40874 2006 .th ldbank.or or .w www 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 :http://www.worldbank.or.th Nina Bhatt, Poonyanuch Chockanapitaksa, Anna van der Heijden, Waraporn Hirunwatsiri, Patchamuthu Illangovan, Tanyathon Phetmanee, Nat Pinnoi, Jitendra Shah, Pamornrat Tansanguanwong, Sutthana Vichittrananda Manida Unkulvasapaul () Marea Hatziolos, Ronald Zweig Ian Porter, MariaTeresaSerra,MagdaLovei,DanBiller / / the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, 978-750-8400 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. , 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, 202-522-2422, pubrights@worldbank.org. 2006 ii iii iv vi : 1 1: : 4 4 4 6 6 7 8 10 11 11 14 2: 16 16 16 18 18 19 22 22 22 3: 24 24 25 28 29 31 4: 34 1: 34 2: 36 3: 36 4: 37 5: 38 39 40 41 OnlineResources 42 43 44 i 4 4 3 (.) (.) ( 2543) ( 2544) ( 2545) ( 2546) 4 (2547) 2547 2549 4 - 2 3 Ian C. Porter ii 2006 . . . . . . CBD . . . () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FAO . ... . GDP . IUCN . LDD WRI . . . : 1 = 1,600 = 0.16 ; 1 = 6.25 ; 1 = 625 :1=39.98 (112549) iii iv 2006 v : (RAMSARsite)10 : : : 80 50 "" "" "" : : 2546 2.7 0.7 2 112,000 : : : 600 1 : vi 2006 : 13 1 4 22 () 5 : : 10 : : : : : : : 6.8 : : vii 3 70 30 "" 26 2527 47 2546 500,000 (80,000 ) (RAMSAR) 2546 1 4 2 80 50 "" "" 1-5 2 6,000 150 2546 1 2006 12,000300 57 ( 37 ) 340 8.5 20,000 500 6 5 1: ... 30,000 (.) (.) 2 5: 2: ... ( ) 3: ... ... () 4: ... 3 2006 23 1 3 76 2,880 1,920 2,880 960 ( iv v) :,2548 45-80 1,256 20,1842,661 2 2546 3 2 2.7 ... 0.7 112,000 1 ( 1.1 1.2 ) ... 2541 (RAMSAR) 10 8 (Exclusive Economic Zone: EEZ) 1 ,2546 2,,2547 4 1.1: 1.2: 2523 - 2543 4000 3500 3000 .().2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2504 2509 2514 2519 2524 2529 2534 2539 2544 2549 .. % % : , 2548 , 2547 : ... (.. 2533-2542) 2547-2551 1,152 35 ... 50 ... (1.2) 2518 90 (.. 2533-2542) ( 1.2) 2518 3,108 1,6742536 70 25 2 2518-2538 620 1,500 ( 1.1) 3 90 : 5 2006 1.3: Quality of C oral R eefs in Gulf of Thailand 153 51 13% 16% 493 Excellent (3:1) (3:1) 11% Good (2:1) (2:1) Fair (1:1) (1:1) Bad (1:2) (1:2) 5 29% Very Bad (1:3) (1:3) 31% 25.6 Quality of C oral R eefs in Andaman S ea 5% 23% 12% (3:1) Excellent (3:1) Good (2:1) (2:1) ... (1:1) Fair (1:1) 80 (1:2) Bad (1:2) 50 "" "" 33% (1:3) Very Bad (1:3) "" ( 1.3) 27% 4 : (:) 50 "" "" :,2547 (1.4) 1.4: ... 57(37 India ) Belize Jamaica Thailand 340 8.5 5 Dominican Rep. Indonesia Malaysia Vietnam Philippines 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% low medium high very high :2545,2547. 104 79 19 23 12 58 3,2547 6 4, 2547 5 6UNEP/GEF, 2005. 6 1.1: ... 5 7 15 90 : 2524 .. 2490 - :,2547.,2547 ... 60 "" ""7 20""20 "" 2522 15 :, 2547. (CITES) 7,,2547 12-18 7 2006 2543 1.5: 2524-2546 (1.1) 1.1: 2546 () () 703,300 47,517 2,651,200 64,169 3,354,500 111,686 :,2546 % % : :2546, 8.5 70 30 (1.2) 70-80 ... 1.2: ( 2543) 55,981 35,268 63% 20,713 37% 35,711 31,783 89% 3,928 11% 1,820 1,110 61% 710 39% 93,512 68,264 73% 25,248 27% 58,119 37,196 64% 20,923 36% 168,140 121,061 72% 47,079 28% ( 2546) () 2,651 1,860 70% 791 30% () 331 235 71% 35 11%* () 82,019 66,435 81% 4,101 5%* () 15 12 78% 3 19% () 1,060 1,010 95% 50 5% () 357 334 94% 23 6% () 949 765 80% 184 20% () 703 581 82% 61 8%* () 3,354 2,441 313 852 66 :. :2543,2546, 8 1.2: "?" 5-15 2 2528 52,000 70,000 5 6,000 30,000 9070 80 5 -- 95 - 84 Small-scale fishery population Source of annual income for small-scale marine fishery households (average annual income THB 89,684) ( 89,684 ) 600000 n 500000 Salary 8% 8% 400000 Business/trade and Populatio 300000 industry 8% 4% 200000 Fishing 100000 82% Agriculture Fishery 82% 0 4%4% 1996 2539 1998 2541 2000 2543 2002 2545 2004 2547 2006 2549 Related fishing activities Year 2% 2% :,2548,2543 1 4 62,000 ( 1,261 ) 2527 703,000 ( 2 47,517 ) 2546 ( 1.1) 26 47 ( 331,000 ) ... 500,000 ( 80,000 ) 9 2006 512,620 442,620 ( 45) ( 35) ( 14) ( 5) ( v ) (GAP) (CoC) :,2550. ... 240 2546 - 2547 "" "" ( 1.6 ( iv v) )87 2509 ­ 2546 10 25 ... (22.1) 1 3 2524 - 2536 25938 2543-2544 ... 1.6: 70 60 2547 2546 2004 2003 50 20 40 30 (1.2) 20 10 0 Very Good Good Fair Degraded Severly Degraded 8Worm et al., 2006. :,2547 10 1.3: 2548 ... ,, - ,,, , ,, ,,, ,,,, ... , , 1.3 - ,, ,,, : :,2549 4 1.7 : 2547 1,000 - 4,000 2547 123,161 51 ( 4 ) 90 1.7 3 6 () 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 (2) 29,470 10,994 4,103 8,088 5,175 656 18152 6491 1,004 14356 5431 0 26647 11,624 2035 28,319 7,434 72 50,828 55,504 24,030 17,160 43,384 22,397 : :,2549 11 2006 1.4: () () 63 84 8 4 5 11 2 ( 1.4) 1-5 18 10 :,2548 5 ( 1.4) 2 ... 600 156 1 2548 4 11 2 1.3: : 28 1 2 4 7 ... 1,000 : ,2548 12 1.4: : : : 2 : : : : : : School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, 2006. : , 2548 13 2006 30 - - () - ... 1.3 ... 2643 2 4 1.6: () 1.5 ( 1) ( 2) 1.5: 56.2 13.0 3.3 144.0 101.0 17.3 216.0 189.0 28.0 22 .. 2531 345.0 319.0 48.9 230 1,500 : 1 2 2 2533 984 (6,150 ) 25344 1,000 (2-2.5 ) ( 0.5 ) (Extrapolation) 12 362 12-18 :,2548 29 .. 2536 4 .. 2540 1.8: 5 30 .. 2542 20-22..2543 17 .. 2547 3 1 25 26 .. 2547 ..2548 : :,2549 14 14-309 ... 84 ( 1.10) 1.8 1.9 10 6 9Hardy 2003 10The Royal Society 2005. 5 1.9: 13 50 51223 40 (%) 30 174 5 20 1 36 10 0 Land GDP eas and Population UrbanArculturalL (GDP) Wetlands ... Agri :,2549 1.10: 40 35 5 4 30 3 25 2 1 20 15 10 5 0 () :,2549 15 2006 2.1: 1,000,000 Coastal population per km2 reef 100,000 Coastal population per km coast 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 a a e Rep. "" Indi Vietnam Beliz Thailand Malaysi a Jamaica Dom. Indonesi Philippines 62 1 :,, 2548 4 13 22 ( ) 5 2.2: 1 0.8 : : ( 2.1) : ... 5 22 : 7 ( 2.2) : 3-4 5 3.4 19 7.5 6.6 (Eastern Seaboard) 16 ... 1 67,000 ( 64) (1.7) 2503 2542 :,2550 87 51 43(2.1) ... 26 ... 1.1 14 9 ( 1.15 2542 () ) 2.2 400 43, 24 33 95 65 2.1: () 2542 () 376 (39%) 232 (24%) 357 (37%) 964 85 (50%) 56 (33%) 29 (17%) 170 68 (63%) 12 (11%) 28 (26%) 108 189 (83%) 25 (11%) 14 (6%) 228 526 (57%) 18 (2%) 377 (41%) 920 1,242 343 805 2,390 530 (43%) 300 (24%) 412 (33%) 1,242 : :2544 17 2006 2.3 ... 65 (.)2545 25 10 (3) 4.4 0.8 1 ... "" ... 10 1.66 254711 1 3 2 3 ... 2543100 2540 254711 11 9 2547 84 5 2.3: 2546 3.50 (1,000)/ Tourists (1,000)/km coast 3.00 (1,000)/ Income from Tourism ($1,000)/km ... 2.3 2.50 coast 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Thailan d es Mala ysia e Indon esia Dom.Rep. Jamaica Beliz Philippin (2.2) :,2548 18 1 2.2 : 2540-2547 10 ( 2.4) 2532-2546 (2.5) ... (CPUE) 87 2509 ­ 2546 ( 2.6) 7 ""... "" 36 48 12 (2.1) :PhilippinesEnvironmentMonitor2005. ... ( 2.7) 2.4: Southern Coast (Gulf of Thailand) () 50,000 Upper and Eastern Coast (Gulf of Thailand) 45,000 Andaman Coast 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 ... 1 5,000 - 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 : 2548. 4 3 12 2545 2547 3 19 2006 100 2.5: 2532-2546 63 2.8 4,500,000 4,000,000 - 3,500,000 2540-2545 3,000,000 () 2,500,000 30 2,000,000 1,500,000 ... 1,000,000 500,000 2516-2547 150-2,100 0 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 India Indonesia Malaysia 162 Philippines Thailand Vietnam :,2546. 2.6: (2.2) 200 180 173 160 140 128 120 / 100 (GIS) 80 87 (Remote Sensing 60 62 51 Technique) 40 20 25 21 23 0 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 ... :,2546. 2.1: ? 2545 "" 50% 40% 48 36 30% 20% 10% 0% 18-32 "" :,2545. 20 2.7: 2.8: 300 5 150,000 220 Number of Ves s els Tonnage Fishers per km coastline 130,000 4 170 (..) % % of coastal population 110,000 200 3 90,000 120 2 70,000 100 70 1 50,000 30,000 0 0 )-( 20 10,000 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 -10,000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 -30 :,2546 :,2547 ... 2.2: 2516-2548 Number of oil spills 2516-2530(15) 11 2531-2540(10) 33 2541 5 2542 19 2543 10 ( 1 ) 2544 8 2545 1 () (International Maritime 2546 2547 1 () Organization: IMO) 2548 1 :,2548 2543-2548 ... 2543: (Heron) (Play boy) 200-2,000 2545: (Eastern (Tributyltin:TBT) Fortitude) 250 2547: 1(Dragon1) 150 ... (IMO) 2516 (OPRC) (MARPOL) 21 2006 50 20 85 () (NPG) 95 (LPG) 2548 2,260 69,257 108,336 :,2548 ... 1 3 20 30 3 4 (Poverty Line) (IUU) 913 6-1014 ... 2.3 13HighSeasTaskForce,2006. ( 14 ) 20,000 500 16,2546 22 2.3: : [ [ [ [ [ [ [ : [ [ () [ [ [ [ (EcosystemServices) [ 6 15 15 23 2006 3.1: ( 2549) 2540 2540 2545 ( 3.1 ) 2549 ..2540 ... .. 2540- 2559 2539 2545 : ... (3.1) 24 ) ... 2547 .. 2548-2551 .. 2548-2551 (3.2) 3.1 3.1 ( ) 2545 ( 3.2 : 2490 2537 2 (Individual TransferableQuotas;ITQs)(TerritorialUseRightsFishing;TURF) (Individual Transferable Quotas; ITQs) 2522 (Fisheries Quotas; IFQs) (Total Allowable Catch; TAC) ( ) () (Territorial Use Rights Fishing; TURF) :Sterner,2003. 25 2006 3.1: .. 2535 (.) -(.) -(.) - - .. 2504 - .. 2535 - - .. 2484 - 2533- 2542 2546 .. 2507 - .. 2510 - .. 2520, 2535 2546 - .. 2490 2537 - () .. 2456 2535 - .. 2535 - .. 2514 - .. 2535 - .. 2522 .. 2518 - . : , . : ,.:,.: iv 26 3.1: . . 75,373 . . . . . . . . 62,977 5,253 1,109 1,973 . . . . . . . 669 2,935 647 1554 . . . . 952 2,318 462 419 . . . 57,390 . . . . . 4,021 . . . 992 91 . . 256 . . 1,887 . . 835 ... ... (.) ( 2 (Asian Development Bank, ADB) ) (The World Conservation Union ; IUCN) 11,000 (275 ) (Area-Function Participation; AFP) 2002549-2555 ... ( 3.3) (CBD) (RAMSAR) (CITES) (the World Heritage Convention) 27 2006 2 (MARPOL) ... (UNCLOS) , 3.3: : "--" (Marine and Coastal Resources Funds; MCRF) ( ) 10 20 30 : 28 3.2: . 16,300 (407.7 ) .. 2548-2551 (: ) 3.3 35,000 35653543 ... 2% 2% 37700 21959 25% 14% 4347 3% 2.3 82290 3.4 54% : 4..2548-2551 3.3: 3.2: .. 2549 R FD . OP S P CD . . ( 11% 5% 3% DMCR ) ONEP . . 5% 1% DMR . 3% ... 26(26) DW R . 17 11% 9 DG R . 6% 38 DEQP . DNP . 3% 52% ... 5(5)* : 16,300 iv : ,2549 ... 11(11) ... 4 (.. 2548-2551) (.) 10(8) ..2548-2551 3.2 4 90 : * 10 (EIA) 2549 (IEE) 29 2006 3.4: ( 3.2 ) :Sterner,2546 ( 2549) 3.2 3.3 ... 26 17 9 15 43 N/A 17 38 6.84 12 27 N/A 4 22 N/A 25 11 0.88 131 9 0.27 110 7 0.7 136 7 1.26 97 3 N/A :,2547 :,. 30 3.4 ... . 35 30 25 26 . . 27 20 15 16 - ? 810 5 14 0 4 19 5 7 33 14 . . - 25 / . -? (4.3) : :StaubandHatziolos,2547,2549 (EIA)(IEE) 38 (3.3) 3.4 (Scorecard) 346 3 6 135 () 2547 8.6 (2 ) 31 2006 3.5: 2536 2 2 ... 2547 16 :,2548 ... 255 3.53.6 3.6: CHARM (The Coastal Habitats and Resources Management: CHARM) 2545 5 5 356 300,000 :(CHARM),2549. 32 33 2006 4.1: 3 ... ...3-6 ... ... ... () ... ( 4.1) (Cost-sharing) 1: 34 ( 4.2) 4.2 4.2 : : 1 · ( 1.3) 2549 (.) (.) (.) · (EIA) · · 2547 30 · · 35 2006 2 : :,2550 · · · · 3: ... 36 · 4.3 : : ( ) (Wastewater Production) · (CoC) · 4: .... · () (.) · ( 5 ) · (4.3) 37 2006 · · · · · 5: · (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) 38 5 2 (1) (2) 39 2006 Bangkok Post. 2005. Washing Out to Sea. May 29. Burke, L., E. Selig, and M. Spalding. 2002. Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. Washington DC: World Resources Institute. CHARM. 2006. www.charm-th.com. Chulalongkorn University--Metals and Material Research Institute. 2005. Coastal Erosion, Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, vol.15, No. 1(2). CORIN. 2002. Development, Enforcement and Compliance with Fisheries Regulations: A Comparative Study between Communities under Co- management and Conventional Management in Southern Thailand. CORIN, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, for ICLARM, Penang Malaysia. Department of Fisheries (DOF). 2000. Marine Fishery Census. ___. 2003. Fisheries Statistics of Thailand. Department of Mineral Resources (DMR). 1999. Changes of Coastal Area in Andaman Sea. Technical paper. (in Thai). ___. 2002. Changes of Coastal Area in Gulf of Thailand. Technical paper (in Thai). FAO. 2000. State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome: FAO. ___. 2003. Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics. Rome: FAO. Hardy, J.T. 2003. Climate Change: Causes, Effects and Solutions. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Jarupongsakul, T. and A. Suphawajruksakul. 2005. Post-Symposium Excursion Guidebook of the 7th Kyoto University International Symposium on Coexistence with Nature in a Globalizing World. Field Science Perspectives. Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. Juntarashote, K. Decentralized Management: The New Approach of Thai Coastal Fishery Management. Land Development Department. 1999. Handbook on Management of Coastal Resources. (in Thai.) Mahidol University, MONRE. 2003. Study on the Implementation Status of International Conventions in Thailand. Submitted by the Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Mahidol University, Thailand. NESDB 2004. Development of Monitoring Indicator for Sustainable Development. TEI, Kenan Institute. ONEP 1992. Master Plan on Coral Reef Management. (in Thai.) ___. 2001. Action Plan on Conservation and Rehabilitation of Natural Resources and Marine Environment (1999-2003). (in Thai.) ___. 2002. Implementation of Management of Coastal and Marine Resources. (in Thai and English). ___. 2002. Management Plan and Action Plan for Coastal Aquaculture. (in Thai.) ___. 2002. 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Coastal Wetlands Policy and Conservation Awareness Project, www.wildlifefund.or.th/wetlands.html. () (CODI), http://www.codi.or.th. ,, , ,www.disaster.go.th. , www.fisheries.go.th. EnvironNET,www.environnet.in.th/evdb/law/national. , ,www.forest.go.th. International Center for the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas (EMECS), www.emecs.or.jp. EMECS,, , ,www.dmcr.go.th. , ,www.dnp.go.th. Network of Aquaculture Centre in Asia-Pacific, www.enaca.org. (PMBC),www.pmbc.go.th. Ramsar,www.wetlands.org/RSDB. Ramsar (SAN),www.saveandaman.com. (FAO),www.fao.org. , ,www.wildlifefund.or.th. CoastalWetlandsPolicyandConservationAwarenessProjectinThailand 42 2549 : : (.) (COBSEA) . . . . . . (.) . . (.) . ()(.) (.) . (.) . (.) (.) . (.) (CHARM) Dr.Yves Henocque (.) . (.) (.) (COBSEA) (.) (.) 43 2006 / : 517,770..(2549) (GDP) :7,813(2549) : :120,000(2549) :4,863. GDP :5.0%(2549) :1,800. 803.1,754.506. GDP :8.9% : 2,880.(2547) :47.4% : :13.7% :200 :30.1%(2549) : 4.7%(2549) :200 :12 :1=37.88(2549) : :1.5%(2549) (-) /GDP : 22.4%(2549) (­) /GDP : 68.6 % (2549) /GDP :31.0%(2548) /GDP :30.3%(2548) : : 5.9 % (2549) : :4.4%(2549) ::0 :() : 2,576 : :4,849(2549) : 4,769(2549) : :3.6% : 56 % (17 2548) :62.3 : 35.8 % :0.7%(2541-2547) : 1.6 % (% ) : 32% : 3 % (2545) :131,000(2548) : 49,860 .. (2546) :6.81,000(2548) - : :7.61,000(2548) : (% ) : 97.9%()98.5%()(2543) - (% ) : 98.17 % (2543) : 68 75 15 (% ) : 96%(2548) ..2526 ..2537 (% ) : 98.5%(2548) : : (UNCLOS) : 76 : ..1781() : , , , , , , (WHO Thailand), , ( www.worldbank.or.th) 44 45 92 ,,10400 (662)278-8500 (662)278-8586 www.mnre.go.th 9247 ,,10400 (662)298-2018 (662)298-2591 www.dmcr.go.th 30 9891,,10330 (662)686-8300 (662)686-8301 www.worldbank.or.th