83930 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MISSION The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global knowledge and technical assistance program administered by the World Bank. It provides analytical and advisory services to low- and middle- income countries to increase their know-how and institutional capacity to achieve environmentally sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and economic growth. ESMAP is funded by Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, as well as the World Bank. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 | COMPLEX CHALLENGES, DYNAMIC OPPORTUNITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Leverage and Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 New Business Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CHAPTER 2 | ACCELERATING THE TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . 15 FY2013 HIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Global Geothermal Development Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Mapping the Renewable Energy Revolution . . . . . . . . 18 Low Carbon Development: Targeted Country Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Training for Next-Generation Renewable Energy Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Smarter, More Resilient Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Adapting for the Future: Climate Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 FY2014 AND BEYOND: NEW INITIATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 HELPING SMALL ISLAND STATES SECURE A STABLE ENERGY FUTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 CHAPTER 3 | CREATING PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 FY2013: HIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Increasing Support to Sustainable Energy for All . . . . . 30 Expanding Access to Clean, Affordable Cooking Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Integrating Gender into Energy Programs . . . . . . . . . . 33 Business Models for Reaching the Urban Poor . . . . . . 33 Africa Renewable Energy and Access Program . . . . . . 34 FY2014 AND BEYOND: NEW INITIATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 i  CHAPTER 4 | FOSTERING SUSTAINABLE, ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 FY2013: HIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 TRACE Goes Global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Addressing the Complexity of Urban Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Spreading the Word on Energy Efficient Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Putting Energy Efficiency into Practice in Water Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 FY2014 AND BEYOND: NEW INITIATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 CHAPTER 5 | DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE ENERGY SECTOR POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS . . 59 FY2013: HIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 META: Integrating Externalities into Electricity Supply Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Taking Stock of the Indian Power Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Open Access to Power Grids: International Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 FY2014 AND BEYOND: NEW INITIATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 RESULTS-BASED APPROACHES TO ENERGY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 CHAPTER 6 | FINANCIAL REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 ANNEX I | PROCEEDINGS OF CONSULTATIVE GROUP MEETING, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 ANNEX II | ESMAP SUMMARY OF RESULTS, FY2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 ANNEX III | ESMAP PROGRAM OUTPUTS, FY2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 WORLD BANK GROUP LENDING OPERATIONS INFLUENCED BY ESMAP ANNEX IV |  ACTIVITIES, FY2009-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 ANNEX V | COMPLETED, ONGOING, AND NEW ACTIVITIES, FY2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ANNEX VI | PUBLICATIONS, FY2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 ii  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM COMPLEX CHAPTER 1 CHALLENGES, DYNAMIC OPPORTUNITIES T he year 2013 marks 30 years since ESMAP, the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, was founded. The program was originally set up as a small team within the World Bank to advise non-oil producing developing countries in the wake of the oil price shocks of the 1970s (see Box 1.4). That original vision has since been transcended. ESMAP has grown and matured over the years, responding to the evolv- ing needs of its low- and middle-income client countries, and the increasing complexity of the global energy sector. ESMAP is now one of the longest standing trust-funded pro- grams within the World Bank Group (WBG), and a key ele- ment of the WBG’s energy operations. At any given time, ESMAP supports a portfolio of nearly 100 ongoing activities that provide advisory services and technical assistance to cli- ents and produce cutting-edge global knowledge products that can be used to address the energy challenges of devel- oping countries. This work in turn informs the WBG’s coun- try policy dialogue and lending operations; ESMAP’s current portfolio of activities has become a leading indicator of the World Bank’s future energy portfolio. 1  ESMAP has stayed true to its mandate by target- SE4ALL at the UN’s Rio+20 Summit in June ing its resources and activities directly at the needs 20121. In FY2013, ESMAP launched the Global of clients. Those needs may have changed since Geothermal Development Plan (GGDP, see Chap- the 1980s, but they are if anything as urgent, and ter 2), a major new initiative on renewable energy in many cases a great deal more complex. Energy resource mapping, and a technical assistance pro- security remains a pressing concern; countries gram to help countries achieve SE4ALL’s ambi- are looking to boost energy efficiency and local tious goal of universal access (see Chapter 3). sources of supply—many of them renewable—to ESMAP was also a co-author of the Global Track- reduce the burden of importing expensive fossil ing Framework report, which sets the global base- fuels. There are major gains to be made by line for the SE4ALL goals (see Box 1.3). increasing cross-border energy trade in a number of regions, but in many cases technical, financial, As the Global Tracking Framework report makes and political barriers stand in the way. Rapid clear, there is a great deal of work to be done if urbanization creates heavy demand for energy those goals are to be met. About 1.2 billion peo- services, and existing delivery systems often can- ple around the world still lack access to electric- not keep up. Energy poverty threatens the achieve- ity, and 2.8 billion lack access to modern house- ment of a number of the Millennium Develop- hold fuels. Household air pollution caused by ment Goals. National grids must be upgraded to cooking with traditional fuels contributes to about integrate new sources of supply and feed new four million premature deaths a year, most of industries and population centers. And planners them women and children. Renewable energy must take into account emerging challenges, such accounts for only 18 percent of the global energy as the vulnerability of energy systems to climate mix, with most of that coming from traditional change and natural disasters. biomass fuels such as charcoal and firewood. While the world has made steady progress in the Globally, ESMAP also plays a major role as the past two decades, that improvement will have to WBG increases its support to the Sustainable speed up, and hundreds of billions of dollars in Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative. Launched by new financing will have to be mobilized, to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon in late 2011, achieve the three SE4ALL goals by 2030. SE4ALL brings together a coalition of interna- tional organizations, national governments, major Energy sector development is becoming more cen- private sector enterprises and civil society to sup- tral to the political economy of countries, with port the achievement of three overarching goals implications beyond energy generation, transmis- by 2030: (1) universal access to modern energy sion and distribution, policies and infrastructure. services; (2) doubling the rate of improvement in Energy subsidies impose a fiscal strain on gov- energy efficiency; and (3) doubling the share of ernments; lack of reliable and affordable power renewable energy in the global energy mix. undermines opportunities for economic growth, trade competitiveness, and employment ESMAP is delivering on a number of the commit- ments made by the World Bank in support of 1  See ESMAP 2012 Annual Report. 2  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM triggering social instability; lack of access to clean cooperation between the World Bank Group, cooking solutions impose a significant disease the African Development Bank (AfDB), Agence burden on women and children. Française de Développement (AFD), the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Organiza- It is increasingly necessary to develop more inclu- tion of the Petroleum Exporting Countries sive and transparent—and often bottom-up— Fund for International Development. approaches to energy governance and the deliv- • In Papua New Guinea, ESMAP support to ery of concrete energy solutions. The roles of civil the development of a National Electrification society, the private sector and local government Roll-Out Plan has included a series of con- are becoming more important, as is the role of sultations with civil society, utilities and de- ministries of finance, planning and economic velopment partners. development. ESMAP’s support to client coun- • In India, under the North Eastern Region tries reflects this new reality: the number of stake- Power System Improvement Project, a World holders in ESMAP’s activities now goes beyond Bank team is helping develop the capacity traditional line ministries and technical experts. of power utilities under the State Govern- ments of Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, ESMAP currently supports a wide variety of activ- Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. ities that involve working with sub-national gov- • In the Balkan region, the Scaling-Up Energy ernments, civil society organizations, and local Efficiency in Buildings in the Western Balkans communities. These activities often also include project brings the WBG together with the a strong donor coordination component. Exam- European Commission and KfW to work with ples include: municipal authorities in the region to im- prove financing, budgeting, procurement and • In Vietnam, low carbon development plan- implementation of energy efficiency improve- ning work (see Chapter 2) involves regular ments in buildings. contacts with provincial authorities and co- ordination through the Vietnam Donor Group ESMAP’s unique features—its combination of on Climate Change Policy & Coordination. global and country-level work; its ability to lever- • In Djibouti, a new geothermal energy develop- age the technical and financial resources of the ment program (see Box 2.2) involves WBG; and its forward-looking mandate—place it Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 3  in a good position to continue to play an impor- a performance benchmarking system, and to tant role in supporting global energy sector improve consumer feedback. development. • In Georgia, based on an ESMAP Regional Power Trade study that recommended the need to establish clear power tariff-setting rules and LEVERAGE AND IMPACT strengthen the framework for transmission al- location, the World Bank approved policy sup- According to the latest ESMAP Portfolio Review2, port and is in the process of preparing a $120 over the five-year business plan period of FY2009 million operation that will help develop clear through FY2013, ESMAP contributed to the iden- market rules to facilitate power trade and tification and design of WBG energy sector lend- strengthen the transmission grid in preparation ing of $14.7 billion. These lending operations in for the regional power trade (see Box 5.2 for turn leveraged a further $15 billion in funding from related work in Armenia). public, private, and other international sources. • In Uruguay, the ESMAP report A Primer on Energy Efficiency for Municipal Water and In FY2013 alone, 24 ESMAP activities directly Wastewater Utilities informed a $42 million informed WBG lending or the development of cli- World Bank loan to improve the reliability ent policies or strategies. These include: and resilience of the water supply and sanita- tion systems managed by the national utility • In Egypt, the development of the World Obras Sanitarias del Estado. Bank’s $573 million Helwan South Power • In Turkey, the ESMAP activity Facilitating Project was complemented by ESMAP techni- Small and Medium Enterprise Financing for cal assistance to the power sector regulator. The aim was to help the regulator and sector 2  For the latest ESMAP Portfolio Review and other reports utilities to strengthen transparency and public on ESMAP operations, go to the ESMAP website (www. information systems, to establish a basis for esmap.org) and click on the “Results” tab. 4  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Energy Efficiency carried out bank portfolio (EFFECT) to project transport-sector emis- market assessments and developed an energy sions in Vietnam. The results will help the efficiency screening tool allowing Turkish government build consensus around specific banks to carry out quick evaluations of the low carbon policies and initiatives. financial and technical viability of energy ef- • The Model for Electricity Technology Assess- ficiency projects. These in turn informed the ment (META) tool has been used by the design of the World Bank’s Turkey Small and Washington, DC-based Worldwatch Institute Medium Enterprises (SME) Energy Efficiency to assist the governments of the Dominican Project—a $200 million loan to three financial Republic, Haiti, and Jamaica in comparing institutions. the costs of electricity supply options, includ- • In China, a new $12 million World Bank-GEF ing renewable energy (see Chapter 5). project to accelerate the adoption of energy • The Geothermal Training Program of the efficiency in urban areas was influenced by United Nations University is using ESMAP’s the ESMAP-supported study Low Carbon City Geothermal Handbook as part of a postgradu- Development in China. Design of the project ate training program that is helping build the itself was led by ESMAP, drawing on lessons capacity of practicing professionals to carry learned on how urban spatial planning can o u t g e o t h e r m a l ex p l o ra t i o n a n d reduce the energy consumption of cities. development. • In Liberia, through the Africa Renewable En- • ESMAP’s Marginal Abatement Cost Tool ergy and Access program (AFREA), ESMAP (MACTool) is being used by the United Na- supported the establishment of the Rural Re- tions Development Programme (UNDP) in newable Energy Agency and the implementa- Ukraine, and by the Inter-American Develop- tion of a market-based solar project as well ment Bank (IDB) and by the Ministry of Fi- as a micro-hydropower mini-grid in the re- nance in Brazil to compare the costs and mote community of Yandohun, Lofa County. benefits of emission-reduction options. These pilot projects informed the design of • A number of local institutions are helping to the $50 million Renewable Energy Electrifica- deliver the Leaders in Urban Transport Plan- tion Program (REEP), focusing on renewable ning program (see Chapter 4), including LTA mini-grids and stand-alone solar systems. Academy of Singapore, the Korea Transport Institute in Seoul, ctsEMBARQ of Mexico City, As well as supporting client countries and inform- and the Academy of Mayors in Beijing. ing WBG operations, ESMAP’s tools, studies and • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in reports are increasingly being used by World Bank the United States has adapted the Tool for partners and development agencies around the Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE; world. see Chapter 4) for use in Chinese cities by adding modules on greenhouse gas (GHG) • The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has emissions and industrial energy efficiency, been deploying the Energy Forecasting and an expanded set of possible Framework and Emissions Consensus Tool interventions. Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 5  LESSONS LEARNED Proposed activities also include specific baseline and target values, articulate direct or indirect link- A comprehensive external evaluation of ESMAP’s age to global thematic challenges and the Busi- program, activities and effectiveness for the period ness Plan, as well as specify any social and/or FY2007–11 was conducted in FY2012. At the end gender aspects. of that year, ESMAP formulated a management response to the evaluation and has since incor- A comprehensive online system has been devel- porated many of its recommendations into ESMAP oped to monitor the results of ESMAP activities. operations as well as the new Strategic Business This M&E Portal was made fully operational in Plan for FY2014–16. FY2013, enabling donors and other external stake- holders to track the progress of activities in real Among the recommendations was a call for an time through a database and map interface. Infor- increase in cross-sectoral work looking at mation on results is also being made publicly emerging issues of concern for clients. In available in other forms, such as the annual Port- response, ESMAP has started collaborating with folio Reviews and a series of ‘impact stories’ that the World Bank’s transport and water opera- link ESMAP activities with results on the ground. tional units to develop activities that relate to energy efficiency in transport and water sys- ESMAP has had a combined communications, tems. ESMAP is also supporting new analyti- web, and publications team in place since FY2012. cal work on the energy-water nexus that spe- This team has developed a new communications cifically looks at how water constraints impact strategy for the program, revamped the program energy systems (see Chapter 5). website to reflect ESMAP’s reorientation and new audiences, instituted new publications guidelines, In response to the recommendation that ESMAP and created a new series of publications. Com- mainstream gender and social considerations into munications are now integrated into all major project planning and implementation, resource ESMAP initiatives, and a new dissemination pro- material has been developed for use by World tocol ensures that knowledge products reach a Bank teams in the development of energy proj- wider and more diverse audience. ects and programs (see Chapter 3). These resources will be used in FY2014 as part of the This work is now expanding to embrace new new ESMAP focus area on gender and social inclu- channels of communication, including peer- sion, which looks beyond household energy and reviewed journals and social media. At the same access issues to incorporate gender considerations time, ESMAP news stories and publication into a wide range of energy sector programs. announcements are being increasingly integrated into WBG online channels to reach substantially ESMAP has also improved its monitoring and eval- larger international audiences and ensure that uation (M&E) systems in response to stakeholder ESMAP’s work contributes more effectively to the feedback. All activities now clearly define ongoing global dialogue on energy and expected outputs and outcomes at inception. development. 6  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM NEW BUSINESS PLAN the previous Business Plan, and takes into account new client priorities and rapidly changing dynam- ESMAP’s new Strategic Business Plan, which cov- ics in the global energy sector. ers FY2014–16, was the result of extensive dis- cussions with ESMAP’s Consultative Group of To reinforce ESMAP’s position to support and donors and its Technical Advisory Group (see influence these developments, the Business Plan Box 1.1). It maintains the reorientation started in lays out the following main objectives: BOX 1.1 ABOUT ESMAP ESMAP is a global technical assistance program administered by the World Bank and situated in the World Bank’s Sustainable Energy Department in Washington, DC. ESMAP’s program includes both regional and country-focused activities implemented by the regional units of the World Bank, and global initiatives managed by the ESMAP program unit. The ESMAP core unit of about 25 staff is responsible for the day-to-day management of the program, following the strategy laid out in ESMAP’s Business Plan. The unit comprises teams working on energy access, clean energy, energy efficient cities, energy assessments and strategy, results-based approaches for energy sector development, gender, small island developing states, communications, and monitoring and evaluation. Consultative Group ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (CG) made up of representatives from contributing donors and chaired by the Director of the World Bank’s Sustainable Energy Department, on behalf of the Vice President of the World Bank’s Sustainable Development Network (SDN). The CG meets annually to review the strategic direction of ESMAP, its achievements, use of resources, and funding requirements. ESMAP’s donors in FY2013 were: Australia France Lithuania United Kingdom Austria Germany Norway The World Bank Group Denmark Iceland Sweden Finland Japan The Netherlands Technical Advisory Group A Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of international experts appointed by the CG provides informed, independent opinions to the CG about the purpose, strategic direction, and priorities of ESMAP. The TAG also provides advice and suggestions to the CG on current and emerging global energy sector issues likely to impact ESMAP’s client countries. Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 7  BOX 1.2 ESMAP KEY ACHIEVEMENTS FY2013 • Co-authoring of the Global Tracking Framework report, which sets the global baseline for the three overall Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) goals, together with the World Bank’s Sus- tainable Energy Department and the International Energy Agency (IEA). • Launch of the Global Geothermal Development Plan to catalyze a ‘transformational’ scale-up of geothermal energy by identifying and developing test drilling projects and mobilizing bilat- eral and multilateral financing for the riskiest phase of geothermal development. • Expansion of deployment of the Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) from 11 cit- ies in FY2012 to 25 cities in FY2013, to help major urban centers such as Accra, Nairobi, and Rio de Janeiro assess their options for improving energy efficiency. • Launch of the Renewable Energy Resource Mapping initiative, which will identify locations of high potential for solar, wind, biomass and small hydropower at a national scale, with nine coun- try projects approved in the initial stage. • Launch of the $15 million SE4ALL Technical Assistance Program to help high-potential devel- oping countries achieve universal access to electricity and/or modern cooking fuels by 2030.  As of June 2013, country-specific technical assistance was underway in Burundi, Guinea, Liberia, Mozambique, and Senegal; with the program expected to expand to Asia and Central America in FY2014. • Work with clients and partners to disseminate and further develop the Model for Electric Tech- nology Assessment (META), which has been used in electricity planning in Haiti and Jamaica as well as by a number of universities around the world. • Continued support to the Lighting Africa program, which has reached nearly seven million peo- ple in Sub-Saharan Africa with clean and improved lighting products. • With the Africa Energy Unit of the World Bank, launch of the Africa Clean Cooking Energy So- lutions (ACCES) initiative in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, and Uganda which aims to replicate Lighting Africa’s success by transforming the market for clean household fuels in a region where 700 million people still depend on traditional biomass to meet their cooking needs. 1. Enhance Development Financing. ESMAP the reliable and affordable energy services will provide client countries with technical required for poverty reduction and environ- assistance for pre-investment activities neces- mentally sustainable economic growth. sary to focus on program design issues and 3. Deepen Knowledge and Generate Innova- offer additional options. tive Solutions. ESMAP-supported research 2. Influence Policy and Strategy and Increase and assessments will aim to strengthen the Client Capacity. ESMAP will seek to increase sector’s knowledge to deliver increased en- the institutional capacity of client countries ergy access, energy efficiency, and sustain- to plan, manage, and regulate the implemen- able energy services in developing tation of policies and programs that deliver countries. 8  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 1.3 THE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL GLOBAL TRACKING FRAMEWORK REPORT Although 1.7 billion people gained access to electricity between 1990 and 2010, the rate was only slightly ahead of the population growth of 1.6 billion over the same period. About 1.2 billion people— almost the population of India—still live without a connection to electricity in their homes. Getting the world to universal electricity access by 2030 will require an additional $45 billion in investment every year, five times the current annual level. That is just one of the findings of a unique report co-authored by the World Bank, ESMAP, and the International Energy Agency (IEA), in partnership with 13 other agencies. The Global Tracking Framework report, released at the Vienna Energy Forum in May 2013, is the first of a series that monitors progress towards the three goals of the SE4ALL initiative: universal energy access, doubling the share of renewables in the global energy mix, and doubling the rate of improvement of energy efficiency—all by 2030. The report assigns numbers to those three objectives and identifies what needs to change to achieve them. The report identifies 20 “high-impact” countries—all in developing Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa— that account for two-thirds of the global population of those who lack electricity, and three quar- ters of the 2.8 billion people who have to rely on wood or other biomass to cook and heat their homes. The resulting air pollution causes about 4 million premature deaths a year, most of them women and children. While final energy consumption from renewable sources grew at 2 percent per year between 1990 and 2010, this was only slightly ahead of the growth in final energy consumption from all sources. As a result, the proportion of the world’s energy mix from renewable sources only rose slightly, from 16.6 percent in 1990 to 18 percent in 2010. Another 20 high-impact countries—mostly OECD countries but also including China and India— account for 80 percent of energy consumption and will need to lead the way on doubling the share of renewables to 36 percent of the global energy mix and doubling the rate of energy efficiency improvement. World Bank Vice President for Sustainable Development Rachel Kyte said that the Global Tracking Framework is a milestone for the SE4ALL initiative, which was launched by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon in 2011. “It provides baseline information on where we are in the journey toward meeting global energy goals,” Kyte said. “Everyone will be able to measure their progress from the baseline. And we know that’s important, because what gets measured is what gets done.” (continues on next page) Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 9  BOX 1.3  (continued) The report estimates that existing investments in energy totaling about $409 billion a year need to more than double to achieve the three goals. An additional $600–800 billion is needed, the report says, including $394 billion for energy efficiency and $174 billion for renewable energy. The report was co-authored by ESMAP and the World Bank’s Sustainable Energy Department, together with the IEA. Thirteen other agencies supported the report and contributed to its produc- tion: the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC), the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Practical Action, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century (REN21), the United Nations Energy Knowledge Network, the United Nations Foundation, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the World Energy Council (WEC), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The Business Plan maintains ESMAP’s organiza- ESMAP’s gender and energy activities will become tion into four main areas of focus: part of a new focus area covering social inclusion in the energy sector, with a specific initial focus • Clean Energy – including renewable energy, on gender. smart grids, and climate adaptation of energy systems (Chapter 2) The core of ESMAP’s work program will continue • Energy Access – including rural electrifica- to be conducted through grants to the World tion, clean cooking, and improving access Bank’s regional energy units for analytical and for the urban poor (Chapter 3) advisory activities linked to the Bank’s country • Energy Efficiency – the Energy Efficient Cit- policy dialogue and investment lending programs. ies Initiative (EECI) as well as analytical work These annual block grants (ABGs) will be sup- on efficiency in water, transport, and other plemented by targeted regional programs such as sectors (Chapter 4) the second stage of AFREA (see Chapter 3) and • Energy Assessments and Strategies – in- global initiatives such as the SE4ALL technical cluding sector-wide advisory services and assistance program and Renewable Energy Map- technical assistance on energy policy, gover- ping (see Chapter 2), in which country-level activ- nance, and institutions (Chapter 5) ities will also be implemented by the Bank’s regional teams. In addition to these focus areas, ESMAP has launched special initiatives to support small island The Business Plan takes into account the wide developing states (SIDS) as they transition to a variety of country contexts that the World Bank more sustainable energy future (see p. 26) and to operates in, and the different energy needs and support results-based approaches to energy sector challenges faced by client countries in each development (see p. 68). Starting in FY2014, region. 10  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM In Africa, expansion of the energy sector contin- In Europe and Central Asia, the principal chal- ues to be a key development priority for govern- lenges include high energy intensity (the region ments. Challenges include inadequate generation accounts for 5 percent of the world’s GDP and 10 capacity, low access rates, and unreliable energy percent of energy consumption); supply short- supply. The investment needs are enormous. Cur- ages; aging energy infrastructure, especially for rently, about 1–2 gigawatts (GW) of new installed power generation and district heating; a lack of capacity is deployed annually, but Africa needs financial viability in the energy sector; and vul- 6–7 GW of new capacity every year. Electricity nerability of energy production to climate impacts, access has grown merely 1 percent per year, and especially for hydropower dependent countries. nearly 80 percent of households still rely on solid Work increasingly focuses on expansion of energy biomass for cooking. It is estimated that Africa efficiency and support for energy tariff and sub- needs up to $40–50 billion yearly to reach univer- sidy reforms. sal access by 2030. The World Bank is actively cooperating with partners under the SE4ALL ini- In the Latin America and Caribbean region, chal- tiative to help countries in the region achieve uni- lenges include the need to scale up investments versal energy access (see Chapter 3). Other assis- in power generation capacity and reduce depen- tance includes support to power sector planning; dence on costly fuel oils for producing electricity. development of transformational generation proj- Many countries in the region are trying to develop ects; leveraging private sector investments; build- indigenous energy resources, including hydro- ing the capacity of regional power pools; and power, wind and geothermal. The World Bank’s improving the efficiency of utilities. engagements in the region vary depending on the country context and priorities. Work focuses on In East Asia and the Pacific, the focus is on scaling up capacity and improving the generation energy security, scaling up energy efficiency and mix, as well as regional energy integration, and renewable energy, expanding access to modern improving resilience to deal with volatile oil prices energy, and advancing sustainable urban energy. and climate change. Energy efficiency is The region is highly diverse, ranging from low- income countries with limited access to modern energy services to upper middle-income countries in advanced stages of power sector reform and with sophisticated competitive markets. In low- income and remote areas, the World Bank’s engagement will focus on extending electricity access, enhancing policy and regulatory frame- works, and building capacity. In middle-income countries, the emphasis will be on analytical work, targeted sector engagements, and policy dialogue. Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 11  becoming more of a priority, especially in urban The power sector in the South Asia region areas of the region’s more developed remains weak and unstable, with power short- economies. ages levying a very high cost in terms of reduced economic development, job losses, and disincen- In the Middle East and North Africa, a wide-scale tives to broaden access to electricity to those not effort to build capacity, institutions and improved yet connected. At the same time, financial losses infrastructure is needed to meet growing energy in the power sector are mounting due to misalign- demand while also emphasizing decentralization ment of tariffs with cost of supply; high cost of and service delivery. The World Bank’s engage- power procurement; and high transmission and ment includes work on fuel subsidies, introduc- distribution losses. All South Asian countries tion of clean technologies, electricity and gas mar- share a high dependence on fossil fuels, a large ket reforms, energy efficiency, regional integration, part of which is imported. The World Bank’s and gender-responsive development actions. energy work in the region focuses on promoting access to and reliability of energy services; facil- itating investments in clean energy; and improv- ing domestic and regional energy markets. 12  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 1.4 ESMAP AT 30 The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program was set up in 1983 in response to the global energy price shocks of the previous decade. Since then, ESMAP has moved from being a small program focused on giving targeted advice to oil-importing countries to one of the WBG’s most established trust-funded global programs, mandated with helping developing countries find solu- tions to a wide range of energy challenges. Originally a joint UNDP-World Bank partnership within the World Bank’s Industry and Energy Department, ESMAP’s first years were spent working directly with client governments to assess energy sectors and design and implement new programs and strategies. Over the years, ESMAP evolved into a global knowledge and technical assistance program, administered by the World Bank, which provided innovative analytical and technical studies for the Bank’s newly created Regional Departments. Rohit Khanna, ESMAP’s current Program Manager, noted that while the basic features of ESMAP’s work—providing strategic advice and technical assistance—has remained constant over the past three decades, the program has also evolved in order to tackle a range of ever-changing energy challenges. “ESMAP has grown with the complexity of the energy sector,” Khanna said. “What began as a collec- tive response to the energy price increases of the 1970s has become a much more diversified agenda covering everything from household energy to climate change to smart grids.” In the mid-1980s, ESMAP was among the first organizations to prioritize household energy. A decade later it was at the forefront of helping countries develop rural energy and energy efficiency programs and enact regulatory reforms. “Looking back over the past three decades, one finds that so much of what the World Bank has accomplished in the energy sector can be traced back to some ESMAP assessment, report, or anal- ysis that got an idea going or provided the evidence to persuade a client to do something,” said Khanna. Whether by supporting Lighting Africa to expand clean, off-grid lighting systems in Sub-Saharan Africa, helping strengthen national and regional electricity markets, or working with governments to assess their low carbon development options, ESMAP’s analytical and advisory activities continue to make a tangible difference in the lives of people around the world. Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 13  ACCELERATING CHAPTER 2 THE TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT A ccording to the Global Tracking Framework report that sets a baseline for the three SE4ALL goals (see Box 1.3), 18 percent of the world’s final energy consumption came from renew- able sources in 2010. However, much of that was in the form of traditional biomass, such as wood and animal waste. Of the rest, the majority came from hydropower. Other renewable sources still contribute barely over 1 per- cent of total final energy consumption. It is clear that a concerted global effort, and a substantial increase in financing, will be required to meet the SE4ALL goal of doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030. This challenge is now being addressed. Developing countries are increasingly turning to renewable energy in response to a range of pressures, including the need to eliminate energy poverty, shore up energy security at a time of global energy market volatility, reduce the fiscal burden of importing expen- sive fossil fuels, and improve the sustainability of supply over 15  the long term. While renewable energy expansion has slowed down or leveled off in some devel- ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY2013 UNDER oped countries lately due to substantial subsidy THE CLEAN ENERGY PROGRAM cutbacks in these times of fiscal constraint, renew- able energy capacity is expanding and expected • Launch of the Renewable Energy Map- to continue to grow in Africa, Asia, and Latin ping initiative, which will identify loca- America thanks in part to falling prices of renew- tions of high potential for solar, wind, able energy technologies, bringing many closer biomass, and small hydropower at a na- tional scale, with nine projects approved to parity with fossil fuels. However, for many of in the initial stage these countries, electricity grids need to be • Publication of the Geothermal Handbook, updated and adapted to handle additional renew- a comprehensive look at the phases of able sources of supply (see Box 5.1). geothermal development and the poli- cies, institutions, and financing mecha- ESMAP is committed to helping its developing nisms needed for successful projects country clients not only understand and respond • Launch of the Global Geothermal Devel- to current needs, but also to plan and prepare for opment Plan to catalyze a ‘transforma- tional’ scale-up of geothermal energy in future challenges. In particular, ESMAP is scaling developing countries by focusing re- up its clean energy program with targeted inter- sources from the WBG and other multi- ventions that can catalyze action by clients, the lateral and bilateral donors towards test private sector, and development partners. These drilling, the riskiest phase of geothermal new programs focus on specific knowledge bar- development riers or resource risks that hinder the uptake of • Publication of Planning for a Low Carbon renewable energy options. Future: Lessons Learned from Seven Coun- try Studies, which summed up five years of studies of low carbon development op- tions in major emerging economies FY2013: HIGHLIGHTS AND • Completion of the Renewable Energy ACHIEVEMENTS Training series for World Bank Group staff and stakeholders, with eight modules on Global Geothermal Development Plan up-to-date developments in renewable For many low- and middle-income countries, geo- technologies, policies, infrastructure, and thermal energy is an underutilized resource with financing • Creation of the Smart Grids Knowledge great potential. From Africa’s Rift Valley to South Exchange Portal, an online resource for America’s Andes to the islands of Asia and the the latest information and lessons Pacific, a number of countries have geothermal learned on smart grids, to assist World endowments that could meet a significant por- Bank teams as clients increasingly seek tion of baseload energy demand. The benefits these technologies would include increased energy access and secu- rity, more affordable and reliable power, and decreased GHG emissions. 16  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM In recognition of this importance, geothermal The ESMAP initiative differs from previous efforts energy has played an increasing role in ESMAP’s in that it focuses on the primary obstacle to geo- portfolio since FY2011. In October 2012, ESMAP thermal expansion: the high up-front cost and published the Geothermal Handbook: Planning risk of test drilling. Validating the availability of and Financing Power Generation. This flagship commercially viable geothermal resources is an study presents the phases of geothermal project unavoidable step often requiring $15–25 million development, examining the risks involved and per field, in risky, years-long investment. Public the policies, institutions, and financing mecha- financing has therefore been the main channel nisms needed to successfully bring projects to fru- to support this initial stage. The GGDP is ition. The handbook also stresses the importance designed to mobilize roughly $500 million in of concerted international assistance to help concessional financing from diverse sources, finance geothermal scale-up in the early, risky including bilateral donors, multilateral develop- phases of development. ment banks and international climate change facilities, to finance the pipeline of investment- Following on this, ESMAP launched the Global ready projects identified by ESMAP and its part- Geothermal Development Plan (GGDP) to cata- ners through the GGDP. lyze a major scale-up of geothermal energy in developing countries. Announcing the initiative ESMAP has already identified an indicative 36 in Iceland in March 2013, World Bank Managing fields in 16 countries where surface exploration Director Sri Mulyani Indrawati noted that geo- has been completed and financing is needed to thermal energy could prove “transformative” by confirm the sites’ commercial viability. And the providing “clean, low-cost, locally produced base- first test-drilling project under the GGDP is now load power.” The $5 million program will support ready to go ahead, with the approval on June 2013 the identification and development of geothermal by the World Bank Board of Directors of a proj- test-drilling projects. ect in Djibouti to assess the commercial Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 17  geothermal potential of the Fiale Caldera within development zoning and to mitigate any adverse the Lake Assal region, with ESMAP contributing impacts through strategic environmental assess- $1.1 million (see Box 2.2). ment and other planning tools. It will also help consolidate existing country datasets and build Mapping the Renewable Energy the capacity of local institutions in this field. All Revolution data commissioned through ESMAP projects will In the case of other renewable sources such as solar be made freely available through a web portal and wind, even when countries have the financing and will be linked into web-based data reposito- to move forward, they are held back by a lack of ries such as the Global Atlas hosted by the Inter- detailed data on sites with the greatest potential to national Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). generate power. A global ESMAP initiative launched in FY2013 aims to fill that information gap. Initial mapping work will start in late 2013, with ground-based measurement campaigns to take The Renewable Energy Mapping initiative will place from 2014. produce the maps needed by governments and project developers to identify resource ‘hot spots’ Low Carbon Development: Targeted at a national scale. The initiative will cover Country Engagement resource mapping for solar, wind, biomass, and In FY2012, ESMAP wrapped up the first stage of small hydropower potential and currently has a its Low Carbon Growth Country Studies pro- budget of $11.6 million. Nine country projects gram, which looked at long-term strategies have been approved in its initial stage: Indone- whereby major emerging economies could reduce sia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Maldives, Pakistan, GHG emissions while maintaining economic Papua New Guinea, Tanzania, Vietnam, and growth objectives. Starting in 2008, studies were Zambia. carried out in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, and South Africa. The projects funded by ESMAP will go beyond standard satellite-based mapping to produce high In November 2012, ESMAP published a major resolution resource atlases that are validated report that summarized the main findings of five through ground-based data collection from sur- years of work. Planning for a Low Carbon Future: veys, site visits, stream gauges, solar stations, and Lessons Learned from Seven Country Studies wind masts. This will allow governments to iden- compared the different low carbon planning tify which areas of their countries have the best approaches used in the various countries, and potential for further site-specific assessment, and provided recommendations for governments going to better understand the costs of development, forward. Among these were the need to build while also reducing investment risks in financing stakeholder consensus from the beginning of the renewable projects. planning process, the importance of uncovering interventions that will pay for themselves, and As well as mapping, the initiative will support the importance of continuing to invest resources geospatial planning to assist governments with in data, tools, and modeling. 18  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 2.1 MEASURING THE CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF HYDROPOWER IN TURKEY Turkey has made impressive strides in recent years in boosting private sector investment to develop the country’s extensive renewable energy resources. The push for investment in Turkey’s wind and hydropower assets began in 2003 with landmark legislation that liberalized the energy sector. Other reforms quickly followed that accelerated the growth of renewables and resulted in an upsurge in privately generated electricity. By 2012, independently owned renewable generation facilities were producing over 26,000 GWh of electricity, a 17-fold increase over levels a decade earlier. The government’s privatization efforts were particularly successful in Turkey’s hydropower sector. The rapid increase in privately funded small- and medium-sized hydroelectric power plants helped Turkey develop more reliable and efficient energy supply as well as progress towards its goal of producing 30 percent of total energy from renewables by 2023. At the same time, the upsurge of private-sector investment in renewables prompted a dialogue on natural resource and water management policy, particularly with regard to the cumulative envi- ronmental impacts of hydropower projects. Cumulative impacts are changes to the environment caused by a project in combination with other past, present and planned projects and activities. These impacts included increased risk of erosion and landslides, disruption of water flow, and destruction of flora and fauna. Although Turkey’s government had a strong Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regulation in place, it contained no specific provisions requiring the assessment of cumulative impacts. In 2010, the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization requested World Bank assistance in devel- oping a methodology to integrate Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessments (CEIAs) into the planning and execution of future hydroelectric power projects. The result was the ESMAP-supported report Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment for Hydropower Projects in Turkey, a first-of-its kind undertaking designed to ensure that the rapid development of hydropower plants was consistent with environmental sustainability. Published in early 2013, the study was the result of an 18-month process that included six work- shops and consultations with stakeholders, including public authorities, international finance insti- tutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Built around a Pilot Basin case study in Turkey’s Upper Ceyhan Basin, the study presents guidelines for conducting a CEIA, including practical exam- ples and different approaches to take. The new CEIA guidelines complement the Private Sector Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Project introduced by the World Bank in 2009 to help Turkey increase privately owned and operated energy production from renewable sources and enhance demand-side energy efficiency. The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization has started to incorporate CEIA assessments as part of the EIA process when developing new hydropower plants, and, in future, the guidelines could be utilized as part of an integrated basin-management planning process. Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 19  ESMAP is also continuing to support World Bank projects; and the substitution of gas turbine gen- engagement with countries on low carbon devel- erators for inefficient, high carbon off-grid diesel opment that is targeted to specific national con- and gasoline generators. texts and sectors. ESMAP is continuing to work with a number of In Nigeria, ESMAP supported a comprehensive national institutions and external donors in Viet- evaluation of the national power sector in order nam on modeling low carbon options for various to understand how the country could expand elec- sectors in that country3. This work is increasingly tricity access while reducing the energy intensity focusing on developing options for the govern- of the economy. Nigeria’s power grid is charac- ment to phase out distorting fossil fuel subsidies terized by insufficient capacity to meet demand, while phasing in social protection measures for shortages of natural gas for power generation, the poor. While work is continuing in other sec- and limited transmission and distribution cover- tors, avoiding the growth of such subsidies in the age. These problems result in unreliable grid oper- future has been identified as having the greatest ation and frequent load shedding. The study lays potential to help the Vietnamese economy move out an alternative low carbon scenario that would towards a green growth path. As well as encour- enable Nigeria to improve this situation at lower aging non-economic use of fossil fuels, the sub- overall long-term cost through a more diversified sidies have also been a fiscal burden, and have mix of generation sources and a more balanced proved to not help their intended recipients among supply across regions. Elements of the scenario include energy efficiency measures, particularly in lighting; the demonstration of renewable energy 3  See ESMAP 2012 Annual Report, Box 2.1. 20  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 2.2 PROMOTING GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE GLOBE With the launch of the Global Geothermal Development Plan (GGDP), ESMAP has reached out to support promising early-stage geothermal projects in Africa, Central America, and the Caribbean. In June 2013, the World Bank Board of Directors approved a $6 million International Development Association (IDA) credit towards a $31 million project to assess the commercial geothermal poten- tial of the Fiale Caldera in Djibouti. Half of Djibouti’s population does not have access to electricity due to high tariffs, high connection costs, and an electricity grid that covers only Djibouti City and its outskirts. The project is the first phase of a two-step process to develop local geothermal generation capacity and could help Djibouti fully meet its peak demand, alleviate energy dependency, and reduce electricity production costs by 70 percent. The donor-supported exploration phase will assess whether large-scale power generation is possible. ESMAP support will go towards contracts for inspecting and testing the wells during the drilling phase. This will be followed by competitive tendering for development of an estimated 56 MW geothermal power plant by private power producers. If successful, the project is expected to lower the cost of domestic electricity production from 24 US cents per kWh to 10 US cents per kWh, and make the supply of energy more secure. Replacing Djibouti’s thermal generation capacities with geothermal would mean significant savings for the state power utility, Electricité de Djibouti (EDD), reducing the financial burden on the national budget posed by power generation. ESMAP has also provided a grant of $1.6 million to the World Bank’s Latin America and Caribbean regional energy unit for a comparative assessment of geothermal risk mitigation schemes and identification and development of two to three exploratory drilling projects. Also included will be an analysis of the general and specific drivers of and barriers to geothermal energy development in the region and a review of the sector policy incentives, public development plans, and business models already in place. In Dominica, ESMAP has supported production of a gap analysis report to help the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica determine the additional tasks necessary to advance development of its Wotten Waven geothermal field. The review indicates that there are sufficient geothermal resources to develop a small power plant for the domestic market, but that prospects for doing so can be enhanced through additional scientific investigations. Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 21  poorer communities. A final report, including a as outside speakers from academia, international low carbon reference scenario for the national organizations, and private companies. Training economy, is to be delivered to the government in sessions were delivered in face-to-face modules 2014. that were also broadcast online for staff in coun- try offices. A total of 250 WBG staff took part in Training for Next-Generation Renewable the program. Selected outside participants from Energy Operations client countries were also invited to join the As developing countries look more and more to sessions. incorporating renewable sources in their energy mix, demand has grown from WBG clients for Smarter, More Resilient Grids advisory and expert services in this area. Client Electricity grids sit at the heart of national energy needs go beyond the understanding of discrete sector management, as grids bring power to the power generation options to encompass areas expanding cities and industries that drive eco- such as integration of renewable energy sources nomic development. Recent high-profile power into electricity grids, financial support mecha- shortages and grid failures demonstrate that these nisms, and policy and regulatory instruments for systems are under stress in both the developed the promotion of those technologies. and developing worlds, prompting increasing calls to make grids more resilient, reliable, and Throughout FY2012 and FY2013, ESMAP, in col- “smarter.” laboration with the Advisory Services of the Inter- national Finance Corporation (IFC), conducted a In September 2012, ESMAP launched an online comprehensive renewable energy training pro- smart grids platform to provide WBG staff with gram targeted at WBG staff. The objective was well-organized and operationally relevant infor- to prepare them to better advise clients in the mation on smart grids. The platform has since areas of policy development and structuring of been used by World Bank teams in support of cli- public and private investment operations. The ents, and has become a repository on smart grid series began with courses on wind power and technologies, policies, and regulations. This work solar photovoltaic power held in FY2012. These also resulted in the development of a Smart Grid were complemented with six further modules held Roadmap Methodology to help clients understand between July and December 2012: geothermal how to define the modernization priorities for energy; policy incentives and support mecha- their transmission and distribution grids. nisms; financing options; grid integration, trans- mission and distribution; concentrated solar The smart grid team supported by ESMAP also power; and biofuels. provided direct inputs to specific World Bank country-level engagements. In Vietnam, an iden- The training program focused on all aspects of tification mission defined the options for a smart project development, including case studies and grid modernization lending operation in support lessons from operations around the world. Speak- of the country’s transmission corporation. In the ers included a wide array of WBG experts as well Philippines, the team helped the National Grid 22  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Management Commission define requirements Sector was completed in FY2013. The tool pro- and performance standards for variable renew- vides a high-level, systematic analysis of the vul- able energy sources being integrated into the nerability of energy sector to climate change and national grid (see Box 5.1). adaptive capacity as well as high-level adaptation options. Such assessments can help build con- Adapting for the Future: Climate Risks sensus among key national energy stakeholders ESMAP also continues to support work on the and identify priority areas for further vulnerability of energy systems to climate risks, intervention. following on a major report it published on the subject in 2011. There is a growing awareness Rapid assessments have been carried out in Nepal, of the urgency of this issue: 9 out of the 18 major Vietnam, and Zambia and are under way in energy shortages in the world between 2000 Mozambique. In Vietnam, the assessment found and 2010 were due to drought, and extreme high vulnerability to climate change impacts but weather events are beginning to hit energy sup- also high adaptive capacity. The vulnerabilities ply in countries as diverse as Australia, China, included small reserve margins in Vietnam’s elec- and South Africa. tricity system to produce electricity during peak load periods and the location of fossil fuel power Development of the Rapid Assessment Tool for plants in areas of high water stress. Among the Climate Change Vulnerability of the Energy options recommended by the assessment were an Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 23  upgrade of design codes for energy assets against institutions, and country counterparts in improv- projected climate changes, and improved data col- ing the design and implementation of renewable lection, analysis, and monitoring of climate- energy projects. The Project Resource Center will related impacts. The assessment in Zambia, by be operationally oriented to address practical contrast, found both high vulnerability and low implementation needs at each stage in the proj- capacity to adapt, and recommended international ect cycle and will include case studies, sample assistance to build adaptive capacity and define terms of reference, and examples of financial and and implement adaptation measures. economic assessments. In order to promote broad collaboration and crowd-sourcing, the resource center will be developed on an open platform and FY2014 AND BEYOND: NEW will be flexible in its evolution as new types of INITIATIVES reference documents are identified. The Project Resource Center is being built in cooperation with ESMAP’s work plan for the Clean Energy program Energypedia.info, an open access wiki site focused for FY2014 and beyond recognizes that the out- on clean energy issues in the context of develop- look for renewable energy in developing coun- ment cooperation. tries has changed markedly in the past few years. Equipment markets are more mature; costs are ESMAP will refocus its work on low carbon devel- decreasing for several technologies; and most opment with new objectives to (i) support the countries have established renewable energy dissemination and deployment of cutting-edge expansion targets, facilitating the mobilization of analytical tools and datasets related to energy public support and private investment. use and supply through, for example, the World Bank’s Climate-Smart Planning Platform; To enhance the capacity of World Bank staff and (ii) strengthen the capacity of external providers key development partners, ESMAP will continue to deploy these tools; and, (iii) provide dedicated its renewable energy training program, focusing resources to the World Bank regions for selec- on broadening the training audience to client rep- tively carrying out low carbon development plan- resentatives and field staff from the WBG ning in the energy sector. As part of this work, and  development partners. Material from the low carbon energy assessments will be under- training modules will be actively disseminated to taken in a selected group of priority countries ensure adoption of practices in renewable energy where there is the most potential for policy operation design and implementation. change and/or the development of new planning or analytical methodologies. ESMAP is also pilot- Complementing the training program, ESMAP will ing an online platform for open-source energy build on the experience of the Renewable Energy planning tools. Toolkit developed in 2006 to create a Project Resource Center for Renewable Energy. This will Building up the resilience of energy systems is be an online repository of reference project doc- expected to be an increasing focus for ESMAP uments to assist WBG staff, other development going forward, in the recognition that it will help 24  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM the energy sector to more ably prepare and respond to natural disasters and unusual weather events in the short term and adapt to climate change in the long term. New programs such as Renewable Energy Mapping and the GGDP are also expected to expand. The business model for the mapping initiative allows for a significant scal- ing up to accommodate additional demand through the use of standardized project materi- als and processes and a strong network of spe- cialist providers and experts. This would repre- sent a significant expansion of ESMAP’s support for country-level activities, given the need for ground-based data collection, geospatial analy- sis, and strategic environmental assessment. Following the launch of the GGDP, ESMAP has Renewable Energy Private Sector window focused started joint work with multilateral and bilateral on geothermal energy resource risk mitigation, development agencies and banks to identify and which was approved by the Clean Technology develop test-drilling projects, and is exploring Fund in October 2013. ESMAP is also supporting opportunities to mobilize concessional resources technical assistance and analytical work on geo- to co-finance these resource validation invest- thermal energy resource assessment investments, ments. ESMAP has also led the preparation of a starting in Latin America, which is expected to $115 million proposal for a Utility Scale expand to other regions. Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 25  HELPING SMALL ISLAND STATES SECURE A STABLE ENERGY FUTURE Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are often highly dependent on imported fossil fuels to meet their energy needs. Despite considerable renewable energy potential—solar, wind, ocean, geothermal, and biomass—many SIDS are limited in their ability to transition to sustainable energy pathways by the existing structure of their energy sectors, including inadequate institutional capacity and investment climate for the private sector. Launched by ESMAP in September 2011 in partnership with UNDP and the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), the SIDS DOCK Support Program is assisting small island states put their energy sectors on a more sustainable footing by building their knowledge base and their regulatory, insti- tutional, and human capacity. The program is funded through a $7 million contribution from the Government of Denmark. In FY2013, the Government of Japan also pledged a contribution of $9 million. ESMAP’s work under the program focuses on two outcomes: (1) renewable energy and energy effi- ciency policy reform, and (2) implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency projects that demonstrate the potential for scale up through climate finance and other sources of funding. As of June 2013, the ESMAP-funded portfolio spanned eight projects in the Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific regions, as well as three global activities. Among these are: VIRTUAL NETWORK TO SUPPORT SIDS DOCK PLATFORM ESMAP is financing creation of a virtual knowledge network designed to be a repository of energy efficiency and renewable energy resources for SIDS. The network will facilitate knowledge exchange between SIDS and their partners. In FY2013, ESMAP support helped develop the prototype plat- form. Trainings on the uses and advantages of the virtual knowledge network were held in St. Lucia in March 2013, Fiji in May 2013, and Cape Verde in July 2013. ESMAP is in dialogue with IRENA about using the network as the knowledge management platform for IRENA’s Global Renewable Energy Islands Network (GREIN), which would also serve to facilitate coordination between SIDS DOCK and GREIN. SIDS – REVOLVING FUND OPTIONS PAPER The high up-front costs often required to harness renewable energy resources are difficult for many SIDS countries to overcome. As such, ESMAP is producing a Financing Mechanism Options Paper that outlines measures SIDS can take to attract funding for renewable energy programs. The paper, which places a special emphasis on the role of the private sector, is to be completed in October 2013. CAPE VERDE ENERGY CONSERVATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY PLAN In Cape Verde, ESMAP is financing development of a National Efficiency Program that will remove barriers to the implementation of energy efficiency programs. This includes preparation of an action plan that diagnoses energy use and energy savings potential in Cape Verde’s oil products, firewood, electricity, and water sectors. MAURITIUS – PREPARATION OF A GRID CODE, FEED-IN-TARIFFS, AND MODEL ENERGY SUPPLY PURCHASE AGREEMENTS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS GREATER THAN 50KW Current installed renewable capacity in Mauritius, which is mainly hydropower and biogas, accounts for less than 20 percent of total power generation. The Long Term Energy Strategy 2009–2025, prepared by (continues on next page) 26  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM the Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities, calls for the development of distributed renewable energy generation systems in Mauritius in the short to medium term. This activity supports the development of a grid code for wind and micro-hydropower; design of feed-in-tariffs for wind, micro-hydropower, biomass and waste-to energy systems; and templates and models for energy supply purchase agreements. SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE – POWER SECTOR EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS The energy sector in Sao Tome and Principe faces critical challenges and has been identified as the main constraint to the country’s economic growth. This activity will include engineering studies aimed at reducing technical losses and improving reliability in the electricity sector. It will also include a demand-side energy efficiency study, and a study on improvements of the hydropower plant at El Contador. SEYCHELLES - TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT EXPANDED PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY TO THE GRID The Government of the Seychelles has requested SIDS DOCK support to provide assistance to develop a grid code, feed in tariffs, and energy supply purchase agreements for renewable energy systems for specific renewable energy technologies. VANUATU ENERGY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ESMAP assistance is helping Vanuatu develop an energy roadmap that will provide a framework within which to coordinate government, private sector, and development partner investment in the country’s energy sector. Technical assistance is also helping build the capacity of the Department of Energy, Mines and Mineral Resources and the Utilities Regulatory Authority. Implementation of activities under the SIDS DOCK Support Program was slow at first, particularly because one project had to be dropped due to country sector issues and another was delayed due to delays in grant recipients meeting conditions of an associated World Bank project. In other proj- ects, procurement of consultants’ services has taken much longer than anticipated. These issues are now being addressed and portfolio management is also being strengthened to be more proac- tive in monitoring implementation progress and taking corrective measures. THE ASHDEN AWARDS As part of its support to SIDS DOCK, ESMAP, in conjunction with the Ashden Foundation, inau- gurated a new award category for the well-known Ashden Awards, dedicated to innovators from small island states. The award recognizes companies or individuals who have helped their coun- tries boost energy security and sustainability. Four finalists were chosen for the Small Island Developing States Awards in 2013: the National Development Bank of Palau, for its program to integrate energy efficiency promotion into mort- gage lending for new homes; D&E Green Enterprises in Haiti, which produces and sells the EcoRecho stove, a cleaner and more fuel-efficient alternative to the charcoal cookers used by over 95 percent of Haitian households; Vanuatu’s Green Power, which has sold over 40,000 afford- able solar lanterns since late 2009; and the PPP of Cabeólica in Cape Verde, which has harnessed wind power to help reduce diesel import costs and increase energy security. Haiti’s D&E Green Enterprises and Cape Verde’s Cabeólica were selected as winners at an award ceremony held in London in June 2013. Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 27  CREATING CHAPTER 3 PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL M ajor advances have been made over the past two decades in expanding the benefits of energy to people around the world. Between 1990 and 2010, more than 1.7 billion peo- ple—equivalent to the combined population of India and Sub-Saharan Africa—gained access to electricity while 1.6 billion received access to modern cooking solutions. Nonetheless, the SE4ALL Global Tracking Framework report (see Box 1.3) warns that the momentum that made these gains possible will not be sufficient to achieve universal energy access to both electricity and clean cooking by 2030. Despite substantial progress, more than 1.2 billion people still lack access to electricity and some 2.8 billion rely on traditional wood-based fuels to meet their cooking and heating needs. This has immense consequences for human health, well- being, and economic development and threatens attainment of many countries’ primary development goals. Energy pov- erty is clearly linked to a host of significant development ills: 90 percent of the children in Sub-Saharan Africa go to pri- mary schools that lack electricity and 60 percent of African businesses cite access to reliable power as a binding con- straint on their operations. However, the report also finds some grounds for cautious opti- mism. Twenty “high-impact” countries in Asia and Africa 29  account for two-thirds of those without access to KEY ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY2013 electricity and three-quarters of those who use UNDER THE ENERGY ACCESS solid fuels to cook or heat their homes. A sus- PROGRAM tained and concentrated push in high impact coun- tries offers much potential to make rapid progress • Launch of the $15 million SE4ALL Tech- nical Assistance Program to help coun- toward the SE4ALL goal of universal energy access. tries achieve universal access and Programs in countries such as Rwanda and Viet- modern cooking fuels by 2030 nam have proven that rapid electrification is pos- • Continued support to Lighting Africa, sible. But decisive action—and adequate financ- which has reached nearly 7 million peo- ing—is required, with the study estimating that a ple in Sub-Saharan Africa with clean and doubling of existing energy investments will be improved lighting products necessary every year until 2030. • International Electrotechnical Commis- sion (IEC) adoption of Lighting Africa technical specifications as the world With decades of experience in working towards standard for clean, off-grid lighting expanding modern, safe, affordable, and sustain- products able forms of energy and cooking solutions, • Launch of the Africa Clean Cooking En- ESMAP is well positioned to contribute toward ergy Solutions (ACCES) initiative and the attainment of the goal of extending sustainable undertaking of market and consumer as- energy to all. sessments for scaling up cookstove adoption in the DRC, Senegal, and Uganda • With the World Bank’s Sustainable Ener- FY2013: HIGHLIGHTS AND gy Department and the IEA, co-authoring ACHIEVEMENTS the Global Tracking Framework report, which sets the global baseline for univer- Increasing Support to Sustainable Energy sal energy access as well as the other two for All Sustainable Energy for All goals Following early analytical work that helped shape the initial development of SE4ALL4, ESMAP scaled up its support to the global initiative in FY2013, both through knowledge work5 and a number of is now receiving assistance to develop a country- country-level and regional technical assistance specific energy action plan and investment pro- activities. spectus. These will prioritize the actions and investments needed for each country to scale up The most prominent of these contributions is a access to electricity and/or clean cooking. The new $15 million Technical Assistance Program investment prospectus will be a collaborative effort designed to help countries set up their own pro- with development partners, with a view to grams to achieve universal energy access by 2030. In FY2013, Burundi, Guinea, Liberia, Mozambique, 4  See ESMAP 2012 Annual Report. and Senegal subscribed to the program, and each 5  See Global Tracking Framework, Box 1.3. 30  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM mobilizing donor resources for the proposals under A related activity is a global study to define and the prospectus. The program is eventually expected measure access to energy. Energy needs are multi- to include more countries, with discussions cur- dimensional—they span household electricity rently underway with Nepal and Myanmar, as well applications, cooking/heating applications, pro- as with countries in Central America. ductive applications, community energy needs and transportation. Binary definitions (“having a Other activities in this area include a stocktaking connection” or “not having a connection”) fail to of current energy access and clean cooking pro- capture important differences in quality and quan- grams, institutional and human capacity devel- tity of access to energy. opment, and policy and regulatory advice. Another component is an in-depth study of the This study has used a multi-tier framework to regional power trade in Africa, which assesses measure access to household electricity and mod- the state of physical infrastructure used in exist- ern cooking solutions, which were then included ing power pools, reviews the benefits of power in the SE4ALL Global Tracking Framework pub- pools, and maps priority projects. This activity lished in May 2013. Comprehensive metrics have will help to position the importance of regional also been devised for both electricity supply and power integration in high level dialogues on electricity services, while maintaining a technol- energy, including through SE4ALL. ogy-neutral approach. This work has achieved Creating Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 31  wide consensus among a number of development that brought together over 500 different stake- institutions, and similar frameworks for measur- holders in the cooking sector. ESMAP also worked ing energy access for productive and community with GACC on the first major study to map the uses are under way. A report on energy access for global clean cooking sector. As well as looking at health facilities is being produced in partnership market size, the study also sets out standards for with the WHO. improved cookstoves along three axes: efficiency, affordability, and health impacts. The resulting Expanding Access to Clean, Affordable report is expected to be released in early 2014. Cooking Solutions A 2012 Global Burden of Disease Study, led by the Another ESMAP study explored the low rate of WHO, estimates that household air pollution from clean cookstove adoption in Central America, cooking stoves is the fourth largest health risk in where fewer than 10 percent of the region’s 20 developing countries, claiming an estimated 4 mil- million biomass users have access to safe, effi- lion lives—predominantly women and chil- cient cooking methods. What Have We Learned dren—every year. In FY2013, ESMAP intensified about Household Biomass Cooking in Central Amer- its activities in support of expanding access to ica? looks at a range of measures to expand clean clean and improved cooking solutions. cookstove use in the region. ESMAP supported a Global Clean Cooking Forum The report points out that a large-scale, regional in Cambodia in March 2013, organized by GACC, clean cooking program requires an enabling 32  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM environment that oversees and coordinates public health centers have helped women in a energy, health, environment, and gender issues number of countries enjoy improved quality of related to household biomass use. life and better income generating opportunities. Key recommendations included removing market To help energy practitioners design projects that barriers, integrating social and cultural character- deliver equal benefits for women and men, the istics in cookstove design and dissemina- program developed a Briefing Note on Integrating tion, developing regional testing and quality stan- Gender Considerations into Energy Operations, dards for cookstoves, introducing innovative which discusses the key elements of the gender- financing mechanisms, and launching country- energy topic and provides examples of how gen- based awareness campaigns informing end-users der considerations have been successfully incor- of the benefits of clean cooking. This work directly porated into the design and execution of World led to the formation of a regional initiative—to Bank energy programs. be supported by ESMAP’s SE4ALL Technical Assistance Program—to help expand improved The briefing note is complemented by an Online cookstoves programs in Central America. Compendium of Gender & Energy Resources that provides a range of basic tools to be used by Integrating Gender into Energy Programs energy practitioners in the design of energy proj- In FY2013, ESMAP’s Gender and Energy pro- ects. The tools focus on four areas: gender assess- gram continued to pilot programs designed to ment; gender action plans; implementation and help women receive the full social and economic monitoring; and completion and evaluation. The benefits of energy sector development. Initiatives online tools include sample questionnaires, check- that boost domestic energy access, modernize lists, and sample terms of references which can cook stoves, install public lighting and electrify be downloaded for use by energy project teams. To help develop these resources and engage with operational teams, ESMAP facilitated various knowledge exchange activities across regions in both the energy and social development sectors. Business Models for Reaching the Urban Poor The United Nations forecasts that the world’s urban population will increase to 64 percent by 2050, with 94 percent of that increase occurring in developing countries. Though such rapid urban- ization brings higher densities and shorter dis- tances to service networks, developing world’s cities have experienced increased inequality in Creating Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 33  service provision. Today, about 1 billion people live in urban slums and informal settlements char- acterized by no or poor access to basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity. Com- mon barriers facing the urban poor in achieving access include high cost of service, inadequate infrastructure, and the uncertain legal tenure of slum dwellers and consequent lack of interest on the part of service providers. ESMAP in FY2013 continued working with the Cities Alliance (CA), a global coalition focused on reducing urban poverty, to help slum commu- nities gain full access to modern energy by 2030. the capacity of key institutions such as govern- ESMAP developed an Action Plan for Energy Access ment ministries, rural energy agencies, power util- and Efficiency for the Urban Poor, which lays out ities, regulators, and power pool operators. a strategy, desired outcomes, and near- and medium-term targets. The program aims to make AFREA finances a range of World Bank- and cli- energy interventions an integral component of ent-executed activities. Examples include Sector- the urban development planning process, partic- Wide Approaches (SWAps) that have successfully ularly as it relates to peri-urban areas, and to moti- expanded energy access in Kenya and Rwanda, vate energy suppliers to better serve informal and client-executed projects, such as the rehabil- communities. itation of a micro-hydropower plant in Liberia, where the ESMAP-supported initiative is devel- Africa Renewable Energy and Access oping institutional and human capacity as well Program as extending the benefits of electrification. Now in its fifth year, the Africa Renewable Energy and Access program (AFREA) continues to help Lighting Africa Sub-Saharan African countries expand access to Lighting Africa, a joint initiative of the World reliable and affordable modern energy services. Bank and the IFC, continues to catalyze the devel- Established in 2008 with a $28.9 million contri- opment of sustainable markets for affordable and bution from the Netherlands, the program devel- modern off-grid lighting solutions across Sub- ops scalable and innovative solutions to close the Saharan Africa. In FY2013, the program expanded region’s energy gap. beyond its original Kenya and Ghana pilots to include Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic In FY2013, AFREA executed a wide range of suc- of Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Senegal, and South cessful initiatives that helped meet energy needs Sudan, enabling low-income households and and widen access; promote low carbon growth micro-enterprises to take advantage of high- development and energy efficiency; and enhance quality alternatives to fossil fuel-based lighting. 34  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM educating consumers about the benefits of solar products have reached more than 22 million peo- ple at 1,500 village forums. In addition, the Light- ing Africa team has engaged with client govern- ments in 12 countries to discuss options to help catalyze local markets for small photovoltaic systems. The Lighting Africa model has now been incor- porated into a number of World Bank operations. In Ethiopia, the Electricity Network Reinforce- ment and Expansion Project has set aside $40 million to enhance the market for renewable In April 2013, the International Electrotechnical energy. To date, $9 million of loan applications Commission (IEC) adopted Lighting Africa’s qual- have been approved for importers of Lighting ity assurance framework for solar LED lighting Africa-approved products. In Burkina Faso, the devices as a global industry standard (see Box 3.1). Electricity Sector Support Project has earmarked The Third Lighting Africa Conference took place $1.5 million to finance a consumer awareness in Dakar, Senegal in November 2012, attracting campaign and the deployment of lantern librar- more than 300 off-grid lighting stakeholders and ies in schools for the purpose of catalyzing com- 40 exhibitors who shared the most recent market mercial demand for Lighting Africa-approved and technology trends and showcased new prod- products. ucts, services, and cutting-edge technologies. As the program expands and is further main- Since its inception in 2007, Lighting Africa prod- streamed into World Bank lending operations, ucts have reached nearly 7 million people—an Lighting Africa is on track to meet its target of achievement far surpassing the program’s initial supporting the private sector to supply 250 mil- goal of reaching 2.5 million beneficiaries by 2012. lion people in Africa with better lighting products To date, 49 products have met or surpassed Light- by 2030. ing Africa’s quality and performance standards, with more than 1.3 million sold in 20 African Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa countries. The nine pilot programs of the Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA) concluded with pos- Lighting Africa’s business support services—which itive outcomes at the end of FY2013. Since 2009, include access to financing, product research and BEIA has provided grant funding to NGOs, development, and assistance in making contact research and private sector organizations to sup- with potential business partners—have benefited port innovation and develop scalable models for to date more than 1,900 companies and 2,500 cookstoves, biofuels, and bioelectricity. BEIA individuals, while awareness campaigns incorporates sustainability of supply into all points Creating Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 35  BOX 3.1 LIGHTING AFRICA QUALITY ASSURANCE FRAMEWORK ADOPTED AS GLOBAL STANDARD In April 2013, Lighting Africa celebrated the fact that the IEC had adopted its quality assurance specifications as the global standard for clean, off-grid lighting products. The IEC approval of the Lighting Global Quality Test Method (LG-QTM) helps harmonize quality assurance systems across different organizations and continents, thereby eliminating the need to conduct separate tests each time a product is introduced in a new country. This results in savings that can be transferred to buyers through lower priced quality goods. The LG-QTM quality assurance standard was developed in partnership with Germany’s Fraunhofer
Institute for Solar Energy Systems and has since been updated and revised—following extensive stakeholder consultation in
2012—in a process managed by the Schatz Energy Research Center at Humboldt State
University of the United States. In 2007, at Lighting Africa’s inception, there were no quality-certified off-grid lighting products on the African market and no affordable test methods to certify performance. The LG-QTM has since become the cornerstone of Lighting Africa and now serves as a quality benchmark for manufac- turers to attain when making solar products—and for consumers to look for when buying them. Dr. Michael Gatari, a professor who runs Lighting Africa’s quality assurance laboratory at the University of Nairobi in Kenya, estimated that 70 percent of the solar lamps currently on sale in Sub-Saharan Africa are sub-standard, with common shortcomings such as fragility, rapid loss of brightness, and short battery life. “The people with the greatest need for reliable, off-grid lighting are the ones hit hardest by faulty products that come with inflated claims,” Dr. Gatari said. “The new IEC standard will help provide these consumers with more choices for modern, quality off-grid products.” of the biomass value chain, including through In Rwanda and Tanzania, BEIA schemes helped reforestation activities and sustainable charcoal modernize the charcoal industry. A project in Tan- production. zania enabled 720 people in 12 villages to be trained in producing charcoal from agricultural In Gambia, South Africa, and Uganda, project work waste, while a program in Rwanda helped a coop- in FY2013 helped develop sustainable businesses erative improve its charcoal kilns. Projects in and stimulate a market for high-performance Benin, Ethiopia, and Kenya each helped demon- modern cookers and briquettes. In South Africa, a strate the feasibility of small-scale locally produced project to create a thriving market for efficient bio- and consumed biofuels. In Kenya, a pilot scheme mass stoves resulted in the sale of 8,000 stoves to scale up biodiesel production boosted daily out- and 4,000 energy efficient products. put from 300 liters to more than 1,000 liters. And 36  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM in Mozambique and Uganda, BEIA initiatives ACCES aims to improve the availability of clean helped increase power generation capacity for fish cooking solutions and make biomass use and sup- supply-chain refrigeration through the promotion ply more sustainable in a region where some 700 of off-grid biomass gasification and biogas. million people are dependent on solid fuels such as charcoal, fuelwood, dung, crop waste, and bio- The majority of BEIA projects showed a strong mass—most of which are burned in open fires or potential for replication and scale up, with five poorly designed cookstoves. Women and girls, of the nine initiatives securing additional fund- who have the primary responsibility for cooking, ing from different donors for scale up activities. spend hours each week collecting fuelwood. This Over the course of its initial project cycle, BEIA translates into lost opportunities for increasing has made great strides in changing peoples’ atti- income, gaining education, and makes them sub- tudes towards biomass energy. As a means of ject to safety and security hazards. symbolizing this shift, the heads of state of Tan- zania and Uganda both purchased BEIA stoves Building on the Lighting Africa and BEIA market- and briquettes at public shows. transformation models, ACCES is designing a blend of World Bank- and client-executed activities to Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions promote new technologies, provide business devel- After conducting a year-long consultation process opment support, remove market barriers, and cat- involving more 130 stakeholders representing gov- alyze the development of a sustainable market. ernment, NGOs, the private sector and donors, the Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions ACCES is currently conducting a series of analy- (ACCES) initiative was officially launched in ses in the DRC, Senegal, and Uganda as part of a Dakar, Senegal, in November 2012. The program country-specific project design process. In the has since begun operations in the DRC, Senegal, DRC, an ongoing research study is analyzing con- and Uganda. sumer preferences and strategies for scaling up Creating Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 37  adoption; in Senegal, a team is conducting a mar- Africa Electrification Initiative ket and value chain assessment; and in Uganda, The Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI) con- an analysis of market barriers and a study of con- tinues to support a network of energy practitio- sumer willingness-to-pay are underway. ners committed to designing and implementing on- and off-grid electrification programs across Also following on the Lighting Africa model, ACCES Africa. The knowledge exchange and capacity has initiated development of a regional quality building initiative has now established itself as assurance and technical support system to create the leading network of electrification practitio- performance standards for clean cookstoves. ners in Africa. Since its first meeting in Mozam- BOX 3.2 NEW GENDER STRATEGY HELPS TANZANIA RURAL ENERGY AGENCY BRING ENERGY BENEFITS TO WOMEN AND MEN In rural Tanzania, access to energy services has steadily increased over the past five years, leading to changes in community life. Women, in particular, have benefitted from these changes. As well as opening up opportunities for entrepreneurship, daily life has become easier. A recent field survey in Tanzania showed that the increased availability of energy had improved local infrastructure so that women did not have to commute as far—or wait in line as long—for basic services. Facilitating access to modern, efficient and reliable energy sources in rural areas in Tanzania has been the work of the country’s Rural Energy Agency (REA). Since its inception in 2007, the REA has supported a number of projects targeted at women, including dissemination of energy efficient stoves, promotion of more efficient alternatives to charcoal such as briquettes and pellets, and training on the development and use of biogas. Despite these programs, the REA has lacked a clear ‘gender roadmap’ to help it systematically understand the different needs of women and men when it comes to energy use and access, and to evaluate how energy services were impacting men and women differently. Although the REA’s work was having an impact on the lives of women, a lack of baseline information disaggregated by gender meant it was difficult for the agency to fully measure the effectiveness and impact of its interventions. In response, the World Bank has worked with the REA to develop a strategic gender action plan. The initiative is supported by ESMAP through AFREA, and draws directly on the resources that ESMAP has developed to help integrate gender into energy projects. The objective of the program is to increase awareness and capacity to understand and address gender in rural energy projects, to ensure that REA’s work benefits both men and women. (continues on next page) 38  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM bique in 2009, the AEI has brought together— In FY2013, the AEI completed work on two pub- at knowledge sharing events and through an lications focusing on access issues. Connection online platform—over 230 representatives from Charges and Access to Electricity in Sub-Saharan African energy ministries, utilities, regulatory Africa explores how to improve electrification rates entities, research centers, women’s groups, and by addressing the region’s high connection NGOs to share practical information on the charges. From The Bottom Up: How Small Power design and implementation of electrification Producers Can Deliver Electrification and Renewable programs. Energy in Africa outlines strategies to create BOX 3.2  (continued) “Our agency is committed to making gender considerations an integral part of everything we do,” said Lutengano U.A. Mwakahesya, Director General of the REA. “This allows us to benefit from a diversity of experience, and to fully maximize the benefits of our human resource base.” As part of this initiative, the agency conducted a baseline assessment of how gender was under- stood and mainstreamed into monitoring and evaluation, training, and operations within the orga- nization itself, as well as an audit of how well gender considerations had been integrated into existing projects. This resulted in the development of a gender strategy for the organization, as well as tools—including indicators, checklists, and guidelines—for integration of gender into programs. This is similar to work ESMAP has supported in other countries in Africa, including Senegal, Mali, Kenya, and Benin. The gender strategy grew out of, and is linked to the REA’s overall Strategic Plan and defines the overall gender goal and specific objectives to be achieved. These include creation of a gender unit, integration of gender indicators in all reference documents and recruitment processes, and devel- opment of a gender disaggregated database. Training has been developed and workshops have been held for REA staff to help strengthen their skills in integrating gender considerations into energy project development, implementation and evaluation. The training also reviews recent best practices in integrating gender considerations into energy programs and projects from other countries. “Energy issues, particularly in rural areas, are by and large issues [that impact] women and girls, in terms of the time and labor spent on either collecting fuel wood, cooking using dirty energy sources or walking miles to fetch water due to a lack of water pumps,” said Musa Muze, Legal Affairs Manager for the REA. “However it is mostly men who still dominate decision making and planning about energy in both rural and urban settings. Training energy practitioners on how and why to integrate gender is critical.” Creating Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 39  commercially viable small power-producing busi- One example of how gender mainstreaming is nesses in rural areas that will in turn invest in moving from advocacy to action can be found in and operate renewable and hybrid generators or Senegal, where an implementation team that cogenerators to produce grid electricity. includes a community organization, gender experts, and female staff members has ensured The AEI is also preparing a low-cost electrifica- gender parity in local management committees tion technical assistance project in cooperation and energy projects and has helped women profit with the EU Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue from participation in a charcoal value chain from Facility (EUEI PDF). This project takes stock of which they had previously been largely excluded. the various energy challenges facing different countries, and is also planning a third AEI work- In Benin, an ESMAP-funded gender study has shop for Sub-Saharan energy practitioners to be contributed to increased income for more women held in Tanzania in late 2013. in village associations supported by the World Bank’s Increased Access to Modern Energy Proj- AFREA Gender and Energy Program ect. Education campaigns conducted in partici- AFREA’s cross-cutting Gender and Energy Pro- pating villages as part of the gender study has gram improves the participation of women in enabled the inclusion of more women in village energy sector planning to ensure a more equita- associations: the share of women participating ble sharing of the benefits of expanded access. has increased from 11.6 percent to 37.5 percent. For example, by addressing obstacles and formu- In Tanzania and Mali, the local rural energy agen- lating appropriate incentives, the program helps cies have integrated gender into their business women achieve greater gender parity in the plan- models and appointed gender focal points (see ning and operation of rural electrification proj- Box 3.2). ects. This ensures that issues that disproportion- ately affect women—such as refrigeration, In FY2013, the experiences from the AFREA Gen- domestic chores (fuel/water collection), barriers der and Energy Program have been key inputs to to new technology, and access to credit—are con- various knowledge exchange activities across sidered as an integral part of the project design ESMAP and the World Bank. In addition, gender process. and energy sessions have been organized during AFREA program events such as AEI workshops In FY2013, Gender and Energy Program activities and ACCES consultations. were implemented in Benin, Kenya, Mali, Sene- gal, and Tanzania, with the objective of creating conditions for women to enjoy the same benefits FY2014 AND BEYOND: NEW from energy sector development as men. In each INITIATIVES country, AFREA has linked global and local gen- der experts with energy sector practitioners During FY2014, ESMAP’s Energy Access program responsible for designing and implementing new will continue its efforts to expand modern, sus- programs. tainable energy services by helping to improve 40  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 3.3 HIGHLIGHTS OF NEW ESMAP-SUPPORTED ENERGY ACCESS ACTIVITIES BY THE WORLD BANK’S REGIONAL UNITS DEVELOPMENT OF A RURAL ELECTRIFICATION STRATEGY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA Access to electricity in Papua New Guinea is essentially limited to major urban areas, while 87 percent of the total population lives in rural areas with very limited access to electricity. The Government of Papua New Guinea has requested World Bank support in developing a strategy that will consider the best available rural electrification options for each province. The ESMAP-funded activity will support formation of an Electrification Roll-Out Plan to complement the World Bank’s proposed Energy Sector Development Project. The World Bank team will provide technical advice to the government on how to integrate the findings of this work with ongoing policy objectives, and facilitate discussion between national energy stakeholders and counterparts from other countries and financing organizations. SUPPORT TO PERU’S SECOND RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT The lack of electricity and other infrastructure in Peru’s rural areas has resulted in diminished quality of life, poor medical care and education, and limited opportunities for economic develop- ment. The World Bank’s Country Partnership Strategy with Peru supports the country’s efforts to increase economic growth and make headway in the fight against poverty. An ESMAP-funded SME development program will support the government’s Second Rural Electrification Project that aims to increase the national electrification rate to 88 percent by 2020. This will be achieved by building on the lessons learned in a pilot project supported by ESMAP in 2011–12 that encour- aged individuals and businesses in rural Peru to put newly available electricity to productive use (see ESMAP 2012 Annual Report, Box 3.2). The objective of this second-stage project is to make promotion of productive uses an integral part of the activities of the General Directorate of Rural Electrification. regulatory and policy frameworks; building the The cornerstone of this effort will be the SE4ALL capacities of energy institutions; and dissemina- Technical Assistance Program, which is expected tion of global best practices. to expand to regions beyond Sub-Saharan Africa starting in FY2014 (see above). In line with its current Business Plan, ESMAP will direct its focus at four key areas: Following the development of multi-tier frameworks for measuring energy access pre- Supporting global SE4ALL objectives: ESMAP sented in the SE4ALL Global Tracking Framework, will continue to help countries work toward a follow-on activity will be launched to support attainment of the SE4ALL objectives, particularly the implementation of multi-tier metrics to track in regard to achieving universal access to mod- progress towards the goal of universal access to ern energy and clean cooking solutions by 2030. energy by 2030, through technical assistance for Creating Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 41  pilot implementation of household energy sur- veys across select countries with a number of development partners. Comprehensive question- naires will also be made available to assess the socio-economic linkages of energy availability and poverty (including gender-specific impacts), and establish the access impact of various energy projects. Extending energy access to poor communities in urban and peri-urban areas: ESMAP will con- tinue to work with the CA to bring modern energy services to the urban and peri-urban poor. Sup- port will be provided to country-level programs with the potential to increase electricity and clean cooking access in peri-urban areas and informal settlements. These programs will include short studies to better understand the state of energy access in these communities, and CA-supported training on sustainable and inclusive urban devel- opment for city authorities. A South-South knowledge exchange component, including study tours and expert visits, will enable selected country practitioners to learn from the successful practices from other countries. To better inform future efforts to provide legal, safe and affordable electricity to the urban poor, this work will also include a study to uncover fac- tors that contribute to successful interventions in this area. The study will analyze selected cases to draw conclusions on key regulatory, policy, and implementation factors that influence success and guide decision-making by power utilities, regula- tors, and government authorities. Enhancing support to Africa through the AFREA program: AFREA II will strengthen the focus on 42  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Creating Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 43  the energy access and renewable energy chal- These pillars will be informed and strengthened lenges faced by Sub-Saharan Africa. By building by a cross-cutting focus on (a) making on the experiences of AFREA I, the insights of Bank-supported energy operations gender- staff actively working in the field, the lessons informed and (b) supporting the special needs learned in past operation, and the pressing issues of post-conflict and fragile states. facing clients, AFREA II seeks to place itself at the strategic center of the World Bank’s support Preparing a State of Energy Access Report: to all renewable energy and energy access chal- Drawing on its analytical and knowledge base, lenges facing the Africa region. ESMAP will produce a comprehensive report on the state of global energy access. Using a format AFREA II’s programmatic approach will build similar to the World Bank’s World Development upon four pillars: Report, the State of Energy Access Report will pres- ent a detailed qualitative and quantitative assess- i. strengthening investments; ment of different energy access interventions ii. establishing clearer effective policies and around the world. The report will complement more effective institutions; the Global Tracking Framework’s methodology for iii. enhancing the role of markets; and tracking progress towards achieving universal iv. generating knowledge and building energy access by providing a comprehensive capacity. review of access efforts and achievements. The inaugural report is expected in late 2014. 44  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Creating Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 45  FOSTERING CHAPTER 4 SUSTAINABLE, ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES C ities in the developing world continue to grow by leaps and bounds. Although associated ser- vices, including transport, water, and energy systems, are being built out at a pace that would have been unimaginable even a couple of decades ago, developing country cities are still struggling to keep up with demand. As the largest units of consumption of energy, and the home to a majority of the world’s popu- lation, cities are where efforts to create a sustainable energy future will succeed or fail. Cities present some of the best low-cost opportunities for energy savings. And by integrating energy efficiency into urban planning and the development of municipal services, cities can avoid becoming locked into inefficient and high carbon growth patterns. Since 2009, ESMAP’s Energy Efficient Cities Initiative (EECI) has worked closely with city governments to help them under- stand their energy efficiency options and learn from the expe- rience of other cities. It has also developed tools and case studies for use by municipal administrators, and served as 47  knowledge clearinghouse for best practices on energy efficient urban development. ESMAP’s ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY2013 UNDER work in this area is based on the premise that THE ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES urban systems, such as water, transport, and INITIATIVE buildings, do not function in isolation and must be addressed in an integrated manner. • Expansion of deployment of the TRACE tool from 11 cities in FY2012 to 25 cities in FY2013, to help major urban centers such as Accra, Nairobi, and Rio de Janeiro as- FY2013: HIGHLIGHTS AND sess their options for improving energy ACHIEVEMENTS efficiency • Design of a new $12 million World Bank- TRACE Goes Global GEF project, approved in April 2013, to pro- Urban energy efficiency is a growing part of the mote improved building energy efficiency World Bank’s portfolio. Increasingly, this work and “low carbon, adaptive and livable” ur- ban spatial development in Chinese cities is informed by the ESMAP-developed Tool for (see Box 4.2) Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE). • Integration of the recommendations of ES- TRACE allows cities to quickly identify poten- MAP’s FY2012 report on energy efficiency tial energy efficiency improvements, target in municipal water and wastewater systems underperforming sectors, and prioritize inter- into a $42 million World Bank loan to Uru- ventions. Performance is benchmarked against guay’s national water utility, as well as a peer cities using a database of 28 key perfor- new multi-year Energy Management for mance indicators collected from 93 cities around Water Utilities Program developed by the Latin America region of the World Bank the world. • Support to the design and preparation of a $100 million World Bank loan for a low car- As of the end of FY2013, TRACE had been bon city project in Shanghai that focuses deployed in 25 cities (up from 11 a year earlier), primarily on commercial building energy and had extended its reach beyond Asia and East- efficiency ern Europe to Africa and Latin America. Among • Publication of the report Public Procurement the recent deployments were Accra, Nairobi, of Energy Efficient Products – Lessons from Around the World, which demonstrates how Bogota, and Rio de Janeiro. governments can influence markets, im- prove sustainability and save money by EECI has catalyzed a number of World Bank coun- adopting energy efficient procurement try programs in urban energy efficiency. In Roma- practices nia, a World Bank team is deploying TRACE in • Continuation of the Leaders in Urban Trans- seven fast-growing cities to identify specific inter- port Planning program—which develops ventions to be financed under a regional devel- leadership capabilities in urban mobility opment program funded by the European Union. planning and management by taking into account issues such as land use and envi- In Turkey, TRACE findings have informed the ronmental protection World Bank’s $300 million Sustainable Cities 48  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Project, which will help finance long-term infra- Addressing the Complexity of Urban structure investments. Transport Making urban transport more efficient has the In Kenya, TRACE is being used to identify invest- potential to not only substantially lower the ments for a master energy efficiency plan for Nai- energy consumption and GHG emissions of cit- robi. In Asia, TRACE assessments first developed ies, but also improve the quality of life for res- in Vietnam have been used to create Sustainable idents. To address this, many cities are taking Urban Energy Guidelines for World Bank-supported a more comprehensive approach to transport programs across the region. In Brazil, Rio de planning that goes beyond traditional issues, Janeiro is preparing specific interventions in its such as congestion management and develop- lighting and building sectors that were identified ment of public transit, to integrate urban spa- by TRACE as having the greatest energy-saving tial planning, land use, affordability issues, potential (see Box 4.1). demand management, and environmental protection. Customized versions of TRACE are being devel- oped by other organizations—for example, by To support this new approach, the Leaders in Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory for China (see Urban Transport Program has organized a series Chapter 1) – that take into account national and of training events around the world to develop cli- local planning needs, indicators, and targets. ent capabilities in urban mobility planning and At the same time, the tool is being taken up by management. The program was developed by the organizations such as Iller Bank of Turkey and World Bank’s Transport Anchor, and supported by the EU Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue ESMAP, the Australian Agency for International Facility to support the cities where they work. Development (AusAID), AFD, the Public-Private FOSTERING Sustainable, energy efficient cities 49  Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), and other Spreading the Word on Energy Efficient partners. Procurement Countries increasingly see the public procure- The program comprises two phases: a self-learning ment of energy efficient goods and services as phase during which participants study materials an opportunity to influence markets and create covering transport planning and associated issues consistent demand for emerging technologies. such as land use; and a seven-day face-to-face While energy efficient purchasing is well estab- workshop in which participants diagnose the key lished in many developed countries, the practice problems experienced by cities and look in-depth is growing rapidly as many low- and middle- at financing, governance, environmental, and income countries recognize the benefits of social issues. resource efficiency. The first workshop was held in Singapore in Jan- A major report—Public Procurement of Energy uary 2012, and was followed by events in Fuzhou, Efficient Products: Lessons from Around the China, and Marseille, France. In FY2013, training World—published in October 2012, continues events were held in Ahmedabad, India; Buenos ESMAP’s work in this area. The report demon- Aires, Argentina; Beijing, China; Seoul, Republic strates how taking energy efficiency into account of Korea; and Mexico City, Mexico. A second helps governments achieve one of public procure- round of workshops was held during the same ment’s primary objectives: getting the best value period in Singapore and Marseille. for their money. While some efficient equipment requires slightly higher investment than their less- As of June 2013, 236 leaders in urban transport efficient counterparts, the reduction in energy from 30 countries had taken the training, with expenses and in many cases, longer product life- most participants representing senior levels of times, make them more cost-effective in the long their municipalities’ transport agencies. run. In addition, such policies and programs allow governments to lead by example, and their pur- chasing power can help bring new suppliers into local markets while increased competition can help drive down product prices. The report also details a range of energy efficient procurement program models available to gov- ernments, including product labeling, publishing a catalog of technical specifications, life-cycle cost- ing, and preferential treatment in procurement. The direct benefits can be substantial. In just one example, a green purchasing initiative established in Mexico City in 2011 has offset the annual equiv- alent of 340 GWh of power generation. 50  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 4.1 BRAZIL: RIO USES TRACE TO BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY AT COMING GAMES AND BEYOND Rio de Janeiro is busy with preparations to host the FIFA World Cup in 2014 and the Summer Olympic Games in 2016. Among the world’s most storied cities, Rio has made a firm commitment to clean energy and energy efficiency. The city’s managers are working to make the World Cup and the Summer Olympics the most energy efficient ever. Since late 2012, Rio officials have partnered with the World Bank to analyze their options using the ESMAP-developed TRACE tool, which helps city planners identify and choose among energy effi- ciency opportunities. The analysis was completed in mid-2013. The TRACE deployment supports the Rio de Janeiro Low Carbon City Development Program, a pioneering climate change mitigation initiative launched by city officials and the World Bank’s Latin America Region at the 2012 Rio+20 Summit. Under the program, Rio de Janeiro has voluntarily committed to reduce its GHG emissions by 20 percent from its 2005 levels by 2020. “Now is a time to re-invent the city and pursue a low carbon view of the future,” said Rodrigo Rosa, Special Advisor to the Mayor of Rio de Janeiro. “We expect that TRACE, as part of the Rio Low Carbon City Development Program, will help us to push this vision forward.” Based on the outcome of the TRACE study, Rio identified two potential promising investments in energy efficiency: public street lighting using LEDs and energy efficiency retrofits in municipal build- ings. Realizing the energy efficiency potential in these sectors would enable Rio to realize fiscal, energy and GHG emission savings. In May 2013, Rio asked the World Bank to embark on a detailed feasibility study that will provide implementation and financing options for these two projects. These studies—partially funded by ESMAP—are intended to explore a broad spectrum of financing options, from municipal budget transfers to municipal borrowing to PPPs. The World Bank is exploring financing mechanisms that will allow Rio and other cities in Brazil to bundle energy efficiency investments in order to reduce transaction costs and achieve scale. In early 2012, the Brazilian city of Belo Horizonte became the first in Latin America to implement TRACE. The ESMAP team’s TRACE assessment resulted in actions in the transport sector, including the adoption of traffic flow optimization measures. The TRACE process is usually conducted over three months. Experts collect data, make onsite assessments, interview local decision-makers, and prepare a comprehensive report recommending interventions to improve energy efficiency. FOSTERING Sustainable, energy efficient cities 51  BOX 4.2 CHINA: INTEGRATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY INTO BUILDINGS AND URBAN SPATIAL PLANNING Between 1990 and 2010, China’s urban population more than doubled and its urban building stock more than tripled. By 2030, it is estimated that China will have more than 1 billion people living in cities. Most of these newly developed urban areas, while providing citizens with modern amenities and expanded living space, have lost the livability of the old quarters of Chinese cities where resi- dents can access essential services by walking or biking. The Chinese Government has pledged to reduce the economy’s carbon intensity by 40 to 45 percent by 2020 compared to 2005, and the Ministry of Housing and Urban and Rural Development (MOHURD) has been promoting low carbon cities since 2007. To date, over 200 Chinese cities have included low carbon growth in their development objectives. However, the growth of green buildings in cities is impeded by a lack of effective policy implementation, and little is known about the energy perfor- mance of existing public and commercial buildings. Prevailing planning standards lack clear guid- ance for the development of compact urban forms that promote walking and make efficient use of transit systems. A new $12 million World Bank-GEF project—Urban Scale Building Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy—seeks to address these and other constraints. To this end, the World Bank and GEF are partnering with MOHURD and the Beijing and Ningbo municipalities to promote sustainable urban spatial planning and accelerate the adoption of energy efficiency and renewable energy in urban areas. This project was informed in part by the ESMAP-supported study Low Carbon City Development in China, published by the World Bank’s East Asia regional unit in FY2012. Design of the project was led by ESMAP, drawing on lessons learned from EECI on how urban spatial planning can reduce the overall energy consumption of cities. The ESMAP support was founded on the principle that effective programs of this sort must integrate interventions at both the macro level (urban spatial planning) and the micro level (building codes and retrofits). The project, which was approved by the World Bank in April 2013, will help MOHURD improve key statutory urban planning standards and regulations and develop a new energy performance bench- marking system for buildings. Another component will help scale up commercially viable rooftop solar photovoltaic installments, which will produce energy to be sold back into the grid in Beijing and other cities. The overall objective of the project is to help improve the sustainability of new construction in selected Chinese cities, and to develop a methodology that MOHURD could then disseminate at the national level. The project’s aim is not only to improve the energy efficiency of public and commer- cial buildings, but also help develop effective policies for the promotion of low carbon, adaptive, and livable urban forms in China. 52  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM The report has been disseminated through the Responsible Purchasing Network and the Super- efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment working group, as well as through regional work- shops in Eastern Europe, where World Bank engagement with clients on energy efficiency is growing rapidly. It has also served as a back- ground report for the World Bank’s own procure- ment reforms. Putting Energy Efficiency into Practice in Water Utilities The findings of another major ESMAP report pub- lished in FY2012—A Primer on Energy Efficiency for Municipal Water and Wastewater Utilities— are now being taken up by countries and inte- grated into World Bank operations. The report motors for its plants, the development of an asset demonstrates that implementing energy efficiency management program, and the creation of new measures at city water utilities in developing measurement and control indicators. countries could lead to energy savings of 5 to 25 percent, help control costs, and expand water The Latin America region of the World Bank has access to the poor. used the report’s recommendations to develop a multi-year Energy Management for Water Utili- In China, the report has been adopted by the ties Program. Latin American countries are begin- Shanghai Municipal Investment Corporation as ning to address the connection between water training material for the managers of its water supply and energy, but financing and knowledge and wastewater facilities as part of a World Bank- constraints have held back the development of financed wastewater infrastructure project. energy practices within water utilities. Partially supported by ESMAP, the program will scale up In Uruguay, the report has informed a $42 mil- energy management capacity at utilities around lion World Bank loan to increase the sustainabil- the region, building a knowledge base on energy ity of the national water utility, Obras Sanitarias issues for water practitioners. del Estado (OSE). The loan will be used to improve the reliability and resilience of OSE’s water supply and sanitation systems, make effi- FY2014 AND BEYOND: NEW ciency improvements, and strengthen manage- INITIATIVES ment capability. The loan was signed in Decem- ber 2012, and already OSE has applied the ESMAP’s EECI is building on its previous suc- financing to the purchase of energy efficient cesses—such as technical reports on procurement FOSTERING Sustainable, energy efficient cities 53  BOX 4.3 MEXICO CITY: OPEN DIGITAL DATABASE HELPS IMPROVE TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY On any given day more than 32 million trips—nearly 20 million of them using public transport— are made in Mexico City. More than 60 percent of these take place within a complex maze of train, trolley, and bus routes that includes 12 subway lines, 94 bus lines, 4 metrobus routes, 8 trolleys, 1,400 minibus routes and 260 public bike stations. For the past four decades, this uncharted network has been overseen by five separate transit agen- cies which fall under the umbrella of La Secretaría de Transportes y Vialidad (SETRAVI), Mexico City’s public transit authority. And although each agency has made attempts to collect and store data on metrics such as passenger counts, route licenses, and stop locations, there has never been a concerted effort to assemble this disparate data in one place. This has limited SETRAVI’s ability to plan and coordinate different modes of transport and inhibited public transport users from plan- ning seamless multimodal trips. In response, the World Bank’s Latin America Region—with ESMAP support—in FY2013 worked to provide SETRAVI with technical assistance to develop a new digital platform that will assemble a comprehensive transport database in a single, standardized, and shareable format for the first time. Representatives from each transit agency were enrolled by SETRAVI to crisscross the capital with mobile phones to collect real-time transit data such as route, speed, location of bus stops, and frequency of train departures. The collected data was then fed into a data management portal and converted into General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), the de facto standard with which cities record transit data. The GTFS standard was created in collaboration between Google and the US city of Portland, Oregon, in 2005. GTFS is easy to maintain and replicate and enables the collection, storage, publication, and updating of open data on transit routes, times, stops, and other information for all public transport systems. Mexico City’s compiled GTFS data has now been made publicly available to third-party developers to create computer applications such as trip planners and timetable publishers that can be used on smartphones and other devices. These programs will in turn serve a wide range of beneficial functions, such as helping commuters avoid long waits and make time saving connections at bus and train stops. Urban planners in Mexico City now have comparable data and are able to access free open source soft- ware with open architecture that helps them visualize route configuration, determine where best to add or eliminate services, and regulate and optimize service provision. This will help decrease traffic congestion, reduce oversupply of empty buses, increase mobility, and reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions. Moreover, the new data is also helping raise awareness about public transportation and making the overall transit experience for users more reliable and attractive. 54  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM and water systems and development of the TRACE tool—to become the primary reference point within the WBG for urban energy efficiency. The focus going forward will be on finding synergies among different municipal sectors and helping cities overcome the barriers they face in imple- menting energy efficiency investments. A series of guidance notes targeted to city mayors will be published in FY2014 covering key urban efficiency issues including public procurement, transport, buildings, financing, urban planning, and energy efficiency assessments. The most prominent energy efficiency initiative will be a multi-year program—led by ESMAP in conjunction with several World Bank departments and external partners—to transform city energy use by integrating energy efficiency into city plan- ning, development, management, and strategy. urban energy efficiency challenges is also The City Energy Efficiency Transformation Ini- envisaged. tiative (CEETI) will provide mayors’ offices and urban planners with the necessary knowledge, ESMAP has established two major grants to sup- tools, and technical assistance with which to port the development of energy efficiency mea- implement energy efficiency measures that will sures in urban transport and water and sanita- improve public services, save money, and con- tion sectors. A $700,000 Energy Efficient Urban sume less energy. Transport grant will finance a wide range of ini- tiatives, including schemes to reduce demand for The new initiative will provide training to senior motorized travel and to improve the energy effi- officials nominated by mayors from participat- ciency of urban transport services. And ESMAP’s ing cities in financing programs, assessing energy $500,000 Energy-Efficient Urban Water and San- efficiency opportunities, and preparing compre- itation Services grant will help cities reduce oper- hensive efficiency plans. This will be combined ating costs and improve utility-level energy man- with support to cities in the development of agement while addressing water conservation and urban energy efficiency investment projects and managing water demand. After a World Bank- programs, and mobilizing finance for them.  A wide call for proposals, six transport and four global innovation competition to identify infor- water projects have been approved for grant fund- mation communication technology solutions for ing in FY2014. FOSTERING Sustainable, energy efficient cities 55  BOX 4.4 HIGHLIGHTS OF NEW ESMAP-SUPPORTED ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTIVITIES BY THE WORLD BANK’S REGIONAL UNITS SCALING UP ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS A 2010 ESMAP study estimated that implementing energy efficiency measures in the Western Balkans region could lead to $3.4 billion in energy cost savings and significantly reduce the need for costly energy imports. Since buildings account for nearly half of the energy consumed, they represent a prominent sector in many national energy efficiency strategies. This activity is building on the recent ESMAP-supported stock-taking exercise established to develop a roadmap for scaling-up energy efficiency in the region’s building sector, with an emphasis on public and residential buildings. The analysis and resulting roadmap includes measures across five areas—legislation, policy and regu- lations, market conditions, financing and implementation, and capacity building—to identify gaps in order to develop national-level, scaled programs. It also identifies deficiencies within existing approaches, underserved market segments, potential financing and business models, and recom- mends strategies to address them. This is expected to lead to a series of investment programs in countries in the region, and lessons that will be of interest to the wider Europe and Central Asian region, as well as East Asia and other regions. TRACE MODEL IN PILOT CITIES IN LATIN AMERICA This activity will use the TRACE tool to perform energy efficiency assessments in two Mexican cities (Puebla and Leon) and in Bogota, Colombia. The objective is to provide a framework to assess where (continues on next page) 56  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 4.4  (continued) efficiency gains are possible and which interventions will be most effective. This is expected to yield important results by helping municipal authorities identify high impact areas and investments. A final report will delineate the potential for energy efficiency improvements in selected municipal- ities in Latin America. CHINA: ISSUES AND OPTIONS IN MONITORING, VERIFICATION, AND REPORTING OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY China is the world’s largest energy consumer and the largest emitter of CO2. With a rising popu- lation, rapid urbanization and a fast-growing economy, China’s future energy needs have raised serious technical challenges as well as concerns over energy resource adequacy. The objective of this technical assistance activity is to support the Chinese Government’s efforts to identify key actions that will strengthen the measurement and verification system for energy efficiency. Outputs will include a review of international experience in energy monitoring and verification systems, including approaches and methodologies, cost implications, and institutional arrangements; and training to selected Chinese verification agencies about these international experiences. The activity is expected to contribute to the achievement of reductions in energy intensity through facilitating knowledge exchange, expanding the use of more reliable data, and improving the cost-effectiveness of government energy savings programs. FOSTERING Sustainable, energy efficient cities 57  DEVELOPING CHAPTER 5 EFFECTIVE ENERGY SECTOR POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS D eveloping countries are facing increasing pres- sures as they try to transition towards a more efficient, cleaner, and better-governed energy sector. High fossil fuel prices mean that coun- tries need to review long-standing energy subsidy regimes. Energy production, transmission, and distribution sys- tems must be expanded and upgraded to meet the needs of growing economies and burgeoning urban populations, and this will require credit-worthy utilities. In many cases, parts of the energy sector have been unbundled, compet- itive markets set up, and new regulatory bodies estab- lished. While many countries have initiated restructuring of their energy sectors, the job is far from complete. ESMAP’s Energy Assessments and Strategies Program is designed to help developing countries improve energy sec- tor planning, policy making, and governance through direct technical assistance and targeted knowledge products. This was ESMAP’s original mandate and has formed the bulk of 59  ESMAP’s engagement with clients over the past 30 years. Analytical work has focused on improv- ing energy sector institutions and regulatory ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY2013 UNDER frameworks, market development, private sector THE ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND participation, and regional energy cooperation. STRATEGIES PROGRAM In these areas, ESMAP continues to play a role in • Completion of the comprehensive India helping WBG clients make better-informed deci- Power Sector Diagnostic Review, which sions in an ever-changing global landscape. makes a number of recommendations on how to strengthen the Indian power sec- tor, including a synthesis report and background papers FY2013: HIGHLIGHTS AND • Work with clients and partners to dis- ACHIEVEMENTS seminate the Model for Electric Technol- ogy Assessment (META), which has been META: Integrating Externalities into used in electricity planning in Haiti and Electricity Supply Decisions Jamaica, as well as by a number of The Model for Electricity Technology Assessment universities (META) was developed by ESMAP in FY2011–12 • Sector-wide technical assistance in the to help energy policymakers and planners in eval- Philippines that led to changes in the country’s electricity grid code which will uating the costs of more than 50 competing gen- make it easier to integrate variable renew- eration options ranging from solar, wind, and geo- able power sources into national grids thermal, to fossil fuel-based power. META is based • Publication of new analytical work on on detailed analysis of the capital and operating open access to power grids that is ex- costs of various technologies for three representa- pected to be widely used by World Bank tive countries. One of the most prominent features clients as they introduce competition into of the model is that it integrates environmental their electricity sectors externalities. This gives users a simple way to see the cost of adding or expanding generation from a particular power source if, for example, the car- bon price is explicitly factored in. META is being used to support government min- istries in Haiti and Jamaica in assessing alterna- META, while still in its pilot phase, has been rolled tive generation technologies. In both cases, the out to selected clients and partners. At the KTH current cost of electricity supply is analyzed and Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden, META comparable renewable energy resource and fos- has been integrated into a course on energy sys- sil fuel options are considered. That country-spe- tems analysis. At the Wharton School of Business cific data was combined with META analysis to in the United States, it was used to assess energy determine the projected cost of electricity from supply costs as part of a class on energy invest- various sources over time. These findings were ments in developing countries. then packaged into various scenarios, allowing 60  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM the ministries to make better-informed decisions Unit of the World Bank. This review, carried out about alternative generation technologies. at the request of the Indian Ministry of Finance and the Planning Commission of India, assessed META can be used in conjunction with commonly achievements since the passage of the Electricity used power system planning tools, by enabling Act of 2003 and identified remaining challenges. preliminary technology screening and by provid- It builds on stand-alone background papers on ing detailed technical and cost breakdowns. Users five key priority topics identified by the Indian can look at options categorized by scale: off-grid, authorities: access to electricity, utility financial mini-grid, and grid-connected. and operational performance, domestic tariff sub- sidies, corporate and regulatory governance, and Going forward, based on global user feedback, private sector participation. META will be further updated to bring in addi- tional functionalities. META will also be rolled The review highlights the significant achievements out as part of an ESMAP-supported open platform of the sector in the last decade, particularly in for low carbon development planning tools. terms of expanding energy access, increasing gen- eration capacity and the share of renewables in Taking Stock of the Indian Power Sector the energy mix, and attracting private investment. In FY2012–13, ESMAP supported a comprehen- Yet immense challenges remain. More than 300 sive study India Power Sector Diagnostic Review, million Indians continue to lack access to elec- which was undertaken by the South Asia Energy tricity, and an unreliable power supply is still a Developing Effective Energy Sector Policies and Institutions 61  major constraint to the country’s aspirations for directors; and enhancing the autonomy, ca- growth, inclusion, and job creation. The need for pacity and accountability of state electricity continued improvement of performance across regulators all segments of the sector was highlighted in July • Addressing inefficiencies in the entire elec- 2012 when two massive grid failures interrupted tricity value chain and improving planning power supply to the northern half of India for two and coordination mechanisms days, affecting 600 million people. • Improving sector monitoring with the collec- tion, use, and regular updating of operational, Concerns about sector performance have their financial, and service delivery data roots in the weakness of many sector institu- • Improved targeting of subsidies tions—particularly state-owned utilities, which have accumulated substantial operating losses The report presents the wide variation in experi- and, in several cases, are insolvent, unable to pay ence across Indian states, and identifies success- bills or repay their debts. ful utilities and practices in some parts of the country that could be adapted in other parts or The report makes a number of policy suggestions nationwide. to strengthen the sector, including: A draft version of the report has been circulated • Strengthening governance, including by pro- to the government. The final report—along with fessionalizing and empowering state utility the background papers—will be published in boards and bringing in more independent FY2014. 62  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Open Access to Power Grids: affording all market participants non- International Experiences discriminatory access is the first step toward a In recent decades, many developing and emerg- full-fledged open access regime. Reaping the full ing economies have embarked on efforts to benefit of open access requires building a more enhance the efficiency of their electricity markets. sophisticated market in which time- and location- The quest for efficiency often involves structural specific price signals provide essential informa- reforms, such as unbundling and other measures, tion to enhance market efficiency. designed to support greater competition in the power sector. Open access to transmission and For example, Brazil has created the legal frame- distribution grids by market participants is an work and institutional structure for open access, essential element in the reform process. as a result of which about a quarter of total con- sumption in 2010 was transacted in the free mar- “Open access” refers to the possibility for any ket. However, continuing this process will party selling or buying electricity to make use of require further reforms, such as price signals for transmission and distribution systems, regardless grid congestion and demand response. In Tur- of who owns and operates the power grid, as long key, open access has helped create a dynamic as that party pays the costs of using those sys- wholesale market for power which has under- tems and is subject to transparently defined sys- pinned a major expansion of generation tem security constraints. The flexibility permit- capacity. ted by open access allows for multiple and diverse power supply contracts and contributes to better Overall, the report identified some common fac- utilization of resources. tors that contribute to a successful transition to open access, including: In FY2013, ESMAP completed a study of open access to electricity transmission and distribution • Strong, sustained political commitment to grids. Drawing on lessons learned from global competition in the electricity sector, balanced experience, the study advises World Bank staff by recognition of the continued need for co- and country clients on effective options to imple- ordinated power system planning ment open access. • Legislation that mandates open access, sup- ports competition, and allows separate con- The final report is informed by experience in tracting for network services developing and developed countries, including • Market structures that support the unbun- four relatively centralized power systems (Bra- dling of transmission and distribution facili- zil, Peru, Philippines, and Turkey) and two ties from generation and include a competi- decentralized systems (India and the United tive wholesale market component States). • A strong regulatory body that is operationally and financially autonomous from the govern- Experience suggests that opening access to the ment and committed to promoting and pro- grid is an evolutionary process, in which tecting competition Developing Effective Energy Sector Policies and Institutions 63  BOX 5.1 THE PHILIPPINES: LAYING THE GROUNDWORK FOR SECTOR-WIDE CHANGES Despite recent growth, the power sector in the Philippines still faces hurdles, including the lack of modern electricity connections for more than 15 million people, a shortage of generation capacity in some localities, and relatively high electricity costs when compared to neighboring countries. However, the country does have a long-term advantage in the form of its vast renewable energy endowments. The Renewable Act of 2008 set out a broad menu of options to scale up the develop- ment of these resources. These include renewable portfolio standards, feed-in tariffs, and priority connection to the grid for renewable power sources. The Department of Energy (DOE) has set an ambitious goal of tripling renewable energy-based generation capacity by 2030. At the same time, the DOE is committed to bringing electricity access up to 90 percent by 2017, which would require 3.4 million new household connections. Here, a key role is being played by electric cooperatives (ECs), which provide electricity services to rural areas and smaller cities and towns. The government in recent years has made the ECs more accountable for their own supply require- ments, which has left some of them struggling to raise capital to maintain and extend service to their communities. Starting in FY2011, ESMAP supported a World Bank technical assistance program to provide stra- tegic advice to help the Philippines address these and other emerging challenges. This assistance covers power sector financing strategies, cost management and pricing issues, electricity access, and renewable energy policy and regulation. A particular focus has been supporting the govern- ment’s transition from being the national power supplier of last resort to acting primarily as a poli- cymaker, regulator, and facilitator for privately financed power generation. This work achieved notable success in February 2013, when the National Grid Management Commission approved an addendum to the national grid code that for the first time established connection require- ments and performance standards for variable renewable energy sources being integrated into the national grid. These include solar and wind, which are expected to make up an increasing share of the country’s electricity supply, particularly in the Visayas, the Philippines’ middle islands. This is expected to have positive ramifications for the entire national renewable energy effort as defining the provisions for integrating renewables into the grid was seen as the last regulatory hurdle preventing the development of projects eligible for feed-in tariffs. At the same time, it has become clear that meeting the government’s goal of 90 percent access by 2017 would require addressing the issue of the ECs’ finances. The Philippines’ electricity sector has almost 120 ECs, which serve half the country’s electricity customers as well as the vast majority of areas where grid access is still missing. However, only about a quarter of the ECs are regarded to be in good financial health. In response to this need, the ESMAP-supported project has identified partnership opportunities among the ECs themselves as well as with local commercial finance firms. A technical assistance program has also helped ECs look at issues related to credit risk, tariff methodologies, and corporate governance. 64  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 5.2 ARMENIA: NEW MODELS FOR POWER SECTOR TARIFFS In 2010–11, the Government of Armenia and the Public Services Regulatory Commission (PSRC) agreed that electricity tariff increases were not keeping pace with rising costs. An Energy Sector Issues Note released by the World Bank on behalf of the Armenian government during the same period identified the key challenges facing the energy sector and outlined potential solutions to address them, including improvements in power tariff setting methodology. Following on this work, ESMAP supported the development of a national Power Sector Tariff Study, which was published in June 2013. The study assessed the cost recovery levels of Armenia’s current electricity tariffs, and estimated long- run marginal costs of electricity service and their impact on residential tariffs. The study also provided recommendations to the Government and the PSRC for improvements to Armenia’s current power tariff- setting methodology in order to align seasonal and daily power supply costs with tariffs, and outlined policy measures to mitigate the impact of increased power tariffs on socially vulnerable consumers. The study also helped identify links in the power supply chain where cost recovery was lagging and helped gauge the extent of the gaps. A number of issues were identified, including limited or no depreciation expense or return on assets for state-owned power companies; a lack of adjustments for inflation despite significant inflationary pressures since 2009; under-recovery of decommis- sioning charges; and a tariff structure that does not reflect the seasonal and time-of-day variations in the cost of supply. To mitigate these challenges, the study recommended introducing marginal cost-based tariffs and implementing gradual and predictable tariff increases to avoid rate shocks and negative social impacts. The PSRC is now organizing broad consultations with key stakeholders to explore the study’s recommendations, identify the technical assistance needed to put the recommendations into place, and further explore how to mitigate the impact of these changes on the poor and vulnerable. A global synthesis report and five country stud- and assessments. This work will continue to be ies—Brazil, India, Peru, the Philippines, and Tur- carried out primarily through the ABGs to World key—have been prepared, which will be widely Bank regional operational units, but ESMAP itself disseminated in FY2014. A companion report on will play an increasing role in taking on work of private sector participation in power grids will global significance. During the FY2014–16 Business also be published in FY2014. Plan, ESMAP’s work in this area will focus on: • Governance, planning, and markets FY2014 AND BEYOND: NEW • Pricing and subsidies INITIATIVES • Energy resources and linkages Going forward, ESMAP will continue its demand- In an era of expensive oil, fossil fuel subsidies driven focus in the area of energy sector strategies are a growing fiscal drain for many countries. Developing Effective Energy Sector Policies and Institutions 65  BOX 5.3 HIGHLIGHTS OF NEW ESMAP-SUPPORTED ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES ACTIVITIES BY THE WORLD BANK’S REGIONAL UNITS INTEGRATION OF MINING SECTOR DEMAND FOR POWER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA Sub-Saharan Africa’s power system suffers from inadequate and unreliable supplies—and house- holds and firms pay a heavy price. If business-as-usual continues, the region will have the widest access deficit and be the only region to experience an increase in population without electricity access by 2030. Leveraging the mining industry’s power demand and its capital investments in power infrastructure can transform the development of the regional and national power systems. This study will look at the potential and challenges of power-mining integration. It will estimate the cost savings of various options of integration and identifies the challenges and enablers for real- izing savings for the economy. POLICY NOTE ON SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE EGYPT ENERGY SECTOR In cooperation with the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency (EEUCPRA), the key institution in the country responsible for protecting consumer rights and ensuring that electricity consumers have a voice in sector affairs, this activity will develop a diagnostic study on current systems and practices for and recommend the way forward ensuring consumer protec- tion in Egypt’s electricity sector. The diagnostic study will build on the work already being done by the regulator on the current systems and practices for the consumer interface and propose improve- ments that would build on those and that could be implemented by power sector companies to enhance service delivery, customer feedback, public information, and participation. ARMENIA POWER SECTOR POLICY NOTE Armenia’s power sector has a competent regulatory agency which for the past decade has achieved solid results through reforms and restructuring. Despite these achievements, the sector faces a number of challenges. The objective of this activity is to prepare a power sector policy note that identifies and analyzes key issues and recommends actions to overcome bottlenecks. The policy note will inform ongoing government planning and will include an updated electricity demand fore- cast and an assessment of potential gas supply constraints. This follows on technical assistance supported by ESMAP such as on tariff-setting in Armenia’s power sector (see Box 5.2). These subsidies have often also proved to be supporting countries in their efforts to reform regressive, have distorted incentives for innova- energy subsidies and prices, by providing assis- tion and renewable energy use, and have encour- tance on assessing the magnitude of subsidies aged the wasteful use of energy. Under its pric- and their impacts, designing suitable transition ing and subsidies focus area, ESMAP in FY2014 paths for reducing subsidies, improving the tar- is launching a multiyear program centered on geting and delivery of subsidies, and mitigating 66  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM the impact of such reforms on the poor and vul- with the World Bank’s Water Anchor on a major nerable. This initiative will provide technical study of the water-energy nexus to help integrate assistance and implementation support to energy and water planning. The main objective respond to the specific needs of clients and to of this study is to increase capacity at the coun- the country context. At the same time, policy-rel- try level for integrated planning of energy and evant lessons will be drawn from the large body water investments. of existing work on subsidy reform. These les- sons will be discussed through peer learning and The first study on the emerging threats in this regional and global forums, as a way to foster area—entitled Thirsty Energy—will be published knowledge sharing and consensus building. in early FY2014. Separately, an ongoing study by ESMAP looks at the issue of subsidized use of Water availability is fast becoming a binding energy in water pumping for agriculture in India. development constraint in many parts of the The study aims to evaluate alternative ways of world, but national energy strategies often still delivering subsidies to farmers so as to reduce do not fully take into account the energy sector’s the financial burden on electricity utilities and to demand for water. As part of the energy resources promote the efficient use of water and energy and linkages focus area, ESMAP is collaborating resources. Developing Effective Energy Sector Policies and Institutions 67  RESULTS-BASED APPROACHES TO ENERGY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT There are financial risks inherent to every development project. The question is how to deliver sustainable results in the face of these challenges. Under a conventional approach, in the event a project fails to deliver expected results, the financial risks of failure are substantially borne by the funder and the funds are usually unrecoverable. By contrast, under a results-based funding approach, the opposite is true: if the project fails to deliver, no payments are made. The fundamental idea of results-based approaches is that payments that would otherwise be made up-front are made contin- gent on delivery of a pre-agreed set of results, with achievement of the results being subject to independent verification. Results-based funding is a term used to describe two complementary, although operationally different, concepts: results-based aid and results-based financing. Results-based aid (RBA) refers to funding arrangements between donors and recipient governments, while results-based financing (RBF) refers to funding arrangements between the funder and service providers. In 2012 the World Bank launched an innovative new financing instrument—Program for Results (PforR)—which formally links disbursements to the achievement of tangible and verifiable results. In some countries, for instance, PforR will help increase immunization coverage for children. Whereas result-based funding approaches are widely used in sectors such as health; information and communications technology; and transport, there has been limited deployment in the energy sector, especially in developing countries. However, in the past few years there is increasing interest in results-based funding in the energy sector from both client and donor countries. Stakeholders are increasingly demanding programs that will deliver “real” results. The Energy+ Partnership being led by Norway and Energizing Development, a sustainable energy access program imple- mented by GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit), have both supported results-based approaches to energy projects and activities. Additionally, the Scaling-up Renewable Energy Program (SREP), part of the Climate Investment Funds, is actively encouraging RBF approaches. In FY2012, in direct response to these developments and growing client demand, ESMAP launched an initiative to assess how, and under what circumstances, results-based funding—both RBA and RBF—can be used to specifically improve outcomes and scale-up financing for energy sector devel- opment. ESMAP’s results-based funding initiative is divided into three components: • Analytical work on indicators and the economic rationale for selecting and then designing re- sults-based funding instruments • Knowledge management to disseminate guidance on designing results-based programs and projects and share lessons learned from other sectors • Operational support to the World Bank regional energy units to develop a pipeline of projects to test out new results-based concepts and ideas (continues on next page) 68  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Considering the relative lack of experience with results-based funding in the energy sector, ESMAP’s initiative specifically set out to draw on lessons from other sectors ACCOMPLISHMENTS In FY2013, the initiative accomplished its first objective with the publication of Results-Based Financing in the Energy Sector: An Analytical Guide. The Guide serves as the intellectual backbone of the ESMAP initiative and is being used to help inform results-based funding projects within and outside the World Bank. Providing a conceptual examination of various RBF mechanisms in turn, the Guide is aimed at World Bank operational staff or donors helping governments that are directly involved in implementing results-based schemes in the energy sector. It provides very specific guidance on how to design RBF projects, and draws conclusions about when, and under which circumstances, using RBF is desirable. For example, a government may choose to switch from incandescent to energy efficient light bulbs in some or all of its buildings and part of the contract payment could depend on defined results, such as the speed at which the switch takes place. Further, the Guide clarifies terminology within the overarching field of results-based funding and provides an exhaustive literature review that has implications beyond the energy sector. NEXT STEPS Slated for FY2014 is a follow-up study looking at the related issues associated with RBA. This follow- up report will explore the challenges and variations of RBA arrangements between bilateral donor agencies and recipient governments. At its core, the RBF program is a multi-stakeholder exercise that includes funding options not wholly under the purview the World Bank. Yet FY2013 showed the beginnings of tangible interest in devel- oping World Bank operational activities using results-based approaches in the energy sector. So far, $300,000 has been approved to develop a cookstove project in Indonesia and ESMAP is providing technical input to a similar activity in Uganda. ESMAP is not only concerned with achieving results, but also strengthening institutional capacity for the sustainability of those results. Outside of the Bank, ESMAP will continue to cultivate partnerships with Energy+, Energizing Development, and the Climate Investment Funds. Going forward, the focus will be on supporting development partners and client countries interested in piloting results-based funding projects in the energy sector, particularly within World Bank-funded projects or PforR operations. Developing Effective Energy Sector Policies and Institutions 69  FINANCIAL CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 71  CONTRIBUTIONS Table 6.1 shows actual receipts from individual donors for the period FY2010–13 and receipts and ESMAP received a total of $28.2 million from its pledges for FY2014. donors in FY2013. Total receipts included a sup- plemental contribution from Denmark which In FY2013, Japan joined as an ESMAP donor with enabled the launch of the SE4ALL Technical Assis- a contribution of $9 million for the SIDS DOCK tance Program (see Chapter 3). Support Program Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) (see p. 26). TABLE 6.1 Overview of Donor Contributions to ESMAP FY2010–14 ($ Thousands) Total 2014 Receipts Country 2010 2011 2012 2013 Receipts Pledges 10–13 % Australia 453 1,067 3,030 4,550 5.5% Austria 424 2,680 — 3,104 3.7% Canada 100 — — 100 0.1% Denmark 1,849 3,913 9,111 8,737 6,091 23,610 28.5% Finland 741 — — 787 1,527 1.8% France — — 844 — 844 1.0% Germany 2,185 1,993 3,350 1,338 1,321 8,866 10.7% Iceland 200 — 300 300 800 1.0% Japan — — — — 9,000 — 0.0% Lithuania — 27 — 33 60 0.1% Netherlands — 11,286 2,900 5,800 19,986 24.1% Norway 750 839 853 3,750 3,343 6,191 7.5% Sweden — — 2,311 782 733 3,093 3.7% United 1,961 — — 6,420 9,438 8,381 10.1% Kingdom World Bank 437 272 645 310 1,664 2.0% Grand Total 9,100 22,077 23,343 28,256 15,091 14,835 82,776 100% Note: • This table covers receipts received over this period by three MDTFs: the ESMAP MDTF, the Clean Energy Investment Framework (CEIF) MDTF, which includes the AFREA program, and the SIDS DOCK MDTF. 72  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM DISBURSEMENTS out for each region and for ESMAP global pro- grams. Program management and administration ESMAP disbursed $16.9 million in FY2013—roughly costs are broken out by category. the same level as FY2012. The pace of disburse- ments is expected to increase with the scale up of Program Management and Administration costs ESMAP’s new programs such as Renewable Energy have generally stayed at the same level over the Mapping, GGDP, and the SIDS DOCK Support last three years.  These include expenditures on Program. program M&E, as well as knowledge exchange and dissemination, which are expected to increase Table 6.2 shows ESMAP disbursements for the as greater emphasis has been placed on these last three fiscal years, with project costs broken areas under the new Business Plan. Financial Review 73  TABLE 6.2 ESMAP Disbursements, Fiscal Years 2011–2013 (US$ Thousands) FY11 FY12 FY13 Project Cost 16,211.90 89% 14,867.81 87% 14,636.94 87% Africa 6,317.98 6,915.75 5,199.04 East Asia 934.69 517.91 706.64 Europe & Central Asia 537.59 576.36 1,201.05 Latin America & Caribbean 1,278.87 775.63 913.23 Middle East & North Africa 1,020.48 600.23 839.36 South Asia 726.00 867.32 346.01 ESMAP Global Programs 5,396.28 4,614.61 5,431.61 Program Management & 2,040.18 11% 2,129.08 13% 2,273,13 13% Administration Program Management 988.44 48% 1,080.64 51% 997.16 44% Governance (CG, TAG) 69.76 3% 91.57 4% 83.53 4% Resource Management/ 253.91 12% 215.14 10% 230.38 10% Trust Fund Administration Portfolio Management (M&E) 253.66 12% 245.89 12% 316.20 14% Knowledge Forums 48.43 2% 28.78 1% 102.50 5% Communication and 425.98 21% 467.06 22% 543.36 24% Outreach (publications, website, and other dissemination) Total 18,252.08 100% 16,996.89 100% 16,910.07 100% Of which: Funded by Donors 17,388.56 16,006.34 16,302.79 Funded from World Bank 272.72 640.23 350.35 Budget Funded from Fee Income 590.80 350.32 256.93 Notes: • ESMAP global programs cover global analytical and advisory activities and include activities managed by the ESMAP core team, as well as activities managed by the Sustainable Energy Department, the Environment Department, and other units of the World Bank’s Sustainable Development Network. • It is important to note that a portion of the expenditures under ESMAP global programs is associated with work performed by ESMAP technical staff for clients through the World Bank’s regional units. • The total administration cost for Program Management and Administration in FY2013 includes $184,700 for the cost of management of the SIDS DOCK Support Program. 74  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BREAKDOWN BY PROGRAM AREA The EASP category also includes renewable energy, energy efficiency, and low carbon devel- Table 6.3 shows total ESMAP spending for FY2013 opment activities as part of energy sector assess- by program area: ments and strategies work. • Energy Assessments and Strategies Program (EASP) • Energy Access • Clean Energy • Energy Efficiency Cities Initiative (EECI) TABLE 6.3 ESMAP Disbursements by Program Area, FY2013 (US$ Thousands) ESMAP Global AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR Programs TOTAL ABG AFREA ABG ABG ABG ABG ABG EASP 271.00 381.08 443.19 110.14 125.70 256.67 686.21 2,274.0 Energy 892.77 3,772.53 100.84 — 155.39 — — 1,337.80 6,259.3 Access Clean 30.04 150.65 109.71 359.22 584.66 89.34 2,542.18 3,865.8 Energy EECI 232.68 74.05 648.14 288.47 128.99 — 865.40 2,237.7 1,426.49 3,772.53 5,199.02 706.62 1,201.04 913.22 839.35 346.01 5,431.59 14,636.9 World Bank Regions: AFR-Africa, EAP-East Asia and Pacific, ECA-Europe and Central Asia, MNA-Middle East and North Africa, LCR-Latin America and the Caribbean, SAR-South Asia. Of the funding for the World Banks’s regional units in FY2013: • 51% was through the ABG process under the ESMAP MDTF • 49% was as funding for the AFREA program under the CEIF MDTF Financial Review 75  Figures 6.1 and 6.2 illustrate the division of ESMAP spending by program area in FY2013, for the entire program and for ESMAP own-managed activities. FIGURE 6.1 FIGURE 6.2 ESMAP Spending by Program Area ESMAP Spending by Program Area FY2013 (Entire Program) FY2013 [ESMAP Own-Managed Activities] EECI Clean Clean 15% Energy Energy 47% 26% EASP 16% EECI 16% Energy Energy Access Access 43% 24% EASP 13% Notes: • The EASP category also includes renewable energy, energy efficiency, and low carbon development activities as part of energy sector assessments and strategies work. • Under the entire program, the Energy Access category includes monies spent under the AFREA program. 76  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM PROCEEDINGS OF ANNEX I CONSULTATIVE GROUP MEETING, 2013 77  CONSULTATIVE GROUP MEETING The CG endorsed the overall strategic direction FOR ENERGY TRUST-FUNDED of AFREA II. During the discussion, the follow- PROGRAMS | ESMAP AND AFREA ing points were raised: 28 February – 1 March 2013, i. The CG suggested that AFREA reporting Washington, DC cover all four pillars of the program rather The Consultative Group (CG) meeting for the than stress its success in leveraging Bank and World Bank-managed Energy Trust-Funded Pro- other funds. grams was held in Washington, DC on February ii. The ESMAP Program Manager responded to 28–March 1, 2013. The meeting was chaired by questions regarding AFREA’s management Mr. Vijay Iyer, Director, Sustainable Energy structure: AFREA is an ESMAP program and Department, in the Bank’s Sustainable Develop- supported through the ESMAP Multi-Donor ment Network. Trust Fund (MDTF). Program management is delegated to the Africa Energy Practice Group. The outline below provides the highlights and This is different from the Asia Sustainable and follow-up actions for the agenda items related to Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), which ESMAP. For more details regarding each session, is a separate MDTF, managed by the World please refer to the CG workspace (www.esmap. Bank’s East Asia and Pacific and South Asia org/cg) for all reports, briefing materials, and regions. The ESMAP Program Manager further presentations. clarified that current funding pledges to ES- MAP would be sufficient for about $12 million Session 1 | Africa Energy Sector Priorities in allocations for AFREA II, leaving a gap of Following the presentation by Mr. Jamal Saghir, $38 million in its 5-year programming. the Director of Africa Region’s Sustainable Devel- iii. South-South knowledge sharing and learning opment Department, on Africa’s specific chal- was highlighted as an important element of lenges in the energy sector, CG members posed AFREA, and it was noted that AFREA (as questions regarding: potential for partnership/ well as ESMAP overall) is working with the cooperation with the International Finance Cor- World Bank Institute to promote this impor- poration (IFC) to address financing gaps; oppor- tant agenda. tunities to access Climate Investment Funds (CIF); iv. Coordination around SE4ALL, as well as more and the importance of exercising selectivity in the general inter-agency coordination with bilateral Bank’s interventions in the region. agencies at the country level, is ongoing. Ms. van Ginneken outlined why and how Session 2 | AFREA coordination needs and arrangements should The AFREA II program was presented by Ms. be tailored for specific countries, and stressed Meike van Ginneken and Mr. Lucio Monari, Sec- the importance of allowing the countries tor Managers for the Africa Energy Units. themselves to determine donor coordination processes. 78  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM v. Capacity building, policy incentives, and techni- Session 4 | ESMAP Annual Portfolio cal assistance for promotion of solar thermal Review energy should be strongly considered by The ESMAP Program Manager highlighted key ESMAP´s Business Plan FY2014–16, espe- achievements over the past year, as well as les- cially for AFREA. Solar thermal energy is sons learned from the annual portfolio review. useful not only for heating water in social Due to time constraints, it was suggested that dis- institutions, such as schools, hospitals, etc., cussions related to the portfolio review be inte- or in laundries, hotels, households, but also grated into the session on the new business plan. increasingly for industrial processes, espe- cially food processing and production. Session 5 | Technical Advisory Group (TAG) Report to the CG Session 3 | ESMAP External Evaluation i. Gender. The TAG noted that gender consid- – Update on Action Plan erations could be more systematically inte- i. Gender. ESMAP provided a detailed outline grated into ESMAP’s programs. The CG wel- of the work undertaken to mainstream gender comed the increased emphasis on gender since the 2012 CG Meeting. while acknowledging that gender issues are ii. Water-Energy nexus. ESMAP is working with not always uniformly relevant in ESMAP’s the Bank’s Water and Energy units to develop activities. tools to take into account trade-offs related • ESMAP will continue to improve its gen- to addressing water-energy issues. This is a der analysis, have gender as a natural multi-year effort that will include joint water component of all projects/programs, al- and energy modeling, grounded in specific locate the necessary resources, and es- countries (South Africa, Morocco). ESMAP tablish key performance indicators. is also supporting the South Asia region to ii. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E). The TAG conduct a cross-sectoral study on energy- reported that M&E has become more system- water security. atic and recognized that gender-sensitive iii. Collaborative activities with city organizations. indicators have been incorporated. It was noted that ESMAP has initiated out- iii. Energy Efficient Cities. TAG recommended that reach to city organizations and with the new EECI be adequately resourced given the grow- high-level World Bank engagement on this ing importance of urbanization in emerging agenda, ESMAP has the opportunity to economies. strengthen collaboration with relevant city • Budget allocation for EECI in Business organizations. Plan to be increased. • ESMAP will follow up with bilateral iv. Potential additional areas for ESMAP. The TAG agencies to explore potential synergies presented the need for a definitive analytical and exchange knowledge on gender ac- report on the most effective subsidy and de- tivities, as well as water-energy nexus risking instruments and for advice to clients activities. on how much risk premium is needed to Proceedings of CONSULTATIVE GROUP Meeting, 2013 79  promote renewable energy options. Other The ESMAP Program Manager provided an out- topics discussed were: opportunities and line of the FY2014–16 work program and constraints related to results-based aid in the budget: energy sector and the need for objective ad- vice on cap and trade schemes. i. Out of the total $137 million budgeted for Regarding the cap and trade scheme, the the 3-year business plan, $15 million is dedi- Chair confirmed that another unit in the Bank cated to the SIDS-DOCK MDTF and the re- is leading this work, and ESMAP will need maining $122 million for the global core to assess whether it has a comparative ad- ESMAP MDTF (including for AFREA II). This vantage in this area. is an increase of approximately $20 million The CG noted that there are many topics from cumulative funding levels over the past that would benefit from ESMAP’s engage- three years. The increase is driven by ES- ment, but it was acknowledged that ESMAP MAP’s proposed work in SE4ALL, Low Car- will need to remain focused on its compara- bon Project Preparation Facility (PPF), and tive advantage and within its capacity, par- AFREA II. ticularly given that its three-year business • FY2014–16 Business Plan is approved, plan is not yet fully funded. subject to agreed revisions. v. Cooperation between ESMAP and development ii. Given that donors will not be able to fill the partners. The TAG acknowledged that ESMAP “gap” by the start of the new business plan, has collaborated with development partners ESMAP proposed to make the following ad- on specific programs, and observed that justments to its proposed work program: many bilateral development agencies appear a. PPF | ESMAP will launch this work in to have reduced capacity to fully engage with FY2015; work in FY2014 will be limited programs like ESMAP. to preparation of concept note. The ESMAP Program Manager confirmed b. SE4ALL | ESMAP will not expand the that a more systematic approach to collabora- program beyond the currently planned tion with bilateral partners is proposed in the number of countries. new business plan and shared some achieve- • ESMAP will share with the CG con- ments in this regard: improved information cept notes on PPF and SE4ALL. flow (e.g., regular circulation of information c. Prioritization of activities by sequencing on ESMAP-funded activities and access to them over the three years of the business ESMAP’s M&E Portal); and a pilot knowledge plan period. exchange event in Paris in November 2012. • ESMAP will continue to explore op- • It was agreed that CG members would portunities to share knowledge and identify how ESMAP could further im- learning through workshops, con- prove its cooperation with bilateral part- ferences in donor countries and in ners in a specific country or program. the field, and will seek to work with Session 6 | ESMAP Work Program and bilateral agencies where feasible. Budget for the FY2014–16 Business Plan 80  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM iii. The CG agreed that the new business plan e. EECI should be scaled up; focus on ur- strikes the right balance among the proposed ban and peri-urban energy access was activities, and approved the FY2014–16 Busi- welcomed. ness Plan, subject to revisions agreed at the • The business plan would be ad- meeting. Key points made by CG members justed to sequence activities, taking included: into account funding availability a. While it is important for ESMAP to dem- and staff capacity. onstrate influence on the World Bank’s f. ESMAP needs to initiate a knowledge strategic directions, ESMAP should also product on the links between energy and focus on leveraging the resources and food, as part of the energy-food-water activities of other development partners nexus work. beyond the World Bank. Therefore, ES- g. Emphasis on “value for money” was MAP should enhance dissemination noted. outside the Bank. h. ESMAP’s M&E system has been substan- • Regarding the proposed inclusion tially strengthened and should enable of qualitative indicators, ESMAP is better tracking of deliverables. currently working on “impact sto- i. ESMAP should continue to enhance its ries” to demonstrate the influence capacity building and knowledge man- that ESMAP-funded activities have agement activities, for example, through had on policies, programs, and re- partnerships with the World Bank sults in client countries. These nar- Institute. rative stories will be shared in the j. The business plan should include a re- coming months and could also be sults chain and risk matrix. used for South-South knowledge • It was agreed to add a risks analysis exchange. matrix and a results chain in the b. ESMAP’s role in launching country ac- Business Plan. tions under SE4ALL was welcomed. k. The results framework should have a ESMAP should ensure that country-level higher level outcome indicator that dem- donor coordination with bilateral agen- onstrates transformative changes, such cies and regional development banks is as influence on global investment flows. a key feature of the SE4ALL Technical l. The increased emphasis on linking ana- Assistance program. CG also appreciated lytical and advisory activities more that the focus is on a number of fragile closely with country-level implementa- states. tion was welcomed as to make policy c. The importance of good governance in research and analysis more usable. energy sector development. An example was ESMAP’s support to d. ESMAP should maintain flexibility in the Norway’s Energy+ country programs, business plan to be able to take on drawing on the analytical work on emerging priorities. Proceedings of CONSULTATIVE GROUP Meeting, 2013 81  results-based funding approaches and In response to the discussion on governance, the on defining and measuring energy Chair clarified that the World Bank’s policies and access. guidelines are applied to all ESMAP activities, and m. AFREA should collaborate with regional that promoting energy sector governance is a key energy centers in Africa. objective of many Annual Block Grants through ESMAP’s Energy Assessments and Strategies Other Action Items: Program. • Proposed work on energy subsidy reform would be designed to be scalable, responsive ESMAP informed the CG that it had submitted to demand, and expandable as additional Terms of Reference for Junior Professional Offi- resources become available. The concept note cers through the World Bank’s Donor Funded on the initiative will be circulated to the CG. Staffing Program, particularly for assignments • Some CG members agreed to host knowledge related to geothermal development, energy access exchange events and also invited ESMAP to for the urban poor, and energy efficient cities. forthcoming conferences in Europe. ESMAP and the CG will continue to communicate in this regard. 82  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ESMAP ANNEX II SUMMARY OF RESULTS, FY2013 83  The following table gives a quantitative summary For the latest details of ESMAP’s activities, devel- of ESMAP’s results for fiscal year 2013. Annex III opment outcomes achieved, and M&E frame- gives details of ESMAP outputs for the year, and work, go to www.esmap.org and click on the Annex V lists completed, new, and ongoing activ- “Results” tab. ities for the fiscal year. Objective Indicator Actual Values Fiscal Year 2013 Outcomes Development Existing 9 World Bank lending operations Financing operations informed Informed: informed; Government • Urban Scale Building Energy Client countries expenditure Efficiency and Renewable Energy provided with informed; Project (China /$12 million) “just-in-time” • Beijing Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic technical Mobilization Scale-Up (Sunshine Schools) Project assistance for of non-Bank (China /$120 million) pre-investment resources • Vietnam Climate Change activities informed; Development Policy Loan 2 (Vietnam necessary to resolve program Preparation of /$70 million) design issues and new operation • First Competitiveness and Growth informed Development Policy Operation offer additional options. (Georgia /$60 million) • Second Competitiveness and Growth Development Policy Operation (Georgia /$60 million) • Turkey SME Energy Efficiency Project (Turkey /$200 million) • Geothermal Power Generation Project (Djibouti /$7.1 million) • Helwan South Power Project (Egypt /$585 million) • OSE Response for Climate Change Project (Uruguay /$42 million) Total influenced volume: $1,156 million (continued on next page) 84  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (continued) Objective Indicator Actual Values Fiscal Year 2013 Outcomes Policy & Strategy Bank country Policy/Strategy Informed: (continued) Informed and strategy informed/ 18 outcomes achieved Client Capacity influenced; Increased: EAP: China (2) Bank sector Increased strategy informed/ ECA: Serbia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, institutional influenced; LCR: Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, capacity of ESMAP Contributed to Peru client countries stakeholder to plan, manage, SAR: India, Maldives, Philippines involvement; and regulate the Global: implementation Development community/ Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy of policies, partner policy/ (TRACE) strategies, and programmes that strategy informed; Smart Grids Knowledge Exchange deliver clean, Government Platform reliable, and policy/strategy Gender & Energy Resources affordable energy informed; services required Climate Vulnerability in the Energy Sector by their citizens Public debate Energy Sector Low Carbon Development for poverty stimulated/ Operational Support reduction and initiated Energy Access for the Urban Poor environmentally Client is sustainable recognized with economic growth. good practice or Client Capacity Increased: similar awards; 9 outcomes achieved Design capacity strengthened; EAP: Indonesia Implementation ECA: Armenia, Turkey capacity LCR: Peru strengthened Global: Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) Model for Electricity Technology Assessment (META) Gender & Energy Clean Energy Staff Training and Knowledge Platform Smart Grids Knowledge Exchange Platform ESMAP SUMMARY OF RESULTS, FY2013 85  (continued) Objective Indicator Actual Values Fiscal Year 2013 Outcomes Knowledge Disseminated best Knowledge Increased: (continued) Increased/ practices; 5 outcomes achieved Deepened and Facilitated Innovative ECA: Georgia exchange of best Approaches practice with LCR: Honduras & Solutions clients; Generated: Global: Facilitated Electricity Transmission Planning ESMAP-supported exchange of best research practice with Energy Access for the Urban Poor and analyses partners Smart Grids Knowledge Exchange strengthen New innovative Platform the sector’s knowledge approach and evidence- developed; Innovative Approaches & Solutions base to deliver Other action/ Generated: improved clean behavior adopted energy access, 3 outcomes achieved or observed energy efficiency AFR: Nigeria and generation New innovative approach Global: Model for Electricity Technology in developing fostered; Assessment (META) countries. Energy Adaptation and Country Briefs Outputs Economic Number of Total AAA outputs (ESW and TA): 72 and Sector research Total Knowledge Products: 89 Work (ESW) (ESW, TA) and and Technical knowledge Total number of academic references of Assistance (TA) products ESMAP products/knowledge: 161 Research and published; Total number of peer-reviewed research: 6 Knowledge # academic mentions; # Total number of Impact Stories Products published: 4 impact stories Academic developed and mentions disseminated; Impact Stories # pieces of peer-reviewed Peer-reviewed research. research 86  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ESMAP ANNEX III PROGRAM OUTPUTS, FY2013 87  CLEAN ENERGY Analytical Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports & Advisory Technical Assistance: Implementation /Advisory Reports, Event Activities Proceedings Documents China China: West or East Wind – Getting the Incentives Right Global Geothermal Handbook: Planning and Financing Power Generation Global Low Carbon Growth Country Studies Program: Lessons Learned from Seven Country Studies Lebanon Wind Power Development Study of Lebanon (Phases I, II, III) MNA Business Plan for a Climate Innovation Center in Morocco MNA Competitiveness Assessment of MENA Countries to Develop a Local Solar Industry MNA Local Manufacturing Potential for Solar Technology Components in Egypt Industry Nepal Climate Change and Energy Vulnerability Country dashboard Turkey Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment for Hydropower Projects in Turkey Uzbekistan Climate Change and Energy Vulnerability Country dashboard Vietnam Climate Change and Energy Vulnerability Country dashboard Yemen Technical Assistance for the Promotion of Wind Power Development Zambia Climate Change and Energy Vulnerability Country dashboard Knowledge Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal Products and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Conference Financing Clean Energy Projects within the Caribbean: Renewable Energy Forum 2012 (Southampton, Bermuda, Sep 2012) Tool MACTool Excel-Based, v1.0 (released and available at www.esmap.org) Toolkit Excel-based and processed content dissemination for screening tool (Acclimatise) Training Clean Energy Staff Training and Knowledge Platform: Eight Modules— Wind, Solar PV, CSP, Geothermal, Bioenergy, Grid Integration, Policy Incentives, Financing of RE and Projects Due Diligence (Washington, DC, Jul-Dec 2012) Training EFFECT Online-Interactive Facilitated Training (Oct 2012) Training EFFECT Trainings & Implementation in Indonesia (Nov 2012, Jan 2013, Mar 2013) (continued on next page) 88  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM CLEAN ENERGY (continued) Training EFFECT Trainings & Implementation in Malawi (Nov 2012, Jan 2013, Mar 2013) Training EFFECT Trainings & Implementation in Malaysia (Nov 2012, Jan 2013, Mar 2013) Training EFFECT Trainings & Implementation in Philippines (Nov 2012, Jan 2013, Mar 2013) Training EFFECT Trainings & Implementation in Thailand (Nov 2012, Jan 2013, Mar 2013) Training EFFECT Trainings & Implementation in Vietnam (Nov 2012, Jan 2013, Mar 2013) Training MACTool Training & Implementation in Brazil (Jul 2012) Training MACTool Training & Implementation in Ukraine (Mar 2013) Training MACTool Training & Implementation in Vietnam (Oct 2012) Training MACTool Training to AusAid and Tetratech (Australia, Jan 2013) Website/online Smart Grid Technologies Dissemination Platform Platform Workshop Global Geothermal Development Plan (ESMAP Knowledge Exchange Forum (KEF), Paris, France, Nov 2012) Workshop Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission: Achievements and Lessons Learned (Washington DC, Jun 2013) Workshop Renewable Energy Integration: Natural Gas as Enabler for Renewable Power (Washington DC, Apr 2013) Workshop Renewable Energy Integration: Solar Energy in Hybrid Plants for Off- Grid Power Supply (Washington DC, May 2013) Workshop Renewable Energy Resource Mapping: In-country Implementation and Opportunities for Co-funding (ESMAP KEF, Paris, France, Nov 2012) Workshop Smart Grids Knowledge Exchange Portal (Washington DC, Aug 2012) Workshop Smart Grids, Competition, and Regulation (Washington DC, Sep 2012) Workshop Transmission and Distribution Automation and Launch of the Smart Grids Knowledge Exchange Portal (Washington DC, Aug 2012) Workshop Vietnam Low Carbon Development Forum (Hanoi, Jul 12–17 2012) Workshop Vietnam’s 2010–2030 Business-as-Usual Scenario (Hanoi, Nov 14–15, 2012) ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2013 89  ENERGY ACCESS Analytical Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports & Advisory Technical Assistance: Implementation /Advisory Reports, Event Activities Proceedings Documents Africa Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Initiative (ACCES) Africa Commercial Woodfuel Production: Experience from Three Locally Controlled Wood Production Models Global Global Tracking Framework Report for Sustainable Energy for All Global Household Energy for Cooking: Project Design Principles Global State of the Global Clean and Improved Cooking Sector LCR What Have We Learned about Household Biomass Cooking in Central America Rwanda Extending Access to Energy: Lessons from a Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp) Knowledge Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and Products External Trainings, Forums and Workshops Brochure Integrating Gender Considerations into Energy Operations Forum Gender in Energy & Extractive Industries (SDN Forum 2013, Washington DC, Mar 2013) Online Gender: Social Inclusion in the Energy Sector Resources Workshop Challenges and Opportunities to Universal Access to Clean Biomass Cookstoves in Central America (Nicaragua, May 2013) Workshop Household Energy Access: Towards Sustainable Household Energy for All (Clean Cooking Forum, Cambodia, Mar 2013) Workshop Integrating Gender within World Bank Energy Sector and Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES) (Clean Cooking Forum, Cambodia, Mar 2013) Workshop Joint ESMAP-Social Development Brown Bag Lunch: Gender in Energy and Extractive Industries: A Briefing for Social, Gender and Energy Specialists (Washington DC, Apr 2013) Workshop Power-Up: Electricity Access Game Show (SDN FORUM 2013, Washington DC, Mar 2013) Workshop Sustainable Energy for All Technical Assistance (ESMAP KEF, Paris, France, Nov 2012) Workshop What’s Cooking in East Africa? Spotlight on East Africa Markets (Clean Cooking Forum, Cambodia, Mar 2013) 90  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ENERGY ACCESS | AFREA A. Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES) Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation /Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Africa Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA) Close-Out Meeting Africa Technical Assessment of Cookstove Projects for the World Bank Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa Africa Wood-based Biomass Energy Development for Sub-Saharan Africa: Issues and Approaches Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums and Workshops Consultation Consultation workshops in Senegal and Uganda; stakeholder interviews in Kinshasa DRC, Uganda Consumer Research Study Senegal Market Assessment Uganda Results-based Financing Study Website ACCES website B. Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI) Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation /Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Africa Electricity Connection Costs and Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa Africa Electricity Sector Data Analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa Africa From the Bottom Up: Using Small Power Producers to Promote Electrification and Renewable Energy in Africa. An Implementation Guidebook for Regulators and Policymakers Africa Lighting Africa Operational Toolkit Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums and Workshops AEI online Network Developing a Carbon Development Mechanism Program of Posting Activities: Lessons Learned from Senegal’s CFL Distribution Program Conference 3rd International Off-Grid Lighting Conference and Trade Fair (Lighting Africa; Senegal, Nov 2012) (continued on next page) ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2013 91  ENERGY ACCESS | AFREA (continued) Workshop Regulatory Review of the Power Purchase Agreements in Tanzania (Washington DC, Jul 2012) C. Africa Gender and Energy Program Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation /Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Africa Report: Expanding Women’s Role in Africa’s Modern Off-Grid Lighting Market (English and French) Benin Developing a Gender Assessment and Action Plan for Benin’s Rural Energy Program Kenya Gender Assessment for Ministry of Energy and Kenya Power and Lighting Company Senegal Implementing Gender Action in Senegal’s Rural Energy Program Tanzania Implementation of Gender Action Plan and Capacity Building for Tanzania’s Rural Energy Agency Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums and Workshops Video Energy to Change Women’s Lives in Africa | Senegal Workshop What is Gender Mainstreaming and How to Empower Women Through Cookstove Solutions (Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves Forum, Cambodia, Mar 2013) D. Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA; Bank Executed) Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums and Workshops Workshop Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA) Close out Workshop (Tanzania, Sep 2012) E. NIGERIA Climate Change Assessment Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation /Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Nigeria Assessing Low-Carbon Development in Nigeria: An Analysis of Four Sectors Nigeria Low-Carbon Development: Opportunities for Nigeria Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums and Workshops Workshop Nigeria Climate Risk Assessments Workshop (Nigeria, Dec 2012) 92  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ENERGY ACCESS | AFREA (continued) F. Rwanda Sustainable Energy Capacity Development Project Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation /Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Rwanda Renewable Energy Policy and Strategy ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES INITIATIVE (EECI) Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation /Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Belarus Republic of Belarus Biomass-based District Heating Brazil Debates Sobre Logística Urbana Brasileira - Boas Práticas (Brazil Green Freight Logistics) Brazil Debates Sobre Logística Urbana Brasileira - Grupos Focais (Brazil Green Freight Logistics) Brazil O Estágio Atual da Logística Urbana (Brazil Green Freight Logistics) China Improving Energy Efficiency in Public Institutions Egypt Institutional Framework for Implementation of Energy Efficiency in Egypt Global Public Procurement of Energy Efficient Products: Lessons from Around the World Global Sustainable Energy for All Global Tracking Framework (Energy Efficiency chapter) Turkey Facilitating Small- and Medium-Enterprises Energy Efficiency Financing in Turkey Uzbekistan Sourcebook for Strategic Development of Industrial Energy Efficiency in Uzbekistan Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Database Open Datasets for Sao Paulo’s SPTransport Database Open, Comparable, and Reliable Data of Transport Supply for Mexico Database/Online Online Data Observatory – Center of Urban Logistics of Brazil Portal (Brazil Green Freight Logistics) (continued on next page) ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2013 93  ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES INITIATIVE (EECI) (continued) Financial Model Energy Efficiency Screening Calculator (for Facilitating SME Energy Efficiency Financing in Turkey) Forum Incentives for Scaling Up Energy Efficiency: Are They Necessary? (SDN Forum 2013, Washington DC, Feb 2013) Symposium 6th Urban Research and Knowledge Symposium (Barcelona, Spain, Oct 2012) Toolkit Data Analysis Tool for Improved Targeting of Urban Transport Interventions Toolkit Toolkit for Training Coordinators for Pilot Project for Corporate Mobility Plan (Brazil Energy Efficiency in the Urban Transport Sector) Toolkit Report TRACE Programs delivered in Brazil—Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte Training TRACE Training for AusAid (Australia, Jan 2013) Training TRACE Training for EU Energy Initiative – Partnership Dialogue Facility (Washington DC, Feb 2013) Training TRACE Training for Iller Bank (Turkey, Jun 2013) Training TRACE Training for Servicios Ambientales S.A. (Washington DC, Mar 2013) Web/data portal Web-based portal for data management with visualization tool, disruption tracking management system, an open trip planner for Mexico City Workshop 13th Climate Technology Initiative Workshop (Berlin, Germany, Oct 2012) Workshop Construcción y Mantenimiento de Datos Abiertos de Transporte en la Ciudad de México (Mexico, Jun 2013) Workshop Development of Building Energy Efficiency Codes in Eastern African Countries (Kigali, Rwanda, May 2013) Workshop Financing Municipal Energy Efficiency Investment: Developing Structured Guidance for Municipal Governments Using Global Experience (Washington DC, Nov 2012) Workshop Green Transport and Energy Efficiency Initiatives - Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) National Master Plan: Discussions about ITS Systems and Policy Development (Bogota and Washington DC, Apr 2013) (continued on next page) 94  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES INITIATIVE (EECI) (continued) Workshop High-Level Action Plan and Critical Path Towards the Implementation of the Mexico City Integrated Transport System (Mexico, Jun 2013) Workshop LAC Regional Workshop on Energy Efficiency and Non-Revenue Water (Mar del Plata, Argentina, Jun 2013) Workshop Leaders in Urban Transport Planning Program (Ahmedabad, India, Jul 2012) Workshop Leaders in Urban Transport Planning Program (Beijing, China, Sep 2012) Workshop Leaders in Urban Transport Planning Program (Seoul, South Korea, Oct 2012) Workshop Leaders in Urban Transport Planning Program (Buenos Aires, Argentina, Nov 2012) Workshop Leaders in Urban Transport Planning Program (Singapore, Jan 2013) Workshop Leaders in Urban Transport Planning Program (Mexico City, Mexico, May 2013) Workshop Leaders in Urban Transport Planning Program (Marseille, France, Jun 2013) Workshop Pilot Project for Corporate Mobility Plan (Brazil Energy Efficiency in the Urban Transport Sector; Sao Paulo, Brazil, Jul 2012) Workshop Public Procurement of Energy Efficient Products: Lessons from Around the World (Washington DC, Oct 2012) Workshop TRACE Workshop (ESMAP KEF, Paris, France, Nov 2012) ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES PROGRAM (EASP) Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation /Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Armenia Armenia Power Sector Tariff Study Bosnia and Vrbas Integrated Water-Energy Study Herzegovina Bulgaria Options to Improve Security of Gas Supply China Capacity Building for Smart Grid Development in China (continued on next page) ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2013 95  ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES PROGRAM (EASP) China Enhancing the Institutional Model for District Heating Regulation: Outside Perspectives and Suggestions Global Direct Delivery of Power Subsidy to Rural Consumers Global International Experience with Open Access to Power Grids – Case Study: Open Access to Transmission and Distribution Systems in Brazil Global International Experience with Open Access to Power Grids – Case Study: Open Access to Transmission and Distribution Systems in Turkey Global International Experience with Open Access to Power Grids – Case Study: Open Access to Transmission and Distribution Systems in the Philippines Global International Experience with Open Access to Power Grids – Case Study: Open Access to Transmission and Distribution Systems in Peru Global International Experience with Open Access to Power Grids – Open Access Component Global Key Drivers of PPPs in Electricity Generation in Developing Countries: Cross-Country Evidence of Switching Between PPP Investment in Fossil Fuel and Renewable-Based Generation India Lighting Rural India: Experience of Rural Load Segregation Schemes in States India The Indian Power Sector: A Stocktaking and Directions for the Future - Synthesis Report India The Indian Power Sector: A Stocktaking and Directions for the Future - Governance of Indian State Power Utilities: An ongoing journey India The Indian Power Sector: A Stocktaking and Directions for the Future - Beyond Crisis: Financial Performance of India’s Power Sector India The Indian Power Sector: A Stocktaking and Directions for the Future - Power for All: Electricity Access Challenge in India India The Indian Power Sector: A Stocktaking and Directions for the Future - Elite Capture: Domestic Tariff Subsidies in India India The Indian Power Sector: A Stocktaking and Directions for the Future - Private Sector Participation in the Indian Power Sector: Lessons from Two Decades of Experience (continued on next page) 96  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES PROGRAM (EASP) (continued) India Understanding Private Sector Participation in Hydropower Development LCR Mitigating Vulnerability to High and Volatile Oil Prices : Power Sector Experience in Latin America and the Caribbean MNA Integration of Electricity Networks in the Arab World: Regional Market Structure and Design Nepal Review of Financial Restructuring Plan of Nepal Electricity Authority Peru Planeamiento Minero-Energetico: Bases Conceptuales y Propuesta de Organizacion Philippines Rural Electricity Cooperatives Reform and Restructuring Tajikistan Tajikistan’s Winter Energy Crisis: Electricity Supply and Demand Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Forum Energy-Water-Food-Climate Change Nexus: Buzz Words or Time for Action? (SDN Forum 2013, Washington DC, Mar 2013) Tool Implementation META Tool Implementation conducted in Dominican Republic (May 2013) Tool Implementation META Tool Implementation conducted in Macedonia (Sep 2012) Tool Implementation META Tool Implementation conducted in Jamaica (Feb 2013) Tool Implementation META Tool Implementation conducted in Vietnam (Mar 2013) Tool Implementation META Tool Implementation conducted in Haiti (Apr 2013) Training META Training to AusAid (Australia, Jan 2013) Workshop Integrating Externalities Into Electricity Supply Decisions: Applications of META in the Caribbean Islands and Central America (Washington DC, Mar 2013) RESULTS-BASED FINANCING (RBF) Analytical Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports & Advisory Technical Assistance: Implementation /Advisory Reports, Event Activities Proceedings Documents Global Results-Based Financing in the Energy Sector: An Analytical Guide Knowledge Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and Products External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Workshop Results-Based Financing in the Energy Sector: An Analytical Guide (ESMAP KEF, Paris, France, Nov 2012) ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2013 97  IMPACT STORIES Morocco IMPACT Issue 2: ESMAP Study Highlights Concentrated Solar Power Potential in Morocco (May 2013) Peru IMPACT Issue 4: Electrification Program Helps Boost Incomes in Rural Peru (Jun 2013) Rwanda IMPACT Issue 1: ESMAP Helps Triple Electrification Rates in Rwanda (May 2013) Turkey IMPACT Issue 3: ESMAP Tool Helps Turkish City Make Economic Growth Sustainable (Jun 2013) 98  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM WORLD BANK ANNEX IV GROUP LENDING OPERATIONS INFLUENCED BY ESMAP ACTIVITIES, FY2009–13 99  Over the past five fiscal years (FY2009 through Bank Group energy lending of $14.68 billion. The FY2013), ESMAP activities have contributed to following is a list of lending operations influenced the identification and design of approved World by ESMAP activities during this period. WORLD BANK GROUP LENDING OPERATIONS INFLUENCED BY ESMAP ACTIVITIES, FY2009–13 Region Country WBG Lending Operation AFR Africa Regional and Domestic Power Market Development Project AFR Africa Southern African Power Market Project (Adaptable Program Loan 1) AFR Burkina Faso Energy Access Project AFR Cameroon Energy Sector Development Project AFR Congo, Democratic Republic of Forest Investment Program AFR Congo, Democratic Republic of Growth with Governance in the Mineral Sector AFR Côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone West Africa Power Pool Adaptable Program Loan 4 Liberia, Guinea (Phase 1) AFR Ghana Ghana Energy Development and Access Project AFR Kenya Electricity Expansion Project AFR Liberia Liberia Electricity System Enhancement Project (Additional Financing) AFR Liberia Lighting Lives in Liberia AFR Malawi Energy Sector Project AFR Mali Household Energy and Universal Access Project (Additional Financing) AFR Mali Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program AFR Mozambique Energy Development and Access Project AFR Mozambique Energy Development and Access Project AFR Mozambique-Malawi Mozambique-Malawi Transmission Interconnection Project (Adjustable Programmatic Loan 2) AFR Rwanda Electricity Access Scale-up and Sector Wide Approach Development Project AFR Senegal Second Sustainable and Participatory Energy Management Project (PROGEDE II) (continued on next page) 100  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM WORLD BANK GROUP LENDING OPERATIONS INFLUENCED BY ESMAP ACTIVITIES, FY2009–13 (continued) Region Country WBG Lending Operation AFR South Africa Eskom Renewables Support Project AFR Tanzania Energy Development and Access Project AFR Tanzania Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources EAP Cambodia Rural Electrification and Transmission Project EAP China Beijing Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Scale-Up (Sunshine Schools) Project EAP China Global Environment Facility Provincial Energy Efficiency Scale-up Program EAP China Global Environment Facility Tianjin Eco-city Project EAP China Guangdong Green Freight Demonstration Project EAP China Kunming Urban Rail Project EAP China Ningbo New Countryside Development Project EAP China Shangdong Province Energy Efficiency EAP China Urban Scale Building Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Project EAP Indonesia Climate Change Development Policy Loan I EAP Indonesia Climate Change Development Policy Loan II EAP Indonesia Geothermal Clean Energy Investment Project EAP Lao People’s Democratic Rural Electrification Project – Phase I (Adaptable Republic Program Loan) EAP Lao People’s Democratic Rural Electrification Project – Phase II Republic EAP Mongolia Mining Sector Technical Assistance Project EAP Papua New Guinea Second Mining Sector Institutional Strengthening Technical Assistance EAP Philippines Clean Technology Fund (IFC) EAP Vietnam Climate Change Development Policy Loan 1 EAP Vietnam Climate Change Development Policy Loan 2 EAP Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City Green Transport EAP Vietnam Poverty Reduction Strategy Credit 10 (continued on next page) ESMAP SUMMARY OF RESULTS, FY2013 101  WORLD BANK GROUP LENDING OPERATIONS INFLUENCED BY ESMAP ACTIVITIES, FY2009–13 (continued) Region Country WBG Lending Operation EAP Vietnam Power Sector Reform (Development Policy Operation 2) EAP Vietnam Vietnam Poverty Reduction Strategy Credit 9 EAP Vietnam Vietnam Transmission and Distribution (Additional Financing 2) ECA Armenia Electricity Supply Reliability Project ECA Armenia Energy Efficiency Project ECA Georgia First Competitiveness and Growth Development Policy Operation ECA Georgia Second Competitiveness and Growth Development Policy Operation ECA Macedonia, former Yugoslav Global Environment Facility Sustainable Energy Republic of Project ECA Moldova Energy Project II (Additional Financing) ECA Poland Energy Efficiency Development Policy Loan ECA South Eastern Europe Energy Community of South East Europe Adaptable Program Loan ECA Turkey Energy Community of South East Europe Adaptable Program Loan #6 ECA Turkey Environmental Sustainability and Energy Sector (Development Policy Loan 2) ECA Turkey Private Sector Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Project ECA Turkey Private Sector Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Project (Additional Financing) ECA Turkey Programmatic Electricity Sector Development Policy Loan ECA Turkey Small- and Medium-Enterprises Energy Efficiency Project ECA Ukraine Energy Efficiency Project ECA Ukraine Ukraine Energy Efficiency Project ECA Uzbekistan Energy Efficient Industrial Enterprises (continued on next page) 102  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM WORLD BANK GROUP LENDING OPERATIONS INFLUENCED BY ESMAP ACTIVITIES, FY2009–13 (continued) Region Country WBG Lending Operation LCR Bolivia Decentralized Infrastructure for Rural Transformation Project LCR Brazil Electrobras Distribution Rehabilitation Project LCR Haiti Rebuilding Energy Infrastructure and Access Project LCR Honduras Power Sector Efficiency Enhancement Project LCR Honduras Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program – Honduras Investment Plan LCR Jamaica Energy Investments and Technical Assistance LCR Mexico Efficient Lighting and Appliances LCR Mexico Framework for Green Growth Development Policy Loan LCR Mexico Global Environment Facility Energy Efficient Lighting and Appliances Project LCR Mexico Global Environment Facility Wind Umbrella Project III LCR Mexico Low Carbon Development Policy Loan LCR Peru First Rural Electrification Project LCR Peru Rural Electrification Project LCR Peru Second Rural Electrification Project LCR Uruguay Administracion de las Obras Sanitarias del Estado (OSE) Response for Climate Change Project MNA Djibouti Geothermal Power Generation Project MNA Egypt, Arab Republic of Ain Sokhna Power MNA Egypt, Arab Republic of Giza North Power Project MNA Egypt, Arab Republic of Helwan South Power Project MNA Egypt, Arab Republic of Kom Ombo Solar Power MNA Egypt, Arab Republic of Wind Power Development Project MNA Morocco Energy Sector Development Policy Loan MNA Morocco Ouarzazate Concentrated Solar Power MNA Morocco Urban Transport Development Policy Loan (continued on next page) ESMAP SUMMARY OF RESULTS, FY2013 103  WORLD BANK GROUP LENDING OPERATIONS INFLUENCED BY ESMAP ACTIVITIES, FY2009–13 (continued) Region Country WBG Lending Operation MNA Tunisia Concentrated Solar Power MNA Tunisia Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Investment Project MNA Tunisia Tunisian Electricity and Gas Company (STEG) Concentrated Solar Power MNA West Bank and Gaza Municipal Development Program Phase I SAR Afghanistan Power System Development Project SAR Bangladesh Clean Air Sustainable Environment Project SAR Bangladesh Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development (RERED; Additional Funding) SAR India Coal-Fired Generation Rehabilitation (IBRD) SAR India Coal-Fired Generation Rehabilitation (GEF) SAR India Haryana Power System Improvement Project SAR India IFC Loan for Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Corporation Limited SAR Nepal Kabeli Transmission Project SAR Pakistan Electricity Distribution and Transmission Improvement Program Project World Bank Regions | AFR – Africa | EAP – East Asia and Pacific | ECA – Europe and Central Asia | MNA – Middle East and North Africa | LCR – Latin American and the Caribbean | SAR – South Asia 104  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM COMPLETED, ANNEX V ONGOING, AND NEW ACTIVITIES, FY2013 105  COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager CLEAN ENERGY China Capacity Building for Smart Grid Development Ximing Peng in China China Evaluation of Incentive Mechanisms (Taxation & Yanqin Song Pricing) for Wind Power in China Global Climate Vulnerability in the Energy Sector Pierre Audinet Indonesia Geothermal Risk Mitigation Framework in Anh Nguyet Pham Indonesia Lebanon Wind Power Development Study Simon J. Stolp Nigeria Climate Change Implications for Growth in the Raffaello Cervigni Non-Oil Sector in Nigeria Turkey National Watershed Management Aziz Bouzaher Yemen Yemen Renewable Energy Framework Jianping Zhao ENERGY ACCESS Global Clean Cookstoves Mapping Venkata Ramana Putti Global Gender and Energy Development Strategies Venkata Ramana Putti Program Global Household Energy Access: Lessons Learned and Koffi Ekouevi Scaling Up Opportunities Global Household Energy Guidance Note Koffi Ekouevi LCR Central America Improved Cookstoves Xiaoping Wang Framework Philippines Philippines Rural Electricity Cooperatives: Alan F. Townsend Reform and Restructuring ENERGY EFFICIENCY Belarus Biomass-based District Heating Pekka Kalevi Salminen China Government Facilities Energy Efficiency Project Gailius J. Draugelis Egypt Arab Energy Efficiency Strategy (Phase2) Jianping Zhao Republic of Global Public Procurement of Energy Efficient Products Jasneet Singh Turkey Facilitating Small- and Medium-Enterprise Jas Singh Financing for Energy Efficiency in Turkey (continued on next page) 106  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM COMPLETED ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager Uzbekistan Energy Efficiency Strategy for Industrial Sector Iskander Buranov ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES PROGRAMS (EASP) Armenia Power Sector Tariff Study Artur Kochnakyan Bulgaria Bulgaria Gas Dialogue Peter Johansen China China Heat Regulation (Phase II) Gailius J. Draugelis Global International Experience with Private Sector Victor B. Loksha Participation and Open Access in Power Grids Global Private and Public Sector Roles in the Power Maria Vagliasindi Sector: Towards a New Policy Agenda India Luhri Hydro Electric Project Kwawu Mensan Gaba LCR Managing the Impact of High and Volatile Oil Rigoberto Yepez-Garcia Prices MNA Arab World Electricity Networks Integration Husam Mohamed Beides Peru Technical Assistance for Energy Planning in David Reinstein Peru Tajikistan Power Supply Options Study Daryl Fields NEW ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager CLEAN ENERGY China China Electricity Regulation to Integrate Climate Ximing Peng Change Considerations Djibouti Geothermal Power Generation Project Ilhem Salamon Global Assessing Climate Risks of Electricity Systems Xiaoping Wang Global Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Oliver Knight Indonesia Financing Options with Private Sector Anh Nguyet Pham Participation for a Medium Hydropower Project in Outer Islands Indonesia Indonesia Geospatial Mapping and Least-Cost Dhruva Sahai Electrification Planning in Indonesia LCR Assessment of Geothermal Potential in LCR Migara Jayawardena (continued on next page) completed, ongoing, and new activities, FY2013 107  NEW ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager Mexico Greening Electricity Generation Rigoberto Yepez-Garcia SA Low Water Growth and Water Efficiency in South Charles Joseph Cormier Asia ENERGY ACCESS AFR Enhancing Regional Power Trade in Africa Erik Magnus Fernstrom Burundi SE4ALL Technical Assistance for Burundi Kyran O’Sullivan Global Incubating Innovation for Rural Electrification Venkata Ramana Putti Global State of Access Report Venkata Ramana Putti Guinea SE4ALL Technical Assistance for Guinea Moez Cherif Indonesia Support to the Design of an Results-Based Yabei Zhang Funding Mechanism for the Implementation of the Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative Liberia SE4ALL Technical Assistance for Liberia Zayra Luz Gabriela Romo Mercado Mozambique SE4ALL Technical Assistance for Mozambique Christopher Philip Trimble Papua New Support the Development of an Electrification Roberto Gabriel Aiello Guinea Roll-Out Plan Peru Peru Second Rural Electrification Janina Andrea Franco Salazar Senegal SE4ALL Technical Assistance for Senegal Awa Seck ENERGY EFFICIENCY ECA Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Plan in Buildings Jas Singh Ethiopia CFL and Incandescent Lamp Recycling Abdolreza B. Rezaian Operation Framework Global Capacity Building for Energy Efficiency Urban Om Prakash Agarwal Transport Global Energy Efficient Urban Transport Policy Toolkit Om Prakash Agarwal Kyrgyz Republic, Heating and Energy Efficiency Assessment for Ani Balabanyan Tajikistan the Building Sector of the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan LCR Green Transport and Energy Efficiency Initiatives Shomik Raj Mehndiratta LCR TRACE Model in Pilot Cities in Latin America Todd M. Johnson (continued on next page) 108  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM NEW ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager LCR LCR Regional Workshop on EE/NRW Carmen Rosa Yee- Batista Turkey Sustainable Cities Action Plan Stephen George Karam West Bank and Development of a Manual to Procure New Soraya Goga Gaza Energy Efficient Water/Sewage Pumping, Street Lighting, and Public Building Services ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES PROGRAMS (EASP) AFR Harnessing African Gas for African Power David John Santley AFR Integration of Mining Sector Demand for Power Sudeshna Ghosh Sector Development in Africa Banerjee Armenia Armenia Power Sector Policy Note Artur Kochnakyan ECA Assessment of the Role of Glaciers in Stream Winston Yu Flow from the Pamir and Tien Shan Mountains ECA Strategic Analysis of Water Resources Sanjay Pahuja Development Options in the Upper Amu Darya Basin Global Economic Tradeoffs of the Water and Energy Diego Juan Rodriguez Nexus Global Energy Subsidy Reform and Delivery: Sameer Shukla Safeguarding the Poor and Vulnerable Global International Experience with Private Sector Victor B. Loksha Participation in Power Grids India Institutional Strengthening of Power Utilities in Rohit Mittal North-East Region Indonesia Financing Options with PPP for a Medium Hydro Anh Nguyet Pham Power Project in Outer Islands Iraq Capacity Development for Electricity Sector Simon Stolp Reform Kenya Kenya’s Power Sector: Future Role of the Public Kyran O’Sullivan and Private Sectors Kyrgyz Republic Power Sector Note Ani Balabanyan LCR Energy Sector Diagnostics in Latin America Migara Jayawardena LCR Introduction of Liquefied Natural Gas in Central Rigoberto Yepez-Garcia America and the Caribbean (continued on next page) completed, ongoing, and new activities, FY2013 109  NEW ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager MNA A Compendium on Power Sector in the MNA Fowzia Hassan Region Nicaragua Greater Managua Water and Sanitation Lilian Pena Pereira (PRASMA) Weiss Pakistan Pakistan Power Distribution Non-Technical Rashid Aziz Losses Reduction Strategy Sudan Electricity Sector Strategy Note for South Sudan Raihan Elahi Yemen Yemen Energy Sector Strategy Jianping Zhao SIDS DOCK Cape Verde Cape Verde Energy Conservation and Energy Fabrice Karl Bertholet Efficiency Plan Dominica Geothermal Development in Dominica Migara Jayawardena LCR Eastern Caribbean Energy Regulation Authority Chandra Shekhar Sinha Mauritius Preparation of a Grid Code, Feed-in-Tariffs & Noreen Beg Model Energy Supply Purchase Agreements for Renewable Energy Systems Greater than 50kW Sao Tome and Power Sector Efficiency Improvement Silvia Martinez Romero Principe Seychelles Determination of the Grid Absorption Capacity of Silvia Martinez Romero the Public Utilities Corporation Grid Code, Feed- in-Tariff for Renewable Energy Vanuatu Vanuatu Energy Sector Development Project Kamleshwar Prasad Khelawan ONGOING ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager CLEAN ENERGY China Defining and Measuring Low Carbon Cities in Xiaodong Wang China Global Clean Energy Guidebooks and Briefs Silvia Martinez Romero Global Clean Energy Staff Training and Knowledge Silvia Martinez Romero Platform (continued on next page) 110  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ONGOING ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager Global Energy Sector Low Carbon Development Pierre Audinet Operational Support Global Geothermal Scale-up Investment Plan Pierre Audinet Global Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in Silvia Martinez Romero Sustainable Infrastructure Global Low Carbon Development in Power Sector Venkata Ramana Putti Global Smart Grids Knowledge Exchange Platform Marcelino Madrigal India Concentrated Solar Power Initiative Ashish Khanna LCR Climate Change Auctions Best Practices Chandra Shekhar Sinha MNA North Africa Regional CSP Scale-Up Initiative Chandrasekar Govindarajalu Tunisia Low Carbon Action Plan for Transport Sector Olivier P. Le Ber Tunisia Low Carbon Power Sector Strategy Fanny Kathinka Missfeldt-Ringius ENERGY ACCESS AFR AAA ESMAP Lighting Africa Dana Rysankova AFR Africa Electrification Experience Raluca Georgiana Golumbeanu AFR Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA) Juliet Pumpuni AFR Clean Cooking Initiative for Africa Dana Rysankova Ghana Energy Sector Review Sunil W. Mathrani Global Defining and Measuring Access to Energy Mikul Bhatia Global Economics of Household Energy Venkata Ramana Putti Liberia Catalyzing New and Renewable Energy in Rural Clemencia Torres De Liberia Mastle ENERGY EFFICIENCY AFR Energy Efficiency Development in African Cities Karan Capoor Brazil Brazil Green Freight Transport Georges Bianco Darido China Issues and Options in Monitoring, Verification, Xiaodong Wang and Reporting in Energy Efficiency Global Making Cities More Energy Efficient Feng Liu (continued on next page) completed, ongoing, and new activities, FY2013 111  ONGOING ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager Global Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy – Pedzi Makumbe Deployment and Dissemination Ukraine Facilitating Commercial Municipal Energy Astrid Manroth Efficiency Finance in Ukraine ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES PROGRAMS (EASP) ECA Regional Energy Development Strategy Update Salvador Rivera Egypt, Arab Cairo Congestion Study Ziad Salim El Nakat Republic of Egypt, Arab Policy Note on Social Accountability in the Egypt Waleed Saleh I. Alsuraih Republic of Energy Sector Global Direct Delivery of Power Subsidy to Rural Mohinder P. Gulati Consumers Global Model for Electricity Technology Assessment Sameer Shukla (Deployment Phase) India The Indian Power Sector: A Stocktaking and Sheoli Pargal Directions for the Future LCR Impacts of High Oil Prices in Latin America Rigoberto Yepez-Garcia MNA Synchronization of Mashreq, Turkey, and Waleed Saleh I. Alsuraih European Union Electricity Grids Morocco Natural Gas Master Plan (Phase II) Fanny Kathinka Missfeldt-Ringius Niger Energy Sector Assessment Issa Diaw RESULTS-BASED FINANCING Global Results-based Funding for Energy Sector Oliver Knight Development SIDS DOCK Global Small Island Developing States Revolving Fund Almudena Mateos Options Paper Merino Global Promoting Innovation in Renewable Energy and Habiba Gitay Energy Efficiency in Small Island Developing States Global Virtual Network to Support SIDS DOCK Platform Ethelstan Angus Friday World Bank Regions | AFR – Africa | EAP – East Asia and Pacific | ECA – Europe and Central Asia | MNA – Middle East and North Africa | LCR – Latin American and the Caribbean | SAR – South Asia 112  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM PUBLICATIONS, ANNEX VI FY2013 113  ISBN, Pub. No., Country/ Title Author/PTL/Program Or Project ID Region Brochure AFR ACCES | Africa Clean Cooking Srilata Kammila Energy Solutions Initiative P129287 Armenia Power Sector Tariff Study Artur Kochnakyan, Ani Balabanyan, Pedro Antmann, Caterina Ruggeri, Laderchi, Anne Oliver, Lauren Pierce, Denzel Hankinson P120664 China Enhancing The Institutional Gailius Draugelis, Beatriz Model for District Heating Arizu de Jablonski, Bernd Regulation: Outside Kalkum, Fernando Lecaros, Perspectives and Suggestions Valdas Lukoševičius, (English & Chinese) Emmanuel Py P117407 Egypt Helwan South 3x650 MWe Gas- Waleed Saleh I. Alsuraih Fired Steam Power Project (10 vols.) Administrative Global 2012 ESMAP Annual Report Nick Keyes Report P114371 Global Commercial Woodfuel Rogerio Carneiro de ESMAP Knowledge Production | Experience from Miranda, Steve SEpp (ECO- Series 012/12 Three Locally Controlled Wood CONSULT), Elaine Ceccon Production Models (UNAM); edited by Matthew Owen (consultant) P125368 Global Connecting to Compete – Jean-Rancois Arvis, Monica Trade Logistics in the Global Alina Mustra, Lauri Ojala Economy: The Logistics (consultant), Ben Shepherd, Performance Index and its Daniel Saslavsky Indicators Administrative Global ESMAP FY2014–16 Business Rohit Khanna Report Plan P127172 Global Geothermal Handbook | Magnus Gehringer, Victor ESMAP Technical Planning and Financing Power Loksha Report 002/12 Generation P1230004 Global Integrating Gender Wendy Hughes, Vanessa ESMAP Knowledge Considerations into Energy Lopes Janik, Yvette Bossman Series 014/13 Operations (continued on next page) 114  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (continued) ISBN, Pub. No., Country/ Title Author/PTL/Program Or Project ID Region P27168 Global Planning for a Low Carbon Oliver Knight ESMAP Knowledge Future | Lessons Learned from Series 011/12 Seven Country Studies P127039 Global Public Procurement of Energy Jas Singh, Alicia Culver, ESMAP Technical Efficient Products | Lessons Melis Bitlis Report 003/12 from Around the World P127532 Global Results-Based Financing Vivid Economics for Oliver ESMAP Technical in the Energy Sector | An Knight Report 004/13 Analytical Guide P120423 Global Revisiting Public-Private Maria Vagliasindi WB Study Partnerships in the Power 978–0-8213–9762–6 Sector P127219 Global Sustainable Household Energy ESMAP brochure for All Joint Study Global Global Tracking Framework Banerjee, Sudeshna Ghosh; Bhatia, Mikul; Azuela, Gabriela Elizondo; Jaques, Ivan; Sarkar, Ashok; Portale, Elisa; Bushueva, Irina; Angelou, Nicolina; Inon, Javier Gustavo P110853 Jordan Carbon Capture and Storage Husam Beides Capacity Building Technical Assistance P119291 LCR Mitigating Vulnerability to High Rigoberto Ariel Yépez- WB Directions in and Volatile Oil Prices: Power García, Julie Dana Development Sector Experience in Latin 978–0-8213–9577–6 America and the Caribbean P124390 LCR What have we learned about Xiaoping Wang, Janina household biomass cooking in Franco, Omar R. Masera, Central America? (English & Karin Troncoso, Mara X. Spanish) Rivera P113858 Lebanon Large-scale Solar Water Simon Stolp Heater Market Development Program in Lebanon P113858 Lebanon Thermal Standards for Simon Stolp Buildings: Review of the Implementation Plan (continued on next page) PUBLICATIONS, FY2013 115  (continued) ISBN, Pub. No., Country/ Title Author/PTL/Program Or Project ID Region P117818 Nigeria Assessing Low-Carbon Raffaello Cervigni, John WB Study Development in Nigeria | An Allen Rogers, Irina Dvorak 978–0-8213–9973–6 Analysis in Four Sections (editors) P117818 Nigeria Low-Carbon Development: Raffaello Cervingni, John WB Directions in Opportunities for Nigeria Allen Rogers, Max Herion Development (editors) 978–0-8213–9925– 5 P117818 Nigeria Toward Climate-Resilient Raffaello Cervingni, John Development in Nigeria Allen Rogers, Max Herion (editors) P111567 Rwanda Rwanda | Extending Access Arun Sanghvi (consultant), ESMAP Knowledge to Energy: Lessons from a Ben Gerrtsen (Castalia Series 013/12 Sector-Wide Approach Strategic Advisors) P129244 Turkey Sample Guidelines | Esra Arıkan, Gerhard Cumulative Environmental Dieterle, Aziz Bouzaher, Impact Assessment for İbrahim Haluk Çeribaşı Hydropower Projects in Turkey (consultant, editor), Dündar Emre Kaya (consultant, editor), Shinya Nishimura, Ülker Karamullaoğlu, Bilgen Kahraman PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS Song, Yanqin, & Berrah, Noureddine. (2013). SUPPORTED BY ESMAP China: West or East Wind, Getting the Incentives Right. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Golumbeanu, Raluca, & Barnes, Douglas. (2013). Connection Charges And Electricity Access in Sub- Sustainable Energy Department (SEG)/World Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Bank – IEA. (2013). Global Tracking Framework Report. Khandker, Shahidur R., Samad, Hussain A., Ali, Rubaba; & Barnes, Douglas F. (2012). Are the Troccoli, A., Audinet, P., Bonelli, P. et al. (2013). Energy Poor also Income Poor? Evidence from India. Promoting New Links between Energy and Meteo- Energy Policy,47: 1–12. rology. Bulletin of the American Meteorology Soci- ety, 94 (4): ES36–40. 116  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ABG Annual Block Grant ACCES Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions initiative ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank AEI Africa Electrification Initiative AFD Agence Française de Dévelopement AfDB African Development Bank AFREA Africa Renewable Energy and Access Program AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States ASTAE Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program BEIA Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa CA Cities Alliance CEETI City Energy Efficiency Transformation Initiative CEIA Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment CEIF Clean Energy Investment Framework CIF Climate Investment Funds CFL compact florescent lamp CO2 carbon dioxide CG Consultative Group CSP Concentrated Solar Power DOE Department of Energy DKK Danish krone DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EASP Energy Assessments and Strategies Program EC electricity cooperatives EDD Electricité de Djibouti EECI Energy Efficient Cities Initiative EFFECT Energy Forecasting Framework and Emissions Consensus Tool EEUCPRA Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency 117  EIA Environmental Impact LG-QTM Lighting Global Quality Test Assessment Method ESMAP Energy Sector Management M&E Monitoring and Evaluation Assistance Program MACTool Marginal Abatement Cost Tool ESW Economic and Sector Work META Model for Electricity Technology EU European Union Assessment EUEI PDF EU Energy Initiative Partnership MOHURD Ministry of Housing and Urban Dialogue Facility and Rural Development (China) GACC Global Alliance for Clean MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund Cookstoves MW megawatt GDP Gross Domestic Product OSE Obras Sanitarias del Estado GEF Global Environment Facility (Uruguay) GHG greenhouse gas OECD Organisation for Economic GGDP Global Geothermal Development Co-operation and Development Plan PforR Program-for-Results GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für PPF Project Preparation Facility Internationale Zusammenarbeit PPP Public-Private Partnerships GREIN Global Renewable Energy Islands PSRC Public Services Regulatory Network Commission GTFS General Transit Feed Specification PV photovoltaic GW gigawatt RBA Results-Based Aid GWh gigawatt hour RBF Results-Based Financing HESCO Hyderabad Electricity Supply RE renewable energy Corporation REA Rural Energy Agency IDB Inter-American Development REEP Renewable Energy Electrification Bank Program IDA International Development SDN Sustainable Development Association Network IEA International Energy Agency SE4ALL Sustainable Energy for All IEC International Electrochemical SETRAVI La Secretaría de Transportes y Commission Vialidad (Mexico) IFC International Finance Corporation SIDS Small Island Developing States IRENA International Renewable Energy SME Small and Medium Enterprise Agency SREP Scaling-up Renewable Energy JPO Junior Professional Officer Program KEF Knowledge Exchange Forum SWAPs Sector Wide Approaches LED Light-Emitting Diode TA Technical Assistance 118  ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TAG Technical Advisory Group WORLD BANK REGIONS TRACE Tool for Rapid Assessment of City AFR – Africa Energy EAP – East Asia and Pacific UNDP United Nations Development ECA – Europe and Central Asia Program MNA – Middle East and North Africa WBG World Bank Group LCR – Latin America and the Caribbean WHO World Health Organization SAR – South Asia All dollar figures ($), unless otherwise specified, are in United States dollars. PUBLICATIONS, FY2013 119  Copyright © 2013 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ THE WORLD BANK GROUP 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing December 2013 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors, denominations, other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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