Optional Sectoral Module ENERGY In a resilient city, the energy system offers a secure supply of power that ensures the continuity of services in the event of disruptions (robust). It has spare capacity to provide power to the city under any circumstances, especially to ensure continuity to the functioning of critical infrastructure like hospitals and government buildings (redundant). The planning for and design of energy infrastructure is informed by an integrated risk assessment taking major shocks and stresses into consideration (reflectiveness). A resilient energy system provides access to electricity to all societal groups, and embraces both centralized and decentralized approaches as appropriate (inclusive and redundant). Management of the energy system, including decisions regarding distribution and pricing, is inclusive of local departments and stakeholders (coordinated and inclusive). APPLICABLE RELARIONSHIP TO RESILIENCE TOPIC GUIDING QUESTION RESILIENCE QUALITY QUALITY Institutional Who manages the city’s energy Coordinated Close coordination among utilities Capacity planning? What is the city’s and between utilities and the degree of influence/control city can improve planning and over power utilities? Do power accelerate response in case of utilities have collaboration disruption. Ability to exercise channels in place for emergency influence/control over power situation (e.g., agreement on utilities helps the city ensure sharing excess demand, etc.)? continuous supply to critical systems. Institutional Does the city have updated data Reflective Maintaining an overview of energy Capacity on energy consumption across consumption across sectors allows sectors? the city to manage health and environmental impacts of energy use. 1 Regulatory Is there a regulatory framework Robust A regulatory framework for Framework in place to reduce risks in the the city’s energy system can energy system, and potential be used to mitigate climate, cascading impacts (e.g., loss and other risks, by making of economic productivity, sure these are integrated into disruption of critical services infrastructure updates and such as hospitals, etc.) new design requirements. To better manage risks to the city’s energy system, regulations can require diversification of energy generation and supply, as well as establishment of back-up generating systems for critical services. Finance What are the funding sources Robust A financially healthy energy sector for the energy system and is with diverse and reliable sources of the supply of energy financially funding helps to ensure continuity sustainable (i.e., does it achieve in service provision. Cost recovery cost recovery)? in the power sector implies a sustainable management, where revenues from electricity sales recover operational expenses at the very minimum. Finance Is contingency financing Redundant A contingency fund covers available for energy supply unexpected damages to infrastructure and service energy infrastructure/facilities, delivery? accommodates sudden demand increase and/or changes in energy prices. Planning Do building and zoning codes Robust Enforced zoning codes help prevent the siting of critical prevent siting of critical energy infrastructure in hazard infrastructure in exposed areas, exposed areas? Are the building thus avoiding service disruption and zoning codes enforced? Are in the event of a disaster. New new developments obliged to developments should consider integrate power supply in their the conditions of the area's design? energy supply to avoid overload, incorporate power supply as part of the design, and smart technologies for reducing consumption. 2 Planning How has the city’s energy Reflective Past experiences can help cities infrastructure and equipment understand vulnerabilities and been impacted by past strong points in their energy disasters? Has this experience system, as well as the effects that informed design and siting specific events can have on the of new infrastructure and city's energy system. equipment? Planning Have previous disruptions Reflective Technologies that promote informed improvements in equipment robustness can be technology and substantial used to prevent disruptions during changes in the energy system disaster events. Knowledge about (e.g. flood-proofing of system vulnerabilities can be used substations, undergrounding to make improvements to avoid critical overhead lines, repeating previous failures. replacement of wood poles with steel, equipping grids with smart grid capabilities, etc.)? Planning Does the city have contingency Robust Contingency plans help utilities plans for major failures within and the city prepare equipment the energy sector? and procedures for when disasters occur, which helps accelerate the response and minimize the impact. Access Is there a mismatch between Redundant Excess capacity can prove energy demand and energy useful when a portion of the supply? How much excess energy system is impacted by a capacity is there in the city's hazard, but could also represent energy supply? inefficiencies in the energy system. Regular monitoring of energy consumption can reduce these inefficiencies while making sure the energy system can provide continuous services during disaster events. 3 Access Do all areas of the city and all Inclusive Lack of electricity can have socio-economic segments of the adverse impacts on other sectors population have 24-hour access (health, manufacture, etc.). to electricity? Are there areas in Efforts should focus on providing the city that are more vulnerable predictable electricity access to all than others to power blackouts? populations in the city, as well as prioritizing critical infrastructure, such as hospitals, public- transportation, etc. Generation Is the city's energy supply Redundant An energy sector with diverse diversified in terms of type (e.g., technology and sources is better coal, solar, hydro) and source equipped to address disruptions (private, public, imported)? in energy supply. Reliable and How are different system types distributed energy supply has distributed across the city? a better chance of providing Who is the main provider? sustained, uninterrupted Does the city have control electricity if a localized disaster over main energy sources? Are occurs. there rules and incentives in place to encourage distributed generation? Generation Is the city’s energy supply Robust Economic and political changes vulnerable to price shocks can impact fuel supply and and political instability? What therefore electricity generation. percentage of the city’s energy This includes changes within the supply is dependent on foreign country or at an international fuels? level, especially if the city heavily relies on foreign fuel imports. Generation Could climate change or known Robust Calculating the potential impacts natural hazards affect the of future weather events allows balance of different types of the city to prepare and avoid over- energy generation assets? In reliance on energy generation what way and where? assets vulnerable to climate change, such as hydropower. 4 Generation Do businesses, industries, Redundant Own energy generation or back residences, and key energy up generation can be critical for consumers (e.g. hospitals, fire facilities that rely on electricity to stations, shelters, etc.) have deliver basic services. Minimum back-up energy generator levels of services need to be capacity with fuel/battery maintained in case of power storage in the event of a power outages. This serves as additional outage? What is the proportion capacity for the energy system. of commercial / residential / institutional buildings served by own energy generation? Demand Will the anticipated effects Reflective Ability to assess the impacts of of climate change have a climate change on energy demand significant impact on local allows the city to adapt the design energy demand (e.g. increased of its energy system, including demand for heating/cooling)? use of new infrastructure, Have future demand changes sources and technologies, to best been incorporated into energy accommodate future demand. system design? Demand Does the city promote energy Reflective Successful energy reduction reduction among industrial, programs can lessen the pressure commercial, or residential on limited energy sources, consumers by means of something that is particularly education, community important in face of increasing training and awareness raising number of energy consumers. campaigns? Has the city made Energy retrofitting of public any efforts to increase energy infrastructure and buildings is an efficiency in public buildings? opportunity for cities to increase durability and resiliency of its assets. Demand Do utilities have authority Robust Demand side management can and capacity for demand help reduce demand during peak side management (e.g. load hours and reduce the need for shedding, financial incentives, investments in networks and/or etc.)? power plants for meeting peak demands. 5 Vulnerability What proportion of electrical Robust In case of prolonged events, it is assets is exposed to hazards? To useful to know the total capacity what degree of hazard intensity of facilities that can continue to can the electricity provision in function, as well as the coverage the city remain functional? What that can be achieved with these. proportion of electrical energy To increase reliability of electricity user accounts is exposed to supply, exposure of electrical user hazards? [Lens 3 – CRF 7] accounts should be minimized. Safety Does the city provide electrical Robust Making citizens aware of electrical safety recommendations to it safety procedures is important citizens, both regarding risky for ensuring their well-being household wiring and illegal and maintaining undisturbed connection to distribution distribution channels. networks? Distribution Could climate change or Robust If the effects of repeated weather known natural hazards affect events can be predicted, the the performance of energy city can improve the design of distribution networks (e.g. distribution systems to better robustness of power-lines)? In withstand their impacts. what way and where? Distribution Is the design of the power Robust A compartmentalized network distribution network helps ensure continuous supply compartmentalized enough to despite failure in one part of the deal with faults on the line? Can network. Compartmentalization the utilities isolate critical parts also provides more time for of the network and keep these response. running despite failure in other parts of the network? Transmission Does the city know its total Reflective Transmission and distribution & Distribution: transmission and distribution losses are unavoidable, but losses and the reasons for these keeping them to a minimum can (e.g. inefficiency, theft and have considerable effects on pilferage, etc.)? Are there any demand and costs. Transmission efforts/strategies for limiting and distribution losses create losses from the transmission demand for excess capacity that and distribution systems? would otherwise not be needed. 6 Distribution Is the city’s gas distribution Robust Since gas itself can be a hazard, (natural gas) done through piping or by using knowledge about a city’s gas gas trucks to deliver tanks/ distribution helps identify charge stationary tanks? What vulnerabilities. It is useful to proportion of gas user accounts identify the degree of hazard is currently exposed to hazards? events that can disrupt gas supply To what degree of hazard and how many people such a intensity can the gas provision in disturbance will affect. the city remain functional? Distribution What proportion of major fuel Robust Evaluating the level of stations’ (fuel) distribution stations in the city exposure helps assess fuel are exposed to hazards? To accessibility during disaster what degree of hazard intensity events. In case of prolonged can the major fuel distribution events, it is useful to know which stations in the city remain fuel distribution facilities can functional? continue to function, as well as the coverage that can be achieved with these. Lack of fuel can have cascading impacts on functions which depend on fuel for mobility (e.g., ambulances, fire trucks etc.) Distribution Does the city have its own Redundant Sustained fuel availability is (fuel) network of gas station and required for mobilizing aid and mobile fueling trucks to bypass providing basic transportation the retail liquid fuels market in options. case of supply chain breakdown? 7