THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA MINISTRY OF WATER DEVELOPMENT, SANITATION AND ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) REPORT LUSAKA SANITATION PROJECT PRIORITY(YEAR 1) SEWERAGE WORKS APRIL 2017 Developer: Financed by: Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company World Bank Group Plot 871/2 Katemo Road, Rhodes Park. P.O. Box 50198 LUSAKA Email: lwsc@lwsc.com.zm PROJECT DETAILS Project Title : Lusaka Sanitation Project Year 1 Investments Developer : Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Consultant : Lusaka Sanitation Project – Environment and Social Safeguards Unit Project Details Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS PROJECT DETAILS ............................................................................................................................. I TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................VII ESIA TEAM COMPOSITION ......................................................................................................... XIII DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY.............................................................................................XIV ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................XV INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1. PROJECT BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2. PROJECT SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 4 1.3. NEED FOR THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................. 5 1.4. PROJECT ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................... 6 1.5. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.6. OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA ........................................................................................................... 8 1.7. STUDY METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 8 1.8. SCOPING PROCESS FOR ESIA.................................................................................................... 9 1.9. SCOPING REPORT .................................................................................................................... 10 1.10. ALTERNATIVES AND ROUTE SELECTION .................................................................................. 10 1.11. IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ............................................................................... 10 1.12. PARTICULARS OF SHAREHOLDERS AND DIRECTORS ............................................................... 11 1.13. DEVELOPER’S TRACK RECORD ............................................................................................. 11 1.14. PROJECT COST .................................................................................................................... 12 1.15. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION DATE ......................................................................................... 12 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK CHAPTER 2 .................................. 13 2.1 REVIEW OF POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ................................................. 13 2.1.1 Legal Framework ....................................................................................................... 13 2.2 APPLICABLE ZEMA REGULATIONS ........................................................................................... 24 2.2.1Air Pollution Control (Licensing and Emissions Standards) Regulations, 2013 .. 24 2.2.2 Water Pollution Control (Effluent and Waste Water) Regulations, 2013..... 24 2.2.3 Waste Management (Licensing Of Transporters of Waste and Waste Disposal Sites) Regulations, 2013 ........................................................................................... 24 2.2.4 Hazardous Waste Management Regulations, 2013 ........................................ 24 2.3 RELEVANT N ATIONAL PLANS, POLICES AND STRATEGIES ........................................................... 25 2.4 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS .................................................................. 29 2.5 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND PROTOCOLS ................................................................... 29 2.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)........................................................... 29 2.5.2 Ramsar Convention .................................................................................................. 29 Project Details Page i 2.5.3 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCDC) .................................................................................................................................... 30 2.6 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ............................................................................................. 31 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................... 35 3.1 GENERAL LOCATION ............................................................................................................... 35 3.2 DETAILED LOCATION DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Sewer Network Expansion along Kafue Road; Collection Sewer Expansion (CSE 23)35 3.2.2 Sewer Network Expansion in Emmasdale/Chaisa: Collection Sewer Expansion (CSE 08) .................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.3 Sewer Network Upgrade for Ngwerere West Interceptor: Collection Sewer Upgrade (CSU 05) ..................................................................................................................... 36 3.3 NATURE OF WORKS.................................................................................................................. 41 3.4 RAW M ATERIALS ...................................................................................................................... 41 3.4.1 Process and technology.......................................................................................... 41 3.4.2 Products and by products ...................................................................................... 42 3.5 PROJECT SCHEDULE ................................................................................................................. 42 3.6 MAIN PROJECT ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................................ 42 3.6.1 Preparation Phase ..................................................................................................... 42 3.6.2 Construction Phase ................................................................................................... 42 3.6.3 Operational Phase .................................................................................................... 43 3.6.4 Decommissioning Phase.......................................................................................... 43 CONSIDERATION OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES CHAPTER 4 ............................................... 44 4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVES............................................................................................. 44 4.1.1 Site Selection............................................................................................................... 44 4.1.2 Pipe Network Material selection ........................................................................... 44 4.1.3 Construction Methods and Techniques .............................................................. 44 4.1.4 Selected Alternatives ............................................................................................... 44 4.1.5 Justification for Selected Options ......................................................................... 45 4.1.6 The Zero Option Alternative.................................................................................... 45 DESCRIPTION OF THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER 5 ............................................ 46 5.1 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................... 46 5.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................................... 46 5.2.1 Climate and Meteorology ...................................................................................... 46 5.2.2 Precipitation ................................................................................................................ 46 5.2.3 Wind .............................................................................................................................. 48 5.2.4 Geology ....................................................................................................................... 49 5.2.5 Topography and Drainage..................................................................................... 53 5.2.6 Groundwater .............................................................................................................. 53 5.2.12 Effluent Quality ............................................................................................................... 54 Project Details Page ii 5.2.7 Soil Quality ................................................................................................................... 54 5.2.8 Land Tenure ................................................................................................................ 55 5.2.9 Land Use....................................................................................................................... 55 5.2.10 Built Environment........................................................................................................ 56 5.2.11 Noise and Vibration .................................................................................................. 56 5.2.12 Soil .................................................................................................................................. 56 5.2.13 Structures and Housing ............................................................................................ 58 5.3 ECOLOGICAL .......................................................................................................................... 58 5.3.1 Flora ............................................................................................................................... 58 5.3.2 Fauna ............................................................................................................................ 59 5.4 SOCIO - ECONOMIC BASELINE ENVIRONMENT:........................................................................ 59 5.4.1 Education Literacy Levels ....................................................................................... 59 5.4.2 Government Schools ................................................................................................ 59 5.4.3 Private and Community Schools ........................................................................... 60 5.4.4 Energy Services .......................................................................................................... 60 5.4.5 Gender Equity ............................................................................................................ 60 5.4.6 Institutionalizing Gender Equity.............................................................................. 61 5.4.7 Gender Mainstreaming ........................................................................................... 61 5.4.8 Social-economic Disruptions and Compensation ........................................... 62 5.4.9 Livelihood Situation ................................................................................................... 63 5.4.10 Archaeological and Cultural Environment ........................................................ 64 5.4.11 Medical Facilities ....................................................................................................... 64 5.4.12 Religious Practices and Rites .................................................................................. 64 5.4.13 Crops/Fruit trees ......................................................................................................... 65 5.4.14 Profile of Low-Income Community Residents .................................................... 65 5.4.15 Education .................................................................................................................... 66 5.4.16 Transport / Communication ................................................................................... 67 5.4.17 Energy ........................................................................................................................... 67 5.4.18 Traffic............................................................................................................................. 67 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS CHAPTER 6 ......................................................... 68 6.1 THE NATURE AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS ............................................................................. 68 6.1.1 Assumptions and Limitations................................................................................... 69 6.2 POSITIVE IMPACTS .................................................................................................................... 70 6.2.1 Creation of Jobs and Business Opportunities .................................................... 70 6.2.2 Improve Provision of Sanitation Services ............................................................. 70 6.2.3 Reduced Public Health Risks and Associated Treatment Costs ................... 70 6.2.4 Improved ground water and surface water quality........................................ 70 6.3 NEGATIVE IMPACTS .................................................................................................................. 71 6.3.1 Impacts on Ground and Surface Water ............................................................. 71 6.3.2 Ecological Impacts ................................................................................................... 71 6.3.3 Impacts on Soils.......................................................................................................... 71 Project Details Page iii 6.3.4 Disturbance on Air Quality ...................................................................................... 71 6.3.5 Increased Levels of Noise and Vibration ............................................................ 72 6.3.6 Visual intrusion ............................................................................................................ 72 6.3.7 Temporary and Permanet Displacement ........................................................... 72 6.3.8 Impact of Public Traffic ............................................................................................ 72 6.3.9 Impacts on Public Utility Infrastructre. .................................................................. 73 6.3.10 Generation of Waste ................................................................................................ 73 6.3.11 Occupational Health and Safety Risks ................................................................ 73 6.3.12 Impact on Water Resources ................................................................................... 73 6.3.13 Impact on landscape and Aesthetics ................................................................ 73 6.3.14 Impact of Rock Blasting ........................................................................................... 74 6.3.15 Impact of Hydrocarbon on Soils............................................................................ 74 6.3.16 Public Health and Safety ......................................................................................... 74 6.3.17 Increased incidence of HIV/AIDs and other communible diseases ........... 74 6.4 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE .................... 75 6.5 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPERATIONAL PHASE ............................ 78 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN CHAPTER 7 80 DECOMMISSIONING AND CLOSURE PLAN CHAPTER 8 ....................................................... 96 8.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE DECOMMISSIONING AND CLOSURE PLAN ................................................. 96 8.2 PUMPING EQUIPMENT .............................................................................................................. 96 8.3 PIPE MATERIAL ......................................................................................................................... 97 8.4 BUILDINGS................................................................................................................................ 97 8.5 DECOMMISSION COSTS ........................................................................................................... 97 ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN CHAPTER 9 ............................................ 98 9.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 98 9.1.1 Objective of the ERP................................................................................................. 98 9.1.2 Potential Emergencies ............................................................................................. 98 9.1.3 Technological Emergencies ................................................................................... 98 9.1.4 Human Error Emergencies ....................................................................................... 99 9.1.5 Physical Emergencies ............................................................................................... 99 9.1.6 Natural Emergencies ................................................................................................ 99 9.1.7 Chemical Spills............................................................................................................ 99 9.1.8 Fire................................................................................................................................ 100 9.1.9 Emergency Management Elements .................................................................. 100 9.1.10 Emergency Response Chain Of Command .................................................... 100 9.1.11 Resource List.............................................................................................................. 101 9.1.12 Training ....................................................................................................................... 101 9.1.13 Emergency Response Monitoring and Evaluation ......................................... 102 DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY OF REPORT CHAPTER 10 ............................................. 103 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 104 Project Details Page iv APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................ 105 APPENDIX 1: ZEMA APPROVAL LETTER ............................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX 2: ZEMA ESIA FORMAT.................................................................................................... 106 APPENDIX 3 : TERMS OF REFERENCE................................................................................................... 110 APPENDIX 4: PUBLIC DISCLOSURE NOTICE ........................................................................................ 125 APPENDIX 5: MINUTES OF PUBLIC DISCLOSURE MEETING ................................................................... 129 APPENDIX 6: NOTICE OF SCOPING MEETING ..................................................................................... 136 APPENDIX 7: MINUTES OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING- SCOPING STAGE .................................. 137 APPENDIX 8: MINUTES OF SCOPING................................................................................................... 140 APPENDIX 9: ATTENDANCE LISTS AND PICTURES OF MEETINGS .......................................................... 145 APPENDIX 10: COPIES OF STAKEHOLDER CONSENT .......................................................................... 154 APPENDIX 11: WATER AND SOIL SAMPLING RESULTS .......................................................................... 157 APPENDIX 12: CHANCE FIND PROCEDURE (CFP) ............................................................................. 166 Project Details Page v List of Tables: Table 1: Investment priotirites and time frames ................................................................. 4 Table 2: Shareholders ..................................................................................................................11 Table 3: Cost breakdown for the project ...............................................................................12 Table 4: Ramsar Sites in Zambia ................................................................................................29 Table 5: World Bank Safeguards Policies ................................................................................31 Table 6: World Bank Polices Triggered on the LSP .................................................................33 Table 7: Standard Concrete Pipe Sizes and Proof Load1 (SANS 676 and 677) ...............43 Table 8: Influence of geological features on borehole yields ............................................51 Table 9: Average aquifer properties in Lusaka ......................................................................51 Table 10: Summary of Parameters considered during sampling tests ..............................54 Table 11: Soil Analysis (Test Carried out by Environmental Engineering Laboratory, UNZA School of Engineering, 11th April 2016) ..........................................................................55 Table 12: Summary of impacts during the construction phase..........................................75 Table 13: Summary of Impacts during operational phase ..................................................78 Table 14: Summary of Environmental and Social Management Plan ..............................80 Table 15: Decommissioning Costs ............................................................................................97 List of Figures: Figure 1: Ownership of LWSC by Municipalities ...................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Project location map .................................................................................................35 Figure 3: Location of CSE 23 ......................................................................................................37 Figure 4: Location of CSE 08 ......................................................................................................38 Figure 5: Location of CSE 08 ......................................................................................................39 Figure 6: Location of CSU 05 ......................................................................................................40 Figure 7: Average Precipitation of Lusaka (Sourced from Weather base, 2016) ...........47 Figure 8: Average Number of Rainy Days in Lusaka (Sourced from Weather base, 2016) ................................................................................................................................................47 Figure 9: Average Daily Sunshine for Lusaka (Sourced from Weather base, 2016)... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 10: Average Temperature of Lusaka (Sourced from Weather base, 2016) .... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 11: Average Relative Humidity (Sourced from Weather base, 2016) .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 12: Average Wind Speed (Sourced from Weather base, 2016) ............................48 Figure 13: Map Showing Lusaka Aquifer System and Adjacent Areas (Sourced from BGR, 2016 ..............................................................................................................................52 Figure 14: The affected business women................................................................................62 Figure 15: Verandah of the Church Affected .......................................................................63 Figure 16: Emergency Response Chain of Command ......................................................101 Project Details Page vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Environmental and Social Impact (ESIA) report has been prepared for the proposed Lusaka Sanitation Project Priority (Year 1) sewerage works subproject which is being implemented by Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) and funded by the World Bank (WB) and Government of Republic of Zambia (GRZ) in compliance with the Zambian Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2011 and its associated Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations, Statutory Instrument Number 28 of 1997. The above law and regulations stipulate that “No developer shall implement a project unless an environmental and social impact study has been carried out and approved by the agency, herein Zambian Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). This is also in line with the World Bank Safeguards Policies that requires an environment assessment study to be carried out before implementation of any project. Background Water supply and sanitation has remained a core developmental challenge for Zambia and continues to affect both economic and social development of the country. The lack of adequate water supply and sanitation have continued to pose a risk to both public health and the environment, further constraining budgetary needs to solve the many economic challenges the country faces. Lack of adequate sanitation in Zambia significantly impacts human development. It is estimated that the country loses 1.3% of its GDP to public health impacts stemming from poor sanitation which results incidences of waterborne diseases and with the most vulnerable being the children. The economic burden of inadequate sanitation falls most heavily on the poor who have inadequate sanitation facilities. The adverse impact of poor sanitation is most acute in Lusaka due to its high population density and the high number of unplanned settlements. Lusaka is currently facing a sanitation crisis that is claiming many lives due to the frequent outbreaks of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid and dysentery and this further contributes to incidences of environmental contamination. An estimated 70% of Lusaka’s urban residents live in 33 “peri- urban areas”, which are relatively high-density, unplanned neighbourhoods largely comprising of residents in the lower income group. Roughly 90% of peri- urban areas rely on pit latrines, most of which are “unimproved” and do not comply with the joint monitoring programme definition of adequate sanitation and the remaining 10% living in peri-urban areas are connected to the sewerage network, use onsite sanitation such as septic tanks or defecate in the open environment (estimated at 1%). In addition, 60% of Lusaka’s water supply is derived from fairly shallow groundwater abstracted within the city, which is prone to contamination through fissures in the underlying rock. Lusaka Sanitation Program The Lusaka Sanitation Program is one of the first steps towards in the implementation of the Lusaka Sanitation Master Plan. The Lusaka Sanitation Master Plan is a report that documents the investment need of Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) over the next over the next 25 years. The Executive Summary Page vii Government of Zambia is implementing the Lusaka Sanitation Program with the aim of providing adequate sanitation facilities to all urban citizens of Lusaka Province, starting with investments in Lusaka City. The Program is being implemented by LWSC and will implement investments consistent with the Lusaka Sanitation Master Plan. Four International Financial Institutions (IFIs) have been requested to support the Lusaka Sanitation Program: the European Investment Bank (EIB), Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbank (KfW), the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the World Bank. The LSP is aligned with the World Bank Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) (FY13-16) for Zambia and is intended to improve public health status to help abate, chronic malnutrition and environmental pollution. Through the provision of adequate sanitation services, the Program is expected to improve Lusaka’s poor public health. Project Objectives The objective of the LSP is to increase access to sanitation services in selected areas of Lusaka such as Kafue Road, Emmasdale, Chaisa and Mandevu and strengthen LWSC’s capacity to manage sanitation services. This will be achieved by carrying out a number of interventions through expansion of existing collection sewer network and improved on site sanitation facilities. Specifically the LSP aims at bringing the following benefits:  Increase the number of households serviced by LWSC sewerage network, improved sanitation will bring a positive economic impact on the commercial value of properties that will be connected and boost business opportunities  Increase the capacity of WWTP in handling domestic and trade effluents to ensure that the final effluent quality complies with ZEMA standards  Reduce incidents of sewer leakages by replacing the old pipe network with modern uPVC pipes that are resistant to corrosion and thus increase ease of maintenance. This will lead to reduction of both surface and groundwater pollution from spillages and sewer intrusion.  Reduce environmental health risks associated with poor sanitation and minimize and/or eliminate incidences of waterborne diseases such as cholera and dysentery, improved public health and sanitation will ultimately lead to reduction on medical costs in treatment of water related diseases. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) In order to ensure that the positive impacts are enhanced and the negative impacts are prevented or minimized, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been undertaken to determine the environmental and socio-economic implications of constructing the sanitation project in the existing environment in line with the provisions of the Environmental Management Act of 2011. Both the positive and negative impacts for the preparation/construction and operation phases have been considered. Executive Summary Page viii Objectives of ESIA The main objective of study was to carry out an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the proposed LSP in accordance with the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) and World Bank Safeguard Policies. The specifically objectives are:  Establish baseline information on both natural and bulit environment including socioeconomic conditions of the proposed project  Predict and evaluate forseeable impacts both positive and adverse  Analyse alternatives of the proposed project and  Develop mitigation measures that aim at eliminating or minimising the potential negative impacts and promote positive ones. Study Methodology To achieve the study objectives, the Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Safeguard followed regulations stipulated in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regulations Statutory Instrument No.28 of 1997 and the World Bank safeguard policies on Environmental and Social Sustainability. The study followed the following approach.  Scoping and preliminary assessment  Review of baseline data on baseline information  Review of Zambian Envronmental Policies and Regulations including World Bank Safeguard Policies  Review of previous meetings and consultaions with stakeholder during prepration of Environmental and Social Management Framework(ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework(RPF)  Field surveys on project sites in order to gather information and data on various aspect of project sites.  Site locations,land cover and the proposed infrastructure were described fully with clear maps for comprehensive understanding of the area.  A description of the project activities was made to make the task of planning and monitoring easier during the implementation of mitigation measures for the identified impacts. Project Description The Lusaka Sanitation Project will be implemented within Lusaka City the capital of Zambia located and the following are the subprojects that have been identified for Year One investment: Collection System Expansion (CSE 23) along Kafue Road The Kafue road collection sewer upgrade is located in the south –west of Lusaka and extends from Kafue roundabout at the southern at the southern end of Cairo road to the junction of Kafue Road with Chifundo Road. It is a growing commercial area including a large shopping center in the north, having currently on-site sanitation systems. Executive Summary Page ix Collection System Expansion (CSE 08) in Emmasdale and Chaisa This area covers the Emmasdale and Chaisa and lies within the Ngwerere watershed. The residential and commercial facilities within existing in the area are currently served by pit latrines and septic tanks. This is a flood prone area it’s a population is medium to high. Collection System Upgrade (CSE 05) Ngwerere West Interceptor This subproject area follows the Bombay drainage along Mutambe and Chaisa locations. The area comprises of peri urban areas of Mandevu, Garden and Mazyopa areas. A significant amount of wastewater from the old sewer pipeline leaks is discharged into the environment hence polluting the nearby stream. The proposal is to partly realign and upgrade this sewer line due to informal resettlements and churches that have built on the old sewer line. Potential Positive Impacts The project is expected to have both positive and negative impacts. The following are some of the positive impacts that arise due to the implementation of LSP.  The upgrade and rehabilitation of the sewer network will provide additional capacity to accomodate flows from new sewer catachement areas.  Reduce contamination of ground and surface water source  Reduce risk of public health to surrounding areas  Enhance efficiency,with respect to internal hygiene through use of sewerborne toilets Potential Negative Impacts The broader negative impacts arising from the construction and post construction of the sewer network are:  Potential discruptions of the existing sewernetwork  Potential dust emmissions during construction activities from earthmoving,material preparation and mobilisations  Potential elavated noise levels to neighoods from from construction activities.  Potential safety risk to road users from heavy trucks delivering construction materials.  Increased volumetric discharge into the environment effectively higher pollution loading in the even of operational failure.  Potential impact spillage from accidential spillage of sewers and hydrocarbons.  Potential ersosion of bare grounds to be mitigated by safeguards in contracts.  Temporary relocation of vendors in Kamwala and Chifundo Markets  Particial displacments of toilets and structures in Mandevu Township Executive Summary Page x  Permanet displacements of a house in Mazyopa.  Potential significant hazard from rock blasting activities  Potential direct impact of querries and burrow sites  Potential impacts from indiscriminate disposal of waste and hazardous waste.  Visual intrusion likely to occur during earthworks  Significant impact of restricated access to residential and commercial properties whose access will be temporary affected.  Significant impact on traffic control since these works will be carried out within residential areas that are busy and congested.  Significant impacts of accidents arising from active construction sites  Potential impact on school going children since the project will be impacted in areas where there are schools.  Impact on small gardens,fruits and entrances within the project areas of Emmasdale and Mandevu.  Potential for increase in HIV/AIDs due to migration of workers and change in behaviour due to increased incomes. Environmental and Social Management Plan In order to effectively manage the environmental impacts and the proposed mitigation measures identified above, LWSC has developed an Environmental Management and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to monitor and mitigate the potential impact that will arise from the implementation of the LSP. This ESIA includes an ESMP which details the mitigation measures, environmental monitoring activities and institutional responsibilities. The relevant ESMP provisions are included in the bid and contract documents. The project supervising consultant will monitor the works contractor’s environmental and social performance and ESMP implementation whilst the PMU will oversee the overall implementation of the ESMP. Conclusion In conclusion, if the mitigation measures for adverse impacts identified in this ESIA are implemented, as presented in the Environmental, Social Management Plan (ESMP), the project will meet its intended objective of providing a long term solution to the current sanitation challenges in Lusaka. It is recommended that the both LWSC and contractor engages all stakeholders during project implementation to create a sense of ownership, transparency and accountability. Executive Summary Page xi Managing Director Statement We trust that the above provides a fair and accurate Executive Summary of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the proposed Lusaka Sanitation Project Priority (Year 1) sewerage works, presented to the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) and the World Bank (WB) for consideration for approval. Dr. Sylvester Mashamba Managing Director Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Plot 871/2 Katemo Road, Rhodes Park P.O. Box 50198 Lusaka Zambia Executive Summary Page xii ESIA TEAM COMPOSITION This ESIA study was undertaken by the LWSC Environment and Social Safeguards Unit with technical input from Project Implementation Consultants (PIC)Environmental Specialist and World Bank Environmental Specialist. The team comprised the following members. NAME AND DESIGNATION SIGNATURE Kennedy Mayumbelo Manager : Lusaka Sanitation Program Gabriel Chikama Manager Environmental and Quality Management Systems Coordinator Obert Musongo Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist James Mwale Community Development Specialist Josephine Moono Community Development Officer Avitol Nkweendenda Senior Engineer Project Planning Eunice Chimfwembe Quality and Environmental Coordinator ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Environmental Assessment Team is thankful to people who provided information for the preparation of this ESIA. The team is grateful for the support from former Managing Director Mr George Ndongwe, Interim Managing Director Mr. Manuel Mutale, incumbent Managing Director Dr.Sylvester Mashamba, Director Infrastructure Planning and Development, Mr Jilly Chiyombwe, World Bank Task Team Leader – Lusaka Sanitation Program, Mr Josses Mugabi, Assistant Task Team Leader Ms. Odete Duarte Maximpua, World Bank Environmental Consultant Mr. Webster Mutti,World Bank Social Safeguard Specialist Mr. Richard Everett and World Environment Specialist, Mr. Mwansa Lukwesa. We greatly acknowledge the great support of the technical staff in the various government departments and agencies, who provided enriching information necessary for the high quality output of this report. Executive Summary Page xiii DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY Alternatives: Alternatives are different means of meeting the general purpose and need of a proposed activity. Alternatives may include location or site alternatives, activity alternatives, process or technology alternatives, temporal alternatives or the ‘do nothing’ alternative. ‘Do nothing’ alternative: The ‘do nothing’ alternative is the option of not undertaking the proposed activity or any of its alternatives. The ‘do nothing’ alternative also provides the baseline against which the impacts of other alternatives should be compared. Environment: the surroundings within which humans exist and that are made up of: The land, water and atmosphere of the earth; Micro-organisms, plant and animal life; Any part or combination of (i) and (ii) and the interrelationships among and between them; and The physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the foregoing that influence human health and well-being. Environmental impact: An action or series of actions that have an effect on the environment. Environmental impact assessment: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), as defined in the ZEMA (EIA) Regulations and in relation to an application to which scoping must be applied, means the process of collecting, organising, analysing, interpreting and communicating information that is relevant to the consideration of that application. Environmental management: Ensuring that environmental concerns are included in all stages of development, so that development is sustainable and does not exceed the carrying capacity of the environment. Significant impact: An impact that by its magnitude, duration, intensity, or probability of occurrence may have a notable effect on one or more aspects of the environment. Definitions and Terminology Page xiv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AfDB African Development Bank AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBD Central Business District CBO’s Community Business Organisation CP’s Cooperating Partners CPF Country Partnership Framework DC District Commissioner DDCC District Development Coordinating Committee DEWATS Decentralised Water Treatment Systems DMMU Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit DNPW Department of National Parks and Wildlife EA Environmental Assessment EHS Environmental Health and Safety EIB European Investment Bank EMA Environmental Management Act ERB Energy Regulation Board ESMF Environmental Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental Social Management Plan FC Faecal Coliform GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICR Implementation Completion Report IDA International Development Association IFI’s International Financial Institutions ITCZ Intertropical Converging Zone LCC Lusaka City Council LSMP Lusaka Sanitation Master Plan LSP Lusaka Sanitation Project LWSC Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company MCC Millennium Challenge Corporation MEWD Ministry of Energy Water Development MLGH Ministry of Local Government and Housing NASF National HIV/AIDS Strategic Framework NCS National Conservation Strategy NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NHCC National Heritage Conservation Commission NPE National Policy on Environment NWASCO National Water and Sanitation NWP National Water Policy PAP’s Project Affected Persons PPE Personal Protective Equipment RAP Resettlement Action Plan RDA Road Development Agency SADC Southern Africa Development Community SDG’s Sustainable Development Goals TC Total Coliform TOR’s Terms of References Abbreviations and Acronyms Page xv UN United Nations UNEP United National Environment Programme UNFCDC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change uPVC Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride WARMA Water Resources Management Authority WDC Ward Development Committee WSPIP Water Sector Performance Improvement Project WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant ZAWA Zambia Wildlife Authority ZAMTEL Zambia Telecommunications ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency ZPPA Zambia Procurement ZP Zambia Police Abbreviations and Acronyms Page xvi INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 1.1. Project Background Water supply and sanitation is a core development issue for Zambia’s economic growth and social development. Lack of adequate water supply and sanitation results in environmental health risks and constrains investments that is dependent on reliable water availability. Currently only 63% of Zambians have access to clean drinking water supply, while 43% have access to adequate sanitation, of this 56% are in the urban areas and 34% in rural areas. The country however, continues to make strides in attaining Goal Number 6 of the newly adopted United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s); that ensures access to water and sanitation for all. At national level, the long-term vision of the country is to;  Attain 100 % access to clean water,  Have 90 % access to sanitation;  Construct and rehabilitate sewage facilities in all major towns and cities, and  Ensure of 80% of all wastewater is collected and treated by 2030. Lack of adequate sanitation in Zambia significantly impacts human development. Zambia loses 1.3% of GDP due to public health impacts arising from poor sanitation (Water and Sanitation Program, 2012) which results in child malnutrition, illness and premature deaths. The economic burden of inadequate sanitation falls most heavily on the poor who lack adequate sanitation facilities. The adverse impact of poor sanitation is most acute in Lusaka due to its high population density and unplanned settlement areas. Lusaka continues to suffer from a sanitation crisis that has claimed lives through waterborne diseases such as; cholera, typhoid and dysentery. The outbreak of waterborne diseases is common in the rainy season when the storm water run- off from the seasonal rains push the existing sewerage infrastructure and drainages to the limit. An estimated 70% of Lusaka’s urban residents live in 33 peri-urban areas, which are relatively high-density, unplanned neighborhoods largely comprised of low income households. An estimated 90% of peri-urban areas rely on pit latrines, most of which are unimproved1, and the remaining 10% living in peri-urban areas use sewers, septic tanks or defecate in the open2. In addition, 60% of Lusaka’s water supply is derived from fairly shallow groundwater abstracted within the city, which is prone to contamination through fissures in the underlying rock. The most vulnerable areas coincide with low-income neighborhoods situated to the south-west of the city center in townships like Kanyama, making sewerage an attractive sanitation option in these areas, provided it is possible to ensure low leakage rates in the operating the system. Poor management of solid waste and storm water drainage, and the generally flat terrain, further compound 1 Unimproved, meaning, they do not comply with the JMP definition of adequate sanitation 2 An estimated 1% defecate in the open 1 these problems. Despite widespread consensus regarding the need to construct sewers, the city has been reluctant to shoulder investment costs, which may be difficult to recover. The water sector reforms, which started in the 1990s, needs to be completed to increase both the financial viability of commercial utilities and focus on sanitation. In 1994, the Government of Zambia (GRZ) launched a comprehensive water sector reform program aimed at ensuring quality provision of water supply and sanitation, at affordable costs and on a sustainable basis. The seven principles of this reform program laid out in the1994 National Water Policy called for: (i) The separation of water resources functions from water supply and sanitation; (ii) The separation of regulatory and executive functions; (iii) The devolution of responsibilities for water supply to local authorities and private enterprises; (iv) Achievement of full cost recovery for water supply and sanitation (WSS) services through user charges in the long run; (v) Human resources development for effective institutions; (vi) The adoption of technology in line with local conditions (and ability to pay); and (vii) Increased GRZ priority and budget spending for the sector. Significant progress has been made in terms of the separation of water resources management from water supply and sanitation, the separation of regulatory and executive functions and the devolution of responsibilities from the central to local governments. However, a second round of reforms is needed to improve the financial viability of these utilities and to build capacity for sanitation services throughout the country, and for Lusaka in particular. Good headway has been made to date particularly on the institutional and regulatory fronts. In terms of the separation of functions, while the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) has overall responsibility for the water sector, water supply and sanitation falls under the auspices of the Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH). Separation of the regulatory and executive functions was achieved through the passage of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act of 1997, which established the independent regulator, the National Water and Sanitation Council (NWASCO).Responsibility for service provision has been devolved to the Local Authorities who have established 11 municipally-owned regional Commercial Utilities to manage water and sanitation throughout the country. These utilities are regulated by NWASCO, and issues related to environmental contamination/pollution are regulated by the Zambian Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). The Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) is responsible for water supply and sanitation in Lusaka Province. The Water Supply and Sanitation Act of 1997 provides the option for Local Authorities to delegate responsibility for water and sanitation provision to the Commercial Utilities. The Lusaka City Council (LCC) through the establishment of LWSC, provides LWSC with the 2 mandate to provide water and sanitation services for the urban residents of Lusaka Province. LWSC was formed in 1988 as a Private Limited Liability Company owned by the municipalities in Lusaka Province. Ownership by percentage is as shown below (figure 1). Ownership of LWSC by Municipalities 10% 10% Lusaka 20% 60% Kafue Chongwe Luangwa Figure 1: Ownership of LWSC by Municipalities Its ownership has now been increased to include all districts in Lusaka Province. LWSC currently has the mandate to supply services to Lusaka, Kafue, Luangwa, Chongwe, Chirundu, Rufunsa, Chilanga and Shibuyunji districts. LWSC has 91,342 water connections serving 1.4 million people3 and provides sewerage services to 14% of residents in the city through 33,000 sewerage connections. An integrated approach to managing sanitation (wastewater and solid waste) is lacking, as is coordination between the LCC and LWSC for housing development. Despite LWSC achieving significant results in water supply with World Bank support, sanitation has not been addressed adequately. As documented in the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) for the Water Sector Performance Improvement Project (WSPIP) which closed in June 2013. LWSC has made significant improvements in its financial viability and strengthened institutional structures making it an attractive investment partner. On the WSPIP project, the operating ratio4, increased from 0.8 at inception of implementation in 2007 to 1.3 at project closure/completion in 2014, and this positive cash flow has been maintained even after project completion. The World Bank has a strong partnership with LWSC and has been building up to a large capital expansion project for over a decade, including a strong focus on institutional strengthening through several projects. However, it still faces significant challenges, such as high non-revenue water (45 percent compared to a desired level of less than 25 percent) and inefficient staffing (10 staff/1000 connections compared to a benchmark of 1-3). The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) grant to GRZ of US$355m which was based in large on the WSPIP project design, and motivated by the performance improvement 3 Based on Data from December 2014. 4 Operating Ratio is the Revenue/Cost 3 achieved will focus mainly on water supply, sanitation and drainage. Sanitation services have however, not moved at the same pace as water provision and has received little support from Cooperating Partners (CPs). The increased supply of water without the corresponding improvements in sanitation creates an additional public health risk. The Lusaka Sanitation Master Plan (LSMP) provides a strategy for 100% coverage of Lusaka Province in both off site sewers and on-site sanitation by 2035. Lusaka's sewerage network of 480km currently covers approximately 30% of the city's area, and covers 14% of Lusaka’s residents, mostly the older planned affluent areas. Including on-site sanitation (pit latrines and septic tanks, often shared), sanitation coverage reaches about 69%; however, many of these facilities do not meet public health requirements as defined by Government policy, and JMP 5 Many on-site systems such as septic tanks and pit latrines as most areas in Lusaka sit on a limestone bed and a high water table, and this may lead to users making direct connections or deliberately dumping removed contents into storm water drains and streams. Significant investments and reforms are required to reach the target of 100% sanitation coverage cited in the LSMP by 2035. The LSMP estimates that US$1.9 billon is needed by 2035 and the breakdown is as in the table (table 1) below. Table 1: Investment priotirites and time frames Investment Priorities Amount of Investment (US$ million) Short Term 370 Medium Term 635 Long Term 925 Short-term investments include collection system upgrades and expansion, treatment upgrades and expansion and improving on-site sanitation facilities and their management. 1.2. Project Summary LSP is one of the first steps towards implementing LSMP. GRZ is implementing the LSP with the aim of providing adequate sanitation facilities to all households in Lusaka Province, starting with investments in the capital city. The Program is being implemented by LWSC and the investment approach is in line with the LSMP. A total of four International Financial Institutions (IFIs) have been approached to co-finance the LSP namely: the European Investment Bank (EIB), Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KfW), the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the World Bank. The program will run for approximately five years with each financier supporting specific subprojects. EIB and KfW will finance sewerage collection and wastewater treatment plants while AfDB and the World Bank will support sewerage collection, on-site sanitation, and institutional strengthening. These investments will cover all the sewer sheds by the end of the program. However, the year one investment 5 The Lusaka Sanitation Master Plan (LSMP) 2011 4 project is just a component of the bigger scope by the World Bank and is earmarked to start earlier than the rest. This shall be implemented within the Manchinchi and Ngwerere sewer sheds in Lusaka District. 1.3. Need for the Project LWSC faces a number of challenges in meeting service provision for sanitation to an acceptable level of service. Solutions to these challenges include rehabilitation of the existing wastewater treatment plants and upgrading and expansion of sewerage systems, rehabilitation and expansion of waste stabilization ponds. This will be achieved through a number of sub-projects that have been structured under the LSP. LSP is aligned with the World Bank Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Zambia. CPF focuses on three pillars namely: (i) reducing poverty and vulnerability of the poor; (ii) improving competitiveness and infrastructure for growth and employment; and (iii) Improving governance and economic management. The proposed project would contribute to the first pillar by supporting investments that would have positive effects on the health of poor residents in the beneficiary areas and the second pillar through enhanced economic development of the prioritized economic sectors through provision of improved infrastructure. In this way, the project is also well-aligned to the World Bank’s twin goals of eliminating absolute poverty and promoting shared prosperity. The project was not included in the indicative financing program of the CPF, but is being explicitly included in the program for the CPF Performance and Learning Review (PLR) currently under preparation. The Lusaka Sanitation Program is intended to improve public health status to help avoid risks to human health and environmental contamination. Through the provision of adequate sanitation services, the project is expected to improve Lusaka’s poor public health outcomes, in particular, the incidence of cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and diarrhea and associated public health risks. The proposed project will help target the three project beneficiary which includes: (i) New LWSC Sewerage Customers: The project will upgrade existing sewers in Emmasdale/Chaisa, main collectors in Kamwala along Bombay drainage and expand the sewerage system to new customers along Kafue Road. The identified investments will provide 4,100 new connections6 that will benefit 33,000 residents. A total length of 82km of sewers will be upgraded and laid during the World Bank Year 1 Investment Subprojects. The effluent quality at Ngwerere Sewerage Ponds will be improved to levels below the ZEMA permissible standards and the World Bank Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) guidelines whichever is more stringent. The rehabilitation and upgrade of 6 Assuming 50% of the households in the serviced areas connect to the sewer. 5 Ngwerere Sewerage Ponds will be covered under the European Investment Bank (EIB) funded Subprojects for WWTPs. (ii) On-Site Sanitation Customers: A total of 180,000 people7 in 37,000 households are expected to benefit from 10,000 on-site sanitation facilities and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems (DEWATS). Field data used by LWSC show an average number of 18 users per onsite facility, made up of several households sharing on the same plot. Though current coverage criteria by JMP do not consider shared sanitation facilities as improved, the recently adopted SDG’s considers a facility shared by up to 5 households as improved. Average household size in urban areas of Lusaka Province is 4.88. Therefore 5 households are equivalent to 24 people. Thus, for the current project, coverage criteria will be set at 8 people per sewer connection as per NWASCO standards, and 18 users per (shared) on-site facility based on the LWSC figure. Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) infrastructure and service providers will be developed with the capacity to serve an estimated 25,000 on-site facilities, which in turn would benefit 450,000 people. These households will be in selected peri-urban areas in which poor people reside. About 500,000 people will benefit from improved hygiene and sanitation awareness. (iii) Existing LWSC water customers: All LWSC customers with water connections will benefit from improved quality of water as the risks of ground water contamination will be reduced and this will also reduce the cost of water treatment per unit treated. The Project is also likely to indirectly benefit non-LWSC customers in the intervention compounds and downstream from the WWTP effluents by reducing the contamination of surface and groundwater which they consume. Stronger capacity to monitor effluents from WWTP, surface and groundwater quality and disease outbreaks will benefit households well beyond the geographical scope. 1.4. Project Activities The project activities according to each phase will be as follows: Preparation phase: The principal anticipated activity in the preparation phase will be as follows:  Securing consent from key stakeholders whose infrastructure will be impacted by LSP  Surveying for design and setting  Mobilisation of the contractor  Securing of temporary site offices, workshops and material storage. 7 Half of this total being women 8 (Living Conditions Monitoring Survey Report, 2010) 6  Identification and relocation of public utility infrastructure such as billboards, electrical chambers, underground optic fibre cables and vendors operating within the project corridor of impact.  Relocation of vendors, demolition of houses, toilets and wall fences. This activity will be done in close collaboration with the key stakeholders and Project affected Persons (PAPs) and in accordance with the Resettlement Action Plan(RAP) prepared by the LWSC Safeguards Unit Construction phase: The project activities during construction phase will involve:  Open trenching,  Excavation and backfilling of soils with dewatering of trenches where necessary,  Rock blasting,  Pipe jacking,  Dewatering as and when required,  Pipe laying,  Construction of manhole chambers,  Reinstatement of paved and gravel roads,  Laying of prefabs,  Transporation of contruction works,  Reinforcement of pipes with a concrete and  Installation,testing and commissioning of electrical in pumping stations. Operational phase: Once the implementation phase is completed, the sewer network will be handed over for operations. The major activities during this phase will be gravity and pumping of sewers as well as preventive maintenance of the sewer network. They shall also be pumping of sewer using generators during power outages. Decommissioning phase: Once the design life of the infrastructure has been attained, decommission works will be done. This will involve removal of residual pipe sections and this will be done by way of excavating the buried sections using either manual or mechanized means. 7 1.5. Objectives The LSP intends to increase access to sanitation services in selected areas of Lusaka and strengthen LWSC’s capacity to manage sanitation services. By carrying out a number of interventions through expansion of existing collection sewer network and improved on site sanitation facilities. LSP aims at bringing benefits to the City of Lusaka through the following:  Increase the number of households serviced by LWSC sewerage network, improved sanitation will bring a positive economic impact on the commercial value of properties that will be connected and boost business opportunities  Increase the capacity of WWTP in handling domestic and trade effluents to ensure that the final effluent quality complies with ZEMA standards and World Bank EHS Guidelines whichever is more stringent.  Reduce incidents of sewer leakages by replacing the old pipe network with modern uPVC pipes that are resistant to corrosion and thus increase ease of maintenance. This will lead to reduction of both surface and groundwater pollution from spillages and sewer intrusion.  Reduce environmental health risks associated with poor sanitation and minimize and/or eliminate incidences of waterborne diseases such as cholera and dysentery, improved public health and sanitation will ultimately lead to reduction on medical costs in treatment of water related diseases.  Strengthen institutional capacity of LWSC to manage and operate sanitation infrastructure to ensure sustainability and be able to attract further investments in the sector. 1.6. Objectives of the ESIA The objective of this ESIA is to inform the design engineers of the project to optimize the scheme designs so as to have minimum impacts with respect to environmental and social issues. To demonstrate this, the ESIA contains adequate description and details of the proposed project works and the receptors that shall be affected by implementation of the World Bank Year 1 Investments. The receptors that will be affected refer to those sitting with the project corridor of impact and also those that will be affected due to cumulative impacts. . The information provided in the ESIA is aimed at;  Satisfying the national requirements of ZEMA and World Bank.  Other key Stakeholders such as ZESCO, Zamtel, RDA, LCC, Airtel, MTN, Mount Meru and Total Fuel Filling Stations. 1.7. Study Methodology The study methodology involved:  Literature Review This involved a desk review of the available background information about the project .such LSMP, Feasibility Studies report and previously carried out ESIA under MCC. 8  Field Visits Field visits and inspections were undertaken to obtain baseline environmental profile of the proposed sites, identification of probable impacts and an estimation of extent.  Stakeholder Consultation Consultations were held with key stakeholders within the proposed subproject, as a process of initiating the process of continual consultation and involvement of the public in the LSP, various discussions were held with some key relevant stakeholders and members of the public. Experts in relevant fields, leaders of thought in environmental and social matters, questionnaires and focus group discussions were held with different members of the public on issues relating to the potential ecological and socio-economic impacts of the proposed project 1.8. Scoping Process for ESIA One of the important stages in the preparation of this ESIA was the Scoping study that was undertaken in accordance with ZEMAs Environmental Impact Regulations. The purpose of the scoping study included:  Determination of potential issues that would form the basis of ESIA to be included in the Terms of Reference (TORs) and to exclude issues of unlikely significance.  Establish the environmental and socio-economic baseline of the project area  Identify the nature of both environmental and social impacts associated with the project.  Identify, where possible, alternatives routes that will minimize or avoid negative impacts, particularly the resettlement impacts (land acquisitions).  Identify areas that will required specialized studies during ESIA The Environmental Management Act (EMA) No.12 of 2011 as read together with Environmental Impact Regulation SI No. 28 of 1997 requires preparation of an environmental and social-economic scoping report. Submission of a Scoping Report together with TORs is one of ZEMA approvals requirements before project implementation. ZEMA regulatory requirement specify the aims of scoping as being:  Review of applicable laws and policies which relate to the project type  Review all international obligations Zambia is signatory to that may be affected by the proposed project.  Identification of relevant environmental standards to be applied in the designs of the project.  Identification of possible alternative routes which may relate to route, site, layout, design or technology.  Identification of key impacts for the chosen option and determining, in consultation with ZEMA, specialized studies that may need to be undertaken. 9 The following activities were undertaken in the scoping exercise:  Identification of potential environmental and social impacts related to project activities based on preliminary screening,field visits and community consultations.  Assessment of on going and planned sanitation projects within Lusaka  Literature review of existing studies, LSMP and other technical reports related to the Water and Sanitaion sector.  Review of Zambian legal and institutional framework, ZEMA EIA regulations and World Bank Operational Policies to assist LWSC to obtain necessary approval.  LWSC Environmental and Social Safeguards Unit (ESSU) carried out an assesment of the potential positive and negative impacts related to the anitipacted scope of works and land requirements.  Using a scoping questionnaire,an assessment of preliminary mitigation measures to be adopted into the ESIA was carried out for each subproject.  In order to take public views into account in determining the scope of the ESIA, community meetings were held within vicinity of project areas in Kamwala Market, Emmasdale and Chifundo Cooperative Market in Mandevu. Another meeting was held for traders operating along Kafue Road at LWSC head office.  As per requirement of EMA No.12 of 2011 a public scoping meeting was held at Mulungushi International Conference Centre on 13 th February 2015.The meeting was attended by various key stakeholders, Government agencies, local authority, Ward Councilors, Community leaders and Ward Development Committees members. The minutes and attendance list for the Scoping meeting have been included in Appendix 8 and 11 respectively. 1.9. Scoping Report The Scope of work of this ESIA has been derived from the Scoping Report and approved TORs whose scope included preparation of ESIA and RAP. The Scoping Report was concluded in March 2015. 1.10. Alternatives and Route Selection This involved identifying and evaluating alternative routes and the selection of a preferred route for the proposed line in consultation with SMEC Consultant who undertook a feasibility studies and detailed designs for the LSP year 1 investments. This activities are detailed in Chapter 4. 1.11. Identification of Potential Impacts An assessment of positive and negative impacts resulting from implementation of the proposed project, and how the positive impacts can be enhanced and or how the negative impact can be mitigated or minimized. This section has been detailed in Chapter 6. 10 1.12. Particulars of Shareholders and Directors LWSC is the water and sewerage utility for Lusaka Province. The company was established under the company’s Act in 1988 from being a department of the Lusaka City Council. In 2012 the company was transformed into a provincial water and sanitation utility. The company now covers Chilanga, Chirundu, Chongwe, Kafue, Luangwa, Rufunsa and Shibuyunji Districts. The vision for LWSC is to be a world class water and sanitation service provider. The Company is further guided by a mission of providing quality water and sanitation services to customers in Lusaka Province at commercially and environmentally sustainable levels. Shareholding is illustrated in (table 3) below. Table 2: Shareholders Name Shareholding (%) Lusaka City Council 60 Kafue District Council 20 Chongwe District Council 10 Luangwa District Council 10 Developer’s Details Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Plot 871/2 Katemo Road Rhodes Park P.O. Box 50198 LUSAKA Contact Persons: Dr. Sylvester Mashamba Managing Director Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Plot 871/2 Katemo Road P.O. Box 50198 LUSAKA Telephone: +260-211-251739 1.13. Developer’s Track Record The project will be implemented by LWSC and has experience in implementing similar projects. These include the Water Sector Performance Improvement Project (WSPIP) which involved the installation of water networks and the water treatment plants in Chongwe and Luangwa districts. Other projects included the sewer network installation in new Maiteneke, Kaunda Square, Kalingalinga compounds and Mass Media area. 11 1.14. Project Cost Feasibility studies and designs projected an estimate of  US$9,247,642 for year one investment with subproject allocation as in table 4. The project is tax exempt hence the cost does not cover the tax component. Table 3: Cost breakdown for the project Description Amount (US$) Emmasdale/Chaisa-CSE 08 3,986,858 Kafue road-CSE 23 3,659,971 Ngwerere west interceptor-CSU 05 1,600,813 Total 9,247,642 1.15. Project Implementation Date The Priority (Year 1) sewerage works are envisaged to start after obtaining approval from ZEMA and clearance from the World Bank, which will initiate the construction phase that will have duration of approximately 12 months. The subsequent phases are projected to continue in the next 4 years. The contractor(s) will be required to undertake construction activities at the three major sites at the same time to avoid loss of time 12 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK CHAPTER 2 2.1 Review of Policy, Legal and Institutional Frameworks This chapter reviews and analyses the various applicable national legislation, polices and strategies including applicable World Bank Operational Policies. The aim is to ensure that the LSP is implemented in consistency with both the national applicable legislation and World Bank safeguards operational policies. This ESIA was prepared in accordance the Environmental Management Act No.12 of 2011 and its subsidiary legislations, the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations S.I. No. 28 of 1997, The ESIA further satisfies the World Bank Policies which are also reviewed in this chapter. 2.1.1 Legal Framework The following are some of the pieces of legislation relevant to LSP being implemented by LWSC at national level: LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT Disaster An Act to establish and provide for the maintenance and Relevance: The LSP will endeavor to install and operationalize Management Act, operation of a system for the anticipation, preparedness, sanitation infrastructure which is going to prevent occurrences 2010 prevention, coordination, mitigation and management of of disasters normally associated with poor sanitation, such as disaster situations and the organization of relief and recovery cholera. The Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit from disasters; establish the National Disaster Management (DMMU) is the arm of government that will respond to natural and Mitigation Unit and provide for its powers and functions; disasters should they occur in the areas in which LWSC provide for the declaration of disasters; establish the National operates. Disaster Relief Trust Fund; provide for the responsibilities and involvement of the members of the public in disaster Compliance: LSP will use modern resilient materials in the management; and provide for matters connected with, or construction of the sanitation infrastructure. The materials used incidental to, the foregoing. will withstand incidences of pipe corrosion and bursting. LWSC will notify DMMU should there be any incidences of such pipe bursting that may pose harm to environment. Employment Act. An Act to provide legislation relating to the employment of Relevance: The LSP will result in the creation of jobs in both the persons; to make provision for the engagement of persons construction and operational phases of the project. The on contracts of service and to provide for the form of and employment act will safeguard the rights of all the workers enforcement of contracts of service; to make provision for engaged on the project to ensure they work in a conducive the appointment of officers of the Labour Department and and humane environment. for the conferring of powers on such officers and upon medical officers; to make provision for the protection of Compliance: The LSP will comply with the Employment Act wages of employees; to provide for the control of and associated national labour regulations to ensure the rights of workers are upheld. 13 LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT employment agencies; and to provide for matters incidental to and consequential upon the foregoing. Energy Regulation An Act to establish an Energy Regulation Board and to define Relevance: The LSP will involve the procurement and storage Act 1995 its functions and powers; to provide for the licensing of of fuels and lubricants and this will require obtaining undertakings for the production of energy or the production authorization from the Energy Regulation Board (ERB). or handling of certain fuels; to repeal the National Energy Furthermore, some service stations will be affected when Council Act and the Zambia Electricity Supply Act; and to laying the sewer line and this will require guidance and provide for matters connected with or incidental to the consent from the owners and ERB. foregoing Compliance: LSP will need to obtain licenses from ERB for the storage of fuels and lubricants and obtain consent for laying of pipes near services stations according the requirement of the Act. The project will further obtain guidance from ZEMA on the management of hydro-carbon based fuels. Environmental A developer shall not implement a project for which a Relevance: The activities to be undertaken on the LSP Impact Assessment project brief or an environmental impact statement is sanitation project during the construction, operational and Regulations, 1997 required under these Regulations, unless the project brief or decommissioning phases are likely to trigger environmental an environmental impact assessment has been concluded and social impacts that require an ESIA and associated ESMP in accordance with these Regulations and the Council has be prepared in accordance with the EIA regulations. The issued a decision letter. project will further involve involuntary resettlement during the construction phase requiring that a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) be prepared to address the interests of affected households. Compliance: This ESIA and associated ESMP, including the RAP have been prepared in accordance with the provisions of the EIA regulations as the project falls in the second schedule. The LSP project will ensure that the impacts that are likely to arise during the construction, operational and decommissioning phases of the project are managed in line with the ESMP. Environmental An Act to continue the existence of the Environmental Relevance: Management Act, Council and re-name it as the Zambia Environmental The act provides for the overall guidance on conducting 2011. Management Agency; provide for integrated environmental environmental assessments it also provides for integrated management and the protection and conservation of the environmental management and the protection and environment and the sustainable management and use of 14 LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT natural resources; provide for the preparation of the State of conservation of the environment through sustainable the Environment Report, environmental management management and use of natural resources. strategies and other plans for environmental management and sustainable development; provide for the conduct of Compliance: The LSP will comply with the provisions of this Act strategic environmental assessments of proposed policies, through preparation of an environmental and social impact plans and programs likely to have an impact on assessment (ESIA), Environmental and Social Management environmental management; provide for the prevention Plan (ESMP) and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for submission and control of pollution and environmental degradation; to ZEMA and subsequent review and approval. provide for public participation in environmental decision making and access to environmental information; establish the Environment Fund; provide for environmental audit and monitoring; facilitate the implementation of international environmental agreements and conventions to which Zambia is a party; repeal and replace the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, 1990; and provide for matters connected with, or incidental to, the foregoing. Explosives Act, 1995 An Act to make provision for regulating control over the Relevance: The construction phase on the LSP may involve the manufacture, use, possession, storage, importation, use of explosives during excavation to pave way for the exportation, transportation and destruction of explosives; installation of sewerage systems and auxiliary facilities. and to provide for matters incidental thereto or connected therewith. Compliance: Should need arise for the use explosives during the construction phase on the LSP, the provisions as provided for by explosives act will be adhered too. Factories Act, 1994 An Act to make further and better provision for the regulation Relevance: The LSP will involve the engagement of workers in of the conditions of employment in factories and other treatment plants and associated infrastructure. This will require places as regards the safety, health and welfare of persons that the health, safety and general welfare of personnel be a employed therein; to provide for the safety, examination and priority in areas of operation. inspection of certain plant and machinery; and to provide for purposes incidental to or connected with the matters Compliance: The LSP will adhere to bet practices with regards aforesaid. the health, safety and general welfare of the workers and provided for in the factories act. Fisheries Act, 2011 An Act to provide for the appointment of the Director of Relevance: The LSP envisages to address issues relating to Fisheries and fisheries officers and provide for their powers sanitation in areas within the jurisdiction of the LWSC and functions; promote the sustainable development of operations. This will involve the provision of sewage treatment fisheries and a precautionary approach in fisheries facilities and treatment plants. The abstraction of water by management, conservation, utilization and development; LWSC and release of effluent from/into water bodies, surface establish fisheries management areas and fisheries and ground water is likely to affect water quality and management committees; provide for the regulation of 15 LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT commercial fishing and aquaculture; establish the Fisheries composition that is likely to affect aquatic life including and Aquaculture Development Fund; repeal and replace fisheries. the Fisheries Act, 1974; and provide for matters connected with, or incidental to, the foregoing. Compliance: Improved Sewerage infrastructure and effluent treatment will minimize possible contamination of surface/ ground water and receiving water bodies. By upgrading and improved waste water treatment, the effluent that will be discharged into the open environment will be below the ZEMA limits for wastewater. This will ensure the aquatic ecosystem is protected and fish population continue to flourish. Forests Act, 2015 An Act to provide for the establishment and declaration of Relevance: The construction, operational and National Forests, Local Forests, joint forest management decommissioning phase on the LSP will involve excavation areas, botanical reserves, private forests and community works that will result in the loss of vegetation cover including forests; provide for the participation of local communities, trees. Furthermore, the discharge of treated sewer effluent is local authorities, traditional institutions, non-governmental likely to impact forests and vegetation within the vicinity of the organizations and other stakeholders in sustainable forest receiving water bodies. These activities are likely to impact the management; provide for the conservation and use of ecosystem including the flora and fauna. forests and trees for the sustainable management of forests ecosystems and biological diversity; establish the Forest Compliance: The LSP will ensure that the project footprint is Development Fund; provide for the implementation of the kept to a minimum to reduce on vegetation and forest losses. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Ensuring the effluents are within the ZEMA limits will further Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of protect vegetation and forests in the receiving areas. During Wild Flora and Fauna, the Convention on Wetlands of the construction phase, the Forest Department will be International Importance, especially as Water Fowl Habitat, engaged should rare species or sensitive biodiversity areas be the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention to encountered. Combat Desertification in those Countries experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa and any other relevant international agreement to which Zambia is a party; repeal and replace the Forests Act, 1999; and provide for matters connected with, or incidental to, the foregoing. Human Rights An Act to provide for the functions and powers of the Human Relevance: Access to clean water and provision of safe Commission Act, Rights Commission; to provide for its composition and to sanitation facilities add to improved quality of life and further 1996 provide for matters connected with or incidental to the foster the dignity of humanity. This is in line with the basic foregoing. human rights for any society to develop and enjoy improved quality of life. 16 LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT Compliance: The LSP taps into the vision of safeguarding the rights of residents in areas of LWSC operation. Land Survey Act, An Act to make further and more comprehensive provisions Relevance: The LSP will involve mapping of sewerage network 1960 for the registration and licensing of land surveyors; to provide routes and this will require that the affected areas be surveyed for the manner in which land surveys shall be carried out and by a registered surveyor. diagrams and plans connected therewith shall be prepared; to provide for the protection of survey beacons and other Compliance: The LSP will ensure that only registered surveyors survey marks; to provide for the establishment and powers of are engaged on the LSP for any surveying works that shall be a Survey Control Board which will be responsible for the required. registration and licensing of land surveyors and for the exercise of disciplinary control over such surveyors; and to provide for matters incidental to and connected with the foregoing Lands Acquisition An Act to make provision for the compulsory acquisition of Relevance: The proposed LSP will require permanent Act, 1970 land and other property; and to provide for matters acquisition of land in some of the subject projects areas. incidental to or connected with the foregoing. Compliance: The LSP will follow the provisions of the Act in the event that permanent land acquisition is required 17 LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT Lands Act, 1995 An Act to provide for the continuation of leaseholds and Relevance: During the project installation like pumping leasehold tenure; to provide for the continued vesting of stations will be under title lease which is part of the land tenure land in the President and alienation of land by the President; systems in Zambia. In the same vein, some the project will to provide for the statutory recognition and continuation of involve land acquisition within the network and change of customary tenure; to provide for the conversion of title. customary tenure into leasehold tenure; to establish a Land Development Fund and a Lands Tribunal; to repeal the Land Compliance: The LSP will comply with the provisions of the act (Conversion of Titles) Act; to repeal the Zambia (State Lands with regards land acquisition for any land where the sewerage and Reserves) Orders, 1928 to 1964, the Zambia (Trust Land) network will be installed. Orders, 1947 to 1964, the Zambia (Gwembe District) Orders, 1959 to 1964, and the Western Province (Land and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1970; and to provide for matters connected with or incidental to the foregoing. Local Government An Act to provide for an integrated three tier local Relevance: LWSC and sewerage company operated in areas Act, 1995 administration system; to define the functions of local that are under the jurisdiction of municipalities and councils authorities; to repeal the Local Administration Act and that fall the MLGH certain related laws; and to provide for matters connected with or incidental to the foregoing. Compliance: The LSP will continue to work closely with the municipalities and councils to ensure effective service delivery. Millennium An Act to give effect to the Millennium Challenge Compact Relevance: This is an Act that give effect for the MCC to Challenge and Program Implementation Agreement; expand access expand access of sanitation services to selected areas of Compact to, and improve reliability of, water supply, sanitation and Lusaka with the aim of improved water supply, sanitation and Act, 2013 drainage services in select urban and peri-urban areas of the drainage. City of Lusaka in order to reduce the incidence of waterborne and water related diseases; generate time Compliance: The LSP will complement the work currently savings for households and businesses and reduce non- being undertaken on the MCC to ensure the provision of revenue water in the water supply network by improving sanitation services in and around Lusaka. water supply and sanitation and drainage services; and 18 LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT provide for matters connected with, or incidental to, the foregoing. National Heritage An Act to repeal and replace the Natural and Historical Relevance: The LSP construction and operational phases will Conservation Monuments and Relics Act; to establish the National Heritage involve excavation works and clearing of vegetation and this Commission Act. Conservation Commission; to define the functions and may result in chance finds where artefacts of cultural or powers of the Commission; to provide for the conservation of archeological significance may be unearthed. ancient, cultural and natural heritage, relics and other objects of aesthetic, historical, prehistorically, Compliance: The ESMP will include reporting procedures archaeological or scientific interest; to provide for the should chance finds be encountered. The National Heritage regulation of archaeological excavations and export of and Conservation Commission (NHCC) will be notified and relics; and to provide for matters connected with or guide on how such sensitive findings should be handled. incidental to the foregoing. Occupational An Act to establish the Occupational Health and Safety Relevance: - The Act provides for the safety and welfares of Health and Safety, Institute and provide for its functions; provide for the workers that shall be recruited by the LSP through contractors 2010 establishment of health and safety committees at and LWSC daily operations. The Act provides for the workplaces and for the health, safety and welfare of persons establishment of safety committees and protection of workers at work; provide for the duties of manufacturers, importers from any potential risks by provision of personal protective and suppliers of articles, devices, items and substances for clothing (PPE). use at work; provide for the protection of persons, other than persons at work, against risks to health or safety arising from, Compliance: The LSP will comply with the provisions of this Act or in connection with, the activities of persons at work; and by ensuring that all workers are equipped with personal provide for matters connected with, or incidental to, the protective equipment (PPE) and that safety and health foregoing. awareness is carried out by the contractors before project implementation. Public Health Act. An Act to provide for the prevention and suppression of Relevance: The implementation of the LSP will result in diseases and generally to regulate all matters of public improved sanitation in residents and households across health in Zambia. Lusaka. This will help reduce the public health risks associated with the management of sewer. Compliance: LWSC will adhere to the provision of the Public Health Act by ensuring that sewerage installation operate efficiently and the public health risks are reduced to the minimal. Public Roads Act, An Act to establish the Road Development Agency and to Relevance: Sub components on the LSP will be implemented 2002 define its functions; to provide for the care, maintenance along the road reserves and near public roads. and construction of public roads in Zambia; to regulate maximum weights permissible for transmission on roads; and Compliance: During the construction phase on the LSP, the project team will work in collaboration with the LCC and Road 19 LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT to provide for matters connected with and incidental to the Development Agency (RDA) to ensure the road infrastructure foregoing. is protected. Roads and Road An Act to make provision for the care, maintenance and Relevance: Its envisaged during the implementation of the LSP Traffic Act, 2008 construction of roads in Zambia, for the control of motor that some sections of road will require road cutting and pipe traffic, for the licensing of drivers and motor vehicles, for the jacking that may lead to traffic disturbance .Similarly the compulsory third party insurance of motor vehicles, for the heavy duty equipment and vehicle will have to be licensed licensing and control of public service vehicles and public ,certified fit and be operated by authorized personnel services, and for other miscellaneous provisions relating to roads and motor traffic. Compliance: In compliance with this Act, the contractor will ensure that all the vehicles used for the purpose of this project are licensed, certified to be roadworthy, and insured.. In ensuring road safety and efficient operation of the water project, the contractor will erect appropriate road signage along the transmission line near the public roads. The Public An Act to continue the existence of the Zambia National Relevance: During the LSP, they will be procurement of goods Procurement Act, Tender Board and re-name it the Public Procurement and service to ensure project effectiveness and successful 2008 Authority; revise the law relating to procurement so as to implementation ensure transparency and accountability in public procurement; regulate and control practices relating to Compliance: The procurement of good and services will be public procurement in order to promote the integrity of done in accordance with the guideline of the Zambia Public fairness and public confidence in, the procurement process; Procurement Authority (ZPPA) and these will be repeal and replace the Zambia National Tender Board Act, complimented by the World Bank procurement policies. 1982 and provide for matters connected with or incidental to the foregoing Urban and An Act to provide for development, planning and Relevance: This Act Prescribes the planning, use and zoning of Regional Planning administration principles, standards and requirements for land by constituted authorities, and its subsequent acquisition Act, 2015 urban and regional planning processes and systems; provide for development by the proponent. for a framework for administering and managing urban and regional planning; provide for a planning framework, Compliance: The installation of a sewerage network and guidelines, systems and processes for urban and regional auxiliary support infrastructure has been designed to fit into planning; establish a democratic, accountable, transparent, the urban and regional planning master plan for Lusaka. participatory and inclusive process for urban and regional planning that allows for involvement of communities, private sector, interest groups and other stakeholders in the planning, implementation and operation of human settlement development; ensure functional efficiency and socio-economic integration by providing for integration of activities, uses and facilities; establish procedures for 20 LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT integrated urban and regional planning in a devolved system of governance so as to ensure multi-sector cooperation, coordination and involvement of different levels of ministries, provincial administration, local authorities, traditional leaders and other stakeholders in urban and regional planning; ensure sustainable urban and rural development by promoting environmental, social and economic sustainability in development initiatives and controls at all levels of urban and regional planning; ensure uniformity of law and policy with respect to urban and regional planning; repeal the Town and Country Planning Act, 1962, and the Housing (Statutory and Improvement Areas) Act, 1975; and provide for matters connected with, or incidental to, the foregoing. Water Resources An Act to establish the Water Resources Management Relevance: The LSP operations will involve the discharge of Management Act, Authority and define its functions and powers; provide for the effluent in to rivers and water bodies. 2011 management, development, conservation, protection and preservation of the water resource and its ecosystems; Compliance: The LSP project will put in a place a vigorous provide for the equitable, reasonable and sustainable monitoring regime to ensure that water flow rates and utilizations of the water resource; ensure the right to draw or ecological flows are not disturbed in water bodies where take water for domestic and non-commercial purposes, and effluent is discharged. This will ensure that upstream and that the poor and vulnerable members of the society have downstream users are not affected by treatment operations. an adequate and sustainable source of water free from any charges; create an enabling environment for adaptation to climate change; provide for the constitution, functions and composition of catchment councils, sub-catchment councils and water users associations; provide for international and regional co-operation in, and equitable and sustainable utilization of, shared water resources; provide for the domestication and implementation of the basic principles and rules of international law relating to the environment and shared water resources as specified in the treaties, conventions and agreements to which Zambia is a State Party; repeal and replace the Water Act, 1949; and provide for matters connected with, or incidental to, the foregoing. Water Supply And An Act to establish the National Water Supply and Sanitation Relevance: The act requires that any water service provider Sanitation Act, Council and define its functions; to provide for the supplying water to more than 500 persons has to be regulated 2005 establishment, by local authorities, of water supply and by NWASCO. If the service provider operates on a commercial sanitation utilities; to provide for the efficient and sustainable basis, NWASCO is concerned with the service level and water supply of water and sanitation services under the general quality. A utility or service provider may construct any facility 21 LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT regulation of the National Water Supply and Sanitation within or outside its area for the provision of water supply and Council; and to provide for matters connected with or sanitation services. incidental to the foregoing. Compliance: The proposed LSP will ensure that it adheres to the service level standards as stipulated in the operating license for LWSC on provision of sanitation services. Workers An Act to make provision for the establishment and Relevance: During project implementation and operations on Compensation Act, administration of a Fund for the compensation of Workers the LSP, incidences related to occupational risks are likely to 1999 disabled by accidents to, or diseases contracted by, such occur. Workers in the course of their employment, and for the payment of compensation to dependants of Workers who Compliance: Contractors and management will be required die as a result of such accidents or diseases; for the payment to subscribe to the compensation fund where relevant. of contributions to such Fund by employers; for the grant of pensions and allowances to certain dependants of Workers who, being in receipt of pensions for such disablement, die from causes not connected with such accidents or diseases; for the appointment and powers of a Workers' Compensation Commissioner and the establishment and powers of a Workers' Compensation Board and an Appeal Tribunal; and for matters incidental to and connected with the foregoing. Zambia Wildlife Act, An Act to provide for the winding up of the affairs of the Relevance: During the construction phase on the LSP, project 2015 Zambia Wildlife Authority; establish the Department of staff may encounter protected wildlife. National Parks and Wildlife in the Ministry responsible for tourism; provide for the appointment of a Director and other Compliance: Contractors and staff on the project will be officers responsible for National Parks and Wildlife; provide for sensitized on the reporting channels to the Department of the transfer of the functions of the Authority to the Ministry National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW), Should protected wildlife responsible for tourism, Department of National Parks and be cited during construction. Wildlife and Director of National Parks and Wildlife; establish the Wildlife Management Licensing Committee; provide for the establishment, control and management of National Parks, bird and wildlife sanctuaries and for the conservation and enhancement of wildlife eco-systems, biological diversity and objects of aesthetic, pre-historic, historical, geological, archeological and scientific interest in National Parks; provide for the promotion of opportunities for the equitable and sustainable use of the special qualities of public wildlife estates; provide for the establishment, control and management of Community Partnership Parks for the 22 LEGISLATION INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION RELEVANCE AND COMPLIANCE APPROACH ON THE PROJECT conservation and restoration of ecological structures for non- consumptive forms of recreation and environmental education; provide for the sustainable use of wildlife and the effective management of the wildlife habitat in Game Management Areas; enhance the benefits of Game Management Areas to local communities and wildlife; involve local communities in the management of Game Management Areas; provide for the development and implementation of management plans; provide for the regulation of game ranching; provide for the licensing of hunting and control of the processing, sale, import and export of wild animals and trophies; provide for the implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora and other international instruments to which Zambia is party; repeal the Zambia Wildlife Act, 1998; and provide for matters connected with, or incidental to, the foregoing. 23 2.2 Applicable ZEMA Regulations The Developer LWSC under the LSP will further adhere and obtain environmental licenses and permits related but not limited to; 2.2.1 Air Pollution Control (Licensing and Emissions Standards) Regulations, 2013 These Regulations provide air quality standards and guidelines for mitigating air pollutants. The regulations give both point source standards and non-point source standards. Relevance: The proposed LSP will comply with the requirements of this Act by ensuring that dust emissions are adequately mitigated in accordance with the regulations from both source and non-point sources by water suppression. 2.2.2 Water Pollution Control (Effluent and Waste Water) Regulations, 2013 These Regulations provides for control of water pollution by providing effluent discharge standards. Ground water standards are basically established after collecting a set of monitoring results as baseline and this is specific to the area under consideration. The Regulations also provide requirements for licensing all effluent discharge points. Relevance: The discharge points for treated effluent from WWTP’s will be required to comply from the ZEMA set limits for trade effluent at the point of discharge into streams or water bodies. 2.2.3 Waste Management (Licensing Of Transporters of Waste and Waste Disposal Sites) Regulations, 2013 Under these Regulations, activities relating to waste management such as waste generation, collection, storage and disposal are regulated. The Regulations are only applicable to non-hazardous waste. Relevance: LSP will ensure that only waste collections companies that are licensed to transport waste are engaged and the waste will be disposed at ZEMA designated dumpsites. 2.2.4 Hazardous Waste Management Regulations, 2013 These Regulations do not cover non-hazardous waste. The Regulations control and monitor the generation, storage, transportation, pretreatment, treatment disposal, export, import, transit, trade in and Trans boundary movement of hazardous of all waste. Relevance: During the implementation and operation of the LSP they shall be incidents of sewer spillages that more pose hazardous to the environment. Any storage, spillage and conveyance of wastewater will comply with the requirements of the hazardous waste regulations 24 2.3 Relevant National Plans, Polices and Strategies The table below reviews the various National Plans, Polices and Strategies and their relevance to the proposed LSP to be implemented by the LWSC. Relevant National Plans, Polices And Strategies Relevance to the Project National Policy on Environment The National Policy on Environment (NPE) is the principal policy that The LSP will endeavour to tap into the vision of the NPE by the coordinates environmental management in Zambia. The NPE is designed to provision of sanitation services and further enhancing environmental create a comprehensive framework for effective natural resource utilization protection. and environmental conservation which will be sensitive to the demands of sustainable development. The specific objectives of the NPE are to:  Promote the sound protection and management of Zambia's environment and natural resources in their entirety, balancing the needs for social and economic development and environmental integrity to the maximum extent possible, while keeping adverse activities to the minimum; manage the environment by linking together the activities, interests and perspectives of all groups, including the people, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and government at both the central and decentralized local levels;  Accelerate environmentally and economically sustainable growth in order to improve the health, sustainable livelihoods, income and living conditions of the poor majority with greater equity and self- reliance;  Ensure broadly-based environmental awareness and commitment to enforce environmental laws and to the promotion of environmental accountability;  Build individual and institutional capacity to sustain the environment; Regulate and enforce environmental laws; and Promote the development of sustainable industrial and commercial processes having full regard for environmental integrity. National Water Policy The National Water Policy (NWP) is the overarching policy framework for the The LSP will foster the provision of water and sanitation services and water and sanitation sector in Zambia. The policy was developed and this will ensure sustainable utilization of water resources and an adopted by the GRZ in 1994, and subsequently updated in 2010. The NWP increased reduction in water contamination. envisions “to optimally harness water resources for the efficient and sustainable utilization of this natural resource to enhance economic productivity and reduce poverty”. In order to achieve the national goal of increasing accessibility to reliable safe water by all sectors of the economy the policy addresses two broad categories of water resources management 25 Relevant National Plans, Polices And Strategies Relevance to the Project and development. The major outcome of the policy is to improve the management of water resources, institutional coordination and defined roles and responsibilities. The policy encourages the use of water resources in an efficient and equitable manner consistent with the social, economic and environmental needs of present and future generations. National Conservation Strategy The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) formulated in 1985 has been the The LSP will endeavour to ensure sustainable use of resources by main policy document on the Environment and Natural Resources in Zambia. ensuring that the newly installed sewerage network caters for both The NCS was prepared by the Government to manage natural resources present and future generations without causing harm to the and the environment in the context of a centrally planned and controlled environment. During operation LWSC will ensure that effluent economy. The strategy's main goal is to: “satisfy the basic needs of all the discharged into the receiving streams comply with ZEMA standards people of Zambia, both present and the future generations, through the wise with the view of conserving the environment and sustain the management of natural resources”. ecological process in the receiving environment The strategy establishes policies and devises plans and to fully integrate conservation into Zambia’s social and economic development. It also aims to analyze trends and current issues to better anticipate problems and needs. The main objectives of the NCS are to:  Ensure the sustainable use of Zambia’s renewable natural resources such as forests;  Maintain Zambia’s biological diversity; and  Maintain essential ecological processes and life support systems in Zambia. The NCS triggered the enactment in 1990 of the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA), which is essential in the effluent discharge compliances for the subprojects. National Environmental Action Plan The focus of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of 1994 is to Relevance: The LSP will comply with national environmental action identify environmental problems and issues, analyses their causes, and plans on the management of the environmental by identifying recommend necessary interventions. The NEAP was prepared as a priority areas for installation of sewers so as to prevent ground and comprehensive plan to contain the ever increasing environmental surface water pollution. degradation in Zambia. The preparation of NEAP was as a result of Government's desire to update the NCS for the following reasons;  The economy was undergoing a period of liberalization;  The main NCS recommendations had been implemented;  The technical information in the NCS needed updating; and There was a requirement by World Bank for a NEAP as a prerequisite for International Development Association (IDA) loan funding. The NEAP is founded on three fundamental principles: The right of citizens to a clean and healthy environment; Local community and private sector participation in 26 Relevant National Plans, Polices And Strategies Relevance to the Project natural resources management; and Obligatory EIA of major development projects in all sectors. National Biological Diversity Strategy and Action Plan In May 1993 Zambia ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity and as Relevance: The LSP will ensure that all living organism both aquatic part of the commitment to fulfil its objectives Zambia developed the National and terrestrial are conserved by ensuring the conservation of Biological Diversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), which was finalized in ecosystem during the implementation of the LSP. The LSP safeguards 1998. The main goals of the NBSAP are to: documents will ensure that the objectives of this policy are  Ensure the conservation of the full range of Zambia's natural mainstreamed into project implementation. ecosystems through a network of protected areas;  Conserve the genetic diversity of Zambia's crops and livestock;  Improve the legal and institutional framework and human resources to implement the strategies for conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits from biodiversity management;  Sustainable management and use of Zambia's biological resources; and  Develop an appropriate legal framework and the needed human resources to minimize the risks of the use of genetically modified organisms. The subproject safeguards documents will ensure that the objectives of this policy are mainstreamed into the subproject environment management processes. National Forestry Policy The mission statement of the forestry sector is to ensure sustainable flow of The construction, operational and decommissioning phase on the wood and non-wood forest products and services while at the same time LSP will involve excavation works that will result in the loss of ensuring protection and maintenance of biodiversity for the benefit of the vegetation cover including trees. Furthermore, the discharge of present and future generations. The Policy is based on the following treated sewer effluent is likely to impact forests and vegetation within principles: the vicinity of the receiving water bodies. These activities are likely to  Ensure sustainable forest resources management; impact the ecosystem including the flora and f  Develop capacity of stakeholders in sustainable forest resources management and utilization;  Promote a participatory approach to forest development by developing close partnership among stakeholders;  Facilitate private sector involvement in forestry development;  Promote equitable participation by women, men and children in forestry development;  Adopt an integrated approach, through intra and inter-sectoral coordination in forestry sector development. 27 Relevant National Plans, Polices And Strategies Relevance to the Project While there are no forests within the project areas, the implementation of the subprojects will ensure maximum conservation of vegetation within the project areas. National HIV and Aids Strategic Framework The National HIV and AIDS Strategic Framework (NASF) 2006-2010 was built Relevance: The LSP will ensure adequate HIV/AIDS awareness in the on the process of joint annual reviews and a broad consultative process with project areas by ensuring broad consultative process with affected the cooperating partners. The management intent of the NASF is to: Support communities in project corridor and provision of condoms through coordinated, prioritized and knowledge-based scale up of the response; work station Facilitate broad ownership of the response by all partners and practical partnerships for the implementation of the response;  Represent joint strategic direction of all Partners;  Enable the involvement of key sectors and decentralized levels in all stages of the process;  Guide resource management at the strategic level. The six themes of the NASF represent the cooperating partners’ priority action areas and include: Intensifying efforts for prevention of HIV; Expanding treatment, care and support for people affected by HIV and AIDS; Mitigating the socioeconomic impact of HIV and AIDS; Strengthening the decentralized response and mainstreaming HIV and AIDS; Improving the monitoring of the multi-sectoral response; and Integrating advocacy and coordination of the multi-sectoral response. . 28 2.4 International Agreements and Conventions Zambia is party to more than thirty International and Regional Conventions and Protocols. The most relevant environmental conventions in relation to the undertaking are: 2.5 International Conventions and Protocols Among the most relevant environmental conventions are; Convention dealing with the Protection of the World Cultural and Heritage (1972) and ratified by Zambia in 1982, Statutes of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Others include Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) ratified in 1993 and the RAMSAR Convention. Below are some of the applicable international conventions; 2.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) The major aim of the CBD is to effect international cooperation in the conservation of biological diversity and to promote sustainable use of natural resources worldwide. It also aims at bringing about sharing of the benefits arising from utilization of natural resources. A number of plans in this convention fall under the Departments of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and ZAWA. Relevance to the Project: - All wildlife conservation activities in this report are aimed at implementing best practices for environmental management. Therefore, adhering to local laws and complying with the CBD provisions is relevant. For this, provisions of the CBD are relevant to the project. 2.5.2 Ramsar Convention The Convention on Wetlands, called the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. The table 3 below gives the list of sites in Zambia. Table 4: Ramsar Sites in Zambia Ramsar Sites Location in Zambia Busanga Swamps. North Western Province Luangwa Flood Plains. Eastern Province Mweru wa Ntipa. Northern Province Zambezi Floodplains. Western Province Bangweulu Swamps Northern Province Kafue Flats Southern & Central Provinces The general objective of the Ramsar Convention is to curtail the loss of wetlands and to promote wise use of all wetlands. The convention addresses one of the most important issues in Southern Africa, namely the conservation of water supplies and use of the natural and human environments in responsible manner for intergenerational benefit. Relevance to the Project: - Wetlands provide a wide range of resources and services ranging from pollution control as a service and water provision as a product. It is therefore imperative to protect these water resources as a conservation measure and a way of 29 complying with the above cited Convention hence the relevance to the project. Furthermore some portions where the network will pass is closer to wetlands. 2.5.3 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCDC) The ultimate objective of the Convention is to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations "at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced) interference with the climate system." It states that "such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner." It was signed by Zambia in 1992. The main objective is to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Zambia recognizes that the largest source of one of the main greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, is from burning wood fuel and the use of coal and oil. Relevance to the Project: - The LSP will improve the provision of sanitation services around Lusaka and improved sewerage network. Untreated sewer contribute to the production of GHG’s such as methane, carbon and Sulphur dioxides. 30 2.6 World Bank Safeguard Policies The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. The effectiveness and development impact of projects and programs supported by the Bank has substantially increased as a result of attention to these policies. Safeguard policies have often provided a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design, and have been an important instrument for building ownership among local populations. In addition to complying with the Zambian Laws and ZEMA regulations, the project will also follow the requirements of the World Bank Group (WBG) Environmental Health and Safety guidelines and shall comply with those guidelines that are more stringent that national requirement The table (table 6) below gives an overview of the relevant World Bank safeguards polices on the project that have been triggered, including the reasons for the trigger in table 6. Table 5: World Bank Safeguards Policies WORLD BANK POLICY FRAMEWORK SAFEGUARDS POLICY The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are OP 4.01- Environmental environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. Assessment OP 4.04 - Natural The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term Habitats sustainable development. The Bank2 therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in its economic and sector work, project financing, and policy dialogue. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. OP 4.09 - Pest In assisting borrowers to manage pests that affect either agriculture or public health, the Bank supports a strategy that promotes the Management use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. In Bank-financed projects, the borrower addresses pest management issues in the context of the project's environmental assessment. This policy contributes to the Bank's mission of poverty reduction and sustainable development by ensuring that the development OP 4.10 - Indigenous process fully respects the dignity, human rights, economies, and cultures of Indigenous Peoples. For all projects that are proposed Peoples for Bank financing and affect Indigenous Peoples, the Bank requires the borrower to engage in a process of free, prior, and informed consultation. The Bank provides project financing only where free, prior, and informed consultation results in broad community support to the project by the affected Indigenous Peoples. Such Bank-financed projects include measures to (a) avoid potentially adverse effects on the Indigenous Peoples’ communities; or (b) when avoidance is not feasible, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such effects. Bank-financed projects are also designed to ensure that the Indigenous Peoples receive social and economic benefits that are culturally appropriate and gender and inter-generationally inclusive. 31 WORLD BANK POLICY FRAMEWORK SAFEGUARDS POLICY This policy addresses physical cultural resources, which are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of OP 4.11 - Physical structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, Cultural Resources aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. OP 4.12 - Involuntary Bank experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe Resettlement economic, social, and environmental risks: production systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when their productive assets or income sources are lost; people are relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater; community institutions and social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or lost. This policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks. OP 4.36 – Forests The management, conservation, and sustainable development of forest ecosystems and their associated resources are essential for lasting poverty reduction and sustainable development, whether located in countries with abundant forests or in those with depleted or naturally limited forest resources. The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. OP 4.37 - Safety of For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources Dams provided for the safety of the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. Because there are serious consequences if a dam does not function properly or fails, the Bank is concerned about the safety of new dams it finances and existing dams on which a Bank-financed project is directly dependent. 1. This policy applies to the following types of international waterways: OP 7.50 - Projects on (a) any river, canal, lake, or similar body of water that forms a boundary between, or any river or body of surface water that International flows through, two or more states, whether Bank1members or not; Waterways (b) any tributary or other body of surface water that is a component of any waterway described in (a) above; and (c) any bay, gulf, strait, or channel bounded by two or more states or, if within one state, recognized as a necessary channel of communication between the open sea and other states--and any river flowing into such waters. Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting relations not only between the Bank and its member OP 7.60 - Projects in countries, but also between the country in which the project is carried out and one or more neighboring countries. In order not to Disputed Areas prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage. The Bank may support a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country A should go forward without prejudice to the claims of country B. 32 Table 6: World Bank Polices Triggered on the LSP World Bank Triggered? Reason why the Policy was Triggered or not Triggered Safeguards Policies Environmental Yes The project will largely generate positive impacts contributing to better health through increased access to sanitation Assessment facilities, reduced incidences of water borne diseases and awareness on good hygiene practices. The Project is classified OP/BP 4.01 as environment Category B, requiring a partial environmental assessment. The potential negative impacts associated with the project activities will largely be associated with civil works emanating from digging of trenches to install the sewer pipes during the construction phase of the project. The anticipated negative impacts will be localized, site-specific and small- scale and might likely include soil erosion, generation of construction related solid waste, limited reduced vegetation cover due to clearing of land to pave way for construction activities, increased localized noise and dust emissions due to earth moving equipment and machinery, and oil spillage from construction equipment and machinery. Natural Habitats No The policy on natural habitats has not been triggered as construction activities will be undertaken around Lusaka a OP/BP 4.04 predominately built up area. Forests OP/BP 4.36 No The policy on forests has not been triggered the project will be implemented in built up areas and vegetation loss will be negligible. Pest Management No The project activities will not directly or indirectly promote the use of pesticides. OP 4.09 Physical Cultural No The project activities will have no impacts on Physical Cultural Resources. The project areas show that they are already Resources impacted with the construction of existing sewers, road network and residential areas such that the chance of coming OP/BP 4.11 across physical cultural resources are very remote. Indigenous Peoples No The policy has not been triggered as they are no indigenous people in the area as per Bank definition. OP/BP 4.10 Involuntary Yes The project areas are densely populated, possibly including informal settlements. The project is expected to disturb Resettlement OP/ settlements, requiring land acquisition leading to temporary or permanent resettlement, and is likely to disrupt livelihood BP 4.12 activities. A total of 489 Project Affected Persons (PAPs) will be affected by the implementation of the World Bank Year 1 Investments. Vendors in Kamwala and Chifundo Market will require temporal relocation whilst some physical structure will have partial demolition of their properties. One house will completely be demolished in Mazyopa due to the implementation of this project. In order to mitigate this impact a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has been developed to address this impact. Safety of Dams No The project will not support the construction of new dams or entail rehabilitation of existing dams. OP/BP 4.37 33 World Bank Triggered? Reason why the Policy was Triggered or not Triggered Safeguards Policies Projects on Yes The proposed project and the resultant sub-projects falls within the sewerage type of projects and are within the International immediate catchment of the Zambezi River, an international water body traversing, thereby raising grounds for triggering Waterways OP/BP the policy. The scope of the project and resultant subproject will not cover works and activities that would exceed the 7.50 original scheme or change the nature of the resultant effluent to the effect that it can be considered a new scheme. The project is aimed at improving the quality of the effluent to reduce the overall pollution load to the Zambezi River catchment thereby creating grounds for qualification for notification exemption. LWSC will therefore seek exemption for the requirement for notification of riparian states. Projects in Disputed No The project location is not within a disputed area. Areas OP/BP 7.60 34 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT CHAPTER 3 3.1 General Location LSP will be implemented within Lusaka City. Lusaka is the capital of Zambia located at Latitude 15.25 S and Longitude 28.27E and its elevation is 1277m above sea level. Figure 2: Project location map The identified subprojects for Year One investment are:  Collection System Expansion (CSE 23) along Kafue Road  Collection System Expansion (CSE 08) in Emmasdale and Chaisa  Collection System Upgrade (CSE 05) Ngwerere West Interceptor 3.2 Detailed Location Description 3.2.1 Sewer Network Expansion along Kafue Road; Collection Sewer Expansion (CSE 23) The Kafue Road Expansion project is located in a narrow commercial and industrial strip of land wedged in between John Laing Township on the west and Misisi on the east. Kafue Road is situated to the south-west of the Lusaka CBD. The narrow commercial strip is bordered on the southern side by a triangular developed section comprising mostly commercial type development. The starting point is at Embassy and Makeni Shopping 35 Malls through Downtown Shopping Complex and discharging to a manhole located near Tazara House along Independence Avenue. The total network length is 8.3km. Figure 6 shows the location of the project area. 3.2.2 Sewer Network Expansion in Emmasdale/Chaisa: Collection Sewer Expansion (CSE 08) Emmasdale lies about 3km north of the Central Business District. It is bordered by Sheki Sheki Road, Lumumba Road and the Great North Road. Emmasdale has an organized mixed use of residential and commercial developments. The works in Emmasdale and Chaisa will involve the installation of 23.63km of new sewer network as shown in Figure 4 and 5. 3.2.3 Sewer Network Upgrade for Ngwerere West Interceptor: Collection Sewer Upgrade (CSU 05) The Ngwerere West interceptor (CSU-5) commands a number of high to medium density residential areas including Emmasdale, Chaisa, Mutambe (Marapodi) and Chipata townships. It was constructed from asbestos cement (AC) pipe and is approximately 46 years old. The longest portion of the interceptor alignment, particularly through Chaisa and Mutambe (Marapodi), follows the left bank of western tributary of Ngwerere stream and goes under a number of structures and building. The proposed works will involve the upgrade and realignment of about 4.5km of sewer pipeline starting about 700m along Lumumba road and, crossing Great North Road through Mandevu market down to Ngwerere. Figure 6 shows the location of the subproject. 36 Figure 3: Location of CSE 23 37 Figure 4: Location of CSE 08 38 Figure 5: Location of CSE 08 39 Figure 6: Location of CSU 05 40 3.3 Nature of Works The works involve the installation of sewer pipes to service the areas along Kafue road. The major activities will include excavation works, laying of pipes and the backfilling of the pipes. In some cases like major road crossings, trenchless excavation will be done where pipe jacking will be employed. This will help reduce traffic disturbances. The pipe sizes to be installed range from 160mm to 1200mm in various material types ranging from unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC), Concrete pipes and High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes. Precast concrete sections shall also be used in the construction of manholes. For the Kafue road subproject, three pump stations are planned with the two being relatively smaller (manhole type) while the other one will be slightly big. Details of the layouts, profiles, civil works of the nature of these works are shown in the separate drawing booklet entitled “Detailed design for year one (01) Investments” 3.4 Raw Materials The raw materials for the project will include;  Cement,  Quarry Dust and Sand,  Crushed stones,  uPVC9 pipes  Concrete pipes  Culverts  Explosives for trenching in rocky areas 3.4.1 Process and technology The process will involve excavation works, blasting where necessary pipe laying and backfilling. Excavation will be done using both mechanical and manual means. Controlled blasting using explosives will be used to break hard rock along the trenches. This process will require traffic control to avoid accidents. The blasting sites will also be always covered just before blasting to block the flying rocks. Pipe laying across busy roads will be done using trenchless methods. Pipe jacking and pipe ramming will be used. Trenchless pipe construction method is an advantageous with respect to minimizing impacts to the public and the cost of restoration. Baseline pipe construction costs were developed for micro tunneling, bore and jack, and pipe ramming, for cost comparison of the various technologies. Although pipe bursting is often a viable method for installing pipes, its dependency on local utility location information makes it difficult to consider. The same goes for horizontal directional drilling, with its high sensitivity to geological conditions. For this reason, these were not chosen to include pipe bursting and horizontal directional drilling as possible trenchless methods. 9 Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride 41 The following assumptions were made regarding trenchless pipe construction:  All highway and railroad crossing will require a casing.  All major roads (4 lanes or more) will require a trenchless crossing.  Size of casing is determined by the outside diameter of the carrier pipe bell plus 600mm; minimum size is 900mm. 3.4.2 Products and by products The main input products into the project will be uPVC pipes, concrete mix, and concrete sewer pipes. The resulting project product will be sewerage network, capable of conveying raw sewer to WWTP. The byproducts will mainly be pipe offcuts, cement bags and excess concrete. These will be collected and dumped at designated dumping sites. 3.5 Project schedule The construction phase of the project is envisaged to take 12 months commencing. In view of time, the construction works in all the 3 subprojects shall run simultaneously. The contractor(s) shall be advised to mobilize on all the sites at once. 3.6 Main project activities Below are the description of the main project activities 3.6.1 Preparation Phase The following will be carried out during this phase: i. Fulfilment of all statutory requirements for Project works. ii. Site handovers and preparations including site security; iii. Identification and relocation of infrastructure like service cables and other structures that may be on the corridor of impact. iv. Resettlement of all the project affected people. 3.6.2 Construction Phase Once the site preparation phase is completed, the construction phase will follow. During the construction phase, excavation works and pipe laying will be the major activities. 3.6.2.1 Excavation works Excavation will be done to the average depth of 4m below ground level. A safe working distance of about 3m on each side of the trench will therefore be required to allow for piling of excavated materials and movement of mechanical plant. Where space allows, mechanized excavation will be employed to ensure safety and quick completion of works thereby reducing traffic disturbances among others. Where mechanized excavation is not possible, manual excavation will be used. Safety measures including trench shoring will be adhered to at all times. It is also anticipated that excavation works may encounter hard rock; where this is the case, rock blasting using explosives will be done to break the rock. On such sites, protective covers like used tires and site isolation will be used to block flying stones. Further, traffic control measures will be instituted to avoid damage to both humans and other 42 property. Construction/barrier tape will be placed along the trenches to protect the public from excavated areas. 3.6.2.2 Pipe laying Upon completion of excavation works, pipes will be laid in the trenches and immediately backfilled. The pipe materials to be used include Unplasticised Polyvinylchloride (uPVC) (up to 400mm diameters) and Reinforced precast concrete pipes (for diameters greater than 450mm) which are readily available in the country and the Southern African region. The uPVC pipes will conform to BS 3505 class D and with a rating of 12 bars, complete with rubber rings and possessing wall thickness range of 7.4mm (for 160mm dia.) to 18.4mm (for 400mm dia.). For the reinforced precast concrete, non-pressure pipes with spigot sockets will be used. These have a high loading capacity though susceptible to corrosion by acids. To prevent this, concrete pipes shall be lined with corrosion resistant material. The concrete pipes shall conform to SANS 676 and 677 and shall have the following properties as in table 6 below. Table 7: Standard Concrete Pipe Sizes and Proof Load1 (SANS 676 and 677) Nominal(Inside) Outside D Loads (KN/m.m) Diameter Diameter 25D 50D 75D 100D 456 518 - 22.5 33.8 45.0 525 604 13.1 26.3 39.4 52.5 600 690 15.0 30.0 45.0 60.0 675 776 16.9 33.8 50.6 67.5 750 863 18.3 37.5 56.3 75.0 825 949 20.6 41.3 62.0 82.5 900 1035 22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0 1050 1208 26.3 52.5 78.8 105.0 1200 1380 30.0 60.0 90.0 120.0 1350 1620 33.8 67.5 101.3 135.0 1500 1800 37.5 75.0 112.5 150.0 1800 2160 45 90.0 135.0 180.0 The works will also provide for dewatering of the trenches using pumps where need arises. This water will be pumped into the natural drainage system. Due to the size of the pipes and manhole sections, handling will be mechanized. 3.6.3 Operational Phase Once the construction phase has been completed, the sewerage network and auxiliary facilities such as the WWTP will be handed over to LWSC for commissioning and subsequent operational activities. During the operation of the new network, periodic maintenance will be undertaken at regular intervals. 3.6.4 Decommissioning Phase Once the design lifespan for the network has elapsed, upgrading and decommissioning works will be undertaken, this will involve the;  Removal of residual pipe sections by excavating the underground sections using either manual or mechanized means.  Disposal of decommissioned products at the designated dumpsite licensed by ZEMA. 43 CONSIDERATION OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES CHAPTER 4 4.1 Identification of Alternatives During the planning and design of the project, various alternatives were explored. Considerations were made on project site selection, materials to be used, construction methods and appropriate technologies. 4.1.1 Site Selection All townships within Lusaka district were potential target areas for the project. However, based on time restriction and cost considerations, there was need to select suitable areas that were feasible for investment. The project sites for year 1 investment were based on selecting areas with the least involuntary resettlement challenges. Areas and routes with minimal encroachments were identified for network route selection and associated facilities. Further, in view of the tight procurement schedule for the Priority (Year 1) sewerage works Emmasdale, Kafue road and the CSU 05 line from Mandevu junction down to Ngwerere were deemed less complex. The other consideration was the availability of a good water supply in the area of interventions. Within these sites, efforts were also made during site selection and drafting of designs to avoid or minimize the demolition of infrastructure. 4.1.2 Pipe Network Material selection Various pipe materials of different specifications were considered during the design. These included asbestos pipes, uPVC pipes, HDPE pipes, concrete pipes, steel pipes, ductile iron pipes and the cast iron pipes. Asbestos pipes, cast iron and ductile iron pipes were dropped due to various factors including susceptibility to corrosion in acidic medium, health and environmental concerns. However, only pipe materials giving an optimum performance were selected. These included the UPVC pipes, HDPE pipes and the concrete pipes in certain sections. The selected pipes have the ability to withstand traffic loading and are suitable for pipe jacking or micro tunneling processes. 4.1.3 Construction Methods and Techniques The construction methods and technologies were also considered. Generally, technologies and methods likely to cause minimum impacts and disturbances to the general public were prioritized. Considerations were also made to minimize traffic disturbances. For this reason, trenchless excavation was favored across tarred roads. 4.1.4 Selected Alternatives After considering the potential project sites, the following sites were selected; Kafue road site:-This stretch extends from Embassy and Makeni Shopping Mall, on both sides of the Kafue road through Down and finally terminating into the existing sewer line along Independence Avenue. This site is bordered by commercial outlets on both sides throughout. Emmasdale/Chaisa site:-This site is about 3km from the central business district. It is bordered by Sheki Sheki Road, Lumumba road and the great North Road. It is predominantly residential with few commercial outlets. 44 Western Interceptor: The western Interceptor sewer line extends about 700m along Lumumba road from the Great North road/ Lumumba Junction. The site further extends North East from this junction following the natural stream through to Ngwerere area. The area is predominantly residential though small scale commercial activities are common especially at Mandevu market where the line will pass. 4.1.5 Justification for Selected Options Kafue Road Site Kafue road site was selected because as it has few encroachments within the proposed network route and corridor. The site is generally well planned with only small scale business like block making and makeshift shops are dotted along the way. The area also has seen a rise in infrastructure, such as shops and malls that currently use onsite sanitation that pose a danger to groundwater contamination. Connecting these facilities to the sewerage network will eliminate/reduce possible ground water contamination and associated public health risks. Emmasdale and Chaisa The Emmasdale and Chaisa site was selected due to the good water supply situation in the area. The area is predominantly supplied by LWSC though some few properties are on domestic boreholes. Emmasdale and Chaisa site is also a well planned residential area proper deigned roads and thus cases of encroachment are not envisaged. The area is generally waterlogged making onsite sanitation a challenging alternative. Mandevu – Western Interceptor The western interceptor (CSU 05) has been earmarked for upgrades due to its current condition. The sewer line is hydraulically under capacity and some sections have since completely collapsed thereby discharging raw sewage into the natural environment. With the anticipated additional flows from the Emmasdale/Chaisa area, the sewer line would not cope. Therefore, upgrading this sewer line is an option even without additional flows. 4.1.6 The Zero Option Alternative In an event this project is not done, it will imply the current negative sanitation challenges will continue. The occurrence of waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery among the communities will continue. This results in deaths which could have otherwise been prevented. Not doing anything about the current situation will also imply continued pollution of the environment as in the case of the Ngwerere West Interceptor passing through Mandevu down to Ngwerere. The sewer line has literally collapsed discharging raw sewage into the natural environment. In the case of Kafue road, not intervening implies continued contamination of ground water through leaching sewage as the area is on onsite sanitation. 45 DESCRIPTION OF THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER 5 5.1 Location The proposed first phase of LSP is earmarked to be implemented in Lusaka district. The project sites are located in three areas:  Along Kafue road - starting from Embassy /Makeni Mall through down town to a discharge manhole at Tazara house along Independence Avenue.  In Emmasdale residential area boarded by Sheki Sheki Road, Lumumba and Great North Road.  Chaisa and Mandevu Townships. The Project sites are accessible through the major access roads in Lusaka, including Great North Road, Lumumba Road, Kafue Road and various minor roads within the project sites. 5.2 Physical Environment 5.2.1 Climate and Meteorology 5.2.2 Precipitation The rainfall data shown in figures 7 & 9 is for Lusaka and it gives a representative of the weather pattern for the project areas. The rainy season in Zambia usually occurs from November to April and are sometimes characterized by tropical storms 46 Figure 7: Average Precipitation of Lusaka (Sourced from Weather base, 2016) Figure 8: Average Number of Rainy Days in Lusaka (Sourced from Weather base, 2016) 47 5.2.3 Wind Figure 9: Average Wind Speed (Sourced from Weather base, 2016) 48 5.2.4 Geology Lusaka is built on a plateau which stands at an altitude of 1,300 m a.s.l. to the North and gently drops to 1,200 m a.s.l. towards the East, the South and the West The study area is entirely comprised in the topographical Map of Greater Lusaka of the Republic of Zambia in scale 1:50,000 and is located between latitudes 15°10’ and 15°50’ South and longitudes 27°45’ and 28°30’ East. Natural vegetation is characterized by Miombo savannah-type woodlands, while in the North, along the Ngwerere and Chunga rivers, and to the Southwest, along the road to Chilanga, extensive farmlands and cultivated areas are situated. The natural forest reserves North and South of Lusaka have gradually been cut to leave space for newly growing townships. The flat morphology of the Lusaka plateau is the result of intense and long during weathering of the outcropping lithologies, resulting in flat schist and carbonate plains with rounded quartzite hills, forming an immense erosion plateau known as the Gondwana and Africa surface. The Lusaka plateau forms a watershed between the Chunga River, which ends up in the Mwembeshi River to the West, and many smaller rivers which end up into the Chongwe to the Northwest and Kafue rivers to the South. The Lusaka area is underlain by a thick sequence of Precambrian meta sediments which have been intruded by granitic and basic bodies. These Precambrian rocks were divided into a mostly granitic Basement complex and the meta sediments of the Katanga Super group (Simpson J.G et al, 1963). The Basement complex crops out to the North and South of Lusaka and are composed of coarse grained quartz-muscovite-biotite schists and sheared quartz- feldspar-biotite gneisses in the North and augen gneisses, feldspathised and foliated schists in the South. The augen gneisses have been dated at 1106+/-19. The met sediments, which dominate in the central part of the area and underlay the city of Lusaka, are composed, from bottom to top, of Matero Quartzite, Ridgeway Schist and Lusaka Dolomite. These last are grouped in the Lusaka Formation, prevalently composed of dolomitic marbles. From a structural point of view many fracture joints, shears and thrust faults occur especially on the schist-dolomite contact, representing highly permeable areas in which surface water easily reaches the water table. Locally upon these ancient rocks alluvial sediments (Quaternary) have been deposited. Furthermore all these rocks are covered with a more or less thick cover of soils, mainly composed of iron-oxide ooliths in a clayey matrix on dolomitic litholo-gies and sandy sediments on schists, gneisses and granites (Simpson J.G et al, 1963). The plateau on which Lusaka is built is characterized by a flat morphology in which the lowest areas are generally underlain by schists, less resistant to erosion, the inter- mediate ones are characterized by the outcropping of dolomitic marbles and the few hills, locally named kopjes , are made out of massive marbles, gneisses or quartzite’s, much more resistant to erosion. Surface drainage is almost exclusively present on the crystalline lithologies or schists, while on the dolomitic marbles water tends to disappear randomly underground along fractured zones normally close to the contact. Surface karst on the dolomitic marble is hidden by a layer of laterite soil which can attain a thickness of a couple of meters. These laterites are extensively exploited by local people and in the places where this cover has been taken away a well karstified surface is exposed. Extensive rounded Karren fields, sculpted on the boundary between laterite and carbonatic rock, are clearly visible and go down up to 4-5 meters from the surface. In the absence of the filtering laterite cover these exposed rounded Karren fields constitute places in which surface drainage water 49 easily infiltrates and reaches the subterranean aquifer. Some deep drill holes have demonstrated that the dolomitic marbles of the Lusaka (Simpson J.G et al, 1963). Formation are fractured and karstified up to a depth of at least 100 m, constituting the most important aquifer of central Zambia. Although these marbles cover a surface of more than 1,600 square km in the region of Lusaka, only few caves have been reported in literature. The widespread erosion and the extensive laterisation of the region did not allow the preservation of many caves that have been completely destroyed or filled up with sediments. The few caves which are known are all situated on the flank of little hills and anyhow above the medium altitude of the plateau, and represent relics of a relatively ancient karst which inferior parts are completely filled up with laterites and/or sediments. The most important and best known caves are situated at Leopard’s Hill (60 km East of Lusaka), near the little village of Chipongwe (30 km South of the capital) and close to Kafue river at Kapongo village (50 km South of Lusaka. Leopard’s Hill cave has three entrances on the flank of the homonymous dolomitic limestone hill, is characterized by an impressive fruit-bat colony, responsible of the thick guano deposit, and is of archaeological interest. Chipongwe cave, very similar to the Leopard’s Hill cave for the presence of a bat colony, a guano deposit and archaeological remains, is characterized by the presence of a subterranean lake corresponding to the local karst aquifer base level. Near the village of Kapongo two caves are known, until recently exploited for their guano deposits. Similarly to the other two caves, here also a big bat colony has produced a thick guano deposit, but these caves are different from the others due to the presence of calcite speleothems (Simpson J.G et al, 1963).5.2.9 Hydrogeology While some of the solution features my not show any evidence of occurrence at the surface, they have great lateral extents in the subsurface. Some of them have been intersected in boreholes at depths in excess of 60 m below ground surface (Fig. 11) and form what are usually referred to as underground rivers. Their occurrence and orientation have consequently dictated the general course of groundwater flow in Fractures-sizes in marbles appear to have subsequently and progressively increased in comparison with those of the rest of the fissures and other primary voids in the rock, where water circulation may not have been so intense. The presence of these features has transformed these rocks into a favorable and comparatively cheap source of water supply to the city and they appear to have exerted a lot of control on groundwater flow in the aquifer. In addition, shearing along the marble-schist lithological contact must have given rise to open conduits, which together with fracture zones, formed essential channel-ways for water into the rock mass. Even some of the Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) borehole-drilling records indicate an evident relationship between water strikes and large scale fracturing and/or faulting/shearing (Table 2). In this regard, the Lusaka terrain forms a distinctive landform arising from a combination of relatively high rock solubility and well- developed permeability. Table 9 gives a summary of average hydrogeological properties of the aquifer in Lusaka (UNEP, 2005). 50 Table 8: Influence of geological features on borehole yields Borehole Name Associated geologic feature Pumping rate (l s-1) Leopards Hill Road Breccia 360 Roadside Breccia 89 Shaft 5 Breccia 100 U-5 Fracturing and solution channels 50 International School Fractured marble-schist contact 50 Old Pump Station Breccia 83 Mass Media Fractured marble-schist contact 50 Table 9: Average aquifer properties in Lusaka Aquifer lithology Permeability (ms-1) Transmissivity (m2h-1) Specific Capacity (m3h-1m-1) Marbles and Dolomites 1.8 x 104 25.2 23 Schists and Quartzite’s 7.2 x105 10.2 8.6 In view of the heterogeneity of rock aquifers, the capacity of the Lusaka aquifer to hold water is a function of the degree to which it’s primary and secondary permeability have been developed mainly by fracturing and solution. And an evaluation of water strikes in boreholes is indicative of their close association with discontinuities in the rock mass. Thus, the hydrogeology of Lusaka indicates that: The Lusaka aquifer has the best groundwater potential to support the City of Lusaka water. Supply The flow in the aquifer is directed mainly towards the north-west, south-west and north-east. Generally, Misisi and John Lang settlements are located on a relatively flat area thus resulting in Stagnant waters during rainy season, which eventually infiltrate to the ground store. Natural discharges occur in certain areas along the schist-dolomite contact through small intermittent springs and seepages. Kafue Road Project Area Based on dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) testing carried out during Feasibility Studies, bedrock is estimated to be 3 to 4.5 meters below ground surface. The whole of Kafue road area is underlain by karst dolomite limestone and as such the depth to rock head varies rapidly between 0 and 6 m and outcropping limestone is visible throughout the area. This and local experience indicates a high risk of rock within trenches at normal water and sewer pipe installation depths within this area. The sub- project area has high groundwater level and prone to flooding. Emmasdale/Chaisa and Ngwerere West Interceptor Project Areas Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) testing performed during feasibility studies shows that bedrock is some 4 to 5 metres below ground surface. Review of the area’s geology indicates that the CSE is situated in a schist area with a moderate risk of encountering hard rock at normal trench depths. The area is moderately flood prone area with a high groundwater table. 51 Figure 10: Map Showing Lusaka Aquifer System and Adjacent Areas (Sourced from BGR, 2016): 52 5.2.5 Topography and Drainage The surface water drainage of Lusaka city is generally in the Northern direction. Kafue Road project area has a generally flat topography with a mild gradient draining south-westerly and prone to flooding during rainfall events. Storm water drainage along the road is provided through earth drains, though seems inadequate. Emmasdale/Chaisa project area has a moderate gradient topography of general slope 1% draining in the North Easterly direction to Ngwerere stream. Ngwerere West Interceptor runs along the western tributary of Ngwerere stream (Simpson J.G et al, 1963). 5.2.6 Groundwater Groundwater samples were collected from boreholes and shallow wells located within Chawama, Kuomboka, John Howard, Emmasdale, Mandevu and Chaisa areas. Sampling points were spread out to cover the three subproject areas and only one borehole was sampled in cases where they were clustered. As was done for surface water quality, sampling and analysis for ground water samples was conducted by the Environmental Engineering and Geochemical Laboratories at the University of Zambia. Sampling and analysis was done in conformity with the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater as prescribed by the American Public Health Association (APHA), 1998. Water quality samples collected from some project areas indicate that the water quality is out of limits required by both Zambian and WHO standards. Similarly there was high evident of pollution from water samples collected from Chawama and Kuomboka areas with high concentrations of Total and Faecal Coliforms as well as Nitrates and E.coli . Secondary data on boreholes within the project area was collected from LWSC Water Quality Surveillance Laboratory located in Libala Water Works. A number of boreholes within Chawama and Kuomboko areas were sampled between March and October 2013 to check water quality. All the boreholes tested for nitrates indicated unacceptable nitrate levels which is the indicator for water pollution. Chawama boreholes 1, 2 and 3, John Howard borehole 6, Jack 1 and 2 showed high nitrates (NO32-) levels exceeding the acceptable limit of 45mg/l. The high levels of nitrates observed in the water sources indicate pollution levels and this need to be urgently addressed. The fast growth of commercial properties in this catchment area puts the resource at a further risk. Results of ground water samples collected from Chawama and Kuomboka areas and tested by the University of Zambia (UNZA) Environmental Laboratory are indicated in Appendix 11. 53 5.2.12 Effluent Quality LWSC operates six (6) WWTP located with the Manchinchi, Ngwerere and Chunga catchment areas:  Manchinchi Wastewater Treatment Plants  Garden Maturation Ponds ; draining into Ngwerere Stream  Kaunda Square Waste Stabilization Ponds ; draining into Ngwerere Stream  Chelston Waste Stabilization Ponds Kapilyomba Stream  Matero Waste Stabilization Ponds ;draining into Chunga Stream  Chunga Wastewater Treatment Plant Records for the effluent quality and the streams into which they discharge were obtained from LWSC Effluent and Pollution Control Laboratory. The results presented in appendix 11 indicate that the baseline wastewater quality results are not fully compliant with ZEMA limits for discharge of effluent into open environment as well as World Bank (WBG) Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines. The downstream water quality results indicate high levels of contamination as evident with high Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD), Total Coliforms (TC) and Faecal Coliforms (FC) results. 5.2.7 Soil Quality Soil samples were collected from different locations within the project area. Soil sampling was concentrated within Emmasdale/Chaisa and Garden. The results indicate high concentrations of different determinants being outside WHO guidelines especially for Total Coliforms, Feacal Coliforms and E coli that could be evident of sewer contamination. The certificate of analysis for the soil analysis are attached in appendix 11and summarized in table 13. Table 10: Summary of Parameters considered during sampling tests Determinants Groundwater Surface water Effluent Soil pH pH pH pH Total Dissolved Total Dissolved Total Dissolved Total Dissolved Physical Solids(TDS) Solids(TDS) Solids(TDS) Solids(TDS) Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity Total hardness Total hardness Total hardness Total hardness Chlorides Chlorides Chlorides Chlorides Nitrates Nitrates Nitrates Nitrates Chemical Total phosphates Total phosphates Total phosphates Total phosphates Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) Total Coliforms Total Coliforms Total Coliforms Total Coliforms Faecal Coliforms Faecal Coliforms Faecal Coliforms Faecal Coliforms Bacteriological E coli E coli E coli Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD) 54 Table 11: Soil Analysis (Test Carried out by Environmental Engineering Laboratory, UNZA School of Engineering, 11th April 2016) Ngwerere Chifundo Chifundo Emmasdale Parameter Bridge Market Bridge Area pH 7.34 7.50 7.44 7.54 Total Dissolved 248 383 701 564 Solids(mg/l) Conductivity(µs/cm) 494 759 1,400 1,093 Total hardness(as mg 0.314 0.385 0.536 0.951 CaCo3/l) Chlorides(mg/l) 0.098 0.130 0.144 0.0101 Total phosphates(mg/l) 0.0001 0.0038 0.0136 0.0149 Nitrates (mg/l) 0.00091 0.00140 0.00074 0.00001 Bacteriological Total 9,500 10,200 10,800 3,800 Coliforms(#/100ml) Faecal 8,800 9,000 8,500 2,000 Coliforms(#/100ml) E.Coli(#/100 ml) 6,500 7,200 7,000 1,200 5.2.8 Land Tenure Land tenure in Lusaka particularly in the project area, is similar to the rest of the country and is vested in the Republican President who holds it on behalf of the Zambian people as provided for under the Lands Act of 1995. Access to land is on tenure basis as governed by the Lands Act. There are basically two types of land tenure systems in Zambia namely traditional and leasehold. The majority of land in Zambia is held by traditional leaders who have powers to issue it for use by their subjects. No title deeds are issued for land issued under customary tenure system because this type of land is basically under communal ownership and as such property rights and security is dependent on the traditional leader’s goodwill. The advantage of this system compared to leasehold is that everyone belonging to a particular chief has shared ownership rights and cannot be declared landless. User rights on a given piece of land are thus passed on through inheritance or as a gift from the chief or his representatives (headmen or clan leaders).State land on the other hand is held under leasehold tenure with the Commissioner of Lands representing the President in the day–to- day administration of land and all Local Authorities are agents of the Central Government in land administration. Land at the proposed Sewer network falls under state land administered by the local authority on behalf of the Ministry of Lands and the President. This means that the land is subject to laws and regulations whereby land is surveyed and beaconed, and certificates of title are obtainable. The land has been offered to the developer and is currently paying applicable rates. 5.2.9 Land Use The main land use in the project area ranges from commercial, subsistent farming and residential activities. According to the Urban and region planning Act No 4, of 2015 of the Laws of Zambia) Land use in Lusaka is a mix of 55 residential commercial, quarrying and small scale farming activities. Rather than having strict land use zoning the situation in Lusaka is largely mixed land use. 5.2.10 Built Environment In most industrial areas, there are modern concrete block and glass industrial and commercial buildings. In the recent past high quality and modern structures have mushroomed and are still being built along Kafue road consisting of shopping malls, service stations as well as other industries. The type of housing infrastructure in some areas like Emmasdale can be classified into two categories; medium and high cost housing units. Medium housing units are usually institutional or former institutional houses. The other category is high cost housing units; that are generally big and usually modern double storey buildings. Both medium and high cost housing units as infrastructures are not likely to be affected but 121 entrances to these housing units, lawns and flower gardens will be disturbed and will need to be rehabilitated to pre – construction conditions. This will be done in phases and have been covered in the Rap and Contractors bill of quantities. In the agreements the contractor will not be paid until he rehabilitates to pre-construction state. Other areas like the Ngwerere route consists of mostly low cost houses, mostly concrete walls and ordinary iron sheet roofs/asbestos roofs in some cases. Very few houses have concrete fences whilst most houses are either open or have plant hedge fencing off the yard. Major roads like the Kafue road route has various types of bill boards ranging from very small to huge steel structures as well as electrical bill boards right in the project area. Kafue road, Emmasdale and Ngwerere project areas all have telephone line, water and sewer lines as well as optic fibre because the project is earmarked for the road reserve were these lines also transverse. 5.2.11 Noise and Vibration Noise in the project area is generally moderate, especially from vehicles driving on the great north roads, trains, excavators and explosives in certain areas where it is possible to use controlled blasting. Other potential source of noise includes people and music from bars within the surrounding area. 5.2.12 Soil The entrance to the site has moderately leached sand veldt soils. Generally the soils are Pisolitic ferricrete or laterite mixed with reddish brown to rust colored sandy loams to clay loams; the soils are permeable and well drained and represent agriculturally productive soils with high inherent fertility. This arises from a relatively high organic matter content which forms a pool of nutrients. The soil distribution appears to be mainly controlled by morphology (e.g. slope and position) followed by parent material. The three most common soil types in the area are have been described below. 56 i. Leptosols which are very shallow, extremely stony or gravelly and well- drained soils, prevail in the hilly areas of the Chongwe Catchment to the East and along the escarpment to the south. ii. Lixisols, a soil type with high-base status having a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of soil forming (pedogenetic) processes, developed on flat or gently sloping areas in the upper regions of the Mwembeshi Catchment to the north-west of the area. iii. Vertisols, heavy clay soils with a high proportion of swelling clays, are found in the poorly drained unconsolidated deposits of the Kafue Flats. The three main soil groups commonly occur in association with other soil variants. On foothills or plateau type terrain leptosols are often interspersed or replaced by acrisols where the parent material is made of acidic basement rock. In less acidic rock leptosols are associated with lixisols. A good correlation can be observed between these two soil types and the occurrence of often carbonaceous schists of Katanga age. Along the partially better drained mar- gins of the Kafue Flats vertisols are found in association with alisols. Apart from the major soil types described so far there are two notable areas with phaeozem as the predominant soil variant. Phaeozems occur in the flat to gently sloping area near Chisamba and along a 50 km by 8 km wide band to the southeast of the Lusaka Plateau. Phaeozems are dark soils rich in organic matter and particularly fertile. Geologically, the occurrences appear to be correlated with probably colluvial deposits of carbonaceous rocks (Lusaka, Nyama and Cheta formations). On the Lusaka plateau and on calcareous horizons of the Cheta Formation leptosols partially in association with lixisols or phaeozems with a shallow or moderately deep thickness varying from a few decimetres to three meters are developed. Locally these soils are known as the “Makeni Series”. The texture corresponds to sandy loams or clay loam. The soil colour ranges from red to brown and mainly depends on the content of iron oxides. Outcrops of hard rock are frequent. So-called pisoplinthic horizons or layers containing nodules that are strongly indurated by iron can frequently be observed. The soil commonly forms pockets between solution pillars of the carbonate rock that are known as karrenfelder. Along dambos or near springs, seepages and streams, in particular along the northwestern edges of the Lusaka plateau, poorly drained dark-grey to blackish, fine-textured and heavy calcareous “vertic” soils occur. This type of soil is locally known as “Cheta Series” and normally too wet for cultivation but it contains more clay and humus and is extracted and used as a fertile substratum for gardens 10[3 10 Roland Bäumle et al, 2012. 57 5.2.13 Structures and Housing Lusaka’s total housing stock stands at approximately 300,000 units. Of this, 10 percent, or 30,000 units, is formal housing i.e. formal dwellings on individual stands, in blocks of flats, or on agricultural holdings accommodating 30 percent (340,000) of the city’s population on about 80 percent of the residential land. The remaining 90 percent consists of squatter units, accommodating about 70 percent of the city’s population on less than 20 percent of its residential land. These informal settlements consist mainly of structures made of substandard materials. In the poor settlements, between 35 and 40 percent of the residents own houses; the remainder are tenants. There are 37 informal settlements in and around Lusaka, made up of 9 old sites and services settlements and 28 squatter settlements, of which 13 have not been regularized (or “declared”) to date. These are located predominantly to the north, northwest, and south of the central business district. In 1999, the Ministry of Local Government and Housing declared 10 further informal urban settlements as “improvement areas” under terms of the Housing (Statutory and Improved Areas) Act. 5.3 Ecological 5.3.1 Flora The surveyed proposed LSP pipeline and the study area (adjacent sections) exhibited natural ecological distortion attributed by construction and human habitation coupled with other economic activities. Located on an average elevation of 1,200m with a moderate undulating terrain formation, the site was dominated by sand-clays soils that influenced the vegetation cover and species distribution. The urban location of the site affected the poor growth form and distribution of vegetation which determines the availability of fauna and biodiversity in general. The dominated flora species included the Khaya nyasica, Bauhinia petersiana, Piliostigma thoninngi, Acacia polyacantha, Albizia species, and Ficus species among others. Advanced tree forms that existed on the site included a number of ornamental exotic tree species such as the Gmelina aborea, Jacaranda mimosifolia, and Delonix ragia. There is low accumulation of biomass on the ground due to increased disturbance and proximity to the Roads. The flora species found to be associated with the study area included but not limited to the following categories (1) Ferns, (2) Conifers, (3) Dicotyledons, (4) Monocotyledons. The following species were found to be associated with the study area; Khaya nyasica, Gmelina aborea, Bauhinia petersiana, Piliostigma thonningii, Acacia polyacantha, Euphorbia ingens, Ficus species, Hyparrhenia, Mangifera indica, Peltophorum africanum, Euphorbia tirachali. Brachystegia longifolia, Julbernadia paniculata, Pine species, Hibiscus syriacus, Magnolia tripetala (umbrella tree), Pinus echinata (Short leaf pine), Metasequoia glyptostroboides (down redwood), and Rosa Carolina among others. 58 The low diversity of tree species and inadequate vegetation cover along the proposed project footprint presents poor habitat value, hence the presence of only micro to moderate terrestrial fauna. The open area and high noise levels of the site make it increasingly difficult for advanced form of fauna to exist. The sampling technique, period of the survey, and the continued land use in the study area, present the possibility of not capturing the entire flora on the site. This could also be attributed to the extent of the site, plants being unidentifiable due to lack of fertile material, or plants lying dormant at the time of the survey. Several species located on the project site are listed as not “Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare” under the IUCN Red list. 5.3.2 Fauna Fauna was limited to smaller species due to the lost natural habitat. Birdlife on the site includes most common birds such as the Turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur), Black-eyed Bulbul (Pycnonotus barbatus), White-bellied go-away bird (Corythaixoides leucogaster), Red-collared Widowbird (Euplectes ardens), Roller Bird, Thick-billed Green Pigeon (Male) (Treron curvirostra). No mammals were observed on the site although it is anticipated that rodents such as mole, rats, squirrels and reed mice inhabit the area. A number of Lizards were encountered during the survey and snakes such as the blind snake and house snake have been reported on the site along with frogs. The Insects survey at the project site was done and a number of insects were observed in the area. Insect life included a variety of species of dragonfly, wasp, bees, crickets, grasshoppers, termites, mosquitoes, ants, red ants, lady bugs, butterflies and moths. 5.4 Socio - Economic Baseline Environment: 5.4.1 Education Literacy Levels At national level, the percentage of persons aged 5 years and older that were literate was 70.2 percent in 2010. This is an increase of 14.9 percent from 55.3 percent in 2000. The literacy rate for males was higher (73.2 percent) than that of females (67.3 percent). The literacy rate increased for both males and females between 2000 and 2010 in rural and urban areas. 5.4.2 Government Schools The government has a policy of universal free primary education and about 95% of primary school age children are enrolled at schools. About 20% continue to secondary level and approximately 2% of the 20-24 year old age group continues to tertiary level. Although illiteracy levels are only about 27%, the dropout rate at schools is very high. The standard of education in rural areas is hampered by lack of facilities, transport and teachers. Zambia’s education system consists of five sub-sectors namely Early Childhood Care, Development 59 and Education (ECCDE); Basic Education11; High School Education; Tertiary Education; and Adult Literacy and Skills Development The tertiary or professional level includes universities, colleges and skills development centers and can be categorized in two groups, firstly institutions falling directly under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education which include the country’s universities (both public and private)and 14 Colleges of Education and secondly institutions that are registered with the Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Authority (TEVETA) under the Ministry of Science Technology and Vocational Training. These provide education at four levels, namely trade test; craft or certificate; technician or advanced certificate; and diploma or technologist levels. In addition to the formal system, there is a non-formal education system that operates to serve the under privileged. The government officially recognizes two alternative approaches to basic education and that is community schools that use interactive radio instructions by Education Broadcasting services and open learning centers established in existing basic and high schools. However, the respondent in the project area identifies the following Schools ; Chaisa Basic School, Emmasdale Basic School, Northmead Basic School, Ngwerere Basic School, Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe Basic School, Justine Kabwe Primary School, Kamwala High School, Kamwala Basic School, John Laing Basic, and Chibolya Basic. 5.4.3 Private and Community Schools The Bible Gospel Church in Africa (BIGOCA) Community School, Kaweya Trust, Chalo Trust, and other community schools that domiciled in the local churches. 5.4.4 Energy Services The Lusaka District is connected to the ZESCO National Electricity Grid most of the households are electrified except for a few vulnerable houses are not electrified and people use solar panels, Liquefied Petroleum Gas and charcoal as an alternative source of energy. 5.4.5 Gender Equity Outcomes for Zambian women and girls are strongly shaped by social norms which support widespread discrimination. Women are generally regarded as subordinate to their male counterparts, have less voice, less autonomy, fewer opportunities and lower self-esteem. LWSC recognize the facts that change in the male-female relationship would address some of the vulnerabilities and improve the chances to better participate in water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Gender equity is not only a human right issue but it is a means to attaining gender equality. 11 Education Sector Profile –www.zda.gov.zm. 60 Gender equity in LWSC is promoted at various levels which includes but are not limited to water committees, ward development committees, and community based enterprise level. This equity is in terms of roles, responsibilities, opportunities, decision making, access to and control over resources. The Company is committed to gender mainstreaming and as such, all gender entry points, such as policies, operation procedures have been engendered and gender awareness meetings will be routinely conducted for both the project implementers and the local communities. Furthermore, the company is committed to affirmative action (positive discrimination), in order to encourage the discouraged groups of men/women in the decision making positions such as structures mentioned above. LWSC also will develop gender checklists and guidelines to ensure that the project designs, implementation, monitoring and evaluation which is informed by gender integration. Additionally, the project implementers will be trained in the collection of the gender disaggregated information to help make visible groups of people that are disadvantaged in the community of the project intervention. 5.4.6 Institutionalizing Gender Equity Zambia has further shown commitment in mainstreaming gender by being a state party to many international instruments and protocols that are championing the significance of integrating gender equity in the mainstream institutions and the project cycle, with the aim of attaining gender equality as an outcome. Notable among the instruments includes the revised National Gender policy 2014, and international instruments such as SADC protocol, convention for the elimination and discrimination against women CEDAW, Beijing Platform of Action 1995. In an effort to attain these global commitments, the government of Zambia sanctioned that there should be a ministry of Gender to specifically look into the issue of Gender mainstreaming in various sectors of development. All water supply and sewerage companies in the country are regulated by NWASCO and as part of its regulatory role, NWASCO directed that all water supply institutions in the country, adheres to Gender mainstreaming in all there programs, policies and operations by institutionalizing gender mainstreaming agenda. In response to the above directive and also in compliance with regional and national gender policy, LWSC developed its own Gender policy in 2014 and institutionalizing gender mainstreaming in order to attain equity and later on equality. 5.4.7 Gender Mainstreaming Ensuring fair or equal representation of men and women in the preparation of the project design, scoping meetings and disclosure of the (Environmental Social Impact Assessment) ESIA report, LWSC was committed to take consideration of the participation of both males and females. Despite differences in roles, responsibilities, opportunities and control over resources, a 61 deliberate approach was adopted to mainstream gender in the prefeasibility studies and the compilation of the ESIA Report. 5.4.8 Social-economic Disruptions and Compensation The urbanization of Lusaka and lack of way leave along the major roads which is further characterized by encroachments of unplanned settlements makes it difficult to construct other social services such as rehabilitation or expansion of the sewer networks. Therefore suffice it to say that this project will inevitably require a Resettlement Action Plan and compensation plan which will be submitted alongside this ESIA report to ZEMA. The pictures below are some of the affected people, business structures and houses. Figure 11: The affected business women 62 Figure 12: Verandah of the Church Affected However, the details of the inventory of the affected homesteads, fields fruit trees, structures, or business structures to be temporally disturbed will be given in the RAP report. 5.4.9 Livelihood Situation Unemployment and underemployment in urban areas are serious problems. About 68% of Zambians live below the recognized national poverty line, with rural poverty rates standing at about 78% and urban rates at 53% Census 2010 did not publish any data on individual or household income. The Zambia economy has grown since 2000, particularly in urban areas, in the construction, tourism, transport and mining industries. In contrast, growth in Agriculture, the mainstay of the rural economy and the main source of income for some 75% of the working population, averaged just 1.26% between 2000 and 2005.The main source of livelihood of people in Lusaka is mainly engaging in informal and formal employment. However, in some areas of Lusaka particularly in the project area of influence, the local people engages mainly in commercial activities which comprises petty trading, groceries, shopping complex, gardening and charcoal Trading. 63 5.4.10 Archaeological and Cultural Environment LWSC is not aware of any archaeological remains present within the project corridor of impact, However there is a known archaeological site (Manda Hill) where the remains of Chief Lusaka are laying. This site, which is in Olympia Park, is not within the proposed suprojects.It is worth noting that if any new Sites of Archaeological /heritage interest are found they will be cordoned off and the National Heritage Conservation Commission will informed immediately. Should any of these be found, LWSC will inform the National Heritage and conservation Commission (NHCC) in accordance with the Chance Find Procedures in Appendix 12. 5.4.11 Medical Facilities There are a number of medical facilities that are located within the proposed project areas. These are Chipata Clinic which is located within Ngwerere Western Interceptor near the junction of railway line and Kasangula Road. Within Emmasdale there is a Zambia Army owned Military hospital that is opened to the public. Other medical facilities within or near the proposed project areas are Railway Clinic near Tazara where the line terminates from Kafue Road CSE 23,Chaisa and Marapodi Clinics. 5.4.12 Religious Practices and Rites Zambia was declared a Christian nation, but a wide variety of religious traditions exist. Traditional religious thoughts blend easily with Christian beliefs in many of the country’s syncretic churches. Approximately 1287% of the population are Christians and it has one of the largest percentages of Jehovah’s Witnesses per head in the world, namely about 1in 83 Zambians. Approximately 1% of the population are Muslims and 1.5% belongs to the Baha’i faith .There is also a small Jewish community, composed mostly of Ashkenazis. People in the area are predominantly Christians and a number of churches including the Catholic, Jehovah’s Witness and Seventh Day were observed in the surrounding areas. Proportionally the majority of the people worship on Sundays than Saturdays. This is critical in determining the work calendar for the work force as most people in the area observe Sunday and Saturday as religious days. Other religion spotted in the area includes the Orthodox Church Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and the Moslems. State land on the other hand is held under leasehold tenure with the Commissioner of Lands representing the President in the day–to- day administration of land and all Local Authorities are agents of the Central Government in land administration. Land at the proposed Sewer network falls under state land administered by the local authority on behalf of the Ministry 12 The 1996 constitution, Zambia 64 of Lands and the President. This means that the land is subject to laws and regulations whereby land is surveyed and beaconed, and certificates of title are obtainable. The land has been offered to the developer and is currently paying applicable rates. 5.4.13 Crops/Fruit trees The assessment established that only small portions of gardening activities for sweet potatoes, pumpkin leaves, are among the crops that will be affected by the project in Mandevu Township. These crops are done mainly at the backyard of the affected people’s houses. There are also a number of fruit trees that were assessed and identified in Chaisa and Mandevu and these included, guavas, pawpaws, mushinika, avocado, bananas and mango trees. 5.4.14 Profile of Low-Income Community Residents The Status Quo report of the Lusaka Integrated Development Plan provides further information on Lusaka’s informal settlements:  The ongoing urbanization trend is causing growth in informal settlements at a rate of 12 percent per year.  Poverty levels are worse in informal settlements than elsewhere in the city.  Health is generally very poor.  Female-headed households are 18 percent of all households in the Lusaka province; these generally represent the poorest proportion of the population.  Informal employment is estimated at about 65 percent and unemployment at 28 percent in the informal settlements.  Household income for almost 70 percent of households is less than ZK150, 000 per month (US$40).  Approximately 45 percent of household expenditures are spent on food and 12 percent on housing.  Approximately 35 percent of households have their own tap, and 41 percent use public taps; the remainder often use unsafe water.  Approximately 44 percent of households have access to electricity.  Thirty percent of households use shared pit latrines.13 In most industrial areas, there are modern concrete block and glass industrial and commercial buildings. In the recent past high quality and modern structures have mushroomed and are still being built along Kafue road consisting of shopping malls, service stations as well as other industries. The type of housing infrastructure in some areas like in Emmasdale is all congregate with roofing sheets and can be classified into two categories: medium and high cost housing units. Medium housing units are usually institutional or former institutional houses, medium sized concrete walls with ordinary roofing sheets with/without a wall fence usually occupied/owned by Zambians. The other 13 Upgrading Of Low Income Settlements Country Assessment Report,2002The World Bank AFTU 1 & 2 65 category is high cost housing units: Massive mansions usually double storey buildings with modern fittings (such as aluminum windows, air conditioned etc), harvey tiled roofs and well-designed block or steel fences. Other areas like the Ngwerere route consists of mostly low cost houses, mostly concrete walls and ordinary iron sheet roofs/asbestos roofs in some cases. Very few houses have concrete fences whilst most houses are either open or have plant hedge fencing off the yard.14 Major roads such as the Kafue road route has various types of bill boards ranging from very small to huge steel structures as well as electrical bill boards right in the project area. Kafue road, Emmasdale and Ngwerere project areas all have telephone line, water and sewer lines as well as optic fibre because the project is earmarked in the road reserve where these lines are also passing. 5.4.15 Education The education system in Zambia consists of 7 years of primary schooling and 5 years of secondary schooling before students can enter university, college, or other institutions of higher learning. The minimum entrance age to the first year of primary school, known as Grade 1, is 7 years old. Thus a child is expected to enter his/her first year of high school (Grade 8) at 14 years old. These were government established standards Schools, particularly private schools, are very liberal in applying them. Their priority is largely on the performance of each child. It is thus common to find children of varying age groups throughout the schooling years. English is the language of instruction and one Zambian language assigned by each provincial district. Regarding the types of schools, there are: 1) Government public schools, 2) Church run schools, 3) Private schools, and 4) Religious private schools (such as Christian, Jewish and Islamic schools).There are a number of primary and secondary schools. Some of these are privately owned while others belong to the government. Statistics for the education sector in 2010, the literacy rate among people five years and above in the province is 83.0%4. Youth literacy is estimated at 96.1% in 2010 and the literacy rate for adult population 15 years and older is 93.5%. The primary school net enrolment ratio is estimated at 94.6% whereas 95.8% of pupils are estimated to reach grade seven (7) in the province. Primary school attendance is estimated at 36.9% for those aged 5 years and older and 90.3% for the age group 7 to 13 years. Gross primary school attendance stands at 100% while the net primary school attendance is 79.1%. On average, it is estimated that 27.2% of the population (25 years and older) have completed primary school in the province. As regards secondary education, gross attendance in the province was 85.8% in 2010 while the net attendance rate was 58.0%. Only 41.6% of the population 25 years and older 14 Social Survey conducted by LWSC 66 are estimated to have completed secondary education and 23.2% tertiary education.15 The following includes some of the schools that are found in the project area; Chaisa Basic School, Emmasdale Basic School, Justine Kabwe Primary School, Mutambe Basic School, Chibolya Primary School, Twashuka Primary School, Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe Primary School, Matero Boys, Emmasdale Pre- School and a Number of Community and Private Schools. 5.4.16 Transport / Communication The project area has favorable radio, telecommunication and internet is available to people with phones and other facilities which can be used for such communication. For the radio service, the coverage is uniform for most of the general stations especially the state run radio and television networks. Mobile service providers Airtel, MTN and ZAMTEL are present in the project area. The network is along both the rail line and the roads. 5.4.17 Energy Electric power is supplied to the area by ZESCO. In some private homes solar, charcoal and diesel powered gene set are also used. There are also certain households that depend on biomass for lighting and heating. 5.4.18 Traffic Zambia has a history of high traffic accident incidence. LCC states that Road Traffic Accidents have been ranked the third highest cause of death in Zambia after HIV/AIDS and Malaria and Lusaka Province counts for half the road accidents and a third of the fatalities; at a huge cost to society16. Arising from the high population growth and increased socioeconomic activities, the City of Lusaka has been experiencing a tremendous increase in the volume of traffic especially during the last one and half decades. This increase is mainly attributed to the increased economic activities within the City and which has led to influx of cheap used vehicles imported mainly from Japan as transport to support these economic activities. The assessment further established that congestion worsens during the morning, lunch time and in evening. 15 Statistics adapted from CSO (2010) Zambia Census of Population and Housing, Analytical Report, CSO, Zambia vol. 11 16 http://www.gtkp.com/userfiles/LCC%20road%20safety%20in%20Lusaka%20city.pdf 67 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS CHAPTER 6 The environmental and social impacts associated for the proposed LSP are likely to result in both negative and positive impacts. This requires that the negative impacts be managed and the positive impacts be enhanced to minimise the potential impacts on the environment. The evaluation of impacts was based on the methodology described in the subsequent section below. 6.1 The Nature and Evaluation of Impacts The studies undertaken during this ESIA considered direct, indirect, cumulative, and residual environmental impacts associated with the construction and operations on the LSP, These were assessed in terms of the following criteria:  Description of what causes the effect, what will be affected, and how it will be affected.  The extent, wherein it is indicated whether the impact will be local (limited to the immediate area or site of development), regional, national or international.  A score of between 1 and 5 is assigned as appropriate (with a score of 1 being low and a score of 5 being high).  The duration, wherein it is indicated whether: The lifetime of the impact will be of a very short duration (0–1 years) – assigned a score of 1.The lifetime of the impact will be of a short duration (2-5 years) - assigned a score of 2. Medium-term (5–15 years) – assigned a score of 3, Long term (> 15 years) - assigned a score of 4 and Permanent - assigned a score of 5. The magnitude, quantified on a scale from 0-10, where a score is assigned: 0 is small and will have no effect on the environment 2 is minor and will not result in an impact on processes 4 is low and will cause a slight impact on processes 6 is moderate and will result in processes continuing but in a modified way 8 is high (processes are altered to the extent that they temporarily cease) 10 is very high and results in complete destruction of patterns and permanent cessation of processes The probability of occurrence, which describes the likelihood of the impact actually occurring. Probability is estimated on a scale, and a score assigned: Assigned a score of 1–5, where 1 is very improbable (probably will not happen) Assigned a score of 2 is improbable (some possibility, but low likelihood) Assigned a score of 3 is probable (distinct possibility) Assigned a score of 4 is highly probable (most likely) Assigned a score of 5 is definite (impact will occur regardless of any prevention measures) 68 The significance, which is determined through a synthesis of the characteristics described above (refer formula below) and can be assessed as low, medium or high The status, which is described as either positive, negative or neutral The degree to which the impact can be reversed The degree to which the impact may cause irreplaceable loss of resources The degree to which the impact can be mitigated The significance is determined by combining the criteria in the following formula: =( + + ) S = Significance weighting E = Entent D = Duration M = Magnitude P = Probability The significance weightings for each potential impact are as follows:  < 30 points: Low (i.e. where this impact would not have a direct influence on the decision to develop in the area)  30-60 points: Medium (i.e. where the impact could influence the decision to develop in the area unless it is effectively mitigated)  > 60 points: High (i.e. where the impact must have an influence on the decision process to develop in the area) As the developer has the responsibility to avoid or minimize impacts and plan for their management (in terms of the ESIA Regulations), the mitigation of significant impacts is discussed. Assessment of impacts with mitigation is made in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures. 6.1.1 Assumptions and Limitations The following assumptions and limitations are applicable to the studies undertaken within this ESIA Phase:  All information provided by the developer and I&APs to the environmental team was correct and valid at the time it was provided.  It is assumed that the development area identified by the developer represents a technically suitable site for the implementation of the LSP.  It is assumed correct that the proposed connections to sewerage system is correct in terms of viability and need.  Studies assume that any potential impacts on the environment associated with the proposed development will be avoided, mitigated, or offset.  This report and its investigations are project-specific to the LWSC/LSP, and consequently the environmental team did not evaluate any other water utility companies operating in Zambia. 69 6.2 Positive Impacts There a number of positive benefits associated with the proposed LSP.The following are some of the positive impacts anticipated during construction and operation phases;  The proposed collection sewer extensions will see areas not previously connected to the sewerage network connected; this will in turn reduce ground water pollution through disposal of sewers through septic tanks and pit latrines.  There will be improve aesthetic in the project area due to the rehabilitation and upgrade of sewer pipes and manholes allowing sewers to flow without blockages.  The proposed LSP will increase coverage of sewerage network. This will eliminate discharge of untreated sewer in undesignated areas.  It will allow upcoming developments to discharge sewer into the expanded sewer network  Provision of employment during both construction and operation phases of the project.  Improved health of the people through reduced cases of waterborne diseases associated with poor sanitation 6.2.1 Creation of Jobs and Business Opportunities Implementation of LSP project will involve the use of both skilled and unskilled labour from the construction phase to the operational phase. The project will involve the engagement of surveyors, engineers, technicians, machine operators and other staff with various skills sets. The creation of employment and business opportunities will have social economic benefits on households directly or indirectly involved on the project. The project will ensure that local communities in the project areas are given priority during recruitment of staff. 6.2.2 Improve Provision of Sanitation Services The proposed project will improve access to sanitation services in the project areas across Lusaka. The will result in the reduction of waterborne diseases, sewer leaks and reduce on the use of onsite septic tanks. The project will also set best practices on how other similar projects can be constructed and operated. 6.2.3 Reduced Public Health Risks and Associated Treatment Costs The provision of sanitation services and rehabilitation of WWTP will result in the reduction of public health risks. This will result in the reduction of costs associated with the treatment and prevention of diseases. 6.2.4 Improved ground water and surface water quality The LSP project will involve the provision of sanitation services and rehabilitation of WWTP facilities in Lusaka. Connecting of households that are currently using onsite facilitates, replacing old piping with much stronger durable uPVC lines and improved sewer treatment at WWTP will result in the reduction of leaks, discharge of untreated sewer and infiltration of sewer effluent from septic tanks into ground water. This will result in improved ground and surface water quality. 70 6.3 Negative Impacts The negative impacts that are likely to arise from the construction and operation of the LSP are;  Impacts on ground and surface water  Ecological impacts  Impacts on soils  Disturbance on air quality  Increased levels of noise and vibration  Visual intrusion  Temporary and permanent displacement  Impacts on utility infrastructure.  Generation of waste  Occupational health and safety risks  Impact on water resources  Impact on landscape  Impact of hydrocarbons on soil.  Public health and safety  Increased incidence of HIV/AIDs and other communicable diseases 6.3.1 Impacts on Ground and Surface Water The expansion of the sewerage network and rehabilitation of WWTP’s including auxiliary facilities will result in expansion of the sewerage network. Sewer blockages and leakages in the sewerage network will result into discharge of untreated sewers into the environment. Similarly when the WWTP are down or not working at optimum efficiency there is a potential of untreated sewers being discharged into the environment. These are likely to have impacts on ground and surface water in the area of operation surrounding areas. 6.3.2 Ecological Impacts The proposed expansionof the sewerage network across Lusaka will involve the clearing of vegetation, excavation, trenching and laying of pipes. This will result in the loss of flora and fauna, however this shall be limited to the construction phase and restricted to the network route and construction sites. The impacts are however low and localised. 6.3.3 Impacts on Soils Owing to the nature of the project, machinery will be required during excavation and trenching. This will result in loosening of the soil at the project site and may result in soil erosion. 6.3.4 Disturbance on Air Quality The proposed construction sites are within or adjacent to commercial and residential areas. Construction activities are likely to generate dust that may affected surrounding communities and businesses properties. Since construction activitely will be undetaken in a short time frame the impact is temporary and localised. Site clearing activities will be limited to project sites and will not potentially adversely affect air quality. Other sources of emissions 71 are also likely to emanate from vehicles due to increased vehicular traffic flows. However, this is negligible and transient. 6.3.5 Increased Levels of Noise and Vibration Noise and vibration are likely to be generated during construction by concrete mixers and transportation vehicles. Generally, construction noise exceeding a noise level of 70 decibels (dB) has significant impacts on surrounding sensitive receptors within 50m of the construction site. Blasting activities in areas of high rock formation are likely to generate high noise and vibration levels. 6.3.6 Visual intrusion Visual intrusion are likely to occur during earthworks for the proposed project activities through prescence of excavations scars,poorly manageded construction waste,untidy storage of contruction materials,visible portable pit latrines.The visual impacts will however be confined within the project areas. 6.3.7 Temporary and Permanet Displacement There is a potential for temporary and permanent disruption of physical properties during the implementation of LSP. Some vendors in Kamwala market and Chifundo market will have to relocate to pave way for project implementation. One house will be demolished in Mazyopa whilst some houses in Mandevu and Garden will be partially demolished to pave way for project implementation. Some access to residential and business premises in Emmasdale will also be affected but this impact will be temporary. 6.3.8 Impact of Public Traffic Construction activities laying within the Project Right of Way (ROW) will have minimum impact on pedestrians and public traffic owing to their location. However there is a potential road safety risks from construction vehicles and trucks delivering materials especially in the heavily populated areas around Chifundo and Kamwala Markets. Children and pedestrian’s coming close to the project sites may also cross the roads careless and this may lead to accidents and fatalities during project implementation. In areas where there will road cutting, there will be cumulative impact requiring traffic control measures from blocked roads, increased traffic congestion, disruptions of public transport and deliverables. There is also a potential risk of traffic disruptions and congestions during road cutting. This impact is expected in Kamwala near Sable Warehouse where the road will be cut to allow the sewer line terminate to Tazara House manhole. There will be also road cutting activities along Vubu Road in Emmasdale. The impact of public traffic however will be minimized by using underground channeling method as opposed to open excavations on all the major busy road of Lusaka namely Kafue Road, Independence Avenues, Kasangula and Great North Road. Despite using underground channel measure will be put under the Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan (CESMP) in terms of warning signage with regard to impending works and reducing speed. Similarly on all the roads where the will be road cutting activities, road signage and detours will be implemented 72 to guide both pedestrians and motorist. All excavated sites near the roads will be cordoned from the public as a prevention toward fatalies and accidents. 6.3.9 Impacts on Public Utility Infrastructre. Project construction will has potential to interfere with existing underground utilities (water pipelines, and communication and power cables), and may result in temporary suspensions of service. Collaboration will therefore be required with partners such as Zamtel, Total Services Station, Mount Meru Service Station, LCC ZESCO, Airtel, MTN, CEC Liquid Communications and RDA. 6.3.10 Generation of Waste During the construction period, construction, municipal solid waste and refuse will be generated. Unsound management practices of waste has potential to pollute surface water resources. The decomposing vegetative waste materials might produce foul smell and affect the quality of the surrounding air. Open air burning of waste may emit air polluting substances and cause a nuisance to nearby communities. Waste that is disposed of in an improper manner may be unsightly thereby affecting the visual characteristics of the area. 6.3.11 Occupational Health and Safety Risks During the civil works, public as well as construction staff safety risk may arise from various activities such as deep excavations, operations and movement of heavy equipment and vehicles, storage of hazardous materials and disturbance of traffic. Due to the long duration and complexity of the construction phase, if such activities are not properly controlled the associated risks may be higher. Likewise, poor supervision and lack of safety measures may increase the likelihood such impacts.LWSC will ensure that best management practices are employed to ensure that welfare and communities are safeguarded during project implementation.LWSC will ensure that workers are provide with personal protective equipment at all times. Proper signage will be placed to warn children, elderly and traffic of areas that are potential safety risk. 6.3.12 Impact on Water Resources The proposed LSP will have an impact on the availability of existing and potential water sources in terms of quality and quantity as well as use of water from rivers through increased volumes of treated wastewater that ultimately is discharged into the receiving streams and rivers such as Chunga and Chongwe River. 6.3.13 Impact on landscape and Aesthetics Activities such as clearing using heavy machinery have potential to change the natural landscape and may therefore degrade areas of scenic beauty. Areas will need to be cleared for the installation of pumping houses as well as trenching where the interceptors will subsequently be laid. These activities have 73 the potential to destabilize the existing natural ecosystems within the respective project areas. The area where the sewer interceptors are located is generally flat and the clearing and leveling activities that will be carried out for the establishment of the proposed structures will therefore have an impact on the local topography. The trenches where the pipes will be laid will cause significant impact on the topography. The removed soil will have to be replaced and compacted. Installation of structures and compacting using heavy machinery has the potential to change the natural landscape and may therefore have an impact on local aesthetics. This impact is, however, expected to be minimal. 6.3.14 Impact of Rock Blasting Blasting has been proposed as one ot the techniques to be used to break rocks in areas of high rock formation along the Kafue Road. Blasting activities are likey to generate high noise levels and associated vibration that may affect structures in surrounding areas. A review of the environmental impacts of blasting indicate that fumes and dust do not pose a significant danger to people who are within the vicinity of project sites. These impacts of rockblasting are likely to pose a risk to public safety and structural intergrity 6.3.15 Impact of Hydrocarbon on Soils Soil contamination may result from the leaking of hydrocarbons such as oil and diesel during drilling operations from machines. The hydrocarbons are likely to contaminate both surface, subsurface soils and surface water. 6.3.16 Public Health and Safety Inadvertent access to the construction site by the members of the public, particularly the trenches before backfilling with soil, may result in personal injury. During construction there will be increased levels of dust, air and noise pollution. These are considered as negative impacts as they significantly lower the quality of the environment. The residents and workforce will be subjected to these environmental hazards. For food provided by mobile vendors this can compromise health of workers especially if foods stuff are prepared in unhygienic conditions. 6.3.17 Increased incidence of HIV/AIDs and other communible diseases There is a potential induced impact during construction phase of high sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS due to new entrants in communities for employment. The socioeconomic environment created by the project, may encourage migrant labour directly or indirectly in search of new employment opportunities. There is a potential induced impact of increased income in the communities, from construction worker salaries that may lead to domestic abuse in the home. . 74 6.4 Summary of Potential Impacts associated with the Construction phase The list of potential Impacts during construction, nature of impacts, extent and the magnitude on the LSP are listed and summarized in the table below. Table 12: Summary of impacts during the construction phase Nature of Magnitude of Potential Impacts during Construction Extent Impact impact Temporary job creation and creation of business opportunities Positive Local/Regional Moderate Potential conflict on employment opportunities between local communities and outsourced workers by contractor Negative Local Low Potential resentment by local communities if construction activities become a Negative Local Low public nuisance Capacity Building for local communities who will be engaged in various on job Positive Local Low training Increased local revenues from kiosk selling foodstuffs to contractors Positive Local Moderate Potential disruption of public services including sewer lines, water supply, Negative Local/Regional High underground power and communication cables Part of the sewer expansion works may interfere with land use change in Negative Local High neighbouring communities Ecological impacts on Flora, avifauna and Fauna, from the clearing of Negative Local Low vegetation and excavation works Potential emissions of dust from trucks and vehicles accessing the construction Negative Local High areas and camp sites as well as material piling(sand and aggregate) Potential restriction to residential access for residential and commercial Negative Local High properties due to excavations Potential road safety risks from construction vehicles and trucks delivering Negative Local Moderate materials to construction sites 75 Potential public safety risks to neighbouring communities accessing the construction sites(open channels and excavated sections) affected members Negative Local High could be children, the elderly, sick and motorist Occupational health and safety risks to construction workers(slips and falls, cuts Negative Local High heavy objects, snake bites, in all points of work Potential risk of contamination of food and water from solid waste leading to Negative Local High health challenges of workers and nearby communities Risk of vector diseases to workers and nearby communities(bilharzia, malaria, Negative Local High Potential cases of HIV/AIDs arising from interactions among construction Negative Local/Regional High workers and local communities Potential for Increased noise levels during excavation, trenching and blasting Negative Local/Regional Moderate activities Potential of soil erosion due to loosening of soils due to trenching and Negative Local High excavations Potential air pollution caused by emissions from construction equipment (carbon,hydrocarbons,particulate matter from earth Negative Local/Regional Low movers,excavators,vehicles, and trucks Visual intrusion (aesthetics) during the installation of pipeline and rehabilitation Negative Local Low of the WTTP’s. Impact of odours due to sewer spillages during diversion of existing sewer lines Negative Local High Impact on rock excavation that may lead to trenching and hence affecting Negative Local High public safety Potential contamination of soils and water sources due to spillage of Negative Local Moderate hydrocarbon fuels and lubricants 76 77 6.5 Summary of Potential Impacts associated with the Operational phase The list of potential Impacts during operation, nature of impacts, extent and the magnitude on the LSP are listed and summarized in the table below. Table 13: Summary of Impacts during operational phase Nature Magnitude of Potential Impacts during Operation Extent Of Impact impact Employment and business opportunities during the operation of sewer lines Positive Regional High Increased local revenue for LWSC on sewer charges Positive Local moderate Capacity building and skills transfer to LWSC employees Positive Local moderate Permanent affected entities will be impacted by economic or physical Negative Local moderate displacement of losing crops, business income or structures Potential for Increased noise levels from generators during power outages Negative Local moderate Potential raw sewage overflows flow due to sewer blockages Negative Local High Potential discharge of sewers from pumping stations due to power outages Negative Local High Potential contamination of surface and ground water from sewer spillages Negative Local/Regional High Potential odours from pumping stations due to none functional pumping Negative Local High stations Potential risks to health of communities neighbouring and along the sewerage Negative Local High system caused by contamination Potential risk of occupational and health risk employees working on operation Negative Local High and maintenance Potential risk to the public from open sewer inspection manholes(risk of falling Negative Local High into uncovered manholes) 78 Potential risk to health of foods grown using raw or partially treated sewage as Negative Local/Regional High has been observed in various parts of the city Potential increase of value of land and properties with project areas due Positive Local High adjacent to sewer connection Potential for the sewer system susceptible to inflow of surface runoff that would Negative Local High effectively overwhelm the carrying capacity of sewer lines The site and other points with potential sewer overflows will encourage Negative Local High vegetation growth which may be breeding grounds for mosquitoes 79 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN CHAPTER 7 This section discusses the proposed enhancement and mitigation measures for each respective positive and negative Impact identified in the previous chapter. The proposed mitigations measures are designed to minimize or eliminate for impacts triggered by the project. The table (table 14) below shows the impacts that will arise during the construction and operation of the LSP and the proposed mitigation measures. The mitigations measures will ensure environmental compliance to ZEMA regulations, and the World Bank Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines and act as key in house environmental monitoring tool and mechanism. The constructor shall implementing this ESMP shall be required to prepare a Construction Environmental and Social Management Plan(ESMP) that shall set out the exact measures that the contractor will undertake to deliver the mitigation requirement for the construction phase Table 14: Summary of Environmental and Social Management Plan Environmental Performance Monitoring Mitigation Measure Frequency Time Frame Cost Estimated (USD) Aspect- Indicator and Reporting Construction Phase Temporary job Duration of 12 Months Contractor, To be determined  LWSC will enhance  Number of men and creation the LWSC, during implementation employment women employed Construction Ministry of Labour and opportunities by by works contractors Phase Ward Development giving preference to with contracts Committees(WDC) affected local’s  Number of works communities for both contracts on skilled and unskilled monthly payroll jobs  Number of women  The LSP will endeavour employed by to employ at least 30% contractors of women in order to promote and increase equal employment opportunities among women 80  The LSP will ensure that contractors comply with Zambian Labour laws Capacity Building Duration of 5 years Contractors and LWSC 50,000  Training of LWSC staff  Number of LWSC the project and contractors in project staff and WWTP and sewerage contractors trained network construction. Increased Business Duration of 5 years Contractors and LWSC To be determined Preference for  Growth and Opportunities project during implementation business opportunities increased levels of lifecycle will be given to locals service deliveries by to help stimulate suppliers and emerging enterprises contractors in the construction and service provision sectors Minimise ecological Duration of 12 months Contractors Construction Cost  Restrict vegetation  Minimal disturbance impacts the LWSC clearance to within to ecological Construction ZEMA, the project footprint systems within the Phase ZAWA  Identification of any project area endangered species  Preservation of all preserving or endangered species relocating them. within the project Rehabilitation and footprint. revegetation of construction area to near pre – construction conditions  Ensure protection of local ecosystem by proper handling of cement during civil 81 works and other solid and liquid wastes. Minimise impact on During the 12 Months Contractor Construction Cost  Ensure construction Compliance with public conveniences construction LWSC activities do not disturb approved phase Lusaka City access to residential contractors Council(LCC) and commercial environmental and ZEMA properties access by social management scheduling of works plan(CESMP) and expediting rehabilitation works.  Contractor to liaise with affected parties in advance of planned project activities.  Contractor shall maintain minimum pedestrian access for residential and business. The access should incorporate all necessary measures to ensure public safety  Monitor construction activities to ensure that private and commercial property do not suffer losses or damages  Contractor to give prior notification before commencement of work 82 Minimise temporary Duration of 12 months LWSC, According RAP  Network route and site  Screening and RAP and permanent Design/Cons Lusaka City Council, Valuation Report selection will be implemented displacement truction ZEMA aligned in a way that  Area of land Phase Disaster Management minimises or eliminates acquired and Mitigation involuntary  Amount of Unit(DMMU) resettlements compensation  All relocated and packages made displaced people will be compensated in line with provisions of the RAP  The contractor shall be liable for repair of structures such as entrances under standard contractual obligations Minimise increased Duration of 12 Months Contractors, Construction Cost  All machinery and site  Zero Reports of high levels of noise due to Construction LWSC, ZEMA Ministry of vehicles will adhere to noise levels. machinery Phase Labour and Social a stringent  Community Services maintenance regime Sensitization on the to ensure noise levels construction are kept to a minimum activities and their level in accordance risks. with the manufactures specification  Use of PPE such as ear muffs/plugs will be mandatory in areas of high noise levels. As set out in the EHS Guidelines  Contractor shall install temporary sound 83 barriers where necessary.  LWSC will continuously engage with the affected residents and business to ensure issues related to high noise level are addressed in the shortest possible time. Minimise impact on The Contractor shall be Duration of 12 months Contractor, Construction Cost public traffic and required to prepare a Construction Zero Traffic Incidents or LWSC, pedestrian safety Traffic Management Phase Accidents Zambia Police(ZP) Plan(TMP) for approval of and Road Traffic and the LWSC covering: Safety Agency (RTSA) Minimal Effect to daily  Traffic signage for roads detours and Traffic rerouting of sidewalks for pedestrians shall be installed.  Assign traffic control personnel and flags.  Provide alternative access to pedestrians.  Install relevant safety elements such as metal guardrails, road signs, pavement markings, barricades, beams and lights.  Selecting quarry and borrow sites that are served by roads of adequate capacity for heavy trucks and 84 where minor roads cannot be avoided provide provisions for repair in conjunction with RDA.  Review and monitor road safety records to ensure all project related accidents are being properly investigated Minimise impact of Duration of 12 Months Contractor, Construction Cost  The Contractor will  Zero Reports noise due to rock Construction LWSC use best incidents or blasting Phase ZEMA management accidents Mine Safety practices(BMPs) for associated to Department blasting such as Blasting activities chemical method to shatter the rocks and weaken rock formation, design and use of specific blasting plans, blasting mats, correct charging and micro delay detonations to minimise noise and vibrations  To minimise exposure to noise, blasting will be performed when the fewest 85 receptors(site workers) are on site  Prior to blasting a siren will sound to signal evacuation of the site  A buffer will be maintained to around project sites to further temper noise generated during explosion  All workers will wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) at times including hearing protection.  All project activities will be carried out in accordance with Zambian Occupational Safety and Health regulations and WB EHS Guidelines. Minimise impact of air Duration of 12 Months Contractor, Construction Cost  Regular  Zero Reports of Air and dust pollution Construction LWSC and ZEMAZEMA Maintenance of Emissions. Phase vehicles and  Regular construction suppression of dust equipment to reduce at construction on vehicular sites by a water emissions. This will be bowser. done in accordance 86 to the manufactures specification  All construction areas will be regularly watered to suppress dust.  It will be necessary to notify nearby neigh hood of any potential dust emissions during excavations. Minimise impact on Duration of 5 years Contractor, Construction Cost  Provide guidelines for  Ensure all waste is Waste generation the Project LWSC, Lusaka City proper disposal of disposed of at a Council and ZEMA solid waste and designated dump construction material site licensed by  Designated sites will ZEMA be chosen for solid  All construction waste disposal sites have a before ultimate functional waste disposal to landfills management  Identify in system consultation with ZEMA potential safe disposal sites.  Works constructor to keep records of waste streams  Estimate the amount of waste generated Minimise impact of soil Duration of 12 Months Contractors, Construction Cost  Create temporary  Zero Reports of contamination from Construction LWSC and sewer bypass routes sewage and oil sewage spillage and ZEMA during construction spills hydrocarbons 87 and maintenance  All hydrocarbon works. storage facilities  Plan emergency are well banded response measures in case of accidental oil spills  Ensure all used oils are stored in drums and disposed of with registered dealers with ZEMA  All Chemicals,hydrocar carbon and other potentially polluting materials shall be stored on an impermeable surface  Spill kits shall be made available to workers  Workers shall be trained to respond to emergencies spills and taught how to clean up and manage leaks Minimise impact of soil Duration of 12 Months Contractor and Construction Cost  Earth moving  Construction sites erosion due to Construction LWSC equipment shall be are rehabilitated to trenching and restricted to areas pre – construction excavations earmarked for conditions. installation  88  A construction sites will be rehabilitated to pre – construction conditions Impacts of visual Duration of 12 Months Contractor, Construction Cost  Install signage’s  No Reported intrusion and Construction LWSC and Lusaka City within project area to incidences of aesthetics Council assist community visual intrusion. who may be be  Rehabilitation of impacted by the construction sites. project in terms of visibility   Ensure adequate lighting  Construction activities will be undertaken in within the agreed time schedule to minimise visual instruction  Restricting project activities within corridor of impacts  Rehabilitation of site to pre – construction state. Increased incidences Duration of 12 Months Contractor SHE Staff TBA  LWSC shall conduct  Zero incidence of of sexually transmitted the Project and ZEMA, education and HIV/ STD infections diseases (STDs) and Ministry of Health sensitization on the  Increased use of HIV dangers of HIV/AIDS Condoms and VCT together with the facilities promotion of self- protection targeting contractors, 89 community in HIV/AIDs  Provision of condoms and other awareness materials  Provide workers with information on existence of anonymous VCT centres (Testing, pre- test, post counselling) through referrals.  Prepare a code of conduct for all employees.  Maximise employment of local labour force to reduce on labour influx. Public health and Duration of 5 Years Contractors SHE Staff Contraction Cost  LWSC shall sensitize  No Reported safety the and Lusaka City Council community about incidences of construction the project through public health and phase focus group safety risks meetings, posters, flyers and community engagements.  Sensitize schools, churches dangers of construction sites  Traffic management Signage and fencing of project sites 90  Provide 24 hours security of all project sites and enhance surrounding communities  All open excavations should be fenced off and signage installed to ensure they do not pose safety risk to the public 91 Environmental Aspect – Performance Monitoring Estimated Mitigation Measure Frequency Time Frame Operation Phase Indicator and Reporting Cost Creation of jobs and Duration of 4 years LWSC and TBA  LWSC will enhance  Number of men and business opportunities the Project Ministry of Labour employment women employed by Life Cycle opportunities by giving works contractors with preference to affected contracts local’s communities to  Number of works for both skilled and contracts on monthly unskilled jobs payroll  The LSP will endeavour  Number of women to employ at least 30% employed by of women in order to contractors promote and increase equal employment opportunities  The LSP will comply with Zambian Labour laws and observe local working hours. Reduced public health Duration of LWSC , Ministry of TBA  Ensuring the efficient  Zero Reports of risks and associated the Project Life span on WWTP Health, operation of WWTP and waterborne diseases waste treatment costs Life Cycle and sewerage Lusaka City Council treating effluent levels to  Effluents limits are network (LCC) within ZEMA permissible below ZEMA set effluent levels and World standards Bank EHS Guidelines.  Zero leakages within  Implementation of a the sewerage stringent maintenance network. Number of regime to prevent waterborne diseases network leaks in recorded at nearest accordance with clinics manufactures specifications 92 Occupational Health Duration of  Zero injuries and WWTP and LWSC and TBA  Ensure all workers are and Safety the Project fatalities during Sewerage network Ministry of Labour provided with PPE Life Cycle operational activities life cycle.  Ensure that safe work systems are established for operation and maintenance  Ensure all workers are sensitised on safety and health matters  Ensure all workers undergo mandatory medical at time of engagement.  Ensure machinery and equipment that emit air pollutants are sited away from communities  No burning should be undertaken without prior permission from LWSC and ZEMA Minimise Odours due to Duration of Perceived offensive Life span on WWTP LWSC TBA  Ensure that all sites sewage spillages project odours and sewerage ZEMA affected by sewage lifecycle network NWASCO spills are adequately sanitised  Ensure all sewer blockages are attended within 24 hours as in NWASCO service level guarantee Impacts on surface Duration of  Zero Reports of LWSC, ZEMA and  LWSC shall ensure that TBA water quality project surface water the Lusaka City leakages from the lifecycle contamination sewerage network are 93 minimised by periodic  Improved water WWTP and Council MA monitoring and quality in surrounding Sewerage network discharge permits maintenance of the water bodies life cycle. network and treatment plants.  All chemicals, hydrocarbons and other potentially polluting materials should be stored on an impermeable surface  Ensure workers are trained on how to respond to clean up small spills and leaks  Ensure availability of spill kits to workers  LWSC shall undertake periodical analysis and sampling of treated effluent from the WWTP to ensure its within permissible ZEMA limits. And World Bank Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. Impacts on ground Duration of  Zero Reports of WWTP and LWSC, ZEMA and  Monitor sewers for TBA water quality project surface water Sewerage network Lusaka City Council possible leaks lifecycle contamination life cycle.  Monitor nearby  Improved water sampling boreholes quality in surrounding and shallow wells water bodies  Regular maintenance  inspection of sewers  Operation maintenance should 94 be tested and calibrated on regular basis. 95 DECOMMISSIONING AND CLOSURE PLAN CHAPTER 8 The proposed LSP is envisaged to have a project lifecycle of 50 years. At the end of Life of project it be will be required to have a decommissioning plan in place and it is mandatory that ZEMA be advised in advance prior to the onset of the activity. Upon the attainment of the design life of the infrastructure, it is necessary that the system is properly decommissioned. The infrastructure components will then be disposed of in accordance with the approved standards. Decommissioning and closure of the facility will be based on the following procedure: 1) The sewer infrastructure will be disassembled and transported away from the area for re-use at other operations if still in good position. The materials and components that will be deemed obsolete will be traded in for recycling at a registered metal recycling facility. 2) During Operations, LSP will adopt a continuous rehabilitation system that will involve re-vegetation of cleared areas. This will be adopted post closure to restore the area to near pre-constructional conditions. 3) Areas that will show high levels of hydrocarbon contamination will be remediated and the highly affected areas of soils will be stripped and treated. 8.1 Objectives of the Decommissioning and Closure Plan It is imperative that once the design life of the infrastructure is attained, the infrastructure is decommissioned and replaced where necessary to ensure continued optimum performance. The main objectives will be:  Ensure safety of site and workers within the project vicinity  Prevent potential environmental impact resulting from the decommissioned infrastructure  Return the land to previous conditions capable of supporting the former land use or an alternative land use if the former is not practical The various components of the infrastructure have different design life spans. The collection systems (sewers) and civil works of the pumping systems have been designed for 25 years while the pumping machinery have been designed for 15 years. This means the decommission activities will be done at different times for different infrastructure. Prior to the decommissioning exercise, investigations and risk assessments will be conducted to ascertain the condition of the infrastructure. 8.2 Pumping Equipment The pumping units are earmarked for first decommissioning. All machinery and equipment will be removed from site once the operations cease. These machinery, especially those in contact with sewage will have to be disinfected and delivered to the workshop. The potential for redeployment or sale and/or recycling of machinery will be determined at that time. Some machinery and equipment may be sold by other plant operators or sold as scrap metal if in 96 poor condition. Any excess material shall be transported to the nearby designated disposal sites for final disposal. 8.3 Pipe Material Once the design life of the pipes is attained, physical condition assessment will need to be done to ascertain the condition. The infrastructure shall then be systematically decommissioned by excavating them from the ground. This will be done side by side with the installation of the new sewer network for ease of sewage transfer. The sewage will have to be diverted from these pipes through the new infrastructure which would have been installed side by side. Care will have to be exercised to insure minimal sewage spillages. However, where spillages will be experienced, disinfectants and lime will be added to make the sites safe. 8.4 Buildings The buildings will be assessed at the expiry of the design life to ascertain their conditions. Specifically, the structural integrity will be assessed to ensure the infrastructure does not pose any health and safety risks. Decommissioning activities will involve:  Breaking of the structures  Transportation of rubble  Disposal of rubble  Reinstatement of site  The rubble will be disposed at designated sites. 8.5 Decommission Costs The decommission activities are estimated to cost about US$1,402,146.A break down is illustrates in the table below. Table 15: Decommissioning Costs ESTIMATED COSTS ACTIVITY (US$) Excavation of decommissioned pipes and 1,159,136 infrastructure (36.43km) Disposal of excess decommissioned infrastructure 56,500 Reinstatement of affected areas 186,500 TOTAL 1,402,146 97 ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN CHAPTER 9 9.1 Introduction Proper planning, preparation and timely response to emergencies are the most effective ways of minimizing adverse impacts to public health, property and the environment. This Environmental Emergency Response Plan (EERP) contains the requirements and procedures for environmental emergency planning preparedness, response and reporting for year one investments sub projects  CSE 23 Kafue Road  CSE 08 Emmasdale  CSU 05 Western Interceptor The EERP is designed to ensure timely identification of emergencies, clearly allocate responsibilities, and promote effective response with minimal confusion and disruption of operations. The main elements of the plan include:  Specific emergency situations  An emergency monitoring and response management chain of command and hierarchy with specific defined responsibilities for operations personnel.  Emergency response plans for each type of emergency.  Notification and reporting requirements for emergencies.  The plan is designed as an active reference for operations personnel during the life span of the year one investments sub projects. 9.1.1 Objective of the ERP To plan for, coordinate, implement and manage a program to program to protect the environment and the welfare of the public in the event of an emergency in any of the year one investments project areas. 9.1.2 Potential Emergencies This EERP covers environmental emergencies that are considered most likely to affect the project operations. The environmental emergencies involve the release or threatened release of pollutants such raw sewage or oil to the soil, ground and surface water or air. Releases can be accidental, deliberate or caused by a natural disasters. Environmental emergencies are categorized as technological emergencies, human error emergencies and physical infrastructure emergencies could arise as a result of fire, rain, equipment/infrastructure failure, lightning and flooding or oil spills or sewage spillages. 9.1.3 Technological Emergencies These may result from failure of equipment, facilities or as a result of process or system failure. The following may be possibilities:  Emergency notification failures 98  Power failure  Incidents involving hazardous handling of substances/materials  Safety systems failure 9.1.4 Human Error Emergencies These emergencies are likely to be caused by employee error or negligence. Human error is the single largest cause of work place emergencies and can result from any of the following:  Fatigue  Carelessness  Poor attitude  Misconduct  Substance/Alcohol abuse  Poor maintenance of work areas  Inadequate training of personnel on site  Poor attitude 9.1.5 Physical Emergencies Physical emergencies relate to the design and construction of the project infrastructure. Some element of inadequate construction may result in an emergency. Physical features may include the following:  Layout of equipment/construction vehicles  Physical construction of facilities  Lighting  Excavation routes and exits  Proximity of shelter areas  Proximity of traffic 9.1.6 Natural Emergencies These emergencies relate to natural happenings and may include the following:  Bad weather (fog)  Heavy rains  Flooding  Strong winds  Disease outbreaks Lighting is a massive electrostatic discharge due to unbalanced electric charge in the atmosphere 9.1.7 Chemical Spills Inappropriate storage and handling of chemicals/oils can result into spills, potentially polluting soil as well as both unground and surface water. 99 Leaking storage containers are a major source of leakages and thus all project areas under the year one investment projects will have bund wall to capture any spill or leaks. Chemicals and oils will be stored on a concrete surface so that spills or leaks can be contained and easily cleaned up. Dripping pans will be kept in enclosures. 9.1.8 Fire Fuel storage stations can increase the fire accidents if safety guidelines are not observed due to volatility and flammability of fuels. Fire damage to any project infrastructure can be a loss in terms of financial investments as well as to the environment. Firefighting equipment in the project area should need to take into account the presence of hazardous materials Fire extinguishers will be installed in well labeled places and within easy reach. Personnel at all project sites will be adequately trained in firefighting and first aid coupled with regular fire drills to ensure competence with handling emergencies resulting from fire. Clear lines of commands will be established for personnel on site to be aware of who to contact in case of fire. 9.1.9 Emergency Management Elements This section describes the necessary response approach to the primary emergencies identified for the year one investment sub project. Early identification of an emergency and a rapid and comprehensive response are the two crucial elements to effective emergency response and minimization of impacts. The following elements are therefore crucial in emergency response planning:  Monitoring and emergency identification  Communication  Environmental protection  Direction and control  Safety  Community outreach  Property protection  Recovery and restoration  Administration and logistics These elements are the foundation for the emergency procedures that the contractor/LWSC will follow to protect personnel, the environment and equipment and to resume safe operations as quickly as possible. 9.1.10 Emergency Response Chain Of Command Employees at the project site need to be conversant with the chain of command for immediate responses to emergencies as well as formal notification to ensure effective response as well as compliance with appropriate regulations 100 The following Emergency Response Chain of Command will be followed at all project sites: External Resources PMU MANAGER LCC FIRE BRIGADE SHE OFFICER ZEMA, DMMU PUBLIC NOTIFICATION SHE REPRESENTATIVE PROJECT OPERATION STAFF Figure 13: Emergency Response Chain of Command Should any person in the chain of command be unavailable, an alternative will immediately take over the said responsibility. 9.1.11 Resource List Major resources (equipment, supplies and services) that could be required in an event of an emergency at the project site. Fire extinguishers Alarms (warning systems) First Aid box Personal Protective Equipment Spill containment equipment (e.g. spill kits) Labels warning signs Communication systems such as radio and mobile phones Generators Pumps. These resources will need to be present, fully operational and in good repair and easily accessible 9.1.12 Training All project operation personnel will be trained and exposed to an overview of the EERP. Safety discussion sessions, review of procedures and technical training in equipment use of emergency responder, vacation drills, first aid training, firefighting. Emergency preparedness information will also be distributed through posters. Training will address the following:  Individual roles and responsibility  The emergency notification chain of command 101  Information about threats, hazards and the importance of using PPE  Notification, warning and communication procedures  Employee emergency response procedures  Evacuation, shelter and accountability procedures  Use of common emergency equipment 9.1.13 Emergency Response Monitoring and Evaluation A formal audit of the entire plan will be conducted at least every quarter during project implementation and some of the following issues will be considered.  Assessing the understanding of respective responsibilities by members of the emergency response team.  Ensure that the trainings listed in the EERP are being carried out  Ensure new staff are being trained  Ensure the training objective are being attained  Charges in hazards due to climatic conditions  Ensure the registers of trained personnel are maintained  Ensure the names, titles and telephone of emergency response contacts are maintained  Check if the resources for emergency response are present, fully operational and in good condition and easily accessible 102 DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY OF REPORT CHAPTER 10 This technical report has been produced for LWSC. The information contained is based on desktop studies, site visits and technical information supplied by the developer and Consultants. The project cycle and scope of work are based on sewerage network designs by SMEC the engineering consultants that was engaged to carry the feasibility and designs for Priority (Year 1) sewerage works. In case of change of scope to this ESIA, both ZEMA and the World Bank will be informed by LWSC in writing so that an addendum is made to this ESIA Dr. Sylvester Mashamba Managing Director Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company 103 REFERENCES 1) BGR, 2016: http://www.geozentrum hannover.de (Accessed 4th April 2016) 2) Google Earth, 2016 3) Jo De Waele and Roberto Follesa, 2004: Human Impact on Karst: The Example of Lusaka (Zambia) (Accessed 4th April 2016) 4) Roland Bäumle et al, 2012: Groundwater Resources of the Mwembeshi and Chongwe Catchments including the Lusaka Region, http://www.geozentrum-hannover.de ((Accessed 8th April 2016) 5) UNEP, 2005: Assessment of the Pollution Status and Vulnerability of the Water Supply Aquifers of African Cities http://www.unep.org/groundwaterproject/Archives/Zambia_Rpt02.pdf (Accessed 4th April 2016) 6) Water and Sanitation Program, 2012 7) Weather base, 2016: http://www.weatherbase.com (Accessed 29th March 2016) 8) Simpson J.G et al, 1963: The Geology and Groundwater Resources of the Lusaka Area: Explanation of Degree Sheets 1528, NW. Quarter. Government Printer, Lusaka, 9) Yachiyo Engineering, 1995: The Study on Water Resources Master Plan in the Republic of Zambia. Final Report, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Republic of Zambia Ministry of Energy and Water development, 10) Kang'omba S & Bäumle, R, 2013; Development of a Groundwater Information & Management Program for the Lusaka Groundwater Systems, Final Report - Key Recommendations and Findings. Prepared by Department of Water Affairs (DWA), Zambia & Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Germany; 11) Effluent Quality: Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC), Wastewater Quality Monthly Report, 2015. 12) Groundwater: Test carried out by Environmental Engineering Laboratory, UNZA School of Engineering, and 11th April 2016 13) Chidumayo, E.N. and Marjokorpi, A., 1997; Biodiversity Management in the Provincial Forestry Action Programme Area. 14) Soil Analysis: Test carried out by Environmental Engineering Laboratory, UNZA School of Engineering, and 11th April 2016. 104 APPENDICES Appendix 1: ZEMA APPROVAL LETTER 105 Appendix 2: ZEMA ESIA FORMAT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT STATEMENT FORMAT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Briefly describe the project background, objectives, location, shareholders, investment cost, project description, technology, project alternatives, potential impacts, mitigation/enhancement measures and lifespan.  The executive summary should be signed by the developer and the study team. NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY (In English and a local language commonly understood in the project area). A summary (not detailed) description of the proposed project in a layman’s language including:  the project  location  investment cost  major potential impacts o Positive: e.g. Employment opportunities, boosting of local economy, infrastructure development, o Negative: e.g. damage to land, plants and animals; pollution of water & air; displacement of people;  mitigation for negative impacts and enhancement measures for positive impacts TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the project 1.2 Summary description of the project including project rationale 1.3 Objectives the project 1.4 Brief description of the Location 1.5 Particulars of Shareholders/Directors 1.6 Percentage of shareholding by each shareholder 1.7 The developer’s physical address and the contact person. 1.8 Track Record/Previous Experience of Enterprise Elsewhere 1.9 Total Project Cost/Investment 1.10 Proposed Project Implementation Date 2.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Policy, legal and institutional framework relevant to the project  Policy, legal and institutional framework relevant to the project  Specific sections of the cited policy, legal and institutional framework relevant to the proposed project.  Relevance of cited sections to the proposed development  Compliance (how the development complies/will comply to the cited sections) 2.2 International agreements and Conventions  International agreements and conventions relevant to the proposed project.  Specific sections of the agreements and conventions relevant to the proposed project.  Relevance of cited sections of the agreement or convention to the proposed development  Compliance (how the development complies/will comply to the cited sections) 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 Location 106  Provide the spatial extent of the proposed project site(Province, City/Municipality/district, specific site)  Provide land marks and their distances from the proposed site to help identify proposed project site  Identify surrounding developments  Provide coordinates of the proposed site where applicable 3.2 Nature of the Project  Raw materials (including hazardous materials and their storage on site)  Process and technology (including flow diagrams)  Products and by-products  Production capacity  Schedule and life time of the project Main activities  Site preparation phase  Construction phase  Operation phase  Decommission phase 3.3 Identification of alternatives such as but not limited to: i. Product/service ii. Site iii. Design iv. Technology v. Process vi. Raw materials 3.4 Analysis of each of the identified alternatives 3.5 List of chosen alternatives in order of preference 3.6 Reasons for choosing the preferred alternatives and rejecting the other alternatives 4.0 Environmental Baseline Study Description of the site and the surrounding environment especially those aspects that are relevant to the project including evaluation of the sensitiveness of the environment. Baseline data should include but not limited to the following: 4.1 Climate(Rainfall,Temperature,humidity,Sunshine) 4.2 Air quality 4.3 Geology 4.4 Hydrology  Surface water quality  Groundwater quality 4.5 Hydrogeology 4.6 Topography 4.7 Soils 4.8 Land use and land tenure 4.9 Built Environment 4.10 Noise and vibration 4.11 Fauna  Terrestrial species (Include common names and respective scientific names)  Aquatic species (Include common names and respective scientific names)  Identification of rare or endangered species (Include common names and respective scientific names) 4.12 Flora  Terrestrial species (Include common names and respective scientific names) 107  Aquatic species (Include common names and respective scientific names)  Identification of rare or endangered species (Include common names and respective scientific names) 4.13 Birds  Field survey of bird species (Include common names and respective scientific names)  Identification of rare and endangered bird species 4.14 Archaeological and cultural environment  Identify and discuss cultural practices  Identify and provide location for significant historical or archaeological features 4.15 Social-economic set up  Population  Growth rate, population density and distribution  Administration  Social services and amenities  Market availability on various commodities  Literacy levels, health and gender equity  Traditional and religious practices and rites  Assess vulnerability and/or need for resettlement and compensation 5.0 Impacts 5.1 Biophysical Environment  Positive – direct, indirect, short term, long term, reversible and irreversible, local, regional  Negative – direct, indirect short term, long term, reversible and irreversible, local regional 5.2 Socio-economic and cultural  Positive – direct, indirect, short term, long term, reversible and irreversible, local, regional  Negative – direct, indirect short term, long term, reversible and irreversible, local, regional 5.3 Evaluation of impacts significance should combine:  The frequency of occurrence of the impact  The duration of the impact  The severity of impact  The spatial extent of the impact  The sensitivity of the element being impacted. 6.0 Environment and Social Management Plan (Management Commitments for mitigating negative Environmental Impacts identified and evaluated in Section 6.0 and measures for enhancing positive impacts) Environment and Social Monitoring Plan (These should include 6.1 environmental management cost estimates, responsible personnel and the frequency of monitoring) NOTE: Aspect is an activity, service or product that is likely to cause an impact due to interaction with the environment 7.0 Commissioning and Rehabilitation Plan State environmental management commitments and associated costs 8.0 Bibliography Full references of the main documents cited in the report should be given 9.0 Declaration of authenticity of report contents 10.0 Appendices 108  Letter of approval of ToRs;  Approved ToRs with respective attachments (including the scoping report, Minutes of the consultative meeting/s and signed list of meeting attendees);  Maps and satellite images;  Figures (tables, charts, graphs, models, photographs);  Proof of Public consultation (Minutes and comments from the public during disclosure) and adverts;  Specialised study Reports (e.g. water, soil, air, flora, fauna, archaeology, geotechnical)  Raw data for the studies of baseline information gathered  (water, soil, air, flora, fauna)  Any relevant legal documents (title deeds or lease agreements, certificates of Incorporation, agreements, asset valuation reports, approval documents, Investment License );  Bibliography  Any other relevant supporting documents or information that cannot be presented in the main report 109 Appendix 3: TERMS OF REFERENCE 1. Introduction The realisation of the importance of water in social economic development prompted the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) to come up with National Water Policy whose emphasis is on water resources management, water use and private enterprise participation. The policy aims at promoting sustainable water resources development to enhance economic productivity and poverty reduction (MEWD/NWP 2010). The legal framework which anchors the water sector is the National Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Act number 28 of 1997 which gives the local authorities power either through the commercial utilities or private sector to provide water and sanitation services within the jurisdiction of the local authority. It is the National Water Supply and Sanitation Act that provided for commercialization of urban water supply and sanitation service delivery and facilitated for the establishment of the National Water and Sanitation Council (NWASCO) in 2000 as a regulator for water supply and sanitation services countrywide. Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Limited (LWSC) is the main water and sewerage utility and service provider for Lusaka Province. The company was established in 1988 though only started operations in 1990. The vision for LWSC is “to be a world class water and sanitation service provider”. The Company is further guided by a mission of “to provide quality water and sanitation services to customers in Lusaka Province at commercially and environmentally sustainable levels”. The company covers the districts of Chilanga, Chirundu, Chongwe, Kafue and Luangwa, and Lusaka City. LWSC has recently moved into Rufunsa and Shibuyunji Districts to establish water supply and sanitation services. Lusaka is suffering from a sanitation crisis that claims lives through annual outbreaks of cholera, typhoid and dysentery, and causes severe environmental pollution. 70% of Lusaka’s 2 million residents live in peri-urban areas, most of which have poor sanitation. About 90% of the peri urban population use on-site latrines, most of which are in poor conditions and sharing of the latrines is also common practice especially for those who do not have a facility on their property. In densely populated areas like Misisi and Kanyama, there are isolated cases of open defecation. In addition, 57% of Lusaka’s water supply is from ground water abstracted from within the city. The city has an unusually high ground water table which is prone to contamination, particularly in high density neighborhoods without adequate sanitation, necessitating sewerage in many of these low income communities. Lusaka’s population is expected to grow close to 5 million by 2035 (at the growth rate of 4.9% per annum) which will significantly increase the challenge. LWSC prepared a Sanitation Investment Master Plan in 2011, with support from the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), which aims at 100% sanitation coverage for Lusaka Province by 2035 through a combination of off-site and on-site systems. 110 1.1 Project Background The Government of the Republic of Zambia requested the AfDB, EIB and World Bank to finance a Lusaka Sanitation Project in September 2013. The project is part of a broader Lusaka Sanitation program to be implemented by LWSC with potential financing from World Bank (WB), African Development Bank (AfDB), German Development Bank (KfW) and European Investment Bank (EIB). The Lusaka Sanitation Program will provide a comprehensive city-wide approach to Lusaka’s sanitation challenge and design interventions that can address this challenge in line with the Sanitation Investment Master plan which covers both off-site and on-site systems. The program will implement investments consistent with the Lusaka Sanitation Master Plan and develop LWSC’s capacity to manage all aspects of sanitation, from conventional sewerage, to condominial, to on-site systems and faecal sludge management. The Lusaka Sanitation Program has been structured into two phase, namely;  Phase I - under this phase, it is proposed to rehabilitate and upgrade Manchinchi and Chunga Wastewater Treatment Plants as a critical investments needed to improve sewage treatment and disposal. This will include rehabilitation and upgrade of Sewage Pumping Stations and main collectors. It is also proposed to construct a sludge treatment facility to adequately treat all sludge from the WWTPs and on-site facilities. The facility will also generate biogas sufficient for its own energy requirements and will assess the feasibility of re-use of the sludge under this phase. This component is expected to be financed by EIB and KfW, and the potential investment is estimated to be Euro 88million  Phase II - This phase will address the collection system upgrade for already serviced areas and collection system expansion into un-services areas. It will also focus on promotion and implementation of on-site sanitation facilities and rehabilitation of the Matero and Chelston Sewage Ponds. This component is expected to be financed by AfDB, EIB and the World Bank, and the potential investment is estimated to be Euro 99million  The proposed project development objective is to increase access to sustainable sanitation services for the poor in Lusaka. The possible key indicators are; people gaining access to sewers; people gaining access to improved on-site sanitation facilities; people trained to improve hygiene behavior/ sanitation practices. This TOR will address Phase II of the program and will form the basis to identify an investment project to be potentially funded by the AfDB, EIB and World Bank under a project that is under preparation. Therefore, outputs of this study are time sensitive, and should be made available to support the processing of the Financing Agreement with the AfDB, EIB and World Bank as stated in the deliverables section of this document. The fundamental concept behind this TOR is to help LWSC manage Lusaka sanitation as a whole, rather than as separate parts which may not link together properly, or might be left out altogether. 111 1.2 Project Overview LWSC shall engage a consultant to conduct feasibility studies for sanitation investment in Lusaka Province and prepare preliminary (30%) designs for selected projects for Lusaka City and Chirundu district. 1.2.1 Project Area and location The project area for the ESIA shall be Lusaka City and Chirundu district. The exact location of the project area is not yet known and will be selected from the recommendations of the feasibility study. Therefore, the ESIA shall cover all the potential project areas. 1.2.2 General Project Description The potential project activities within each potential project area outlined in Appendix 1 and should be used by the consultant to forecast general potential impacts from the proposed activities. It shows where the sewer lines and onsite sanitation systems are likely to be. The project will also cover rehabilitation of the Matero and Chelston Sewage Ponds. The exact project activities and technologies for the respective project areas will be determined after the feasibility study and this is the reason why we are undertaking a framework approach and not a specific ESIA. 1.2.3 General Project Description of The First Year Investment Collection System Expansion Kafue Road (CSE-23), Manchinchi Sewershed. The 112 ha area is located in the south-west of Lusaka and extends from the roundabout at the southern end of Cairo Road to the junction of Kafue Road with Chifundo Road. It is a growing commercial area including a large shopping center in the north, having currently on-site sanitation systems. The geology of the area is unfavorable for on-site solutions with a shallow rock layer, a high groundwater table and the area being prone to flooding. The proposed sewer system will not only serve this industrial area but in future receive also the sewerage from the Kuomboka sewer service area (SCE-25), being another priority sub-project. Additional individual water supply connections will be provided in parallel to sewerage. The sub-project includes construction of 7.6 km of sewers of dia. 300 to 600 mm and provides 132 commercial enterprises access to sanitation. One collector on each side of the road is planned with the eastern one being able to take up the future flows from Kuomboka. Two pump stations will be constructed with capacities of 11 l/s versus 7 m and 58 l/s versus 6m, simply lifting the sewage without the need of force mains. The collected wastewater will discharge into the existing Manchinchi main collector ending at the Manchinchi wastewater treatment plant, both facilities being upgraded under the EIB project. Collection System Expansion Emmasdale & Chaisa (SCE-08), Ngwerere Sewershed. Part of Emmasdale is already sewered and the project will connect the remaining area of 156 ha. The residential and commercial facilities existing 112 in the area are currently served by pit latrines and septic tanks. The area is moderately flood prone and population density is medium. The number of people served will be 12,917 plus 23 commercial connections. The sub-project includes construction of 15.1 km of gravity sewers of dia. 200 to 400, as well as a pumping station for 8 l/s and 10 m plus a 350 m long force main of dia. 200 mm. The collected sewage will be discharged into the Ngwerere West Interceptor which going to be upgraded under this project also. The wastewater is treated at the Ngwerere Sewage Ponds. Upgrade of Ngwerere West Interceptor (CSU-05), Ngwerere Sewershed. This existing interceptor starts 700 m west of the Great North Road and runs east till it discharges into the Ngwerere East interceptor. It follows a stream which is part of the Bombay Drain system and actually runs within the stream in Chaisa and Mutambe (Marapodi) locations. The collector made of AC, 40 years old and has inadequate capacity. A significant amount of the wastewater collected gets lost, polluting the streams which further downstream serve as water supply for Chongwe town. Its intake faces serious problem of algae and aquatic weeds. The project proposes realigning and upgrading of 2.8 km of the collector of dia. 600 and 700 mm 1.2.7 Short-term repairs at Ngwerere Sewage Ponds (part of TU-04). The plant was constructed in 1969 and consists of 2 parallel primary ponds, 1 secondary and a tertiary pond for maturation. It has a design capacity of 8350 m³/d and complied in the past years generally with the ZEMA effluent standards regarding COD, BOD and coliforms. The long-term upgrading and expansion of this plant is linked to the outcome of the ongoing feasibility study for the Manchinchi and Chunga WWTPs. The proposed repair of the leaking Ngwerere West Interceptor (CSU-05) and the sewer network expansion to Emmasdale & Chaisa (CSE-08) will increase the wastewater flows to the plant by about 50%. During rainy periods the plant currently faces some overtopping of the southern primary pond and the secondary facultative pond. Minimal repair works are therefore included in the year-1 investments to bridge the period until the long term upgrade of the treatment plant has been agreed. These works include basic repairs to inlet chamber and screens, in and outflow measurements, dredging of ponds and rebuilding of eroded embankments. 2. Objectives The aim of the TORs is to achieve the following objectives: 1) To review of existing Environmental Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) reports. 2) To identify and assess potential environmental and social impacts of the Lusaka Sanitation Program. 3) To identify all potential significant adverse environmental and social impacts, of the projects and recommend measures for mitigation. 4) To review and develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and RAP. 5) To prepare an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), RAP and ESMP reports compliant with ZEMA regulations, and detailing findings and recommendations 113 3. Scope of Consultancy The consultant shall be expected to undertake investigations on environmental and social economic activities along the project corridor. The proposed sewer interceptor route and associated sewer pump stations shall be provided to give a guideline of the facilities to be studied. The scope of services to be undertaken by the Consultant shall include the following tasks. 3.1 Task 1. Detailed Desk-top Review The Consultant shall review all existing documentation, and any previous ESIA, RAP and ESMP reports. They shall further undertake a detailed study of the proposed project, mapping on actual map of appropriate scale. The Consultant shall then concisely describe each facility assessed, its geographic, ecological, general layout of facilities including maps at appropriate scale where necessary Information on size, capacity, facilities and services should also be provided. 3.2 Task 2. Description of the Baseline Environment The Consultant shall be required to collect, collate and present baseline information on the environmental characteristics of the existing situation around each facility. This description should involve but not limited to:  Physical environment: to include topography, land cover, geology, climate and meteorology air quality, hydrology.  Biological environment i.e., flora and fauna types and diversity, endangered species, sensitive habitats.  Social and cultural environment, including present and projected. Where appropriate i.e., population, land use, planned development activities, community social structure, employment and labour market, sources and distribution of income, cultural/religious sites and properties, vulnerable groups.  Economic activities such vendors, marketers and commercial trading firms. 3.3 Task 3. Legislative and Regulatory Framework The Consultant shall identify and describe the pertinent regulations and standards - both local and international, governing the environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, land use control at the national and local levels and ecological and socio-economic issues. Thereafter, the Consultant shall identify the project activities that should comply with the identified regulations. 3.4 Task 4. Determination of impacts of project facilities and activities The Consultant shall analyze and describe all significant changes brought about by each facility and activity from the detailed study. These would encompass environmental, ecological and social impacts, both positive and negative, as a result of each facility/activity intervention that are likely to bring about changes in the baseline environmental and social conditions discussed in Task 2. 114 The Consultant will make a prioritization of all concerns identified and differentiate between short, medium, long-term and cumulative impacts during construction, operation and decommissioning. The Consultant shall also identify both temporary and permanent impacts. A detailed outline and discussion of specific conditions that might affect the environment which are unique to the type of facility and/or operation being audited should be provided. 3.5 Task 5. Occupational Health and Safety concerns The Consultant shall analyze and describe all occupational health and safety concerns brought about by activities during all the phases of the project. The Consultant shall make recommendations on corrective and remedial measures to be implemented under the environmental management plan. 3.6 Task 6. Development of management plan to mitigate negative impacts The Consultant shall develop a comprehensive environmental management plan. The plan should recommend a set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to eliminate, minimize or reduce to acceptable levels of adverse environmental impacts and/or maximize socio-economic benefits. The Consultant should provide cost outlays for the proposed mitigation measures as well as their institutional and financial support, time frame and responsibility. This shall be provided for all the project phases. 3.7 Task 7. Development of Re-settlement Action Plan The consultant shall undertake a socio-economic survey of the communities affected by the project. 1) Conduct a census of the affected persons and identification of vulnerable groups and indigenous populations. 2) Develop an eligibility criteria and establishment of a cut-off date. 3) Evaluate and prepare an inventory of the affected properties 4) Evaluate all other socio-economic costs. 5) Conduct public consultations/awareness creation of the relevant stake- holders, taking into consideration the gender concerns and vulnerable groups. 6) Identification of alternative relocation sites, where affected person might have to be resettled. 7) Develop adequate livelihood restoration mechanisms. 8) Prepare the resettlement implementation costs. 9) Preparation of implementation schedule. 10) Develop a monitoring and evaluation methodology 11) Consider the relevant legal provisions for land acquisition and resettlement during preparation of an appropriate re-settlement action plan. 12) Prepare and submit a detailed resettlement action plan. 13) Develop a conflict resolution mechanism. 3.8 Task 8. Development of monitoring plan The Consultant shall be required to give a specific description, and technical details, of monitoring measures for both ESMP and RAP, including the parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, 115 frequency of measurements, definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions as well as deliver a monitoring and reporting procedure. The Consultant should provide a time frame and implementation mechanism, staffing requirements, training and cost outlays. 3.9 Task 9. Comparison The consultant shall undertake a comparison of any other options that have been considered and studied. These other alternatives shall be compared to the proposed final concept; and pros/cons of each proposal detailed. 3.10 Task 10. Study Deliverables The output will be an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) prepared in accordance with the requirements of ZEMA Act of 2011 as read together with the Environmental Impact Assessment regulation No.28 of 1997. The report shall be in the English Language and be clear and concise. The reports should be in a format acceptable to local competent authorities, international environmental standards and development partners. The Consultant shall present the reports to relevant environmental authorities for approval in the required number of copies (Should specify 5 hard copies bound 3.11 Task 11. Approval The Consultant shall present the report prepared under Task 9 for approval to ZEMA. The Consultant shall be responsible for making any modifications that ZEMA may demand before approval of the report. 3.12 Task 12. Counterpart Staff For the purpose of capacity building the Consultant shall undertake the study together with counterpart staff seconded by the LWSC from the Environmental Safeguard Team. 4. Study Description The consultants shall conduct a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and a separate Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) in accordance with the ZEMA regulations and World Bank Safeguards Policy. This will comprise all the tasks that are required for a full environmental assessment. The Consultant shall be responsible for gathering, reviewing and analysing all necessary data and information. Where these are insufficient, the Consultant shall make all practical efforts to produce the missing information/data including professional estimates and predictions based on the most likely conditions at the project area, reliable information and data from similar situations and conditions. The Consultant shall characterize the extent and quality of available data and describe the key-data gaps and the uncertainties associated with estimates, predictions, and data used from similar situations. The methods of accommodating these gaps and uncertainties in the ESIA should be well stated and presented by the Consultant. When estimated values are used in place of data, the Consultant will be required to provide the uncertainty limits associated with these values and perform an appropriate sensitivity analysis. 116 The work will also include thorough consultations and meetings with all parties concerned i.e. affected host communities or their representatives, government units, parastals,councillors,ward development communities, local authorities and NGOs. 4.1 Main Tasks The consultant shall be responsible to review and update the following tasks:  Examine all aspects of the Project and will produce an inception report which will review the tasks to be carried out and agree with the client on any modifications and additions that may be required.  Prepare a detailed work plan indicating schedules and inputs required to complete the tasks.  During this inception period the consultant will carry out a scoping exercise that will provide the basis for the final report and detailed work plan.  Prepare a public consultation and disclosure plan. 4.2 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) The standard of the ESIA shall comply with both the World Bank and ZEMA Standard for such documents. The ESIA may include and not limited to the following aspects; 1. Executive Summary :This chapter shall concisely discuss significant findings and recommendations to actions 2. Introduction. The chapter gives an overview of the Lusaka Sanitation project, background of the project implementers, justification of the ESIA, objectives of the ESIA and the strategies used in the formulation of the ESIA. The chapter will also highlight the institutional arrangement for the implementation of the ESIA. 3. Project Description. The chapter will give a detailed presentation of what is currently known about the various components of the project/ program. The chapter shall lay out the main objectives of the program by identifying the anticipated economic, social or cultural changes as well as direct and indirect expected outcomes. The location and intended beneficiaries of the sub-projects shall also be described in this chapter. The detailed presentation is given to lay a clear basis for impact identification and analysis, impact mitigation, impact management and monitoring. This also lays a solid foundation for the reflection on the World Bank and African Development Bank environment and social safeguards that are triggered and those that are not. 4. Policy and administrative framework. This chapter shall discuss the policy, legal, and administrative framework within which the ESIA is carried out. It shall explain the environmental requirements of any co-financiers and identify relevant international environmental agreements to which the country is a party. 117 In addition this chapter establishes the gaps that exist between the local environmental laws with the World Bank and African Development Bank environment and social safeguards policies and provides for the harmonization of these gaps. Screening guidelines for the project activities that are not yet clearly spelt out will also be presented in view of the local environment legislation and World Bank subproject screening guidelines. 5. Environmental and Social Baseline. The chapter presents the environmental and social scan of the proposed project area so as to be able to correctly superimpose the anticipated environmental and social impacts on the proposed project area. This will however be limited to the extent to which the facets projects are known. This chapter shall present a description of the existing environment, comprising the bio-physical and socio-economic conditions associated with the project/ program at the national and regional level using available information resources including technical studies and other ESA studies available as reference. More site specific environmental and social baseline analysis will be left to the respective sub projects environmental management plans and resettlement action plans where applicable. 6. Stakeholder Consultation. This chapter will analyse the submissions of the stakeholders that were consulted as a means of impact identification, mitigation and monitoring input. Overall where applicable some recommendations for project design will be made from the submissions of key stakeholders. The methodology for stakeholder consultation is also presented here. 7. Environmental Impact Analysis and Evaluation. The chapter presents the various impacts predicted, their analysis and evaluation. The ESIA shall present the procedures that were used to assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the project/ program by comparing the intended activities with the surrounding environmental and socio-cultural resources. Procedures that can be used may include information regarding the social, cultural and natural resources, etc., sourced from related literature and existing baseline conditions, visits to the sub-project site and consultation with relevant stakeholders. This chapter shall also present the potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts likely to arise as analysed by the procedures mentioned above. The level of significance of the impacts should also be given. The chapter aims to draw the attention of the project proponents to the major impacts that may accompany the proposed project. 8. Analysis of alternatives. This chapter shall compare feasible alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation-- including the "without project" situation--in terms of their potential environmental impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent costs; their suitability under local conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. For each of the alternatives, quantifies the environmental impacts to the extent possible, and attaches economic values where feasible. States the basis for selecting the particular project design proposed and justifies 118 recommended emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement. 9. Outline of proposed mitigation and enhancement measures: This chapter of the ESIA shall outline the specific measures that will be considered to mitigate/ minimize moderate and major adverse impacts. With regard to negligible and minor impacts where the project activity is not expected to cause any significant impact in such cases, best practice measures and mitigation should also be recommended. Where appropriate, measures to enhance and complement the environmental and social performance of the sub-projects can be presented. Mitigation options that shall be considered may include project modification, provision of alternatives, project timing, pollution control, compensations and relocation assistance 10. Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP). This chapter shall present measures that will be used to develop appropriate ESMPs to ensure implementation of the ESMF at the sub-project level. These measures shall be relevant as well as take into consideration the level of significance of the potential impacts outlined in the previous chapter. The chapter presents a synthesis of the earlier chapter in a format that outlines the environmental and social objectives that will ensure the project complies with the requirements of the local environment legislation as well as the World Bank and African Development Bank environment and social safeguards. An array of required financial resources, networks and performance indicators will be presented. 11. References. 12. Appendices. The appendices may include and not limited to the following: i. List of EA report preparers--individuals and organizations. ii. References--written materials both published and unpublished, used in study preparation. iii. Record of interagency and consultation meetings, including consultations for obtaining the informed views of the affected people and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The record specifies any means other than consultations (e.g., surveys) that were used to obtain the views of affected groups and local NGOs. iv. Tables presenting the relevant data referred to or summarized in the main text. v. List of associated 4.3 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) The Consultant shall develop a comprehensive RAP based on a door-to-door survey resettlement survey for all expropriation operations and displacements of houses and businesses needed for the selected option. The objective of the RAP is to ensure that the population to be expropriated and displaced by the project is formally consulted and adequately compensated and treated. Involuntary resettlement should be avoided or minimized where feasible. However if displacements and expropriation are unavoidable, a resettlement plan needs to be developed. Displaced and expropriated persons should be consulted and compensated for the losses at 119 full replacement costs prior to the actual move. Secondly they should be assisted in the move and supported during the transition period in the resettlement site. Thirdly assistance should be provided in their efforts to improve on their former living standards or at the very least maintain them. In general, a RAP would include the following sections: 1. Executive Summary: including the statement of objectives legal framework and main recommendations 2. Description of the Project: including a general description and identification of the project area 3. Potential impacts, including identification of: a. The project component or activities that give rise to resettlement. b. The zone of impact of such activities c. The alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement; and d. The mechanisms established to minimize resettlement to the extent possible, during project implementation. 4.4 Socio-economic Survey The findings of the socio-economic studies to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people, including: The results of a census survey covering the following: 1. The current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people for eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance; standard characteristics of displaced households 2. The magnitude of the expected loss - total or partial – of assets, and the extent of displacement, physical or economic; 3. Information on vulnerable groups or persons, for whom special provisions may have to be made; and 4. Provisions to update information on the displaced peoples livelihoods and standards of living at regular intervals. 5. The other studies shall include: Land tenure and transfer systems, Including an inventory of common property natural resources from which people derive their livelihoods and sustenance, non-title-based usufruct systems, and any issues raised by different tenure systems in the project area; 6. The patterns of social interaction in the affected communities, including social networks and social support systems, and how they will be affected by the project 7. Public infrastructure and social services that will be affected and8. Social and cultural characteristics of displaced communities including a description of formal and informal institutions that may be relevant to the consultation strategy and to designing and implementing the resettlement activities 8. On the legal framework component the consultant shall include the following: 9. The scope and the nature of compensation associated with It In terms of both the valuation methodology and the timing of payment. 120 10. The applicable legal and administrative procedures; 11. Relevant laws governing land tenure, valuation of assets and losses, compensation and natural resource usage rights customary personal law related to displacement and  Laws and regulations relating to the agencies responsible for implementing resettlement activities:  Gaps, if any, between local laws in the two countries covering eminent domain and resettlement and the World Bank resettlement policy, and the mechanisms to bridge such gaps and  Any legal steps necessary to ensure the effective implementation of Resettlement activities under the project. The consultant shall include an institutional framework covering the following: 12. The identification of agencies responsible for resettlement activities and NGOs that may have a role in project implementation; 13. An assessment of the institutional capacity of agencies and NGOs; and 14. Any steps that are proposed to enhance the institutional capacity of agencies and NGOs responsible for resettlement implementation. 5. Reporting Arrangements The Consultant is accountable to the Managing Director of the LWSC through the overall supervision of the Director Infrastructure Planning and Development and technical supervision of the Manager Quality and Environmental Management Systems (Safeguards Coordinator) and Environmental Safeguards Specialist. The consultant shall deliver the following deliverable as part of fulfilling the requirements of the TORs. Please note that the consultant needs to be efficient on time and deployment since most of the deliverables are interrelated and should work on them concurrently. The consultant needs to ensure an efficient deployment of staff over this period to keep the financial proposal competitive. The consultant is expected to attend project meetings and present a weekly progress report on the work. The consultant should indicate in the technical proposal how the timeframes in column 3 will be met through a clear schedule of sub activities including desk review, field investigations, stakeholder consultation and report drafting. The quality of the reports largely influence the time required by the client to review the documents. If the quality is poor, the review time will be longer and in some case there can be a total rejection of the work resulting in complete rework so the consultant should submit quality and concise final draft to minimize on the review time lags. The consultant will produce the following reports in draft and final versions: 1. Inception Report including a detailed work plan 2. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 3. Environmental Management Plan 4. Resettlement Action Plan 5. Stakeholder Consultation Plan 6. Quality Assurance The work will be reviewed by the LWSC, ZEMA, African Development Bank and World Bank against the World Bank and the African Development Bank’s 121 Environment and Social Safeguards Standards since ZEMA standards will be applicable to the actual ESIAs and ESMPs. The reports will be deemed approved after the World Bank and the African Development Bank have cleared them. The consultant therefore needs to fully acquaint with the African Development Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System and the World Bank Environment and Social Safeguards Standards including Environmental Assessment OP 4.01 (see especially Annex with Content of an Environmental Assessment report for category B projects, and Annex C – Environmental Management Plan), Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12, Physical Cultural Resources OP 4.11, Natural Habitats OP 4.04. The Resettlement Policy Framework should be presented as a separate volume of the ESMF Report. The RAP should be presented as a separate volume from the ESIA. 7. Key Professional Personnel To adequately address the core issues of the study, the consultancy team includes the following key personnel; i) Environmental Specialist with at least a Master’s Degree in Environmental Management or related field and a minimum of 15 years’ experience in environmental impact assessments of related projects. The specialist should have experience with the World Bank Environment Safeguards Policies and formulation of such ESMF or related studies. He/She must have experience of working in Sub Saharan Africa or similar conditions. ii) Social Specialist with least a Master’s Degree in Social Sciences or equivalent and a minimum of 15 years’ experience in Social Impact Assessments including development of Resettlement Policy Framework or related studies for such related projects. He/She should have experience with the World Bank Social Safeguards Policies. He/She must have experience of working in Sub Saharan Africa or similar conditions. iii) Water Quality Specialist with at least a Master’s degree in Water Quality Management or its equivalent and a minimum of 10 years relevant experience in carrying out similar assignments. iv) Ecologist with at least a Master’s degree in Ecology, Fisheries or equivalent and a minimum of 10 years relevant experience in ecological management or related field and mitigation plan preparation. v) Hydro-geologist with at least a Master’s degree in hydrology, Hydro- geology or equivalent and a minimum of 10 years relevant experience in related field. vi) Civil Engineer with at least a Master’s degree in Civil/ Sanitary Engineering or equivalent and a minimum of 10 years relevant experience in designs of sewage treatment plants, sewers and on site sanitation. He/She must be registered with a recognized Engineering Institution and be eligible for registration with the Engineering Institution of Zambia. He/She must have experience of working in Sub Saharan Africa or similar conditions. vii) Public Health Expert with at least a Master’s degree in Public Health or equivalent with a minimum of 10 years of relevant experience in water and sanitation related fields including epidemiology and public health baseline assessments. He/She must be registered with 122 a recognized health professional body and be eligible for registration with Health Professionals Council of Zambia and must have experience of working in Sub Saharan Africa or similar conditions. viii) Environmental Economist with at least a Master’s degree in Economics and a minimum of 10 years’ experience in related field including knowledge of application of economic tools in assessing willingness to pay for improved sanitation or other related public goods. He/She must have experience of working in Sub Saharan Africa or similar conditions ix) Land Use Planner with at least Master’s degree in urban planning and a minimum of 10 years’ experience in related work. He/She must have experience of working in Sub Saharan Africa or similar conditions. x) Community Development Expert with at least Masters in Social Work or Development Studies and a minimum of 10 years’ experience in community based sanitation projects. The expert should be able to handle all cross cutting issues including Gender. He/She must have experience of working in Sub Saharan Africa or similar conditions 8. Duration The consultancy work is expected to be conducted over a period of six (6) months. 9. Obligations of The Client 9.1 Data and Reports The LWSC will assist with the following data and reports where available: a. Provide available copies of previous study reports and other relevant documents; b. Facilitate consultation with relevant stakeholders (Ministries / Departments and other institutions and communities); 9.2 Counterpart Staff The LWSC will provide 2. No counterpart staff to work with the consultant to facilitate channels of communication and as a means of capacity building. The counterpart staff shall be paid from the project operations fund and therefore the consultant should not include any cost relating to the said staff in its financial proposal. 9.3 Liaison The Client will provide liaison through its Project Implementation Unit (PIU) and will ensure that the Consultant has access to all available information required for timely execution of the assignment. 9.4 Payment for Environmental Analysis LWSC, through the PIU will pay directly for any analysis of environmental samples required using incremental operating costs of the project. The technical proposal shall indicate what environmental sample analysis will be required and fine details provided in the inception report. 10. Obligations Of The Consultant The Consultant is expected to be fully self-sufficient in all respects for undertaking the assignment including accommodation, office space, 123 equipment and supplies, communication and transportation. The Consultant is also expected to produce Terms of Reference (ToRs) for the knowledge transfer to the counterpart staff to be approved by the Client before commencement of the assignment and provide on-the-job training to counterpart staff. 11. Payment Arrangements The consultant will be engaged up to the submission and approval of the final report and the assignment will be administered through the payment disbursement schedule as in table below. The financial proposal shall therefore reflect this arrangement Payment No. Milestone Disbursement Schedule 1 Advance payment  Contract signing  Inception Report 2 i. Draft ESIA/RAP and its associated tools for framework projects.  Screening form  Scoping report for ZEMA  ESIA TORs for ZEMA  Draft Public notices for disclosure for both framework projects and 1st year investments. ii. Draft ESIA/ESMP/RAP for 1st year investment. 3 i. Final ESIA/RAP and its associated tools for framework projects. ii. Final ESIA/ESMP for 1st year investment. iii. Final public notice for disclosure of both framework and 1st year investments. 4 iv. The RAP will be costed when the design details are final Total 100% 124 Appendix 4: PUBLIC DISCLOSURE MEETING LUSAKA SANITATION PROJECT NOTICE OF A PUBLIC DISCLOSURE MEETING FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) AND RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN (RAP) YEAR ONE INVESTMENT 1.0 Project Overview: In line with the vision of the Lusaka Sanitation Master Plan and the resultant goals of the Lusaka Sanitation Program, Lusaka Water and Sewage Company (LWSC) intends to undertake the proposed Lusaka Sanitation Project (LSP) with pledged financing from the following Multilateral Development Banks; World Bank, African Development Bank, German Development Bank and European Investment Bank. The project development objectives is to increases access to sanitation services in selected areas within Lusaka City and strengthen LWSC’s capacity to manage sanitation services. Feasibility studies for the World Bank funded subprojects have since been finalised and the specific subprojects have now been identified in readiness for implementation. The year one investment package consists of the following components; 1.1 Sewer Expansion in Emmasdale and Chaisa (CSE-8): Expansion of the Sewerage network to service an area of approximately 156 ha with a target population of 10,169 beneficiaries in an area with mixed residential and commercial facilities. A total of 15,109m of uPVC pipeline will be installed. The target area stretches from Sheki Sheki Road in the south, Lumumba Road, Great North Road and some portions of Chaisa. 1.2 Upgrade of Ngwerere West interceptor (CSU-5): The replacement and upgrading of the 40 year old asbestos cement (AC) pipe network to uPVC pipes with a diameter of 600-750mm to cover a distance of 4,300m. The target area stretches from junction of Lumumba road and Great North Road near Chifundo market, passing through Mandevu and Garden residential areas up to Mazyopa area across Kasangula Road. 1.3 Kafue Road Interceptor (CSE 23): The proposed interceptor will target 132 commercial properties currently using onsite septic tanks, covering approximately 112 ha and stretching about 7,600 m on both sides of Kafue road starting at Makeni Mall and terminating at the roundabout towards Lusaka Central Business District. Three (No.3) pump stations will be installed to maintain flow rates in the network for both domestic and trade effluent. Some of the components above have potential negative environmental and social impacts which include: Physical and economic 125 losses, temporary relocation of vendors, Involuntary resettlement, occupational safety and health, traffic congestion owing to mechanized trenching along the busy, encroached road reserves and disturbances to household entrances. 2.0 Project Interested and Affected Parties: The following project interested and affected parties are specifically called to take note; 2.1 Advertising Companies with Billboards along Kafue Road: As of April 2016, 27 billboards were identified to be located within the project corridor on both sides of Kafue Road and these will have to be relocated before project commencements. The administrative arrangements for removal of the billboards will be handled through Lusaka City Council (LCC). 2.2 Vendors at Kamwala Market along Bombay drainage: A census and assessment of the affected vendors was conducted and 210 vendors where counted. These vendors will be temporary relocated during construction and they will be allowed to take up their initial trading areas once the construction of the sewer pipes is completed. The management of the temporary relocation resettlement impacts will be coordinated by the LWSC with the support of local leadership in the affected areas and representatives from the vendors. 2.3 Physical Infrastructure along the targeted sections in Kafue Road: During the survey by LWSC, it was noted that there is infrastructure that belongs to; Road Development Agency (RDA) Total Zambia Limited, Mount Meru Petroleum, Zambia Electricity and Supply Corporation (ZESCO), Zambia Railways Limited (ZR), Liquid Communications, Sable Transport and LCC waste collection points that are likely to be affected by the proposed sewerage network. The installation of the sewerage network will also affect vendors trading on the roadsides specifically those trading in second hand tyres, mobile phone airtime street stands and food kiosks. The affected parties and stakeholders have been notified in order to safeguard infrastructure, business and public services derived from these activities. 2.4 Vendors at Chifundo Cooperative Market(Mandevu): A census and assessment of vendors selling second hand clothes (Salaula) who are within 15m of the project corridor was conducted at Chifundo Cooperative Market. During the assessment 196 vendors were identified and the market stalls of these vendors will be temporary relocated during construction .They will be allowed to take up their initial trading areas once the laying of sewers is completed. The management of the temporary relocation resettlement impacts will be coordinated by LWSC with the support of local leadership in the affected areas and representatives from the vendors/marketeers. 2.5 Infrastructure in Mandevu, Garden and Mazyopa areas: Having considered all alternatives for the routes of the proposed project, involuntary resettlement in some areas is unavoidable. From the survey undertaken, fourteen (14) structures belonging to churches, private companies and individuals will require full and/or partial demolition and relocation in Mandevu, Garden and Mazyopa areas. Issues relating to resettlement and compensation will be done in line with the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) to 126 be approved by both the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) and the World Bank. 3.0 Residents in Emmasdale and Chaisa: Construction works such as excavation and trenching are likely to pose a danger to public safety, possible intrusion into the road reserves and affect access to property due to trenching. From the survey, 121 private entrances will be affected during project implementation. LWSC will ensure that all trenched areas are reinstated by the contractor during project implementation through adherence to the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). Safeguards Documents: This notice serves to inform members of the general public, interested and affected parties that the following environmental safeguard documents have been prepared and are ready for review. 3.1 The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the Year One (1) Investments: The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been developed to highlight the possible environmental and social impacts that may arise during the project life cycle of the first year investments on the LSP and also proposes mitigation measures for managing these impacts in the ESMP. This document has been prepared in accordance with the ZEMA EIA requirements and World Bank safeguard policies, O.P 4.01 Environmental Assessment. 3.2 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the Priority Investment (year 1): This is the tool that has been developed to mitigate against possible resettlement related impacts with the full involvement of key stakeholders. RAP shall guide all resettlement issues and ensures that the appropriate resettlement management tool has been developed, implemented and monitored in accordance with the World Bank Policy O.P 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement. In compliance with ZEMA Environmental Management Act No.12 of 2011 as read together with the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, SI. No.28 of 1997 and the World Bank Safeguard Policy requirements. LWSC wishes to invite all stakeholders, including Governmental institutions, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO’s), Civil Society, Interested and affected Parties and members of the public to the public disclosure meeting. The objective of the meeting is to share with stakeholders the proposed activities on the LSP and how LWSC has addressed concerns raised during the scoping meeting. Details for the Public Disclosure meeting are as follows: VENUE: Government Complex, Lusaka DATE: May 18, 2016 TIME: 10:00 hours. For further any further clarifications kindly contact the following undersigned: 127 1. Jilly Chiyombwe: Director Infrastructure Planning and Development Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Limited, Head Office, Stand 871/2 Katemo Road, Rhodes Park. P.O. Box 50198, Lusaka Email: jchiyombwe@lwsc.com.zm Tel:260 977825865/211253299 2. Kennedy Mayumbelo: Manager Lusaka Sanitation Program Email: kmayumbelo@lwsc.com.zm Tel: 260 968 440 135/260 211 253 299 3. Gabriel Chikama: Manager: Quality and Environmental Management Systems Email: gchikama@lwsc.com.zm Tel: 260 977 776 631/ 211 257 576 4. Obert Musongo: Environmental Safeguard Specialist. Email: omusongo@lwsc.com.zm Tel: 260 977 892 420 5. James Mwale: Community Development Specialist. Email: jmwale@lwsc.com.zm Tel: 260 977 497 016 128 Appendix 5: MINUTES OF PUBLIC DISCLSOURE MEETING PUBLIC DISCLOSURE MEETING MINUTES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PUBLIC DISCLOSURE MEETING FOR LUSAKA SANITATION PROGRAMME YEAR 1 INVESTMENT. HELD AT THE GOVERNMENT COMPLEX ON THE 18TH May, 2016 The Public disclosure meetings was organized by Lusaka water and sewerage company (LWSC) for all the affected members of general public, interested and affected stakeholders. The meeting was held on 18th May, 2016 at the government complex. The meeting was attended by a cross section of stakeholders as per attached attendance register.in the appendix to these minutes The agenda of the meeting was circulated to the meeting participants and was adopted as presented. Below was the disclosure’s meeting agenda: Agenda 1. Opening remarks 2. Introduction 3. Project overview 4. Sub Project Description, construction activities and schedules 5. ESIA preparation processes 6. Environmental and Social impacts and their mitigation measures 7. Question and Answer based on the Disclosure 129 1.0 Opening Remarks The meeting started at 10:15hrs with an opening prayer from one of the participants. Participants were welcomed to the meeting by the public disclosure Chairperson (the Public Relations Officer, LWSC). He thanked the participants for coming. He explained that the meeting intended to disclose the outcome of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study and the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), for the proposed Lusaka Sanitation Project (LSP) year one investment sub projects areas. He further outlined the programme and urged the participants to freely contribute and express their concerns in the plenary session. 2.0 Introduction The Chairperson asked the participants to introduce themselves byname and institutions/communities they were representing 3.0 Opening Remarks By The Director -Infrastructure Planning And Development LWSC Infrastructure Planning and Development (IPD) Director, Mr. Jilly Chiyombwe welcomed all to the meeting and expressed his appreciation for their coming. He explained that the Lusaka Sanitation Programme was a government project sponsored by the International Financial Institutions (IFI) which comprised, World Bank, Germany development Bank (KfW), European Investment Bank EIB) and African development Bank (AfDB) to improve sanitation. He further stated that LWSC carried out an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) studies for the year one investments subprojects and this meeting was meant to disclose to the public the findings of the afore mentioned studies. He encouraged the participants to be free to make their observations and express concerns in the plenary session. 4.0 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Public Disclosure Presentations 4.1 Presentation by Lusaka Sanitation Programme Manager LSP Manager Mr. Kennedy Mayumbelo gave an over view and background of LSP was developed from the Lusaka Master plan of 2011 and its main objective was to improve sanitation, public health, environmental protection and investment for sustainability. The project covers Lusaka city and intended to increase access to sanitation facilities as well as strengthen LWSC capacity to manage sanitation services. He mentioned that the proposed interventions included expansion and upgrade of climate resilient sewers networks (off- site, on- site and Feacal Sludge Management, (FSM) and rehabilitation and upgrade of waste water treatment plants (Manchinchi and Chunga) as well as stabilization ponds (Kaunda Square, Chelston and Ngwerere). He explained that the project was phased and thus in the first year only, three areas will be covered and that other areas would be covered in year 2 to 5. 130 4.2 Presentation By Project Engineer LSP project Engineer Mr. Avitol Nkweendeenda’ described the year one sub project areas as follows: COLLECTION SEWER EXPANSION (CSE 23 )Kafue Road, described as having two gravity lines running on both sides of Kafue road with one terminating at Carrousel shopping mall while the other one cutting across Tokyo way running along the Bombay drain and terminating at Tazara house. This covers about 8.5Km of sewer network and three pump stations between the service road and the main Kafue road. Excavation are expected to be 2.5m deep. COLLECTION SEWER EXPANSION (08) Emmasdale and Chaisa, described as covering parts of Emmasdale and some parts of Chaisa with a sewer network of 23.5Km and excavation depth ranging between 1.2 – 4m deep. COLLECTION SEWER UPGRADE (CSU 05) Ngwerere west interceptor) described as starting from Chifundo market in Mandevu running along Ngwerere stream passed Kasangula road and terminating in Mazyopa. This is a 4km sewer network with expected 6m excavation depth. The Engineer disclosed that construction activities would include both manual and mechanical excavations and controlled blasting in rocky areas such as CSE 23. The meeting was informed that pipe jacking and Micro tunneling will be used in busy and major tarred roads to avoid inconveniencing motorists and that only small road would be cut. The contractor would use precast units in their construction and entrances will be cut and worked on the same day to avoid further inconveniences. The meeting was informed that all the three sub projects were at tendering phase and it was expected that the contractor would be recruited by August 2016. The projects duration is approximately 12 months and LWSC would share the schedule with the affected as the project unfolds. 4.3 Presentation by Quality and Environmental Management Manager LWSC Quality and Environmental Management Manager Mr. Gabriel Chikama outlined the ESIA. The process followed included: ESIA screening: This is an initial environmental evaluation to determine whether the project requires a full ESIA or not. Desk Study: The ESIA team reviewed the Lusaka Sanitation Master Plan. ZEMA regulations, World Bank operational Policies and the Millennium Challenge Account environmental safeguard documents. Scoping: This includes identification and prediction of all potential impacts, Impact ranking in terms of importance and significance as well as mitigation measures for the identified impacts. This stage involves a lot of field work in all the project areas. Public participation: The ESSU engaged various affected communities and stakeholders at different stages to inform and consult them concerning the project. Comments and concerns from these meetings were included in the ESIA. 131 ZEMA Approval: A scoping report and ESIA Terms of reference (ToR’s) were submitted to ZEMA and have since been approved. Currently draft ESIA and RAP (RAP) documents are in place awaiting inclusion of comments from this disclosure meeting. There after the two documents will be submitted to World Bank for review then ZEMA for review and approval. The ESIA study revealed that both positive and negative impacts were expected during and after the project implementation. Positive impacts include among others, improved sewer infrastructure, improved access to proper sanitation facilities, reduced load on underground water pollution as well as improved health. Negative impacts include among others temporary impacts on air quality due to dust from excavations, noise, vibrations, loss of Flora and fauna, disturbances to entrances of homes and business houses due to excavations as well as waste generation. Mitigation of the negative impacts have been documented as follows, Flora such as exotic trees and lawns that will be cleared will be valued and compensated while the paved areas to entrances will be reinstated by the contractor. Dust will be controlled by scheduled watering using the water bowser and blasting will be controlled and only done during the day. Cutting of entrances will be done and worked on the same day with prior notice to the affected. Social positive impacts of the project would include: Job creation especially to the youths within the project areas, improved health due to improved sanitation, increased business opportunities and improved and increased sanitation facilities. Negative impacts include a possibility of increase in HIV/AIDS infection due to change in income status, influx of population due to people coming to the project areas due to job opportunities, generation of waste. HIV/AIDS awareness and sensitization would be offered in all project areas to both the project employees and the surrounding communities while waste would be managed by placing waste bins in designated places and engaging waste collecting company to be collecting waste at scheduled intervals. 5.0 Plenary (Questions and Answers) No. Name & Question/Issue Response Organization 1 Frank Nyoni - Appreciated the The presentations could not WARMA presentations and agreed be loaded with every detail with the fact that the project but the ESIA document would help reduce pollution contained more loads for underground water. information and it would be He however wanted to know availed to the public. The if the increase of pipe would materials to be used in not increase intrusions into construction would be of underground water. He high quality and the ERP further wanted to know what would take care of measures would be taken eventualities other than merely stating that the emergency response plan had put in place on aquatic pollution. 132 No. Name & Question/Issue Response Organization 2 Alick Kawaya-  One of the  ID will be provided Mandevu participants wanted for all the field resident to know how they workers please feel would be able to free to ask for an ID identify the people and look out for a that were frequenting branded LWSC their homes for various vehicle, you can reasons such as also walk to any of valuation and our offices to verify consultations. if you are not too  When is the project sure. starting, because we  For now the houses have lost revenue in can be rented out terms of rentals as we will give tenants are refusing to notification in good occupy our houses time before saying they will soon demolition be demolished 3 Kuzwayo Daka What was LWSC doing to The company has – Zambia mitigate shortages of water embarked on a number of Police projects in view of improving water supply. One of the major projects includes the Kafue bulk however this project is not related as it is only focusing on the improvement of sewers. 4 Brian Pangani- Wanted to know when PAPs August is just an estimated Mt Meru Filling would be compensated commencement month, station considering that the however the evaluations contractor was expected to have already been be on the ground by August concluded and the ESSU this year. will soon be getting down to negotiations with the PAPs. RAP activities are expected to be on going. 5 Rev. What was the company The Garden ponds would McDonald doing about controlling the be decommissioned and Mwanza – mosquitos coming from the the other ponds like the Mandevu Zion ponds? Chelston, Kaunda Square Church would be sprayed regularly to control the mosquitos 6 Jonathan  Appreciated the The church was located Mulenga – disclosure of the ESIA within the corridor of SDA study, but however impact and not impacted Kasangula commented that the as such, however sufficient road one week notice notice will be given to the before works church before commence was too 133 No. Name & Question/Issue Response Organization short for an commencement of the organization as a project. church. The maintenance of the  What was LWSC doing drainages is a sole about the poor responsibility of the LCC drainages that were and not LWSC, however taking too much storm there is a component of water into the upgrading drainages under Ngwerere stream the LSP. 7 Chrispin Wanted to know who will be There will be a number of Hanguma – responsible of sensitizing and players including the Salvation Army educating the project staff church, communities, the Church and the communities on the contractor as well as LWSC dangers of HIV and AIDS. Is it ESSU LWSC, The Contractor, or the communities 8 Peter Solomon  The Maiteneke  Issues from the Mwanza- project was Maiteneke project Matero ward 8 substandard, during can be handled the rainy season there from outside this are a lot of meeting. blockages.  We had not printed  The presentation was out any handouts very good and hand but the presentation out notes would be can still be shared beneficial after the meeting 9 Loti Zulu – What help would be offered Temporal detours would be Chifundo to the traders who are not made available for Market within the corridor of impact customers to continue since access to their accessing your businesses businesses would also be affected. 10 Frederick Expressed gratefulness for the Acknowledged Bwalya – decision made to Councillor decommission the garden Ngwerere ponds as they were a great source of mosquitos for the people of garden 11 Misheck Gura Wanted to know if the Property valuation has – Mandevu property valuator had already been done for all resident already been on the ground the affected structures/and or not PAPS. It was however clarified that not all were eligible for compensation except that that were within the project corridor of impacts. 6.0 Any Other Business Marketing and PR Manager clarified a point on the decommissioning of the Garden ponds stating that the land belonged to LWSC and was on title. 134 7.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS The meeting ended after all the questions were exhausted from the participants. The chairperson thanked all the participants for active participation and their contributions. The Chairperson reported that all the concerns raised would be considered in both ESIA and RAP. The meeting closed at 12.35hrs with a prayer from one of the participants Esnart N. Nakonka Ngwerere, ward 19 chairperson. 135 Appendix 6: NOTICE OF SCOPING MEETING 136 Appendix 7: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting- Scoping Stage MINUTES OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIVE MEETING HELD AT LUSAKA WATER AND SEWERAGE COMPANY ON 29TH JANUARY 2015 WITH KAFUE ROAD BUSINESS COMMUNITY. Figure 1: Some of the delegates to the stakeholder meeting held at Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company, Head Office on 29th January 2015. The meeting was dubbed as “stakeholder awareness meeting” on the Lusaka Sanitation Project. Invitation letters were prepared two days earlier, 27th January 2015 and distributed to targeted businesses along the Kafue Road along which the sewage interceptors will be laid. The meeting started at 10:00hrs in conference room, at LWSC’s Head office. The meeting was opened by Mr. Gabriel Chikama (Safeguards Team Coordinator). A round of introduction followed by way of full names and institutions represented. The purpose of the meeting was explained to the guests and then Mr. Jilly Chiyombwe (Projects Implementation Unit Manager, at LWSC) was asked to give a presentation on the Lusaka Sanitation Project overview and the details of the Kafue Road Sewage Interceptor sub-project. After a slide presentation by Mr. J. Chiyombwe, a plenary session was declared and guests were invited to express their views, concerns and questions. Discussions and Plenary 1. Mr. Micheal Mukombo, a representative Answered: He was informed that from Castle Shopping Complex expressed indeed, this project was about gratitude for the sanitation project but raised improving the sanitation situation his concern about the quality of potable water in Lusaka, but that there is soon to 137 from the boreholes they are currently using. Mr. be launched a project on the Mukombo wanted to know if a project to bulk water pipeline from Kafue improve potable water was being considered river, and that this will take care of his concern. 2. Ms. Davina Bhagat, a representative of Answered: This guest was Puma Service Station wanted to know which informed that cutting and closing access roads will be affected (cut) during off of the access roads will be project implementation and for how long will done in liaison with the Lusaka the affected access roads be closed off? City Council (LCC) and that most Ms. Davina also advised LWSC to engage the access roads will only be cut landlord of Puma Service Station over the when the interceptor was being handling of the electrical bill boards at Puma installed. Further, it was explained Service Station during implementation of the that restoration of the cut lane project as she was just a tenant will be immediate. Further, that notifications would be given to the businesses affected by a particular access road to be cut. 3. Mr. Musonda, a consultant with the Embassy Answered: He was informed that Shopping mall wanted to know when the commencement of the project project would commence and how long it will depended on when the World take to complete Bank would approved the project, but he was told tentatively in July 2015 and that it would take about a year to complete. 4. Cornelius Mwamba, a representative of Answered: The LWSC team Hebron Tabernacle Church observed that acknowledged the advice of most Bill Boards have contact numbers for contacting the Advertising advertisers or their agents who could be agents regarding the way engaged regarding the issue of cost of forward on billboards. Further, billboards. He further wanted to know at whose one of the guests (Mr. Musonda, cost the properties will connect to the main a former Director of Public Health sewer interceptor, seeing that they are already at the LCC) who was comfortable on septic tanks, as far as he was representing the Embassy concerned. Shopping Mall as a consultant, Cornelius also wanted to know how far the commented that business owners sewer line was from the road as from his would be compelled, according knowledge Kafue road has been earmarked to the public Health act to for expansion. connect to the sewer mains, once the service was made available. Answered: LWSC was going to meet with all stake holders before the implementation of the project and such issues will be ironed out. 5. Patrick Simwanza, a representative from Answered: He was informed that North Point observed that he has attended a unlike the private initiative, this meeting similar to this one that was organized was a government of the by business owners to mobilize funds in order to Republic of Zambia (GRZ) install a sewer line but such efforts never came initiated project, with the funding to fruition. He hoped that this project will be from the World Bank and that implemented this time around and that he was project will come to fruition. happy to attend this meeting. 6. Richard Nanchengwa, a representative from Answered: he was informed that Jack Kawinga wanted to find out whether the no sewer networks were 138 surrounding communities were going to benefit envisaged for the surrounding in terms of sewer connections once the communities because of the interceptors had been installed layout of those communities (unplanned for communities) and that these communities were not part of this project but that they will have their own considerations in other projects. 7. Clara Kondowe , a representative from Answered: That the old Kamwala Cenacle of the Holy Spirit Church wanted to line is currently facing challenges know whether properties that already had of constant blockages. Therefore connections from the Kamwala line would once the new interceptor was have to connect to the new interceptor installed, a decision will be made whether to migrate some properties to the new line. 8. Brian Samuhela a representative from BUK Answered: LWSC will continue wanted to know if there will be further communicating every step of the communication before the project project to the stakeholders and commences and whether stakeholders will that safeguard documents are have access to safeguard documents. public documents and will be accessed from places such as ZEMA documentation centre, LWSC and LCC. Gabriel Chikama from LWSC wanted to know Answered: Mr. Musonda from the business people in the meeting how (consultant with castle shopping much leeway they would give the project complex) advised that LCC concerning their bill boards. should be engaged as these business houses pay to LCC for He further added that laying a sewer line was bill board adverting. in public interest and that it will definitely take top priority. The meeting ended around 11:30hrs and participants where thanked for attending the meeting. 139 Appendix 8: MINUTES OF SCOPING Minutes of Scoping Meeting Held at Mulungushi International Conference Centre on The 13th February for Greater Lusaka Stakeholders Figure1; Delegates at Mulungushi International Conference Centre meeting Attendance The scoping meeting was attended by 38 people. The attendance register has been attached as appendix to these minutes Agenda 1. Opening remarks 2. Introduction 3. Project overview 4. Subprojects for first year investments 5. Overview of ZEMA requirements 6. Plenary targeting safeguards concerns 1. Opening Remarks The meeting was opened at 10:15hrs. Participants were welcomed to the meeting by the facilitator, (the Public Relations Officer, LWSC). He thanked the participants for coming and explained to them that the meeting was a consultative one and thus all participants were expected to participate freely and that every contribution will be highly appreciated. He further explained that the meeting intended to disclose the proposed LSP and make known the possible impacts both positive and negative that would arise from the 140 proposed project. Therefore contributions and concerns relevant to the project were welcome. 1.1 Remarks by LWSC Environmental and Social Safeguards Coordinator (ESSC) The ESSC explained to the meeting that Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) was about to implement the Lusaka Sanitation Project and that the details of the project would be presented shortly to the meeting. The essence of the meeting was to receive comments or concerns about the impact of the project to be directly or indirectly affected by the project. ESSC further explained that it a requirement of the Environmental Management Act of 2011 for any project of this magnitude being undertaken by LWSC, to engage with all the stakeholders and a scoping meeting was one of the ways in which stakeholders could be consulate. He further explained that as LWSC we are fully alive to the fact that a project of this magnitude will definitely have both negative and positive impacts, resettlement and displacement issues as well as interference with existing infrastructure. This is the more reason why all stakeholders need to be consulted to allow for the smooth running of the project. 2. Introduction Participants introduced themselves by name and institutions they were representing. 3. Presentation by Manager Project Implementation Unit LWSC Project Implementation Unit Manager, Mr. Jilly Chiyombwe welcomed everyone to the meeting and appreciated their coming. He further proceeded to disclose the Lusaka Sanitation Program in a slide show presentation. 4. Overview of ZEMA Requirements The principal legislation in Zambia that governs environmental management is the Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2011. The act provides for the sustainable management of natural resources and protection of the environment, and the prevention and control of pollution Part III Section 29 of the Act states that “ A person shall not undertake any project that may have an effect on the environment without the written approval of the Agency, and except in accordance with any conditions imposed in that approval”. The Act also provides for public participation in decision making and access to environmental information under part VII section 91. The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation, SI 28 of 1997, part III under the EMA of 2011 demands that before a developer commences implementing a project, an EIA (depending on the magnitude of the project) be prepared and submitted to the relevant regulatory authority for review and approval. The process of preparing an EIA demands a scoping report and thus an EIA scoping meeting is inevitable. 141 5. Plenary (Questions and Answers) Question Answer John Pinford – UNICEF Commented that He LWSC: Grateful for UNICEFs support was happy at a clarification during and plan to work with as many presentation that the program is aiming at stakeholders as possible as 100% sanitation coverage by 2035 and not improving sanitation in peri urban sewerage coverage because sewerage areas was expensive and complex coverage was of 100% was a pipe dream.He further mentioned that UNICEF was willing to partner with LWSC on sanitation options for peri urban areas that are not generating revenue. Kelvin Chileshe –Matero ward 28 Wondered .LWSC: Hand outs will be given why no hand outs (print outs) of the project later. The project is in its presentation were given beforehand for easy preparation stage the following of proceedings and further asked as presentation, and is likely to start to when the project would commence by August this year. David Manjulunji – RTSA LWSC does not reinstate the road, Expressed gratitude for the project as it was instead it’s the LCC/contractor long overdue. His concern was on the poor that reinstates the roads. However reinstatements of infrastructure esp. roads thrust boring may be considered after being cut which lead to accidents. What has been put in place to avoid this? Frederick Bwalya – Ngwerere Ward LWSC.LWSC was already taking Demanded to know what it took for people measures to address the breeding to be connected to the sewer network. He of mosquitoes by fumigating the further demanded to know whether the ponds Garden ponds where going to be backfilled to avoid more deaths as a result of people drowning in the ponds. In addition he demanded to know what program of fumigation had been put in place by LWSC to lessen mosquito breeding in the ponds as Garden compound and the surrounding localities have been infested by mosquitoes. He was informed that all they needed to do was apply for the service at the Peri urban unit of Kelvin Chileshe –Matero ward 28 proposed LWSC: It will be considered when that sewer expansion project should actually the project unfolds start in Matero compound. Estella Mbulo –LCC Appreciated the fact that the LSP was a baby of the Lusaka Master Plan initiated by the City Council. She however, was concerned that only about 15% of the city was on sewerage system, while the rest of the city was on onsite sanitation. The project has technical support funding to both LWSC and LCC the Council to work together with LWSC to improve the sanitation situation in the City, seeing that plots allocated for housing by the Council where too small to accommodate septic tanks. 142 Bonje Muyunda – ZESCO She was informed that for the first Wanted to know what resettlement issues had year investments, no major arisen so far and who was the project resettlement issues had been affected people (PAPs), as well as what EIA encountered and that one issues have been considered. She further important criteria used to selection wanted to know which organization was of first year investment projects going to meet the cost for resettlements was the minimization of resettlements and the number of PAPs to be affected. The meeting was further informed that the reason why this stakeholders’ meeting was called was to receive issues of concerns from project affect people (PAPs) and others generally, arising from the project impacts. Such concerns were going to be considered for mitigation in the EIA in line with ZEMA regulations. William M. Banda – ZP LWSC: The PAPs are being Expressed concern about the security consulted and sensitized but we (negative reactions from venders in case of appreciate the concern and we demolitions) during project implementation of are grateful that the Zambia Police infrastructure and wanted to know whether are one of our stakeholders in this people in the project areas had been project. sensitized about the project 9. Bwalya Kapuwe – Matero ward 28 Indicated that a similar project in Matero’s Maiteneke area had “backfired” and therefore wanted to know what measures would be put in place to avoid similar experiences. Has there been sensitization? 10. Jonathan Mwamfulilwa – ZAMTEL LWSC: will continue Requested LWSC to invite ZAMTEL to walk the communicating to all stakeholders route for the proposed project so that they at every stage of project can also identify their cables and re-route implementation in order to avoid them where necessary prior to the disruption of existing infrastructure. implementation of the project. 11. Frederick Bwalya – Councillor Ngwerere LWSC: Took note and assured him Ward Re-echoed on the issue of mosquitoes that they will look at how best they in his ward and that he was not satisfied by can improve the situation the answer he was earlier given 12. Lawrence Sichalwe – Councillor Misisi and LWSC: Thanked the councillor for Kuku Indicated that a ‘CAB’ memo had been bringing the issue up but assured developed with Government on the him that all stakeholders will be redevelopment of MISISI compound and considered and consulted during therefore requested that LWSC should not do project implementation. anything regarding the development of MISISI compound outside the memo. 13.Ben Mwila – Episcopal Conference Lamented that LWSC should have looked at other areas for consideration of sewer network extension, particularly areas such as Chalala that are on septic tanks 14. Peter Mutale – NWASCO Commented on LWSC: Thank you the issue of the sewer ponds being near the 143 people and the breeding of mosquitoes. Mr. Mutale appealed to the councilors to assist water utility companies as well as the regulator (NWASCO) in such issues by advising people in their ward not to build houses near the ponds. This is because ponds cannot be enclosed or fenced off. NWASCO is concerned that the cost being incurred by LWSC to fumigate or secure the ponds might end up being transferred to the customers by raising tariffs 15. Alick Mbewe – ZESCO Expressed concern, LWSC: Lay out designs will be regarding power cables that are along the made available and invitations to Kafue road and that he would like to be walk the route will be made to availed the lay out designs for the avoid unnecessary interruptions interceptors prior to the project being implemented. 6. Conclusion Remarks There having been no more questions or concerns from the participants, the facilitator thanked the participants for taking their time off to come and attend the scoping meeting. The participants was informed that they were free to get in touch with LWSC should there be any burning issues after this meeting because every contribution was highly valued. The meeting was closed at 12:30hrs. 144 Appendix 9: ATTENDANCE LIST AND PICTURES OF MEETNGS 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 Pictures of Scoping Meeting Figure 1: ESIA Scoping Meeting at Mulungushi International Conference Centre- 13th February, 2015 Figure 2: Some of the traders who attended the Donchi Kubeba Market stakeholder meeting 152 Figure 3: ESIA Scoping Meeting at Mulungushi International Conference Centre- Figure 4: Director Infrastructure Planning and Development Opening Remarks 153 Appendix 10: COPIES OF STAKEHOLDER CONSENT 154 155 156 Appendix 11: WATER AND SOIL SAMPLES RESULTS Chawama/Kuomboka Area – Surface Water 157 Emmasdale/Chaisa – Ground Water 158 Emmasdale/Chaisa Area – Soil Sampling 159 LWSC Wastewater Effluent Quality Results June 2015 Garden Maturation Stabilisation Ponds: Quality Performance Indicators January – June 2015 World Bank Parameter Unit ZEMA Std Guidelines Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Average Results pH 6 to 9 6-9 7.32 7.08 7.43 7.35 7.44 6.90 7.25 SS ml/L 0.5 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Turbidity NTU 15 - 33 38.5 21.3 35.2 34.1 39 33.5 TSS mg/L 100 50 47 27 ND ND ND ND 37 BOD mgO2/L 50 30 39 52 53 49 41 35 45 COD mgO2/L 90 125 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND TC Count/100mL 25 000 400MPN 1 x 10^6 475 000 1.2 x 10^6 1.6 x 10^6 1.4 x 10^6 1.1 x 10^6 1.129 x 10^6 FC Count/100mL 5 000 - 142 500 32 500 365 000 177 000 202 500 75 000 165 750 Kaunda Square Waste Stabilisation Ponds : Quality Performance Indicators January – June 2015 World Bank Parameter Unit ZEMA Std Guidelines Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Average Results pH 6 to 9 6-9 7.42 7.13 7.55 7.33 7.45 6.97 7.31 Settleable solids ml/L 0.5 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Turbidity NTU 15 - 59 53.5 78.9 72.3 62.6 81 67.9 TSS mg/L 100 50 56 88 ND ND ND ND 72 BOD mgO2/L 50 30 27 42 71 27 43 46 43 COD mgO2/L 90 125 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND TC Count/100mL 25 000 400MPN 610 500 760 000 2.8 x 10^6 2.2 x 10^6 2.1 x 10^6 2.1 x 10^6 1.762 x 10^6 FC Count/100mL 5 000 - 133 550 10 000 615 000 410 000 920 000 375 000 410 592 160 Chelston Waste Stabilisation Ponds: Quality Performance Indicators January – June 2016 World Bank Parameter Unit ZEMA Std Guidelines Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Average Results pH 6 to 9 6-9 7.91 7.59 7.93 7.08 8.09 7.86 7.74 SS ml/L 0.5 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Turbidity NTU 15 - 67 15.1 22.3 5.89 13.5 21.4 24.2 TSS mg/L 100 50 102 25 ND ND ND ND 64 BOD mgO2/L 50 30 9 9 9 9 9 11 9 COD mgO2/L 90 125 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND TC Count/100mL 25 000 400 MPN 10 000 7 500 5 000 12 750 12 750 10 000 9 667 FC Count/100mL 5 000 - 125 175 575 100 100 5 450 1 088 Ngwerere Waste Stabilisation Ponds: Quality Performance Indicators January – June 2015 ZEMA World Bank Parameter Unit Std Guidelines Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Average Results pH 6 to 9 6 -9 8.07 8.45 8.1 7.48 8.3 8.94 8.22 SS ml/L 0.5 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Turbidity NTU 15 - 194 175 167 137 77.9 56.9 135 TSS mg/L 100 50 72 38 ND ND ND ND 55 BOD mgO2/L 50 30 12 15 16 17 10 8 13 COD mgO2/L 90 125 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND TC Count/100mL 25 000 400 MPN 15 500 9 750 21 750 29 250 14 500 9 750 16 750 FC Count/100mL 5 000 - 700 150 2 175 600 250 950 804 161 Matero Waste Stabilisation Ponds: Quality Performance Indicators January – June 2015 World Bank Parameter Unit ZEMA Std Guidelines Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Average Results pH 6 to 9 6 -9 7.64 7.39 7.61 7.92 7.46 8 7.67 SS ml/L 0.5 - 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.8 0.3 Turbidity NTU 15 - 106 75 20.4 13.3 22.5 22 43.2 TSS mg/L 100 50 98 100 ND ND ND ND 99 BOD mgO2/L 50 30 20 31 28 7 17 13 19 COD mgO2/L 90 25 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND TC Count/100mL 25 000 400 MPN 7 250 22 166 21 000 15 000 52 000 13 500 21 819 FC Count/100mL 5 000 - 325 533 850 1 350 2 250 200 918 Chunga Wastewater Treatment Plant: Quality Performance Indicators January – June 2015 World Bank Parameter Unit ZEMA Std Guidelines Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Average Results pH 6 to 9 6-9 7.39 6.58 7.35 7.07 6.47 7.02 6.98 SS ml/L 0.5 - 3.0 5.0 23.3 7.3 3.1 0.0 7.0 Turbidity NTU 15 - 134 88.8 165 178 151 181 149.6 TSS mg/L 100 50 ND 270 ND ND ND ND 270 BOD mgO2/L 50 30 312 380 358 309 392 276 338 COD mgO2/L 90 125 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 400 MPN 12.5 x 1.75 x 10.4 x TC Count/100mL 25 000 10^6 26.3 x 10^6 40 x 10^6 10^6 10^6 28 x 10^6 19.825 x 10^6 - 500 FC Count/100mL 5 000 000 1.55 x 10^6 2.6 x 10^6 75 000 987 500 4.6 x 10^6 1.719 x 10^6 162 Effluent Quality Parameters in receiving streams: Jan – Dec 2014 and 2015 Turbidity 163 Suspended Solids Jan – Dec 2014 and 2015 164 BOD Jan – Dec 2014 and 2015 165 Appendix 12: CHANCE FIND PROCEDURES (CFP) 1 INTRODUCTION Chance finds are defined as potential cultural heritage objects that are identified outside a formal site reconnaissance - by competent authorities - and encountered unexpectedly during project implementation. . For the construction phase the Contractor is required to prepare a Management Plan on Chance Finds in line with the approved ESMP in the ESIA .The Chance Finds for cultural heritage should clearly set out how the contractor intends to meet and comply with specific project commitments and mitigation measures outlined in the ESMP and in line to LWSC’s Environmental Management System. This Chance Find Procedures (CFP) shall act as a reference from which the Contractors shall prepare a Chance Finds Procedure Management Plan for managing cultural heritage discovered during the construction phase. The purpose of this document is to provide Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) and their contractors with the appropriate response guidelines adapted from the National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, 1989 taking into consideration international best practice that should be implemented in the event of chance discovery of heritage resources. These guidelines or chance find procedures (CFPs) can be incorporated into LWSC policies that may have relevance during construction and operational phases The CFPs aim to avoid and/or reduce project risks that may result due to chance finds, whilst considering national and international best practice. 2 DEFINITIONS For simplicity, the term ‘heritage resource’ includes structures, archaeology, meteors, and public monuments as defined in the Zambian National Heritage Conservation Act, 1989. 3 CHANCE FIND PROCEDURES The following procedural guidelines must be considered in the event that previously unknown heritage resources or Burial grounds graves (BGG) are exposed or found during the life of the project. 3.1 Initial Identification and/or Exposure Heritage resources or BGG may be identified or accidently exposed during the construction phase. The initial procedure when such sites are found aim at avoid any further damage to the discovered structures. The following steps and reporting structure must be observed in both instances: 3.1.1 Discovery of Ancient Heritage or Relic Any person who discovers what appear to be an ancient heritage or relic must:  Report his discovery to the commission with 7 days.  Suspend his operations in the immediate vicinity of discovery until the Commission authorizes their continuance and  Deliver to the Commission as soon as practible, or request that the Commission examines and remove any object which is or appears to be relic. 3.1.2 Powers of Commission When Discovery Reported Upon receipt of a report under section 3.1.1 the Commission:  Shall examine and remove any relic.  Allow the person to continue his activities.  Order suspension of the operations not in excess of thirty days to carry out.  Carry out an impact assessment or archaeological survey or recovery.  Analyse the area on which the discovery has been made or  Order the project to pay for the costs of the assessment, survey, or analysis. 3.1.3 Resumption of Operation If the Commission does not exercise any of its powers the person may resume his operations thirty days after delivery of his report. 3.1.4 General Guidelines  The person or group (identifier) who identified or exposed the burial ground must cease all activity in the immediate vicinity of the site if it is proved beyond doubt that structures of archaeological nature have been discovered.  The identifier must immediately inform his/her supervisor of the discovery.  The supervisor must ensure that the site is secured and control access to the site.  The supervisor must then inform the LWSC Project Manager through the Senior Engineer Project Implementation. 3.2 Chance Find Procedures: Heritage Resources In the event that previously unidentified heritage resources are identified and/or exposed during the construction of the LSP, the following steps must be implemented subsequent to those outlined under Section 3.1 above: 1. The Contractors Project Manager must be notified of the discovery within 7 days of discovery. 2. The Constructor will assign a qualified specialist to confirm the heritage resource through a site visit. 3. The Contractor shall recommend appropriate measures on how to handle the Heritage Resources to LWSC prior to informing the Commission. 4. Should the specialist conclude that the find is a heritage resource and should be protected in terms of the National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, 1989 the Constructor will notify the Commission through LWSC. 5. Based on the comments received from the National Heritage Conservation Commission, LWSC will provide the Contractor with a Terms of References and relevant associated costs if necessary on how to handle the Heritage Resource. 3.3 Chance Find Procedures: Paleontology 3.3.1 Isolated Bone Finds In the process of digging excavations, isolated bones may be spotted in the hole sides or bottom, or as they appear on the soil heap. If the number of distinct bones exceeds six pieces, the finds must be treated as a bone cluster. Response of Personnel The following responses should be undertaken by personnel in the event of isolated bone finds: ■ Action 1: In event that an isolated bone is found, the requirement should be to stop works and seek advice from the proper authorities until they are authorized to start works again. ■ Action 2: An isolated bone exposed in an excavation or soil heap must be retrieved before it is covered by further spoil from the excavation and set aside; ■ Action 3: The Site Engineer and Environmental Specialist must be informed; ■ Action 4 : The responsible field person (Site Engineer or Environmental Officer) must take custody of the fossil and the following information is to be recorded:  Position ( excavation position)  Depth of find holes  Digital image of hole showing vertical section(side) and  Digital image of fossile ■ Action 5 : The fossil should be placed in a bag, along with any detached fragments. A label must be included with the date of the find, position information, and depth; and ■ Action 6 : The Contractors Environmental Officer will inform LWSC who then contacts the National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC) archaeologist and/or palaeontologist. This will be done through a detailed report to LWSC giving a describition of the occurrence with images. 3.3.1.2 Response by Palaeontologist The palaeontologist will assess the information and liaise with LWSC and the Environmental Officer and a suitable response will be established. 3.3.2 Bone Cluster Finds A bone cluster is a major find of bones (e.g. several bones in close proximity or bones resembling parts of a skeleton). These bones will likely be seen in broken sections of the sides of the hole and as bones appearing in the bottom of the hole and on the spoil heap. 3.3.2.1 Response of personnel The following responses should be undertaken by personnel in the event of bone cluster finds: ■ Action 1: Immediately stop excavation in the vicinity of the potential material. Mark or flag the position as well as the spoil heap that may contain fossils; ■ Action 2: Inform the Site Engineer and the Environmental Officer; and ■ Action 3: The Environmental Officer will to inform LWSC who must then contact the National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC) archaeologist and/or palaeontologist. The Environmental Officer will then describe the occurrence and provide a detailed report to LWSC. 3.3.2.2 Response by Palaeontologist The palaeontologist will assess the information and liaise with LWSC and the Environmental Officer and a suitable response will be established and a field assessment will be carried out by palaeontologist. It is recommended that the Contractor avoids the find and continue to the excavation further along and proceed to the next excavation, so that the work schedule is minimally disrupted. The response time/scheduling of the field assessment is to be decided in consultation with the developer/owner and the environmental consultant. The following outcomes are expected to arise from the field assessments: ■ If a human burial is found, the appropriate authority is to be contacted namely Zambia Police. The find must be evaluated by a Human Pathologist and decide if a rescue excavation is feasible, or if it is a major Find. ■ If the fossils are in an archaeological context, an archaeologist must be contacted to evaluate the site and decide if rescue excavation is feasible, or if it is a Major Find. ■ If the fossils are in a paleontological context, the palaeontologist must evaluate the site and decide if rescue excavation is feasible, or if it is a Major Find. 3.3.3 Rescue Excavation Rescue Excavation refers to the removal of the material from the “design” excavation. This would apply if the amount or significance of the exposed material appears to be relatively a major find and it is feasible to remove it without compromising contextual data. The time span for Rescue Excavation should be reasonable rapid to avoid any undue delays. In principle, the strategy during the mitigation is to “rescue” the fossil material as quickly as possible. The strategy to be adopted depends on the nature of the occurrence, particularly the density of the fossils. The methods of collection would depend on the preservation or fragility of the fossil and whether it is in loose or in lithified sediment. These could include: ■ On-site selection and sieving in the case of robust material in sand, and ■ Fragile material in loose sediment would be encased in blocks using Plaster-of-Paris or reinforced mortar. If the fossil occurrence is dense and is assessed to be a “Major Find”, a carefully controlled excavation is required. 3.3.4 Major Finds A Major Find is the occurrence of material that, by virtue of quantity, importance and time constraints, cannot be feasibly rescued without compromise of detailed material recovery and contextual observations. 3.3.4.1 Management options for major finds In consultation with the LWSC and the Contractor, the following options should be considered when deciding on how to proceed in the event of a Major Find. Option 1: Avoidance Avoidance of the Major Find through project redesign or relocation. This ensures minimal impact to the site and is the preferred option from a Heritage Resource management perspective. When feasible, it can also be the least expensive option from a construction perspective. The find site will require site protection measures, such as erecting a fence or barricades. Alternatively, the exposed finds can be stabilised and the site refilled or capped. The latter is preferred if excavation of the find will be delayed substantially or indefinitely. Appropriate protection measures should be identified on a site-specific basis and in wider consultation with the heritage and scientific communities. This option is preferred as it will allow the later excavation of the finds with due care. Option 2: Emergency Excavation Emergency excavation refers to the “no option” situation where avoidance is not feasible due to design, financial and time constraints. It can delay construction and emergency excavation itself will take place under tight time constraints, with the potential for irrevocable compromise of quality. It could involve the removal of a large, disturbed sample by an excavator and conveying this by truck from the immediate site to a suitable place for “stockpiling”. This material could then be processed later. Consequently, the emergency excavation is not the preferred option for a Major Find. 3.4 Chance Find Procedures: Burial Grave and Grounds(BGG) In the event that previously unidentified BGG are identified and/or exposed during the construction phase of the LSP, the following steps must be implemented subsequent to those outlined under Section 3.1 above: 3.4.1 The Contractors Project Manager must immediately be notified of the discovery in order to take the required further steps:  The local Zambia Police (ZP) will be notified on behalf of LWSC.  The Contractor will deploy a suitably qualified specialist to inspect the exposed burial and examine it in consultation with the Zambia Police (ZP). 3.4.2 Should the specialist conclude that the find is a Heritage Resource protected in terms of the National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, 1989, the Constructor will notify Commission on behalf of LWSC. 3.4.3National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC) may require that an identification of interested parties, consultation and /or grave relocation take place.