17q779 April II % 6 Regularizing Informal Mining A Summary of the Proceedings of the International Roundtable on Artisanal Mining Mamadou Barry, editor Industry and Energy Department Occasional Paper No. 6 Regularizing Informal Mining A Summary of the Proceedings of the International Roundtable on Artisanal Mining Organized by the World Bank, Washington, D.C., May 17-19,1995 Mamadou Barry, editor April 1996 The World Bank Industry and Energy Department Cover: Madhia, Guyana. "Porknocker"panningforgold in a stream made turgid by high-pressure hydraulic mining operations upstream. Photo:.Laurierjalbert. Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................... iv 1. Introduction ............................................................................... 1 2. Opening Remarks ............................................................................... 2 3. Keynote Address .............................................................................. 3 4. First Session: Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues ....................................................... 5 5. Second Session: Organizational, Social, and Women's Participation Issues ......... .............. 7 6. 'Third Session: Technical and Financial Issues ................................ ....................................... 9 7. Fourth Session: Legal and Regulatory Issues . ....................................................................... 10 8. Elements of a Solution .............................................................................. 12 9. Agenda for Action .............................................................................. 12 10. Conclusions .............................................................................. 13 A nnex: List of Participants .............................................................................. 15 iii Abbreviations and Acronyms CENDA Centro de Desarrollo Ccmutario y Conservation Ambiental COTESU Coop6ration Technique Suisse CVG CorporationVenezuelana de Guyana ITDG Intermediate Technology Group NGO Nongovernmental organization Plan ECO+ Estudio de Impacto Ambiental Collectivo UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund forWomen iv considered artisanal mining within the broader scope of a small mines sector, the May roundtable was the first to discuss purely the problems of the artisanal I NTRODUCTION mining sector. Artisanal mining was defined for the purposes of discussion as the most primitive type of In May 1995, the World Bank convened an informal, small-scale mining, characterized by international roundtable to discuss the problems and individuals or groups of individuals exploiting potential of the growing number of small-scale deposits usually illegally-with the simplest iniormal-miners worldwide. The meeting was equipment. called to facilitate an exchange of views and experiences among those associated with the sector in different parts of the world, to assist delegates in developing * Artisanal mining is the most primitive type of mining, strategies for dealng with characterized by individuals orgroups exploiting problems and pohcies affecting deposits-usually illegally-with the simplest small-scale and artisanal muining in their own countries, and to equipment. provide input to the World Bank to formulate its own policy for * Although it provides an important source of income, the sector. artisanal mining engenders a host of problems: environmental, health, and safety concerns; labor and The World Bank has an interest gender issues; and technical, financial, regulatory, and in informal mining because part legal issues. of the organization's mandate is to aleviate poverty, and small- * A key conclusion: No real solutions are possible unless scale, informal miners- although they may be better off artisanal miners are givenfull legal and transferable than many of their mining titles to their claims. compatriots-are poor. In fact, to a large extent, informal mining is a poverty-driven activity. Peter van derVeen, chief of the Industry and Mining Division in the Industry and Energy Department of Some 80 invited delegates from 25 countries the World Bank opened the conference and attended the roundtable. The gathering included introduced a welcoming speech byJean-Fran,ois representatives from the full spectrum of interested Rischard, vice president for Finance and Private parties-multinational agencies, governments, Sector Development of the World Bank. Then, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), Richard Noetstaller of Leoben University, Austria, international mining companies, and the small-scale presented a keynote speech that set out the situation mi.ning community itself. and the issues to be discussed.The different aspects and problems of artisanal mining were then discussed Although previous international conferences have in four sessions: 1 2 Regularizing Informal Mining • Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues are so wide ranging that a flexible and integrated sapproach t.ckling regulatory, social, ental, and other Lssues wtll be necessary. h Technical and Financial Issues m Regulatory andbLegal Issues. Each session began widi a series of short fornial presentations followed by active discussions. At the OPENING REMARKS end of the conference, the delegates broke up into smaller working groups to discuss the four groups of The roundtable was opened by the chief of the issues and draw conclusions. As the discussions Industry ard Mining Division in the Industry and progressed, it became apparent that the four groupings Energy Department of the World Bank, Mr. Peter had mnany aspects in common. These interrelation- van derVeen, who put the key questions as follows: ships emphasized the need for an ate integrated approach to the issues and problems in the sector. * How can- artisanal rniining be carried out safely and in ain environmentally acceptable manner? At the end of three days of discussions, at least one sahent conclusion emerged: no real solutions are possible a How can the sector contribute to economic progress? unless artisanal miners are givenfull legal and transferable mining titles to their claims. The group members added, F What technical, financial, and regulatory however, that legalization of artisanal snisung, measure, wil be required to achieve progress? although an essential precondition for reform of the sector, can odly be considered a start. The problens In brief, he suggested, the problem is to find out Regularizing Informal Mining 3 what can be done to help the informal mining * A get-rich-quick mentality and the social sector make the jump from a subsistence activity to problems typical of transient mining settlements an economicaILy viable small-scale enterprise. * Limited access to credit and a lack of equipment Next, Mr. Jean-Fran,ois Rischard, vice president for and appropriate technology Finance and Private Sector Development of the World Bank, took the podium to welcome the * Disorganization, which often means ilLegal delegates and to place the topics of the meeting in activity, and sometimes a source of conflicts the context of the World Bank's work. with international mining companies. M.r. Rischard pointed out that the World Bank's If informal mining is to develop into a sustainable fundamental objective is to alLeviate poverty and activity, these individual issues must be addressed, improve living standards through sustainable growth Mr. Rischard said. At the same time, he noted that and investment in people. Part of this strategy is the the World Bank does not see artisanal mining as promotion of labor-intensive activities such as strictly a mining problem "but rather as a poverty informal, small-scale mining, which requires neither issue which must be addressed by a comprehensive large investments nor sophisticated equipment; has approach." ccinsiderably more potential for creating jobs than does highliy mechanized mining; and, if promoted in Mr. Rischard closed by thanking the cosponsors of an, orderly fashion, has the potential to develop into the conference for funding the participation of an indigenous mining industry. speakers and delegates from the developing countries. He also expressed the hope that the T:he Bank is also interested in the sector because roundtable would provide opportunities to forge artisanal mining provides employment for large partnerships among multilateral and bilateral agencies, numbers of women, who are usually the most NGOs, government institutions, and international disadvantaged and vulnerable group among the poor. mining companies; to share experiences and explore strategies; and to define an agenda for action on the M;r. Rischard pointed out that several miILion issues and constraints of small-scale mining. people worldwide depend on artisanal mining for their livelihood. Informal, small-scale miners, he reminded the group, account for 20 percent of the gold, 40 percent of the diamonds, and nearly aIL the gemstones mined in Africa. Not long ago they h accounted for 70 percent of Brazilian gold production (now less than 50 percent but stiIL worth KEYNOTE ADDRESS about $1 billion a year). Copper, gold, silver, tin, and zinc are also produced by informal miners. Mr. Richard Noetstaller, of Leoben University, Austria, pointed out that until the beginnings of the Although informal mining has the potential to be a industrial revolution, artisanal mining was the only beneficial economic activity, in many countries it is form of mining and that it continues to play a constrained by numerous factors, including the significant role in many parts of the developing following: world. Increasingly, however, artisanal mining has become a controversial activity-regarded by some * A high degree of health, safety, and as dirty, destructive, and illegal and by others as environmental risk productive, profitable, and often the means of survival in times of need. 4 Regularizing Informal Mining According to Mr. Noetstaller, the low barrier to -,M i'M 7777r " entry in terms of skills, capital, and infrastructure is Figure C Negative rcieAffcting the principal attribute of artisanal miining. As such, AtsnlMnr the activity is labor intensive and employs about 6 inadequate million people worldwide. Their activities generate W6 - techniques substantial purchasing power in artisanal mining districts, which in turn fosters regional development. However, uncontrolled artisanal mining has severa (. iInailit 'o negative effects: unacceptable environmental LowrecoVeW invest practices, poor social, health, and safety conditions, illegal mining and marketing, and waste of resources. Low incoe Most of these harmful effects are directly related to an savwgs technical and financial lmitations. Poorehi safety, The problem is that both the informal miners and the governments are caught in negative circles of cause and effect. The use of inadequate mining and processing techniques and equipment leads to low productivity of operations and low recovery of 7 7i77i 2 Negat i ircle Afecti valuable minerals, which in turn results in low revenues and the inability to accumulate funds for - Mining A oes investment. The lack of funds to improve methods Inadequate and acquire appropriate equipment traps artisanal operational miners in crude, inefficient mining and processing, reourceS closing the first negative circle, shown in Figure 1| lnabilityt Isfiin Mining authorities are also caught in a similar cycle control us r gov1 rnment of causality that limits their ability to control icm artisanal mining activities effectively. Mining lnabil4y to authorities are often unable to control artisanalcolttae mining because they lack adequate operational resources to enforce existing regulations. This in ENonmept al oaNmage turn results in illegal operations; poor enviromnen- tal, health, and safety standards; and a loss of fiscal revenues. The lack of funds from fiscal revenues limits the ability of the government to perform its dissemination of appropriate equipment and regulatory function and perpetuates uncontrolled technology, along with adequate training, will artisanal mining. The resulting negative circle is improve productivity and recovery and lead to shown in Figure 2. rising incomes. However obvious this may seem, Noetstaller said, the implementation is difficult In closing, Mr. Noetstaller stressed that both because of the large numbers of people involved, the negative cycles must be broken to overcome remote location of much artisanal mining, and the constraints on artisanal mining. The key features of reluctance of miners to change their ways. Also, change are the strengthening of the mining miners are unlikely to wish to become licensed authorities and the use of more efficient mining and operators unless the benefits can be shown to processing techniques.The introduction and outweigh t[ie costs. Regularizing Informal Mining 5 4b although less than 1 percent of the Amazon basin had been affected by garimpo activity, the local F IRST SESSION: environmental impacts have been high. A further E.NVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND problem has been that the garimpeiros' inefficient SAFETY ISSUES exploitation of the oxide caps, with a recovery of 25 to 55 percent, was effectively destroying resources Plresentations that might be economic to exploit by formal mechanized mining. Mr. Arantes also addressed the The speakers of this session dealt with the changing legal status of garimpo mining in Brazil. environmental aspects of artisanal mining and the Under the old regime, garimpeiros were permitted a health and safety conditions in the mining sites. garimpo license, but under the new constitution Mercury contamination, destruction of the vegetal only cooperatives are recognized-not individuals. cover, land degradation, and health and safety Also, all mining must conform to strict hazards are key issues in the sector that were environmental standards, which the garimpos do not addressed through three presentations. meet. Their activities are therefore effectively outside the law. Mr.Thomas Hentschel gave the first presentation. A project leader in an environmental management In the final presentation, Mr. Fabian Rodriguez, program for Bolivian small-scale mining, Mr. executive director of Fundaci6n CENDA (Ecuador), E:entschel described the problems of mercury described the activities of CENDA, a nonprofit contamination by artisanal mining activities and how his institution-Projekt Consult, financed by a Swiss technical cooperation agreement (COTESU)-had developed several pieces of equipment to eliminate or reduce the release of -. niercury to the environment. The inexpensive and vi simple-to-operate equipment included traps for 3 4 2 irnproving amalgamation, retorts for distilling aimalgam, and a battery-operated mercury activator. Mr. Hentschel emphasized that it was essential that such equipment be fully tested before being itstroduced, and equafly vital to train the rniners in is its use. Furthermore, for successful introduction it is - , necessary to maintain a concentrated effort in this regard through demonstrations and dissemination of i literature and photographs. Mr. Douglas Arantes then gave a brief history of . garimpo, or artisanal, mining in Brazil, which once accounted for 75 percent of Brazilian gold "' Z'.,.~.- production and has now dropped to about 50 F M percent because of the exhaustion of easily worked deposits, increases in fuel prices, and rise of , mechanized production. Mr. Arantes, the chief geologist~ ~ of Wetr MiigCrprto Kaburi, Guyana: Group of "porknockers" diging gold-bearing geologLst ofBWestern Mai,g Corporatlon gravels. Photo: Laurierjalbert. Minera,cao Ltda. (Brazil), told the group that 6 Regularizing Informal Mining NGO, in improving the lot of the 100,000 or so in the publicity campaign has been the publication of artisanal miners in southern Ecuador. CENDA is a monthly newspaper, Boletin Minero, which is managing a unique rural development program of 63 distributed to all involved parties and keeps them environmental management projects.This program, abreast of the project's activities. In addition to Plan ECO+, is based on a collective environmental technical assistance to miners, the Plan's activities impact assessment study that forges a partnership include a host of social programs that build its own between a government agency, an NGO, and a group institutional credibility and contribute to the well-being of artisanal miners. The program is aimed at reducing of the mining community, providing meals for miners' the environmental impact of mining activities, raising children, improving potable water sources, arranging for environmental consciousness among the population garbage collection and disposal, and promoting smalL at alL levels, and promoting the production and use of industries as alternative sources of work. equipment that protects the environment. Panel Discussions and Recommendations Mr. Rodriguez explained that Plan ECO+ began with an intensive campaign to make miners aware of The panel discussed how governments can set the environmental and health hazards of their appropriate regulatory regimes for environmental activities. The Plan is managed by a private entity to protection; what has been learned from the activities overcome local suspicions of official political or of NGOs in environmental management; what can economic agendas. A key factor and a major success be done to improve environmental, health, and safety conditions; and what role, if any, can governments and NGOs play. Environmenatal destructiveness is the single most visible aspect of artisanal mining, the group agreed. The problems include acid mPtine drainage; deforestation; soil erosion and river silting; and, for gold miningy, pollution of river systems with mercury. Mercury is also a health hazard to the miners through the, commion practice of burning amalgam in the open air. Other health hazards include occupational diseases, lack of worker protection, and the lack of support in underground workings. t The panel concluded that idealLy allL mining, including artisanal mining, should be subject to the same environmental health and safety laws but recognized the special circumstances of the informal sector. But to bring artisanal miners into the system, regulations and technical standards need to be realistic and achievable. Enforcement will often be difficult, so incentives to comply will also be needed. Ministries cif miines and environment, along with Madhi, Guana: iicp9nmnddwhtreamfa ~ local governiments, will need to become actively semi-echaized peraio~tat ha use ~ ~involved in these efforts. Nongovernmental sediments into! stream which has become e^tremely tujii organizations and private companies could also play Phg g:!!go ,topn Jr.:S : g ..: £. .. ji$ip a &gS;I :a role in environmental management. Regularizing Informal Mining 7 Noamundi, India. Family members crushing iron ore. Photo: Jeffrey Davidson. The panel agreed that education and the women, especially in downstream activities, this communication of information were the keys in session also dealt with the sociocultural and rmLaking all interested parties, miners, governments, economic constraints affecting the effective and the local communities, aware of the situation participation of women in artisanal maining. anid encouraging them to improve it. This can be done through newsletters, comics, seminars, videos, The first presentation was made by Mr. S. L. and radio and television campaigns. Chakravorty, honorary secretary of the National Institute of Small Mines (India). Mr. Chakravorty 1?a described a mining project that had the objective of __________________________________________ creating employment. The project, in which he was involved, pursued two approaches: (a) individual SECOND SESSION: ORGANIZATIONAL, private mines working without any initial guidance SOCIAL, AND WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION and support; and (b) a cluster of private mines ISSUES operating under initial control, guidance, and support from a mining agency. The latter approach has been Presentations successful to some degree. Educated, unemployed middle-class youths were encouraged to become This session addressed the introduction of formal entrepreneurial miners by granting them areas to business structures in artisanal mining and provided mine basalt for construction. They, in turn, provided an overview of the socioeconomic aspects of the employment for unskilled villagers in the area. The sector through a baseline survey of miners in supervising state agency purchased all production Tanzania and Burkina Faso. Recognizing that and provided technical help. Over time, the agency's informal mining employs a large percentage of material support was withdrawn, and many of the 8 Regularizing Informal Mining small-scale operations continued to operate The issues affecting women's participation were satisfactorily as independent businesses. discussed by Mrs. Ofei-Aboagye of the Ghana Institute oi Management and Public Administration The socioeconomic aspects of artisanal mining were and Ms. Marilyn Carr of the UNIFEM. Mrs. Ofei- covered by Mr. Rogers Cezinga, managing director Aboagye discussed the low level of women's of TAN Discovery, a Tanzanian consulting firm, and participation in artisanal mining in Ghana, despite Dr. Boubakar Zanga of the Department of Mines of the regularization of the activity under the Small Burkina Faso. Mr. Cezinga described a baseline Scale Gold Mining Law of 1989. She identified the survey carried out on the socioeconomic, constraints to effective participation as a result of organizational, and environmental aspects of artisanal legal and social taboos; widespread illiteracy; and mining in Tanzania. The country has about 100 organizational, technical, and financial constraints. gold-mining areas and 300,000 people involved in She proposed a gender-sensitive approach for creating a supportive TT environment for increasing Volunaiy ollabratins beweenminei shaing cmmonwomen's involvement as goals are more promising thin:loosely organized cooperatives, concession holders, financiers, equipment owners, and i Atisnal _ies need tobeeoradtraders. She emphasized reneurs;.: 8 an loo upon mining as- a¢>¢,iU business, aggI'j ::'awareness programs; exchange ent rep ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~of experience; consutain, education, and training; and Governments should recognize the s~gnjficance of wonwn's small business development as involvenent i artisnal minng andpromot theirthe actions needed to be ' -.involvement itU,as,ja mine§t- owners and operators. .,undertaken to lower the barriers to women's participation in the sector. the activity. The presentation covered organizational structures in registered and unregistered claims, the Ms. Carr gave a broader perspective of women in government's past efforts to organize the miners and mining and identified the social, cultural, technical how to tackle the organization problems in future. and financial factors preventing women from In Tanzania, small cooperative societies were the successfully participating in artisanal and small-scale preferred organizational structures for artisanal mining as rnine owners, operators, and investors. miners. Panel Discussions and Recommendations Burkina Faso has about 200 gold-mining sites and more than 100,000 people involved in mining. Dr. The panel analyzed what past group-formation Zanga described a survey of the three main sites, the initiatives have worked in the informal mining sector conditions of work, and the diverse and complex and discussed methods to promote orderly relationships between those involved in the different development of the activity, including the roles that phases of mining. Artisanal mining in Burkina Faso is governments, NGOs, and donor agencies can play. an important factor in preventing migration to the towns and the major constraints on the activity is the Essentially, the group felt, bottom-up initiatives based uncertain duration of the discoveries, and the on participation and cooperation between miners difficulties in organizing the miners. Self-selected and nongovTernmental agencies have worked much groups seem to work better in Burkina Faso, but better than top-down government initiatives. For character, discipline and trust come before friendship, example, attempts to form cooperatives have usually family, or ethnic relationships in forming groups. failed. Most "cooperatives" are in fact legal Regularizing Informal Mining 9 conveniences, in which each miner works for him- charity group based in Rugby, England, and o:r herself, rather than true revenue-sharing specialized in bringing appropriate technology to arrangements. Nevertheless, appropriate developing countries. Mr. Bugnosen suggested the o:rganizational structures are necessary to improve foundation of self-sustaining mining service centers accountability and effectively introduce modern as an approach to providing long term help to technology. Experience shows that group- small-scale miners. He described the involvement of fcrmation initiatives arising from voluntary the ITDG with the Small-Scale Miners Association collaboration between miners sharing common of Zimbabwe and the Asociaci6n Minera Aurifera de la goals and interests are more likely to succeed than Region Grau in Peru. The Zimbabwe project loosely organized cooperatives. Once a viable included the use of a mobile mill to assist small organizational structure is put in place, artisanal miners to generate income, and the foundation of rriners need to be encouraged to become the Shamva Mining Center. Demand for services entrepreneurs and look upon rrning as a business. * Introduction of modern mining and processing techniques The panel recognized the... sig~,;nificance of women's can increase productivity, mineral recovery, and revenues. involvement in artisanal mining * Model mines and training centers could help artisanal and urged all participating =Miers mkes the traInion to moder mining. organizations to advocate miners make the transition to modern mining. women's participation at all levels and to support training, * Financing could be mobilizedfrom entrepreneurs, inage-building, and technical through no-collateral loans, or by creative arrangements assistance. In its reform such as solidarity groups and third-party guarantees. programs, the government should recognize the contribution of women and initiate awareness from the center has increased substantially over the programs to promote their effective involvement as past three years. Although its financial performance mine owners and operators. is not yet satisfactory, the center is able to sustain its operations out of its earnings while providing essential services to small-scale miners. ro;:<, Mr. John Hollaway, a consultant from Zimbabwe K!t) who has wide experience of artisanal mining throughout Africa, emphasized that none of the T'HIRD SESSION: TECHNICAL AND problems of lack of technology and financial FINANCIAL ISSUES support could be tackled effectively until the prime need of having the right to mineral title was met. Presentations Governments thus should recognize the actual contribution of the artisanal rnining sector to their This session featured three presentations about the economies and its potential. In most countries technical and financial constraints to the there is a large void between the small miner on his development and transformation of artisanal mining. illegally held patch and modern large-scale mining. Governments should encourage development of The first presentation was made by Mr. Edmund small formal mines by making the mining law Bugnosen, a small-scale mining expert affiliated common for all sizes of mining. Subjecting artisanal with the Intermediate Technology Group (ITDG), a miners to special regulations or treating them as 10 Regularizing Informal Mining unwelcome and as a marginal activity to industrial mining operations-as so many countries do- 7 only aggravates the problem. FOURTH SESSION: LEGAL AND Mr.Jean-Jacques Deschamps, of the Africa REGULATORY ISSUES Technical Department of the World Bank, dealt with the credit aspects of micro-enterprises such as Presentations artisanal mining. He emphasized that in order to overcome the credit constraints of artisanal mining, This session addressed the legal and regulatory options to finance without collateral, including the constraints of artisanal mining-in particular the formation of solidarity groups and third-party formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining guarantees, should be explored. Mutual guarantee operations; the regulatory impediments to the funds and special financing cooperatives can help transition from informal mining to formal, reduce the transaction costs and improve access to sustainable enterprises; and the management of credit. Also, artisanal miners should be encouraged relationships between artisanal miners and to save and invest in equipment. The donor international mining companies. The first part of community could be a catalyst in this process by the session dealt with the regulation of small-scale helping shape government policies toward a mining, emphasizing the role of government conducive environment for the supply of financial agencies. The second featured private-sector services to the sector and by supporting training speakers from international mining companies and and other interventions to strengthen local focused on the interface between private mining -nicrofinance institutions. companies and artisanal nminers. Panel Discussions and Recommendations The first presentation was made by Mr. Jeflrey Davidson cf Small Mining International, a Canadian- The panel was asked to consider whether artisanal based NGO specializing in small-scale and artisanal nmining was a viable long-term activity and, if so, mining. Mr. Davidson described what he called a what could be done to support its development. "legal roller coaster" inVenezuela as an example of how artisanal mining has been marginalized. From Delegates felt that the introduction of modern 1945 to 1977, informal mining was legal, but it came mining and processing techniques and equipment to be seen as a threat to social stability, the is the key to increasing productivity and mineral environment, and indigenous tribes. In 1977, all recovery and hence revenues. It is one point at minerals were reserved to the state, and a licensing which the negative circle can be broken. system was set up that effectively made artisanal mining illegal. In 1986, legal authority for gold and The establishment of model mines and mining diamonds in the Guayana region was transferred to centers for demonstration and training purposes the Corporacion Venezuelana de Guayana (CVG), and a was also seen as having a role here. Financial general ban on the use of mercury was enforced by constraints could be overcome by encouraging monitoring of operations. To execute its mandate, entrepreneurs to branch out into small-scale CVG set up a small-mines management scheme that mining and encouraging miners to invest their included plans to organize miners into legally own savings and those of family and friends. It was accountable bodies and to designate small-mining also considered that options for finance without areas. However, CVG lacks the human and financial collateral should be explored, including the resources to administer small-scale mining formation of solidarity groups and third-party effectively, and no other governmental organizations guarantees. presently address the needs of the subsector. Regularizing Informal Mining 11 Mr. Davidson concluded by emphasizing that the managed to strike up good working relationships government's role in creating enabling conditions with the artisanal miners on their properties.James for orderly development includes collecting detailed Askew, the managing director of Golden Shamrock information about the subsector, drafting laws and Mines, described how his company permitted regulations that reflect the realities of the subsector, informal miners to operate on unworked parts of identifying and demarcating indigenous-use areas, the company's concession at Iduapriem, Ghana, and and streamrlining administrative procedures. on alluvial portions of their property in Siguiri, Guinea. He also said they are excellent workers for exploration programs but * Legalization of artisanal mining is the essentialfrst step most were too individuaistic toward its transformation into a sustainable activity. disciplines of day-to-day discipnes oferaytio-day * Discoverers of deposits should be able to establish and g operations. transfer title, which will ensure their rights and enhance Philip Morriss, the general the creditworthiness of the mining enterprise. manager of Operations at Placer Dome Latin America, * Regulation of mining activity should protect both the described a socioeconomic environment and the rights of indigenous miners. study of the miners' life-style, living conditions, and expectations that his company is using at its Las Cristinas vir. Edward Nyamekye, director of the Small-Scale project as a basis for a strategic plan to manage its Mvlining at the Minerals Commission of Ghana, relationship with artisanal miners. The plan involves summarized the success of legislative measures in the implementation of a wide-ranging program Ghana to regularize the informal sector. The effort aimed at improving public services, maximizing involved a two-pronged approach: creating a simple direct local employment through basic skill licensing system and liberalizing marketing acquisition and training, supporting local mining arrangments. Successful reforms included creation associations, and increasing purchases of local of eight district offices to make it easier for informal products. rniners to register and entry of formal private sector buyers to increase competition. Since 1989, $1.4 Panel Discussions and Recommendations rnillion has been spent on implementing the rneasures. Eight small-scale mining centers were The legal and regulatory framework has an impact created in the major production areas. These were on most other issues and is the point at which the staffed by mining engineers and adequately negative circle of artisanal mining can be broken. equipped to monitor small-scale mining operations Legalization of artisanal miners, it was agreed, is an and ensure compliance with the mining code. Up essential first step toward the transformation of to 425 licenses have been granted to groups of 1 to artisanal mining into a sustainable activity. The 1 0 miners, cooperatives, and companies. As a result discoverer of a deposit should have the right to a of these reforms, the quantity of reported gold and mining title, and mechanisms should be established cliamond exports increased by 61 percent and 142 to facilitate transfer of title. If the miner is able to percent, respectively, between 1991 and 1994. transfer or negotiate title, it could be possible to transform some of the artisanal discoveries into Many international mining companies have efficiently run small mines. Legal status also 12 Regularizing Informal Mining improves the creditworthiness of artisanal miners Because arlisanal miners lack the technical and and their willingness to invest. To encourage financial resources needed for building small formal registration, licensing of informal miners should be mines, they are often better at finding deposits than done on a regional rather than a national basis, as is at developing them. However, their ability to the case in Ghana. District buying stations using finance small mining development can be improved competitive pricing and marketing arrangements will if they form groups and establish microfinance also help eliminate illegal trading and smuggling. mechanisms. A market for properties can also be established to allow owners of artisanal mines to sell their properties to-or enter into joint ventures with-people who have the resources and skills to ___________________________________________________ develop them. Technical assistance, advice, and demonstrations can be used to improve productivity ELEMENTS OF A SOLUTION and to enhance the financial attractiveness of artisanal mining. The problems of environmental degradation, waste of mineral resources, and poor health and safety in Living and working conditions in mining sites can the practice of artisanal mining will not disappear by be improved by strengthening the miners' ability to themselves. However, if governments take the basic organize and to operate in a safe and healthy steps to regularize their informal mining sectors, environment. Mining extension services can be they should at least prevent the situation from used to demonstrate sound mining and processing worsening, and in favorable circumstances artisanal techniques and to sensitize miners about the miners could begin to make a positive contribution potential health and safety hazards of their activities. to the national wealth. In addition,, existing operations must be constantly monitored to ensure the adoption of good practices. The roundtable identified some specific actions that Finally, social conditions are improved by establishing can be initiated in conjunction with economy-wide authority structures in mining camps and by and sectoral reforms to alleviate the key constraints providing basic social infrastructure and services. of artisanal mining and to break its negative circles. These actions specifically aim at (a) establishing enabling legal and institutional conditions for artisanal mining; (b) reducing technical and financial KV constraints; and (c) improving environmental, living, and working conditions in mining sites. AGENDA FOR ACTION Establishing enabling conditions entails setting clear From the discussions of the roundtable, it appears rules and effectively monitoring compliance. In that a holistic approach is the key to a long-term order to make the entry process orderly, solution for transforming artisanal mining into governments must move toward legalizing artisanal sustainable small mining. Such an approach requires mining and streamlining registration and licensing a partnership between governments, NGOs, procedures. Further actions are needed to give legal artisanal miners' associations, international donor recognition to security of tenure and to ensure the agencies, and international mining companies. transferability or mortgageability of mining titles. Governments are primarily responsible for Other incentives to regularization include improving the legal and regulatory conditions of liberalizing pricing and marketing arrangements, artisanal mining and for ensuring that appropriate establishing an appropriate taxation regime, and institutions are established and adequately financed. strengthening small-scale mining institutions. NGOs and small-scale miners' associations can Regularizing Informal Mining 13 support the transformation effort by helping to addressing the rural poverty issues that force organize and train miners to mobilize financial people to engage in informal mining. On the other resources and to protect the environment. hand, when there is a well-established mining Organizations such as the World Bank can play a tradition and a potential for a positive contribution catalytic role by disseminating best practices and to poverty alleviation, socioeconomic benefits will experiences, financing policy reforms and targeted not be fully realized unless comprehensive reforms actions, and supporting microfinance programs. are initiated to improve the conditions of miners International mining companies can and should and to transform artisanal mining into orderly, safe, support the transformation of artisanal mining, as technically sound and environmentally sustainable this provides opportunities for reducing social small-scale mining. tensions with local miners and indigenous people. The success of the comprehensive approach hinges _____ on the availability of good prospects, modern rmanagement skills from miners, and adequate CONCLUSIONS institutional capacities from governments. In cases wvhere artisanal mining is driven by the get-rich- Through 15 formal presentations and nearly 10 quick mentality of transient peasant-miners, hours of discussions, supported by video footage negative social and environmental side effects will highlighting the living and working conditions of exceed any benefits and assistance and will miners and the environmental risks of artisanal contribute more to exacerbating the problems than mining, the roundtable addressed an array of complex and sometimes controversial issues. It appeared from the discussions that sustainable development of artisanal mining is constrained by ~~~01 ~~~three key factors: Lack of appropriate legal, regulatory, and institutional framework to support and monitor the activity * Inefficient methods and equipment * Environmental, health, and safety problems arising from the practice of haphazard mining. - 1 [From the cross-section of opinions and ideas _l l f presented, it is notable that the relatively successful stories recounted at the roundtable were founded to different degrees on a flexible legal framework designed to regularize the activities of the informal sector. This is a key step, but other aspects-such as access to finance and technical expertise and general education of miners-must be addressed at the same time. One alternative is to set up model mnines that Merelani, nearAnusha, Tanzania. Tanzanite miners returning can be used to give small-scale miners access to from working in a 100-meter deep shafi. Photo: L. Maraboli. basic equipment, technology, and know-how 14 Regularizing Informal Mining The roundtable also lmineral resources, and poor emphasized that health and safety in artisanal partnerships must be mriining will not disappear by formed between all those themiselves. However, if involved in the sector, governments take the basic steps governments, NGOs, to regularize their informal international development mining sectors, they should at agencies, international least prevent the situation from mining companies, and the worsening, and in favorable artisanal mining circumstances artisanal miners commnunity itself, in order could begin to make a positive to reach long-term contribution to national wealth. solutions to the problems An integrated rather than a of this activity. I piecemeal approach and a strong partnership among al The problems of G parties represented at the environmental miing ht j. i. roundtable are required to degradation, waste of achieve this objective. NerYa }ukin Fa= riaa odmnn sieNely2,0 .rerwoedheatheeaofatitdtig19. Phto LMrbl. Regularizing Informal Mining 15 ANNEX: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Mr. Douglas Arantes Chief Geologist Western Mining Corp MineraSao Ltda. Mr. Luis Enrique Hinojosa Acufia Estrada de Barra da Tijuca 1636 Subdirector Nacional de Mineria Bloco B. Loja, Itanhanga Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria Rio dejaneiro, RJ 22641-001, Brazil Avenida Santa Maria 0104 Tel: (55-21) 494-2111 Santiago, Chile Fax: (55-21) 493-1988/423-2529 Tel: (56-2) 737-5050 Fax: (56-2) 737-5031 Mr. James Askew Golden Shamrock Mines Ltd. Mr. Pierre Adama Traorb 475, 17th Street, Suite 700 UN Economic Commission for Africa Denver, CO 80202 U.S.A. PO.Box 3001 Tel: (303) 298-9011 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Fax: (303) 298-7274 Tel: (251-1) 517-200 Fax: (251-1) 514-416 Mr. Tomas Astorga Schneider Ing. Civil de Minas Mr. Michael Allison Ministry of Mines Information Specialist Teatinos 120, 90 p Small Mining International Santiago, Chile International Agency for Small-Scale Mining Tel: (56-2) 698-6593/671-1593 Anexo 31 2020 University St., Box 102 Fax: (56-2) 698-9262 Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 2A5 Mr. Angel Baiez Ayesta Tel: (514) 398-2871 Ministry of Energy & Mines Fax: (514) 398-8379 Av. Las Artes 260, San Bora Lima 41, Peru Ms. Kathleen Anderson Tel: (51-14) 750-135 Director Fax: (51-14) 750-135 Mining and Environment Institute Division of Economics and Business Ms. Wendy S. Ayres Colorado School of Mines Economist Golden, CO 80401-1887 U.S.A. Pollution and Environmental Economics Tel: (303) 281-3979 Environment Department Fax: (303) 273-3416 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W Mr. Craig Andrews Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Industry and Mining Division Tel: (202) 473-2825 Industry and Energy Department Fax: (202) 477-0968 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W Dr. Mamadou Barry WVashington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Industry and Mining Division Tel: (202) 473-4275 Industry and Energy Department Fax: (202) 477-6619 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Tel: (202) 473-3561 Fax: (202) 477-6619 16 Regularizing Informal Mining Ms. Ginette Bastin Mr. Henri J. Bretaudeau BUGECO Office of the Director 206,Avenue de Tervivien Industry and Energy Department 1150 Bruxelles, Belgium World Bank Tel: (32-2) 772-4000 1818 H Street, N.W Fax: (32-2) 772-3897 Washington, D.C.20433 U.S.A. Tel: (202) 473-3412 Mr. Christopher J. Barham Public Sector Modernization and Private Sector Division Mr. Edmund Bugnosen Latin America and the Caribbean Country Department III 73 Devonshire Rd,Walthamstow The World Bank London E17 8QH 1818 H Street, N.W United Kingdom Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Tel: (44-181) 520-7510 Tel: (202) 473-8615 Fax: (44-181) 520-6523 Mr. C. Beinhoff Mr. Mike Campbell Chief, Unit Non-Ferrous Metallurgy and Precious Metals Executive Director Extraction International Council on Metals and the Environment UNIDOVienna,Austria (ICME) Vienna International Centre 294, Albert Street, Suite 506 P. 0. Box 300, Room D-1242 Ottawa, Ontario A-1400Vienna,Austria Canada KIP 6E6 Tel: (43-1) 21131-3738 Tel: (613) 235-4263 Fax: (43-1) 21345-5833 Fax: (613) 235-2865 Mr. Amadou Bocoum Ms. Marilyn Carr ChiefTechnical Adviser UNIFEM United Nations 304 East 45th Street P. O. Box 872 NewYork, NY 10017 U.S.A. c/o UN/DDSMS, Room DC1-1380 Tel: (212) 906-6289 Bangui (Central African Republic) Fax: (212) 906-6705 1 UN Plaza NewYork, NY 10017 U.S.A. Mr. Mamy Cek6wany6 Tel: (212) 963-9863 Ministry of lVMines Fax: (212) 963-1265 Directeur Nalional des Mines BP 295 Conakry Mr. Alan Braithwaite Guinea Placer Dome,Venezuela Tel: (44) 42-418 Avda. las Americas, Edificio Anto ler Piso, Officios 4 y 5 Mr. S. L. Chakravorty Puerto Ordoz, Estado Bolivar,Venezuela National Institute of Small Mines Tel: (58-86) 234-849 6 A, Fhakuria Station Lane Fax: (58-86) 230-715 Calcutta 100 021 India Tel: (91-33) 473-9542 Fax: (91-33) 248-6604/248-1620 Regularizing Informal Mining 17 Mr. Syne Chikove Mr. Jean-Jacques Deschamps SADC Mining Quarterly Private Sector Development and Economnics Division Zimbabwe Africa Technical Department Tel: (263-4) 733-741 The World Bank Fax: (263-4) 735779 1818 H Street, N. W Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Mr. Cecilio Condori Tel: (202) 458-0345 Proyecto MEDMIN Fax: (202) 477-2978 Cooperativa Kantuta Ed. La Primera Piso 7 Prof. Bharat B. Dhar, Director C)f.7 Bl. B Central Mining Research Institute Av. Mcal. Sta Cruz 1360 Bar-wa Road, Dhanbad - 826 001 India La Paz, Bolivia Tel: (91-326) 20-23-26/20-30-43 (office) Tel: (591)(2) 368-017 (91-326) 20-23-73/20-50-28 (residence) Fax: (91-326) 202429 Mr. Santiago Cordovez Noboa Subsecretario de Minas Mr. Coulibaly Drissa, SODEMI Nlinisterio de Energia y Minas 01 BP 2816 Abidjan Santa Prisca 223 y Manuel Larrea C6te d'lvoire Quito, Ecuador Tel: (225) 44-29-94 Tel: 570-850/ 570-376 Fax: (225)-440-21-08 Fax: (593-2)-571-223 Mr. David Hanrahan Mr. Eduard H. Dahlberg Pollution and Environmnental Economics Division Geologist Environment Department Manager, Mineral Potential Evaluation The World Bank State of Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Room S3-003 Division of Minerals 1818 H Street, N. W 1525 Third Ave. E. Washington, D.C.20433 U.S.A. Flibbing, MN 55746-1461 U.S.A. Tel: (202) 458-5686 Tel: (218)-262-6767 Fax: (218)-262-7328 Mr. Walther Hennig Federal Institute of Geosciences & Natural Resources Mr. Jeffrey Davidson (BGR) Small Mining International P. 0. Box 210153 2020 University Street, Box 102 D-30631 Hannover, Germany Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A5 Tel: (49-511) 643-2376 Canada Fax: (49-511) 643-2304 'Iel: (514) 398-4375 Fax: (514) 398-7099 Mr. Thomas Hentschel Projekt Consult Alr. De Liu Rosendo Gutierrez No. 482 Deputy Chief Casilla 4679 Mining Division La Paz, Bolivia China National Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation Tel: (591-2) 359-409 12B Fuxing Road Fax: (591-2)711-213 Beijing 100814 P'eople's Republic of China Fax: (861) 851-6396 18 Regularizing Informal Mining Ms. Indu Hewawasam Mr. Kenneth W. Johnson Industry and Energy Division United Reef Ltd. Africa: West Central Africa Department 15 Toronto Street, Suite 600 The World Bank Toronto, Ontario M5C 2E3 Room J8-082 Canada 1818 H Street, N.W Tel: (416) 368-0993 Washington, D. C. 20433 U.S.A. Fax: (416) 368-8957 Tel: (202) 473-5559 Mr.Jason KIessi Mr. John Hollaway Dhahabu Exploration and Mining Co. Ltd. (DEMCO) John Holloway and Associates P 0. Box 2462 P. O.Box 5438 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Harare, Zimbabwe Tel: (41-22) 796-4260/730-0352 Tel: (263-4) 752-419 Fax: (41-22) 797-5086 Fax: (263-4) 752-431 Mr. Fran,cois M.J. Lampietti M. Sc. Dr. Alexander Horkel Mineral Exploration Consultant ADC Austria RFD #1 - 583 Ruediger G-3 Purcellville,)VA 22132 U.S.A. A-1050Vienna,Austria Voice: (703) 668-6354 Tel: (43-1) 587-8410 Fax: (703) 668-6952 Fax: (43-1) 587-8411 Tel: (358) 046-931 Ms. Kristine Ivarsdotter Ms. Beatrice Labonne, Director Environmentally Sustainable Development Division Division of E.nvironment Management and Social Africa Technical Department Development The World Bank DDSMS/Urited Nations RoomJ3-140 One UN Plaza 1818 H Street, N.W Office DC1-864 Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Tel: (212) 963-8790 Tel: (202) 473-4125 Fax:(212) 963-4879 Mr. Norman Jennings Mr. Jean-Claude Lauzier Senior Industry Specialist Canadian International Development Agency International Labour Office 200 Promenade du Portage 4, rue des Morillons Hull, Quebe, CH-1211 Geneva 22 Canada KIA 064 Switzerland Tel: (819) 997-0476 Tel: (41-22) 799-7475/7529 Fax: (819) 997-0602 Fax: (41-22) 799-7967 Mr. Omar Manzano Mr. Atahualpa Jessen Rojas ETESA Ministry of Energy & Mines Calle Chuquisaca 790 Ave. Las Artes 260, San Borja Box 318 Lima 41, Peru Potosi, Bolivia Tel: (511-4) 750-135 Tel: (591- 62) 22256 Fax: (511-4) 750-135 Fax: (591-62) 25808 Regularizing Informal Mining 19 Mlr. Leopolddo Maraboli Mr. Joel D. Muyco Industry and Mining Division Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Philippines Industry and Energy Department North Avenue, Diliman T'he World Bank Quezon City, Philippines Room G2-028 Tel: (632) 998-642 1818 H Street N.W Fax: (632) 951-635 NWashington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. I'el: (202) 473-5531 Mr. E. A. Niameke Fax: (202) 477-6619 Minerals Commission P. 0. Box 248 Mlr. Yvon T. Maurice Accra, Ghana Geological Survey of Canada Tel: (233) 772-783 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario Mr. Martin Nicol Canada KIA OE8 National Union of Mineworkers Tel: (613) 995-4748 P 0. Box 2424 Fax: (613) 996-3726 Johannesburg Gauteng, South Africa Ms. Micheline Mescher Tel: (27-11) 833-7012 Mescher Associates Fax: (27-11) 836-6051 Economic and Financial Consulting 3517 Duff Drive Mr. Richard Noetstaller Falls Church,Va. 22041 U.S.A. Montan University Leoben 'Tel: (703) 578-9784 DonaustraBe 102 Fax: (703) 820-2731 Maria Enzersdorf Austria 2244 30r. Karin Millett Tel: (43-2236) 42358 International Resource Linkages Fax: (43-2236) 42358 518 17th Street, Suite 566 Denver, CO 80202 U.S.A. Mr. George A. Nooten T'el: (303) 436-9480 Technical Manager Fax: (303) 595-8183 United Nations Revolving Fund One United Nations Plaza Mr. Phil Morriss Room FF 1038 P'lacer Dome deVenezuela NewYork, NY 10017 U.S.A. Avda Las Americas, Edificio NATO Tel: (212) 906-6193 (DIR) ler Piso, Oficios 4 y 5 Fax: (212) 906-6642 P'uerto Ordaz, Estado Bolivar Venezuela Mr. Pentti Noras Tel: (56-86) 34849 Vice Director Fax: (56-86) 230-715 Geological Survey of Finland Betonimniehenkuja 4 Mr. Luis Musalem M. FIN 02150 Espoo PAMMA Program, Chile Finland T1eatinos 120, 9 Piso Santiago, Chile Tel: (56-2) 698-693/671-1593 Fax: (56-2) 698-9262 20 Regularizing Informal Mining Ms. Esther Oduraa Ofei-Aboagye Dr. Michael Priester Ghana Institute of Management & Public Administration Projekt-Consult GmbH P. 0. Box 50 Limburger StraBe 28 Achimota, Ghana 61462 Krnigstein, Germany Tel: (233-21) 667-683/4 Tel: (49) 6174-24031 Fax: (233-21) 667-681 Fax: (49) 6174-22985 Mr. W. Paatii Ofosu-Amnaah Mr. D. L. Richards Chief Counsel Departmeni: of Mineral and Energy Affairs Africa Division, Legal Department Private Bag X7, Braamfontein The World Bank Johannesburg 2017 1818 H Street, N.W South Africa Washington, D. C. 20433 U.S.A. Tel: (27-11) 339-4414 Tel: (202) 458-1752 Fax: (27-11) 403-2061 Fax: (202) 522-1593 Mr.Jean-Fran,cois Rischard Yrjo Pekkala Vice President Geological Survey of Finland Finance and. Private Sector Development Betonimiehenkuja 4 The World Bank FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland Room G8-099 Tel: (358-0) 46931 1818 H Street, N.W Fax: (358-0) 462-205 Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Tel: (202) 548-0920 Mr. W. Pienaar Chamber of Mines of South Africa Mr. Fabian Rodriguez Guerrero 5 Hollard Street/ P. 0. Box 809 Director Ejecutivo Johannesburg 2001 Fundacion Cenda Tel: (27-11) 638-2385 Juan Jose Pend 08-20 y 10 de Agosto Fax: (27-11) 638-4608/5281 PG. Box 11-01-24 Loja, Ecuador Mr. Werner Pilz Tel: (575-141) 560-220/ 573-209 OFSE (Osterreichische Forschungsstiftung fir Fax: (593-7) 575-142 Entwicklungshilfe) for Austrian Development Cooperation Mr. L. Felipe Ruiz T. Berggasse 7,1090Vienna,Austria Director Public Affairs Tel: (43-1) 3174010/4180 Placer Dome Latin America Limited Fax: (43-1) 317 4018 Headquarters Gertrudis Echenique 30,14 Floor Mr. Jean-Claude Placquet Las Condes, Santiago, Chile International Finance Corporation, D.C. Tel: (562) 206-3535 Room K6-053,1801 K Street, N.W Fax: (562) 228-0299 Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Tel: (202) 473-0587 Fax: (202) 334-0230 Regularizing Informal Mining 21 Mr. Andre Samba Mr. Keith R. Suttill Director General of Social Action International Editor Mlinistry of Finance, Planning and International Engineering and Mining Journal C.orporation Glanty House Government of Central African Republic The Causeway c./o UN/DDSMS, Room DCl-1380 Egham, Surrey TW20 9AL C)ne UN Plaza England, United Kingdom NewYork,NY 10017 U.S.A. Tel: (01784) 431337 Tel: (212) 963-9863 Fax: (01784) 471307 Fax: (212) 963-1265 Mr.James C. Szita Mr. Rogers S. Sezinga Mill-Ore Industries Inc. Managing Director 95 Government Rd, N. Tan Discovery, Mineral Consultants Ltd. P. O. Box 1071 P. O.Box 6564 Timrnming, Ontario, Canada P4N 7H9 Dar-Es-Salaam,rTanzania Tel: (705) 268-8733 Tel: (051) 32429 Fax: (705) 268-1922 Fax: (051) 46107 Mr. Pierre Tabsoba Mir. Adam A. (Dan) Sokoloski Directeur General de Mines et de Carrieres (C.M.C.) NManager 01 B. P. 2143 International Technical Assistance Program Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso UJ.S. Bureau of Land Management Tel: (226) 31-36-70 Department of the Interior Fax (226) 31-36-70 1849 C St. N.W (MS1275 L) WVashington, D.C. 20240 U.S.A. Mr. Tebebe Tafesse T1el: (202) 452-7731 General Manager Fax: (202) 452-5199 Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Corporation Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Alr. Mahamadou Souley Fax: (251) 161-177620 Ingenieur Geologue Directeur Departemental des Mines et de l'Energie de Mr. Orlando Kofi Tetteh Tillaberi Minerals Comrnission B. P 11700, Niamey, Niger/ Box M248 B. P 62, Tillabery, Niger Accra, Ghana 'Tel: (227) 73-45-82/73-13-69 Tel: (233-21)772-783/86 Fax: (227) 73-58-67/73-28-12 Fax: (233-21) 773-324 Telex: 5318 NI Mr. Peter van der Veen Mr. Christopher Streets Division Chief P'rincipal Mlinerals Economiist Industry and Mining Division Mackay and Schnelilman Industry and Energy Department 60 Worship Street The World Bank London EC2A 2HD Room G2-035 Tel: (0171) 377-0913 1818 H Street, N.W Fax: (0171) 247-5943 Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Tel: (202) 372-4242 22 Regularizing Informal Mining Mr. Frank Vogl Sutton Resources, Ltd. 1100 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W Washington, D.C. 20037-1501 U.S.A. Tel: (202) 331-8183 Fax: (202) 331-8187 After U.S. office hours Tel: (202) 362-2416 Fax: (202) 362-2179 Mr. Frank Wells Santa Fe Pacific Gold Corp. Box 27019 Albuquerque, NM 87125 U.S.A. Tel: (505) 880-5355 Fax: (505) 880-5436 Mr. Ahmend Chernoh Wurie Geological Survey, Sierra leone Dept. of Mineral Resources, New England Freetown, Sierra Leone Tel: (232) 240-740 Fax: (232) 241-936 Mr. Boubakar Zanga Ministry of Mines 01 BP 1801 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Tel: (226) 333-299 Fax: (226) 303-47 1Ghn.Uefgwtdsfls owsgodbaiggae Energy Publications Industry and Energy Department 8 McKeough, Kay,Jose Escay, and Sompheap Sem. Working Papers 1988. "A Visual Overview of the World Oil Energy Series Papers Markets." Energy Series Paper 8. 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Series Paper 5. World Bank, Industry and En- World Bank, Industry and Energy Department, ergy Department,Waslington, D.C. Washington, D.C. 6 van der Plas, Robert, and A. B. de Graaff. 1988. 14 Churchill, Anthony A., and Robert J. Saunders. "A Comparison of Lamps for Domestic Light- 1989. "Financing of the Energy Sector in De- ing in Developing Countries." Energy Series veloping Countries." Energy Series Paper 14. Paper 6. World Bank, Industry and Energy De- World Bank, Industry and Energy Department, partment,Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. 7 [McKeough, Kay, Edwin Moore,Jose Escay, and 15 Besant-Jones,John. 1989. "The Future Role of Jean Becherer.] 1989. "RecentWorld BankAc- Hydropower in Developing Countries." Energy tivities in Energy." [Revision of version origi- Series Paper 15. World Bank, Industry and En- nally published in 1988.1 Energy Series Paper 7. 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Energy Series Paper 20. World ergy: The Case of Cooking and Lighting Behav- Bank, Industry and Energy Department, Wash- ior in UrbanJava." Energy Series Paper 29. World ington, D.C. Bank, Industry and Energy Department, Wash- 21 Moore, Edwin A., and George Smith. 1990. ington, D.C. "Capital Expenditures for Electric Power in the 30 Teplitz-Sembitzky,W 1990. "Regulation, De- Developing Countries in the 1990s." Energy regulation, or Reregulation: What Is Needed in Series Paper 21. World Bank, Industry and En- the LDC's Power Sector?" Energy Series Paper ergy Department,Washington, D.C. 30. WVorld Bank, Industry and Energy Depart- 22 Cordukes, Peter A. 1990. "A Review of Regu- ment,Washington, D.C. lation of the Power Sectors in Developing Coun- 31 Merrow, Edward W, and Ralph F. Shangraw,Jr., tries." Energy Series Paper 22. World Bank, In- with Scott H. Kleinberg, Lisa A. Unterkofler, dustry and Energy Department,Washington, D.C. Richard Madaleno, Edward J. Ziomkoski, and 23 Escay,Jose R. 1990. "Summary Data Sheets of Brett R. Schroeder. 1990. "Understanding the 1987 Power adCosts and Schedules of World Bank Supported 1987 Power and Comnmercial Energy Statistics Hydroelectric Projects." Energy Series Paper 31. for 100 Developing Countries:' Energy Series World Bank, Industry and Energy Department, Paper 23. World Bank, Industry and Energy Washington, D.C. Department,Washington, D.C. W 24 Butcher, David. 1990. "A Review ofthe Treat- 32 Energy Development Division, Industry and 24 eBtchfEr,Dvid.nm1990. "AsReview of thn EeTreat Energy Departmnent. 1990. "Review of Elec- ment of Environmental Aspects of Bank Energy tricity Tariffs in Developing Countries During Projects." Energy Series Paper 24. World Bank, th s Industr-y and Energy Department, Washington, the 1980's." Energy Series Paper 32. World Bank, D.Cu Industry and Energy Department,Washington, D.C. Regularizing Informal Mining 25 3:3 Besant-Jones,John, ed. 1990. "Private Sector 42 Minogue, Diane C. 1991. "A Review of Inter- Participation in Power through BOOT Schemes.'" national Power Sales Agreements." Energy Se- Energy Series Paper 33. World Bank, Industry ries Paper 42. World Bank, Industry and Energy and Energy Department,Washington, D.C. Department, Washington, D.C. 34 Suzor,Norland C.,andP.E.Bouvet. 1991. "Iden- 43 C.I. Power Services, Inc. 1991. "Guideline for tifying the Basic Conditions for Economic Gen- Diesel Generating Plant Specification and Bid eration of Public Electricity from Surplus Ba- Evaluation." Energy Series Paper 43. [Reprint gasse in Sugar Mills." Energy Series Paper 34. of Energy Department Paper No. 9, originally World Bank, Industry and Energy Department, published in 1983.] World Bank, Industry and Washington, D.C. Energy Department, Washington, D.C. 35 Moore, Edwin, and Enrique Crousillat. 1991. 44 Tudor Engineering Company 1991. "A Meth- "Prospects for Gas-Fueled Combined-Cycle odology for Regional Assessment of Small Scale Power Generation in the Developing Countries." Hydro Power." Energy Series Paper 44. [Re- Energy Series Paper 35. World Bank, Industry print ofEnergy Department Paper No.14, origi- and Energy Department,Washington, D.C. nally published in 1984.] World Bank, Industry 36 Adamantiades, Achilles G., and Spyros Traiforos. and Energy Department,Washington, D.C. 1991. "RadioactiveWaste Management: A Back- 45 Moreno,Rene. 1991. "Guidelines forAssessing ground Study." Energy Series Paper 36. World Wind Energy Potential." Energy Series Paper Bank, Industry and Energy Department, Wash- 45. [Reprint of Energy Department Paper No. ington, D.C. 34, originally published in 1986.] World Bank, 37 McKeough, Kay, Energy Security Analysis, Inc., Industry and Energy Department, Washington, and Petroleum Economics, Ltd. 1991. "A Study D.C. of the Transfer of Petroleum Fuels Pollution." 46 Central Project Team, Energy Development Di- Energy Series Paper 37. World Bank, Industry vision, Industry and Energy Department. 1991. and Energy Department,Washington, D.C. "Core Report of the Electric Power Utility Effi- 38 Feinstein,Charles,andRobertvanderPlas. 1991. ciency Improvement Study." Energy Series Pa- ''ImprovingCharcoalingEfficiency in the Tradi- per 46. World Bank, Industry and Energy De- "Impovig Carcalig Eficenc intheTrai- artment, Washington, D.C. tional Rural Sector." Energy Series Paper 38. p W World Bank, Industry and Energy Department, 47 Floor,Willem, and Robert van der Plas. 1991. Washington, D.C. "Kerosene Stoves: Their Performance, Use, and Constraints." Energy Series Paper 47. World 39 Crousillat,Enrique,andSpirosMartzoukos. 1991. Bank, Industry and Energy Department, Wash- "Decision Making Under Uncertainty: An Op- ington, D.C. tion Valuation Approach to Power Planning." Energy Series Paper 39. World Bank, Industry 48 Ryan, Paul, and Keith Openshaw. 1991. "Assess- and Energy Department,Washington, D.C. ment of Biomass Energy Resources: A Discus- sion on its Need and Methodology." Energy Se- 40 Escay,Jose R. 1991. "Summary 1988 Power Data ries Paper 48. World Bank, Industry and Energy Sheets for 100 Developing Countries." Energy Department,Washington, D.C. Series Paper 40. World Bank, Industry and En- ergy Department,Washington, D.C. 49 Peskin, Henry M.,Willem Floor, and Douglas F. 41 Gaunt, John, and Neil J. Numark, with Achilles Barnes. 1992. "Accounting for Traditional Fuel 41 Gant oh, ndNilJ.Nmak,wihAcile Production: The Household-Energy Sector and G. Adamantiades. 1991. "Health and Safety As- Ito lcations forsthe lopmentProcs, pectsof NclearPowe Plans Enrgy SriesIts Implications for the Development Process." Papets of. Nuclarl Power Plantus. Enery Seris Energy Series Paper 49. World Bank, Industry Paper 41. World Bank, Industry and Energy and Energy Department,Washington, D.C. Department, Washington, D.C. 26 Regularizing Informal Mining 50 Richter,Joerg-Uwe. 1992. "Energy Issues in A Note to Readers Central and Eastern Europe: Considerations for the World Bank Group and Other Financial In- The Industry and Energy Department (IEN) 'pink"Energy stitutions." Energy Series Paper 50. World Bank, Series Papers ends with number 59, the last before the World Industry and Energy Department, Washington, Bank's 1992 reorganization. Beginning in 1993, IEN is D.C. issuing some papersfor relatively limited distribution in a new IEN Occasional Papers series. At the same time, IEN is pub- 51 Fo Wissiem, andth Robertvan derP 1992. lishing energy reports of more widespread interest in a new En- "'CO2 Emissions by the Residential Sector: Envi-.-.. ro-nn of Ier-l ..Substitutio ergy Series within the ongoing World Bank Technical Papers, ronmental Implications of Inter-ruiel Sstuto- which enable s the department to take advantage of the World Energy Series Paper 5 1. World Bank, Industry and whc,nbe h eatett aeavnaeo ol Energy SeparimesnPapert51Worldn ank, InDustC. and Bank's global distribution network. Note that the numbering Energy Department,Washington, D.C. of the Energy' Series Technical Papers follows that of the World 52 Teplitz-Sembitzky,Witold. 1992. "Electricity Pric- Bank Technical Papers Series and thus may not be continuous. ing: ConventionalViews and New Concepts." Energy Series Paper 52. World Bank, Industry and Energy Department,Washington, D.C. Indlustry and Energy Department 53 Barnes, Douglas F., and Liu Qian. 1992. "Urban Occasional Papers Interfuel Substitution, Energy Use, and Equity 1993 - in Developing Countries: Some Preliminary 1 World Bank and Electricit6 de France John Results." Energy Series Paper 53. World Bank, Besant-Jones, ed.]. 1993. "Power Supply in De- Industry and Energy Department, Washington, veloping Countries: Will Reform Work? Pro- D.C. ceedings of a Roundtable." Occasional Paper 1. 54 Crousillat, Enrique, and Hyde Merrill. 1992. World Bank, Industry and Energy Department, "The Trade-Off/Risk Method: A Strategic Ap- Washington, D.C. proach to Power Planning." Energy Series Paper 2 World Bank and USAID [Cordukes, Peter, ed.]. 54. World Bank, Industry and Energy Depart- 1994. "Submission and Evaluation of Proposals ment,Washington, D.C. for P'rivate Power Generation in Developing 55 Besant-Jones,John E., and Lori Hylan, eds. 1992. Countries." Occasional Paper 2. World Bank, "Managing Risks of Investments in Developing Industry and Energy Department, Washington, Countries." Energy Series Paper 55. World Bank, D.C. Industry and Energy Department, Washington, 3 Bacon, Robert. 1995. "Appropriate Restruc- D.C. turing Strategies for the Power Generation Sec- 56 Barnes, Douglas F. 1992. "Understanding tor:The Case of Small Systems." Occasional Pa- Fuelwood Prices in Developing Nations." En- per 3. World Bank, Industry and Energy ergy Series Paper 56. World Bank, Industry and Depart-nent, Washington, D.C. Energy Department,Washington, D.C. 4 World Bank. 1995. "Regional Oil and GasWork- 57 Unpublished. shop, Tokyo, Japan: Report on Workshop Find- 58 Jechoutek, Karl G., Sadhan Chattopadhya, Riaz ings and Follow-up Activities." Occasional Pa- Khan, Forrest Hill, and Christopher Wardell. per 4. World Bank, Industry and Energy 1992. "Steam Coal for Power and Industry Is- Department,Washington, D.C. sues and Scenarios." Energy Series Paper 58. 5 Shirazi, Mohsen. 1995. "The Commercializa- World Bank, Industry and Energy Departnent, tion Process in Exploration and Production Washington, D.C. Agreements:A Study from the Africa Gas Initia- 59 Oduolowu,Akin. 1992. "An Evaluation ofWorld tive." Occasional Paper 5. World Bank, Industry Bank Funded Petroleum Exploration Promotion and Energy Department,Washington, D.C. Programs 1980-1990" Energy Series Paper 59. World Bank, Industry and Energy Department, Washington, D.C. Regularizing Informal Mining 27 6 Barry, Mamadou. 1996. "Regularizing Infor- 286 Tavoulareas,E.Stratos,andJ.-PCharpentier. 1995. mal Mining: A Summary of the Proceedings of Clean Coal Technologies for Developing Countries. the International Roundtable on Artisanal Min- World Bank Technical Paper 286. Washington, ing." Occasional Paper 6. World Bank, Industry D.C. and Energy Departmnent,Washington, D.C. 296 Stassen, Hubert. 1995. Biomass Gasifiersfor Heat and Power:A Global Review. World Bank Tech- World Bank Technical Papers nical Paper 296. Washington, D.C. Energy Series 304 Foley, Gerald. 1995. Photovoltaic Applications in 1994 - Rural Areas of the Developing World. World Bank 240 Ahmed, Kulsum. 1994 Renewable Energy Tech- Technical Paper 304. Washington, D.C. nologies:A Review of the Status and Costs of Selected 308 Adamson, Seabron, Robin Bates, Robert Laslett, Technologies. World Bank Technical Paper 240. and Alberto Pototschnig. 1996. Energy Use,Air Washington, D.C. Pollution, and Environmental Policy in Krakow: Can Economic Incentives Really Help? World Bank 242 Barnes, Douglas F., Keith Openshaw, Kirk R. Technical Paper 308. Washington, D.C. Smith, and Robert van der Plas. 1994. What Makes People Cook with Improved Biomass Stoves? 325 Bacon, Robert W, John E. Besant-Jones, and A Comparative International Review of Stove Pro- Jamshid Heidarian. 1996. Estimating Construc- grams. World Bank Technical Paper 242. Wash- tion Costs and Schedules: Experience with Power ington, D.C. Generation Projects in Developing Countrries. World Bank Technical Paper 325. Washington, D.C. 243 Menke, Christoph, and P. Gregory Fazzari. 1994. Improving Electric Power Utility Efficiency: Issues and Recommendations. World Bank Technical Paper 243. Washington, D.C. 244 Liebenthal,Andres, Subodh Mathur, and Herbert Ordering Information Wade. 1994. Solar Energy: The Pacific Island Experience. World Bank Technical Paper 244. World Bank Technical Papers, Energy Series Washington, D.C. Copies are available for purchase by writing to World 2,71 Ahmed, Kulsum. 1995. Technological Develop- Bank Publications, Box 7247-8619, Philadelphia PA ment and PollutionAbatement:A Case Study of How 19170-8619,USA. For faster service, phone (202) 473- Enterprises are FindingAlternatives to Chlorofluoro- 1155. carbons. World BankTechnical Paper 271. Wash- IEN Working Papers, Energy Series Papers ington, D.C. 1 to 59 and IEN Occasional Papers 2-78 Wijetilleke, Lakdasa, and Suhashini A. R. Copies that remain in print of the IEN Working Pa- Karunaratne. 1995. Air Quality Management: pers, Energy Series Papers I to 59 (1988 to 1992) and Considerations for Developing Countries. World copies of the IEN Occasional Papers (1993-) are avail- BankTechnical Paper 278. Washington, D.C. able by writing to Records Clerk, Joint Energy File 279 Anderson, Dennis, and Kulsum Ahmed. 1995. Room, G5-100, Industry and Energy Department, The The Casefor Solar Energy Investments. World Bank World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC Technical Paper 279. Washington, D.C. 20433, USA. Phone (202) 473-3616.