ERwO141 §EQUEBENEUREN[1 L E i L LI L z9e bector ia.a<*rnent A~sistaxce xeo!rzarimc -~~~a CommerciaHzation of Improved Charcoal Stoves d Carbonization Teehniques Nld-Te Progress Report Report No. 141/91 -~~ ' ¶ JOINT UNDP/VORLD BNK 'ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) Th Joint UNDP/Wod Bank Ergy Secor Management Assiste Proamme (ESMAP) was launched in 1983 to complement t Ener Assment Pm m, estabished three years ealer. ESMAP's ornal e was bO implement key recommenatidons of the ~negy Assssmet rpp and ensume that proposed awestments inl te energy sector represented fte most officient use of scare dmesdi and external resoures. Jn 1990, an intnational Conmmission addressed ESMAP's role for the 1990s and, noting the vital roF of adequate and affordable energ in economic grwth, concluded that the Progamme should intenyits effos to assist developing counties to manage their energy sectors more ffectively. The Commision also recommend_ that ESA c e on makng long-term efforts In a smaller number of counties. The Commi 's report was endosed at ESMAP's Novembar 1990 Annual Meeting and prmpted an extensve reorgantion and reo tato of the Prgmme. Today, ESMAP is conducting energy assmnents, perfonning preinvestaent and prefeasibility work, and providing institudonal and piy advice in selected developig countries. Thu tese effort, ESMAP aims to assist governments, donrs and potential investors in Itifing, funding, and implementing economically and environmentally sud enegy staeges. ESMAP is governed by A Consultatiwve Group (ESMAP CG), composed of representatives of the UNDP and World Bank, the govenmes and instiions providin financial suppor, and representatives of the recipients of ESMAPIs assistance. The ESMAP CG is cLired by the World Bankes Vice President, Operati ond Sector Policy, and advised by a Tchnial Advisory Group (FAG) of independent energy eperts thareviewstheProgramme's strategic agenda, its work and other issues. The Manager of ESAP, who repors to the World Bankws Vice Pesident, Opedons and Sector Policy, adminisrs the Programme. .Ahe Manag is assisted by a Secretariat, headed by an Executive Sectary, which supports the ESMAP CO and the TAG and is responsible for relations wit the donors and for securing funding for the Pramme's activitie The Manager directs ESMAPs two Divisions: The Strategy and Prams Divbisn advises on selecion of countries for assisnce, caries out Energy Asesments, prepares relevant grs of technival assistance, and suppot the Secretariat on funding issues. he Opeions Division responsible for formulation of subsecrl srte preinvestment wodr, instuional studies, technical assiance, and aing within the fraework of ES ouy assistmace _pm. EShW is a cooperative effort supported by the Wcrld Bank, UNDP and other United Nations agencies, e European Community, Organization of American Staes (OAS), Ladn Amedcm Energy O on (OLADE), and countries inc luding A ustralia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Icnd, Irlnd, Itly, lapan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal. Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kigom n d the Unite States. For further lnformation or copies of complletd ESMAP rpo, contact In Mac er OR Mc Executive Seetary ESMAP Consultative Group Th World Bank TheWarldBank 1818HStreet,N.W. 1818H Street, N.W. Washingtn, D.C. 20433 Washingt, D.C. 20433 U.SA U.SA RWANDA COMMERCIALIZATION OF IMPROVED CHARCOAL STOVES AND CARBONIZATION TECHNIQUES Mid-Term Progress Report December 1991 ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS BIT = (ILO) International Labour Organization BNS Bureau National des Statistiques CARE INTERNATIONAL US Relief Organization CCCE Caisse Centrale de Cooperation Economique Frangaise EEC European Economic Community EBF Energie Bois de Feu DOE Direction G6n6rale de l'Energie DiO Direction G6nerale des Forets KORA Association of Metal Workers in Kigali MINAGRI Ministere de l'Agriculture, de l'Elevage et des Forets MININTER Ministere de l'Interieur et du D6veloppement Communal MINIPLAN Ministere du Plan MIN1TRAPE Ministere des Travaux Publics, de l'Energie et de l'Eau SNV Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers, Dutch Volunteers UNDP United Nations Development Programme CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Rwandan Franc (FRw) = US$0.013 (March 1990) FRw 75 = US$ 1 MEASUREMENTS, ENERGY CONVERSIONS 1 kWh kilowatt hours 3.6 MJ = 3600 kJ I MJ mega Joule 104GJ = 103kJ TOE tons of o;l equivalent 42.5 GJ = 10.2 million kcal = 40.5 million BTU MT Metric Ton 1000 kg stare eucalyptus wood 480 kg stere pine wood 300 kg im' solid eucalyptus wood 900 kg le3 solid pine wood 750 kg 1 kg of wood 16 MJ (at 15% mcwb, moisture content wet base) 1 kg of charcoal 31 MJ 1 liter of kerosene 35 MJ 1 bag of charcoal weighs 33 kg This ivpon is based on the work undetaken in Rwanda dwing the period of October '87 . December '90 and was wntten by M,. Robeu van der Plas (ESMAP Task Manager); Mr. Ewde Safal (C4vbonizadon) and Mas. Pe7itue Mwumutse Nsabimana (Stovs), Rwandan Prect Cooviwnator. Mr. PeterBocock edited the epon. Consultknts to the project wem: Piet Vsser (stove specialist); Wichd Matly (economist); Bemand Cassagne (carbonizaio/fomst*y speciast); Mike Bess (commercialization spcalist); Matthew Milukas (socio-ecomist); PiAem Munyankwa (qality conbvl); Alphonse Munyaneza, Bonaventum MuiNgande (Pubikity). ABSTRACr Tlis report is a mid-term progress report of the "RWANDA - Improved Kilns and Charcoal Stovese Project, which was funded by the Dutch Government and UNDP (Kigali), and executed by the World Bank through the Joint UNDP/World Bank EnerV Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP). The field work was carried out by two Rwandan teams between October 1987 and March 1990, assisted by short-term consultants for specifilc technical interventions. This report consists of a concise description of the energy sector in Rwanda and the project's stove and kiln activities, as well as its achievements and impact on the Rwandan economy and the household sector. The Improved Charcoal Stoves component of the project developed a private sector stove production, marketing and retail activity which has expanded rapidly during 1990 to a point where curre'-t monthly stove sales amount to 1500 -2000. An estimated 20,000 improved stoves have been sold, or 20% - 25% of the total market in Kigali. Household charcoal consumption has been reduced by 35% on average. The Kilns component of the project has identified socio-economic and technical aspects of improving traditional charcoaling methods. Approximately 260 traditional charcoalers were trained, 60% of which adopted the improvements. The improved charcoaling techniques doubled the productivity under actual field conditions from one bag of charcoal to two or more bags per stere of wood. A wood pricing policy was identified and proposed to the Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . ............................................ i I INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1 II THE ENERGY SECIOR IN RWANDA ........ ................. . 2 Natural Resources ..... ........................................ 2 Current Pattern and Level of Household Energy Consumption ......... .. 2 Woodfuel Balance ....................................... . 4 Inefficiency of Woodfuel Utilization ........ ........................ 4 Inefficiency of Woodfuel Production . . ............ S Pricing Policies. . . 6 Rural Subsidies to the Urban Popuation ........ ............. . 7 Possible Solutions to Reducing the Gap between Sustainable Supply and Demand of Woodfuels ................................ . 8 Current Measures to Strengthen the Wood Supply Situation ............. . 8 Current Woodfuel Conservation Measures ........ ............. . 8 Woodfuel Substitution Options . . . 9 M IMPROVED STOVES COMPONENT ............... .................... 11 Objectives/Scope of Work . ...................................... 11 Results ............................................. 12 Financial Comparison: Traditional vs Improved Stoves ...... ........... 14 Neu Steps .............................................. 15 IV IMPROVED CARBONIZATION TECHNIQUES COMPONENT ........... .. 17 Objective/Scope of Work ......................................... 17 Resilts ............................................. 17 Next Steps .............................................. 19 V ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ............................................. 21 TABLES Table 1.1: Total Energy Demand (1987) .................................... 1 Table 2.1: Rwanda 1987 Energy Consumption by Sector (kTOE) ................... 3 Table 2.2: Household Energy Consumption (1987) - End Use ..................... 3 Table 2.3: Wod Consumption for Cooking ................................... 5 Table 2A: Costs of Substitution Fuels ....................................... 10 Table 3.1: Comparison of Improved and Traditional Stove Use (Dec 31, 1990) .... ... 13 Table 3.2: Comparative Financial Performance of Stoves ........................ 15 Table 4.1: Economic Analysis - Comparative Kiln Performance ................... 18 Table 5.1: Cost-BenefitAnalysisofProject ................................. 23 Table 5.2: Potential Charcoal Supply from Woodplantation Around Kigali Impact from Project ............ ............................ 24 FIGURES Figure 2.1: Wood Use Vs Charcoa Use ...................................... 6 Figure 3.1: Charcoal Consuimption for Improved and Traditional Stoves ............. 12 Figure 3.2: Sales of Rondereza ....................................... 13 Figure 3.3: Accumulated Sales of Rondereza by Type of Producer ................ . 14 Figure 3.4: Accumulated Sales of Rondereza (Oct '87 - Dec 90) .......o............ 15 Figure 4.1: Charcoaling Efficieny - Traditional vs Improved Kilns ...... ........... 16 ANNEXES Annex I: Economic Costs Of Wood In Rwanda ........................... 25 Annex I: Improved Stoves Component ................................. 30 Annex ll: Improved CarbonizationTechniques ............................... 56 Annex IV: Various Tables ................................. 79 Annex V: Diagrams of Improved Stoves ................................. 87 Canamake .................................. 87 Rondereza . ................................ . 88 Kigali Bas ................................. 89 Annex VI: Enumeration of Tasks for Professional Charcoalers ......... ........... 90 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Backrumnd 1. This report is a mid-term progress report of the "RWANDA - Improved Kilns and Charcoal Stovese Project, which was funded by the Dutch Government and UNDP (Kigali), and executed by the World Bank through the Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP). The field work was carried out by two Rwandan teams between October 1987 and March 1990, assisted by short-term consultants for specific technical interventions. This report consists of a concise description of the energy sector in Rwanda and the project's activities and achievements, as well as its impact on the Rwandan economy and the househnld sector. EZner Sector 2. The household sector is Rwanda's single largest energy user, accounting for 88.5% of total consumption (Chapter II, Table2.&2). By source, firewood, charcoal, and agricultural residues, rnainly used for cooking, meet more than 90% energy demand (Chapter II, Table2A) and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Rapid population growth (3.9% p.a.) and high average population density (240 persons/km2) are likely to increase the rate of urbanization, and the ensuing substitution of charcoal (the preferred energy source for urban households) for firewood (mainly used by rural households) would accelerate demand for woodfuels, because of the larger amounts of wood consumed in carbonization and charcoal use than in direct use of firewood as fuel (Chapter II, Table23). The substitution by other fuels such as kerosene, LPG and electricity is not likely to occur on a large scale in the near future since they are about three times more expensive than woodfuels (Chapter II, TabLe2A). Therefore, Rwanda needs to ensure that the supply and use of woodfuels are as efficient as possible. 3. As much as 14% of total wood consumption is destined for charcoal production, even though charcoal accounts for only 2.7%o of total woodfuel use in terms of end-use energy. This is explained by the fact that the present charcoal making process is extremely inefficient. The inefficiency of production is not reflected in the price of charcoal: on an energy basis, the retail price of charcoal is not much higher than that of firewood. In essence, the markets for flrewood and 'wood for charcoal production' are not the same: the first consists mainly of plantations in the proximity of Kigali, where the price of wood reflects its economic value, whereas the latter consists of wood resources at the far end of the country where the price of wood does not reflect its economic value: both charcoalers and wood owners are subsidizing urban charcoal users. betives 4. According to the Energy Assessment Report by ESMAP in 1989, the sustainable supply of woodfuels was shown to be 16% below the demand in 1987, requiring corrective mea-sures to be taken. The present project has been designed to assist the correstion process by reducing woodfuel demand (and hence deforestation) through the development of fuel saving charcoal stoves and more efficient charcoal producing methods. Tle project was also designed to disseminate the Improved Chrcoal Stoves and Carbonizatlon Techniques Page U1 benefits of these developments by establisiiing a commeicial production and sales system for improved charcoal stoves in Kigali, and a self-sustaining program for grassroots implementation of more efficient charcoaling methods in Rwanda. Components of the Project 5. In line with the above objectives, project implementation has consisted of two major components both related to demand management: (i) promoting the commercial production and use of charcoal saving stoves, and (ii) reducing the amount of wood required for the production of charcoal through popularization of improved carbonization methods. 6. The Project's Improved Charcoal Stove activities comprised selection of the most appropriate improved stove by households; training of stove producing artisans in producing the sel-cted improved stove; identification of all aspects of the selected improved stove model necessary for a marketing and commercialization campaign; and launching this campaign to boost improved stove sales and use. All of these activities were accomplished in conjunction with the administration of a series of surveys. 7. The Project's Im,r2ved Carbonization activities comprised identification of all actors and practices in the charcoaling cycle; preparation of a sensitization program to promote wood planting and use efficient charcoaling methods; development of detailed training programs for tradiLional charcoalers, Forestry Department and forestry projects personnel in improved charcoaling techniques; identifying (via surveys), the measures needed to ensure that charcoalers continue to use improved methods; determining a new pricing policy for wood; and establishing a charcoal taxation policy. Results 8. The Charcoal Stoves component developed a private sector stove production, marketing and retail activity which has accelerated substantially since project launch. During the start-up period of the project (October 1987 - March 1990) when the structure for sustainably producing and marketing improved stoves was being put in place, relatively few stoves were sold: the maximum number per month sold did not exceed 400, except during one month when a stand was organized at a national exposition and sales were about 800 stoves. As of D-ecember 1990, monthly private stove sales amount to 1500 - 2000, and overall, an estimated 20,000 improved stoves have been sold so far, comprising 20% - 25% of the total market in Kigali. 9. The stove model selected by households as the most appropriate to Rwandan conditions has provided benefits for all involved in its production, selling, and use. Payback times for households who purchased improved stoves were on the order of less than a month, even though their incremental capital investments were more than 100%. The profits for stove producing artisans, valued in terms of margin per stove produced, were higher for improved stoves than for traditional ones. Improved stoves have become a valued article which could be sold in department stores, whereas traditional stoves are usually sold through neighborhood markets. Surveys showed Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carboixatlon Technlque Page III that average household charcoal consumption was reduced by 35% for users of improved stoves, 510 gr/perbon/day for traditionai stoves compared to 330 gr/person/day for improved stoves. These figures were identified through laboratory and household tests, anc3 verified by perception surveys. 10. Accumulated charcoal savings were 2335 tonnes from October 1987 to March 1990, but have increased rapidly thereafter: during 1990, total charcoal savings were 4422 tonnes, while 7392 tonnes are projected for 1991. Financial savings in 1990 alone amounted to US$ 0.9 million, compared to the total costs for this component of about US$ 322,000 over 2.5 years. Since charcoal savings ultimately translate into wood savings -- the objective of the project --, these were estimated on the basis of pre-project production methods I/ at 26,493 tonnes of wood saved up to March 1990. As noted above, however, sales of improved stoves have risen dramatically since that date. As a result, wood savings have increased rapidly and an estimated 55,276 tonnes were saved in 1990 alone. These annual savings are projected to increase by a minimum of 20,000 tonnes for upto the next five years I1. The Improved Carbonization component of the project has identified socio-economic and technical aspects of improving traditional charcoaling. Approximately 260 traditional charcoalers were trained between August 1987 and March 1990; 60% have continued to use the improved methods in which they were trained. In addition to specific training in the efficient production of charcoal, the maintenance and regeneration of existing woodlots and wood plantations were proposed. A wood pricing policy was identified and proposed to the Government, which included it in the new Forestry Law of 1989. The new pricing policy is based on the r,rinciple that the value of wood depends on the nature of the end product, the type of tree, and the distance from the place of production and the largest market for the particular end product. 12. For the same reasons, a charcoal taxation policy was proposed which would facilitate the use of more efficient charcoaling techniques. This proposition recommended two approaches: (i) a high tax (+ 25% of the sales price in the forest, or 60 FRw) to be levied c,n a bag of charcoal and paid by the transporter at the time he buys it from the traditional charcoaler (of the 60 FRw, 15 FRw stays in the village where the wood was grown and 45 FRw is for the National Forestry Funds); and (ii) a low tax (+ 12%, or 30 FRw) when it is bought from an improved charcoaler (of the 30 FRw, 25 FRw stays in the village and 5 FRw goes to the National Forestry Funds). In this way, incentives are given to transporters to locate improved charcoalers (MINAGRI know their locations), and to villages to have charcoalers use the improved techniques. Even the surcharge of 25% need not have large implications for the wholesale and retail price of charcoal in Kigali: while it reflects an increase of 11% in the wholesale price level, this could easily be offset by using improved stoves. i.e. on the basis of traditional charcoaling methods, a methology justirled by the fact that in March 1990, only about 5% of the total volume of charcoal was produced with inproved techniques. Additional savings of 20,000 tonnes of wood per year is equivalent to selling 300 improved stoves per month. Improved Cbarcoal Stovem and Carbonlmaflou Techniques Page lv 13. Measurements showed that improved charcoaling techniques could more than double charcoalers' productivity under actual field conditions, from one bag of charcoal (33 kg) to 2 or more bags per stere of wood (480 kg). In addition, the process of carbonization was shown to be at least 20% faster with the improved techniques, and the quality of charcoal was of higher perceived quality. Finally, use of the improved techniques could enhance the professional/social status of charcoal 3rs. 14. During the period October 1987-March 1990, an estimated 2.5% of total charcoal output was produced with improved techniques, saving an initial 53,490 tonnes of wood. These savings are expected to accelerate rapidly: in 1990 alone, savings were estimated at 27,324 tonnes and are projected to rise by a minimum of 17,500 tonnes per year. The 1990 savings alone and the 1988 through 1990 savings are valued at approximately US$ 207,700 and US$ 406,524 respectively, which compares favorably with total project costs for this component of US$ 322,000. gFloowup Action and recommendetions and Implications for the Project and Policies 15. On the stoves side, it was decided to transfer responsibilities fu: production, distribution, sale, etc. to the private sector as quickly as possible. Hence, the project ended its direct involvemenit in production by mid-1989, and put in place a quality control system to permit easy verification of the quality of the improved stoves produced. Eventually, this responsibility will be transferred to users, who should be the final judges on the auality of the stoves they buy. 16. The quality control system is planned to remain in place for a further transitional period of about one year, (i.e., until May 1991) so as to ensure that the majority of artisans engaged in improved stove production respect the norms originally set by the project. Another follow-up activ.ty to be carried out in the near future is the training of artisans in other cities. This has to be done carefuly, as to not induce a massive incremental switch from wood to charcoal, but to make existing usage more efficient. 17. On the carbonization side, now that the technological aspects of improving the charcoaling cyc0e are clear, a self-sustaining program needs to be put in place. This requires mainly additional assistance in creating associations of professional charcoalers, with access to local credit schemes, as well as directing charcoal production more and more towards the large-scale governmental (pine) plantations in the western parts of the country. Supporting activities will also be undertaken, such as conducting an awareness campaign, implementing a stumpage and/or wood/charcoal taxation policy, and researching carbonization techniques for pinewood and large^ scale plantations. Most of these activities will become self-sustaining by the end of the follow-up project in 1992, and any that have not reached that point will be taken over by Ministry of Agriculture. I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rwanda is a small, low income, densely-populated, landlocked country ', and its principal energy problems are related to these characteristics. The country is dependent on overland transport routes crossing other countries for almost aul of its imports, including petroleum products, resulting in high costs and insecure supply. Its low income forces the country to continue to rely on biomass fuels and reduce energy imports where possible. High population density and rapid population growth are making biomass fuels increasingly scarce, however, and are requiring reforestation efforts to compete for land needed for agricultural production. 1.2 Rwanda depends on Table 1.1 three main sources of energy: woodfuels (firewood and charcoal), Ttd (1981) agricultural by-products, and - imported petroleum products (see Thousand TOE IflkiA.11). Firewood and charcoal 4uetwd 874.0 78.6 combined meet more than 80% of Agi4 ttu0 l by-products 91000 9.0 Charcoal 30.4 ~~~~~~2.7 the country's energy needs and the Peat . 0.0 two other energy sources (agricul- Pet9roLpruts 97.4 8.8 tural residues and petroleum pro- Itectrilty 189 00.0 ducts), close to 9% each. Hydro- power, which dominates the public - et Ena<, A Report (19) energy sector investment program, makes up the remainder and less than 1% of total energy requirements. Final energy consumption, totalling some 1.1 million TOE (tons of oil equivalent) or approximately 170 kgoe per capita is low, as is commercial energy consumption at 16 kgoe per capita. This can be explained by low per capita income, high petroleum prices and electricity connection costs, the dominance of subsistence agriculture and the small size of the industrial sector. The household sector is by far the single largest energy consumer in the country. 1.3 Rwanda has a limited endowment of energy resources (primarily biomass, hydro- power, and methane gas). The combination of current demand characteristics, population density and growth rate and the country's landlocked position and topography means that these energy resources are either on the verge of potential depletion or are relatively costly to produce and supply. In the face of these constraints, the Government's declared energy policy places emphasis on: (i) energy self-sufficiency; (ii) regeneration and expansion of the potential for woodfuel production; (iii) improved efficiency in the production of charcoal and the use of woodfuels; (iv) identification of alternative competitive sources of energy such as peat, biogas, etc.; and (v) extension of electricity supplies to rural areas and to cottage industries, and implementing a policy of affordable tariffs. Appropriate energy pricing, reflecting the economic cost of supply and constituting the most important policy instrument to bring about effective demand management, has so far played a modest role in Rwanda. DI Area: 26,300 knm Gross National Product (1988): $285/capita); Population (1987): 6.6 million, growth rate: 3.9% Density 240 people/km2. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Page 2 II. THE ENERGY SECXrOR IN RWANDA Natural Resources 2.1 Rwanda has a total of 436,200 ha of natural forest located in and around three National Parks. In addition, there are 35,200 ha of forestry domains, 44,600 ha of village forests, 149,000 ha of private forests and an approximate total of 655,000 ha of "arborization" V. This is the equivalent of 25% of the country's total land area. As recently as five years ago, arborization as part of a deliberate attempt to improve fuelwood supply was virtually non-existent. Due to initiatives taken by the Direction Gen6rale des Forets (DGF), and followed up by farmers, arborization is now one of the prime instruments in the efforts to increase wood production. To support the high rate of replanting, Rwanda has a relatively high density of nurseries: approximately one for every 5,000 people. 2.2 Woodfuel (1988) is produced in all prefectures, with quantities varying from a low of 171,000 tons/year, in Kibuye, to a high of 317,000 tons/year, in Kigali. Arborization alone represents 56% of the total national sustainable supply. In essence, this means that Rwandan households get most of their wood from the fields of farmers. The second major source of woodfuels are plantations, which contribute a third of the sustainable supply. This proportion reaches a high of nearly 45% in Ruhengeri where large plantation efforts have been made during the past 10 years, and is as low as 11% in Kibungo. In absolute terms, the major contribution from plantations stems from the Gitarama prefecture. (Most of) the remainder of the sustainable supply (9%) comes from natural forests, where it is illegal to collect wood. Current Pattemn and Level of Household Energy Consumption 23 In primary energy terms, overall household energy consumption is around 983.8 thousand TOE/year (see Tables 2.1 and 2.2), which is 88.5% of the total energy use (See Table 1.1). Of total household energy demand, the share of "modern" fuels, such as kerosene, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity, is minimal (less than 2%). Electric power obtained from the grid is manly available in urban areas; in rural areas most electricity consumption is based on dry- cell batteries for torches and radios. 2.4 Household energy demand is dominated by cooking. Household energy is also consumed to a limited extent (estimated at under 10% for ironing, lighting, refrigeration, and for use of various appliances (radios, tape recorders, etc.). As in most African countries, the final fuel used for cooking is largely determined by the user's location, with a predominance of charcoal consumption in urban areas and of fuelwood consumption in rural areas. In some of the cooler (mountainous) regions of Rwanda, wood also plays a significant role in home heating. V Defned as the planting of single trees by households on farm lands, homesteads, etc. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techiques Page 3 Table 2.1 Y; s##8"XirAUsl'fi ITrano!S aervicee, Households Total -2 0.0% 7 0.6% 843. 75.91 874 78.71 Agrutdue.efdSs- .. ......... , . ' :::.: ', .: ....... . 100 9.0X 100 9.0X 30.4 2.7% 30.4 2.71 0.4 0.0; 0.1 o.0 O's 0.5 0.01 GaSoline ~~~~~~~3.13.5 0.0%, 39.1 3.51 : e: 1:ne :0b.3- 0.0X . 0.1 0.0, _O 0.4 0.0o 8 0.7. 8.8 0.8X . c 'ieeiUiS* . .: . 0.8. :.1% 35.1 3.21 I 9.11 0.1 0.0 37 '%3X Puu oIl 11.3 1.0% 11.3 1.01 LP : 0.2 0.0% 0.2 0.01 t4othan gaifs t 0.11 1 0.1X Ectrlcity 3.1 0.31 3.8 0.3% -a2 0.21 5.9 0.81 ,,~ ~ ~~~A .,,3., < , . 3 -, :, :40.9 3X 74.3 - 6.7X 12.2- 1j1X 9.8 88,5% 1111.2 100.0O .e entge :fof total conswptiaii - reS ra Dhft Knergy Assessment Uate (1990) Table 2.2 houhold w m Con (18 E-Use 1l: K I El.ctrI;ftt Kerosene LPG Agri bYWproducts Uood Charcoal Peat Total .,.... ..000 tons ,. ...... tJrban 23,73 8.1. 0.2 40.0 Rural -48 0.1 300 2,213 :TOAL*:: -: 23821 8.2 .0.2 300 2,213 40.0 0.5 . . q ? . s ~. .t . .. ,. ............... ttoos GJ ...... -..............................' ' ' ' 86. 339 .11 0 0 1,200 6 1,642 Rural: 0 . O- :- 3 0 4,200 35,408 0 0 39,611 Total; .. 86 342 11 4,200 35,408 1,200 6 41,253 Total .(kToE) 2.0 8.0 0.2 100 843 30.4 0.1 983.8 :PercentAe .0.te2 0.8 0.0 10.2 85.8 2.9 0.0 10.0 2.5 Table 2.1 shows the energy consumption in Rwanda by sector, while Table 2.2 displays energy end-use data for the household sector only. Data are based on available statistical information, best estimates, and discussions with GOR officials. Fuelwood (76% of primaty energy consumption), agricultural residues (9%), and charcoal (14%, but only 3% measured in end-use), Improved Cbarcoal Stoves and Carboulnation Techniques Page 4 are the major sources of household usage. Although charcoal consumption accounts for only a smaU percentage of national energy end-use, its production has detrimental effects on the environment for two reasons: charcoal production efficiency is low, and highly commercialized (see Annex lJI for more details). Woodfuel Balace 2.6 According to the estimated balance between demand and sustainable supply of woodfueL nonsustainable national consumption amounted to roughly 500,000 tons or 16% of total demand. Four out of the 10 prefectures recorded a net deficit, the largest in absolute terms being Kipli with 239,000 tons and the largest in relative terms being Ruhengeri (with almost 50% of the demand not being satisfied from resources within that prefecture). Thus, consumption is creating net depletion of tree resources, indicating that corrective action is required. 2.7 The situation threatens to deteriorate in the future. Even at the ambitious pace of reforestation depicted in the 'Tvernment's "Plan Forestier National", it appears that the gap between demand and sustainable supply will continue to grow. Thus, on the optimistic assumptions of the plan, only 3 out of the 9 prefectures would experience a deficit in year 2002, but the total deficit would be much larger than in 1987 (more than 1 million tons vs 500,000 tons) which would have serious financial/economic and environmental consequences. As an illustration of these consequences, rough calculation shows that the plantation area would have to be increased by 70,000 ha over the period up to the year 2002 (with a productivity of 15 t/ha/year) to make it possible to supply woodfuel on a sustainable basis: this objective is clearly beyond reach under current circumstances. Corrective actions such as demand management, supply enhancement and supply efficiency improvement, etc. should therefore be taken urgently and simultaneously. Inefficien of Woodfuel Utgization 2.8 As mentioned earlier, charcoal is the fuel of preference for the urban population. It is slightly more expensive on a useful energy basis (FRw 0.49/M3T0 compared to FRw 0.42/MJW for wood), but it offers many advantages: it is a clean fuel, without smoke and stench, which burns without constant supervision; it is less bulky than wood and can more easily be transported and stored; it can be purchased everywhere, and in small quantities; and last but not least, it is considered to be a modern fueL as compared to wood which is a poor man's fuel. 2.9 The stoves currently used by Rwandan households are inefficient. Woodstoves made of clay or three stones are commonly used in rural areas, are subject to a range of problems of their own, but are not covered by the project (wood stoves are also generally constructed by the user without material costs, and wood fuel is often gathered without direct costs). Charcoal stoves are used in the larger urban areas V/, are made of recycled metal by specialized artisans, and have a short life time of approximately six months to one year. Because households use two stoves 0/ Approximately 10% of the population. Improved Chacoal Stoves and Carbo" tion Techniques Page 5 simultaneously for the preparation of their meals, they buy 2-4 stoves every year V/. Typical energy efficiencies of harcoal stoves range from 15% to 25%. Laboratory tests performed at the beginning of the Project showed that the most commonly used stoves have an efficiency of approximately 18% to 20%. This corresponds in practice with an average per capita consumption of 530 gram charcoal per day among charcoal using households. InEffd of Woofuel Pr2oductio-n 2.10 Current charcoal production is very inefficient. This is partly due to the specific circumstances under which charcoal is produced: i.e., in mountainous regions with steep hills, with a high rainfall pattern. in addition, charcoal making is a relatively new activity in most of the charcoal producing regions. Lastly, charcoal making is not a respected profession and is often left to the unemployed so that they can make 'quick cash'. These aspects of charcoal production are reflected in the traditional kilns encountered by the Project: they are relatively small in size, and often of poor quality. 2.11 The Table223 Project has measur- ed the performance of approximately 80 1 - - - I traditional charcoal t04 ; t w.- tharoo.- kilns and concluded0 1. b a 2 (* that the average 1B tnp.;.. efficency of the. 10 i30. . 30 carbonization pro- I N 3.6 . . 2 k - val cess V in Rwanda O. 4 S. 20 I '13 $ is between 5% and . . 0.8 k*Jdav Der -erao' 9% 0/. On an Laj -- j.- energy basis, the 0t . o It ttdt.al sto traditionA baoal pouta corresponding effi- lb tradttionl stovt l Inprov dch9aroal poduct on l ciency ranges from . .a N X. + .ovd cha odt1ia 12% to 22%. This implies that more than 80% of the energy is wasted in the process of carbonization. It also means that households using charcoal as 1 Mmhe price of 2 traditional charcoal stoves is equivalent to approximately 1 bag of charcoal. V Carbonization is defned as the chmical process (also: pyrolysis) whereby wood is converted into charcoal in an oxygen-limited envimronment. 3/ C bhrcoallng efficiency is defined as the ratio of air-dry weight of the charcoal output to the air-dy weight of the wood input. This only approximates energy efficiency since it is alwas possible to increase the yield by altering the fied carbon content of the dharcoal made. However, the criterion is relevant in terms of "forest-efficien, the amount of woodfuel needed to produce a unit of marketable charcoaL Improved Ch_roal Stoves and CarbonIzo Tehnques Page 6 their principal cooking fuel, use far more energy than necessary: if a household utilizes 3 kg charcoal per day, it consumes the equivalent of 30 to 60 kg of wood per day, while a household which utilizes wood directly, consumes only 6 - 15 kg of wood (IIle .2. and Eigure2.1). Since it is nearly impossible to convince households to switch back to using wood instead of charcoal, substantial improvements in the efficiency with which charcoal is produced are urgently needed. Pricng Poicie 2.12 Prior to 1989, the offic5al price Flgure 2.1 of wood was the same in all parts of the country, irrespective of the type of wood and WOOD USE vs CHARCOAL USE the distance to the market: FRw 400 per stere 140 MJlmilyfdoy kg of mod oQuivatenttatlyday s0o l for standing wood, or FRw 500 per stacked 120. stere. These prices were not always observed, 100 . . 40 and charcoalers in areas some 180 km from .. . ........ 30 Kigali paid as little as FRw100 - FRw1SO per 60 .......... i . . . 20 stere of wood. The Project proposed changes 40 0 in the wood pricing structure to take account of 20 the different species of wood used, and, to a 0 0 l _ _ g o certain extent, their geographical location. In 1989, the official price structure was changed l=:Ed.uio osogY(MJ =woo = S*Jkgtdeyj fundamentally when the new forestry law was . ratified, and the price of wood became in principle a function of (i) the, type of wood, (ii) the type of end-use (polewood, firewood, etc), and (iii) the distance of wood plantations from the major markets. The price of wood in areas far from Kigali will be on the order of FRw 200 per stere, while around Kigali a stere of wood will be priced at FRw 700. 2.13 However, the decree leading to enactment of this policy has not yet been finalized. When the new policy is enacted in 1991, incentives will be given to wood producers to consider trees as a cash crop rather than a resource that can be used to generate cash when needed. A public information/sensitization campaign following enactment of the decree will promote the value of wood, and will be especially geared towards wood owners in rural areas. The new price structure is such that charcoal making with traditional techniques will be financially unattractive while the use of improved techniques will be financially attractive. The Project has provided substantial inputs for the formulation of this pricing policy (which are fully described in Annexm). 2.14 The peri-urban market for firewood in Kigali - although quite limited in quantities - seems to be functioning quite well Wood is sold for a retail price of approximately FRw 3100 per stere, which is equivalent to a stumpage value of about FRw 680 per stere 2. Annex I shows the estimated average incremental costs of wood for governmental, village and private plantations. 2, Based on a 40% marin for wholesale and retail activities combined, and a S0 km distance between the market and the wood plantation. Improved Charal Stoves and Carbonizaton Techniques Page 7 Average, Village and private plantations can profitably provide wood at these prices, although Government plantations incur a loss. 2.15 The rural market for wood is more imperfect than the pert-urban one. Wood is sold well below the actual production value, reflecting, inter alia, lack of knowledge on market conditions, lack of alternative opportunities to sell wood, and a saturated rural labor market. Rural Subsidies to the Urban Population 2.16 Private wood owners in rural areas currently sell wood for prices below the official level. Some of the possible reasons for doing so are: (i) an immediate need for cash; (ii) not accounting for the real costs of labor provided by wood owners to produce wood; (iii) the weak negotiating position of wood owners vis-a-vis wood transporters/wholesalers; and (iv) a lack of alternative labor opportunities in rural areas. The result is that .i,e wood owner receives only a portion of the actual value of the wood he has produced, while the transporter/wholesaler receives too high a profit. Finally, the urban user gets charcoal below actual economic costs, which does not give her proper incentives to use it as efficiently as possible. 2.17 Another consequence of the availability of low-priced wood in rural areas is the difficulty to sell state and village plantation wood at actual costs. In general, these plantations produce wood at much higher costs than the private sector. An efficient pricing policy is needed, to ensure both that state and village plantations produce wood at competitive costs, and that private plantations sell their wood at its full costs. 2.18 There is im fact a case for treating charcoal as a luxury fuel: because of the inefficiency of traditional charcoal making, households using charcoal for cooking use 5 times more wood than households using firewood. Even with the more efficient production methods sponsored by the project, charcoal-using households consume two times more wood than firewood users (see Figure 21 and Table 2.3). Only when improved charcoaling methods are used in combination with improved stoves, will charcoal using households consume less wood than firewood using households. The current price structure of wood and charcoal does not reflect this waste of natural resources. Wood in Kigali is priced at RFw 200 per load of 30 kg, or FRw 6.7/kg (FRw 0.42/MJ); the wood value incorporated in this price is approximately FRw 1.9/kg. Charcoal is priced at FRw 500 per 33 kg bag, or FRw 15/kg (FRw 0.49/MJ). However, in terms of primary energy (thus including charcoaling efficiency), charcoal users only pay FRw 0.24/kg of wood 1Q/. This price differential can be explained by two factors: first of all, the sources of wood are not the same (firewood in Kigali comc from plantations within a 50 km radius while charcoal is mainly produced in rural areas more than 100 km from Kigali); and second, as noted above, there are substantial imperfections in the wood markets in rural areas. IV A 33 kg bag of charcoal contalns the equivalent of 367 kg of wood. Improved Charroal Stoves and Carbolzatlom Techniques Page 8 Possi"le Solutions to Reducing the Gap be,twee Sustainable Supply and Demand of Woodfuels 2.19 'hree options exist to improve the balance of sustainable woodfuel supply: (i) increasing the supply of woodfuels; (ii) reducing the consumption of woodfuels; and (iii) substituting alternative fuels for woodfuels. The Project concentrated on the first two of these options only: improved charcoal making techniques will reduce the strain on the supply side while improved stoves will help hold down demand side. Current activities undertaken in Rwanda to improve the woodfuel supply balance are described below. The third option is constrained by the small potential market, and the negative impact on the balance of trade of importing substitute fuels. Current Measures to Strenghen the Wood Supply Situation 2.20 A series of ongoing projects exist which aim at narrowing the gap between demand and sustainable supply of woodfuels by increasing the wood supply and strengthening the role of DGF. The "Plan Forestier National' forms the basis for all work in the forestry sector, and calls inter alia, for improved coordination of donor assistance. Its global objectives, summarized by the DGF in a recent policy paper are as follows: (a) the establishment and maintenance of a country-wide ecologically balanced forest resource; (b) increased forest production; and (c) better utilization and upgrading of forest production. 2.21 Although still in its initial phase, the plan has attracted considerable donor attention. The plan is based on several projects which focus in particular on the strengthening of the wood supply. Examples of core projects are: (i) the World Bank Forestry II project, which is also involved in range management/livestock activities; the forestry component of this project is mainly concerned with natural forest protection and management on the Zaire-Nile crest; (ii) other projects financed by several donors, such as the French CCCE, and the EEC; (iii) Swiss technical assistance which has played a major role in helping the DGF establish the basis for a sound forestry policy, as well as in training a large number of forestry specialists at various skill levels. Current Woodfuel Conservation Measures 2.22 Woodfuels conservation is the objective of three independent sets of efforts which are coordinated by the Ministere des Travaux Publics, de l'Energie et de l'Eau (MINITRAPE): (a) global fuelwood conservation (mainly in rural areas) in the form of the "Economie de Bois de Feu" (EBF) project; Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carboniaio Technques Page 9 (b) charcoal demand reduction, mainly through commercialization of efficient charcoal stoves by the private sector; this is the subject of the current Project, and is more fully described in AnmxI; (c) wood conservation through dissemination of more efficient carbonization techniques, which is jointly coordinated by MINAGRI and MINITRAPE; this is also the subjec. of the current Project, and is more fully described in Annex IL and (d) more recently, the GIZ sponsored Special Energy Program started working on regional energy planning issues, especially in the Butare prefecture, and launched - among other . several woodfuel activities in both urban and rural areas. 2.23 The EBF project is being assisted by the Dutch volunteers' association SNV. Its objective of conserving fuelwood is met through an extension approach, the technical part of which includes improved wood stoves dissemination. The extension program is quite comprehensive and primarily attempts at sensitizing women, in particular, to adopt cooking techniques that require less fuelwood. Techniques tested so far include drying wood before burning it (though this was later identified as an existing traditional practice), soaking beans before cooking them, and, eventually, building improved wood stoves. 2.24 Two organizations provide technical and financial assistance with improved charcoal stoves. Care International has helped a Rwandan entrepreneur to produce and market the Canamake stove W. The care project is now complete and the entrepreneur now works on his own. The second organization involved in improved charcoal stoves is the Joint UJNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP), which has launched a project that developed the Rondereza stove through a systematic program of testing and disseminating socially acceptable stove models and is presented in the current document. 2.25 Inproved carbonization techniques have been investigated by the current Project. Charcoalers are trained on-site in the use of improved charcoaling methods. The Project showed that an improved carbonization method could, in practice, increase end-use efficiency to 18% on a weight basis, or to 45% on an energy basis W, which implies more than a doubling of efficiency when compared to traditional methods. Woodfuel Substitution Options 2.26 Petroleum products that can be used to substitute woodfuels for cooking are mainly kerosene and LPG (see able .ZA for prices, etc). These fuels are used to a very limited extent, and only in urban areas. If severe shortages of woodfuels and/or attractive price differentials were to be observed, these petroleum fuels could in principle replace part of the woodfuel consumption (but W This model ia derived from the lena Ceraic Jilow stove model. IVJ In absolute terms. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonltaon Technques Page 10 Tabl. 2.4 see also para 3.19). Financial analysis of potential substitution : Fls possibilities shows that at present . . ' : ' . .'' ' ~~~~~~~~:''Cliarcoal'Keroserne LPG Wood prices, charcoal is a much cheaper :: _:_._: option than petroleum fuels, and : that competition between them is 6t0 kg tItro kg6 kg prke ';nRsyt-am. prnc 4Fwul)1 0 15 16. unlikely without a dramatic price ; Egy eontet (IN/ilft) 30, 35 45 16 increase for charcoal, or further 0.49 1.7 3.7 0.42 reduction in petroleum prices. The - -7--7 economic analysis does not differ much from the firancial one since current wood retail prices in Kigali closely reflect economic costs of wood and the absence of taxes/subsidies on petroleum fuels makes that these prices also reflect economic costs. 2.27 The Government, with the assistance of bilateral donors, has launched programs to introduce new fuels that could substitute for part of the woodfuels presently used. The programs focus mainly on exploring the scope for urban substitution with papyrus briquettes and peat. Experience with papyrus briquettes in Rwanda shows that briquettes could be a possible fuelwood substitute - albeit on a linijied scale - provided production cost could be reduced. Peat (sods) could be used eventually for institutional cooking, or for providing energy to small-scale industries. 2.28 The following three chapters summarize of the ESMAP/MINITRAPE/MINAGRI project's two components and their achievements, and provide an economic appraisal of the project. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbouzatlonm Techniques Page 11 III. IMPROVED STOVES COMPONENT SuMMly lEvaluation 3.1 The project has successfully introduced a fuel saving charcoal stove and encouraged the private sector to start producing it in large quantities. Indications showed that improved stove production and sales were mostly in the hands of the private sector and growing rapidly. Why was this partic&ar project a success while improved stove projects so often tend to fail? Fir~i~ the project team sought feedback from all types of participants (stove producing artisans, households, retailers, etc) at all phases of project implementation. Secondly, the stove price was designed as to make it attractive for all participants (stove producers earn more money with improved stoves, households pay back improved stoves in a very short time, and retailers earn more by selling improved stoves). Th improved stoves were associated with modernization; this factor was extensively used by the project team to facilitate and accelerate stove production and use. La the project team was able to work independently from the public sector. However, it liaised regularly with the Government agency (MINITRAPE) for advise and logistical assistance, with UNDP for material requisitions, and the World Bank for technical advise and assistance. Decisions - for as long as these were within the framework agreed upon by MINITRAPE, UNDP, and the World Bank - were taken by the project team, thus avoiding time-consuming clearance procedures. Objectives/Scope of Work 3.2 The primary objective of the project was the reduction of charcoal consumption, a short-term goal that fitted well with Rwanda's long-term energy policy. Secondary objectives were (i) organizing a self-sustained program to disseminate improved charcoal stoves in Kigali, and (ii) improving urban households' living conditions. 3.3 The following six activities were planned to be carried out under the project: (i) production and sale of 10,000 cookstoves in two years, reaching close to 20% of the families in Kigali on the basis of two cookstoves per family; (ii) executing a campaign to disseminate fuel conserving cooking methods; (iii) training for close to 50 production artisans and 10 survey enumerators; (iv) training for students in the electromechanics section of the technical school as to leam how to manufacture the improved cookstoves; (v) a reduction in charcoal consumption in Kigali of about 3,500 metric tons on the basis of a dissemination rate of 50% in 5 years, or the equivalent of US$450,000 in savings ('86 prices); and (vi) development of a local capacity for testing cookstoves and for conducting consumer follow-up work. Improved Cbarcoal Stoves and CwrbonIzadon Technques Page 12 3.4 The project had three main Fre 3.1 phases: (i) test-production of improved stoves and selection of most appropriate CHARCOAL CONSUMPTION model (120 households); (ii) household for improved and traditlonal stoves testing (500 households) to identify all O gramiperrgoniday elements necessary for the promotional campaign; and (iii) promotional campaign. 600 400 IMUS~~~~. 200 3.5 Table3.I1 shows an overview a of the main results achieved by the Project: o 2 4 6 8 10 12 approadmately 6,000 improved stoves were household size in use on March 31, 1990), equivalent to a Kigali 9% market penetration, reaching a total of 1u10tlst*06, waitVIevI, daily 19,800 at the end of the year (21.2% of the market). Stove sales accelerated rapidly thereafter, exceeding 1,500 units per month. MWITRAPE estimated a far higher total of 30,000 accumulated stove sales as of January 1991, but this analysis uses the more conservative figure above, reflecting only those stove sales made through sources that could be directly accounted for. 3.6 Even Time Schedule 1 on this conrvative basis, a market eo.v t penetration of 20% was reached at the.j :::I *"ron -- end of 1990, which . ............. *wentro i. resulted in a f~C/@SfifUftWIp charcoal consump-~SI1 50hue~s tion reduction of wsavtdZ from cal pro 7.5% of the total .. .. .. consumption in stw Kigpl; these savings4p~*..... . amounted to 4,422 r8'B898i 0 tonnes in 1990 alone with a market value Of US$896,200. In terms of wood savings 55,275 tonnes of wood were not transformed into charcoal during 1990. At a plantation output of 15 tonnes/hectare per year, this means that 614 hectares of 6 year old Eucalyptus plantations were "saved" from charcoal production. 3.7 The project was able to arrange for training of 50 stove producers which resulted in large-scale stove production, mainly undertaken by the private sector. While the project initially Improved Cbarcoal Stovs and Carbonization Techniques Pop 13 sold stoves, it gradually transferred this responsibility to the private sector. For a limited period, a technician acted as intermediary between stove producers and retailers to ensure quality control, provide training, and relay stove orders from retailers to producers. In less than six months, private producera increased monthly production of improved stoves from zero to over 400 in March 1990, while in August 1990 it was estimated at 1200 - 1500. With the increasing production, one begins to fimd ilegitimate copies of the Rondereza (made by stove makers not trained in its production) on about all market outlets in Kigali. This does not pose a problem to the achievements of the project since the quality of these stoves is lower than that of the original model (in terms of a shorter service life), but their thermal efficiency is by and large comparable. In fact, it is a positive sign showing that the private sector is convinced about the potential market for such stoves. Figurm 3.2 3.8 The speedy take-up of production by the private sector mainly reflects Sales of Rondereza to the following factors: producers earn more 1600 money from making improved stoves than 1400 * * traditional stoves; producers have 1200 - acknowledged the superior performance of the "O* stove; and they are convinced of the large 6 potenti market for improved stoves because 400 of the positive household feedback which 200 resulted from the promotional campaign. In %eBSf m a m I I a o a d19Ofo I * m I s a a a fact, many producers are entirely phasing out month the production of traditional stoves in favor of 3 improved ones. Figure .2 shows the monthly Rondereza sales until the end of the project. Figure 3.3 shows that the share of the Project in total sales of Rondereza has been about 15% while the private sector (both illegitimate and legitimate) sold the remainder (as of December 1990). Table 3.1 3.9 . Surveys revealed ta ' ' l that households _ .. . favor the improved x " o2, ' stove model for Ew=, i~~~~~~~~~~~~t W)X several reasons for 'toAW$ (,-sing .,0 other than fuel 40t4~oV O . .... .toa~d A5. ....... efficiet.cy: it cooks fttt*Q)C% faster, it is cleaner 'ttlzvn.30:~.~AMIr ,2 and safer, and ~ ~ ~ CICs ~~ 5 families associate it J$I) with the process of ~#rd~ o8I ihu nrw tvs modernization. g 4tInf gbI34thad Irrespective of the PClG IO~ece 1 household's particu- . r~rO tvShuaod lar reason for using Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonlztion Techniques Page 14 the stove, it reduces overall charcoal consumption. The results of a two-week sui vey during which enumerators visited 80 households every day to measure charcoal consumption, showed that the average charcoal savings amount to 35% (see Eigure ). In absolute terms, average per capita consumption for the sample was reduced from 510 g/day to 330 g/day for the median household size of 6.8 persons. This figure was confirmed by other longer term surveys which recorded peoples' perception about several aspects of improved stoves over time. These charcoal savings mean that a household's consumption can be reduced by one or two bags of charcoal every month, and also that the stove's pay-back time is less than a month. Households christened the stove "Rondereza" during one of the surveys, which means "to economize, to saver in Kenyarwanda. 3.10 Training for technical school students was Flgure 33 originally planned (para 4.3 (iv)) but never took place, Accumulated Sales of Ronde-ez because it was not needed since a sufricient number of by type of producet professional stove producers already existed. The campaign (para 4.3 (u)) to promote different cooking qlalitotiol techniques (soaking beans, using lid on pots and pans, turning down power during simmering, extinguishing excess charcoaL etc) which could also induce fuel savings was im- plicitly executed by the project team during its numerous survey visits to households. Financial Comparison: Traditional vs Improved Stoves. 3.11 The two aspects (apart from operational features) in favor of the Rondereza are its longer lifetime and the charcoal savings obtained. According to the project's surveys, traditional stoves or Imbaburas have an average service life of 9 months. The Rondereza's lifetime has not yet been established, but, it is certainly not shorter than the Imbabura's. In addition, the Rondereza has spare-parts: the grate and the fire chamber can be. replaced if necessary. It is assumed here that the lifetime is at least two years if a new grate is purchased every three months. 3.12 Rondereza's charcoal savings, as recorded by the surveys, are shown to be approximately 35%, which results in a payback time I of less than 15 days (see Table3). The total costs over the lifetime of the stove divided by i s lifetime gives the (non-discounted) daily operating costs. These are shown to be 35.8% lower for the Rondereza compared with the Imbabura. For purposes of completeness, these figures were also calculated for the Canamake (Kengo Improved Jiko) stove. T.he Canamake was valued the second best choice during the initial household tests by 19% of the sample, while 67% opted for the Rondereza and 16% for a third model (low-model, see Annex II and AnexnV for more details). W Pfaybac time is defined as: dferential equipment costs over charcoal savings. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques iase 15 3.13 Table 32 Benefits for producers and :91 P0n1e of StoVe retailers are also stoves jlgbbura Rodereza CenaPnake ensured through an :_._-_-_--: appropriate pricing . price (Rw) -i4 450 750 structure: a stove --:-- time gonth - 9 s18 1 producer makes :aflntOB l/r (4R u,nthi - 'e5 between 8 and 10 dalY cot ot tkO) 34 1. - 24 t r a d i t i o n a 1 -: :frtis-hr a'',i"gR)','---.$' ' 1. .,''1'4''.4" deil ~hacot virw (4Pyw) - 18. 10 Imbaburas per day J time . .1 or 4 - 5 Ronderezas. Material costs are C08t9 over tifetime oP stove (FRw). 13,982 17,9455 20,640 ;Ostidlay CFRw) 51.8 33.2. 38.3, respectively FRw finfncal savinga - 3s.sx 26.3 130 and FRw 220, while the margins are FRw 20 and FRw 80 respectively .:r the Imbabura and the Rondereza. This effectively means that stove producers will double their earnings when switching over to making improved stoves. Retailer margins are FRw 50 for the Imbabura and FRw 150 fctr a Rondereza. ?wiex Steps Figure 3A 3.14 Even though the private sector Accumulated Sales or Rondereza appears to be capable of c3ntituing the Oc 87sDe 9 production and retailing of improved stoves, a few intermediary activities are required to 20 ensure that it performs satisf*Actorily. Quality 15 c¢ntroi is one of these activities that cannot be taken care of by the private sector. Eventually, lo households will be in the position to judge the s quality of improved stoves, but they need to be D e I4 * * * I I * 4 A I I .I A A * *ll made aware of all quality control aspects. R-motMtd 3.15 Linking up stove producers and Byt 4 ctrlt stove retailers is another needed activity. In addition, to ensure that improved stoves continue to be sold sufficiently large stocks and production levels needs to exist. Meanwhile, the private sector's performance in commercializing improved stoves. In terms of the penetration rate, as well as overall charcoal savings, needs to be monitored for some time. Finally, the production and connnercialization of improved stoves needs to be expanded to other cities, on a demand driven basis and to prevent the promotion of charcoal usage to non-charcoal users, but to promote the efficient use of charcoal to those who already use it as their main fuel. Imwoved Charcoal Stoe and CarboWnaon Tehnques Page 16 3.16 These activities will need to be carried out during six to twelve months after December 31, 1990, thereby enabling the private sector to become totally independent of the current or any successor project. Improved Cbarcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Page 17 IV. IMPROVED CARBONI2A¶I1ON TECHNIQUES COMPONENT Summary Evaluation 4.1 The results of this activity are Figure 4.1 encouraging in that it showed how traditional charcoalers could save 50% of the wood used TrCHARCOALING EFFICIENCY for charcoaling. ractors contributing to this efficiency success, included the limited extent of 25 _ charcoaling experience and expertise among 20 producers, combined with unfavorable charcoaling conditions, (both of which meant that improved techniques had a genuinely substantial impact). Also, the serious S. deforestation problems in charcoal production o I zones prompted strong interest in the project o 5 ster 20 25 on the part of both owners of wood and ca-,manQc -+-trdffiloial charcoalers. The project's systematic approach - has paid off: a detailed study of the charcoaling cycle and its actors resulted in a proposal for a more realistic wood pricing policy which will eventually facilitate the use and spreading of more efficient charcoaling techniques. Qbjective/Scope of Work 4.2 The primary objective of the project was to alleviate deforestation problems. The three secondary objectives were: (i) establishing a self-sustaining program to disseminate more efficient charcoaling methods in Rwanda; (ii) initiating a mc-,re effective wood pricing policy; and (iii) increasing public awareness about deforestation and encouraging tree planting as a cash crop. 43 The following outputs were expected to be carried out by the project: (i) training of 300 traditional charcoalers in improved carbonization techniques; (ii) reduction of wood consumed in charcoal production in rural areas, which at present rates could txceed 100,000 m3/yr by 1990; (iii) generation of revenue and incentive for tree planting by forestry projects, communes and private wood-lot owners; (iv) study of the need for and how to put in place a tax to charge for the wood used for charcoal production; (v) support to the current charcoal stove program, by creating a compre- hensive approach to Rwanda's charcoal problem; and (vi) increased awareness about deforestation and potential solutions. Results 4.4 The project confirmed in practice the wood savings potential resulting from improved charcoaling techniques. The charcoaling efficiency was shown to amount to approximately 7% and 9% for the traditional kiln, and between 14% and 21% for the improved kiln (see EiVeure 4.1). A ImProved Charca Stoves and Carbonizatlon Techniques Page 18 Table 4.1 5eam :Jt .7la*-Cmxtiv i ei~o v. 4h Offlota44y "' ) 7.32 16.0e :.,, (b.safute,) .. . .1.0 2.0 siszi Of a,,raios isi str# 75 uoo udfilnA (kal 3,600- 7,200 cha'. e',.';r ' o' p/ko4tao.d1IW~~. :(kg 270 . 1,152 ,.s.,.,,,wod., ....,,,,S.,>''. .d.,'wIk''g 'f o............... fkgl) '' :3 ' 6-3. wood 4itiledik if amroaal (kg/kg) - . 7-1 avae rcoit pn ed lreditionan method4.iT 44. S40: 6335 11r, tiabur#:; .1:.:.;: : . 62190 67695 7368? NtmRqdore* acttXl .,.::: 53976 57477 58393- YRondert ptentialt 37314 40617 44212 t-ptatiurt - . 7.2%.: 8.02 .8.6% Rondirnea actual::: : ..} 8.3% 9.4X 10.8% ' Rndeez potential: :;: 12.02 13.3% 14.3X2 ::6000inc "(T): : 9519 : 11490 13461 di.ol'mn Kip!li (NT): u- ,* i *bu :'.> ;: :. . .',:: 62190, 67699 5 ' 7368? I-: a^''R*dre4. actual f . . 3s . .,: , '53976 57477 58393 R.on, rez,potential :37314. 40617?. ...44212 -,, . ...,.": Iu...r .15.3.X % 17.0X,,' 18.3X : *: Ronerezas .actual . - . . - : 17.X 20.0% 23.1X . Rondeireza potcntiai. . : . :. . ' .25.5X 28.3X2 30.4% *KlntatWon are*a rt.nd KIigali: :24 ha (7 yr old). plus 3063 ha (1 yr :otd' The Mean anrual. icrement is .1 NT/haIyr, end a rotation period of 6 yr is taken. The totalt s"aiding stock (1990)1s 266412 "T. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Tecimiques Annex I Page 25 Annex I: Economic Costs Of Wood In Rwanda 1. Three different types of wood plantations exist in Rwanda, which together provide the bulk of the commercially used woodfuels: government, village, and private plantations. The proportions of total supply attributable to each of these sources is estimated at 15%, 40% and 45% respectively. 2. For each of the plantation types, the cost and benefit cashflows are calculated 1/ (see the next three pages for details), after which the Net Present Value (NPV) of each string is calculated. The quotient of the PV (costs) and PV (benefits) represents the average incremental costs, and is an approximation for the Long Run Marginal Costs of wood (LRMC) for the particular type of plantation. This calculation is repeated several times to reflect different output levels (tonne/ha/yr) of the plantations and investigate the sensitivity of the LRMC to variations in productivity. 3. An overview of these figures is given in the following Table 1: Table 1: Average Incremental Costs of Wood (FRw per tonne) Type of plantation Government J_Village Private Productivity _________l 8 m3/ha/yr 4704 1203 1313 12 m3/ha/yr 3136 802 876 15 m3/ha/yr 2509 642 701 24 m3/ha/yr - 438 FRw 7S 1 US$ 4. To get an idea of the average cost of wood, average figures are derived for the three plantation types. Government plantations provide wood with a productivity of somewhere between 12 and 15 nt ha/year, which results in an average cost for this wood of FRw 2822/tonne; for village plant. productivity ranges between 8 and 12 m3/ha/year, which gives an average cost figure of FW A63/tonne; for private plantations, productivity ranges between 15 and 24 m3/ha/year, giving a cost figure of FRw 575/tonne. 5. It is clear that the government plantations are expensive compared to the other types and can be omitted in the determination of the economic cost of wood in Rwanda. The ratio of S o m e: Secteur Charbonnie? study. Improved Chareal Stoves and Carbonzado Techique Annex I Page 26 utilization for the two other plantations is approximately 65% to 35% for private and -ilage plantations respectively. So an indication of the economic costs of wood could be ((35% * FRw 963) + (65% * FRw 575)) = FRw 710 per tonne (FRw 325 per stere), or US$ 9.5 per tonne. This means that, when government plantations are used, they will be considered as a sunk cost, and valued at the economic cost instead of at the cost of production. Improed arcoal Staves and Carboiza=ton Techniques Anune I Page 27 Type It (Ib5ljatus) 1 ha of 6overnzet Plantation (CMB) year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1S 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 lnltial 76500 naLntem 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 50s0SOS50 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 50S0 5SO0 55so cuttlag 5000 5000 50 50 regeneratlon 1500 1S00 1500 1500 1S0 1500 total 76500 5050 5050 5050 505 5050 5050 5050 5050 5050 10050 6550 6550 5050 5050 10050 6550 6550 5050 5050 10050 6550 6550 5050 5050 10050 at. stock (m3) fs 1S 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 0 8 16 24 32 0 a 16 24 32 0 a 16 24 32 0 cut (.3) 80 40 40 40 output (tomae) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 26 UNI . 4704 FRvJtonne 62.7 US$Utorm *tlt 1) mean anataI PRlvtOnne produetzen 8 uSIhalyr 4704 12 *3thaIyr 3136 15 m3thatyr 2509 1)± dlfferent production figures ore shown with their correlated production costs. Counting takes place from start of Initial preparstion (i.e. year 0). Initial preparation Is land preparation, establishment of a nutsery, and transplani As seedllngs Into penrnnent posltlon. Maintenance works are all those acttvities required to promote healthy plant growth (weeding, pruning, etc.) Cutting takes place hen the plantation is ready for harvesting. Bora, the initial period is estLated at 10 years, after that every 5 years. Regeneration takes place after every harvesting period. Standing Stock Is the accumlated volume of wod In the plantation. Improved Charcoal Stows and Carbonization Techniques Annex I Page 28 Type 1: (jaltvs) I a of w1ilS* pl tatLai "ar 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 InLtIaL 18700 matea 3600 3600 1600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cuttLS 5°000 5000 500 regenutln L500 1500 1500 1500 1500 S500 total 16700 3600 3600 I1w0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5000 1500 1500 0 0 50 10 150 0 0 g00 O5m0 1500 0 0 5000 at. stock {d) a 16 24 32 40 4U 56 64 72 0 a 16 24 32 0 6 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32 0 cut ({3) so 40 40 49 output (tomt s) 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 26 1*5 1203 FRwltcane 16.0 tlSttemae saiprtltlt 8 m3/hafyr 1203 12 m3lba*yr 802 15 m31bayr 642 Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex I Page 29 T*yp- 3: (EWca1tus) 1 ha of private plantatiotn year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 i5 Irtl&al 15400 mlateanAce 6000 600 4000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cutting 5000 5000 5000 5S00 rctenaettum 2000 2000 210 1000 100 1000 total 13400 6000 6000 4000 0 0 0 0 0 0 5000 1000 2000 0 0 5000 2000 2000 0 0 5000 1000 2000 0 0 5000 St. stock (r3) a 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 0 8 16 24 32 0 a 16 24 31 0 a 16 24 32 0 cut (c3) 80 40 40 40 output (txames) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 26 t 1313 FRs Itnnonv 17.5 US$Itonne 0an aninual FRvltozme prdution_ 8 n3lhaIyr 1313 12 m3Ihatyr 876 15 *Sihafyr 701 24 1bhafyr 438 Improved Cbacal Stoves and Carbontion Techniques Annex 11 Page 30 Annex II: Improved Stoves Component Introduction 1. The project's improved charcoal stoves component was recommended in the Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme's (ESMAP) document 'Rwanda: Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (August 1986, Activity Completion Report No. 059/86). On October 15, 1987, the project document was signed by the Government of Rwanda, UNDP, and the World Bank. This document created a project entitled 'Improved Charcoal Production Techniques and Improved Charcoal Stovese which, through management assistance of the Rwanda energy sector, had as a primary objective woodfuel economy in the natural resources sector. 2. The intervention zone for the project was determined by the location of the target groups, who for the improved stoves component were charcoal consumers in urban centers, and metalwork artisans concentrated in the city of Kigali. Kigali was chosen as a priority since charcoal consumption there is very high, accounting for 80% of all charcoal produced in Rwanda. Development bcti 3. The basic development objective of the component is to combat the deforestation of the actntry, and to thus prevent a shortage of biomass, while encouraging woodfuel conservation through the immediate objectives, which are to: (a) produce and sell 10,000 improved stoves during the two years of the project, with a penetration rate of 20% of households in Kigali (based on two stoves per household); (b) popularize cooking methods that save energy, such as soaking dry vegetables (i.e. beans, peas and corn) before cooking; (c) train 50 cookstove metalworkers and 10 survey enumerators; (d) train technical school students in the fabrication of improved stoves; (e) reduce charcoal consumption in Kigali by 3,500 tonnes, with 50% penetration in 5 years, or savings of US$450,00 (compared to 1986); and (f) create the capacity to conduct tests and surveys of households in Rwanda. Projest Appoach 4. Traditional charcoal stoves (Imbabura) are produced by informal sector artisans and the project has chosen not to upset these practices. Instead, it has decided to strengthen them by supporting existing production units which function under the structure of small, informal enterprise. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Tehnques Annex 11 Page 31 The project aims to reinforce the raw materials supply and production capacity of these small enterprises so that they may become and remain autonomous in improved stove production. The project is also aimed at the self-management of these small-producer enterprises and seeks to restructure and/or strengthen the distribution network by the creation of sales outlets and quality control, which gives the right to carty a label declaring that normal improved stove standards have been observed in production. 5. Other organizations have already promoted several improved stoves models, but these stoves have never achieved large-scale success. These popularized stoves were of two types: a heavy and fixed model, often constructed by the user, and a light and portable model. Production, commercialization, and diffusion of these improved stoves was usually not integrated into the existing production and marketing situation and technical support was often insufficient. 6. The project decided to take the socio-economic requirements of target groups into careful consideration, notably in the choice of the best model of improved stove, setting sales prices, and designing the system for stove sales. It has put special emphasis on sensitizing the urban population of Kigali which has the greatest demand for charcoal in Rwanda (Ž. 80%). The project has reinforced the periodic evaluation criteria and has emphasized the necessity for quality control to minimize substandard production of improved stoves and to avoid depreciation of the stove among current and potential users. 7. The project coordinated with MINITRAPE through regular meetings and by specific consultations when needed. MINITRAPE, as executing agency, designated a counterpart directing official for the project. 8. The project had an office at the MINITRAPE (Kicukiro) energy yard, consisting of an office for the manager and an assembly room for the secretary and the 10 enumerators. Project equipment included a mini-bus and a pick-up truck, a computer and printer, and a photocopier. Selection Methodology for the Stove to be Popularized 9. The project introduced two models of improved stoves, one called "Kigali-bas" and the other ¶igali-haut". The two reflect the traditional stove model, but cook more rapidly and economically. At the begLining of the project, an improved stove called "Canamake" was available on the Kigali market. This stove had been popularized by Care International for about one year. By mutual agreement with this organization, it was decided that the respective yield and charcoal consumption characteristics of these three improved stoves would be verified in the laboratory. 10. Following the positive results of these tests, all three models of improved stoves (described in more detail in Annex1V) were put in competition to identify which stove was best accepted by households in Kigali A total of 120 households participated in the tests before choosing the best improved stove. Each household received one of the stove models to test for a Improved Charoal Stowes and CarbonizatIon Techniques Annex 11 Page 32 month, then the second model to replace the first for another month, and finally the third model also tested for one month, to replace the second model. 11. It was decided that the project would work with the stove that had proved most popular with housewives; respect for the consumer's choice was the principal criterion for proceeding. In order to determine the elements for a I'rge-sc-le improved stoves popularization strategy, this model of improved stove would be distributed to a sample of 500 households (with two improved stoves per household) and these households would be surveyed regularly over the course of six months. Feedbaclc fPmuLpYringSum= 12. A number of surveys were conducted by project personnel to identify the behavior of households on the success of the improved stoves, and to research all the necessary elements to create a large-scale improved stoves popularization strategy. The first sur was to determine which improved stove model was the most widely accepted by the population, and was conducted (February 1988 through May 1988) in 120 households and 5 zones of the city of Kigali l/. Households were selected at random in collaboration with the national bureau of statistics of the Ministry of Planning and local authorities (sector directors and chiefs of administrative divisions). These households covered the socio-economic categories as shown in Table 1 which subdivides survey households by different income brackets. Table 1: Division of Surveyed Families by Income Level (FRw) Monthly Income Number of famlies <5,000o 11 9% 5,000 to O,O000 22 18% 10,000 to 20, 45 38% 20,000 to 30,000 18 15% > 30,000 22 18% not declared 2 2% TOTAL 120 100% Exchange Rate: FRw 77.3 = 1 US$ (3/1990) Gikondo, Muhima, Nyamimbo and Rugenge in the urban township of Nyarugenge; Remera in the township of Rubungo. Improved Charol Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex 11 Page 33 13. Since households spend between 10% and 20% of their income on charcoal, Rwandese housewives are already aware of some of the ways to save on charcoal costs. The survey found for example, that more than 95% of the sample already covered cooking pots, did not leave a stove burning without a pot on it, and extinguished the fire after cooking. By contrast, less than 10% soaked the beans before cooking. 14. Table 2 shows the diagram for introduction of improved stoves to families. Each household received one of the stove models to test for one month; a second model was received as a replacement for the first which was also tried for one month, and fmaily the third model replaced the second and was also tested for one month. Although all the improved stoves were superior to traditional stoves as shown by laboratory results (Wes 3 and 4), household tests showed that the three stoves were valued differently by consumers: 70% of households chose the Kigali-haut, as shown in Tabli 5 below. Takik 2: Diagram for the Introduction of Improved Stoves to the Families _________i |Muhima | Rugenge Nyamlrambo Remera Glkondo T est I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Kiali-haut 24 8 8 Kig2ali-bas 24 8 8 Canamake 24 8 8 Test2 Kigali-haut 24 8 8 alK -bas 24 8 8 Canamake 24 8 8 Test 3 l Ki hali-haut 24 8 8 Kigali-bas _ ___ 24 8 8 Canamake 24 ____ _ 8 8 Note: Test 1 was executed in month 1, Test 2 in month 2, etc. Figures show the number of families in each town section that received a certain stove model. lmprovd Charcol Stoves and Carbonzaton Techiques Annex 11 Page 34 Table 3: Consumption Tests (in the laboratory) I|__________________ |Imbabura Canamake Kigali-haut Charcoal consumptioni ) 746 535 499 Cooking Time (min) 237 220 208 Evaporated Water (1) 1.09 1.04 0.87 Amount of Saving compared to the Imbabura 28% 39% The Kigali-bas was not included in these tests because the households indicated their lack of interest in this model. Table: Water Boiling Tests ______ 0 Imbabura Canamake KIgall-haut P (kW) 2.40 2.17 2.36 lyled 23% 22% 25% P (kW) 1.37 0.38 0.95 ylreTd 20% 32% 29% | tin (min) 43 53 37 t,,: length of time to bring 3 liters of water to the boil 15. Tables 3 and 4 show the results of laboratory tests and Tables 5 and 6 show the results of household tests. The Canamake and the Kigali-haut can save 30% or more on charcoal compared to the traditional Imbabura. At the same time, the time needed for meal preparation can also be reduced. Table 5 shows households' choices, before and after knowing the prices of the improved stoves. Before being given information on prices, total of 16% of the sample preferred the Canamake, 18% the Kigali-bas, and 67% the Kigali-haut. After having been informed of the improved stoves' prices, 4% changed their preferences, abandoning the Canamake and choosing the Kigali-haut. Improved Charcoal Stom and Carbonization Tecniques Annex 11 Page 35 Table: First Choice of Improved Stove from the Household Tests |_zon_e Canamake Kigali-haut a pIl-bas Muhr ma 2 (3) 20 (19) 2 (2) | Rugenge 4 (5) 16 (15) 4 (4) Nyamlrambo 5 (8) 14 (11) 5 (5) Remera 1 (1) 19 (19) 5 (5) Gilkondo 2 (2) 16 (16) 6 (6) Total 14 84 22 12% 70% 18% Total before knowing the 19 80 22 Improved stove prices 16% 67% 18% Figures in parentheses: choice of the household before knowing the improved stove prices Sales Price: Imbabura - FRw 250; Kigali-haut - FRw 450; Canamake - FRw 750; Kigali-bas -FRw 370. 16. Table 6 shows that all three improved stoves save at least one bag of charcoal per month and that the Kigali-haut saves more than the others. (One bag of charcoal represents about FRw 550, which is a considerable sum for a Rwandan household. Since the vast majority of households (70%) prefer the Kigali-haut and this improved stove saves a little more charcoal than the others, the project chose it for large-scale popularization. As a consequence, the two other improved stoves were not induded in subsequent phases of the project. Table : Monthly Charcoal Savings (bags per month) Zone Canamake Kigall-haut Kigali-bas Gikondo 1A 1.7 1.0 Nyamirambo 1.2 2.0 0.8 Rugenge 1.0 1.5 1.2 Remera 0.9 1.3 1.3 Muhima 1.5 2.0 1.2 Average 1.2 1.7 1.1 Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonlzaton Techniques Annex 11 Page 36 17. A sond (longitudin survey was conducted among 500 households in 12 neighborhoods (May '88 * February '89) in order to evaluate the improved stoves degree of acceptability, gather user suggestions for improving its performance or correcting its defects, and identify all the elements of a popularization strategy. Two Kigali-Haut Rondereza stoves of different sizes were distnbuted to this sample; one provided at cost to housewives, and the other was provided gratis by the project in thanks for the services rendered by collaborating households. 'he sample was identified by the project team in collaboration with the MINIPLAN, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the local authorities. Households were randomly selected, with the condition that they use charcoal as their principal fueL 18. The team of enumerators meticulously kept track of users with visits over an eight- month period, taking care to note all user observations and suggestions on the pre-designed survey questionnaires, which allowed the project to obtain extremely detailed results. It is thanks to this survey that the project oriented its activities and readjusted its plan of action in order to better succeed with the popularization of the improved stove. 19. The results of the second survey show that 92% of the housewives in the sample use one charcoal stove (Imbabura: 87%; improved stove: 3%; other: 2%) and 12% indicated that they use a second charcoal stove. A wood stove is used by 4% and 12% of the sample respectively as a first or second stove. As shown in Table AZ (in AnnexI), 35% of the sample use a second stove, and 3% a third; no one used a fourth stove. 20. The lifetime, purchase price, and the price that households are willing to pay for an improved stove were examined (aal A. AnnexIV), as well as the features of an improved stove in need of change. More than 84% of the housewives indicated that they wish to improve their traditional stove, and their priorities for a good improved stove are, in order of importance (Table AL AMICLD): (a) charcoal savings (98% of the responses), (b) the longevity of the stove, which is approximately 9 months for the Imbabura (66%); (c) not burning the food (26%); (d) cleanliness (25%); and (e) the rapidity of cooking time (18%). 21. Approximately 16% of the sample were satisfied with their Imbabura, and did not wish to improve it. The other housewives were ready to buy a good improved stove 90% more expensive than the Imbabura (which costs on average FRw 200 for the sample of 500 households). Thanks to these field surveys, it was possible to determine the stove model best adapted to the urban Rwandan population. These surveys also allowed the pru;ect to determine the dimensions of the cooking pots most frequently used in the households in order to fix the dimensions of the stoves to be promoted. mprved Charcoal Stove and Carboization Techniques Annex It Page 37 22. Table AS shows that the diameters of the cooking pots used vary from 28 cm for the first pot, to 25 cm for the sixth. More details are given in Anne I (the frequencies, variances, etc.) on the diameters of the pots used. Most pots are made of metal, 94% for the first or second pot, and more than 65% for the third to fifth pot. About half of the sixth pots are made of clay. 23. able A6 shows that in 35% of the families, a servant does the cooking, in 30% the mother cooks, and in 27% both a servant and the mother cook. Traditional stoves are purchased at the market (62%) or directly from the metalworkers (27%). Housewives estimated that the first stove is used for about 6 hours each day and the second for 3 hours each day. Few families use a third, but those that do use one use it for about two hours. 24. able A7 shows that 87% of the families utilize charcoal for the majority of their meals which corresponds well to the responses given about the type of stove used (Table A2). About half the families possess an iron (charcoal-operated), and less than 2% heat their house. More than 90% buy charcoal by the bag and only 5% buy it by the pail or in a small quantity. As a consequence, only 9% of the households buy charcoal each day and the majority buy it once or twice a month. 25. A third (in-depth)suey conducted among 100 households taken randomly from the sample of 500 households cited above was designed to show the possibilities for increased savings to those convinced by the stove's performance and to test how best to popularize these possibilities on the one hand; and on the other hand, to sensitize the population to energy-saving cooking methods by an intensive popularization of the soaking method for dried beans and the utilization of lids for cooking pots during the entire cooking period. This method, associated with the utilization of the Rondereza stove, achieves an energy saving of more than 50%, according to the reactions given by the housewives. 26. One questionnaire allowed the project team to conclude that this method would be very well accepted by the Rwandese population if the popularization were well done, in spite of the preconceived ideas that the taste of the soaked bean differed from that of the unsoaked bean. At the time of some organized taste tests, the housewives could not distinguish the soaked beans from the unsoaked beans, whereas before they claimed to be able to tell the difference. In order to convince them, it was necessary to have them taste foods prepared in a similar manner with and without soaked beans. Moreover, it is verified that currently all these housewives apply this method of soaking the beans before cooking. 27. A fourth (uomparative study) survey was conducted among 70 households (randomly selected from among the sample of 500 households) for three weeks in order to determine, charcoal consumption in a precise maiwer, as well as the actual realizable savings from using the improved stove as compared to the traditional stove. The team of enumerators measured the charcoal used for the Rondereza stove on a daily basis during the three weeks. 28. A fifth survey was conducted to identify the form of publicity which has the most influence on the population, and to determine the popularization rate of the Rondereza stove in Kig. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex 11 Page 38 EuMI Use 29. Table 7 shows that 89% of the sample buys charcoal by the bag once or twice a month. The remainder of the households buy it daily or every other day in small quantiti.s (FRw 50 or less) or by the pail. The price of a 33-35 kg bag is FRw 600, with little variation (less than 10%) in different neighborhoods (Table8). It should be noted that the price of an improved stove is about the same as that of a bag of charcoal, and that the majority of :aouseholds buy bags at least on a monthly basis. This means that the purchase price of an improved stove is not too high in relation to the households' incomes. Table7: Charcoal Purdses section of Kigali WM= ia Nyamhraubo Rausre Cikondo Rugenge Gihogwe iryogo Nyakabanja Gitega .byth month 65 842 84 95f 18 722 17 1002 19 952 21 78X 67 85% 69 92X 17 892 bvthe week 1 1.3X 1 4.02 1 3.72 1 1.32 the WueK 1 1.32 1 1.12 1 3.72 1 1.32 .bythe day 6 7.82 2 2.3X 2 8.02 3 112 5 6.32 4 5.32 by -tthe WInth 1 1.12 .by the day 4 5.22 4 16X 1 5.0X 1 3.7X 6 7.62 1 1.32 2 112 section of Kigall total Ndera Kimthurura Kanmibe charcoel purhse the moh 14 932 14 1002 28 97X 433 89M by the week 4 .8X bvthe col t no by wthe eek 4 .8X . by the day 22 4.52 -wsait cantitv the month ~~1 .22 bythe day 1 6.72 1 3.42 21 4.32 Table: Charcoal Price Section of Kigali total "Ain I iRe mre Ieikondolmugenge|lihogwelBiryooinNyakaba|Gitepa | NIea WIK.mihurIKanO- e Charcoal price 584 585 600 602 603 S71 607 607 A 59 566 650 605 596 Improved Cbarcoal Stoves and Carbonaton Tecniques Annex 11 Page 39 Xabk. Charcoal Usage Section of Kigati Mai~Ims kyesuirauo Remera Gikondo Rugenge Oihogwe Biryogo Nyakaban3a Gitega charcoal EUSaeD vmaJorityWofmeals 7S9 87 98 18 72% 1S 8% 160 a% 23 85% 68 86% 73 97% 19 100% *specific dishes 7 28% 1 5.9% 3 15 2 7.4% 11 14% 2 2.7% t lack of *lt.o 2 7.4% tack of kerosene 1 1.3% 2 2.2X 1 5.9% 1 5. 274 charcotl iron *yes 55 71t 51 57% 15 60% 6 35X 3 15% 16 59% 43 54X 37 49% 9 47% -no 22 29% 38 43% 10 40% 11 65% 17 85% 11 41X 36 46X 38 51X 10 53% Section of Kigali total Udere Kimihurura Kanoide Charcal sus Majorityof nma 8 3 19% 8 S7% 19 66% 424 8T% * specific dishes 13 81% 4 29% 9 31% 52 11% * latk of ete. 1 3.4% 3 .6% t lack of kerosene 2 14% 7 1.4% charcoal iron -yes 4 25% 3 21% 7 24% 249 51% flno 12 75% 11 79% 22 76% 238 49% 30. The primnay utilzation of charcoal is for cooldng (although 50% of households also use charcoal-operated iron). 87% of the households indicated that they use charcoal for all the meals, 11% only use it for specific dishes and 2% use it as a reserve fuel (Iabli9). able t10 Charcoal consumption (traditional Imbabura stove) Section of Kigali total UliA ira Reera Gikondo Ruenge GIhogwe Bryogo nakabe Gitega Mdera Kimihur Kanoaie =M ~~~~~ ~~~~njas ura vaiid respowes 66 85 19 17 19 22 68 69 17 14 14 28 438 Ikg (in bes)Ufam/day 3.1 4.1 3.4 4.5 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.2 1.9 4.4 3.4 3.6 kg/person/day .#22 .668 .540 .767 .665 .536 .658 .601 .52 .331 .597 .520 .599 31. Table 10 shows household and per capita charcoal consumption in different neighborhoods, and Figure 7 shows consumption by family size. , There are important economies of scale for per capita consumption: in a family of two, the average consumption is on the order of I to 1.5 kg/person, while for a family of eight people, it is about 0.5 kg/person or three times U The figues ane supplied by the households; i nontast, Table 17 gives rigures obtained by weights and measures Improved Chaoal Stovms and Carbonizaton Techniques Annex 11 L?age 40 Figure 1 lesa Figur.7 also shows that the majority of households have a size of between 4 and 9 DAILY CHARCOAL CONSUMPTION people. The average consumption figures reesson/day respondents 0 shown In lnbIQJ1 thus incorporate the 2.5 70 household size. 60 2 '1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~40 32. Household income permitting, 30 meal preparation is generally entrusted to a servant; otherwise, the mother cooks if she is 20 not employed outside the home. TableAl in 0.5 . 10 AD shows the frequency of preparation of speific dishes. Rwandese cooking, which o12 34 5 6 7 6 9101121141512D024 is not very diversified, is composed essentially fomily size of dried beans and starches (potatoes, sweet elSP' dotp. o'0 hoetold potatoes, rice or fried manioc patties), tea, and bouillon for children in the morning. Meat and fish are only prepared two or three times a week; in contrast, vegetables are prepared 8 times a week. It is notable that banana bee-r is prepared each week just as often as meat. Meals are reheated 5 times a week, and water is heated at least once a day. 33. For the majority of families, two meals a day are prepared, at noon and in the evening, whle the morning meal consists of nothing more than tea or sorghum bouillon, reserved especially for the children. The foods prepared are almost the same in all neighborhoods. Table _ shows the frequency of preparation for different foods. Eguipment used 34. 'Me Rwandese use either clay pots or aluminum casseroles, made in Rwanda or imported from neighboring countries like Kenya or Tanzania. The diameter of the pots used varies from 14 cm to 42 cm; the most frequently used is the 28 cm, followed by the 26 cm (see TableAS). About 20% of households own a clay pot and 10% have two of them; in contrast 100% own at least two metal pots and 81% own between three and eight metal pots. 35. Able AS shows that 63% of the sample own two stoves for cooking, and that respectively 48% and 57% only use one stove at noon and in the evening. This means that more cooking is done at noon than in the evening. The implication for the dimension of improved stoves is that they must be constructed in several sizes. The project decided to promote improved stoves of 28 cn and 31 cm sizes (The dimension of the stove should be slightly larger than that of the pot (1 to 1.5 cn on each side of the pot). Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex 11 Page 41 Fedack from Longftudinal Household Tests 36. A total of 500 households in Kigali received two improved stoves t' to use during a period of six months. In the beginning, they were made aware of two things: (i) that the improved stove was made to save charcoaL and (ii) that after the trial period, they could either buy one of the stoves at a reduced price and the second at full price, or abandon their improved stoves. Table 11 indicates household responses after having tried the improved stoves for a month: 93% used them regularly, 87% had no problems, and all agreed that the improved stoves saved charcoaL It hould be noted that it was not possible to -neasure the exact savings rate during this period (this was the subject of a separate survey), although the survey gave a clear indication of householder's perceptions of savings. 37. At the end of the trial period, the performance of the improved stoves was evaluated and the same questions were posed (see aIble12). 93% of the households used their improved stoves regularly, and 96% were willing to replace them. 98% of the households verified that the improved stoves saved charcoal lble 11: Household responses after one month of usage Kigoti zone total Mih4ima Nyamira Remega clkondo Rugengse Gihogwe Biryogo iYakaba Citoga Ndera Kimlhur Kanombe Rugungs Reopoewes # 87 84 25 15 14 20 70 79 22 15 11 30 9 481 X of smple 18X 17X 52 32 3X 42 15S 162 52 32 2X 62 22 1001 used imp, stove *t es 75 80 19 15 14 10 69 78 22 15 11 29 9 446 Km 86X 952 762 1002 100X SO5 99X 992 1002 1002 100X 97X 1002 932 -no 12 4 6 10 1 1 1 35 X 14X 52 24X 502 1X 12 32 72 had proSbt -no 64 67 24 15 13 13 60 77 22 15 10 28 9 417 2 742 80X 96% 1002 93X 652 862 97X 1002 1002 912 932 1002 872 -some 22 16 1 1 7 10 2 1 2 62 X 252 192 42 7X 352 142 32 92 7? 132 *many 1 1 2 2 1 12 02 sayings ln d :oaaL s tes In as 84 25 15 14 20 70 79 22 i5 11 30 9 479 X 98X 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 100: 1002 -no 2 2 X 0X 2X I One of each size or two identicl, depending on the choice of the household Improved Charcoal Stova and Cabonlatlon Tlchques Annex 11 Page 42 Tabl 12: Household responses after the trial period section of Kigati Nuhim Nyamiranbo Remara Gikondo Gihogwe Siryogo kyakabenda Gitega Kimihurura Kanom be used la. eNv -yes 58 85 86 96 22 88X 15 1002 9 902 22 88 66 96X 62 95X 19 952 10 r1o 10 152 4 4.4X 3 12X 1 102 3 122 3 4.3X 3 4.62 1 5.02 4 verififed a nYe$ 62 91X 90100 25 1002 15 1002 10 1002 25 100X 69 1002 64 982 20 1002 13 - no 6 8.82 1 1.52 nurt stowe -*an i .stv 59 88 90 1002 25 1002 14 932 10 1002 25 1OO0 68 9 63 98X 15 752 14 -enlirbabura 8 12X I I _ 1 6.72 I _ 1 1.42 1 1.6X 5 25X Section of Kigali total Karem 11 12 9 X be used fop. stv. usyes 712 10 lOO1 31 972 410 93X -no 29X 13.12 33 7.42 verified a savioga - yes 932 10 1002 32 1002 435 98X * no 7.1X 8 1.82 next stwe an kp..stv. 100X 10 1002 31 97X 424 962 ani debura 13.1 17 3.9X 38. Iable1 shows the most important characteristics of the improved stove used and their relative importance. It not only the financial aspects of utilization (charcoal savings, length of lifetime, solidity) are taken into account, but also factors such as balance, mobility, cleanliness, speed, avoidanc.; of burning food, lack of surveillance, modernity and beauty). 39. Table 14 presents users' suggestions for enhancing the improved stoves. 45% (less tha halt) indicated that they wished to see improvements; to be more precise, 54% indicated a desire for more solid cooking pot stands, 30% wanted a more solid grate, and 13% a multi-stove with 2-3 burners like electric and gas stoves. The project took note of these observations and asked the quality controller to resolve the first two problems. He urged the metalworkers to use better- quality steel for the cookpot stands and grates. Improved Charcoal Stoves and CairboziZation Techiques Annex II Page 43 ablt13: The most Important aspects of an improved stove Section of Kigali total N&Aima I lra Romprs G1kondo Gihogpe Biryogo Nyakabe Gitega Kimihur KanoMbe 11 12 nda _ ura pesponses 68 90 25 15 10 2S 69 65 20 14 10 32 443 ¢harcoal savings 65 90 24 IS 10 25 68 61 19 14 10 32 433 balance 63 87 25 14 10 25 64 54 20 13 6 28 409 mobility 55 87 25 14 7 24 63 56 20 9 10 22 392 modernism 61 89 7 IS 9 24 62 53 5 13 9 26 373 cleanliness 56 86 25 15 8 23 S9 52 17 7 1 17 366 beauty 46 83 24 13 6 20 57 49 17 10 17 342 speed 38 77 25 14 6 13 xi 51 15 4 1 6 301 food waste 45 61 3 9 8 16 33 27 6 4 10 12 234 lack of surve Illane 25 68 12 6 18 41 23 1 3 2 2 201 solidity 24 41 21 10 4 8 25 31 10 10 14 198 lenoth ofltife 15 44 22 10 6 11134 26 11 1 7 187 Table 14: Aspects of Improved stoves to correct section of Kigali N&Aims Nyami rambo I Reaura I Gikondo Gihogiae Bir o Nyakabanda Gitega Kimihurura Kanrm further aprove stove -yes 57 84% 53 59% 1 4.0% 5 33% 3 30% 24 96% 9 13% 12 19% 8 40% S *no 11 16% 37 41% 24 96 10 67% 7 70% 1 4.0% 60 87% 50 79% 12 60% 9 Siuggestionas * more solid grilL 1526% 2 47% 2 40% 1 4.2% 1 11% 6 50% 5 63% 1 * more solid cook stand 33 58% 22 39% 3 60 2 67X 20 83% 8 89 4 33% 3 38% 1 - multi-stove (2 3) 9 I" 6 11 1100% 1 33% 3 13 2 17% 1 -multi-pot 1 .8 -other I1 - other 2 1 1.8X nine for lop. sta -Rudere2a j 6 100% 25 93% 11 100% 2 100 3 100% 14 82% 1 - Ziganyn 1 3.7% 3 18X *Kijyuatr 1 3.7% section of Kigali total Kanam 11 12 1 further llpeov stew ys1 36% 10 100% 12 40% 199 45% no 64% 18 60% 239 54% Sugestias * more solid grill 20% 1 10% 2 17% 61 30X% - more solid cook stand 20% 9 90% 5 42% 110 54% - multi-stove (2 . 3) 20% 4 33% 27 13% mutti-pot 20% 2 1.0% |other 1 20% 1 8.3% 2 1.0% -other 2 1.5% Ir for imp. a II -Rondereza 100% 1 50% 63 91% ZI sr" 1 50% 57.2X MY=Rre | l l 11.4X Improved charol Stoves and Cairboniation Tecques Anne 11 Page 44 Tabt1e: The Improved stove user section of Kigali "Aims Nyanf rambo Remera Gikondo |ihogue Biryogo yakabebda d Otega Kimihurura Kenom U % % % U chof of I - LI 2..1± ± - mother 55 82X 83 23 96% 12 80% 9 90X 23 92 48 70% 57 89M 15 75% 14 - husband M 116% 6 6.?% 1 4.2% 3 20% i 10% 2 8.0% 4 72S% 7 11% 5 25% *servant I .5 4 5.8% areno nigbows interested? yes 45 66% 74 84% 25 100% 14 93% 8 80% 23 92X 55 81% 55 86% 11 55% 11 * no 23 34% 14 16% 1 6.7% 2 20% 2 8.0% 13 19X 9 14% 9 45% 3 section of Kigati total Kanom 11 12 # % be % U % U % choice of stove - mother 100% 10 100% 30 97% 379 87% - husband 1 3.2% 54 12% - servant 5 1.1% are nmfohbosm interestel yes 79% 10 100% 28 9fX% 359 82X no 21% I 3 39.7% 1 79 18% 40. As Table 1 shows, women choose stoves 87% of the time and men only 12%, thus publicity efforts need to be addressed to women. In 80% of the cases neighbors discuss improved stoves with each other. Improved Stove Production/Artisanal Metalworker Training 41. A technician specialized in improved stove fabrication, visited Rwanda to identify a number of improved stove models (Kigali-haut, Kigali-bas) and to launch initial production by giving basic technical training to the artisans. Negotiations were undertaken with the metalworkers of the KORA Association which encompasses many artisans under the framework of BIT. A consensus was reached during these negotiations on prices and production time. Some of the Kigali-bas and Kigali-haut improved stove units were produced by these artisans under the supervision of the specialist stove consultant. 42. The first units delivered to the project were produced following the quality standards and measures specified by the specalist stove consultant. Unfortunately, the orders which followed were not honored, delivery dates were not respected, and serious defects in the products obligated the project to refuse a delivery of more than a hundred stoves. The project was forced to search for artisans outside the KORA association. Improved Cbarcoa Stoves and Carbonltion Techniques Annex ll Page 45 43. Fortunately, it proved possible to identify other metalworkers who were more cooperative. They received basic training on the dimensions and style of the improved stoves, the use of templates, and the quality of metal to use for each part of the stove. In two years (April 1988 - April 1990), the number of project metalworkers increased from 4 to 50, which is judged to be sufficient for self-management of production and sales of improved stoves in Kigali. These groupings are situated in several zones of the urban area as is indicated in Table 16 below: Table 16: Trained Metalworkers, 1989 grouping of Gikondo 17 grouping of Gitikinyoni 7 grouping of Nyamirambo 7 grouping of Gakinjiro 10 grouping of Kicukiro 9 44. Total charcoal consumption in Kigali is approximately 40,000 tonnes/yr. This is to say that there are about 60,500 charcoal stoves in Kigali with a daily consumption of 533 grammes per person, an average of 6.3 people per household, and 2 stoves per household i/. If the lifetime of an improved stove is 30 months, the monthly sales of improved stoves would be of the order of about 3400 (2000). le 17 shows daily and monthly production capacity of artisans with different skills levels and indicates that potential production could match estimated sales. la 17: Improved Stoves Production in Kigali goup of artisans according to their production eapacity total certified I/ non-certified high medium low number of artisans 66 50 16 20 28 18 iqp. stts./day 186 150 36 6 2.5 2 imp. stvs./month 3348 2700 648 1440 1260 648 1J/ A certified artisan is trained by the project; non-certified are self-taught. / juc: MINTRAPE suveys/ESMAP miscellaneous sowces Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex 11 Page 46 45. Artisans were trained by project personnel. Initial meetings were held witn metalworkers at project headquarters, during which they were invited to collaborate with the project on objective, namely combatting the deforestation of the country. In Rwanda, it is essential that the worker himself be convinced of the benefits of his work from the point of view basic values as well as personal finances. This also helps to validate his work, instead of disregarding it, and gives him back his pride. 46. In addition, participants convinced of the stove's performance in terms of energy savings can serve as an example in their community and help promote the project. Hence, an agreement was drafted between the project and the metalworkers in the following terms: A metalworker who undertakes to produce improved stoves simultaneously agrees not to produce traditional stoves any more and to use an improved stove at home. Only on this condition will the project support him and buy his production during the early stages of the agreement. After some time, he should be able to manage his own business and find a retailer for this improved stoves. 47. Practicing with improved stoves templates took place in informal sessions at the time of the meetings. Each metalworker received a template in 4 pieces: comprising the external structure, the interior conical piece, the grill and the door. The templates proved helpful in saving raw materials and in demonstrating exact stove measurements. 48. Later, during the publicity phase, the project promoted the concept of 'approved metalworkers"; artisans who had produced high quality improved stoves of a high quality received a 'Metalworker's Certificate" as identification and proof of their skills. Supply of Raw Materials 49. The project encouraged and strengthened the capacities and initiative of metalworkers to investigate raw materials sources for themselves, making it effectively their responsibility to obtain the required scrap metal. If necessary, however, the project introduced them to high quality raw materials enterprises. This was the case with TOLIRWA (metal producer) and with ONATRACOM (National Office of Public Transport). 50. Up until the present time, there has been no real shortage of scrap metal supply. This may reflect the fact that scrap metal prices (FRw 750-800 for a barrel of 200 liters) are higher there than elsewhere (for example, in Burundi: FBu 525/barrel E/). Sales and Transport of Output 51. In order to encourage metalworkers to make improved stoves, the project began by buying their entire production no matter what quantity they produced, and reselling it through the intermediary sales outlets supervised by the project. The quality of improved stoves was FRw 773 1 USS (April '90); FBu 180 1 US$ (Apri l90). Improved Charcoal Stoves and CarbonIztoon Techniques Annex 11 Page 47 rigorously supervised by the project, however, and all stoves not meeting the level of quality desired were rejected. In order to encourage the producers in the beginning of the commercialization process, the project assured the transport of merchandise from points-of. production to sales outlets. These responsibilities were delegated little by little to the private sector. By the end of the project those merchants and producers possessing a means of transport went themselves to look for stoves at the pioduction and sale sites. 52. By the end of the March 1990, the project had succeeded in motivating the metahvorkers to commercialize production; the latter began to deliver stoves directly to merchants or to sell them on their own premises. In both cases, demand is now greater than supply, so much so that metalworkers have no problem selling their production. The project team sold improved stoves only during the very beginning of the project, transferring this responsibility to the private sector as rapidly as possible. Quality Control of Produced Stoves 53. As soon as the volume of sales of the improved stoves became substantial, a quality controller was hired. His principal role was to be the intermediary between the metalworkers and the sales outlet. He had two functions; one was to assure the quality of the improved stoves, and the other was to facilitate commercialization of improved stoves. 54. At the quality control level} his tasks were to: (i) train a minimum of 30 metalworkers in the production of improved stoves in the urban zone of Kigali, (ii) develop training materials for metalworkers' groups, (iii) study the possibilities for modifying the structure of improved stoves, without changing the model, in order to make them more solid and acceptable to users, and (d) implement methods for testing the acceptability and longevity of improved stoves in the field. 55. For the commercialization of improved stoves, he had 3 essential tasks, namely: (i) to determine sources for raw materials and set up, with the help of the project and MINITRAPE, supply facilities for metalworkers; (ii) to establish at least 8 sales outlets functioning autonomously in the urban zone of Kigali, and eventually in secondary cities; and (iii) to determine acceptable production and sale prices of improved stoves. 56. The interaction of the quality controller was temporary since the ultimate quality controller is in fact the consumer at the household level: she should be aware of all features of the stove and know what is important for the determination of the stove's quality. The publicity campaign which was executed during the course of the project emphasized this by educating the (potential) consumer. 57. There were three types of sales during the project (see Figre 3.2 Ch.III): (i) sales by the project, which included the improved stoves used for tests in each household. (During the national commercial exposition in the month of August 1989, 800 improved stoves were sold. Improved Charcoal Stwes and Carbonization Techniques Annex ll Page 48 A little while later, these sales diminished and eventually stopped altogether); (ii) sales made by the quality controler, the intermediary between metalworkers and private sales outlets. (This was the first effort to privatize the sales of improved stoves and it is noteworthy that these sales occurred after the sales made by the project b?lt that they increased by December 31, 1990; (iii) sales made by the private sector which, on its own initiative, produces and sells improved stoves. This type of sale is the most important for the continuation of production and sales after the end of the project (see Eigure 3.3. Chapter III). These sellers were sensitized to the fact that it is more profitable to sell improved stoves than the Imbabura, and that the former is not only superior to the Imbabura, but also has a larger market as well. 58. In fact, this third type of sale greatly exceeded the sales of the other two types: in the month of April 1990, these sales were estimated to be about 1000 improved stoves per month; in the month of July these "autonomous" sales were estimated at 1300 improved stoves. Thus, it seems that the private sector is quite accustomed to the popularization of improved stoves in Kigali (see Figure 3.4. Chapter III). 59. In the context of promoting privatization, the project judged it opportune to organize sales in collaboration with merchants in order to integrate the Rondereza improved stove into other commercializable commodities. To distribute the stove, the project opened a first sales outlet. In a highly frequented location, close to the central market of Kigali. 60. Initial progress was slow; several merchants categorically refused to stock and display the Rondereza, judging it unworthy of their store because the traditional Imbabura stove is a much scorned commodity. Some said it was impossible to guarantee sales of the Rondereza because of their already busy sales activities and very limited personnel. Finally, a merchant agreed not to sell stoves, but to loan the project his shop in exchange for a commission of FRw 50 per Rondereza sold. The project was obliged to station two enumerators there for a period of six months. This first sales outlet consisted of: (a) a display of stoves of two different sizes allowing passers-by to become familiar with the Rondereza stove; (b) a publicity poster emphasizing the basis value of the stove, namely its capacity to save energy and inviting the public to use it; (c) a supply of stoves made available by the project in order to have a reserve for sales; (d) a manual for each buyer, popularizing energy-saving cooking methods and inviting those who purchase a stove to save wood, and a Rondereza sticker applied to each stove; and (e) the enumerators, who promoted and explained the qualities of the Rondereza stove. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex 11 Page 49 61. Gradually, as the project sold stoves, merchants began to be interested in selling them commercially, because they could observe the turnover, which was considerable given that the stove was new on the market. This fist sales outlet allowed the project to implement a system of organization for sales and supply which was applied to other sales outlets. Currently, 26 sales outlets in 13 different neighborhoods of the city have participated in project activities. 62. During the pre-commercialization period, the quality control intermediary, orders and buys stoves from producers. It transports them to sales outlets on the basis of a delivery schedule signed by the retailer and the quality controller. One copy is left with the retailer, while another is kept by the project. A small stock card is filled out in duplicate to verify each sale; one copy is kept at the sales outlet, the other is given to the project. Deliveries never exceed 20 stoves, the second delivery being dependent on the reimbursement of the proceeds of sales of the preceding delivery, with the understanding that the seller collects a commission of 50 frw per stove sold. 63. Some metalworkers became both producers and sellers, such as the group in Gikondo who reported selling 70 stoves a week (1990) and the one in Nyamirambo which reported 30 or more sales. The important role that the project plays in all these sales outlets is that of quality control. Sales outlets can only sell stoves approved by the project on which an orange 'Rondereza" label is applied in a highly visible manner, and which are sold with a manual for each buyer. These two elements serve as proof that the stove was supervised by the project. Radio spots informing the public about the supervision process were broadcast several times. Street vendors having no connection to the project at all are also observed selling Rondereza at the markets and in the streets of the city, which is proof that the Rondereza is well known today by the population and the artisans. 64. The metalworkers of the artisans' Association, KORA, and some merchants who were initially hesitant about the project have taken up production and sale of Rondereza stoves after they saw the results of the Rondereza Day. Record sales was recorded at one merchant's in the center of the city: 350 stoves sold during the months of November and December 1990 or an average of 175 stoves per month. The sales tables at project supervised sales outlets also show an increase in sales during the months of February and March at the time of the radio spots. Sales are generally made during the first and last weeks of the month, to coincide with pay periods (see Figure 3.4. Chapter III for accumulated sales). 65. The Rondereza is now sold in the largest department stores of Kigali and two other in the center of Kigali are interested in the purchase and sale of the Rondereza which buy its stoves from the producers and ask the quality controller to check the quality of the stoves purchased. A Rondereza ticket is applied to conirtm the quality of the stove. 66. The first sales outlet, which at the beginning was managed by the project's enumerators, was transferred to the store's proprietor. Today, he organizes his own supplies and sells through his own personnel, accepting the quality control provided by the project. Improved Cbarcol Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex It Page 50 67. The second sales outlet is a large household commodities store where modern household commodities from cups to electric ranges can be found. On his own initiative, the merchant installed the Rondereza stove among these commodities and accepted project quality controL The sales outlet opened by the project at the Nyamirambo market functions in an autonomous ishion today. Aside from these two large stores, small food stores also sell Ronderezas. Qaxaoal Sayg 68. In order to verify household responses on charcoal savings, two samples of 40 households were visited during two weeks in order to weigh daily charcoal consumption. The households in one sample used the Imbabura, and the other used the Rondereza. As can be seen in Table 18 below, the average number of people (consumers) per household was about the same (5.98 vs. 5.86 respectively for the Imbabura and the Rondereza). The savings realized was on the order of 35% in the field (compared to 39% in the laboratory). These results tally quite well and are within the margin of error for this type of measurements. Tabs 1I Charcoal Consumption _eighborhood Nhima Wani ranmbo Remera Gikondo Rugenge Kimihurur a Imbatura Rondereza Imbabura Rondereza imbebura Rondereza Imbabura Rondereza lInabura Rondereza Imbebura kg/person/day .516 .360 .648 .425 .669 .430 .167 .246 .380 .262 .417 Uof people 6.3 4.9 6.4 6.8 4.8 3.6 6.0 S.0 6.5 6.5 5.0 _. ~~Neighborhood Total Kimihurur a Rondereza Imbabura Rondereza kg/person/day .168 .533 .330 # of people 6.4 5.98 5.86 Imprved Charcol Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex ll Page 51 Ihe Pulicity/Marketing/Sensitization Campaign 69. A marketing/publicity campaign was conducted to sensitize the urbant population to the qualities of the Rondereza stove and its utilization. The activities conducted were as follows: (a) sensitization of the population to household energy savings in public or private establishments by cooking demonstrations and/or discussions on the existence and qualities of the Rondereza stove. (b) launching of radio spots describing the qualities of the Rondereza stove and inviting the population to save charcoal (At this time, Rwanda has only radio and newspaper media). (c) project participation of the project in several sales/expositions in otder to promote the Rondereza, notably the forestry exposition which was held from October 11-16, 1988; the artisanal exposition from July 3-6, 1989; and the commercial exposition from August 2-9, 1989. By invitation of the General Director of Energy, the project coordinator presented the project at the 'Women and Household Energy" conference in Butare in the framework of international women's week, where the majority of the audience of more than 200 people was composed of women. Improved stoves models were on display and cooking demonstrations were made. (d) also during International Women's Week, the project participated in a sales exposition which took place from March 8-10, at the invitation of URAMA. (e) the project also participated in the national exposition of 1990 which took place in Butare. In line with the objective of improved stoves popularization in the country's secondary cities, the inhabitants of Butare were thus informed of the existence of the Rondereza and available sales outlets in Butare. (f) the project occupied a stand and displayed the Rondereza stoves at the time of the first international faire for the protection of gorillas organized in Kigali during the second half of August 1989. The stand was open to all of the country's inhabitants. (g) for the marketing of the Rondereza stove, the project invited, in rotation, 4 popular radio journalists who also visited several households in the field. The testimonies of stove users were transmitted on national radio. (h) in the framework of MINITRAPE's radio information program, which airs every Sunday, the project took part in three broadcasts. This allowed the project to explain its objectives to the public, as well as explain the need for improved stoves. It invited the Rwandese to become conscious of the gravity of the energy situation in Rwanda on the one hand, and to seek out and/or adopt energy saving methods, notably improved stoves on the other hand. Improved Charcoal Stoves and ization Technques Annex 11 Page 52 (i) advertising messages were diffused in the city by loud-speakers, sensitizing the population to energy-saving and the use of the Rondereza stove, and identifying the different sales outlet locations. (j) four billboards, evidencing the savings realized by the Rondereza stove and the waste of the traditional stove, were set up in locations frequented by the public. (k) miniature Ronderezas, serving as ashtrays, were distributed in public places such as hotels, airports, waiting rooms, restaurants, bars, etc. (1) posters, indicating the sales outlets for the stoves, were also hung in highly frequented places such as ministries, health centers, hospitals, schools, bars, restaurants, etc. (m) to complete this publicity campaign, the project organized a "Rondereza Day' at the regional stadium of Nyamirambo under the patronage of the Ministry of Public Works, Energy, and Water. 70. The Rondereza Day was successful and the Secretary-General, the Director-General of Energy and the Directors of Utilization, Execution and Programming of Projects, as well as the Chief of the New and Renewable Energy Division, and the directing official of the project were present. The meeting was inaugurated with a speech given by the Director-General of Energy, inviting the population not only to be conscious of the energy problem, but to utilize energy in a rational manner. Later on, the Secretary-General also gave a speech. 71. To enliven this day, several groups of musicians and acrobats were invited. A cooking competition based on selected criteria, and a Rondereza production cumpetition was organized. This demonstration Nas very successful, with an audience of more than 20,000 people; several local authorities honored it with their presence. The results were surprising, especially because of the radio spots; there's no doubt that the majority of the Rwandese have heard about the Rondereza, with the result that shortly afterwards demand outstripped supply. The producers now work without respite, but are unable to satisfy the demand. While there was a problem with overstocking at one time, the situation has now reversed itself in spite of the increase in production. Organization of Improved Stove Production After the Project 72. In the past, metalworkers and street merchants were szorned. Project support for these groups has allowed them to raise their status as well as improve their working methods. Before the project, metalworkers had tended to work individually; the project has motivated them to band together into work groups managed by the most competent among them. The supervisor of such a group deals directly with the project, fulflls orders, organizes the search for raw materials and organizes the team. Several of these units function today along the lines of a commercial small enterprise. Improwd Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex II Page 53 73. Traditionally, the metalworker himself cut and assembled all the pieces of the stove. The project has shown metalworkers the usefulness of assembly-line production, with work shared among the group, which allows for speedier stove production. One metalworker deals solely with the exterior structure, another with the conical part, a third with the grills, while the others assemble the different parts; in this way, the metalworker manages to produce 8 stoves a day instead of 4 doubling his former output: a very proficient metalworker can produce as many as 10 stoves per day. 74. The most capable metalworkers received a certificate from the project attesting to their capabilities as Rondereza producers. This certificate allows them to establish linkages with merchants and to survey the market. It provides security for the metalworker, in as much as it is comparable to a professional certificate and allows him, if he wishes, to open a sales outlet through the project, with the label and sign of the Rondereza. This allows him to increase his benefits by selling stoves at the same price as that charged by a store. 75. The objective of training the artisans was reached: today, the project has trained 52 metalworkers, a number judged sufficient for supplying the city of Kigali even if all households use improved stoves exclusively. Metalworkers not trained by the project, whose numbers are difficult to establish, also exist in Kigali. Plagiarized stoves can be found for sale in most neighborhood markets, proving that project-based training can be replicated. 76. In order to avoid making producers dependent on the project for research and raw materials, it is important that metalworkers manage their own stove production. Metalworkers often complain about the scarcity of raw materials, and raw materials procurement is a genuine problem; on the other hand, producers can overcome this and other difficulties provided they are assured of a profitable sale price for their output. 77. By the end of the project (see note to para 4.1), relations between metalworker- suppliers and merchants were reasonably well established, although not all suppliers were yet linked with a merchant. It was therefore decided that the project should be prolonged for a transitional phase of six months in order to allow the consolidation of this distribution network and to implement quality control Arrangements without which the consumer would risk being disappointed by a bad product and reverting to the use of a traditioikal stove. 78. The project incorporates some preparatory actions for privatization, notably: (a) The project encourages metalworkers to sell Ronderezas themselves, affixing stickers on a certain number of qualit-controlled Ronderezas, which the metalworkers then sell; metalworkers are also provided with improved stoves manuals for point-of-sale distribution as well as a poster indicating that this production site is at the same time a sales outlet. (b) The sales outlets which organize their own supplies are subject to project quality control and also receive manuals and stickers. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex II Page 54 (c) The project has established a list of qualified metalworkers which it gave to merchants interested in selling the stove. (d) Meetings with metalworkers are held regularly at project headquarters with the goal of encouraging Rondereza production and obtaining information on metalworkers' problems and needs in order to be able to help them effectively and maintain good relations with them. (e) The quality controller was hired on the basis that he would pursue the commercialization aspects of the project, notably while the project is phased out. 79. The project's approach to quality control appears to have worked well. In fact, by using a quality controller, it was possible to have him start building a commercial sales network while also training him in a supervisory capacity and of familiarizing him with the world of so-called 'informal sectore artisans. The individual concerned was selected because he is a training technician and has a workshop in electrical materials. Thus he is already part of the commercial enterprise structure. Since he was very interested in pursuing project-based activities and well versed in quality control, he was able to develop an autonomous operation of his own. Initially, the project gave him a revolving fund and use of a means of transportation. After a period of one year, he had reimbursed this money and became capable of transporting stoves to outlets himself. Project Justification 80. The introduction of a new stove model which requires changes in habits acquired during many years by an entire population normally requires promotion, tine, and labor. Since the first year of the project was reserved for identification of a good improved stove model acceptable to the population, and for undertaking a study of cooking practices and utensils, only one year was available for the popularization of the selected stove. This time period was very short, given the need to change the behavior of both consumers and producers. However, the project demonstrated the feasibility of engineering such a change within this short timeframe, although production and sales accelerated substantially later, ie. after the project had transferred responsibility for implementation to the private sector. 81. Some lessons from the Project. In general, an improved stoves project should be pursued until: (a) producers acquire and master the production methods required; they should be comfortable with their work, produce high quality work, and maximize their yield; (b) consumers are convinced of the product's quality and know the essential characteristics of a good improved stove, so that they themselves become quality controller themselves in the market; and (c) the distribution network can be completely autonomous, soundly based, and integrated into the already-existing commercial networks. lmprwied Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex 11 Page 55 82. It was shown to be very important under Rwandese conditions that the producer, distributor, and consumer be conscious that the success of commercialization depends on them and that the improved stove will be both practical and economically beneficial for them. Thus, once the project had reasonable price structure all participants had something to gain - i.e. for the producer a higher income while practicing a more respected profession than that of the Imbabura metalworkers; for the distnbutor/seller, a substantially better profit margin than for the Imbabura stove; for the consumer, the possibility of investment payoff in less than a month, combined with the opportunity to modernize equipment and obtain an improvement in cooking convenience. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonizatdon Techniques Annex 1II Page S6 Annex III: Improved Carbonization Techniques Intrduction 1. Rwanda, having practically no other energy resources, must satisfy almost all of the energy needs of its 7.1 million inhabitants with biomass fuels. The forestry sector is far and away the principal supplier of energy for the country's economy because it assures the supply of about 95% of the energy consumed in Rwanda. The largest quantity is consumed in the form of woodfuel for household consumption in rural areas and although charcoal only represents about 16% of national annual woodfuel consumption, it is utilized by more than 85% of Kigali's households for their cooking needs. Charcoal only represents a small part of total biomass consumption, but constitutes one of the principal causes of deforestation, because of the felling of large numbers of trees for carbonization purposes. 2. In order to mitigate this difficult situation, the Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) designed the present project to diffuse improved carbonization techniques that greatly reduce the use of wood used for charcoal production. The project includes the following activities: (a) training of trairers and charcoalers in improved carbonization techniques; (b) participation in the conception and launching of a public awareness campaign about proper management and utilization of small forest perimeters, based on community development and radio broadcast support designed to reach private proprietors who ensure the essential supply of charcoal; (c) execution of studies to define the actual charcoaling situation, and potential measures to improve on it, such as wood pricing policy, charcoal taxation policy, etc. 3. If charcoalers were to pay the real cost of wood, charcoal would clearly be out of reach of all except perhaps the upper echelon of society: households do not pay for the total costs of the fuel they consume. Prior to 1987, most of the charcoal stemmed from South and East of the country where whole regions were stripped of its natural wood resources. Charcoal use in the capital was heavily subsidized in the sense that users did not pay the full cost of charcoal production, particularly the value of trees used for producing charcoal and environmental damages incurred in rural charcoal producing areas. Currently, the new charcoalers of the Southwest and West subsidize the user in the capital by sales of wood obtained from their plantations or purchased from their neighbors. In the working environment of these charcoalers, plantation wood used for charcoal production is valued at a very low price (less than 200 Frw per stere in the Gikongoro area), well below the official price for woodfuel (fixed at 500 Frw per stere). 4. The project found that improving the carbcnization yield would make it possible to value plantation wood at a level higher than its renewal cost. The project therefore proposed Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonhation Techniques Annex III Page 57 revising the official price to a level reflecting actual market conditions and differentiating between eucalyptus and pine wood destined for carbonization. 5. This report also summarizes the arguments for a charcoal tax designed to encourage local communities to take the necessary measures to modernize charcoal production in public and private plantations. The tax proposal is based on the establishment of a transport system which permits identification and taxation of each individual shipment. Localization of the Charcal Produiction Zones 6. Until 1987, charcoal production was concentrated in the newly-colonized land zones gained from the savannah: the sub-prefecture of Bugesera, to the south of Kigali, in the 70's; and for some years the Prefecture of Kibungo, in the south-east of the country. In 1985, most charcoal originated in Bugesera, but in 1986, the region of Kibungo, and notably the zones close to Lake Nasho. 7. At the beginning of 1987, in order to avoid irreversible degradation of these wooded savannah formations, the East were forbidden for charcoal utilization by the DGF and an awareness/sensitization campaign was launched so that charcoalers in the east of the country would stop charcoal production, a development that was to be verified by local community authorities. Transport permits for the east of the country were suspended, and transporters and charcoalers in the West of the country were invited to commercialize chuarcoal production. These measures changed, charcoal supply conditions for the city of Kigali, involving new production areas and settlements, carbonization of new species, new production sales networks and participants (see ITabl 1 for the location of production zones, and a distribution of plantation vs natural forest wood). 8. Restrictions on charcoal production in the East produced some dispersion of supply areas and obliged transporters to obtain charcoal from relatively distant or inaccessib.e areas. The new specific new areas designated for charcoalers are the following: (a) the Gikongoro prefecture (accounting for 55% of the charcoal arriving in Kigali in 1987 at later) in the South-west of the country, and notably four communities situated at the border of the Burundi frontier; (the communities of Nshili, Rwamiko, Kivu and Mubuga), which account for 40% of the supply of the capital; (b) the Kibuye prefecture (18% of Kigali's charcoal), to the East of the capital and notably the communities of Mwedo and Gisowu; (c) the Kibungo prefecture, which in spite of the restrictions still furnishes a little charcoal to the capital (16% of the total); (d) some areas closer to the capital, in the prefectures of Kigali itself, from Gitarama in the west and from Byumba in the north (a total of close to 10% of the charcoal); and (e) finally, a minimal part is reputed to come from Tanzania. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carboniaton Tecniques Annex III Page 58 Ile 1: Zoones of Origin for Charcoal sold In KlgalH In 1987 Prefecture Viltage charcoal X number of bags vans Origin of wood produced of year week /day natural planta- tome/year total forest tion GIKONGORO: NSHILt 4534 16.7X 122527 2356 6 1X 99X RWANIKO 2333 8.6" 63053 1213 3 2X 98X KIVU 2171 8.0X 58680 1128 3 0X 100X NUBUGA 1774 6.5X 47946 922 2 2X 98X KINYAIAKARA 762 2.8K 20594 396 1 0X 100% NUDASONWA 530 2.0X 14312 275 1 0X 100% NYAMAGABE 171 0.6X 4612 89 0 0X 100O other 2668 9.8X 72117 1387 3 21K 79X S/TOTAL 14942 55.1K 403840 7766 18 KIWYE: MUENDO 809 3.0X 21866 420 1 29X 71% GISOWU 721 2.7X 19480 375 1 18K 82X NABANZA 26 0.1X 716 14 0 0X 100X KIVUMU 26 0.1X 716 14 0 0X 10K other 3254 12.0X 87940 1691 4 11 89X S/TOTAL 4837 17.8X 130717 2514 6 KIBUNGO: MASHO 671 2.5X 18129 349 1 78X 22K SAKE 585 2.2X 15823 304 1 0X 100% RUKARA 535 2.0X 14471 278 1 17X 83% RUKIRA 397 1.5X 10734 206 0 87K 13K RUSUMO 15 0.1K 398 8 0 44K 56X other 2174 8.0X 58759 1130 3 52X 48X S/TOTAL 4378 16.1X 118313 2275 5 KIGALI : SHYORONGI 771 2.8X 20832 401 1 0X 100X NUGAMBAZI 509 1.9X 13756 265 1 0X 100X RUTUNGO 224 0.8X 6043 116 0 0X 100X S/TOTAL 1503 5.5K L0630 781 2 GITARAMl : NYABIKENKE 5j6 2.1K 15028 289 1 0X 100O N.D. 382 1.4K 10337 199 0 0X 100% S/TOTAL 938 3.5K 25364 488 1 0X 100O SiAUIsA : S/TOTAL 71 0.3X 1908 37 0 0X 100X (TANZANIA) : S/TOTAL 453 1.7X 12245 235 1 TOTAL 27122 100.0X 733018 14096 34 15K a5K S e: Secteur Charbonnier" Study, 1987 Source: Nission survey of 192 charcoal retailers in Kigali (October 1987) Figures reproduced on the basis of the 1985 census (263 retalters identified) Improved Chareal Stoves and Carbonization Tecbhlques Annex 1II Page 59 9. Why are these new areas principally located in Gikongoro and to a lesser extent Klbuye? Several reasons can be given, none of which is convincing, as follows: (a) favorable resource conditions: the Gikongoro prefecture is well-stocked in woods, but the differences between prefectures do not appear to be decisive; (b) a vety limited u. non-existent solvent timber or woodfuel market resulting in low wood prices, but here again however, other regions face similar problems; (c) a very limited tradition of charcoal production for the county seats of the Kibuye, Butare or Gikongoro prefectures; (d) existing commercial channels with privileged exchange links (for example an agricultural products network) or incorporating return freight traffic (transport of cement or linens from the capital toward the regions). 10. On balance, it appears that the decision of the authorities to orient charcoal operations toward these zones, is based more on hopes that a market for the wood of the domanial plantations of Crete Zaire Nil will open progressively. Tes of wood utilized 11. This zone restriction has also deprived charcoalers and transporters of access to the largest part of the natural forestry resources of the savannah. Thus, they have for the most part turned towards another category of resources for plantation wood: Acacia mearnsii (black Wattle), Acacia melanpolon and especially Eucalyptus. Table 2 above depicts the type of wood utilized for carbonization according to origin: 85% comes from plantations; other than loads smuggled in from the east, very little natural forest wood is used.. 12. This represents a fundamental redirection for the charcoal sector away from utilization of supposedly un!' ited resources which in principle are parcels owned by no-one and towards reliance on a proprietor who has decided to capitalize on the wood of his plantation in one form or another. This also means that a new product is guaranteed to be sold to the consumer, i.e., eucalyptus charcoal, which now constitutes the essential base of commerce for retailers in Kigali, is lighter, and less resistent to fire than natural-wood charcoal. 13. Thus, charcoal production has evolved, to the point where the wood used comes from the charcoaler's plantation or is bought from a neighbor instead of cut (without charge) from the natural resource base. Plantations are usually exploited by clear cutting or by harvesting, and less often by thinning of the standing stock (especially in domanial forests). This means that in the communities where project-supported training courses took place, the charcoalers always have a tendency to make use of the community and domanial woods, instead of the private woods, in order to be able to assure a sustained production. Improved Chmoal Stoves and CarbonIzation Techniques Annex III Page 60 New jnterve parties 14. Until 1987, charcoaling involved carbonization of cleared woodland only, in conjunction with settlement of new land. While individuals undertook (sometimes annual) charcoaling in the savannah to obtain the profits generated by charcoal production, this was basically a neighborhood activity. Neither time, resources, or volume of activity are efficient to support genuine profession of full-time charcoalers who would go from one zone or prefecture to another to practice their trade. Even in the new production zones, local communities themselves tend to handle carbonization of wood from their own plantations; charcoal production is an agricultural activity for which most owners of wood do not currently seek outside labor. 15. The commercial channels for charcoal collection and transport were also modified by the zone changes. This is true notably in "minority' supply zones, such as the Kibuye region, where the collection and transport of charcoal to Kigali is largely undertaken by local merchants, who have made this activity a means to make their trips to Kigali more profitable; previously, they have made the trip with an empty load just to look for merchandise for their localities. 16. While a substantial number of Kigali charcoal merchants in Kigali have opened new charcoaling zones in the diverse communities of Gikongoro, they have had to take into account this new competition from local transporters. In 1985, about half of the charcoal retailers of Kigali transported their own supplies from the production zone: in 1987, only about 15% did so: thus the sector moved in the direction of separating the collection-transport function from commerce in the city. 17. The main regulations imposed prior to 1989 by national legislation on charcoaling were: (a) the requirement of a permit, issued by the MINAGRI, for transporting charcoal; and (b) the setting at the national level of a price for woodfuel from public plantations at 500 FRw per stere delivered at the roadside. Project Implementation 18. Charcoal use in Rwanda is rising steadily particularly in the cities and notably in Kigali. The report of the October 1987 evaluation mission stated that the city of Kigali used about 27,000 tonnes of charcoal in that year. Based on a 6% rate annual urban population growth rate, demand in 1989 is estimated at 33,000 tonnes of charcoal L/. This heavy demand has created a multitude of production zones which are difficult to manage. The finite resources of these new zones were threatened by overproduction, as had been the savannahs in the east of the country before 1986. In order to avoid similar situations reoccurring, measures are needed to reduce wood consumption for charcoal making by replacing traditional, wasteful charcoal production techniques by an improved method. Under the hypothesis that the demographic structur- remains unchanged. Improved Chaloal Stoves and Carboniztion Techniques Annex 111 Page 61 Proect Activities 19. The project began its activities in the Prefecture of Gikongoro, the existing charcoal production zones of the south-western part of the country in the existing charcoal production zones and comprised the following steps: (a) Training of charcoalers in using the Casamance kiln; (b) Assistance to trained charcoalers to integrate them into groups and/or cooperatives as well as support to the charcoaling trade as a whole; and (c) Supportive activities in conjunction with national policies, including analysis of wood prices, proposal of a tax on charcoaL and in awareness campaign to sensitize charcoalers and farmers to a better management of their land. Before its execution, this program was discussed and approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry. During execution, the project liaised regularly with MINAGRI to determine additional geographical zones for training. Aplied methods of carbonization 20. IaditionaImeth-odd Traditionally, charcoalers work in teams of 3 to 4 persons. The most common methods of carbonization are pit or pile combustion. They require little investment, material and know-how. The first method consists of carbonizing the wood in a pit dug in the ground covered by earth; however, digging a pit on the hills of Rwanda can be time consuming and difficult work; many charcoalers therefore prefer the second method, which consists of piling up the wood and covering it with a layer of earth before it lighting it. This method is slow and produces a low output. Poor quality charcoal containing many impurities, a large number of non-commercial fragments and ashes, and a substantial quantity of anon-combustibles" which require a considerable amount of work for carbonization. The method is laborious. The piling up of wood leaves many gaps, and the charcoal is scraped off, sorted hastily and piled up in the open air during the rainy season. Badly protected, it accumulates humidity and is difficult to light, produces much smoke, and consequently becomes useless for household use. 21. According to measurements made by the project, these kilns can contain 1.5 to 15 steres of wood, with an average of 7 to 8 steres. Felling is done with an axe and logs vary from 1 to 2.5rm. in length. The successive layers of wood are spread out unevenly. After it has been set up, the kiln takes on a rectangular shape and is covered with balled earth. Improved Charcoal Stoves and CarbonizatIon Techniques Annex III Page 62 22. Other features of the traditional method include the following: (a) Most charcoalers use freshly cut wood, (even when they are convinced that dry wood produces a better quality charcoal), mostly because they cannot afford to buy large quantities of wood or they lack the time to dry it off. In addition, these charcoalers wish to work full-time because they believe their trade is profitable compared to subsistence farming; (b) The piling of the wood is too loose and the size of the kilns is too limited for a high level of output; the average output has been estimated to be, in practice, from 7 to 9%; (c) Lighting up is done through a hole at the bottom of the kiln on the end of one of the logs; (d) One to two hours later, the hole is blocked and the smoke begins to escape through the spaces between the balled earth; (e) Carbonization can last from 1 to 8 days; this variation is due to many factors, including the size of the wood used; atmospheric conditions; the experience of the charcoaler; the degree of humidity 'fl the wood; and especially the volume of the wood in the kiln; and (f) Unloading of the charcoal is done with a hoe immediately after carbonization with no cooling-off period. Consequentlv, during the drawing out, it is found that many large logs are only partially carbonized. The average output of this technique is shown in Table AIQ. 23. During September 1985, when the problems of the low productivity of the traditional kiln had already been identified, a course was organized for 20 charcoalers by the Prefecture of Kibungo, in the neighborhood of Lake Nasho, commune of Rukira, in order to train them in the improved technique of the Casamance kiln. It was a great success and was followed by another training course in the second semester of 1987 which was well timed to coincide with the program for the modernization of the charcoal sector. 24. Improved method. Although originally intended for the savannah zone, in the east of the country, the Casamance kiln may have encountered some difficulties in acceptance there because access to wood in these zones is practically free, which discourages innovation. The project concentrates on other areas and a different production background, ie. the upheaval caused by prohuibition of access to natural resources in the east of Rwanda: it has worked with areas in the south and west of the country and a production context more favorable to innovation (carbonization based on private eucalyptus plantations and costs for access to wood). Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonbition Techniques Annex III Page 63 25. The assigned objective was to disseminate a better production method among working charcoalers under existing working conditions. The Casamance kiln met several critical criteria: (a) an average output estimated, in theory, to be double that of the traditional method used in Rwanda (between 20 and 25% on a weight basis as opposed to 12% for the traditional kilns); (b) low investment cost of 6000 FRw for the chimney, equivalent to 10 days' earnings for each member of the carbonization team (estimated at 6 persons); (c) a relatively simple wrethod of setting-up and control in the context of rural communities with prior experience in carbonization; (d) good adaptation to resource conditions and the wood presently used for charcoal i.e., dispersed wood stocks and limited size trees, topography. 26. The Casamance kiln, as used in Rwanda, has the following characteristics: (a) a floor on which the wood is stacked, and an air circulation chamber; (b) tight storage of wood, with larger logs in the center of the kiln; (c) superior circulation of air and warm gas, facilitated by the floor, the air chamber and an added chimney; (d) a larger kiln than the traditional type, providing better output due to economies of scale (heat loss is less for larger kilns); (e) organic coverage between the wood and the earth layer, which helps to eliminate heat losses; (f) more efficient maintenance and regulation. Improved Charoa Stoves and Carbonition Techniques Annex 111 Page 64 E4= 8 Casamance Kiln ~t - General ssDect of the kiln after settingun: 1. A layer of earth and organic matter cover the mass of wood to be carbonized 2. Floor facilitating the circulation of air and gases 3. Admission space of air storage chamber 4. Chimney for the evacuation of smoke during carbonization and forced drawing S. Central vertical hole used during lighting up of the kiln 6. Horizontal placement of the wood in the radial direction 7. Tight storage of wood to avoid empty air and gas pockets 8. Organic cover situated between the wood and the earth layer 9. Layer of earth allowig for watertightness of the kiln 10. Air admission hole Improved Charcoal Stves and Carbouizatlon Techniques Annex III Page 65 27. The Casamance kiln uses a carbonization technique that is appropriate to the work conditions of the majority of Rwandese charcoalers. It is functionally similar to the traditional kiln, is extremely mobile and the initial investment is relatively small. Training charcoalers in its use includes teaching to make a platform at the base cf the kiln, to sort and arrange the dry wood in the kiln more efficiently, and to conduct the carbonization cycle correctly. Even when charcoalers do not use a chimney with the kiln (owning to the difficulty of transporting it to the carbonization site), their measurable yield is better than that obtained with the traditional kiln because of their acquired knowledge of carbonization; they obtain a total yield of between 12 and 15%, which already represents a substantial wood savings over the traditional method. 28. Performance Comparison of Carbonization Methods. Measurements carried out during the training phase allowed a preliminary comparison of the yields of the traditional kiln and the Casamance kiln for carbonization of different species (see Table A10 in AnnexlV). The results were as follows: an average measurable yield of approximately 7 to 9% for the traditional kiln, as opposed to a yield of 19% for the Casamance kiln. The Casamance kiln thus produces on average 1.8 bags per stere, compared to 0.9 bags per stere of the traditional kiln. Therefore, the average wood savings realized by the use of the Casamance kiln are about 60%. In addition, the regular usage of t.;e Casamance kiln has apparently enabled the charcoaler groups to improve their yield, since certain of them have managed to obtain 2.5 bags, or even 3 bags per stere (with measurable yields of more than 25%). 29. In addition to better yields, advantages of the Casamance kiln include: (a) shorter carbonization time (6 hours per stere compared to 7.5 hours per stere, or 20% less than the traditional kiln, according to the tests carried out by the project team). This time difference turned out to be even greater in actual use where savings up to 40% - 50% were shown; and (b) a notable improvement in charcoal quality, with fewer non-burnt fragments and ashes. The Casamance kiln produces good charcoal is the main argument used by charcoaler groups to sell their charcoal at relatively high prices, and to resist pressure from commercial transporters to lower prices. 30. A "non-technical but extremely important factor should also be taken into account: in addition to diffusing an improved technique, the Project is trying to stamp out part-time carbonization, with a view towards creating a true profession for the charcoal producer. Tbus diffusion of a better technique clearly improves overall kiln yields; in addition, however, diffusion of the Casamance kiln has a major effect on work habits and organization. The chimney is more than just a means to create/enforce draught in the kiln; it also promotes professionalization and the emergence of a new professional body. 31. Revenue Comparison of Charcoalers. The use of the new technique illustrates the economic benefits of modem carbonization (in two senses, i.e. a team of professionals and utilization of a more efficient technique compared to part-time carbonization by one or two people with traditional kilns. Thus, the groups which formed spontaneously after training and which work Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Anna 111 Page 66 regularly (such as those in Muguba and Rwamiko, for example) have incomes of about 120 to 160 FRw per person per day worked (higher than that of a day worker, who is paid from 100 to 120 FRw daily). By contrast, a part-time charcoaler (a situation encountered in the same communes) is remunerated at less than 40 FRw for each day worked: the traditional charcoaler subsidizes the price of charcoal with his work (and also often with his wood). 32. Rwanda's part-time charcoalers number between 4000 and 7500 part-time workers producing on average 20 bags per month and working from 6 to 12 months per year. The needs of Kigali have been evaluated at about 33,000 t/year (para 3.21). Since professional charcoaler can produce 300 to 400 bags per year, amount of charcoal actually needed can be met by the work of approximately 3000 professional full-time charcoalers, organized into 300 professional groups comprised of 10 members each. The Training Program for Traditional Charcoalers Objectives of the Training Proirnm 33. In order to be able to determine the cOljectives and training program, the project succinctly described the essential tasks that a typical professional charcoal producer in Rwanda would perform, using the improved methods .of production. Evaluation of these tasks allowed the project to define the knowledge and know-how needed for their execution. A description of these professional tasks, objectives, and the training cards used in the program is contained in Annex VI. Geographic Framework for Intervention 34. The training objectives outlined at the time of the first phase of the project were to form a tool of forestry policy with respect to the geographic location of wood use for charcoaling. This policy can be summarized as follows: (a) to progressively divide charcoal appropriations while concentrating production on certain areas, so as to assure charcoal supplies for the capital without degrading the environment; and (b) to obtain an increasing quantity of charcoal from thinnings of the domanial plantations on the market. Preparation of Training Sessions 35. The following actions were needed prior to setting up training sessions: (a) The project team had to establish contact with the prefectoral forestry service and the village chiefs of the communes where training courses were to be held, in order to better explain the training program and promote its acceptance. Communes were initially contacted by courier with a letter signed by the MINAGRI, under the authority of the Minister. Attached to this letter were general documents defining Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonztlon Techniques Annex 111 Page 67 the training objectives and program as well as the user guide for the Casamance kiln in Rwanda; (b) In cases where the village chief accepted the program, it was necessary to: (1) Launch a survey of charcoalers, sector by sector. The agronomist, with the help of forestry monitors and/or agronomists was responsible for this work; (ii) Organize a charcoalers' meeting at the village level to promote participation in the training course. (c) Parallel to this work, and as soon as a group of charcoalers was ready to participate in the traiing course (in the majority of cases, a team of 15 to 20 charcoalers was formed per carbonization cycle lasting 15 to 20 days), the project selected a carbonization site, in collaboration with village chief, the commune agronomist, and the charcoalers, who are well acquainted with the potential locations. (d) After the carbonization site had been selected, the dates for the session with a duration of 2 consecutive weeks were decided upon, with the help of the trainees and in consideration of the project trainers' work program; and (e) For each training site chosen, it was necessary to: (i) Have 40 to 50 steres of wood at the site air-dried for 3-6 weeks, depending on the insolation; and (ii) Have the wood cut and stocked at the site. All the wood was to be cut into im. lengths, as required by the technique to be used. The steres were built up carefully for better drying, and to teach the charcoalers the technique of making steres. Training Program During Two Years of the Project 36. The geographic focus of the training was defimed at the beginning of the project as the principal supply zones for Kigali. The cutting of natural woods in the East of the country had just been forbidden, and production and sales of charcoal were reported to be very heavy in the small rural plantations in the South of Gikongoro Prefecture. Thus, the training was oriented primarily towards the communes involved in this new large-scale activity. 37. The choice of locations for training was also guided by two major objectives of the General Directorate of Forestry with respect to charcoaling sites. which were to: (a) relieve the pressure on rural plantations in southern Gikongoro, which were endangered by intensive charcoaling; Improved Chacoal Stoves and Carbonlzatlon Techniques Annex III Page 68 (b) direct charcoal cultivation gradually towards. the domanial plantation areas, whose first clearings are intended to furnish significant quantities of wood for carbonization. 38. During the second phase of the project, (1989 and the beginning of 1990) training was gradually focused on the communes in the North of Gikongoro Prefecture and in Kibuye, combining hillside training and training in the domanial perimeters. Actual Trahkig 39. The project document (February 1987) envisaged the training of 150 to 300 charcoalers in two years. The March-April 1988 evaluation mission fixed even more ambitious objectives for the project's first year with the assumption of training for close to 250 charcoalers. In 1988, the project organized 16 training sessions of which 4 were associated with forestry projects and 12 were for traditional charcoalers in the villages of Gikongoro Prefecture. The following year (1989), training continued in the major charcoal I oduction zones as in the previous year but gradually moving towards the northern part of Gikongoro Prefecture, then approaching the communes of Kibuye Prefecture. 40. These sessions were organized to help charcoalers work with the following species: (i) Buctypu-s in general in the villages (eucalyptus constitutes the principal species used in Rwanda to produce charcoal since the savannahs in the east of the country have been forbidden for charcoal cultivation: para 3.28); (ii) other species found especially on the edges of state forests; and (iii) Einus s,ressus cp, acia melanoxylon. natural wood in cases where clearing for the creation of protected woods has occurred. Results of Charcoalers Training. In March 1989, nineteen groups of charcoalers using the Casamance kiln existed comprising a total of about 130 people. Of this total, eleven groups, totaling 87 charcoalers were able to justify regular charcoaling activity. A good number of the charcoalers (180 in August of 1990) currently work under satisfactory conditions and several indicators have demonstrated the positive impact the training program. First, professional charcoaling groups now regularly practice their profession and use the new technique routinely, with preparation and processing generally posing no particular problems. Based on descriptions of their activities during follow-up visits, they are obtaining much better yields than those obtained during training. The transfer of knowledge has thus been accomplished with very satisfactory results. 41. Second, individuals or groups who participated in the training sessions were themselves training others. This phenomenon largely offsets the incidence of trained individuals who, for one reason or another, did not take advantage of their training. 42. Ihird, some trained charcoalers have reverted to using the traditional kiln for topographical reasons (very hilly terrain); or fnd themselves unable to organize and locate wood to use the new method; even in these cases and working with traditional kilns, however, they have made the best of the training received, practicing preliminary drying of wood, site preparation, Improved Charoeal Stoves and CarbonIzatio Tecdhiques Annex Ill Page 0 arrangement of the wood, method for covering the kiln, and lighting technique, resulting in small conversion efficiency improvements. 43. Fourth, traditional charcoalers who have not receive formal training but who return to charcoal production after having observed the work of the trained charcoalers have incorporated certain aspects of the new technique (i.e. those cited above) into their production methods. 44. These effects are important, and justify pursuing systematic training areas where there is a heavy concentration of charcoal production. As indicated, training has been shown to have a diffuse effect on traditional charcoal production which is difficult to measure but can be expected to have main consequences: (a) Improvement of traditional yields, and therefore, a decrease in pressure on forestry resources, especially private wood lots; (b) Improvement in charcoal quality (which fell substantially when production was transferred from the zones in the East and Bugesera, where something of a charcoaling tradition had existed, toward the west and south-west of the country). The Organization of Trained Charcoalers. During the final third of 1990, the project estimated that 180 charcoalers out of 243 charcoalers trained continue to work using the Casamance kiln, being about 74%: this is quite an acceptable outcome that accords with the degree of motivation encountered among the trainees. These 180 charcoalers fall into two distinct categories, as follows: (a) Certain groups which have organized themselves to work regularly, principally on private woods: These are the ones most capable working under market conditions. (b) Other groups which have also organized themselves but have been unable to make arrangements for steady access to wood and for selling of charcoal, don't manage to work regularly. These groups necessitate the existence of an association and the support of the project in order to have access to wood, especially in the communal woods. 45. Awarding of Permits to Transporters. One of the main tools for allocating the geographic production of charcoal areas is the conferring of a permit to charcoal transporters by the MINAGRI in Kigali These permits are conferred for the given Prefectures, and also allow the Forestry Authority to build up data on the origin of charcoal supplies. Analysis of permits granted demonstrates that the changes wished for by the General Directorate of Forestry, as follows: (a) in 1988, the majority of permits were awarded to the southwest (Gikongoro); (b) in 1989, the pattern of transportation shifted gradually towards the west, in the Kibuye Prefectu-e; (c) in 1990 new production zones began to open up, especially Gitarama and Byumba. Improved Charcoal Stoves and CarbolzaUtion Teholques Annex III Page 70 Support to National PoliEc 46. In the context of upgrading the charcoal sector, the project also worked with the General Directorate of Forestry to promote national forestry policy concerning charcoal, in three main areas: (a) developing a master plan for charcoal supply to Kigali; (b) preparing a new wood pricing policy (notably for the domanial plantations and communes in relation to charcoal production), leading to a proposal for reform of charcoal taxation policy; (c) the monitoring and evaluation of the charcoal sector. 47. In addition, as already noted, the forestry administration directs charcoal merchants and transporters towards preferred production areas with the help of an annual system for conferring transport permits, which in turn helps determine regional quotas. Meanwhile, the project supports this process by providing preferred areas with charcoalers trained in improved wood- conserving carbonization techniques. 48. After two and a half years, the Project has at its disposal all the elements for proposing a realistic method for establishing wood prices and a charcoal taxation system. A preiiminary design for the prices and charcoal taxation system was transmitted to the Forestry General Direction in October 1987 and an almost-finalized version of the proposition for wood prices for carbonization was transmitted in July 1990. (see para. 3.56 - 3.62). 49. Sector monitoring has also been a core projdct activity since start-up, and includes the following main components: (a) A system for periodic surveys of charcoal production and sales/marketing, in particular including the prices charged at all stages in the system; (b) The establishment of a databank of technical information on wood and carbonization; (c) The gathering of information on the utilization parameters of different types of commercial charcoal. Charcoal Prices 50. One of the project's tasks was to analyze charcoal prices in order to better understand the problems, involved, to profit from the reliable statistical series developed out of the camnaigns to raise the prices on weighed bags, and to determine the different measures used for the sale of charcoal. The paragraphs that follow will concentrate on recent charcoal prices, the two Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex III Page 71 Figure 9 consecutive surveys carried out by the Project R~etall PrkCe of Charcoal in October 1985, and October 1987, and ReKali 1975 - 19g0 examining the results of a price-raising `,,_ .... .... campaign by the project team in 1989 and ......................... 1990. Recent price trends are summarized in 1 . .......... b1&.2 and Eizure 9f and have the following main features: (a) retail charcoal prices have stagnated in recent years, with Qs 046 5 ., g o weight and sale price decreased - CVl-t 02 *M&1t99paa C* in a comparable manner. The M1 current price is 15.8 FRw, compared to 15.3 iRw in 1987; (b) Intermediary margins have fallen; the average of the retailers' margins in Kigali has gone from 100 to 70 FRw. The cost of transport has also fallen, from f1.3 FRw to 1.0 FRw per bag and per kilometer; (c) Production prices have risen; 51. These outcomes can be explained as follows: (a) competition among transporters and requests for charcoal transport permits have increased considerably; (b) More and more charcoal is being produced in the vicinity of the roads. In 1987, the year of transition from the East towards the Southwest, charcoal production was just beginning in the new zones and transporters rather had to travel into the hinterland, far from paved roads. Subsequent development of charcoal production allowed them to service the zones closest to the paved roads first, thus reducing the costs of transport and the usage of their vehicles on poor dirt roads. (c) The survey carried out in Kigali in 1990 also indicated a relative homogeneity of prices per bag, mainly ranging from 500 to 550 FRw. This apparent homogeneity masks important disparities between per kilo prices, however, since the weight of a bag of charcoal currently varies between 23 and 40 kg; (d) According to a survey undertaken by the project's improved stoves team among the retailers and households in Kigali, most consumers buy charcoal by the bag (90%) rather than by pa..X (6%). It was found that the price of charcoal purchased by pails or by piles is higher than the per bag price, ie., 18FRw/kg in 1985 and 20 FRw/kg from 1987 to 1990. Improed Charmal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex III Page 72 Figure lO 52. The officialwood price per stere is generally recognized as 400 FRw per stere of WOOD PRICES (FRw/stere) as 400 ~~~~~~~~~~MaximaI producer price of wood standing wood or 500 FRw per stere at the according to the type of chilncoal kiln roadside, which includes about 100 FRw for 1000 FAwlsttar labor involved in cutting, unloading, and stacking at the roadside. The charcoal price 600 for the producer is determined by two principal 400 ------------------- factor: the distance to Kigali and the 200 carbonization technique, as follows: o 0 20 40 60 60 100 120 140 160 100 200 (a) The transport price to Kigali ditance from Kigali (ki) determines the maximum price i it 11 o n per bag of charcoaL For sor-t: S-Uiti ChabonamWr Study.-18 example, at 20 kma from the city of Kigali, Eucalyptus charcoal costs 424 FRw/bag; at 100 km 320 FRw/ bag; at 200 km 190 FRw/bag; (b) The carbonization technique determines the Dumber of bags to sell per stere of wood and the maximal wood price to be paid by the charcoaler. For example, for a wood price of 400 FRw/stere, the traditional charcoaler cannot be located any further than 20 km from Kigal, in order to render his operations profitable; in contiast, the improved charcoaler could be located 160 km from Kigali (see Figure *0). Table : The Evolution of Retail Charcoal Prices in Kigali year: 1975 1980 1984 1985 1987 1988 1990 (1) (1) (2) (1) (3) (4) (5) Price per bag of charcoal: 50 400 430 523 550 590 508 (current FRw) Price Index (4): 49.68 87.23 101.89 116.45 116 118 121 (based on the 2nd trimester 1982) Price per bag of charcoal: 503 459 422 449 474 500 420 (FRw 1982) 38 38 38 38 36 35 33 Retail Price (current FRw/kg): 6.6 10.5 11.3 13.8 15.3 16.9 15.4 (FRU 1982) 13.1 12.1 11.1 11.8 13.2 14.3 12.7 Sources: (1) Estimates and measures, P.A. ROCHON, 1985, (ESNAP) (2) Measures, T. STEVERLYNCK, 1984, (ESNAP) (3) Measures Mission, October '^87, (ESMAP) (4) NI1I1ZHECO, l'6conomie rwe-daise, 1987 (5) Neasures, M. Natly, 1990, (ESMAP) Improved Charcoal Stoves and Cabonoization Techniques Annex III Page 73 53. In addition, on the consumption site, the user values the charcoal according to its quality. Generally, deciduous species, for example Eucalyptus, black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii) Acagia melanoMyln (the second thinning) produce high quality charcoal, contrary to that produced by pine wood (resinous) and Acacia melanoxylon (first thinning). Commercial pine charcoal is not currently well known in the Kigali m3rket. 54. Currently, the prodacer Figure 11 price of charcoal for the producers varies from 200 to 250 FRw/bag. This variation is mainly due to the distance from the PRlICE STRUCTURE production site in relation to a principal of a 33 kg bag of charcoal paved road. However, this price is below 0 Fawibag to the opportunity cost of the work of 250 producers. The technique of carbonization 2I/. requires a lot of time -- 5 to 6 days using 12 0 traditional techniques or 3 to 4 days using 150 the Casamance kiln for a carbonization 100l cycle, plus several additional days for felling 50 _ the trees and cutting them into logs. In 0 ___ fact, the price received compensates -s50 Tisditional Casanmance neither the purchase of wood, nor the physical effort and know-how of the m wood M about lmarF9In charcoaler. 55. Figure 11 shows the price structure of a bag of charcoal which is sold at the producers site for FRw 250. The wood component is .qual for both bags, but because the Casamance method uses roughly two times less wood, the actual value of the wood used is double: in this particular case, both charcoalers pay for wood FRw 105/bag of charcoal. For the charcoalers using the traditional method, this means a vruod value of FRw 105/stere, while for the one using the Casamance method this is FRw 210/stere. It is also shown that the Casamance charcoaler is not only paid for his labor input (FRw 100/bag), but also receives a margin of FRw 45/bag. The traditional charcoaler is not even paid for all his labor which would amount to FRw 180/bag. He therefore receives a negative margin of FRw (250 - 105 - 180) = FRw 35/bag. This can be explained by an imperfect labor market in rural Rwanda, where charcoalers are willing to work for less than their marginal productivity costs. Proposed Charcoal Taxation System 56. One of the project's objectives was to propose a charcoal taxation system for the following reasons: (a) Current charcoal production cannot be subjected to the fiscal arrangements envisaged by the new forestry law (cutting with neither a permit, nor a tax, in view of the size of cultivations at stake: wood lots of less than 2 hectares); Improved Chan -al Stoves and Carbonlzation Techniques Annex III Page 74 (b) Most of the necessary investments for the modernization of the charcoal sector should be borne by the sector itself and charcoal consumers, not through public expenditure, given that charcoal is a luxury fuel compared with wood on an end-use basis; (c) Finally, an activity such as charcoaling which consumes wood should also contribute to the reconstitution and extension of the wooded areas it exploits. Thus, a large part of the income from charcoaling should go toward reforestation (and to sound management of existing woods). 57. The taxation system proposed by the project also has objectives, linked to forestry policy and the strengthening of the charcoal business. In particular, the price of charcoal must be higher than its current level in order to make production profitable in more distant areas, notably in the domanial forests of Crete Zaire-Nil. The objectives of the proposed system are the following: (a) The geographic allocation of charcoal production areas must be supervised more effectively by the forestry authorities; (b) Transporters must be motivated to obtain charcoal mainly from areas where the resources are abundant and especially in the areas where wastes is minimized: these comprise managed woodlands (domanial or communal woods, or those belonging to groups who have defined and put into action improved charcoaling techniques; (c) Communes must be motivated to actively participate in sound management of the woods located in their territories; 58. Therefore, the tax proposed Figure 12 under the project is to be levied on charcoal - transportation,the proceeds of which would be Proposed Taxation System with lower levies for charcoal shared by the State and the communes where produced with improved technologies the charcoal originates. The tax envisages two FRwlbag of ch8ttcoa systems: a) an ordinary system of taxat,on, of o/ charcoal produced under traditional conditions; 6, ............. b) a special system, less burdensome for the 0'.. transporter but more advantageous for the . commune, on charcoal produced through . rational exploitation of managed woodlands. .10.. The amount of the tax is small (60 and 30 FRw Improved kin Traditional kiln per bag, respectively, according for the two systems). This represents an increase in the -viliage ivy slate evy financial value of charcoal transactions on the order of 30 million FRw per year for the National Forestry Fund and several million FRw per year for the communal funds. The two systems are shown below in Figure 12. Improved Chrcoal Stoves and CarbolzaUtion Teacbhques Annex III Page 75 S?rgatiQu of Tax Co]lection and Superisin 59. Under the proposal the tax must be collected at the level of the transporters, and in the charcoal's area of origin. There are about a hundred transporters and their loads can most easily be verified at the commune (and also en route to the capital). The communes are in a position to supervise them in the beginning with the assistance of the communal police or an agent stationed at a roadblock, if the amount of cash inflows 'ustify it. On the road, it is also easy to verify travel authorization and freight papers. 60. The new forestry law in Rwanda provides for a transport permit for every transporter of forestty products, specifying the nature, quantity, origin, and destination of the products. In the case of charcoal transport in general, the nature and quantity are constant for a given professional charcoaler: those who carry a load every day or every other day are not required to request a specific permit for each load. However, it is necessary to find a formula which specifies the origins of the loads in a verifiable manner. It was also difficult to require transporters to pay their taxes each trip, without risking fraud due to discontent with the onerousness of the systems. Therefore, it was proposed to jointly resolve the problems of the permit and the tax for regular transporters through the use of a multiple-stamp ticket or coupon book. 61. Once these principles had been defined and proposed to the General Directorate of Forestry in December 1987, in December 1987, the project was requested to formulate a concrete tax proposal and to prepare the preliminary designs for legislation in April 1988. However, after further consideration, the General Directorate of Forestry decided to postpone the proposed tax until later. The reasons for this decision were as follows: (a) changing the taxation of charcoaL a heavily consumed product which has no real substitute in Rwanda, is a decision requiring careful consideration in terms of its social impact; (b) in addition, the tax would be difficult to put into practice and could lead to corruption; the Government was also reluctant to tax charcoal coming from plantations when the raw material (wood) is also taxed at the time of cutting and its price increases appreciably for the producer. 62. To sum up, resolution of the issue of charcoal taxation may need to await a more stable forestry regime, and perhaps a more comprehensive evaluation of the problems of ewploitation of domanial forests (including the need to subsidize this activity), or simply in a more sensitive fiscal conjuncture: however the solution proposed remains valid and available. Improved Charcoal Stowes and Carboizaton Tecniques Annex III Page 76 63. The February 1987 Project Document provided for a public awareness campaign covering the Project's objectives, the problem of deforestation and the need to improve of carbonization yields. This campaign was designed to improve the level of knowledge of rural communities with the following objectives: (a) That rural communities (and especiatly owners of woodlands) learn to apply woodland management rules, to know what portion of the products they can extract, and to correctly estimate the quantity available for each of these products; (b) That they call upon professional charcoalers rather than carbonizing the wood themselves or entrusting their woodlands to traditional charcoalers; (c) That they know how to properly regenerate their plantation so that the trees grow again under the best possible conditions. 64. This campaign was prepared in April 1988 with two materials serving as teaching devices: (i) radio: four broadcasts were prepared but their release is planned for the beginning of the next Phase (in 1991), just now being undertaken; and (ii) print and video: a poster and an audio- visual show were prepared as well as two brochures for the supervisors and local technicians. This material was tested in tie field and the material was consequently modified. Summ=l of Outcomes 65. During the two years of the first phase, 250 charcoalers were trained (this being more than 60% of the target figure). Six months after their training 70% of them continue to use the improved technique and have therefore helped reduce pressure on forestry resources, notably on private wood lots. The average measurable yield range from approximately 16 to 22% for those using the Casamance kiln, as opposed to 7% to 9% for traditional kiln users. 66. The project estimates that the quantity produced by the charcoalers trained in improved techniques is about 5% of the total estimated production in the capital (33,000 tonnes in 1989). The calculations were made on the basis of the average production of a full-time charcoaler. Of the 70% who continue to apply the new method, about 20% have remained part-time, while 50% have formed groups and work regularly, even during the rainy season when the production level is about 25% less than it is during the dry season. 67. Besides the improvement in carbonization yield, the quality of the charcoal produced has also improved: observations of both households and charcoalers indicate that there are fewer rejects and that the charcoal is harder than with the traditional kiln. 68. Another project outcome is the professionalization of charcoaling Most charcoalers were previously part-timers workers where the training sessions took place, however, production is beginning to be structured into groups and/or enterprises. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Cb on Tecbhiques Annex III Page 77 69. The project is providing supply to approximately 12 groups of professional charcoalers, each composed of 8 to 12 members, and a cooperative of 30 charcoalers. In the framework of achieving its objectives, the project has helped the charcoalers to overcome some major constraints to their activities, notably, including access to wood, commercialization problems, financial management, and the recognition of charcoaling as a profession. Exploitation Account 70. The project has tried working within existing constraints, to stimulate the functioning of a charcoalers' group in two cases which appear to guarantee the interests of the charcoalers and the wood proprietors alike: they are currently developing a system in which wood cutting and the purchase of wood are mutually pursued. 71. These groups are operational within a modern management framework including a salary for 5 workers and a group leader which is compared to (and possibly a little better than) the salary of a rural day worker employed in the region; amortization of a sufficient amount for carbonization materials (an investment of FRw 15,700); and in one case a loan from the "Banque populaire' (at the rate of 9%). SRocio-economic AM=ec 72. Several indicators suggest that the training program has had a positive impact. Certain groups who regularly practice their profession now use the new technique routinely, encountering no particular problems with either preparation or execution. 73. Several people who participated in the training program have gone on to train their colleagues themselves: This largely co.npensates for the incidence of trainees who, for one reason or another, have not put their training to use. 74. A charcoaler who practices the new method on a regular basis can obtain a gross daily income of about 140 FRw, compared to only 80FRw for the traditional charcoaler and 100 FRw for a local agricultural worker. Those who engage in the activity regularly (25 days/month) could thus in principle obtain a yearly income of approximately 40,000 FRw. Financipil Reslt 75. The fnancial analysis comparison of the two carbonization techniques showed that amortization of carbonization materials (a chimney valued at 6,000 FRw, axes, shovels, etc.) over a period of two years is about 150 FRw per month and per charcoaler, being less than 6% of the estimated annual income of a regular charcoaler. Also, studies carried out by the project demonstrate that if the price of raw materials (standing wood) is reasonable in relation to the price of the charcoal producer (see Eigure2), the proessional charcoaler can create a revolving fund for himself after one year, amounting to about 30,000 FRw including the purchase of wood. Improved Charcoal Stove. nod Carbonzation Teaniques Anne III Page 78 Emlogal A Use of the Casamance kIln can double the charcoal yield when compared to the traditional method. If this method is practiced, the rate at which wood resources are being exhausted could be halved with consequent beneficial effects from an ecological point of view. In addition, the public awareness campaign and the strengthening of charcoaler groups can promote the renewable aspect of this activity. Improvled Charcoal Stoves and Carbonitdon Tecbhlques Annex IV Page 79 Annex TV: Various Tables Table Al: Sample soclo.economlc data Section of Kigali total 14uhima Nyami- Re s' Gikondo Rugenge Gthogwe Biryogo Nyaka- Gitega Ndera Kimi- Kanoe*be raImo bandI hurura family *tmr 6.6 7.3 6.2 6.6 6.5 7.3 6.2 6.6 6.2 7.8 7.5 7.1 6.8 * adalts 3.2 3.7 3.0 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.9 3.1 4.5 3.9 4.0 3.5 - chftdren < 18 yrs. 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.4 3.4 4.4 3.6 3.0 3.9 3.8 3.9 5.1 3.7 wonthly Icemm (Fgw/month) 4 5000 6 1 3 1 2 9 2 3 1 2 30 5000 4 < 10000 25 10 12 1 4 6 18 19 5 3 1 2 106 10000 < < 20000 18 31 6 7 3 7 25 33 6 2 1 6 145 20000 4 4 30000 17 40 4 4 8 11 14 16 2 5 1 13 135 > 30000 11 6 5 4 1 12 5 3 5 11 6 69 average (FRw/month) 16656 19915 11500 22794 20875 17222 16699 16233 15263 22188 30893 22241 182,6 Inbk12: Cumnt Stove Use Section of Kigali total NiAimn Nyami- Reiera Gikondo Rugenhe Gihoge Siryogo Nyaka- Gitega I Ndera Kimi- Kanoffbe rambo banda hurura let Stane- - - - 1stbhura tradition. 67 79 17 15 17 20 76 72 18 9 11 21 422 three-stone fire 1 5 1 5 2 1 4 1 1 21 Canamake 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 17 other charcoal stove 5 1 2 8 electric 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 14 petrol I 1 briquettes papyrus/coffee 3 1 4 total 77 89 25 17 20 27 79 75 19 16 14 29 487 2nd stom nba4ura tradition. 3 4 4 1 1 6 3 2 1 7 2 5 39 three-stone fires 7 9 7 1 1 11 15 4 1 4 1 61 Canamake 3 5 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 20 other charcoal Stove 1 2 2 5 electric 1 3 2 5 2 5 3 1 1 5 3 31 petrol 1 1 2 2 6 gas I 1 3 briquettes papyrus/coffee 1 1 2 1 1 6 total 17 24 13 5 9 20 26 15 5 13 10 14 171 3rd stow Imbabira tradition. 2 1 3 three.-stone fires 1 1 Canamake I t electric 1 1 I I 1 1 6 petroL 1 1 2 briquette. payrus/coffee 1 1 total 1 21 2 2 1 21 1 2 1 1 - 1 14 Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carboation Techniques Annex IV Page 80 TabLC M: Present lifespan of an Imbabura, Its price compared to an Improved Stove Section of Kigali total Nuhiil Ny -mi Remra Gikondo Rugenge GIhogwe Biryogo Nyaka- Gitea Ndera Kimihu- Kananbe rambo bonds rura lIfespn (mnonth) 12 7 10 9 7 10 8 a 10 13 10 8 9 cost of an l 230 221 151 189 201 196 184 202 175 232 195 214 204 mx. price ot an Pqpoved stomPRM) 349 43' 373 419 413 400 322 390 396 361 443 425 384 Tabl M: Suggested modiflcations for a more eMfcent Improved Stove Section of Kali totala| NiAma Nyami- Reira Gikondo Rugenge Gihogue Biryogo Nyak- ¢1 tega Udera Kimi- Kenoabe ._________._____ __ Io bonds hururo Irroe the td#ob *ye 55 81 24 13 20 25 68 59 19 9 11 25 409 -no 22 8 1 4 2 11 16 7 3 4 78 tharcosl savfrip 51 79 24 12 19 25 66 60 19 9 10 25 399 less ook*i ti 6 26 2 6 3 11 11 2 1 4 3 75 lorwr ifespsm 31 62 13 9 16 i5 47 47 10 3 4 14 271 lees biming 13 30 5 1 9 9 24 5 3 1 1 6 107 cletlwin8e 6 34 14 4 9 2 10 1 2 101 othew 3 7 1 I 1 13 . _~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Improved Cbarcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques A-nnex IV Page 81 TableA5: Cookpots used Sectfon of Kiall total WAima Nyumi* Remera sGilkodo Rugange Gihogve Siryogo Nyaka- Gitega Ndera Kimi- Kanombe rambo btan._ hurura eckpbot I -metal 77 82 25 11 20 27 76 60 19 16 13 28 454 dfameter (median) 29 30 2 26 29 28 29 28 27 28 27 28 28 - average 29.6 29.6 28.2 27.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 27.6 27.1 28.0 28.1 27.9 28.7 ecopt 2 CLay 4 4 3 3 4 1 1 20 *metal 73 85 25 14 20 24 75 73 18 16 14 29 466 dfameter (median) 28 28 26 27 27 30 28 27 26 28 28 23 28 * average 27.6 28.2 26.5 26.9 27.2 29.6 27.9 26.4 27.6 27.0 27.5 28.6 27.6 cookpot 3 *elay 8 4 2 1 3 6 8 3 1 5 5 46 -metal 69 85 23 16 17 19 71 72 18 11 9 29 439 diameter (median) 27 28 27 25 26 28 28 26 26 27 28 29 27 - average 26.9 26.8 27.4 25.0 25.1 28.0 27.6 26.1 26.9 26.2 28.1 28.8 26.9 cookpot 4 -clay 20 11 7 2 5 3 6 8 6 2 2 3 75 Metal S0 71 18 15 13 17 59 61 11 9 5 20 :49 diameter (median) 26 26 25 24 25 28 26 25 26 28 28 28 26 - average 25.6 25.1 25.0 24.8 26.1 27.6 25.9 25.3 25.8 27.6 26.1 28.2 25.A - clay 20 9 9 1 4 11 12 9 9 2 3 89 - metal 28 44 15 6 9 3 15 24 4 5 3 8 164 diameter (median) 25 26 26 21 24 34 26 24 27 28 26 28 26 - average 24.8 25.9 25.6 22.1 25.4 34.0 27.0 26.7 26.3 25.6 25.7 27.6 26.3 coekpot 6 -clay 26 5 11 1 2 7 2 4 1 59 -metal 6 21 2 1 4 1 2 7 1 2 1 1 49 dfameter (median) 24 24 26 28 23 26 26 27 26 23 32 27 25 average 24.1 25.7 26.5 27.0 24.5 25.5 28.3 26.1 25.0 22.5 32.0 27.0 25.5 improved CharcOal Stoves and CarbonUIation Techniques Annex IV Page 82 Iak& Detalls concerning use of the Imbabura Section of Kigall total Yimo Nyami- Resera Clkondo Rugenge Gihogwe giryogo Nyaka- Gitega iders Kimi- Kanombe rarho bonds hurura ho cooks: servant 18 47 5 7 9 12 16 35 4 6 7 6 172 * mother 26 16 13 5 4 6 40 17 8 3 8 146 * mother & chlLdren 13 10 2 3 4 3 1 1 37 * combination 20 16 5 5 7 6 19 20 6 9 4 15 132 ptelace 41 60 21 17 9 22 26 56 6 11 8 27 304 - street nmrket 8 4 4 2 1d 6 1 1 1 43 - shop 2 1 1 4 scrap dealer 24 25 4 6 2 36 13 11 4 4 2 131 * other 2 1 1 1 5 time we (hours per day) stove 1 5.8 6.6 5.2 6.8 6.3 6.9 6.1 5.9 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.8 5.9 stove 2 3.6 3.4 2.9 2.3 3.1 4.3 3.2 2.5 2.8 3.3 2.8 2.0 3.1 - stove 3 1.0 .7 1.5 . 2.0 . 4.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 . 4.0 1.9 * stove4 . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Tabe A: Details conc,'Alg Charcoal uve Section of Kigali total Ntiim3 Uyami- |Remere Gikondo Rugenge Gihogue 8iryogo Nyaks- Gitega Ndera Kimi- Kanowhe rambo I bands hurura charcoal use *most meals 75 87 18 15 16 23 68 73 19 3 8 19 424 -specific dishes 7 1 3 2 11 2 13 4 9 52 * lack of etectricit 2 1 3 tack of kerosene 1 2 1 1 2 7 iron ys 1 55 51 15 6 3 16 43 37 9 4 3 7 249 no 1 22 38 10 11 17 11 36 38 10 12 11 22 238 house heating 10 I- yes I I 3 1 5 1 10 . no | 77 8s 25 17 20 26 74 74 19 16 114 29 476 qttrt1 of charcoatl usualYpurchased 66 85 19 17 19 22 68 69 17 14 14 28 438 1- bcket 7 3 2 4 5 5 26 * saall quntity 4 1 4 1 1 6 1 2 1 1 22 freqsno y * per month 65 a8 18 17 19 21 67 69 17 14 14 28 434 | per week 2 1 1 2 1 1 8 - per day ¶0 2 6 1 4 11 5 2 1 1 43 Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex IV Page 8 Tablt A Preparation of specific dishes (per week) Kigati total Muhim Nyami Remer Gikon Rugen Gihog oiryo NyaKa Giteg Ndera Kimih Kanom a ra1=o a do ge ue 1o banja a urura be tea, coffee, bouilton 8 11 9 12 10 1t 10 12 9 7 9 7 10 beans, dried peas 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 bananas, sweet potatoes, gritled potatoes 3 2 . 2 4 3 3 3 4 3 1 2 3 fried bananas and sweet potatoes 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 bananas, sweet potatoes, boited S 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 5 potatoes rice,noodtes 4 4 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 4 manioc 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 meat 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 3 fish 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 vegetables 10 8 8 9 10 10 7 7 8 7 8 9 8 banana beer /sorghwa 3 3 4 7 3 . I 1 2 7 3 water heating 7 8 7 7 8 8 a 7 7 a 9 7 7 reheating food 6 6 5 8 7 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Annex IV Page 84 TakIt.A2: Cooking tools district total "mle Nyamirar*bo Rewra Gikondo Rugenge Kimihurura # K numb~er of 1.0o 150 56% 29 9.7X 74 70K 99 93X 11 8.5X 42 22% 405 37K 2.0 120 44% 270 90K 32 30X 7 6.6X 119 92% 152 78% 700 63% staves/nwn 1.0 177 66K 56 19K 96 91K 99 93K 17 13% 82 42% 527 48X 2.0 93 34K 236 79K 10 9.4X 7 6.6K 110 87K 112 58% 568 52% 3.0 0 .0% 5 1.7X 0 .0K 0 .0K 0 .0% 0 .0% 5 .5K stovs/oveinle 1.0 167 63% 124 42X 86 81% 100 94X 49 38X 95 49% 621 57% 2.0 100 37 172 58 20 19X 6 5.7K 79 62K 98 51K 475 43K cLay Pots 1.0 93 56K 2 6.1K 74 100X 18 38K 80 99K 2 100% 269 67% 2.0 72 43% 31 94% 0 .0K 30 63X 1 1.2K 0 .0K 134 33X 7.0 1 .6X 0 .0O 0 .0K 0 .0O 0 .0K 0 .0% 1 .2% mtal pots 3.0 1 .4 0 .0 25 24K 0 .0K 21 16% 0 .0K 47 4.3% 4.0 29 i1X 46 15K 9 8.5K 0 .0K 15 12X 45 23K 144 13% 5.0 2 .7% 1 .3K 4 3.8% 47 44X 39 30% 15 7.7% 108 9.8K 6.0 87 32K 89 30K 50 47% 44 42X 16 12X 45 23% 331 30K 7.0 61 23K 16 5.4K 1 .9K 14 13K 26 20% 0 .0K 118 11K 8.0 31 11% 59 20K 0 .0K 1 .9K 13 10K 44 23% 148 13K 9.0 15 5.6K 0 .0K 15 14K 0 .0K 0 .0K 0 .0K 30 2.7% 10.0 29 11% 56 19% 2 1.9X 0 .0K 0 .0% 30 15% 117 11% 11.0 15 5.6K 15 5.1% 0 .0O 0 .0O 0 .0K 0 .0% 30 2.7K 12.0 0 .0K 1 .3K 0 .0 0 .0K 0 .0K 0 .0O 1 .1K 15.0 0 .0 0 .0K 0 .0 0 .0K 0 .0O 15 7.7X 15 1.4K 19.0 0 .0 14 4.7X 0 .0K 0 .0K 0 .0K 0 .0K 14 1.3K Imprwed Chacoal Stoves and Carbonizatlon Techniques Annex IV Page 85 TIble A1l Results of Weighing/Measuring- the CasamanCalse Kiln SPECIES STERE/ HUMIDITY MEASURABLE MEASURABLE OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT KG KILN GROSS X YIELD YIELD KG/STERE bags/stere KGCHARC/KG (DRY) OF WOoD Eucalyptus 10.00 30.00 16.70 21.90 56.20 1.90 0.11 (tests) 12.00 30.C0 19.30 23.70 64.80 2.00 0.13 12.00 30.00 18.70 23.50 62.80 2.00 0.12 20.00 30.00 10.30 13.40 40.50 1.10 0.08 Eucalyptus 10.00 35.00 9.80 15.10 60.80 1.60 0.12 10.00 35.00 10.40 16.00 60.80 1.60 0.12 10.00 25.00 11.40 1S.20 68.40 1.80 0.13 10.00 25.00 12.80 17.10 68.40 1.80 0.13 10.00 25.OC 13.20 17.60 64.60 1.70 0.12 10 00 35.00 10.70 16.50 60.80 1.60 0.12 10.00 25.00 14.10 18.80 68.40 1.80 0.13 10.20 25.00 19.50 26.00 87.40 2.X) 0.17 15.00 35.00 11.60 17.80 64.60 1.70 0.12 15.20 30.00 13.20 18.90 91.20 2.40 0.18 16.00 30.00 12.60 18.00 91.20 2.40 0.18 16.00 30.00 13.50 19.30 91.20 2.40 0.18 20.00 20.00 24.80 34.30 163.00 3.60 0.31 20.00 30.00 15.50 22.10 68.40 1.80 0.13 21.00 20.00 22.60 30.30 148.40 3.10 0.29 23.00 20.00 25.60 35.60 168.00 3.60 0.32 30.00 30.00 13.20 18.90 60.80 1.60 0.12 30.00 30.00 12.60 18.00 57.00 1.50 0.11 A.earnsmfl 10.00 14.00 12.30 14.40 75.90 2.20 0.15 (black wattle) 10.00 14.00 17.20 20.10 107.20 2.60 0.21 10.00 14.00 12.80 15.00 79.80 2.60 0.15 14.00 14.00 9.70 11.30 61.50 1.50 0.42 Cypress 20.00 22.00 10.50 13.70 60.00 2.50 0.12 22.00 22.00 10.70 13.90 60.00 2.50 0.12 A.melamowylon 10.00 18.00 22.00 24.90 114.40 2.10 0.22 10.00 18.00 10.00 12.40 52.05 1.90 0.10 20.00 18.00 12.50 15.60 65.90 2.50 0.13 20.00 18.00 7.70 9.40 40.40 1.60 0.08 Pflus patula 30.00 24.00 17.20 23.00 51.70 1.60 0.17 S.00 24.00 13.80 18.70 41.90 1.60 0.14 Nninumu 10.00 14.00 7.70 9.40 40.40 1.10 0.08 Average 16.07 24.85 14.37 19.13 75.84 2.07 0.15 axfnu 30.00 35.00 25.60 35.60 168.00 3.60 0.32 Improved Cbacoal Stoves and Carbonlzation Technlques Annex IV Page 86 Table A1: Results of Weighing/Measuring - the Traditional Kiln SPECIES STERE/ YIELD YIELD YIELD KG KILN KG/STERE bags/stere KGCHARB/KG OF WOOD 1.00 36.00 1.00 0.06 1.00 18.00 0.50 0.03 1.00 36.00 1.00 0.06 1.00 18.00 0.50 0.03 1.30 41.40 1.15 0.07 Eucalyptus 2.00 46.80 1.30 0.08 2.00 18.00 0.50 0.03 2.50 36.00 1.00 0.06 2.50 36.00 1.00 0.06 3.00 25.20 0.70 0.04 3.00 25.20 0.70 0.04 3.00 36.00 1.00 0.06 3.00 36.00 1.00 0.06 3.00 54.00 1.50 0.09 3.00 46.80 1.30 0.08 3.00 72.00 2.00 0.13 3.00 25.20 0.70 0.04 3.00 72.00 2.00 0.13 3.00 46.80 1.30 0.08 3.00 57.60 1.60 0.10 3.00 46.80 1.30 0.08 3.00 50.40 1.40 0.09 3.00 50.40 1.40 0.09 4.00 90.00 2.50 0.16 4.00 27.00 0.75 0.05 4.00 28.80 0.80 0.05 4.00 54.00 1.50 0.09 4.00 45.00 1.25 0.08 4.00 54.00 1.50 0.09 4.00 45.00 1.25 0.08 5.00 43.20 1.20 0.08 5.00 93.60 2.60 0.16 6.00 57.60 1.60 0.10 6.00 46.80 1.30 0.08 6.00 41.76 1.16 0.07 6.00 46.80 1.30 0.08 6.00 36.00 1.00 0.06 6.30 45.00 1.25 0.08 7.00 43.20 1.20 0.08 7.00 41.04 1.14 0.07 7.00 51.12 1.42 0.09 8.00 54.00 1.50 0.09 9.70 44.28 1.23 0.08 10.0) 32.40 0.90 0.06 10.00 79.20 2.20 0.14 10.00 73.80 2.05 0.13 10.00 61.20 1.70 0.11 13.80 30.96 0.86 0.05 15.20 39.60 1.10 0.07 Mlnfmaw 1.00 18.00 0.50 0.03 Average 4.86 45.63 1.27 0.08 Maxim 15.20 93.60 2.60 0.16 lmproved Cbarcoal and Carhonzale Techniques Annex V Page 87 Annea V: Dlagrams of Improved Stoves Canamake I~> / The Canamake is a stove which accommodates multi sizes pots, with a metal exterior and a clay. lined interior. The combustion chamber has been reduced to minimum size and constitutes the principal part of the stovebecause it stores the heat of the fire and prevents it from dispersing. The cookpot stands rest on this structure. Several thousand copies of this stove were sold in Kenya under the name of "Kenya Ceramic Jiko". Improved Charcoal and Carbonization Techniques Annex V Page 88 Ronderezn The Kigali-haut is a single-burner metal stove with a double lining whose exterior cylindrical structure covers an interior piece cut in the form of an inverted and truncated cone, which is attached with rivets to the edge of the preceding structure. On this cone are three cookpot stands, which are also attached to the exterior structure. This conical part forms the combustion chamber when a grate is added, which closes off the point of the cone and on which the charcoal rests. It is fastened in such a way that the cookpot can be placed in it, while leaving about a centimeter on each side to facilitate draught. A small opening which can be opened or closed by a door allows for control of the draught. Improved Charcoal and Carbonization Techniques Annex V Page 89 The Kigali-bas is similar in structure to the Kigali-haut but is shorter. It is a multi-cookpot stove because the casseroles rest on it, rather than being placed in it. Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonlmtlon Techniques Annex VI Page 90 Annex VI: EV umeration of Tasks for Professional Charcoalers In the following table, a figure across from each task indicates the training objective. For each corresponding fig;3re, a training card and a task may encompass several objectives. A summary of each card is presented below: Enumeration of the Principal Tasks of a Small-scale Charcoal Producer - ~~~~~~in Rwanida PROFESSIONAL TASK TRAINING OBJECTIVE 1. Ability to orsanize work 1,3,5 . Division of work time and choice of intervention zones . Division of tasks Supervision of production 2. Ability to manage the exploited forestry settlements Coppicing pririciples Fidaental principles of forestry management Production woodlands and protected woodlands Wood production for self-consauption and for comnercialization Simple estimates for voltne of standing wood and felled wood. 3. Ability to rationalize forestry exploitation, conditioning and transportation 3,5 of wood - Simple techniques appropriate for felling and conditioning of wood 3 organization of wood transportation 4. Ability to manage the stock of wood for carbonfzateon 2.3,5 . Stock anm handling of wood, stacking probtem V VoLume of stock of wood, . Drying, quality of the wood . Species/types 5. Ability to carbonize using the Casamancaise kiln technique 4 Preparation of carbonization site Setting up of the kiln Lighting up Regulation of air admission . Supervision . Cooling-off period . Drawing out 6. Ability to use other improved 4,6 carbonization techniques: . Carbonization process; principles . feedback after carbonization with the casamacaise kiln . Other artisanal improved charcoal production processes used in Rwanda which can be recommended in the zone where the the workshop is organized.continuation: 7. Conditioning of charcoal stock before its commercialization 4 7 8. Ability to insure a good commercialixation 5,7 of charcual . Relations with the administration: State, Commnes, Forestry Departments . Knowledge of forestry regulation and th^ charcoal trade Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonation Techniques Annex VI Page 91 TrUINI CAM TRAINING OBJECTIVES TRAINING CARD NUMBER Forestry resource and its management 1 . Wood and its energy uses 2 . forestry exploitation and supply of wood to 3 carbonization site . charcoal production with the casamameaise 4 ki In . work organization 5 . other artisanalt iproved charcoal production 6 processes . charcoal sates and contacts with 7 tradesmen . administrative enwironment 8 CARD I FOSESTRY RESURUI AND llS NANACENENT _.. _.. . . . _... ... .. .. _._.. .. . ._...._ 1. Training objective ,..... ..... .. Basic notions of forest planting Wood sarpling planning in afforestation - Necessary husbandry to insure the perennity of the forest. 2. PrincipaL tasks .... ..... .... Cuttivation of forest and tree planting Programming of wood felting and estimates of exptoitable trees Further steps to be executed after forest exploitation 3. Indispensable know-how .............. Forest planting, its structure, its cultivation rules and its renewal conditions Parameters for wood felling planning and for the choice of exploitable trees Simples cultivation techniques to be executed after forest exploitation 4. Teaching Devices Use of drawings and posters Simple forestry management hand-outs Practical work in the field Visits to demonstration plots Team of trainers 5. Teaching method ..... ........ Classroom ....... M. In the field .1. 0 day Duration of training ........... 1.0 day Improved Cbaroal Stoves and Carbo Techniques Annex VI Pa 92 CARD 2 VOW A ITS ENERGY USES ........................ 1. Training objective ...,.. . ........... Knowledge of wood for energa uses 2. Principal tasks .................... - Identification of species * Choice of dimension and trees to be used for charcoal production Estimation of humidity of wood - Increasing the energy value of wood 3. Indispensable Know-how ...................... Main energy characteristics of wood - Felling wood management for a more rational use of stock in relation to its humidity, and its type... - Some practical aspects of drying the wood: 4 advantages of drying + stacks to be put together * Conditioning and stock of wood 4. Teaching Devices ................ Wood samnple presentation - Simple technical cards outlining characteristics of the wood * Training team E--. Teaching method ............. .................v * Classroom .p.m. In the field .0.25 day - Duration of training .... 0.25 day Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carboiation Techniques Annex VI Page 93 CAR 3 FOlESTY hNPIOITATI OaNI WO SUPPMrY FOR A CARIWBIZATION SITE ._._...... u._......._._.....___......._.___............_,__._.............._ 1. Training Objective ...... .......... ... ..-- - Netp the charcoalers to use materials and techniques for exploitation which are appropriate to local working conditions * AlAlow the charcoalers to calculate the volune of cutting and wood stocks in termn of their wood needs for carbonization 2. Principal tasks concerned ,......................... - Forestry exploitation ard programminri of wood cutting Uood supply for a carbonization site 3. Indispensable know-how ................................... * Knowledge of available exploitation materials, fellirtg techniques, and wood treatment - _anagement of wood stock * Coepetition for the purchase of ittend$nq wood 4. Teaching Devices ................ - Presentation of available exploitation materials * Plans for forestry exptoftatfon workshops and wood storage lots * Visit (eventually) to demonstration exploitation workshops during the course - Applied works * Training teem 5. Teaching methods ................ - Classroom .................. p.m. * In the field .................. 0.5 day - Duration of the training .................. 0.5 day Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonizatin Technlq2ls Annex VI Page 94 wA 4 CHARML PRDUCTICN VITh THE CASANAICE KILN 1. Training Objective Teach the charcoalers how the casamance functions and the principle practices to know to increase their charcoal production L. Principal tasks concerned ...... ........... .... Artisanal charcoal production technique Management of the casamance kiln 3. indispensable know-how * Basic knowledge of carbonization and charcoal produci on technique Usage of a casamance kiln: * Setting up of the kiln + Lighting - Regulation of air intake e Coolins-off Period 4 Charcoal extraction - The conditioning and drying of the wood - Bagging of charcoal The limits of utilization of the casamance kiln - MHonitoring of yields 4. Teaching Devices * S1mplified expose with illustrations on the theory of carbot.;zation - Manual illustrated in Kinyarwanda on the utilization of the Casamance kiln Case studies of traditional carbonization workshops - Demonstration of the Casamence kiln - -operation of a Casamance kiln by 2-3 person teams * Training team 5. Teaching methods lassroo..............p.m. In the field ...............8.0 days Duration of training .............. 8.0 days Improve charcoal Stoves and Carboalation Tecbhques Annex VI Page 95 CA 5 PRUIZATION OF MMK 1. Training Objective ..... .........,... Organization of *orestry exploitation, carbonization, and charcoat commercieliza:ion organization of work te m - Conditions of the works and ltwbe, yards 2. Principal tasks Concerned ......... ................. Implementation of all the works of the lumber yards - exploitation, conditioning, transfer and stocking of wood carbonization menagement - charcoal sales Distribution and organization of team work 3. Indispensable know-how ...................... - D4ecriptive analysis of all the elementary tasks of a lumber yard - How to divide operations according to time and space in order to make them the most profitable and best of the lumber yard based on work done in teams - For team work, specialization or ***e** of personnel in relation to all operations 4. Teaching Devices ................ - Complete description of models of work organization inspired by typical tumber yards. - Presentation in the fiteld of several lurber yards to be organized. - Training team 5. Teaching method ............... - Classroom instruction .................................. p.m. - In the fietd v Tests of lumber yards near the training site ...................................... 0,5 days + Application of exercises in organization and fur.ctioning of a lumber yard ........................ p.m. - Duration of training .. ................................. 0,5 days smprcved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonlzation Tenques Annex VI Page 96 CARD 6 OTHER ATISAMAL IMWWSED CMARCL P =ucTION PROCEDURES ........... ........................ . . ,.... ...._ .. 1. Training Objective .. .... ..... ......... Specify the limits of utilization of the improved carbonization procedures for the Casamance k1'.n. Present other irproved carbonizatfri techniques which are appropriate for local charcoal production conditions. Provide siuple solutions to inmprove iocal charcoal production techniques encountered fn the zone where the training course took place. Offer the charcoalers the possibility of choostsg the inproved charcoal production technique which is most aWropriate to their specific work conditions. 2. PrincipaL Tasks Involved ......................... Knowledge of smple improved charcoal production techniques - Knowledge of principal characteristics of these artisanal procedures Management of artisanal charcoal production procedures 3. Indispensable Know-how .... ..... . ....... Basic knowledge of artisanal charcoal production Application of management of carbonization techniques pConditioning of wood adapted to these carbonization procedures Selection of one of these techniques, taking local conditions of charcool production into consideration Monitoring of the yield 4. Teaching Methods ................ Presentation of the principal artisanal charcoal production techniques avail le ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMfE COMPLETED ACTIVITIES C40*y Acvivty DaItc Number SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Africa Regional Anglopiuone Africa Household Energy Workshop 07/88 085/88 Regional Power Seminar on Reducing Electric Power System Losses in Af.ica 08/88 087/88 Institutional Evaluation of EGL 02/89 098/89 Biomass Mapping Regional Workshops 05/89 Frincophone Household Energy Works}op 08/89 103/89 Intetafrican Electrical Engineering College: Proposals for Short- and Long-Term Development 03/90 112/90 Biomass Assessment and M-apping 03/90 Angola Energy Assesstaw -t 05/89 4708-ANG Benin Energy Assessment 06/85 5222-BEN Botswana Energy Assessment 09/84 4998-BT Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study 01/86 047/86 Review of Electricity Service Connection Policy 07/87 071/87 Tuli Block Farms Electrification Study 07/87 072/87 Household Energy Issues Study 02/88 -- Urban Household Energy Strategy Study 05/91 132/91 Burkina Faso Energy Assessment 01/86 5730-BUR Technical Assistance Prog.am 03/S&9 052/86 Urban Household Energy Strategy Stady 06/91 134/91 Burundi Energy Assessment 06/82 3778-BU Petroleum Supply Management 01/84 012/84 Status Report 02/84 011/84 Presentation of Energy Projects for the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1983-1987) 05/85 036/85 Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy 09/85 042/85 Peat Utilization Project 11/85 046/85 Cape Verde Energy Assessment 08/84 5073-CV Household Energy Strategy Study 02/90 110/90 Comoros Energy Assessment 01/88 7104-COM Congo Energy Assessment 01/88 6420-COB Power Development Plan 03/90 106/90 Cote d'Ivoire Energy Assessment 04/85 5250-JVC Improved Biomass Utilization 04/87 069/8i Power System Efficiency Study 12/87 -- Ethiopia Energy Assessment 07/84 4741-ET Power System Efftciency Study 10/85 045/85 Agricultural Residue Briquetting Pilot Project 12/86 062/86 Bagasse Study 12/86 063/86 Cooking Efficiency Project 12/8'1 Gabon Energy Assessment 07/88 6915-GA ENERGY SECTOP WMNAGEMET ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Couuiy Acdy Date Number The Gambia Energy Assessment 11/83 4743-GM Solar Water Heating Retrorit Project 02/85 030/85 Solar Photovoltaic Applications 03/85 032/85 Petroleum Supply Management Assistance 04/85 035/85 Ghana Energy Assessment 11/86 6234-GH Energy Rationalization in the Indtstrial Sector 06/88 084/88 Sawmill Residvue Utilization Study 11/88 074/87 Guinea Energy Assessment 11/86 6137-GUI Guinea-Bissau Energy Assesment 08/84 5083-GUB Recommended Technical Assistance Projects 04/85 033/85 Management Options for the Electric Power and Water Supply Subsectors 02/90 100/90 Power and Water Institutional Restructuring (French) 04/91 118/91 Kenya Energy Assessment 0M,82 3800-KE Power System Efficiency StuAy 03/84 014/84 Status Report 05/84 016/84 Coal Conversion Action Plan 02/87 - Solar Water Heating Study 02/87 066/87 Peri-Urban Woodfuel Development 10/87 076/87 Power Master Plan 11/87 - Lesotho Energy Assessment 01/84 4676-LSO liberia Energy Assessment 12/84 5Z/9-LBR Recommended Technical Assistance Projects 06/85 038/85 Power System EfiTciency Study 12/87 081/87 Madagascar Energy Assessment 01/87 5700-MAG Power System Efficiency Study 12/87 075/87 Malawi Energy Assessment 08/82 3903-MAL Technical Assistance to Improve the Efficiency of Fuelwood Use in the Tobacco Industry 11/83 009/83 Status Report 01/84 013/84 Islamic Republic of Mauritania Energy Assessment 04/85 5224-MAU Household Energy Strategy Study 07/90 123/90 Mauritius Energy Assessment 12/81 3510-MAS Status Report 10/83 008/83 Power System Efficiency Audit 05/87 070/87 Bagasse Power Potential 10/87 077/87 Mozambique Energy Assessment 01/87 6128-MOZ Household Electricity Utilization Study 03/90 113/90 Niger Energy Assessment 05/84 4642-NIR Status Report 02/86 051/86 Improved Stoves Project 12/87 080/87 Household Energy Conservation and Substitution 01/88 082/88 Nigeria Energy Assessment 08/83 4440-UNI ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMEIT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME COMPLETED A(T1VITIES Cowaby Actit4(A Date Number Rwanda Energy Assessment 06/82 3779-RW Energy Assessment 07/91 8017-RW Status Report 05/84 017/84 Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy 08/86 059/86 Improved Charcoal Production Techniques 02/87 065/87 Commercialization of Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques 10/91 141/91 Sao Tome and Principe Energy Assessment 10/85 5803-STP Senegal Energy Assessment 07/83 4182-SE Status Report 10/84 025/84 Industrial Energy Conservation Study 05/85 037/85 Preparatory Assistance for Donor Meeting 04/86 056/86 Urban Household Energy Strategy 02/89 096/89 Seychelles Energy Assessment 01/84 4693-SEY Electric Power System EfFiciency Study 08/84 021/84 Sierra Leone Energy Assessment 10/87 6597-EL Somalia Energy Assessment 12/85 5796-SO Sudan Management Assistance to the Ministry of Energy and Mining 05/83 003/83 Energy Assessment 07/83 4511-SU Power System Efficiency Study 06/84 018/84 Status Report 11/84 026/84 wood Energy/Forestry Feasibility 07/87 073/87 Swaziland Energy Assessment 02/87 6262-SW Tanzania Energy Assessment 11/84 4969-TA Peri-Urban Woodfuels Feasibility Study 08/88 086/88 Tobacco Curing Efficiency Study 05/89 102/89 Remote Sensing and Mapping of Woodlands 06/90 -- Industrial Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance 08/90 122/90 Togo Energy Assessment 06/85 5221-TO Wood Recovery in the Nangbeto Lake 04/86 055/86 Power Efficiency Improvement 12/87 078/87 Uganda Energy Assessment 07/83 4453-UG Status Report 08/84 020/84 Institutional Review of the Energy Sector 01/85 029/85 Energy Efficiency in Tobacco Curing Industry 02/86 049/86 Fuetwood/Forestry Feasibility Study 03/86 053/86 Power System Efficiency Study 12/88 092/88 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick and Tile Industry 02/89 097/89 Tobacco Curing Pilot Project 03/89 UNDP Terminal Report Zaire Energy Assessment 05/86 5837-ZR ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEM4 ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME COMPLETED ACTIVITIES C Po Acty Dote Number Zambia Energy Assessment 01/83 4110-ZA Status Report .. 3/85 039/85 Energy Sector Institutional Review 11/86 060/86 Power Subsector Efficiency Study 02/89 093/88 Energy Strategy Study 02/89 094/88 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study 08/90 121/90 Zimbabwe Energy Assessment 06/82 3765-ZIM Power System Efficiency Study 06/83 005/83 Status Report 08/84 019/84 Power Sector Management Assistance Project 04/85 034/85 Petroleum Management Assistance 12/89 109/89 Power Sector Management Institution Building 09/89 -- Charcoal Utilization Prefeasibility Study 06/90 119/90 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Asia Regional Pacific Household and Rural Energy Seminar 11/90 Bangladesh Energy Assessment 10/82 3873-13D Priority Investment Program 05/83 002/83 Status Report 04/84 015/84 Power System Efficiency Study 02/85 031/85 Small Scale Uses of Gas Prefeasibility Study 12/88 -- China County-Level Rural Energy Assessments 05/89 101/89 Fuelwood Forestry Preinvestment Study 12/89 105/89 Fiji Energy Assessment 06/83 4462-FU India Opportunities for Commercialization of Nonconventional Energy Systems 11/88 091/88 Maharashtra Bagasse Energy Efficiency Project 05/91 120/91 Mini-Hydro Development on Irrigation Dams and Canal Drops Vols. 1, 11 and III 07/91 139/91 Indonesia Energy Assessment 11/81 3543-IND Status Report 09/84 022/84 Power Generation Efficiency Study 02/86 050/86 Energy Efficiency in the Brick, Tile and Lime Industries 04/87 067/87 Diesel Generating Plant Efficiency Study 12/88 095/88 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study 02/90 107/90 Biomass Gasifier Preinvestment Study Vols. I & II 12/90 124/90 Malaysia Sabah Power System Efficiency Study 03/87 068/87 Gas Utilization Study 09/91 9645-MA Myanmar Energy Assessment 06/85 5416-BA Nepal Energy Assessment 08/83 4474-NEP Status Report 01/85 028/84 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEM0aT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME COMPLETED ACTIVITES c4yA* Da Nwnber Papua New Guinea Energy Assessment 06/82 3882-PNG Statu Report 07/83 006/83 nerga Strategy Paper - - Institutiona Review in the Engy Sector 10/84 023/84 Power Tariff Study 10/84 024/84 Solomon Islands Enrgy Asessment 06/83 4404-SOL South Pacific Petroleum Transport in the South Pacfic 05/86 - Sri Lanka Energy Assessment 05/82 3792-CE Power System Loss Reduction Study 07/83 007/83 Status Report 01/84 010/84 Industrial Energy Conservation Study 03/86 054/86 Thaand Energy Assessment 09/85 5793-TH Rural Ener Issues and Options 09/85 044/85 Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves and Charcoal Kiles 09/87079/87 Notheast Region Vilage Forestry and Woodfuels Premveatment Study 02/88 083/88 Impact of Lower Oil Pnces 08/88 - Coal Development and Udtlization Study 10/89 - Tonga Eney Assessment 06/85 3498-TON Vanuatu Eneg Assessment 06/85 5577-VA Western Samoa Energy Assessment 06/85 5497-WSO EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (EMENA) Morocco EnergyAssessment 03/84 4157-MOR Status Report 01/86 048/86 Pakistan Household Enery Assessment 05/88 - Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs, Applications, and Markets 10/8° 103/89 Potua Eegy Assesment 04/84 4824-PO Syria Energy Assessment 05/86 5822-SYR Electrc Powver Efficiency Study 09/88 089/88 Energy Efficiency Improvement ra the Cement Sector 04/89 099/89 Energy Efficency Improvement in the Ferilizer Sector 06/90 115/90 Tunisia Fuel Substitution 03/90 - Turkey Energy Assesment 03/83 3877-TU Yemen Energy Assessment 12/84 4892-YAR Energy Invetment rioities 02/87 6376-YAR Househlwd Energy Strategy Study Phase I 03/91 126/91 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMV+T ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME COMPLETEI) ACTIVITIES Cb"y AcdMy Date Number GLOBAL Ener End Use Efficiency. Research and Strategy 11/89 -- Guideline for Utility Customer Management and Metering 07/91 -- Women and Energy-A Resource Guide The International Network: Policies and Experience 04/90 ENERGY SECrOR MANAGEMW+T ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME COMPLETED ACiVITIES Ckluiby A:&*it Dare Numbier IATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LAC) LAC Regional Regional Seminar on Electric Power System Loss Reduction in the Carbbean 07/89 Boiia Energy Assessment 04/83 4213-BO National Energy Plan 12/87 -- National Energy Plan (Spanish) 08/91 131/91 La Paz Private Power Technical Assistance 11/90 111/90 Natural Gas Distribution 03/91 125/91 Prefeasibility Evaluation Rural Electrilication and Demand Assessment 04/91 129/91 Chile Energy Sector Review 08/88 7129-CH Colombia Energy Strategy Paper 12/86 -- Costa Rica Eneg Assessment 01/84 4655-CR Recommended Technical Assitance Projects 11/84 027/84 Forest Residues Utilization Study 02/90 108/90 Dominican Energy Assessment 05/91 8234-DO Republic Ecuador Energy Assessment 12/85 5865-EC Energy Strategy Phase I 07/88 - Energ Strategy 04/91 -- Haiti Ener Asment 06/82 3672-HA Status Report 08/85 041/85 Honduras Energy Assessment 08/87 6476-HO Petroleum Supply Management 03/91 128/91 Jamaica Energy Assessment 04/85 5466-JM Petroleum Procurement, Refining, and Distribution Study 11/86 061/86 Energy Efciency Building Code Phase I 03/88 -- Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Phase I 03/88 -- Management Infonnrmation System Phase 1 03/88 Charcoal Production Project 09/88 090/88 FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utiization Study 09/88 088/88 Mexico Improved Charcoal Production WAithin Forest Management for the State of Veracruz 08/91 138/91 Panama Power System Efficiency Study 06/83 004/83 Paraguay Energy Assessment 10/84 5145-PA Recommended Technic Assistance Projects 09/85 -- Status Report 09/85 043/85 Peru Energy Assessment 01/84 4677-PE Status Report 08/85 040/85 Proposal for a Stov Dissemination Program in the Sierra 02/87 ')64/87 Energy Strategy 12/90- Saint Lucia Energy Assessment 09/84 5111-SLU St. Vmcent and the Grenadines Energy Assessment 09/84 5103-STV Trinidad and Tobago Energy Assessment 12/85 5930-TR