THE GLO-AAL, CNMA ZE- - Iz T ,i h n>O~~~~~Vo { 6. n o . 2 A'I w~~~~~~~ L W iSLd an l-Mayors Takp harge What,bities Earn, <. And Spend-/' , ,-, ,. V -'if 4 i /. , /, ->s. X> ; , , ,r "~ 't KNK;'V2- '- \ \ , ...... - Xt\s 9 ' 1- e; ........\.,... _~~~~ - f wunLU~~~~~~it fou on staege to devea CONFERENCE - Ji . *~ * 4!. \\N\\\\11 1|l||!|!//An initiative to develop partnerships - g ? 1/://t - ~~between officials from cities around the il t ~~~~~~world and the international private sector, v S2s _ = ^ .: 0 ~~with a focus on strategies to developD competitive urban economies ; -t--> | . OseW by Joes Wovlf OsohA, ' ' P #of W4aI4"Bia* i iS SPECIAL FOCUS ON: f0 - - 8 r4wtrfirm Mt io t Infrasructure Sango, Rme anM ti.. Communications and4 Panel Discussion by Capital City Mayors Information Te;hnology Urban Financing Strategies Industry and Commerce Capital Markets and Public Services Secrets of Success Attracting International Events . FOR INFORMATION, CONTACT. MgkoWn Lockt,$nior Program - X t Diru io,. br uiI-c Dv,etopeiK Cowess, 50200, - ., '' * * $*C'mI~ P1iru,f MA 018mr-793-2507: F -781-939-2515,-, E-mail & thPap ~~* CtfrleR xsyUft G ; W 'QMs¢l# MNA Life Outside The Cocoon OMPUTERS WERE SUPPOSED to liberate us from connections to either place or time. Alone in our cocoons-or so the theory went- U7 f Urbo we would telecommute from the exurbs and free ouselves from the j Manaemeor stress of direct human communication. This theory would have been l another disaster for the American city already robbed of its citizens Th s Issue of UrbanAge by the lure of better services, lower taxes and safer environs in the suburbs. is funded by the Federation of However, the emergence of the New Economy and its "portfolio" work- adia na teseb Cano ers, described by Neal Peirce in the American Urban Challenge, whose in- Agency), the Dutch Menistry of dustnies are the ones that will take us into the 21st century-entertainment, tourism and multi-me- Foreign Affairs and the World dia-involves intense, creative connections among people meeting and exchanging ideas. Although Bank. Developmental funding has fueled by the computer chip, this economy is predicated on human interaction. been provided by the UNDP The point of any city is innovation, theforcing of new ideas. This is the premise of our new 12-page Urban Managment Programme B Survey where we look at how technology and cities affect each other. Our definition of technology and theWorld Bank, is broad: those man-made systems that make life easier and more efficient. This encompasses the need for urban communities everywhere to make appropriate and sustainable technology choices. Un nAge pnblshedfourtmesa arand See our piece on condominial and small bore sewerage systems in Cartagena, Colombia and Brazil. s ava acle to deve oping country sub- Look for Howard French's story of frustration and innovations in city management in Abid- scrbers fre of charged Deve oped ountruy subscribers are charger (U S) $20 arnura- jan, Cote d'lvoire and Giovanni Padula's article on the Euro and its effect on investment, mobility Iy Ed, ora ofices are at Roorm F4K 256, and labor in European cities. You will also find intriguing data on what cities cam and spend in City USA Fa. 202e522-2 J25 E-rall Edsto, D Indicators and a story about the legendary cities of Samarkand and Bukhara of Central Asia in Por- mnencenwor1dbankavorg; Subscr ber Serc vices pmoranisvor dban,org;Adtert s g trait of a City. nharrlscn5_xor dhanr org deas encessed We are preparing future surveys on water, the city economy, corruption, aging and disaster in UrnAb naentheauthn v'and do nottec- essar,l represet:L tee views o' an> tee preparedness. Send us your reaction to this new way of presenting our ideas. geyos rtrgan-atotn.© theThe anterina nonal Baank for Reconstruaton and Etedi oprenttheeWorld Bank 818 H Sieet NVV, nWahngtong, DC020433, USA Ai rights ce- served. Prntd by Un td Lthgraphics on recycled paper asmng soy-based nrs. (ISSN 1560-0483) EDITORIAL STAFF EDITORIAL BOARD REGIONAL EDITIONS MARGARET BERGEN ALIOUNE BADIANE, Urban NIGEL HARRIS, Unversity EMIEL WEGELIN, Insttute BEIJING: WANG JINGXIA, ED!TOCR-IN CHIEF Management Programme, Co ege, London, England of Housing and Urban Yu Li, QIN FENGXIA, Abidjan Cote Ivore NADEZHDA KOSAREVA, Deveopment Studies, CAO XINXIN and MANACINC Ecirer YVES CABANNES,Uroan nstituteforUrban Rotterdam,The Netherlands GAO JIAN,ChnaAcademy MANAGfI\NG EDITOr Management Programme, Economics, Moscow,Russia Yu Li China Academy of Urban of Urban Plann ng and ANNABEL BILES Quito, Ecuador CHARLES LANDRY, Chairman, Planning and Desgn, Beijing, Desgn ASS'rTANT EDITOR JAMES H. CARR, Fannie Mae Comedia Stroud, Engand Chna CAIRO: RANDA FOUAD, Foundation,Washington, DC, ROBERT H. McNULTY, UMP Arab States BONOTOM STUDIO, INC. USA Partners forLivable ADVISORY BOARD WAGDI RIAD Chief DESIGN, VICTOR FALKENHEIM,Unversity Communities,Washington, DC, G. SHABBIR CHEEMA, United Environment Department, ELLEN CALLOWAY ofToronto,Toronto, Canada USA Nations Development Al-Ahrem Newspaper PHoTo EDnTOR MICHAEL FISHMAN Sam MOHAMAD MACHNOUK, Programme, NewYorkCty, QUITO:YVES CABANNES, Schwartz & Co., NewYork City Eco Nevls Beirut, Beirut Lebanon USA PETER CLAESSON, and NITA CONGRESS USA LYNDSAY NEILSON, University JOHN FLORA, TheWorld Bank RICHARD HUBER UMP Latn Cop, EDiTos RANDA FOUAD, Urban of Canberra, Canberra, Washington, DC, USA AmeOca and the Caribbean Management Programme. Austral,a JACQUES JOBIN, Federation Moscow: NADEZHDA PATRICIA MORAN Cairo, Egypt GIOVANNI PADULA,IiMondo, of Canadian Municipalites, KoSAREvA and YELENA ROGER GRAEF, Films of Record, NewYo-k City. USA Ottawa, Canada UrbAN E nosu London, England JONAS RABINOVITCH,United BAS M.VAN NOORDENNE Utan Economics Nat ons Development Ministry of Foreign Affairs Programme, NewYork Cty, The Hague,The Netherlands USA 9 AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAge Gino ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AUTUMN 1998 VOLUME 6 NUMBER 2 THE GLOBAL CITY MAGAZINE 3 Breaking The Mold Newly elected West African city leaders struggle to provide competitive services despite the continuing heavy hand of central government. By HOWARD FRENCH 6 The Euro Age Will the Euro create a new urban landscape where European cities compete to attract clusters of industries, services and talent? * ~~~By GIOVANNI PADULA A SCRVEY OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE CITY Cities2areplaces where new ideas emerge that force technological innovation. Cites ow utsource products and services cheaply and efficiently thrughadvnces in global communication and transportation networks. BY NIEL HRRIS 12 Ne Yorks Invisible Construction Infastuctrerepair and maintenance may be revolutionized thrughth us ofinisileconstruction techniques. 15 ranporatin:Smart Moves 17 Snittio: LWV Tech Still Works 18 GI: MapingThe Future 20 TheStateOf The Ait-NEWS, PRODucTrsAND INFORMATION 1 Ediors Note 28 Portrait of A City 22 American Urban Challenge- by Michael Webb The New Workplace 31 Letters to the Editor by Neal Peirce 32 City Indicators 24 Review: Architecture of 34 City Resource Guide Independence37 Clna by Jonathan Hale37 Clna COVER ILLUSTRATION BY ANDY ZITO / THE IMAGE BANK 2 UrbanAge AUTUMN 1998 West African city halls have become home to more dynamic officials with ambitious programs. But their revolution cannot be completed until central authorities loosen their control over the purse strings and decision making powers of municipal government. DECADE OF ECONOMIC DRIFT sprawling city Street-sweeping crews began clearing long- has imparted to Abidjan the cluttered and clogged gutters, municipal agents began closing down rundown look common to almost every makeshift wooden market stalls that had rendered side- large city on this continent. But by the mid- walks unpassable, public parks began to sprout here and dle of this decade, something astonishing there, and street lamps were installed in previously dark had begun to occur in the streets of this and dangerous areas, reviving whole neighborhoods. Pierre Amondji, Mayor of the comnmune of Adjame in the capital of the Ivory Coast, Abidljan, gives a diploma to a young womnan who will work for the mayor's office educating local women about hygiene and proper waste disposal. C> AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAge 3 "True decentralization would mean that the local communities not The clean-up drives and zoning changes, whatsoever where our finances are con- neighborhood makeovers and rush to cre- only generate their own cemed," explains Maguette Komena, gen- ate new services for citizens were not the eral secretary at the city hall of Abidjan's result of any administrative order from on funds, but that they be Plateau district. "Our budget must be ap- high, or even sudden inspiration on the allowed to retain control proved by the DGCT, and a whole steeple- part of local leaders. Instead, both officials chase of hurdles must be run to get ap- and ordinary citizens here describe them over their use proval foy any expenditure of more than as a fruit of the electoral competition that $350." swept this country, indeed most of this con- Plateau is, in many ways the demo- tinent, as multiparty politics began to take graphic and financial opposite of Adjame. hold for the first time at the start of the As the downtown business and adminis- 1990s. trative district, it has fewer than 12,000 res- ServicesThatWork old-fashioned theories of redistribution. idents. But because it is home to many of Wealthy communities, particularly in the the country's largest businesses, its tax base In the process, the commune of Adjame, a capital, are expected to help sustain the is among the strongest. In Plateau, more bustling working class and commercial dis- poor. than anywhere else in the country, the gov- trict that is among Abidjan's largest quar- Thus, while a municipality like Adjame, ernment's approach to fiscal decentraliza- ters, has been all but transformed. Once with nearly one million residents, many tion-its attempt to equalize resources by trash-filled streets are now kept clean by of them poor, shows uncommon dynamism spreading the collective wealth-means broom-wielding city workers. A multi-sto- that it is being largely deprived of access to ry African-style market is rising to replace Abidjan its own resources-a fact that ensures that the warren of cluttered and dangerous side > the community remains one of the sleepi- streets that served as the neighborhood's Adjame est and least-changing in the capital. informal bazaar. And white-smocked in- ocody "Decentralization in Ivory Coast has spectors regularly make the rounds of the come to mean that the [central] govern- community's innumerable cafes ensuring P eument gets out of the business of providing that food served to the working class pop- services, but remains very much engaged ulation is not only cheap, but sanitary. chville in consuming resources," wryly observed Pierre Amondji, the opposition politi- Treichvile one senior official. "True decentralization cian who is mayor of Adjame, is-like .,, would mean that the local communities not almost any municipal official in this coun- only generate their own funds, but that they try-quick to protest that the revolution of be allowed to retain control over their use." municipal decentralization under way here Even among the presumed main bene- is nearly as incomplete as Africa's overall ficiaries of the country's approach to de- drive toward full-fledged democracy centralization-the small towns that dot Ivory Coast may stand out from the /2 the country's interior-there is much dis- many other former French colonies in West FAS tcontent regarding the state's role in local Africa for its relative affluence and for the governance. Much-needed funds are still remarkable degree of political stability it in increasing its OR'CGMT GHANA S lacking, despite the resource redistribution has enjoyed since independence in 1960. receipts by levy- exercised by the state. Further, the inter- But in its strong tradition of highly cen- ing modest taxes vention in fiscal affairs experienced by larg- tralized govemment, in large part a legacy on market stalls, er, more prosperous municipalities is not of French colonialism, its fitful progress to- butcher shops, restaurants and other small as much in evidence here-creating some- ward decentralization, in which local au- businesses, nearly half of its revenues end thing of a power vacuum. tonomy is decreed but only haltingly en- up going elsewhere. Small Town Innovation acted, is very much par for the region. Limited Automony "Despite the fact that we are raising Perhaps not surpnsingly, with their vastly much larger sums of money on our own, A further limitation on local autonomy inferior resources and immensely greater by law we still have to deposit everything comes in the form of the central govern- needs, many of these poorer townships we collect in accounts controlled by the ment's powerful oversight board, known as have been finding ways to finance local pro- government. In the end, they still decide the General Directorate of Territorial Col- jects whose execution may set the example what we get in return and even-to a cer- lectivities, or DGCT, according to its for much richer communities and eventu- tain degree-what we can spend it on," says French-language acronym. All local bud- ally persuade the central government to Amondji. gets must be approved by the DGCT, which loosen its grip on municipal purse strings. Part of the theory undergirding the con- keeps a tight grip on substantive munici- For example, in Gagnoa, a city of ap- tinuing tight central control is based on pal expenditures."We have no autonomy proximately 250,000 inhabitants about 300 4 Urban Age AUTUMN 1998 "We have managed to triple our budget by raising local taxes, and nobody has kilometers to the northwest of Abidjan, elections were formalities and the office of elected officials have been waiting for years complained because they mayor was largely an honorific title," notes for the govemment to come up with funds Amondji. "We have managed to triple our for a series of long-requested local projects, see that local government budget by raising local taxes, and nobody including a new municipal station for long- has complained because they see that lo- distance buses and taxis. Tired of waiting, is giving them valuable cal government is giving them valuable the city's elected administration convened rv for th frst ti services for the first time." a meeting of local transportation compa- servcesfo efis me. The democratization that seemed to be nies and convinced them all to contribute changing Africa's political face so dramat- funds for the building of the modest but ically has faltered somewhat at the national handsome hangar-like terminal that is re- level in many countnes. But one of its ear- placing the trash-strewn lot that has served liest and apparently most lasting achieve- as the town's bus stop for as long as any- terior and, indeed, other cities of this re- ments was to push a wave of municipal de- one can remember. gion-wherever electoral competition at centralization that has brought along with "We know that we can live by our own the local level has remained fierce, dynamic it such innovations as official accountabil- means, on the condition that the state does- new municipal officials have begun raising ity, direct citizen involvement in gover- n't take anything from us," said Arsene local taxes, offering new services and orga- nance and responsible-and responsive- Sibailly, Gagnoa's mayor. "At any rate, it is nizing constituents into neighborhood leadership.' pretty difficult to count on the state for watch groups to fight crime, school build- your needs these days, so we get by on our ing committees to make primary education HOWARD W. FRENCH has just completed own creativity" more accessible to the poor. afour-year assignment as The New York In one neighborhood of Abidjan after "What is being done here represents a Times correspondent in West Africa. another-as in the smaller cities of the in- night and day change from the past, when Reach a Unique Intenal rv The Challenge for the New Urban Age: - Audience in Urban Planning, .The Management of Cities Infrasbucture Development, a m It Is Essential for Governments to Train Managers for This Challenge Finance and City Government a The Centre for Developing Cities Provides Your advertisement Centre for Developing Cities the Necessary Education and Training can now be a part of the world's The Centre's Urban Management Program welcomes your participation in our premier publication education and training programs: Twelve months Masters Degree by course w 5 dedicated to . work; Six months Graduate Diploma by course work; A short course program urban affairs in the for professional development; PhD research programs developing world. With a combined Participation in any of the courses offered will enable circulation of over students to develop knowledge and expertise in: 3800and editions3 S r ; _ r 8,00 and ditios . Urban Economic Development a, ~~~~~~~In English,Arabic, - ..~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sutiablt of Ura Systemslvo Ubn vtes Spanish, Russian, Mandarin and French, Urban : n o U Systems '. A . 1 ' I I . e *~~~ Urban Poverty Alleviation Age is ideally situated to reach the expanding : Urb Pover talevan I urban development marketplace in finance, Urban Eolircs and Governancem- rn anagement, Infrastructure development and - mplanagement,infrastructure development.ad * Globalisation, Urbanisation and Economic Growth Faculty of planning; . Infrastructure Financing and Management Environmental Design For more information, contact- . Strategic Planning University of Canberra Nick Harrison, Managing Editor UrbanAge 1818 H Street NW, Room F4K-268 For information and applications please contact Professor Lyndsay Neilson: Centre for Developing Washington, DC 20433 . Cities. Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Canberra ACT 2601 Australia. Telephone: 202-458-8002 Phone: 61 2 (02) 6201 2315 Fax: 61 2 (02) 6201 2342 Fax: 202-522-2125 Email: lrn@design.canberra.edu.au Web Site: http://cities.canberra.edu.au E-mail: nharrison@worldbank.org Intensive and/or supplementary English language courses can be provided to support students whose primay language is not English. AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAge 5 'a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' U8 W A P-MM NEXT YEAR, the European Monetary Union (EM U) will become a club Powerful enough to change the world economy. Its 11I members will host 263 million consumers in a trading zone estimated at US$7 trillion. Its gross domestic product will be nearly 80 percent that of the United States and 50 percent larger than mjapant. Tw O~ ~N JANUARY 1, 1999, the 11 EMU countries will adopt a single curprency-the Euro- m t capia a which will replace national currencies in day-to-day ,m~irEEV~7 transactions by July 2001. . The EMU will have a single central bank based in Frankfurt-the European Central Bank (ECB). to create the forerunner of a Pan-European The size and direction of these movements In addition to its profound effect on the stock market, It is a move that will boost are still difficult to predict, but different hy- European and world economies, the EMU the financial and banking industry in those potheses are emerging. will also have an impact on the future two cities while leaving the Paris Bourse Concentrating Specialization growth and development of European out in the cold. cities. A unique institutional experiment, The real challenge for these European Two important economic forces could be the EMU may catch many cities and regions cities can be summed up in one word: mo- triggered by the EMU and the disappear- off guard if they do not prepare for the con- bility The EMU's monetary integration may ance of economic borders in Europe. The sequences of its deeper economic integra- trigger a much higher mobility of invest- first is that certain activities may benefit tion. A case in point is the surprising an- ments, capital and labor in Europe-a from what economists call "agglomeration nouncement lastjuly that the London and process strengthened in the last decade be- effects," which means that companies could Frankfurt stock exchanges plan to team up tween the 15 European Union countries, reap rewards by clustering in cities-nor- 6 UrbanAke AUJTUMN 1998 mally big cities-that have developed an dominant force, some experts suggest that joins the EMU) to Portugal. Therefore the industrial specialization. The second idea Europe's industry structure will gradually cost of doing business, which today makes is that the Euro could lower the cost of do- become more similar to that of the United London or Munich attractive places for ing business in smaller cities. Economic ac- States, where many industries tend to be companies, will be lower also in Lisbon or tivities that were too expensive, except in concentrated in specific cities, regions or Bilbao. "Differences in transaction costs will larger cities, to carry out before the creation districts. Paul Krugman, an economist at be reduced by the Euro," says Robert Koll, of a single currency could now spread the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an economist at the Ifo Institute in Munich. across smaller urban centers. The balance suggests that the push toward agglomera- "Besides that, there is a limit to how big between these two forces wvill help deter- tion can edge Europe toward a monocen- cities can grow After a certain level, the of- mine the cities that win or lose in the in- tric trend. "The most ambitious bankers fice cost and the land cost can rise too much vestment game. The agglomeration effect plays a crucial role in industries that predominate in big The real challengefor these European cities cities today: mostly tradable services like fi- nance, insurance, media and entertainment. c bpi These high-value-added services can be can be summed up inone word. m obloE .7 traded faster and more effectively thanks to spectacular innovations in telecommunica- tions and computers. A report published will keep going to London and the best and discourage investments." His view is last May by Cambridge Econometrics-a aeronautic engineers will concentrate in shared by some European city officials. British consulting and research company- France around Toulouse," says Krugman. London, Paris or the Rhine region in Ger- anticipates that the EMU will remove some The monocentric order could also emerge many are already badly affected by traffic key barriers to trade in these industries. in high-tech industries where external and congestion, according to David Weis- Tradable services in Europe will therefore economies and a pool of skilled labor are sert, the chief economist of the Berlin gov- become more concentrated. This has already crucial factors. The rapid success of Silicon emmient. "When a city or a region reaches happened in the United States, where New Valley in California, which in the decade a high density, the negative inefficiencies of York emerged as the financial and banking between 1983 and 1993 replaced Route the agglomeration begin carrying their giant, Chicago as the center of futures trad- 128 near Boston as the engine of the U.S. weight and prevent further growth," Weis- ing, Hartford as an insurance city and Los software and computer industry, shows sert says. An indirect effect of the growth Angeles as the entertainment mecca. how powerful agglomeration forces can be. limits of big cities, according to Weissert, "In some instances, the EMU will ac- Krugman admits, however, that "It may re- could be the strengthening of a trend that celerate trends already evident in the sin- quire much stronger agglomeration forces is already taking place in Germany: the gle market," says Dino Pinelli, an econo- to destroy the polycentric order that exists growth of the urban areas that surround mist at Cambridge Econometrics. "In in Europe." others, the impact of the EMU on cities will Lowered Costs become more evident when companies, es- pecially large ones, decide to relocate from Other experts downplay the importance of one European city to the other. Such move- the agglomeration forces and the mono- ments can have dramatic effects on cities, centric trend. They maintain that the sin- especially if they involve key activities like gle currency will lower transaction costs research, financial services or transport.' across the EMU countries. That means that Pinelli thinks that, overall, this process of the red tape, fees, and high administrative relocation in Europe will create more win- and legal costs which are the result of hav- ners than losers. But, he warns, "If a city ing so many currencies and different regu- keeps itself limited only to traditional in- lations will disappear. Standard solutions dustries, it is bound to join the losers." for contracts will prevail from Gennany to If the agglomeration effect became the Spain, from the United Kingdom (when it AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAge 7 the core city or that are located between as in Greece, Southern Italy and certain two big cities. Th e zones in Portugal and Spain. One impor- Recent trends in the geographical pat- e eeper economzc tant consequence of the single currency and tern of investments in Europe offer a good the single central bank is that the EMU gauge for their future directions in "Eu- integration of the EMU countries will not be able to devalue the roland." Undoubtedly, many traditional currency or lower interest rates to boost in- manufacturing industries will continue to w t vestment and employment at home. If an abandon Europe, heading toward emerg- will reinforce the battle external shock, such as an outflow of in- ing markets and developing countries vestments due to a recession, hits one of where low labor costs prevail. Some of them between competing cities to these regions, there are few options. Work- will relocate in the countries at Europe's pe- ers can either migrate to other European riphery. But the high end of the manufac- regions and cities, or jobs and wages in the turing industry, where research and highly attract key players in the area could go down to attract new business; skilled labor are crucial competitive factors, this process has often taken place in the will still be located in and around European high-tech industry United States. But traditionally, the Euro- core cities. The deeper economic integra- pean labor market has been much more tion of the EMU, however, will reinforce rigid than that of the United States, and la- the battle between competing cities to at- bor mobility has been limited by factors tract key players in the high-tech industry. such as differences in culture and language. Competition for Investment Many other core European cities such These areas could actually end up even as Cardiff, Birmingham and Glasgow are worse off in Euroland if they are unable to A precise assessment of the city economic also trying to retain or attract high-tech ac- attract new business. In theory, economi- profile and the know-how for marketing tivities and an advanced manufacturing cally disadvantaged areas should be able to the city internationally will be the strategic base. Munich-already a major center for attract investments thanks to relatively low- tools in this battle. Cities that have already financial, research and aerospace compa- er labor costs. But EMU members have do- fine tuned these policies will probably be nies-is also strengthening its position in mestic labor market regulations that often ahead of the game. Berlin is a case in point. the information, environmental and med- prevent wages in their less developed re- On the one hand, a good proportion of its ical technology industries. Turin in Italy, gions from being lower than wages in ad- recent growth has been fueled by public and Lyon in France-thanks also to funds vanced regions-a consequence of the cen- provided by the European Union and their tralized negotiations that take place in many national governments-are developing sci- industries. Wages in the chemical industry ence and industrial parks to attract high- in Northern Italy for example, don't differ tech companies in the telecommunications, very much from wages in the same sector ILLT HE EU - environmental and biotechnology indus- in many backward areas in Southern Italy. tries. Regions and cities thus affected are unable Cities at the European periphery have to offer modem infrastructure and a skilled also been able to attract investment. Dublin labor force risk losing their position as mag- has been a magnet for computer compa- nets for investments. AND INCREASE ~~~nies and telephone call centers. Many of "In Brussels, the concern is palpable these investments have flowed to Dublin, about some of the consequences if an eco- OPPORT, UN ITI.E.3 FOR often from the United States, in anticipa- nomic polarization trend follows the EMU; tion of the EMU. Cities in Spain and Por- we may observe an outflow of capital and s^ 7 E : gT 7 tugal have also benefited from the reloca- activities from the periphery to already ad- SMA7 -LER i TIES?tions of mature industries from abroad and vanced economic regions, a trend that can from European core areas. Barcelona, Lis- badly affect cities located in backward ar- bon and Dublin have all built robust infra- eas," says Giuseppe Bertola, an economist structure and transportation, and nourished at the European University Institute in funds to prepare Berlin for 2000 when it a skilled labor force, in order to attract in- Fiesole, near Florence. will become again the German capital. The vestments. These "peripheral" cities have The uncertain outlook of these regions city is spending an estimated $12 billion already succeeded in creating the condi- is a reminder that the future welfare of all for its facelift. On the other hand, inde- tions to attract external capital and now urban areas in the EMU will still be heavi- pendently from its official role, Berlin is re- seem well positioned to preserve their ad- ly influenced by the decisions of central cruiting companies in the media, commu- vantages under the EMU. governments and European institutions. nications, biotechnology and medical Potential Downside The cities that thrive in this new econom- equipment industries. The city is also host- ic powerhouse will be distinguished by their ing a total of 12 technological centers-in- However, after the introduction of the new ability to attract and retain business and in- cubators for start-up companies that offer currency, many economists expect the EMU vestment in a climate where labor, capital cheap rents and tax breaks to entrepreneurs. countries to maintain an even more severe and investment will all be searching for new And world-renowned architects are in- policy of fiscal restraint, which in tum could markets and opportunities. v volved in hundreds of construction projects lead to a cut in public transfers and a dry- that have completely erased the old borders ing up of funds that might affect cities in GIOVANNI PADULA is a NewYork between East and West Berlin. the less developed regions of Europe such correspondentfor I1 Mondo magazine. 8 UrbanAge AUTUMN 1998 A Survey of IECIINOLOGY THE POINT OF Aw CITYIS i INNOVAllN 40 t THE FORCINI OF NEW IDEAS. By NIGEL HARRIS The close physical intci-Lction 01 PeoplC is still the casicst mcans we have to 101 CCe clialneTc. Thcer arC economiCS ol cleati\vity alndIc concitrating pcople concenltates intclligence. It is not thalt thCy a1re alle smarLer. hut collectively the \\holc is imelllsuratl-bll\ z-altl- greate than the suIml ol the parts-everyhod\ gels to be cleel-el- bv courtesy of the c-O\wd. The conecntration of collective intelligccilevsrish- 1v active and continuall changin-gin drless st'tyle, eatiig habits, evcierday speccih and accent, c\'cn the st\yles of' body tanguage. The city is continualy reinventing itsell-ex- pellin,g some aetivities that n1o lonoger nced the incubator, drawing in othcrs thalt do. S U RV E Y TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES The city's innovations are not the spectacular free communication re- changes of technology led by heroes-the invention gardless of distance. A of the steam engine, the aircraft, the Mexican dwarf global telephone that hybrid. Rather, it is the daily piecemeal adjustments ' completely escapes ge- by unknown teams, cumulatively transforming our ography And one day, lives. Who invented the toothbrush, the windshield not too distant, a hand- wiper, the vacuum cleaner, the electric kettle, the flower \ held box, big enough transported across the world without wilting, and mil- for your pocket, that lions more changes? Only through history books do -.-' will do it all-a video- we realize that there was a time when such things did telephone, a fax, a radio, not exist. a television, with capacity anywhere in the world to City ports have The collective intelligence of the city is created by listen to a concert in Sydney consult a library in San- communication, by interaction. And we are in the tiago, buy a book in Beijing, check the state of the been transformed midst (or on the edge) of the most extraordinary rev- Zambian harvest. olution in communication. It makes possible the emer- The implications for cities can hardly be exagger- into almost silent gence of a global collective intelligence, the interac- ated. Already the more advanced city-ports have been tion of thousands of cities on a daily or hourly basis- transformed. They are no longer places where thou- automated and thus a quantum leap in innovation. sands of men heave goods between ship and shore. where Consider how far we They are almost silent automated junctions where ma- junctions where have come: the average chines manhandle containers. Others monitor rele- machines cost per mile of air trans- vant global ship movements-watching as a vessel port has fallen from 68 slips out of Yokohama, recording its cargo and crew, manhandle U.S. cents in the 1930s its progress to Galveston or Bombay or Lagos. Or, as [,I / " t t to about 11 cents today; market demand changes, watching as a cargo is shift- containers. o a three-minute telephone ed to air in Singapore or rail in Marseilles. The port is call, New York to Lon- not only a global managing and logistics center, it also don, has fallen from integrates all means of freight transport to achieve the $245 in the 1930s to cheapest throughput along uninterrupted corridors. $3.32 now-in some And that is also what is happening to cities gener- cases, the call can be made for under 30 cents. ally They are junction points for global flows of peo- Now we are within sight of even more amazing ple, cargo, information and finance. They manage to changes-perhaps an hourly air shuttle from New find the linkages between vastly dispersed points of York to Tokyo or Delhi to Sao Paulo. Virtually cost- supply and demand: the linking, the design, the fi- 1 nCUrbanrAge AUTUiMnN 1 9M9r8 TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES in Hollywood, but part of the drawing is done in Mani- la. Mumbai handles Swiss Air's accounting, Barbados that of Amnerican Airlines. Manila processes British crim- inal records; Shenzhen, Japanese land transactions. jlr -t- < < g g | Dozens of other cities in developing countries are load- -.- - - .. f 7 t w.T l.. ing and sorting catalogues for libraries in developed countries, processing land records, managing law records. One day, they may process national censuses, national accounts and any other large-scale data oper- ation. A dozen or more cities in Asia do the software programming for Silicon Valley, Unlike manufactured goods, the consumer often The design of has to move to the serice provider or vice versa (as __with tourism, for example). So liberalizing the service Walt Disney trade (as is being discussed by the World Trade Or- " , i Xganisation) would require changing the immigration cartoons starts rules-so that a German consulting engineer could work, say, in India, or an American banker in Nigeria. in Hollywood, On the other side, developing countries are strong in labor-intensive services, so they would need to get into Upa f developed countries to provide a service. Thus, a the drawing Bangladeshi or Brazilian company could tender for the d 0 contract to clean the streets of New York, to run the is done in T m: hospital laundries of Germany or to staff a giant su- Machines now manhandle containers between ship and shore. permarket in Japan. It is already happening-Filipino Manila. workers run the Bahrain free trade zone; some also staff the ferry from Newcastle in England to Hamburg in nance, the facilitation. That is what the city as a ser- Germany vicing center means: a global management and logis- Governments hate it. They want a world in which tics system. they know the difference between "their" products and Technology has made it possible to "unbundle" a "foreign" ones-and there's a label to prove it. But, commodity so that different bits of it are manufactured more and more, goods or services are no longer made in thousands of different places across the world. The in one place, but in dozens. It does not stop govern- whole may then be managed from a city where none ments trying-as the European Union halted garment of the process of manufacture takes place. imports from Bangladesh because the fabric used was Consider Ford Motor Companys Hermosillo plant imported so the garments were not properly "Ban- in Mexico. It used to make a NMazda car. Just-in-time gladeshi" (the United States objected to Mexican gar- stock policies ensured that there was no accumulation ment imports on the same grounds). In the end, real- of parts either in the factory or en route. In the thou- ity Aill have to be accepted. sands of contributing plants scattered over the Kansai The spread of innovations is, of course, immense- region of Japan, the components were monitored as ly' uneven. Some of us feel quietly grateful to at last they passed through the factory, to trucks in Kobe, have a telephone after years of waiting (even if it takes across the Pacific, unloaded at Guaymas port and then 10 tries to get a call). Others hardly grasped the ad- trucked to Heimosillo-all at the right speed to en- vantages of telex over telegraph before both were sure that vehicle assembly in Mexico was not inter- swamped by fax, and both fax and telephone are now rupted and no parts were accumulated. inundated by e-mail and the whole universe of the In- The overall result of unbundling has been the temet: and this is only the beginning of the story. spread of manufacturing capacity worldwide- bind- Cities force technological change. And they are ing the globe into a single manufacturing system di- transformed by technology The technological revolu- rected from cities. tion of today is such that the promise of the next cen- Unbundling of Services tury is more spectacular than ever before-and the global city is at the forefront. * The unbundling of manufactured goods is well known. l The parallel is the unbundling of services, so that dif- NIGEL HARRIS is professor of development planning ferent parts of the provision of a service are done in dif- in the Development Planning Unit, University College ferent places. The design of WNalt Disney cartoons starts Londoni. AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAge SUR V E Y TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES New York's DLw: o] When urban infrastructure deteriorates, invisible construction technologies can simplify maintenance and minimize disruption. T WAS JUST 150 YEARS AGO that New York City frastructure has served its residents well, but as the depended on as many as 20,000 pigs to clean its streets 21st century approaches, we are aware that a sustain- by consuming everything in sight. At that time, a com- able urban environment is not simply a function of its bination of raw sewage and waste, rampant disease structural integrity or physical mass. It also requires and overpopulation, made New York one of the most regular maintenance and repair. unsanitary, crowded and unsightly cities in the world. New York City' infrastructure is in crisis. Over half It was only as we approached the 20th century that its bridges are rated as structurally deficient. By 2010, technology began to transform and improve city life one-fifth of all sewers will be past their useful life. In through innovations in sanitation, construction and 20 years, the same will be true for one-quarter of all transportation: * As early as 1842, aqueducts began bringing water to New York from as far away as 50 miles. By 1937, the system reached over 100 miles to the north and east. * The Brooklyn Bridge was completed in 1883; it was, at the time, the longest bridge in the world. * The advent of the elevator in the late 1850s made skyscrapers possible and, by the turn of the centu- ry, the use of steel had allowed dozens of buildings ______K_K to reach heights of 50 stories. * By 1913, New York had become a leader in rapid , transit, carrying over 800 million passengers on over X 120 miles of track. New York City's massive and comprehensive in- water mains, whose break rate per mile is expected to double between now and 2030 (one every five miles). _z Lack of continued maintenance also threatens New _ York City's 76 waterway bndges; 12,000 miles of wa- _ ter and sewer mains, the electricity, gas, and steam i lines; and 700 miles of subway most of which is buried _ beneath the 6,200 miles of city streets. _ I These systems, built to last for over a century, are .nveset is a prfabricatedbdgedecksystm . Prefabrifalling apart today after decades of neglect because "Inverset' is a prefabrncated bn~dge deck systerm. Prefabricated thraenoasmitnncsrtge.Tatsbe systems have allowed entire bidges to befloated into place andestrate Ta housing complexes to be erected, with utilities already in place, cause, until very recently, "sustainability" was not a in afraction of time compared to conventional methods. This driving factor for designers of these systems. Nine- illustration depicts work on the Hadley Luzerne Bridge, which teenth century planners had the foresight to build the was completely reconstructed in 28 days. extensive networks for a capacity of service that we 12 UrbanAge AUTUMN 1998 TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES S 4,,i 7 I U Construction still rely on today but did not see beyond the expect- time. The default strategy has been to wait for failure. ed life span of the systems themselves. For safety and Once failure has occurred, it is usually all w,e can do aesthetic reasons, these designers hid the "innards" of to repair the existing system as quickly as possible, cre- the city, but in doing so they complicated access for ating a never-ending cycle with little potential for ad- repair and replacement. We are now battling an in- vancing beyond technologies developed at the turn of frastructure that is coming to the end of its useful life, the century. subsurface conditions that are not easy to maintain, Given New York City's conditions, a demand for and streets and roads whose maintenance maximizes less obtrusive technologies has given rise to the con- disruption and repair costs. cept of "invisible construction." It is a term that de- These circumstances make (re)construction in New York City as in other dense urban areas, Designers disruptive to residents, businesses and vis- hid the itors, as well as inconvenient and ex- "innards" of pensive to perform. Such condi- tions impede incentives to - ' the city, but in perforn adequate preven- g s the tive maintenance over don ote complicated WV ~ ~~/, accessfor /., - '--repair and replacement. _ _ . i- - }X_ _; f -. j 1 l,-- - Xli - ~ ~ ~~ 1- Trenchless technologies such a.s this "Pipe Liner" system can service sewers and watermains with only two access points instead of excavating entire lengths of roadway. This eliminates the need to dig up entire streets to access the pipes below. / ' h1 ;P;I I\ = : = U AUTUMN 1998 Urbn A7e 13 S U RV E Y TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES When systems deteriorate, we must approach their replacement as a catalyst for improvement. scribes technologies that minimize the neg- These invisible construction techniques, tion. The return on this initial investment ative effects of (re)construction on a sys- as well as new technologies to muffle noise will be massive reductions in maintenance tem's users and neighbors. In conjunction and collect dust, have the ability to mini- for the life of the system. with the technology, labor and construc- mize gridlock, noise, duration, closures When systems deteriorate, we must ap- tion industries this term has been defined and other headaches typically associated proach their replacement as a catalyst for to promote a new industry that will sim- with construction. They are also making it improvement. As new systems are de- plify construction techniques and improve easier to save city infrastructure systems signed and built, they can incorporate the the urban environment. without rendering them useless in the necessary features to provide future main- For example, trenchless technogies allow process. tenance without disruption. As time pass- hundreds of feet of pipelines (sewers and Burying infrastructure can escalate con- es, invisible construction will become water mains) to be serviced from two access struction costs beyond reasonable means. more necessary in New York, and in oth- points. Municipalities are using this method Recently, our attitude toward infrastructure er cities that have employed similar pub- all over the world to keep from digging up has begun to change. Architects and engi- lic works developments. Invisible con- every road and street to upgrade their sub- neers have been developing a new design struction techniques, as they exist today, surface systems. Prefabricated bridge deck vocabulary in which elements of infra- are a sign of innovations in infrastructure systems allow entire bridges to be con- structure are exposed, even celebrated. Out design that are yet to come, allowing ur- structed off site and floated in place, facili- of this attitude shift are coming technolo- ban people and systems to continue func- tating on-site construction which is now gies and design solutions that are provid- tioning while the lifelines of their city are completed in days rather than months. It has ing adequate levels of service and simulta- maintained. U even been suggested that entire temporary neously simplifying preventive maintenance. roadways could be constructed and "float- Elements of infrastructure that remain con- MICHAEL FISHMAN is an urban and ed" to maintain traffic flow during major cealed upon reconstruction should begin architectural planner with The Sam highway renovations adjacent to waterways. to include plans for access without disrup- Schwartz Company in New York City. History of Public Works in New York City End of Useful Life Land Bridges X 8 Sewers/Water Mains 7 Transit Authority Subways g0 2 l ~~~~Schools 2 > 0e > lWaterway Bridges m_ l ~~~~~~1 880 1 900 1 920 1 940 1 960 1 980 2000 2020 5 t: ~~~~~Primary Period of Construction EProductive Lifespan *Major Reconstruction SOURCE:NTHE AW E OF NR W YORK CISY INFRASTRUCTURE, PUBUSHE BY THE COBLPERMUNION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND ART, INFRASTaUCn RE INSTITUTE, 1n99 1 14 UrbanAge AUJTUMN 1998 TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES Smart So $ Traffic management intelligently 2,000 cars were equipped with sensors that allowed receptors around the island to monitor the cars' ac- married with transport technology tivity and to charge the drivers if they contributed to congestion. "After a year," notes Professor Cervero, help easeroa cones"the government tore it all out because it was not po- can help ease road congestion. litically acceptable, especially among the middle class, which perceives roads and transportation systems as a benefit they are entitled to use." MINOR REVOLUTION is taking place Some more recent systems have allowved drivers to i' in some cities over the financing of new choose whether they will use the electronic road pric- public services and infrastructure. Infra- ing system. In two cities in California, drivers can pur- X ... structure is slowly coming to be perceived chase electronic cards to buy their way onto express as a municipal and economic asset. In the lanes that are normally reserved for vehicles with three Politics-not case of road transport, the cost needs to or more passengers. "This is not pricing congestion," technology- ..:.. reflect the social costs that vehicle use im- Professor Cervero says, "but putting a price on a val- poses on circulation space, urban air quality, traffic ue-the ability to use restricted lanes even if you do remains the flows and noise levels. not have enough passengers, and to reduce your trav- real barrier to Deploying electronic and communication systems el time." to help stimulate a market for the use of roads is now Toronto has a number of highways that are re- the introduction becoming more commonplace. Road pricing tech- stricted to paying drivers. The city monitors cars by of road pricing. nologies are designed to ease traffic congestion, reduce photographing license plates; those drivers who do driving hazards and expedite freight movement. Such not use the prepaid cards to enter the highway will technologies do not represent a new phenomenon. then receive an invoice for payment. The city has also Many countries such as Hungary, Mexico, Thailand, entered into arrangements with surrounding jurisdic- Australia and the United States have long been col- tions, both in Canada and the United States, to iden- lecting tolls as a way to finance new highways. tify drivers who are not from Toronto but who misuse Electronic road pricing is convenient to motorists the highways. because it does not involve daily or monthly ticket- Variants on-and alternatives to-road pricing are ing, toll booths or surveillance technology. The auto- being proposed and implemented around the world mated tolling equipment deducts charges from elec- to reduce congestion. tronically tagged vehicles. The tags are linked to in-car meters which can be loaded with a preset credit or s used to log travel for billing later. Global positioning i / satellites combined with in-car receptors allow vehi- cles to be charged wherever they are at rates that vary according to time of day and degree of congestion. In ih - built-up areas and large cities such as Tokyo and New York, this technology is particularly effective for eas- ing congestion because drivers do not have to stop to pay. However, politics-not technology-remains the real barrier to the introduction of road pricing. Pro- fessor Robert Cervero of the University of California r" ' i at Berkeley's Department of City and Regional Plan- r ning agrees that the technology itself is not the prob- lem, since it has been tested and proved to be suc- cessful in several cities. Hong Kong, for instance,nce, -f - conducted a year-long experiment in 1984 in which A bus lane street in Porto Alegre, Brazil AJTUMN 1998 UrbanAge 15 S U RV E Y TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES metros or tramways when in fact these are extremely expensive and do not always serve the poorest cit- izens. Buses with designated busways often provide the cheapest and most effective solution. Segregat- ed bus lanes and bicycle paths in Sao Paulo and Belo Horizonte in Brazil are effective low-cost, flexible and adaptable methods of improving traffic flow U Enycourage nonmotoized transport such as bicy- cling. In several major cities in the Netherlands, Den- mark and Germany, bicycles account for 20 to 30 percent of all trips. The Netherlands has more bi- cycles than its 15 million inhabitants and more than any country per capita. A flat landscape, coupled Segregated bicycle paths in Guangzhou, China with the compactness of its urban centers, makes bicycles a sensible means of transportation in this | Restrict entry to congested cities at peak times. Many country In many Asian cities, the bicycle's,share of European towns and cities such as Bath, Sienna and trips is even higher, accounting for more than half Amsterdam exclude cars from their central areas of all trips in some Chinese cities-more than bus- unless the drivers have residential permits. The es, cars and walking combined. "park and ride" system protects historic city centers As these approaches indicate, technology alone can- by encouraging people to park their vehicles on the not cure congestion. Only with institutional backing, outskirts of the center and walk or bus in. effective management and a willingness on the part of * Set pricing strategies for peak and off-peak hours. the traffic community-planners, engineers, police, • Reserve priority road lanes for high-occupancy ye- academics and drivers-to explain, advocate and en- hidles. This is done in some American states. dorse traffic management can the technology employed Limit the number of cars on the road through road be truly successful. U taxes, insurance payments and car ownership per- mits. In Singapore, such permits are auctioned for tens of thousands of dollars each month.TIONS * Use and promote buses. Developing country cities PBIAIN often look to ease their traffic problems by building Nigel C. Lewis, Road Pricing: Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Thomas Telford Publishing, London, UK, 1994. 0 * 0 V2 A Sustainable Transport in Central and Easterm European Cities, OECD Report, Paris, 1996. Morethan5(X)millon ars nd 10 milio truks, usesandSustainable Transport: Priorities for Policy Reform, commecial ehicls plythe wrlds oads.World Bank Publication, Washington DC, 1996. NUMBE CF EOPLEPER EGISERED UTOMBILEORGANIZATIONS IN SELECTED cOUNTRIES, P996. Institute of Transportation Engineers. 525 School Street, SW, Suite 410, Washington, DC 20024, USA. Argentina .~. .. . . . .1 Japan . . . -Tel: 202-554-8050; fax: 202-863-5486; e-mail: Austrlia ..~ .. . ,. .. 2 leico .... ..~...~ .. 12 hazan@avax.ite.org; Web site: http://www.ite.org Brazil.13 Myanmar . 1,338 ~~~~~~International Bicycle Fund (IBF) provides China .260 New Zealand 2 ~~~~~~information on bikes, nonmotorized transport, Ecuador .46 Papua New Guinea. 208 ~~urban planning, economic development, altemative Egypt & .SI Russia 21 ~~~~~~~~~cycle technology, safety and travel. Contact: El Salvdor ..~ . . .. .~. 60 Saud Arabi . . 12 IBF, 4887 Columnbia Drive South, Seattle, WA Ethiopia . ,, t,289 Soth Africa ~ ...,.. to 98108-1919, USA. Tel/fax: 206-767-0848; e-mail: France.2 Tunisia.37 ~~~~~~~~ibike@ ibike.org; Web site: http://wwhalcyon. Germany . 2 Turkey.19 ~~~~~~~comVfkrogerlbike India.228 Urnted States . . 2 ~~~~Transport Research Laboratory. Civil engineering Israel.S Yugoslavia . 22 ~~~~~~~Contact: John Rolt, tel: 44-1344-770-732; e-mail: Italy .,. 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rolt@0O.trl.co.uk. Traffic, transport and safety rooRc~$: WQR~D OTOR vEH1c~ DTA, 998 EDmQNContact: Goff Jacobs, tel: 44-1344-770-943; e-mail: ?U~L3HEDY H M~ AAUTOO It I~'NUFATO?TS ASOCIAIONdrgdjacobs@BDU.trl.co.uk 16 UrbanAge AUTUMN 1998 TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES E t LLo7fKi7 T ([ r] It Still Works of the city block as unit of service, rather The question sanitation experts should be asking than the individual lot as in conventional . 1 7 * 1 . g 1 a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~systems. Each city block fonrmsan informal is how they can provide sustainable service to condominium and holds meetings to dis- people + a reasonable t ~~~~~~~~~~cuss service options, receive sanitary edu- more people at a reasonable cost. cation and decide on the location of the network that best suits its specific sanita- - s UCH OF THE POLLUTION and contamination in cities today-which leads tion needs. The condominium elects a rep- resentative to act as liaison with the service to high rates of disease, malnutrition and death-is caused by inadequate san- itation services. But just because high-tech solutions to these sanitation prob- provider, and signs a terms of adherence . '?i lems exist does not mean that they are best for a given city document delineating its collective deci- City decision-makers need to recognize that they do not always have the necessary re- sion. Community participation, the exer- sources-in terms of water, finances and institutional capacity-to provide expensive san- cise of rights and responsibilities by citi- itation technology such as flush-and-discharge systems. Providing appropriate sanitation zens and transfer of social service control facilities to lower-income communities means looking to other alternatives. The needs of to local residents form the basis for the the community may require rejecting sophisticated technologies and adopting more sus- Condominial System. tainable and affordable systems. Community participation is combined As two recent initiatives in Colombia and Brazil demonstrate, community participa- wvith appropriate technology to reduce costs tion is essential for the successful implementation of sanitation technology. and provide greatest efficiency of service. The system can save up to 60 percent over the price of construction of conventional C:olombia interceptor tanks only need to be cleaned networks. Each condominium's sewerage In 1981, Jose Rizo-Pombo, a sanitation ex- about every six years. connection is communal, allowing the pub- pert, developed a simple, low-cost sanita- Money is saved using ASAS because lic collection network to pass under only tion system for crowded urban areas known pipe dimensions are smaller and construc- one side of each block, rather than sur- as Alcantarillado Sin Arrastre de Solidos tion is simpler than in conventional sys- rounding it as with conventional systems. (ASAS). While especially appropriate for tems. Monthly fees are inexpensive: $1 per The condominium can choose to pay the the majority of households that lack for- residence per month to cover the cleaning water company to undertake construction, mal bathroom, kitchen and laundry fix- of interceptor tanks and administration or can avoid the company's connection fee tures, ASAS is also useful in higher-income costs. ASAS also encourages a high level of by opting for self-help construction. In ad- areas. At US$330 per residence, the ASAS community participation in construction, dition, a public subsidy polcy can be adopt- system costs 30 to 35 percent of a con- maintenance and administration. ed to compensate for income disequilibri- ventional system, and can triple the num- Brazil um. Decentralized "microsystems" are used ber of people served using the same re- for residual water treatment: the city is sub- sources as conventional methods. In Brazil, 60 percent of residences do not divided into small natural drainage basins, Each residence has a solids interceptor have any type of sewerage collection. Of the each of which has its own independent tank, location-designated by the client, 40 percent that do, only 10 percent of the treatment system, based on simple tech- which discharges fluids to small diameter residual waters receive treatment. These are nology and natural processes. The mi- piping, shallowly laid and at a slight slope. alarming figures, given the effects of water crosystems eliminate the need for costly Sludge can be deposited in city dumps or pollution on public health and the envi- transport and pumping among basins. They in a complementary treatment system, or ronment. In the early 1980s, Jose Carlos also allow for gradual, progressive expan- can be mixed with the final effluent, leav- Melo, an engineer from Pemambuco, con- sion of the system proportional to growth ing only 10 to 15 percent solids and or- ceived the Condominial Sanitation System, and demand. U ganic load. The final effluent is suitable for which would provide universal sanitation irrigation or hydroponic cultivation, or can service to crowded cities-areas of in- ': be combined with a complementary treat- equality where sanitation has been un- ment system such as a stabilization lagoon available to the majority of poorer residents. 7i For information about Colombia's ASAS or an anaerobic filter. Today, the Condominial System serves over system, Contact: CARINSA, Cartagena, ASAS is versatile and capable of func- one million Brazilians. Manga, Calle del Bouquet -Cra, 21-No tioning at high consumption levels or The Condominial System's two major 25-116, Colombia. Tel: 575-660-4193; with low water flow, in areas of deep or components are community participation fax: 575-660-4183; e-mail: carinsa@ns. shallow water tables, in sloped or flat land- and appropriate technology Together, these axisgate.com even in flood-prone areas. It readily com- elements give the system sustainability as Qs Information about Brazil's Condominial bines with sanitation systems already in well as adaptability to Brazil's diverse phys- Sanitation System can be found on the use. Mlaintenance is carried out by the ical and sociocultural situations. UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation community using simple equipment, and The term "condominial" reflects the use Web site: http://wwwwsp.org AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAge 17 S U RV E Y TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES The institutional environment is more important than having the right equipment and software when it comes to using computer mapping technologiesfor city management. M 051 OSTCITY PLANNING officers understand how a geographic information system ,GIS) uses computer software to integrate v map-related information for a variety of uses. They know it has the po- tential to fulfill many city planning and management requirements, since it can pro- v,ide a snapshot of current city conditions as well as project the implications of any -number of variables-fromn a planned road's effect on traffic patterns to the number of families who would benefit from setting up mhi Pakistan, to support a health clinic in a neighborhood. Since vir- a pta rm nlsssse o h oieadohrlwenforcement agencies. tually all information resources and data- Siaspsesrious questions about bases have an inherent geographic, or spa- c irm ein colleted, and the way it tial, component, the temptation is to allow h b r a i i sptial cime analysis technology to dictate and drive the way this a inrmation management. information is managed and applied. This is often the wrong approach. More important is an institutional envi- evident and compelling visual outputs of a or contemporary, or in a format immedi- ronment that will maximize the possible GIS. However, spatial information man- ately amenable to a GIS, but they certainly benefits. For example, municipal planning agement should not be the exclusive do- exist. Tax records and street maps are the offices would seem to be the obvious hosts main of any sector or profession. There are most common types of data, but others for the implementation of GIS. However, if technical criteria that they can contribute, might include the location of telephone lines their policies and procedures are "spatial- and it is often important that mapping pro- or other utility networks, demographic data ly challenged" or indifferent, then it is high- fessionals be involved in setting up the sys- such as the ages or education levels of peo- ly unlikely that GIS would ever find a vi- tems, but gathering spatial information and ple in a given area, traffic pattems at certain able home there. putting it to use should be the domain of periods of the day or week, types of busi- In the same vein, there is a common per- a very broad community, both inside and nesses in the city, etc. The challenge is to ception that GIS is concerned with digital outside of government. carefully research and select the informa- maps and little else. Consequently, nation- Even in the least developed environ- tion that is most required and appropriate al mapping agencies and other traditional ments, there is always a proliferation of spa- for the planned applications. Once that is map users tend to stake a claim to this field. tial information sources. They may not be determined, there are powerful data collec- It is true that customized maps are the most immediately obvious, relevant, accessible tion and conversion tools, such as global 18 UrbanAge AUTUMN 1998 TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES Health and Wealth in Quito m |N QUITO, ECUADOR, the successful incorporation of data from various municipal de-| partments has created a comprehensive, integrated information system. Data storage is centralized, while inftrmation management is decentralized.Thus, the Water and Sedwer Authoritty inputs information on new sewer lines, and the Health Department updates dis-, ease incidence by district.This urban metropolitan information system has created an "urban observatory" which constantly collects and analyzes metropolitan data-thereby serving as nsk. There are also plans to charge fees for a powerful tool in urban management the use of the tracking units, and to use the This use of GIS technology has made a real difference in the health sector.The epi- funds to expand the street database and its demiological monitoring system housed in the Department of Health is integrated with data supporting management systems. on mortality, municipal service availability (water, sewerage,trash cotlection),demographics, Similarly, in the city of Cebu in the poverty and employment, and health service coverage.The result is a system that can con- Philippines a local telecommunications tinually diagnose health conditions in Quito's metropolitan district It permits a more com- company collaborates with the municipal plete analysis of the causes of health problems-environmental,social, geographical and bi- geodata center to share information re- ological-and allows for the integration of city-wide and neighborhood data. sources and data collection activities. The The first practical application of the technology occurred when the Departments of result is improved service delivery by the Planning and Health cross-matched the locations of the city health centers-which are telecommunicatons company d a sha public clinics meant to attend to the poorest neighborhoods-with the system's poverty telecommuncations company and a shar- map. Only one center was located in a priority neighborhood.As a result,seven clinics were ing of the costs in developing the database. relocated to poor communities. Successful GIS applications such as And in 1997, during a rabies epidemic that killed five people and sickened many more, these are not based on powerful comput- the city was able to pinpoint the areas of highest probable rat infestation (outdoor ers and software alone, but rely instead on markets and areas with poor garbage collection), target extermination efforts, and control a thorough understanding of spatial infor- the outbreak. mation management. With that as a foun- .__ _ _ _ _ __ dation, cities of all sizes and resources can benefit from the enormous promise that positioning satellite receivers, scanners, etc., ing enterprise. It is investing in a local joint GIS technology offers. U that can be used to produce useful data. venture to offer its services in the city, which Once the information is identified, its is plagued by car theft and vehicular hi- ROMAN PRYJOMKO and PETER RABLEY inherent value will change depending on jacking. As a result, the local insurance in- are with International Land Systems, Inc. its use. For example, a 1:10,000-scale street dustry intends to subsidize the installation which is based in Silver Spring, Maryland. database may be ideal for crime analysis and transportation planning but meaning- less as a cadastral base layer. information Development Planning Unit can also be made more usable through "val- University College London ue-added" activities such as updating, ver- T D P U s i ae ification and integration with complemen- The Development Planning Unid specializes in academic taydt ore.A oga h ore teaching, practical training and research in the field of urban tary d ata sources. As long as the source, l ~ ndrgoaleeomn i eeoigc te characteristics and limitations of each data and regional development in developh g countnes set are fully understood, value-added op- W lJ a PhD Degree by Research erations can be applied to improve the in- l Urban and Regional Development Policy, Planning and herent value and usefulness of information. Management AddingValue to Information Contact: Masters Degrees in Development Planning UA3 Courses The U.S. Census Bureau, for example, has Administrator *Urban Development Planning published its data in spatially referenced Development * Building and Urban Design in Development and GIS-readable formats, and places no Planning Unit *Environmentally Sustainable Development limitations on its use. This has allowed pri- 9 Endsleigh Gardens *Cosmopolitan Development vate companies to access the data, add com- London WCI H OED * International Housing Studies plementary information aimed at specific United Kingdom * Development Administration and Planning sectors such as retail marketing, and resell Telephone: * Economics of Urbanisation and Managing the City Economy data products to numerous clients. Subse- + 44 (0)171 388 7581 Short & Special Programmes quently clients have applied and added val- Facsimile: ue to these data, thereby creating new in- + 44 (0)171 387 4541 *Urban and Regional Environmental Management: Implementing Local Agenda 21 formation-based products and services. Email: * Management for Metropolitan and Municipal Development In another example, a database is under dpu@ucl.ac.uk * Urban Development Planning Practice: Action Planning development in Karachi, Pakistan, to sup- Website: Approaches and Techniques port a crime analysis system for police and http://www.ucI.ac. * Urban Land Policy and Management other law enforcement agencies. This fun- uk/dpu/ *Housing: the Design and Implementation of Enabling damental spatial data resource, which is Strategies based on street centerlines, has attracted eSocial Development Policy, Planning and Practice the interest of an international vehicle-track- AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAge 19 S U R.V E Y TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES Sproductis i- '- X1 ! | lXtgtl00g 4Rj o j t lnearly a third. now have a new type of po- Fears that the system lice patrolman available to would displace crime to oth- fight crime on the streets- er areas seem to be largely one that won't need sleep, unfounded, as do fears of get sick, or even stop for public resistance to a "Big meas.Cloedcircuit television Brother is watching" initiative. cameras (CCTVs)-keep a Public support for CCTV is high: watchful eye on even the roughLest aGsgwpoll, for example, showed neighborhoods day and night. As part that 95 percent were in favor of cameras. of a wider anti-crime strategy, these cameras have Other cities like Birmingham, Coventry and the potential to make a difference to urban problems. Liverpool, as well as smaller towns, have found that The streets of central Newcastle, in Northeast Eng- cameras reduced crime and increased the public' sense land, are lined with clubs, pubs and restauraunts of safety in car parks, along sea fronts and in old peo- around shops and office buildings. Nearby is the foot- ple's homes and housing estates. They help police di- ball stadium. Shoppers and office workers fill the streets rect their resources effectively, and provide evidence in daytime, easy targets for shoplifters and thieves. At that gain convictions in court-offenders caught on night, huge crowds of young people come to drink camera almost always plead guilty and party. Fights are common, along with vandahsm These successes were based on careful analysis of and theft. Car crime has been rampant. Local youth the nature and location of criminal problems, best con- invented "ramraiding," using stolen cars to smash shop ducted by a crime prevention panel involving police, windows and clearing out the contents before police merchants and other groups. They show that the ra- arive. tional use of surveillance technology to reduce the op- Newcastle police analyzed when and where these portunity for unobserved crime can make a difference. crimes were happening. Part of their proactive strat- More details on CCTV and crime prevention in egy to target crime hot spots was the installation of a Britain can be obtained free of charge from the 16-camera system that could pan, tilt and zoom. An Home Office Police Research Group, the Home Office, officer monitors the screens 24 hours a day Over the 50 Queen Anne's Gate, London SWI H 9AT, England. first two years, crime in the city center dropped by Tel: 44-171-273-2702. The Sky's The Limit IMAGINE A WIRELESS NETWORK STATIONED ON HUGE PLATFORMS floating 21 kilometers above a major city A company called Sky Station International is developing such a structure that will deliver low-cost, broadband communication | z j:: 000 f :;;:52: 0S: ;>5 - ˇ44. --0; 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 444 44- 4 4UY44444--44 4 RAVELERS HAVE LONG DREAMED mised the integrity of both structure and surface decoration. Steel and concrete were substituted for mud bricks, and the subtle X, of visiting Samarkand and Bukhara, the hues of natural dyes were replaced by the ~ThTh>' garish colors of machine-made tiles. "Samarkand is being turned into a theme legendary cities of Central Asia devastated park, a too-perfect copy of a lost world that might fit in Las Vegas but seems painfully out of place here," wrote New York Times and then gloriously rebuilt in the 14th correspondent Stephen Kinzier in a recent report. As Firdays Naberayev, a local histo- rian, explained to him, "Our scholars tried century by Tamerlane, the bloodthirsty to stop what has happened, but there was nothing they could do. When some govern- ment official comes and says that the ruins Mongol conqueror. In the centuries following, a few are not cute enough, that they don't please his eye and must be rebuilt, there is no way for ordinary people to protest." adventurers returned with tales of splendor, but Theproblemismorethancosmetic,for a rising water table and its salts are eating the savagery of brigands and local rulers deterred fnte the fabric of these buildings. As water requiring another overlay that cannot en- outsiders. That began to change in the 19th century dure. This seepage is the product of exces- sive irrigation, ruthlessly imposed in the 1930s to satisfy Stalin's demand that Uzbek- when the Russians seized control of the area. Their istan supply all of the Soviet Union' cotton. Sixty years later, a country that is rich in minerals has become dependent on this one Soviet successors opened the region to guided tours, crop. "Everybody is picking cotton," pro- claim billboards-though the exhortation no longer compels assent. Production is and since the fall of the Soviet Union the independent down, and the rivers are drying up. The Aral Sea (once the world' fourth largest lake) has lost three-fourths of its water in the last 30 state of Uzbekistan has removed most travel restrictions. years, turning into a toxic stew Under Soviet rule, Samarkand's monu- ments thronged with Russian visitors. Since From a balcony of the Afrosyob Hotel at drop of lumpish concrete office and apart- independence, though, traffic has slowed to the center of Samarkand, one can glimpse ment blocks. But it's also a sham: All these a trickle. Five years ago, the authorities un- several monuments shimmenng in the milky buildings have been restored and recon- veiled plans to increase the number of haze. To the south is Gur Emir, the mau- structed in the past 20 years. Curzon must tourists from 60,000 to 800,000 a year by soleum of Tamerlane, with its fluted blue have been relying on his imagination, for 2000, and to build 20 big hotels to accom- dome, thrusting minarets, and jade-covered late-I9th-century photographs of the Reg- modate them. Neither goal is realistic. Last tombs. A half-mile east is the Registan, a istan show rotting stumps of mud brick, October-a preferred month to visit this paved expanse framed by three great broken domes, and bare arches rising from desert country-the hotels were almost emp- madrassahs (Koranic schools) with brilliantly a clutter of market sheds. In fact, it is as- ty and there were few visitors to the major tiled porticoes. Lord Curzon-who would tonishing that any of these monuments have sites. Nor was there evidence of new con- later serve as British Viceroy of India-came survived so many years of earthquakes, pil- struction or infrastructure improvements. in 1889 and declared this to be the noblest lage, neglect, and Stalins fierce intolerance Given a choice, most Uzbekis would public place he had seen, as magnificent as of religion and nationalism. Under com- rather remain in the houses they have shared a Western city square would be if it were munism, many historic buildings were de- with their extended families for generations. surrounded by Gothic cathedrals. molished, and what remained was marred Instead, the Uzbek authorities have created It is a stirring prospect, despite the back- by heavy-handed restorations that compro- a kind of Potemkin village around Gur Emir, clearing a swath of houses and concealing LEFT: Entrance to the citadel of the Emir (also known as the Ark), the Palace of the Khan, Bukara. those that remain behind a wall of patterned AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAge 29 concrete. There have been a few small-scale A a hopeful note. "The city is like a human efforts to upgrade existing housing and X body-every part of it is important," he community meeting halls (which double says. "It's essential to improve communi- as mosques), and people have been allowed cations and services, and we've begun in- to buy their homes. But, with residents stalling new sewage and plumbing without lacking sufficient money or credit, their vi- changing the district's outward appearance. brant, tight-knit neighborhoods will con- i; And we're constructing a model mixed-use tinue to erode. I development at the center of the city." In President Islam Karimov, who was elect- 1995, the city was honored with an award ed to a second term in 1995 with 99.6 per- from the Aga Khan Trust for reincorporating cent of the vote, was born in Samarkand A , ' l the old city as a vibrant, living social and and may feel a sense of identification with \ V economic part of contemporary Bukhara, the imperial ambitions of Tamerlane, who ' i , while remaining faithful to the scale and never hesitated to sweep away anything he texture of the old." found unworthy. Bukhara, 200 miles west of Samarkand, has been spared some of tbis Tamerlane, the bloodthirsty Mongol conqueror official vandalism. When the Russians in- corporated Samarkand into their empire in 1868, they left Bukhara to its emir. As a re- form isolated pockets in a bleak metropo- "When some government sult, the development of these two cities lis, in Bukhara they are clustered tightly to- has been strikingly different. While the gether in a dusty labyrinth that has lost all official comes and says monuments and old housing of Samarkand but a fragment of its city walls but remains clearly separate from the Soviet sprawl all that the ruins are not around. The houses of old Bukhara are mostly cute enough, that they adobe and remarkably similar in character to those of New Mexico pueblos. And there don't please his eye and are new signs of life everywhere. The madrassahs have begun to reopen, and there is even a Jewish quarter with a tiny must be rebuilt, there IS The Institute for Housing and Urban synagogue. Craftsmen are beginning to Development Studies (IHS) is an international work in vacant shops, and the outdoor no way for ordinary education institute offering post-graduate restaurants around the pool of the Liab-i- education, research and advis visin Hausz are packed. people to protest" l M:the Wields of HSousig UbnMnaeent l the field f Housing,Urban Managment Sintitute'Brown mud walls enfold the ochre brick establishment in 1958, more than .000 < mosques, madrassahs, and vaulted mar- urban professionals from 120 different kets, which are densely layered. Tile is used nations fond s their way toI-ISclaroomto here more sparingly than in Samarkand, I a Master Programme ora Ph 5D. rogramme. X and the brick domes, buttresses, and sur- What matters is whether Uzbekistan can face relief are richly mottled by the desert reconcile the prickly pride of a newly in- ln January an 1999, 3HS wil offer thesun. The finest of these brick landmarks is dependent nation with the urgent need to followinwg 3-month post-graduate cmraea. the 1,100-year-old Samanid mausoleum, a accept outside support and advice, which I * ^;Municial nvironmentalPolicies606t3923 S domed cube that was buried to protect it has been freely offered. Its much abused an 1009 0+;Local65it70 A-en;a 21 0 it 03 3- from invading Mongols in the 13th centu- heritage remains unique, though vulnera- * Urban Development=06 iinance t i'1S',0 ry and was rediscovered by chance in 1934. ble to outdated planning policies and the I Urban Pov"t Reduction The quality of the restoration work in ecological disaster that threatens the entire lor appt ications, or \for0 mre0 inormation Bukhara and the context in which it is country UNESCO and private institutions please:-.f015;;fQr contact: and ormation1 0 0i' viewed are immeasurably superior to that stand ready to help; the loss of these land- I nst5de I~ o 0 Urban Studies0(lHs)S 0 t0U5lNTof Samarkand. The late Khairallah Salam- marks and their histonrc context would be Urban Dvopet (liIHS) OS!lAS P&M Bureau ; 9OPME r ov Aminoglu, who supervised restoration a tragedy of worldwide significance. . | 0 Box 0.R9 19351ldi mu090k;t06;9 tVi jiSr°Diefforts, came from a long line of craftsmen, the N0 6metherands arr9;79 < t\utU X \ 0and established his own firm to make tra- This is an abridged version of an article Fax: (+31)10-4045687 17000teyi0 ,i>fditional bricks and tiles usingnaturalpig- that appearedin the August/September |//W n Wks F ments. Nasim Shapirov, who was chief ar- 1998 issue of METROPOLIS magazine. chitect of the province for almost 30 years Copyright 1998 Bellerophon Publications, before setting up in private practice, sounds Inc. Reprinted with permission. 30 UrbanAge AUTUMN 1998 -*. -- - I_u Light Rail Is Wishful Thinking w land, Oregon in the U.S. investing in new light rail systems, and why is Dublin in WAS SURPRISED TO SEE the rela- Europe developing a similar system? Per- | tively favorable treatrnent given to light rail haps a more comprehensive case-by-case in the article by Giovanni Padula (Vol. 5, No. 2, assessment of when light rail works, and 1997). when it doesn't, is required. My own reading of the studies in this GIOVANNI PADULA area indicates the following: light rail sys- II Mondo tems are uniformly a fiscal and transporta- NewYork tion disaster. Loosely speaking, light rail combines the modest caying capacity of Sustainable Living buses, with the inflexibility and high cap- ital costs of rail. That is why light rail vir- ALOT IS BEING TALKED ABOUT tually disappeared from the market-based A and researched on the topic of envi- American transit scene many decades ago. . ronmental sustainability these days in the Buses are simply superior transit alterna- S westem world. I have lived and worked in tives to light rail under virtually all real- a few developing countries. I feel that there world conditions. is a lot to leam from older civilizations, par- Two U.S. cities with exceptional densi- v ticularly those countries where material ty and downtown employment-New F progress has been slower. These civiliza- York, and Chicago-can perhaps justify the -. tions existed for thousands of years with- operating costs of heavy rail. Most other -- . out causing ecological imbalances. Fol- U.S. cities can stand improvement in traf- lowing are a few examples of sustainable fic management and in many cases, their . living: bus systems. * In Yemen (Sana), human excreta is dried Now, many cities in developing coun- better be sure that the system they choose and used as a fuel in the public baths to tries are denser than U.S. cities, and with is the right one, However it is difficult for heat water, and then the ashes are used higher levels of transit use, some cities may me to agree with the proposition that light as fertilizer in community farms run by find heavy rail part of their transit solution. rail systems are uniformly a fiscal and mosques. But there's no question that in any situa- transportation disaster and that any solu- * In Indian urban residences, rain/storm tion where lower demand seems to indi- tion based on light rail is wishful thinking. water is collected from sloping roofs and cate light rail, we can move as many or Transportation choices are often made in collected in storage tanks built under each more people, at a lower cost, more flexibly, light of the difficulty cities face in coping house. Monsoon rain water, along with with an integrated bus system. with the rapid sprawl of suburbs. High- a well in each street, provides sufficient Of course complementary transportation ways are increasingly congested, and any supplies for domestic use and eliminates policies need to be considered. For exam- attempt to improve traffic management possible problems of storm water ple, cities with serious congestion problems through tolls, or during peak traffic, or to drainage in the streets. need to consider peak hour tolls, preferably expand highways to make more room for * Use of locally available materials for con- electronic to reduce the costs of collection. cars and buses faces very difficult chal- struction cuts down on the cost of fuel for There have been several articles in lenges. You know better than I about the transportation and other associated envi- planning journals favorable to light rail, technical difficulties of implementing elec- ronmental problems. In addition, mud of course, and they are extremely popular tronic peak tolls. And doesn't expanding walls are known to be good insulators, with many politicians and activists. But all the highways that link center cities to cer- and the temperature differences between careful economic analyses of light rail based tain suburbs also involve a high degree of outside and inside can be as much as 15 on actual and defensible data I've seen inflexibility and capital costs? Time is lim- degrees. agree: light rail is wishful thinking and a ited when cities have to come up with so- * Support systems provided by extended waste of cities' scarce fiscal resources. lutions and often light rail becomes the families and communities eliminate the STEPHEN MALPEZZI second best solution. Transportation ex- need for counselors, orphanages, homes University of Wisconsin perts like Clifford Winston are working on for the elderly, childcare centers, etc., Milwaukee, USA solutions to make peak tolls in congested The list can go on. The idea is to com- Giovanni Padula, the author areas an easier tool to adopt. But Winston bine tested, age-old methods with modem of the article responds: himself accepts the idea that in some cas- technology and make the world a much es light rail might be a first best solution more livable and sustainable place for us HIS LETTER RAISES an important even in cities that do not have the high and our future generations. T point: when cities spend their scarce density of Chicago or New York. Why for RAVINDRA SINGH resources on urban transportation they had example, is a well managed city like Port- Canberra, Australia AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAge 31 :~~~ Local Government Revenue (Per Capita/Year) U.S. $ City indicators measure 3,0 ArearReRveue 2,500 Africa $ 15.21 _ -~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~Arab States 47 003 municipal performance. Asia Pacific 78700 2 Transitional 237.03 1,500 Latin America & Caribbean 252.22 u_ Industrialized 2 i763.32 ffm~~~1,000_ NDICATORS MEASURE real-world phenomena that can be compared and analyzed and are increasingly valuable tools for city managers This indicator measures the income that municipali- around the world. They call our ties are able to raise from their residents, private sec- tor business and industry, and from higher levels of attention to particular aspects of govemments. Income includes taxes (municipal rates and levies, local taxes on the transfer of property, etc.); city life, such as housing, services, user charges (local government charges for services provided, betterment levies); transfers; loans; and any security, pollution levels, etc. The other income such as donations or aid. Definition United Nations Centre for Human Annual sources of funds in U.S. dollars, (both capital and recurrent) are divided by total population and av- Settlement (UNCHS)-(Habitat) eraged over the last three years in real terms to allow for inflation. has gathered data on a series of in- Results * Total local government revenue per person in de- dicators, and Urban Age presents veloped cities is 270 times that of the poorest- $8 per person per year versus $2,185. one or more in each issue. Here, a Sources of revenue do not differ significantly among regions, although there are some interesting differ- the levels of income and expendi- ences. Asian and transitional cities depend more on various local taxes and less on transfers from other ture by local governments around levels of govemment. Local govemrments in transi- tional cities and in Africa do very little borrowing. User charges account for 18 percent of revenue in the world are presented. more highly industrialized countries compared with a worldwide average of 14 percent. 32 UrbanAge AUTOUMN 1998 Sources of Local Government Income 17other . borrowings 60% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~transfers own sources 4seruser charges Area Taxes charges sourcs Transfers Borrowings taxes 20% 0%~~~~~~~~~~~ User Own Area Taxes charges sour-ces Transfers Borrowings Other Capital Expenditures (Per Capita/Year) Arab states 24% 12% 8% 43% 7% 7% us. ' Industrialized 31% 18% 8% 30% 6% 9% 1,200 Latin Amer. & Carib. 36% 12% 13% 31% 6% 5% , _^_ Africa 45% 14% 12% 24% 3% 4% Asia Pacific 50% 14% 10% 12% 7% 10% 1,000 Asia Pacific $ 700 - Transitional 63% 13% 3% 16% 1% 7% Africa 10.23 800 Arab States 31.00 *Transitional 77.40 Latin America & Caribbean 100 17 loans and grants from higher levels of government. 600p |Industrialized I ,132.65 The level of local government capital expenditure 400 i * vanes dramatically across cities and regions-from $2 _ per person per year in the least developed cities to 200 j $920 in the most developed. 0 Levels of capital expenditure often correlate with U Ua 0 < U Q household access to services, water treatment and 4 c~ .2 :° waste collection. Economies in transition, despite low A9 V < - levels of investment, generally rely on adequate exist- = ing infrastructure systems. In some countries, the high level of revenue and investment is based on the fact that local governments INDiCATOR 2: LOCAL GOVERNMENT are responsible for virtually the whole range of local CAPITAL EXPENDITURES services. While cities in transitional countries and Latin America appear to be responsible for most services, This indicator measures how effectively local govern- cities in the Arab States and Africa have their sernices ments respond to the infrastructure needs of their provided mostly by national governments or state- industries, services and residents. owned enterprises. In highly industrialized countries, Definition the private sector is heavily involved in utilities and roads, but not in transport. The situation varies sig- Capital expenditures, in U.S. dollars per person, by nificantly among Asian cities. all local governments in the metropolitan area, aver- For information on the Urban Indicators Programme, aged over the last three years. Contact: UNCHS, Box 30030, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: Results guo@unchs.org a Funding for infrastructure development is determined CHRISTINE AUCLAIR is advisor to the Urban Indicators largely by the ability of local governments to obtain Programme, UNCHS (Habitat), Nairobi, Kenya. Revenue and Capital Expenditure Per Person PerYear-Selected Cities 4500 $ City Revenue Expenditure City Revenue Expenditure City Revenue Expenditure Bangui $ 3 $ 2 Amman $ 60 $ 33 Prague $ 658 $ 306 4,000 Cotonou 5 2 Tunis 63 39 Hamilton- 3,500 Bujumbura 8 2 Harare 70 63 Wentworth 961 275 3,000 Kampala 11 10 Santiago 88 18 Bedfordshire 1,271 52 2,500 Niamey 11 2 La Paz 108 44 Marseilles 1,657 390 Delhi 17 6 Ljubljana 116 90 Toronto 2,087 253 2,000 Douala 22 17 Athens 178 93 Paris 2.177 682 1,500l Dakar 26 5 Curitiba 207 54 Duisburg 2,889 2,514 1,000 Quito 46 33 Sofia 218 91 Amsterdam 4,560 I ,115 0 -~~ C -~~ 0 N 0 0 -0'. 0 E E - I v X O E AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAge 33 AWARDS AND COMPETITIONS 1998 ECHO TELEVISION AND RADIo AwARDS. Six prizes will be awarded. Contact: ECHO Television and Radio Awards Secretaniat, Media Natura, 137-149 Goswell Road, London, ECIV 7ET, To contrid e UK. Tel: 44-171-253-0880; fax 44-171-253-0343; to the e-mail: medianatura@gn.apc.org ubarge EDUCATION PROGRAMS Guid, plase MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COSMOPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT. Contact: Michael Safier, Director, se3d br Cosmopolitan Development Programme, dew, 3Xp 3 Development Planning Unit, University College CTaCt London, 9 Endsleigh Gardens, London, WClH an-d cnt, ~QED, UK. Tel: 44-171-388-7581; fax: 44-171-387- iff1r`Hti0 4541; e-mail: dpu@ucl.ac.uk MASTER'S PROGRAM IN URBAN MANAGEMENT. fax' 202 The Urban Management Center, Box 1935, 3000 BX WEB SITES 11 X Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Tel: 31-10-402-1540; CITY FARMER. This site features the on-line . fax: 31-10-404-5671. magazine of Canada's Office of Urban Agriculture, Abl1eS@Y91dX 14MASTER'S PROGRAM IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL Urban Agricultural Notes. Web site: http://www. MANAGEMENT. Institute for Housing and Urban cityfarmer.org/urbagnotesl.html#notes fbankfOr Development Studies, Center for the Urban FOOD INTo CITIESJOURNAL. Web site: http://www. Environment, Course Bureau Box 1935, 3000 BX fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/ags/agsnVisada/ Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Tel: 31-10-402-1540; sada.htm fax: 31-10-404-5671; Web site: http://www.ihs.nl GREEN APPLE MAtP oniginated in New York to document environmentally significant places in the ON-LINE RESOURCES city and strengthen urban eco-assets and resources by promoting them to residents and visitors. LISTSERVS Green Maps are now being produced and published SOURCE is a weekly news bulletin on water and in 82 cities around the world from Buenos Aries sanitation produced by the Documentation Unit and Barcelona to Adelaide and Bombay Web site: of the Intemational Water and Sanitation Centre. http://wwwgreenmap.com/cities.html To subscribe, send an e-mail to: majordomo@ bart.nl. Leave the subject line blank and include the following message: "subscribe source." Web site: PRINT RESOURCES http://www.oneworld.org/ircwater. TELECOM-CITIES DISCUSSION LIST focuses on the BOOKSHELF practical and theoretical aspects of the changes EXPLORING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. advanced telecommunications and telematics are Nicholas Chrisman, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., bringing to urban centers. To subscribe, fill out London,1997. the form at this Web site: http://urban.nyu.edu/ ny-affairs/telecom-cities.html THE LocAL AND TiHE GLoBAL: MANAGEMENT OF CITIES IN THE INFORMATION AGE. Jordi Bolja and 34 UrbanAge AUTUMN 1998 -- >. s Manuel Castells, Earthscan Publishers in 44-90-88-60;, fax: 33-1-40-08-01-45; OQH, UK. Tel: 0 171 343 1 111; e-mail: association with UNCHS, New York, 1997. e-mail: oieau-dg@worldnet.fr subscriptions@public-service.co.uk; Web MEETiNG MEGACnTY CHALLENGEs: A OuR PL.ANET. Bimonthly Annual site: wwpubfic-service.co.uk. RoLE~ FoR INNOVATION AND TECHNoL OGY, individual subscription: US$60. Contact: THE URBAN ECOLOGIST. Quarterly. OECD, Paris, 1998. United Nations Environment Programme Annual individual subscription: UJS$35. PRIVATTIZAON AND COMPETITION IN for Sustainable Development, Box Contact: Urban Ecology, 405 14th Street, TELEcommuNICATIoNs INTERNATIONAL 30552. Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 245-2-621- Suite 900, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. DEvEopmETs.Danilj. yan Prager 234; fax: 245-2-226-831; Web site: http:/ Tel: 510-251-6330; fax: 510-251-2117; DEVEilOPerTs,19.DailJRynPrer /wwwourplanet.com e-mail: urban ecology@igc.apc.org JOURNALS PuBLic MfANAGEmENT. Quarterly Annual individual subscription: US$50. Contact: AFRICAN URBAN AND REGIONAL SciENCiE Routledge Subscriptions, ITPS Ltd., CiTIVoicE. Newsletter INDEx. Annual. Annual individual Cheriton House, North Way Andover, of CityNet, the Regional Network of overseas subscription: US$40. Hants, SPIO 05BE, UK. Tel: 44-1264-343- Local Authorities for the Management Independent, interdisciplinary index of 062; fax: 44-1264-343-005. of Human Settlements. Contact: CityNet, SF Intemational Organizations Center, comparative urbanization and planning PuBLic SERvicE MAGAziNE. Monthly. Pacifico Yokohama, 1-1-1 Minato Mirai, in Africa. Tel: 254-2-216-574; fax: 254- Annual individual subscription: £-24.95; Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220-0012, Japan. 2-444-110. £,44.95 for two years. Contact: Jodie Tel: 81-45-223-2161; fax: 81-45-223- ENVRo. Intemational magazine on the Cook, 2 Caxton Street, London SWIH 2161. environment. Biennial. Subscription: free. Contact: Swedish Environmental te 1998 State ogr theAnnual is suesadOponitUS Protection Agency Information Mlenu"The 1998stat cofpeesv oko the Flbluture: susan po tunitie Deprtmnt,S-106 48 Stockholm,MlenumThmotcmrhniewronhegbaftreht Dwepartent,Fax: 4686981485f Project has ever been done", says Ambassador Harlan Cleveland. Sweden. Fax: 46-8-6981 . It is the second annual review of global change by The THE INTER-AL RICAN DEVELOPMENT MAMillennium Projects global network ofnearly 300 faturists, BANK JOURNAL. Monthly Subscription: scholars, and policy makers from 60 countries. It provides free. Contuact ThenEditoral Department C :hentonHouse, t an indepnddent, inter-institutional, multinational, and f~~~~~~~~~~~~r\ a1s a oHunSettemet. Contact: ThCEitorilNepatmn orn1dBpBookstore, E-0105, Office of - ~ ~ interdisciplinary set of early wamaings and analyses. Extemal Relations, 1DB, 1300 New York The book focus on 15 global LCsues and 15 global opportunties Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20577, - A distilled from hundreds of trends and developments identified USA. Tel: 202-623-1753; fax; 202-623- by an interational panel, actions and policies to address each 1709; e-mail: idb-books@iadb. org or issue and opportuniit plus a range of perspectives from around editor@iadb.or ~'L~UW'~' Fuurcs Researchthe world on actions and policies. - JOURNAL oF DEvELopmENT STuDIEs. scenarios, both exploratory (to the Six issues per year. Annual individual via Nodes in: year 2025) and normnative (to the 19 tt fteFtr Free. Contact: Swedish Environmental The ~~~~~~~~~~~~1998 State of the Future:Isean potits subscription: US$70. Contact: Frank Cass Argentina India year 2050), lessons and questions c/o ISBS, 5804 NE Hassalo Street, Auastralia Iran from history, and an annotated OR97213-3644, USAC. Central Europe Russia bibliography of 250 scenarios. Portland, OrChina U.K. Tel: 800-944-6190;1 fax: 503 280 8832; Egypt U.S.A. 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Rotterdam, The Netherlands. fax: 212-759-5893;1 e-mail: iccc@ ~ < Tel: 31-10-402-1523; fax: 31-10- undp.org PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND 404-5671; e-mail: ihs@ihs.nl u$REndp.org -'iwT INNOVATIONS IN COMMUNITY Web sit1;e:http://www.ihs.nlt U PA RC 2i - GOVERNANCE. Intermational Web site: http://wwwihs.nl 0 -Q 99. International Union of Local AUTUMN 1998 UrbanAg 37 Geography matters.;.. The central part of almost every- thing we do involves geographic information. For nearly 30 years, dg- I -th e largest mapping . -- software company-has developed " S g. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, which is now Creating More Livable Cities used in more than 100,000 governments, businesses, and _ r educational institutions. 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