to serve as long as the gas reserve is proven to last. Therefore decommissioning of the proposed project is not seen as an activity which will be needed in a near future instead of upgrades that are now proposed. Also due to the need and demand of electric power and natural gas for industrial use, upgrading or expansion to the next higher stage will always dominate the minds of the project proponent instead of decommissioning unless the gas reserves get depleted. Alternatively, if at any time, the gas processing infrastructure become ineffective due to any other factor, or the gas reserve faces collapse warranting gas escape then its decommissioning may become necessary. Therefore due to the requirements at that material time, then a fresh Environmental Impact Assessment may be required, according to the first schedule of the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations of 2005. Therefore decommissioning of the Mnazi Bay gas processing plant has not been considered due to the expected life span, say 25 years and also due to its importance in supporting the electric power supply in the southern towns of Mtwara and Lindi and also its share of gas supply to the National Natural Gas Infrastructure Development Project (NNGIDP). Under normal situations, regular replacement of worn out parts and upgrading will always come first before one considers decommissioning. The upgraded gas infrastructure is anticipated to have a design life of over 20 years, assuming proper maintenance, management, and upkeep. Continued, sustainable operation of the project will not be possible without a structured approach to its management, operation and maintenance. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 106 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 12. Summary and Conclusions 12.1 Summary This environmental and social impacts assessment report is intended to offer an objective assessment on the concerns that were raised during scoping phase and during detailed ESIA study as well as those noticed by the assessment team in the project area based on the technical expertise that lies within Environmental BENCHMARK’s consultants. The report has also identified and assessed the potentially significant environmental and social issues. Ultimately, the report should give NEMC, World Bank and other interested stakeholders the opportunity to make an informed decision regarding the proposed upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities and its intended activities. The upgrade and operation of the proposed Mnazi Bay gas facilities can result in a variety of impacts on the natural environment as well as on the communities in the vicinity of the project site and beyond. The issues related to the proposed upgrade were identified, discussed and assessed. Mitigation measures were proposed and possible remedial options were reviewed. A summary of the alternative project options was discussed and presented under section 7, but summing from the views of the stakeholders, it was evident that the project is important and it is much awaited to augment supply of the natural gas to the National Natural Gas Infrastructure Development Project. Equally important, the consideration of “Do-Nothing alternative” was discussed in sub-section 7.1. The “no action alternative” would mean that more gas from the license area which has more potential will not be processed. The ever increasing demand for gas to the electric power generation sector and industrial consumption will not be met thus frustrating all efforts in current developments. Also the country’s dream in exploitation of the natural resources, mainly gas and oil will not be realised. In view of this analysis the “no-project” can be justifiably dismissed as an alternative due to the need and desirability of the project. Indeed, the discovery of more gas reserves need to supported by the gas processing infrastructure in order to make it ready for use. In the process of implementing the project there are environmental and social impacts which are likely to crop up. Through public engagement such impacts were identified and discussed in great depths and corresponding mitigation measures were proposed. Environmental and Social Management and monitoring plans have been drawn including reporting channels. Fortunately, the environmental and social impacts expected from upgrading of the existing gas infrastructure can be mitigated to acceptable levels except those associated with loss of common fauna and flora along the new way leave, which are rated to be of low significance. Overall the impacts mentioned in the assessment are not of sufficient importance to stop the proposed project. The management of the identified negative impacts will require implementation of the necessary mitigation measures detailed under section 6 of this document and in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) prepared under section 8 of this EIS. With adequate management of the identified impacts, as required by the ESMP, the environmental risks and impacts of the proposed project can be minimized to acceptable levels. The Project Proponent should take on board all the comments received from the public during consultation for sustainability of the project. Of course there are resettlements and land acquisition issues to accommodate flow lines and the new 2.8km stretch for the pipeline Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 107 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region wayleave from the point where it leaves the existing wayleave to a new Gas processing plant at Madimba. 12.2 Conclusions Based on the assessment of the issues and also in consideration of the information available, the proposed upgrade of Mnazi Bay Gas Facilities is feasible, as part of the project is already operational for over 8 years now. It is high time that the facility requires an upgrade to meet the planned gas consumption in electric power generation and also in industrial consumption. The proposed upgrade of Mnazi Bay gas infrastructure will provide immeasurable opportunities to the local communities in terms of temporary and permanent employment opportunities thus shunning inappropriate practices such as illegal harvesting of natural resources and also possibly stop use of explosives in fishing. Providing employment to some members of the community may turn out to be “chain- reaction” through life improvement which is the positive impact of the project and requires enhancement. The proposed mitigation actions presented under section 6, shall be made binding to the Project Proponent for safeguarding the environment and minimizing the social impacts. Overall, this will ensure that environmental impacts are minimized and properly monitored during construction and operation phases of the project. Furthermore, in order to ensure the construction/installation and operation of Mnazi Bay Gas plant does not result into potential negative impacts on the surrounding area, the Environmental Management Officer in collaboration with villages or ward environmental management committees must continue to function as key role players to ensure that contents of the EMP are closely implemented and followed up. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 108 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region References 1. AMREF http://rsr.akvo.org/project/131/# 2. Board of Trustees for Marine Parks and Reserves, Tanzania General Management Plan Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park September 2005 3. Brownlie and Willemse (1996), First Step Assessment Criteria for Evaluation of Environmental Impacts 4. Bureau of Standards- National Environmental Standards Compendium (NESC) 5. CITES,(1997). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora(World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK) 6. Dar es Salaam City Council -Dar es Salaam City Profile November 2004 7. District Executive Director – Mtwara District Socio-Economic Profile Mtwara District Council January 2011 8. Edward, D.C. & Bogdan, A.V.(1951) Important Grassland Plants of Kenya 9. Endward, D.C. &Bogdan, A.V.(1951). Important Grassland Plants of Kenya 10. Greenway, P.J. (1988). The Vegetation of Mafia Island, Tanzania (Kirkia 13(1) 11. Greenway,P.J.(1988). The Vegetation of Mafia Island, Tanzania (Kirkia 13(1) 12. HBT AGRA Limited (1994). Environmental Impact Assessment Songosongo Gas Development Project (Report for Ministry of water, Energy and Minerals United Republic of Tanzania) 13. HBT AGRA Limited (1994). Environmental Impact Assessment Songosongo Gas Development Project (Report for Ministry of water, Energy and Minerals United Republic of Tanzania) 14. IUCN, (2001). Red List categories and Criteria(The World Conservation Union) 15. Mainoya, J.M. & Paul, P.R. (1986). Status and Utilization of Mangroves (Proceedings of a Workshop on Save the Mangrove Ecosystems in Tanzania) 16. Mainoya, J.M.& Paul, P.R. (1986). Status and Utilization of Mangroves (Proceedings of a Workshop on Save the Mangrove Ecosystems in Tanzania) 17. Mbago, F.M.(1999).Proposed Environmental Management and Guidelines for Design and Implementation of Transport Projects in Tanzania.( Report for Roughton International) 18. Ministry of Water and Livestock Development: National Water Policy July 2002. 19. National Environment Management Council: Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines 20. Redhead-Milne, E. (Ed.) 1952-continue).Flora of Tropical East Africa (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew East Africa Governments) 21. Songas(2001) Environmental and Social Assessments and Management Plan(A summary of Environmental Impact studies and a Detailed management Plan) 22. Tebodin (2010). Feasibility study for gas pipeline Development, Processing, Transportation and Distribution in Tanzania. 23. The World Bank Group UNEP and UNIDO - Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998 - Towards Cleaner Production. 24. United Republic of Tanzania, 1994: National Health Policy, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. 25. United Republic of Tanzania, 2012: 2012 Population and Housing Census, National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam. 26. United Republic of Tanzania: Marine Parks and Reserves Act No 29 of 1994 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 109 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region 27. United Republic of Tanzania: National Environment Action Plan (NEAP 1994) 28. United Republic of Tanzania: National Environmental Policy (NEP) 1997. 29. United Republic of Tanzania: The Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005. 30. United Republic of Tanzania: The Environmental Management Act, Cap 191, 2004. 31. United Republic of Tanzania: The Forest Act No 14 of 2002 32. United Republic of Tanzania: The National Energy Policy 2003 33. United Republic of Tanzania: The National Transport Policy (2002) 34. United Republic of Tanzania: The National Water Policy (2002) 35. United Republic of Tanzania: The Occupational Health and Safety Act No 5 of 2003 36. United Republic of Tanzania: The Petroleum (Exploration and Production Act) No 27 of 1980. 37. United Republic of Tanzania: The Water Resources Management Act No 11 of 2009 38. United Republic of Tanzania; Land Regulations 2001 39. United Republic of Tanzania; Regional Administration Act No. 9 of 1997 40. United Republic of Tanzania; Report of the Presidential Commission of Enquire into Land Matters, Vol. 1; 1992. 41. United Republic of Tanzania; The Land Acquisition Act Cap 118 R.E. 2002 42. United Republic of Tanzania; The National Forest Policy 1998 43. United Republic of Tanzania; The National Land Policy (1996) 44. United Republic of Tanzania; Village Land Act No 5 of 1999. 45. White, F. (1983).The Vegetation of Africa (Enesco/AETFAT/UNSO) 46. Wild, H.(1961) Harmful Aquatic Plants in Africa and Madagascar Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 110 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Appendices A1: Approved Terms of Reference for Carrying out an Environmental Impact Assessment 1.1 Introduction M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited and partners are intending to upgrade the Mnazi Bay Gas Gathering and Processing Facility near Mnazi Bay in Mtwara Rural district. The proposal stems from the fact that there is already a great demand for gas in power generation and industrial requirements. As of now there are over 35 industrial gas consumers in Dar es Salaam. Among the existing consumers, the biggest gas consumer is Tanzania Portland Cement Company (TPCC) a subsidiary of Heidelberg Cement which consumes nearly 5 mmscfd. Another similar plant Dangote Cement that will produce approximately 2 million tons per annum is under construction in Mtwara. All these and other planned industrial setups encourage further development of existing gas production and processing facilities and also new facilities. The Government of Tanzania and other development partners have equally noted these ever growing demands of gas in power generation and industrial demands and initiatives such as construction of the gas pipeline along the coast of Tanzania from Mtwara to Dar es Salaam have already started. The pipeline will certainly require plentiful and uninterrupted supply of gas in order to realise the potential of the natural gas resource. Construction of the pipeline and a gas processing plant at Madimba is therefore a great incentive to the partners in Mnazi Bay Concession Area to put more effort towards generation of more gas that can be conveyed to Dar es Salaam where there are more users. Therefore there are good intentions of upgrading Mnazi Bay facilities. According to the requirements of the Environmental Management Act (EMA) Cap 191 No. 20 of 2004, Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatory for projects of this nature, since they are likely to have the potential of causing significant impacts on the environment and the community surrounding the project site. Further to this requirement, the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations of 2005 classify the proposed activities under the mandatory list of EIA. In recognition of the above requirements, M&P Exploration Production Tanzania Limited commissioned M/s Environmental BENCHMARK, Consulting Civil-Environmental Engineers of Dar es Salaam, to carry out an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for proposed Mnazi Bay infrastructure upgrade works and prepare the required Environmental Impact Statement to the format and standard required by the NEMC and also observing the World Bank Environmental Assessment requirements. 1.2 Project Objectives The objective of the proposed Mnazi Bay Facilities Upgrade project is to supply gas up to 130mmscfd to Tanzania’s National Natural Gas Infrastructure Development Project (NNGIDP). 1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Requirements EIA is a process for predicting environmental consequences of the proposed development project. Environmental consequences may relate to the biological, ecological, social and cultural, health, safety, economic and physical characteristics. The aim of the EIA is to ensure that the potential problems are foreseen and addressed early during the project’s inception in the form of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and are adequately communicated to all stakeholders. It is expected that the EIS will shape the project so that its benefits can be achieved and sustained without causing inadvertent problems. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 111 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region The issue of environmental management in Tanzania came into considerations by the government from early 1980’s. Since then, the government initiated many activities in the course of managing the environment. Among others is the establishment of the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) by parliament Act No 19 of 1983, charged with the mandate to oversee environmental management issues in the country. After harnessing various experiences and developments in the Environment sector, other initiatives have come on board and these include the enactment of an Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 (CAP 191) which was followed by Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005. 1.4 Objectives of the TOR The objective of the Terms of Reference (TOR) is to ensure that a comprehensive and participatory EIA for the proposed Mnazi Bay Infrastructure Facilities Upgrading project is carried out. These Draft Terms of Reference outline the activities and methodology to be followed and the expected output. Composition of the EIA team members is also given. 1.5 Activities The EIA study will identify the potential of the project, predict the impacts and evaluate their significance. Impact identification will be carried out in such a way that all potentially significant impacts are identified and taken into account in the study. Prediction of the impacts will entail the use of various available tools. Activities of the EIA study will entail but not be limited to the following issues: (a) Description of the proposed project– the Consultant shall provide the description of the project using maps of appropriate scale and including the following information; Project justification, location, general layout, size and capacity, area of influence of the project, pre-construction activities, construction activities and post construction activities, staffing and support, facilities and services, operation and emergency activities and the life span of the project. (b) Description of the Environment– This shall include environmental characteristics of the proposed area and also information on any anticipated changes before the project commences. Physical environment of the project shall cover geology, topography, soils, air quality, surface and ground water hydrology, existing sources of air emissions, existing water pollution discharges and the quality of water receiving bodies. The biological environment shall cover flora and fauna, rare and endangered species along with ecologically important or sensitive habitats. The Socio-cultural environment shall cover population and land use, nearby planned development activities, nearby community structure, employment, distribution of income among neighbouring communities, gender issues and HIV/AIDs, cultural and historic properties along with customs, aspirations and attitudes to the project. (c) Policies, legislative and administrative framework– The consultant shall describe regulations and standards governing environmental quality, health and safety of the communities around the proposed project site along with protection of sensitive areas at national and international levels. The consultant shall review policies, legislation and administrative frameworks within which the environmental management of the proposed project will be carried out. (d) Coordination and Public Participation– The consultant shall coordinate the EIA study with other government agencies, local NGOs and affected groups in obtaining their views and keep the records of meetings minutes and attendance list, along with any communication and comments from the affected groups. The study shall identify the different stakeholders and establish their views. Particular attention is to be paid to disadvantaged sectors working around the project site. (e) Alternative Sites of the Project – the consultant shall identify main project alternatives. The number of possible proposals or alternatives for accomplishing the same objectives Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 112 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region shall be considered. In principle, these shall include an analysis of the location, timing, input and design alternatives as well as the do-nothing option in terms of no project. (f) Identification, analysis and assessment of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts - the consultant shall identify, analyse and assess environmental and social impacts of the proposed Irrigation scheme. The consultant shall distinguish between positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, immediate and long term impacts, and if impacts are reversible or irreversible. The assessment should focus on the potential for negative environmental impacts likely to be caused by the proposed project in relation to commercial activities and livelihoods of people in the area. (g) Mitigation Measures – the Consultant shall recommend mitigation measures or actions for minimizing or eliminating adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed irrigation scheme. Measures for enhancing positive impacts should also be presented. The corresponding costs for implementing the recommended actions shall wherever possible be estimated. (h) Environmental Management Plan The objectives of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are to outline:  Design considerations regarding environmental, health and safety and social impacts.  The institutional (legislative and administrative frameworks) arrangements for implementation of the project environmental and social impact management.  Implementation arrangements for the EMP, particularly the mitigation measures or actions.  The environmental monitoring programme and reporting arrangements. Where monitoring will require inter-agency collaboration, the consultant should indicate appropriately. 1.6 Staffing The Consultant should employ staffs with the following skills: Environmental Impact Assessment Team Leader, Registered by the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) and should have extensive experience in oil and gas sector and conversant with the WB Environmental Assessment Requirements, Sociologists, Urban and Rural Planners, Ecologists and Wildlife Specialists. In addition the Consultant may involve other supporting staff such as Environmental Engineers, Botanists or Plant Specialists and Marine Biologist to facilitate efficient expedition of the assignment. The EIA will follow the guidelines given in the National Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations of 2005 and the Environmental Assessment requirements of the World Bank. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 113 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region A2: List of Officials Consulted in Mtwara Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 114 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region A3: Pictorial Records, Minutes of Meeting and Attendance List for Msimbati and Mtandi Villages Pictorial records of Public consultation meeting at Msimbati and Mtandi Villages Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 115 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 116 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 117 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 118 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 119 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region A4: Pictorial Records, Minutes of Meetings and Attendance list for Mngoji Village Pictorial records of Public consultation meetings at Mngoji on 21st December 2013 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 120 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 121 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 122 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 123 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 124 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 125 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 126 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region A5: Pictorial records, Minutes of Meeting and Attendance List for Madimba Village Pictorial records of the attendance of public consultation meeting at Madimba Village on 23rd December 2013 Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 127 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 128 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 129 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 130 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 131 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 132 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 133 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region A6: Checklist of the Vascular Plants Identified from the Project area DICOTYLEDONEAE Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica (L.)T.Anders.sens.lat. Ecbolium auriculatum C. B. Cl. Hypoestes forskalei (Vahl)Roem.& Schult. Thunbergia alata Sims Anacardiaceae Anacardium ocidentale L. Lannea schweifurthii (Engl.) Engl. Ozoroa insignis Delile Rhus natalensis Bernh. Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.)Hochst.subsp. caffra (Sond.)Kokwaro Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Psilotrichum sericeum (Roxb.) Dalz. Annonaceae Annona senegalensis Pers. Uvaria kirkii Hook. F. Xylopia sp. A Apocynaceae Landolphia kirkii Dyer Rauvolfia mombasiana Stapf Bignoniaceae Markhania obtusifolia(Bak.)Sprague Markhamia zanzibarica (DC.) Engl. Stereospermun cunthianum Cham. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 134 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Bombacaceae Adansonia digitata L. Boraginaceae Cordia subcordata Lam. Ehretia petiolaris Lam. Burceraceae Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) Engl. Cactaceae Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Caesalpiniaceae Berlinia orientalis Brenan Brachystegia boehmii Taub. Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. Brachystegia stipulata De Wild. Cassia abbreviata Oliv. Cassia afrofistula Brenan Cassia mimosoides L. Julbernardia globiflora(Benth)Troupin Capparidaceae Capparis erythrocarpos Isert Maerua angolensis DC. Maerua triphylla A. Rich. Celastraceae Maytenus mossambicensis (Klotzsch)Blakelock Mytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock Chenopodiaceae Holosarcia indica(Willd.)P.G.Wils Salicornia pachystachya Bunge Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 135 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Combretaceae Combretum constrictum (Benth.)Laws. Combretum molle G.Don Combretum pentagonum M.A.Lawson Combretum zeyheri Sond. Pteleopsis myrtifolia (M.A.Lawson) Engl. & Diels Compositae Mikania cordata(Burm.F.)B.L.Robinson Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. Vernonia glabra (Steetz) Vatke Vernonia poskeana Vatke Commelinaceae Commelina africana L. Connaraceae Byrsocarpus boivinianus (Baill.)Schellenb. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatus L Ipomoea coptica(L.)Roem.& Choisay Ipomoea pes-caprae(L.)R.Br. Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis L. Luffa cylindrica(L.)M.J.Roem. Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum arenarium Bret. Dichapetalum stuhlmannii Engl. Dilleniaceae Tetracera litoralis Gilg Ebenaceae Diospyros mespiliformis A.DC. Euclea natalensis A.DC.subsp. obovata F. White Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. Euphorbiaceae Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K.Hoffm. Antidesma venosum Tul. Bridelia cathartica Bertol.f. Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.)Baill. Euphorbia nyikae Pax Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Voigt Maprounea africana Muell. Arg. Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.)Webster Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 136 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Phyllanthus beillei Hutch. Suregada zanzibariensis (Baill.)Muell.Arg. Flacortiaceae Flacourtia india (Burm.f.) Merr. Xylotheca tettensis (Klotzsh) Gilg var. kirkii (Oliv.)Wild Hymenocardiaceae Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. Labiatae Hoslundia opposita Vahl Hyptis suaveolensis Poit. Ocimum bacilicum L. Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis L. Loganiaceae Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. Strychnos panganiensis Gilg Lythraceae Pemphis acidula Forsk. Malvaceae Abutilon guineense (Schumach.) Bak.f. & Exell Hibiscus micranthus L.f. Hibiscus subdariffa L. Waltheria indica L. Meliaceae Trichilia emetica Vahl Turraea mombassana Hiern Xylocarpus granatum J.König Mimosaceae Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile Acacia polyacantha Willd. Acacia senegal (L.) Wild Albizia petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. Mimosa pigra L. Moraceae Ficus lutea Vahl Maclura africana (Bureau)Corner Myrtaceae Syzygium cordatum Krauss Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 137 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Nymphaceae Nymphaea lotus L. Ochnaceae Ochna holtzii Gilg. Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch Oleaceae Jasminum fluminense Vell. Opiliaceae Opilia celtidifolia Walp. Papilionaceae Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) DC. Baphia macrocalyx Harms Canavaria rosea(Sw.)DC. Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. Millettia oblata Dunn Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz).Alston Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L. Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. Ceriopsis tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob. Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Rubiaceae Agathisanthemum bojeri Clotzch Chassalia umbraticola Vatke Keetia zanzibarica (Klotzsch )Bridson Polysphaeria multiflora Hiern Psychotria holtzii (Hiern) Bridson Rutaceae Teclea trichocarpa (Engl.) Engl. Vepris lanceolata (Lam.)G. Don Zanthoxylun lindense(Engl.)Kokwaro Salvadoraceae Azima tetracantha Lam. Salvadora persica L. Sapindaceae Blighia unijugata Baker Deinbollia borbonica Scheff. Pancovia holtzii Gilg Paullinia pinnata L. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 138 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Sapotaceae Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard Pachystela brevipes (Bak.)Engl. Sydelozylon irneme L. Simaroubaceae Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia alba Sm. Sterculiaceae Dombeya cincinnata K. Schum. Sterculia africana (Lour.)Fiori Thymelacaeceae Synaptolepis kirkii Oliv. Tliaceae Grewia bicolor Juss. Grewia conocarpa K.Schum. Grewia forbesii Mast. Grewia microcarpa K.Schum. Verbenaceae Avicennia marina(Forsks.)Vierh. Vitex doniana Sweet Vitaceae Cissus quadrangularis L. MONOCOTYLEDONAE Asparagaceae Asparagus africanus Lam. Cyperaceae Cyperus immensus C.B.Cl. Cyperus grandis C.B.Cl. Cyperus prolifer Lam. Flagellariaceae Flagellaria guineensis Schumach. Gramineae Alloteropsis paniculata (Benth.) Stapf Andropogon schirensis A. Rich. Aristida adscensionis L. Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S. T. Blake Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 139 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. Chloris pycnothrix Trin. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (s. l.) Dactyloctenium aegyptium(L.) Willd. Digitaria ctenioides (Steud.) Bosser Digitaria geminatum Hack. Echinochloa haploclada (Stapf ) Stapf Enteropogon sechellensis (Bak.)Th. Dur. & Schinz Eragrostis chapelieri (Kunth)Nees Eragrostis cilliaris (L.) R. Br. Flinamoena K. Schum. Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. & Schult. Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf Leersia hexandra SW. Leptochloa squarrosa Pilger Lepturus repens (G. Forster) R. Br. Megastachya mucronata (Poir.) P. Beauv. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. Panicum maximum Jacq. Perotis hildebrandtii Mez Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C. F. Hubb. Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Moss Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongn. Themeda triandra Forsk. Palmae Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn. Phoenix reclinata Jacq. Smilacaeseae Smilax anceps Willd. Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 140 of 162 M&P Exploration Production (T) Limited Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment for Proposed Upgrade of Mnazi Bay Facilities in Mtwara Rural District in Mtwara Region A7: Proponents Legal Documentation Environmental BENCHMARK - Consulting Engineers Page 141 of 162