SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION VOLUME VOLUME I/ANNEXES I-IV June 14, 1983 Eastern Africa Project Department Northern Agriculture Division CURRENCY AND EQUIVALENT UNITS Sudanese Pound = 100 piastre LSd 1.00 US$ 2.0 (official) 1980/81 LSd 1.00 US$ 1.25 (parallel) 1980/81 LSd 1.00 US$ 1.1 (Nov. 1981/82) LSd 1.00 US$ 0.77 (since Nov.) WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Feddan (fd) 0.42 hectare (ha) Kantar (seed cotton) = 143 kilogram (kg) Kilowatt (kw) 1.36 horsepower (hp) ABBREVIATIONS ABS Agricultural Bank of Sudan AED Agricultural Engineering Department ARC Agriculture Research Corporation ARP Agricultural Rehabilitation Program AWP Annual Work Program BNHP Blue Nile Health Project CEC Cation Exchange Capacity CPC Cotton Public Corporation CPT Community Participation Team DEMAS Dredging, Engineering and Management Studies DGIA Director General Irrigation Affairs EAP Export Action Program ECE Electrical Conductivity EEC European Economic Community ELS Extra Long Staple Cotton EMC Earth Moving Corporation ESP Exchangeable Sodium Percentage FOP Field Outlet Pipe GLR Gezira Light Railway GOS Government of Sudan IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction & Development ICB International Competitive Bidding IDA International Development Association ILO International Labor Organization ITU International Telecommuniation Union LCB Local Competitive Bidding MCT Mass Chemotherapy Team MISO Management Information System Office MOAI Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation MOAI(I) MOAI Irrigation Department MOH Ministry of Health MS Medium Staple Cotton NAW National Administration for Water NCA Net Command Areas O&M Operation and Maintenance PMC Project Management Committee PPC Project Procurement Committee PPF Project Preparation Facility PPU Project Preparation Unit RPMU Rehabilitation Project Management Unit RWA Rural Water Administration SAR Staff Appraisal Report SCPO Sudan Company for Processing of Oilseeds SGB Sudan Gezira Board SOC Sudan Oilseeds Corporation SOE Statement of Expenditure SPTC Sudan Public Telecommunications Corporation VHC Village Health Committee WHO World Health Organization GOVERNMENT OF SUDAN FISCAL YEAR July 1 to June 30 SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT (Implementation Volume) Table of Contents Annex Page No. VOLUME I I. AGRICULTURE ...................................... 1 II. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE .......................... 27 III. PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURES .......................... 56 A. Telecommunications Component B. Roads Component C. Ginneries, Cotton Handling and Storage D. Housing and Utilities E. Schitosomiasis Component F. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Component IV. INSTITUTIONAL BASE ............................... 117 A. Research and Extension B. Training Component C. Project Studies VOLUME II V. COSTS A. Unit Costs and Price Projections B. Project Cost Tables C. Financial Analysis and Cost Recovery D. Procurement Packages SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT ANNEX I - AGRICULTURE Page No. The Project Area ........................................ ...... 2 Topography and soils ............................................ 2 Climate3... . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . The Production System ........................................... 4 Crops of the Project ........................................... 5 Improvement of Cotton Production by the Project ..................... ....................... 5 Wheat .....................0.. ................... ........ ...... 10 Groundnut ..................... . .. ........................... 12 Sorghum ...........hum......................................... 14 Farm Machinery ................................................ . 15 Explanatory Note ............................................... 16 List of Tables Table 1 - Agricultural Machinery Requirements Table 2 - Distribution of Crops by Zone Table 3 - Seed Production Requirements Table 4 - Improvement of Input Supplies under the Project Table 5 - Meteorological Data for Wad Medani Table 6 - Meteorological Data for the Other Stations Annex 1 SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION '. The Project Area Topography and Soils. 1.01 The Gezira scheme is an irrigated project lying between the White and Blue Niles. The scheme slopes gently downwards from the south to the north and west. The 420 m (above sea level) contour runs through Sennar and the 385 m through the north and west of the scheme. The soils of the area consists largely of sediments of the Blue Nile and tributaries, mostly derived from the basic rocks of the Ethiopian Highlands. 1.02 The soils in the Gezira Scheme can produce excellent crops. Their self-mulching characteristics guarantee a good structure as soon as the soil contains adequate amount of moisture. They are not easy to work and require special attention after irrigation. The fertility level is reasonable, but exhaustive cropping requires ample replenishment of nutrients. Even after decades of irrigation, salinity is not a problem, except in some fringe areas in the north and west of the project. 1.03 The Gezira soils are classified as vertisols, i.e. soils that crack widely, have a high content of montmorillinic clay and have a high base exchange capacity. The most important agricultural properties of these soils are their stickness when wet, their hardness when dry and rather narrow range of moisture content over which they can be worked. 1.04 The soils are fairly uniform-cracking, self-mulching clays which have a loose, granular surface structure. The intensity and width of cracks vary from north to south, the cracking being generally less pronounced in the north than in the south. The top soil is heavy, alkaline clay, containing 50-60 percent clay, 15-30 percent silt, 10-25 percent sand. The soils swell markedly on wetting. Upward movements of 12.5 cm have been measured - a serious matter in an irrigation system where the designed command from the minor canals is normally 20-40 cm. Equal shrinking o.ccurs during the dry season, accompanied with extensive cracking. The average crack width varies from year to year, and the depth depends on penetration of water. Shrinking continues as drying proceeds, allowing for increase in the volume of cracks, hence the need for fallow to allow for soil aeration. During the dry season, particles fall down the cracks leading to thorough mixing. Also, pieces of salty surface crusts may be mixed into the profile in this way or, with other debris, washed down cracks by first flow of rain or irrigation. 1.05 The soils have a high cation exchange capacity (CEC), a PH between 8.4 and 9.3, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of often more than 15 percent and a low electrical conductivity (ECE) in the upper layers 3 Annex 1 of the irrigated soils. Gezira soils are very low in organic matter and in total nitrogen. Some nitrogen is being fixed by micro-organisms and more by leguminous crops grown on the scheme. Present cultivation practices may decrease levels of nitrate, potassium and phosphate. Recent studies indicate that normal levels can be restored with standered N, P or K fertilizers. Good cotton yields may be obtained from self-mulching vertisols with ESPs of 25%. However, the use of soil conditioners, acid forming amendments (farm yard and green manure, sulphur containing inorganic fertilizers, Gypsom, etc.), and organic matter preservation play a significant role in sustaining the productivity in these soils. 1.06 Movement of water in the soil is very slow. Twenty-four hours after irrigation only the top 30 cm contain any appreciable available water. Where soils crack freely to good depth, water will penetrate to be followed by roots. Because of low permeability values of the Gezira soils, the volume of the cracks, watering intervals, and prolonged flooding affect the soil depth to which water can reach. In a typical soil left dry to wilting point, cracks develop and water requirement could reach 490 m3 per feddan if the wetting/drying cycle extended to a depth of 60 cm. Cracks only start to close up after they are completely filled with water; and thus the volume of water applied in a normal irrigation (400 m3) may be able to enter the soils. Climate (See Table 1) 1.07 Rainfall. Annual rainfall in the Gezira varies from 472 mm in the Sennar to about 160 mm at Khartoum in the north. Average rainfall at Wad Medani, approximately at the center of Gezira is about 380 mm, distributed over the six months, May to October. There is ample evidence that poor cotton seasons are associated with low rainfall prior to the middle of July. The majority of the annual rainfall seems to occur in July through September. In July and August, the main planting months, the range is about 110 and 131 mm respectively. The importance of rainfall for sowing and germination for the main summer crops is well established. The impact of this relationship on the cropping calendar, especially land preparation, weeding and sowing cannot be ignored. Temperature, Solar Radiation and Humidity 1.08 The climate in the Gezira is suitable for growing crops year-round as long as irrigation water is available. Variation in temperatures throughout the year allow the cultivation of a range of crops. High yields of cotton and groundnut are possible, in spite of high summer temperatures. Favorable factors for production are the abundant solar radiation and the substantial difference between day and night temperatures. Temperatures in the project area are high. Extremes of 46'C were recorded. The hottest months are May and June. The lowest temperatures occur during December and March. Differences in day and night temperatures are significant, which has a bearing on crop production. Optimum growth takes place between October and December. After the end of December, the low temperatures are likely to limit growth. Sowing dates for all crops are highly affected by prevailing temperatures throughout the critical growth period. r Annex 1 -4- 1.09 The number of daily sunshine hours averages about ten hours except during the rainy months of July and August when it .goes down to above 7.7 hours. Relative humidity does not change significantly across the Gezira, but during the rainy season, Northern Gezira is drier than Wad Medani by about 20%. Southern Gezira has a relative humidity that is higher than that at Wat Medani, by about 20% over the whole year. The diurnal fluctuations at Wad Medani are from relative humidity 10 to 20% in the driest month (April) to 50 to 80% in August. From detailed analysis of weather, records indicate that the project can be divided into two zones: the drier north and the wetter south. The cropping pattern in each zone (Table 5) has also been conditioned by variations in climate amongst them. II. The Production System 2.01 There are about 102,000 tenants cultivating the 2.1 million feddan Gezira Scheme consisting of 1.1 million feddans in Gezira and one million feddans in the extension of Managil. The area is divided into 14 groups divided equally between Gezira and Managil. The groups are divided into 107 blocks which are in turn divided into tenancies. At present, the most common tenancy size is 20 feddans in Gezira and 15 feddans in Managil. Tenancies ranging between 30-40 fd can still be found. The main crops grown are cotton, wheat, sorghum (dura), groundnut, forage, legume, and vegetables. 2.01 The Scheme is managed by the Sudan Gezira Board (SGB) which directly supervises and supports the production program. The SGB provides inputs and agricultural mechanization, carries out aerial spraying and recruits hired labor for weeding and harvesting of cotton. Furthermore, it deals with the supply of water from the minors to the tenancies, cotton ginning, groundnut shelling, field inspection and transportation. All crops are irrigated. Farming is semi-mechanized for cotton, dura, and groundnut, and fully mechanized for wheat. 2.03 The production technology is selected by SGB. Tenants are requested to abide by instructions given by SGB regarding rotation, sowing and planting dates, thinning, weeding, and irrigation. The SGB carries out its services to the tenants through block and field inspectors, Samads, and Ghafirs. The four main crops are cultivated in a four-course rotation in Gezira and in a three-course rotation in Managil. The difference is the one additional fallow year in Gezira. The areas cropped and irrigated per tenancy are the same in both rotations, some 15 feddans. The rotation unit served by a minor canal is 720 feddans in Gezira main and 540 feddans in Managil. The irrigation unit, or number, is 90 feddans throughout the Scheme. Each number (served by Abu Ishreen) is divided among 18 tenants each cultivating five feddan unit (hawasha). In one number, cotton is grown compulsory and the second, wheat. In the third number, the tenant grows dura and groundnut. The fourth number in Gezira is usually left fallow. If the tenant is interested in vegetables, he is required to do this on the dura/groundnut number. - 5 - Annex 1 2.04 Cropping Intensity. When applying the four-course rotation in Gezira and the three-course rotation in Managil the crop intensity is theoretically 86% for the whole scheme. The attainable intensity, based on available water supply, is lower due to capacity constraints of the main canal. It is about 75% for the current cropping pattern. The highest intensity attained in the scheme was 84% (Gezira 80%, Managil 92%) at the time intensification began in 1975/76. Current crop intensity is less than 70%. Crops of the Project 2.05 Cotton. Two species of cotton are grown in the Gezira - the extra-long staple (ELS) type of the species Gossypium barbadenese and the medium staple type of Gossypium hirsutum species. The ELS variety currently grown is Barakat, and USI, while the medium staple variety is Bar R. Acala. SGB, in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Corporation, is introducing five new ELS varieties currently being multiplied by SGB. These varieties include ED (73) 10 (Huda); BGP (69) 4 (Maryoud); B6L (71) 30 (Barakat); E6S (71) BK; EX (73) BK. These varieties have not been officially released. SGB expects to introduce their use for large-scale production after 1982/83. 2.06 The evolution of varieties already in production is largely affected more by their resistance to the blackarm and wilt diseases. Yields of ELS cotton dropped rapidly in the second half of the 1970s. Wheat and dura yields also showed a definite downward trend. The trend in groundnut is more variable. Average yields obtained for cotton in Gezira between 69/70 and 73/74 season was 4.9 kt/fd. The average for years betwen 74/75 and 80/81 was reduced to 3.3 kt/fd. Corresponding yields obtained for the same varieties and planted during the same periods in research stations in the project area were 7.04 and 5.20 respectively. Studies prepared by ARC indicate that recent declines in cotton yields associated with widespread of the reddening of the crop, small bolls, shallow roots, and poor quality of lint is largely the result of inadequate crop husbandry and management throughout the cropping season. Studies on crop rotation, while not yielding conclusive results, indicate that fluctuation in yields can not be stabilized by rotation alone. While it is clear that the decline is not significantly affected by the deterioration of the genetic quality of the varieties being cultivated, it is essential that the project maintain access to highly reliable genetic stock of new varieties combined with well managed and monitored seed production. The project area will plant ELS on 320,000 feddans and MS on 120,000 feddans increasing to 150,000. 2.07 Improvement of Cotton Production by the Project. The project would address problems facing production including: (a) Land preparation. Cotton has a wide range of soil adaptation. High yields are dependent on a favorable air and moisture regime in the soil. Cotton has a tap root which could reach about 180-200 cm. When soil moisture is adequate, however, most of the lateral roots are contracted in the upper soil layer to a depth of 30 to 50 cm. The deep roots are mainly useful under dry Annex 1 - 6 - conditions. These root characteristics require special attention to land preparation. SGB has invested heavily in land preparation starting with ploughing in December until March. The primary cultivation for cotton consists of deep blading or disc-ploughing. Deep blading is carried out to fight Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon, perennial grasses which were, and still are, a serious problem. This method does not yield the expected results. This is because firstly, the tenants irrigate the grass-infested fields for grazing, and secondly, because there is no follow-up to the deep blading. Alternative methods for land preparation include introducin'g heavy disc-ploughing .to replace deep blading, light ploughing, especially chiseling to replace several dry land operations. Present land preparation practices can be improved by introducing the chisel plough with vibrating tines. These ploughs are not expensive, are simple to operate, have a good penetration in hard soil, a light draft, and a high output. Chisel ploughs can replace ridgers in the other primary tillage operations. Among the advantages of the chisel plough is that it leaves the fields even, it does not leave big hard lumps and clods, and allows for even water distribution throughout the field. The introduction of the chisel ploughs should be gradual to test its suitability for the soil and crops. The use of the disc plough would also continue subject to careful analysis of the advantages of the chisel plough. Also, the several ridging operations (dry, split, re-ridging and green ridging), should be combined in one opeation to reduce cost, save on energy, and insure timely application of fertilizers. (b) Improve cultivation practices. To speed up the sowing operation, SGB should attempt to introduce seed planters. This requires removing the fuzz off the seeds to allow for smooth flow of seeds in the cotton planters. (The fuzz also interferes with the absorption of water by the seed coat and so delays germination). Removing the fuzz (delinting) can be done mechanically in the cotton gin, or chemically by immersing the seed in a solution of sulphuric acid. Special chemical delinting equipment would be needed to allow for mechanical planting. ARC has recommended a set of production practices to improve cotton production. These practices should be seriously linked to extension and farmers' training activities, and be used as basis for developing and adapting cultural practices for the pilot area. Since ARC has recommended these practices, its scientists should be involved in monitoring their effect, cultivate the impact of any changes, and help establish demonstration plots where necessary. (c) Seed Multiplication The SGB has its own plant propagation department which produces certified seeds for cotton, wheat and dura. Limited amounts of groundnut seeds have recently been produced, Seeds produced annually for different crops are given in Table 3. 7 -Annex 1 2.08 Improvement of seed production under the project would require: 1. Selection of proper farms for seed multiplication. 2. Provision of necessary farm machinery and implements. 3. Proper and timely application of farm inputs. 4. Involvement of ARC in supervising the mutliplication of both breeder and foundation seeds. 5. Equipment for seed processing and testing, and seed laboratory. 6. Field training of production personnel of the seed department. 7. Proper control of all seeds produced to insure purity and to reduce mechanical mixing of seeds through the main stages from the breeder to certified seeds. Because seeds of both Barakat and Acala would be produced, measures to reduce mixing and increase purity are essential. 2.09 The following cultivation practices are recommended by ARC for the Gezira Project: 1. Selection of Variety: Both Barakat (Els) and Acala (MS) are recommended. New varieties have not been officially released yet. The project would encourage the testing of new varieties under farmers production conditions in the pilot schemes. 2. Land Preparation: (a) Since the cotton is cultivated after fallow in the rotation, the fallow should be ploughed soon after the rains. Fields badly infested with perennial weeds (i.e. Seid and Negila) should be deep ploughed (12-15 inches). These operations should be carried out during September to November. Herbicides should be introduced gradually to replace this operation. Once suitable herbicides are identified (pre-emergence), this operation would be eliminated, thus reducing the cost of land preparation. The testing and demonstrating of the economic and agronomic value of herbicides on a large scale would be carried out in the pilot scheme. (b) During the period February to March, clod crushing (i.e. harrowing) and levelling when necessary, should be carried out. The introduction of the chisel plough would gradually eliminate this process. Instead, periodical land levelling (once every three years) should be carried out. The contribution of the chisel plow, its suitability for both land preparation and mechanical control of weeds would be monitored and evaluated on the pilot schemes. - 8 - Annex 1 (c) Re-ridging should be carried out in July prior to sowing. 3. Pre-watering. May be carried out if water is available, but not essential if herbicides are to be used. If pre-watering is carried out, it should be followed by riding and making of gadwals and tagnets. As mentioned earlier, the introduction of herbicides should be evaluated as a measure to reduce weeds and to eliminate too expensive operation: deep ploughing and pre-watering. 4. Weed Control. The recommended herbicide should be applied (by tractor) according to specification. Hand weeding should supplement the herbicide if necessary. Attention should be given to herbicides suitable to eliminate the Seid and Ngila, the perenial weeds which have caused serious decline in soil quality and cotton yields. So far these weeds have been controlled mechanically (deep ploughing): ARC should participate in identifiying the proper herbicide for this operation. 5. Seed Dressing. Agrosan 5W + 30 Heptachlor at the rate of 3 grams per pound of seeds for protection against Bacterial Blight and Flea Beetles. 6. Sowing. Hand sowing by the use of sowing sticks (seluka) should start on July 20 and continue wihtout interruption until August 10. If the land at sowing is considered too dry for germination, a light post-watering should be given immediately. Seeds should be certified and with more than 90% germination. The individual hawashas should be planted within a short period to ensure uniformity of crop growth. The project would introduce the seed planters (and delinters) on the pilot scheme. By the completion of the third year of the project, the two groups, Messelamia and Wad El-Munsi should be planted by seed drills. 7. Spacing and Seed Rate. The spacing between ridges should be 80 cm and within ridges (plant holes) should be 50 cm for early sowing. If the sowing is delayed, the spacing should be adjusted to 30 cm between plant holes. Six seeds will be needed per hole. The seed rate will depend on the variety and seed size. 8. Re-Sowing. Re-sowing should commence as soon as possible after germination. No re-sowing should be carried out later than 14 days after the original sowing. 9. Fertilizer/Re-Ridging (green ridging). These practices should be carried out in one operation. A dose of 2N per feddan should be applied 6 weeks after sowing by machine, as side dressing. 10. Thinning. Four weeks after sowing the crop should be thinned to 5 plants; final thinning should be carried out after re-ridging to leave 3 seedlings per hole. One watering should follow these operations. Annex 1 -9- 11. Watering. Rainfall makes some effective contribution to irrigation needs and this increases from North to the South. When the cotton field is flooded by heavy rainfall, the surplus water must be drained as soon as possible. The crop water requirements at different growth stages have been scientifically determined by ARC but not put in practice as irrigation indenting based on historical experience. As is still practiced, at the time of early fruit formation, which concides with the hottest period of the growing season, heavy watering at shorter intervals is important. The date of the final watering will depend on season, state of the crop and other factors. 12. Insect Management (a) Insect surveys should start after germination, and spraying will depend on the thresholds of each insect pest. (b) Single or mixture of chemicals will be used according to the recommendation of the concerned entomoligists representing ARC in the SGB/ARC Plant Protection Committee. (c) Good supervision of the spraying operation should be taken. Field staff should be trained in both scouting of insects on regular basis and testing adequacy of aerial spraying. A special committee to assess quality of spraying, effectiveness of chemicals, and cost of treatment should be established on seasonal basis. 13. Picking. The date of the picking will depend on the growing season and the state of the crop. It should continue at 14 days intervals until there are no more green bolls to open. This operation should be well supervised to ensure clean cotton. The picking season will be long because of the mixture of medium and extra long staple varieties. Arrangements should be made to ensure continuity of picking for both varieties in order to keep the pickers busy throughout the unusually long period. 14. Clean Up (Disposal of cotton plants). After the end of the picking, cotton plants are grazed over, and thereafter cotton plants uprooted, heaped, and after drying, burnt. All cotton debris (bolls, leaves, broken branches... etc.) should be swept up and burnt. This clean-up operation should be completed by May 31st each year. 15. Summary. Inputs required by cotton during the project: (a) Seeds (kg) 10kg/fd. (b) Urea (kg) 100kg, 110kg/fd, 120kg/fd, 130kg/fd, 140kg/fd (gradual increase during project years). (c) Herbicides one treatment during the season. Annex 1 - 10 - (d) Plant protection 6-7 sprays. (e) Seed drill to be introduced gradually. (f) Irrigation 10-12 during the season. Wheat 2.10 Yields for the scheme have varied from 250 to 800kg/fd. Some blocks, however, produced more than 1400kg/fd. The average yields are very low for irrigated wheat, as experimental plot results indicate a potential of 1.5 to 1.5 tons/feddan for the varieties being grown in the Gezira. Wheat is grown between November to February when the coolest whea.ther prevails. The growing season in Gezira is usually warmer and shorter than that of the Northern province or Khoshm El-Geiba. 2.11 Rotation. Wheat is grown in Gezira in four-course rotation cotton-wheat-groundnuts/dura-fallow. In Managil the rotation includes cotton-wheat-groundnut/dura. In both rotations, wheat follows cotton. The large fluctuation in area under wheat from season to season indicates that a large number of farmers do not grow this crop. The project should identify only those farmers interested in growing the crop and provide them with the services needed. This practice could help reduce expenses, improve the quality of the services and increase the quantity of input supplies available to those farmers interested in wheat, after the Corporation excludes from its support, farmers with historically low yields or interrupted production. Excluded farmers may be encouraged to grow a winter grain legume or forage instead of wheat. The project would assess SGB conduct surveys to determine blocks and tenants where wheat production is highly desirable and promising. 2.12 Varieties. At present the variety dominating in Gezira and Managil is Maxicani and Giza 155. New varieties are being introduced including Condor and Mukhtar. Giza 155 tends to be somewhat late for the present practices and is damaged by heat in the maturity period. Mexicani is an earlier variety with higher yields than Giza 155. It is a red-grained variety, which reduces its value in the eyes of the farmers which prefer Giza 155 which produces the more preferred white bran. Attempts should be made during the project to assess the performance of new varieties in farmers fields. (See Annex IV-A, Extension and Research). 2.13 Land preparation. Land preparation for wheat should start in late September or soon after the end of the raining season. The usual operations are ploughing, clod crushing and levelling. Wheat is very sensitive to water logging, requiring a special attention to land levelling. One of the problems in preparing the land for wheat is that farmers are unable to get farm machinery at the right time as it is being used for cotton ridging and in some cases for land preparation for the next cotton crop which is planted months hence. It is important for SGB to assign equal importance to preparing land for wheat as the project is providing additional farm machinery to meet this requirement. Annex 1 - 11 - 2.14 Seed treatment. SGB usually provide farmes with treated seeds (Dieldrex B at the rate of 2.25g/kg of seeds for protection against fungus diseases and termites). The project would provide three additional machines for seed treatment. 2.15 Sowing date. Late October to mid-November is the recommended date. The bulk of farmers however, sow after mid-November. Results at Wad Medani research station indicate that reduction in yield per day over the period October 31-November 15 is about one percent per day. If sown at December 15, the reduction is 40-60%, with the lesser figure for early varieties and the larger for late varieties. Some farmers seem to believe they can get as good yields in late sowing as in timely sowing. Late sowing also increases the damage from aphid attack. Virtually all the wheat sown is broadcast by hand and then worked into the soil. As a result, a higher than necessary seed rate is needed to ensure an adequate stand. Savings in seed alone would soon pay for expenditure involved in drills to be purchased by the project. Drilling ensures a complete stand and better use of both light and fertilizer. With the fertilizer responsive varieties, placement at not more than a 5 cm depth is essential if good emergence is to be achieved particularly with the rapid crushing, a problem which is characteristic of the heavy clay soils of Gezira. When using seed drills, planting should be in rows 20 cm apart with about 50 kg of seeds/fd. 2.16 Irrigation. The land should be irrigated immediately after sowing especially if pre-watering was not practiced. A fortnight interval should be followed leading to 6-7 irrigation during the season. Attention should be given to avoid plant wilting especially during the early tillering phase and the following phase. It has been estimated by Wad Medani Research Station that extended interval of watering can reduce yields by 50 percent. It should be noticed that wheat will not grow well with either too much or too little water. This of course had to do with both, availability and management of water and proper land levelling. When land is improperly levelled, most of the wheat is in either too wet or too dry conditions. To offset poor land levelling it is recommended to relevel the land every 2-3 seasons, and to have either strip or furrow irrigation. 2.17 Fertilizers. Fertilizers must be applied evenly over the soil surface. Fertilizer is effective mainly in the area on which it falls. Both nitrogen and phosphorus do not move laterally. The only exception is ahydrous ammonia as an N source which can be dissolved in water and applied with irrigation. This is not used in Gezira. Instead, urea is used which requires fertilizers spreaders to ensure even distribution. The project will provide adequate spreaders to serve the total area under wheat. Attempts should be made to assess the economic contribution of adding phosphorus to the crop. The project would coordinate the introduction of phosphorus with the FAO fertilizer project currently being implemented in Gezira. So far the project would provide for 2N/fd to be applied at sowing. Additional doses of (NPK) would be provided for the pilot scheme to assess the economic contribution of NPK to yields under farmers' conditions. This practice would be evaluated during the mid-term review of the project. Annex 1 - 12 - 2.18 Weed Control. The introduction of herbicides on wheat will depend on the recommendation of ARC. Weeds can become a serious problem if a pre-watering is not carried out, and if the seeds are not drilled. Drilled seeds does not allow weeds to grow in open spaces between plants. Weed growth is also related to the seed program. If uncleaned grain from the market is sown, the farmer often sowes a substantial weed crop along with the wheat seed. 2.19 Pest and Diseases. Aphids are a main problem. Spraying should be carried out once or twice during the seasons, and should be on time, especially in late-seeded crops. Early control is important to reduce damage. Rats could become an increasing problem if not controlled through community participation. Poison baits using sorghum treated with zinc sulfide and gassing with suitable gas would also be effective methods of control. 2.20 Harvest. Wheat in Gezira is usually harvested late. This appears to be due to a shortage of combines and poor organization of those available. Delay in harvest lead to excessive loss to shattering and bird and rat damage in the field. Arrangements should be made to complete harvest in late February or early March. A special agreement with the private sector should be worked out recognizing the cost to the combine owners without reducing the economic return to the grower. 2.21 Summary of Input recommended for wheat: Seed (kg) : 50 kg/fd Seed treatment: : 2.25 g/kg of seed (Dieldrex B) Urea : 80 kg/fd + NPK TSP : as required by ARC/SGB for the pilot scheme starting with 10 kg/Fd and reaching 30 kg/Fd by mid-term. Plant Protection: one or two sprays Herbicides: : to be determined by ARC Seed drills : to be introduced by the project Groundnut 2.22 Groundnut is a soil depleting crop because of the harvesting method currently used in Gezira. The contribution of groundnuts as a legume crop in the rotation is largely reduced because the whole plant is uprooted at harvest. Groundnut follow wheat in the rotation. The common practice for land preparation in Gezira and Managil is based on minimum combine tillage after harvesting of wheat. The crop traditionally receives no input. Yields can increase significantly if cultivated properly. The project intends to improve the cultivation practices of this crop. The following recommendations are based on suggestions obtained from ARC: 2.23 Land Preparation. Goodland preparation allows for more branches on the plant, and strengthen the vegetative growth of the crop. Therefore, discploughing at a depth of 20 cm followed by harrowing would result in high pod yields. Groundnut requires a loose friable soil so that gynophorus can penetrate easily. Because groundnut follow wheat in Gezira, Annex 1 - 13 - there is a short time for land preparation. Recommended operations include: ploughing, harrowing, levelling if necessary, and ridging at 60 cm. Levelling may not be needed if wheat land was levelled in the previous season. Land preparation should be completed by end of May. To avoid buildup of termites wheat residues should be removed. (a) Seed treatment. Shelling should be done close to planting date. Aldren T may be used as a seed dressing. (b) Time of seeding. Best results can be obtained if planted early, at the beginning of June. Early sowing'increases both pod and hay yield. (c) Spacing and seed rate. High plant population is required for good yields. Normally groundnut is planted in Gezira at the same spacing used for cotton, 30 to 40 cm between plants on ridges 80 cm apart (about 16,000 plant/fd). The highest pod yield of Ashford was obtained at 60 cm x 15 cm (80,000'plant/fd). The optimum spacing for the varieties grown in Gezira varies because of differences in-their growth habits (varieties grown are MH383, Ashford and Barberton). MH383 out yielded Ashford. SCB should allow for testing of new varieties on farmers fields with a plan to introduce new high yielding cultivars where possible. However, ARC recommends spacing at 60 cms between ridges, 15 cm between plants within the row, and that two seeds be dropped, for any of the three varieties currently in use. 2.25 Irrigation. Total water requirement for groundnut in Gezira is about 450-500 mm. Watering is important immediately after planting and herbicides application and then every two weeks. Farmers tend to irrigate up to the end of November or end of December and this not only increases the amount of pod losses, but also decreases quality mainly because of the attack of pods by termites (Microtermes spp and Macrotermes spp), which encourages aflatoxin contamination. Pod losses due to desintegration of gynophorus caused by the wetting and drying process can reach 65%*. Extensive research on groundnut has been carried out by Dr. Hasan Ishaq. These recommendations are based on findings reported by him. ARC scientistis report that irrespective of sowing dates (from mid-June to mid July) maximum pod yield can be achieved if last watering was given before first week of November. 2.26 Fertilizers. ARC has reported that groundnuts response to fertilizers is rather erratic. Farmers do not fertilize their groundnut. The project would await the recommendations of ARC in this respect, and the introduction of triple super phosphate (TSP) should be encouraged when economic returns are obtained. 2.27 Weed Control. ARC recommends that Ronstar 25EC at the rate of 2.0 liters per fedan be applied. The treatment should be immediately after planting. Tractor mounted sprayers at a volume of 15-gallons of water per feddan should be used. Application of herbicides should be followed by irrigation immediately. Annex 1 - 14 - 2.28 Lifting. the varieties Ashford and MH383 take about 95-140 days to mature. Days to maturity vary according to season, locality and management. Delayed harvest results in pod detachment while earlier than optimum lifting results in reduced yield. Soil moisture should allow easy lifting with minimum of pod loss and minimum of soil adhering to the pods. Whenever possible mechanical digging with the digger, shaker invertor should be practices. SGB should inter into agreement with the private sector early in the season to allow for these services at a reasonable price for both machine operator and farmers. These arrangements should be made in September to allow for more efficient planning of the Field Calender, especially for farmers growing cotton and wheat. 2.29 Drying and Stripping. After lifting plants are let inverted on ridges for one or two days and then stacked in the form of a circle with the pods toward the center. Drying should continue until moisture content of the kernels is about 7%. This helps in reducing contamination by aflatoxin producing fungi. 2.30 Summary of recommended inputs: Seed treatment: Aldrex T 2.3g/kg seeds Seed : 50 kg/Fd. TSP : to be agreed upon with ARC, and to be used in the pilot schemes Herbicides : 2 liter/fd. (Ronstar) Varieties : to increase the adoption of M11383 or other varieties recommended by ARC. Lifting and threshing : to become mechanized as the project progresses Sorghum (Dura) 2.31 Dura (Sorghum) is grown throughout Gezira and Managil. Its yields are low and little has been done to improve its cultivation. Research on sorghum improvement in the Sudan did not receive adequate attention until recently, when the Tozi research station was openned in 1952. The Gezira Research Station incorporated research on irrigated sorghum only recently. 2.32 Land preparation. Traditionally farmers in Gezira and Managil grow sorghum on land with minimum tillage, utilizing ridges made for wheat in the previous season. The project would encourage better land preparation and growing of sorghum on ridges for better control of irrigation. 2.33 Seeding Rate and Sowing Date. The recommended seeding rate is 3kg/fd with plant spacing of 60 x 10 cm with one plant per hole. Optimum population density is about 65-70 thousand plant/fd. Seed drills would be provided by the project to allow for better seeding rates and spacings. Annex 1 - 15 - 2.34 Varieties. Varieties grown by farmers are heterogeneous and lack uniformity of growth and maturity. They are tall and they tiller profusely making them suitable for feed and village-home construction. They have poor head exertion and lodge easily. Their atractiveness is that they have better grain quality for Kisra, the local bread. High yielding varieties were found unacceptable to the farmers because of the grain color and taste. The variety most popular is Dabar which is a low yielder, but makes good kisra, the bread which is mostly used by the tenants and the surrounding population. Attempts should be made to introduce new varieties acceptable to the farmers with the assitance of ARC. 2.35 Fertilizers. Farmers in Gezira do not use fertilizers or sorghum. Little is known about the response of local varieties to nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizers. Increase in yields from the present 500-600 kg/fd would require serious investigation of the economic benefits of fertilizers, and the possible introduction of earlier maturing varieties highly responsive to fertilizer, less demanding for water, and more efficient in utilizing mineral nutrients already available in the soil. 2.36 Weed control. The most important weed of sorghum is Striga hermonthica, an obligate parasite, which has infested a substantial area in the Gezira. Apart from striga, weeds on sorghum in general are a serious problem. Yields in Gezira can be reduced by as much as 50% due to weed competition. There is a need for selective herbicides which could be effective in killing weeds during the early stage of growth. It is recommended to use sorgoprim at the rate of 1.2 kg/fd. Control of striga is difficult, requiring flexible rotation, and resistant varieties, which are not easily available. 2.37 Summary of recommended inputs for sorghum: 1. Seed treatment 2.25g/kg of seed (Dieldrex T + Aldrex A) 2. Seeding rate : 4 kg/fd 3. Urea : 20 kg/fd increasing to 40 kg (fd by year (3)) 4. Herbicides : one treatment of 1.2 kg/fd of sorgoprim 5. Irrigation : only 2-3 weeks. 6. Sowing date July or earlier of late maturing varieties III. Farm Machinery 3.01 The project would provide adequate farm machinery and implement to ensure timely and proper land preparation for cotton; and improve the quality of crop husbandry i.e. seed drills, spacing, proper seed location and depth, and redging in the case of wheat groundnuts and sorghum. The following operations are considered when calculating the machinery required by the project (See Table 4). (i) Abu XX detching. At present only the Abu XX, for the cotton area are cleaned and reshaped. It is important that this work be done for all crops. Annex 1 -16 - (ii) Ploughing. At present, primary cultivation for cotton consists of deep blading or disc-ploughing and for other crops of ridging and split ridging. The project attempts to introduce the chisel plough because it is more effective in controlling grasses and it provides a better telth. The self-mulching soils can be sown better with a chisel plough than the present practice of disc ploughing and deep blading expecially that chemical weed control is being introduced with encouraging results to control cyperus rotundus and cynodon dactylon. the use of chiesel plough would be introduced on a trial basis in two blocks. There are several reasons for introducing the chisel plough (see explanatory note). The use of deep blading and disc ploughing usually result in big hard lumps and clods. The fact that no follow-up is done to shake loose the root system of the grasses makes this expensive operation of limited results. The introduction of the chisel would reduce the application of these operation and would limit the use of disc ploughing. Disc-harrowing would make possible land levelling with limited operations. (iii) Land Levelling, Sprayers, and Spreaders. For irrigated farming land levelling is an important yield determining factor especially for sensitive crops such as cotton and wheat. The project would provide for standard land levellers. Herbicides and fetilizers spreading would be carried out mechanically for cotton and wheat. Later on groundnut and sorghum would benefit from this service. Herbicides spraying would also be supported by the project on cotton. (iv) Abu VI ditching and cross ridging in cotton and wheat: would be improved through additional implements provided by the project. Table 4 list the operations for each crop to receive support under the project. Explanatory Note 3.02 The Use of Chisel Ploughs. In its recommendation on agricultural mechanization the project suggests the introduction of chisel ploughs for the primary cultivation instead of root ploughs and ridgers. The chisel plough is a very versatile implement whith a draft of about half that of a disc plough per foot of width and working the same depth. It is also an implement which is simple to adjust and to work with. Compared with the * rootploughs which at present are used behind 150 kw crawler tractors for primary tillage and grass control before cotton, it is much more economical because it is much cheaper to buy and the output is much higher. 3.03 Besides being cheaper the chisel plough controls grasses better because the roots are shaken loose from the soil and brought to the surface. For this operation two or three passes are required, starting with a depth of less than 10 cm and going deeper with the following passes. Between the passes, which should be done diagonally to each other, -17.- Annex 1 there should be enough time for the roots to dry out and for the remaining plants to start to recover. 3.04 Ploughing should start direct after the harvest to conserve moisture and at a fast operating speed. This will produce rather small clods and it will prevent the underlying soil from drying out too much. As a result the power requirements for the subsequent passes will still be rather small and a good tilth will be obtained. For the other crops one or two passes before ridging or disking and sowing will improve the soil preparation and weed control considerably compared with the present practice of ridging and re-ridging in the stubble of the earlier crop. 3.05 The size of the chisel ploughs and the types of the spikes and shares to be used have to be established by the Applied Engineering Department of SGB. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that a small number of ploughs and several types of shares be introduced and evaluated in the field schemes at an early date and before large quantities are tendered. The project will start testing the efficiency of chisel plough on the pilot extension in the Year I. 3.06 The Selection of Tractor Size. The most versatile and widely used tractors in agriculture are the wheel tractors in the 50-60 kw range. They are heavy enough to pull and drive most of the standard machinery, light enough to be used for all kind of general work and about the right size for most transport jobs. Moreover, they are still available in rather simple and unsophisticated models. 3.07 For large farming operations, especially for primary tillage in large fields, there are crawler tractos of 225 kw and more and wheel tractors of up to 350 kw. In such operations these large tractors can be very efficient and their use always lead to a reduction in manpower requirements. In the Gezira Scheme, with more than 2 million feddan of arable land, there is,a great variety of mechanized activities, from primary tillage in 90 fedan fields to spraying of herbicides in 5 feddan hawashas. Because of this variety and of the large number of tractors involved, it is obvious that the selection of the tractors as regarding type and size has to be made vefy carefully. In the process of evaluation some basic considerations are: that the tractor should have ample power to do the job within a reasonable time, that the tractor should be used a sufficient number of hours per year to minimize costs and that they should not pose extra problems as regards repair and maintenance. 3.08 For a number of agricultural operators, the wheel tractor in the 30-60 kw range is the obvious choice. These are: - land smoothing with small leveller; - herbicide spraying; - broadcasting of fertilizers; - 18 _ Annex 1 - ABU VI ditching; - cross ridging; - green ridging/hoeing; - lifting of groundnuts; and - stripping of groundnuts. For these activities, except for the green-ridging, the machinery required is too small to justify a larger tractor. To compensate for this size by increasing the speed is not a solution. 3.09 For green ridging the small type of ridgers as for dry ridging can be used. However, for dry ridging (fertilizing), which is an opration on flat land, 6 or 8-row ridgers can be used and for such ridgers larger tractors are required. These tractors need dual tyres or very wide tyres to deliver their power. However, these tyres are too wide for use in the furrows during green ridging/hoeing; they will damage not only the ridges but also the root system of the plants. Therefore, the green ridging/hoeing is listed under activities for 50-60 kw tractors. 3.10 For the remaining operations, viz. chisel ploughing, dry ridging and dry ridging/fertilizing and sowing/fertilizing, large wheeltractors of 110 kw can be used. Chisel ploughs are available for a large range of tractors and if they can be used on 90 feddan fields there is nearly no limit to the size. If they are to be used in 5 feddan hawashas, a tractor-plough combination in the 50 - 60 kw range is to be considered more appropriate. 3.11 For dry ridging, in the 90 feddan fields 8-row ridgers can be used if the fields are very level. The frames of these ridgers are about 7 m wide and therefore they have to be of a folding type to allow for easy transport. In that configuaration the ridgers are no simple implements anymore; they are rather vulnerable and per ridger body more expensive than the present 4-row ridgers. 3.12 For sowing/fertilizing of wheat the wide-level disk-tillers with seed and fetilizer attachments are used. They are available in several sizes and if required, can be used in tandem. Power requirements are 15 - 17 kw per m' working width which results in a 3.60 m tiller for a 55 kw tractor and a 6.60 m tiller of a 110 kw tractor. In the latter case 2 tillers of 3.60 m and 3 m used in tandem would be more convenient for transport. There are doubts if the disk-tiller is the right choice for the preparation of the seedbed and the sowing and fertilizing. Research into this matter is therefore recommended and should be studied by ARC through Project support. 3.13 To summarize the discussion on the division of work between the 55 kw and larger (110 kw) wheel tractors, their suitability for the different jobs is presented below which shows that the 55 kw wheel tractor Annex 1 - 19 - is a good choice for most of the operations whereas the 110 kw tractor is really suitable only for a few jobs. Based on this table, calculations on tractor requirements were'made; first for the use of only 55 kw and the 110 kw tractors. Note: Specifications for farm machinery and field implements recommended by the Project will be prepared by the Applied Engineering Department and the Project Procurement Committee of the Ministry of Planning. IDA should review these specifications before they are advertised for tendering. The suitability* of 55 and 110 kw wheeltractors for the Gezira. Type of tractor Activity 55 KW 110 KW Chiselploughing V V Smoothing with Eversman leveller V S Dry ridging V V Dry ridging/fertilizing V V Green ridging/hoeing V L Herbicide spraying V L Fertilizer broadcasting V L ABU Vi ditching V L Cross ridging V L Sowing/Fertilizing V V Groundnut lifting V L Groundnut stripping V L * Based on technical and/or financial criteria V = very suitable; S = suitable; L = less suitable The table shows that the 55 kw wheeltractor is a good choice for all the jobs mentioned whereas the 110 kw tractor is really suitable only for a few jobs. Based on this table calculations on tractor requirements were made; first for the use of only 55 kw tractors and afterwards also for the use of both the 55 and the 110 kw tractors. - 20 - Annex 1 TABLE 1 SUDAN - GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT Agricultural Machinery Requirements 1Yztoг ллЭ L�+1ern[ °с•-'.^д Ну Tiпeh У[к[ог FhSim+ �� Туре оЕ �b. of `А. nf 1то:с•ттса Feddm �:Уасеог 'Л�агтз< fbгas рв i1т Lмlетг[ � Тдрlгтелеа ftrn°t.�..t tMer 'ФО � {(Р Юпсh Wue 3и. Е4Ь. Fhr. И г�1 �. .Лп Л_�v :hы ,. 5rпе. 2с. Гbr. 2с. UsaЭ P.mllaЫe t'го lгrс � льи п те� !� а•аvlег г4о эьо n жcrrer 1з 9(ац :.cai !`аса+ 460 � 5 3 S 5 3 5 3 .жг 400 3 5 Т S J 1Э 1Э (У+ял1nС 240 ` " 1 7 7 7 � Dua 3aD 8 PA111.tp.�sara 100 Dre,�bL�d1,ц Qavleг 240 450 2.4 р1��е 70 а иtСпо 1Э0 ц Vi И' А4 Ьт 44 44 , ® rr(t: е11� . А1% аорв 12i Q•аvlт ог I50 ��L�-�с:лг b b р 3р )р � �0 � 9сгатг - �(ац 9Zp � OiscPlwr,hlcg 1пее1 гквсСог � . � 14 iuttad ?0 �гав :S: 140 4iJ 1.5 33 24 Z4 ^Jг 3' т 28 5 Ьпlст 2) дlчс Virr[ 4CG 75 1U 1.9 211 2ц 136 аи,гм,с zи п ц0 z.s w w п9 Asa 700 75 JЬО 2.5 111 111 1!1 гдде уЕVг1 !5 lA:;!/ (19П g•д d1s (�rю,�-1v9tt аие7 пгц1�>�в 1т п жз 2..s з7 зч зr АЕи �i Сlгсh!rg. Чп�е1 teLeи 73 ц0 ц . � D1CChre/ 1) 9 ��п '� 6 Ь 6 6 Ь 6 Rldget 18П ЬС(:г� и�и. ьт ц а (зn� s:.� Q.�л'uwc 2:0 г?и лi77 8 6 R '(?'U �pciva:c а.-; мц!:д•vra iC0 7 7 � С�. R:d�; Lp йrеl �ам_;дг JS 35n 2.5 . ._ 1tlдЕм 18(1 ЕГ+'�' (зт e-J гbе[ап .iй0 J+t 11ё /71'7 ргlыас. аг1 :•пчд.^,пе 2и) 89 � д7 ptdl:tF.=.e� 10D Я� Э7 7! Cecs�: ktd®!п� Нчы•1 Сгас[ог 75 ii0 R1fEct ;9fI ЬОзд1 (У.� 5� fkc[wг (1кЪ. gr:�п г!.:;;L�ьj ч:0 3 t36 145 145 I46 С]L' ргlюи агд :Ал: •Ьп1 7 95 9S др 8р гхti-�1rvк 2чП лтл Эпр 7 79 ТО 7h1ll!таа:а !'.С1 7 2б 35 inгlгь., сп'aN-q --е l i iz 1ng tteal ear_cor 75 366 ' -'-- Гегtцltсг _ 307 ше:и 4Ю � б в2 142 142 � м.г.rгплтr ьА'+'д +п3 23 295 29Ь 3rntcascer ^fi ]+га D5П 2.S l78 178 t.ield Spcayer 8) ц5 . F:s[цr. Мх1 ccaгwr 73 YQ ) 4"-•ег:чг 90 ц 5b рlапсег 10 50 ихгдас 2ui 1+8 1�8 л.-�~~_ - -_- R3 er.v:er5 .s lU i5i '--�� 4о. сЕ Сгэ.�l.ч�s чеlегl L9 49 9t 9l 91 55 70 ЭП 4Э 13 ц 64 crarr�,rv ;п_ьtlл!+;е лг аг:Е , ":"м 7�ь[^ _г.r.спгs з�зi'л�Sе чс 5Гв „�,й зи 7sь!и гг"цг�г< рг¢ясп[1у aeatlaD:e 'т. nrlvatг � __ _ _ �ас,г +ь. оЕ тsitP r..:-o� ��т � � гг�;�_<с �tu :г.тпл<�';:;i :�;2- z8 в s w�. 5зл тгt-'` �Я=/ 752 762 г4? 19� .9 сх;огч игсн т,1 зт п:9 !. _� . crarto�-s со privцe r+ м.-� сч м ао r,,, .о т с� �� а м � г� и �-+ оо а� n. тs х . . . . . . v � .. r. о �о ао г�. о о� .-, о г. rn т м .-• о•-; о •л м.. с�а т о-+ м., м .-+ �.. оо .-+ и r" � .., ао ц> г� н оо о с� и аа •� I о � и ( . . . , . . . . . . . � г� оо cv м ^�» с°� � м оо о :� � и н о+ и ао v .-� �а м н cv s.� сч -+ и сч т �.-. .-о о v и N �, v ° cV гц ао и г• о м •, т �о оо 3 и ` � ,-� сл о г� s о+ с� cv гv м � � м �а � си r- с�1 и �л ,n ,п г� м N N т••а и г� •� �о N N N N л О т О Г� О, О г� о � t О 3 ¢ ,-, .д .-+ �-, cn г1 г� -•� ао rn г� с, .. с•� т и м и �с м а� `.. м с� гi т•, с� rr и�д с�а cv сч о т � ,� cv ,.� �а ы ос т м и и оо ,г, т с+ т �v ,' . . . . . . • .-. т G о 1 оо о и с� о� м ао N^ � м й т гмv � cv т о .. .. г� ;V cV т N ,л Н . � ., и ,., v � .� I I v� �р г� ,-� м r. м. и �о м о � и О пS � 1 r. г� г� .г о� т ev и �д с� rn ао м и s о� и �О сч о с� •тi ( i н с� м м ы м•т ••� й �г сч м ., •• •, со а � � ! � сч �о > z ( и т о г. сч � cv �п м а+ s а� � � jI `° ,л м е� сч ., � н�д и м о о и м м м о-b о s+ � � � г+ .� т :r сч м ,т •-� х •-•� м •• сч •, ,-� •• N w и и Н о � м оо н о� о ео ,-+ �о оо о у � `+-+ ,л м•� о о.-. ��д с� т о т с, и м г� �о ��д й � � � I .» т н м, s .-� � .-� г+ ,-. `ч � � � � сд I ге м м м од м и `д о' N и „ Н ц� q . . � н (� � е � .д о м оо N � ^� �м о N о �г м � �д .с r- � ..., .. м � � и �а r. а� н � ,-. си .. и м оо о .. .. cV � �t � < . . . . � е i � и и и м м и о � �� т +� ^ г� � � и � о м � :v .7 й г' � м � �+ т о г•. г� cv и w �о оо �о �+ о ..� . . . . . . . . . . +., � � � о � г м s м о и с� о т оо о м со со оо r [ +-� м... cv •х о� .. .м .-• м г� � � � т -+ о v и � i � _ �,п о о о �: и и о о и о о о о о о о о ао т �,� ,� ,д r� г� г� г� г� г� г� г� г� r. г.. ;� г� г� г� .о i о � ь i i � , , i i i � , а i i , i i о ¢ ..а Р-+ ... .л ..� г. .., .. ., ., ,-, .. г. .л .-. .. .. г» .� г� s� г-� �з �° ,г s т т т�г �г т т s т т.; т и v 61 о1 С1 .Т Q`. 1 О� С`. О� `vl О� СТ о1 Т Q�� О� ° О� ,?� tЛ С� '� � г-в r..e н .-а rв .-а гв г-i гЧ г� гв r-a г+ гв г-, .-, rr г-г .-+ N С I �_ 1 л s•1 ^ >' � r± ю � . � л ^О а� � .. и и .-, г+ �+ � ..� � ш ^+ ^' ш Е I N а � � �'' гO �' 9 � :о г� � ( С с ,��, �� � � г � о о н i �-+ '"' � С ., А л•л с .-� i-, га гJ С и С .-+ �.1 г� F�7 �, у� .л �. А � i С С 8 ri 'L � � С) i-J ьа .Т."� i `� ... ?ь' :� + й .. . Е й � w :» ✓а 6 ''�а� ао гло '> ,•� . v � ц С _ � I°Е � й ( д ` . . G �.i п7 31 О г-� U �л L+ Ч и 9 � :{ G` h' t°.. '� :1 3л � L:° ; � '..3. G 4! ° >, `- :: 9 •л � г7 -*+ Е Л ., G ш б1 > > Х �с � 8 Е ш S Е� F Е-� - и F Е-� F.. С � s, и v 1 • • Е i В � Ё �� � �t ❑ ^ а � - � �. � � � v Ч С7 � с�.7 � •� � �� о П •л а, ,, ,� о Р с✓ с: са ш I ` -а н и о ,,. r 3 ао � � ' ., ;Ч ц ш �, " . I.... .-. .., т �..� �., > о о о а о о о с � ,i га и - ч :, и s: о о .., л •., о о о и s. о о о у �: 1 � W w .-� У :; r, 4i и :7 7 .С: д . . . � . 7 � .. с., 1 � Ч �; � ,д ..-, и га �D N с.� v О �Р N oQ аь ! '�-, � � .,ч. � с ,. W _ ._ ю N •а С .-. v г. С G. о �с � ,' <7 i м _ у •л �С > i � 4 ... д ..7.. F-� G: и CL' Э� , Gcl И , - 25 нппех 1 � � � г� ао � � s �о rn w w� м о� .-� м ао г� ао c�i г� а� >' N гИi 'v � м N м J г� N о? N .. И 7 А s �о г. г� i � r+ м о н и оо г s cv �, ,л н s н м г� с� м н � z н ,� м г� г а г� м ь� о н г�. � оо v о+ и г'� и cv м rn н м н s � � � г� м ` �о м о м о� ,-. � .. .. � .-< .о 1 м м н м н м н и м � и '�•� � f�7 N Л . м r. ... r� ,п r� ао н � и � �Т �D н �7 N м и N .У И �D N г� .7 1 "' а и м г` ¢ . . а� rn о 1 ао м �о rn �о n н ь� м а0 �О м �О �7 и �7' �О N гл И . и .-. и м 'а и •г т р о, г� ., � г� .. м г� ,�, с� м н о ос ,а м и м s �и � N �с •� W су�д i,' . и о м ар i � й �"� м М �7 о0 СТ а С+ Q �-+ .-. N О � м м.-� м� и м и м р., �+ � и Z .С � I r. �д и г. О � се �о �з м и г� н н ., н н �D о� � ш � с-' н'"' с� о� н м r, .., и н � ¢ ' " ° м н � а � -- � о s а•-» ., � v.-� с` s�о W Н Н ^.^ г+ .. N н м N .. � е�� � �О � W W � • о .-, г� [-� � 1 t 1� д м N м W .r Q� н , �О t� ^ � � н N '"� н й N N .r , �О г� н д (�, г� о а,,, _� N + г � м �7 О� �О r. О i �О N н cn v � � н N г• н и н г•= .. и и � ''� И О ^ ^ •�г г•� %+ . �ч О 1 t N �7 Г� н .� Ор 1 �7 N Q1 н � Q� � н м н м т н м н � � � � ° И О V °� о и и о о о о и о и о о а � 1..' •гл г� г` г� г� г� �. г. г� t� г� г� г� г� у,л � О � � i � � i � � � i � � � Q .`�' I •гi .и г-+ � .ч гч .+ н � � �У �Т �7 �1 �7 а7 �7 •.7 �Т �1 �7 .�' 61 Q� Q� О� Оч С1 С*1 О� Q� 01 О� О� iT Он тч .-а г-+ .ч м .r .r н vм 'ч �-+ .r �.в '�' С,^j С I , � о '� .. " ^ л н >, о � ео ... С � •р � � , '� н и L С у ^ �с аз •� а с �о в в .л � •�, + г� Е ' •.� � ^ ^ k й .. + о С ' �Е � т .� �' Е к ^ Г-+ м ! ... .. � :i о .,,Е Ё � о а и " s ! а �' � v >+ I Ё .С i ас �о • .-, ,.>'r " , и го С га > и •�+ С т > и � •� . С I s� о( s. га � v г� с t н м � z + �•.+ I •-�I > � j « � � •j Ё •�'! � ^ � '"' � � С � гС �С ( �9 L � Е� Е- F� _ а� � г0 2 � F+ Е-+ � � у 1 и; . и С �G. � U ( � � С a.i .. С � � .,^ U ¢ С� � и .-•i .-� ,.� v у ! --� +� .-+ т а> а о о •° °' i� к �' > о r �� С I �о ro го s� и •.• о о с «� �. � ro г. й•.• о о с, � � .. С д w i .и . . . � �� � . . � и с 1 С CL 't7 � цJ �J СО •� ^ I ^' г^ Т? ^ �:J N L � Е I •�-+ �7 •н Е С G С .,..� � I Е .. р .••� � С� � I �41 � iл � fr Ё+ 3 � tK cn 1� Н 3 ьУ ! д •k 26 - SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT ANNEX II - AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE Page No. Present Situation Water Supply ................................................... 27 Irrigation System .............................................. 28 Drainage System ................................................ 30 Project Proposals Project Formulation ............................................ 31 Canal Regulators and Structures ................................ 33 Drainage System ................................................ 34 Pumping Stations ............................................... 35 Sennar Dam ..................................................... 35 Operation and Maintenance Operation ...................................................... 36 Maintenance .................................................... 36 Weed Clearance ................................................. 36 Annual O&M Costs ............................................... 37 Organization and Management Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation ......................... 38 Implementation Arrangements .................................... 39 Consultants .................................................... 40 Training ....................................................... 40 List of Tables Table 1 - Monthly Irrigation Water Releases to the Gezira Scheme Table 2 - Pumping Equipment - Existing and Proposed Improvement Table 3 - Demand and Supply of Water Table 4 - Canal Regulators Table 5 - Estimated Annual Irrigation O&M Costs Table 6 - Implementation Responsibilities for Irrigation and Drainage Component of Project Table 7 - Consultant Services Provided Table 8 - Proposed Training Programs - 27 - Annex 2 SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT Irrigation and Drainage I. Present Situation Water Supply 1.01 Source of Supply. Irrigation water for the Gezira Scheme is diverted from the Blue Nile at Sennar. The availability of the Blue Nile water and its hydrology and suitability for irrigation is well documented in the Blue Nile Study Report 1/. The quality of the Blue Nile water is excellent for irrigation and the overall availability of the water to the Projet from Sudan's share of the Nile discharges is adequate for the needs. 1.02. Storage Dams. Storge dams have been constructed at Sennar (present live storage 0.57 milliard m3) in 1925 and at Roseires (present live storage 2.58 milliard m3) in 1966. The existing storage is adequate to meet the present irrigation demands of Gezira and other (950,000 fd.) irrigation schemes on the Blue Nile and to maintain a compensation flow in the river downstream of Sennar. According to the bathymetric survey carried out in 1982, the live storage capacity at Roseires is anticipated to deplete in future at the rate of 20 million m3/year. Therefore, additional storage will be required sometime in future. Provisions have been made in the design and construction of the Roseires dam for its heightening by 10 meters either in full or in stages. 1.03 Regarding the security of the dams, major inspections were due and have been carried out in 1982 by the original designers of the dams. There is no apparent danger to the safety of the dams, but the maintenance and rectification works recommended by the inspection reports have to be carried out. These works at Sennar would form part of the Project as Sennar dam is the headwork for Gezira. 1.04 Water Use. The capacity (31.05 million m3/day) of the two main canals at Sennar is not sufficient to meet the optimal requirements of the full rotational area 2/ on Gezira which demand 34.4 million m3/day during the peak month. Therefore, cropping programs are agreed each year between SGB and MOAI(I) taking into account the limitation in the canal capacity and the expected water availability during the year. The water use (Table 1) has varied between 7039 million m3 to 5764 million m3 in recent years. Poor enforcement of agreed crop and irrigation scheduling causes imbalances 1/ Blue Nile Waters Study, phase IA, Ministry of Irrigation and Hydro-Electric Energy GOS, April 1978. 2/ Approximately 1.8 million Fd. that is 100% of Managil and 75% of Gezira Net Command Areas (NCA) 28 _ Annex 2 in October and November. Excessive and/or unauthorised irrigation during December to March are also common. 1.05 Pumping Stations. Some 170,000 fd. of the project area is served by 12 pumping stations. Three stations draw water directly from the Blue Nile to serve areas (66,500 fd.) on the East Bank of the Nile and 9 stations supply water to 104,900 fd. (90,900 fd. on the main scheme and 14,000 fd on the East Bank) high lift areas from gravity canals. The inventory and conditions of existing stations is summarized in Table 2. Nine of the pumping stations - Hag Abdulla, Wad Haddad East and West, Shawal Nos.1 and 2, Tamboul Raba, Gundal and Guneid are fit enough to be maintained during the Project. But they would need overhaul, replacement of electric motors at Guneid and compressor replacements as described in Table 2, to supplement the improvements already made under Agricultural Rehabilitation Program (ARP Credit 1022 SU). The pumping station at Mezagila is at the end of its economic life and has to be replaced soon. Irrigation System 1.06 Canal System. The existing irrigation system is described in detail in Annex E of the Consultant's report.3/ The distribution system serving 1.1 million fd. in Gezira and about 1.0 million fd. in Managil comprises 260 Km. of main canals, 588 km. of brach canals, 1,610 km. of major canals and 7,835 km. of minor canals. The MOAI(I) is responsible for delivery of the irrigation water at the head of minor canal in a quantity based on the indent-estimated quantity of water required for the coming indent period, submitted by the Block Inspector of SGB. At intervals of 292 m along the minor canal, field outlet pipes (FOP) take off to feed a 90 fd. field (Number-1,377 m x 280 m). The Number is irrigated by a water course called Abu Ishreen (Abu XX) with a design capacity of 1000 m3/day (116 1/sec). The operation of the minor canal is the responsibility of the SGB while its maintenance is the responsibility of MOAI(I). 1.07 Canal Operations. The design of the system is based on night storage in the minor canal system and irrigation of Numbers in 7 days during daytime only, followed by 7 day closure of Abu XX. The water management of the system is based on the accurate supply of water to the minor canals, based on indent, and on maintenance of constant pool levels upstream of all offtakes and regulators. In recent years the whole method of water control has deteriorated and the complete breakdown of the telecommunication system makes proper indenting and reporting of gate setting and gauge readings impossible. Nevertheless, it has been observed that the conveyance of water upto the head of minor canals is still reasonably controlled. This is a remarkable achievement and a measure of the great experience of water control staff. Messages are carried by cars, grave but essential misuse of transport. However, difficulties are being faced in keeping steady water levels resulting in undesirable fluctuation in water levels in the system and unavoidable operational losses due to escapage. 3/ Gezira Rehabilitation and Modernization Project, Euroconsult, Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners and TCS (Sudan), June 1982. - 29 - Annex 2 1.08 On-Farm Water Management. Most of the water management problems originate on the minor canal and are compounded on the field. The poor control by water ghaffirs and deterioration of all FOPs, particularly their regulating valves, have resulted in Abu XX being open for about 80% of the time and night watering is widespread. The minor canal system is not operated as designed and un-equitable water distribution amongst Numbers is common. Due to a decline in tenant labour availability there is also a tendency among tenants to allow the water to spread unattended over the fields. SGB has no organization or qualified staff to supervise the operation of minor canal and to guide the farmers on farm water management. The night storage operation of minor canals and day time irrigation will have to be re-established so as to achieve efficient irrigation for which the Gezira system is highly adaptable because of its favourable terrain, good soils and well designed in-field irrigation system (see Fig. E.1.1, Annex E of Consultant's Report). Extension and training of farmers on water use and management and an appropriate level of annual maintenane of Abu XX, presently neglected, are also necessary. 1.09 Canal Maintenance. The canal system upto and including major canals are designed as regime channels and silt problem therein are not severe. Much of the silt is deposited in the minor canals, because of night storage in them. In the early 1970's, mainly due to inadequate availability of maintenance funds, the silt cleared yearly by the Earthmoving Corporation (EMC), under contract to MOAI(I), amounted to less than annual deposition (estimated as 4.0 million m3/year). As a consequence silt accumulated in the canals. During the latter period of 1970's this backlog was steadily reduced. The remaining backlog is 4.5 million m3 which is expected to be cleared by July 1983. EMC has adequate plant capacity and expertise to execute the annual silt clearance provided that the Government makes adequate provision of funds and fuel for the purpose to MOAI(I). 1.10 MOAI(I) has very limited resources to undertake emergency repairs and routine maintenance of canal banks and minor drains. These works on such a large scheme cannot be performed on contract. MOAI(I) has recently purchased a fleet of 8 bull-dozers and four motor graders but still needs additional equipment for canal bank maintenance, maintenance of minor drains and for general duties. 1.11 Weed Problem. All canals of the system are infested with immersed and submerged weeds. Weed growth is a serious problem in the system, reducing the conveyance capacity of the system and encouraging the spread of the diseases,,particularly of schistosomiasis. Weed is cleared manually and many of the minor canals require clearing upto twice a month in the main weed growing period (January to May). MOAI(I) is finding it very difficult to find sufficient laborers to carry out the work effectively. it is, therefore, conducting trials of weed cutting machines in an area of some 46,000 fd. in Managil. The trials which started in 1979, under the Netherlands Government Technical Assistance, have given4/ 4/ Dredging and weed control, Sudan, Interim Report by DEMAS, November 1981. Annex 2 - 30 - very encouraging results and have been extended to a 50,000 fd. area in Gezira in 1982/83. However, the economic costs and benefits are yet to be fully evaluated before any final decision is taken, expectedly in 1985. Biological and chemical weed methods are being researched on a very small scale and should also be tried on a larger scale to assist in determination of alternative cost effective methods to manual weeding. 1.12 Canal Structures. The canal structures are dealt in detail in Annex E of the Consultant's report. The existing regulators on the canal system are generally in a good condition but many are in need of repair and replacement of gates. Most of the replacement works are needed on the Gezira system which is more than 30 years old. Timber controlled regulators and those fitted with rack and worm gears should be replaced by roller sluice gates which provide a better control and are easier to operate. Many of the regulators used for minor canal head regulators as well as night storage weirs and pipe regulators in the minor canals are in poor condition and need to be repaired. Adequate operation of most of the approximately 24,000 FOP's is impossible because regulating valves are either not working or are missing. The regulating valves have not proven satisfactory in the past. Drainage System (Fig.E 3.1 of Annex E, Consultant's Report) 1.13 Because of the impermeability of Gezira soils and absence of a high water table there is no need for sub-surface drainage system. The drainage system, as built, serves only to remove surface run-off from rainfall or excess irrigation. The original drainage system was designed on the empirical Ryve's formula, which has proved to be reasonably effective. Because of the attentuating effect of the traditional ridged basin (Angaya) system of irrigation, the system does not provide field drains. The drainage system comprises of minor drains, running parallel to minor canals, major drains, each serving 5 to 30 minor drains, and a single interceptor drain running along the entire upper slope of the Managil ridge. As the area under cultivation was increased by stages from 1925 to 1963, so the drainage system was designed and constructed on a piecemeal basis. There are actually 16 system of drains of which five have inadequate outfalls and depend on pumping for evacuation of drainage into canals. Flooding is generally low but can be serious when there is a great deal of rainfall, as happened in 1975 and 1978 causing serious damages (estimated at LSd5.5 million in 1978). 1.14 Due to poor maintenance of the system, the system has deteriorated and considerable backlog in silt clearance has accumulated. The minor drains are almost completely silted and non-functional. This has resulted in increase in frequency and duration and seriousness of flooding in the Numbers and to deterioration of roads running parallel to those drains. Major drains are in a reasonable state of repair to the south of the system, but very poor and even non-existent in the north and in Managil extremities. No work is needed, except routine maintenance, on the interceptor drain which was remodelled in 1979. - 31 - Annex 2 1.15 The five permanent drainage pumping stations (para 1.13) have been abondoned because of pump breakdown. At these sites, portable pumps are now used only during the rainy season and then returned to M0AI(I) workshops. Additional mobile pumps are used at about 30 trouble spots in fields and villages. Most of the inverted syphons which convey drainage water underneath a canal are in reasonable structural condition but would need removal of the silt deposited in them. Two complete new syphons are needed, one on Nueilla drain and one under the feeder canal near Umm Busha village. Minor Structures such as road crossings, and minor drain outfall weirs are generlly neglected and often by-passed. II. Project Proposals Project Formulation 2.01 Rehabilitation vs. Intensification. The Project is designed for rehabilitation and not intensification as proposed in the Nile Water Study5/. Gezira is a large scheme and it would be unwise to attempt extensive modificaton rapidly. The implementation of Gezira intensification would be a complex operation involving remodelling of the irrigation system, much higher capital investment and also the disadvantage of further capital investment in an area already developed. Moreover, the uncertainty regarding Roseires hightening and reorganization of crop rotation and tenancies demand that the intensification project be considered at a later stage. On the other hand, the scheme still offers a high potential for rehabilitation considering its size and importance to the economy of Sudan. 2.02 Project Preparation. The project would concentrate on strengthening the agricultural operations and on restoring irrigation water supply and management to levels attainable under the present system so as to reach the highest possible production levels. Studies and trials would be conducted, during the Project, for upgrading the technological levels of production and system operation. The feasibility study and project preparation were carred out in 1981 by the consultants, Euroconsult (Netherlands), Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners (U.K.) and STC (Sudan). These thorough investigations and reports, reviewed by the Government agencies in Sudan, formed the basis of the subsequent project appraisal by IDA in June 1982. The appraisal led to the proposed Project that is based on sound engineering standards and has dimensions of all major elements clearly defined. 2.03 Water Requirement-and Availability. The traditional method of determining the water requirement and indents has been (and still is) based on a number of empirical rules6/. There seems to be a tendancy to indent for maximum supply instead of more rational water requirements based on evapo-transpiration needs according to the stage of plant growth. The lack of telecommunication and improper control on recommended planting dates and 5/ Nile Waters Study, Ministry of Irrigation GOS, 1979. 6/ Handbook for New Personnel, Sudan Gezira Board 1952. - 32 - Annex 2 irrigation scheduling also make indenting very difficult. The crop rotation and water requirements for the Project have been designed (see Para.3.53 of SAR) using methods developed b Gezira Research Station7/ and within the system capacity (31.05 million m /day). Consideration of 10 day irrigation requirements instead of monthly factors and higher losses than that assumed in design do give higher water requirements but the proposed cropping has to be accepted as yield objectives are sub-optimal and further reduction of irrigated areas would not be practical. The cropping and irrigation schedules and indenting would be enforced in strict accordance with the Project design. This should be achieved by year 5 of the Project. 2.04 The total quantity of water available is more than that (6.27 milliard m3/year) needed for the Project. The question of water availability has also to be considered in light of the storage necessary to provide it when needed especially as the Roseires reservoir is progressively loosing capacity. The demand of Gezira and other committed schemes on the Roseires dam storage in a 80% reliable flow year is presented in Table 3 from which it can be seen that to maintain an acceptable security of supply to the Project and other committed schemes, the required volume of live storage at Roseires would need to be 2,430 million m3. The existing storage will suffice until 1990. The options to meet the situation after 1990 are: (a) heightening of the Roseires dam in stages or in full. (b) if heightening of the dam is delayed for long, reduction of the wheat area at the rate of 550 fd. for loss of each one million m3 live storage capacity. 2.05 Canal Design Factors. Maximum demand is expressed as a "Factor" in m3 of water per feddan per day (m3/fd./day) of land served including any fallow. Factors are reduced as the area served increases because demand is more uniform for large areas and peaks are reduced. The existing canal system has been designed and constructed to allow the following maximum demand factors. Canal Design Factors m3/fd./day Main & Major Minor Branch Canals Canals Canals The Gezira 14 15 17 Managil 18.7 .20 21.3 The canal structures were constructed to allow additional 20 percent discharge over the designed demand. These factors are in line with the crop rotations and crop calenders proposed in the Projet and no remodelling of canal and structure is required. 7/ Technical Note on Water Use No.12, Gezira Research Station 1976. 33 -Annex 2 Project Features 8/ 2.06 Canal Regulators and Structures. During the project preparation considerable effort was made to assess the condition of the canal regulators and structures. Seventeen sub-divisions were visited and general inspection of representative structues made at these sub-divisions. A close inspection was made of all structures on sample canals in Basatna and Gorshi sub-divisions. As the majority of the canal regulators are still in working condition, the rehabilitation under the project would focus mainly on repairs and replacement of damaged and worn out parts and on elimination of overdue maintenance. 2.07 The original gantry operated sluice gate at four cross regulators on Main Canal (km.55, 77, 99 and 108) will be replaced by roller sluice gates provided under ARP. To improve the flow at head regulators at km.77 and km. 108 on Main Canal, the existing timber controlled regulators would be provided with roller sluice gates. Similarly the original rack and worm gates at 10 cross regulators on the main canal and 66 regulators on the branch and major canals in the Gezira would be replaced by roller sluice gates. This replacement would complete the ongoing program of MOAI(I), whereby for reasons of safety and easy operations, all rack and worm gates would be replaced by roller sluice gates. 2.08 Many of the weir plates and operating mechanism of movable weirs are badly worn or damaged, and bottom fixed plates are badly corroded. A provision has been made in the Project for the installation of any parts requiring replacement and replacement of most water level gauges at these structues. The most widespread type of flow control structures on the scheme are the well head and pipe regulators, and the night storage weirs (cross regulators on minor canals). Although the structures themselves are in good condition, many of the 12.5 m long steel pipes used in this type of weirs and in the regulators, as well as the gates, need to be replaced, and operating mechanism is in need of repair. It is estimated that 680 pipes and 475 regulator doors would be replaced under the project. The valves in FOPs are non-existent and its design is not satisfactory. The FOPs are controlled by crude plugs or bunds. Slide gates will have to be installed at all FOPs and provisions have been made for installing new gates at 24,000 FOPs during a period of three years. The gates would be designed to act both as control and measuring structures. However, as these designs are yet to be established, a small number of two or three alternative designs will be introduced and tested on a prototype basis in the year 1 of the Project, before ordering the balance. 2.09 To make up the severe shortage of stoplogs throughout the scheme, a provision is made for the procurement of steel stoplogs of different spans for approximately 25% of structures in the scheme. To facilitate the re-establishment of proper water control procedures, two thousand plain reinforced plastic gauges would be installed. Lump sum provision has been included for spare parts for existing regulator gates and for repairs to masonry bridge parapets, stone pitching and repairs to structures. 2.10 The list of the canal regulators and the replacement needs is given in Table 4. The specifications and/or designs are available with MOAI(I) which should be reviewed by Rehabilitation Project Management Unit (RPMU) and IDA prior to placing of orders. 8/ Details of items of works, their costs and program are given in Annex V, Project Cost Tables. Annex 2 - 34 - 2.11 Drainage System (Fig. E3.1, Annex E of Consultant's Report). The following improvements would be made to the drainage system. Even though some of them entail new construction, they should be considered as rehabilitation work insofar as the end result will be a complete drainage system built to the original standards and complying with the currently used Ryve's rule (see Appendix E II, Annex E of the Consultants Report). 2.12 Major drains. The system of major drains would be desilted throughout the Gezira scheme. Checks should be made of the continued validity of several of the original designs and if necessary the drain sections would be enlarged as appropriate. It is suggested, however, that for maintenance reasons, a minimum size of drains be used, having bed width of 3.0 m and an excavated area of 5m2. Such a drain will serve under Ryve's formula, areas of 10,000 to 40,000 fd. according to slope and as such could be used for half the total length of major drains. Several major drains (190 km. in length) would be extended as shown in Fig.2, so that all outfalls are to the Nile or to Khors, well clear of cultivation. The project works would entail excavation of 4.2 million m3 of earth work, which would be contracted after ICB and completed in the first three years of the project. 2.13 Minor drains. To reduce the duration of inundation on the Number and also substantially to improve the roads, a comprehensive system of minor drains would be cut, or recut, as almost no minor drains virtually exist. A standard section of minor canal (Fig.E4.1, Annex E, Consultant's Report) is proposed so shaped that it could be initially dug using graders whose spoils could also be incorporated in adjacent roads which it will also drain. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to merge road rehabilitation (Annex III) and minor drain earthwork contracts into one package. A total of 12 million m3 would be excavated in 600 km. of minor drains. The earthworks would be performed under ICB, during the last four years of the Project. 2.14 Drainage Pumps. As it is not possible to obviate the need for pumps, so the five existing but derelict pumping stations would be replaced by pump stations with fixed pumps A single cost/benefit analysis has shown that original pump capacities should be about right. The choice of electrical or diesel operation will require individual assessment at the design stage. In addition to fixed pumping stations, 60 mobile pumps are required and provided under the project to deal with low lying areas and to reduce flooding near many villages which were inadvisedly built on low lying land. During design special attention should be given to see if it is possible to locally remodel or realign the drains to reduce the need of mobile pumps. 2.15 Drainage Structures. Two new inverted syphons, one on the Nueila drain and the other under the feeder canal near Umm Busha village, and two near road bridges would be constructed. The inverted syphon near Wad el Annex 2 - 35 - Nil branch canal is known to malfunction and so needs checking. The other structures to be built are numerous and of minor nature and would comprise approximately 200 pipe bridges, 500 pitched road crossings on major drains, 4,500 pitched road crossings on minor canals and 1,500 check weirs to be built at the outfall of each minor drains. These structures would be built according to the standard Gezira design. Because of the widespread and large number of the structures, the works would be executed either by a task force or through LCB contracts over a period of 4 years, starting in the year 2 of the Project. Pumping Stations 2.16 The existing pump stations, their existing condition and major needs for their improvement are described in para 1.06. The project would provide for repair and overhaul of nine pumping stations and procurement of some new motors and compressors and for complete replacement of the Mezagilla pumping station by electrically driven pumps (4 x 3.1 m3/sec.) exactly as recommended by the consultant's Report (Section E.8 of Annex E). The Mezagila pump station on replacement would serve the full command area (40,427 fd.) based on maximum demand of 15m3/fed. day. Replacement is over due as the station was constructed in 1935. The benefits accruing from it are those of continuing irrigated agriculture on the land commanded rather than eventually reverting to rainfed agriculture. Moreover, an internal rate of return of 40% is obtained when all costs and benefits are considered for this project component. Sennar Dam 2.17 A detailed inspection of the dam9/ was carried out in dry state in June 1982 and another inspection would be made in November 1982 in filled condition. The inspection indicated that the structure of the dam is sound and that the downstream aprons are in good condition although the work has not been completed on the extension of the eastern aprons. However, the leakages through almost 50 percent of the sluice gates (80 numbers in all) i.s considered to be unacceptably high and leakages occur through all spillway gates even with a head of only 60 cm. above cill. The gate seals are in need of repair and replacement. The maintenance of the works is not of high standards mainly due to lack of comprehensive workshop facilities. 2.18 The remedial work recommended in sufficient detail by the inspection report has been accepted as a basis of the Project cost. In addition to the gate repairs and civil engineering works, the project would upgrade the workshop facilities, and mechanical equipment and lifting gears at the dam. However, the implementation program recommended by the consultants wasunreasonably long. The program has been revised to complete 9/ Report on Inspection of Sennar Dam, Coode and Partners, January 1983. Annex 2 - 36 - the works by year 3 of the Project. Detailed inspection of each sluiceway behind limpet coffer dams would be required before repairing or modifying the sluice gates and canal regulators. The inspection will start in Year 1 of the Project. Provision has been made for the consultancy and engineering required for further inspection and designs. III. Operation and Maintenance 3.01 Operation. The water control system of the Gezira is a sophisticated one even by modern standards. It is not working as well as it should be because of lack of communication, poor condition of many regulating structures and shortages of staff in MOAI(I) sub-divisions. These deficiencies are expected to be removed during the Project. The dual control of minor canals, operation by SGB and maintenance by MOAI(I) causes many problems. The Government has agreed to transfer operation responsibility to the MOAI(I) which has the capacity to enforce the necessary water control and regulation mechanism. This system is to be introduced on a pilot basis in two sub-divisions, starting in June 1983. The operation of the minor canal would be transferred from SGB to MOAI(I) in a phased manner during the first four years of the Project. This arrangement along with the installation of proper gates on all FOPs, will provide full control on water conveyance upto each outlet. Operational losses would also be reduced. The Project would also provide technical assistance (12 man-months) and assist in staff training to improve the O&M system and procedures so that the scheme, on reinstatment, can be operated precisely as designed. 3.02 Maintenance. The annual maintenance requirements, necessary to keep the system in good operating condition, are estimated to include silt clearance of 4.0 million m3 in canals and 1.6 million m3 in major drains. In addition, the minor canals (6000 km) will have to be maintained adequately after rehabilitation. The annual silt clearance program for the canal system and major drains would be carried out by EMC under contract to M0AI(I) according to established procedures. However, the present (negotiated) rate of LSdO.68/m3 for silt clearance appears too low and not realistic to meet except at great loss by EMC. The rate would be reviewed and renegotiated on terms acceptable to IDA so as to maintain the viability of EMC operations. The MOAI(I), with its own fleet of equipment which is being strengthened under the Project, would carry out the maintenance of minor drains, emergency repairs and routine canal bank and road maintenance. The Project would provide maintenance of equipment comprising six loaders, 18 tipper lorries, 12 elevating graders and 12 road maintenance graders. 3.03 Weed Clearance. Weed infestation is now a serious problem which is not easily dealt with. The manual method of weeding will have to be continued during the Project as economic alternative methods are not yet proven. The number of laborers for weeding has to be increased and higher wages than at present would have to be paid to attract laborers for work involving health hazards. Programming of silt clearance to assist weed Annex 2 - 37 - control and strict discipline on canal closures during April and May, to allow adequate time for weed to die, will also be useful. It is recommended that SGB and MOAI(1) should collaborate on annual weed clearance programming. Appropriate hand tools and medical back up to laborers will also be needed to reduce the health risks. 3.04 While the mechanical weeding trials on an extensive scale are continued under Netherlands Technical Assistance, the Project would finance pilot trials for biological weed control method with Chinese grass carp (c.idella) which are known to feed well on the type of weed infesting the Gezira canals as was found in a short length trial canal near the Agricultural Research Station. This type of fish does not breed naturally in the canal. The pilot program is designed to provide hatcheries and breeding ponds for introducing fish in 50 km. reaches of minor canals to evaluate the costs and effectiveness of the method. Project funds would finance hatcheries, civil works, vehicles, equipment,annual operating costs (including salaries of the two Research Officers and five technicians for three years) and nine man-months of consultant inputs.The results of the pilot trials will be evaluated along with other weed control methods during the mid-term Project Review. 3.05 Annual O&M Costs. The poor condition of the irrigation system, which has caused the need for rehabilitation investments, is a direct result of the insufficiency of funds allocated to MOAI(I) to perform the O&M of the scheme. MOAI(I) has no dirct access to water charges and receives its fund through the normal Government budgets. For the past several years the allocation of funds has always been much lower than requested by MOAI(I), although the situation has slightly improved since 1980. The mission, in consultation with MOAI(I), reviewed the annual 0&M costs on full rehabilitation of the scheme. These costs (Table 5) at July 1983 prices are estimated to be LSdl8.7 m per year and compare with actual 1981/82 allocations, as follows: actual revised estimate allocation Year 5 of the Project 1981/82 (LSd million/year) (LSd M) Chapter 1 (Establishment and Overhead) 2.75 2.50 Chapter II (Direct Costs) 15.95 8.30 Total 18.70 10.80 3.06 The annual work program (AWP) would provide: (i) the annual irrigation and drainage program; (ii) the contracted arrangements and rates negotiated with EMC to perform silt clearance; and (iii) annual requirements of local currency and foreign exchange for ensuring satisfactory operation and maintenance. The Government would ensure adequate provision of budget to MOAI(I) according to the agreed AWP. IDA supervision missions would monitor this and the annual performance of irrigation O&M. - 38 - Annex 2 IV. Organization and Management 4.01 Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (Irrigation Wing). The present structure of MOAI(I) will be retained. However, it would assume the following additional responsibilities at Gezira: (i) operation of minor canals, the responsibility for which would be transferred from SGB to MOAI(I) in a phased manner (para 3.01). The 1800 water Ghafirs, presently under control of SGB but paid from MOAI(I) budget, would be bro'ught under control and supervisionm of MOAI(1) sections under the Department of Irrigation Affairs. No additional supervisory persons will be needed but the existing 28 vacancies of Assistant Engineers and 12 technical officers would be filled to assist the Section Engineers in discharging their additional responsibilities. The MOAI(I) would also design and implement the training of water ghafirs in enforcing water regulation; and (ii) maintenance of roads which would revert to MOAI(I) because the MOAI(I), SGB and tenants are the main users and road maintenance is closely linked to maintenance of adjacent canal banks and drains. It is proposed that a Road Construction Unit be established not later than December 1983. The Unit under an Engineer and assisted by four technical officers would be responsible to the Director, Irrigation Affairs (Gezira/Managil). 4.02 The staffing situation under the Department of Irrigation Affairs, responsible for operation and maintenance, with the exception of vacancies mentioned in para 4.01, is adequate. The staff is highly experienced and conversant with the field problems. The mechanical services, workshops and stores are also reasonably well organized for the task but would require consultant's services to assist in upgrading of the workshop management and store procedures. The more serious staff shortages, of professional engineers, exist under the Projects Department, responsible for the design and construction supervision of irrigation projects in Sudan. The recruitment of engineers is a serious problem in Sudan and many experiened engineers have emigrated overseas. It is obvious that the design and supervision work of the Project would be an additional and considerable burden upon the Department's existing professional staff (only 34 engineers reported in June 1982) despite the fact that it had been in the past a pioneer agency in the field of irrigation development in Sudan. To make an effective start to the Project, it is proposed to use consultants (see para 4.06) on the project design services. Efforts are underway by the Department to recruit new Engineers and are expected to be fruitful as, recently, intake of fresh graduates into MOAI(I) has increased. However, the matter bears greater relevance for timely project implementation and-should be reviewed by IDA supervision missions and, if it becomes necessary, inputs from local consulting firms even on supervision of construction should be utilized. - 39 - Annex 2 4.03 Construction Arrangements. Hitherto, in IDA projects in Sudan, Earthmoving Corporation (EMC), the parastatal controlled by MOAI(I), was permitted to carry out all earthwork contracts, because of the capability of the organization and also the specialized nature of works. In view of the large size of drainage earthworks, the project would procure services under ICB. The EMC may bid for the job if prequalified for the purpose. There are a number of large foreign firms, functioning in Sudan either unilaterally or with joint venture arrangements, serving the major civil works projects though not much in the irrigation sector. The civil works for pump stations will also be procured under ICB with the option of prequalification open to Public Corporation for Irrigation Works, a parastatal under MOAI(I), which has constructed many large pump stations on the Nile. The remedial works, excluding workshop construction and procurement of equipment, at Sennar dam would be carried out according to an LIT amongst specialized firms. The civil engineering works on drainage structures would be carried out according to LCB procedures and installation of canal regulation by M0AI(I) task force (section 3.43 of SAR). 4.04 Implementation Arrangements. The Director General Irrigation Affairs, MOAI(I), would be responsible for coordinating technical planning and field execution of the irrigation and drainage component of the Project. The implementation responsibilities amongst different agencies for specific project items would be as shown in Table 6. The responsibilities of the Director General's (Irrigation Affair) office would include. (a) preparation of annual work programs and budgets (input to RPMU); (b) coordinate the release of funds and payments for project expenditure; (c) coordinate the preparation and maintenance of consolidated project accounts (input to RPMU); (d) preparation of withdrawal applications, through RPMU, to financing agencies; (e) monthly progress review with each implementing department; (f) resolution of implementation bottlenecks; and (g) conferring with the Director, RPMU, on all project matters and representation on any implementation and/or procurement committees set up by RPMU. The Director General Irrigation Affairs will establish a special Unit for Gezira works under a competent senior engineer, of the status of a Deputy Director, to assist him in executing above tasks. All ICB procurements and project coordination would be under the purview of RPMU which will have consultants services available for the purpose. 40 Annex 2 4.05 It is proposed that the specificaitons and requirements for all the equipment, spares, vehicles, pump repairs and canal regulators and gates be finalised by September 1983. The preparation of tender documents for these would be advanced early. To assist in this, the RPMU is being provided,under PPF, with Procurement Consultant Services. The Project aims for a greater portion of such procurement to be completed in the first two years of the Project and without making aforesaid arrangements, critical constraints might develop. 4.06 Consultants. The MOAI(I) was fully involved with the project preparation. It plans to complete the design work and contract documents needed for ICB tendering within 12 months of project effectiveness. These tasks are not technically complex and the Project Department is experienced in these matters. However, realizing the emigration of experienced engineers from the department and shortage of staff in relation to the Department's overall work load, the services of consulting firms to assist in preparation of the detailed features of the drainage component would be necessary. The services of the local firms would be used to the maximum possible extent without prejudicing the quality of work. In addition, consultant services would be provided for weed research and for institutional upgrading, that is irrigation operation and maintenance, workshop management and on-farm water management (for SGB). The project funds would finance 103 man-months of consultant services, the details and outline terms of reference (TOR) for which are given in Table 7. To meet the targets set out in the implementation schedule (chart.VI of SAR) it would be essetial that the consultants for design services are appointed immediately the Credit becomes effective. For this, the consultancy proposals should be invited, in consultation with IDA, not later than July 1, 1983. 4.07 Training. (See details in Table 8). In contrast to the national trend, the manpower situation in the MOAI(I) field (Irrigation Affairs) organization is relatively stable. Field establishment as well as O&M routines are well adapted to the requirements. The mechanical services are also adequately staffed (500 persons of various skills and professions). Around 40 vacancies of Assistant Engineers and Technical Officers, both requiring sub-professional skills, exist and should be filled by recruitment. MOAI(I) has already a suitable in-service training system for both professional and sub-professional staff which has effectively worked in the past and has led to many non-graduates successfully assuming responsibilities normally carried by graduates elsewhere. This would be continued in the future and financed out of the normal recurrent budgets of the MOAI(I). Project would finance the cost of overseas training, 24 man-months for irrigation O&M and 15 man-months for workshop and stores management, to meet the requirements of institutional improvements envisaged under the Project. These would be available to selected MOAI(I) professional and higher level staff. The O&M and Workshop Management Advisors would recommend the training programs and venues and advise on selection of trainees. 4.08 The on-farm water management would be a new area which is yet to be successfully established in Sudan. A new organization for this would be created at Gezira and 15 field engineers recruited. These persons would Annex 2 - 41 - need training, as experience in the subject is lacking in Sudan. The new staff, either fresh agricultural engineering graduates or experienced field inspectors would need introductory courses and on-the-job training for implementing their recommended tasks. They would receive concentrated attention of the on-farm water management consultant during his early tenure. The Project funds would be available for post-graduate study (Senior Water Management Officer) and practical training (six Water Management Officers) in environmentaly similar places in USA where the on-farm water management is highly developed and organized. The two tier training is expected to lead to eventual development of an efficient on-farm water management services and practices in Sudan. - 42 - Annex 2 TABLE 1 SUDAN - GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT Monthly Irrigation Water Releases to the Gezira Scheme (Mission m3)1/ Estimated Req. After Water Release 1977/78 1978/79 1979/80 1980/81 1981/82 Project 2/ July 673 410 562 308 538 376 August 596 216 633 452 695 502 September 838 677 544 686 529 780 October 924 862 964 812 933 967 November 945 862 775 804 850 819 December 748 716 670 728 702 773 January 721 665 655 618 613 698 February 646 611 554 538 490 374 March 413 383 306 375 338 120 April 95 115 64 63 69 87 May 92 117 75 73 100 93 June 348 318 390 302 293 804 Total Year 7039 5952 6192 5764 6150 6393 Area Irrigated3/ (000 Fd.) 1637 1583 1501 1388 - 1550 1/ Gauge book at Sennar dam - MOAI(I) 2/ For average climatological condition, details in Annex .... of SAR / Sudan Gezira Board Statistical data ` Annex 2 - 43 - � т т т а н •- й о, а w е� о v т n] аг сс и� G О ы н 6 ;� ш . О • • ы о С LL т � � й м а д, " �': �ы 9_> О д й й С L1 у� й 6 1 Ч Ч� Т С Ч.+ 8 ы м ы С, 2� t1 'О ]'С :) о� ы 6 о т т ы > ы о ы Ч В т у. В > О Ч ^у -3 т ^ с ли w О Ч TJ ^з О W д ы С: м .+ ы w е - ы v � и . с v Ф .. _ т о о О Ч V О Ф щ д А G N � • р.. ы у U и м�+ ы а СФ ; 1+ ] • - 0. б2 Ч V г0 V Ч С д i aD Ч 6 1' .� .-�i с ич м Ч � о м Ф ] 7 ~ � ''О ш С ы ti Ч� 7 С++ � С д'Ф Ф г0 tC ы 1 Ч ы Ч G �.-1 +-� 4 и О Ч ы .С L � ы М т ы у L о'J V Ф ы А Ф и Ь > Ч Ч L .. т е- Ч а рΡрΡ ы и и ы д ы и cti ы м ы 8 О у д ы ы Ф С•о о т.-� у Е t 10 й л о о о е � г й. т v с Ч Б т• н.с ы� т о w вв Ч рΡCрΡ ы ы у и G=^J ы д 5 у.) v ь! гр �в и в�1 С с С С ы д о 'а Ф т G 7 ~ U L.� у а � С V т А О и С м о G е ы и и� Ч о.. \ U и О ы�о т Ф .-I N О рΡрΡ 7 г-� С т т U � G ]м ..1 ,-. и L ",] д С ] .+ ы L н - т С. 8 L 7 и ы у ы С Ч .ч .ч ti 'О а^+ н т п^ V 'J с и у 0 .• У а т с �о � С _ ы С С V ы з] .^ -] с ��о � С с с N Ф� Ч О ы ы и с •• С О _ ы v о о о v � � ы о v м � v о r, е и и и и Ф т т о и' с г- а ы д. см�- с :, г.+ и с к� . а� о т� v v v а в с о w т в о а� м а w Ч❑ v с Ф о о о ] ]�+ у о w с и�ле9 �о С- з дг��. о о о а аоо ак ти� о-. т и �] к о аы ы � ЕО а0 ОО С ы 6:� `. ы ы -. .ч ы ы с в• з о ё у ы� � о с ° о j' i ^+ 1 о о � � Н ы е о ы ы> д е е с Ч � д Н s «+ ие а'.�z � х л н� з.. < ..с.� у U �+ W у ti в О > ' ' .-� .. �'" оЧ у и и ы .. н ы ь " •,и д ы Рч Ч ы ы т :и ы .•т+ ы jc � 8 ] � у 4 Ч Ф'+ ы т W д. М и гв и и и У�+ ы б и у 4 ,Z и 3 ы 3 и 3 и. 3 и •.: � г -ч ы р v w � а У � и х ы v у v о � с s..ы. �': � ы У:: ы L ы .ч л у Н т >] о., о ч � ы и ы с> и �i с� � F� м�0 .ич .. °' rn а л� Li7 �о � н О у С г`. 'О О О О. ш м.+ ш :il и•р ар Ч Ч с,+ � м ы �г `,С .ч м ц ы 6 о р 1 vY - м � и с гv � С1 V т U U �Л Ч т Р L и т С гv 'л ц С т м с т Н tiЧ Ч кс� к„ к.+ н.. хкы к � к�..ы ки',н+ к�� w .-г .. ... а .-. „� к; ы к о ы � eI � н U н ш мш м у� ы... v м м н а [� 7 м в п м м В в с 8 д п� м „ п м и д о С7 � ат в и в в ес с ы о ес в• в в �Чи ш � г а о ао н и и и й .-ы ^,-ы, ,ир � � Еч и Ф и V и у О Ч С с v I .✓н -у+ м.< м,-! ...6 С¢ О` О v м ы м С .ч � ..v V i� iв ~ Ч у 4 •• у rrrsss к Ч кv кv кv хш кш кс. xw к�й к� к ы кн .'" о � � у U д С С С О. 6, 6 т .-1 О V � Ф N.У. N в м< м д е�з 6 м Q N v С� � V S N.� м р, м ц, > С г--. ш т ,у r.-' L а ci � сл N ( � � ыtрΡ С > С < О т дг - м и , и W iв . о� Ч D. .л т Ф О W т С ш и н а•°i � й й ; .-Lг "' н 6 > е ь. Ч а е т 'D °' '' д аам т о е и Ч� г� о и о � н F с о ы r+ ао о о о н rn .. м ev ,о н с`� :., ы в о. и о о о л и n г� � н г� .ч т Ч д О Фи д о L и rn � О v О N и р, �. й v и г.i .ч .. � ,р м и .r v н о, v g ы н ] е и ' °� , е � ы О м С С ? о TJ С с ы "� о Ф и е� ,у Ф т т т С и .Ч Ф д ы +, т ю у й д ш з и л� м н v с н н р � т а; � ё ^ � •то н д и � ы ,ч i n д ^+ v о `� °д .-, д .-. н н .. .-. .. -� .. а .•, ы > а •п .� w -t т г г. ^� м rn с v м о. т й .. _. о �о ''" о ��с 3� + г т.о ro м т.о ,� м q о ы о и о п -а 00 с. � о. ?f О. Е� С. ьа С� ^� А о. "' � (. О. N N Ч н Ч о� т Ч ы L Ф-r ,0 .ч Ф..r м М ' L.., � ч � 7.ч ы ] 7.ч С.� w ^ Ф х�-+ з � 3v Н.. й.. и v �r, U..• iJ v S v у.. 2�. U�� U О ы v .ч N е.1 д и �О f� Ф Т � .ч � .•� .•+ � N � - 44 - - л• .. � �о�н.диао�о�от н о оооо е<ном�-�о �оин ои о пмн � Annex 2 ,..{"' г� м.-�....-ам� �r� аоа о и1�.. ю о н -+и � м нн ar ы н О • � и а д �I и о,-��м.•а�исоо а4дР-+н O+�oN NОи О м N Сд • � уд I Оч �U �О � 1� Q� н д О г� � � � н н аоин Nй м н 3 о . Н w з о а � Е-о � N� `^ "'wN ойо�о�о.мс о .-а н и �а С� А н ьл+ W •�а ю �J И .-. и � � п а Рч � � ы .-+ С ® � м� ... Н т 9 f+ О дI .о N�.�a �aos 01м а и н м.-ань`sРа.-+н�0 О С а Ei .д о с�а .-а м н.о со и д Н � r--1 м т ю •С м �1 ш a--i �а � г.� � ш �; Г�д � А G �• л З Н Рч' О � С� н й ,л и О С� а0 7 N О �+ а а � � 3 °1 �� � ' Н W ,--Э СI .л г�. м л ао .-i � и w ао а•v ь• и �� W i Гs+ �ю� О инн �иРл.-+г�чм N > С а ю ,в ю +�+ З �% � � � а�1 г� С 3-i л а.� 'r .а 1 а1 ю ю С Ч а..! °С ю С Z � -� И s. а о � 3 м v •.+ л +� � � �м й а . � Ч-1 С ,С • 8 7 и О о и С v �а И .-+ с а .-� о н. ' ,� �uI .ао.ом мммнеог� г+ � а°�-� .+ ю .-� м сиv ��°`� ��^' нс�.лй � ® С и�..� � Р., о и д,�+ с ао и а. Б �гf � � L уС л О lю+ ,� ю а v г+ оо � •с1 �U аС.� w i+ пt а с и о о �у tд s+ а 8 b � И �о и и ю sб � ьаi � Ч v � н о воомоооом +-' 3 у у юI о а+о�и rn�-а �онг� о 6 д а ор Р+нн м.ан.-+а+о о с� Ч-С Ч у� .� л �о н�t W L О и� а � Lл и tд aJ И м т � I � g 3 ю� а� о а ❑ ьv И,, ,.� �ол ow�-+s 1 � Ч л о а а у,, �у а. л ыт z и и ю р мы о. о а �� и v а+-� w а а а �аг+ С�, и Ч с� о Q+1 И С f.+ .С1 4' ю И�.д .-i тi �. а О•.� ю Ш> ю 7 гд И;D • tс�. �+ � и 3 сг ��. � о4 д .•ai о' i е� м C s+ С 8 7� в Ё С с�'J а1 v а 1+ С С у С ю О 7 G' w� О:б �> GЭ � Ч 1+ U 5+.у+ 6 а .-а С •.i О � м ��+ •С ю сд :д у гл т� С и ь.i х� w ь� Ч s. �г а tr С,С � у.� �Л 01 Ч С Ч О Ч,-1 а О О О L с И а0 н w 1а :0 Л гJ с; Ф l+ � а С;д U СО а.з и г-д ю О и+i О ю С гw и ц r о�•.� ю и �Э �. W 3�л � х р� ^' ю и а k� и а+а м С w Ч `Л I а И С��и а м,-�2 �, v ш о Ч и и ���.�� • °" � х л ю д v�v ° 3 с�а а н`п °о й с � й> '_' �`� �м �� i�^ I Ч 'д 7 ъл И м ча г! г-г 7 О t7 гг С.,+ ..� у+ •. � а р, (у л • и•� а, �J п� 3!С м.-1 n. " Ф и а а^1 а а ь� 9.= 3 Ч 5= С о+� м'л ю ю+� и л и и и и 'J. . Ф 7 О"•-i О> > О а О О а О 3 azwzvo,c�c�wNd :� н.-� ххх .� 45 Annex 2 TABLE 4 SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT Canal Regulators Regulator and parts Gate Pipe Total Total Replaced in Project I span Dia. Gezira Managil Gezira Managil Total (M) (M) (No.) (No-) (%) M (No.) Gantry operated sluice gates 3.0 0 is 0 0 0 0 (All replaced under ARP) Timber,controlled regulators 3.0 0 2 0 0 0 0 (To be replaced by sluice 2.5 0 6 0 66 0 4 gates) 2.0 0 6 0 66 0 4 1.6 0 2 0 0 0 0 Rack and worm gates ( 1) 4.0 0 4 0 50 0 2 (2) 3.0 0 42 0 80 0 22 (3) 2.5 0 26 0 100 0 21 2.0 0 31 0 0 0 31 Roller sluice gates 4.0 0 14 20 0 0 0 3.0 0 5 73 0 0 0 2.5 0 6 57 0 0 0 2.0 0 1 6 0 0 0 Series II movable weirs gates 4.0 0 0 2 5 2 0 3.0 0 5 11 5 2 1 2.5 0 a 13 5 2 1 2.0 0 24 14 5 2 2 1.6 0 12 13 5 2 2 1.3 0 12 28 5 2 2 1.0 0 12 38 5 2 4 0.8 0 18 3 5 2 2 Series I movable weirs gatcs 1.3 0 22 43 50 10 15 (To be replaced by concrete 1.0 0 37 37 50 10 22 cills) 0.8 0 67 as 50 10 43 0.6 0 60 121 50 10 43 0.45 0 77 241 50 10 63 0.35 0 120 0 50 10 60 Series II weirs bottom plate 4.0 0 0 2 85 20 0 3.0 0 5 11 85 20 5 2.5 0 8 13 85 20 8 2.0 0 24 14 85 20 23 1.6 0 12 13 85 20 13 1.3 0 12 28 85 20 16 1.0 0 12 38 85 20 18 0.8 0 is 3 85 20 17 Series I weir bottom plates 1.3 .0 22 43 85 .10 0 1.0 0 37 37 85 20 0 0.8 0 67 88 85 20 0 0.6 0 60 121 85 20 0 0.45 0 77 241 85 20 0 0.35 0 120 0 85 20 0 Series II movable weir gauges 0 0 91 122 95 95 188 - 46 - Annex 2 TABLE 4 SUDAN - GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT Canal Regulators (Continued) Regulator and parts Gate Pipe Total Total Replaced in Project I span Dia. Gezira Managil Gezira Managil Total (M) (m) (No.) (No.) (%) (%) (No.) Series I movable weir gauges 0 0 383 530 95 95 520 Pipe regulator doors 1.24 0 242 114 7 0 15 1.01 0 161 185 8 0 13 0.91 0 499 347 30 5 158 0.76 0 495 372 30 5 153 0.50 0 292 160 30 5 89 0.35 0 132 140 30 5 47 Pipe regulator D/S pipe 0 1.24 548 338 30 10 200 0 1.01 467 409 30 10 180 0 0.91 805 571 30 10 300 (1) 2 No 4.0 m gates provided under the ARP. (2) 20 No 3.0 m gates provided under the ARP. (3) 5 No 2.5 m gates provided under the ARP. - 47 - Annex 2 TABLE 5 SUDAN - GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT Estimated Annual Irrigation O&M Costs - Year 5 of the Project Item Estimated (LSd million) 1. Chapter I 2.754 (Salary and Overheads) 2. Chapter II (Direct Costs) 2.1 Operation of dams 1/ 0.310 2.2 Canal desilting and bank 5.951 maintenance 2.3 Silt clearance in drains 2.866 2.4 Labor cost, including weeding 2/ 2.557 2.6 Maintenance of structures and building 1.200 2.7 Misc. operating costs 3/ 0.822 2.8 Electrical and mechanical 2.201 (pumping and workshops) 18.661 4/ (LSdl2.30/fd.cropped area) Note: 1/ Full cost of operation at Sennar and 30% of cost at Roseires 2/ Mostly (LSd2.05 million) for weeding 3/ Includes vehicles running costs 4/ Inclusive of contingencies and at July 1983 prices. � r � ,,, _ ю ; и СΡ .о Annex 2 а, Lд и 48 С м и - - гд гА С La ц ы 01 Р-1 °С7 N � 7 v •р = и и С и и и т � н� н` л,.uiv° r N �`+1 9+ � Z и и и и ы ы ы ы •.а .а м +а w w w w ,� д � �¢ д и и т N о о�.ы+ о•.ыл м о •г� D, .л ,-о пt м гу iд +а о � L � w .� w w ,� }'d и ор а`�а �¢ � д д omiD Q+ и м <.а м м у ы s: � ы �, � ы Н w а н н.с ы ю ю ы Н р �С ••+ Н ш Н W W Н �р }' о о о о о о о о �+ вJ .v +1 L ЬJ L L W � '�,' OJ :� 03 4! С1 С1 61 и р Ч ы з+ ы Ч ы ы ы А АА АА А А '7 О tтл у U *�+ . и _ т Н � о м! д о� Са W aS ,-� и и т т Ч д Н ~ 7 С и и sл и ы а С о д р •г1 т и м и т м оо о ,-s о w.м ш м и v т т W .а и и� � � о.-i °п w •n ..а т w ьа р � и п9 д г1 О +•, О ы Q w и ед и 7 w С а+ ы � ы cr м 6 v � о0 д Н о Z О и а 0.г ,С д л м •�-s �д О � м С � и ;., о .а ы о > С и т1 W ю �ьа т1 W ю ы П7 ы ы N О � � м°е О W О Gca О W Рк ы Н р+ т1 � > С 7 . и ы О ы ы Ч ы,с Ч- ы ы и ы ы оо м Н � С! м С о о О U О о О г1 О О С а Н О а ы и и и и ы � +r ьл у и и тд м �р � .,1 о и и и и и га и и и с и и ы и Н 1-� vл о v ш ш д д а v v ,л у д у м �� � � ы ы ы ы ы и ы ы ы ы ы ы •кs и и м м ,-а м а> ..� м ,� оо +�+ -,а С ысд F� � °� С А А А А W А А А д А А й О. � W � О Е� 4�i F-� и ..-1 Н и '"� � Я-г � w Н О и и и и �.С N `Ч ьл ы ал Ч 7 и С�.') и т aui м ш аиi � т т т о 3 � ы С •� w 'л м и w и и и °С О о О w О ы � W и и и Ф r °� �. °.+ ы д ы v со д д v д ы и +� °с а., а w .е А •r, °�, °г, и ,•� С м � и � о о о ro w � � �а и w ю w ..i v.., ю ы ы ы а w н о w о w о w а а а а о w � и м .д ,� ы ы ы ы� ы ы ы ы Ч ы т � � °г°� т1 U О О О о и ® О о О О +� °� СП И С1 ь� Ч ьА Ч ы вi L ьJ L L W G д р v а и и и и и и и и и и w as w � А и v а ы ш v аэ ш v ш v w а. ы ы s+ ы т ы ы ы ы ы д и д д д д о°� д с д д д С о д N а о °.+ р� ы м и и � � а`�о � о О °� >, й w й ,w-� й .•� .Ч и м;,9 ы и м �д с� •.а �. ы cn Н v ы и � .Н-i ,л-� м� д А .-I т и С � tд �! О ед U сд Ш Ф С д д д д д д � U д 6 С ш д ai Н > оа Н Н Н С� Н Н Н ии � Н Н � � Н}"., О и св сз с� се ез с� с� ы О t� с.у ы.� °о �"� to+ А А А д А А А А С+ А д О V 3 N и О q _ и ы И г1 и ❑ 04 .. Ч а С U � ,°-� й ан д � е � и и � о Н сд С1 и Ч � � С � oq � О С т SE � w 7 aui +� о Ф N о С vI у �L N • О и г1 С L > ы •с °,i ю.i ы м g ы С д О г� и ro и и +-� .а а аз .+ д о 3 ы д ,-+ л ы м и�-+ е ,., >.•. З а� Н т а е о С и л п� g и ы G/ 7 м и� о н v ••.а а од � а� пs �л ,�+ •v а. а с ы Н чs сэ > w� б v с у и А г� о v д а Н од Сэ ю о х у са ш се, а б 3 е Э о е ао С А� н w v б и го а ы с v а� v ы ш•л �-+ к С м �•-1 а 71 С N -.л � сС ? b о0 а.+ и м•с7 "� �. '� гд м ы м Ry С а W п1 U R7 С и,-� .-+ � N � м � С 7 сд п9 v С р � � 1 С G1 се С 7•�•i гд о° а ы 41 � N J v 1] С� vI О Z' Cj 7 •• U W и д 3 � а+ � О � 5� � v и О .-д с� м .7 и �д r. ао а+ z - 49 - Ч �' Ч � � • „_, • � � Annex 2 � м ы о ы С•.+ ч С •с о v, ., н ы •v .с й D, w� м 4Б+ D, м � и и ч м no .-� •v а.+ ы а и С о0 ы.о ч О й ы н л м ы С м at и .л wм С ч •а ы ы ,..� О С м ы•о ьм., О ы ч у э s. О м Ч "' W ' С С.с м ч м •v •v ы м и н м и и Ч� W ! м ч w С С м о и .-а С �. а О С З•су и ." т � � ч р а Ч О О О та и ч м t+ •С �i О С у ч W м ы 7••+ L•С �-�I ++ 0. � А С.. U р� ч д,, W ы..; w U О L ы W � т о " м гд 'О •U Ч к • м та 7 ы и . С С О. С Ч т1 r-! _ �д м L+ 3. .ыС 0,� 7 о Ч м ы У+ Ч L С3. 'О ч м W О w О С гд а Ч н •6 •v и. й w � м н б tы+ м й sы+ w м и Ф д. н �+ Ч н ..с.а м о м С ш и й w д. т ы о и г+ о С о о о и Ч о н С т о О О ы У+ ы С.-1 ОД w О •л 'n 'n . Ч G г-1 •о .� О ' � � у ч онл Б ч О м G � м м м И С м м с о С м w..а м Б Б Б ы ы м> w- о � й.м-i . "> С м г+ и ы ч и G м л Ч о и ы о Б м а Б н � w З w 7 аБ, �° о л и^v � w н °ti м й л.с ы v о С ы о ы о ч Ч с, д м ы с н о•о й .,.иi С тц+� � �'' � ч а С и м�+ n. и :0 �л ы N н ,�,.� о м С � С С а о м м с ч Б v�Ч д . � С л См 7 •о м 3 т • и С ы fr 1 од w од f. ы•п С д м Б А т О м .-� ы о0 • и 3 м О м ч д м^^у м ч.r О Ш м оо с� ы 8 ч G и ы s м L О и и И Б t м и• W т� �,,+ .-1 о м ы bD С ы м bp и С Ч С м ы е ы ч � и и А ы ч О С л . о ч •-� •-а м•О А м м м м о W.1 �9 50 ^С s+ и t+ ы°о м Ч и О.о а 7 о 7 w с ы пу Ч с 3 м а м о ++ о ы о с е о и ы ы м О Ч б w м и - С а м Ч ы и w ы и•о С �п w о .с и ы�п .-а ч.b � •cs Ч О м U- го О м и� х ы v .С ы ы м О -а w ц О со О д м ы о >, О 1 д. ы ы н с+ м - v ч•о ,� Б у, И ч О ы 0. т н м еп •v С.� � W С гг Ч и❑ а •а ы w ч и м W ч ы 6 С n+ .-i м м С М С од д, 1r О С W.-1 W С м w С,-� Т - М м и � ы и s+ w•о со м м W м г� О м о О и О ы ы д. •v с.` м G м т О � r ы о и о ли С м ы г Б е а о и Ч о > ы н °v и ..� .ti •,.� т D с, � ч Т� ч U 7•U сиб С ы С С и•р С ч С О ч м С � w С� .С С ы С' м 7 О LO С •r1 о м• ы•n о.�С � и �.�г м й ^ м ч и и и и м ч а7 ы и •г+ и а С и �.+ и м и и и� у к рмр сир � й .р м,д . сц ц. и м Б о и оо с и о ы о м а м о-+ м ы .л - ч м.о �с .� м•о � 3 с а м и н С т о ео .� •л v н с н-а .-� •о и s+ ч с н С ы С о а1 ы 7 и[ч ч С м 7.д м 1 м•� м.д п7 и ы :J s+ ,-� s.+ t, Ч еу ч А -а и м� ы т м ч ,-� о а Б а пs w ы м•b о v м ы ы ы .-� > ы и ы ч м и т ы ы н ы ы,с ч а с ч л+.� •су ю т ч -д ы ц w о и� г и Ч ы > г � С Ч w � ы С л о ы а С о ы т о ч л н Н � w а о w и- •v и w ч ч w а о s. о ч Н ч 7 н ч.� 3� и ы о W � м н • • ' м С 7 � О м а и �е n � и т О •г1 р.,' й.r Ра п! О � Н �а о й Н Н 6 � � Н S� м мт � Н О Ч а� -+ n � ц.а А �-+ Н W Р� +� • ч , а �-1 � U � W � д й Н гх •о �+ w� а . Н 4 N Ш и �. С.7 � ы 1 о О м 'С7 � v н Ш � N � � � и о �+ а и ш и •г-1 т � ''' � л ш Ш ч п и м о � Ч ,� м р, � д � М W � С О r1 О {..� � а• О И и ч G а nui О у С� м д т ы Б ' и ы м ч > и ч 1�+ л С ы и ы и С. ы О С о0 �. а оо м н Б м С ч о и м н с� ы м .� д t+ о д � д .� - 50 - v ! с о л о •� Аппех 2 м н •v и и н а с го и ш 4 6 а++ и д д у м и И м •+-, й ондо ш � ь°+ к� о L д и а в и о од н н и. � т о иС й w �+Со � и ,"С.а о о 3 а�С9 � гд Т9 н С и 661 w� � U Г-ь � О а м С � и 8 м аиi ы сбо оСо • N+д+ �,-и-� и и и и и н м и н .-� о - гУ+ а! ^ О Ш о0 и b гд w b и ri С CL С. н н О ц С д О > G � G> пf Ч•с9 w С1 � 9. � С ы U .. v Ф и U и ц 3 ш ао � С v амi еСд .G J-i С ц еа и• .С и С м с� и �,," м д w R! 01 L ц U м ОА 'С � И 7 00 � га и W н,-� ,с v L С ц и,-а С л � � Оа л0 п7 v++ .i О м д Ф пf м д . о С и > ш и и н н> и w м у v и о н им м д ооц и•гзw F� .�1 и н О С �-1 О Ф N ft1 �' �ддц aw и0 м•с н�e uvu О д т+ С а0 6 v 6 С С с. С О С и �-� з й� ю м�СΡv с"Ci и w tд у`д о,цббvw а� Ф О. v� с� Gюi м С аиi адл т гд О 6 b .; д с� ++ ц.r т `� д н ео '� +м+ н а т ш л � д гд С 3 •-i С и ц О Ф ^О н д .г..� л и U О ц•О �1 м и.С и> ro •С7 м тi Ф С� м U тг м � гд и � ьС+ й О� N гb U г-+ И гд О и �-i и О д и ц.•� м н n. и ео .С 6 v �д b О И м ед О н.L т� О W О W н�С 41 н w д и н а и.. н о Н ш и н м Н г�д оо н v о н W д .-� c�i м а н а й �з о о •� х +� а ro ьд Z •а н О �+ С и Н �+ чо-� С м >ц, Н Н. и м ч3 � N С С Н 3а н и е� ,-а ^ � у,о,а � й н и �„� С .С W � � О н и � Ф С Гд � � +D J•ц� � N 'ai W Н х .о �+ � � а Н � ^ и с W °б U' � й a�i ' � .'F'. И � 1 С С�уΡ О (� '� £ v V] О � �+ Р-� и ш и `'� т � л ц N т1 н � �-1 .С � д и G � м сд С w и о н д . Н о• о и � и и н и � � v G н и о ,., а, с� га а v � �а .. и Сн1 3 � с сп гг .. д � С ,с и .с О и м и Б го О � О а1 � N CJ � и о и а '�т ац' дд си - 51 - � а Ч о л и ш д w --+ о Агпех 2 ,С а ы ,.. С ы а w пf л м ---. ы 3 С ^ м ед о гд ы т •гу и .•а и � о о w н с ++ 3 и ы с м а со v а а м с� ,-� С ы л ы и м м а Ч С р 1 ' ы и д т пf С и С и � Ч 7 а af О С U м g U О а ы а С С. И Ч Ф и i. �д р ,С и м .-i В с и -+ р. а о•.л Ч с д. 6 Т) ы с � С W гд а о С п3 cJ С С И м О В а м О й 7 С7 С t+ С м 8 .�+ ++ И С сд м м w Ч 3 а. •� о ЕΡ и И р Ч С v.-з а о w ы О и гд g и и 7 Ч а w С ы и Ч и w гС О. Ф С а:9 а О^с7 Ф ы О ы О гд с л 7 д Ч ы С О Ч и .G V С w а W С О.� ы Ч у р .р м ы су О 9 •О +�+ и с г� и О• С С. Ч м С ы р 6 w .-+ С �v а о b�+-+ о w г+ оогаы м• �ь о о.. лм аод s ммеыЧ..ы м .i и д L+ - Ч л н и м м ы ы а Ч ы U L а D с И L О и W Ч и� С а W И° 'О •г+ гд В О И а а гд .С и^о а 3 д,-i гд .-{ н а и а и с .� ы g.с � 1-+ •� р� ор и м а Ч О ro сд ^ и а д м о w т7 и ro м м о и и м о м ы Ч 7 Ч Н С н и с О и с�. • О а д.-� и .-i 2 Ч О Ч о0 Ч •С а0 ,-r Ф..• а С� м О и д, •n С и м а>. Ф W Ч С�б TJ а О и Н U сд �+�+ Ч м И О О о С. д Ч С С а Еч н м а С . и•v и д а .С С w г�. s а w Ч м р г� �у И 7 С �э > м Н о а Ч о С и а а ы с. а и и д о и,� о. р а w о С о Ч а С о� а °v лw �с аы�v w-+ � с о Ч м.-� Ч а 3 м С и а з а С од и о а н а Ч о w ы м а о ы .. м о �а F ы.� и а С .С а и �v о о 8 af � .-i Ч в Ч с а v 6+� ы а л С м а С ы а я ео с оо о и о ы о м� ы о и С а - д�+ т а Ч > с о ro с� од Ч•�-i � � ы И С и С�о и w•о а а а л.-i о �-+ м Ч л м ед с w С и С О гд Ч О а и v�> а д ы ы ы а ^ а 3 и С м Ч р а м� и Ч С С О Ч м.. га о м > м м о и� н > О Ч м н Ч а v Ч а а а о w С w > и w м.-+ с и С С а С .. с.� о аг .� а�v м^ ы Ч ы ы,•+ с о а а а од ы а о и о Ч л с н о,-.� ы т а и о д,-а и а м С+� а м w Ч Ч с, п� •v и О 6 а а 6 и О м g•о �о е Ш м л 3 м м и И 7 7 С а ы И а оо И�s �а и •� ео С �рΡ v м•д а Ч -� л �^ а w с Ч 8 3 а � .С сд Ч 8 О G.-i �д G а 'С 'G �• .= и о cG .-i м ОС r И дD О а а Ч ы С а W О G. �д 7 Ч гС U С Ч �у ы сд w �6 ы w ы .-i а w Ч Ч 7 ,� �с и о w а а оо +•+ О ео О w С са О а пs Ч О ы � ы� С >•о G а 3 Ч О•р И и 6 О� ы �-+ и G и л Q 7 и� �ь л•v О оо Ч оо а а л и с И�ь а W м од д и м Н,� .о W S-+ м еС С и а н ы м С м °г7 ед а w и л ^� с+д а U п1 А ор А и Ч а ctl Ч Cs..-+ и а м � 7•р � и и °С а м м F и С и Ч С А И м ы Ч м g м а аС а а с. и С а и и л с Ч д С и Ч� О а м С .� ео н С а о м и •v ы д Ч ео И го^о �ь гп и и о ro м а w о а г �а И � а м и v т w.с ге а � О ы Н �д н�� еио ьа+ � � i i i д.а н н� F g о с. ц а. д v � � .-.� c�i м � О •г� . � � W сд Z •r1 О � Н S-+ д' ~ С +� Н �+ о Н О м 1 и ^ � w ы оо т Н Ч он+ .-а`i W Ра � Ду .-лi С � "' ^ci [�-� � О �+ � а Н �+ � . N N С � � L Ч � О Р+ "б � � � а � �, .. � � � g и о N � н w и ш и .,� D �+ Ш С и л .°-� � L L G � � сд .i м у.1 д Ч � м Ч � И н и о н � а о И О И ы Ч v а aui �о Ч �Ч ,� w � са д а � . С О С И U а ••-+ 00 О С д � � С и С м О eq ^ О � м ы м С М а. и 'С1 N �ы а � р м сС а0 <д ы н О ы Ч •л Ч С д U И СА Ч а м J н '� н О � .�i v м °� и - - �• с й с 5� ц о `�' ы Annex 2 м N ц о м й ы ы и и о 3 ц .-Са а� 8 v оиi ы ,-Ci и с гно 8 м � С ц и о°�ь ы д м и л м +о+ С б+-�+ v а й ю ц .чг и `гл �� j м т С аэ и й oCi �.`�i ьо+ аэ со м i �С 8 С� и нN С й О 9 и > Ч ц ед гд °о С а. О и д и и м `� и ' ++ и м ср и 00 ц И �а и и л С п8 ц С Ф пf С L С с од � t� Ci О И w N м С Ф аС1 .иС и ед с i О-г м�+ ц С1 О Ч ц С � �' ; °С w ц С н v С .,. м н^О н И С и ! °: ,�г b м б °v О о О no н С н м т а пf О р Ч С al n. аэ м и а1 °+� ш С н е.о м�Ч О tд Cs. •тi U ц ц и.�С Ш 00 ц•« р° 00 О +-" сд Н 3 О С О С С �д Ч .� �д ^ и и W U° т и с° н д v О д С и 3�-+ н.i и оп и� ' у w ы Ч а! а, м м ц 3 г� Ч v и ед м м t+ � д О-а О� н U и F � v Е> н и w н м �q ч.а ц и L+ м О у Ш н N ш м о0 м н Ф С � С G. С v и w U и ш .+ С ю�-+ ц а0 С ц °� w• N ц О д и гд Ч м W С Ф Ф м w tд О м С л . G � м н м м О Т! С1 ц Ф и Ч oD 1 м 3 Рй ц Ф °С 00 н � ц iy р, ++ С С � С С С�0 о и м �-а С sд � р с0 ,-� с и� н N N ц Ф о С G ц а7 и N м и w .-1 О О гд � И т� ц и � м н ю м н гд �+�+ v С W с С v м Ч 2 W° W и аэ ` г4 м t0 и О .С о0 и м 01 м U О С ц 2 н а В и G'° т ы,цл ц ы д й.. � � aki С � � U � О н аи,е и-1 ,�-i � о0 пf о4 .� гр � С +а О Ф� д= и С1 'Г1 W С 00 С ц N N Ф О С и � С О w ° i Й w С �4 о О 1м�+ .С � а0 +J Ф oD о0 С о гд м и и и с0 ц н и С �С С м и и .r-� и G! ое м.-е о и С м м ц м ц ц м м ц® N �ц ш е н е �+ о+-+ а� н м Ф �м и и С и и ц пs у н �„i и д �д с д н и м С и°v д v и 7 Ф о С 7.-а С м ц а а. �д ц.�-а °+ л7 м С� гд °п д о�п G ы л д и "b 6 �д Ра О k7 U v7-e д н Ё т w � о. Ф т о. нш м v О° 8 � '�д Е-+ сд р � � � � и х1 . . . о W � .-а н м � и С й м н м � � О ' О °� � � Р-0 �д О � о о Н �-Э О ц °'' Н Н м � ,� � и Н �-+ � rnrn rnrn Н О н �+ м . f`� �1 W ? , , � Н А ги а� , С и W LЯ +-i "� С уΡ � СЯ � Ш � � �д aL; W Н Рн О ka � � .. � Н � С С N Ш и О о (� "д А И и . С� �i С � ' 01 � � О С-а а �-уΡ Ш � �Li "д � �j � д �rti � °ь� r7 N �' и о .-+ N N w и Ш т � -н+ н � � л ro 01 л м ч-� °и v� '� н д �,R, м L ,.i s � д и �а ,-� � м ш и и , и �--i м � С W С н г-! о `� +� � И О U "°'� ц д � � � и � м О ы н U .д �Ч 6 С �д .. д с7 н и о v ` ц '-' З С ш О О 8 � � ы � t]. .�. П1 Н w � О Х �м 1 С U 3 � � О м s ui _ IIи - 53 - � Аппех 2 tf й С1 l+ С Ч ++ w ....� v г.� G1 :О д' о у и и О С .L О w о� Э � и а еСо 3 �- и �'С � ta t^�д О С С Ф � ор и и +� тi В'•"'� а L О У т1 м И п С и С L и ш � С� � 3 сд с1 и п7 дС ы о и С й аЭJ LCi О 00 >"{ и,� д, и р С у и и ,л г° ом,р �... гие од а й д.� У~ д4 ^д -+ �+ ^ С м �д О� v С v С и � м v Ф•о и О ш � .-д м р� б! ,-Ci О� сд Ч и,С-� � Е, м•о и ro. � и+-и о С сп w N v С ,л s+ и д С•� w м С ,{"и Ш О > L > L ri Ч т� ^ а�1 W ,-� и т ь+ а1 О Н и>С �С � ,-Ci и а� � й tи+ С О� н С>С N о ы U С пS о д �д �о д Ф +i ���" о G1 Ч'+-� •а С 8 t б С О 8 7.-1 ��j р щ у м О t+ и а1 гn � 01 А а. _ о w ь.+ ,., а м м �+ >� а U аг .-� О и w ту и пf у о 6 гЕ � О С .+ >. а� г.� s+ w Ш F �СΡ р.у L О м и b 3 8 о о t' � а.+ С и k w ед м Ф сб ед С и 01 и С 3 и а� � 00 о.иi О т� О С-oi г� С сд Gi .г-� С г31 � ,� рр �-. ri и,..� М а� W �а С 8 , � и as м т ro о. С гс и v L и С �, м L ч-� N 00 о0 .-+ О ar t+ (� а! ++ еС U 7 и а +i +-и �д О. С Ф•« и е0 00 G1 О. ?L и fa С О м Р. сд � м�д т +С+ й7 •vм й о.бдй G н ro , . . cJ и � � °O w а ti о о •�+ � � w ro ао z •� о �+ Н �+ Е-+ Н 6 Н О С f\ � W О Н "� W � � и Fq х Ш � [-� с� о � � с� а Н i-и N Ш W 'b С� G � 1 "д . и � b � д •� ++ � 9 о и � � а С и � ш , и .,� � � ш и л � +� G '' т � � м � Н ,� � и и С � о v � и С N С О а � � о с� а - 54 � Ч b и С С о к С С й° .�л ь`�• а ��,., г0 Annex 2 � м ы о ^� и ro °cf >, н .-+ > С+mi v у О Им м ссо орч^ > д,�,°-� й е>е а и °° °° й с ..°�.� н й о ы ы Ч и 6 р м Ч� ш сд iд и о0 ы С .С С Ч Ч L бС1 у,� м О. С С • 00 Ч т а � а О О Ч а а м ш т О а а.м�з r+ ц О.., С о и р а w О т .га� а�и,L iva � ,Ч-е м aui� ы т 3 И т� ы и о н> ы м С > Ч Т7 и.� С ao.i а О 7. д' z ьЧ+ � м о оСо 9 rд � д Ф V й ��... 3 v т л .д � v 3 Ч °о О С ^ а ? � а � о >� v "-� г� л aui Ч w м b Ч Ч о т й о � н�... а �> � С '�у .д Ф а "� � дт, С м g о� м у L � н°д и � йа�т �Q д й р ��а va' З р.. w .,� � � � т U G д �-Wi � '� � мы т а +� � р w т '� у и т tц Ч � '� °i W '� т а � �т Z сб ы v� wm Ч 'м гс о � •'-� ю .b-� tx.� � W .-а м Ч а т т ,.� С А Н ь-+ Н i аЧi ш eд .° w � и С Н т О а °о '� � н 3 о "{ nmi о. G W FдΡЯ 4-� н о +� °'"� О � � � х и о � а "° а т w Н .Wм' с�ц � .. v� д � � а Ч о о. т а >, . аь.i .. .. м W Ч � а> Ч т а С L•С� W ЧуΡ т w О О .-i о •'°� о О а С О С..s �уΡ � � � G. и Ф С w С� О С 8 tд С С С О 06.^.. б°'° р I °G и ы С�7 +oi U т Ч w.-� С м О а г1 т С и а С т _ �е о �, > а у м а П. Ч О j Z °л о0 т сд Ч гд а..С .�д ® w r. О С V^ С и..Са и а.Сл Т) и а U ы b0 i � ro С оо Ч а�+ и О°v .�е +� О '�' а й to+ д и О т с � �"' м С а. ы С т а и а -+ и^а Е� Ч - а. л LL. .с Ч Ч м Н с м т од .`� а v и С а а м � з� ro а и д ы о ы о, а ы Ч и м С•о з а а . а м о з а _ . Ry ю м а м Ч> и и т и о С и с С о и а � Ч ю� w Ч з О и О у и а .С м Ч а С а и а а^С � � 6 й � С С • и Н Ч т о°С W Ч Ч и С ы � а Е п1 Ч 8 Ч а м �.� м м о0 � „,,..� С N ы д а а о > а 8 о �� й м ro � а О•^ ve °� +а .д r, С м.• о е в °� и w�,.� о г °v О й й гдд ,ол С т.д >, '� гСд �� о С о т� й с С С и с ro^ 3 С п7 а С �..� о м ы ы о м�д °д С .. о и s ы и о о м гд b с� �J Ч-°- о а и и м А о и м Ч и Ч б Ч м гJ 8 С°о � и ы r, м и С С а' о � а 7 ы С w v а И 7 т и н а а ы Ч т га ,� а О О Ч т Пf О а О. Ч а L О а Ч.-i L ftl L С. уΡ G. и и v<0 Ч+'� и а G н и а и и U °оС 'д м О ы И а 8 Т О�N-1 А.С О д.r а О -и�i й U Ф м.� С с. Ч су С И а и 1з л � С�•а и Ч С О И Ч о и и Р°• С т о н м О О С°о �е и и т � i+ м и ,.+ го •п .� +� а., ,�г v сд r�С _ v ы � д i С о С Ч о�ь о С °о ,. .�ь о°L° е о о и о � w сис °Ч° и so+ о ю О а G М Ч О О Ч Ч W L О о� р; о g рр и З о. n. о и б w о о и о о з и т з о о а о� с. v м � r' `� � .-+ N С и О а оо �+ Ч С +� О м т • ы '�,1 Ч а И С ' смд � С v � Ч О сб с ы Н С д сд L w О ++ р, ы О Ti С О И ы +i ,= м �О N �д и С г1 о0 8 ,ц м а м Ч Э �� Ч �СΡ о v W Ч G 3 д н �р с� м .° - 55 - й С � с � с �д G Ф й Ф д �9 .� .о м и � � � Аппех 2 и �о тi С %-' 'О С L Т1 RS Q1 N � � д �� �р й 4 й н ro N Ф N ,� и �q i, и су и м v �+ � и ь+ � и Ф�v 3 С а� �о 3 с и н ы га С ++ г0 с й � L 8 а � аи.� 8 2 сид О w с ьi w с й О О И О о и м м +а м � й 7 гд оид У+ Т! Gv с�9 � 9•• а� и и и и и уо,� � F j+ G с С 1 G м О U Л м р и.-i -о с. о о G ro о о С ю.3: w д V+с-� й v а°.� й с,� и о s., v и о,�. шI О N > � � � С С ?С � g� у л и � д д Пi ° fA � А и W с�д и a�i R�i О 8 v `+' а ,�„� и w � рыр U О Z сд и � �^ � .-°i и а г� � .,� г� с� � � т aci Е-аб' 3� � `� `� �-• 8 s+ Kt а� N Н Н н и 'Л у�,� � �� Н Е'' �' - у �д v т1 С оо и-а �+ � и 3 ь. �� Н О ,.� ..i W W Ч� w �++ � � и � ° G � к L � Н R'� �д и � и д сл 3�'' � н � О Н N .-� н о д � а т s+ о й., и > А �v �' о и "�' " .ai с и и и С д С .-. _ Z •r�1 � у,,ы,i �,,,i и й g�� t1 t С С t � � М и 'ta сд 4+ м Ч о }' и и м .-i сд с аг с 3 и с v v а, w w �� у`�, со д Н м а v v 7 ��� а,л � .. .� "�.л е и � з ё�~ L д д r, и v 8 о `b и о м л с • ь+ v д о н v >, t д и с о � н � и w н v w w s+ 7.-а и.-а тз и � 3 у i и ..� ш 1 3 8 w N Р. и м м Р 7 и О н �+ с ef ш п7 Ч д W О '-' > и W Ч 'д и о С Ф и С+ол гид С N С�+ и G N 8 О 7 � И и С Ч ао.� сд н ,-i >. L о н ц ,°,; о и ш �д +� и Р� р, � и w 8 т ,.+ s+ и и О еЛ �д �• С и•� и о о и и с го сд Ф а� и ro 7 а� "'1 й�N а�.ь н и ы и с s+ о н и и v с �о и р., .-� а� ш v++ с и о м н..� сд н и а с � г.i д U 2 г� и 'С N+� �i гС L+ 00 � �д С i+ О � lд +i М 71 П7 И U �д О �+ 00 01 и (Ш о уыj � +�.дд С й� 3 и аа а� w м i+ v t�о � w н❑ w и и и и.� с 1 ,-i �+ �ь сп1 w о о гд t°�. с с о й о > о о м _ н а а g й с. й Им т и ы го р. � 6 о з и� � N м s од С м . д н гд Ч 1+ Ш F ++ ед и w З С О � � •о ь+ ы ,-� м од v w ю м � с w � � м 56 SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT ANNEX III PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE Page No. A. Telecommunications ........................................ 57 Existing Facilities ........................................... 57 Proposal of SPTC .............................................. 60 System Revised Concept ........................................ 61 Terms of Reference for Detailed Study ......................... 64 B. Roads ...................................................... 68 Roads Component ............................................... 68 Terms of Reference - Roads Study .............................. 70 C. Ginneries, Cotton Handling & Storage ....................... 72 D. Housing & Utilities ........................................ 75 E. Schistosomiasis component .................................. 77 Background .................................................... 77 Objective ..................................................... 78 Organization and Management ................................... 78 Program Design ................................................. 78 Cost-Effective Analysis ....................................... 79 Program Implementation ........................................ 82 Implementation Schedule ....................................... 83 Implemental Staff, Chemical, Drug, Transportation and Other Requirements ...................... 83 Innovative Activities ........................ - - I ........... 88 Environmental Risks ........................................... 88 Economic and Social Benefits ... o .............................. 89 Monitoring and Evaluation .................. o .................. 89 Annual Work Program and Mid-Term Review ....................... 89 Cost Control .................................................. 90 Project Costs ................................................. 90 Future Capital and Incremental Costs .......................... 90 F. Rural Water Supply & Sanitation ............................ 92 Background .................................................... 92 Situation Analysis ............................................ 92 The Project ................................................... 98 Project Preparation ........................................... 106 Post-Project Recurrent Costs .................................. 106 Table I - Slow Sand Treatment Plant Critique Table 2 - Implementation Schedule Annex 3A - 57 - SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPONENT Existing facilities 1.01 The telephone system that existed in the Gezira Scheme consisted of some 38 rural telephone exchanges interconnected by overhead trunk lines with a total installed capacity of about 3700 lines. Two-thirds of the exchanges were step by step automatic rural switching systems installed in the early 1950's, the other one-third were magneto manual exchanges. Only about 10 telephone exchanges (including the 1,200-line Wad-Medani Strowger exchange) situated close to the railways that runs from Sennar to Khartoum are still in operation, but because of lack of spare parts, past maintenance and system obsolescence, service is poor and unreliable. Most of the remaining exchanges and overhead lines networks in the Gezira Scheme are completely defunct. 1.02 As a result of the collapse of the public telephone system, the Sudan Gezira Board (SGB) some 5 to 7 years ago set up private radio communications networks which are still working reasonably well, although they obviously suffer from lack of proper maintenance and operation. They consist of one HF radio network which links a base station located at SGB Headquarters with the 14 Group headquarters in the Gezira Scheme, the SGB office in Khartoum, the Irrigation Department of Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI(I)) in Wad-Medani, the ginning factories and other services and workshops. Each SGB Group Headquarter is connected to its Block inspectors by means of a VHF radio network. The Gezira Light Railway also operates a VHF radio network, set up in 1962, which is now obsolete and spare parts are no longer available. The present radio networks provide a minimum of low quality communications, they have an extremely limited traffic capacity and cannot be interconnected. The main HF radio network covering the entire Gezira area requires operators with some knowledge of radio propagation to make the best use of the allocated radio-frequencies. The SGB radio networks are maintained and operated by Sudan Public Telecommunication Corporation (SPTC) radio-technicians seconded to SGB. The telephone service at SGB Headquarters at Barakat is provided by a containerized 400-line NEC crossbar exchange which was open for service in 1980. Although the exchange is in perfect condition the service suffers from the limitation of the cables and overhead lines of local distribution network. Annex 3A - 58 - Concept and capital cost of Euroconsult proposal for the telecommunications component 1.03 The consultants proposed to meet the communications requirements of both SGB and the MOAI (I) with multi-access VHF rural systems as recommended by ITU (Lnternational Telecommunications Union) to provide service in low density areas. Such systems make efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum and each radio base station can serve up to 96 terminal stations situated up to 45 km away. The consultant network includes 9 base stations, totalling a maximum of 864 subscribers. The entire Gezira area would be covered by installing 3 base stations at Barakat, 3 at Block 41, 3 at El Gorashi and I at Haq Abdullah. The four locations would be connected through VHF radio links to a new 6000-line Wad-MIedani digital telephone exchange. In addition to this, the consultants recommend the provision of a mobile telephone system covering the entire area to provide telephone in selected vehicles of SGB executives and team leaders. 1.04 The total capital cost of the network as recommended by Euroconsult was estimated at US$17.0 million including the mobile telephone system but excluding the local telephone switching facilities at Wad-Medani, because the consultants assumed that a new digital telephone exchange would be installed in 1984. However, including the cost of an independent 1100-line containerized telephone exchange the total capital cost would be US$19.4 million. The proposed network would serve up to 864 fixed telephone subscriber and 173 mobile telephones. Average cost per installed telephone would be US$17,600, which is extremely high. Adequacy of system provision 1.05 The system as recommended links 864 telephone subscribers scattered over the Gezira scheme (250x75 km.) to only one local switching center at Wad-Medani. According to SPTC National Master Plan, the Gezira area covers part of the Khartoum suburban network, the Zone center of Wad-Medani with its Group centers, El Dueim and Hasa Heisa, and the Zone center of Sennar. In crossing the group networks boundaries, although technically feasible, such a solution cannot be compatible with the usual transmission, numbering, routing and charging plans of any public telecommunications network, and thus is not compatible with the SPTC national Master Plan. Consequently, the setting up of such a system can only be considered as an emergency measure if there are good reasons to assume that SPTC public network will not be fully rehabilitated during most of the 15 years of economic life of the proposed system. Otherwise, particularly taking into account the very high unit cost per subscriber (para. 4), the proposed system would be a waste of the country's scarce foreign exchange resources. 1.06 A comparison between the assessment of demand made by the consultants and the number of telephone lines of MOAI(I) and SGB in operation in 1960 before most of the public network collapsed shows the following: Annex 3A - 59 - Consultant estimates (1982) Lines existing before 1960 MOI 486 552 SGB 275 746 Total 761 1298 The major difference between the two figures may be explained by the fact that 225 lines from the SGB headquarters are connected to the Barakat NEC exchange, about 50 lines of SGB to ginneries and stores, 40 lines from the MOAI(I) headquarters are connected to the old Strowger Wad-Medani exchange, and 24 lines from the MOAI(I) Sennar dam are connected to the Sennar telephone exchange. Although not explicitly indicated by the consultants, it may be assumed they considered that the above mentioned subscribers would have to be reached through the public network. However, the operation of the proposed system will be impeded by the poor performance of the existing facilities at Wad-Medani, Hasa Heisa, Sennar, etc., unless they are fully rehabilitated; the replacement of the Wad-Medani exchange would only solve part of the problems. On the other hand, if the public network is fully rehabilitated there is no need for the proposed system. Nevertheless, assuming that no major rehabilitation of the public network will be undertaken during the 1980's, it is recommended that the proposed system should cover all requirements of both SGB and MOIAI(I). 1.07 The proposal of a mobile telephone system (para. 5) at a cost of US$5.3 million, appears not justified and should be cancelled. Introduction of low cost CB radio might be considered as a possible alternative if the need arose. 1.08 The proposed VHF multi-access radio systems are particularly cost effective for the connection of subscribers scattered over an area of about 5000 sq.km. directly to the base radio station which is ordinarily located close to the telephone exchange. However, the use of wire lines or aerial cables is more economical to connect groups of subscribers located close to the exchange. 1.09 While MOAI(I) water control points are definitely low traffic subscribers, other users of the network, namely those of SGB, appear to have the traffic characteristics of usual business subscribers. Thus the low traffic capability of the multi-access system may not be adequate for such SGB subscribers. 1.10 From preliminary information, it appears that about 80% of MOAI(I) water control points have no electricity; thus, in many locations, the battery of the terminal subscriber station cannot be recharged by the main power distribution as considered by the consultants. Alternative solutions such as links by overhead lines, aerial cables, or solar panels need to be further investigated. 1.11 The consultants have based their system on the assumption that the Wad-Medani 1200-line Strowger telephone exchange will be replaced by a new 6000-line digital exchange, and the urban cable network of the city Annex 3A - 60 - will also be rehabilitated in 1984 (para. 4). According to the latest up-date of theSPTC Master Plan (1982), the new Wad-Medani telephone exchange is included in the development of Phase A, initially planned for the period 1982-1986. Phase A of SPTC Master Plan, which includes 48,000 lines in the Khartoum urban area and 35,000 lines in seven of the most important provincial towns (including Wad Medani), corresponding local networks, trunk switching facilities, transmission routes, telex facilities, buildings and support facilities, is estimated to cost US$148.0 million. The financing of the whole package has not been arranged yet, nor has SPTC chosen the technology for the facilities to be installed under Phase A of the Master Plan. Taking into account the foreign exchange shortage in the country and competition between sectors to secure external financing, it is likely that Phase A will have to be carried out over a longer period of time, and with priority being given to the Khartoum area, the new Wad-Medani local facilities will have to be further delayed, possibly toward the end of the 1980's. Consequently, as an alternative to the connection of the multi-access VHF systems to a new Wad-Medani telephone exchange, shared that the recent 400 line Barakat crossbar telephone exchange be expanded up to its final capacity of 1,000 lines to be part of the SGB/MOAI(I) network under consideration. The proposal of SPTC 1.12 The SPTC Planning Department issued on September 1, 1982, a Summary Report on the "Telecommunications Requirements for the Gezira Rehabilitation Project." SPTC proposed that the system shall satisfy the following basic requirements as stated by both the SGB and MOAI(I): (i) reliable and 24-hour telecommunication services; (ii) the system should be easy to operate and maintain; (iii) the service should be provided to the level of the scattered isolated water control points; (iv) telephone service at subscriber premises should be as simple as possible with minimum attendance by technicians; utilization of local batteries at subscriber premises should be avoided; In addition, SPTC's main requirement, that the system must be designed in such a way that it can be easily integrated into the SPTC national public network--once rehabilitated and expanded--at a minimum cost is sound and reasonable. 1.13 In order to meet the above requirements SPTC also propose to use multi-access VHF radio systems for the coverage of the entire Gezira scheme. These systems would be complemented by installing four 500-line terminal telephone exchanges close to the radio base stations, at the Annex 3A - 61 - center of the four zones of radio coverage as determined by the consultants' study. The four exchanges would be interconnected by VHF radio links. The number of base radio stations would be increased from 9 to 11 so the system can be expanded to a maximum capacity of 1112 subscribers. No terminal radio station would be installed at the subscribers' premises; instead they would be installed at selected concentration points to which the individual subscribers with normal telephone sets would be linked either by existing rehabilitated overhead lines or by aerial cables. Solar power systems for repeater and terminal stations at concentration points should be provided where commercial power supply is not available, as well as four portable standby engine-generators for battery recharging. Practicability and cost effectiveness of the design to be adopted 1.14 STPC's proposal has the merit of having sought a practical solution to the inadequacies of the original consultant proposal. However, the choice of the most appropriate and economical way of connecting each individual subscriber to the system has to be made on each individual situation and depends on the still existing facilities in the area, traffic requirements of the subscriber, concentration of subscribers, distance from the closest center of gravity, etc. SPTC has agreed at that the optimum solution can only be designed on the basis of a detailed survey of the entire Gezira scheme. For this purpose terms of references for the detailed study, (which are given in Appendix 1,) have been discussed and agreed upon with SPTC. The system's general concept, planning, ownership, maintenance and operation,as revised at appraisal, are summarized hereunder. Funds are being provided under a PPF for detailed survey to determine the final design. System revised concept 1.15 The system's final design will be derived from the one recommended by Euroconsult's preliminary study. However, the system's major telephone switching center will be located at Barakat instead of Wad-Medani. For this purpose the existing NEC telephone exchange at Barakat will be expanded to its final capacity of 1,000 lines. Another containerized telephone switching center will be installed at El Gorashi and possibly another one close to Block 41 at Abu Usher. The final decision regarding provision of these additional switching centers will depend on the outcome of the survey (para. 14). The entire Gezira scheme will be covered by multi-access VHF rural systems as recommended by Euroconsult. Where required, the switching centers will be directly linked to the base stations. El Gorashi, Block 41 and Haq Abdulla will be linked to Barakat with VHF or UHF radio links whose final capacity and number of channels to be installed will be determined on the basis of the outcome of the survey. The main purpose of the survey will be to determine the least cost practicable solution to link each subscriber to the system in using: (i) the existing overhead lines, rehabilitated lines, or aerial cables to the most convenient concentration point which could be either a terminal Annex 3A - 62 - radio station of the multi-access VHF rural system, in some cases with solar panels, (as proposed by SPTC) or the telephone exchange; (ii) an individual subscriber terminal radio station with battery and 220 volts A.C. (as recommended by the consultants); or (iii) an individual terminal radio station with solar panel; the possibility of having two or more adjacent MOAI(I) water control points telephones connected on the same line should also be considered. The system would be interconnected with the national telecommunications network at Wad-Medani through the Barakat telephone exchange. The total capacity of the system would be about 1,500 installed lines in order to cover SGB and MOAI(I) headquarters and other requirements (para. 6). At this stage it is assumed that about 400 lines will be directly connected by cable pairs or overhead lines to one of the telephone exchanges of the system. System maintenance and operation 1.16 In Sudan, SPTC is the major, if not the only, source of expertise in the telecommunications field. Thus, the SGB/MOAI(I) system should be implemented by SPTC, possibly with the assistance of consultants, and operated and maintained by this public corporation. Radio technicians employed by SGB for the maintenance and operation of the private radio links (para. 2) could return to SPTC once these facilities are dismantled. Training in installation and maintenance of the multi-access VHF rural systems would be provided by the suppliers as part of their usual contracts. In addition to design requirements, the proposed detailed study (Appendix 1) will also have to: (a) propose a maintenance organization, staff requirements, and adequate support facilities; (b) identify SPTC's specific training needs; and (c) determine yearly operating costs of the system. Private network versus public network and the issue of future integration of the proposed system into SPTC public telecommunications network 1.17 The system revised concept (para. 15) provides that at least three of the four groups of base radio stations will be directly associated with a terminal local telephone exchange which is already included in SPTC Master Plan; thus, this part of the system which respresents up to 90% of the investment will be easily integrated in the SPTC public network once it is fully rehabilitated and modernized. However, the proposed interconnections of El Gorashi, Block 41, and Haq Abdulla to Barakat by VHF/UHF links, are not in accordance with SPTC Master Plan. These interconnections are provided as a temporary solution to meet the SGB/MOAI(I) requirements as long as the corresponding group and zone centers and their associated networks are not rehabilitated according to the Master Plan. For this reason, the telecommunications system discussed in this paper, which will be primarily designed to meet SGB and MOAI(I) requirements, will have to be independent of the SPTC public telecommunications network until SPTC Master Plan is implemented in the Gezira area. The SGB/MOAI(I) Gezira network will be linked to the national public network at Wad-Medani; through the Barakat telephone exchange. The Annex 3A - 63 - SGB/MOAI(I) telecommunications network will not be private; the system facilities will be owned by SPTC, which will be fully responsible for their operation and maintenance. Once costs of the system have been determined on the basis of the detailed survey, SPTC will have to work out special tariffs to be applied for the use of the system and reach an agreement with MOAI(I) and SGB. Procurement 1.18 Depending on the source of financing, procurement through international competitive bidding could normally be required for the supply of the multi-access VHF rural systems, terminal radio stations, switching equipment, cables, etc., with the exception of the extension of the existing Barakat telephone exchange. This extension will have to be negotiated with NEC, the supplier of the existing equipment. Tied procurement, however, would not exceed 10% of the total estimated cost of the system. Revised costs estimates 1.19 The revised cost estimates were worked out and are provided in the cost Annex (Table 581 - Annex V). The revised cost estimates are based on the new concept as described in para. 16. However, in the absence of a detailed survey, some rough assumptions had to be made, particularly regarding the number of subscribers who will have to be linked by radio or connected by wire to the telephone exchanges. More accurate cost estimates will have to be based on the result of the proposed survey. Total investment costs, including physical and price contingencies, would amount to US$12.8 million, with 55% as foreign exchange. Local costs include 22% of taxes and custom duties on imported equipment. With a system capacity of 1,500 installed lines the average cost per subscriber would be US$8,500. Annual operating costs of the system, which include depreciation, SPTC costs for personnel and overhead, spare parts, gasoline, etc., may be roughly estimated at US$2.3 million. Further design requirements 1.20 The detailed study of the Gezira telecommunications component would be carried out by SPTC staff assisted by consultants. The study is expected to require one first month of preparation in Khartoum by SPTC Planning Department assisted by engineering consultants. Three teams of 2 SPTC staff (3 engineers and 3 technicians) would then carry out the survey of the entire Gezira area for two months, and another two months period would be required to complete the study. The estimated cost of the study would be: 5 man months of engineering consultants US$ 60,000 4 four-wheel drive vehicles 48,000 Operating costs, incl. subsistence and lodging of STPC staff during the survey 12,000 TOTAL US$ 120,000 64 - Annex 3A AnDendix 1 SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPONENT Terms of Reference for the Detailed Study Background and Summary of Telecommunications Requirements 1.01 The telecommunications system to be installed will primarily meet the requirements of MOAI(I) (Irrigation Department of Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation) and SGB. The telecommunications facilities will be owned by SPTC (Sudan Public Telecommunications Corporation) which will be fully responsible for their operation and maintenance. Until the public telecommunications network in the Gezira area is rehabilitated and expanded according to the SPTC Telecommunications Master Plan, the telecommunications system to be implemented under these terms of reference will be independent of the SPTC public telecommunications network. However, the system must be designed in such a way that it can be integrated with the SPTC public network - once rehabilitated and expanded - at a mimimal cost. 1.02 The system shall satisfy the following basic requirements as stated by both the SGB and MOAI(I): (i) reliable and 24-hour telecommunications services; (ii) the system shall be easy to operate and maintain; and (iii) telephone service at the isolated MOAI(I) water control points and at subscriber premises should be as simple as possible with minimum attendance by SPTC technicians. 1.03 The Gezira telecommunications network will use multi-access VHF rural systems as recommended by ITU (International Telecommunications Union) to provide service in low density areas of developing countries. The multi-access VHF rural system makes efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum by applying standard trunking techniques to use a small group of radio channels to serve a large number of telephone subscribers (8 two-way radio channels for up to 96 subscribers, depending on individual traffic load). The system's final design will be derived from the one proposed by Euroconsult's preliminary study. However, the system's major telephone switching center will be located at Barakat instead of Wad Medani. For this purpose, the existing NEC telephone exchange at Barakat could be expanded to its final capacity of 1,000 lines. Another telephone switching center will be installed at El Gorashi and possibly another one close to Block 41 at Abu Usher. The final decision regarding provision of these additional switching centers will depend on the outcome of the survey (paragraph 8). As recommended by Euroconsult, the entire Gezira area will be covered by four groups of base radio stations of a multi-access VHF rural system which will be located at Block 19 (Barakat), El Gorashi, Block 41 (Abu-Usher) and Haq Abdulla. Where required, the switching centers will Annex 3A - 65 - Appendix 1 be directly linked to the base radio stations and thus, to minimize costs, they should be installed as closely as the local conditions and radio coverage permit. El Gorashi, Block 41 and Hag Abdulla will be linked to Barakat with VHF/UHF links whose final capacity and number of channels to be installed will be determined on the basis of the outcome of the survey (paragraph 8). The SGB/MOAI(I) Gezira network will be linked to the national public network at Wad Medani, through the Barakat telephone exchange. Demand for Telephone Service 1.04 A preliminary assessment of the demand of both M0AI(I) and SGB is included in the Euroconsult study. However, having based their system on the assumption that the Wad Medani urban network would be rehabilitated and expanded in 1984, these consultants also assumed that the part of the overall telephone requirements of both MOAI(I) and SGB would be satisfied through SPTC public network. However, it appears now that such a solution would not only require rehabilitation and expansion of the Wad Medani zone center and associated local networks, but also those of the other group centers, which, according to SPTC Master Plan, will have to serve the entire Gezira area. Those are the zone centers of Sennar, the group centers of Hasa Heisa and El Dureim, and part of the Khartoum area which serves the North of the Gezira scheme. Consequently, the Gezira telecommunications network will also have to satisfy the demand of MOAI(I) and SGB headquarters as well as the demand of SGB ginneries, stores and M0AI(I) Sennar dam. This additional demand needs to be further investigated during the detailed survey (paragraph 8). Characteristics of Individual Subscribers 1.05 While MOAI(I) water control points are definitively low traffic subscribers, other users of the network, namely those of SGB, appear to have the traffic characteristics of usual business subscribers. Thus the low traffic capability of 0.05 erlang per terminal station of the proposed multi-access system (when all 96 terminal stations are equipped for 8 radio channels) may be inadequate in certain cases. To avoid overload, the detailed study should address this issue, and according to the resulting traffic estimates some subscribers could be connected directly to the parent exchange, or the number of terminal radio stations linked to one base station of the VHF multi-access system should be reduced accordingly to avoid trunk overload. 1.06 From preliminary information gathered during field visits, it appears that about 80% of MOAI(I) water control points have no electricity. Thus, in many locations, the battery of the terminal radio stations cannot be recharged with the main power distribution (220 volts) as recommended in the preliminary consultant study. This needs to be further investigated, and those remote subscribers could be linked either through aerial cables or existing overhead lines to appropriately selected concentration points of subscriber radio terminals or, if they have to be linked by radio, the power of their terminal station should be supplied by solar panels. - 66 - Annex 3A AnDendix 1 1.07 There is no apparent need for a mobile telephone system in the Gezira area as recommended by the preliminary consultant study. Introduction of low cost CB radio might be considered as a possible alternative if the need arose. Detailed Terms of Reference for the Study 1.08 In order to design the proposed network and solve the issues raised in the above paragraphs, a detailed survey of the entire Gezira area will be undertaken. The main purpose of the survey is to: (a) identify the location of each SGB/MOAI(I) subscriber, including the local conditions (building, power supply, MOAI(I)/SGB staff qualifications, etc); (b) determine the least cost practicable solution to link each of the identified subscribers to the network in using: (i) the existing overhead lines, rehabilitated lines or aerial cables to the most convenient concentration point (either terminal radio station or telephone exchange); (ii) a terminal radio station with battery and 220 volts A.C.; or (iii) a terminal radio station with solar panel; possibility of having two or more adjacent water control points telephones connected on the same line shall also be considered; (c) estimate traffic requirements of each individual subscriber according to usage (paragraph 5), and at each concentration point for further system design requirements; (d) proceed to final system design and complete costs estimates for the supply and installation of the system; (e) propose a maintenance organization for the area covered by the system, staff requirements, and yearly cost estimates for system maintenance and operation; (f) propose adequate support facilities for SPTC which are required for maintenance and operations of the Gezira telecommunications network; and (g) identify SPTC's training need to maintain and operate the facilities. 1.09 The cost estimate table should include: (a) c.i.f. cost of equipment and foreign cost of services; and (b) local costs including local transportation, SPTC costs covering installation by SPTC technical staff, taxes and custom duties (Breakdown of above cost categories is required. Cost estimates for equipment should indicate unit costs for each unit of type of equipment. Cost estimates should be given in 1983 prices. Annex 3A Appendix 1 Details of the structure and level of tariffs for the network will have to be worked out by SPTC and agreed to with MOAI(I) and SGB once costs of the system have been determined. Annex 3B - 68 - SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITAITON PROJECT ROADS COMPONENT 1.01 The road system in the Gezira scheme is enormous. It comprises some 12,000 km. of roads along the canal system and about 6,000 km. of secondary roads across open country linking centers of population. All roads are unsurfaced dirt roads and are almost impassable when wet. Over the years regrading, however, untimely and infrequent, and erosion by traffic has lowered the road surface in many places. Flooding of the roads due to rainfall or carelessly applied irrigation water and poor drainage, results in roads remaining impassable for longer than is necessary. Continued use when wet results in rutting and renders roads nearly impassable for light traffic, even when dry, until regraded. Maintenance is limited to sporadic and insufficient grading. 1.02 To improve the accessibility in the scheme, the Project would provide for upgrading of 6000 km. of roads regularly used by lorries and their maintenance after that during the Project life. Improvement of approximately 6,000 km. of additional minor roads would occur as a result of drainage (Annex II) improvement which includes formation and grading of adjascent minor roads. Roads will be reconstructed according to the design given in Fig. E4 of Annex E, Consultant's Report. The contract for initial road grading would be grouped with that for the minor drains (para. 2.13, Annex II). The maintenance of the road would consist largely of dressing the existing roads with a grader with minimum of assistance from bulldozers to keep the operations simple and costs low. Compaction will be mainly by the grader itself and by ordinary traffic. Whenever possible, the road would be shaped to have a 1:20 cross fall and be above the adjascent ground level to facilitate surface drainings from road surface. It is assumed that 6,000 km. of road will be graded four times (2 passes each) a year. 1.03 To realize the above objectives, the Project would provide the following: (a) the purchase of 12 motor graders; (b) the cost of initial road upgrading; (c) the incremental cost for the road maintenance. Implementation of the road upgrading and maintenance programs would be carried out by MOAI(I) task force under the direction of Director, Irrigation Affairs, Gezira/Managil. 1.04 The only all weather road in the project area traverses along its eastern fringes linking Khartoum to Wad Medani and Sennar. In a region as densely populated and as heavily developed as Gezira this appears anachronistic. Clearly, therefore, a program of road upgrading, at some future stage, is called for particularly an all weather road linking Wad Medani and Dueim through the project area the need for which is becoming urgent. Feasibility of this road (94 Km.) has been determined according to - 69 _ Annex 3B Sudan Feader Road Master Planl/financed by the Kuwait Fund, and a high (34%) ERR estimated. As this road is not included in the proposed Highway II Project (under negotiation with IDA) and as its feasibility is well established, the implementation of this road is recommended for consideration under Gezira Modernization (Phase II) Project. It appears that the road would have direct and substantial benefit to the Gezira Scheme. 1.05 Along with the design of the Wad Medani Dueim road (para 5), the preparation of the Gezira Modernization (Phase II) Project should also include planning of the urgently needed trunk roads (estimated as 600 km), of lower standard than the proposed Wad Medani - Dueim road, to link 30 or 50 main centres of population within Gezira scheme. This would be implemented by the Regional Government according to existing statues. The T.O.R. of the study for the road component of any future modernization of Gezira is appended herewith. This would be reviewed in the year 3 (mid-term review) of the Project and included in the preparation of the next Project. 1/ Sudan Feeder Road Master Plan - Part D, May 1980 by Norcosult SA and Economic Intelligence Unit, Ministry of National Planning - PPU. Annex 3B Appendix 2 SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT Terms of Reference - Roads Study in Gezira Background 1.01 There are about 18,000 km of unsurfaced roads in the Gezira scheme running alongside canals and providing access across country to villages. Only a very small proportion of them could be considered trunk routes between main centers. These roads have, in course of time, fallen in such a state of disrepair, that they seriously hinder communication within the scheme. Rehabilitation measures will be carried out in the course of Gezira Rehabilitation Project and appropriate maintenance system will be organized. This interim solution does not address the implementation of Wad Medani, Managil (94 km) spine road (the feasibility 1/ of which has already been established, and the trunk roads urgently need to cater for future traffic needs 2/ of Gezira scheme. Objectives 1.02 The objectives of the study are: (a) to complete the designs, estimates, tender documents and program for implementation of the Wad Medani/Managil roads; (b) to draw a rational network of trunk roads, complementing the GLR, the Sudan railways, the existing Khrtoum-Sennar road and the existing un-surfaced roads under rehabilitation, to serve the communication and maintenance needs of SGB, MOAI(I) and to link main centers of population; and (c) to recommend measures for upgrading the access across the main canals; TOR of Study 1.03 Following a review of its feasibility report, 1/, the consultants would: 1. a. carry out detailed surveys and field investigations into the road alignment and material availability; and b. prepare the drawings, cost estimates and tender documents for the proposed Wad Medani/Managil Road. 1/ Sudan Feeder Roads Master Plan, May 1980, Ministry of National Planning PPU. 2/ Annex G, Gezira Rehabilitaion and Modernization Project, June 1983, Euro-Consult etc. - 71 - Annex 3B Appendix 2 2. review the future traffic needs of Gezira and draw a rational plan for trunk roads after desk study, of existing maps and a few sample surveys along proposed alingments. 3. design suitable cross sections for trunk roads bearing in mind economy in cost, th high clay content and shrinkage of Gezira soils, scarcity of conventional road building material in the area and ease of maintenance; 4. propose a program and method of construction of the trunk roads system; its cost estimates and maintenance organization; and 5. assess the need for new road bridges across Main Canal for example at Bastana, Beika and Abu Ushan and, if appropriate, to prepare design and tender documents for same. Duration of Study: 9 months in year 4 of the Project. Consultant Services. Estimated as 20 man months (local and foreign). - 72 - Annex 3C SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITAION PROJECT GINNERIES, COTTON HANDLING AND STORAGE 1.01 There are thirteen ginning factories in the Gezira project area, located at Marangan, Hasaheisa and Bageir. The equipment, staffing and infrastructure in each, together with lint output, are described in Volume IV, Annex F of the Euroconsult preparation report. Factories 10, 11, 12 and 14 are mechanised, factories 4, 5 and 6 are labor-intensive but with model 2 gin stands and semi-automatic bale presser, and the other factories have model gin stands and/or non-automatic presses. Productivity levels have fallen over the past 10 years in the older factories, as equipment has become obsolete and labor problems have increased. All factories have suffered from power cuts. 1.02 The Consultant's report makes the following recommendations: (i) Three mechanised factories, nos. 11, 12 and 14, should be fitted with pre-cleaning and humidification equipment; (ii) Three labor intensive factories, nos. 4, 5 and 6, should be fully mechanised and pre-cleaning and humidification equipment added. (iii) The seed-dressing plant at Factory no.10 should be re-equipped, and a new seed-dressing plant attached to Factory no.11. (iv) Trials for HCRG (high capacity roller gin) plant should be instituted and, if successful, two HCRG factories would be built to increase capacity by a total of 5,861 bales per day. 1.03 Recommendations 'i' to 'iii' have been adopted and their justification is discussed in annex F of the Consultants' Report. Revised cost estimates and the implementaiton schedule are presented in Annex V Table 621 of the Implementation Volume. It should be noted that while recommendations i) to iii) will improve lint quality, they will not significantly increase ginning capacity (by only 2%). 1.04 Recommendation 'iv' is based on the Consultants' estimates of requirements for increased ginning capacity for ELS cotton, on the assumption, valid at project preparation, that ELS cotton area would be restricted to 20,000 feddans and that the main requirements would be for increased ginning capacity for ELS cotton. Government plans are now, given the medium term market prospects for ELS cotton and the national cotton planting program, to plant 120,000 feddans of MS cotton in Gezira from 1982-3, with a possible increase to 150,000 feddans from 1985-86. Annex 3C - 73 - 1.05 Comparison of the consultants' and the appraisal mission's estimates for cotton produciton are as follows: Table 1 - MS and ELS Cotton Production Estimates 1981/2 - 88/9 1981-82 1985-6 1988-89 LS Cotton Mission Consultants Mission Consultants Area (000 fd.) 381 310 480 310 480 Yield (tonnes/fd.) 0.5 0.57 0.6 0.7 0.8 Production (000 tons) 191 177 288 217 382 MS Cotton Area (000 fd.) 56 150 20 150 20 Yield (tons/fd.) 0.6 0.64 0.7 0.83 0.97 Production (000 tonnes) 34 96 14 125 19 Total Production (tons) 225 273 302 342 403 1.06 Daily ginning capacity of the existing capacity on the scheme is estimated at 19,400 kantars (2,770 tons) of ELS seed cotton per day, or 13,000 kantars (1,860 tons) of MS seedcotton per day; the efficiency of the existing plant for ginning MS cotton is only about two-thirds that of ELS cotton. The length of the ELS ginning season is estimated at approximately 120 days from early February to the onset of the rains in late May, and the MS ginning season from early January until the onset of the rains. In principle, ginning requirements for ELS cotton would be 217,000 tons - 2,770 tons/day i.e. 78 days, and for MS 125,000 tons - 1,860 tons/day i.e. 67 days. The total ginning season would thus be 145 days between early January and the end of May; this could in theory be handled by existing capacity. However, this would require: a) timely delivery of sufficient quantities of MS and ELS to maintain production; b) continuous operation, without stoppage from power cuts, breakdowns, maintenance or cleaning of machinery. (Stoppages, mostly from these causes, accounted for 10-12% of running time in 1980 and 1981). It is concluded, therefore, that extra ginning capacity would be required, and that this should be for MS, rather than ELS cotton. 1.07 The proposal is to install two new sawgin factories, each with a daily production capacity of 2,000 bales of lint (processing approximately 1,000 tons of seed cotton per day). The first would be installed in Year 1 and the second, depending on expansion of the MS cotton area and utilization of existing capacity, in Year 3. Unit costs of ech would be LSD 4.7 million. If over the longer term the MS cotton area in Gezira is not expanded further, it would still be possible to use the Annex 3C -74 - plants for ginning cotton from neighbouting schemes such as Rahad. Specifications for the sawgin factory would.be drawn up with the help of six manmonths of technical assistance financed under PPF. 1.0v0 Recommendations are also made for improvement of cotton handling and storage through: (i) Provision of road trailers, mobile stock conveyers and bale handling trailers. (ii) Factory yard paving and access roads. (iii) Tarpaulin covers and stillage for the cotton. Cost estimates and the implementaiton schedule are presented in Annex V Table 622, and the background and justification are discussed in Annex G6 of the Consultants' report. Improvements for transport of cotton from field to factory will be handled through improvements to the Gezira Light Railway (GLR) and are discussed in Annex G5 of the Consultants' Report (Costs and the implementation schedule are described in Annex V Table 601, of the Implementation Volume). Annex 3D - 75 - SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITTION PROJECT Housing and Utilities 1.01 The houses provided for senior and middle grade staff are satisfactory though many additional houses are needed for the existing junior staff and also for the incremental project staff. However the Project cannot finance the list of housing and utilities as proposed in the Annex H of the Project Preparation Report. Funds would be provided for essential additional housing and utilities. Recognizing that good housing is critical to attract qualified staff, priority is given to the senior and middle level field staff. Most of the provisions are made for SGB as MOAI(I) needs are relatively fewer. The agreed list of housing and utilities to be financed out of the Project and their cost are contained in Tables 641 & 642 of Annex V, respectively, for SGB and MOAI(I). Further details are as follows: 1.02 Housing. Then staff houses would be of the type specified by the Government and recently built in the Rahad Project. Three different standard designs have been accepted: Tl, occupying 136 m2 for senior staff, T2 of 96 m2 for middle grade staff; and T3 of 54 m for junior grade house. The agreed provisions are as follows: Numbers Required Type MOAI(I) 1/ SGB 2/ Total 1 4 24 28 2 6 54 60 3 39 21 51 1.03 As the offices accommodation is generally adequate, only 14 3-roomed offices would be provided one at each Group Headquarters of SGB, mainly to house the Extension and Water Management staff. Provisions are also made for renovation of existing MOAI(I) buildings. 1.04 Utilities: Of Block Headquarters in Gezira, 19 have no electricity mains and diesel generators, single phase of 20 KVA rated capacity, would be purchased and installed at the sites. Six of the Blocks 1/ For setting up the Wad el Ber subdivision and ghafir houses in pilot areas for minor canal operations. 2/ Locations to be decided by SGB. - 76 - Annex 3D have been wired for electricity and an overhed line and wiring to each house is required at the other 13 Blocks which would be financed by the Project. At fourteen Blocks, constructed in the first phase of the Managil extension, new engines have been fitted to the generators but replacement alternators are required. The Project provides for this and also a lump sum allowance is made for general overhaul of generators at other blocks in Managil. For those MOAI(I) major water control points which have no electricity, provisions would be made for 16-8 KVA single phase diesel generators together with distribution wires. 1.05 The following improvement in water supply and sanitation for SGB Block Headquarters would be included. (i) construction of 15 boreholes and associated works in Gezira; (ii) improvement of filter and chlorine treatment at 12 Blocks in Managil to cater for increase in population; (iii) 100 septic tanks for senior staff houses and 500 aqua-privies (see recommendations in para. H.2.3, of Euro-Consult Report) for middle and junior grade houses. 1.06 Implementation: The housing and utilities under the Project would be a substantial undertaking, particularly for SGB. However, the building and utilities required are of a simple technical nature and of proven standard design features. Both SGB (Civil Engineering Department) and MOAI(I) Project Department, have adequate in-house capacity and experience to implement their portion of the work, and, therefore, no consultant service assistance is needed. There is sufficient local contrcting industry and competition for executing the building program and sanitary works. The drilling of boreholes and installation of ancillary works would be carried out by SGB task force which has the drilling rigs and crews for undertaking the task. The SGB building at Barkat and immediate vicinity would be grouped together and tendered out according to ICB procedures. The other buildings for SGB and MOAI(I) would be implemented according to Local Competitive Bidding. The renovation of MOAI(I) houses would be performed by MOAI(I) task force. - 77 - SUDAN Annex 3E GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT SCHISTOSOMIASIS COMPONENT I. Background 1.01 Description of Schistosomiasis Transmission Cycle - Schistosomiasis is a parasitic worm infestation of man requiring an acquatic intermediate snail host for the spread of the disease. Irrigation schemes, supplying water the year round -- particularly when they are not well maintained, canals are overgrown with weeds and drainage is poor -- provide an ideal environment for snails and the parasite. Transmission of the disease occurs through the shedding of the eggs of the parasite through the faeces or urine from infected persons who make use of the canals and AbuXXs as latrines, or from their faecally contaminated hands and bodies when they wash or swim in the irrigation waters. These eggs hatch releasing larvae that enter snails where the larvae go through transitional changes and multiply profusely into immature worms. Transmission of the disease in man occurs through the immature worms, shedded by the infected snail, penetrating the unbroken skin of persons who come into contact with parasite laden waters (e.g. when washing, swimming, fetching water, wading across unbridged canals etc.). The worms mature and mate in the venules of their human host and survive for four to five years or longer if curative treatment is not given. 1.02 The Prevalence of Schistosomiasis in the Gezira - Over the years, schistosomiasis has become an increasingly serious public health problem in the Gezira. In the late forties, only 9% of the population was infected with the disease. Because of increased transmission of the disease, the prevalence is now over 50% in the core population group and intensity of infection much more severe. 1.03 Morbidity and Mortality due to Schistosomiasis - Over the years the dominant infestation has changed from Schistosoma haematobium, which is manifested through urinary symptoms, to Schistosoma mansoni which affects the gut, liver and spleen. While morbidity from schistosomiasis is believed to be substantial, it is particularly difficult to quantify this, for S. mansoni infection, since symptoms are similar to other common gastro-intestinal diseases and diagnostic facilities are lacking to differentiate these symptoms by cause. The morbidity and mortality caused by the disease tends to be related to the intensity of infestation (i.e. the number of worms infesting a person which is correlated to and measured through the egg count in a standard quantity of faeces or urine). While it is known that liver and spleen complications resulting from S. mansoni are a common cause of premature death in older children, adolescents and younger adults, quantification is also difficult for few victims die in hospital and deaths are not routinely registered, let alone their causes. 1.04 Area Size and Population Size and Distribution - The Gezira-Managil scheme covers an area of approximately 900,000 hectares. From the standpoint of schistosomiasis control the population can be divided into two groups: (a) the core village group, which includes registered and unregistered villages and seasonal laborer's camps where prevalence rates are over 50%; this population lives in close proximity to the infested waters; and (b) the road villages and towns group where preValence rates are under 20%; this population is situated some distance from the canals. The close proximity of the core population group to infested waters and, accordingly, its more frequent contact with these waters accounts for the difference in prevalence rates. Annex 3E - 78 - 1.05 The core village population, which is evenly distributed over the scheme, has been estimated by the Blue Nile Health Project (BNHP) at 2.1 million and the road villages and towns population at 0.25 million. This represents 89% and 11% respectively of the total population in the area which, in 1981, was 2.35 million. II. Objective 2.01 The objective of the intervention is to reduce the prevalence of the disease to 10% or less. If maintained at this level, the disease will not constitute a major public health hazard. III. Organization and Management 3.01 BNHP was created in 1979. This agency, co-sponsored by GOS and WHO, was set up to control the three major diseases - schistosomiasis, malaria and diarrhea - associated with irrigation in the agricultural communities along the Blue Nile. The manager of BNHP reports directly to the Minister of Health. A National Coordinating Committee chaired by the Minister of Health with membership including the Central Regional Ministry of Health, the Central Regional Ministry of Coordination and Utilities and SGB meets periodically to assist BNHP tocoordinate its activities. A Scientific Advisory Group, consisting of representatives from Sudanese agencies who are associated with the project, WHO and some other international agencies meets annually to provide technical advice. 3.02 BNHP provides the managerial, research and technical staff. The bulk of the staff for schistosomiasis control program field operations in the Gezira scheme will be hired by the Central Regional Ministry of Health and seconded to the project along with some staff from SGB. IV. Program Design 4.01 Program design for schistosomiasis control contains the following elements: a) - focal mollusciciding of the canal system at human water contact points to kill snail hosts and thereby reduce transmission b) - initial mass chemotherapy followed by selective chemotherapy of the eligible core population and selective chemotherapy only,of the eligible road village and town population to cure as many persons suffering from the diseases as possible. c) - general environmental upgrading of the canal and drainage system and of the water management system (mechanical weeding of canals; stricter irrigation practices to ensure emptying of canals when not in use and the cyclical irrigation of fields to allow weekly drying out of AbuXXs) to help reduce the snail burden; extending and upgrading piped water supply systems to provide safe water for washing as well as drinking and cooking to reduce contact with infested water and extending latrine construction thus reducing egg contamination of canal waters, and d) - health education to maximize benefits from the above interventions. Annex 3E - 79 - The interventions in item c) are being undertaken through other components of GRP. These interventions should be coordinated to the extent possible with interventions under the schistosomiasis component. 4.02 In areas where prevalence and intensity of infestation is particularly high, like the Gezira chemotherapy has to be combined with mollusciciding to reduce transmission substantially. 4.03 Over the past few decades a mollusciciding chemical, niclosamide, has been produced that is safer and more effective than other mollusciciding agents, not only against the intermediate host snail but also snail eggs and the free swimming schistosome larvae. During this period diagnostic techniques have been developed that can be applied cheaply in the field and make possible the practical monitoring of the prevalence and intensity of the disease. Within the last several years, in areas such as Gezira-Managil, where both S. mansoni and S. haematobium are present, mass chemotherapy, without screening, has only become practical through the introduction of the new drug praziquantel, which is effective in a single dose against both these types of schistosomiasis. Previously, it was necessary to diagnose the type of infection each individual had, since the drugs that were safe to use on a mass basis were only effective against one or the other type of the disease. 4.04 In 1980 BNHP established a study zone in two blocks in the northern area of the scheme, which has a population of 50,000, to carry out baseline studies and to test and evaluate the two specific interventions - mass chemotherapy and focal mollusciciding. These tests showed that these interventions, in combination, cause a major reduction in the prevalence of the disease. In one village with piped water supply, prevalence in the eligible population before mass chemotherapy was 56%. Six months after treatment prevalence had started to rise again and was at 14%. In contrast, another study zone village which had no piped water supply had a prevalence rate of 88% before treatment and 31% six months after treatment. The comparison between the two villages points out the important role that piped water systems play in helping to reduce the transmission of the disease. 4.05 The work in the study zone also included the testing of the organization and staffing requirements for mass screening and chemotherapy and the refinement of snail surveillance methods and focal mollusciciding techniques through gaining more precise knowledge about transmission patterns including sociological studies of the use of canals by residents. Other studies included application of health education methods, the relationship of snails to weed density in canals and the examination and assessment of the relevance of other animal hosts in the maintenance of transmission. V. Cost-Effective Analysis 5.01 Mollusciciding reduces transmission through killing the snail host. Substantial reduction in snail vector densities is achieved by focal mollusciciding, which if commenced just prior to mass chemotherapy of the population, will reduce subsequent transmission levels significantly below that which would be obtained by mass chemotherapy alone. This is consistent with the prediction of theoretical transmission models and with the results obtained in other control programs (e.g. Egypt). It is important, however, to quantify the magnitude of this effect through selecting two identical areas to observe the difference in the prevalence Annex 3E - 80 - rates with the mass chemotherapy protocol alone compared to the protocol of mass chemotherapy and focal mollusciciding combined. These comparative studies should be carried out in parallel over a few years. Arrangements should be made by BNHP to do this. 5.02 The cost-effectiveness of mollusciciding is greater, the smaller the volume of water to be treated per capita at risk. A selective mollusciciding protocol based on human water use and on surveillance of host snail patterns has, in effect, substantially reduced the volume of water to be treated without materially threatening the effectiveness of the intervention. The cost of the chemical is estimated at $0.46 per capita during the initial phase, dropping to $0.34 per capita after the program is fully established. This is a fraction of the cost of mollusciciding the entire water course. 5.03 The cost-effectiveness of the various alternative ways of deploying field staff for focal mollusciciding was also compared; mobile teams; locally based teams; and community based subsidized volunteers were the options examined. The mobile team operating costs (excluding chemicals which are the same for all options) was ESD 0.125 per capita compared to local team costs of ESD 0.25. Furthermore, supervision under the mobile team system was assessed as superior. The use of community based volunteers seems desirable, to ensure fuller community involvement and possibly lower the cost. However, the present proposal was less cost effective (ESD 0.37) than the other two. Until the option of using volunteers can be tested on a pilot basis and proves to be as effective as the others and not as costly, its adoption should be postponed. 5.04 Chemotherapy - The choice of the initial intervention for the eligible core population with prevalence rates averaging 56% is between: mass chemotherapy; and mass screening and selective chemotherapy. The eligible population constitutes 79% of the core population. Excluded are children under 6 years, because of the practical difficulties associated with drug administration, and pregnant and mothers breast-feeding babies who are under 7 months, because the drug is contraindicated. Each intervention should desirably reach all of the eligible population who have schistosomiasis. Unfortunately, however, not all persons comply. Trials in the study zone have shown that the compliance rate for mass chemotherapy is in the order of 90% and for mass screening and selective chemotherapy 71%. Given the above compliance rates and with the unit cost of screening Annex 3E - 81 - at $1.37, the average unit cost of chemotherapy at $2.69 and a cure rate of 90%, the cost per person cured under each intervention can be calculated along with the percentage of the eligible population cured, for selected per capita budgets. This is set out below: Comparison of the cost per person cured and the percentage of the eligible population cured at a prevalence rate of 56% between Mass Chemotherapy and Mass Screening and Selective Chemotherapy for selected budget ceilings. Mass Screening and Mass Chemotherapy Selective Chemotherapy Total core Cost per % of Eligible Cost per % of Eligible population per cure population cure population capita budget cured cured $1.91 $5.34 35.8* $5.71 28.3** $1.75 $5.34 32.8 $5.71 28.3 $1.61 $5.34 30.2 $5.71 28.3 $1.50 $5.34 28.1 $6.13 24.5 $1.35 $5.34 25.3 $6.89 19.6 $0.77 $5.34 14.4 0.0 0.0 * This represents the upper limit of cures under mass chemotherapy. The budget required is $1.91 per capita. **This represents the upper limit of cures under mass screening and selective chemotherapy. The budget required is $1.61 per capita. 5.05 It is evident that mass chemotherapy is the preferred intervention for the eligible core population irrespective of budget level for the initial phase of chemotherapy. 5.06 The method to be adopted for follow-up chemotherapy in the core population and in the road village and town population from the start will consist of the annual screening of all school children, who are a high risk group, each year and the treatment of those positive. The annual findings in school children, who constitute 15% of the population will form a substantial sample for monitoring; from these data the estimation of prevalence rates in other segments of the population by age and sex can be calculated. The remainder of the eligible population will be screened and treated on a passive basis i.e. when they attend a health facility with clinical findings suggestive of schistosomiasis, they will undergo diagnostic screening and, if necessary, treatment. 5.07 The resources for the follow-up chemotherapy will be provided by the health staff in existing facilities supplemented by the addition of microscopists on the basis of 1/10,000 total population. As the program advances it might be found more cost-effective to confine active screening efforts to the older school age children and/or to other particularly high risk groups such as migrant workers who may represent a continuing source of transmission. 5.08 The added costs for follow-up chemotherapy include the microscopist, his overheads, supervision and the cost of praziquantel. (Since the existing staff of the health facilities will administer the drug, this is excluded as an additional cost). Assuming 11% of persons with the disease would be treated and assuming the microscopist's time is fully spent in screening, the cost per cure would be $5.28 and the per - 82 - Annex 3E capita cost to the community $0.52. Mass chemotherapy or mass screening and selective chemotherapy interventions at a prevalence rate of 20% would cost in the order of $10.00 per case cured and the per capita cost would be $1.00. 5.09 In considering the cost-effectiveness of various program control interventions, other relevant constraints have to be borne in mind. These include the ability of the organization to implement all options equally effectively (e.g. the organizational and staffing burden of mass screening and selective chemotherapy compared to mass chemotherapy would be substantially greater and would be an additional factor to consider in determining the time span over which the program could be implemented). 5.10 While the discovery of praziquantel, which makes possible mass chemotherapy in areas like the Gezira where mixed infections are present, represents a significant advance in the control of schistosomiasis, care should be taken to ensure it is used as effectively as possible for several reasons. First, immune responses to the schistosome worm is incomplete and much yet remains to be known about the effects of repeated infestations and cures by chemotherapy and the response of the host. While, up to the present, the schistosome worm has not developed resistance to praziquantel, the possibility of this occurring cannot be ruled out. Resistance, if it were to occur, would be promoted through the wider use of the drug. Drug resistance by certain species of the malaria parasite took many years to develop and this seems to have been accelerated by its use on a very large scale for chemoprophylaxis. These factors support as intensive and effective effort as possible to reduce the prevalence of disease and support the use of mollusciciding to lower transmission further in order to reduce the number of persons requiring subsequent treatments for reinfestations. Again, while from the practical viewpoint there is no definite evidence that snail hosts have developed serious resistance to niclosamide (or other mollusciciding agents), this possibility cannot be dismissed, especially because of its wider application. These concerns stress the need for more intensive efforts to develop biological control methods, which have been proven to be effective under laboratory conditions, to see whether they can have.substantial application in an environment like the Gezira which is close to the ideal for the host snail and schistosome. 5.11 As more attention is being given to this disease and more knowledge acquired about it, the need to finely tune strategies to control the disease is essential to accommodate the particular sets of factors that influence disease transmission and control (e.g. population density, water volume, propagating capacity and habit of snail hosts, living standards, prevalence, intensity and types of infection and availability of resources). VI. Program Implementation 6.01 Programs aimed at controlling or eradicating diseases such as malaria, smallpox and schistosomiasis have to be organized and implemented with precision and thoroughness if they are to meet with success. Staff have to be trained to carry out procedures meticulously. Delays in staff hiring or in the procurement of supplies will threaten the program. Likewise monitoring has to be carried out carefully not only to evaluate success, but also to allow immediate action to be taken to seal possible - 83 - Annex 3E breaches in the program. This is particularly the case with schistosomiasis control since the vagaries both of the snail and schistosome are quite unusual. 6.02 Focal mollusciciding , mass chemotherapy and follow-up chemotherapy will be implemented on a phased basis, starting at the northern border of the scheme and moving south and then west to cover the scheme in progressively larger swaths each year. Because of funding constraints, aggravated by the rising cost of the molluscicide, the component will commence in the second year of the project and run for four years (i.e. until the end of the project). During this period, approximately 70% of the area of the scheme will be covered by focal mollusciciding and approximately 70% of the population will have received chemotherapy. VII. Implementation Schedule 7.01 The implementation schedule which forms the basis for the estimation of staff, drug, chemical, transportation and supply requirements is based on the following schedule for focal mollusciciding and chemotherapy. 7.02 Focal Mollusciciding will be implemented on a phased basis. Each area that is covered will continue to be covered in subsequent years as set out in the table below: Schedule for Incremental and Cumulative Focal Mollusciciding Coverage of Scheme Expressed as a Percentage of Total Area of Scheme by Year of Project Year of Project 2 3 4 5 Incremental Coverage 9 11 16 32 (% total area of scheme) Cumulative Coverage 9 20 36 68 (% total area of scheme) 7.03 Chemotherapy - Intervention is based on dividing of the population into two groups (para. 1.04): core villages (including unregistered villages and seasonal laborers) where schistosomiasis prevalence and transmission are high; and road villages and towns where prevalence and transmission are substantially less, 7.04 Core Population - Mass Chemotherapy will be provided on the same phased basis as the incremental coverage for focal mollusciciding, i.e., 9% will receive mass chemotherapy in the second year of the project; 11% in the third; 16% in the fourth; and 32% in the fifth (see Table in para. 7.06). 7.05 Core Population - Follow-up Chemotherapy will start for each group of the core population the year after it has.received mass chemotherapy and will continue in subsequent years. It will be provided as follows: All school children - annual diagnostic screening and treatment of those who are positive (active case detection and treatment); Annex 3E and, on a year round basis, diagnostic screening of the remainder of the population, who report to health facilities in the area with symptoms that are suggestive of schistosomiasis, and the treatment of those who are positive (passive case detection and treatment). 7.06 The following table sets out the schedule for mass chemotherapy and follow-up chemotherapy for the core population: Percentage of Core Population to be Covered by Mass Chemotherapy by Year and Percentage to be Covered by Follow-up Chemotherapy on an Incremental and Cumulative Basis by Year of Project Year of Project 2 3 4 5 Mass Chemotherapy 9 11 16 32 Follow-up Chemotherapy Incremental 9 11 16 Cumulative 20 36 7.07 Roadside Village and Town Population - Chemotherapy - Because of the lower prevalence in this group, chemotherapy, from the start, will be on the basis of annual active case detection and treatment of school children and passive case detection and treatment of the remainder of the eligible roadside village and town population on a year round basis. The chemotherapy protocol for the roadside village and town population will be phased to commence at the same time as mass chemotherapy is started for that portion of the core population with which it is contiguous. In year 1 of the project, 24,000 of the population of the road villages and towns will be covered. In succeeding years, additional numbers in this population group will be added as follows: year 3 - 30,000; year 4 - 190,000; year 5 - 40,000. A total of 284,000 road village and town population will be eligible to receive chemotherapy if they are suffering from the disease. The large increase in year 4 is because of the inclusion of the population in the town of Wad Medani in that year. VIII. Incremental Staff, Chemical, Drug, Transportation and Other Requirements Staff 8.01 Focal Mollusciciding - Eleven mobile teams are required to cover 70% of the area of the scheme in addition to the two teams already in place. Each team consists of 1 leader and 3 spraymen (each team can cover 4,500 hectares or 5% of irrigated area). This staff will be recruited from the 200 snailmen on the payroll who are presently redundant. The only additional requirement for each of the nine teams to be added is a driver. The number required by year is set out in the attached Schedule. This staff will need to be full-time, for once focal mollusciciding is started in each area, it will have to be applied on a continuing basis (along with follow-up chemotherapy) to prevent transmission rates from rising. 8.02 Mass Chemotherapy - The mass chemotherapy program starts with the mobile Community Participation Team (CPT) visiting villages to seek the cooperation of residents to assist with the mass chemotherapy program. The - 85 - Annex 3E CPT provides education information about the disease and, through the formation of Village Health Committees (VHCs), the village itself assists the mobile Mass Chemotherapy Team (MCT) in the registration of the residents of the village and with the administration of mass chemotherapy. 8.03 Presently, there is budgetary provision for two CPT and two MCT teams. One additional CPT team and MCT team will be required by year 4 since each mobile team's capacity is 200,000 to 250,000 core population per year. The CPT team composition is 1 senior community development officer; 2 community participation workers; 1 driver; and, from SGB, 2 social workers and one projectionist. The MCT team composition consists of 4 nurses; 4 sanitary overseers; 4 statistical clerks; 1 driver and 4 volunteer messengers. Requirement for CPT and MCT teams are included in the attached Schedule. 8.04 Follow-up Chemotherapy - Approximately 220 microscopists will be required (1/10,000 population). Budgeted positions already exist for 60. Additional requirements by year are set out in Schedule I. Provision has also to be made for salaries and allowances for 3 month training courses for these microscopists. Training resources are available to accommodate their training. 8.05 Epidemiologist - An additional epidemiologist should be recruited during the second year to assist in the management of the mass chemotherapy, follow-up treatment and focal mollusciciding to ensure the operation runs effectively and to ensure data is adequately recorded and analyzed for evaluation and monitoring and to assist with in-service education. Chemicals 8.06 Focal Mollusciciding - the quantity of niclosamide wettable powder 70% strength (WP 70) has been calculated on the basis of requirements for the entire irrigation system as follows: for the first and second years of application - 54 metric tons, gradually falling in subsequent years of application to 49, 45, 43 (and continuing at 40 per year indefinitely thereafter). This is based on the assumption that as the environmental upgrading of the canal system progresses, the intervals between application of niclosamide could be increased gradually, on average, from four weeks to six weeks. 8.07 Molluscicide requirement is therefore estimated as follows: REQUIREMENTS NICLOSAMIDE POWDER WP 70 Metric tons Project Years % Coverage 2 3 4 5 6 9 4.86 4.86 4.41 4.05 3.87 11 ---- 5.94 5.39 4.95 4.73 16 ---- ---- 7.84 7.20 6.88 32 ---- ---- ---- 14.40 13.76 68 Total 4.86 10.80 17.64 30.60 29.24 Annex 3E -86 - 8.08 Niclosamide will be purchased in quantities to ensure a sufficient stock is on hand to cover the following year's requirements for that portion of the scheme already being molluscicided. The procurement requirements of Niclosamide are set out in the attached Schedule. Chemotherapy 8.09 Mass Chemotherapy and Follow-up - the population of core villages will be offered mass chemotherapy in the initial year in which they are covered. It is estimated that 90% of the eligible population (all population excluding children under 6 years, pregnant women and women breast-feeding babies who are under 7 months) will comply. Since the eligible population comprise 79% of the core population, 71% of the core population will receive one treatment. In the subsequent maintenance phase, the population in the core villages will be offered a combination of active screening and chemotherapy of all school children and passive screening and chemotherapy of the remainder of the eligible population. It is estimated that this will generate an annual requirement of one treatment of chemotherapy for 11% of the population which is on follow-up chemotherapy. 8.10 Road villages and towns will be offered the maintenance phase strategy described previously (which is the same protocol as the follow-up chemotherapy in core villages). It is estimated that one dose of chemotherapy will be required for 10% of the road villages and town population covered by chemotherapy in its first year of coverage, 7.5% in the second year, and 5% in the third and fourth years. 8.11 The average treatment is estimated at 2.75 tablets of praziquantel per person. (40mg/kg body weight. Average weight 40 kg. Tablet contains 600 mg praziquantel). 8.12 The scheduled requirement for praziquantel tablets estimated on the basis of the phasing assumptions referred to above, is presented in the tables below: Core Population (see paras. 7.06, 8.09 and 8.11) Requirements for Praziquantel Tablets by Project Year for Mass Chemotherapy and Follow-up Chemotherapy in the Core Village Population - Tablets in '000s Project Years Population covered 2 3 4 5 6 200,000 391 61 61 61 61 250,000 --- 488 76 76 76 350,000 --- --- 683 106 106 700,000 --- --- --- 1,367 212 1,500,000 391 549 820 1,610 455 Annex 3E - 87 - Road Villages and Towns (see paras. 7.07, 8.10 and 8.11) Requirements for Praziquantel Tablets by Project Year for Chemotherapy in Road Villages and Towns - Tablets in '000s Project Years Population covered 2 3 4 5 6 24,000 7 5 3 3 3 30,000 - 8 6 4 4 190,000 - - 52 39 26 40,000 - - - 11 8 284,000 7 13 61 57 41 Note: The population figures used are based on projections provided by BNHP for 1981 under the assumption that the town of Wad Medani would grow at 6% per year and the rest of the population at 2.8%, for an average of annual growth rate of 3% which is the projected average annual growth rate for northern Sudan. The population figures used were those projected for 1986 which is the mid-point in the project. 8.13 In order to have stocks on hand as protection against delivery delays, procurement in each year should equal the requirement for mass chemotherapy and initial therapy for the segments in the core and road villages and towns population groups respectively which will commence chemotherapy in that year plus the requirements for the following year for the segments of both population groups which will be in their second or subsequent year of follow-up chemotherapy. The procurement requirements by year are set out in the attached Schedule. Transportation Requirements 8.14 Focal Mollusciciding - Transport requirements are already provided for 2 teams. The attached schedule sets out by year when the additional 12 vehicles will be'required. 8.15 Mass Chemotherapy - Each CPT and MCT can cover up to 250,000 population per year. Presently, there are 2 CPT and 2 MCT teams. The second MCT team requires transportation in year 3. Each additional CPT and MCT to be added in year five will require an additional vehicle. These requirements are set out in the attached Schedule. Supplies 8.16 Mass Chemotherapy - Registration and record books and weighing scales will be required as set out in the attached Schedule. 8.17 Follow-up Chemotherapy - The only additional requirements other than praziquantel tablets are microscope slides and related supplies as set out in the attached Schedule. - 88 - Annex 3E 8.18 Support Services - Additional support services will be required to handle large inventories of chemicals. Also additional costs will be incurred in vehicle maintenance. An allowance for these support services has been made based on 10% of the direct operating costs of the field personnel in year 2 of the project. This has been escalated as set out in the attached Schedule, as support service requirements increase. 8.19 Facility Requirements - No additional facilities will be required. Mass chemotherapy and focal mollusciciding are field operations. Follow-up chemotherapy will be provided out of existing fixed health facilities by existing staff with space and furniture already available for the microscopists required. SGB has made available to BNHP adequate space in its modern storage facilities for chemicals, drugs and other supplies. 8.20 Procurement Procedures - The procedure for procuring vehicles and fuel will follow standard guidelines under the GRP. For chemicals, chemotherapy and related supplies, requests will be channelled by BNHP through the Project Rehabilitation Management Unit to WHO and through them to the manufacturers. BNHP's existing staff will maintain a separate project account. IX. Innovative Activities 9.01 $80,000 (1983/84 prices) has been set aside for innovative activities to accommodate special studies that may arise in the course of implementation. This will include assistance for studies to define in more precise terms the natural history of schistosomiasis and the implications resulting from this disease to be undertaken by BNHP in collaboration with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Gezira and SGB. Disbursement funds for innovative activities will be conditional on the Association agreeing to their content and design. X. Environmental Risks 10.01 Niclosamide which is being used as the molluscicide in the program is regarded as the superior to and has replaced other chemicals that were used formerly since it is less toxic and is effective in smaller concentrations. Also, since it is rapidly biodegradable, it does not accumulate in the environment. It is non-toxic to humans in the concentrations used, if treated waters are accidentally drunk. It is also non-toxic to livestock even if consumed in the concentrations used for mollusciciding over a prolonged period. Crops are not harmed with the concentration used. All mollusciciding agents that have been developed and used -so far disturb the biological equilibrium in the waters to which they are applied. Fish are killed by niclosamide, though this effect will only apply at the sites where it is applied. In contrast to copper sulphate, which has been used in the Gezira over many years as a molluscicide, disturbance to the biological equilibrium caused by niclosamide is restored within a month. Frogs and toads are also susceptible to niclosamide. Water insects and their larvae are immune even at high concentrations. Annex 3E - 89 - 10.02 The environmental effects of niclosamide are quite insignificant compared to the harmful effects caused by agricultural insecticides. XI. Economic and Social Benefits 11.01 An appraisal of the net economic and social benefits of the component in a formal cost benefit analysis has not been carried out. However, morbidity and premature deaths due to the high prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in the Gezira-Managil scheme is substantial and thought to be as severe, if not more severe, than other heavily infested areas elsewhere. The intervention is expected to result in substantial reduction in prevalence and intensity of infestation and, accordingly, improve the health status of the population. Since the prevalence and intensity of infestation has been shown to be particularly high in farmers and farm laborers improvement in health status should result in increased productivity. The effects of schistosomiasis on labor supply and productivity will be examined further in a detailed study of time allocation and production in 300 farm households during the agricultural year June 1983 to May 1984. This survey, which is not part of GRP, will be financed by WHO and will be carried out by BNHP in collaboration with SGB and the University of Gezira. XII. Monitoring and Evaluation 12.01 Meticulous record-keeping of the focal mollusciciding and chemotherapy operations is essential with prompt analysis to monitor progress and allow necessary alterations in tactics to be adopted promptly and to permit periodic strategy reviews. Monitoring and evaluation should also include cost analysis and logs should be kept of all staff time provided by various agencies. The analysis of program performance and costs will form the basis for preparation of yearly work programs and of a mid-term review to be carried out in 1986. Staff for this purpose is adequate, given the technical support that is being provided by USAID in the form of a senior expatriate biostatistician, to support the BNHP director of research and training along with the provision of a mini-computer and training allowances and other related services. The additional epidemiologist will strengthen technical supervision of field operations and assist in strengthening in-service educational activities, all of which will improve monitoring standards. XIII. Annual Work Program and Mid-Term Review 13.01 The schistosomiasis component will be subject to annual work program reviews (AWP) which will include (i) a review of progress in the current year, (ii) a detailed description of the work to be performed in the forthcoming year, including objectives, deployment of equipment and staff, (iii) requirements of additional staff, equipment and fuel, (iv) a budget, and (v) a financial plan including foreign and local currency needs and subventions required from GOS. The AWP will be submitted to GOS by April 1 and IDA by May 1 for acceptance, to cover the ensueing fiscal year. 13.02 A detailed mid-term Review will be conducted jointly by GOS and IDA. Annex 3E - 90 - XIV. Cost Control 14.01 BNHP will maintain a separate project account. This will also include the maintenance of logs to record the time allocated in the project by agencies other than BNHP (e.g. Central Regional Ministry of Health, MOH, SBG). XV. Project Costs 15.01 Base costs of the component by project year expressed in Sudanese pounds (1983/84 prices) are as follow: Project Year ESD 000s (US$000s) 1 2 3 4 5 Total Foreign - 790.3 1,180.5 1,848.7 3,421.7 7,241.2 (607.9) (908.1)(1,422.1)(2,632.1)(5,570.2) Local - 24.5 75.8 133.9 331.3 565.5 (18.8) (58.3) (103.0) (254.9) (435.0) Total - 814.8 1,256.3 1,982.6 3,753.0 7,806.7 (626.7) (966.4)(2,525.1)(2,887.0)(6,005.2) XVI. Future Capital and Incremental Costs 16.01 The base costs in the year following the project for the extension of the control program to encompass the entire area (1983/84 prices) would be: ESDOOOs (US$000s) Foreign 3,976.4 (3,058.8) Local 356.5 ( 274.2) Total 4,332.9 (3,333.0) 16.02 Additional costs, following the extension of the control program to the whole area is estimated to average (1983/84 prices) for the next several years: ESDOOOs (US$000s) Foreign 1,645.4 (1,265.7) Local 200.3 ( 154.1) Total 1,845.7 (1,419.8) This is equal to ESDO.65 per capita (US$0.50) of the total population in the Gezira-Managil area. 16.03 Additional costs that will be incurred for coverage to be maintained for 70% of the scheme (excluding extensions) would average ESD1,292,000 per year (US$994,000) and ESDO.46 per capita (US$0.32) for the total population in the Gezira-Managil area. - 91 - Annex 3E Schedule - Schistosomiasis Control Program - GRP Additional Requirements Staff, Chemicals, Drugs, Transportation and Supplies QUANTITIES Staff Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Focal Mollusciciding Drivers - 1 1 5 12 Mass Chemotherapy Community Participation Team - - - - 1 team Mass Chemoteraphy Team - - - 1 team Follow-up Chemotherapy Microscopists - - - 10 55 Epidemiologist - - 0.5 1 1 Chemicals Focal Mollusciciding Niclosamide WP70 (metric tons) - 10 16 24 44 Mass Chemotherapy Praziquantel 1000 tablets - 391 488 683 1,367 Follow-up Chemotherapy Praziquantel 1000 tablets - 73 154 341 507 Transportation Focal Mollusciciding 4 WD diesel pick-up and spares - - 1 4 7 Diesel fuel gallons - - 1,000 5,000 12,000 Mass Chemotherapy 4 WD station wagons and spares - - 1 - 2 Diesel fuel gallons - - 1,300 1,300 3,900 Supplies Mass Chemotherapy Supplies (units of $88.) - 1 1.5 2 3 Scales - - 4 - 8 Follow-up Chemotherapy Microscope slides 000s. - 20 65 125 230 Supplies (units of $44.) - 10 32 62 115 Centrifuges - 20 25 35 70 Scales - 20 25 35 90 Support Services (units of Es6,850) - 1 1 2 3 Innovative Activities (units of $913) - 12.5 25 25 25 Training (Places) - - - 20 20 - 92 - Annex 3F SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Component I. Background 1.01 Relative to rural Sudan as a whole, the village in the Gezira are numerically well provided with water supply and sanitation systems. About 60% of the 1,900 villages have water supplies. Between 30 and 35% of the village households have a latrine, which is thought to be a higher proportion than is commonly found in the rural areas of the Sudan. Unfortunately, this situation has not resulted in improved health. In fact, the water-borne and water-related disease situation appears to be worse than in most other areas of the Sudan, with the prevalence of schistosomiasis approaching 100% in children, malaria being hyperendemic and diarrheal diseases at least as bad as found in less developed areas of the country. 1.02 The reasons for this situation include: the lack of knowledge of preventive health practices combined with readily accessible, poor quality irrigation canal waters; the failure to match improvements in water supply with improvements in environmental sanitation; the failure to expand systems at a rate comparable to village growth rates; and the inability to maintain the water systems sufficiently to provide reliable and safe service. 1.03 The water supply and sanitation component of the GRP together with the components for health, water management and canal and drainage maintenance in conjunction with the disease control, health education and community participation activities of the Blue Nile Health Project (BNHP) are intended to substantially improve living conditions in the Gezira by strengthening and formalizing the operation and maintenance of water systems,' by rehabilitating water systems which have deteriorated, by expanding coverage to encompass a greater portion of the population, by subsidizing the construction of household latrines, and by promoting preventive health measures aimed at improving hygiene and sanitation. II. Situation Analysis 2.01 Infrastructure. The Gezira Provincial Office of the Central Region Rural Water Administration (RWA) under the Central Region Ministry of Housing, Construction and Public Utilities is now the primary agency for the development and maintenance of rural water supplies in the Gezira. The Gezira RWA, with a staff of about 380 persons, has units for groundwater. investigations, water well drilling, water well system erection, surface water investigations, hafir construction and water system maintenance. It has a central office, store and workshop in Wad Medani and 4 maintenance centers and 2 maintenance sub-centers in the Province. Its operating and development budgets come from the Central Region Government through the Regional Ministry of Housing, Construction and Public Utilities. Annex 3F - 93 - 2.02 In spite of the professional and skilled manpower shortages which affect most agencies in the Sudan, the RWA is fairly well staffed for groundwater development, water well system erection and water well system maintenance. However, it does not have any personnel with either experience or training in the areas of water treatment or water quality testing and assurance. Like other agencies in the Sudan, it experiences continuing difficulties with financing planned activities and developing the necessary physical infrastructure to put the plans into effect. 2.03 The RWA is closely supported by the National Administration for Water (NAW), ofwhich it was a part prior to decentralization in 1980. The NAW provides support services such as the provision of professional personnel, technical advice, procurement, logistics and mechanical repairs to heavy equipment. The NAW has been for many years the primary agency in the country for the development of rural water supplies. With decentralization, its direct responsibilitY for these activities has been delegated to the Regional Governments, but it remains indirectly responsible. The NAW (formerly the Rural Water Corporation) is fairly well staffed in the areas of groundwater development, surface water investigation, hafir (man-made rainwater holding ponds) construction, water quality testing, mechanical maintenance, purchasing and procurement. The NAW has been involved in water treatment, but in recent years has lost most of its key personnel in this area. 2.04 The Sudan Gezira Board developed and, until recently, operated and maintained about half of the village water supplies in the Gezira. However, it has now turned over all of the water supply systems which do not directly supply SGB facilities to the Rural Councils. The SGB continues to develop, operate and maintain water supplies that serve its facilities. The SGB is also responsible for the provision of sanitary services to its facilities. 2.05 The Rural Councils are responsible for operating the village water supplies, but in practice have delegated most of the responsibilities for the systems to the RWA. They do, however, contribute a large part of the running costs of the systems and, as agents for the villagers, provide the main avenue for communicating villagers' needs to the appropriate agencies. The populations of the villages served by the water systems have no formal direct role in the development or operation of them. However, in practice it is usually the villagers who provide most of the fuel required to,run the pumps and the locally available spare parts to make minor repairs. 2.06 The Ministry of Health has overall responsibility for health education and sanitation activities in the rural areas. It has,however, traditionally concentrated on curative health services to the extent that even, major health facilities like hospitals and clinics lack adequate latrine facilities. In 1979 the Ministry of Health with the assistance of WHO established the Blue Nile Health Project which is aimed at control of the major diseases associated with irrigation in the agricultural communities along the Blue Nile river. Thus the BNHP has become the primary agency for health education and sanitation activities in the Gezira as well as having become closely involved with the RWA in its water supply activities. 94 - Annex 3F 2.07 The BNHP is well staffed and set up for its activities directed to the control of schistosomiasis and malaria. It has a limited capacity to assist the RWA in the areas of water treatment, water testing, low-cost. water systems and operator training, but has only recently initiated research activities in the areas of health education and environmental sanitation with the assistance of the World Food Programme. 2.08 Water Supply Facilities. There are about 1,145 village water supply systems in the Gezira serving about 75% of the registered villages and probably close to 90% of the rural population. These systems draw water from ground or surface sources, pump it,with or without treatment, to elevated storage reservoirs,and then distribute it through house connections, yard taps and public standposts. Most of these systems provide water of good quality, but are generally unreliable with frequent disruptions of service when the communities must return to the irrigation canals for their domestic water requirements. About 365 of the smaller, registered villages and the 420 unregistered villages or labor camps (pop. 50 to 500) have no water supply systems and must draw all of their domestic water from irrigation canals. The unregistered villages present a particular problem for, although many of them have existed for years and may be considered permanent, they are, strictly speaking, illegal. Their future is therefore uncertain. 2.09 Well Systems. About 1,020 of the village water supply systems have drilled wells as their source. The wells were constructed using cable tool or rotary drilling rigs and have diameters of 150 - 200 mm. They are for the most part relatively deep (106 m average) and tap water in the Nubian sandstone underlying the area. Their yields are fair, averaging around 250 to 300 liters per minute and the water quality, with the exception of parts of the western Managil area which has rather high salts, is good. Water is pumped from the wells using electric motor or diesel engine driven,top head drive pumps to elevated storage tanks (volume: 20,000 to 40,000 liters). It is distributed to the villages through pipes to yard taps and public standposts with some house connections. 2.10 The systems are generally staffed with a pump operator and a night watchman employed by the Rural Council for the area, but supervised by the RWA. When major maintenance is required, the operator reports this to the local RWA maintenance center which is supposed to make the necessary repairs. The operators are not closely supervised by the RWA and,as a result,tend to concentrate their efforts on only those parts of the system whose failure will stop the supply of water to the village (i.e., the pump and engine), resulting in complaints by the villagers. 2.11 The systems are not metered. Few records of breakdowns/shutdowns and-maintenance are kept. Therefore, it is not possible to determine accurately the percentage of systems out of service at any particular time or the average amount of time that systems are out of service. Nor is it possible to determine the quantity of water supplied while systems are operating. However, in order to develop a perspective, a situation survey. conducted in October 1978 found approximately 20% of the systems out of service at the time of the visit. In 1982, the RWA collected field Annex 3F - 95 - inspection reports on 811 of the systems and found that well over 30% of the systems required major maintenance which the RWA currently has neither the facilities nor the budget to handle. 2.12 Filter Systems. In the western Managil area of the Gezira, adequate groundwater sources are difficult to find. Because of this, about 125 village water systems in the area use irrigation canals for their sources. These systems, locally called filter systems, consist of inlets located in minor canals, plain sedimentation basins, slow sand filters with clear water tanks, pumping from the clear water tanks to elevated storage tanks and distribution by gravity through pipe lines to yard taps and public standposts with some house connections. No chlorination is provided. With the exception of the water treatment process, these systems are similar to the well systems described above, are operated by the same type of staff in the same manner and, as a consequence, have all of the same problems. Unlike the wells, the filter systems have severe water quality problems. 2.13 The slow sand filter treatment plants (filter systems) are (and have been for quite some time) providing a completely unacceptable qualitY of domestic water supply to the villages that they serve. The reasons for this include insufficient filter capacity, poor operator supervision and insufficient maintenance (see Table 1, Slow Sand Filter Treatment Plant Critique), but appear to be due primarily to three basic design parameters which are incompatible with local conditions. These are the method by which the filter must be cleaned, the control of the filter loading rate by pumping, and the reliance on plain sedimentation throughout the year. 2.14 The major portion of the filtration effect of a slow sand filter bed occurs in the upper few centimeters of the sand. To work effectively, the filter requires a minimum thickness of 25 to 30 cm of sand. However, in order to extend the period of time between replacement of the sand, usually 1 meter of sand is provided. This allows the operator to periodically to remove or scrape the clogged surface layer of sand (usually about 25 mm at a time) without having to replace the entire sand bed. It is likely that this scraping operation would be required once every month or two during the dry season and perhaps as frequently as pnce or twice a week during the wet season, even with improved sedimentation. 2.15 As the existing slow sand filters are designed and constructed, the only discharge pipe from the filter underdrain discharges into the clear water tank at a level approximately 60 cm above the maximum level of -the sand filter bed. With this plumbing arrangement, it is not possible for the operator to reduce or lower the water level in the filter to a point below the sand surface which would allow the filter to be scraped. Apparently the intention of this design was to prevent the operator from running the filter with too little head over the filter bed. Scraping was to be done by a mobile maintenance crew equipped with a portable dewatering pump. Given the logistical and transportation difficulties in the area, particularly during the rainy season when most of the scraping is required, scraping of the village slow sand filters never became a regular event and, in recent years, has become an extremely rare occurrence. Since it is unlikely that the RWA maintenance centers will ever have the capacity regularly to perform the scraping of all the slow sand filters (probably Annex 3F - 96 - something over 3,000 individual scrapings each year are required at present), the slow sand filters need to be modified to allow scraping to be done by the system operators. 2.16 As designed and constructed, the flow rate through the slow sand filters is controlled by the pumping rate. While a valve is provided in the discharge pipe from the filter underdrain to the clear water tank, there is no means by which the operator can conveniently determine what the flow rate through this line is and, consequently, the valve is never used. This system creates both mechanical and operational difficulties. Since the pump is designed to operate at the filter rate, it is supposed to run continuously during filter operation. This naturally results in long hours of pump/engine operation, generally in the heat of the day, causing short engine life. In practice, the operators run the pumps/engines for a couple of hours and then let them rest and cool for an hour or so. This causes the sand filter to be subjected to a continuously fluctuating loading rate which decreases the efficiency of the filter and shortens the time between filter bed scrapings. 2.17 Villages Without Water Supplies. There are about 365 registered villages and some 420 unregistered or illegal villages in Gezira which do not have water supply systems. A few of these villages in the eastern Gezira near the Blue Nile have open, shallow dug wells, but the vast majority of them must obtain all of their domestic water requirements from the highly polluted irrigation canals. These villages are small with populations seldom exceeding 500 persons and, especially the unregistered villages, financially poor. Although in the case of the unregistered villages there are complicating legal problems, it appears that the primary- reason these villages, both registered and unregistered, lack water supply systems is financial. The two standard, traditional types of systems,well and filter, were designed to serve village populations in the range of 1,000 to 3,000 persons and have basic development costs of around Ls 50,000 regardless of the population they are intended to serve. This means that it costs something on the order of 4 to 40 times as much per person to provide these systems to the small villages as it does for the larger ones for which they were intended. 2.18 Under and in association with the BNHP, two low-cost alternatives to the traditional water supply systems are being developed in an attempt to serve the small villages. One consists of a small filter box placed in an irrigation canal and connected to a hand pump on the bank of the canal which is used to draw water through the filter box to a standpost on the canal bank. The other consists of a small, more conventional slow sand filter system built into the bank of the canal and using hand pumps to extract water from the filter. While these systems are interesting and bear promise, they will both require a great deal of user awareness and involvement to function properly for any extended period of time. They will also require a new and extensive organization to put them into place. For these reasons, it appears that they are not, at present, a viable alternative for implementation under the project. Annex 3F - 97 - 2.19 Maintenance Centers. The RWA has 4 maintenance centers and 2 maintenance sub-centers to supervise and support the 1,145 water systems in the Gezira. With the exception of the main center in Wad Medani which was recently constructed and equipped with Yugoslavian assistance,they consist mostly of personnel. The maintenance center at Managil has, for instance, a staff of 22 including 8 professional and skilled persons to cover 203 well systems and 115 filter systems, but a practically no tools and field workshops. It is not surprising that the maintenance centers are hard pressed to repair system failures and seldom manage to perform preventive maintenance or operator supervision. 2.20 The organization and funding for the operation and maintenance of the village water supply systems are poorly. defined and haphazard. The operators are largely unsupervised, the RWA maintenance teams respond to system failures rather than prevent them, and the villagers complain to whomever will listen about the poor service they receive. Funding comes from many sources. The communities pay for most of the fuel required to run the pump engine, the Rural Council pays the salaries and allowances of the system operators and watchmen, the RWA pays for the costs of the maintenance teams, and any agency or individual who happens to be involved and has the money pays for spare parts required to put a failed system back into service. Due to the multiple sources of funding and the lack of central record keeping, it is impossible to determine how much is currently being spent on operation and maintenance, but it is likely in excess of L Sd. 3.0 million per year. This informal system of operation and maintenance is unsatisfactory, and has contributed greatly to the poor level of water supply service currently provided. 2.21 Sanitation Facilities. Little information on the quantity or quality of sanitation facilities in the villages of the Gezira is available. Surveys conducted by the BNHP in the northeastern Gezira indicate that around 30 to 35% of the households have some type of latrine (excluding improvised bucket latrines which are considered unacceptable for local environmental and cultural conditions). Information on how and why they were built and who uses them is not available, but it appears that they were constructed primarily as a convenience associated with improved housing and not as an effort to improve health. 2.22 In the Gezira the rural population lives in relatively dense villages surrounded by fields with very little bush in the vicinity. Few villages are more than 0.75 km from an irrigation canal which offers several attractions for defecation. The canal provides privacy because of its protective embankments which are frequently weedy. It contains water for ablutions and it carries the excreta out of sight. Because of these attractions and the lack of health education, the irrigation canal is the preferred and most commonly used place for defecation in the Gezira and, as a consequence, is the main vector route for the transmission of water-borne diseases. - 98 -Annex 3F 2.23 The BNHP has recently initiated activities to develop standards for latrines suitable for and acceptable to the rural people in the Gezira and is concurrently developing methods for combining health education and community participation with latrine construction programmes. While these activities have not yet reached a point where the results can be anticipated, it is assumed that methods and standards will be available prior to initiation of the project. III. The Project 3.01 The water supply and sanitation component of the GRP will contribute to the overall project goals by improving the living conditions and health situation of the rural population of the Gezira, thereby increasing their ability to participate in economic and social activities and reducing their requirements for curative health services. 3.02 Specifically, the water supply and sanitation component will: (i) Improve maintenance of existing water supply systems by constructing and equipping 4 new work-shops at existing RWA maintenance centers, providing vehicles and tools to maintenance teams, providing spare parts for water supply system equipment, and establishing water quality testing and assurance. (ii) Rehabilitate 100 slow sand filter water treatment plants in the Managil area by expanding their capacity to match population growth and remodeling them to simplify operation and maintenance. (iii) Construct 60. water supply systems using existing but currently unused wells to extend water service to 60 additional large, registered villages. (iv) Drill 105 high-yield wells in large, registered villages currently not served with water supplies and construct water supply systems for them. (v) Drill 145 low-yield wells in unregistered and small registered villages and provide them with hand pumps. (vi) Establish 4 latrine slab construction units at RWA maintenance centers and provide them with tools and supplies to manufacture 50,000 latrine slabs. (vii) Train 410 water system operators in the correct use and purpose of the systems for which they are responsible and in latrine construction and use. 3.03 Administration. The water supply and sanitation component of the GRP shall be directed, controlled and administered by the Water Supply and Sanitation Steering Committee established under the GRP Programme Management Unit, and composed of the following members: - 99 - Annex 3F Chairman - Director, GRP Management Unit Secretary - Executive Manager (IDWSSD Activities), National Administration for Water. Members - Director, Central Region Rural Water Admin. - Manager, Blue Nile Health Project - A representative of the Gezira Rural Councils - Gezira Regional Manager, Central Region Rural Water Admin. - Sanitary Engineer, Blue Nile Health Project - Health Education Officer, Blue Nile Health Project 3.04 The Water Supply and Sanitation Steering Committee shall review the quarterly progress reports and work plans of the implementing agencies. The Steering Committee shall evaluate progress and plans in order to: approve and process requests for disbursement of project funds; identify and eliminate implementation bottlenecks; ensure that the implementing agencies are progressing in a coordinated manner; and to determine that the water supply and sanitation project is achieving its intended goal of improving health and living conditions in the most cost effective manner. 3.05 Implementing Agencies. The Gezira Regional Office of the Central Region Rural Water Administration, withthe assistance of the National Administration for Water and in collaboration with the Blue Nile Health Project, will be the lead agency responsible for planning and implementing the water supply activities under the supervision of.the Water Supply and Sanitation Steering Committee. Specifically, the Gezira Regional Office of the Central Region RWA shall be responsible for: (i) Building up the water system maintenance facilities and organization. (ii) Rehabilitating the slow sand filter treatment plants. (iii) Constructing water supply systems using existing wells. (iv) Drilling high yield wells and constructing water supply systems, using them in large villages. (v) Drilling low yield wells and installing hand pumps in them in small villages. (vi) Manufacturing latrine slabs as designed by the Blue Nile Health Project for distribution to village households. (vii) Training water system personnel in the technical aspects of their jobs. Annex 3F - 100 - (viii) Preparing and submitting annual work plans and budgets to the Steering Committee for their approval and processing. (ix) Preparing and submitting quarterly progress reports to the Steering Committee for their review. (x) Revising plans and activities as directed by the Steering Committee. (xi) Preparing specifications for supplies, equipment and construction contracts for LCB and ICB. (xii) Administering construction contracts and supervising contractual construction activities. 3.06 The Blue Nile Health Project with the assistance of the Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization, and in collaboration with the Rural Water Administration and the National Administration for Water, shall be the lead agency responsible for planning and implementing the sanitation activities under the supervision of the Water Supply and Sanitation Steering Committee. Specifically, the Blue Nile Health Project shall be responsible for: (i) Assisting the villages in which water supply activities are planned in organizing and implementing latrine construction programmes. (ii) Organizing and providing preventive health education services to the, village populations. (iii) Providing training in preventive health practices and low cost sanitary facilities to water system and public health personnel. (iv) Conducting surveys and studies, both baseline and follow-up, as required to monitor and evaluate the various project activities' impact on the health and living conditions of the village populations and reporting on these surveys and studies to the Steering Committee. (v) Assisting the RWA in the establishment of a water quality monitoring and assurance programme. (vi) Preparing and submitting annual workplans and budgets to the Steering Committee for their approval and processing. (vii) Preparing and submitting quarterly progress reports to the Steering Committee for their review. (viii) Revising plans and activities as directed by the Steering Committee. - 101 - Annex 3F 3.07 The National Administration for Water shall assist the two lead agencies in their project activities by: (i) Providing technical personnel and equipment as required by the project activities and unavailable locally to the lead agencies, particularly in the areas of slow sand filter water treatment, water well drilling and water quality testing. (ii) Assisting the lead agencies in the preparation of equipment specifications and contract documents. (iii) Undertaking procurement for the lead agencies as directed by the Steering Committee and in conformance with the requirements of the Procurement Section of the RPMU. 3.08 The Rural Councils of Gezira Province shall assist the two lead agencies in their project activities by: (i) Providing inventories of the villages in their areas, both registered and unregistered, including statistics for population, type and condition of water supply facilities, number of households without adequate latrine facilities and number and names of organizations in the villages which could participate in project activities. (ii) Assisting the lead agencies in formulating and implementing programmes of community participation in relation to the project activities. (iii) Soliciting formal requests from villages which wish to participate in both the water supply and sanitation activities of the project. 3.09 Village Selection. On the basis of formal.requests received from the villages and transmitted through the Rural Councils, the Water Supply and Sanitation Steering Committee with the advice of the two lead agencies shall prepare a prioritized list of villages in which project activities are to be initiated. Priorities shall be determined on the basis of: need; willingness of the village communities to participate in both the water supply and sanitation activities; availability of village level organizations (formal or informal) willing and able to serve as a channel for community participation and health education activities; and an assessment of the ability of the villages to maintain the facilities provided. 3.10 The Blue Nile Health Project and the Gezira Regional Office of the RWA will, in close consultation, prepare implementation plans and schedules based on the priortized list of villages, but adjusted to allow for logistical constraints imposed by geographic locations of the work sites and submit them to the Steering Committee for final approval. 3.11 Water System Maintenance. The RWA shall construct or have constructed four 800 sq. meter mechanical workshops at its maintenance centers in Hasaheisa, Kamlin, El Hosh and Managil. These four workshops Annex 3F - 102 - shall be equipped with tools, equipment and spare parts for the maintenance and repair of water system pumps, engines, valves, taps and related equipment. They shall include provisions for the storage of spare parts, cement and, in the case of Managil, water treatment chemicals (i.e., bleaching powder andalum). They shall also include provisions for a small water testing laboratory equipped to perform total coliform bacteria tests by the filter membrane method. 3.12 Each of the new workshops will be provided with a 5-ton lorry and a half ton light utility vehicle to replace the existing, unreliable vehicles. These vehicles will be used by the maintenance centers' mobile maintenance teams for inspections of and field repairs to water supply systems. An additional 5-ton lorry and 1-ton light utility vehicle will be provided to the Managil maintenance center for use by the newly created filter system maintenance team. 3.13 With the expansion of maintenance facilities and the improvement in transportation, the maintenance teams will attempt to shift the emphasis of their activities from responding to system failures to preventing system failures, increasing water supply system efficiency, and monitoring water supply system operational and material requirements. However, given the limited man-power available to the maintenance teams and the continuing difficulties with transport caused by regular fuel rationing and shortages, it is unlikely that an efficient preventive maintenance programme can be maintained. Therefore, the maintenance centers will concentrate on monitoring water supply systems to the maximum extent possible in order to improve the efficiency of water system operation and thereby minimize system failures. 3.14 The maintenance center at Managil which has recently assumed responsibility for the maintenance of a large number of Slow sand filter water treatment plants (approximately 112), most of which will be rehabilitated under the project, will make provisions for procurement and storage of water treatment chemicals (i.e., bleachlng powder and alum). As the filter systems are rehabilitated, the maintenance center shall arrange to distribute the chemicals to them on a regular basis. 3.15 The maintenance centers shall maintain up-to-date records of all maintenance activities carried out at each water supply system by both the mobile maintenance teams and the water system operators. These records shall include quantities and types of spare parts and materials required, where the parts were obtained, how long the maintenance took, and how long the system was out of service. This information will be used to monitor the level of water service provided in general, while the information on spare parts required will be used to develop reliable inventories and quantities of spare parts that should be maintained at the maintenance centers. 3.16 Filter System Rehabilitation. The RWA will rehabilitate up to 100 of the slow sand filter water treatment plants in the Managil area. As discussed in the Situation Analysis, these filter systems suffer from a number of problems and deficiencies. In particular, they generally have insufficient capacitY to serve the current populations; the method of plain sedimentation provided is unsuitable for the rainy season canal water - 103 - Annex 3F quality; and the systems have been designed and constructed in a manner which makes good standards of operation and maintenance extremely difficult to achieve. A list of the major problems and deficiencies together with their consequences and possible remedies is presented in Table 1., Slow Sand Filter Treatment Plant Critique. 3.17 Prior to the implementation of project activities, the RWA with the assistance of the NAW, the BNHP and consultants as required will conduct an inventory of all of the village slow sand filter water treatment plants in the Managil area including information on the size and condition of structures; the capacity and condition of mechanical' equipment; the extent and condition of the distribution system; the qualifications of the operating staff; the population and growth trends of the village served; the availability of land area for expansion of the facilities; and the potential alternative sources, groundwater in particular. Using this information, the RWA will prepare standard plans and equipment specifications for the rehabilitation activities, probably including re-plumbing of the filters; conversion of the existing sedimentation tanks to filter tanks; construction of long detention time, earthen sedimentation ponds; replacement of existing pumping sets with higher capacity units; the addition of chemical dosing devices; and the addition of a latrine for the facility which will serve as a model for village household latrines. RWA, with the assistance from NAW will prepare specificans and tends documents for the work and supervise its implementation. 3.18 After each slow sand filter treatment plant is rehabilitated, the RWA shall train or retrain the water system operator in the correct methods of operating and maintaining the facility, including chlorine and residual testing, probably through on-the-job training. In addition, the BNHP will train the operator in the techniques of latrine construction so that he may provide advice to the villagers. 3.19 Well System Construction. The RWA will construct up to 165 conventional piped water supply systems using groundwater sources in registered villages with populations of 500 or more persons. These systems will consist of deep drilled, high yield wells (about 30 of which are currently available and as many as 60 of which may be available by the time project activities are initiated), motor driven pumps, elevated storage and distribution through yard taps and public standposts. This is by far the most common type of water supply system in the Gezira and the RWA is both skilled and experienced in its construction. However, due to its relatively high construction and operational costs, it will not be provided to villages with populations of less than 500 persons. 3.20 If during the course of the project the Steering Committee determines that populations as small as 500 persons are too small to justify piped water supply systems, or if the number of registered villages with populations of 500 persons or more and the potential for high yield wells is found to be less than 165, this portion of the project will be reduced in size and the hand pump portion increased correspondingly. 3.21 Hand Pump Systems. The RWA will drill 145 low yield (min. = 12 1pm), low cost wells and equip them with sanitary concrete well seal platforms and deep weLl hand pumps in registered and unregistered villages - 104 - Annex 3F with populations of less than 500 persons. It is anticipated that these wells will have a 140 to 150 mm diameter and average about 45 to 50 meters deep. They may be constructed .using either cable-tool percussion rigs (the least expensive method) or light mud-rotary rigs (the most time efficient method) depending on the availability of drilling equipment. If the rotary method is used, it is likely that PVC screens and. casings may be utilized, thereby reducing the costs currently estimated. 3.22 Hand pumps will be provided on the basis of one pump for each 50 to 250 persons, with about 150 persons per pump being the ideal. Each hand pump shall be located such that it is closer to the majority of the houses it serves than any other permanent water source and shall not be located more than 500 meters from any household. In no case shall it be located closer than 20 meters to a canal or latrine nor in an area subject to irrigation or regular flooding. The deep well hand pumps shall be of the India Mark II Deep Well Hand Pump type which is being used successfully in several programmes in the Sudan and which the NAW is considering having manufactured locally. 3.23 The villages receiving hand pumps will provide a voluntary hand pump caretaker for each hand pump. The hand pump caretaker will be trained by the RWA in the maintenance and use of the deep well hand pump and shall be responsible for maintaining the above-ground parts of the hand pump, the hand pump platform, and shall be responsible for reporting below-ground maintenance requirements to the RWA maintenance center. 3.24 If the hand pump portion of the project proves successful, it may be expanded to include the currently poorly served fringe areas of the larger villages. Hand pumps in these areas would relieve the load on the piped water systems and provide a standby source of safe water during periods of fuel shortages or electrical power outages. 3.25 Health Education and Community Participation. The BNHP is currently investigating methods of involving village communities in health education and sanitation activities. Because BNHP has not yet determined which models or methods will be the most effective, it is not possible to detail the form that the health education and community participation activities will take. However, it is assumed that the activities will emphasize preventive health practices implementable by individual families with access to safe water sources, including elements of safe water use, improved hygiene and sanitary waste disposal. 3.26 Latrines. Because of the extremely poor environmental sanitation conditions prevailing in the Gezira and in order to maximize the impact of the project's heavy investment in the provision of safe water supplies, the project will provide up to 50,000 pit latrine slabs to households which undertake to excavate a pit of the correct dimensions. Depending on the methods of community participation developed and implemented by the BNHP and the Rural Councils, it may also be desirable to lend tools for latrine pit excavation to the communities participating in the project activities. 3.27 The latrine slabs will be manufactured according to designs developed by the BNHP at latrine slab manufacturing units established and equipped by the RWA at four of their maintenance centers. These units will - 105 - Annex 3F each consist of a foreman, two masons and three laborers. They will each be equipped with tools and equipment suitable for manufacturing up to ten latrine slabs per day. 3.28 Training. Under the project, up to 100 slow sand filter treatment plant operators, five slow sand filter maintenance personnel, 165 groundwater source piped water supply system operators and 145 hand pump caretakers will be trained in the technical aspects of their duties and in the more general sanitary reasons for the construction of the systems they operate. 3.29 While the general shape of the training required is known, neither the RWA nor the BNHP has experience in this area. The RWA has no formal training mechanisms,andalthough the training of water resources personnel falls under the mandate of the BNHP, it has not yet initiated activities in this area. Hence the Steering Committee will have to monitor training activities closely to see that they are developed and implemented in an effective manner. 3.30 The slow sand filter water treatment plant operators and maintenance personnel shall be given a small group course of about one month's duration at a large, efficiently run slow sand filter treatment plant (like the one in El Fau, Rahad). The course should consist of one or two hours of instruction per day covering the basics of slow sand filter operation and maintenance, followed by practical work in the treatment plant including flow measuring and control, filter bed cleaning, chemical mixing and dosing, chlorine residual testing, and pump and motor maintenance. The course shall also include health education and practical training in latrine construction. This training shall be conducted by the BNHP sanitary engineering section. 3.31 The well system operators shall be trained by the RWA Mechanical Section at the maintenance center for their area in a course of about three weeks' duration. The course shall consist of one hour of lecture per day covering the basics of water well pumping mechanics, the maintenance of pumps, motors and valves, the value of good record keeping, the reasons for and uses of safe water, and the relations between safe water, hygiene, waste disposal and health followed by practical work with the mobile maintenance teams. The course shall also include practical training in latrine construction, maintenance and use. 3.32 The voluntary hand pump caretakers shall be trained by the BNHP in three- to five-day courses including both lectures and practical work covering the mechanics of the deep well hand pump, keeping groundwater supplies safe and free from pollution, health education and latrine construction, maintenance and use. 3.33 Implementation Schedule. A proposed schedule for implementation of the project's major events is presented in Table 2. This schedule will probably require revision after completion of the pre-project activities when the village inventories will have provided more complete information on the water supply and sanitation situation and the community organization methods will be better defined. At that time the major project activities will be revised to better match the actual situation. Annex 3F - 106 - IV. Project Preparation 4.01 Agreements. Immediately following establishment of the Rehabilitation Programme Management Unit under the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, the Head of the RPMU will formally advise the Central Region Ministry of Housing, Construction and Public Utilities, the Central Region Ministry which includes the Gezira Rural Councils, the Central Region Ministry of Health and the National Administration for Water of the establishment of the project and request their participation in it. 4.02 Upon receipt of agreement by these agencies, the Head of the RPMU will convene the Water Supply and Sanitation Steering Committee composed of representatives of the RPMU, NAW, Central Region RWA, BNHP and the Gezira Rural Councils as described in the Project section. The first order of business for the Steering Committee will be to prepare an agreement outlining the working arrangements between the implementing and supporting agencies. The agreement shall include a forml division of responsibilities and provide for the involved agencies to make provisions in their budgets for local funding requirements of the project. 4.03 Technical Assistance. Currently none of the involved agencies has sufficient technical expertise and manpower to undertake the planning and design work called for by the project's activities in filter system rehabilitation. The BNHP's sanitary engineering staff may be expanded prior to project initiation, in which case it will be able to provide this. However, if it cannot, the Steering Committee shall, with the concurrence of the RPMU and the World Bank, employ through the NAW a sanitary engineering consultant using project preparation funds. V. Post-Project Recurrent Costs 5.01 The costs of operating and maintaining the water supply systems in the Gezira currently estimated as being in excess of LSd 3.0 milliqn per year will increase significantly with the implementation of the project activities intended to expand and improve the level of service. Expansion will probably increase O&M costs by about 15% and improvements in service levels will probably increase O&M costs by something like 20 to 25%. Together, expansion and improved service will require more than LSd 1.0 million over and above the current costs. 5.02 In order to provide for the increased operation and maintenance costs (and to bring some order to the present rather unorganized methods of meeting O&M needs), it is necessary that a Government policy for the division of operational and financial responsibilities be developed and implemented. The Steering Committee shall therefore develop an operation and maintenance policy for approval and implementation by the Central Region Government prior to completion of the project. � - 1�/ - Ш :1 U i а� � пs о Annex 3F с +�-� с � � Appendix 3 о ш ш с •�- ц- +� а� а� . - ;-� о с го -ь-� пу •�- s. и � •� Ё � й ш •.- � и •� гоб > 'О О 'Q t1 О Ш •r N го s. •з-� +� и и с� fl- го � а� Е > .д и � Q) $� н о •r и .с аэ г- s- о +� +� ш +� �- ,_ и � •г- и Ш •г- Ш -р � 4- +-� � г7 U N гб С -1-� � а -v гс -v � ш х с ,- ч- � ш � ш rts п. о пs s- •v о +� � ш сС с � .n � ш ш +� О Е •� L +.� +-, л ш L � +� ш ш ш ш ,- � аэ � L v •г- +� • Н о" TJ +� � ц- i v •� л а� -� � W �+ +� � с � и �-, •� •� +-� ш •�- n. огх с�'� � ц- о � о w � о +-� � -в � 6 +� � G v� L и ш о ro s. с ш •� +� Н r-1 а7 •r Т7 Т3 гб Е-� Р-+ +� +� S_ i- 6 � •r О ^ N � Н � V U С r Ш ^� Н � � i i. •r Г1 +-� • W а61 +.ь � О •г- Е г- О'э Ра х N Ш n- о и Х 4- •г• � w �+ и +� ш ш � н гк Е-+ о s о о s. ш ш � Ч U j й Q, 4о- 3 с� N Н 1-i N ,--1 W •r1 С � Li'' r � ,� 1 r гб � й +� й � 3 � о . �n о го о Н +' и � �.'' с� ш о s. ш +� г� s- � L Rs и � .- +-� с� а с ср а) � +•� г- � с fl. •ь-� ш � ш ш +� � > г[S +� L ш ш L сН и h- О л +� >, г- с +� ш и о •г- +� С •�- s. гс о с� о � •�- •�- •� � •+� ч�- � -ov � � га � и о п. � � .� О О � о чы �- +� L1 r- .р О i. • д � - iов - � � s о' � Annex 3F о с ш � +> •г- -г� и Appendix� ггs с •'- 5` г�5 и 3 +� ш ш л-� о с а .- � r ш о с.э о и °v � ° +� ш r- +-7 ° � пs .� ги з •� � � L � и О #� +� О .д-� Z •r гц � •r О +� S -F-� Е � сб 5.. Ш +а L и i. N с.� о о с ш а ° � и 4- О а. О гг3 � S. •r о С о и ш +� s. аз -v г- +� � ги с аз -ь-� ш n.. ° 5_ гs. •� +-� � � i сс ° ш � са �-- •�- Q1 Ш г- го Ci Ш i •г- гб � � L1 U О � F- Ч- Е L N � О +-' и . Н о" а L N а�� w � л _°с � � � •� i. и гс � о s� �' °� •'- � С> > � +� О а � .}., �' о ш ш о � �с ° � s- . Н r1 "0 +-� Ш 'ГJ � Q1 r Е-� ы N -ь-л� о О Н G о •Г •r ,� � � U ?� r � � Н � ° гб � •r w сд а� ш 3 ° •Г- � О � +� и г- •� и Н � Н й � � v U � С i � i- О Ш � }а О Ш г0 •r i •r � С> > > U д л Н � N r1 С� F�+ S" и о О +-� i -д ш •ь-> +-� аз и . � 'о° 3 А � Ё д V�] Ш г- � � � +� Q9 +-� S- О'� гб � 3 1- rts .� с � о ш и о � +� ш и •� +� .-i i +-� •�- � • `f' L ш •:� ш ш � � � с ш 3 ч- � .- ° � га •� � о ч- с� �и cL ° � ,- � i. С и и го пs и ш ш а� а� 5- ш � о +-� +� с о �о r- +-+ �г ,- -о с •�- •�- а, с� пs с •�- N •�- L � >, s. г� �- L � +о-� ш о 'S7 о О +-> •r (v •r -4-� Ш о гб г- =r т гс s- � а- ш 3 v -в L ш +-� ш �-- ш °4 s. ш ш +� s. •� -v с ш ш � � �-- с .о ш s. � � о ч= ш � � � з � •� г- ш �- .° � � � fl. � v � � � +� ш ш +� � г- •,- .� � � i 3 � � b .а 3 и � го га о с с� -а � ,- � �- •�- аз •� ш ш га +� и �- г- -о о n. > о п� +� �с �- � о о а. s. аэ -а с ш го •� -v � ш se пs �а +> > s. •� +-� � � С r- О Ш Ш Ш Ш � о ° р� i--i а � r L1 С1 1] Ш �-+ U r .С) О i д N и - 109 - о -ts о о •г •г +1 L пч ш ^ � Аппек 3F � � � Appendix 3 о •г ^ L 4- � , т� л ^ +� !б С •г i v о тs � •г •г •г i Е +� � N го s. i г- � с� � +.� � ш га t -v о в� � •г U •г ' си > � � о � ш � с � � а га о -о о nэ L .д з +.� и � i. +•> и ° � ш � L ш Н v" +� • �- О U , U •л ^ ..С О w +� •г � и s. h .� ц-- с.э � о �, •г о Гz � ш г +� +� а -с 3 о �' � и О Е О с�д Ч-- � °ь-� +� Н �--1 О ^ гб гб � � � °� N L Н 1.� С л С1. +-� Н iч" •г О ,-i � . - Н � U � О Q� � w а6� ,� о о г- � +� � х ш � U а� �' +� ¢ w � о •г Н Rы Н N � •г •г� � и •г и fl.. с� � N о а � Е s• Ш О гб гLS Ш •г Н �..+ С� д' С� +-� � U N гi w •� сз г� 1 •U и и 6 й гоо о +� � о а � о -о Н +-� ц- � и •�- и а) � О ^ п5 L� � N i о s- �-- � и го и � •г i. N i•� 'о � г- >> � 1 Ш О U С r- ° и ..с •г го и С и га Е = о о rn •г L s. Е-- � •г •г о г � , +� гб О и Ш С гб ^ +� •г L О ' +-� о.. � +-� о t.C) � д' F- Ш r+ . N .о С%� .С � +� аз с 3 4- •г •г_ > •г о ш 'у •t� � � L и И � •г 'о Ш и N L -ь� L� о ш 'v U а3 О с� д.� •г •г о +� +� Х �б > � О гб U Ш � О 3 •г- � О L +� О' 1 о N гi и с ш >, •г 'l7 �С Ш й г- = сС Ш С +� сб � Ш � о S.. п5 Lll С 7 5.. Q1 � гб +-� -О •г ...� гб r .L] О Z д сч� т 110 - -� ш с > `� r =" Аnпек 3F г� ш `^ `�' � �'' Appendix 3 +� +, г- ш •г � •г - и о +-� Ч- � •г fl- 3 о Е � о о •ь-� ш G1 ` •г +т Z U �б •г. о� гб Se о � с�- 3 •r- го s. •ь•� v ш о� и +� с •г i r° •г к ш •г s� ш � 4- � ш � и rn ш •г � га s. -о � � � Ё � ш г- i +•� с� Е � •ы о 'v и ш ш •г- о � � � з v b =v � ш ш � о -v s- о s. n� +�, о �, +� . v о +•' г- � QJ а. •г •г Н С' о '� 4' v .,� -о пs w +� • � о � .,� « с в° о ш о °� � �+- •г s. s. 0., =г +� ш а 1-� r i�. г'�С г�ц О с�д Ш Ш з г- Н г1 i CL 1 Н а •г о � о � v, � •г Н � � 4- U 1] Н t+ Ш О •г � Н � U а и О � W [Я д-✓ о Е L r La � � Ш � L1 О � � � W � � s. и Е-� Р; Н Ш +� n1 С и � р'э +� о � ш о .� о � о ь-i д..� с� сл �- � •ь-� N г+ • w •�+ с7 �+ и •г а� о 1 'v � а. ш и z� � � с � ш � и +�-а � иш . и 1-� пs Е •ь-� гэ.. д о � � � 3 о � � � � ш � ч- � о �s �а � � +� и +°�.� с ш ш � � v о ш о � го Ш +-� д� i а и S� О 4- Q� Е tб (б i= Ш О �°г +� i > С #•� i +> 'L7 гСS Ш N г- о О N гб о С N СЛ r Е •r � Е Z• гй •r S. С о Cil 4- +•� L •г +� и � .i•� •r iJ1 о � i-� r-� О N Е � гб у Ш .� i ц-. О е1 � � -F-� L U гб � }л [� i. L °г С r С,) и L О гб О � гй •г `г N � о +-� 4- U Е гФ � -F� СЛ .i и ' R3 L. •г Ci i-� г�- о +-> >С •r � Z. О и Jy °г •г о о � С Ое 4- U 3 1.ь_ S� �•, ггs •ь..� •г го t � +� с с n. � ш +•� ,� с F--� Е s. ч.- � с -v s. +� о � о о � •r Qi QJ N •г S- i'� V- � •г +� +� r +� 3 � +' гс3 rt5 � �б N Ш U! +-� О rt5 � i � i � гб � г С гс U 3 +°� гб �С +� i •F-3 г6 О � О � Ш � и Ш С и U Е .-- r- О �-- гб � С1. � CU � Г Q7 LL Ч- U U i•� Е О i S- •г � � О L д cf' ' _ 111 - и и с . о � •�- � и� � � � Annex 3F ш -о и с ш � -о гсs пs � Appendix 3 г-- � го и � ш ш с.� ш rts i] гб N 5` � L U• "С7 � И С V г�s i� s. о •�- г� о•� �в ш•�- •�- и •г- о +� � .- � > ш •г- L г, � L .У •э-� 'о га � � � о +� о ш . ш ш •� •.- s. v � L >, •� � � s. v +� � +.� ш ar ш +� а. r- �� +� • • ш и о го Q •+� s- с� о- � с> >, ш ц°- +°-� � •� ° с го L � Ё гб ои �. и � i. � О i. 'а и О �- � ° r- гб О •r •r � О Ш U � +� г0 О гб U r rt3 +-� О U � S- +� •г' � о •� � ..С 5_ гб О Ш S- •r У � +� •ь-� 'v и с.� 1- с и +� �- +-� Ш 3 � •г- i. •г- +� са � rts Е +> s- >, r• и о L s• с � о з ° Е и а� и О N_ +-� •� • О гС +� 4- и а) Ш +-� го и 5.. rcf а� и г-- r- 'v � � +� га ш s- ..с ш � а ш а� с о +� 3 � ш as +� •,- с.э L с �а с.� �- N га � С]. +� +а � •� Ш гСS L 't7 U •.- О +� • �- 5- U и N � Ш 'а ° О � •г- •r L и > N Ш С i] �1-� � •�- � � а> > � о +� ° •.- а а ш .- +.> > •� •,- � О N г- га •п •+-� О и о го О и � а) L � L .� 'С7 U S- ° О i Cll о L Ш О д' а. U U i� гб R3 С1 �-+ +� гб � +� L1. S- � L Ш N � • о � Н 3 v •� � W +-+ � о •� � с� � 'о, 0.i о � _ о т о Н г-i •i � а' Ш Н +-� а"> Е..{ G U •--� Н � Ш � W QР� +-� � 5_ G�Я х Ш о о - Н tx Н � °- � . � •r � у� и >, г- ш с � го н �.+ О N � N �--i U � с" W •� С.7 Гт, 1 'b G Z гд � и � з и о Н ш и L ш 3 и и +� N � •� г0 �й-� г- •� а г- •�- ш с� � � h- Ч- - _ � � ' -ы> = о � •� о о 3 •�- •.- •+--� +� -v га ги аз с с -о •�- •� •.- s. L > о о о � � L � � n.. � v � +� s. ш о о о г- z с ч- � о s. а �ri , _ 112 - Q, s. ш s- .� •о � �о Anneк 3F о-� � i � о 3 r Appendix 3 .� > и � а� и и i. ш гв О и о а. � го � L L L � О Е Ш �+- О д О N S. � С г- • N � ,� L1 гб U О и Z3 +-� • U � и � и -а N r- +� s. гб � � � А -� и гб С N о О гL5 +-� +� •r� с� гв � L и •r °� •с Е ш ш •Г- .- •г- а.� � +� � CL Пб "L7 U lS� � О � •г .� � с о so-. а о Ё ч-�- .� � 4J U о t1 гб и +-� О +� � � V � о гб U •г N +� Ш LZ.. г� о Ш С N Ш Ш ^Е-� г- •r � S. Ш t l'д ..С � т7 го � г +-� rt 'v +� 3 3 � -t7 •r гб U � 'г' Ш > Е r- гб �i--� � > +� 3. -�г Е о О гLS N гб Q� О го rt3 � Ш Ш 5� О N � .С Ш i. .� i. гб � с� а s. и. .п +-> s. GL +� -v +� +� s.. N +, с� , а� 3 Е-� а' °� S- v .,� о rts w и .� о h .� пs г- о г� ш U Р(�., L' � а� � � � Н r-1 о 4- Н f1+ � О Н G О О .-� +.� - Н � V � - +� 1 . W W � � �, гб С Ш � б' W i-� � `r r i-� Н Г�+ Е-� о , •r г�б S_ � �•+ � � С +� Н 1.о� о о О гб �э Н � г U 3 w •� С7 Fт+ I •v � � й ш >, ш � 3 о s. � �-- а и о о ч- ш +� о � � и ..с v s- �--i � +'' � L � с�- •'- +-' L � v' ,,, L пs с о � о •- +� а� о Е и о У +� о •� `Р' 4- � �-. +-� -v с� : 3 +, � •� а� го а� с ггз а� а.� L r '� � гб i-� г- � Е Ш У •.- ггs ц- •г- � � 3 О +-� С U Е О 5- fl- й �� V з � +.� и ti � и � • ш • Ш +-' � .� О и L i i. N Ш С с� F- •ь-� О а1 Ш •� Ш L1 пб � д-� С Qз N +� _ r. Т3 •r гб � гб 5�.- и tZ S: 1 N N � r i-� � V � � г'_ � � о � и s. � о •г- з Z. vэ � 3 о 4о-• vи а > L ш �- о � оо.. гс о � ш � � vi гб •� +s +> >, •� � L с� +� с� и га а� s. �- s- а. +-� -в ш •,- •� с о +� ш � а� х Е > ш •r � � � ш � го � v ш о а� .� и ш � и +� � � L пз с� � +� +� � +� sa с..э п. s.. га �- а- s� � о � � о �, • ш ш о s-. сз �s о тs ш о о +-, г-- � s. .� о � �- s. о г- г г и 1� t.L 4- и 4- О n� 4- гG � О i д tD � _ 113 _ и Annex 3F ш .г �pendix 3 и +•> � +•� •г • О � •r � � •г •г � •г и О . � +� � 1] Ш �•г гб •V-> •г •г •1-� j N S.. N и i••� гб •г о U � •г 5- ' с а � о с •ы гц и гсs Q � и � i� гб N 4) Е о •� � о � � s- о пs •Ё � •г ш ^ � ш •v го � �- ¢ � � •i-� � � •г и •г +� го 4- s- с� s- ш ш ш о � ш д а� � -v +� � +•+ с +� с� о пs о •г ?� i С.) з - "о -ь� О г- о 'р •г S.. +� S. L2 r г- � О CL '0 Ш о i Z Ш S. Ш С �- Ч- � � � а. S. гб U О tY_ 0_' л �, s. . . ° � � Е"i � U � U •'� го го � ''"{ й L Гуч U •г О а +� 4- �' й ш о � � °- Н г--1 � Н Р�+ '{••> � � � н у� � еС Н С г0 r ,_..� Ш С1 Н � V о . W FA .Ч о г-- •1� .. Ш 1'] � ����.... � � � Н � Н N г- •�-� и ш rts � у., � i N � о � s- Н д� С..) � +� N г--1 W •rЭ � w 1 'гJ � 6 гл Ш ` � 3 +�-� - и о ш г� ,, г- и г- s. -ь-� • •ь-> о •}•� s. с �.. •,- о • ш � s.. ш ш пз а� � s. г- s- � с� ш � .а пs с s. с -а +� V •г •г О R3 i. и и и 4- С пs >> � о •ы 'v s. ш .с и о с ш ш +� ш о_ �о � � с v о CJ и r- •г •г S- i-� г�с L а• +� ш Ё � •о � ш с � �, � аэ +� � •�- с ш ш о +•) •г +� (6 �с > � iL с � Е Е •�- F- и •г � •1-� i•� � Ш �с �о -v л � s. � N s с s•. ш и с� +� г� о > с о i s с +.� ш о +-� г� пs а� •v с.� s. •г �п Г- с � аз пs � +� -а аз о ш •г +.� ч- � ш s- �ь-� 5_ га и О Ш и � � Ш i � L •г i Ci. и г� � i •г и ш •Е•� и дэ •г аэ i го � С1. гс i � s- го -r ►•ы � Ш О И -О •г С'1 �}- • � О L д � � Аппех З�' Appendix 3 _ 114 _ � � � � � � с и с •� +� с аз ех rcs .- О и- � •� гв ш > > L r "С5 гб r �С 3 -� гб S_ и � ггs с с �с и •+-� as W сц О 3 � � rts с0 С i• i. � и � •г- о ++.� •+� гсs ш ш о � +.� �с i •.- t � +-> > > и О о о Rs � � 3 -Е-� � о S- О О +-� S. }� гб °r •r � Ш S.. U U S- о •r � •+-� N Е 3 > +•� •F-� Qf О Ш +� з ш > ш о r +-� ш ш +-> > � N О _С i. � � •г- п3 +� г- гб гб � •r и S� +-> О Ш О 4- 3 N О U t Q1 N й •r гб +� -{-� S� S.. 1. �' °r L1. � ат г� ш L �с ц- � � v � � +, о пз и � i. •о •� i S- С го с пs � О • L ал •� .х ш о и го ш о Е •r с а� .-- �F•- о +•> > и i1 Ч- •г- г- v г- Ш � ш о о L � с.� rn г- � о > 't7 +� и � i +, ш 1] О •v � N � ,.� аз о .х п. � ш �с ш •�- . а� ш •г- > •�- ,- О s- с ,-� ш .� го � •ь� � U +� N 3 и 3 о го -v •� а-+ i гб +� L +-� r и s. � +� +� � о v� +.� о •.- s. еа ш с � � L ш гт � � ш � ц- s. о с� �+-+ О и L О 'о N •� N 't3 � 1 N +� С� п5 � � S. N .L] r r •г- г- •F-� Е •r •r- +� +� г6 гб � N � (1) +� гL7 Ш R3 > "о г0 •r > Ш Г гб S_ Е гб > г- > +� о с о тs о s- � 3 ш аз аз � ш .а о •� о ш ш L пs �- ш L •� � .� � � � ¢ U 4- +� г- � д � Ч- и � го -ы-�+ гсs О +� +� Н Сг' U •г-I W +� h •г-1 О f•+ � � � . у•� О � С 4` � � и Н Р-� •У � � гб Н G '+'� ,-е . Н � Q1 и W W 1J .� r +-� tб Н R: Н •N •� � � �, ш и си с� и � Н +� � Ш � N ,--1 Ш U гС W •ri � U С7 Г� п3 N Ш r- � v и >�' а р С и О � гд О п3 Ш и v ш � � з и о � и , с s •� � •+о� аэ ш s. � гг� L Е s- s. аэ 3 3 s +� о > Г-' г�ц N и � 3 ш •� � Ш � У "Q 'о � � h � о s- о 3 �- о с� гс о _га о о •.- i +-� 3 ш 3 � ш +� � � 'о rt3 � С L i. t U � Ш •r С гб •r Ш +� i-� 1_ > •r га •1-� •r N •г- гб О Е i. .- 3 .С 3 S- га Ш Ш •� F- r- G� +� ' i-� i � � � r С � и ш ш ¢ � о •� •�- 'v -о • 'v с с..� � о � •.- и •�- rts са > s. > v) � с _ о ш о s. с о � •� � > s. _ ш о s_ о о � о а. > •� ч.- •r и •r с� О а••� i-> S.. +-� (п Ш U •r � гб N с� Ш � i 'L7 О +> > +� и и Ш N С •r � о с г�s аз 3 +-� о +� ш с.� а: с.э � ш с.� с..� � � и � ш •�- �с •Г- аз ш �с v L д-� � °v с -о � s- с � о о ш а� �а ш о •�- �о о о L � и � и и з +� v � а � о � о.. rn -� _»�_ . _ 115 _ Аппех 3F L � Appendix 3 аз • га +.� +� rts и - 3 " •�- и L ш и с� 5-. �- ш • I r г- а) гС с� о I 3 Ч- •i � � о о го ш ..с +� -v с� •r 5.- и � +� N о +� � � .ь� •г- •r N и 3 Е -р ccs +� -h� ш � с �с ге ш N •� b so- � � а +-� +-� и , � � с с ш о F., о. � � L •� с,� •� +•> о � +� W �., •+-> � ti •� ш � сэ с or� � -� ° s •i " а., +-� +-> о .и � пs и Г- z � � L � о ro ш о �с � Н r1 r •r С [-� P-i U i. гС3 Е 6 о +� О F +� О •F� S- Н G N а--� Ш L- 4- � Н � � -V•� � •{-� ГЛ W (� +-� Ш r Ш гб С ь-а � пS � � r- 3 •r �а N v � +� Н �w' C-�i й Ч й � � � � � Ч.- и С) и � v о а v i Н � N r1 W •ri С7 F�+ i 1 'b ' G �..� �i СЛ и О 4- �1 О L О С � � g и rts и ш и о и � � Е У . *-� � г- о •�- о г•- о и г- •г- � i и �б rts . и гсs •ь-� 3 4- •г• L S- •ь� ' r 3 U 4- г6 � j r Ш +� i-� � r -1--� Z � гС �1 и r- •r � U N 1 3 г�ц .� г�'о й � . ш v Z�. г�'и �с +л +� 3 Ш и v'� i. га +� 3 � •r гб i � � 4- и гс ш з ш •.- п� s. s. 1- � С О г- и о а1 га +-+ а� ш +� � га и и •ь� ш -v � г- о ш ш го .- ш �+- •� �- е s• г- � -v ш с.� о .�с �в ш а о. о ш s- с.� ц- ш � � r- � аэ •г- и га и ш � N •� � � ш i v� s. .о го � +� с.� v с� � +� � >, 4- �-- г� •� о +•> .- � � s- -v м-. ц- > � v �- о и о о С i О гб � гб •r •r с� 4- гр � L и S_ с) +-> L и Ш Ш +-� •г- г�s +� Q� и , '� V L о и +� с с Е Ш Q7 � Ш й Ш •� ^ •�- Ш У � Ш •i-� S- t 5- +-� Z � U +� 'С3 и и О +� О С ш S1 •�- rt •� •n и .- ш > О д Ш 5_ 4- > r• � rt3 Ш � > О S- ' г- С, О N . О. +� � гб С� Ш U L1 � j о • s. о а � i � • i ' 1 1 - 116 - - Annex 3F Appendix З и L пs � � i � и � i.л i и i о v с� м м о >. cv � �r- и , L � � � i и и и и и и о о о cv с� м м м м о о >- ° ° cv cv � � м � � . �_ � � i � и и и и и о о о U � и о с� cv м м м м О О } О О W О �Ч О � Ш � г-+ Pa-i U W Z � �+ N ` О О О i Н "� •г' гсу t N 1 и и и О О и о О � �� о N Г-+ м М м � О О Н ь.i v >- „ .-� о гV гН-l G Ш г..� rл Н сб r-1 W аа и � �-л � b � Е..�., �х � й �s � си i и о о о и о о о и о ...., Р-о м м си cv о о � �.. о о � � Н о о и N •� �' eWe7 й с'�'�С � i s� а о z +� � +-� оо • � пз ш � 3 *-+ v cv � а � •о о о � Н а о о � s. е , и о � о � о � � ш � с� г-+ м с� и s. а г-+ � ¢ и � и r ш и и О •.- Ш С L +� с о v •� •,- � •�- и > s. и .г.. а.л � •�- -�-� ш Q, � га о+-� га •�- га v, с а.� �- = с.� � L и � •.- о о� � ¢ О 4- �. п3 и •� гС rt3 Ч- 4- +� О О � и Ш � +� r- +-� О С С � � � � О Е О U r и О ш с и ч- а аэ ш•.- ш г_ •� � с•,- с � > о ш � о .,� � azs +-� +� � .- � о � � о +� о О С •г• U i. и и и га Ш N N•� •г• га •r •r �-, -i-> с о >> >> � � >, +-� +� сл •д-� +� � � с. +� +� +� +� с� �s з г- и . и о и•� и и с� � о � �а •� � Ш о � о •г� r- >) di >> � � •г � N С � •� а� L ш s. +� � �+� s. •г- и v� и L а+� а •г- ,� s. � пs +� +-� ш � ш ш с� аз .п го +� с� � и +.� с� r• и о+-� ш+-� +� ш +� п3 �- г-- �- и � Ш � rt и и r �•r С > г- r- г- r� � г- г- г� � С r• � G1 S_ С ш •.- о� ш с•� •Г- ш ••- ш ш•г- ш о � аз �а L о о о } С..) � U � L.� LL cs') Li � 3>• 3 С.> Z И Т О 4-= С� - 117 - SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT ANNEX IV - INSTITUTIONAL BASE Page No. A. Research & Extension .......................................... 118 I. Agricultural Research ....................................... 118 Research ......... 118 Objectives of the Research Component ..................... *..120 Cotton Improvement ......................................... 121 Wheat Improvement .......................................... 125 Sorghum Improvement ........................................ 127 Groundnut Improvement ...................................... 129 Improvement of Horticultural Crops ......................... 131 New Combined Rotations Experiment .......................... 133 Table 1 - Requirements of Gezira Research Station .......... 136 II. Agricultural Extension ..................................... 137 Background ................................................. 137 Proposed Extension Approach ................................ 140 Training and Visit System .................................. 143 Implementation Schedule .................................... 145 Table 2 - Agricultural Extension ........................... 147 B. Training Component ............................................ 148 Background ................................................. 148 Training Objectives ........ ................................ 151 Training Actions ........................................... 151 Training for Engineering Division .......................... 152 Training for Agriculture Division .......................... 154 Training for Financial and Administration .................. 156 Training Facilities, Equipment and Material ................ 158 Training Costs ............................................. 159 Table 1 - Provision for Course Attendance .................. 160 C. Project Studies ................................................. 161 I. Background ................................................. 161 II. Objectives and Organization ................................ 162 III. Studies: A Desk Review ..................................... 162 B Initial Survey .................................. 163 C Intensive Study ................................. 163 D Credit Study .................................... 165 E Marketing Study ................................. 166 F Study on Integration of Livestock on the Scheme-.168 G Study on Role of the Private Sector in Agricultural Mechanization ................. 169 H Reform of Tenancy Structures .................... 170 I Miscellaneous Studies: .......................... 170 Appendix: studies Timetable ................... 171 - 118 - Annex 4A SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT I. Agricultural Research Research 1.01 The project would strengthen applied and adaptive research with the objective of increasing crop production throughout the Gezira Scheme. While the main efforts will focus on cotton, sorghum, wheat and groundnuts as the main crops grown in the project area, the project will support research activities designed to introduce other crops suitable to the area, needed by the farmers, and capable of improving the present rotation. The project will support research work on improving on-farm water management, soil fertility and nutrient requirements under alternative cropping systems. 1.02 The research work will be carried out at the Gezira Research Station (GRS) in Wad Medani and the four testing locations in Turabi, Haj Abdullah Maatoug and Abdul Magid. Adaptive field trials would also be conducted on 15 farmers fields selected throughout the project area. Ten of these trials will be located in the two pilot groups at Masallamya and Al Munsi. 1.03 At present, GRE is the largest research station in the Sudan covering about 1,000 fd. It employs 53 qualified scientists in Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Cotton Breeding, Plant Breeding, Entomology, Botany and Plant Pathology, Soil Science, Horticulture, and Statistics and Agricultural Economics. GRS also has testing sites within the Gezira scheme located in Turabi, Hag Abdalla, Abdel Magid and Maatug, representing different ecological zones. General Agricultural Characteristics of Gezira 1.04 The Gezira Research Station serves the Gezira scheme which is part of the central clay plain of the Sudan. The scheme lies between latitude 140 24' and longitude 330 29'. Average rainfall is 354 mm falling mainly between July and October,. 1.05 The cropping system of the Gezira scheme is 4-course rotation of: Cotton-wheat-groundnut/sorghum/rice/vegetables-fallow. Crop intensitity in Gezira is, in theory, to be kept at 75%. In Managil, on the other hand, the rotation is for 100% intensity and includes: Cotton-wheat-groundnut/sorghum/vegetables. Crop intensification and diversification have resulted in changes in insect dynamics, disease prevalence, deterioration of soil fertility, competition for water and labor and a devastating attack ,of weeds. This situation created a heavy responsibility for GRS. Special studies on crop rotation and intensification have become a major challenge which must be faced as soon as possible. - 119 - Annex 4A The Functions of GRS 1.06 (a) Initiate, develop and execute research programs concerning crop production in the Gezira environment. (b) Carry out large-scale experiments on different crops under different locations to verify research findings under farmers' conditions. This is carried out in collaboration with Sudan Gezira Board. (c) Issue recommendations to Sudan Gezira Board directly through various ARC technical committees and other working groups or task forces established by Sudan Gezira Board or the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. (d) Formation of task forces for follow-up of crop progress to give on the spot advice, arrangements of farm visits and establishment of demonstration plots to disseminate information and activate feedback mechanism. (e) Convene annual agricultural meetings to review seasonal results and constraints. It also conducts ad hoc conferences and workshops. (f) Operate and manage 1,000 ha research farms (GRS and four testing sites) and support all auxillary services (transport, housing, security, health etc.). (g) Arrange in-service training programs to various cadres of ARC. (h) Cooperate with Gezira University in joint research programs, teaching and supervision of graduate students. Constraints Facing GRS 1.07 (i) About 15% of the ARC budget is spent on research activities. The rest is on staff salaries resulting in an acute shortage of finance for maintaining equipment and materials, and for carrying out field activities at the Gezira Research Station. This is unfortunate just when the station services are badly needed to face the challenging situation arising from the complex problems of intensification and diversification of the scheme. (ii) There is a deteriorating situation in carrying out cultural operations, cleaning of canals and providing adequate irrigation water. Moreover, casual labor is becoming scarce and expensive. No new tractor or implement has been received for several years due to the lack of funds. GRS is suffering from poor workshop services due to inadequate maintenance and lack of modern equipment. (iii) The acute shortage of foreign currency resulted in some laboratory equipment being obsolete and lack of spare parts led to the redundacy of others. This situation needs urgent action to put these laboratories back in operation. 120 - Annex 4A (iv) Research activities at the different testing sites have been curtailed due to the lack of field equipment and transport. Group and individual visits to testing sites were often handicapped for lack of suitable vehicles. The daily operation of the station has been affected because of lack of transport for staff, their dependents and laborers. (v) Although the number of scientists increased and the volume of research work is enlarged, the present office, laboratory and storage facilities have not been well kept or maintained. Modern laboratory, additional storage facilities for crops, fertilizers, working sheds in field, and additional offices are needed. There is no glasshouse facility in the station. (vi) The GRS can not print its annual reports, technical papers and extension handouts due to lack of printing facilities. It also suffers from poor training facilities including audio-visual aids and training equipment. (vii) Training for junior scientists and middle-level technicians is lacking. Scientists need to keep abreast of new developments in their respective fields of specialization. In-service training of graduates and technical staff and exchange of scientific units are urgently needed. Objectives Of The Research Component 1.C6 The Gezira Research Station (GRS) would be strengthened mainly by modernizing its facilities, by providing needed field machinery and equipment, upgrading its laboratories, and improving the quality of its staff! (a) To perform a lead role and to coordinate research work on cotton and wheat throughout the country. (b) To perform a lead role and to coordinate research in soil and water management, agricultural engineering, and agricultural economics. (c) To work intensively in two groups where pilot research and extension work will be carried out to evaluate the performance of recommended technology on farmers' fields and to assess factors affecting their adoption. (d) To conduct large-scale on-farm trials on 15 blocks (5 in each of the Northern, Central and Southern regions of the Scheme) to assess the performance of recommended technology under expanding soils and climatic conditions. Five of these blocks will be in each of the two groups where extension and research work is being introduced. (e) To conduct monthly training courses (2-3 days each) for subject matter specialists working at SGB. Annex 4A - 121 - (f) To assist SGB organize an annual workshop to review results of agronomic and extension services introduced in the pilot reas, on-farm trials in the 15 blocks. (g) To work with SGB subject matter specialists to develop extension materials to be used by SGB staff. A production manual for the main crops in Gezira should be produced as a result of this joint effort. Progress in this subject will be reviewed twice a year. 1.09 The following is a detailed research proposal for the improvement of main commodities being studied by GRS staff. A list of equipment and a cost table is attached. Cotton Improvement Introduction 1.10 The need for intensification and diversification of the cropping system of the Gezira scheme necessitated the change of the old Gezira rotation from an 8-course rotation to a 4-course rotation in the Gezira Main and a 3-course rotation in the Managil extension. Two types of cotton, mainly long and medium staple are grown in both rotations in a total area of about half a million feddans. Intensified and diversified rotations requires certain inputs and proper and efficient management in order to achieve success. 1.11 The failure to satisfy the basic requirements of this policy has generated certain problems which led to the continuous decline in crop yields. Research Problems 1.12 Soil Nutrients. Crops grown under the Gezira rotation add very little nutrients to the soil, since crop residues are removed from the field either for phytosanitary measures or for animal feed and domestic use. The nutrients extracted by these crops should be replenished in form of chemical fertilizers. Researach results, so far, indicated a positive and constant response to nitrogen fertilization, but the magnitude of this response varied according to soil type, intensity of rotation, rate and time of application and variety grown. Response of cotton to phosphorus is however erratic. The policy of nitrogen application in the Gezira scheme with regard to rate, time, soil type and variety is a hit and miss practice. 1 .13 Land preparation. In most cases this is confined to deep blading, light discing and sometimes to ridging and split ridging only. Land levelling is neglected. This poor land preparation has led to deterioration of the physical condition of the soil resulting in soil compaction, poor root development, stunted growth, heavy weed infestation, poor water percolation and probably the phenomenon of leaf reddening. Competition among crops and agricultural schemes for the limited available labor force has resulted in some yield losses. Proper land preparation and mechanization of certain agricultural practices have become necessary and - 122 - Annex 4A they are, in certain areas in Gezira, the only practical measures to be encouraged. 1.14 Water Requirement. The cropping system has also created an overlap of water requirement of certain crops. The present water management practices have generated several peak demands which sometimes exceeded the limits of the canalization system capacity and increased the hazards of crop losses. 1.15 The normal practice of irrigation of both long and medium staple cotton is to continue watering at 14 day intervals up to February and even later than this date, regardless of the time of season, stage of growth and the maturity period of each type of cotton. Preliminary results at the Gezira Research Station have shown that irrigation water can be stopped at an earlier date for medium cotton without loss in yield and quality. If applied, this parctue would save water for other crops, would economize in cost of picking and would reduce the number of chemical spraying for insect pest control. 1.16 Weed Control. Likewise, scarcity in labor, the concurrent rise in cost of hand weeding and the intensified cropping system have led to serious annual and perennial weed problems. Unrestricted weed growth can reduce yield by about 80% while a delay in weeding for 6 weeks after sowing may reduce it by 35%. Moreover, water weeds, of which 23 species were recorded in the Gezira scheme, are retarding water flow in the canals, lowering irrigation efficiency and rendering drainage system ineffective. Timely control of weeds is essential to profitable cotton production. 1.17 Pests. The insect pest status has witnessed several changes in the Gezira over the years. Such changes are closely associated with intensification and introduction of new crops. Insect pests of cotton as a group constitutes the major factor in crop losses and quality deterioration. The estimated loss in yield attributed to insect pests in the Gezira varies from 40-65%. The cost of insect pest control is the major single item in the cost of production. Chemical application is the main method adopted for control. In addition to its cost, chemical control is known to have serious drawbacks, i.e. development of insect resistance to insecticide, emergence of new pests species and environmental pollution. Breeding resistant cotton cultivars to the major insect pests, using more potent chemicals and improvement in the methodology of application will undoubtedly reduce the cost of insect control. 1.18 Diseases. The need to intensify the cropping system and the reduction of the fallow has led to the aggravation of disease problems and appearance of a a new race of bacterial blight. Moreover, the optimum sowing date for cotton coincides with the rainy season, a factor which is favorable for bacterial blight spread. The clean-up campaign, where all cotton debris are collected, cotton stalks are uprooted and burnt and sowing seeds treated with bactericides are measures to reduce the incidence of the disc and flea-beetle damage. However, these measures are not strictly adhered to. Fusarium wilt and root rot are widespread in certain localities and the infected areas are increasing over the years especially in the Managil Extension where the disease has been endemic. Serious measures to control these diseases are of great importance. 123 - Annex 4A Research Programs 1.19 A . Cotton Fertilization (i) Determine the rate and time of nitrogen and phosphorus requirements for the two types of cotton (long staple and medium staple) in order to evaluate the economic yield under the optimum level of fertilization. (ii) Evaluate the most economic method of nitrogen application. (iii) Study nitrogen and phosphorus recoveries in the soil and plant tissue. B. Cotton Mechanization (i) Determine the optimum tillage operations for cotton production. (ii) Study problems of mechanization of sowing, fertilizer distribution and herbicide application. (iii) Study aspects of mechanical picking of cotton. C. Water Management (i) Determine the water requirements of the two types of cotton at different stages of growth. (ii) Evaluate water stoppage on medium staple cotton in several localities under tenant conditions. D. Weed Control (i) Study the biology of perennial and aquatic weeds and the integration of cultural, biological and chemical control measures. (ii) Determine the effects of timing and method of herbicide application on their efficiency, residues and carryover problems. (iii) Study herbicide residues in plant-soil-water system. (iv) Investigate the effect of soil-acting herbicides on soil micro-organisms. E. Insect Pest Control (i) Breed for whitefly, jassid and American bollworm resistance in cotton cultivars. Evaluate the quality and yield of these cultivars and their response to insecticide and cultural practices. 124 Annex 4A (ii) Study the efficiency of different insecticide application techniques to optimize application with the maximum biological efficiency. (iii) Screen to select biologically effective selective insecticides and determine the residues in the soil and plant parts. (iv) Monitor insect resistance to insecticides and investigate on the mechanisms of insect pest resistance to insecticides. (v) Evalaute various natural enemies and biological and ecological studies on the important species. (vi) Study the effect of different environmental factors on development and seasonal abundance of cotton insect pests and their distribution. F. Disease Control (i) Synthesize new major B-gene combinations for bacterial blight resistance. (ii) Screen local and exotic cultivars for new genetic makeup conferring resistance to the new race of Xanthomonas malvacearum. (iii) Build-up horizontal resistance among advanced breeding lines and commercial cultivars. Collect and isolate biotypes of X. malvacearum and their characterization on physiological and biochemical traits. (iv) Study the effect of sowing date - bacterial blight combination on disease severity, yield and quality components. (v) Survey of cotton production areas for Fusarium wilt incidence, mapping and collection for laboratory studies. (vi) Transfer available genes conferring resistance to Fusarium wilt to commercial cultivar and survey cotton germplasm for new source of resistance. (vii) Study the physiologic races of Fusarium oxysporium vasinfectum. (viii) Study the effect of Fusarium-nematode interaction on the wilt incidence. (ix) Investigate the possible pre-disposing factors in the incidence of root rot. On-Farm Trial 1.20 Some of the major recommended cultural practices are not strictly adhered to by the tenant either because of lack of information and poor demonstration, or for reasons beyond his control ARC, in several cases, has - 125 - Annex 4A not been able to test newly recommended practices on large scale priority to their release. Because of this and because some of faulty practices are carried out by farmers, including late sowing, improper nitrogen fertilizer application and poor thinning, on-farm trials will be carried out in 15 blocks of the Gezira scheme. These trials will demonstrate research findings under tenant conditions including the two locations under long staple and medium staple to be selected in the pilot groups. On-farm trials will be executed by GRS in cooperation with the SGB field extension program. Wheat Improvement Introduction 1 .21 Wheat is an important crop in the rotation of the Gezira scheme. The planted area increased continuously and reached its maximum (600,000 feddans) in 1975-76 season, then decreased to a minimum level of 155,000 feddans in 1982-83 season. Similarly the productivity increased to reach its maximum average of 1.9 t/ha in 1973-74, then decreased to average yields of 0.6-1.2 t/ha. On the other hand, yields of 3.6 t/ha are obtained in the experimental plots of the Gezira Research Station. 1 .22 The decrease in area and productivity are mainly due to shortages of inputs and the prevelance of technical problems. The purpose of this project is the continuation, expansion and strengthening of wheat research in the Gezira Research Station in order to develop a more efficient technology and to solve the major constraints of this crop. Objectives 1.23 This project will aim to: (a) Identify the majoar factors limiting wheat production in the Gezira. (b) Formulate research programs to solve these problems. (c) Expand and strengthen wheat research programs at the Gezira Research Station, the testing sites and other locations for testing on farmers' fields (large-scale trials). The proposed testing sites are Hag Abadalla, Abdel Magid, Turabi and Maatug. Attention will be made to repeat the trials at other locations around the Gezira Research Station and testing sites. It is anticipated that 2-3 locations will be used. (d) Integrate the research program to include the works of the breeders, pathologists, entonomogists and agronomists with the aim of obtaining high yielding, short season varieties resistant to diseases (rust, helminthosporium) and to insects (aphids, stem borer). Another important objective will be the re-evaluation of the standnard cultural practices of wheat production in the various parts of the scheme. - 126 - Annex 4A (e) Extend research findings to farmers as quickly as possible through large scale and demonstration trials, and through the newly established Training and Visit System of extension. Research Problems 1.24 Research on wheat has not been well formulated. However, efforts to improve and strengthen it are currently receiving more support from ARC. The main problems facing the production of wheat in the Gezira which need to be investigated in more detail are: the cultural practices (land preparation, sowing date, fertilizer requirements), suitable varieties for the various locations of the scheme, harvesting, insect and disease problems. A balance between breeding and agronomic research should be maintained, allowing for stronger links between ARC, ICARDA, and CIMMYT for the exchange of germplasm and varieties. Research Programs 1.25 The following are some of the research lines which will be carried out under the project. 1.26 Effect of type of land preparation on wheat yield. Trials will be made to compare different methods of land preparation, their cost and effects on wheat yield. 1.27 Sowing date trials at different parts of the scheme. To investigate whether the varying environmental conditions in the various parts of the scheme will require different sowing dates of the crop. If this will be the case, evaluation will be made on the most efficient and economic way of utilizing the available inputs, especially farm machinery. 1.28 Response of different varieties to fertilizer application. To study the response of different varieties planted at different parts of the scheme to various levels of fertilizers. 1.29 Optimum time for harvesting. To minimize harvesting losses and efficient use of harvesters. 1.30 Seed multiplication of new varieties. So that greater quantities of breeder seeds could be handed to the Seed Propagation Departments. 1.31 Entomological and pathological research will be conducted alongside the above-mentioned trials. In addition small and large scale trials on screening of new chemicals for insect control and seed dressing will be conducted at GRS. Farmers' Field Trials 1.32 Field studies in Gezira indicate that some of the recommended cultural practices of wheat production are not adhered to, due to lack of facilities and insufficient extension services. Also, new practices (varieties, herbicides, land preparation) have not been tested on large-scale under farmers' conditions. - 127 - Annex 4A 1.33 The project would test these cultural practices under the farmers' conditions. These trials will concentrate on the major factors such as use of herbicides, sowing date, land preparation and fertilizer requirements and will be conducted in the 15 blocks mentioned earlier in cooperation with SGB and the extension service of the scheme. Testing of advanced and primising new varieties will also be included. Sorghum Improvement Introduction 1.34 Grain sorghum is the main staple food in the Sudan. It constitutes 70% of the Sudanese diet. Sorghum improvement in the Sudan did not receive adequate attention until the early fifties when Tozi Research Station was established in 1952. 1.35 As part of the rotation in the Gezira, sorghum area is 250,000 feddans. So far, research work has been limited to local and introduced germplasm. However, the GRS-had formulated an elaborate research program covering breeding, agronomy, pests and diseases management, and despite limited resources and facilities it is making progress in building the research program for sorghum improvement in the Gezira scheme. 1.36 Of the Gezira crops, (cotton, wheat, groundnuts and sorghum), cotton receives relatively more attention from the Sudan Gezira Board, as it is the backbone of the economy of the country. Wheat receives some attention because of its strategic value. Groundnuts has been receiving attention because of its value as a cash crop. Because sorghum is a tenant crop - all production goes to the farmers - the part played by the scheme administration on sorghum production is weak. The technical base for its production has not improved. If sorghum is to continue under irrigation, the present yields should be doubled to make it profitable both to the tenants and SGB. Research Problems 1.37 A survey of farmers' fields in Gezira indicates that a wide range of mixed varieties are planted, which indicates the lack of standard varieties for farmer use, absence of optimum agronomic practices, and poor weed control resulting in heavy infestation and complete smothering of the crop. Devastating striga infestation is quite noticeable. Diseases mainly smut and anthracnose, are commonly observed. Pests, mainly stemborer, American bollworm, aphids and shootfly are of common occurrence in the area; the severity of the attack by these insects is greatly accentuated by delayed sowing. Instances of complete destruction of late sown crops - later than August - are common. As a result, sorghum yield is very low, averaging 0.6 tons/ha at a time where expected yield under research conditions is more than 4 tons/ha. Research Programs 1.38 The objectives of this project is to improve sorghum yield and quality at a low cost/benefit ratio. This goal is to be achieved through (i) developing high yielding varieties or hybrids suitable for the Gezira - 128 - Annex 4A scheme; (ii) optimizing husbandry practices; and (iii) efficient control of weeds, diseases, and insect pests. The project will cover the following aspects: 1.38 A. Breeding. This will focus on: (i) Varietal improvement. This is to be achieved through breeding nurseries and multi-locational trials using lines from ICRISAT and other sources. (ii) Hybrid improvement. This is to be achieved using male sterility in sorghum to produce experimental hybrids and evaluating these hybrids under different locations. 1.39 B. Agronomy. Research in the past produced useful information on agronomic aspects of sorghum production. However, lack of extension service had been a major obstacle in the transfer of knowledge to the farmers. Moreover, re-evaluation of these practices is necessary in view of (i) intensification and diversification of cropping in the Gezira, (ii) introduction of new varieties or hybrids, and (iii) the high prices attained by the product together with changes in the cost/benefit ratio, especially cost of irrigation and farm inputs. Areas under study are: (i) The effect of nitrogen and plant population on local and introduced cultivars. (ii) Cultural practices in relation to water economy and drought resistance. 1.40 C. Insect pest management will focus on: (i) Chemical control of stemborer and American bollworm. (ii) Biology, ecology and control of shootfly. (iii) Screening of introduced and locally bred lines against sorghum pests. (iv) Storage pests and their control. (v) Insecticides residues in sorghum straw and grain. 1.41 D. Disease Management. Priority attention will be given to: (i) Loose Smut including screening of sorghum cultivars and germplasm for disease resistance; and the survival of telidospores and factors affecting spore germination under natural conditions. Devicing an innoculation technique for long smut should also be studied carefully. (ii) Covered Smut including screening of new fungicides for disease control. Annex 4A - 129 - 1.42 Chemical Weed Control. This will screen herbicides with emphasis on potent grass killer alone, and as tank mix with broad leaved weed killer. Variety herbicide and antidotes to be considered for improving selectivity and herbicide residues and metabolites in straw and grain will be studied. E. Striga hermonthica. Control of striga will be through: (a) Integrated approach for using herbicide, germination stimulant, cultural practices and resistant varieties. (b) Field screening for striga resistant using infested plots. (c) Reaction of sorghum varieties to different levels of seed inoculum. (d) Laboratory work on factors affecting response of striga to different control measures. (e) Laboratory screening of natural and synthetic chemicals for their ability to disrupt the sequence of events between seed germination and attachment of host. On-farm Trials 1.43 The different factors believed to be responsible for yield differences between research findings and farmers' practices are varieties, sowing date, weed control and fertilizer use. 1.44 Farmers' fields will be selected to test, on large scale, recommended practices and to compare them with farmers' practices. SGB extension program will be involved in farmers selection and evaluation of trials. Groundnuts Improvement Introduction 1.45 Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) are important cash crop in the Sudan. It provides 7% of the GNP and employs 12% of the population. Groundnut was introduced in the Gezira scheme in the late 1960's. Seventeen to twenty five percent of the total acreage (1.03 million hectares) is under irrigation, and this produces 75% of the total production. Potential yield of groundnut in the irrigated Gezira is very high (6.6 t/ha) because of a good combination of solar radiation and temperature. Average pod yield under farmers' condition is about 1.7 t/ha. Many factors contribute to this low yield. 1.46 Research Problems. The main factors affecting yields and requiring GRS's attention include: (a) Cultural practices including sowing dates, plant population, weed control etc. were studied in detail. However, interactions - 130 _ Annex 4A between factors were not fully investigated. Because groundnut is grown on heavy black cracking clays (Vertisols), harvest losses tend to be as high as 60% and soil particles adhere to the pods. Alternative harvest methods should be developed to address this problem. (b) Pests, diseases, weeds and nematodes cause heavy reduction in yield. Some pests particularly in the intensified rotations of the Gezira, might present serious problems and for many of the pests, the economics of control need to be carefully studied. (c) Aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts is becoming very serious. It is reducing demand on Sudan's groundnut and is affecting the national earning of foreign currency. There is, however, a general lack of awareness of this problem among farmers. Irrigated areas can be free from aflatoxin if proper preventive methods are implemented. 1.47 Proposed Research Programs. The main objectives are: (a) To test and develop suitable agronomic practices and to assess their interactions on growth and yield. Groundnuts experience periodic water stress and this affects both quantity and quality of kernels produced. Controlled experiments aimed at better understanding of the physiology of flowering in groundnuts and the relationship between flowering and yield will be investigated. The erratic and negative response of groundnuts to fertilizer is a universal problem. There is a need to study major and minor nutrient deficiencies and the interaction between cultivars and fertilizers. (b) To screen and develop cultivars of different market types having the following attributes: (i) High pod yield. (ii) Strong peg attachment, minimum soil staining, bunch growth habit and concentrated fruit set. (iii) Earliness. (iv) Drought tolerance. (v) Resistance to infection by A.flavus and Aflatoxin formation. (c) To collect germplasm for screening and selection consists of introduced cultivars and lines from ICRISAT and USA. Material generated by the local hybridization program will also be screened for this purpose. (d) To study and develop methods for the control of the pest complex (insects, diseases, weeds and nematodes) in an integrated manner involving the growing of resistant cultivars, cultural control, chemical and biological control. 1.48 Main lines of research on groundnut in Gezira Research Station: - Study water requirements, i.e. interval and quanatity. - Study the interaction of agronomic practices. - Formulate field techniques to identify tolerant genotypes. - 131 - Annex 4A - Identify of harmful insects, diseases, weeds and nematodes in the irrigated areas and proper assessment of damage. - Develop suitable control program. - Study the effect of various cultural practices on incidence and level of aflatoxin contamination. - Study the effect of curing methods in relation to incidence of aflatoxin. - Identify field conditions conducive to contamination by the fungus. Improvement of Horticultural Crops Introduction 1.49 Research on horticultural crops started rather late in the Sudan when Hudeiba Research Station was established in 1960. Research on vegetables in the Gezira started in 1968 and on fruits in 1976. Recently, horticultural production has attracted the attention of policy makers and tenants because of increasing demand, high returns to farmers, and as a possible source of hard currency to the country. The road system linking the Gezira scheme with most of the heavily populated centers, Khartoum airport and to the vegetable and fruit processing plants in Wad Medani in Khartoum, Kassala, makes it possible for Gezira to produce and market horticultural crop in these areas. The Gezira scheme has great potentials for horticultural production. Areas under horticultural crops have significantly increased in recent years, reaching 50,000 fd in 1981/82, with onions (14,000 fd) and tomatoes (12,000 fd) being the main crops. An area of about 3,500 fd is under permanent fruit trees. Yields at farmers' fields are very low and amounts to about 30% of yields obtained at the research farm. 1.50 The main objectives of this project are to strengthen the capabilities of horticultural research, and to strengthen the link between the researchers and the farmers through an effective extension service in an effort to maximize yields and improve quality. Research Problems .51 Little has been done to develop new cultivars, to improve cultural practices, to develop pest and disease control methods, or to study post-harvest methods for vegetables and fruits. A major factor for this shortcoming is the large number of crops being handled and their extreme variability. Because of this, and because of the limited facilities at the GRS, careful selection of research priorities have to be made. A great deal of varietal testing has to be made for fresh marketing, for processing and for export purposes. Responses of various crops to sawing dates, fertilizers, irrigation and plant population densities have to be studi*ed. Annex 4A - 132 - 1.52 In some years, more than 40% of the crops are lost because of insects and diseases such as tomato leaf curl and powdery mildews. Weeds are also a major problem in the vegetable fields. 1.53 Vegetables and fruits are highly perishable. Traditional methods of harvesting, packing, transport and storage contribute to great losses, estimated in some crops as high as 50%. Improvement of post-harvest practices should receive special attention. The determination of quality of vegetable and fruits as affected by various cultivars and cultural treatments is of vital importance. 1.54 Several commercial fruit nurseries are propagating diseased citrus seedlings. The establishment of a virus free bud wood certification program is very important. 1.55 For better testing of the adaptation of research findings to the various Gezira farmers, experiments have to be replicated in Turabi, Hag Abdalla, Maatoug and Abdel Magid. Recommended treatments could also be put into on-farm trials so as to gain the confidence of the farmers. 1.56 Research Program A. For vegetable crops, the research program will focus on: (i) Evaluating cultivars under various Gezira conditions. (ii) Breeding for tomato leaf curl virus resistant cultivers. (iii) Breeding for heat tolerant tomato cultivars. (iv) Breeding for powdery mildew resistance in okra and cucurbits. (v) Investigating the effects of sowing date, plant spacing, fertilizer and irrigation on yield and quality of vegetables. (vi) Studying effects of differential shading and intercropping on extending the growing season of tomatoes. (vii) Screening chemicals for powdery mildew control. (viii) Screening chemical for insect control. (ix) Surveying of incidence of Nematodes on horticultural crops. (x) Developing a rotation for vegetable crops. 1.57 For fruits, the research program will focus on: (i) the production of virus-free budwood by indexing domestic selections. (ii) the introduction of certified citrus budwood and seed from well-known foreign nurseries and foundations. - 133 - Annex 4A (iii) the establishment of a strong citrus budwood registration program in the Gezira. (iv) the establishment and maintenance of variety foundation plantings in various sites of the Gezira that will serve extension purposes and provide sound budwood and stocks to the nurseries. (v) the development of cultural practices for fruit trees in the heavy clays of the Gezira. 1.58 Post-harvest physiology. This will be limited to: (i) Surveys for assessment of losses of vegetables and fruits at different marketing channels. (ii) Adaptive research on storage methods. (iii) Improvement of transport of the perishable fruits and vegetables. A Special Project for GRS New Combined Rotations Experiment (Phase III) Introduction 1.59 Combined rotations experiment (Phase I) studied the effect of the number of fallows on cotton production and soil fertility. Phase II was designed to study the effect of intensified cropping on crop yields and maintenance of soil fertility. It has been noticed that cotton yields and soil productivity sharply declined due to the replacement of fallow with crops. Research Problem 1.60 Cotton yields of the combined rotations over the last 10 years dropped drastically in spite of the addition of 3N, as urea, for cotton, 2N for wheat and 2N for dura. In the Gezira scheme, the same trend has been noticed recently and concurrently with the intensification and diversification. Proposed Research Programs 1.61 The project is of a long term nature. Intensive soil samples will be taken at the start and at the completion of each rotation cycle. Soil chemical, physical, nutritional and biological aspects will be evaluated. Crops production will be economically evaluated, including the statistical appraisal of inputs direct, cumulative and residual effects. Packages of alternative cropping systems that would pay higher dividends, in cash and/or in kind, to the farmer will be recommended, taking into account the prevailing set up of production conditions (social, economic, and environmental). Also, inter-crop movement of insects will be investigated. The proposed rotations are: Annex 4A - 134 - Cm - GN/D Cm - Ph/Fallow CL - W - GN/D CL - W/B - Sun/D CL - W/B - Ph/Fallow CL - W - GN/D - Fallow CL - W - GN/D - Ph/Adasi - Fallow CL - W - Sun/D - Adasi/Ph - Fallow CL - W - Adasi/D - Abu 70/Lubia - Fallow CL - W - GN/Sun - Abu 70/Lubia - Fallow Cm - Cotton medium staple Gn - Groundnut CL - Cotton Long Staple D - Dura W - Wheat Ph - Phillipesara (phaseolus trilobus) Adasi - Pigeon pea B - Berseem (Tripholium alexandrinum) Abu 70- (sorghum sudanese) Sun- sunflower (Sudan Grass) Lubia - Dolichus lablab Objectives 1.62 The objective of the project is to compare the effect of different forage crops and the widening of the existing rotations, to cater for the integration of animal feeds, on crop production and continuity of soil fertility. Experimental Site 1.63 (a) Gezira Research Station (all rotations) (b) Sudan Gezira Board/Massallamiya Group (4, 5 and 6 courses). Economic Studies 1.64 The Rotation Studies Would be Supported by Field Surveys of Optimum Crop Management in the Gezira and Managil. Earlier surveys indicate that in Gezira, the wide yield variation of crops is evident, not only between years but also between locations and tenancies within the Annex 4A - 135 - seasons. Sources of variation are diverse, but could be grouped into soils, climate and infrastructure as exogenous and a "management variable" as indigenous variables where the interaction between the two categories should be emphasized. It is obvious that tenants with high levels of management score higher yields than those with a lower level. The question arises: assuming that they operate rationally, why are farmers not adopting sufficient levels of management to increase yields and incomes? Apparent justifications include: - lack of knowledge as to the importance of management practices. - lack of facilities (finance) to carry out these practices. Many arguments can be set against these justifications. For instance, considerable knowledge and credit facilities are available in the Gezira. In addition, the hypothesis can be made that more family labor can be released which will balance to a great extent the constraints due to financial bottlenecks. Not obvious, however, is whether a shift to a higher management level is economical taking into consideration that costs are associated with different management levels. The question arises: are additional returns due to better husbandry practices high enough to motivate the tenants to release more inputs for crop production? Accordingly, objectives of the study can be identified. Objectives 1.65 - to define two management levels: high vs low, - to investigate the differences and causes of these levels, - to calculate costs and returns of these levels, - to estimate economically optimum levels of management. Implications 1.66 Results are expected to be of direct benefit for planning purposes to raise crop management levels and will have a feedback effect for research purposes. Design 1.67 A selective sample of tenants will be taken to represent low and high producing tenants in terms of crop management in different regions of the Gezira and Managil. Selection criteria will be based on both historical yield records and judgment of the staff of the Sudan Gezira Board. Data 1.68 Continuous information will be collected by resident reams in the field on cultural practices, cost returns, credit and off-farm activities in addition to related items. - 136 - Апnех 4А и сч ,-� г� о � о а-г I w rn н cv и н с� о н н м сч о � о о 'о о и о о и Н I �ч оо сЧ о г� и г� rn � �о м оо �-1 г� �з м ш �+ .•. � и .. +-� ш м �-Э •г+ �.л � �+ и о ш о о о и о и •.i � и м сч � м .-i о ,и s� ,-� м �+ � о G i х � ^ а � ro м W •з.�.� ..i v о;; о о i о о о i о о гх и и м о и � н � � �-i си � о � �' � и � й �' '•. � ш '-' � й м н ro °о о �,,, ,,� w w но ��'N ' �°+ о t о о о t о о ,� W и� с7 м с� �о м н и Н гк с7 и с� м и"' r. �. � � о О м Н � N W � �у v v С7 � � ,С О { О О О 1 О О 1 � 3 �о ао rn rn �-1 � � r-1 � � � � о и Ш G U � r. �" О 3-i N С� 1� сц � � +-� N о и о о и о о и U Ф �U 1 О г� N 1 Г-1 �о w и н � � G �с сНо � �t v � � � � G с� ш а о о о и о о и с� са о и о г� t и сч о, � и �о ,� м �с н � �, и а. о a�i а.� д � � м � .[ ш � й G W ,� � . и � �.n. •а' � � •° � � w. b0 '�,'' 'г� � 3-r 00 1.� •r1 N О � � С• О G сд � bA •,� • а• . w.� а •,-+ и•г+ G .-�-i � W . ш � •� �-�i � ci й �¢ Z -га i+ �2S .О Н гд сд .д Н и q Н ГА � �7 �t1 Н Ё+ Р�-. � U оН •Х 137 Annex 4A II. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION Background 2.01 Agricultural sector dominates the Sudanese economy, providing livelihood for 80% of the population and contributing 40% of GDP and 95% of exports. Modern capital intensive irrigation schemes cover about 4 million feddans, 5.6 million feddans are under mechanized rainfed farming and about 11 million feddans are cultivated by traditional methods under limited rainfall. 2.02 The Ministry of Agriculture has established six major corporations for supervising the irrigation schemes. These include Gezira (2.1 million fd), New Halfa (0.4 million fd), Rahad (0-3 million fd), Blue and White Nile (0.7 million fd) and Northern Schemes (63,520 fd). These schemes produce all of Sudan's long staple cotton, 90-95% of the medium staple cotton, 55% of its groundnuts, and 20% of its wheat. 2.03 Gezira is the oldest and the largest of the irrigation schemes in trie country. It was started in 1920 as the first large scale gravity irrigated project. Gezira makes a major contribution to the national economy. During the 19701s, it produced about 60% of the country's cotton, 35% of its groundnuts, 75% of its wheat and 10% of its sorghum. In 1979, its total share of export earnings, largely from cotton, was' 47%. 2.04 The main crops grown in Gezira are cotton, wheat, groundnuts and sorghum. Out of total cropped area of 1.3 million fd in 1981-82, 435,000 fd was devoted to cotton, 247,000 fd to wheat, 344,000 fd to sorghum and 262,000 fd to groundnuts. These crops are grown in a four-crop rotation including a fallow in Gezira and a three course rotation without fallow in Managil. Vegetables are grown in 40,000 fd. Though fodder is not included in the rotation, substantial areas (40,000 fd) are grown through summer irrigation. 2.05 Production responsibilities on the scheme are divided between the SGB, the MOI and the farmers. SGB determines crop rotations and prepares the land. For cotton, SGB is responsible for application of fertilizer and pesticides, seed propagation and distribution, and its purchase and ginning. It operates 13 ginneries with a daily production capacity of over 900 tons of lint. 2.06 Farmers do not own their land but are tenants. The area is divided into 102,000 tenancies with an average area of 20 fd., i5 fd in Managil area. Until 1980, profits were divided between the Government, the corporation and the tenants through a Joint Account. The tenants share in 1980 was 47% with an additional 14% earmarked for development of social welfare activities. As non-cotton crop area expanded in the early - 138 - Annex 4A seventies, the Joint Account came to have increasing drawbacks, as cost of cultivation of cotton as well as other crops was recovered from sale of cotton making it a less attractive crop. A system of separate accounts for each crop was introduced in 1980. There has been substantial improvement in the level of output prices since 1981. As a result of these measures there has been a significant revival in tenant interest in the cotton crop. 2.07 The tenant system has become increasingly unsatisfactory as economic and social changes have evolved. Tenancies were originally designed to be worked by tenants, but hired labor has always been important in the scheme. Share cropping arrangements are common on the groundnut crop, and it is estimated that over half of all tenants are no longer directly involved in farming. Existing extension organization 2.08 The Sudan Gezira Board is headed by a Managing Director who is supported by four divisions for administrative affairs, finance and accounts, engineering and agricultural production. The agricultural production division is headed by a Director (Mudir-el-Zarai), and has six departments for seed production, plant protection, horticulture, animal production, extension and field administration, each under a Manager. For operational purposes, the Gezira scheme is divided into 14 "groups" and 107 "blocks," each under a Group Manager (Mudir-el-Qism) and Block Inspector (El-bash-Mufattish) respectively. Agricultural activities with the farmers are the responsibility of the Field Inspectors (Mufattish) under the blocks. The block inspectors also have direct responsibility for some farmers in the block. In all the scheme has 365 field inspectors. 2.09 Each Group Manager is assisted by a plant protection officer, an agricultural engineer drawn from the engineering division and an extension officer. The plant protection officer has 2-3 Assistants and a number of scouting teams with 12-20 scouting workers. Each block in addition has 2-3 accountants for maintaining account of services made available to the tenants. Spraying equipment fleet is located at the groups, and plant protection stores at the blocks. Agricultural machinery is stocked at the headquarters and is assigned to the groups as per requirement. 2.10 Tenants are associated with agricultural programming through a Board of Agriculture with 12 members including 3 tenants under the Managing Director, a Joint Production Council (representing Tenant Trade Unions) under the Director of agricultural production, and Group, Block and Village Production Councils at field levels. Each Village Council has three committees for agriculture, health and finance. Each group of 50 farmers has a local leader called "Samad." Annex 4A - 139 - 2.11 The scheme's 102,000 tenants are served by 365 field inspectors at an average of about 280 tenants per field inspector. Extension service is one of the many duties assigned to the field inspector whose other duties include preparing the agricultural program for the block, keeping records of input supplies, approving cash advances, inspecting tenants' fields to ensure that they follow regulations issued by the Board, and acting as a debt collector in the event tenants do not settle their debts. 2.12 A small "extension" department provided under the agricultural production division handles advisory services, demonstration plots, contacts with farmers and the preparation of agricultural literature. 180 TV sets with generators have been provided in the Gezira area with German assistance, and a Liaison Officer organizes TV viewing clubs. The department is headed by a Manager, has two extensionists and a total staff of 22 at headquarters. An extensionist has been provided at each group (3 are presently on study leave). Extension work has been delegated to village production councils, and the extensionists meet tenants at village council meetings. The extension department is also operating the FAO Fertilizer Program. Limitations of existing extension program 2;.13 "Extension" under the Gezira scheme has rather a limited scope. Extension activity is confined more or less to provision of information support, primarily through a few printed leaflets and bulletins, and a few stray demonstrations. Activities of the agricultural production division itself are confined primarily to cultivation of cotton, through "enforcement" and "regulation" of tenant activities in this regard, and through provision, without consultation with the tenants, of land preparation, plant protection, seed, fertilization and other production requirements. 2.14 Yields of cotton and wheat in the scheme have declined, and yields of sorghum and groundnuts have stagnated at a low level. Low yields for cotton are caused by uneven seeding rates and slow introduction of new varieties. Wheat yields are low due to late planting, irregular stand, weed and pest infestation, and the fact that heat-tolerant varieties adapted to the short growing season are not used on the scheme. Groundnuts production is affected by poor land preparation, excessive spacing, inadequate watering, shortage of fertilizers, weed infestation and lack of new varieties. Sorghum suffers from poor land preparation, weed infestation, neglected irrigation and lack of inputs or management. All these problems need to be addressed through an improved research and extension program. Annex 4A - 140 - Potential for increased production 2.15 Considerable technology for increasing production is already available, as brought out by the large gap between average yields on farmers' fields and yields obtained on Gezira research station: Yields of main crops grown under irrigation Average yields on Yields on Gezira farmers' fields research station kg/fd kg/fd Cotton 400 1,300 Wheat 360 1,500 Sorghum 500 2,000 Groundnuts 600 2,200 It is likely that considerable amount of adaptive research and field trials would be needed before the research yields can be translated on farmers' fields. Even so, the gap poses a promising challenge for an effective extension program. 2.16 Investments in irrigation and other agricultural infrastructure are likely to be wasted unless effective action is taken at the same time for strengthening the extension service to ensure transfer of the technology available at the research stations to the farmers' fields. Investments involved in extension are small when compared with the investments in irrigation etc., and yet could mean all the difference in realizing its full production potential. Proposed Extension Approach 2.17 It is proposed that scope of "extension" in the Gezira area may be suitably modified to make it an effective instrument for realizing the areas' full production potential: (i) Extension should concern itself not merely with information support as at present, but should encompass the entire range of available technology needed for raising production. This would require specifically the provision of a "technology group" comprising teams of Subject Matter Specialists for guidance of field staff under the agricultural production division, apart from the "support services group" already provided. (ii) Extension should not be confined to cotton crop only, but should cover all crops grown by the farmers and all his other production activities. - 141 - Annex 4A (iii) Aim of extension should not be "regulation" and "policing" but technical guidance of farmers, to ensure higher incomes for them as a natural incentive for increasing production. Proposed extension organization 2.18 Approach. The agricultural production division under the SGB (para 8) with its six departments (seed production, plant protection, horticulture, animal production, extension and field administration) is well equipped to provide support services to various agricultural production activities. It has a well organized set up for implementation of the programs at the field level, through the hierarchy of group managers, block inspectors and field inspectors. The field staff, field inspectors in particular, are well provided with facilities including in particular housing and transport. It is proposed to adapt this organization for extenson, with a modification of the "approach" and the "spirit," without much additional staff. 2.19 Subject Matter Specialists. As suggested in para 17 (i), a sound "technology" component is presently missing from the agricultural production organization, and it would be necessary to provide teams of Subject Matter Specialists (SMS) in the organizaton to serve as trainers and guides for the field staff. A team of SMSs could satisfactorily cover a group of 70-80 field personnel for training them in four groups of 15-20 each in four separate training sessions every fortnight. A team of SMSs may thus be provided for 3-4 Groups, total four such teams to cover the 14 Groups under the Gezira scheme in time. The SMS teams may be recruited as far as possible by selection of suitably qualified personnel from within the field organization to take advantage of the locally relevant field experience. High level experties would be built up gradually through field experience under the reorganized extension system and an intensive program of training. 2.20 Each team of SMSs may comprise the following specializations: (i) Field Crops (Agronomy) (ii) Plant Protection (iii) Horticulture - Fruits and Vegetables (iv) Agricultural Engineering (including Water Management) (v) Livestock and Forage Crops. 2.21 Program "director." It would be necessary in addition to provide for a "director" for ensuring purposeful implementation of the extension Annex 4A - 142 - program. The officer would have to have a high management ability and a lot of initiative and drive in addition to high technical competence. It has been suggested in the original proposal that a "Research and Extension Coordinator" may be provided to assist the Deputy Managing Director in overall charge of project operations, with responsibilities to ensure coordination between ARC and SGB and introduction of extension techniques (para 4.12 of the Staff Appraisal Report). It may be more appropriate to place an officer with responsibilities broadly on lines proposed within the Agricultural Production Division under the Director, but above the teams of SMSs and Managers of various support services, so that he can carry both the technology group and the support services group together for an effective, comprehensive extension effort. He would ensure coordination with ARC's Gezira research station as an organic part of the T&V system, particularly through the forum of monthly workshops between research scientists and extension SMSs (para 24 (iv)). A post of Deputy Director (Extension) under the Director in place of the post of "Research and Extension Coordinator" may be provided for the purpose. 2.22 Field Inspectors. Bifurcation of field inspectors into administrative and extension groups is not considered desirable or feasible. The field inspectors have a close relationship with the tenant farmers even under the existing arrangements, and even though the emphasis is on control and enforcement, the agricultural activities are essentially in the nature of extension work of a sort. All that is needed is a change in spirit from "control" to "guidance." Some of the blocks have only one field inspector. The block inspector also deals directly with his own group of farmers. Bifurcation of field staff may create operational problems between the two sets of staff, as the administrative staff would have more "power" than the extension staff. The present strength of field inspectors yields a ratio of I inspector for about 280 farmers which is desirable for an intensive weekly visit schedule required for irrigated farming, and would get diluted in case of bifurcation of field inspectors. 2.23 It was felt in discussions with project authorities from Gezira as well as some other projects that balance of advantage would be in utilization of the entire existing field organization including all block and field inspectors as a unified extension service without bifurcation. The administrative responsibilities would be taken over by the "seconds" ("Mufattish-thani") or the technicians concerned with agricultural engineering, plant protection and extension as well as the accountants available at the blocks with the assistance of the village councils. The field inspectors would be engaged in field visits for four days a week, and in training for average 1/2 day per week (once a fortnight), and could use the remaining 1 1/2 days in the fortnight for residual administrative work if any, as long as it does not impinge on his extension activities. The need for any additional administrative support to the block inspectors could be considered in the light of experience under the proposed pilot projects. Annex 4A - 143 - 2.24 The field inspectors are B.Sc in Agriculture and have considerable field experience. They are provided with houses (at block headquarters) and cars. Utilization of the entire group of field inspectors would give the reorganized extension program a promising start. 2.25 The proposed organization of the agricultural production division geared to effective implementation of the reorganized extension program on lines suggested above is given in the attached Chart 1. Training and Visit System 2.26 More important than the organization as such is the management system under which it is operationalized. The Training and Visit extension system has proved effective in other areas and would be eminently suitable for use in the Gezira area. It is proposed that step by step transfer of agricultural technology generated at the research stations through the extension service to the farmers' fields may be ensured as follows: (i) Farmer visits. Field inspectors' visits to farmers' fields may be systematized under a fixed weekly schedule. The group of 250-300 farmers in the field inspector's area may be divided into four sub-groups of about 60-75 farmers each and visits fixed on four days in the week, say from Saturday to Tuesday following the weekly holiday on Friday. (ii) Contact farmers. It would not be possible or necessary for the field inspector to directly reach all the farmers. About 10 farmers from each day's group may be selected as "Contact Farmers," and the field inspector should ensure that the superior technology made available by the research stations is effectively built up from week to week on the contact farmers fields, from where it would spread to the neighboring farmers. (iii) Fortnightly training. A field inspectors visits to the farmers would be effective only in case the technology offered by him is demonstrably superior to what the farmers are already following, and would result in substantial increase in their incomes. Field inspectors would be equipped for confident extension of such technology through the forum of "fortnightly training sessions" taken by a competent team of Subject Matter Specialists (SMSs). Each team of SMSs could cover four groups every fortnight, through two training sessions every week, say on Wednesdays and Thursdays. (iv) Monthly workshops. It would be desirable that the technology to be extended to the farmers should be fed into the extension system directly by the research scientists of the Gezira research Annex 4A station at Wad Medani through effective linkages between research and extension. This may be ensured through the medium of "monthly workshops" between the research scientists and the extension SMSs at the research station, say on the first and second working days of each month. Each research staton should identify the most outstanding researchers to serve as Crop/Program Coordinators for various crops, etc. It would be the responsibility of the coordinators to draw on other concerned research scientists, and ensure excellence in the "callendar of operations" identified for feeding into the extension system from month to month. (v) Support services/inputs coordinator. The Gezira Board has a centralized responsibility for making suport services like land preparation, plant protection and harvesting, and inputs like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides available to the farmers. It would be desirable that these services are fully coordinated with the technology being developed. This would be ensured by participation of the headquarters level officers concerned with these services in the monthly workshops, and of field personnel in fortnightly training sessions for field inspectors. Excellence of technology fed into the extension system would be the key to the success of the extension program. Without it, the program would result in frustration and failure. The monthly workshops and the fortnightly training sessions would have to be conducted with an eye on excellence, relevance and practical applicability to ensure this. 2.27 Extension Specialist. As would be seen, the T&V system would have to be a highly sensitive management exercise requiring effective linkages with research scientists on the one hand and effective systems for step by step training of field extension personnel and step by step build up of the concerned crops etc. on the farmers' fields. Effective establishment of the T&V system would be the key to success of the program. It may be necessary to provide assistance from one or more internationally recruited Extension Specialists for a total of about 12 man months for ensuring this. This would be accommodated within the provision made for recruitment of an expatriate Training Officer as part of the extension training program. Redesignation of field personnel 2.28 SGB may wish to consider whether it would be desirable that designations of field personnel at various levels - group, block and field - should be modified to reflect the changed extension approach and functions by calling them Group Extension Managers, Block Extension Officers and Field Extension Officers or by other suitable designations. - 145 - Annex 4A First Phase 2.29 It would be desirable that the proposed extension program should be introduced in phases, so that implementation problems can be identified and resolved, and the first areas can serve as training ground for future expansion. A start is proposed in two groups at Musallamya and Almunsi. Only one team of SMSs placed at the headquarters would be adequate for covering the two groups. The team would be able to cover additional groups as the program progresses. The proposed project for "Agricultural Research, Extension and Training in the Irrigated Sector"would ensure coverage of all remaining areas under the Gezira and other irrigated schemes under a reorganized extension program in the light of experience in the first projects. Implementation Schedule 2.30 The SGB has taken a decision along with managements of the other agricultural production corporations for Rahad, New Halfa, Blue Nile and White Nile irrigation schemes to make a start with reorganization of extension in the first group areas from the main cropping season from June 1983. An Agricultural Extension Specialist with field experience in implementation of T & V systems would be hired under the Blue Nile Project for guiding the pilot progress in all the schemes. Consolidation of the program in the pilot area may not, however, be possible until the following season. The proposed project for Agricultural Research, Extension and Training in the irrigated sector for comprehensive reorganization of these activities would be finalized in the meantime for phased introduction of the progress in all groups under the scheme in two or three years. An essential requirement for satisfactory start of the program in the two initial groups would be the placement of Deputy Director (Extension) and the subject matter specialists in position well before the start of the activities in June 1983. Implementation facilities 2.31 It would be necessary to provide facilities like housing for field staff where not available, training within the country and abroad, vehicles for mobility of staff and audio-visual aids including support for radio and television programs. Suitable vehicles would be required in particular for the Deputy Director (Extension), Extension Specialist and Subject Matter Specialists as well as Crop/Program Coordinators at the Gezira research station, besides replacement of worn out vehicles for the field extension staff at group, block and field levels. Adequate provision for these facilities would be available under the project. Annex 4A - 146 - Performance Incentives 2.32 Implementation of an extension program under the Training and Visit discipline will require a high degree of technical competence and equally high level of motivation. The SGB may consider suitable incentives for ensuring effective mobilization of the concerned staff for quality implementation. The incentives should be related to quality of performance based on increase in productivity and farmer acceptance of impact practices, etc. Recovery of Extension Costs 2.33 The Gezira scheme is operated on the basis that the cost of operation of the scheme including the cost of management is a degree on the tenants. It would be particularly desirable that the cost of extension, including performance incentives in particular, should be identified separately and pointedly recovered from the beneficiary tenants, starting with the initial groups. This would establish a healthy mechanism for direct answerability of the extension service to the tenants in that extension staff would have to demonstrate to the tenant farmers that the extension service is worth paying for. Prospects 2.34 The proposed extension program holds good prospects for an impact on agricultural production in the Gezira area. The area has decentralized management under an effective head placed within the project area, who could ensure effective implementation of the program at all levels. High quality research is also available at the Gezira station of ARC, which would strengthen further under the project. All support services and inputs are within the control of SGB itself. All the field staff is already in position with facilities like housing and transport. Even more promising is the large gap between yields at research stations comparedwith yields on farmers' fields ranging betwen 3-4 times (para 15). There is a prevailing tradition of disciplined work in the area. Given all these advantages, a strengthened extenson program could be highly rewarding and well worth the comparatively small cost. � - 147 - Аппех 4А д� о о о о с с о о i о д т о о о о• с с о о о с i о а^, с С о о О о t I 1 t о С и С и � и . � � N L т .--� U•О м О G С N 1 и 4. U о .О N О� t� N �� .�Ч N � О К м м н 1�6 W 67 i 1 О О С О о о О G О О О О о б О 1 О О О О О О О G О � О О О О :J О 1 О О О_ О о С О G О О О С О О О О 1 G W и т О�т м О О С й и ^ О и G О 1 м О О �L N С v и Гл N н N н Ny ц 1 м о с„� м м ы ... n! м н iы .ц-+ .ид �.и.1 .и-�7 .ч и ц о н � а .и.7 ..нч i ; t О С О О О о О О О О 1 С С С О С О о О О О о 1 О • и ' '' О G О О О О О О О U i О С+ т О�� и т ц �П с ц,� .t V м N � 1 м 1 �+ и 1 1 1 1 1 1 .�+ и и д н О и � ы t � ..7 1 � О О О О О О О о о О 1 О О о С G О О О С С О 1 О uI С С О С О О С О О О 1 О � 1 1 1 1 1 т о н С и N ц и G ц � ы с,) � г�-, м н � � 1 � Н •� � �U,] ,�,�� � � �� � ы и.г о н о и и и i �j aI .� � i � 11 i а•' о с с о о о с�с о o i о о с о с с о о с с о � С Z � :.+ � о с о с о с с с о с � о О О з � � У � � т с,а С т о и с ц i ц Н .� с� м ы м �v. н �^ Е+ и ы � � � м i � Н � � i � о � i ы и ц о к о и 9 н i N � � �I ы ы .� .°.а � Н W { W Ра ' - � r1 �С r-1 о с о с с о о с о о i с ра х � о с о с о с о о о о i о 6 W � ui i � л о осоо с с о о о i о � � � о т о� о и т а и о й i.г . � V м п с� n ы; и � н � ы � � � ы � N � � t 1 1 1 и ц О и о ; � е и 1 � � i 1 � � � О о О О О С С С CG С О С С 1 о О О О С О О С С � С С С: О О О 1 О С G О о О о О G С О С G G С С 1 О Z О Т ы О ц м гг п� С и � J и О ц j г� Qi с� м .с м `-' ц ^ 1 и д ; и � � и � � " .ц. ..Иi ,иа � .-г и ц о н о и и ц i � д ..а .а i t i � i и 1 О о О О О С О О О С� О 1 U О С О С G О О С С О 1 О 1 1 1 С и С и о[, О О О 1 1 н со �о м м гv н ц и О � С N ы � � 1 I i � . � 1 с ы ы и м и i i i ы и ц о н С i � г� � Ф ы ы ы 1 и 1 � , г i с i и� и� и и и и и ••� и и и � С 1 с О` О О О О О О О О О � � о .. с ^ г .� .а .� � г '-' � г :с. .а .� i i с t и1i и �, и i ..�. � �� и о i V � • 4 L U 1 б И � � 1 ^ /• С Ш 1 ы V' с ^ и И .. F ы' О и ti` ч w О н ы и j .+ ¢ У v � г � го � V :� � с. -� �а _ й го ь. � Г_ U t - � � С G . Г_ ^ 4I � ., .Г, L � . .� ' Г � ,П � � и л ' Е' , vi I .. А , 1 I И 1 . U � 1 _. � П F 4 U ! гп С го i р 'cJ .; � �.. .. -._, у ( г ,...1 I . . _ 1 о i I . ✓ С.._ ., О '�' С nI 1 � . .. с. .<. . r, _ . г , _ _ _ � - -� - с у .; -.� г й-1 Е`- д v� - �г j -� 1 д � v - �х i � � -.. .. ... � �- Г _ � i ,_.. .� � �. �. Г � F .Г, i 148 - Annex-4B SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT TRAINING COMPONENT Bark_grau 1.01 The Sudan Gezira Board (SGB) employs over 2300 professional and technical staff, more than 9000 unclassified staff and a total of over 10,000 unskilled personnel at different times of the year for a wide variety of purposes. SGB is a complex organization comprising over thirty departments a-nd sections; most positions have been established for many years, staff turnover has been low and systems and job routines are well entrenched. SGB has supported a continuing training activity based on a lengthy, informal apprenticeship for artisan cadres and a strong commitment to training outside Sudan for senior staff. That this training has been effective is evidenced by the fact that SGB has maintained the levels of operation it has. By the same token, however, declining performance records which make the rehabilitation project necessary speak for the inadequacy of staff development processes to prepare employees at all levels for job requirements in a changing situation. While there are many highly skilled and experienced people in SGB, the internal organization of training and staff development is weak. Factors Affecting Manpower and Training 1.02 External Training. Funding for training abroad has been provided in the past from SGB's own budget,from scholarship made available to Sudan by bilateral and UN agecies, and, to a limited extent, through supplier contracts. During the past decade, there has been a rapid expansion of irrigation and other agricultural programs in the country which have competed for the available scholarships (and have often been favoured on the basis that the Scheme has benefited from almajority of external training opportunities in the past). In recent years, the combination of shortage of foreign exchange and large increases in the cost of foreign training has reduced drastically the numbers of staff whom SGB has been able to send for training. Previously the scheme had autonomy over its use of funds for this purpose, but since 1975 responsibility for approval of overseas training has been centralized in the Government's Department of Administrative Reforms. In 1981/82 only three from SGB went for advanced training. This year, despite a SGB budget allocation of LSd 265,000 for external training, no places had been approved by the expected date. Recently the opportunities for external training through supplier contracts have also diminished. Hence a substantial backlog now exists for overseas training of technical and professional personnel. 1.03' Staff Age Profile. Prior to Sudan's independence in 1956, virtually all positions of authority in the Scheme were filled by expatriates--including field inspectors. Independence was followed by a rapid "Sudanization" program which brought Sudanese into all but a few of the most senior posts. This influx was mainly young men; employment with SGB has had a privileged status so that staff have remained in employment, and the most able have progressed into top level positions. Now, 26 years later, there is a large body of men approaching retirement. Annex 4B -149 - 1.04 Normal retirement age is 55; mandatory retirement age is 60, but optional retirement with pension can be taken at 50, or after 25 years' service. The pension status of all senior staff (group level 1-5) in the Scheme by 1988 is summarized below, together with existing vacancies. Table 1. Pension Status of Present Group Level Staff in 1988 Finance Admin Engineering Agric Scheme Dept. Dept. Dept. Dept. Total Total Group level posts 26 59 25 153 263 Present vacancies 4 8 6 31 49 Present staff pensionable 21 47 14 152 234 before 1988 + vacancies Present staff over 55 in 13 24 9 63 108 1988 +.vacancies 1.05 It can be seen from these figures that only 29 of the present incumbants of 263 senior positions will not have reached pensionable age by 1988. The same thing applies in certain other categories of staff. All station masters and many water gaffirs, for example, were described as being "old men". This unusual phenomenon has produced a staff age profile for SGB which as a whole resembles an inverted dumbell instead of the pyramid form which is standard in a normal expanding organisation. This will lead to the loss of many experienced personnel over a relatively short period and upward movement of staff without adequate skills and experience into a large proportion of all supervisory and managerial positions. 1.06 Labour Market Pressures on SGB Staff. Staffing and training issues of the scheme need to be viewed in the wider context of increasingly severe shortages of skilled and experienced technical and high level manpower in Sudan. It was estimated recently that over 300,000 Sudanese are working abroad. Certain categories of personnel are particularly depleted particularly most types of construction and technical personnel It is estimated that 50% of all accountant positions in SGB are now vacant. High aspirations have been created by competing government programs and large scale emigration of educated Sudanese to neighbouring countries in response to big wage differentials. 1.07 Loss of Staff through Retirement and Resignation. Terms and conditions of service with SGB were preeminent among government services for many years but this is no longer the case as some of new agricultural developments are paying field allowances above normal government rates in order to attract and retain staff. This is keenly felt by SGB field staff, particularly in outlying areas which they regard as equally arduous to conditions in the new programs, and because of the exceptionally rigorous work demanded of SGB field staff by the peculiar SGB/tenant relationship and the recently introduced new system of individual accounts. At the same time, SGB staff in all fields have gained a high reputation and new ventures in both public and private sectors are constantly attempting to attract staff from the Scheme. A number of staff can be expected to remain - 150 - Annex 4B beyond optional pension age with the prospect of promotion to top positions, but many are expected to take their pensions and leave to increase their income through other employment. A review of salaries and incentives on the Scheme is called for. Such a review could pay particular attention to incentives necessary to retain older staff and/or a system for re-employment for early retirees. 1.08 Local Education/Training Institutions. SGB and MOAI(I) are, together, by far the largest employer in the Gezira of personnel in a wide range of occupations. There are four vocational training institutes in the area two originally established by SGB and the El Haraz College of Agriculture and the University of the Gezira both established five years ago. Being the largest employer, SGB can have a considerable influence on courses offered at these local institutions. Moreover, it is appropriate that a program to rehabilitate the Scheme should provide a mechanism to strengthen the capability of the local education and institutions on which a considerable degree of responsibility will rest for producing the trained personnel to operate and maintain the Scheme in its rehabilitated state. 1.09 Information, Adult Education, and Agricultural Extension. SGB has a responsibility for social affairs in addition to agricultural production in the Scheme area. For this purpose, it employs 30 adult educators and 100 women welfare workers as well the 371 group, block and field inspectors. SGB has a radio production unit and mobile information vans, and the Social Services Department (responsible in the past for water supply, bilharzia control, timber and fuel wood production, water filtration, adult education, and vocational training) has established 550 social clubs throughout the Scheme. The present TV clubs were a logical extension of these social clubs, programs for which are broadcast from the local TV station in Wad Medani and produced jointly by Scheme personnel and the broadcasting station staff. Private TV sets are said to exist now in every village and all families are reported to own radios. Hence a range of channels for communication with the rural people are now established, though yet fully developed. 1.10 SGB is in the very unusual situation of having a large measure-of control over most information sources on which the people of the Gezira depend. It is in a position to exploit fully the range of available communication channels, each in its most cost effective form, for the education, training and information necessary both for the successful implementation of the rehabilitation program and to assist the inhabitants of the Gezira to adjust to changing social circumstances. In addition to their potential for crop production objectives, adult education programs and mass media have roles to play in malaria and bilharzia control; nutrition, population, child care, and health and sanitation campaigns; dissemination and comprehension of SGB policy decisions; changing attitudes towards maintenance of drainage canals, village roads, and village infrastructure; livestock production, water use, labour procurement, and many other aspects of tenant affairs. A good basis already exists (in terms of staff, equipment, systems and contact with external agencies) on which to build the necessary information, adult education and training activities. - 151 Annex 4B 1.11 Mechanisms and Expertise for In-House Training. The Training Section of SGB is located in the Personnel Department and is staffed by an Assistant Personnel Manager for Training and three Personnel Officers for Training. The Section is also responsible for Trade Union Affairs; which is stated to take 60% of their time. The Section is also responsible for administration of external training. It is SGB's point of contact with external sources of assistance for training but its training analysis and design activities are limited largely to low level staff and orientation courses. Department managers are asked annually to list their staff training needs (in terms of requirements for external courses) and the Training Section attempts to arrange placement accordingly. It takes very little part in apprenticeship training in the Engineering Division, but has been involved in some of the in house training in the Agricultural Division. It does not have a close working relationship with the Information Section which is in a separate department. Training Objectives 1.12 The objectives of the project training component are to: a) establish mechanisms and expertise for dynamic internal training within SGB. b) develop appropriate skills in artisan fields and finance training outside Sudan in specialised fields which cannot be provided through supplier contracts; c) provide orientation and up-grading training for agricultural staff to prepare them for new responsibilities associated with project objectives; d) train financial and clerical staff to handle the increased work loads involved in project actions and the change to the individual accounts system, and to cater for the high staff turnover being experienced among these categories of staff; e) provide training in managerial and supervisory skills for the substantial numbers who will be appointed to, or move to new, management and supervisory positions during the project; f) expand SGB's capacity for mass media materials and program production for the support of training, extension and adult education programs; g) strengthen the staff base in certain sections in which future expansion is anticipated; h) strengthen local institutions providing formal training and research for the Scheme, and i) establish essential facilities and provide materials and equipment necessary for the above. Training Actions 1.13 General. It is not possible to set out here the detailed requirements for training in every section of an organization the size of SGB. Moreover, the necessary detail does not yet exist and will require a needs analysis and planning exercise for each individual work group. This would be an early objective of the project and the production of the necessary training plans would be a precondition for the funding of training. Annex 4B - 152 - 1.14 Training activities outlined in the following sections do not include detail or cost implications for the requirements of MOAI(I), the Management Information System, or the Telecommunications or Water Supply components. These are shown in their respective implementation papers. Technical assistance personnel who may have training responsibilities in their respective fields are also shown separately. Only those with a full time responsibility for training are included here. SGB has an annual budget for training and a continuing training program. Project training will supplement this program and bear only incremental costs. Indicative numbers of trainees and incremental costs are set out in Table 1. 1.15 Organization for training. The present training section would be dissolved leaving a unit in the Personnel Department with a continuing responsibility for trade union affairs. A new training section would be established in the office of the Assistant Managing Director, headed by a Training Coordinator, with responsibility for external training, and coordination and quality control of internal training. 1.16 Training officer positions would be established in each of the four Divisions. An experienced officer from each Division would be selected for those positions and given basic training in modern training approaches. They would be responsible to Division managers for training analysis, design, and evaluation work within their Divisions and would liaise with the Training Coordinator over external training, internal training requiring an input from outside, production of training materials, and use of SGB training facilities. Instruction for internal training would be provided by existing professional staff and technical assistance personnel, supplemented from elsewhere in the Sudan in specialized fields. Honoraria for external instructors are included in the project. A clear policy statement is needed from SGB management on the circumstances in which honoraria may be claimed by SGB staff for providing instruction for in-house training. 1.17 Technical Assistance: External assistance will be needed for the planning exercise, to help with the introduction of new training systems, and to provide on-the-job training in the production of training and information materials. A single individual is unlikely to be able to cope adequately with the very wide range of training required and its volume in the first three years of the project. A contract with an appropriate training firm is therefore envisaged. 42 man months of technical assistance would be provided. There is an urgent need to initiate planning of certain training programs - particularly some external training to commence in September 1983. Three man months of PPF funding would be necessary to achieve this early start. Training for Engineering Division 1.18 Staff Numbers: Numbers of classified staff and staff positions in the Engineering Division are shown in Table 2. Annex 4B - 153 - Table 2. Classified Staff of the Engineering Divisioin Groups Groups AP&T SP&T Department 1-5 6-7 II&III I&Il Civil Engineering 5 11 9 20 Mechanical Engineering 6 6 14 3 Agricultural Engineering 2 7 18 11 Applied Engineering 2 2 2 3 Ginning factories 2 7 4 11 GLR 3 2 5 Electric & Wireless 2 5 7 16 Maintenance 4 8 1 30 Industrial Affairs 1 4 11 Construction Water 1 1 1 6 25 54 69 105 Additional operator level staff required for agricultural engineering department, ginneries and workshops are shown in table 3. Table 3.Engineering Division, Additional Operator Level Staff Requirements AGD Ginneries* Workshops** Existing Add. Add. Drivers 531 749 Greasers Helpers 97 96 Mechanics Filters 44 94 35 Electricians 25 Carpenters 46 Foreman 47 6 Mechanics Assistants 198 47 60 * The ginning factories currently employ 980 permanent operator level staff (plus 730 seasonally employed staff in addition to contractors labor) ** SGB workshops currently employ 2500 (approx) permanent operator level staff. This number is considered adequate for the needs of the rehabilitation program providing their performance is improved. 1.19 Artisan Training: Most basic training of artisans in workshop and building trades is provided at one of four vocational training centers in the Gezira. Following this training, new recruits are placed in apprenticeship positions under experienced artisans for varying lengths of time according to the trade, the effectiveness of the instructors, and vacancies for higher positions. Apprenticeship training has mostly been unstructured and hence of varying effectiveness. The demand for large numbers of new skilled artisans - both for the Rehabilitation program and to replace wastage - requires a more efficient training method. Training of machinery operators has, similarly, followed a long apprenticeship pattern with experienced operators having one or more assistants who slowly learned the job. From the numbers of new operators needed shown in Table 3, a more intensive training process will be essential. - 154 Annex 4B 1.20 No one in the Engineering Division has a specific responsibility for training, but managers at Division, Department and Workshop levels recognize the need for such expertise. A training Officer with a background in the Engineering Division (para. 17) would be appointed and located in the Division to organize the training and testing of these large numbers of new staff. He would also have a responsibility for assisting managers in training analysis work for other staff and the design and implementation of training programs. 1.21 Technical and Professional Staff: Staff with technical and professional qualifications, particularly younger staff and those moving to new supervisory positions require exposure to the latest techniques for handling, repair and maintenance of equipment and machinery for which they are responsible. This is best provided by the manufacturers of specific equipment and maximum use would be made of supplier contracts to provide this training. However, such contracts would be limited to training related to equipment being provided and small contracts and specialized equipment cannot include the extent of training necessary. In addition, there is a need for certain able staff with general first degrees to attend MS level training in specialised fields. The project will, therefore, include funding for supplementary training in these fields approximate numbers are shown in Table 8. Training for Agricultural Division 1.22 Staff Numbers: Existing staff numbers of classified staff positions in the Agricultural Division are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Agricultural Division Positions for Classified Staff, October 1982 Group Group A&P SP&T Department 1-5 6-7 II&III I&III Clerical Agriculture & Admin. 5 Field Inspectors 96 110 165 Agric. Extension 5 15 2 2 Tenants & Field Admin. 10 1 Crop Protection 25 21 13 Seed Propagation 5 4 5 11 5 Horticulture 5 4 Livestock 1 4 Other 3 8 2 15 149 164 187 22 5 1.23 Categories for Training: Training requirements fall within four broad categories: a) in-house training for large numbers of existing staff to equip them better for a more effective extension role, more attention to the non-cotton crops, improving field water management, changed duties associated with the individual accouit system, and a clear understanding of the objectives and implications of the Rehabilitation program. b) up-grading of existing field staff through formal courses. c) advanced specialised training of selected graduate level staff. d) short courses and study visits for supervisory and managerial staff to broaden their experience in specific fields. Annex 4B - 155 - 1.24 Field Staff: Field inspectors fall into four categories: those with little formal education but many years experience; holders of a diploma in agriculture; holders of a degree in agriculture, and holders of a degree but not in agriculture. In-house training can provide for the immediate needs of inspectors with agricultural qualifications but suitably tailored courses are needed for the other two categories. A course has already been arranged with the diploma level College of Agriculture at El Haraz to up-grade unqualified inspectors. This would be repeated for all 110 (approx.) in this category. A different course would be arranged with the University of the Gezira for graduate level staff requiring an agricultural orientation. 1'.25 Technical Training for intermediate and managerial staff falls into two categories: that which is necessary for the immediate objectives of the Rehabilitation project, and that which is essential in accepted areas of priority for which action has been postponed to a second phase project. The farmer includes training necessary for plant protection, seed propagation, extension and communication, and special aspects of agronomy; the latter includes horticulture and livestock. Training for the first category would relate directly to project activities described in relevant sections of the Appraisal Report and would include specialized short courses, post graduate training and study visits. 1.26 Training is necessary in horticulture and livestock as these two departments are extraordinarily short staffed in relation the nature and anticipated volume of work in these fields. The project would establish a staff cadre on which to base future development in horticulture and livestock. The vegetable area would be expanded under the proposed project from the current 40,000 ha. towards a target of 100,000 ha. mainly for internal consumption. 1.27 Horticulture: Current staffing of the horticultural department is shown in the following table. Table 5. Staff of the Horticultural Department Title No. Qualification Project Target Manager 1 Bsc Agric&Msc Hort. 1 Deputy Manager Vacant 1 Hort.Dev.Officer 1 Bsc Agric&Msc Hort. Hort. Officer 5 1 Msc (Science) 9 2 Higher diploma (General Horticulture) 2 Untrained 2 Currently on training (1 PhD. 1 Msc) Nurseries 2 Untrained 3 1.28 A project objective would be to build up the horticultural department to four qualified staff at headquarters (including one specialist in fruit production and one in processing), one SMS in each of the groups with major horticultural activity and one per two groups in the remainder. No first degree in horticulture is available in Sudan. Annex 4B - 156 - Khartoum University offers an M.Sc in horticulture and a horticultural option in the agricultural B.Sc. 1.29 Livestock: The scheme's historical focus on cotton production has led to a situation in which the potential of livestock has been virtually ignored over most of the scheme area. There are now an estimated 1,200,000 head of cattle, sheep and goats in the irrigated areas of the scheme. SGB staff in the Livestock Department are as follows Table 6. Staff of the Livestock Department Graduate/ Title Postgrad. Assistants Manager 1 Livestock Improvement Officer 1 2 Fodder Improvement 1(+2) Poultry 2 6 Dairy 1(+1) 2 (Figures in brackets indicate staff currently in training) This staff situation will become a critical factor when decisions are taken on national programs to tackle the country's livestock situation. It would be impossible in the short term to tackle the livestock situation in the scheme area other than by using and supplementing communication channels established by SGB. One objective of the mid-term review would be the definition of a livestock training program on the basis of policies established by that time and the results of studies funded by the project. Training for Finance and Administration 1.30 Accountants and internal auditors, store keepers, and clerks make up the largest numbers classified staff employed by SGB. These are the categories experiencing the greatest annual loss, and these staff (excluding the storekeepers) are also the staff whose duties are being most affected by the move to the system of individual accounts. Table 7.shows total numbers of staff employed by the two Divisions. Table 7. Staff Positions in Administration and Finance Divisions Groups Groups A&P SP&T Department 1-5 6-7 Il-Ill I-III Clerical Administration 1/ 58 90 55 109 1 Internal Audit 6 33 19 28 Clerical 1 14 27 44 298 Finance/Accounts 2/ 21 46 100 273 294 Stores 5 8 4 37 40 1/ Including: Administration, personnel, pension, services, economic & social research, newspaper, information, ginning factories, GLR, archives. 2/ Including: Accounts, budget and credit, financial analysis, supplies, external offices. Annex 4B - 157 - 1.31 Training activities: Training of lower level staff will be provided mainly through in-house courses with existing staff providing much of the instruction. Technical assistance provided for MIS would assist with course design, curriculum development, and supervision and upgrading of instructors in the fields of accounting, budgeting, internal auditing and storekeeping. They would also assist with the production of up-dated manuals on financial and administrative procedures to supplement staff training programs. Programs for training lower level clerical staff would be provided with involvement of the vocational training center in Wad Medani which offers a four month basic training for typists plus special courses on demand. A system already exists whereby clerical staff receive training in SGB and are examined at the Wad Medani Center. The Administration Division would assign two experienced clerical staff to be part-time instructors and provide on-the-job follow-up. 1.32 Traditionally, advancement from lower to intermediate levels in both Finance and Administrative Divisions is achieved through an extended process involving rotation to every major department. Increasing losses from the ranks of experienced staff, plus demands for more staff, call for an acceleration of this training process. A major objective of the training program would be to establish a systematic process with appropriate evaluation. 1.33 Training of supervisory and senior financial staff would involve one year courses outside Sudan - probably in Egypt. Provision is made for 46 to receive such training. Other training in managerial and supervisory skills would be provided through management consultancy arrangements (see following section). 1.34 Supervisory and Management Training. The training outlined above, together with inputs from MIS and individual technical assistance personel provided through the project, should enhance various aspects of supervisory and management performance. However, the expected retirement of a substantial number of managers and supervisors during the project period (para. 4) and the relative inexperience as managers or supervisors of many who will be promoted as a result, calls for a specific program to identify replacements for retirees and ensure that they receive appropriate preparation for their new positions - in terms of formal training, study visits, and/or supervisory or management training as required. 1.35 Management training expertise is available in Khartoum at the University, the Academy for Administration and Management Studies (previously the Institute of Public Administration), and the Management Development Center. Each has strengths in certain aspects of management training and expertise from these sources could be drawn upon to assist in in-house training. In addition, these institutions - particularly the Management Development Center - could provide continuing assistance to SGB on a management consultancy basis, and the project could help to strengthen that institution through such a contract. 1.36 Information and Adult Education. The project would strengthen SGB's capacity to use available channels of communication with the total population of the scheme area both to achieve its physical objectives, and to establish a sound base on which mass education programs can be founded Annex 4B - 158 - in a second phase project. This would apply in such fields as livestock control and improvement, fuelwood production, health programs, changes in terms of land title, lower labour demanding practices etc. 1.37 Existing media production capacity would be expanded by the provision of new sound recording and editing equipment for the radio program unit and the establishment of a small TV production unit. The scheme already has a regular program on the national radio network broadcast from Khartoum for three months during the picking season, and good access to the broadcasting authorities at other times. Two staff in the existing radio unit have training in TV production. Two information officers would be added plus basic video recording equipment. Appropriate training is available in Sudan. SGB information staff work in close liaison with the broadcasting station in Wad Medani and can use their studios and draw on their expertise - the station being very short of funds with which to produce its own programs. There is no problem with air time as Wad Medani controls the relay of programs from Khartoum and currently can only fill one or two hours per day with its own programs. A large proportion of the relayed material originate outside Sudan. 1.38 One vehicle would be provided for program production purposes plus two mobile information units, equipped with slide and film projectors and tape decks, one to replace, and to supplement, two existing units which are in constant use. Training visits would be provided for two information officers to see the successful use of such mobile units elsewhere. 1.39 Some internal reorganization of functions and procedures would be necessary for a strengthened media production unit to provide for information dissemination needs of all departments and for their separate requirements for printed materials for training and other purposes. To date, TV clubs have been used almost exclusively for agricultural education/information purposes and therefore responsibility for TV program production is lodged in the Agricultural Division. New job definition and organizational relationships would be established to enable a central information and media production unit to serve all Scheme needs. Accommodation for the unit would be provided in the training/information building (page 42). 1.40 Many of the TV clubs established by the scheme are now defunct because of breakdown of their equipment. In most cases the failure is in the electric generators and not the TV sets. There are no spares and few skilled personnel to repair this equipment. The project would provide a mobile repair unit to provide a repair service on an "at cost" basis and would offer training to apprentices from a representative coverage of the scheme area and encourage them to take on this activity on a commercial basis. The growing number of private TV sets and electric generators should be able to support a modest number of such artisans. Training Facilities, Equipment & Materials 1.41 SGB has no training facility, as such, to which it can bring staff for formal instruction. Courses are held in a hall (which is also a library and is otherwise used for showing films), in a dining room of the rest house, and occasionally in the officers' club. A classroom is Annex 4B - 159 - attached to the workshop at Meringan which is poorly equipped and little used. Existing teaching equipment is extremely limited. The volume of in-house training needed on the Scheme warrants suitable training facilities. The peak demand for training during the Rehabilitation project would fully utilize existing training accommodation in addition to training facilities needed for subsequent continuing training activities. Provision is made for the following: (a) A modest, non-residential training/information complex at SGB headquarters which would comprise two teaching rooms (to seat 50 and 24 respectively), office space for the Training Coordinator, an area for media production and the production of training support materials, and office space for media production staff. Suitable land for the complex is available at SGB headquarters. (b) Renovation of the classroom at Meringan and a new classroom to be attached to the workshop at Hassaheissa, plus a 'shed' at Meringan in which trainees can be given instruction on tools and machinery actually in use on the scheme. (c) Basic teaching equipment for these training facilities including slide and film projectors, and sets of tools and measuring equipment for the workshops. Use would be made of training modules produced by ILO for the training of tractor drivers, and pump and other machinery operators. Working models of engines and other vehicle components can be made from a large stock of scrapped vehicles at the workshops. 1.42 The very large volume of training envisaged in all aspects of the scheme will place heavy demand on training facilities. Existing work loads of most categories of staff plus the new demands of the Rehabilitation program would make it difficult for staff to be released for training during much of the year. There are likely to be constant temptation to postpone training and pronounced peaks of demand on training facilities. It would be for the Training Coordinator to anticipate this situations and to ensure the production and regular updating of detailed training plans from every Department. Training Costs 1.43 Individual requirements for training would be assessed during the intensive training analysis and planning exercised to be conducted at the commencement of the project. Priorities would subsequently alter as the project evolves and the training component would need frequent review. Costs are based on the consultants recommendations in specialized fields, present plans of individual departments, assessments of what is likely to be feasible in terms of release of staff for training, available local training expertise, and the contribution of on-going GDB training programs. Total base-line costs for training and information described above are estimated to be SL 4.1 million (details in Table ..... of Annex v). This figure excludes training in on-farm water management (SGB) and - 160 - Annex 4B for MOAI, Telecommunication, the water supply components (which are shown in their respective Annexes), and training to be provided through supplier contracts. Table 1 - Provision for Course Attendance In-House In-Country External Courses Courses Formal Short Courses Regional Elsewhere m/wks mm mys mm mm Admin Clerical 300 100 Audit 50 Ed & Soc Aff* 400 24 2 9 1 Personnel 8 Cotton Classifier Gen. Admin. 90 30 10 15 Finance Accounts 650 46 Budget & Credit 30 Stores 200 8 4 8 2 Supplies 2 4 Other Engineering Civil/Maintenance 40 2 4 10 3 Mechanical** 1000 36 14 10 Agricultural 1000 10 8 GLR 50 4 Electric/Wireless 50 12 6 4 2 Agriculture Field Inspectors 10 120 Crop Protection 6 6 1 2 Seed Propagation 5 8 Extension 60 30 12 14 Admin/Statistics and Tenant Admin. * Including social research, newspaper, and information/public relations. ** Including ginning factories, applied engineering and industrial. * Including extension, horticulture/gardens and livestock. 1/ Costs of in-house training vary widely according to nature of course, sources of instructors, workplace of trainees etc. Actual numbers of trainees should be considerably higher than the figures shown. Annex 4C - 161 - SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT C.PROJECT STUDIES T. Background 1.01 The Gezira Rehabilitation Project would rehabilitate the existing Scheme through a variety of major capital investments and restructuring exercises without altering the existing production and tenancy system. This means that the present system, which is basically still the same tenancy system as designed in the 1920's would be perpetuated, even though it is well recognized that the de-facto production operations on the Scheme have been considerably altered in the last decade. 1,/02 Due to changes in the production environment which has been evolved on the Scheme, the policy framework as established by SGB is no longer adequate. Tenancies are now too small for economies of scale through capital intensive technology and too large for the application of labor intensive technology. Tenants are kept in a position where they cannot influence decisions about what will be grown on their tenancies and are fully dependent on SGB to provide them with timely irrigation water and adequate land preparation, leaving them with little scope to influence yields. 1.03 Contrary to SGB policies, tenants and migrants are holding large herds of livestock on the Scheme, which endanger the crop; tenants often grow fodder during the fallow periods of the crop rotation using scarce irrigation water. The effectiveness of the SGB policy framework is furthermore undermined by an interaction of formal and informal credit and marketing systems, which makes it difficult for SGB to recover its land and water charges on non-cotton crops and leaves most of the tenants indebted to SGB and informal credit sources. 1.04 The private sector plays an ambivalent role in the provision of agricultural machinery as a supplement to the machinery provided by SGB. Private sector operations are at present generally unreliable and usually can only be obtained by paying illegal surcharges above the negotiated price. The role of the private sector on the Scheme needs to be strengthened to make available more reliable services and to take part of the responsibilities in land preparation presently primarily performed by SGB. 1.05 Considerable changes would have to be made in the existing production system to adjust the SGB and Government policy framework to the changing production environment of the Scheme. More adequate incentive and compensation methods would have to be defined for the laborers and tenants actually working the tenancies, the tenancy sizes would have to be redefined and the role of the private agricultural machinery sector reconsidered. Informal and formal marketing and credit systems would have to be coordinated and reformulated and solutions have to be found for the - 162 - Annex 4C large herds of livestock presently kept on the Scheme. However, many of the de-facto operations of the Scheme still remain unclear and sufficiently broad empirical and analytical information is lacking to shape adequately new policy recommendations. The studies financed under this component therefore would prepare the required information base and present policy recommendations which would be discussed and acted upon at Mid-term review of the rehabilitation project and before start-up of the follow-up modernization phase. II. Objectives and Organization 2.01 The studies would provide policy recommendations and necessary analytical and empirical information on the topics included in the separate surveys. After an initial survey which would provide broad demographic agricultural and occupational data, and define the basic population categories, an intensive smaller study carried out over a crop year would obtain the detailed information needed for policy analysis. The field data from this study would be used in the specialized studies, to be carried out on livestock, credit, marketing, agricultural machinery and the tenancy system. The policy recommendations presented in the studies would serve as a basis for policy adjustments in the Scheme; results would be discussed during mid-term review of the Gezira Rehabilitation Project, which will be conducted jointly by the Government of Sudan and IDA no later than December 31, 1986. Based on the review, alterations in the tenurial system, the role of the private and public sector, the credit and marketing system and the integration of livestock into the scheme might already be initiated during the second half of project implementation. The policy recommendations would also form the basis of the second phase of rehabilitation of Gezira, where the emphasis will be on structural change rather than rehabilitation. The studies would be contracted to Sudanese research organizations, with expatriate assistance as necessary, and would be supervised by the IDA financed Agricultural Economist (called the Studies Supervisor, to be located in the project rehabilitation management unit. He would also be responsible for drawing up detailed terms of reference for each study, for evaluating proposals, and for establishing and maintaining contacts with Sudanese and international research organizations. He would lead policy discussions with Sudanese officials, and would be closely involved in preparation of the modernization program. He would initially be appointed under a PPF, to ensure that implementation of the studies component is not delayed, but would be in position for a total of three years. Detailed terms of reference and questionnaires would be drawn up after desk review of available literature for each study. III. Studies A. Desk Review 3.01 A broad desk review of existing literature would be carried out under a PPF. This will identify existing data sources, avoid duplicating data, and permit tighter definition of terms of reference for the studies. - 163 Annex 4C Estimated Input 3 man-months Local consultant time. (Agricultural Economist or Social Anthropologist) B. Initial Survey Objectives and Components 3.02 The objective of initial survey, to be carried out in the first half of project year 1, would provide broad demographic agricultural and occupational information for the population of the scheme. It would permit definition of the population into the basic categories of tenant, sharecropper, permanent laborer, migrant laborer and others. It would involve 500 to 1,000 households, the sample size to be determined by the studies supervisor and the studies team. There would be a single questionnaire with rather simple questions, and a single field visit. Questions to be asked would be determined during preparation of the study, but would be likely to include: basic demographic structure; occupational and income sources; basic housing and level of living indicators; services; membership of cooperatives; cropping pattern; use of credit; use of inputs and labour; access to irrigation water; tenancy and land use pattern; occupation and division of activities; ownership of agricultural machinery; where relevant sharecropping arrangements; and, for laborers, their origins and method of recruitment. 3.03 Estimated Man-month Input (a) Expatriate consultant (rural sociologist) 4 man month (mm) (b) Local Consultants: 2 sociologists 12 mm 1 demographer 3 mm 1 agricultural economist/marketing 3 mm 1 statistician 3 mm 1 development economist/credit 3 mm 1 livestock specialist 4 mm 1 geographer 2 mm 6 field data colTectors for a period of 3 months 5 data processors for a period of 4 months Computer time would be required for final data analysis. Whether this would be overseas or within Sudan would be determined after submission and discussion of studies proposals. C. Intensive Study Objectives and Components 3.04 The objective of the intensive survey would be to obtain the detailed field information necessary for policy analysis and recommendations in the area to be covered by the studies. The study would - 164 - Annex 4C cover a crop year, and would include approximately 200 households, each to be visited approximately four times. Specialists involved in the other studies would also participate in field visits during the intensive study. Household interviews would be stratified into tenants, sharecroppers, permanent laborers and migrant laborers. Study organization and detailed content would be determined after submission of proposals, but would involve both questionnaires and directed interviews and include: demographic and occupational characteristics of households, housing situation; cropping pattern; yields and marketing methods; ownership and characteristics of livestock; use of inputs and labor; use of water; ownership/use of agricultural machinery by the private sector; attitude to SGB and MOA(I)(1) services; use of credit, formal and informal; tenancy/land use arrangements and attitudes towards them; broad sources and uses of income; labor patterns; membership of and attitude towards tenant's union and cooperatives. Interviews would be both in the form of questionnaires and directed interviews. More detailed discussions as necessary would be held with tractor owners, creditors, livestock owners and traders. 3.05 Estimated Man-months Input (a) Expatriate consultant (anthropologist/rural sociologist) 6 mm (b) Local consultants: 1 sociologist 9 mm 1 demographer 4 mm 1 agricultural economist/credit 4 mm 1 development economist/marketing 2 mm 1 agricultural machinery specialist 4 mm 1 livestock specialist 3 mm 1 land tenure specialist 4 mm 1 statistician 2 mm 6 field assistants have to be in the field for a period of 3 months 18 mm Data processors 10 for 4 months 40 mm Computer time would be required for final analysis. Whether this would be overseas or in Sudan would be determined after submittion and discussion of studies proposals. Specialized Studies 3.06 The specialized studies would be carried out concurrently with the intensive study. They would also include some additional field work (in-depth interviews with creditors, workshop owners, etc. and with major institutions). All would begin with a review of existing literature, and conclude with policy recommendations. - 165 - Annex 4C D. Credit Study Background 3.07 There are a number of different categories of credit suppliers and borrowers in the Gezira Scheme. For the tenant, there are elaborate credit facilities for cotton and wheat cultivation, either provided by or channelled through the SGB. No formal credit exists for the other crops and the tenants have to rely on their own financial resources or, for lack of these, depend on private money-lenders or turn to share-cropping. A second category of borrowers concern the private contractors for mechanized agricultural operations. They rely for their credit needs mainly on the Agricultural Bank of Sudan (ABS), commercial banks or, in some cases, on suppliers of farm machinery. The third category comprises the co-operatives which in the past used to obtain loans from the ABS and the SGB for mechanized harvesting and ground-nut marketing. 3.08 Except for the cultivation of cotton and wheat, which are regarded as national crops and therefore receive special government assistance, the provision of institutional credit to support other crops or other productive activities in Gezira has been inadequate. This is perhaps mainly so because of the poor record of debt repayment in the Gezira scheme. For the ABS, it was certainly the main reason, around 1978, to stop the provision of credit to the co-operatives for mechanized harvesting and to the Tenants' Union for the purchase of farm machinery. Also, the ground-nut marketing and credit co-operatives of the 1960s were unsuccessful in repaying loans. 3.09 The lack of formal credit, juxtaposed against the tenants constant needs for cash for productive as well as consumptive purposes, has led to the widespread use of private merchants and money-lenders. They can meet the credit needs with a minimum of formalities while, on the other hand, they are reasonably sure of repayment because of their status (i.e. important or the only merchant in the village), because of their relationship with the borrower, or because they have security by way of the "sheil" system. In this system the tenant sells part or all of the growing crop in advance to a private money-lender in return for a loan. The price of credit in the informal sector is high. For example, with respect to the "sheiling" of crops, it is not uncommon that the private credit agent sells the crop at prices which are more than double those paid to the tenant. Another way of solving the lack of cash is the system of share-cropping, whereby the tenants provide the (prepared) land and seeds while the share-cropping undertakes a11 other field operations. The harvest is divided equally. 3.10 There are signs that, with the low yields, the debts in the informal sector have been increasing in recent years, which may well lead to a situation of chronic indebtedness. This problem as well as the practice of share-cropping, are disincentives for tenants to invest in crop production that will result in increased yields. In addition, old tenant debts to SGB amount to about LSd 74 million. A new formal credit system may not function properly if overburdened with repayment obligations on old debts. On the other hand, too early remission of such debts implies injustice to those tenants who cleared their obligations. - 166 - Annex 4C Objectives and Components 3.11 The objectives of the study would be to analyze the present credit and savings system and to make recommendations for improvement of credit supply and repayment. Informal (sheiling and sharecropping) and formal (SGB and ABS) credit systems would be examined and compared, together with the population's debt capacity and credit needs. Current savings methods (in kind, use of institutions, etc) would be assessed. Improved credit systems would be proposed, together with improved ways of mobilizing savings. The problem of repayment of land and water charges as well as of credit for inputs would also be addressed. The credit and marketing studies would be carefully coordinated, since both for informal and for public sector credit, debt collection and crop marketing are closely linked. Estimated Man-Month Input Expatriate consultant agricultural economist/anthropologist 2 mm 1 rural finance specialist 8 mm 1 social anthropologist 5 mm 1 agricultural economist 7 mm 2 field assistants total 4 mm E. Marketing Study 3.12 The main crops marketed in Gezira are cotton, wheat, groundnuts and sorghum, with vegetables assuming increasing importance. Livestock and dairy products are also produced for sale. Broadly, cotton and wheat are sold through the public sector and groundnuts, sorghum, vegetables and livestock products through the private sector. 3.13 The marketing problems of cotton have to some extent been addressed through the introduction of the individual account and changes in the method of payment; processing and marketing problems are being handled through the Gezira project and the forthcoming Cotton Marketing Project. Public marketing methods for this strategically important crop are unlikely to change radically. Sorghum is produced largely for subsistence, and little is marketed outside the scheme area. The main problem concern the other 4 products. 3.14 Wheat producers in the Gezira are obliged to sell their crop to government-authorized wheat mills at a fixed price. This system serves two purposes. It allows for a control over the prices of wheat and flour and eventually over the price of bread. Furthermore, as the proceeds are paid to the tenant through the SGB, it allows the latter to recover the production credit and land and water charges provided to the tenant. The producer finance is raised annually, but remains below the import parity price and is a disincentive to production; at present, yield returns from wheat are low. Tenants now may sell their crop at yields over 0.5 tons per feddan on the free market; however, yields are on average well below this (see Implementation Annex on agriculture). Free market prices are 20 to Annex 4C - 167 - 30% higher than the official farmgate price, and the tenant enjoys the additional advantage of immediate cash payment from the private merchant. Consequently, the SGB cannot recover outstanding debts. The free market has also gained in importance as a result of the "sheil" system whereby crops are sold in advance to local merchants and money-lenders who have no obligation to deliver to authorized mills. About 80% of total national wheat production is produced on Gezira; improved marketing methods could thus have a substantial impact on this strategically important crop. Wheat has been the subject of several intensive studies recently; and substantial literature is available. 3.15 Groundnut production in the Scheme is both an important export and a major source of income to the tenant and sharecroppers; most of the crop is produced through sharecropping arrangement. Attempts in the past to form credit and marketing cooperatives for groundnuts have, after an initial sucessful introduction, eventually failed. Also, the intervention of the SGB in the mid-seventies to provide decortication, marketing, and credit services proved unsuccessful. It would appear that, though basically sound in concept, the schemes were implemented in haste without sufficient preparation, training of staff and management, or adequate organizational arrangements to secure finance and to set up a suitable marketing infrastructure. The bulk of groundnut marketing is handled by private merchants and agents. 3.16 However, the sector faces severe problems including: lack of sufficient and adequate equipment to clean, grade, decorticate, dry, and store the crop; no timely or up-to-date information on prices such as floor or minimum prices and price differentiation per variety or grade; no organized markets where producers can meet interested buyers and where, under fair competition, tenants can obtain the best price for their produce; the widespread practices of sheiling and share-cropping constitute an additional problem; marketing improvement, particularly one that will benefit the tenants, is almost impossible if the credit system is not changed at the same time. 3.17 Neither vegetables nor livestock have a major role in the official cropping pattern of Gezira although they are ,an increasingly important source of income for tenants; however, production of both is constrainted by inefficient marketing mechanisms. Objectives and Components 3.18 The study would examine price, subsidy and marketing policies for the products discussed above, assess different marketing methods, marketing problems, and their links with credit for the tenants, traders and SGB. It would examine grading, processing and storage methods (except for cotton). It would assess world market trends for the main crops, largely using existing livestock. It would assess the advantages of public and private sector marketing and make recommendations for improved marketing, processing and grading in the Gezira context. Annex 4C - 168 - Estimated Manpower Input Marketing specialist 8 mm Agricultural economist 7 mm 2 field assistants for 2 months 4 mm F. Study on Integration of Livestock on the Scheme Background 3.19 Great numbers of different kinds of livestock rely on the Gezira Scheme. However, no reliable statistics on the size of herds and flocks of these animals are available. Little is known about the ownership of animals, or the proportion owned by tenants of the SGB, non-tenants, laborers and migratory people living within or outside the Scheme. There are no data on their productivity, off-take rates, or average herd size. Feed resources for the animals are limited and during a great part of the year they fall short; yet most owners prefer to keep large herds even with low productivity. Damage to the crops grown in the Gezira Scheme is caused by livestock in the fields, and some land is irrigated unofficially to grow fodder during the summer season, causing water scarcities for other crops. It is likely that livestock has an important role to play in the cropping pattern of Gezira. However, its part has not been defined and appropriate forages have not been developed. The proposed study, together with the tenancy study, is perhaps the most important of those proposed under the rehabilitation project. Objectives and Components 3.20 The main objectives of the livestock development program would be to assess whether, and how, livestock may best be integrated into the production system of Gezira. An animal count would be necessary, being either existing aerial photography or through a new survey, to be checked with groundcounts. The experience at Rahad would also be drawn upon. Feed and fodder production availability would be assessed. From the intensive survey, supplemented by further interviews, present ownership, animal management practices, productivity and health problems would be assessed. The economics of animal production on Gezira would be assessed and compared with the main crops. Alternative control measures (if necessary), would be evaluated. Existing livestock programs would be assessed. An extension program for improved animal production and health within the Gezira scheme would be developed; in the second half of the project period improved husbandry techniques could be tried out on the pilot schemes. Estimated Manmonth Inputs 3.21 Local: livestock specialist 12 months Agriculturalist 4 months Agricultural economist 4.months Anthropologist 2 months Animal count $50,000 (rough estimate) Field assistants Annex 4C - 169 - G. Study on the Role of the Private Sector in Agricultural Mechanization Background 3.22 Agricultural mechanization has been present in the Scheme from the early days. Motorized mechanization started around 1930 with the introduction of the McLaren cable system of ploughing and ridging. From the early thirties the mechanization activities of the SGB were the responsibility of th Ploughs Section of the Department of Mechanical Engineering. During the reorganization of the administrative structure .of the SGB, in 1981, this Ploughs Section became the Agricultural Engineering Department (AED) of the Engineering Administration Division. Besides the AED, two other parties are engaged in the agricultural mechanization of the Scheme, cooperative societies and private contractors. The former operate only on a very small scale in the combine harvesting of wheat. Private contractors are engaged in a number of activities, split ridging for cotton, cross-ridging, Abu VI ditching, and green ridging for all crops; primary tillage for crops other than cotton; sowing and harvesting of wheat; some stationary threshing of dura; and some groundnut harvesting. 3.23 Traditionally, the main duties of the Ploughs Section were to provide for the mechanized field operations for cotton, which at present include deepblading or disc-ploughing, dry ridging, application of fertilizer, spraying of herbicides for pre-emergence weed control and Abu XX ditching. Increasingly, the AED has been called upon to do more because the number of private tractors is not always sufficient to do the work required. Private sector tractor hire rates have been fixed by SGB, at a rate well below what can be earned in the rainfed areas, and this, despite preferential fuel allocation, has acted as a major disincentive to private sector machinery owners. All wheat harvesting is handled by private combines and although during the harvest period there is no competing use for the machinery, up to 25% of the crop was unharvested, because the rates proposed were not attractive to contractors. Conversely, however, when AED has not been able to carry out its responsibilities on time, tenants have employed the private sector at free market rates. In the mechanical operations throughout the year, two peaks can be distinguished: one in May/June, the other in October/November. In both peaks there is a shortage of available tractors in both the private and public sectors, resulting in delays in field preparation. 3.24 The private contractors include tenants, private farmers, and businessmen. Little is known about their characteristics, or scale of operations; many own one or two tractors in the 50-60 kw range with only a very limited choice of implements. Most tractors have been obtained through ABS loans, and repayment rates have been very poor. 3.25 The rehabilitation project includes measures for strengthening the machinery operations of SGB. However, partly because of lack of knowledge of the way the private sector operates, there are no specific project measures for strengthening its activities, though additional machinery is being onlent to the private sector through ABS and a French loan. Annex 4C - 170 - Objectives and Components 3.26 The purpose of this study is to get a better insight into the present capability of the private sector (including cooperatives) in the provision of mechanization services in the Gezira Scheme, and to compare it with that of SGB. The study is also meant to investigate whether the private sector can be strengthened in order to provide timely and reliable services of a good quality and at reasonable costs to the tenants of the Scheme, and if so how it should be done. The study would build up a picture of farm machinery operations, from the farm level, through machinery operators and owners to dealers, repair shops, spare parts procurement, purchasing arrangements and credit agencies up to the aid agencies which play a major role in the type of machinery provided. This picture would be built up for both private and public sector operations. After a study of the problems and potentials of each sector, proposals would be developed to show how private sector can best be strengthened in Gezira. Measures would include reforms in tractor hire rate policies, proposals for improving workshops, access to spare parts, fuel, and credit. Estimated Manmonth Input 3.27 Expatriate agricultural machinery specialist 2 months Agricultural machinery specialist 9 months Agricultural economist 6 months H. Study on Reform of Tenancy Structures 3.28 The tenant system, designed in the 1920s, has become increasingly unsatisfactory as social and economic changes have evolved. Present average tenancy sizes of 20 feddans are generally too small for economies of scale to be captured using capital intensive technology and too large for efficient application of labor intensive technology. The scope for enlarging the size of tenancies is prevented by a legal ceiling of 40 fd, though some holdings have been unofficially amalgamated up to 360 feddans. Scope for formal sub-division into smaller units is limited because tenants cannot legally mortgage, sell or sub-divide their holding, which has to pass on through inheritance. Again, however, there have been informal subdivisions: holdings on Gezira were all originally 40 fds. Tenants continue to have little say in what they grow or how they grow it. Land preparation by the SGB and irrigation water supply may have a critical effect on yields, however diligently the tenant performs his own responsibilities. Thus for the tenants, the link between effort and output is diluted, while the limited control they have over production may now be less than their experience and skills warrant. 3.29 Tenancies were originally designed to be worked by the tenant and his family; however, hired labor has always been important on the Scheme. Currently, about 15% of labor requirements are met by family labor, 29% by resident hired labor, and 56% by migrant labor. Sharecropping arrangements are common for the groundnut crop. Tenant participation in agriculture has fallen over two generations of rising living standards and better education, and it is estimated that over half of all tenants are now no longer directly involved in farming. There is a clear need for major Annex 4C - 171 - structural reforms in the nature, size and pattern of holding of tenancies, but considerable study and analysis has to be carried out before a revision of the present system can be proposed. Objectives and Components 3.30 The objective of the tenancy study, drawing largely on the data and analysis of the other studies, would be to make policy recommendations on changes in the tenurial system of the scheme, including tenancy size, ownership/usufruct rights of tenants and sharecroppers, and the future role of SGB, MOAI(1) and tenants in agricultural operation. With the livestock study, the recommendations from the tenancy study will have the most far-reaching implications for changes in the way the scheme operates. The intensive study should provide insights into the present operation of the tenancy system and the attitude of tenants, sharecroppers, permanent and temporary laborers to it and the initial study should also provide a clear indication of the de facto extent of amalgamation or subdivision, and the directions in which this should best move. The studies should also provide the analysis for development of recommendations on the changes in allocation of responsibilities between the production agents. The consultant would draw experience from other irrigation schemes, inside and outside Sudan, and their recommendations would take account of political constraints. The study should be completed by the middle of project year 3. Estimated Manmonth Inputs 3.31 Expatriate 3 months Agricultural economist 3 months Management specialist 4 months I. Miscellaneous Studies 3.32 As the project is implemented, particular areas may require further study. A total sum of US$ 124,000 has been allocated for these, which may be used at the discretion of the studies supervisor. Annex 4C Appendix - 172 - SUDAN GEZIRA REHABILITATION PROJECT Studies Timetable Jan. 1983 Jul. 1983 Jul. 1984 Jul. 1985 Desk Review Initial Survey Intensive Study Credit Study Marketing Study Livestock Study Agric. Machinery Study Tenancy Study 4 s s s