ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK MALDIVES URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND RESILIENCE PROJECT Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure 2019 1 Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank BOD Biological Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DBO Design, Build and Operate EA Environmental Assessment EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EIA Environnemental Impact Assesment EOCC Emergency Operations Coordination Center EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPPA Environmental Protection and Preservation Act ESAMF Environmental and Social Assessment and Management Framework ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ESF Environmental and Social Framework ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESO Environmental and Social Officer ESS Environmental and Social Standards HDC Housing Development Corporation IDA International Development Association IPF Investment Project Financing LRA Labour Relations Authority MHUD Ministry of Housing and Urban Development MNDF Maldives National Defence Force MNPI Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Maldives Urban Development and Resilience Project MWSC Male’ Water and Sewerage Company NDMA National Disaster Management Authority O&M Operations and Maintenance OP/BPs Operational Policies and Bank Procedures PDO Project Development Objective pH Acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale PMU Project Management Unit STP Sewage Treatment Plant TOR Terms of Reference USD United States Dollars Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 2|Page Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Table of Contents Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................8 SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND ESAMF ............................................................................................................................ 9 OBJECTIVES OF ESAMF .......................................................................................................................................... 10 STRUCTURE OF ESAMF .......................................................................................................................................... 10 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE ............................................................................................................................................... 11 DESCRIPTION OF MUDRP ...............................................................................................................................12 COMPONENT 1: RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS ................................................................. 12 Storm Water Drainage and Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Systems in Malé ....................................... 13 COMPONENT 2: REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT........................................ 14 COMPONENT 3: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION, MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING .................................................................. 15 POTENTIAL SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ..................................................................................................... 16 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK .....................................................................................18 ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF RISKS AND IMPACTS .............................................................................................. 18 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION ACT (4/93) .................................................................................... 18 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REGULATION ................................................................................................... 19 ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY REGULATION (REGULATION 2011/R-9) ............................................................................... 20 POLLUTION CONTROL ............................................................................................................................................. 20 NATIONAL WATER AND SEWERAGE POLICY ................................................................................................................ 20 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DISPOSAL...................................................................................... 20 NATIONAL WASTEWATER QUALITY GUIDELINES 2007.................................................................................................. 21 DEWATERING REGULATION (213/R-1697) ............................................................................................................... 21 NOISE AND EXCESSIVE VIBRATION (POLLUTION CONTROL) REGULATIONS ......................................................................... 22 WASTE MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................................................... 22 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION ACT .................................................................................................. 22 WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY ................................................................................................................................ 22 WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATION, 2013 ............................................................................................................... 23 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................................................ 23 MALDIVES ENERGY POLICY AND STRATEGY ................................................................................................................. 23 MALDIVES INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION.................................................................................... 24 SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION OF MALDIVES TO UNFCCC ................................................................................. 24 BIODIVERSITY........................................................................................................................................................ 24 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION ACT .................................................................................................. 24 PROTECTED AREAS ................................................................................................................................................ 25 ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS (ESA) LIST, 2014............................................................................................... 25 CORAL AND SAND MINING REGULATION ..................................................................................................................... 25 CONSERVATION OF OLD TREES REGULATION............................................................................................................... 25 CUTTING DOWN AND EXPORT OF TREES AND COCONUT PALMS ....................................................................................... 26 COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY ............................................................................................................................ 26 PUBLIC HEALTH PROTECTION ACT............................................................................................................................. 26 MALDIVES CIVIL AVIATION REGULATION, MCAR-139 AERODROME RULES ..................................................................... 27 LAND ACQUISITION AND INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT ................................................................................................ 27 LAND ACT ............................................................................................................................................................ 27 LAND USE PLANNING REGULATION ........................................................................................................................... 27 LABOUR AND WORKING CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................................... 28 Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 3|Page Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES .............................................................................................................................. 28 CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL PLACES AND OBJECTS......................................................................................................... 29 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT & INFORMATION DISCLOSURE .......................................................................................... 29 INTERNATIONAL LAWS ............................................................................................................................................ 30 WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS ........................................................................................... 30 OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment ....................................................................................................... 31 Natural Habitats, OP 4.04 ............................................................................................................................ 33 Physical Cultural Resources: OP 4.11 ........................................................................................................... 33 Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12 .......................................................................................................... 34 Public Disclosure ........................................................................................................................................... 34 SOCIO-CULTURAL, INSTITUTIONAL, HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT ...................................................34 SOCIO CULTURAL CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................................... 34 INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................ 36 COMMUNITY CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................... 37 POLICY CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................................... 37 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA .............................................................................................................39 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 39 Geography .................................................................................................................................................... 39 General topography ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Geology ........................................................................................................................................................ 41 Climate ......................................................................................................................................................... 42 Ambient Air Quality ...................................................................................................................................... 42 Hydrology and flow regimes ......................................................................................................................... 43 Drainage ....................................................................................................................................................... 43 Water quality................................................................................................................................................ 44 Biological Environment................................................................................................................................. 44 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................................... 46 Population .................................................................................................................................................... 46 Population Distribution ................................................................................................................................ 47 Age Structure ................................................................................................................................................ 47 Sex Ratio ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 Households ................................................................................................................................................... 47 Income Levels ............................................................................................................................................... 48 Occupation and Economic Activities............................................................................................................. 48 Migration...................................................................................................................................................... 48 Ferry and Bus services .................................................................................................................................. 49 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .......................................................................................................50 RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS ...................................................................................................... 50 COMPONENT SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS/BENEFITS ............................................................................ 52 Component 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 52 Component 2: ............................................................................................................................................... 56 Cumulative and Residual Impacts ................................................................................................................ 57 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ....................................................................................................................58 STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION ................................................................................................................................. 58 KEY STAKEHOLDERS ............................................................................................................................................... 58 HOUSING DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION ................................................................................................................... 59 MALE’ WATER AND SEWERAGE COMPANY (MWSC) ................................................................................................... 59 MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................... 59 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................... 59 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..................................................................................................................... 59 MALDIVES ENERGY AUTHORITY ................................................................................................................................ 59 CITY COUNCILS ..................................................................................................................................................... 60 MNDF FIRE AND RESCUE SERVICES .......................................................................................................................... 60 Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 4|Page Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND NATIONAL SECURITY ........................................................................................................ 60 CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY..................................................................................................................................... 60 HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY ................................................................................................................................. 61 STAKEHOLDER VIEWS.............................................................................................................................................. 61 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ......................................................................65 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING ................................................................................................................. 65 Negative List ................................................................................................................................................. 65 National Level Screening .............................................................................................................................. 66 Project Level Screening ................................................................................................................................. 66 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENTS.............................................................................................................. 67 Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) ................................................................................ 68 Environmental and Social Management Plans (EMPs) ................................................................................ 68 COMPONENT SPECIFIC SAFEGUARDS REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................... 67 PROCEDURE FOR MANAGEMENT OF PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES – PROTECTION AND CHANCE FIND PROCEDURES.............. 69 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ..................................................................................................................................... 69 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM AND HANDLING COMPLAINTS ................................................................70 MONITORING OF ESAMF AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESAMF .................................................................73 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING AND REPORTING ..................................................................... 73 MONITORING INDICATORS ...................................................................................................................................... 74 CAPACITY BUILDING ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS .........................................................75 TRAINING OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................................. 75 SCOPE OF THE ESAMF TRAINING ............................................................................................................................. 75 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS .............................................................................................................77 ORGANISATIONAL CAPACITY AND COMPETENCY .......................................................................................................... 77 Project Management Unit ............................................................................................................................ 77 Institutional arrangement for implementation of the ESAMF ...................................................................... 77 Director ESAMF ............................................................................................................................................ 78 Manager ESAMF ........................................................................................................................................... 79 Environment and Social Safeguards Coordinator ......................................................................................... 79 Independent ESAMF Advisors ....................................................................................................................... 79 Environmental and Social Focal Points ......................................................................................................... 79 Role of EPA ................................................................................................................................................... 79 Roles and Responsibility of World Bank ....................................................................................................... 80 COST ESTIMATES............................................................................................................................................81 LIST OF ANNEXURES ......................................................................................................................................84 ANNEX 1: EPA EIA SCREENING FORM AND TRANSLATED VERSION ................................................................................. 85 ANNEX TWO: TOR FOR ESIA FOR STP ...................................................................................................................... 89 ANNEX THREE – GENERIC TOR FOR ESMP ................................................................................................................ 99 Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 5|Page Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Maldives Urban Development and Resilience Project (MUDRP) is proposed by the Government of Maldives to create critical urban infrastructure assets and bring reforms in urban development to enhance resilience and foster sustainability. The MUDRP attempts to balance the short, medium, and long-term needs of Maldives in the context of the country’s initiatives to improve resilience and relieve congestion pressures in Greater Male’ vision. The physical infrastructure development components of the MUDRP will be implemented in Hulhumale’ and Male’ while the technical assistance for Regional Development Planning will focus on Addu City, Thiladhunmathi and Lhaviyani Atoll with a total outlay of about USD 15 million. The Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure is the executing agency of MUDRP. The MUDRP proposed for funding from the World Bank will go hand-in-hand with other urban sector projects financed by the Government of Maldives, Asian Development Bank, and other donor agencies. The Project Development Objective (PDO) of MUDRP is “enhance resilient urban planning and municipal service delivery in selected cities in Maldives and strengthen the Government’s capacity to provide effective response to disasters”. The project will have four components: Component 1: Resilient Infrastructure and Emergency Preparedness Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Hulhumale’ Phase 1 Feasibility Study of an STP in Male’ and Hulhumale’ Phase 2 Stormwater Drainage and Rainwater Harvesting and Storage System in Male’ Establishment of an Emergency Operations Coordination Center at NDMA Strengthening of fire rescue system Component 2: Regional Sustainable Urban Planning, Development and Management Analytical studies on sustainable urban infrastructure and services 1. Affordable Housing Development 2. Regional Urban Development Plans 3. Fire Risk Assessment in Male’ Strengthening enforcement mechanism of building code and regulations Component 3: Project implementation, management and reporting Project Implementation Staff and Consultants Project Monitoring and Evaluation Operating Costs Component 4: Contingent Emergency Response Component Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 6|Page Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP [] The ESAMF outlines the policies, assessments and procedures that will ensure that the MUDRP and its sub-components are developed in accordance with ESAMF and are protected from any risks and enhances benefits. The ESAMF provides guidance on important aspect of MUDRP implementation such as implementation arrangements, stakeholder engagement and grievance redress mechanism. The ESAMF has reviewed the relevant laws and regulations of the Maldives, the physical and socio-economic context relevant to the project and identified the social and environmental benefits and risks. The EISAMF outlines the screening process which will be utilized inorder to predict, assess and mitigate the negative impacts arising from project interventions. Infrastructure development project such as MUDRP will have both positive and negative environmental and social impacts on the project beneficiaries. The MUDRP will bring net positive environmental and social improvements to the urban areas of Maldives. The stakeholder and public consultations showed overwhelming support for the project components. The components of the projects are considered critical to address the environmental and social needs of the community and to build resilience for climate change and disasters. The construction of the STP needs to be further investigated for beneficial and negative impacts. Hence, MNPI has prepared a site specific ESIA for the sub-component. Odour control is the critical social issue from STP operations. The operation of the STP will lead to high consumption of electricity, and hence greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, installation of solar panels to provide an adequate level of electricity through renewable energy for the operation of STP will be considered. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 7|Page Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This is the Environmental and Social Assessment and Management Framework (ESAMF) for the Maldives Urban Development and Resilience Project (MUDRP). The Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure (MNPI) of the Government of the Maldives prepared this ESAMF in order to ensure environmentally and socially sustainable development will be achieved through the MUDRP. The Project Development Objective (PDO) of the proposed MUDRP is “to enhance resilient urban planning and municipal service delivery in selected cities in Maldives and strengthen the Government’s capacity to provide effective response to disasters.” The four components of the MUDRP are: Component 1: Resilient Infrastructure and Emergency Preparedness Component 2: Regional Sustainable Urban Planning, Development and Management Component 3: Project Implementation Management and Reporting Component 4: Contingent Emergency Response The MUDRP attempts to balance the short, medium, and long-term needs of Maldives in the context of the country’s initiatives to improve resilience and relieve congestion pressures in Greater Male’ vision. The Project will fund investments in a sewage treatment plant (STP), stormwater drainage and rainwater storage systems, which will address pressing and urgent infrastructure needs in Greater Malé. Investments in Hulhumalé are an opportunity to support the provision of resilient urban services that will provide possible best practices/blueprints for the development of other Regional Centers. In parallel, the Project will support the new regional development policy of the Government and address institutional change through key studies in critical areas, including affordable housing and building codes and regulations. The Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure (MNPI) is proposing MUDRP for finance by the World Bank. The World Bank has had a 40 years long development assistance partnership with the Government of Maldives particularly in the area of sustainable human development and environmental management starting from 1978 when Maldives became a member. The World Bank has identified risks from climate change, disaster resilience, and rising levels of solid waste as the major current development challenges for the Maldives. The World Bank Group’s Country Partnership Framework for Maldives updated in 2018 and extended until 2020 has three major focus areas: Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 8|Page Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP 1. Promoting economic opportunities for Maldivians through improving access and quality of primary and secondary education, expanding the economic benefits from the fishing industry, and increasing access to financial services. 2. Building resilience to climate change, natural hazards, and other exogenous shocks through improving environmental management, and enhancing preparedness for disaster risk management and climate change. 3. Strengthening fiscal sustainability through improving efficiency in public financial management. Safeguard Policies and ESAMF Projects and programs financed by the World Bank need to comply with World Bank’s operational policies. Therefore, components and related activities eligible for funding under this project will be required to satisfy the World Bank’s safeguard policies, in addition to conformity with environmental and social legislation of the Government of Maldives. However, since details of sites and specific investments of the project are not available at this stage, site-specific environmental and social assessments cannot be conducted. What is possible at this stage is to only carry out an identification of generic issues that are typically associated with activities that would potentially be funded by the project and apply the information to site specific environmental and social assessments, as and when the need arises. Hence, an Environmental and Social Assessment and Management Framework (ESAMF) has been prepared by MNPI to provide necessary guidance for site specific social and environmental assessments and management plans to be undertaken during implementation of MUDRP. An ESAMF is an instrument that examines the environmental and social issues and impacts associated when a project consists of a program and/or series of sub-projects where the site-specific impacts cannot be determined until the program or sub-project details have been identified. Accordingly, this ESAMF establishes the mechanism to determine, assess, mitigate and manage future potential environmental and social impacts that are likely to arise from the activities of the MUDRP. Specifically, it helps ensure that environmental and social issues are dealt with in a proper and efficient manner meeting all the compliance requirements of both the Government of the Maldives and the World Bank. It aims to set out the principles, laws, regulations, guidelines and procedures to assess the environmental and social impacts related to the MUDRP. It also defines the requirements that need to be complied with during MUDRP implementation so that all investments and studies financed by the project will fully comply with (i) the provisions of the World Bank’s safeguard policies; (ii) World Bank’s Environment Health and Safety Guidelines; and (iii) the Maldives national laws and regulations.1 1 This ESAMF has been prepared in accordance with the applicable World Bank safeguard polices, national regulations and is based on literature reviews, data gathering and analysis from previous studies, and Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 9|Page Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP The ESAMF applies to all components of the MUDRP. Resilient Infrastructure: The provisions and process of ESAMF is applicable to any physical infrastructure development to be undertaken under the infrastructure component. In accordance with the ESAMF, an ESIA for the sewerage treatment plant is being currently prepared by MNPI. Regional Sustainable Urban Planning: Social and environmental safeguards are applicable to the preparation of development strategies and plans, and social and environmental risk management shall be considered for this component. However, screening, assessments and due diligence to conform to the requisite social and environmental issues/plans at the time of implementation of the strategies will be vested with the relevant implementing agencies during plan implementation. Objectives of ESAMF The objectives of the ESAMF are: 1. To establish clear procedures and methodologies for the screening, assessment and mitigation of environmental and social issues, including the planning, review, approval and implementation of subprojects to be financed under the Project 2. To carry out a preliminary assessment of environmental and social impacts from project investments and propose generic mitigation measures 3. To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to the sub-projects. 4. To determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESAMF 5. To provide practical resources for implementing the ESAMF. Structure of ESAMF Chapter 2 presents a description of the components of MUDRP. Next, in Chapter 3 an outline of the data collection and research methodology applied for the ESAMF is presented. The policy, legal, regulatory and stakeholder consultations. Existing baseline conditions and associated environmental and social issues assessment was undertaken through field visits. Field visits were conducted to Hulhumale’, Male’ and Addu City. The primary source of socio-economic data was the Maldives Population and Housing Census. The existing data available with Housing Development Corporation and Addu City Council; was analysed to determine the housing and infrastructure developments. The conditions of environmental parameters such as climate, air quality, water quality were obtained through review of state of the environment and environmental impact assessment reports. Information on biodiversity and existence of sensitive and protected areas close to the project area was determined though review of Fifth National Report on Biological Diversity and the information available of EPA website. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 10 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP institutional framework of the Maldives to which the MUDRP will be subject to and the safeguard policies and disclosure policy of the World Bank and how they apply to the MUDRP are set out in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 presents a description of the project area. The environmental and social risks and relevant principles are discussed in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 outlines the proposed Environmental and Social Management Framework for the MUDRP. Public Disclosure This ESAMF will be made available for public review and comment in appropriate locations in the Maldives and in World Bank’s external website in accordance with World Bank’s policy on Access to Information. The ESAMF will be made available for public access on the website of MNPI on http://www.planning.gov.mv/ with an official public announcement. All other safeguard documents prepared in accordance with this ESAMF, including the ESIA for the STP, too will be disclosed to the public. Further, the ESIA too will be disclosed on the website of the EPA in accordance with the EIA regulations. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 11 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 2 : DESCRIPTION OF MUDRP The Project Development Objective (PDO) of MUDRP is “to enhance resilient urban planning and municipal service delivery in selected cities in Maldives and strengthen the Government’s capacity to provide effective response to disasters.” The MUDRP will be implemented by MNPI. The Government of Maldives, through the Ministry of Finance has applied for Investment Project Financing (IPF) from the World Bank/International Development Association (IDA) to finance the MUDRP. The total project cost is estimated to be USD 16 million. The components of MUDRP include: Component 1: Resilient Infrastructure and Emergency Preparedness Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Hulhumalé Phase 1 (Feasibility Study and construction) Feasibility study of an STP in Malé and Hulhumalé Phase 2. The proposed STP site is 0.75 ha and in Hulhumalé Phase 1 development. The treatment plant will cater to the sewage that is collected through 45 kms of sewers and pumping stations from all domestic, commercial and institutions in Hulhumalé phase 1 and pumped to sea. This project proposes to treat 10 MLD of sewage from 80,000 residents and 50,000 floating population and thereafter reuse and / or dispose. The mandatory key input and output requirements for the STP design are the following: 1. Required STP flow and load capacity: capacity 10 MLD; with influent pollution load of 3,000 kg BOD per day, 6,000 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) per day, and 3,000 kg suspended solids (SS) per day (to be confirmed by STP feasibility studies). 2. Maximum land area permitted for STP is about 0.6 ha out of total area available (0.75 ha). 3. Minimum dry solids in dewatered sludge of 25 percent 4. Receiving water body for treated wastewater: Sea. 5. Providing mandatory protection levels for flood protection 6. The STP shall meet the discharge standards for treated sewage in Maldives. MUDRP will analyze ‘families of technologies’ for STP, for which proven design rules exist. Acceptable ‘families of technologies’ recommended are (i) activated sludge process, (ii) moving bed biological reactor, and (iii) sequential batch reactors. Conceptual designs and layouts for these three technology options have been prepared to confirm their feasibility in terms of treatment efficiency and land occupancy. The envisaged sludge treatment foresees sludge stabilization in anaerobic digesters and dewatering to at least 25 percent dry solids. The former is required to minimize bad odor emissions, reduce sludge quantities by about 30 percent. The latter is considered a sensible balance between the implicated cost and minimized Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 12 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP final sludge quantities after treatment. For sludge disposal/reuse, the sludge can be composted with organic waste and reused as fertilizer. The quality of the treated sludge could be reconfirmed as and when the treatment plant becomes functional and plan evolved for lifting and reuse of treated sludge. However, should quality limit the use of treated sludge as fertilizer, disposal will be carried out at the solid waste disposal facility. A DBO contract will be awarded for the STP based on the combined evaluation of CAPEX and OPEX. At the end of the operations period of the DBO contract, MWSC will take over the operations of assets To ensure post-project sustainability, the DBO contractor will establish operating procedures and provide training to relevant MWSC (or contracted) staff for managing or supervising operations. The frontline sewage services will be delivered by dedicated teams in MWSC responsible for sewers and sewage treatment. Thus, the project will institutionalize MWSC’s asset management and operations capacity. The annual operations and maintenance cost (energy, chemicals, personnel and civil and electro-mechanical maintenance) for the three technologies under consideration range between MVR 8.9 – 10.8 million MVR. Storm Water Drainage and Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Systems in Malé Poor stormwater drainage is contributing to regular flooding in Malé, and both Malé and Hulhumalé have potential for rainwater harvesting and storage which can make water supply more sustainable. In Malé, the Project will support a comprehensive stormwater and drainage masterplan studies and upgrading of primary drainage network in selected wards to be connected to underground storage tanks constructed under the project (1 or 2 based on the feasibility study). Captured rainwater will be stored in constructed underground storage facilities/reservoirs for use in feeding existing fire hydrants to support firefighting and reduce flooding and for irrigating landscapes and greening of the neighborhoods. Strengthening emergency response systems The MUDRP will enhance GoM’s emergency preparedness and response capacity by supporting the operationalization of the National Emergency Operations Plan (NEOP) through the establishment of an Emergency Operations Coordination Center (EOCC) within the NDMA. When activated, the Center will be used to perform the following functions: information and communication management, including public information and media management; coordination with stakeholders; resource management; and liaison with external stakeholders. To efficiently coordinate disaster and emergency response, the EOCC will, inter alia, consist of: a community incident reporting system; a GIS system with data and information essential for efficient emergency response coordination; a call center function; and a coordination system based on Standard Operating Procedures. The EOCC will also be provided with adequate capacity to ensure that risks around safety and access to services by women, children and groups and persons with special needs are Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 13 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP addressed. The Center will be connected to all the key agencies involved in emergency preparedness and response, including the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF), Coast Guard, Fire and Rescue Service, Maldives Meteorological Service (MMS), and Health Emergency Operations Center (HEOC) at the Ministry of Health. Component 2: Regional Sustainable Urban Planning, Development and Management Analytical studies on sustainable urban infrastructure and services This technical assistance (TA) sub-component will finance analytical and feasibility studies regarding sustainable urban infrastructure and services, including affordable housing development, building regulations, and regional development. Affordable Housing Development: Housing affordability is an important issue for the Government and is included in its recent manifesto. The crisis in housing affordability is severe in Maldives and is driven by: (i) Low earning, poor savings capacity and high cost of living for the working population; (ii) Small, under- developed mortgage market with constrained liquidity and refinancing capacity; (iii) High construction cost and margin in the construction supply value chain and lack of governance in the social housing procurement process leading to the unaffordable housing price point2; and (iv) Lack of coordination between key relevant housing agencies, the constant shift in housing policy and the poor enabling-environment further complicate issues for the housing sector. The Project will develop a housing sector technical assistance (TA) project to address: (i) gaps between consumer segment housing needs and housing and rental inventories; (ii) housing supply value chain and housing finance data gaps; (iii) GoM social housing programs efficiency and effectiveness in meeting the housing affordability needs; and (iv) gaps in the policy, regulatory, legal and institutional framework for the housing sector. The TA will address the following: (i) consumer affordable housing and rental study; (ii) social housing program study; (iii) supply value-chain study; (iv) housing market gap assessment; and (v) regulatory and enabling environment. The outcomes of these studies will inform the development of a comprehensive strategic roadmap as to how to tackle the affordable housing issues currently faced in Maldives. Regional Urban Development Plans: The National Spatial Plan (NSP) (2020-2040) and regional development plans are currently under preparation and are intended to develop a system of competitive, environmentally sustainable and resilient regions. The development of this system of regional hubs is based on the fostering Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 14 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP of economic growth in urban centers outside of Greater Malé, a process which is intended to produce a more spatially balanced distribution of economic opportunities, while at the same time reducing congestion in the capital and bolstering overall national economic growth. All Centers and Regions identified in NSP are not limited to a single island, but rather consist of island clusters which will be developed in an integrated manner. GoM has identified three Regional Centers for which integrated urban development plans are initially needed—Addu, Thiladhunmathi, and Faadhippolhu Regions. Fire Risk Assessment in Malé: Fire risk is a major concern in Male’, and depending on its location, a fire hazard could bring devasting effects to the surrounding area because of the closely situated buildings with no fire breaks or lack of fire prevention measures. There were several major fire outbreaks in 2019 in Male’. The Asia Disaster Reduction Center reported in 2018 that there were 469 fire occurrences between 2012 and 2016, most of which were human induced (accidental or arson) and electrical fires. Despite this context, comprehensive fire regulations do not exist in Maldives although draft regulations have been prepared and it is expected that a fire code will be written under the new Building Code. This component supports the development of a fire safety study that leads to a fire safety code to be included in the new Building Code. The fire safety study would look at existing building typologies and prioritize analysis on building-stock retrofitting and opportunities for short and medium-term implementation. Strengthening enforcement mechanism of building code and regulations There is no unified building application process in the Maldives. Multiple approval processes exist for distinct types of islands, based on their designated land use. Construction on Malé is a challenging process. Malé is a complex urban agglomeration, with labyrinths of narrow lanes and tightly built multi- storey, multi-use buildings. The planning consent process splits into a series of phases, with permits required at each stage, from different agencies. To streamline the approval process, this project supports defining an effective approval process as well as development of an online building permit portal that facilitates efficient approval of plans by applying automatic screening of basic compliance components, eliminating human errors and increasing the transparency through digital recording. This requires re-definition of the approval procedure including relevant authorities across agencies, design, development and installation of the platform, as well as user trainings. Institutional training and capacity-enhancement for building officials at central and local authorities involved in approval process is necessary for implementing the improved building approval process and creating an enabling environment for safer built environment. Component 3: Project implementation, management and reporting This component will finance equipment, technical assistance, training, and incremental operating costs to strengthen the dedicated PMU established within MNPI. The PMU will assist the government in managing, monitoring, and evaluating project activities. All procurement will be led by MoF. Specifically, Component Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 15 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP 3 will support staffing and operation of the PMU, establishment and operation of an adequate fiduciary and safeguard management system, communication and outreach, and grievance redress. The PMU will have responsibility for ensuring that financial, procurement, and safeguards management for project preparation and implementation conform to the legal agreements with the Bank. In addition, a communication specialist and contracts management specialist will also be part of the PMU. In addition, support staff including project coordinators, assistant procurement officer, and assistant financial management officer will be drafted into the PMU as needed. A firm of construction supervision engineers may be required. The PMU will also establish and lead the four technical committees. Two implementation cells will be housed within MWSC and NDMA. Focal points from HDC and MNDF’s Fire and Rescue Service will be also identified to work closely with the PMU and the relevant implementation cells. Potential Social and Environmental Impacts Identification of Environmental Risks The World Bank Environmental and Social Policy for Investment Project Financing calls for identifying appropriate methods and tools to assess and manage the potential environmental and social risks impacts of a project. The environmental risks and impacts that need to be taken into account include those: 1. identified in the World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines 2. related to community safety 3. related to climate change and other transboundary or global risks and impacts 4. related to any material threat to the protection, conservation, maintenance and restoration of natural habitats and biodiversity; and 5. related to ecosystem services and the use of living natural resources, such as fisheries and forests; and Identification of Social Risks The social risks and impacts include: 1. impacts on land, assets and other sources of livelihoods; and/or restrictions on land use; 2. risks that project impacts fall disproportionately on individuals or groups who, because of their particular circumstances, may be disadvantaged or vulnerable; 3. any prejudice or discrimination toward individuals or groups in providing access to development resources and project benefits, particularly in the case of those who may be disadvantaged or vulnerable; 4. risks of labor influx, impacts on the health, safety and well-being of workers and project-affected communities; 5. risks to cultural heritage; and Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 16 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP 6. construction related risks and impacts, such as damages to private property, and air, noise, dust pollution, etc. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 17 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 3: POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK This Chapter presents a review of the policy, legal and administrative framework of the Government of Maldives to establish procedures regarding environmental and social screening, document requirements and content for social and environmental assessments, review and approval procedures and requirements for consultation and social disclosure. Laws, regulations and standards relevant to the ESAMF will be described in this chapter. Assessment and management of risks and impacts The national laws and regulations relevant to assessment and management of risks are: Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (4/93). Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (2007) and amendment (2012). Environmental Liability Regulation Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (4/93) The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (EPPA, Act No: 4/93) enacted on 19 March 1993 is the framework law related to environment protection in the Maldives. It aims at improving the legal and administrative co-ordination of the diverse initiatives in the field of environment with the ultimate objective of integrating environmental considerations into the country’s overall economic and social development. The authority responsible for the Environment Act is the Ministry of Environment and Energy. Articles 2, 5 and 6 of the law are relevant to the environmental assessment of the MUDRP. Article 2 states that the concerned government authorities shall provide the necessary guidelines and advise on environmental protection in accordance with the prevailing conditions and needs of the country. All concerned parties shall take due considerations of the guidelines provided by the government authorities. According to Article 5 (a) of the Act, an Environmental Impact Assessment study shall be submitted to the Ministry of Environment before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment. As per Article 5 (b), The Ministry of Environment shall formulate the guidelines for EIA and shall determine the projects that need such assessment as mentioned in paragraph (a) of this clause. As per Article 6, the Ministry of Environment has the authority to terminate any project that has any undesirable impact on the environment. A project so terminated shall not receive any compensation. Article 7 states that any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substances that may have harmful effects on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives. In cases where the disposal Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 18 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP of the substances becomes absolutely necessary, they shall be disposed only within the areas designated for the purpose by the government. If such waste is to be incinerated, appropriate precaution should be taken to avoid any harm to the health of the population. Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation Environmental Impact Assessment regulations were issued by Ministry of Environment and Energy on 8 May 2012. The first step in environmental assessment process involves screening of the project to be classified as one that requires an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or not. Based on this decision, the Ministry, EPA and other stakeholders decides the scope of the EIA which is discussed with the proponent and the EIA consultants in a “scoping meeting”. The consultants then undertake the EIA starting with baseline studies, impact prediction and finally reporting the findings with impact mitigation and monitoring programme. This report follows the principles and procedures for EIA outlined in the EIA regulations. The EIA report is reviewed by EPA following which an EIA Decision Note is given to the proponent who should implement the Decision Note accordingly. As a condition of approval, appropriate environmental monitoring may be required and the proponent shall have to report monitoring data at required intervals to the EPA. The project proponent is committed to implement all impact mitigation measures that are specified in this EIA report. Furthermore, the proponent is committed to environmental monitoring and shall fulfil environmental monitoring requirements that may be specified in the EIA decision note as a condition for project approval. The processes specified in this ESAMF for the EIA or EMP preparation is based on the EIA regulations of 2012. The requirement for and the regulations relating to the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments are set out in the Environment Impact Regulations, 2007 which are enforced under Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93). This regulation has undergone number of amendments in 2013, 2015 and 2016. These amendments included revision of EIA review period and associated costs, qualification required for monitoring the Environmental Management Plan, revision to the list of projects that requires EIAs, projects that can be undertaken by simply applying mitigation measures defined by EPA such as for dredging of harbors, clearance of vegetation within allocated plots for households and for roads, transferring EIA decision making to Minister of Tourism for tourism related activities; categorization of EIA consultants, point system for consultants to assess performance and license suspension, a code of conduct for consultants, and increment to the fine for non-compliance of regulation and violations. The proposed STP for Hulhumale and the proposed stormwater collection reservoirs in Male will be captured under the EIA regulations. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 19 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Environmental Liability Regulation (Regulation 2011/R-9) The regulation is aimed at maintaining equal standards for reprimanding and enforcing environmental liabilities, fines for those who violate the rules and regulations and give guidance to those who are involved in the implementation process of the regulations pursuant to Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93). One of the key objectives of the environmental liability regulation is also to practice polluter-pay-principles in the Maldives. According to this regulation the Government of Maldives reserves the right to claim compensation for all the activities which have breached the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act 4/93. Pollution Control The main instruments relevant to water pollution control in the Maldives are: National Water and Sewerage Policy General Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal National Wastewater Quality Guidelines Dewatering Regulation Noise and Excessive Vibration (Pollution Control) Regulations National Water and Sewerage Policy The National Water and Sewerage Policy (NWSP 2017) focuses on providing access to safe water and sewerage services for all. The NWSP has 9 goals: ensure access to safe water supply and adequate sewerage services; adopting cost-effective, environment friendly and appropriate technologies; strengthening legal framework; encourage private sector investments; building institutional capacity; maintain financial and environmental sustainability; strengthen advocacy and awareness; promote research and development; and protect and conserve water resources. Policy objective 9: calls for adopting a holistic approach to water resources protection, conservation, management, and pollution control. Among the strategies for objective 9 are: establish an effective research-based monitoring program and information platform for inhabited islands’ water resources; develop and implement evidence-based water resources management plans taking into consideration the sustainability and vulnerability of the island fresh water resources, wastewater reclamation, water reuse and minimize impact from pollution. General Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal General Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal was drafted by the Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority (MWSA) in 2006 upon requests from donor agencies who provided post tsunami reconstruction assistance. The Guidelines requires wastewater disposal to be undertaken with written consent of the EPA. There is a need for an improved regulation and standards for wastewater disposal. Hence MNPI shall work with EPA to review the existing guidelines and improve the guidelines. MNPI and EPA shall allocate funds for this endeavor. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 20 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP The Guideline requires wastewater disposal to be undertaken with written consent of the EPA. There is a need for an improved regulation and standards for wastewater disposal. National Wastewater Quality Guidelines 2007 The National Wastewater Quality Guidelines (NWQG) is administered by the EPA. Covering both domestic and industrial waste water, the main purpose of the guideline is to provide clear technical guidance to individuals, organizations, license holders, government and regulators in order to manage waste water effluents in addition to following international best practice in terms of cleaner operations and production. The guidelines deal with domestic wastewater quality for discharge into deep sea and provide the maximum concentration of listed components that have to be complied with at all times including coliform, pH and suspended solid levels. The NWQGs also provides maximum concentration levels for domestic and industrial wastewater combined, but does not specifically provide guidance on dealing with industrial effluents or leachates of any kind. The country does not have set standards for ground water quality. The NWQGs also stipulate that the guidelines are generic and conservative, the standards state that in the event the capacity of the receiving environment to deal with additional wastewater, has been exceeded or when the activity generating the wastewater is envisioned to produce wastewater at extreme lower or higher levels than the standards set in the NWQGs, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required and need to be completed by accredited Assessors approved by EPA. In addition, the producer has to prove to government that best international Clean Production protocols are followed. Based on the recommendations of the EIA report and proof of Clean Production practice, EPA will issue site specific guidelines for the discharge of wastewaters. No exemptions to the Guidelines will be allowed without site specific guidelines to that effect. Monitoring plans are mandatory for all wastewater generators as per the guidelines. Dewatering Regulation (213/R-1697) This regulation is constituted for the purpose of ensuring that the drainage of water in the islands of the Maldives in the process of dewatering and subsequent dumping of discharge water into the soil or to the sea, is conducted with minimal impact to the environment. Given water is the source of life and one of the essential elements forming the environment, the purpose of this regulation is to avoid contamination of the groundwater table, to mitigate the damage caused to the water table; and to protect the habitat, the environment, the public and all living organisms from the impact of dewatering. This regulation is enacted from the rights vested on the Ministry of Environment from Article 3 of Act 4/93(Maldives Environment Protection and Preservation Act). This regulation is enforced by the Environment Protection Agency on behalf of the Ministry. In addition to the institutions of the state, it is a responsibility of every individual to protect the groundwater table of the islands of the Maldives and to manage it in a sustainable manner. The process of dewatering for any industrial purpose shall be conducted on any island pursuant to the guidelines Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 21 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP prescribed in this regulation and after having obtained permission in writing from the implementing agency or from their delegate. Noise and Excessive Vibration (Pollution Control) Regulations In terms of pollution, Noise and Excessive Vibration (Pollution Control) Regulations, 2008 is also important for MUDRP. These regulations apply to operation of equipment or machinery and engagement in commercial or industrial activity that is likely to emit noise or excessive vibrations. The regulations specify the limits or levels within which these shall be undertaken. The Regulations also stipulate in the second schedule that construction activities undertaken during the night should not emit excessive noise beyond the permissible levels. Waste Management The main instruments relevant to waste management in the Maldives are: a. Environment Protection and Preservation Act b. Waste Management Policy c. Waste Management Regulation. Environment Protection and Preservation Act Articles 7 and 8 of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act are relevant to waste management. According to Article 7 any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substances that may have harmful effects on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives. In cases where the disposal of the substances becomes absolutely necessary, they shall be disposed only within the areas designated for the purpose by the government. If such waste is to be incinerated, appropriate precaution should be taken to avoid any harm to the health of the population. Article 8 of the EPPA (4/93) states that Hazardous/ Toxic or Nuclear Wastes that is harmful to human health and the environment shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country. Waste Management Policy The aim of the waste management policy is to formulate and implement guidelines and means for solid waste management in order to maintain a healthy environment. The key elements of the policy include: Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction of waste generated; Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration; Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and industrial waste. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 22 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Waste Management Regulation, 2013 Waste Management Regulation (WMR) was published on August 2013 and is effective from February 2014. It has been implemented by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The aim of WMR is to implement the national waste policy which contains specific provisions to: (a) Implement measures to minimize impacts on human health, (b) Formulate and implement waste management standards, (c) Implement an integrated framework for sustainable waste management, (d) Encourage waste minimisation, reuse and recycling (e) Implement Polluter-Pays Principle ( f) Introduce extended Producer Responsibility. WMR contains four main sections: (i) Waste management standards: Defines standards for waste collection, transfer, treatment, storage, waste site management, landfills and managing hazardous waste. (ii) Waste management Permits: Defines approval procedures for waste sites, (iii) Waste transfer: Standards and permits required for waste transport on land and sea, including transboundary movements, (iv) Reporting requirements: Defines reporting and monitoring requirements and procedures, (v) Enforcement: Defines procedures to implement WMR and penalties for non-compliance. If any hazardous waste including electronic waste is to be disposed in the Maldives, it should be handled by waste sites specifically approved to manage hazardous and Special Category waste. Transportation and handling shall also conform to the standards specified in WMR. If the waste is to be exported for reuse or disposal in another country, an application needs to be submitted to WMR clauses and international conventions. Thus, all the subprojects will need to comply with the WMR in disposing construction and decommissioning related wastes as applicable. Resource Efficiency The legislative and policy instruments that are relevant for resource efficiency in the Maldives include: Maldives Energy Policy and Strategy Maldives Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Second National Communication of Maldives to UNFCCC Maldives Climate Change Policy Framework Maldives Energy Policy and Strategy Maldives Energy Policy and Strategy (2016) consists of 5 key policy statements: 1) Strengthen the institutional and regulatory framework for the energy sector 2) Promote energy conservation and efficiency 3) Increase the share of renewable energy in the national energy mix Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 23 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP 4) Improve the reliability and sustainability of electricity service and maintain universal access to electricity 5) Increase national energy security Maldives Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Maldives aims to achieve low emission development future and ensure energy security. In the Maldives INDC, the government has committed for the following Unconditional Reduction: In accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, Maldives communicates that it intends to reduce unconditionally 10% of its Greenhouse Gases (below BAU) for the year 2030. The Government has also communicated the following Conditional Reduction: “The 10% reduction expressed above could be increased up to 24% in a conditional manner, in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by availability of financial resources, technology transfer and capacity building.” Second National Communication of Maldives to UNFCCC According to the Second National Communication of Maldives to UNFCCC, the total GHG emission in 2011 was 1225.598 Gg CO2e, of which 1152.869 GgCO2e is from energy sector while 72.729 GgCO2e is from the waste sector. The Second National Communication highlights improvements in waste management practices as a key to reducing methane emissions from waste sector. Biodiversity Protecting and conserving biodiversity—the variety of life in all its forms, including genetic, species and ecosystem diversity—and its ability to change and evolve, is fundamental to sustainable development. According to the Convention on Biodiversity, the components of biodiversity include ecosystems and habitats, species and communities, and genes and genomes, all of which have social, economic, cultural and scientific importance. The national laws and regulations relevant to conserve biological diversity and promote use of renewable natural resources in a sustainable manner are summarized below. Environment Protection and Preservation Act According to Article 4 Ministry of Environment shall be responsible for identifying protected areas and natural reserves and for drawing up the necessary rules and regulations for their protections and preservation. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 24 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Protected Areas There are 61 declared protected areas in the Maldives. Special attention would need to be given to make sure the urban plans give due consideration to the conservation of the protected areas in their jurisdiction. Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) List, 2014 Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) are islands with unique features, reef systems, mangroves, wetlands, sea grass beds or places that are vital to the long-term maintenance of biological diversity, beach sediments, soil, water and other natural resources and features especially as they relate to human health, safety, and welfare, both on an island and in an atoll context. These features are highly valued, both for their scenic beauty and for the habitats they provide for the flora and fauna. The compilation of the list was initiated in 2009 with the assistance of the local Island Offices and other stakeholders. The list has been produced to identify environmentally and economically significant areas to offer protection, safeguard and enhance the conservation of the biological diversity of the country. Commencing from 1st January 2011, under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act: 4/93, the sites listed had been identified as Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs). This ESA list helps in safeguarding, minimizing and mitigating the environmental impacts from different development projects, by monitoring the development in the area with the involvement of all stakeholders. The areas identified in the ESA are not protected areas. A site/habitat being identified as an ESA does not indicate that sustainable development cannot take place. It encourages development to take place, taking into consideration the conservation of the sensitive area, there by mitigating the negative impacts. It has been noted that ESA cannot be used as a reason for refusing sustainable development applications. Coral and sand mining regulation Coral mining from house reef and atoll rim has been banned through a directive from President’s Office dated 26 September 1990. Regulation on sand mining covers sand mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased; sand mining from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands; and aggregate mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased and from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands. Sand should not be mined from any part of the existing Island, beach or the newly reclaimed island beach. Sand should also not be mined from within 100 ft. of the shoreline. Please see regulation on dredging and reclamation for further controls. Conservation of Old Trees Regulation The contractors shall ensure that no old trees are felled in any island of the Maldives to be transferred to this project or for any need of this project. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 25 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Cutting down and export of trees and coconut palms The Regulation on Cutting Down, Uprooting, Digging Out and Export of Trees and Palms from One Island to Another specifies that the cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another can only be done if it is absolutely necessary and there is no other alternative. It further states that for every tree or palm removed in the Maldives two more should be planted and grown in the island. The regulation prohibits the removal of the following tree types; 1) The coastal vegetation growing around the islands extending to about 15 meters into the island 2) All the trees and palms growing in mangrove and wetlands spreading to 15 meters of land area; 3) All the trees that are in a Government designated protected areas; 4) Trees that are being protected by the Government in order to protect species of animal/organisms that live in such trees; and 5) Trees/palms that are abnormal in structure. Community Health and Safety The legislative and policy instruments of the Maldives relevant to community health and safety in the context of MUDRP include: 1. Public Health Protection Act (07/12) 2. Maldives Civil Aviation Regulation, MCAR-139 Aerodrome Rules 3. Building Act (4/2017) 4. Maldives Building Code Public Health Protection Act The purpose of the public health protection act is to establish policies for protection of public health, identify persons responsible for protection of public health, define how public health protection policies will be implemented. The objectives of the Act also include: establishing policies to respond to public health emergencies; classify situations which may be harmful to health and establish methods to act in such a situation; establish roles and responsibilities of island, atoll, and city councils in protection of public health. Chapter 5 of the Public Health Protection Act covers identifying health hazards, eliminating risk, reporting health hazards, and orders on things to be done or not done in relation to a building. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 26 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Maldives Civil Aviation Regulation, MCAR-139 Aerodrome Rules This regulation was published in May 2012 and it consists of general standards and practices of aerodromes, aerodrome certification. The documents provides the requirements, application or grant for an aerodrome certificate and more, aerodrome manual which stipulates the preparation, location, amendment of an aerodrome manual, obligations of the aerodrome operator, obstacles and hazards, fire fighting and rescue. MNPI should ensure that the STP buildings concept and designs meets the requirements of the obstacle chart. Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement The laws relevant to land acquisition are: 1. Land Act 2. Land Use Planning Regulation 3. General Laws Act Land Act The Land Act (1/2002) governs the allocation of land for different purposes and uses and other issues regarding the issuing of land, and the sale, transfer and lease of Maldivian land. The Act states that: All transactions concerning the issuing, receiving, owning, selling, lease, utilizing and using Maldivian land shall be conducted in compliance with this Act. Policies concerning Maldivian land shall be decided by the President of the Maldives on the advice of the discussions in the Cabinet of Ministers. Under the Land Act several regulations have been formulated and include: 1. Issuing state dwellings regulation 2. Regulation governing the transfer of Land as a gift or by will 3. Lease of buildings and dwellings regulation 4. Mortgaging land, building and flats regulation 5. Registration of state dwelling and building regulation 6. Regulation on the inheritance of fixed assets on state dwellings 7. Transfer or transfer by will regulations (2004) 8. Privatization of state business land regulations (2006) Land Use Planning Regulation The Land Use Planning Regulations and Guidelines (2005) include land use instruments such as inclusionary zoning and quotas. Land use plans are prepared in consultation with the Ministry of Housing and Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 27 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Infrastructure, which does have allocations for residential areas as well as for different infrastructure and social needs. For the STP land is allocated in the industrial zone according to the Hulhumale’ LUP. LUP Regulation applies to the development of urban master plans for Addu City, Kulhudhuffushi and Lhaviyani Atoll. For the STP land is allocated in the industrial zone according to the Hulhumale’ LUP. Labour and working conditions The national laws and policy instruments relevant to labour and working Conditions include: • Employment Act • Immigration Act • Anti-Human Trafficking Act • Pensions Act • Human Rights Act • Regulation on Employment of foreign workers in the Maldives • Work Visa Regulation The Maldives is a party to major conventions on fundamental labour rights. Maldives is a member state of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Government of the Maldives has ratified 8 core conventions on the ILO’s fundamental labour rights. There are three international standards that apply to foreign migrant workers. They are the ILO Migration for Employment Convention, 1949 (No. 97), the ILO Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No. 143), and the 1990 1990 UN International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (CMW). The Maldives has not yet ratified these three conventions. The Regulation on the Safety Standards for Construction Work is a recent regulation that is important for MUDRP. The regulation specifies that If contractor’s work is more than MVR 1,500,000 a health and safety plan should be prepared for safety of the employees and public. Employees shall be trained, and measures listed in the handbook shall be enforced by the contractor. The only large civil work under the project is the STP. As such it would need a Health and Safety Plan as the value of the work is higher than MVR 1.5 million. Physical Cultural Resources Cultural heritage encompasses properties and sites of archaeological, historical, cultural, artistic, and religious significance. It also refers to unique environmental features and cultural knowledge, as well as Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 28 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP intangible forms of culture embodying traditional lifestyles that should be preserved for current and future generations. Cultural and historical places and objects The Law on Cultural and Historical Places and Objects of the Maldives (27/79) prohibits destroying or damaging any historical and cultural places, sites, objects and artefacts belonging to the sovereign area of the Maldives. The historical and cultural objects are those that were used by or feature the life of locals or foreign ancestors who had resided in the Maldives. The historical and cultural places refer to religious monuments, idols or place of worship or residences used by locals or foreign ancestors who had resided in the Maldives. The Law No: 27/79 was ratified on July 22, 1979. The law is vague and does not clearly define cultural and historical property and has no rules regarding trade and export of heritage items. No further developments on the management and protection of physical cultural resources (archaeological sites, findings of artefacts, sites of historical significance) have taken place. Therefore, an appropriate legal 43 framework is essential for promoting and preserving culture and heritage. It is an offence to damage destroy or dismantle any objects or buildings that are of historical and cultural value found within the Republic of Maldives. Cultural and historical objects or buildings as stated in this Law are objects and places that were used by the inhabitants of Maldives or foreigners who lived in Maldives and which may help to gather information of a certain period. Cultural and historical buildings as stated in this Law are buildings that were constructed or raised by the inhabitants of Maldives or foreigners who stayed in Maldives, to live or pray, or as a monument for some person, or a memorial for any other such purpose, which may help to gather information of a certain period. Carrying out research work on cultural or historical objects and buildings with the prior permission of the appropriate authorities of the Government and without impairing its originality, is exempted from this Law. The MUDRP project shall comply with the Law on Cultural and Historical Places and Objects of the Maldives. The urban master plans shall include strategies to protect historical places and cultural heritage. The infrastructure components are not located in places close to sites of historical importance. Hence there will be no damage to cultural heritage and chance finds are highly unlikely. Stakeholder Engagement & Information Disclosure The Right to Information Act (1/2004) defines the rights to access and obtain information in any State Institute. The objectives of the Act states that the right to information shall not be granted in circumstances only specified in the Act and where the adverse impact to public interest by non-disclosure is greater than Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 29 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP that of disclosure, the principles by which the said information will be disclosed, in order to uphold the public interest must be determined. The Act also specifies the applicable procedures to obtain information. International Laws In addition to national laws and regulations, the Maldives also has obligations under the following international conventions: 1. Paris Agreement on Climate Change (2015) 2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) 3. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1997) 4. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 5. International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil (1982) 6. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989) 7. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) 8. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) 9. Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 10. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2002) 11. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2002) 12. Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities 13. Male’ Declaration on Control and Prevention of Air Pollution and Its Likely Transboundary Effects for South Asia (1998) World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards The World Bank has 10 Safeguard Policies to ensure that the World Bank operations do not harm the people and the environment. The 10 safeguard policies are: 1. Environmental Assessment (EA) OP/BP 4.01; 2. Natural Habitats OP/BP 4.04 3. Pest Management OP 4.09; 4. Indigenous Peoples OP/BP 4.10; 5. Physical Cultural Resources OP/BP 4.11; 6. Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12; 7. Forests OP/BP 4.36; 8. Safety of Dams OP/BP 4.37 Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 30 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP 9. Projects on International Waterways OP/BP 7.50; 10. Projects in Disputed Areas OP/BP 7.60; All safeguard policies comprise of operational procedures (OPs) that list core requirements and bank procedures (BPs) that the borrower and Bank staff must follow. The objectives of the Safeguard Policies are to: (i) Ensure that Environmental and Social issues are evaluated in decision-making; (ii) Reduce and manage Risk of project/program; and (iii) Provide a mechanism for Consultation and Disclosure of Information. In addition, Public Disclosure Policy (BP 17.50) requires timely disclosure of information including documents such as the ESAMF. The World Bank also has a separate operational policy for the private sector (OP/BP 4.03 Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities) under which eight separate ‘performance standards’ are specified which govern the client’s role and responsibilities for projects involving the private sector. These performance standards are: assessment and management of social and environmental risks and impacts; labour and working conditions; resource efficiency and pollution prevention; community, health, safety and security; land acquisition and involuntary resettlement; biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of living natural resource; indigenous peoples; and cultural heritage. Since a direct role for the private sector is not envisaged under MUDRP, compliance against these standards during project implementation will not be necessary. MUDRP is a project proposed for finance by the World Bank and hence the safeguard policies and disclosure policy will apply for the project. The WB’s safeguards policies that are deemed applicable for MUDRP are: 1. OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment; 2. OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats; 3. OP/BP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment Of all the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies, OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment (EA) is considered the umbrella Safeguard Policy. The objective of OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally and socially sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved. Under OP 4.01 all projects are screened for potential environmental impacts. Depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts, the Bank’s project screening criteria groups projects into four categories: Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 31 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP 1. Category A: Full Environmental Assessment - A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. 2. Category B: Partial Environmental Assessment - if proposed project has potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats−that are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. 3. Category C: Minimal or no adverse impacts. A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project. 4. Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. MUDRP has been categorised as a safeguards category B project as none of the proposed interventions are expected to cause any significant irreversible environmental/social impacts and the long-term outcome of the project would be environmentally and socially beneficial. The Environmental Assessment (EA) is a tool to evaluate a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examine project alternatives; identify ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The scope of EA covers the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and physical cultural resources); and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. EA also shall include the findings of country environmental studies; national environmental action plans; the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects; and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. Depending on the project, different instruments can be used to fulfil the World Bank's EA requirement: environmental impact assessment (EIA), regional or sectoral EA, strategic environmental and social assessment (SESA), environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment, environmental management plan (EMP) and environmental and social management framework (ESMF). Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 32 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP In addition to the application of OP 4.01, as indicated above, any potential impact triggered by the Bank’s other safeguard policies, would be carefully reviewed. Where a sub-project is likely to have impacts, the relevant polices provisions will apply. Natural Habitats, OP 4.04 This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard unique biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, management, and restoration of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and economic and sector work. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. Natural habitats are land and water areas where most of the original native plant and animal species are still present. Natural habitats comprise many types of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems. They include areas lightly modified by human activities, but retaining their ecological functions and most native species. The Bank’s Natural Habitats Policy is triggered by any project (including any subproject under a sector investment or financial intermediary loan) with the potential to cause significant conversion (loss) or degradation of natural habitats, whether directly such as through construction, or indirectly, through human activities induced by the project. The policy has separate requirements for critical habitats which are either legally or proposed to be protected or high ecological value, and/or non-critical natural habitats. The Bank’s interpretation of “significant conversion or degradation” is on a case-by-case basis for each project, based on the information obtained through the EA. The MUDRP is not envisaged to cause any loss to biodiversity or natural habitats. However, the components of MUDRP involve providing urban development master plans for regions with declared protected areas. The policy is triggered on a precautionary basis and the relevant public sector activities will need to include due diligence on this policy on the overall project. This Policy is meant to promote environmentally sustainable development by supporting the protection, conservation, maintenance and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions. It requires that the Bank should not fund projects that degrade natural habitats. Physical Cultural Resources: OP 4.11 The objective of OP 4.11 policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, “physical cultural resources” are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 33 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP that have archaeological, pale-ontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or underwater. The cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. The Bank seeks to assist countries to manage their physical cultural resources and to avoid or mitigate adverse impact of development projects on these resources. The proposed MUDRP program does not impact any buildings of heritage significance (for example, mosques, heritage sites or cultural sites) in the Maldives, as such this policy is not triggered. However, it is mentioned because in formulating urban development plans attention will be given to ensure there are strategies to conserve cultural heritage and prevent any damage to heritage from future developments. Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12 MUDRP will not involve any loss of land or involuntary settlement of communities as potential infrastructure investments such as STP development, stormwater and rainwater harvesting and storage and EOCC will be established on land owned by the government of Maldives and these plots are already dedicated for the purpose of developing the aforementioned infrastructure. Moreover, the screening protocols and mitigation guidelines referred to under OP/BP 4.01 above will ensure that any interventions considered in future within the project itself will not cause involuntary resettlement. Public Disclosure The Bank’s Operational Policies further requires that the Government of the Maldives and the World Bank, as a condition for project funding, must disclose the ESAMF as a separate and standalone document before Bank’s Appraisal of the proposed project. Similarly all social and environmental screenings and instruments prepared during project implementation must be disclosed prior to commencement of tendering for the respective works, in a form and language that is easily accessible to all stakeholders. SOCIO-CULTURAL, INSTITUTIONAL, HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT Socio cultural context The Male’ population has increased from 12,000 in 1965 to over 130,000 in a fifty year period. Population in Male’ is estimated to reach 181,291 by 2024. As a result of the ten-fold increase in resident population, Male’ is facing very serious housing and land shortage challenges. In early 1990s, Villingili, a tourist resort, located 1.5 km to the west of Male’ was converted to the fifth ward of Male’ to accommodate the substantial growth in population. Villingili was renamed as Villimale’. In 1997, Hulhumale’ reclamation was commenced by the Government of Maldives in the south of North Male’ Atoll, north of the international airport in Hulhule, to establish a new land mass required to meet the housing, industrial and commercial development Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 34 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP demands of the Malé region. The first phase of Hulhumale’ reclamation project was completed in 2002 with a total area of 188 hectares. Primary developments in terms of the required physical and social infrastructure and residential developments were completed in 2004.Phase I was designed to accommodate a target population of 60,000 by 2020. Phase II of Hulhumale’ has been developed as an extension of Hulhumale’ Phase I. Phase II Hulhumale has reclaimed land area of 240 hectares to cater for additional 100,000 people. It is estimated that 180,000 people will be resident in Hulhumale’ in addition to the 125,969 in Male’ and 27,000 in the region. Addu City the southernmost atoll of the Maldives that lies south of the equator is the second largest urban area in the Maldives. Addu City has 6 administrative inhabited islands, 02 operational resorts, and an international airport. Addu City has a registered population of 33,690 in December 2017. The registered population of Addu City is distributed across the 6 inhabited islands: Hithadhoo (16,040), Feydhoo (5,508), Hulhudhoo, (3,687), Maradhoo (3,652), Meedhoo (2,953), Maradhoo Feydhoo (1,850). The resident population of Addu City is projected to reach 27, 283 by 2024. The most significant demographic trend in Addu City is the remarkable outward migration from Addu City. Of the registered population of 30,183, more than 43% (13,000) have migrated from Addu City. The effect of out- migration is most prominent in Hulhudhoo where 68% of the residents have migrated. Housing is one of the most serious development challenges in Greater Male’ region. Of the 65,764 households in Maldives in 2014, more than 22,000 were in Male’. In order to address the housing issues in Male’ the Government has pledged more than 25,000 social housing units for Hulhumale’. Fire risk is a major concern in Male’, and depending on its location, a fire hazard could bring devasting effects to the surrounding area because of the closely situated buildings with no fire breaks or lack of fire prevention measures. There were several major fire outbreaks in 2019 in Male’. The Asia Disaster Reduction Center reported in 2018 that there were 469 fire occurrences between 2012 and 2016, most of which were human induced (accidental or arson) and electrical fires. Despite this context, Unemployment and gender gaps in employment are also serious socio-economic challenges in the Male’ Region. According to Census 2014, it is observed that in Male’ region employed are mostly engaged in public administration and defence followed by wholesale and retail trade activities. In each of these two sectors, approximately 16 percent of the employed resident population of Male’ is engaged. There is gender disparity in employed population. While 36,884 males are employed in Male’, there are 22,078 employed females. In Male’ region the highest number of females are employed in Education (4,359) followed by Public Administration (4,228), Trade (3,007), Manufacturing (2,807) and Health (1,591). There is also gender Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 35 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP disparity in type of establishments of employment. Government offices (7,385), is the main establishment where females are employed while companies (8,628) and private establishments (8,474) employ the highest number of males. Institutional Context Housing Development Corporation Limited (HDC) is the master developer of Hulhumalé as a planned smart and sustainable city situated in the Male’ capital region. HDC is a 100% Maldives state owned enterprise established in 2001 and formed by a presidential decree. The vision of HDC is ‘a leader in redefining quality living’ and has set its mission to be ‘a pioneer in establishing higher standards of living through intelligent, innovative and sustainable developments in the Maldives’. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for Environmental Impact Assessment in the Maldives and ensures that projects that have adverse impacts are assessed and monitored. The Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure is presently formulating the National Development Plan and it is anticipated that the NDP will provide strategic direction for building urban resilience and sustainable development of urban regions. The Government has announced that the Decentralisation Act (2010) will be amended to give more authority to the elected councils. The Parliament has commenced deliberations in October 2019 on the amendments necessary for the Decentralisation Act submitted by the Government. The Government has proposed to amend the roles and responsibilities of local councils including fixing the term of local councils to five years, and ensuring that women fill 33.3 per cent (or one-third) of all council seats. Mayors of city councils and Presidents and Vice Presidents of local councils are also proposed to be elected through a public vote. The resolving of the overcrowding in Male’ Region is one of the objectives stated by the Government for the reforms proposed to the Decentralisation Act. The proposals include earmarking five per cent of the annual budget to local councils, and giving authority to generate revenue using the resources available in its jurisdiction. The Government has also proposed allocating 40 per cent of revenue from leasing land, islands and lagoons, and 100 per cent of the revenue generated from land and other resources in the direct jurisdiction of the council. All Public Sector Investment Programmes (PSIP) under MVR5 million is also proposed to fall under local councils as sectoral grants. From a MUDRP context, it is important to note the additional powers that will be vested in Male’ City Council and how the roles and responsibilities of HDC may be affected. The Male’ City Council is likely to have in the Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 36 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP future an elected mayor from all the constituencies in Male’, Hulhumale’ and Villingili. How this new institutional context will impact on the authorities and co-ordination processes of the ministers of planning, urban development, housing, economic development, and the HDC will be important for MUDRP. Community Context In the past Avashu (ward) committees and Women’s Development Committees were the main avenue for community engagement in decision making or oversight of the delivery of services in urban areas of Maldives. With the introduction of political parties and Decentralisation Act, the role of community appears to have diminished in the Maldives. However, women are heavily involved in decision making at the household level and thus have contributions to make to MUDRP planning and infrastructure components. Women play important leadership roles as community change agents in public sanitation, hygiene awareness, and behavioural change. The MUDRP will engage women as community leaders of MUDRP initiatives and improve community health, hygiene, and safety. The HDC, utility companies, guesthouses, residents, tourists, nongovernment organizations, and business and community groups will benefit from the MUDRP initiatives. Relevant groups will be meaningfully consulted throughout the project phases. Workshops, community mobilization, and consultations to discuss the potential needs of the community, occupational health and safety, and environment and social safeguard issues, will be carried out. Active non-governmental and civil society organizations (CSOs) are present in the project areas. These include both national level and community level organisations. CSO participation will be ensured throughout the project implementation and effective ways to strengthen their participation will be pursued. Policy Context In the first week of October 2019, the Government of the Maldives launched the five-year Strategic Action Plan (SAP) 2019-2023. The SAP consists of the state’s targets towards socio-economic growth of Maldives includes the current administration’s pledges as well as several developmental projects that are currently underway. The priorities included in SAP are: ‘Blue Economy’ which focuses on reinvigorating and boosting the country’s economy in all aspects or sectors, ‘Compassionate Government’ which emphasizes on the transparency and fair conduct of the state towards citizens, ‘Proud Family’ the initiative towards strengthening or emboldening the living standards of local families, ‘Tropical Livelihood’ which promotes the utilization of the country’s pristine and natural qualities and ‘Just Govern’ which enforces accountability of state institutions. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 37 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Ministry of Planning and Infrastructure has drafted National Development Plan (NDP). The NDP includes a vision of Maldives for the next five years and will detail out the priorities for economic development, social development, housing, gender and community, infrastructure, environment and communication as well as governance. The Plan has identified 21 Regional Centers and developed a typology of two tiers of Urban Centers, Satellite Centers, and a Central Urban Center of the Greater Malé region. The 14 Urban Centers include 5 upper tier Urban Centers and 9 lower tier Urban Centers. The upper tier centers will cover a radius of 40 km and the lower tier centers will cover a radius of 35km. The 5 upper tier centers will be developed to support a larger population than the other regions and will be allocated a higher order of services. The NSP defines service allocations for the hierarchy of Regions identified for each Center. Satellite Regions identified will be provided with direct connections to these Urban Centers, facilitating to mitigate the marginalization of isolated island clusters and limited economies of scale and resources. The Asian Development Bank is assisting the Ministry of Environment and Maldives Waste Management Corporation to improve the waste collection and management in the Male’ Region. The burning and disposal of waste in Thilafushi is the most serious environmental issue in Male’ Region. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 38 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 4: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA Physical Environment Geography MUDRP components will be implemented in four geographic areas of the Maldives: Male’, Hulhumale’, Addu City, Thiladhunmathi and Lhaviyani Atoll. All four geographic areas are part of the coral atolls located on the Laccadives-Chagos submarine ridge in the Indian Ocean. The chain of coral atolls is 820 km long and 80 to 120 km wide. There are 1192 islands in the coral atolls of the Maldives of which 1074 are vegetated islands and approximately 450 are un-vegetated islands. The total land area of the Maldives including the beach areas and non-vegetated sand banks is estimated to be approximately 227.30 km2, while land area within the vegetation line of the islands is 204.05 km2. More than 90 percent of the 1074 vegetated islands in the Maldives are less than 0.5 km2 in area. Only 10 islands have an area of more than 2.5 km2. The largest island Gan, Laamu Atoll has an area of about 6 km2. Land is highly scarce and the 358 islands that were in use in 2006 accounted for 176 km2 while the 834 unutilized islands make up 59 km2. Table 1: Distribution of islands by administrative atolls # Administrative Atolls Atoll code Vegetated Un-vegetated islands Total Islands 1 North Thiladhunmathi Haa Alifu 38 5 43 2 South Thiladhunmathi Haa Dhaalu 34 4 38 3 North Miladhunmadulu Shaviyani 49 8 57 4 South Miladhunmadulu Noonu 64 13 77 5 North Maalhosmadulu Raa 79 21 100 6 South Maalhosmadulu Baa 66 48 114 7 Faadhippolhu Lhaviyani 50 31 81 8 Male’ Atoll Kaafu 99 54 153 9 North Ari Atoll Alifu Alifu 30 28 58 10 South Ari Atoll Alifu Dhaalu 45 32 77 11 Felidhe Atoll Vaavu 18 21 39 12 Mulakatoll Meemu 35 28 63 13 North Nilandhe Atoll Faafu 16 19 35 14 South Nilandhe Atoll Dhaalu 42 27 69 15 Kolhumadulu Thaa 64 33 97 16 Hadhdhunmathi Laamu 77 22 99 17 North Huvadhoo Atoll Gaafu Alifu 85 24 109 18 South Huvadhoo Atoll Gaafu Dhaalu 154 25 179 19 Fuvammulah Gnaviyani 1 - 1 20 Addu Atoll Seenu 28 6 34 Total 1074 449 1523 Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 39 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Male’ is the capital city of the Maldives and is geographically located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll. Greater Male’ includes Male’, Hulhumale, Villingili, Gulhi Falhu, Thilafushi, and 32 inhabited islands in atolls of Kaafu, Alifu Alifu, Alifu Dhaalu, and Vaavu with a total population of 216,000 (approximately 104,000 men and 112,000 women) comprising the capital city of Male, 73 tourist resorts, 14 city hotels, and 177 guest houses, along with institutions and industry. Hulhumale’ is a reclaimed island located on the eastern rim in the south of North Male Atoll, Maldives to the north of Hulhule’. The artificial island was reclaimed to establish a new land mass required to meet the housing, industrial and commercial development demands of the Malé region. Reclamation of the 188 hectares of land that comprises Hulhumalé commenced in 1997 and was completed in 2002. Huthumale is approximately a rectangular shaped reclaimed island with about 4500m long sea-front on the SE and 3750 m long seafront on the NW. The average width (NW to SE) of the island is about 900m only. Addu City is the southernmost atoll of Maldives, located 73o4’0”E-73o14’0”E and 0o34’0”S-0o42’0”S. It is located south of the equator and is about 533 km from the capital Male’. Hithadhoo is the largest amoung the six inhabited islands in the City Hithadhoo is the second largest island in the Maldives with a surface area of 525.7 Ha or 5.3 km2 (Shaig, 2009). It is 8.6 km and 1.8 km wide at its widest point. Hithadhoo, Maradhoo, Maradhoo-Feydhoo, Feydhoo and Gan is part of a stretch of five islands connected by causeways and bridges. This stretch of islands is the second largest group of islands connected in this manner in the Maldives. Table 2: Largest inhabited islands of Maldives Island Atoll Area (km2) 1 Gan Hadhdhunmathi 6.13 2 Hithadhoo Addu City 5.26 3 Fuvahmulah Gnaviyani 5.01 4 Isdhoo Hadhdhunamthi 3.73 5 Hanimaadhoo South Thiladhunmathi 3.04 6 Kaashidhoo North Male’ Atoll 2.81 7 Filladhoo North Thiladhunmathi 2.70 8 Baarah North Thiladhunmathi 2.68 9 Kendhikolhudhoo South Miladhunmadulu 2.15 10 Nolhivaramu South Thiladhunmathi 2.10 Thiladhunmathi is the northernmost atoll of Maldives, and was divided into its northern and southern divisions on May 21, 1958. The north division was integrated with Ihavandhippolhu, forming a new atoll for Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 40 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP administrative purposes called Haa Alif atoll or Thiladhumathi North. The southern section of Thiladhunmathi Atoll includes the island of Makunudhoo or Maamakunudhoo (Malcolm Atoll in the Admiralty Charts) with its large reef, as well as the southern part of the larger Thiladhunmathi. Haa Alif atoll contains 42 islands, 14 of which are inhabited.At present there are three Tourist resorts in the atoll. North Thiladhunmath is third largest atoll in the Maldives in terms of population and land area. South Thiladhunmathi has 13 inhabited islands and had a population of 18,284 in 2014. Kulhudhuffushi Island is the main urban center where services and socioeconomic activities are concentrated. Kulhudhuffushi has a population of 8,200 as of 2014. Currently, Kulhudhuffushi is home to the regional hospital that provides general medical, specialist, dental, emergency, and intensive care services. The island also houses primary, secondary, and tertiary education facilities, including a vocational training center, designed to cater to approximately 2,500 students from Kulhudhuffushi and nearby islands. General topography All the islands where the components of MUDRP will be implemented are flat, with topographic variations generally less than two meters. Over 80 percent of the total land area of the project islands are less than one meter above mean sea level. Geology The soils in the islands are geologically young. They consist of substantial quantities of the un-weathered coral parent material, coral rock and sand. Soils are coarse in texture and shallow in depth with a top layer of brown soil (0 to 40 cm in depth) followed by a transition zone on top of the underlying parent material of coral reef limestone. In some low-lying areas and areas subjected to significant mechanical breakdown from human activity, fine deep soils are found with accumulated deposits of clay. In the wetland environment called kulhi the depth of the clay is substantial due to the accumulation of material from marine and biological sources over a long period of time. In many places, top layers of the soils have a weakly developed structure and at times a 30 cm thick hard-pan layer cemented with calcium carbonate is present, preventing penetration of the roots of most plants except large trees. The water-holding capacity of the soil is very poor due high porosity and very high infiltration rates. The soils of the Maldives are generally alkaline with pH values between 8.0 and 8.8. The high alkalinity is due to the presence of excess calcium. The soils that contain higher levels of humus, as found in depressions and wetlands, are less alkaline. The quality of the soils in the small islands is generally poor with marked deficiency in nitrogenous nutrients, potassium and several micronutrients particularly iron, manganese and zinc. Though the phosphorus content of the soils is high it is unavailable to plants as it is present mostly in the form of calcium phosphate. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 41 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Climate Maldives has a tropical monsoon climate. The south-west monsoon is from May to November and north- east monsoon is from January to March. The mean daily maximum temperature recorded for Male’ during the period 1974 to 2013 is 30.7oC and mean daily minimum temperature is 25.8oC for same period. Humidity levels range from 70% to 87%. The annual average rainfall for Maldives is 2,124mm. Southern atolls on average receive 2,277mm while northern atolls receive 1,786mm of rainfall annually. Lowest annual rainfall recorded in the last 30 years is 1,333 mm in 2011 at Hulhule Weather Station and the highest is 3,185mm in 1978 at Gan International Airport Weather Station. The highest rainfall recorded within 24 hours to date is 220mm on 9 July 2002 at Kaadedhdhoo. Addu City is located in the highest rainfall region of the Maldives. The mean annual rainfall in Gan Meterological Station is 2299.3 mm with a Standard Deviation of 364.8 mm and mean month rainfall of 191.6 mm. Rainfall varies throughout the year with mean highest rainfall during October, December and May and lowest between February and April. Year to year variation in rainfall in Gan is very large and varies from +38.5% in 1978 to -32.6% in 1999. Ambient Air Quality Air quality is generally considered to be good in the Maldives. However, the air quality in Hulhumale’ is impacted by the waste burning in Thilafushi Island and the emissions from vehicles in Male’. Open burning of mixed wastes is being practiced at Thuilafushi to reduce the volume of the waste. The smoke generated from burning increases the air pollutant load in the local air shed and also affects the air quality of Hulhumale’. It is expected that burning of waste will continue in Thilafushi during the construction stages of this project and the impacts on the air quality will occur due to the cumulative effects of burning and construction operations. Ambient air quality is an increasing concern in the Male’ region. The annual average PM2.5 levels in Male’ are higher (19g/m3) than at Hanimaadhoo (13g/m3) in Thiladhunmathi. The annual average levels of PM2.5 for both Male’ and Hanimadhoo are above the annual guideline value of 10g/m3 suggested by World Health Organisation (WHO). The air quality at Hulhumale’ is expected to show significant values for the pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx as well as the hydrocarbon levels when Hulhumale’ is downwind of Thilafushi as the smoke plume generated from the open burning of waste frequently passes through the area. The GoM is planning to develop a sanitary landfill, composting facility and install a gasification plant at Thilafushi for proper Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 42 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP management of solid wastes. It is expected that when the landfill and the gasification plant are operational the open burning will cease and pollutant levels in ambient air is expected be reduce considerably. Hydrology and flow regimes Freshwater resources are scarce and there are no rivers or streams in the islands of Maldives. The larger islands have small freshwater lakes, some contain swampy depressions, and some have brackish water ponds with mangroves along the edges. There are at least 75 islands with wetland or mangroves in the Maldives. The wetland or mangrove areas cover a total area of approximately 8.01 km2 (MPND 2007). Fuvahmulah has the largest area of wetland or inland lakes with 1.41 Km2. The highest numbers of wetlands are found in the islands located on the eastern rim of Thiladhunmathi. North Thiladhunmathi has nine islands with wetlands while South Thiladhunmathi has six islands with wetlands. Wetlands are found on six islands in Addu City. The main source of freshwater in the islands is the groundwater aquifer. Rainwater percolates through the porous coral sand and forms a freshwater lens above seawater. The freshwater lens lying beneath islands is shallow, no more than a few meters thick. Freshwater being lighter than saline water, the lens floats atop saline water. The aquifers change in volume with season and rise and fall with the tide. This freshwater is easily obtained by sinking shallow wells. Increased extraction, exceeding natural recharge through rainfall has dramatically depleted the freshwater lens in Male' and other densely populated islands. Table 3: Largest wetland areas in the islands of Maldives. Island Administrative Atoll Atoll code Area (km2) Fuvahmulah Fuvahmulah Gnaviyani 1.41 Hithadhoo Addu City Seenu 0.61 Kendhikulhudhoo South Miladhunmadulu Noonu 0.53 Hulhu-Meedhoo Addu Atoll Seenu 0.51 Baarah North Thiladhunmathi Haa Alifu 0.37 Ekasdhoo North Miladhunmadulu Shaviyani 0.36 Kulhudhuffushi South Thiladhunmathi Haa Dhaalu 0.36 Maakan’doodhoo North Miladhunmadulu Shaviyani 0.29 Gan Hadhdhunmathi Laamu 0.28 Bodulhaimendhoo South Miladhunmadulu Noonu 0.24 Source: MPND (2007) Drainage Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) for a 24-hour period is an important parameter for designing drainage system or development activities that may alter the topography. The Disaster Risk profile of Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 43 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Maldives (UNDP, 2006) gives the PMP values for Gan as provided as 218.1 for 50 year return period and 238.1 for 100 year return period. Water quality Increased extraction exceeding natural recharge through rainfall over the years, has dramatically depleted the freshwater availability in inhabited islands. Sewerage contamination and salt water intrusion have made the water in inhabited islands unfit for potable sources thus many inhabited islands obtain water via reverse osmosis of sea water or rain water harvesting for potable uses. Drinking water consumed is usually bottled and transported from Male’. The groundwater quality in Malé is the worst compared to the other project regions. In the past household wells were used to supply the water needs of the population of Malé. The water provided by these wells became so saline that it was not fit even for bathing and washing purposes. The situation was further aggravated by the amount of chemicals in the water such as hydrogen sulphide and hydrocarbons. A chemical analysis of ground water in Malé showed that it contains high amounts of nitrates and sulphates. In a few wells ammonia was detected at elevated levels (0.4 - 0.6 mg/l) indicative of sewage pollution and raised pH levels (7.5 - 8.0) tended to confirm that the results were significant. Hydrogen sulphide or sewer gas has also been a major threat to well water users in Malé resulting in acute poisoning of two and death of one person in 1997. Hydrogen sulphide makes the water stink and poses different health risks at different levels of exposure. Many household wells have shown elevated levels (0.5 to 3.5 ppm in water and above 100 ppm in the air) of hydrogen sulphide. In Male’ desalinated water has been used for consumption since 1985. At present, all households and commercial establishments in Male’ have access to piped desalinated water supply. The ground water quality in Addu City shows the water is highly polluted as well. Biological Environment The coastal and marine ecosystems of the Maldives, in particular, the coral reef ecosystems have exceptionally rich marine biodiversity (MHAHE 2002). They form the seventh largest reef system in the world and coral reefs of Maldives represent as much as five percent of the world’s reef area (Spalding, Ravilious and Green 2001). The total area of the atolls including the atoll lagoons is approximately 21,372 km2 and the total reef area is close to 4,500 km2 representing 20 percent of the total area of the atolls (A. Naseer 2006). The coral reef system of the Maldives has two of the largest natural atolls in the world, Thiladhunmathi Atoll with a total surface area of 3,788 km2 and Huvadhoo Atoll with a total surface area of 3,278km2 (A. Naseer 2006). In the 26 natural atolls of the Maldives there are 2,041 distinct coral reefs (A. Naseer 2006). About 529 reefs are found on the rims of the 16 complex atolls, five make up ocean faros and four are oceanic platform reefs. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 44 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP The rest are found as patch reefs within the lagoons of the complex atolls. Faros are ring shaped reefs emerging during tidal low water, with their own sandy lagoon and a rim of living coral consisting of branched and massive type of corals (MHAHE 2002). The faro formation is unique to the Maldives (Woodroffe 1989). The North Maalhosmadulu Atoll, one of the 11 atolls on the western line of islands has an area of high faro density within its lagoon. Thiladhunmathi Atoll has the largest reef area with approximately 500km2 while Ari Atoll has the second largest with 489 km2. The Maldives support a great diversity of coral reefs, with at least 258 species of stony coral, and associated coral reef organisms (Wilkinson 2008). Coral reef coverage in the Maldives is 4,513 km2. This includes rim and oceanic reefs (3,701.93 km2 or 82.5% of total reef area), as well as patch reefs inside of atoll lagoons (791.92 km2 or 17.5% of total reef area) (Naseer and Hatcher 2004). Other important habitats include sea grass beds, mangrove habitats and sandy lagoons. The reef ecosystem of the Maldives has internationally threatened populations of hawksbill (Eretmochelis imbricata) and green (Chelonia mydas) turtles and is reported to be one of the most important feeding areas for hawksbill turtles in the Indian Ocean. Hawksbill Turtles are ranked in the Red List of Threatened Animals by IUCN as CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, while Green Turtles are ranked as ENDANGERED (Baillie & Groombridge 1996). Furthermore, all five marine turtles occurring in the Maldives are listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) as MOST ENDANGERED SPECIES since 1977, recognizing the threat of extinction that is, or may be, affected by trade. Green Turtles are also listed as ENDANGERED in Appendices I and II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). The atolls of the Maldives are also home to globally significant populations of whale shark (Rhincodon typus), manta rays (Manta birostris), reef sharks and more than 21 species of whales and dolphins. Other globally significant coral reef species include the Napoleon Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), Giant Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), Giant Clam (Tridacna squamosa) and Black Coral (Antipatharia). Grouper species such as Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Plectropomus areolatus, Plectropomus laevis and Plectropomus pessuliferus have always been favourites due to their high market value. Unfortunately these are species which are listed in the IUCN Red List as either “Near threatened” or “Vulnerable” thus stressing the vulnerability of groupers to intense fishing effort. The Maldives Blenny (Ecsenius minutes) has so far been identified only in the Maldives, while the distribution of certain species, like the Maldivian anemone fish (Amphiprion nigripes) is restricted to the Maldives, Laccadives and Srilanka (MHAHE 2002). Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 45 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Five species of seagrass are found in the Maldives. The sea grass provide home for many reef fish and sea creatures. Hithadhoo in Addu City has two large wetland areas, which plays a dominant role in the island environment. Of these, the Eidhigali Kilhi and Koattey Area is the most sensitive environment and have been protected under EPA Directive Number 20-H3/2004/67. Eydhigali Kilhi is among the largest wetlands in the Maldives and it is specially known by the relative abundance of waterbirds, and it has a good conservation status (HIDRIA/AQUATICA, 2013a). The mangrove ecosystems and the coral reefs in the protected area are also among the largest and best preserved in the Maldives. The presence of wetlands, the diversity of habitats, the species richness and the good conservation status make the protected area a unique site which needs to be properly managed. The Eydhigali Kilhi and Koattey Protected Area is located on the northern end of Hithadhoo Island. The Directive 20‐H3/2004/67 of 7 December 2004, under which Eydhigali Kilhi and Koattey Protected Area were declared protected, delimits three different zones, each of them with different level of protection and basic specific regulations. • Zone 1. Overall Protected Area: IUCN Category V ‐ Protected Landscape/Seascape. • Zone 2. Koattey Gondu (Eastern marine lagoon) and coral reef: IUCN Category II ‐ • National Park. • Zone 3. Eidhigali Kilhi: IUCN Category II ‐ National Park. The wetlands of Kulhudhuffushi (1.02 km2) in Thiladhunmathi are the 7th largest in the Maldives. The project to develop a domestic airport reclaimed 6.27 ha of land from the sea northwest side and east of Kulhudhuffushi Island. 12.04 ha was reclaimed from the wetland. This wetland area has been listed as a “environment sensitive area” due to the unique environmental features of the area. Keylakunu island in Thiladhunmathi was declared as a protected area in December 2018. Keylakunu is the only island of Maldives to have vegetation features of a forest. Avicennia marina (Grey mangrove/Baru gass) found in the mangrove areas of this island is a rarely found true mangrove species throughout the World. A rare bird throughout Maldives, Tringa nebularia (White tailed tropical bird/Dhandifulhu dhooni) is found in the island. Beaches are identified to be common Sea Turtle nesting areas. Social Environment Population Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 46 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP The current population of the Maldives according to the Census 2014 is 341,256. Population of the Maldives passed the 300,000 mark for the first time in July 2006. During the census period 2000-2006, the population growth rate was 1.8 per annum while in the 2006-2014 period the population growth rate has declined to 1.56 per annum. Between 2000 and 2006 in 13 out of the 20 atolls the population declined while the population declined in 03 out of the 20 atolls during the 2006 and 2014 census period. According to the 2014 Census, more than 129,381 people who accounted for 38% of the population live in the capital Male', in a land area of 193 hectares. From 2006 to 2014, the resident population in Male’, excluding expatriates increased by 27.3%. There are only three islands that have a population greater than 5,000. They are Hithadhoo (Seenu Atoll) with 9,894 Fuvahmulah (Gnaviyani Atoll) with 8,055, and Kulhudhufushi (Thiladhunmathi) with 8,011 persons. Population Distribution The resident population is highest in Male’ with a population of 153,904. Resident Maldivian population in the administrative islands in the Atolls ranged between 1,601 in Vaavu Atoll to 19,319 in Addu city. The Resident Maldivian population is distributed within the range of atoll population size 5,000-9,999. Eight Atolls fall in this category. Only Addu city and Hdh Atoll falls in the category of population greater that 15,000 Maldivian residents. Vaavu Atoll, Meemu Atoll and Faafu Atoll has the smallest populations which falls below a population of less than 5,000. Age Structure The general shape of the pyramid has slightly changed in 2014, the increasing fertility rate has led to a broad base. The age and sex composition of the Maldives in 2014 continued to resemble that a developing country with a broad base, a relatively large proportion of people in the adult age categories (below 30 years of age), and relatively small proportion of people in the older age categories (above 60 years). Even though adult groups still comprised a relatively large proportion of the population, the base of the pyramid took on a more rectangular look in 2014. The increased proportion of the population in older age groups results from the decline in mortality rate at older ages in the recent decades. Sex Ratio Sex ratio of the Maldives in 2014 is 103 males per 100 females. The sex ratio remained the same since 2000. Households The total number of households enumerated in the Census 2014 is 68,249, of which 26,739 is in Male’, 40,887 in administrative islands and 623 in non-administrative islands. The average household size of the Maldives is 5.9 people. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 47 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Income Levels HIES 2016 results shows that in Maldives, average monthly household income is MVR 26,395 per household. The average household income is double in Male’ compared to the Atolls. Monthly per capita income at the national level is MVR 4,944. In Male’ the per capita income is MVR 6,984 which is twice high income compare to the Atolls (MVR 3,421). Occupation and Economic Activities On the other hand, in the atolls, with 15,895 persons, manufacturing sector provides employment opportunities to most. This is followed by agriculture, forestry and fishing with 14,293 persons engaged. With the rapid expansion of the resorts sector and as all the resorts are included in the non- administrative islands category, nearly three-fourth of the number of persons employed in the non- administrative islands engaged in accommodation and food services (tourism sector). It reveals most of the employed male foreigners work in the elementary occupations followed by craft and related trade workers and service and sales workers while female foreigners work in service and sales workers followed by elementary occupations and in professional’s category. Highest numbers of Maldivian males work as; service and sales workers, technicians and associate professionals and skills agricultural, forestry and fishery workers. These occupations are concentrated in the sectors such as tourism, wholesale and retail trade and public administration. Among the Maldivian male dominant occupations are armed forces. More than 93 percent of the armed force occupations are Maldivian males. In total 11,806 Maldivian males work in managerial occupations. Maldivian females dominate occupations such as craft and related and professionals. Of the 53,386 Maldivian females employed, 23,851 of them work in those two occupational categories. In terms of the proportion of Maldivian females employed, this is approximately 45 percent. Migration Out of the 126,080 usual residents of Male’, 43 percent are registered in Male’, while the majority (55%) are registered in other islands. Among the population residing in Male’ who are registered in other islands, highest number of people are those registered in Addu (S) at 7 percent. This is followed by those registered in South Huvadhu Atoll (GDh) at 5% and North Thiladhunmathi (HA), South Thiladhunmathi (HDh), North Huvadhu Atoll (GA), Kolhumadulu (Th) and North Maalhosmadulu (R) each at 4 percent. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 48 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Ferry and Bus services The capital city Male’ is connected by ferries to the main airport in Hulhule’ and residential satellite wards of Hulhumale’ and Villimale’. For Hulhumale’, the ferry and bus services is operated by Maldives Transport and Contracting Company (MTCC). MTCC have 12 vessels in their total fleet for dhoni ferry transport between Male’ and Hulhumale’. Of them 6 are owned by MTCC and 6 are rented. At a given time 10-11 ferries are operational. And number of ferries has to be increased to around 14 during the month of Ramadan. In addition, MTCC has one express ferry operating between Male’ – Hulhumale’. Apart from ferries, MTCC also operates buses within Hulhumale’ and between Hulhumale’ and Hulhule’. Presently, two buses are operational within Hulhumale’ and two between Hulhumale’ and Hulhule’. There are four designated routes, including school routes for bus operations. The seating capacity of each ferry is 120 passengers. The passenger fare for dhoni ferries is MVR 5.5 each way and takes about 20 minutes to reach the destination. On weekdays, rush hours start in the morning from 5:30am and continue till 9:00am; when the school hours and work hours for the government and private sector begins for the day. The second peak would be between 11:30am and 1:00pm in the afternoon. The time varies according to school student schedules for those attending schools in Male’. In the evening, the peak hours fall between 4:00pm and 7:00pm. The flow of passengers are mostly toward s Male’ from Hulhumale’ for work and education purposes. In weekends, the peak is observed in the afternoon from 2:30pm onwards and between 9:00pm and 10:00pm from Male’ – Hulhumale’ sector and 7pm to 11pm in the Hulhumale’ - Male’ sector. There is also an express ferry operational every thirty minutes between Male’ and Hulhumale’. The fare for express ferries is MVR 25.00 and takes about seven minutes to reach the destination. A dedicated separate cargo ferry operates between Male’ and Hulhumale’. The cargo ferry makes three return trips every day except Fridays. On Fridays, the cargo ferry makes one return trip. On the human resource side, MTCC employs total 320 staff in the transport operations of Hulhule’, Hulhumale’ and Villimale’ ferries and busses. Staffs are under MTCC for MTCC owned ferries and under the owner for rented ferries. Both locals and foreign workers, mostly Bangladeshi men are in employment as crews. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 49 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 5 : ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS Relevant Environmental and Social Factors The ESAMF has been designed to achieve sound environmental practices within the purview of the MUDRP. The following table summarises the nature of environmental and social impacts from the different project components. Project Component Resource efficiency Waste & Pollution Land Biodiversity Component 1: Resilient Infrastructure and Emergency Preparedness Feasibility Study for a Sewage Treatment Positive Positive Positive N/A Plant (STP) Construction of a Sewage Treatment Plant Positive/Negative Positive Negative Positive Feasibility study for stormwater drainage Positive Positive Positive N/A and rainwater harvesting system in Male Storm Water Drainage and Rainwater Harvesting Positive/Negative Positive Positive Positive and Storage Systems in Malé Establishment of an Emergency Operations Positive N/A N/A N/A Coordination Center at NDMA Provision of Fire and Rescue Equipment Positive Positive N/A N/A Component 2: Support to Strengthen Sustainable Urban Planning, Development and Management Regional development master plans for Addu, Positive Positive Positive Positive Kulhudhuffushi, and Lhaviyani Atoll Consumer housing needs and affordability Positive Positive Positive N/A research Building and fire regulation Positive Positive Positive Positive Component 3: Project Management Project Implementation Staff and Consultants Project Monitoring and Evaluation Operating Costs Component 4: Contingent Emergency Response The MUDRP components are expected to bring overall positive environmental benefits to the project areas of Male’, Hulhumale’, Addu City, Thiladhunmathi and Lhaviyani Atoll. The urban development masterplans are expected to address ecosystem conservation, beach management, disaster risk management, fire safety, renewable energy, and sustainable transport. The STP sub-component in Hulhumale’ is expected to prevent the damage being caused to the biodiversity of reef ecosystem and the risks to human health from discharge of raw sewage to the lagoon of Hulhumale’. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 50 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Although the STP component is expected to bring net positive outcomes, the following environmental factors are considered relevant for detailed assessment and evaluation: a. Air quality & odour – the STP is proposed to be located adjacent to an outdoor stadium b. Marine water quality – offshore disposal of treated wastewater in a recreational area c. Marine biodiversity – impacts due to disposal of treated wastewater in a reef ecosystem The following social factors are considered relevant for detailed assessment and evaluation: a. Occupational health and safety – the safety of workers during construction phase b. Occupational health and safety – the safety of workers during operation phase c. Health and safety – the exposure of community members due to reuse of treated effluent d. Health and safety – the risks due to odour While the overall MUDRP is environmentally and socially beneficial, delivery of urban services such as sewage treatment plant may cause social impacts such as odour and noise that would need to be mitigated and managed. A site specific ESIA is needed for component 2 investments covering sewage treatment plant and is being done. The ESIA will assess the existing ecosystems surrounding the project areas and potential impacts by the project implementation, as well as provide an analysis of alternatives. Hence, MNPI is developing an ESIA for the STP sub-component. Labour and working conditions are addressed in this ESAMF as the project involves construction activities that have risks for workers health and safety as well as risks for foreign migrant workers. Energy and water consumption is a significant issue to consider in urban resilience and sustainability. Furthermore, the discharge of treated effluent to the marine environment or the re-use of treated effluent will need to be assessed. The generation of waste during the construction stage of the sewage treatment plant is also an issue that needs consideration. Odour and disposal of treated wastewater from the STP component requires attention in ESAMF under community safety. The setting up of the EOCC and the sub-components of fire safety, and building safety are also directly relevant to community safety The Maldives has unique land ownership structure where all lands are under the Government ownership. Thus, all Maldivians are entitled to shelter and as a result, squatters are not found in public land or buildings. Under Component 2 of the project, activities for strengthening urban services and infrastructure might Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 51 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP require land-taking. However, the nature and scope of land acquisition, if any, cannot be determined at this stage when details on the nature of investments are not yet determined. Impact on biodiversity applies to the ESAMF due to presence of coral reefs around Hulhumale’, and protected areas in Addu City, and in Lhaviyani Atoll. However, it is noted that in Hulhumalé, where infrastructure investments will be made, there are no significant natural habitats and the coral reefs in the region are mostly degraded. The ESIA will propose adequate measures to screen, identify and mitigate any potential impacts to biodiversity resources. The urban development masterplans proposed for Addu City, Thiladhunmathi and Lhaviyani Atoll must give special attention to include biodiversity conservation as an integral strategy of the urban masterplans. There is no evidence suggesting the presence of indigenous peoples in the Maldives, therefore, this aspect is not included in the scope of this ESAMF. None of the project components are expected to take place in the vicinity of or affect physical cultural resources (PCRs). All known PCRs within the Maldives are pre-designated and protected under the land use plans prepared for inhabited Islands. Measures on safeguard chance finds will be included as part of mitigation measures defined in the ESAMF. Special attention will be needed to include strategies for cultural heritage preservation in the urban masterplans. The construction of the sewage treatment plant is the sub-component that needs to be further investigated for beneficial and negative impacts. Hence, it is recommended to carry out a project and site specific ESIA for the sub-component. Component Specific Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits The project components are expected to bring overall positive environmental benefits to the project areas of Hulhumale’, Addu City, Thiladhunmathi and Lhaviyani Atoll. Component 1 Sewage Treatment Plan in Hulhumale: The STP proposed for Hulhumale’ through ensuring a sound system for wastewater and sewage treatment in Hulhumale’ will bring significant environmental benefits. While the STP operation will facilitate mitigating major impacts associated with improper disposal of untreated sewage and wastewater as it is done now, moderate risks associated with the operation of STP facilities and final disposal of treated water need to be managed accordingly. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 52 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Wastewater will be treated to an advanced secondary standard most likely based upon the activated sludge process, achieving a high degree of nitrogen removal. The treated wastewater will meet national wastewater quality guidelines: Currently raw sewage is discharged without any treatment; hence, the discharge of treated effluent would have a significant overall positive impact on biodiversity and human health. However, it is unlikely that all negative impacts can be avoided and some negative impacts on the ecosystem due to the sensitive nature of coral reefs to additional loads and nutrients are foreseen. The treated effluent has re-use potential and hence offers water resource efficiency. Hulhumale’ relies on desalinated water and hence the re-use potential of treated effluent would need to be harnessed for identified secondary uses such as watering public parks, trees etc. As such, additional treatment processes will be utilised to make the treated wastewater fit for purpose for disposal and re-use opportunities as and when they become available/viable. The STP will contribute to better environmental and urban living conditions through reducing the risk to marine water quality and coral reef ecosystem. This will in turn improve the opportunity for the guesthouse tourism and recreational opportunities for youth and families in Hulhumale’. Hence, STP will benefit the population through enhanced economic opportunities and recreation opportunities. Maldives EPA has not yet published toxicant concentrations levels. Projected loads and flows will result in toxicant concentrations and EPA will need to determine the species protection guideline values for bio- accumulating toxicants within 100m of the marine outlet diffuser and the protection guideline values for bio-accumulating toxicants beyond 100m from the marine outlet diffuser. Impacts during the construction phase will pose low to moderate risks in relation to establishment of STP. The site demarcated for STP is located away from human habitation and the construction methodology associated with the establishment of STP does not require heavy physical interventions, thus noise, dust and safety issues are minimal. The operation of the STP will lead to increased electricity consumption to run the pumps and operate treatment equipment. The increased electricity demand will lead to pressure on the utility service provider to increase electricity generation. The STP will have a footprint of around 0.75 ha, consisting of the STP footprint. No risks related to land acquisition are envisaged. No new and additional access roads need to be constructed for the project. However, there is uncertainty regarding exact location of activities to be carried out under the project and Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 53 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP project interventions that will involve physical alteration of the environment. The feasibility studies, which is currently ongoing, will determine the nature of the technologies and the exact location of investments. The main environmental risks are: o The piles of construction materials, and spread of building material and construction debris during transportation could cause aesthetic impacts if not properly managed o The construction and installation of the STP would generate waste, and the piles of construction waste could spread at the site and disposal of construction debris to vacant areas has the potential to impact on aesthetics o Spills of oil, chemicals and hazardous waste at the construction site has the potential to cause pollution, and pose risks to health of workers o Poor maintenance and breakdown in operating machines, vehicles and equipment has the potential to cause noise impacts o Direct damage to land surrounding the new treatment plant from disturbance by construction trucks and workers activities o Traffic congestion resulting from construction trucks and vehicles in roads serving the site The key social risks are: o Accidents and injuries to labour during construction as a result of non-conformity to health and safety o Adverse impact on population as a result of traffic accidents o Inconvenience to residents of neighbouring blocks, pedestrians and passing cars and motorcycles as a result of diverting traffic Public consultations and work programs to raise awareness concerning the activities and objectives of the project and its effect will be required in order to improve the image of the project o Inconvenience to residents through Damage to utility networks of roads, water, electricity, telephones, cable tv during excavation, construction and back filling. These risks can be minimised by ensuring compliance with procedures; acquiring approval of concerned authorities before starting work; and making the contractor responsible to repair any damages caused. Key environmental impacts from STP operation are likely to be odour and the health and safety impacts from treated effluent. The operation of the proposed STP has the potential to generate odours which can affect the health and amenity of people if it is not properly managed. The proposed STP is located adjacent to a football stadium Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 54 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP with a proposed capacity of 40,000 spectators. Hulhumale’ will have a large future urban population in Phase II and large volumes of wastewater will travel in the sewers before it reaches the STP. Biological activities in sewers will breakdown some of the organic matter in sewage and the wastewater that arrives at the STP will have foul smell. The biological treatment process at the STP will further contribute to the odour. The process if not managed properly has the potential to impact human amenity adversely and the users of the adjacent land. Overloading of the system can cause deterioration of treatment efficiency and lead to odours. Possible leakage and breakdown in the treatment plant as a result of improper O&M is a risk. Improper design of O&M could cause crippling the system with the need to close down major parts of the system to repair small parts. Misuse of the equipment and materials at the treatment plant could also lead to spills and leakages. Breakdown of the operating machines, equipment, and vehicles is a risk for smooth and sustainable operation of the STP. The discharge of treated effluent poses risks to marine biodiversity and human health. The treated effluent will meet the EPA standards for wastewater quality discharge and hence risks will be minimal. However, it will be important to monitor and manage the impacts since the volume of treated effluent will be of a significant volume in the long run. MNPI and HDC are considering re-use of treated effluents including treated wastewater and sludge for gardening and landscaping. Improper re-use of treated effluent introduces risks to human health. However, this risk must be evaluated in the context of the significant resource efficiency gains by use of treated wastewater for sustainable management of Hulhumale’ water resources. Social risks during operations phase of STP include risks to health and safety of workers and the community from reuse of waste sludge produced from the treatment plant. Accidents and injury to labour during operation as a result of non-conformity to health and safety regulations is also a significant risk. Social impact mitigation shall be achieved through public education on how to deal with the wastewater system and how to use it, and establishment of a formal community team to educate public on wastewater treatment. In order to address occupational health and safety risks during operation phase, strict protocols to avoid accidents at work shall be adopted and followed. Training for safety, health and environmental awareness shall be continuously carried out. Attention shall be given to provision of safety equipment for all workers Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 55 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP in wastewater treatment plants (boots, gloves, helmet, hygiene equipment, first aid etc). EPA shall ensure that compliance with operating systems and health, safety and emergency rules as part of the monitoring programmes. Establishment of EOCC (Emergency Operations Coordination Centre) is expected to improve the emergency preparedness of the country. Once operational the EOCC is expected to reduce the vulnerability of the country to adverse impacts of global climate change and contribute to the national effort for building resilience for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Storm water Drainage and Rainwater Harvesting and Storage systems in Male’: Improvements to stormwater drainage and rainwater capture have great potential to advance water self-sufficiency and resilience for fire fighting. These will be complemented by improvements to emergency preparedness. Provision of fire and safety equipment: Improvement of the institutional capacity of Maldives Fire and Rescue Service will improve the response time of the fire and rescue services for fire accidents. No environmental or social risks are anticipated from this subcomponent. Component 2: Sustainable urban planning and management: Development of the regional urban planning will contribute the decentralization initiative of the government and it will enable the local governments to mainstream climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction into their urban planning processes. Consumer Housing Needs and Affordability Research: Findings of this research will assist policy makers as well as the private sector to plan their future endeavours. The research is expected to provide baseline information on the consumer housing needs, behaviours and preferences toward housing ownership, rental and/or home improvement through own capacity-to-pay and/or government support. The findings will enable to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the Government of Maldives social housing programs in meeting consumers’ housing needs. Furthermore a demand side and supply side information collected will enable the government to identify the gaps in market develop a road map for affordable housing policy and programs by income segment and locations across the Maldives. Building and Fire Regulation: There is no unified building application process in the Maldives. Multiple approval processes exist for distinct types of islands, based on their designated land use. This subcomponent will aim re-define the approval procedure including relevant authorities across agencies, design, development and installation of the platform. Institutional training and capacity-enhancement for building officials at Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure and local government councils involved in Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 56 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP approval process will be done. This improvement in the building approval process and improvement of building and fire code will improve the urban resiliency of the country. Cumulative and Residual Impacts The sludge quantity from the STP component will keep on growing annually. In the long run, this could pose hazard to soil, groundwater and generate odour that will impact the community. Hence, a Sludge Management Plan shall be developed for the operation phase of STP. Water borne diseases from use of treated effluent will remain a risk. In order to mitigate the residual impacts, public environmental awareness will need to be conducted on good practices and benefits of the project. Special attention will need to be given to ensure safe re-use of effluent. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 57 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 6: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS Good relationships with stakeholders and community are essential for the success of the MUDRP. Stakeholder engagement is a guiding principle of the World Bank Safeguards policy. During the design, pre- feasibility and feasibility phases, MNPI have consulted key stakeholders at national level to ensure stakeholder views are incorporated into the project design and plans. Stakeholder Identification The stakeholders of the project who were consulted and engaged include but are not limited to: 1. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) 2. Maldives Energy Authority 3. Housing Development Corporation (HDC) 4. Male’ Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC) 5. State Electric Company (STELCO) 6. Water and Sanitation Department, Ministry of Environment 7. Climate Change Department, Ministry of Environment 8. Waste Management and Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Environment 9. Energy Department, Ministry of Environment 10. Environment Department, Ministry of Environment 11. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development 12. Male’ City Council 13. Addu City Council 14. National Disaster Management Authority 15. Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF) 16. Planning Department, Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure 17. Infrastructure Department, Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure 18. Community members 19. Civil society groups 20. NGOs Key Stakeholders The main stakeholders that have roles and responsibilities relevant to MUDRP are summarized below: Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 58 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Housing Development Corporation Housing Development Corporation Limited (HDC) is the master developer of Hulhumalé as a planned smart and sustainable city situated in the Male’ capital region. HDC is a 100% Maldives state owned enterprise established in 2001 and formed by a presidential decree. The vision of HDC is ‘a leader in redefining quality living’ and has set its mission to be ‘a pioneer in establishing higher standards of living through intelligent, innovative and sustainable developments in the Maldives’. Male’ Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC) Established in April 1995, Male’ Water and Sewerage Company is responsible for water production and wastewater management system in Male’ and Hulhumale. The Company provides the people of Greater Male’ Region with potable water and manages wastewater sustainably, and at present serves approximately more than 50% of the Maldivian population. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development is the main agency responsible for policy development and overall approval of housing projects and social housing projects in the Maldives. The Ministry is responsible for setting the standards for urban development and has a key role in ensuring resilience of urban areas. The Ministry also has responsibility for land use planning in the Maldives. Ministry of Environment The Ministry of Environment is mandated for the effective implementation of the Environmental Protection Act of the country and has the statutory power over issues related to the environment. It has the central control over the environment protection, management, conservation and environmental emergencies. According to Article 2 of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, Ministry of Environment is responsible to provide advice related to environment matters. According to Article 5, the Ministry decides on projects that require EIAs. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for the EIA Regulations, Waste Regulations, Dewatering Regulations, Desalination Regulations and the Environmental Liability Regulations. Maldives Energy Authority Maldives Energy Authority is an independent regulatory organization with the mandate to regulate energy sector through the implementation of relevant regulations. MEA is the delegated authority for the Public Utilities Law 4/96 by presidential decree. It has the central control over approving service provider licenses, Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 59 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP approving power purchasing agreements, approving plans for new powerhouse designs, and setting out regulations and fees for the service. MEA has also set a service providers code to outline the basic requirements and standards that have to be met by service providers in the Maldives. City Councils The Decentralization Act establishes the local councils as the highest political authority in the locality and who shall have executive powers to be exercised in accordance with the Act. The Act establishes Atoll Councils, Island Councils and City Councils. Articles 24 (b) and 42 (b) of the Act mandate Island Councils and City Councils to provide adequate waste management services. According to Article 23 (h), (i) and Article 41 (g), Island Councils and City Councils are responsible for release of land for development according to the provisions of the Land Act, the Land Use Plan of the island, and any guidelines issued by the Ministry responsible for land. According to Articles 24 (e) and 42 (e) of the Decentralization Act provision of electricity, water, sewerage and other utility services in their jurisdictions according to the laws of the Maldives is the responsibility of Island Councils and City Councils respectively. The Maldives is grouped into 20 administrative areas under the new governance system. Male’ City Council and Addu City Council are key stakeholders for this project. A copy of this ESAMF will need to be submitted to the Councils. MNDF Fire and Rescue Services Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) Fire and Rescue Services has the mandate to implement all necessary regulations to prevent fire incidents and carryout steps to mitigate fire incidents and carry out firefighting and rescue operations in order to save lives and minimize damage to property. Ministry of Defence and National Security According to Act 04/75, Substances Prohibited to be Brought into the Maldives Act: Chemical substances are under import, use and manufacture control unless accompanied with a special permission from the Ministry of Defence and National Security. These include hazardous chemicals and chemical based toxins. Civil Aviation Authority The Maldives Civil Aviation Regulation, MCAR-139 Aerodrome Rules regulation published in May 2012 consists of general standards and practices of aerodromes, and aerodrome certification. With Velana Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 60 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP International Airport in close proximity, this Regulation is applicable to this project in the areas of obstacles and hazards, firefighting and rescue. MNPI should ensure that the STP buildings concept and designs meets the requirements of the obstacle chart and approval is obtained from Civil Aviation Authority before construction. Health Protection Agency Health Protection Agency has mandate to establish policies to respond to public health emergencies; classify situations which may be harmful to health and establish methods to act in such a situation. HPA’s mandate also covers identifying health hazards, eliminating risk, reporting health hazards, and orders on things to be done or not done in relation to a building. Stakeholder views Stakeholders are aware and informed about the objective of MUDRP and the project components. Male’ City Council and HDC welcome the MUDRP project and believe the project components will contribute to make Hulhumale’ a smart sustainable city. Addu City Council highlighted they have already commenced work on their Urban Master Plan, and there is a need to explore how Addu City Council can benefit from the Urban Planning component. Ministry of Environment highlighted the need to use modern technologies that are suitable for the small island context of the Maldives and that will not pose odour issues. Environment Ministry also highlighted the need to reuse effluent and the use of sludge for sustainable agriculture and landscaping. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development requested to incorporate the growing population and new housing projects in the formulation of project activities to match scale. MWSC is concerned about the O&M costs and would like to be engaged from the design stage of the project activities where they may have major responsibility for operation. The following table 04 summaries the findings on the main stakeholder consultations conducted during the elaboration of this ESAMF. More information on all the government stakeholder consulted will be included in the Annex 4 of this report. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 61 | P a g e Table 4: The main discussions of stakeholder consultations Main Issues Discussed Stakeholder Consulted/ Venue • Male’ has very severe housing conditions. Most of the buildings in Male’ do not have lifts and elderly and disabled persons are in “locked up” conditions in their Male’ Public Consultation apartments. The stair cases are also poorly designed and constrained due to space shortage. Male’ City Council • There are many houses that are not fit to live in Male’. Most of the migrant workers live in dormitory style rooms with very poor hygiene. • Male’ faces public health problems due to over-crowding, and poor urban services. Dengue and Chickungunya caused by mosquito breeding is a serious concern. The habitats of mosquito breeding include the construction sites and the kaanu which are not cleaned and effective. • Flooding has emerged as a serious issue for Male’ and with heavy rainfall four locations of Male’ become flooded. The problem has got worse since the paving of th e ring road around Male’, perhaps due to the higher elevation of the ring road compared to other roads. Pumps have to be used e very time there is a flood. When the flood waters are pumped to the sea, it has all the trash that is found on the roads including plastics. • The number of cars and motorcycles has increased in Male’ beyond the carrying capacity. Parking is a serious problem for Male’ and motorcycles are parked even on the road turn areas. Traffic congestion is becoming an issue during school rush hours and office hours. There is an urgent need to find a sustainable solution for parking and traffic. • The recent fire incidents in Male’ show the present dangers for the resident population of Male’. The roads are too narrow for fire vehicles to reach fire incidents in most of the zones. Most buildings do not have enough space to protect them from fires in adjacent areas. There is an urgent need to establish a proper fire hydrant system in the roads of Male’. • Sewage is not treated in Male’ and is pumped out as raw sewage. This is a serious problem for the Male’ Swimming Area and the Rasfannu Recreational Area. Whenver, the water quality is tested it shows that it is heavily contaminated with faecal bacteria. An STP is needed for Male’, but the question is where it can be located in Male’ due to land shortage. The sewers under the buildings are leaking and the sewage leakages is a serious concern. There is no easy solution for this problem as it is a big challenge to even detect the area where the leaks are. • Participants expressed the view that Male’ has got so many urban related problems that it will be better to undertake online consultations using questionnaires where people can provide details of the issues that they face. • HDC’s vision is to make Hulhumale’ a smart and sustainable city. The proposed STP and urban resilience components will help make Hulhumale’ a sustainable city; Hulhumale Development • HDC has formulated the. Masterplan for Hulhumale’ Phase II. The Phase II developments include Tourism Island and Heritage Isl and. These will have implications for Corporation the MUDRP. HDC Office • Hulhumale’ is facing pressure from financiers because there is no STP. This issue was highlighted in the ESIA for 7000 housing units project as well. • HDC is ready to share all the data and necessary information for MUDRP. However, some of the data requested is not easily accessible and will have to be compiled. • HDC is developing a GIS system and once the system is available, it will be easier to undertake spatial data analysis. • HDC will find it difficult to change the location of STP. However, if the financial feasibility report justifies that an alternative location is needed, then HDC will consider the proposal. However, it will be a difficult decision to change land allocations while an LUP is being implemented. HDC faces significant pressure from government agencies and developers to change the existing land use zones. • The vision of Addu City Council is Sustainable City. Our plans already include resilience building Addu City Council, • In the last five years we have formulated our Vision and Development Plan Secretariat of Addu City • We have selected a company to develop our Urban Master Plan. Council • Feydhoo Reclamation and Addu Nature Park are the main projects undertaken recently • New Addu Hospital is almost ready for service. 62 Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP • Addu Road Development is the biggest infrastructure project planned. • Tourism Development in Hankede, Rujjehera, Feydhoo reclaimed area are major planned development projects. • Four star resorts are planned to be developed in Addu Meedhoo. • We want to make Addu an Education City • We want to develop Gan as a transport hub. • It is also important to have skills development, women’s development, and healthy community • We need protected areas management and awareness of the public increased for conservation • MWSC will have the responsibility for operation of some projects under the MUDRP. Hence, it will be critical for MWSC engineers to be engaged from the design phase Male’ Water and Sewerage of infrastructure. Company (MWSC), Fen • One of the key challenges will be O&M. Capacity building is important for MWSC staff. It will be essential to discuss financial feasibility of the different technologies Building, Male’ and even though initial capital investment is not a direct concern for MWSC, MWSC would need information on O&M. • No concerns. Male’ City Council • Phase 1 of Hulhumale’ is being developed with lots of planning and development controls in place. Therefore, have no concerns. Positive about HDC plans Secretariat of Male’ City • However, have concerns regarding Phase 2. Roads are too narrow for forecasted population. Council • 1.6 MW solar installed FENAKA Corporation, Addu • Usage is 600 – 800 kW City Branch • We have plans to install 1 MW Fenaka Corporation Head • There is a new project to develop new powerhouse for 25-28 MW Office, S. Hithadhoo • Not yet finalized – but very close to completion • STPs with MBBR technology is outdated and requires a large amount of space for the drying beds. Power consumption is also quite high for this type of STPs making Ministry of Environment these intensive. Similar STPs have already been placed in 19 inhabited islands of Maldives. However, these plants are not being used in most of the islands. This is Green Building, Male’ City. believed to be due to negligence and lack of awareness of the benefits of STPs and failure to establish a business model which could generate profit to outweigh the cost of operating the STPs. • It is important to consider the scale while finalising the technology. There are new technologies and more efficient types of STPs in place which should be considered for area with limited space. A thorough cost benefit analysis should be done to evaluate the best option. If fully enclosed STPs are used then the odour from the STP will be reduced and it will also reduce the building footprint. • The community needs to be made aware of the importance of STPs and the benefits it can provide. The islands Isdhoo and Kalhaidhoo in Laamu Atoll use the sludge from STPs as agricultural fertiliser in their farms. • It is also recommended to install solar panels on STP building and at pumping stations to save energy consumption from the grid and reduce the operating cost of the system. • Need to take into future growth of housing and expansion of commercial activities. If there is land allocated for future housing in LUP, those areas should also be Ministry of Housing and included in the programs for urban resilience and STP infrastructure. Urban Development MHUD, Male’ City Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 63 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP • As of now, can’t say anything about the effects of the proposed projects on guesthouses. Guest house Association of • The effects of STP will depend on the scale of STP and location. I don’t think they would allocate space from phase 1 near th e living neighborhoods. They will probably Maldives – Hulhumale’ do it in the industrial area. Many resorts also have STPs within the back of house MEP area. Hence there will be no negative effects of smell and nuisance on guesthouse Guest houses Guest House operations. Association Office, Male’ Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 64 | P a g e CHAPTER 7: SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The Environmental and Social Framework requirements below consists of a set of measures to ensure sound implementation of environmental and social safeguards from planning through to operation and eventual decommissioning (where applicable) of the activities to be financed by MUDRP. It outlines a plan for determination of adverse environmental and social impacts through a system of screening, assessment, management and monitoring to ensure that project interventions are implemented with zero/minimal impacts. Environmental and Social Screening Environmental and social screening is a useful tool to identify safeguard issues in large investment programs consisting of several sub-projects. The main objective of Environmental and Social screening of sub-projects will be to (a) determine the anticipated environmental/social impacts, risks and opportunities of the sub- project (ii) determine if the anticipated impacts and public concern warrant further environmental/social analysis, and if so to recommend the appropriate type and extent of assessments needed. At the national level, screening is the process by which proposed developments are reviewed to determine the level of environmental assessment to which they should be subjected, which could range from none at all up to a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). At the project level, screening is the process of reviewing a proposed activity against a checklist of factors to determine whether it is likely to have adverse environmental effects, and if so, what mitigation measures should be applied. The present ESAMF is largely concerned with the project level, but some notes are provided on national screening for completeness. Negative List The ESAMF provides the mechanisms to allow program implementation by screening out or enhancing acceptability of sub-project proposals on the basis of environmental criteria. By a simple process of elimination, the first step in the screening process is to identify subproject activities not suitable for funding. The following types of subprojects shall not be financed and therefore should be considered as a “Negative List”. o Sub-projects that involve the conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats such as marine and terrestrial protected areas o Activities that could cause irreversible damage to sensitive/critical habitats o Construction projects within or directly adjacent to marine and terrestrial protected areas. o Activities that could lead to invasion or spread of weeds and feral animals, and introduction of invasive species 65 Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP o Activities that would involve use of toxic chemicals, and release of toxic chemicals to environment o Activities that involve the intensive use of pesticides, particularly banned or restricted use pesticides o Illegal activities as defined specifically under the environmental regulations of the Government of Maldives o Any activities that create forced land acquisitions or severe livelihood loss The screening process shows that all components or sub-components of the MUDRP can be financed as these components are all designed to bring a net environmental improvement to the urban areas of Maldives. The following table summarises the results of screening for environmental impacts. National Level Screening The Maldives national requirements for environmental assessment are set out in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations, 2012, which has been presented in Chapter 4. Part III of those regulations includes a description of the Screening Process applied to development proposals. Schedule D of the Regulations is a screening list of all development types for which full EIA is mandatory. The following sub- components will require screening under EIA regulations of Maldives: 1) The STP in Hulhumale’ and 2) Storm Water Drainage and Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Systems in Malé The EPA should be consulted at the outset, to determine whether a formal national screening process should be applied to a specific project activity or not. Project Level Screening At the project (component) level, proposed sub-component activities need to be subjected to screening to determine whether they should be subject to an Environmental / Social Review. (This is a simple review, by the PMU environmental and social officer, of the likely implications of the activity, to determine what type and nature of impacts are anticipated from the proposed intervention, and accordingly, what type of environmental/social assessments are required and what particular mitigation measures should be applied). This is to ensure that all project activities that do not need to undergo EIA under national requirements BUT yet may have some impact will be subject to a project level environmental and social screening with the objective to: (a) determine the anticipated environmental and social impacts, risks and opportunities of sub- project; and (ii) determine if the anticipated impacts and public concern warrant further analysis, and if so to recommend the appropriate type and extent of Environmental and Social Analysis needed as per the set criteria in the ESAMF. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 66 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Since the numbers of project activities under MUDRP are few and the larger investments such as the STP and rainwater storage tanks will undergo the national EIA requirement and activities under component 2 will largely be of planning in nature, it has been considered that there is no need to administer a project level environmental and social screening format for each activity. Rather, the Environment and Social Officer of the PMU is required to be diligent and ensure that all project activities are subjected to some level of screening. Component specific safeguards requirements The following table summarises the project interventions and the likely safeguard requirements for each proposed intervention under the key project components. Project interventions Safeguard studies required Component 1 Construction/Operation of the STP in ESIA and ESMPs will be required Hulhumale’ Long-term marine habitat monitoring plan Feasibility study for STP There is no separate safeguards requirement as this activity is a feasibility study and the STP will be designed to meet Maldivian national standards for wastewater treatment Storm Water Drainage and Rainwater Environmental and Social screening will be required and Harvesting and Storage Systems in Malé depending on the civil works identified in the feasibility study, the level of environmental analysis will be determined. If underground rainwater harvesting reservoirs are recommended, an ESIA will be undertaken. Dewatering permits will be obtained from EPA for underground reservoir construction. If proposed civil works interventions are minor ESMPs may be sufficient. Setting up EOCC at NDMA If project activities involve civil works, an environmental and social screening will be required and if screening and public concern warrants an ESIA will be done; if not a simple ESMP would suffice. Provision of fire and safety equipment No need for any safeguards screening or assessment Component 2 Sustainable urban planning and management Strategic environmental and social assessments for all three regional plans will be required. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 67 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP • Addu City Regional Development Master Plan • Thiladhunmathi Urban Master Plan • Lhaviyani Atoll Regional Development Plan Consumer Housing Needs and Affordability This involves the preparation of a strategy and hence no Research safeguard screening or assessment is required. Building and Fire Regulation This involves the preparation of regulations and capacity building, hence no safeguard screening or assessment is required. Environmental and Social Assessments Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) It is envisioned that the major subprojects under Component 1 will require individual EIAs as per the national regulations of the Maldives. These subprojects include primarily the activities supported under Component 1, including STP, rainwater harvesting that involves underground storage, etc. Annex 3 presents a detailed account of the environmental clearance procedures applicable to EIAs and Annex 4 provides a Generic structure of EIAs as per EPA requirements. Annex 8 of the ESAMF provides a best practice EIA prepared for the Development of Aquatic Animal Quarantine facility at Ibrahim Nasir International by the MoFA which has been formally cleared by the EPA, as guidance. Environmental and Social Management Plans (EMPs) All physical sub-projects/activities in addition to the assessments will prepare ESMPs that will describe and prioritize the actions needed to implement mitigation measures, corrective actions and monitoring measures necessary to manage the impacts and risks identified in the screening assessments, IEEs or ESMPs. A generic terms of reference for ESMP is provided in Annex 5. The project will ensure that all works contracts will include the EMPs, and the cost of implementing the ESMPs will be identified as an item in the Bill of Quantities for the respective contracts of physical interventions. Measures and actions that address identified impacts and risks will favour the avoidance and prevention of impacts over minimization, mitigation wherever technically and financially feasible. Where risks and impacts cannot be avoided or prevented, mitigation measures and actions will be identified so that the activities operates in compliance with applicable national laws and regulations etc., and meets the requirements of relevant World Bank Environmental Health and Safety standards. A detailed set of Environmental Management guidelines for Construction Sites is presented in Annex 6, taking in to account typical impacts during infrastructure subprojects in the Maldives. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 68 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Procedure for Management of Physical Cultural Resources – protection and chance find Procedures If any person discovers a physical cultural resource, such as (but not limited to) archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, or a cemetery and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor shall: 1. Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find; 2. Delineate the discovered site or area; 3. Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be arranged until the responsible authorities take over; 4. Notify the Supervising Officer who in turn will notify the responsible authorities immediately (within 24 hours or less); 5. Responsible authorities are in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by archeologists. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; those include the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values used by the Government of Maldives; 6. Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage; 7.Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by relevant local authorities; and 8. Construction works could resume only after permission is granted from the responsible local authorities concerning safeguard of the physical cultural resource. Information Disclosure Disclosure of relevant project information will help affected/interested communities understand the risks, impacts and opportunities of the Project. The MNPI will publicly disclose the ESAMF and all Environmental and Social Assessment documentation, the management program and action plan(s) for public review and comment in appropriate locations in the Project areas prior to the tendering of relevant activities. The documentation will also be made available on the MNPI website both in English and in Dhivehi languages. Newspaper and other media outlets will be used to alert the community to the availability of the documentation. The website will also enable the community opportunity to provide comment electronically. All safeguards documentation will also be made available in the World Bank ‘s external website. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 69 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 8: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM & HANDLING COMPLAINTS Like any other development programme MUDRP may have complaints from project beneficiaries and the public. The complaints may be diverse ranging from aspects of location of the subprojects, impacts and inconvenience, sharing of benefits and how the project is implemented. Handling of grievances is significant since it helps to manage operational risk during implementation. The Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Environment and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) reports and project management plans may have identified numerous project risks and potential sources of grievances. An examination of anticipated impacts areas in chapter 6 of the ESAMF provides a preview of the potential areas for grievances. Some of the potential grievance areas include the possibility of project causing public inconvenience and affecting environmentally significant areas (ESAs). Subprojects that will undergo full ESIA study will bring out potential risks that may arise from its implementation and therefore elicit complaints from the communities in the neighborhood. ESAMF therefore is part of the risk analysis and is important as a fundamental step towards getting ready for grievances redress management. Other elements are the understanding of the capacity available for Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) at the level of institutions and personnel as well as instruments and tools for GRM and designing the plan. The following sections describe the procedures that will be followed by MUDRP to address complaints or concerns submitted by people who may benefit from or impacted by its sub-projects. It intends to provide clarity and predictability on how complaints will be received, assessed, sorted, resolved and monitored. Specific activities are described for each of these steps. Grievance redressal will be addressed through separate arrangement by MNPI for the whole MUDRP by setting up a formal web-based platform to provide a systematic, transparent and timely process for receiving, evaluating and addressing affected project-related complaints and grievances. The grievance mechanism will be open to all project affected people, regardless of the nature of their complaint and will be gender responsive, culturally appropriate, and readily accessible to all segments of the affected people at no costs and without retribution. A three tier grievance mechanism, prepared and tested under other Bank financed projects, will be established and will be accessible to all community members. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 70 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Tier 1: The City Council will be the first level of contact for any aggrieved person. A Community Advisory Board, to be developed in each of the participating Cities, will receive complaints received by the City Council for advice as appropriate. Tier 2: In case the aggrieved person is not satisfied, he or she can approach the Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure. The environment and social specialist in the PMU will be the contact person at MNPI designated as the first point of contact for grievance redress to receive all potential complaints for MUDRP. On receipt of a complaint in any form (i.e., in person, telephone, written), the MNPI will log the details in a complaints register. The complaint will be forwarded to the Grievance Redressal Committee. If the complainant is dissatisfied with the outcome, or have received no advice in the allotted time period, he or she can re-submit the complaint and this will be logged in the complaints register as a non- responsive issue until resolved. The E&S Safeguards specialist of MUDRP will follow up until a mutually acceptable solution is reached to the complaint. In the event of disagreement between the complaint and the MNPI, the Manager MUDRP will request a decision from the Permanent Secretary. The MUDRP Project Director will summarize the complaints received and the actions taken with respect to the complaints received and any unresolved complaints in the annual MUDRP implementation report. Tier 3: In case the issue is not resolved, the aggrieved person has the option of approaching judiciary. In cases where vulnerable persons are unable to access the legal system, the Government of Maldives will provide legal support to the vulnerable person(s). The PMU will assist the vulnerable person(s) in getting this support from the Government of Maldives. The PMU will also ensure that there is no cost imposed (such as for travel and accommodation) on the aggrieved person if the person belongs to the vulnerable groups. The verdict of the judiciary will be final. The project specific Grievance Mechanism is summarized below: Tiers of the GRM Nodal person for Contacts, Timeframe to address contact communication and grievance other facilitation by project Tier 1: City Councils Environmental and 1 month Social Contact Tier 2: MNPI E&S Safeguards 1 month Specialist Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 71 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Tier 3: Judiciary Any complaints which concern any aspect of the MUDRP will be recorded and investigated by the responsible staff promptly. A complaints register will be maintained which will show the details and nature of the complaint, the complainant, the date and actions taken by MNPI as a result of the investigation. During the training and orientation process, the grievance procedure will be explained to the employee and representatives; the contact information of the MNPI and Social Manager will be provided. Further, the arrangement for complaints management will be reflected in the contract with the construction contractor and equipment supplier/installer to cover construction phase and the company's system documentation to cover operational phase. When construction starts, a sign board will be erected at the site providing the public with updated project information, summarizing the GRM process and the web address and contact phone number of the MNPI. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 72 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 8: MONITORING OF ESAMF & IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESAMF The aim of monitoring is to assess the progress of implementation of the ESAMF and determine whether the proposed mitigations have resulted in dealing with negative impacts and whether further interventions are needed, or monitoring is to be extended in some areas. Environmental and Social Compliance Monitoring and Reporting Site monitoring will be done according to site-specific management plans. Supervision of the ESMPs, along with other aspects of the project, will cover monitoring, evaluative review and reporting in order to achieve, among others, the following objectives: 1) Determine whether the project is being carried out in conformity with environmental and social safeguards and legal agreements; 2) Identify issues as they arise during implementation and recommend means to resolve them; 3) Recommend changes in project concept/design, as appropriate, as the project evolves or circumstances change; and identify the key risks to project sustainability and recommend appropriate risk management strategies to the Proponent. Compliance monitoring comprises on-site inspection of construction activities to verify that measures identified in the ESMPs are included in the clauses for contractors are being implemented. This type of monitoring is similar to the normal technical supervision tasks ensuring that the Contractor is achieving the required standards and quality of work. Photo documentation of non-compliance as well as best practices is recommended as a means of recording implementation conditions efficiently. Monitoring of compliance with ESMP specifications by the contractor is essential for proper environmental management and will be conducted by MNPI. Ensuring compliance with environmental and social safeguards is an integral part of the monitoring program. Each respective ESMP will outline monitoring responsibilities and parameters. The E&S Safeguards Specialist of the MNPI will withhold the overarching responsibility for maintaining all documentation in line with the ESAMF and ensure timely reporting to the World Bank. Regular World Bank missions will include specialists to monitor the project’s compliance with World Bank safeguards policies. The progress of environmental monitoring will be formally communicated to IDA through regular progress reports and updates as per the compliance monitoring agreement made during project implementation. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 73 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Monitoring Indicators Several indicators shall be used in monitoring implementation of the ESAMF. These include: 1) Capacity building – To determine whether officers with roles in implementation of the ESAMF have the necessary skills to execute their mandate; 2) Dissemination of ESAMF documents; 3) Screening and review process comprehensively executed; 4) Appropriate environmental and social assessment instruments prescribed during the screening stage are applied promptly. Approval timelines should not frustrate project commencement; 5) Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMMPs) outlined in ESIA reports implemented and pregress reported; 6) Other indicators drawn from safeguard parameters that may become apparent during implementation / application of ESAMF on MUDRP sub-projects. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 74 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 9: CAPACITY BUILDING ON ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS Effective implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Framework will require capacity development for MUDRP PMU, the implementing institutions as well those responsible for implementing and supervising sub-projects. Training objectives The overall objective of capacity building is to mainstream environmental and social consideration into sub-project identification, planning, implementation and mitigation as well as monitoring of the mitigation activities in the sub-projects and main projects activities. The specific objectives of the training include: 1) To ensure that key stakeholders understand the ESAMF, how to apply it to sub-projects and other activities of MUDRP; 2) To actively involve stakeholders and projects affected communities in the screening of environmental and social aspects of MUDRP projects from design, planning, monitoring and implementation; Domesticating the ESAMF to fast track the implementation of the associated subprojects. Scope of the ESAMF Training Capacity building will be needed for capacity for social and environmental evaluation, screening, mitigation and monitoring. The capacity building exercise will take into consideration the integration and fulfilment of the requirements of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards as well as those of the Environmental Act and applicable policies and regulations. The programme involves training directly linked to the implementation of the ESAMF as well as training on aspects influencing success of ESAMF. Topics to be covered included: 1) National and International laws, policies and standards on environmental assessment 2) Environmental laws for the reduction of pollution, conservation of biodiversity, 3) Issues related to health and the transmission of diseases by water; noise and pollution hazards; risks of effluent; safety standards; 4) Implementation of the ESAMF and ESMPs 5) Techniques and systems for applying mitigation measures and the contents of the ESMPs 6) Awareness campaigns, workshops and community meetings on health, proper usage of treated wastewater and sludge 7) Good practices for treated effluent use 8) Effluent related health and environment laws and regulations Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 75 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP 9) Advice on hose to safely use sludge 10) Preparation and usage of Environmental Register of the STP 11) Methods of preparation of environmental registers, surveillance techniques; the application of environmental audits necessary to implement the environmental and social management and monitoring plans during the operations phase 12) Operation and maintenance activities related to study the environmental and social impacts 13) Technical matters concerning the operation and maintenance of the STP (O&M, preservation and maintenance of equipment, safe usage of chlorine etc.) The Environmental and Social Specialist of the PMU will be trained by the Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist of the World Bank project team on the ESAMF implementation, safeguards and procedural requirements of World Bank. All contractors are expected to disseminate and create awareness within the workforce ESMP compliance, and any staff training necessary for their effective implementation. Where contractors do not have existing environmental staff, E&S Coordinator and MEE will make arrangements for adequate capacity building within the workforce to be involved. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 76 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 9: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS Organisational Capacity and Competency The MUDRP implementation will be carried out by a Project Management Unit (PMU) placed within the Infrastructure Department of the MNPI. The institutional responsibilities and arrangements for project implementation would be established for the participating implementation agencies as follows. Project Management Unit The PMU’s main role will be to ensure operational compliance as per the World Bank policies as defined in the Project Appraisal Document, Financing Agreement and Operations Manual and Government policies as applicable. The PMU will be led by a Project Director and will include a team of specialised staff responsible for project management, financial management, procurement, environmental and social safeguards, monitoring and evaluation and civil works design, review and contract management. The PMU will recruit specialised consultants necessary for specific technical assistance for overall implementation activities. The PMU will liaise closely with consultants and also ensure overall coordination of all MUDRP entities to ensure that the necessary data and information are shared and collated for reporting to the World Bank. Institutional arrangement for implementation of the ESAMF The MNPI through the PMU established within it will be responsible for the full implementation of this ESAMF and compliance thereof. The E&S Safeguards specialist at PMU will take the lead responsibility in ensuring implementation of all steps presented in the Environmental and Social Assessment and Management Framework (ESAMF). This will primarily include (but not limited to) the facilitation of the preparation of environmental and social instruments such as ESIA and ESMPs, requesting for clearance from relevant authorities, such as the EPA where applicable, and monitoring and reporting on compliance of due diligence mechanisms set forth in the ESAMF and relevant trainings. He/she will also be responsible for the implementation of environmental and social management plans and grievance mechanism; liaison with other agencies, contractors and engineering supervisors; monitoring and evaluation and training. For all environmental and social assessments required, the PMU will outsource detailed studies to consultants and manage them. The PMU’s E&S Safeguards Specialist will be responsible for drafting TORs and ensuring the delivery of such outsourced tasks. Further, he/she will be responsible for the preparation Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 77 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP of quarterly compliance summaries and formally communicating to the World Bank on environmental and social safeguard matters. The E&S Safeguards Coordinator will be responsible for managing the Environmental and Social Focal Points assigned in HDC, MWSC, Addu City Council, Kulhudhuffushi Council and Lhaviyani Atoll Council. The MNPI has good capacity in terms of technical aspects as well as management and implementation of safeguards drawing from past project experience and as the host of other Bank and donor funded projects within the Ministry. The PMU established within the MNPI has recruited a E&S Safeguards Specialist who has sufficient experience working in the MEE and on donor funded programmes. The figure 01 shows the implementation structure for the ESMAF. Figure 1: The implementation structure for the ESAMF for MUDRP Director ESAMF The Project Director will act as the Director ESAMF and will report directly to the Permanent Secretary and present environmental and social issues to the executives of Ministry. The Project Director has overall responsibility for the social and environmental management, compliance, training and performance of the MUDRP. The management of all the ESAMF commitments are organised under a single management responsibility reporting directly to the Permanent Secretary. The Project Director will lead the development of the ESIAs and ESMPs required for both construction and operation phases of project interventions. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 78 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Manager ESAMF The Project Manager will act as the Manager ESAMF and will report directly to the Project Director and is responsible for tracking compliance with all environmental and social requirements, regular reporting, and oversight of social, environmental and training issues as required by national laws and international best practice. The Manager ESAMF is responsible for the management and implementation of the compliance register, and will manage the functions of the E&S Safeguards Coordinator. Environment and Social Safeguards Specialist The Environment and Social Safeguards Specialist has overall accountability for environmental and social management of the MUDRP and leading the day to day tasks. He/she will have direct accountability to the Manager ESAMF and a second communication and reporting function to the Project Director and will provide support to other team members in terms of implementing the ESAMF. Independent ESAMF Advisors The independent ESAMF advisors/consultants will be responsible for assisting and guiding in the implementation of the environmental and social components of the ESAMF by undertaking specific studies such as ESIA and particularly the monitoring of environmental and social impacts. The consultants will report to the Project Director. Environmental and Social Focal Points HDC, MWSC, NDMA, MNDF Fire Services, Male’ City Council, Addu City Council, Thiladhunmathi Atoll Councils, and Lhaviyani Atoll Council would be required to nominate Environmental and Social Focal Points responsible for ensuring activities as per the ESAMF are well managed and report to the E&S Safeguards Coordinator based in the PMU. The Focal Points will assist in collecting data and timely completion of environmental and social instruments such as ESMPs and ESIAs, in collaboration with the Mayors and Councillors and take proactive measures during monitoring and reporting on compliance of due diligence mechanisms set forth in the ESAMF as well as conduct trainings as instructed by the E&S Safeguards Coordinator of the PMU who will provide them with training as required. As the Focal Points will be based outside PMU they will be required to conduct regular monitoring and reporting and facilitate good communication between PMU and HDC on safeguard issues and provide guidance to the contractors. In addition, they will also conduct awareness and training programs among the contractor staff and labour on ESMP implementation. Role of EPA Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 79 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP The EPA will work closely with the PMU, providing timely clearance and guidance on technical requirements for respective safeguard assessments by issuing specific TORs, conducting timely review of ESIA documents that will require their clearance and also ensure the needs for operational monitoring are well incorporated in the project. As the main regulator with regard to environmental management, once the sub-projects go into operational phase the EPA has the responsibility for conducting monitoring to ensure that the STP operates as per the applicable guideline of the ESIA and ESMP prepared. The EPA staff will be supported along with capacity building via the project including equipment, which would be used for monitoring compliance with regard to sewage and wastewater regulations and the project activities accordingly. The PMU E&S Safeguards Specialist will liaise closely with the EPA, who will have a supporting role in implementation as well as the sustainability of project outcomes. Roles and Responsibility of World Bank The World Bank project team, specifically the environmental and social safeguards specialists, will provide close supervision and necessary implementation support in the initial stages of the project in conducting screening, preparation of ESIAs and ESMPs. The specific tasks will include: 1. Undertake review of all safeguard instruments listed below: I. ToR for the ESAMF II. Tor for the ESIA for the STP III. All addendums and information that may be required by EPA IV. All ESMPs 2. Ensure regular missions to review overall safeguard performance and provide further implementation support 3. Share knowledge on technologies and best practices 4. Provide training support on Bank’s safeguards policies and requirements for the project. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 80 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP CHAPTER 11: COST ESTIMATES It is difficult to provide accurate cost estimates for the preparation of instruments at this stage of the project. Drawing from past project experience and current indicative costs, the following table provides rough estimates for costs of instruments, monitoring, and ESAMF implementation. All safeguards instruments have to be inbuilt into the project costs and shall be financed via the project and detailed project costs tables will include the necessary costs accordingly. The associated cost to implement ESMPs as well as training for project staff, and contractors shall be integrated into the project budget. The MUDRP shall ensure that all works contracts will include the ESMPs, and the cost of implementing the EMP will be identified as an item in the Bill of Quantities. Table 5: Cost estimate for implementation of ESAMF Activities Quantity Unit Rate in USD Total in USD Environmental Staff 1 2600/ Month 156,000 • Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialist Subtotal 156,000 Training and Awareness programs 1 5000 5000 • Trainings programs for PMU and Environmental and Social Focal points Safeguards Assessments • Recruitment of consultant to 1 42,600 42,600 prepare EISA for STP 1 5,000 5,000 • Recruitment of consultant to prepare ESIA for Male’ storm water drainage and rainwater harvesting and storage system • Recruitment of consultant to 1 5,000 5,000 prepare ESIA for EOCC construction and operation Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 81 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP • Recruitment of consultant to 3 10,000 30,000 prepare Strategic Environmental Assessment for three regional plans • Recruitment of consultant to prepare ESMPs. Environmental monitoring that includes sampling 5000 and laboratory testing by EPA for ESIAs and ESMPs Environmental Screening and monitoring by PMU 5000 (including transport, laboratory tests etc. Costs associated with mitigation measures Included in the construction costs Contingencies 10000 Total 263,500 Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 82 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 83 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure List of Annexures Annex 1: EPA EIA Screening Form and Translated Version Annex 2: TOR for ESIA for STP Annex 3: Generic TOR for ESMP 84 Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Annex 1: EPA EIA Screening Form and Translated Version Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 85 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 86 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP National Emblem Ministry of Environment Environmental Protection Agency EIA SCREENING FORM This form is in accordance with the 8th Clause of Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation (R-27- 2012) for screening of development project The form is divided in 3 parts, please complete all parts. Part 1: Proponents Information Name of person submitting form: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ID Card/Passport/Work permit number: ………………………… Company registration number:………………… Address:………………………………………………………………………… Email:………………………………………………………… Contact Person Name and Mobile number (A person who can give information regarding the development): …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Part 2: Project Description Project Title: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Objectives of the project: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Project cost: ……………………………………………………………………. Project duration:…………………………………….. Part 3: Proponent declaration I hereby confirm that all the information provided in this from is accurate. Name: ……………………………………………………………….. ID card number: ………………………………………………….. Date: ………………………………………………………………….. Signature: ……………………………………………………………. Office use Name of person who received the form: ………………………………… Time: ………………………………………………. Date: ………………………………………………………………….. Signature: ……………………………………………………………. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 87 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Documents to be submitted with form For submitter use For office use Documents, photos, permits and drawings related to the project Approved concept from relevant government institutions in project location Land use plan approved by designated government authority Permits issued by relevant government authority Project Schedule Project description (Please include each of the following aspects) • Project work description (work method statements, machiniaries and equipment, workforce details including temporary accommodation for workers, project schedule) shall be included; • Number and type of tree and palms which will be removed/uprooted/displaced as a result of project interventions; • Management plan for removed and uprooted trees and palms; • Project impact boundary (information on any Marine Protected Area or Environmentally Sensitive Area within 30 meter radius of the project site); • Work methodology for construction phase of water, sewerage and electrification projects; • Information on operational phase of water, sewerage and electrification projects; • Information on the distance between the vegetation line of the island and the project location; • The distance between the project location and house reef of the island if project is implemented within the lagoon; • Information on management of waste generated by the project; • Burrow areas for sediments (A A3 scaled map showing the burrowing site) Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 88 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Annex Two: TOR for ESIA for STP Terms of Reference for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the Wastewater Treatment Plant at Hulhumale’ Introduction The purpose of this Terms of Reference (ToR) is to define the scope of work and tasks for: (i) assessment of potential environment and social impacts, both positive and negative; and (ii) the development of an Environment and Social Management Framework (ESAMF) for the Maldives Urban Development and Resilience Project (MUDRP). The Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure, the implementing agency, will prepare and disclose the ESAMF to inform all stakeholders of potential social and environmental impacts of project activities before project appraisal by the World Bank. This ToR has been prepared for selecting a consultant to carry out the preparation of the ESAMF. Background Information The Maldives Urban Development and Resilience Project (MUDRP) is a project funded by Work Bank to enhance urban services and strengthen resilience in Hulhumale’. The planned operation proposes some concrete and broad engagements in the areas of (i) Technical Assistance for Hulhumalé Sustainable Urban Planning, Development and Management, (ii) Resilient Infrastructure and Emergency Preparedness; (iii) Sustainable Neighborhoods and Smart City Development; and (iv) Contingent Emergency Response. In the same line of engagement with the key stakeholders, the proposed Resilient Urban Infrastructure and Emergency Preparedness work will include improving urban services and infrastructure and possible sectoral interventions on Hulhumalé. The project intends to support the establishment of a Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) which will collect wastewater from Phase I of Hulhumale’ where it will be treated to Maldivian national wastewater standards for discharging into the marine environment. The treated wastewater will be either (i) reused as much as possible for non-potable applications and / or (ii) discharged Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 89 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP through the existing sea outfall into the ocean, should there be no demand for reuse treated wastewater. Sewerage from the entire Phase I of Hulhumale will be drained using the sewerage network that has been laid by the Housing Development Corporation (HDC) which has been developed to cover all households and institutions in the island. Study Area A land area of approximately 0.6 hectares from Hulhumale’ Phase 1 has been allocated by the HDC for the development of the sewage treatment plant. It is located in the zone where almost all the utilities and recreational works take place. Hence, no residential developments are planned in the area. However, the adjacent or remote areas are allocated for the industrial usages such as multipurpose production and distribution facilities, workshops and storage facilities etc. The supporting network pipes are planned to be connected to the respective STP locations once the STP is established. The STP conceptual design study will look into possible options to connect Phase II to the proposed STP/WWTP that will yield the highest effluent quality with the least environmental footprint and maintenance costs. Planned STP Provisions; • Location: Phase 1 • Size: (127.57m x 46.38m) 5,917sqm • Design Capacity of STP: 11,261 m3/day (AWWF in 35 years) Scope of work The consultant shall carry out the following tasks as part of the assignment; Task 1. Description of the proposed project – Provide a full description and justification of the relevant parts of the project, using maps at appropriate scales where necessary. The following should be provided based on the available information. (all inputs and outputs related to the proposed activities shall be justified): Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 90 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Specify materials, equipment, heavy machinery, staff estimate (quantity and period of time), key personnel positions, intermitted technical expertise required; Project management: Include communication of construction details, progress, target dates and duration of works, construction/operation/closure of labor camps access to site, safety, and material storage, water supply, waste management from construction operations, power and fuel supply; STP plant facility design • Describe treatment technology and capacity (envisage population growth in the next 30 years); • Specify catchment area: All flows that contribute to the server system including flows from the development area to the point of connection to the main line. I.e. Residential flows + Commercial flows + Institutional flows + Industrial flows) significantly variable depending on industry) + Infiltration/Inflow (rain water collection, if any); • Describe operation for dewatering excavations for pump stations and sewer trenches; • Mechanisms used to avoid pipe leakages protecting ground water contamination. • Specify an emergency plan if system fails. Temporary facilities • Construction methods, scheduling and operation of temporary facilities including • power generation, oil storage, water supply, wastewater treatment, accommodation facilities, waste management and decommissioning. • Labour requirements; • Material storage • Housing pf temporary labour • Waste management at the temporary facility Sea outfall pipeline • Justify outfall site selection including the distance from the reef and depth of the pipe • using oceanographic and ecological information. Current and waves ought to quickly disperse the discharged water with minimum impacts on marine ecosystems and economic activities. Illustrate the extent of the sediment plume. The public and stakeholders should support the location of the outfall site; • Describe equipment needed and construction methods for laying the offshore pipeline including handling and transportation. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 91 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Beneficiary Population • Catchment area of the STP • Number of HH/Population served • Benefits of the STP for individual households and residents of Hulhumale’ Task 2. Description of the existing environment - Assemble, evaluate and present the environmental, socio-economic and demographic baseline studies/data regarding the study area and timing of the project (e.g. monsoon season). Identify baseline data gaps and identify studies and the level of details to be carried out by consultant. Consideration of likely monitoring requirements should be borne in mind during survey planning, so that data collected is suitable for use as a baseline. As such all baseline data must be presented in such a way that they will be usefully applied to future monitoring. The report should outline detailed methodology of data collection utilized. The baseline data will be collected before construction and from at least two benchmarks; All data must be collected as per the requirements of the EPA Data Collection Guideline (published on www.epa.gov.mv). The report should outline detailed methodology of data collection utilized. All survey locations shall be referenced with Geographical Positioning System (GPS) including water sampling points, reef transects, vegetation transects and manta tows sites for posterior data comparison. Information should be divided into the categories shown below: General climatic conditions • Temperature, rainfall, wind, waves, evaporation rates • Risk of hurricanes and storm surges; Geology and geomorphology Geology and Geomorphology • Offshore/coastal geology and geomorphology (use maps); • Bathymetry (at the proposal outfall location and alternative locations) • Depths at the proposed outfall location and alternative locations Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 92 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP • Characteristics of seabed sediments to assess direct habitat destruction and turbidity impacts during construction. Hydrography/hydrodynamics (localized maps) • Tidal ranges and tidal currents; • Wave climate and wave induced currents (north, south, west, NE, SW, NW, SE); • Wind induced (seasonal) currents; • Sea water quality measuring these parameters: temperature, Ph, salinity, turbidity, sedimentation rate, phosphate, nitrate, ammonia, sulphate. • Depths at discharge locations All survey locations shall be referenced with Geographic Positioning System (GPS) including sampling points, sediment sampling rates. All water samples shall be taken at a depth of 1m from the mean sea level or mid water depth for shallow areas. Absence of facilities in the country to carry out the water quality tests will not exempt the proponent from the obligation to provide necessary data. The report should outline the detailed methodology of data collection utilized to describe the existing environment. Ecology • Identify marine protected areas (MPAs) and sensitive sites such as breeding or nursery grounds for protected or endangered species (e.g. coral reefs, spawning fish sites, nurseries for crustaceans or specific sites for marine mammals, sharks, and turtles). Include description of commercial species, species with potential to become nuisances or vector. Include map; • Marine habitat status including that of potential coral reef health, seagrass beds and benthic and fish community description around the island. Select a control site far from the outfall location and a test site at representative distances from the outfall discharge site; • Terrestrial monitoring for selecting the sites for the Water and STP facility Landscape integrity; • Include ground water monitoring; Socio-economic environment Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 93 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP • Demography: total population, number of households, sex ratio, family size, density, growth and pressure on land and marine resources; • Settlement patterns • Migration patterns (i.e., from the islands/atolls, from Male, etc) • Income situation and distribution • Economic activities of both men and women (e.g. fisheries, home gardening, fish processing, employment in industry, government); • Housing arrangements (i.e., rental, ownership, lease, mortgage, etc) • Seasonal changes in activities; • Land use planning, natural resource use zoning of activities at sea; Accessibility and (public) transport to other island; • Services quality and accessibility (water supply, waste/waste disposal, energy supply, social services like health and education); • Community need; • Sites with historical or cultural interest or sacred places (mosques, graveyard) • Major ongoing development activities Hazard vulnerability: • Vulnerability of area to flooding and storm surge to predict infiltration rates. Groundwater Aquifer • Assess the quality of aquifer for physical, chemical and biological parameters such as Ph, Salinity, Conductivity, BOD, COD, NO3, NH3, PO4, SO4 • Size of aquifer in terms of volume and aerial extent and average thickness • Estimated volume of groundwater that may be discharged into sea via sewerage system Task 3. Legislative and regulatory considerations – Identify the pertinent legislation, regulations and standards, and environmental and social policies that are relevant and applicable to the proposed project, including government’s development strategy in Hulhumale’, and identify the appropriate authority jurisdictions that will specifically apply to the project. Task 4. Potential impacts of the proposed project – The EIA report should identify all the impacts (direct, indirect and cumulative) and evaluate the magnitude and significance this shall include: Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 94 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Terrestrial impacts from construction • Loss of vegetation and fauna from land clearance activities, lifting stations and pipe works (deployment and dewatering); • Ground water quality; Impact from installing the sewage outfall pipe • Impacts from marine habitat destruction which may affect fish stocks and species diversity and density of invertebrates, • Increased turbidity and changes in sediment transport due to pipe introduction when pipe is on the sea bed; • Equipment, technical and spillage impacts during construction; Operational phase impacts from outfall discharges and sludge generation • Sediment plume extent should be delimited so that effects from nutrient inputs (water quality changes) on local reefs, fish and invertebrate communities can be identified; • Generation of sludge and method of disposal Sewage waste collection and disposal impacts • Specify methods of collection and transportation of sewage to the treatment site. Social impacts: • Odor and noise impacts; • Aesthetic on-land and underwater from outfall pipeline and turbidity for recreational users; • Increased demands on natural resources and services (domestic water supply, waste water disposal, treatment systems, solid waste disposal systems, energy supply, etc); • Acquisition of land (temporary, permanent) • Land use displacement and economic opportunities • Loss of income/livelihoods (temporary or permanent), including restriction of access to sources of livelihoods • Loss of trees, crops, structures, etc Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 95 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP • Impacts on common resources • Impacts on cultural/religious sites • Traffic impacts • Impacts from labor influx • Gender related impacts • Public safety issues • Public perception to the proposed project The methods used to identify the significance of the impacts shall be outlined. One or more of the following methods must be utilized in determining impacts: checklists, matrices, overlays, networks, household surveys, focus group discussion, key informant interviews, expert systems and professional judgment. Justification must be provided to the selected methodologies. The report should outline the uncertainties in impact prediction and also outline all positive and negative/short and long-term impacts. Identify impacts that are cumulative and unavoidable. Task 5. Alternatives to proposed project – Describe alternatives including the “no action option” should be presented. Determine the best practical environmental options. Alternatives examined for the proposed project that would achieve the same objective including the “no action alternative”. This should include alternatives for environmental, social and economic considerations. The report should highlight how the location was determined. All alternatives must be compared according to international standards and commonly accepted standards as much as possible. The comparison should yield the preferred alternative for implementation. Mitigation options should be specified for each component of the proposed project. Task 6. Preparation of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) – Identify possible measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Mitigation measures must also be identified for both construction and operation phase. Cost of the mitigation measures, equipment and resources required to implement those, measures should be specified. The confirmation of commitment of the developer to implement the proposed mitigation measures shall be included. An environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the proposed project, identifying responsible persons, their duties and commitments and resource requirements, as outlined above, shall also be given. In cases where impacts are unavoidable, arrangements to compensate for the environmental and social effects, shall be given. The ESMP Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 96 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP should also cover, establishment of a grievance redress mechanism, and measures for mitigating impacts form labor influx. Task 7. Development of monitoring plan – Identify the critical issues requiring monitoring to ensure compliance to mitigation measures and present impact management and monitoring plan for: • Physical parameters such as ground and sea water quality assessments and oceanographic studies. • Biological parameters such as terrestrial monitoring, coral reef and benthic monitoring, fish community census and terrestrial monitoring • Socio-economic parameters such as loss of land, income, sources of livelihoods, etc. Ecological monitoring will be submitted to the EPA to evaluate the damages during construction, after project completion and every three months thereafter, up to one year and then on a yearly basis for five years after. The baseline study described in task 2 of section 2 of this document is required for data comparison. Detail of the monitoring program including the physical and biological parameters for monitoring, cost commitment from responsible person to conduct monitoring in the form of a commitment letter, detailed reporting scheduling, costs and methods undertaking the monitoring program must be provided. Task 8. Stakeholder consultation, Inter-Agency coordination and public/NGO participation) ESIA report should include a list of people/groups consulted and what were the major outcomes. Identify appropriate mechanisms to supply stakeholders and the public with information about the development proposal and its progress. Major stakeholder consultation shall include relevant government ministries, government agencies, engineers/designers, development managers, STELCO, MWSC, proponents of the ongoing development projects at Hulhumale’ and other important (relevant) stakeholders. Presentation - The environmental and social impact assessment report, to be presented in digital format, will be concise and focus on significant environmental issues. It will contain the findings, conclusions, and recommended actions supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. The environmental assessment report will be organized according to, but not necessarily limited by, the outline given in the Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 97 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2012 and relevant amendments. The ESIA will have to be submitted and cleared by the EPA as well as the World Bank, and would have to disclosed locally as well as in World Bank’s external website. Timeframe for submitting the ESIA report – The development must submit the completed ESIA report within 1.5 months from the date of this Term of Reference. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 98 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Annex Three – Generic TOR for ESMP Objective and Scope of Preparation of Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMP) In order to ensure short and long term environmental impacts that would arise due to improvement and rehabilitation work (to be described in the first section based on the sub-project/activity), an ESMP plan will need to be developed as per the scope presented below and in accordance with the ESAMF of the Project. Field level verification should be conducted prior to the preparation of the ESMPs: 1. Identification of impacts and description of mitigation measures: Firstly, Impacts arising out of the project activities need to be clearly identified. Secondly, feasible and cost effective measures to minimize impacts to acceptable levels should be specified with reference to each impact identified. Further, it should provide details on the conditions under which the mitigatory measure should be implemented (ex; routine or in the event of contingencies) The ESMP also should distinguish between type of solution proposed (structural & nonstructural) and the phase in which it should become operable (design, construction and/or operational). 2. Enhancement plans: Positive impacts or opportunities arising out of the project need to be identified during the preparation of the check list and Environmental Assessment process where applicable. Some of these opportunities can be further developed to draw environmental and social benefits to the local area. The ESMP should identify such opportunities and develop a plan to systematically harness any such benefit. 3. Monitoring programme: In order to ensure that the proposed mitigatory measures have the intended results and complies with national standards and donor requirements, an environmental performance monitoring programme should be included in the ESMP. The monitoring programme should give details of the following; a. Monitoring indicators to be measured for evaluating the performance of each mitigatory measure (for example national standards, engineering structures, extent of area replanted, etc). b. Monitoring mechanisms and methodologies c. Monitoring frequency d. Monitoring locations 4. Institutional arrangements: Institutions/parties responsible for implementing mitigatory measures and for monitoring their performance should be clearly identified. Where necessary, Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 99 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP mechanisms for institutional co-ordination should be identified as often monitoring tends to involve more than one institution. 5. Implementing schedules: Timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measures with links to overall implementation schedule of the project should be specified. 6. Reporting procedures: Feedback mechanisms to inform the relevant parties on the progress and effectiveness of the mitigatory measures and monitoring itself should be specified. Guidelines on the type of information wanted and the presentation of feedback information should also be highlighted. 7. Cost estimates and sources of funds: Implementation of mitigatory measures mentioned in the ESMP will involve an initial investment cost as well as recurrent costs. The ESMP should include costs estimates for each measure and also identify sources of funding. 8. Contract clauses: This is an important section of the ESMP that would ensure recommendations carried in the ESMP will be translated into action on the ground. Contract documents will need to be incorporated with clauses directly linked to the implementation of mitigatory measures. Mechanisms such as linking the payment schedules to implementation of the said clauses could be explored and implemented, as appropriate. The format to present the ESMP in a matrix is provided below: Stage Activity Environmental Proposed Cost Implementation Monitoring Impacts mitigation responsibility responsibility measures and progress And frequency Design Construction Operational Important to note the following when using this template: • What go in as the EMP to the bid and contract documents of construction contractor is the sections highlighted in blue, as Implementation Progress is not relevant at the time of bidding and Operational responsibilities would lie with the MWSC and MUDRP PMU. • Any activity that may be identified as the responsibility of design engineers should not be part of the EMP that goes into the bid and contract documents of construction contractors Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 100 | P a g e Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MUDRP Important to note: The consultant is responsible to ensure the ESAMF requirements are taken into consideration in the designing of infrastructure. The ESMP Presentation The ESMP should follow the same sequence as the tasks described above including the ESMP matrix provided above. Consultant Qualifications The design consultant team should include an expert with at least 8 years of experience preparing environmental management and monitoring plans for infrastructure construction, improvement and rehabilitation, costing of mitigation measures and preparing contractor clauses necessary to capture ESMP implementation needs. Reporting and feedback schedule All submissions related to the assignment should be submitted to MUDRP PMU, as hard copies and electronically. The duration of the consultancy is x months. During the final submission of the ESMP report, if changes requested during the draft report stage have not been incorporated in a satisfactory manner to the client and the World Bank, the consultant will be required to work further on the document until it is considered satisfactory. Environment and Social Assessment and Management Framework 101 | P a g e