GCC Engagement Note #3 P vin th W for Wom n’s Economic Inclusion in th Gulf Coop r tion Council (GCC) F bru r 2016 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 1 3/8/16 12:32 PM Table of Contents Abbr vi tions/Acron ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Acknowl d m nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Ex cutiv Summ r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 I. B ck round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 II. Wh ? R tion l for Wom n's Economic Inclusion in th GCC . . . . . . .10 III. K Economic Issu s nd G ps in th GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 A. Th Educ tion nd Emplo m nt P r dox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 B. Driv rs of Wom n’s Pr f r nc s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 C. En blin Environm nt: GCC nd Glob l Comp r tors. . . . . . . . . 25 D. Th Futur of Wom n-L d Entr pr n urship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 IV. Pot nti l Ar s of En m nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Biblio r ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 2 3/8/16 12:32 PM Abbreviations/Acronyms FIFA Fédér tion Int rn tion l d Footb ll Associ tion FLMP L bor M rk t P rticip tion R t GCC Gulf Coop r tion Council GDP Gross N tion l Product KSA Kin dom of S udi Ar bi MLMP M l L bor M rk t P rticip tion MNA Middl E st nd North Afric M&E Monitorin nd Ev lu tion ILO Int rn tion l L bor Or ni tion RAS R imburs bl Advisor S rvic s SMEs Sm ll nd M dium Ent rpris s UAE Unit d Ar b Emir t s WBG World B nk Group WDI World D v lopm nt Indic tors WRSC Wom n's R s rch nd Studi s C nt r 3 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 3 3/8/16 12:32 PM Acknowledgements This En m nt Not (P157986) w s pr p r d und r th ov r ll uid nc of A t Solim n (Pr ctic M n r, GSURR) nd H n Brixi (GCC Pro r m L d r) b M ri n T. F licio (TTL, Soci l D v lopm nt Sp ci list), nd m in uthor S m nth Const nt, (S nior Soci l D v lopm nt Consult nt) in th Middl E st nd North Afric n’s Soci l, Urb n, Rur l nd R sili nc (SURR) Glob l Pr ctic . Th t m would lik to th nk N dir Moh mm d for his uid nc nd stron support durin th proc ss of producin th not . Th t m wish s to th nk coll u s nd r vi w rs for th ir constructiv comm nts nd v lu bl inputs durin th n m nt not ’s pr p r tion, includin Fir s R d (Kuw it Countr M n r), P ul Mor no Lop (Pro r m L d r, MNC05), T r Vishw n th (L d Economist, GPVDR), K vin C r (L d Economist, GMFDR), N dw R f h (S nior Economist, GHNDR), F tm Ahm d Al Ibr him (Op r tions An l st, MNCKW), H l Bish r (Pro r m Assist nt, MNCA5), D m Yousif Almud h m (T m Assist nt, MNCA5), nd Ursul C s bonn (S nior G nd r Consult nt, GSURR). A sp ci l th nks to R j N ll ri (L d Economist, GMFDR), C rol Abi N h d Ch rtouni (Economist, GSPDR), nd C rm n Ni th mm r (Op r tions Offic r, GCGDR IFC) for th ir xc ll nt uid nc nd insi hts on priorit r s nd w forw rd. L stl , th t m h s r tl b n fit d from th form l p r r vi w rs: M ri V li sindi (Pro r m L d r, GCC SDN), M ri B tri Orl ndo (S nior Soci l D v lopm nt Sp ci list, GSURR), nd Luci H nm r (L d Economist, GCGDR/G nd r CCSA). 4 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 4 3/8/16 12:32 PM Executive Summary This En m nt Not on Supportin Wom n’s Economic Inclusion in th GCC ims to id ntif ntr points th t r spond to th str t ic o ls nd countr d v lopm nt prioriti s nnounc d b Gulf Coop r tion Council (GCC) m mb r st t s. Th not ’s ov r rchin o l is to l th roundwork for c rr in out f mil r sponsiv int rv ntions th t dd v lu to fost rin st bl nd prosp rous soci ti s b w of pr s ntin n n l sis of pro r ss chi v d in support of wom n’s conomic inclusion, id ntif in ch ll n s for incr s d mpow rm nt, nd proposin pr ctic l ntr points for World B nk support. i. Th countri s of th GCC, n m l B hr in, Kuw it, Om n, Q t r, Kin dom of S udi Ar bi (KSA) nd th Unit d Ar b Emir t s (UAE), r t import nt crossro ds. E ch of th six st t s h v mbitious n tion l str t i s to build prosp rous nd p c ful soci ti s, d v lop nd h rn ss th full pot nti l of th ir hum n c pit l, nd comp t in n v r- rowin lob l knowl d conom . In ord r to chi v th s obj ctiv s, countri s r t kin th n c ss r st ps to nsur th t citi ns—both m l nd f m l —contribut to th d v lopm nt nd . ii. Gov rnm nts h v nd continu to pl l din rol in dv ncin wom n’s conomic nd politic l nd in th GCC. As rl s 1975, U.A.E st blish d th G n r l Wom n’s Union which h s b n instrum nt l in proposin m ndm nts to l ws for th b n fit of wom n. Om n w s on of th first countri s in th GCC to llow wom n to vot in 1994 nd Kuw it h s h d lon histor of providin its f m l citi ns with public pl tforms. In 2006, B hr in p v d th w for wom n’s rol in n tion l politics wh n f m l p rli m nt ri n w s l ct d—for th first tim in th GCC—into offic . Th t s m r Q t r s t up th Q t r Found tion for th Prot ction of Wom n nd Childr n, which is int rn tion ll r co ni d for its f mil -ori nt d mod l nd mph sis on duc tion. In 2013, KSA ppoint d 30 wom n for th first tim v r to th Shur Council constitutin 20 p rc nt of tot l s ts1 nd mor r c ntl t l st 17 wom n w r l ct d to municip l s ts durin op n l ctions on D c mb r 12, 2015. 1 This fi ur w s hi h r th n th r ion l v r of 17.8 p rc nt. 5 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 5 3/8/16 12:32 PM iii. Y t th r r ps: wom n constitut clos to 45 p rc nt of th tot l popul tion in th GCC nd r b tt r duc t d th n m n t r pr s nt onl bout fourth of th l bor m rk t. Inv stm nts in duc tion h v not tr nsl t d to improv m nts in mplo m nt r t s. F m l l bor m rk t p rticip tion r t s in th GCC r m in low nd un mplo m nt is st dil incr sin . Whil f m l p rticip tion r t s r subst nti ll low r th n m l p rticip tion r t s, tr nds r showin th t mor wom n r nt rin th l bor m rk t. At th s m tim , un mplo m nt is lso risin for wom n nd outh (with si nific nt p b tw n m l nd f m l cohorts) d monstr tin th t mplo bilit of wom n r m ins m jor ch ll n . iv. B r isin f m l mplo m nt r t s, GCC countri s c n improv th ir ross dom stic products (GDP) in th m dium t rm. Studi s qu ntif in th m cro conomic imp ct of hi h r f m l p rticip tion in th work forc show th t l v lin th pl in fi ld for wom n c n h v positiv ff ct on conomic p rform nc .2 B s d on r c nt stud b A uirr nd oth rs,3 r isin f m l mplo m nt r t to countr -sp cific m l l v ls in D nm rk, E pt, J p n nd Unit d Ar b Emir t s throu h th r 2020 c n incr s n tion l GDPs b 4%, 56%, 15% nd 19%, r sp ctiv l .4 Th r r lso subst nti l b n fits t th micro-l v l: 2014 stud b G llup shows th t nd r div rs busin ss s t nd to h v hi h r bottom-lin s th n thos l ss div rs .5 v. Whil driv rs of un mplo m nt v r from countr to countr , th r r sh r d tr nds r quirin furth r stud . Und rl in f ctors th t driv th pr f r nc s of f m l n tion ls (som of which r lso sh r d b th ir m l count rp rts) nd k constr ints includ : ( ) hi h xp ct tions for th kinds of positions th r willin to t k in t rms of job r nkin ; (b) th public s ctor pr f r nc du to b tt r p , 2 “G nd r In qu lit , Growth, nd Glob l A in ,” Glob l Economics P p r No. 154, Goldm n S chs, 2007. 3 A uirr , D Ann , L il Hot it, Christin Rupp, nd K rim S bb h, 2012, “Empow rin th Third Billion. Wom n nd th World of Work in 2012,” Boo nd Comp n , 2012. 4 Th s stim t s r fl ct th ross imp ct on GDP of n incr s in mplo m nt l v l nd i nor d mp nin f ctors, such s pot nti l drop l bor productivit nd/or drop in v r hours work d du to p rt-tim mplo m nt. 5 B d l, S n t Bh r dw j, 2014. Th Busin ss B n fits of G nd r Div rsit . Busin ss Journ l. G llup Poll. J nu r 20, 2014. 6 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 6 3/8/16 12:32 PM b n fits, nd cc pt bl work nvironm nts; (c) skills mism tch, nd (d) constr ints f cin wom n in commutin to nd from work, nd b l ncin f mil nd soci l xp ct tions. Y t mor r s rch is n d d to b tt r und rst nd to wh t xt nt do th und rl in f ctors nd constr ints diff r mon m n nd wom n nd how r th s ch n in ov r tim nd cross n r tions. vi. Th World B nk Group (WBG) brin s pr ctic l xp rtis workin with ov rnm nts from round th world to improv mplo m nt, ntr pr n urship nd f mil r sponsiv polici s nd pro r ms. Buildin on countr prioriti s s w ll s th World B nk D v lopm nt R port 2012 on G nd r nd D v lopm nt nd th nsuin Op nin Doors: G nd r Equ lit nd D v lopm nt in MNA (2013), th WBG h s d dic t d th p st s v r l rs to nsurin th t both m l nd f m l consid r tions r r pr s nt d in infr structur proj cts, promotin wom n in ntr pr n urship nd l d rship, nd impl m ntin innov tiv pro r mmin in tr nsition l st t s. In ddition to str t ic m instr min in op r tion l work, s ri s of c p cit buildin tr inin s, consult tions nd south-to-south xch n s w r c rri d out in th fi ld nd t WBG H dqu rt rs b tw n 2012 nd 2015 r sultin in n w institution-wid str t to ddr ss nd r in qu lit in B nk op r tions. 6 vii. D spit on oin pro r mm tic nd m instr min fforts, ps r m in in sc lin up succ ss s nd st blishin n w lin s of work, p rticul rl in th countri s of th GCC. Th WBG, throu h R imburs bl Advisor S rvic s (RAS), d liv rs t chnic l ssist nc nd impl m nt tion support to m mb r st t s. Whil coop r tion b tw n th WBG nd th GCC h s incr s d ov r tim cross r n of r s includin ov rn nc , duc tion, h lth, nd priv t s ctor d v lopm nt, th r h s b n limit d n m nt on ddr ssin th ch ll n of wom n’s conomic inclusion. How v r, this is now ch n in . Mor r c ntl , GCC ov rnm nts h v turn d to th WBG for support nd t chnic l ssist nc on v ri t of soci l d v lopm nt issu s, includin how b st to str n th n th ir pro r ms to support th ir conomic vision 6 In D c mb r 2015, th World B nk Group r l s d its n w institution-wid str t for FY16-23, ntitl d “G nd r Equ lit , Pov rt R duction nd Inclusiv Growth.” 7 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 7 3/8/16 12:32 PM of buildin knowl d soci ti s nd promotin f mil st bilit nd prosp rit . viii. Th En m nt Not propos s pr m tic ppro ch to supportin GCC’s conomic vision nd lon t rm obj ctiv s of nh ncin wom n’s conomic p rticip tion. In this cont xt, th not outlin s short, m dium nd lon r t rm options for ov rnm nt ction nd priv t s ctor n m nt. Th r s of coll bor tion focus on th followin four obj ctiv s: i) xp rim ntin nd v lu tin pr ctic s to d t rmin und rl in f ctors of wh t h s work d nd wh t h s not; ii) d v lopin sm rt solutions th t s mplo m nt constr ints on first tim job s k rs, sp ci ll oun wom n, iii) supportin f mil -fri ndl polici s in institution l nd r ul tor fr m works, nd iv) boostin wom n’s l d rship nd c r r d v lopm nt in th priv t s ctor nd public dom in. In ord r to chi v th s obj ctiv s, two m in r s will b pursu d nd c rri d out throu h th propos d followin ctiviti s: 1. Exp rim nt tion nd Ev lu tion: . Build on xistin d t coll ction fforts throu h hom - rown imp ct v lu tions in th form of r ndomi d control tri ls, countr -l v l s ctor di nostics, nd qu lit tiv instrum nts. b. Support th d v lopm nt of GCC sp cific indic tors nd comp r tors for m surin inclusiv pr ctic s und rw in th workpl c . c. Coll bor t with loc l polic institut s in th GCC to stud th constr ints f cin wom n nd f mili s includin imp ct on conomic p rticip tion nd l d rship. d. Promot f mil -s nsitiv consid r tions in th d si n of mplo m nt nd mplo bilit initi tiv s. . Exp nd on oin pro r ms to stud th imp ct of n tion li tion fforts b m ppin l bor l ws nd hum n r sourc m n m nt polici s to ss ss s nsitivit to m tt rs of inclusion nd provid dvic on pot nti l r forms b s d on findin s. 2. Innov tiv Int rv ntions: . Introduc ctiv l bor m rk t polici s (ALMP) th t incr s th prob bilit of f m l first tim jobs k rs to find jobs. b. Focus on rl duc tion—th rli r on th int rv ntion t k s pl c in lif c cl , th mor w r oun p opl will b in s curin c r r. 8 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 8 3/8/16 12:32 PM c. P rtn r with th priv t s ctor to int r t corpor t b nchm rks for m surin nd tr ckin c r r d v lopm nt pl ns for n tion l mplo s in xistin tr inin pro r ms. I. Background This n m nt not provid s n ov rvi w of th r c nt pro r ss nd k conomic ch ll n s f cin wom n in th Gulf Coop r tion Council (GCC) countri s of th Middl E st nd North Afric (MNA) r ion. Whil th mph sis is on conomic mpow rm nt, th not pr s nts holistic p rsp ctiv th t d monstr t s how politic l nd institution l f ctors combin d with nc nd norms pl stron rol in d t rminin th st tus of wom n in th six countri s of th GCC, n m l B hr in, Kuw it, Om n, Kin dom of S udi Ar bi (KSA) nd Unit d Ar b Emir t s (U.A.E). As such, th not outlin s short, m dium nd lon r t rm options for ov rnm nt ction nd priv t s ctor n m nt. Th r s of coll bor tion focus on th followin four obj ctiv s: i) n r tin vid nc -b s d knowl d throu h xp rim nt tion nd nh nc d v lu tion pr ctic s to d t rmin und rl in f ctors of wh t h s work d nd wh t h s not; ii) d v lopin sm rt solutions th t s mplo m nt constr ints on first tim job s k rs, sp ci ll oun wom n, iii) supportin f mil -fri ndl polici s in institution l nd r ul tor fr m works, nd iv) boostin wom n’s l d rship nd c r r d v lopm nt in th priv t s ctor nd public dom in. Th not builds on GCC countr prioriti s nd ims to support on oin ov rnm nt l fforts tow rd conomic div rsific tion nd fost rin knowl d -b s d conomi s. All six countri s h v d v lop d n tion l d v lopm nt pl ns th t str ss th import nc of movin w from th h v r li nc on h droc rbons nd tow rd inv stin in hum n c pit l throu h qu lit duc tion nd str t ic tr inin in productiv s ctors such s sci nc nd t chnolo .7 Th str t i s pl c stron mph sis on improvin l bor m rk t p rticip tion r t s mon n tion ls, sp ci ll in th priv t s ctor, s w ll s promotin comp titiv n ss, fost rin ntr pr n urship nd innov tion, nd ncour in r s rch nd d v lopm nt (R&D). Furth rmor , 7 Th Economic Vision 2030 for B hr in; Kuw it’s M dium-t rm D v lopm nt Pl n for th Y rs 2010/11–2013/14; Kuw it’s D v lopm nt Pl n for th Y rs 2015/2016–2019/2020); Om n’s Ei hth Fiv -Y r D v lopm nt Pl n (2011–2015); Q t r's N tion l Vision 2030 nd th Q t r N tion l D v lopm nt Str t 2011–2016, S udi Ar bi ’s T nth D v lopm nt Pl n (2015–2019); nd th UAE h s s p r t pl ns includin th Abu Dh bi Economic Vision 2030 nd th Dub i Pl n 2021. 9 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 9 3/8/16 12:32 PM th dv nc m nt of wom n’s conomic mpow rm nt is common th m sh r d in ll str t i s with Q t r xplicitl notin th n d for wom n’s r t r involv m nt in both conomic nd politic l sph r s.8 Th promis of wom n’s conomic inclusion is k r of r s rch nd innov tion for th World B nk Group (WBG), which h s just compl t d its institution-wid str t ntitl d “G nd r Equ lit , Pov rt R duction nd Inclusiv Growth” in D c mb r 2015. On of th ‘l v rs of ch n ’ th t th str t p s tt ntion nd r sponds to is wom n’s cc ss to conomic opportuniti s, sp cific ll job cr tion nd ss t own rship, s k driv rs of rowth nd pov rt r duction. Ali nin with th institution-wid str t , this n m nt not will b n fit from th WBG’s portfolio of d v lopm nt tools nd s rvic s t r tin wom n nd m n. Not onl will th not dr w from th B nk’s lob l xp ri nc nd xt nsiv n l sis on this issu ,9 it will provid solid fr m work for und rst ndin wom n’s conomic imp r tiv in th Gulf cont xt nd, in turn, promot ff ctiv coop r tion b tw n th WBG nd GCC m mb r countri s on this tim l issu . II. Why? Rationale for Women’s Economic Inclusion in the GCC Countri s of th GCC sp n n r of 2.48 million km2 in th Ar bi n P ninsul nd r r l tiv l mod rn st t s th t sh r stron ti s to B douin cultur l h rit nd Isl mic roots. Th GCC w s st blish d s r ion l lli nc in 1981 with th im to str n th n nd d p n coop r tion b tw n th six st t s nd to h rmoni polici s in conomic, soci l nd politic l m tt rs iv n historic common liti s nd o-politic l int r sts.10 Y t, th r r diff r nc s. KSA is th l r st nd most d ns countr in th GCC cov rin n r of 2.24 million squ r km with popul tion 29.37 million whilst B hr in—on of th sm ll r st t s—is n rchip l o of isl nds with l nd t rritor of 678 squ r km nd popul tion of onl 1.34 million. Incom l v ls 8 Q t r N tion l D v lopm nt Str t 2011–2016. Th r is still w s to o—thou h Q t r is th onl countr th t m k s r f r nc to politic l involv m nt in th ir str t ic vision, it is th onl GCC countr without f m l r pr s nt tion in p rli m nt ( l ct d offic ). A 2011 l w n bl d wom n in S udi Ar bi to run for municip l offic for th first tim on D c mb r 12, 2015. 9 Th not b n fit d from th ood pr ctic s nd l ssons l rn d docum nt d in k ston public tions such s th World D v lopm nt R port 2012 on G nd r nd D v lopm nt nd th r ion l comp nion r port Op nin Doors: G nd r Equ lit nd D v lopm nt in th Middl E st nd North Afric . 10 Th Coop r tion Council for th Ar b St t s of th Gulf, Found tion nd Obj ctiv s (http://www . cc-s .or /). 10 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 10 3/8/16 12:32 PM lso v r . In 2014, Q t r’s incom p r c pit w s stim t d t US$ 133,850 follow d b Kuw it (US$ 87,700), U.A.E. (US$ 63,750), KSA (US$ 53,760), B hr in (US$ 38,140) nd Om n (US$ 36,240).11 D spit fluctu tions in int rn tion l oil pric s, th countri s of th GCC h v xp ri nc d hi h conomic rowth r t s nd r pidl rowin l bor forc . GCC countri s r mon th top produc rs of oil nd s in th world. With th xc ption of drop in 2009, v r nnu l rowth h s f r d b tt r th n lob l nd r ion l tr nds (s Fi ur 1). Q t r lon xp ri nc d n v r rowth of 13.1% from 2005–2015 comp r d to r ion l v r of 4.9% nd 1.5% in hi h incom countri s durin th t s m p riod. With th conomic boom c m th d m nd for low-skill d for i n l bor whil t th s m tim ffordin n tion ls not to h v to work.12 Accordin to th Int rn tion l Mon t r Fund (IMF), th GCC n r t d pproxim t l 5.1 million jobs b tw n th rs 2006–2012.13 R pid conomic d v lopm nt nd th subs qu nt influx of xp tri t s n r t d n w mplo m nt l ndsc p wh r n tion ls w r f c d with opportuniti s to comp t inst lob l b nchm rks, p rticul rl in th priv t s ctor. Sinc th 1980s, KSA nd Kuw it h v m d si nific nt inv stm nts in duc tion on v r sp ndin , r sp ctiv l , 6.0 nd 5.5 p rc nt of th ir GDP on duc tion—much hi h r th n th v r of Figure 1: Trends in GDP Annual Growth Rate (%) 15 10 5 0 –5 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 GCC Arab World High Income Countries Sourc : World D v lopm nt Indic tors, Authors C lcul tion. 11 B s d on Purch s Pow r P rit US$, World D v lopm nt Indic tors 2013 nd 2014. 12 Citi ns in th GCC h v b n fit d from loc l conomi s in th form of w s, subsidi s nd fin nci l inc ntiv s. 13 IMF. 2014. L bor M rk t R form to Boost Emplo m nt nd Productivit in th GCC—An Upd t . Numb rs xclud th U.A.E wh r d t is not v il bl . 11 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 11 3/8/16 12:32 PM 4.9 sp nt in hi h incom countri s.14 Y t inv stm nts h v not tr nsl t d to si nific nt dv nc s on st nd rdi d chi v m nt t sts nd p rticip tion of n tion ls in th priv t s ctor r m ins w ll b low th lob l v r with m n pr f rrin public s ctor jobs th t t nd to off r b tt r p , mor fl xibl workin hours, nd r t r lon -t rm s curit . Wom n nd first-tim job s k rs ( sp ci ll f m l ) r most ff ct d, constitutin th m jorit of th r ion’s un mplo d. Wom n constitut clos to 45 p rc nt of th ntir popul tion in th GCC nd r b tt r duc t d th n m n t r pr s nt onl bout fourth of th l bor m rk t. F m l p rticip tion r t s in th GCC r m in low nd un mplo m nt is st dil incr sin . Th r r pproxim t l 12 million workin f m l s 15 in th GCC nd onl 3.3 million r mplo d. Whil f m l p rticip tion r t s r subst nti ll low r th n m l p rticip tion r t s, tr nds r showin th t mor wom n r nt rin th l bor m rk t. At th s m tim , un mplo m nt is lso risin for wom n nd outh (with si nific nt p b tw n m l nd f m l cohorts) d monstr tin th t mplo bilit of wom n r m ins m jor ch ll n . Wom n’s conomic inclusion is priorit r with si nific nt rowth pot nti l for th GCC nd ll of MNA. R c nt r s rch shows th t th MNA r ion los s up to 40 p rc nt of incom p r c pit du to wom n’s xclusion from ntr pr n urship ctiviti s nd th l bor forc .16 This fi ur is hi h r th n in n oth r r ion, nd do s not t k into ccount costs th t r sult from occup tion l und r-r pr s nt tion nd discr p nci s in w s. Inv stm nts in wom n’s conomic mpow rm nt will r sult in m sur bl b n fits for rowin conom . Furth r, b r isin f m l mplo m nt r t s, GCC countri s c n improv th ir ross dom stic products (GDP) in th m dium t rm. Studi s qu ntif in th 14 WDI. 2014 nd uthor’s c lcul tion. P rc nt s r round d up; d t for som of th rs r missin . 15 Al M s h C pit l LLC, 2012. 16 B s d on n occup tion l choic mod l th t f ctors in wom n s mplo rs, mplo s nd s s lf- mplo d, Cub r s nd T i n r, 2015. 12 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 12 3/8/16 12:32 PM m cro conomic imp ct of hi h r f m l p rticip tion in th work forc show th t l v lin th pl in fi ld for wom n c n h v positiv ff ct on 17 conomic p rform nc . B s d on r c nt stud b A uirr nd oth rs,18 r isin f m l mplo m nt r t to countr -sp cific m l l v ls in D nm rk, E pt, J p n nd Unit d Ar b Emir t s throu h th r 2020 c n incr s n tion l GDPs b 4%, 56%, 15% nd 19%, r sp ctiv l .19 Th r r lso subst nti l b n fits t th micro-l v l: 2014 stud b G llup shows th t nd r div rs busin ss s t nd to h v hi h r bottom-lin s th n thos l ss div rs .20 III. Key Economic Issues and Gaps in the GCC Subst nti l ins h v b n m d in xp ndin cc ss to quit bl duc tion cross th GCC st t s, chi vin n r closur b tw n m l nd f m l stud nts t th prim r nd s cond r l v ls (s T bl 1). In f ct, f m l stud nts f r xc d th numb r of m l s in univ rsiti s cross ll six st t s— positiv tr nd for wom n th t do s not show si ns of slowin down. Th r h v lso b n not bl ins in scor improv m nts of 8th r d rs in st nd rdi d chi v m nt t sts. In 2011, stud nts in Q t r nd S udi Ar bi scor d si nific ntl hi h r in both M th nd Sci nc th n in 2007. Addition ll , irls outp rform bo s in both subj cts cross ll p rticip tin GCC countri s, d monstr tin stron r t chnic l ptitud th n m l p rs (s T bl 1). D spit th s positiv tr nds, irls f c r t r difficulti s in th tr nsition from duc tion to jobs. Furth r, f m l stud nts r not v nl distribut d 17 “G nd r In qu lit , Growth, nd Glob l A in ,” Glob l Economics P p r No. 154, Goldm n S chs, 2007. 18 A uirr , D Ann , L il Hot it, Christin Rupp, nd K rim S bb h, 2012, “Empow rin th Third Billion. Wom n nd th World of Work in 2012,” Boo nd Comp n , 2012. 19 Th s stim t s r fl ct th ross imp ct on GDP of n incr s in mplo m nt l v l nd i nor d mp nin f ctors, such s pot nti l drop in l bor productivit nd/or drop in v r hours work d du to p rt-tim mplo m nt. 20 B d l, S n t Bh r dw j, 2014. Th Busin ss B n fits of G nd r Div rsit . Busin ss Journ l. G llup Poll. J nu r 20, 2014. 13 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 13 3/8/16 12:32 PM Table 1: Average Achievement by Gender of 8th Graders in Math & Sciences for MNA Participating Countries (2011) M th Sci nc Diff r nc Diff r nc Av r in Girls Av r in Girl Countri s Scor s Scor s Countri s Scor s Scor s Girls Bo s Girls Bo s B hr in 431 388 +43 B hr in 482 423 +59 Jord n 420 392 +28 Jord n 471 428 +43 L b non 444 456 -12 L b non 404 408 -4 Morocco 371 371 0 Morocco 378 374 -4 Om n 397 334 +63 Om n 458 380 +78 Q t r 415 404 +11 Q t r 432 406 +26 S udi Ar bi 401 387 +14 S udi Ar bi 450 420 +30 S ri 375 385 -10 S ri 424 429 -5 Tunisi 417 433 -16 Tunisi 431 447 -16 Unit d Ar b 464 447 +17 Unit d Ar b 447 452 +5 Emir t s Emir t s W st B nk & G 415 392 +23 W st B nk & G 434 406 +28 Sourc : Ad pt d from TIMSS R sults cross m jors in univ rsiti s nd in f ct r conc ntr t d in sp cific fi lds of stud . For x mpl , th ov rwh lmin m jorit of f m l stud nts r m jorin in th rts nd sci nc s nd l r numb r in th duc tion fi ld which is lso th s ctor th t tr dition ll mplo s th l r st numb r of wom n in th GCC. Subs qu ntl th r is spill-ov r ff ct into th l bor m rk t nd wom n r s n in tr dition l prof ssions (t ch rs, nurs s, soci l work) nd not oth rs. A. The Education and Employment Paradox Whil wom n r mor duc t d th n m n, th ir rnin pot nti l is limit d if th do not h v th s m cc ss to opportuniti s s m n do to nt r wid r 14 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 14 3/8/16 12:32 PM Figure 2: Distribution of Nationals by Gender and Occupation in Kuwait and the UAE Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Construction Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Hotels and Restaurants Transport, Storage and Communications Financial Intermediation Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities Administrative and Support Service Activities Public Administration and Defence; Compulsory Education Health and Social Work Other 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 UAE Nationals Female UAE Nationals Male Kuwaiti Nationals Female Kuwaiti Nationals male v ri t of jobs (such s public dministr tion, l w nd n in rin ).21 Th r h v b n positiv ch n s ov r th rs in llowin wom n to nt r th l l fi ld nd b com l w rs, jud s nd l isl tur s t th ir numb rs r sm ll. Littl is known bout how th rol of duc tion d t rmin s wom n's c r r pot nti l nd futur d cision pow r in th GCC. Mor r s rch n ds to b don to show th link s b tw n duc tion l tt inm nt, rnin s, nd occup tion l choic (S Fi ur 2). L bor m rk t p rticip tion r t s in th GCC r incr sin but so r un mplo m nt r t s. Whil f m l p rticip tion r t s r subst nti ll low r th n m l p rticip tion r t s, tr nds r showin th t mor wom n r nt rin th l bor m rk t. At th s m tim , un mplo m nt is lso 21 Q t r provid s n int r stin c s wh r r l tiv l sm ll sh r of f m l univ rsit stud nts r in th duc tion fi ld t l r p rc nt r mplo d in th duc tion s ctor, impl in th t thos who m jor in duc tion r mor lik l to find ( cc pt bl ) work. Also int r stin l , th public dministr tion nd d f ns s ctor in Q t r is th l r st mplo r of f m l r du t s, m n of whom r hir d t th low r l v ls. Mor r s rch n ds to b don to ss ss th distribution of f m l s in duc tion nd its corr l tion to th ir mplo m nt both in t rms of th s ctor th work in nd th qu lit of th position. 15 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 15 3/8/16 12:32 PM Table 2: The GCC Employment Landscape (2005–2013) L bor M rk t P rticip tion Youth Un mplo m nt R t % Un mplo m nt % (15-24) % F m l M l F m l M l F m l M l 2013 38.2 86.4 11.5 3.5 26.7 15.7 2012 37.8 85.7 11.5 3.5 26.6 15.7 2011 37.6 85.3 11.6 3.6 26.3 16.7 2010 37.8 84.9 10.8 3.4 24.8 14.5 2009 36.9 84.6 10.7 3.4 24.4 14.2 2008 36.5 84.2 10.8 3.3 24.7 14.6 2007 36.1 84.0 10.3 3.4 23.0 14.4 2006 35.3 83.8 10.8 3.5 24.2 14.9 2005 34.3 83.6 11.6 3.5 25.7 14.1 Sourc : WDI nd uthor’s c lcul tions. This t bl includ s n tion ls nd non-n tion ls. risin for wom n nd outh (with si nific nt p b tw n m l nd f m l cohorts) d monstr tin th t mplo bilit of wom n r m ins m jor ch ll n . T bl 2 pr s nts th r ion l GCC v r of tot l p rticip tion nd un mplo m nt r t s sinc 2005. F m l first jobs k rs c rr th l r st burd n of un mplo m nt with r ion l v r of 26.7 in 2013. Whil this fi ur is not unlik th spik in m n countri s round th world th t v r l v t d r t s of outh un mplo m nt comp r d to ov r ll un mplo m nt, it is subst nti ll mor th n th 18.8 p rc nt r cord d b simil r hi h incom st t s nd d s rv s m nin ful tt ntion.22 Id ntif in th tri rs of un mplo m nt r t s mon wom n in th GCC is n import nt first st p to promotin wom n’s conomic mpow rm nt. Wh r un mplo m nt r t s mon GCC f m l n tion ls, sp ci ll first tim job-s k rs hi h? On c n ttribut mplo m nt outcom s to combin tion of socio- conomic, cultur l nd politic l f ctors, how v r; th r is littl vid nc supportin x ct c us s nd ff cts. T bl 3 shows th t wh n ou dis r t th n tion ls from th xp tri t s nd look t th 22WDI, 2014 nd uthor’s c lcul tions for th r 2013. Hi h incom countri s r cord d f m l outh un mplo m nt r t s t 18.8 durin th t s m r. 16 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 16 3/8/16 12:32 PM 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 17 Table 3: LFP and Unemployment by Nationality N tion l Exp tri t s Youth Youth L bor Forc Un mplo m nt Un mplo m nt L bor Forc Un mplo m nt P rticip tion 15+ 15–24 P rticip tion Un mplo m nt 15–24 F m l M l F m l M l F m l M l F m l M l F m l M l F m l M l Kuw it 37.6 54.2 6.4 4.0 33.5 16.6 61.3 94.2 4.5 1.5 13.1 9.9 Q t r 34.3 68.4 4.0 0.9 12.6 1.1 41.1 85.7 1.0 0.1 2.4 0.2 S udi Ar bi 10.2 37.0 32.9 5.9 19.1 21.8 5.5 84.3 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.9 UAE 18.6 55.6 30.5 10.4 69.4 28.1 33.4 76.5 9.7 7.0 15.4 17.8 Sourc : Offici l ov rnm nt r cords; Author’s c lcul tion, 2014 (S udi Ar bi , Q t r, nd Kuw it), 2009 (Unit d Ar b Emir t s), Om n d t is not v il bl ; B hr in’s op n d t port l is xt nsiv , how v r; st tistics r not suffici nt to c lcul t l bor forc p rticip tion nd un mplo m nt. 17 3/8/16 12:32 PM Table 4: Education and Employment Time Series Global Cooperation Council* & Global Comparators 18 Tot l Enrollm nt R t s (%) Tot l L bor P rticip tion F m l M l Prim r (N t) S cond r (N t) T rti r (Gross) R t s (15-64) (%) Un mplo m nt (%) Un mplo m nt (%) Countr 1981 1999 20141 19812 19992 20141 1981 1999 20141 1991 1999 2013 1991 1999 2013 1991 1999 2013 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 18 B hr in 82 96 — 59 87 — 5 21 40 66.3 67.2 71.8 7.5 6.6 6.7 3.5 3.2 3.1 (1982) Kuw it 86 93 — — 99 — 11 23 28 60.5 69.9 70.0 1.2 .6 2.6 1.2 .7 3.4 (2013) Om n 43 83 94 10 65 83 0 8 28 58.2 57.0 67.1 16.3 16.6 13.9 5.7 6.1 6.1 (2013) (2013) (1998) (2011) Q t r 95 90 — 57 73 — 10 26 14 80.9 76.3 87.3 2.6 2.8 1.6 .1 .1 .1 (2013) S udi Ar bi — — 96 — — — 7 21 58 55.7 49.6 56.5 13.4 8.3 21.3 5.8 3.6 2.9 (2013) Unit d Ar b 74 83 91 — 76 — 3 — — 74.0 76.9 80.2 6.5 10.1 8.9 2.4 2.2 2.9 Emir t s (2012) Hi h Incom Countri s D nm rk 96 98 98 88 88 92 28 56 82 82.3 80.6 78.0 10.1 5.8 7.3 8.3 4.5 6.7 (2013) (1998) (2013) (2013) Fr nc 96 99 98 77 92 97 25 57 92 66.3 68.7 70.9 11.4 13.8 10.4 7.3 10.5 10.4 (2013) (2013) (2013) J p n 100 100 100 — 99 99 31 47 61 70.6 72.4 74.9 2.2 4.5 3.7 2.0 4.8 4.3 (2012) (2012) (2012) N wZ l nd 100 99 98 80 91 97 27 65 79 73.2 75.1 77.9 9.7 6.1 6.9 11.3 7.3 5.6 (2013) (1998) (2013) (2013) Sin por — — — — — — — — 69.3 71.0 73.7 3.9 4.2 3.0 2.9 3.4 2.6 Swit rl nd 77 96 93 79 84 81 18 37 56 79.9 80.5 83.3 2.4 no3.6 4.5 1.2 2.4 4.3 (2013) (2012) (2013) Unit d 97 100 100 78 94 98 19 60 60 76.7 75.7 76.2 7.4 5.1 7.0 9.4 6.2 7.9 Kin dom (2013) (2013) (2013) Sourc : World B nk Indic tors *GCC Comp r tors includ both n tion ls nd non-n tion ls. 12014 or l t st v il bl d t in ( ). 21981 or v il bl d t within fiv rr n . 3/8/16 12:32 PM st tistics countr b countr , un mplo m nt is quit low in countri s lik Q t r nd Kuw it but xtr m l hi h in KSA nd th Unit d Ar b Emir t s. Un mplo m nt r t s r low r mon non-citi ns b c us m n of th m r in countr with work p rmits, th r for r quirin th m to work. This m ch n ov r tim s childr n of xp tri t s row up nd nt r th l bor m rk t loc ll r th r th n bro d, s h s b n th c s in th p st. Ov r th p st four d c d s, m mb r st t s h v und rt k n st ps tow rd institution li in r spons s to th inclusion ch ll n . As rl s 1975, UAE st blish d th G n r l Wom n’s Union to support th n ds of wom n nd h s b n instrum nt l in proposin m ndm nts to l ws for th b n fit of wom n. In 2006, Q t r r tifi d codifi d l w for prot ctin nd supportin f mil ff irs nd s t up th int rn tion ll r co ni d Q t r Found tion for th Prot ction of Wom n nd Childr n (UNICEF, 2011). Om n w s on of th first countri s in th GCC to llow wom n to vot in 1994 ( lb it to f w s l ct wom n) nd Kuw it h s lon -st ndin r put tion of providin its citi ns with public pl tforms, includin for wom n. In 2013, KSA ppoint d 30 wom n for th first tim v r to th Shur Council constitutin 20 p rc nt of tot l s ts23—r sultin in n unpr c d nt d in for th t r in p rli m nt r r pr s nt tion in th r ion. On D c mb r 12, 2015 wom n p rticip t d for th first tim in municip l l ctions nd l ct d th first f m l councilor in th Provinc of M cc — positiv si n l for wom n in th Kin dom nd n i hborin st t s. On of th k hurdl s f cin GCC countri s s th mov tow rd mor div rsifi d conomi s is unlockin n w nd innov tiv v nu s of conomic p rticip tion for th ir f m l cohort. Simil r to wom n in n i hborin MNA countri s, th m jorit of wom n in th GCC do not p rticip t in th l bor forc . Th fi ur s r v n hi h r wh n dis r tin th p rticip tion of f m l n tion ls nd first tim jobs k rs. For thos mplo d, most GCC n tion ls (wom n nd m n) pr f r th public s ctor for its hi h w s, 24 fl xibilit nd lon t rm s curit . Wom n r v n mor inclin d to work in th public s ctor which lso provid s s r t d nvironm nts (i. . duc tion, h lth fi lds) nd is mor soci ll cc pt bl . Wh n public s ctor jobs b com un v il bl , l r m jorit will w it for th public s ctor position of th ir 23Th fi ur w s hi h r th n th r ion l v r of 17.8 p rc nt. 24Public s ctor mplo m nt ccounts for 80 p rc nt of ov r ll mplo m nt of n tion ls in th GCC (World B nk, 2013). 19 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 19 3/8/16 12:32 PM choic (h nc b comin conomic ll in ctiv ) or st p out of th workforc ntir l —r rdl ss of th v il bilit of priv t s ctor jobs. This is v stl diff r nt from th xp ri nc of citi ns in oth r MNA countri s who do not h v cc ss to th s m l v l of b n fits to fford th m th luxur of choic . Th r is littl und rst ndin nd limit d d t to d ciph r how nd wh t ch n s in inc ntiv s c n influ nc wom n’s conomic st tus nd dv nc m nt in th GCC. In r co nition of th n d to support th priv t s ctor, ov rnm nts h v unroll d loc li tion pro r ms to incr s th p rticip tion of n tion ls in th priv t s ctor b s ttin quot s, dminist rin soci l subsidi s, nd ncour in th busin ss s to d v lop xplicit c r r dv nc m nt tr cks for oun mplo s. In c s s wh r pro r ms t r t wom n, busin ss s r r quir d to provid tr nsport tion to wom n nd off r s p r t work nvironm nts from m n. Whil th s pro r ms cr t xt rn l inc ntiv s for mplo s, mplo rs think twic bout hirin iv n th xp nsiv p ck s th t r r quir d. Wom n r ff ct d mor b c us on th on h nd th t b n fits s n tion ls nd on th oth r h nd mplo rs consid r costs ssoci t d with tr nsport tion nd infr structur p rquisit s to m k th workpl c mor suit bl for th m. Gov rnm nts h v m d conc rt d fforts to shift tow rd div rsific tion nd build knowl d conomi s th t will h lp d v lop th loc l n tion l hum n c pit l with mph sis on wom n nd outh. B hr in, KSA nd UAE h v m d si nific nt inv stm nts in t chnolo nd innov tion whil Q t r h s xp nd d its cultur l nd tourism pl ns with th prosp ctiv hostin of th FIFA World Cup in 2022. Furth r, ov r th rs, th GCC ov rnm nts h v roll d out loc li tion pl ns nd ‘bi push’ wom n focus pro r ms to stimul t r t r p rticip tion of n tion ls nd inspir comp titiv n ss in th workpl c . For x mpl , KSA impl m nt d s ri s of polic r forms throu h its H fi pro r m to incr s th numb r of wom n in th priv t s ctor. Tod , th r r 1.5 million H fi 1 r cipi nts of th pro r m nd pproxim t l 75,000 b n fici ri s who h v b n provid d job pl c m nts (s Box 1). B. Drivers of Women’s Preferences Th int r ctions b tw n institutions, m rk ts nd hous holds contribut to conomic outcom s (s Fi ur 3). Inform l institutions (cultur l nd soci l norms) nd hous holds pl p rticul rl stron rol in th GCC (not unlik th r st of MNA) imp ctin duc tion l pr f r nc s nd mplo m nt 20 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 20 3/8/16 12:32 PM Box 1: Hafiz Program: Promoting Employment or Distorting Incentives? An Opportunity to Build a Knowledge Base to Improve Outcomes Th Kin dom of S udi Ar bi h s b n t th for front of introducin ctiv l bor m rk t polici s (ALMP) to h lp un mplo d n tion ls find work throu h its job ssist nc nd mplo bilit tr inin pro r ms. L unch d in 2011, th H fi 1 pro r m is n import nt on th t off rs monthl stip nds coupl d with tr inin to h lp th un mplo d (b tw n th s of 20–35) curt il costs ssoci t d with s rchin nd ppl in for work for 12 month p riod. H fi 2 xt nds th b n fits to 35–60 nd off rs b n fici ri s of H fi 1 to r c iv n ddition l xt nsion of 12 months if th did not succ ssfull find mplo m nt. Th pro r m lso m tch s job s k rs with suit bl jobs in th priv t s ctor. Whil it do s not xplicitl t r t wom n, th r is si bl proportion of f m l p rticip nts in th pro r m— lmost 80 p rc nt of li ibl b n fici ri s r wom n. P r doxic ll , sinc its introduction in 2011, f m l l bor forc p rticip tion h s incr s d but un mplo m nt h s on up consid r bl mon wom n (s Fi ur 1 ). Th r is no vid nc b ckin th ris , how v r, it is b li v d th t th pro r m h s pl d n import nt rol in motiv tin wom n to nt r th l bor m rk t without th n c ss r push to find job imm di t l (or t ll). Whil individu ls n d to b ctiv l s rchin for work nd ch ck in with th pro r m on p riodic b sis to r c iv th b n fits, it is not nou h to d tr ct pplic nts from joinin th pro r m. Th r is conc rn th t individu ls r st in in th pro r m b c us th w nt to t k dv nt of th b n fits r sultin in volunt r un mplo m nt which is not c ptur d in th st tistics. Almost 80 p rc nt of r cipi nts st in th pro r m for two rs to r c iv m ximum b n fits, with monthl stip nd th t is onl sli htl low r th n th minimum w in priv t s ctor jobs. (continu d) 21 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 21 3/8/16 12:32 PM Box 1: Continued Figure 1a: Increase in Unemployment among Women 40% 35% Unemployment Rate 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 Male Female Overall To offs t unint nd d cons qu nc s of th pro r m, th ov rnm nt h s impl m nt d noth r pro r m, Jobs k r, which inc ntivi s H fi b n fici ri s to l v th pro r m rl b off rin lump sum p m nts p id in incr m nts to thos who find nd m int in work for up to 24 months. Ov r ll, l ck of v lu tion of ith r pro r m m k s it difficult to n l th imp ct nd to full und rst nd if th r cipi nts r prolon in th ir un mplo m nt or joinin th workforc just to r c iv b n fits. S udi Ar bi would b n fit tr m ndousl in th lon t rm b st blishin monitorin m sur s to tr ck nd v lu t th pro r ss of th H fi initi tiv s w ll s its complim nt r pro r ms. Sourc : Dr wn from B ck to Work in N w Econom , 2015 r port jointl c rri d out b th Kin dom of S udi Ar bi Ministr of L bor nd Evid nc for Polic D si n (EPoD) t th H rv rd K nn d School. d cisions from v r oun . Soci l norms r p tt rns of b h vior th t m r from soci ll sh r d b li fs nd r t pic ll s nction d in mor tr dition l s ttin s b hous holds, schools, r li ious institutions, nd oth r inform l institutions. In th cont xt of conomic opportuniti s, th s norms influ nc oun wom n’s d cision in wh t r of stud to focus on, which job position to cc pt nd wh r , nd how lon to st in th workforc —ultim t l sh pin h r c r r p thw . Oft n tim s, norms will ct s constr ints, r inforc d b l ws th t ov rn f mil nd p rson l st tus which m in turn furth r limit wom n’s choic nd nc . T bl 5 provid s x mpl s of th kinds of constr ints th t xist in th GCC: 22 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 22 3/8/16 12:32 PM Figure 3: The Role of Formal and Informal Interactions and Impact on Gender Outcomes Informal Institutions Economic Opportunities Households Markets Agency Endowments Formal Institutions GR OW TH Sourc : World D v lopm nt R port 2012. Table 5: Underlying Constraints Shared by Women in the GCC o F mil c r r sponsibiliti s s w ll s tim nd mobilit constr ints th t m k it difficult for wom n to p rticip t fr l in th public dom in. o Und r-r pr s nt tion in polic -m kin institutions nd in d cision-m kin proc ss s. o L ws th t r quir m nd t d s r tion in th work pl c or norms th t discour mix d work nvironm nts m kin it burd nsom for wom n to p rticip t in th priv t s ctor v n if it w r th ir pr f rr d option. o L ck of s nsitivit or w r n ss of wom n’s issu s in schools or in th workpl c . o A short of s x-dis r t d d t on s ctor l nd occup tion l pr f r nc s, school to c r r d cision m kin proc ss s s w ll s of p rsp ctiv s on th imp ct of nd r constr ints on cc ss nd nc . o Inform tion l constr ints th t limit wom n’s cc ss to job opportuniti s nd pr v nt comp ni s from r chin out to v il bl suppl of f m l l bor. o Limit d opportuniti s for c r r dv nc m nt nd w qu lit . Not : An l sis b s d on d sk r s rch. Th constr ints r bro d in n tur nd should b follow d up with mor in d pth r s rch to ss ss how th ppl on countr -b -countr b sis. 23 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 23 3/8/16 12:32 PM Driv rs of un mplo m nt v r from countr to countr t th r r sh r d tr nds r quirin furth r stud . Wh t r th und rl in f ctors th t driv pr f r nc s of wom n nd how is this diff r nt cross n r tions? B s d on lit r tur r vi w, th followin r numb r of f ctors th t pl n import nt rol in how mplo m nt d cisions r m d , for both m n nd wom n. Mor r s rch is n d d to b tt r und rst nd to wh t xt nt do th und rl in f ctors nd constr ints diff r mon m n nd wom n nd how r th s ch n in ov r tim nd cross n r tions. o Hi h xp ct tions for th kinds of positions n tion ls r willin to t k , not just in t rms of s ctors to p rticip t in but lso in t rms of job r nkin . Most n tion ls, sp ci ll first tim job s k rs r int r st d in b comin m n rs rl in th ir c r rs r th r th n work th ir w up. This how v r m b mor t pic l in countri s lik Q t r, UAE, nd Kuw it mor so th n in S udi Ar bi , B hr in or Om n. Whil this m b mor common mon m n, qu lit tiv studi s in Q t r h v shown th t oun wom n h v hi h xp ct tion nt rin th workforc .25 o Public-s ctor job pr f r nc s is two-pron d ch ll n . Th first is th t tr dition ll ( nd to d t ) public s ctor jobs provid b tt r p , lon t rm s curit , fl xibl workin hours, s r t d nvironm nts nd hi h r b n fits. D spit fforts for div rsific tion b ov rnm nts, th r r polici s n ct d in r c nt rs th t contr dict fforts nd s nd mix d si n ls. For x mpl , Q t r ( nd th UAE) incr s d w s in th public s ctor up to 60 p rc nt in 2011. Th s cond r l t s to continu d r li nc on th old soci l contr ct wh r citi ns f l th t th ov rnm nt is r sponsibl for suppl in jobs b c us ov rnm nts continu to pl stron rol in th l bor m rk t d spit th push for div rsific tion. For x mpl , Q t r is st t l d conom wh r th ov rnm nt owns t th minimum sh r s in ll m jor priv t s ctor ntiti s. H nc , whil GCC countri s mph si th n d for r t r priv t s ctor mplo m nt of n tion ls, th r liti s on th round r mor blurr d. A in, th s ch ll n s do not ppl to ll GCC countri s. 25 FIKRA Polic nd R s rch, Q t r N tion l R s rch Fund, Forthcomin Public tion. 24 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 24 3/8/16 12:32 PM o Hi h incom nd th bilit to w it for th p rf ct job. Unlik oth r MNA countri s, wom n in th GCC mi ht h v mor r sourc s to t k th ir tim nd choos th ir t p s of job.26 o Skills mism tch r m ins m jor ch ll n d spit mor duc tion. Gr du t s r not r du tin with th ri ht t p s of skills to b mplo bl . This is p rticul rl tru of r du t s from public s ctor institutions. Th skills mism tch mon wom n w s r is d s k constr int in KSA b s d on r c nt l bor m rk t stud (which h d focus on wom n).27 It is lso ch ll n in ll oth r GCC countri s. C. Enabling Environment: GCC and Global Comparators Norm tiv nd l l constr ints m k it ch ll n in for wom n to t to nd from work, obt in th work of th ir choic , b l nc work nd p rson l lif , nd/or cop with soci l xp ct tions nd f mil pr ssur s bout conomic rol nd public p rticip tion. Th s ch ll n s r not xclusiv to th GCC. Accordin to th r c nt World B nk r port Wom n, Busin ss nd th L w 2016: G ttin to Equ l, which m sur s l l r strictions on wom n’s mplo m nt nd ntr pr n urship, 155 of th 173 countri s cov r d h v t l st on l w inhibitin wom n’s conomic cc ss nd ov r h lf h v nd r-b s d job r strictions. How v r, diff r nc s in l ws b s d on m rit l st tus s w ll s b nd r ch r ct ri much of th institution l l ndsc p in th GCC, s comp r d to oth r hi h incom countri s. R strictions on mobilit for m rri d wom n r pp r nt in ll countri s of th GCC lthou h this is not th c s for unm rri d wom n. Simil r to constr ints involvin id ntific tion, this c n r sult in form l mplo m nt cc ss nd p rticip tion. Fost rin n ppropri t inc ntiv structur for wom n to work is both ch ll n nd n opportunit in th GCC. Accordin to th Wom n, Busin ss, nd th L w 2016 r port, nd r-b s d l l diff r nc s in p rson l incom t x li bilit nd th v il bilit of public nd/or subsidi d child c r ( s w ll s c r for th ld rs) r import nt f ctors th t influ nc wom n’s d cision to 26 An individu l's dur tion of un mplo m nt is lik l to b corr l t d with h r/his r s rv tion w . Most n tion ls h v minimum w r t th t th r willin to work r rdl ss of wh th r th h v th comp ns tor skills. 27 B ck to Work in N w Econom , 2015. 25 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 25 3/8/16 12:32 PM work in form l mplo m nt. Simil r to th s mpl of hi h incom countri s in th t bl , th r r no r port d l l diff r nc s in t x d ductions or cr dits th t r sp cific to m n or wom n in th GCC.28 At th s m tim , th r r ps in th c r mod l—Kuw it, Q t r nd th UAE ll provid subsidi d or public childc r whil Kuw it is th onl countr in th GCC th t provid s child llow nc to p r nts. Th Sc ndin vi n xp ri nc would provid n int r stin comp r tiv p rsp ctiv nd opportunit to stud . Import ntl , l ws on ntr pr n urship r l in b hind lob l b nchm rks. Th r sults of th Wom n, Busin ss, nd th L w 2016 r port shows th t discrimin tion to cc ss of cr dit is not prohibit d in th GCC unlik D nm rk nd Finl nd but simil r to Chil nd Sin por . How v r this could lso b b c us of th n sc nt fi ld of micro-b nkin in th r ion. Acc ss to cr dit h s b n consist ntl cit d s on of th top b rri rs for f m l ntr pr n urs in MNA nd th GCC could p v th w for quit bl cr dit opportuniti s for th ir rowin pool of f m l ntr pr n urs nd innov tors. D. The Future of Women-Led Entrepreneurship In 2012, wom n in th Middl E st own d bout 690 billion USD in p rson l w lth— fi ur th t r w t n v r r t of i ht p rc nt sinc rli r rs nd shows no si ns of slowin . In f ct, it is stim t d th t th ir w lth 29 will incr s 33 p rc nt b 2017, continuin to row t f st r r t th n th v r incr s for m n.30 A stud th t c m out of Kin Abdul i Univ rsit in J dd h st t d th t S udi Ar bi n wom n hold n rl 70% of b nk ccounts with d posits worth 62 billion r ls nd 20% of corpor t sh r s— ll to s th t comp ni s r b innin nd should continu to look t wom n s pot nti l inv stors.31 In MENA, wom n-l d busin ss r pr s nts sm ll fr ction of b nk inv stm nts d spit th f ct th t th h v b n st dil incr sin ov r th p st d c d s, r n import nt sourc of incom n r tion, nd contribut consid r bl to th r ion l conom . Accordin to 2013 Brookin s 28 Th GCC m mb r st t s h v t to introduc p rson l incom t x th r for it will b int r stin to s if n nd r-b s d diff r nc s will m r nd consid rin w s of promotin quit . 29 Estim t b Al M s h C pit l, R ut rs, 2014. http://www.r ut rs.com/ rticl /us-middl st- wom n-busin ss-idUSBREA3G17920140418#w uSkShvu5mbZ5c6.97. 30 Ibid. 31 GCC Economi s: St ppin Up to Futur Ch ll n s, 2012. 26 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 26 3/8/16 12:32 PM Blum Roundt bl Polic Bri f ntitl d Wom n, Entr pr n urship, nd th Opportunit to Promot D v lopm nt nd Busin ss, wom n-own d sm ll nd m dium si d busin ss s (SMEs) r pr s nt 31–38 p rc nt of form l SMEs in m r in m rk ts. Whil pr cis fi ur s r not r dil v il bl for th GCC nd MNA mor bro dl , wom n own d busin ss s cross th r ion r rowin t st d r t . D spit this f ct, th ccount for l ss th n 32 10 p rc nt of tot l b nk portfolio in MNA. As not d rli r, cc ss to cr dit is cit d b f m l ntr pr n urs s on of th top b rri rs for s ttin up nd sust inin busin ss. Efforts to improv doin busin ss h v b n und rw in th GCC ( s vid nc d in th Doin Busin ss R port 2014) nd should continu with nd r-sp cific l ns. Studi s show th t comp ni s b n fit from f m l l d rship, which is prov n to boost or ni tion l ff ctiv n ss nd productivit .33 Y t wom n continu to b und r-r pr s nt d in corpor t or public sp c . A numb r of f ctors mi ht contribut to this issu . For x mpl , p rc ption c n pl n import nt rol in wh mor wom n do not t k on l d rship rol s. Accordin to th World B nk's G nd r t Work comp nion r port to th World D v lopm nt R port on Jobs, in pproxim t l h lf of th countri s cov r d b th World V lu s Surv from 2005–2012, th m jorit of m n f lt th t m n m k b tt r x cutiv s th n wom n t diff r nc s b tw n countri s t nd d to b l r r th n diff r nc s b tw n s x s. Anoth r m jor ch ll n is th t wom n drop out b for r chin middl m n m nt ( p thw to l d rship position) t pic ll ft r th t m rri d nd st rt f mil . Comp r d to oth r r ions, f m l r pr s nt tion in x cutiv bo rds is subst nti ll low r r isin corpor t tt ntion to th n d for b tt r m ntorship nd c r r d v lopm nt support for oun wom n (Fi ur 4). A lob l ch ll n f cin workin wom n ( nd m n) is th v il bilit of qu lit d c r nd ppropri t p r nt l tim off wh n th tim com s to st rtin f mil . C r for childr n nd th ld rl , which t nd to b th r sponsibilit of wom n in m jorit of countri s includin GCC, should not b confus d with ‘dom stic h lp.’ As not d rli r, th r r ps in th sub- r ion l c r mod l; th r sults lso show th t unlik hi h incom countri s p r nt l l v is not common nor r th r n job u r nt s for xp ct nt f m l work rs who must t k ddition l tim off. Th Int rn tion l L bor 32 Wom n in Busin ss 2014: Acc l r tin Busin ss in th Middl E st nd North Afric , 2014. 33 McKins & Comp n , 2014. 27 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 27 3/8/16 12:32 PM Figure 4: Percentage of Female Representation in Executive Committees GCC Latin America Female Representation in Board of Directors Female Representation Asia in Executive Committees Europe 0 5 10 15 20 Sourc : Ad pt d from Wom n M tt r 2014, McKins & Comp n . D t from GCC Bo rd of Dir ctors Propri t D t b s : www.c t l st.or . Or ni tion’s (ILO) minimum st nd rd of p id m t rnit l v is 14 w ks. MNA countri s h v th short st numb r of w ks comp r d to ll oth r r ions with GCC countri s providin th l st mount of l v —r n in from 10–6 w ks onl (ILO, 2014). Accordin to soci l norms, wom n r xp ct d to b r th r sponsibiliti s of th hom nd child-c r not just in th GCC but MNA-wid . P r nt l tim off h lps to contribut to rowin mind-s t wh r r sponsibiliti s r sh r d nd mor import ntl provid s inc ntiv s for wom n (or m n) to t k th n c ss r tim off without losin th ir jobs. Without such inc ntiv s, wom n find littl r son to st . Inst d th drop off th l bor forc nd th n r - nt r in th futur , sp ci ll in c s s wh r priv t s ctor mplo m nt mon n tion ls is r dil v il bl . Th 21st c ntur h s brou ht bout stron politic l will for n in wom n in th public sph r t ch n is und rst nd bl r du l. In th politic l r n , l ws h v b n p ss d to prompt wom n to run for offic how v r too f w wom n run ( nd v n f w r l ct d) b c us of v rious r sons includin pr ssur s from cons rv tiv roups/soci l sti m or h v limit d tr inin on l isl tiv m tt rs. Non th l ss, wom n r occup in s nior r nks in l isl tiv nd l l fi lds, for x mpl : 1. B hr in, 7 f m l jud s nd pros cutors ppoint d in 2006; 2. Kuw it, 20 p rc nt of th b r ssoci tion r wom n nd on f m l jud ; 3. Q t r, f m l stud nts outnumb r m l stud nts in QU’s Coll of L w. 28 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 28 3/8/16 12:32 PM Th ov rnm nts c n p rtn r with th priv t s ctor nd r lr d doin so to continu th ir support for wom n’s l d rship positions in both politic l nd conomic sph r s. IV. Potential Areas of Engagement Th WBG brin s pr ctic l xp rtis workin with ov rnm nts from round th world to improv mplo m nt, ntr pr n urship nd f mil r sponsiv polici s nd pro r ms (s Box 2). As such, this GCC n m nt not dr ws from this xp ri nc nd propos s pr m tic ppro ch to supportin GCC’s conomic vision nd lon t rm obj ctiv s of nh ncin wom n’s conomic p rticip tion. Two m in r s will b pursu d nd c rri d out with th support nd xp rtis of th World B nk Group: i) xp rim nt tion nd v lu tion, nd ii) innov tiv int rv ntions. This s ction propos s bro d r comm nd tions with th followin ov r rchin obj ctiv s: o Obj ctiv 1: Exp rim ntin b s d on nh nc d v lu tion pr ctic s to ss ss opportuniti s for r plic tion. o Obj ctiv 2: D v lopin sm rt solutions th t s mplo m nt constr ints on first tim job s k rs, sp ci ll oun wom n o Obj ctiv 3: Supportin f mil -r sponsiv polici s in institution l nd r ul tor fr m works o Obj ctiv 4: Boostin wom n’s l d rship nd c r r d v lopm nt in th priv t s ctor nd public dom in. Obj ctiv s could b chi v d throu h two pron d ppro ch: I—Experimentation and Evaluation of Results On of th bi st ch ll n s in th GCC is v il bilit of d t on wh t h s nd h s not work d in ord r to provid inform d polic dvic . Too oft n polici s nd pro r ms r c rri d out without monitorin nd v lu tion (M&E) m sur s in pl c m kin it difficult to d t rmin ff ctiv n ss or ppl mid-cours corr ctions, wh n n c ss r , to improv on outcom s nd r sults. Whil m n of th pro r ms h v ood int ntions, th r r unint nd d cons qu nc s th t c n com bout which w r not nticip t d prior to th st rt of th ctivit . It is import nt to work with th N tion l St tistics Authorit nd institution l nci s t r tin wom n to put in pl c proc ss wh r pro r ms c n b id ntifi d, pilot d nd t st d on 29 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 29 3/8/16 12:32 PM Box 2: Global Examples of World Bank Supported Programs to Enhance Women’s Economic Inclusion Th World B nk Group (WBG) h s ccumul t d v lu bl xp ri nc throu h jobs nd rowth di nostics nd op r tion l work r spondin to th c ll for wom n’s conomic inclusion. This work h lp d id ntif sp cific constr ints, provid d pr m tic nd lon - t rm solutions, nd inform d polic prioriti s. Ex mpl s includ th followin : o Chil ’s n tion l f m l l bor p rticip tion r t is low r th n L tin Am ric nd C ribb n’s (LAC) r ion l v r . Th ov rnm nt is ddr ssin this issu h d on. Two pro r ms st nd out: o Th int r tion of wom n-focus ppro ch into th Lif lon L rnin nd Tr inin Proj ct (Chil c lific ), ov rnm nt pro r m which ims to improv th v il bilit nd qu lit of tr inin pro r ms nd ff ctiv n ss of tr inin s rvic s. With th support of th World B nk, th proj ct will now t r t wom n with th ov r ll o l to incr s th ir l bor p rticip tion r t s in two municip liti s with th low st l v ls of f m l l bor p rticip tion in th countr . o Soci l Prot ction T chnic l Assist nc (TA) to th ov rnm nt in d v lopin s st m of soci l c r to ddr ss two soci l issu s: (i) th hi h conc ntr tion of wom n s c r iv rs nd th incomp tibilit of this situ tion with th d m nd for th ir incr sin p rticip tion in th l bor m rk t, nd (ii) fr m nt d nd insuffici nt suppl of pro r ms nd s rvic s t r t d to th popul tion roups r quirin c r ( oun childr n, ld rl , nd p opl with dis biliti s). D spit sust in d conomic rowth nd hi h l v l of wom n’s duc tion l chi v m nt in Turk , f m l l bor forc p rticip tion is v r low t 30.7 p rc nt in 2013. A r c nt World B nk stud found th t k obst cl s to urb n wom n findin jobs includ cultur l tr ditions th t d fin wom n’s rol s c rin for childr n t hom , s w ll s l ck of subsidi d or fford bl childc r nd pr -school duc tion. Th stud provid d inputs into th ov rnm nt’s compr h nsiv n tion l mplo m nt str t nd mor r c ntl th Pro r m for th Prot ction of th F mil nd D n mic Structur th t xt nds (continu d) 30 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 30 3/8/16 12:32 PM Box 2: Continued “M t rnit Gift” m sur s for coupl ’s first thr b bi s nd ri ht to p rt- tim work ll th w throu h to wh n child st rts prim r school. Th ov rnm nt h s lso impl m nt d subsidi s for wom n nd outh hir s, incr s d opportuniti s for fl xibl form l work for wom n, xp nd d nd str n th n d voc tion l tr inin nd ntr pr n urship pro r ms. o In Jord n, th World B nk-support d N w Work Opportuniti s for Wom n (Jord n NOW) pro r m (2010) w s d si n d to h lp oun f m l r du t s find work with short-t rm w subsidi s nd mplo bilit skills tr inin . R sults of Jord n NOW stud r b in diss min t d s p rt of th World B nk’s umbr ll Adol sc nt Girls Initi tiv th t s ks to smooth th school-to- work tr nsition. Outcom s r lso informin th Jord n’s N tion l Emplo m nt Str t (NES) 2011-2020 nd th Jord n Support Buildin Activ L bor M rk t Pro r m, noth r WBG initi tiv . o Th WBG is supportin wom n’s conomic inclusion throu h pro r ms th t xp nd wom n’s cc ss to fin nci l s rvic s in E pt, Morocco, nd Tunisi . Th Enh ncin Microfin nc Amon st Wom n nd Youth in Middl E st nd North Afric (MENA) Proj ct ims to d v lop th n c ss r infr structur to dv nc micro-fin nc cc ss throu h d v lopin n twork of fin nci l lit r c tr in rs, fin nci l lit r c toolkits, nd n r tin d m nd-sid knowl d throu h c p cit buildin of micro-fin nc institutions (MFIs) nd t r t d l rnin xch n s b tw n MFIs to b tt r s rv wom n nd outh. s st m tic b sis for pot nti l r plic tion nd sc l up. Sp cific ctions to m k this h pp n includ : . Build on xistin d t coll ction fforts to l unch hom - rown GCC G nd r Innov tion L b which conducts r ndomi d control tri ls, nd mor n r ll imp ct v lu tion of polici s nd pro r ms t r tin wom n nd outh in countri s of th GCC. Th B hr in Op n D t Port l l unch d b th C ntr l Inform tics Or ni tion is l din x mpl of s st m th t llows us rs to n l nd n r t st tistic l r ports ov r tim , cross s ctors, nd districts. In Q t r, th Ministr of D v lopm nt Pl nnin & St tistics is l unchin n w st tistics 31 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 31 3/8/16 12:32 PM s st m to produc r li bl nd t ilor d d t for monitorin d v lopm nt pro r ss. Th obj ctiv of th GCC G nd r Innov tion L b would b to support on oin fforts nd h lp in n r tin vid nc on how to nh nc wom n’s conomic p rticip tion nd promot l d rship. This would b don throu h two w s: 1) id ntif xistin pro r ms/polici s nd nsur f mil -r sponsiv indic tors r int r t d for monitorin nd tr ckin , nd 2) impl m nt nd t st n w pro r ms th t will h lp nsw r k qu stions bout c us s for constr ints in t rms of cc ss nd p rticip tion. Th WBG h s xt nsiv xp ri nc in providin institution l support nd buildin cli nt c p cit in this p rticul r r . For x mpl , th WBG off rs nd r-inform d st tistics cours to tr in produc rs nd us rs on how nd r st tistics c n nh nc vid nc - b s d polic m kin . Th cours cov rs d t sourc s, conc ptu l nd m sur m nt issu s, d t n l sis nd int rpr t tion, s w ll s how to us r sults to b tt r inform polic . b. Support th d v lopm nt of GCC sp cific indic tors nd comp r tors for m surin inclusiv pr ctic s und rw in th workpl c . Th r is si nific nt numb r of d t nd surv s c rri d out round th world b nchm rkin countri s inst int rn tion l st nd rds of pr ctic . How v r, such b nchm rks oft n tim s misr pr s nt countri s b ov rlookin import nt cultur l nu nc s.34 Th xp ri nc of GCC f m l n tion ls s th tr nsition from school to work nd th ir pro r ss s productiv citi ns is uniqu to th P ninsul . Th r is hu p in t rms of und rst ndin th d n mics of int rn l motiv tion, xt rn l inc ntiv s nd th t p s of norm tiv constr ints th t pl rol in ff ctin h r rol nd nc . KSA’s fforts to introduc mplo bilit nd skills buildin pro r ms to its citi ns (m l nd f m l ) such s H fi nd complim nt r initi tiv s such s JobS k r, T q t, nd Nit q t provid ntr -points to int r t M&E nd build on outcom s. Th r for , in ddition to comp rin inst int rn tion l st nd rds of b st pr ctic , it is import nt to lso d v lop indic tors nd comp r tors th t m b tt r c ptur th nu nc s of wom n’s conomic pro r ss in th p rticul r cont xt of th GCC. It would b lso us ful to d v lop 34 Glob l surv s includ G nd r In qu lit Ind x (UNDP), Glob l G nd r G p Ind x (World Economic Forum), G nd r Equ lit Ind x (Europ n Institut for G nd r Equ lit ), G nd r GEDI (Glob l Entr pr n urship nd D v lopm nt Institut ), Wom n’s Economic Opportunit Ind x (Th Economist Int lli nc Unit). 32 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 32 3/8/16 12:32 PM st nd rdi d s t of l bor m rk t indic tors for th GCC to h rmoni n l sis nd polic m kin cross th six st t s. Buildin on th B nk’s xp rtis , this propos d ction will s t forth proc ss to d v lop sp cific, obs rv bl nd m sur bl indic tors th t t k into consid r tion constr ints f c d b wom n in th GCC. c. Coll bor t with loc l polic institut s in th GCC to stud th constr ints f cin wom n nd f mili s includin imp ct on conomic p rticip tion nd l d rship. Buildin on xitin n l tic l work conduct d b th N tion l R s rch Found tion in th UAE nd th Moh mm d Bin R shid School of Gov rnm nt in Dub i which cov rs v ri t of public polic issu s r ion-wid includin on th topic of nd r nd outh, th B nk c n xplor v nu s of coll bor tion to d p n th knowl d b s on wom n’s conomic mpow rm nt nd furth r dv nc th m nd t of loc l polic institut s in th ir fforts to contribut to n tion l sust in bl d v lopm nt. In Kuw it, th Wom n’s R s rch nd Studi s C nt r (WRSC), p rtn rship b tw n th Unit d N tions D v lopm nt Pro r m nd Kuw it Univ rsit , h s lso b n conductin c p cit buildin workshops on wom n’s mpow rm nt nd could provid pl tform for ddition l tr inin nd skills buildin with support from loc l civil soci t nd r ion l institut s. d. Promot f mil -s nsitiv consid r tions in th d si n of mplo m nt nd mplo bilit initi tiv s. C ntr l to th vision of n tion l d v lopm nt str t i s in ll six GCC st t s is th import nc of f mil coh sion nd st bilit . In 2009 Sil t ch stud c rri d out cross th Ar b World of oun m n nd wom n, ov r h lf of r spond nts surv d from KSA, Kuw it, B hr in, Q t r nd th UAE r nk d st rtin f mil nd h vin f ith/ n nrich d lif s mor ss nti l th n h vin d c nt 35 job. T kin into ccount work-lif b l nc will b cruci l to n job cr tion str t i s in th GCC nd whil th t x structur is diff r nt in th r ion, l ssons c n b dr wn from Nordic countri s th t h v succ ssfull m int in d simil r vision throu h th provision of full- tim , hi h qu lit child-c r to l r p rc nt of th popul tion.36 35 Th Sil t ch Ind x: Voic s of Youn Ar bs, 2009. Sil t ch is soci l initi tiv focusin on improvin conomic opportuniti s for oun p opl in th Ar b World. H r Hi hn ss Sh ikh Mo bint N ss r is th Ch ir of th Bo rd of Trust s nd s rv s of th ch irp rson for th Q t r Found tion for Educ tion, Sci nc , nd Communit D v lopm nt. 36 B bi s nd Boss s: R concilin Work nd F mil Lif , OECD, 2007. 33 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 33 3/8/16 12:32 PM . Exp nd on oin pro r ms to stud th imp ct of n tion li tion fforts b c rr in out m ppin of l bor l ws nd hum n r sourc m n m nt polici s to ss ss s nsitivit to m tt rs of inclusion nd provid dvic on pot nti l r forms b s d on findin s. This c n h lp b tt r id ntif th l bor m rk t outcom s round constr ints nd soci l norms nd m t th followin o ls: o Incr s wom n’s rol in politic l lif o Boost wom n’s ctiv mplo m nt o Clos th w p b tw n m n nd wom n o Addr ss th skills mism tch mon n w job ntr nts o Build wom n’s l d rship opportuniti s (throu h wom n t r t d tr inin s nd c r r pl nnin within comp ni s) o Enh nc cc ss to cr dit, sp ci ll mon wom n nd outh II—INTERVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS GCC countri s’ ov r ll conomic o l is to improv hum n c pit l b promotin mplo m nt nd w rowth s w ll incr s m rk t bilit of its loc l t l nt. Si nific nt fforts h v b n m d to incr s p rticip tion r t s p rticul rl in th priv t s ctor s public jobs h v b com l ss v il bl ov r tim . D spit incr s s in p rticip tion r t s, un mplo m nt h s on up. Wom n nd outh c rr th l r st burd n with f m l first tim job s k rs sp ci ll ff ct d v r in pproxim t l 27 p rc nt. To m t th for m ntion d obj ctiv it is import nt to c t ori th int rv ntions propos d h r s th followin : Introduc ctiv l bor m rk t polici s (ALMP) th t incr s th prob bilit of f m l first tim jobs k rs to find jobs throu h th provision of mplo m nt subsidi s, job m tchin s rvic s, nd mplo bilit tr inin . Supportin th d v lopm nt of ctiv l bor m rk t polici s h v pl d n import nt rol in ssistin th un mplo d, sp ci ll first tim f m l jobs k rs, to find jobs nd to build skills durin th job s rch proc ss. Not bl x mpl s c n b dr wn from J p n nd Chil . Th Public Emplo m nt S rvic in J p n consists of r n of sp ci li d units th t r spond to th n ds of sp cific popul tion roups, includin (sin l ) moth rs who r s kin mplo m nt for th first tim or wish to ch n jobs. Th Moth r’ H llo Work C nt rs off r v ri t of s rvic s such s inform tion on child c r , v ri t of job ssist nc pro r ms, c r r couns lin tc. R sults h v b n positiv in v r short p riod 34 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 34 3/8/16 12:32 PM of tim , with 69 p rc nt incr s in mplo m nt ov r on r p riod (OECD 2010). Chil C lifíc ’s Lif lon L rnin proj ct is noth r x mpl of pilot int rv ntion im d to incr s wom n’s p rticip tion in th l bor m rk t nd compl m nt n xistin l r r pro r m s t to b m instr m d into n tion l polici s. B focusin on cultur l fr m works nd occup tion l s r tion, Chil C lifíc incr s s tr inin cc ss nd improv s mplo m nt s rvic s to wom n s kin mplo m nt. Th B nk c n provid GCC p rtn rs with t chnic l dvic in d si n nd impl m nt tion of cli nt-driv n int rv ntions, sp cific ll in th d si n nd impl m nt tion of ctiv l bor m rk t polici s. For x mpl , th B nk h s b n producin Emplo m nt Polic Prim rs th t pr s nt how-to uid s on mplo m nt int rv ntions t r tin sp cific roups nd providin short nd m dium t rm r spons s for th ch ll n s t h nd. Such uid s r follow d up with c p cit buildin nd t chnic l ssist nc b s d on countr n d. . Focus on rl duc tion: It is import nt to st rt rl . Th rli r on th int rv ntion t k s pl c in lif c cl , th mor w r oun p opl will b in s curin c r r. Youn p opl must t k th initi tiv t this will r quir rl duc tion nd th support of f mil . P r nts n d to b involv d. Th r c nt Fiv Y r R form Pro r m to Improv th Qu lit of Educ tion in Kuw it, joint p rtn rship with th Ministr of Educ tion, N tion l C nt r for Educ tion D v lopm nt nd th World B nk, is n opportunit to int r t indic tors th t m sur rl childhood d v lopm nt s found tion for und rst ndin school to work tr nsitions down th ro d. In this cont xt, th r c nt World B nk p rtn rship with th Nov k Djokovic Found tion c n provid l ssons on how xp ndin cc ss to qu lit duc tion c n promot p c ful nd prosp rous soci ti s. b. P rtn r with th priv t s ctor to int r t corpor t b nchm rks for m surin nd tr ckin c r r d v lopm nt pl ns for n tion l mplo s in xistin tr inin pro r ms. For x mpl , th C pit l M rk t Authorit in KSA off rs div rs s t of x cutiv nd c r r d v lopm nt pro r ms to mplo s but littl is known in t rms of ff ctiv n ss nd th xt nt to which th s pro r ms r f mil -r sponsiv . In KSA nd Q t r, clos to 15 p rc nt of r spond nts surv d in th Sil t ch Ind x r port d th t f mil r sponsibiliti s stood in th w of th ir bilit to obt in tr inin . Th B nqu S udi Fr nsi is noth r comp n th t provid s tr inin to its mplo s nd promot s l d rship nd c r r 35 1611652_GCC_Engagement_Note.indd 35 3/8/16 12:32 PM dv nc m nt. Ensurin th t such pro r ms r cc ssibl to wom n nd m n is import nt. 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