YCTO14I'4BOE PA3BI4THE OKPYKAIOIIEfT CPFbhI 14CCJIEFJOBAH14I 14 MOHOFPA$DH4H4 BCEM14PHOFO BAHKA, CEPH14 N 13 R Pa6oqii gomaa 16681 ,ii ny6numlHoro o6cywjeHHR H4HTErPHPOBAHHA5I 3AIUHTA PACTEHHIf C TPA TETH5I H HOIH THKA 3- OOEKTHBHOTO BHE,]JPEHHff1 Integrated pest management: Strategies & policies for effective implementation Iaapm B. Cxu-ixopn Ban Be6H, rLJyteac A. OopHo, CmuuHWoOfe, ,ljuna f1. YmaIu -,IjeHuH2ep, CaHcuea KyK YCTOI44BOE PA3BIIME OKPYXAOMEH CPFLbI 1HCCJIFZOBAH4I. H MOHOrPADH4 BCEMHPHOrO BAHKA, CEP4I5 N 13 R HIHTErPHPOBAHHA5I 3AIuEITA PACTEHHI CTPA TETHI'f H HOIHTHKA 39 'OEKTHBHOTO BHE,LPEHH5I Yaapm B. CxuA3xopH Ban BeaH, ,Z(ye.aac A. OopHO, CmuH Ho0/e, ,IJuHa 11. YMaau-,JeHuneep, CaH.cu6a KYK BceMUpHbIU 6aHK BawuUHemoH, onKpy KoAym6uW? ABTopcKoe nipaBo © 1997 r. Mex(gyHapOgaHbI 6aHK peKOHCTpyKUgIH H pa3BHTHSI/BceMHpHbLIi 6aHK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Bce npaBa coxpaHwIOTca Ha3AaHo B COeIHHeHHbX UliTaTax AMepHKH flepBoe H3faaHHe - MaH 1997 r. goKnaxI noaroToBJIeH COTpyJIHHKaM1 BCeMHpHOro 6aHKa. H3aoxceHHbue B goKiiaAe MHeHHH Bbipa)KaIOT TOYKy 3peHHS1 aBTOpOB H He AOJDKHbI npHrIHCblIBaTbCH xeHaM COBeTa HCIIOJIHHTCJIbHbIX 2HpeKTOpOB HJI4 TeM cTpaHaM, KOTOpbIe OHH lnpeAcTaBAIHOT. $`oTorpa4brn Ha o6noKKe Terni nI. ranacHHa H3o6pa)KaeT bepMepOB, o6cneayxioix paCTeHHJn KapTobenI Ha HanHqHe BpeAHTeneg H aHTOMocjarOB BO Bpems HeCejibHoro y'e6Horo Kypca no HHTerpHpoBaHHOI 3aBIIHTe pacTeHHH B ManaHre, MHioue3uA B 1994 r. ABTOpbI aoKiiaga, COTPYZHHKH erenapTaMeHTa CeCJbCKoro X031l CTBa H nPHPOAHEJX pecypcoB BceMHpHoro 6aHKaTa MaapT B. CxHAJIXopH BaH BeHH (CTapimult cneIJHaiIHcT) H p;yrnac A. ($OPHO (HaqanbHwK oTfeJIa); CTHH HPot(Pe, KOHCyJIbTaHT YnpaBneHHq 3apy6ezKHoro pa3BHTHH BeIIHKO6PHTaHHH; TJHHa JI. YMaam-JjatHHHrep H CaHXHBa KYK, }COHCYJIbTaHTii BceMHipHoro 6aHKa. PeKBz3HTb1 ny6JIHKaTjHH no KaTanory BH63HOTeKH KoHrpecca CIIIA: Integrated pest management: strategies and policies for effective implementaion / Tjaart W. Schillhom van Veen ... { et a].). p. cm. - (Environmentally sustainable development studies and monographs ; no. 13) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8213-3748-3 1. Agricultural pests-Integrated control. 2. Agricultural pests- Integrated control-Govemment policy. I. Schillhom-van-Veen, T.W. II. Series. SB950.1458 1996 338. 1'62-dc2O 96-38301 CIP COPEKAHHE npeancsloBHe K pyCCKOMY H3AaHHIO ......................................... . . . . . . v flpeaHCJuoBHe K aHrJIHLCKOMy 3aHH IO i.....................................................vi BbipaxKeHue npH3HaTeJIbHOCTH ..............................................................Vi A66peBiaTypbl H aKpOHHML i................................................................vi Pe3oMe .....................................................................................1 BcTynhIeHue ...................................................................................................................5 1. cDepMepbl H 3a2UHTa pacTeHHui OT BpeaHTeJe ..................................................................8 3auurTa paCTeHHR OT BpenHTeJIei, 4epMepui H xHmHwecKaa IIpOMLIUIeID HHOCTB ........................................................................................9 9KoHoMHqecKHP lIopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH H rIpHSHTHe pelueHHt O mepax 6opB66 C BpeLHTeJISMH .........................................................10 2. 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CorjIacHo IiOBeCTKe HSA HOMCp 21 KoHbepeHui1x OOH rio oKpyxalon.eii cpeae H pa3BHTKIO (UNCED, 1992 r., 7), 1H3P cqwTaeTcq IIpHOPHTeTHOhi CTpaTeHmeCi B 6opb6e C Bpe,HTeji.qMl: "XHMHqeeCKHe MCTobI 60pb6bI C CeJTbCKOX03SLICTBeHHbIMJ BpeAgHTejMmH HrpaiOT Be,3yiuyIO pOJIb, OaHaKO HX H36bITOqHOe HClOJIb3OBsaHHe OKa3MBaCT nary6Hoe BO3AeACTBme Ha 61o,ceTbI 4CepMepoB, 3,aOPOBF>C HaceiieHHS4, oKpyxaioiuyio cpe,y, a TaKCe meXgyHapoRHyIO ToprOBJIIO. rIpO,ojExalOT B03HHKaTb HOBbIe npo6AeMbi C BpeCHTejLqMH. 14HTerpHpOBaHHaSi 3aITa paCTeHHfi, KOTOpaq Co'eTaeT 6HojiorHqecKHe MeTOAbI, yCTOiqHBOCTb COITPOTHBiLqMOCTH paCTeHHI- Xo35IHHa, Ha,)lUe)KaugHe arporipHeMbI H MHHHMaJIbHOe ripHMeHeHHe rIeCTHUHIOB, nipeACTaBimeT co6oik HaHIyqluHii BapHaHT ,15 6yAyigero, IIOCKOJIBKy rapaHTHpyeT ypo)KaH, CHHxCaeT 3aTpaTmI, He BbI3LIBaeT ywep6a VJi3i oKpyKaioiueki cpeAbI H CnoC06cTByeT yCTOi'HBOCTH cejmbCKoro X035IiiCTBa." 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Jrax2e B Tex cIyNaax, KOria HIpHHHMaeTC5 COOTBeTCTBY]OJjee 3aKOHOgaTeJIbCTBO, OHO qaCTO OKa3MIBaeTC5 CJIHUIIKOM CJIO)KHIM ,JUIA npaKrmeCKorO BMIIOJIHeHHI. rlpaBHTeJBCTBa MOrYT KOCBeHHO 1OojipTB HCrIOJlB3OBaHRe IIeCTHL4Hf0B iTyTeM rOCygapCTBeHHOi noT AepIKKH ceJILcKOXO3SkflcTBeHHrIX Hay'HLIX HccIieaOBaHHii, KoHiUeHTpH10py1OUHX BHHMaHHe Ha TaKHX HanpaBJIeHHqx, KaK pa3pa6oTKa HOBbIX BHAOB nTeCTHUIOB, MeTO4TI HX rIpHMeHeHHS, TeXHoJIorHH paCTeHHeBoACTBa, OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIe HCKJl0ll4TChIbHO Ha BbICOKHiH ypOBeHb ipHM4meHeHHL BBOQHMEIX peCCycoB H BLICOKHil YPOBCHL rHpoH3BOSCTBa. BaHKII TaKxKe MoryT coaeiiCTBOBaTB nIpHMeHeHHIo IIeCTHJJKfOB, IIPHB4B3bIBa5I KpCe,HTI K KOHKpeTHbIM TCXHoJIorHxLM, B TOM 'IcJIe H K npHMCHeHHio rIeCTHLH[OB (Thrupp, 1990 r.). 15 14HTerplpoBaHHaa 3aIHTa paCTeHiHl HHor,aa HaLHOHanJbHLIC IepaBHTeJIBCTBa npiHMCH5UOT 3UKOHoga2TJIBHBe aKra o rleCTHUixL aX B UeMasx 3awxrTMI CO6CTBeHHOIf arpoXHMHqeCKOlOl XHaYCTpHH. B HeKOTOpBIX cny'xasx TaKoro poja 3a14HTa pacnpocTpaHreTca Ha YCTapeBCBeIH npoxgeccu f npoH3BogCTBa, Inpe,rnpHATHS, He co6ino aioiHe TeXHHKy 6e3onacHocTH, HA BMirryCKaioUe BpegHylo npo,yKLrno, qTO IIpeAITCTByeT ripoHHKHoBeHHIO Ha BHyTpeHHHIf pLIHOK HOBLIX H 6e3onacHmrx rpOtyKTOB. lIpegirpHaqT 110 IIPOH3BOQCTBY lieCTHIUHaOB qacTo HCfOJlb3WOT lpaBHITesJILCTBO B ueasx pacumpeHHu pLIHKa c6u'Ta CBOA IpIOayK]{HH, B pe3yJIbTaTe nero nTponIaraHARjpyloTca KOMrTLeKCHLIe TexHojiormecKHe raKeTHI, Kyga BXOJa3IT CeMeHa, ygo6peHwL H ITeCTHg4I; OKa3MIBa1OT Iowgeprxy IPHKJIa,aHLIM HCChieaOBaHHIM 1T0 iipHMCHeHl10 HeCTHfHOB; 4IHHaHCHPYIOT cJyZX6bi pacIIpocTpaHeHHs CeCJbCKOX03SlHCTBeHHLIX 3HaHlt, IponaraHaHpyloufe HpHMeHeHHe rleCTH- 1JfOB. BCTaBKa 2.2 irHTerpwpoBaHHaA 3aauXTa paCTeHHfi KaK JHHdOpmaUHOHHOeMKaM cHCTeMa BBHUY TOro, 'qTO pa3HbIX Bpe2IHTeflef4 npHBhIeKalOT pa3HbI paCTeHHa, H 6opb6a C HHMH Tpe6yeT HHAIHBHIayaJbHbIX CTpaTerHii 143P, x4HTerpHpOBaHHaa 3aUHTa paCTeHHHi B 3HaqHTeJIbHOh CTerIeHH IoHHpaeTC Ha HayqHbIe HCCnejIOBaHHA H o6pa3oBaHHe. H4MeHHo o6pa30BaHH4e HayqHT tpepMepoB nOHHMaTb H npaIBHJTbHO HCnOJhb3OBaTb HHC)opMaiHKIO Ha TaKOM ypoBHe, HTTO5bI OHH MOrJIH C yBCpeHHOCTbhO OTKa3aTbC5 OT flpaKTHK4 >, nepeRTa K ripaKTHKe HaGIoKaeHI4 H yqeTa, BbIHBJIRTb H npejaynpex(aTb 3a60oIeBaHHI4, H HauIaeCTBHe BpefHTenieii, H ripHMeHHTb XHMHKaTbI TOJbKO no Heo6xoQHMoCTH. PeryalpHbIrl o6Mex HHC)opMaLU{eii cpegm 4C)pMePOB noMoraeT npaKTHKC Ha6IIO4eHHSR; HanpHMep, 4epMepbi MoryT coo6maTb a Bbl5BJIeHHbIX HacCKOMbIX no TenecjOHy, I4JI14 BCTpv4aTbCSi Ha eAKeHeaeJIbHbIX co6paHaHx, rue MoryT o6cyxcaaTb OT'eTbI a Ha6JloLIeHH4ax, BcIThIIUKH 6one3HeTH, HamieCTBHe BpeJAHTe;leP, peKOMeHaOBaTb MepbI 6opb6bI. flpHMemaHHns 1. O6cyxczaeTcs BOnpOC o npeHMymeCTBax IUHpOKO npHMeHAeMbIx nOHSTHt4 3KOHOMHqHOCTH H yCTOIIqHBOCTH CHCTeMbI BbICOKHX BJIOKeHIHH - BbICOKOHi OT2aaqH (BbICOKHH YPOBCHb BBO1HMbIX peCypcoB - BbnCoKue o6teMb npoH3BofCTBa) no cpaBHeHHio C CHCTeMOII HH3KHX BJIO)KCHH141 - HH3KO9 OT4aqH (NRC, 1989 r.). 2. B 6o0ee IIIHpOKOM nOHHMaHHH 3HTOMOq4arm MOryT BKAIOoaTb orbLIJIHTeJieCi, MeCTHbIX H HHTpOfAyL4HpOBaHHbIX, HanpHMep, MeAOHOCHbIX rIleJ. 16 14HTerpRpOBaHHaa 3aiIHTa paCTeHHiM 3. HHTerpHpOBaHHaq 3atlUHTa paCTeHHUiiH HIHCTpyMeHTbl roCyJaapCTBeHH0OH HOJIHTHKH CyigecTByIoT BeCKHe nIpH'IHHLI 1ip}MHeHeHHI aKTHBHEX rocyAapCTBeHHIIX Mep, B03,aeiiCTByIO IHX Ha Bm6Op TeXHOjiOrlHi XHMHqeCKOf4 HIiH HeXHMHqCCKOi4 3aUVTLI OT BpeaHTeJIeR. 3TH IlpHWHbI OCHOBIIBa1OTC5 Ha aBYX ciiejyioLuHx dcaKTopax: • Bo3ae6cmeue npufmeHefMbix necmuL4uaoe Ha oxpyicaioou.yIo cpeay u 3aopo6be 4emoeeKa: HMeeTCA B BHAY BpeaHoe Bo3J,ejiCTBHe Ha 3aopoBBbeqeJIoBeKa, HaqHHaL c OCTporo OTpaBJIeHHS H BMICoKoro PHCKa paKOBEIX 3a6ojTeBaHHi cpeaH Tex, KTO pa6oTaeT C XHMH'qeCKHMH BeLUeCTBaMR, H 3aKaHxIHBaA 3arpI3HCHHeM IlpOAYKTOB IHTaHHA OCTaTOWHbIMM IiCCTHUHAaaMl (CM. BCTaBKY 3.1). KpoMe Toro, YqHTbIBaeTCS UHpOKoe Bo3XICeICTBHe XHMHKaTOB Ha oxpy)KaIouPio cpeAy, TO CCTb BO,ay, IIoqBy H pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe opraHH3MbI, He riotjiexaiL[He geJIeBofl o6pa6oTKe. TaKHe pHCKH BM13MIBalOT oTpHuaTeJIbHbIe BHCIuHHe 344ieKThI, KOTOpbIe BJIeKYT 3a co6oi4 MaTepaJIbHbIe 3aTpaTbI aJIA o6uleCTBa ii yujep6 ,uims oKpyxaioiueii CpegmI. O,aHaKO 3TH MaTepHaJIbHbIe 3aTpaTbI, KaK IIpaBHJIO, He HaXOgAT OTpaXKeHH5 B LjeHOO6pa3OBaHHH, He oIiJaqMBaIOTCa roTpe6HTejisMH H HH B KaKOi copMe He KOMneHCHpyIOTCS/1. B TaKOil CHTyaLHH Ha6Jmo,aaeTcs1 pacxoXeCHHe Mexgy 3aTpaTaMH qacTHoro noTpe6HTeJIL H H3rAepAKKaMH ,ii o6uWeCTBa, T.e., 10o4JIHHHbIMH "COUaA4bHbIMH H3,4epxxKaMl". TaKlM o6pa3oM, Korqa c TO'IKH 3pCHHS o6iijeCTBa YpOBeHB HcriOJIb3OBaHmS rIeCTHIJHZOB SIBJISICTCS HeOrITHMaJIBHIM, Tpe6yeTcs rocyzapCTBeHHoe BMeluaTejibCTBO. • AepOHOMUCeCKue nloCJeaCm6'wq npumeHeHUS necmU(UO06: rJiaBHaa npo6JLeMa COCTOHT B nOSBjeeHHH rorIyjLURHi BpeHTeiiek, yCTOI4IHBbX K Uef1CTBHIO rleCTHUMOB (Georghiou, Mellon, 1983 r.). B TaKHIX cayqasix MOxeT 6L1Tm IIOAopBaHa yCTOf4lqHBOCTb ripOH3BOaCTBeHHbIX CHCTeM, BBEHy pOCTa H3MeHTIHBOCTH POH43BOXaCTBa H CHHxeHHS 3KOHOMHlleCKoii X3HeCrioCo6HoCTH. B KaqeCTBe rpHmepa pC3HCTCHTHOCTH K XHMHMeCKIM riperiapaTam MO;KHO nIpHBeCTH c4OpMRpOBaHHe CoripOTHBiLeMoCTH K IIHpeTpHHy y ryceHHLbI COBKI XJIOIKOBOIi, 'ITO BEI3Banjo pe3Koe coKpallUeHHe IIpOH3BOACTBa xjioT'aTHHKa B KYHTae H H,IH,HH B 1994 r. H IIOBUIUeHHe MHpOBMiX ieH Ha XJIOrIOK. B o6emx cTpaHax 3Ta ripo6JleMa CB5I3aHa C OTCyTCTBHeM 3C4eKTHBHOrO peryjiHpOBaHMS c6mITa lTeCTH]HAOB. rlpH HeCipaBHJbHOM lipHMeHeHim HCCTHUH,fOB MOryT 6bIcTpO Bo3paCTH 'aCTHbIe H COUHanJIHbIe H3AepxcKH no 6opb6e c BpeaHTeYI5MH. CollHaabHbIe H3,aepxGH yBehIH'HBalOTCq B CBSI3H C B03,ae4CTBxeM X14MHKaTOB Ha 3,2OpOBBe :enIOBeKa H oKpyx(aioulyIO cpeay./2 HenpaBwbHof IIpaKcrHKe ripHMeHeH4 rIIeCTHUHAOB cdnoco6cTByeT OTCYTCTBHe 3HaHmiI o6 aBjiTepHaTHBHbIX MCTozaX 3aUHTI paCTeHHii H4HH HaBNIKOB Hx IIpHMeHeHHsL. nepeoueHKa pojiH rieCTIH[OB B ceCJbCKOM XO3JLfICTBe Ha'aJaci 40 neT Ha3ag, rnocue BMIXOAa B CBeT iny6uHKaui.H PeiNeu KapcoH "Mojma1nHBasi BecHa" (Farvar H Milton,1992r.). OuHaKo J1H1LLb B nociieaHHe HeCKOJIbKO neT npo6uIeMa, peIluaBuiascs Ha TeXH'IeCKOM YPOBHe (HanpHMep, 3aliHTa pa6OTHHKOB, HeriOCpeACTBeHHO pa6OTaiougx C rieCTHgHAaMH, a TaKxKe noTpe6HTejieA; KiaCcq4)HKaUH5 neCTHUH,oB H 3anpeT HCnoJLb3oBaHHA HaH6ojLee oiTacHbix 17 143P H HHCTpyMeHTh rocyaapCTBeHHOii IIOJITHKH LLIOXHMHKaTOB), BKTIOqeHa B IIOBeCTKY aHS rOCyAapCTBeHHOIt H AOHOpCKOA HOJIHTHKH B o6aacrTH CCJIJCKoro XO33IHCTBa. 3To CB53aHO C TCM, qTO 4OKyCe BHHMaHHS OKa3aJIHCL He TOJILKO o6teMbI CCJbCKOX03AflCTBeHHOrO HpOH3BOACTBa, HO 3KO3IOrRHCcKH yCTOiPHBOe yripaBjeHHe llpOH3BOf- CTBeHHLIMH CHCTeMaMH, qTO orpaXeHO B cornauiemAax IOHCEjJ no floBecTKe tHH 21. BCTaBKa 3.1. 32aopoBbe 9eAoBeKa Yrpo3a 3,0POBbUO YenoIBeKa HaH6oJIee ApKO npoSBASeTCH B pa3BHBaioiitXcS cTpaHax, rae nonIb3oBaTeIn{ neCTH1IJHOB MaJIoo6pa3oBaHHbI H HMe1OT TIJIoxHe cpeaCTBa HHaIHBayaibHOi 3amiTbl xsia pa6oTbl C neCTHI4HAaMH. OcHoBHoe BHHMaHHe yaensieTC5c OCTpblIM oTpaBJIeHH3M, CBH3aHHbIM C HCnpaBHJIbHbHM xpaHeHHeM, ripMmHeHHeM XHMHKaTOB H OTCYTCTBH4eM cneuoAexczbi. rlo ogeHKe BceMHpHoiI opraHH3aUHH 3apaBooxpaHeHHH (BO3,1990 r.) 25 MJIH. 'ieJIOBeK B pa3BHBaioLHXc5 cTpaHax MoryT nocTpaaaTb OT OTpaBBieHHI rneCTHIHAaMH Ha flpOH3BOACTBe. Ha o6uaeM 4OHe rIpiHMeHeHHq neCTHUHAOB 1OJIi nIocTpagaamHx OT HX B03IekICTBHq, B OCHOBHOM, flpHXOfHTCH Ha pa3BHBaIOIrHecH CTpaHbl, rge HeYAOB eTBOPITenI HMCHAIOTCH MepbI 6e3onaCHoCTrH fpl4 pa6oTe C XHMHKaTaMH H3-3a HerpaMOTHOCTH pa6OTHHKOB H cna6oCTH npaBHJI H HOpM. ZJoonroCpoMHbie rocJeICTBHH BO3[eCACTBHl neCTHUHAOB (paK H JpyrHe Y YHKUH4OHajibHbie HapymeHHa opraHHA3Ma) nnoxo goKyMeHTHpyIoTcq. Rola H Pingali (1993 r.) pa3pa60Taanr IHHelHoe ypaBHeHne xJnA ripoc'eTa 3aTpaT Ha 3upaBooxpaHeHHe, KOTOpOC BKjiioMBaT TaKHe napaMeTpbl, KaK Bo3paCT, Bec H pOCT, KypeHme Him ynoTpe6JleHHe ainKorojiq, o6mHe H OTHOCHTeuIbH$Ie [03bi p14HMCHeMbLIX riCCTHUJHOB. HOJIHTHKa roCyaapCTBeHHoro BMeiuaTeJubCTBa B pacriopSIKeHHH IIpaBHTeCJbCTB HMeeTCT geiubi psig IOJIHTHMCKHCX H perJIaMeH- THPYIOWHX HHCTpyMeHTOB, CTHMYJIHPYIOIIHX fipHMeHCHHe 3KOJorIecKH 6e3BpeAHoA H 3KOHOMHqeCKH UeAecoo6pa3Hoii fpaKTHKH 3aui{TbI paCTeHHH OT BpejHTeJlei. HaH6oaee Ba2KHbIe HHCTpyMCHTI nepeqHcisnHoTcsi HH)KC (BapHaHTNI npaKrHiecKoro ITPHMCHCHHA TaKHX HHCTpyMCHTOB o6cyxgaloTCA B pa3Laejie 4): * CO3AaHHe CHCTeMbI, nppeaycMaTpHBaloluei IIOBbMIucHHe HH4OpMHJpOBaHHOCTH rocyaapCTBeHHBIX JIHU, HrpHHHMa1o0lUx nojIHTWqecKHe peuleHHa, a TaicKe nioTpe6HTeaefi H npOH3BoaHTeJIeii o6 onacHoCTH ripHMeHeHHui neCTHJUJAOB. * Pa3pa6oTKa HopMaTHBHofi 6a3b1 ArI3 o6ecneqeHHa Haguexaixero H 6e3onacHoro npOH13BOnCTBa, pacrnpeieieHHA H HCIOJIL3OBsaHH5 neCTHUMAOB. * nepeopweHTMpoBKa CeCJICKOXO35IHCTBCHHOH H 3KOJIor]HueCKOu IOJIHTHKH Ha rlpHMeHeHHe HHTerpHpOBaHHOi 3aUxHThI paCTeHHi4, BBegeHHe COOTBeTCTBY1OU1HX 3KoHOMHMecKUX CTHMyJIOB B BHLC HaJIOrOB H CieilHaibHMIX C6OpOB Ha fCCTHgUHbI, BLI3bIBIHOWX OTpHUaTeCJbHble BHCeUHHe 3cjceKTbI; KpaTKOCpOqHoe cy6CHAHpoBaHHe HHTerpHpOBaHHol 3aW1HTBI paCTeHHit (H3P) KaK npHMep roJIoXKHTeJILIHbX BHeEUHHX S44eKTOB. * OpHeHTHUpOBKa rIOJIHTHKH B o6uacTH HCcJIeaOBaHHR H TexHojiorFH Ha HOuIyqeHHe peryYI5IpHOi mHcopMamgH 0 MeToaax 6opb6u C BPCeHTeJI3IMH H TexHoJIorHAx, B TOM qHCJLe aOCTaTOqHbIe 6IoaxCeTHbIe OTqHcJCeHHA Ha HCCJICAOBaHHI4, pacnipocTpaHeHHe CeJIECKO- XO3iiCTBeHHIX 3HaHHA H o6y'eHHe. OueHKa npeHMyLgeCTB, HCeOCTaTKOB H 3aTpaT Kax goro H3 HHCTpyMCHTOB rocyzapCTBeHHoro BMeiUaTeCJbCTBa llpOBO0LHTC5 C y'eTOM CHTyaUHH H yCJIOBHA] B KOHKpeTHOH cTpaHe. HOTOMy IipH pa3pa6oTKe Mep rocyaapCTBeHHorO BMeluaTCJIbCTBa KpHTHIeCKyIO pOJIb HirpaeT y'eT MeCTHbIX B03MO)KHOCTeHi H Oco6eHHOCTei CeJTECKOX03,LCTBeHHOro ceKropa. 18 I4HTerpHpOBaHHasI 3ai~HTa pacTeHHif HHfiqOpfa4UOHHbie npoepaMMb1 U o6pa3o6aHue MHorHe HaripaBjieHH3S ceeIbCKOXO31iiCTBeHHOil IIOJIHTHKH, paTyIoUr~e 3a UHpoKoe HCIrIOJT3OBaHHe rCCTHU1HfOB (CM. pa3,Reii 2), BbIpa6aTbIBaaHcb B nlepHog OTCYTCTBHSA HH4OpMagHH o Bpe,aHOM B03gefiCTBHH iHeCTHLUHOB Ha 3,aopoBbe xieJioBeKa H 4)aKTop yCToAqHBoCTH. floBbIllIeHHe OCBCe,oMjieHHoCTH rOCYaapCTBeHHbIX AOAUKHOCTHUIX JIH1U, IpOH3BO[HTeJIeiA H noTpe6HTejei4 B 3THX Bornpocax rnyTeM perynispHoro IHIOCTyImeHHS 1HHbopMaui4H noMoraeT coKpaTHTb rpHmeHeHHe rIeCTHJJHOB, rlOCKOJIbKy rlpHHHMaeMbIe HMH peuieHHS Ty'une oTpaxKaIoT peaJIbHbIe H3gaepxKH Ajns o6iuecTBa. 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CAegyeT HpogyMaHHo 4)opMHpoBaTL MHoro- ripocbHIbHbIe HayqiHo-4CcJIeAOBaTejibCKHe rpyruiI H OripegejmTb HX 3aAaHHA BO H36exaHHe KOHc)jiHKroB <>, B qaCTHOCTH, MexAy cIyx6aMH no pacripocTpaHeHHo ce3BCKoXO3JPACTBeHHLIx 3HaHm4, 3alXHTbI paCTeHHH HAH BeTepHHapHIMMH cnyx6aMH (Rolling H van de Fliert, 1994 r.). Ta6inua 3.2. IlpHMepbl ycneWHioro BHeApeHsi 143P KvnbTvpa CTIpaHa 3deKT CoeBbie Bpa3HJIIn B TeqeHHe 7 IieT ipfMmeHeHHe rieCTH1lHAOB 6o6bi COKpaTHJIOCb Ha 80% PHC lHH{Ig (OpHcca) CoKpaTHJIOcb EHCflOJb3OBaHHe Hi-iceKTHUHaoB PHc 14HAOHe3HR HcUORb3oBaHme neCTHILIAOB coKpameHO Ha 60% XAori,aTHHK HHKaparya B 70-x lriMHeHeHHe neCTHUIA0B COKpaTHJIOCb Ha 30% PamnKHbie Ky6a B 80-x i4cnoJIb3OBaHHe neCTHInHAOB KYJIbTypbl COKpaTHJIOCb Ha 80% MexayHapoawHbIe corJalueHHs H KOHBeHUUH C Haqaria 80-x rO,OB yqpeKeHHIA, BXoa5WHe B COCTaB OpraHH3aILHH O6ieAHHeHHblIx HauHui, BbICTynalOT C 1HHLtHaTHBo4f no 3aKyJoqeHHio MeXZYHapOAHbIX ZRoroBopoB 0o rpHMeHeHHH iecTTH1HAoB/5. HanpHMep, (DAO (rIpoAoBJmbcTBeHHaI H ceejbCKOXO3s4iCTBeHHaI opraHH3agq OOH) BMIIYCTHJIa pag lnO,pO6HbIX PYKOBO,ACTB nIo 3aKyHKe, ToproBJIe, TpaHCrIOpTHpOBKe H XpaHeHHIO neCTHUNHOB nIo, Ha3BaHHeM "MexyHapo0HMii KOgeKC IIoBegeHHAs no pacripOCTpaHeHHO H 11pHMeHeHHIO necTHeuTHIoB" ((DTAO, 1990 r.). KogeKC oxBaTbIBaeT Bce acineKrm, BKJuOIa3i rIoJIox(eHHsI o perylJIipOBaHHH ripHMemeHHHs H rIpaKTHKC rlpOH3BOACTBa neCTHUHAOB. FIPHHAITle rOJIOoKeHHi4 Ko,AteKca ipOTHCXOAHT Me,UIeHHO, IIOCKOJIBKy HIX OCylueCTBJIeHHe HaXO,4;HTCc B pyKax CTpyKTyp, KOTOpbIe 3aHHMalOTC3I He TO1IbKO 3auHTOrli CeJIbCKOX03I4iCTBeHHbIX paCTeHHii, HO H pacnpee ieHnem HeCTHR}HIOB. OTHOCHTeJIIHO HeZAaBHO 06WenlpHHATbie MCAyHapOZtHwIe HOpMb 6op16Mi c BpegIHTeiAMH 6IJIH IOIIOJIHeHbl HOBbIM r1oj1oxKeHHeM "CorJiacHe c npeABapHTenbHoro noniyqeHsA HHcbopMauxlH" (prior informed consent/ PIC), KOTOpOe np1OBOHl4TC5I B AGH3Hb (DAO H IOHEn. B COOTBeTCTBHe C 3THM ZAOKYMeHTOM coAep)KaWHeC3 B CIIHCKe rlpOAyKTbI, (Te, KOTOpIie 3anpelueHw HJIH CTpOFO orpaHHoeH I B p5iAe cTpaH) MOrYT 3KCIlOPTHpOBaTbCSI JIHUEb B TOM cjiyiae, ecjIH cTpaHa pacIojiaraeT IOJIHOi4 HH4)opMaltHeii 0 XHMHKaTe H gaeT 11oToxHTeJleHoe corJIacHe. flepBbI}i CIIHCOK, coLIepACaBWHi4 12 HaHMeHOBaHHj4, ceiPiac BKJIHO'aeT 39 xHMHKaToB. B HacToAuWee BpeMA TaKoe coriiaLuieHHe rio,rIHcaHo 120 cTpaHaMH. B03 BBeJia HOBLIA MeexcyHapoAHbIii CTaHzapT, corniacHo KOTOpOMy neCTHLIH,gbI K10acCHtHpYIOTC.ITo CTerieHH opajibHOil TOKCH'-HOCTH ,Aim MJLeKOnHTaIOUHx. rIpeACTaBJIeHHbIe AaHHbIe cjiyIKaT HHdopMaUHeA' 0 HaAjIeX(alUHX HOpMax, BKJlioqaSl MaKCHMajiBHo aoIryCTHMCe OCTaToqHMie YPOBHH rleCTHHRAOB, yKa3aHHMie B corJIIaweHHm o > (GDAO, 1990 r.). DAO TaK)Ke BBeJ1o B ,aeicTBHe npaBHJIo <,CoriiacHe Ha OCHOBe npeABapHTeJIbHO9 HH4)opMaLUHH>>, BKA1ol4eHHoe B <'MeXayHapOAHbIl KOAeKC lOBeaCHH5I>;. * HPOZOBOnbcITBeHHbul KOQCKC (Codex Alimentarius) yCTaHaBJIHBaeT o6ulHe CTaHaapTbl KaMecTBa H OCTaTO'IHOrO CoAepxKaHHA XHMHKaTOB B npOgyKTax nHTaHHq. B KogeKce YCTaHaBJIH4BaeTC5I MaKCHManbHoe coaepxKaHHe OCTaTOIHbIX neCTHIUHXOB B pa3JIHqHbIX BHIaaX ceJIbcKOXO35IHcTBeHHbIX H fIJIOXOOBOIUHbiX npoglyKTax. * OpraHH3aumq a(bpHKaHCKOrO eaIHHCTBa riozQOTOBHMJa #3aripeT Ha NMIIOPT B A(4PHKY N TpaHCH paHHHbie IepeBO3KH no TeppHTOpHH A,PHKH onacHbIx OTXOAOB>> (KoHBeHLXHH B BaMaKO) (OAE. 1991 r.). * B JIOHAOHCKOM pyKOBO,CTBe aeTaJIbHo pa3pa6OTaHbI npHHUHrIbI <'06MeHa HH4)opMaLUHe4 0 XHMHKaTaX B MeX.yHapOaHOH ToproBjie> (1OHEHI, 1987 r.). * OpraHM3anUH 3KOHOMHMeCKOrO COTPYZgHHNleCTBa H pa3BHTHN (09CP) BblIUYCTHIia <'PYKOBOXaCTBO no 6opb6e C BpeAJHTeJIHMH H ripHMmeHeHHio neCTHUHOIOB zo]I areHTCTB nIOM014H)> (03CP, 1990 r.). * 06iee cornalneH-He o TapHmtax H TOPrOBjie (FATT) H CeBepoaMepHKaHcKoe cornanleHHe o CBo6O0lHOA TOproBjie (HAq)TA) CTaBST uenb rapMOHH3HpOBaTb npaBnia TOprOBJIH, BKJIiOa5i perynJIHPOBBaHHe TOPrOBJIH neCTHLxUaaMH H MeAHKaMeHTaMH. B COCTaBe BceMHpHOH Op-aHH3aUHH 3LapaBooxpaHeHHq HMCeTCq pPg KOMHTeTOB, KOTOpbIe 3aHHMalOTCq BOripOCaMH TOprOBJIH necTH1HUZaMH, B TOM 'IHCJIe, KOMHTTblI no CeCjbCKOMy XO3SIiCTBy, CaHHTapHbIM H (pHTOCaHHTaPHUlM MepOnpHRTHRM, TOprOBjie H 13KOJIOr'HH, rOCyzapCTBeHHblM 3aKyrIKaM H TeXHHIeCKHM 6apbepaM TOprOBJIH. * MoHpeajibcKHN npOTOKOJI (1988, 92, 95 rr.), aOKyMCHT 0 3aripeTe 4)HHaHCHpOBaHHq MHOrOCTOpOHHHMH 4HHaHCOBbIMH opraHH3aUHRMH BedecTB, BbI3bIBaiOMiHx HCTOM;CHHe O3OHOBOFO CjiO5 (3anpeiaeHo ipiHMeHeHHe MeTNji 6poMHaa, IIIHpOKO HcnojIb3ylOIeroca B cejibcKOM XO3sRHCTBe B KaBeCTBe dbyMHraHTa). (IOHEn, 1994 r.). 24 HHTerpHIpOBaHHasI 3auxTa paCTeHMii rIpHMeqaHNs 1. B KaqIeCTBe npOCTOrO npmCepa ytie`a BHeinH3X 3b)C4eKTOB, CBS3aHHbIX C BO3aeHCTBHeM OHOro neCTH4tHU a Ha rITHL, CM. James (1955 r.) 2. Cy6cHX4HpoBaHHe leCTHIItH,AOB TaKxce roUHHMaeT BOnPOCbl coiCHajibHoro paBeHCTBa, nOCKOJIbKy 6onee COCTOSITeJIbHbie bepMepbI m KOpnOpaUmH H3B3ieKaIOT H3 cHTyaLHH 6oRmme Bbiroz,, eM MeJIKHe 4epMepEa. MeAiaHe 4epMepbI H ceJIbXo3pa6oTHHKH iaCTo rlOBCepraeTCg 6oIbHieMy pHCKy OTpaBjieHHq neCTHLHAMmH HiuH noTpe6jieHH5I 3arp.q3HeHHbMX XHMHKaTaMH npOOYKTOB IHTaHHq N BO,bl. 3. )KecTKoe peryjiHpoBaHje HHoraa BbI3bIBaeT 3azepxcKy HCIOJb3OBaHR60ne 60.iee 6e3onacHbIx 6HojiorHIecKHx H Tpazi4HHOHHbIX MeTOaOB 6opb6bi C BpeCHTeuISMH, BBHAY Toro, qTO orpaHHtl4HHOCTb pbIHKOB c6buTa 3aCTasBJIeT H36eraTb xZoporocToiiero npoiecca CepTH14UKai4HH. 4. B TO BpeM51 KaK HHAYCTPHI nlpOH3BO,aCTBa neCTH14H,JOB rlepBOHwaaIbHo CTpeMHi4aCb K BbInYCKY r1eCTHUHAOB mHPOKOOXBaTHOrO aer1CTBH5I, 3KoJIOrMH'ecKHe npo6uieMb H y)KeCToqeH4e perynJHPOBaHIH ripHHenJIH K pa3pa6oTKe XHMHKaTOB KOHKpeTHOrO iAerieBoro ACeCTBH51. XOTA yjiyImeHiCe i4enesoro ZeHCTBHR XHMHKaToB coKpamaeT 3KOAormOHecKHe p4CKH, yBejiHneHHie pacXOAOB Ha pa3pa6oTKy neCTHIjHaOB H TI031yqeHH51 pa3pemUeHHq Ha HX upHMeHeHHe, a TaKxce cyxKeHHe PbIHKa rp1PBOAI4T K POCTy UeHbl Ha TaKHe npO,yKTbl. 5. YVLHTbBaq pa3HOUJiaHOBOCTb HHTepeCOB, TaKHe corjiaifeHHiM oTpa)Ka1OT HHTepeCbi iUHPOKHX KpyrOB 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIX JIH4. MHoroHaLIHoHaJbHbIe KOHrn3oMepaTbl KOHTPOI14pY1oT OCHOBHYIO tIaCTb MHpOBOso HHIIYCTPHH nleCTHI4HZOB, H BBHay HX MaCmTa6HOCTH H 3aHHTepecOBaHHOCTH B paCiuHpeHHH reorpa4)H'feCKoro OXBaTa, OHH OKa3bIBaIOT CyUeCTBeHHOe B.HIHlHHe Ha peCYhIHpOBaHHe H HCfIojIb3oBaHHe nleCTHIIHX40B (nuH60 HanIpAMYIO Ha KOHKpeTHbie npaBHTejibCTBa, 3460 Ha MecAWyHapoaHbIe opraHH3aU4KH, HanpHMep, Groupement International de Fabricants de produits Agrochimiques/MexQyHapoaHbIu C0103 npoH3BOAHTejiefi arpoxMmH'eCKO9 npOAYK4H4, IIpoAoBoIIcTBeHHaq H cejibCKOxO35IIiCTBeHHaq opraHI3aIH5l OOH (qPAO), KoMHTeT Codex Alimentarius, BceMi4pHasa opraH43aumq 3zpaBooxpaHeHHH). C Apyroi CTOpOHbI, HenpaBHTejibCTBeHHbie opraHM3au4H (HanpHMep, I'IHH4opMau4S o 1erCTB14H rieCTHgIHAoB, (DOHA 3aI4TbI OKpy)Kaiowegi cpeabi H gpyrme) IoRIMpKHB0lOT PHCK HCIIOJIb3oBaHi4SI neCTHN14210B, nporiaraHZHpyIOT a3IbTepHaTHBHbie MeTObI 3aIIIHTbI, aKTHBHO uo66HpylOT, BbICTynlla B no4zepXCKH rIoJIHTHK14 H npaKTHKH liapTH4 3ejieHbIX>>. 6. 3aAaqH H pa6o0He IIiaHbI yKa3aHHbIX opraH3agHti MOX(Ho Hal4TH no c3e1y1omlHM agpecaM KOMnbrOTepHo0 ceTH: Basel Convention: http://www.unep.ch/basel/ Codex: http://ftp.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/ECONOMIC/esn/codex/Default.htm FAO: http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT /AGP/dafault.htm Montreal Protocol: http://www.unep.org/unep/secretar/ozone/issues.htm OECD: http://www.oecd.org/ / OAU: http://www.rrapide -pana.com/demo/oua/bamakoco.htm UNEP: http://www.unchs.unon.org/home.htm WIO/GATT: http://www.wto.org 25 1HHTerpHpOBaHHaSI 3aIUHTa pacTeHHif 4. CTpaTerHsI BHeapeHHs HHTerpHPOBaHHOH 3alllHTbI paCTeHHH OHIT IlpOBegeHgR niporpamm HHTerpHpoBaHHOf4 3alHTbI paCTeHJA B cTpaHax APHIpKH, A3HH, JIaTHHCKOfi AMepHKH H CIlA (KarIHclopHHsq) npeAcTaBsjieT co6ok iUeHHbie ypoKH quA pa3BHBaiouHXxcq cTpaH (Teng H Heong, 1988 r.; Wiebers, 1993 r.; Kiss H Meerman,1991 r.; Murray H Nathan, 1994 r.). OnbIT noKa3IBaeT,I qTO ripH UIHpOKOMacduTa6HoM BHe,gpeHHH 13P HYXKHO yqecTb LABa KJloqeBMIX CTpaTerHqeCKHX KOMIIOHCHTa: * C03,aaHHe paBHbIX yCJIOBHf{ RJTq pa3HbIX MeTO,4OB 6opb6MI C BperHTeJMMH, YTO 03HaqIaeT OTKa3 OT IIOJIHTHKH, npoinaraHgi4pyiowefi 3KOJIOrHqeCKH HCYCTOWIHBbIe npiHeMbi 6opb66I C BpeCHTeJlMH, H yKpemeHHe HHCTHTYTOB peryJIHpOBaHHA. * BbIIROIHeHHe MepOflpHSITHlf, 6JIarOrIpH3TCTByIOUU{X BHegpeHH1o 143P liocpegCTBOM 4jOpMHpOBaH5KI o6weCTBCHHOrO MHeHHS, rio,CepXKKH Hay3HO-HcCJIeLoBaTeJ>BCKoHf AeATeIBHocTH, pacpoCTpaHeHs ceJIbCKOXO3JHCTBeHHbIx 3HaHH1 H TexHojTorHji, o6yreHHsi; TPH 3TOM 11o2IepKHBaeTc5I pOJib aeiUeHTpa32H3aLHH H HHHLUHaTHB, OpHeHTHpOBaHHEIX Ha cbepMepa. flepBbii KOMIIOHCHT HeO6xogHM aiil cOPMMHPOBaHHA 6JIaronPHSITHbIX YCJIOBHii ]rLs 143P, O,aHaKO 3TorO HCeoCTaTOYHO aJI3L 4HTeHCHBHOrO BHeIpeHH5I HHTerpHpOBaHHOHi 3aUHTbI paCTeHifH. BTOPOIi KOMIIOHeHT Heo6xoRHM, HO He3d4eKTHBeH 6e3 nepBoro. B HaCTo5jlXeM pa3Aene o6cyxcgaeTCsi 31beKTHBHOe HCIIOJIb3OBaHH4e 3THX aBYX HHCTPYMCHTOB, CTHMYJIHPYIOWi4X BHe)RPeHHe 143P. npl4BepxKeHHOCTb KYPCY 1H3P H Tpe6oBaHHe nIo ero BbIIOJIHeHHIO C TOYKH 3peHH1 nHOjIHTHKO- opraHH3agH0HHlJX nepemeH CJIO)KHbI, rIOCKOJIbKy BMIXORUT 3a paMKII OTpaCJIeBbIX ipaHH1t H Tpe6yloT HPOBegCHHI MCpOIIpHITHH KaK Ha MHKpO-, TaK H Ha maKpo ypoBHe. Oco6oe BHHMaHHe Heo6xoQLHMO YaCJIHTb riOChiigOBaTeJIbHOCTH H ueJIeBoR HaTIpaBJIeHHOCTH KOHKpeTHbIX MepOnpHITHii, 'T06bI CBeCTH K MHHHMYMY 3KOHOMH'ecKHe 3aTpaTbI, CB5I3aHHbie C H3MeHeHHeM IOJIHTHKHI, B OCo6eHHOCTH4 TaM, rqe MOXKCT C¢OpMHPOBaTbC5 1HJIH yKperiHTC5c ofilIO3H1RUH IpOBO,HMbIM npeo6pa3oBaHHisM. Focy,aapcTBeHHasl nOJIHTHKa no BHeapeHHlO HHTerpHpOBaHHON 3aUl4RTbI paCTeHHH Pa3pa6oTKa OCHOB rOCyZapCTBeHHOR IIOJIHTHKH IpHMeHeHHS 143P SBjseTCi Heo6xO,HMoR CTyneHb]O B peanl43axHH CTpaTerHH 143P Ha HayHOHanIbHOM ypOBHe. HeKoTopbie cTpaHLI y)Ke cgeiaaim Imar B 3TOM HaripaBJIeHHH, HanpHMep, Ky6a (Rosset H Benjamin, 1994 r.), I4HAoHe3Hsi (Kenmore,1991 r.), HHaepAaaHgbI (Vijftigschild, 1996 r.) H CELIA (USDA/ARS, 1993 r.). rlpeHMyWeCTBa TaKoro noaxoaa COCTORT B TOM, qTO nporpamma pa3H0o6pa3HbIX MepOIlpHTiTHH no BHCegpeiHo 143P, KaK Ha YpOBHe 3JxiMeHTOB rocygapCTBeHHOi{ ITOJIHTHKH, TaK H Ha YPOBHe npaKTH'ieCKoro BHCapeHH5 143P B xo3sHHCTBax, pa3pa6aTWIBaeTCsi Ha OCHOBe e,HHoro H JIorH'ecKC4 nocJIe,oBaTeYIbHoro peuieHmsA. TaKoe pelneUHe MOX(eT 3aSjOX1Tb OCHOBY AJS KOHCyJIbTauHfHi CO BceMH 3aHHTepeCOBaHHLIMm JmLlaMH, qTo6bI o6eCneHqHTb IIIHPOKyio HHCTiHTygHOHanbHYpo no,mepXKy B03MO)KHbLiM paaHKaJIbHbIM H3MeHeHHSM (CM. BCTaBKy 4.1 H 4.2). 14 HaKoHeL, SRCHO 26 CTpaTeriA BHeapeHRA 143P BbIpaeKeHHa,5 flO3HULHSl ripaBHTevJbCTBa B OTHOIueH[H BHeapCHHA 143P CTaHeT MOUUH{IM CHrHaJiOM A,3 BceX y4acTH1rKoB 3Toro npouecca. BO3HHKaeT BOIIpOC, Kyga B HHCTHTyL.HOHaJIbHOM ruiaHe BITHCElIBalOTCS riOJIHTHKa Iio BHeapeHHIO 143P H ee HHCTHTYUOHaHJ1bHbIC OCHOBLI? IIOJIHTHKa BHepeCHH51 H3P CB13aHa iHe TOJIbKO c ceJIbCKHM XO35qiHCTBOM H JieCOBOACTBOM, HO H C rocyaapCTBeHHLim yNpaBZcHHem oKpyxKaioIef cpe)tor, HayLIHOi geqTeJILHOCTOIO H pa3pa6OTKOH TexHoJIorHl, IIpOH3BOaCTBOM H o6pa3oBaHmeM. CylUecTByeT CHEHa5I B3aHMoCB53b MCexzy nepeHcCJIeHHEIMMH c4epaMH, Bm6opOM BapiaHTOB BHeapeNHis H3P H 6o0iee IIHpOKO]r4 npo6.ieMoii YCTOiPHBoro pa3BHTH5 cenBCKoro XO3.IHCTBa H 1pHpHQOaHbIX pecypcoB, a TaKCKe COOTBCTCTByiOiLel nIOJIHTH4KOH H HHCTHTyLUHOHamIBHOI CTpyKTypoi4 no ee no,uep)oxe. TaKl[M o6pa3oM, Co3,aHH4e cneiUHaJbHOii mil pa6o'eii rpyiTnni nIo BOlIpOcaM 143P MOxcHO paCCMaTpHBaTL B KOHTeKCTe 6o0iee UpOKOAi ueJieBOH4 HHRH1aTHBLI, HaripHMep, B KOHTeKCTe HagHOHaJIbHOrO iDIaHa 3KOJlorHqIcKHx MepOripHRTHRA HJiH pa6OTbI HauHOHaJEbHorO KOMHTeTa no yCTORHHBOMy pa3BHTH10. CneuHarIbHwIe, 4CHHaHCHpyeMbie rocyAapCTBoM, HHHuHaTHBbI H MepbI I1o BiHapeHH1O 143P ciieayeT r1pOBOAgHTb Ha 1pOTIXLeHHH onpe,eAeHHorO riepxoga BpeMeHH, TO eCTb, .Io Toro, KaK 6yayT CO3,AaHbI Hae2KaulHe CTHMYJIM>IaSI CeHoo6pa3oBaHHH, pery.7iHpOBaHHSI H TaK Aaliee, H ,o TOrO, KaK HaIHyT 344eKTHBHO c1yHKIHOHHPOBaTb HHCTHTYTLI, 3aHHMmajoHuc5 peryipoBaHem H KOHTpOjieM, H o6ecne'qHBalooiHe nOTOK Heo6XoARHMOii HHOpMaugH H TeXHoJIorHii. B ICJIqX OKa3aHEHW riOMOUH B onpeAe1jeHHH iejiei, rIpHOpHTeTHLIX HanpaBJIeHHii, pOJIH pa3JIH'IHbIX HHCTHTYTOB H HX OTBeTCTBeHHoCTH 3a BHe,npeHHe pa3JIHqHbIX acrieKTOB 143P Mo)KHo HCfrIOJIb3OBaTb npoitecc IUHPOKOOXBaTHbIX KOHCyJIbTa]Hii B cjopMC rpaKTWICCKHX H TeOpeTHYCCKHX CeMHHapOB, TaKHM o6pa3oM o61eIHHSI pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe roCylaapCTBeHHmIe, iqaCTHMC H HeiIpaBHTeJIbCTBeHHble 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbie CTPYKTypEI B paMKaX CKOopAHHHpOBaHHOii H OTKplIToi4 nIporpaMMmI. TaKoil ripoLecc TaKxe HatenieH Ha IoBbLIIeHHe MHHOPMHpOBaHHOCTH ripOH13BOaHTejieA H roTpe6HTe.1eA, H rTOHHMaHI Mmm p4CKOB npHMeHCHHi S rieCTH1lHgOB JI 3,aOpOBb3I H oKpyxailOuei cpeaI, a TaioKe rioHCK 6o.IlBloro qHcJIa CTOPOHHHKOB 113P H Mo6Hmx3aumHo rOCy,aapCTBCHHEIX CpCeaCTB Ha nogepX)Ky BHmepeHHS HHTerpHpoBaHHOI 3awHT>I. HeiTpaBHTejmEcTBeHHble opraHH3aLmHH MOryT CTaTb <> COO3HHKaMH B 3TOM npoUecce. HwsopMaixH, aHJai3 H HpHOPHTeTbl rIOJIHTHKa, npeaycmaTpHBaiouas inoaaepxcKy 143P, B ]LejiOM, yKperIH4T o6luecTBeHHoe 6narococTo,lHHe, HO B TO ;Ke BpeM5 B KpaTKOCpOqHOH nepCrieKTHBe MOxeT OKa3aTb OTpH1iaTeZJlHOe BJIHS3HHC Ha IPOQaYKTHBHOCTb ceiiEcKoro XO35iHCTBa H ,aOXOabIl HeKOTOpEIX rpynI HaceIieHHI4. TaK Zilbennan H4 gpyri4c aBTOpEI (1991 r.) flPH=lIJl K BbIBO,y, qTO I1pM OTCYTCTB4H 3q4eKTHBHbIx 3aMeHHTCJIefi, 3aripeT Ha 4MHOPT I1eCTHUHfOB BJIe'qeT 3a co6otl rnaAeMe ypOBHefi IIpOH3BOARCTBa, OBb1ifIueHHle UeH, cyweCTBeHHOe coKpaWieHHe aHCKpeUHOHHNX XAOXOlaOB affA noTpe6HTeJiefi H nepepacripeAeneHie ripi4611J1M B flOJlb3y Tex IIpOH3BO,HTeJIeIi, KOTOpEIe He HCIIOJlb3yIOT IIeCTHlIEHAI. T'ITo6bI AOCTHEb nrIaBHOrO iiepexoaa K MCTOay 3KOJIOrHqeeCKH yCTOTqHBOli HHTerpHpOBaHHoi 3aUWTEI paCTCH4i H COekiCTBoBaTbr npoueccy 4OCTHXKCHHAI uHpOKOMacIITa6HmIx eieneH pocTa CeJIbCKOrO xO3.iiCTBa, H3MeHeHH5i nOJIHTHx{eCKoro Kypca Heo6xogHMo IIpOBO,HTh uerieHanpaBJ1eHHo H nOCTeITeHHO. HHxKe nepe'HcJIaIoTcs Te c4epw, KOTOpE,Ie, nIO Bceii BCpOHTHOCTH, norpe6y1oT c6opa H aHlJlH3a NHHopMaUHHi. nepBOHaqaE,mHO Heo6xoaHMo onpe,aeIHTb COCToiHHze H HaiiH'He ripHeMJIeMMX TeXHOJIorHii 143P H nepcneKTrHBi> Ix BHegpeHHs depMepaMH. TaKoe peiueHrie 3aBHCHT OT KOHKpeTHOti CHCTeMbI CejibCKOX03SIACTBeHHOrO rIpOH3BOaCTBa H Tpe6yeT AOKaAlEHbIX [aHHLIX, ITOJIYqHBUHX MHOrOripO¢HjuBHylO OUeHKy. 27 HHTerpHpoBaHHaa 3aUgTa pacTeHuAii HanpHlMep, B HCKOTOpbIX BbICOK03aTpaTHbIX CH4CTeMaX npOBeLeHHe Mep, HCHocpeACTBeHHO HarlpaB3IeHHLIx Ha coKpaiueHHe fpHMCeHeHJ5 rHeCTHUHaOB qepe3 MexaHH3MU UeHoo6pa3OBaHa HmH BCTaBKa 4.1 HIHTerpHpoBaHHaA 3aaL4Ta paCTCHHI B 4HHgoHe3HH B Haqanie 80-x rPAOB o6mHpHbie nfloHaOIu BO3felAblBaHHH pica B 14H1OHe3Hri 6Eur 3apaxeHbI KOpH1'HeBOI4 6aOmKoi (Nilaparvata lugens). 3KOHoMH'ecKHti nopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH rOBOpHJ o HeBO3MO)KHOCTH npHMeHeHHH1 aKTHBHbIX Mep 3aMIITbl, HeCMOTpS Ha TO, 'ITO MexQyHapOAHblfl HayqHO- HccneAOBaTenbCKHH HHCTHTyT pica ?IOCTOSHHO 3aHHMaJICS BbLBeaeflHeM yCTOiPiHBbIX COpTOB, H UCCTHHIHbl HHTeHCHBHO HcnOJTb3OBaJIHCb 4bepMepaMH. B 1986 r. yKa3OM npe3HIAeHTa H npH noatepxKee (DAO/2 6bma npOBO3rJIameHa HaULHOHaJLbHa5 flOJIHTHKa 14-HoHe3HH HO BHJApeHHI10 143P. Pe3y.IbTaTm ripOBCeeHHbMX riocnTe 9TOrO HayHbLIX HccJIeXOBBaHHH nOKa3aIiH,' ITO HHceKTHUHAbl, He OKa3aB CyeCCTBeHHOrO Bo3geRCTBHS Ha nOBbiieHNHe ypoxaHHOcTH pHca, pa3pyUIHnIn ronyflJIHH eCTeCTBeHHbLIX 3HTOMoI4aroB H JaeCTa6HJnH3HpOBaJIH CHCTeMy IpOH3BOACTBa pHca. MHorwe HHCCKTHUIHXbI 6bInH 3anpeIIeHbl, cy6CHJIpOBaHHe coKpaueHO HuH OTMeHeHO, 6bnoI npOBse)eHO yKpenIeHne CHCTCMbl 3aIHTbl paCTeHHr4 H CB$I3aHHbIX C 3THM HayqHO-HCCeiezoBaTeJIbcKHx H yMe6HbIX HHCTHTyTOB. Ha'ianocb ocyIUeCTBJIeHHe nporpamm o6y'eHI4Ha no lpuHMCHeHHlO 143P. K cepegHHe 1992 r. npomuinH riofrOTOBKy 1000 crieuHhaIHCTOB no Ha6nhoaeHHIo H yqeTy nOnyYHqUI4H HaCeKOMbiX, 3000 CneuHaHIHCTOB no pacnpoCTpaHeHHIo 3HaHHf, H He MeHee 150 TbiC. q3epMepOB flpOlmITH o6y4eHHe rio BOnpocaM Ha6nioAeHn5 H noHHMaHMH 3KOJIOrHH pacTHTehibHoi 6IOIIKu H e CeCTecTBeHHbIX BparoB, a TaKKe co6unEOeHHl 3JIeMeHTapHbIx npaBHeri nopora BpeaOHOCHOCTH H 3KOHOMHmeCKOA BpeAoHOCHoCTH. 3a nepHoa C 1987 -90 rr. o6ieM IHCIOJIb3OBaHHi neC1CTHIH4AOB COKpaTHJIC5 Ha 50%, a ypoxcaiiHocTb BbIpOcIa Ha 15%. 3a ce30H aOlOJIIHHTe3bHbC 'IHCTb`Ie aOXOabi cocTaBnuiu 18 aonn. CIlA Ha OgHoro cpepMepa, ripoiuegiero iIOArOTOBKY no H3P; npm STOM 3aTpaTbl Ha o6y'IeHHe B cpeJHeM COCTaBHJIH Bcero 4 goni. CGIA Ha OaHOrO cbepMepa. $eaepanbHoe npaBHTeJIbCTBo C9KOHOMH4IO 120 MH.nHo0n. CLIA 3a roa (85%) B pe3ynbTaTe COKpaIeHHf cy6cHAHpOBaHHR nIeCTHUHJIOB H HaripaBHJIO 3TH cpeACTBa ua gajibHeUnIHe HHHuHaTHBbI nO 143P. B 1993 r. ripaBHTenfbCTBO 4H-aoHe3HH, BCeMHpHbl 6aHK H AMP CIUA BbaeJIHJIH 53 MuIH. ZOJIJI. CLUA Ha peanl3auHHO npoeKTa no BHCapeHHIO H paCIpOcTpaHeHHIO 143P B MaCMTa6aX Bcea CTpaHbI. 14HHoHe3nHicKH rIpoeCKT MaCTO IIPHBOQIHTC5 B KaYeCTBe nI01IOxcHTenbHorO ripHMepa, HO B 14HAHH opouiaema5i SKOCHCTeMa BO3AeJbIBaHHR pHca BroJIHe npHcnoco6uieHa K eCTCcTBeHHbIM MeTOgaM 6opB6bl c BpeJJHTeJSiMH. KoMnieKcHbie noIaxoJIbI H3P B JpyIHX IlpOH3BOACTBeHHbIX H 3KOJIOrH'eCKHX CHCTeMax, BeposTHo, nOTpe6yIOT 60oee fIOJIHOfi HHCbopMaLHH4 H JaPYFHX nOaXOaOB. OnHaKO, IHOMHMO 60pb6bl C BpegHTeJlSMH, IiOJIO)KHTefIbHOe 3HaMeHHe HMelOT roleBble yMe6Hbie CTaHi4HI, o6yIeHme tepMepoB H KOHXieniLH5 nepenaaY oTBeTcTBeHHocTH. Icmo[iHuK: Kenmore, 1991; aaHHbUe BceMH-pHoro 6aHKa. perynIHpOBaHSX, MoKeT paccmaTPHBaTbCA KaK CejHHCTBeHHo Ba)HbIr cnoco6 BO3aeeACTBRS Ha BbI6Op TeXHOJLorHlH H BHeapeH4e H3P. TeOpeTHweCIC KaK rocyaapCTBeHHbIe, TaK H qaCTHMe rIOCTaBULHKH CeJIICKOXO3f4CTBeHHBIX ycuiyr goJKHbI OTKOppCKTHpOBaTb rIpewIaraeMyIo HMH HHcDopMagHIo H TeXHoJIorHH B COOTBeTCTBHe cO ciipocoM ckepMepOB Ha ajBTepHaTHBHwe MeTOabI. Ha rpaKcrKe MHOOMHCJIeHHbie HeCOBepiIeHCTBa pLIHKa, TexHHqcCKHe H HHcjopMaUHOHHbiC orpaHHiqeHHs3 MoryT 3aMe,ZJIHTb TeMIi pacnpocTpaHeHHs 143P. H103TOMY Heo6xogHMo OAHoBpeMeHHO cocpegOTOqHTb YCHJIHA Ha HayqHbIx HCCJieAoBaHHSIX, pacripocTpaHeHHH CeJIbCKOXO3SH{CTBeHHLIX 3HaHHH H o6yqeHHH. CornacOBaHHbie MeporipHATHR, HarlpaBJIeHHbie Ha OKa3aHHCe rOMOmLH 4epMepaM B nepexoge K 13P C HCIOAL30BaHHeM HpHKIiZaHEIX rIOJeBMIX HCCJIegOBaHHA, AeMOHCTpaI.RXH HOBbDa TeXHOJIOrHii H o6yqewHH MOryT CTaTh MOI4HbIM H 344eKTHBHbIM CpeACTBOM n7o0aepXK rIPOBOIHMMIX 3KOHOMHqeCKHx H peryTYHpyYoWHx Mep. TaKOll floAxoJ onpaBAnji ce6A B opowaembx CHCTeMax rIpOH3BOACTBa pHca B HisoHe3HH H HCKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX A3HH/ 3. XOTS] HHTeHCHBHbIe 28 CTpaTerwH BHeapeHHA 143P MepbI 11o 6y6eHH1O 4)epMepOB HOBbIM TCXHojOorHAM MoryT 6bITb oporoCTOsAMH, 1OABjMeTCI BCe 6o0iine CBHaeTeJIbCTB B IIOJII3y HX BbICOKOIH 3KOHOMHIYeCKOi OTRaqH. (Pincus, 1994 r.) BCTaBKa 4.2 IlpaKTHKa npHMeHeHHS MHTerpHpOBaHHOH 3alUHTbI paCTeHHu Ha Ky6e Ky6a B3aYIa Kypc Ha COKpaLeHHe 3aBHCHMOCTH ceimcKoro XO3.qHCTBa OT lIpHMeHeHHq XHMHKaToB B HaYianie 80-x, rIpHHAB B 1982 rory Kypc Ha BHeJpeHHe 13P. KpaeyroJIbHblM KaMHeM 3TorO Kypca CTaiia pa3pa6oTKa MeTOgOB 6HonorHIecKoAi 3aMHTbI paCTeHH9, YTO fnpHBeJIO K pa3BepTbIBaHHIO KaMinaHHH no 3aMeHe neCCTHUHZOB Ha 6HIonorHMecKHe areHTbI II 143P. Pe3y.nbTaToM CTaJIo pe3KOe COKpameHHe HcnoJIb3oBaHIS neCTHLIHZoB, oAHaKO HeCMOTP,q Ha 3TO, B 1991 roly Ky6a HMnopTHpoBaiia rieCTHUMZOB Ha 80 MjiH. Aojin. CIlA. KaMriaHHfl BHOBb pa3BepHyaCb rIocne pa3Baaia CCCP H npHBenia K )aJIbHeguIleMy coKpaueHIno IMmiOpTa IICCTHJH2OB (¢ao 30 MJIH. ,aoxi. CILIA). Fo oUeHKam MeTOabI 6HoJiorHMecKofi 3amHTbI ripHMeH5JHCb Ha 56% B03aeabIBaeMbiX niomaAeri. BonbluHM JaOCTOHHCTBOM ocymeCTB2qeMOHi Ha Ky6e nporpammbi 60pb6bi C BpeAHTenJIMH SIBjjqeTCg HajIWIHHe 218 1jeHTpOB BOCnpOH3BOaCTBa 3HTOMObarOB H 3HTOMonaTOreHOB, rde aeUeHTpanH30BaHo BCeeTC5 HPOH3BOACTBO 6HoareHToB. foJ1ocnoTeJbHbIe PC3yJIbTaTbI npOBUHMOIi Ha Ky6e ripOfpaMMbI o61bslcHqnIoTc KaHHTaJiOBjoxceHHlMH B iloacKHe pecypCbI B 80-x rozax H CHJIbHO9 rioNaepxmKOHi Co CTOPOHbI MOnogibIX y'eCHbIx, KPHTHKOBaBmHX 3aBHCHMOCTb CeJIbCKoro X035iqICTBa Ha Ky6e OT 3apy6e)KHbiX CcpeZICTB Ce.IbCKoX03sliCTBeHHoro npOH3BOACTBa m HaHocHMbl4 HMH ymep6 oKpyxaioL.ei cpexe. OCTaeTcq OTKPbITbIM BOrIpOC, BbIDHBeT i aJbTepHaTHBHa5 Mm0oaJIb pa3BHT4Iq CeIbCKOrO X035PICTBa B xo0e COBpeMeHHOrO Kpl43Hca. HcmotjUuK: Rosset H Benjamin, 1994 r. B ciiyae I1porpaMMi 143P aJUIi opoIuaemoro BmbpalLAHBaHm5I pHca B 14IHoHe3HH aJIBTepHaTHBHbIe MeTOUbI 3URHTMI paCTMHHm 6bJIH pa3pa6OTaHbI H rOTOBEI K BHCepeHHIO H, KPOMe Toro, 3j4eKTHBHO ACUrCTBOBaJ1H c.iyx'-6bI HCCiieCOBaHHi, pacnpocTpaHeHC A 3HaHHi H o6yqeHHA. O,aHOBpeMeHHO POCT 3aTpaT B qaCTHOM ceKTope Ha 6opb6y c Bpea4HTCJ1AM4 o6ecrietIm yBeIiHqeHRe qHcJia HpOH3BogHTeYIei4, xKceJa0oLIHx HcrlCITaTb aJIbTepHaTHBHwe MeTOabI. nOKa aHajiOrHqHbIX pC3yJIbTaTOB He 40CTHrHyTO 1pH rPOH3BOXCTBeHHbIX CHCTeMaX, KOTOpbIe MeHee HHTCHCHBHbI H MeHee OpHeHTHPOBaHbI Ha pbIHOK. 14 LaeACTBHTeJIbHO, CTpaHbI CTaB5IT nepeg co6oi cioXKHylo 3aga'qy riepexoZa OT OTHOCHTeJlbHO H143K03aTpaTHMIX TpaaIHUHoHHbIX CejlTCKOX035Lq'ICTBeHHbIX CHCTeM K 6o0iee HHTeHCIIBHbIM TexHoIor5mIM 6e3 H36BITOqHOfi 3aBHCH1MOCTH OT rIeCTHJfH,OB. XOTS: MepbI nIo o6eCdneqeHHno HCHCKaxKeHHbIX 1eH Ha TeXHO3IrMHH 6opb6bI C BpezHTeCISIMH nlpo,AoJILKaIOT HlrpaTb Ba)KHyiO poJib, Cepbe3HIM CcAepK aBaiOLHM 4)aKTopOM Ha IIyTH BHeXapCHH5I 143P, Bepo5ITHO, CTaHeT HaJIWHqe 3cleKT1sHbIx H KOHKypeHTHEix aIibTepHaTHBHIIX (HexIHMH'eCKHx) MeTOaOB. HanpHMep, npogoaxaeT ouwaTbC31 ge4HUHT MaI03aTpaTHLIX TexHIonorHii H3P aJiA MHOrOOTpaCJIeBbIX c)epMepcKiHx CHCTeM, KOTopble MOrJIH 6bI HpHMCH51TC5A Ha 6o0Jbllei qaCTH Cy6-Caxapbl B A4pHKe (Kiss H Meerman, 1991r.). rlpH OTCYTCTBHH W3HCCIIOCo6HbIX aSJbTepHaTHB no6bie MepbI, BbI3bIBI0HC TIOBbIUeHHe 3aTpaT Ha neCTHUHabI, MOryT paCulHHBaTbCq KaK HeoripaBaaHHoe JIHMHTHpOBaHHC pOCTa rlpo0yKTHBHOCTH CeJrbCKoro XO33licTBa H 6narococTosHHA HaceCieHHA, rHPH 3TOM B 3HaqHTeJIbHOij CTenieH He ooLteHHBaIOTCA go3IroCpO'IHbIe COUHJLxlbHbIe BbIrolbI KaK CO CTOpOHMI rHpOH3BOIHTeJIeA, TaK H rOCygapCTBeHHbIx JIHIL, I1PHHHMaiwiU x nOJ1HTHW:ecKHe peuIeHI43. Hap3gy C yJIyqIlleHleM ceJAbCKOXo3AjiCTBeHHoR HHclpacTpyKTypbI H cnyx6 Ba)KHO HaiipaBJIqTb 3Haq}ITeJIbHbIe HHBeCTHL4HH B HOBbIe H3MICKaHlHS H pa3pa6OTKy ipaKTHmecKKux MeTOaOB 143P. 3Ta 3aJaaa npe,ycmaTpHBaeT o6eCneIHTb 1oCTOSHHLIIi AOCTYII cbepMepoB K MeTogaM 3alIIHTbI paCTeHHi4 OT BpeaHTeJieVf C MHHHMaJIbHLIM HpHMeHeHHeM reCTHUHLLOB rlo mepe CTaHOBJICHDI4 HOBOA CHCTeMbI X03L11CTBOBaHHIs. OCHOBHbIM KPHTepHeM npH onpe,reJeeHHN r1PHOpHTeTHOCTH HayIHbIX H3MICKaHHii H ,gXe5TeJlbHoCTH no pacripocTpaHeHHlO TeXHOjiOrHii H 3HaHH-i CJIY)KI4T CIIPOC t3epMepOB Ha HOBbIC TCXHOJIOrHI. 29 14HTerpHpOBaHHasi 3augTa pacTeHHif 5ACHo, qTO aHanJH3 nOTpe6HocTeiA H 11pHOPHTeTHbIX HaIIpaBjieHHi4 BHeapeHH5 HI3P goJI)KeH ripegyCMaTpHBaTb KOHKpeTH>Ie npOH3BOACTBeHH>ie CHCTeMbI, 6ITb AHHaMH,HbIM H YqHTIIBaTb 3BO umOUt10 MeTOAOB 60pL6bI C Bpe,HTejiAMH, KOTOpbIe Hepa3pLIBHO CB53aHM C XHTeHCHc4HKaIJHeA H aHHBepCHdHKa]iHeiA cenbcKoro xO3qlAtCTBa. 1TO6mI o6ecIetIQlT Heo6xogHMoe paBHOBCcHe aKTHBHIX 3KOHoMH'ecKKHX, HOpMaTHBHI1X H TeXHHTieCKX Mep, cJie,yeT YEIHTUIBaTh OTHOcHTejibHyio POJIb gpyrHX HHCTpyMeHTOB ce3TbCKOXO3HfiCTBeHHOi riOjiHTHKH H CBA3aHHbie c HHMH H39Cep)KK. Mepbl 3KOHOMHmeCKorO H rOCyaapCTBeHHoro pery3RpoBaHHs Bo MHorIx pa33BHB1aoWlXCS4 cTpaHaX Ha nyTH lpeajIH3agHH 3KOHOMHWeCKOH H PerYJI5THBHORi IIOJIHTHKH nO 11o,agep)KKe BHeapeHHqI 13P Bo3HHKaeT psW cy3ieCTBseHHwx rlperpag. rpOBe,zeHHbIe 0630pT,I 1lOKa3bIBaIOT, qTO B gBaaUaTH ruT1 IIpOeIeHTaX pa3BHBaTOUIMXCq CTpaH OTCYTCTByeT 3aKoHoaaTeJIbCTBo, a B BOCLMHAeC51TH npOueHTax OTCYTCTBYJOT pecypcm AIm pa3pa6OTKH H BbiIO3nHCeHHS TaKOrO 3aKOHoaTenIICTBa (QDAO, 1993 r.). TaKoe no3iosexHHe oco6eHHo xapaKTcpHo Aui AcjpMKaHcKHx cTpaH, r,e B ceMHeeC31TH UeCCTH ITpogxeHTax cAyraeB OTCYTCTBYIOT 3aKOHbI, KOHTpOJiHpyIOLuHe 11pHMCHeHHe HIeCTHllH,OB ((DAO, 1993 r., Tobin, 1994 r.). TaKas1 CHTyalUsI o6IsIcHsIeTcz pagom cbaKTopOB. KoMmITeKCHaS H cTporaS CHCTeMa perHcTpaLrnH, 3aKOHOB, HOpM, o6yqeHHL, KOHTpOJI5 H HHcbOpMauHH OKa3bIBaeTc51 6o0nee AoporocTo3uieir4 Io CpaBHCHHIO C anJbTepHaTHBHbIMH KpaTKOCpOqHbIMmH rOCyapCTBeHHIMMH rporpammamH Ol.YTlTHMbIMMH HCiOCpeACTBeHHbIMM pe3yJIbTaTaMH. 3aTpaTmI CBq3aHbI C ae4H9lHTOM HH4)paCTpyKTypbi H CPCaCTB CB13H. OaHOBpeMeHHO 4)HHaHCOBbIe acTIeKIbi, CBq3aHHble C 1OJIHT4KOR 143P, a HMeHHO, COKpaLLIeHHe cy6cHZHpoBaHHsi, Ha3Ioroo63ioJKeHHe, jIHueH3HPOBaHHe H c6opbI 3a percTpaLuro rieCTHLUIOB, HaH6ojiee T5LDe(Jo CKa3WBalOTcCS Ha CTpyKTypaX, 3aHHMaiowHXc.1 HpOH3BOZCTBOM H TOprOBjeie neCTHUgfLaMH, 1 Ha ()epMepax, 3aHHMaioulHXC5 TOBapHMIM HpOR3BOACTBOM CeJThXO3KY3TbTyp H TlpHMeHSflO1JX 60JAMUOe KOJIH'eCTBO neCTHgHAOB. 9TH 3aHHTepecoBaHHi rpyInmI qBJLISOTC31 MOIIHOi' CHJIOii. pHHHMaSI BO BHHMaHHe rlepe'lHcjieHHbIe C,cpbBaioie taKropbi, Heo6xoa4Mo 1npOBeCTH cneAyoWHe MepT,I: * Pa3pa6oTaTb XOpOIlO opraHH3oBaHHYIO CHCTeMy pery3IHpoBaHHA C HH3KH{MH a,aMHHHCTpaTHBHbIMH 3aTpaTaMx (HaripHMep, B npouxecce perHcTpauHH MO)KHO flOJIb3OBaTbC5I aaHHb,IMH 4pyrHx CTpaH, HMeioiIHx aHaJIOrlHMHbIe HI4H 6o0nee BlICoKHe CTaH,apThl). * YqpexgeHHl, 3aHHMaiouHecS1 pean3auRHei 3KOHOMHIecKHx H1 peryJIHpy1o01Jx Mep, AO31)KHbI HMeTB AOCTaToxiHbIe HOJIHOMOt{qH no HX <(rIpOTaAKHBaHHio>> Yepe3 pa3j11HLIC HHCTaHUHH. * H13bMCKaTb riyTH 1OKpbITHI pacxO,OB, CB13aHHbIx C rpaKTHxileCKHM BbI11OJ1HeHHeM MepOnpHIHTHiI (HanpHMep, 3a C'-eT B3HMaHH31 1ImaTbI 3a perHcTpaRiHo). * CoqeTaTb rpoBeAeHHe nOJIHTHKH c o6iuecTBeHHoi HH4)OpMa1uHerei H pa3J>ICHeHHeM ee rIOJ1O)KHTe3IhHDIX pe3yJIbTaTOB. * CTHMYJIHpOBaTb JaCHEIR H OTKpbITLIii npoiuecc, B TOM iHcJIe ripoBezeHHe KOHCyJTbTa]9l4 C npeACTaBHTeJISMH rlpOMMbIwieHHOCTH H gpyrHMH 3aHHTepecoBaHHmm rpyralmHM, B iLeJLqx BO3MOx(Horo pa3peiLeHH5I KOH4XTIHKTa HHTepeCOB. 30 CrpaTerHsI BHezpeiiHA 113P BCTaBKa 4.3 Heo6xoLWMaR HHdopMaalHA AS npoBeaeNHH IOJIHTHKH HHTerpHpoBaHHOii 3auHThl pacTeHH9: CenbcKoXo3alicmeeHeHbl( ceKmop u noeceKmop * XapaKrepHcTHKa ce3ruXO3ceKTopa; * HIpo6.neMLi H MeTOALi 6opb6gi C BpeaLTTeJI5IfH; * HeraTmBHLIe 344eKTLr, BMI3BaHHLIe TIPHMeHeHHeM HlecTHfUlHL2oB; ]IoAumuKa, OKa3bieaiou4aR 6JZUHue Ha 6opb6y c 6pedumeiMu * OrpacieBasI; . PeryjirpyioiasI; * MaKpo3KOHOMH1iecCKas; * 9KoJborwlecKas1 IH TexHoJIorHIecKasl; * HayrHas, o6pa3oBaTeJrbHas1, pacnpocTpaHeHHsl CeJIbXO3. 3HaHHii H TeXHojiorHHf; CmpyKmypa c.x. npou3eodcm6a * XapaKTepHcTlHKa X03HifCTB; * XapaicrepHcTHnKa paCTeHHeBOACTBa H )KHBoTHoBoaCTBa; * AHaJIH3 3aTpaT-Biroa ajiLTepHaTHBHEIX MeTOQOB 3alUHTLI pacTeHHIi; ICMO'iHUK: Agne, Fleisher H Waibel, 1994 r. IjejleBas1 HaIIpaBjieHHoCTh Hf oripeejrieHi4e ipfopEHTeTHOCTH 3KOHOMHCIeCKHX H PeryJIHPpy1OfHX Mep Tpe6yeT OInpceCJeHHbIX YCJIOBHfI. Bo-repBuIX, BBealeHHC B Uef4CTBHe H ripaKTrHwecKoe ocyIIeCTBJIeHHe rieperEcjieHiix mep Tpe6yeT MHHHMajibHbIX 3aTpaT, eCJIH yxe CylueCTBYeT BcrIoMoraTejibHaq HH4bpaCTpyKTypa (HanppHMep, ripOrpaMMbI KOHTpOAA KaIeCTBa, MOHH4TOP14Hra H o6y'eHHA 4)epMepOB). B TO xKe BpeMSI rpOH3BOAHTeJIH, ITo Bcef BCepOqTHOCTH, npIHMyT y'IaCTHe B HOBO1R CHCTeMe, Korga BOO'HIHK y6eRSTCS B rlOjiOxCTejibHMIX pe3yjibTaTax Mep, o6ecneqHBaioiui4x OrITHMaiBHme MCTOaLI iipHMeHeHHS iieCTHIU{HOB. Pen,B H,eT O TaKOM npHMepe, KaK TpoH3BOQHTeJIH-3KcnopTepbI, KOTOPbIM H3BecTHO 0 KOHKYPCHU4H Ha me PyHapogHNIx plIHKaX H 0 p14CKe, CB5l3aHHOM C ITOCTaBKaMH HH3KOKaqeCTBeHHbIX HAR He6e3OIrIaCHbix ipOyKTOB. rIo;wepxKa yKa3aHHMIX Mep TaKcKe YKPCITHTCI TaM, rge CyUleCTByeT TecHas CBSI3b MexQKy nPOH3BOaHTTeJIAMH H ioTpe6HTeISiMH (HanpUMep, Ha ceCicKHx pbIHKax) H OcyiLecTBjiAeTCq o6WeCTBeHHbIfl KOHTPOJTb 3a Ka'IeCTBOM H 6e3onaCHOCTmlO flpO,ryKUH4. flpH pa3pa6oTKe uejeBEIX Mep Heo6XoaHMo IIPHHHMaTb B pacueT TeXHHKO- 9KOHOMHUeCKHe oco6eHHOCTH pa3JIuliHbiX IpOH3BOaCTBeHHMIX CJCTeM. HailpHMep, B HHaOHe3HH 3anpeT Ha p5$A HeCTHU1ULOB, HpHMCHAeMMIX Ha pHce, XBHJIC51 3KOHOMH'IeCKH Ue.ecoo6pa3Hoi4 MepOU, nOCKOJIbKy HayqHO-o6oCHOBaHHbIe CBHizeTeJIBCTBa 4OKa313IBaJI4 3d44eKTrBHOCTB flpOH3Bo,aCTBa. CoKpaTHJIHCb 3aTpaTbI H ypoxKaRHOCTB CTa6MHi3HpOBaAacb. ajjq npllBHBeeHHS 3KOHOMH,qecKHx U perynKpYWUXLHx MCP B COOTBCTCTBHe C KOHKpeTHIMMH IIpOH3BOCTBeHHMMH CHCTeMaMH Tpe6yeTcsI TeCHoe B3aHMQOefICTB4e MexCry ceJIbCKOXO3RMCTBeHHbIMH HayqHO- HccieCOBaTenBICKHMH HHCT1TyTaMR, cAyx6aMH H0 pacnpocTpaHeHHIO 3HaHHMi H TexHojiorH$i, H apyrHM4 BCaOMCTBaMH, Ha4enjeHHIIMH o6si3aHHocTblo npaKTrHecKoro BbIIIOJIHCHHA 3TMX mep Ham pyKOBO,aCTBa 3TOM npOUeCCOM, HalipHMep, "KOMHCCHA no HleCTjuLHMam (wim II3P)" (CM. BCTaBKY 4.4). LjeHTpaAbHoe npaBHTeBJICTBO Heo6I3aTeJIbHO AOJXHO BMIiOJIHSATb peryJIHpYIOUIy1O pO.Im (XOTs rATT I1PH3HaeT HaUHOHaNJbHbIe CTaHaapTbI). MHorHe o653aHHoCTH, CB53aHHbie C HCHJIIOIb3OBaHHM H KOHTpojieM neCTHUH4OB, MoryT 6bITB nepeaaHbi Ha YpOBeHb urraTa M1H 31 IIHTerpHpoBaHHasI 3anITa paCTeHHfi rIPOBHHUHH, npHqeM B HeKOTOpEIX iuTaTax Mo)KeT paCCMaTpHBaTbC5 BOIIpOC o6 YCTaHoBKe 6o0iee CTporHx CTaHgapTOB (HanipHMep, uTaTBI C BbICOKOI rLJIOTHOCTbIO HaCeJICHHS). / 4 BCTaBKa 4.4. )TeperyJiHpoBaHHe pbIHKa H YCTOk4HBOCTb Bpe2HTe.ieH K neCTHuHAaM B KHTae H 14HAHH Pe3Koe na,e,Me H 1pOX3BOaCTBa xnonKa B KHTae B nocJieCHi4e HeCKOJIbKO iieT BbI3BaHO TeM, MITO O4HH 143 rniaBHbIX BpeAHTefie1, XJIOrIKOBaA COBKa (Heliothis armigera), Bblpa6oTana yCTO0P'14BOCTb KO MHOr1M H4HceKT149,aaM, H{TO Bbl3BaHjo OrPOMHbIe 3KOHOMHiecKHe rIOTepi4. B HeKOTOpbIX ripOBHHUHqlX B AOJIHHe KbITOA peKH ypoKaIiHOCTb H3-3a BpeZ1Teiiei H 3acyxH yriaiia Ha 50- 60%. B XyHaHe, Xy63fke H flUaHbayHe o6m;ee CHHXeHHe ypoX(AZHOCTH ,jOCTHrjio 30-50%. K TOMY xKe qacToTa XHMH4CCKO1i o6pa6OTKH yBeniHtlHnacb C 8-10 pa3 go 15-25 14 3a KOPOTKoe BpeM5I ueHa Ha pacribIJITenii yfaBoHiiacb, a To H yTpoi4iacb. B HaK6oIee nocTpaaBIHHx OT BpeAHTeiq paMoHax npoH3BOACTBO XJIOnKa cTallo coBepmeHHo HeBbIroAHbIM. CornacHo oKnia,y MeZyHapoZHO9 opr-aHH3a4 KOHTpojin 3a yCTOfilI4BOCTb1O BpeJu4TejieA K rieCTH141UHaM (IOPRM, 1993 r.) CaMbIM Ba)KHbIM CbaKTopOM (,OpMHpoBaHH1 pe3HCTeHTHOCTH ABJIseTcI HeperyjiHpyeMbIii PbIHOK necTHUH,z4oB. Hozo65a1i CHTyaULti4 MMeJia MeCTO B 14HZI14. 3faecb epeIYPOBaHie ripHBejiO K yBenI4HTeHHIO qi4CIia HC6OJnILMHX KoMriaHIPi, npozaioii14x (cy6c&HapyeMbie) ieCTHUHNbI, rIpH He3q4eKT14BHoM KOHTPOJIe 3a KaH4eCTBoM npOayKTa 1 6e3 peKoMeHaaI4i4 AAI (4)epMepOB. B HHKrn cymeCTByeT 60iee 86 TbIC. rocpe,HHx-eCK14X (bHpM. B YCJIOBH4X 6eCKOHTpOJbHoi9 npoAaa)K4 reCTH4UHAOB, BepoRTHO, OqeHb TpyaHO 141H1 HeBO3MO)KHO peajiH3oBaTb nOJIHTHTKY 13P. (Giliham el al.,1995r). OpHeHTHPOBKa HayIHUX HccJ1eaOBaHH9, paCnpOCTpaHeHAs 3HaHHR H o6yIeHHs Ha 4fepMepOB YYaCTHe 4)pMeepOB B c6ope HHcbopMagHi 0 MCToaaX 3aWTbI, xapaicepHix I3 MeCTHBIX YCJIOBH1H H KOHKPCTHbIX CHCTeM 3eM1eCeJi, paccmaTp4BaeTCq KaK BaxKHbIH 4aKTop, oripe,aeY1oW1HH ycrIeUIHocTb mep 1o BHeapeHI40 H3P. TaKOti nogXoZ Mo0HO paBHO 1pHMeHATb K fino6oki TCXHoJor0H yCTORxIHBoro po0H3BOaCTBsa H ynpaBJIeHH3I pecypcaM4. BHe,zpeHrHe 143P Ha KOHKpeTHMIX rlOj1eBbIX yYaCTKaX Tpe6yeT, YT06bI cjepMCpmI, pa6oTHHKH clyX6 pacrpocTpaHeH cCJIBCKOXo33IfiCTBeHHbIX 3HaHH14 H TeXHoJIorHH, a TaKXe TexHHiecKHe pa6oTHHKH B o6AaCTm 3aWTbI paCTCHHii ripaKTxxecKH 11oHHMaJm 3KOKor3I0 o 1H XKH3HeHHbii LRlKYI OCHOBHLIX BpeaHTeJeie H Hx eCTeCTBeHHbIX BparOB, 1 3TH 3HaHHI3 2,JL-KHbI OTpa3HThbC5 B HHCTpyMeHTaX ripHHSiTHA peflIeHHH (HanpliMep, oripeaeAeHrie riopora BpeaoHOCHOCTH) H TaKTHKe IIpaKTHqeCKOi 60pb6bI C BpeAHTeji5MH. OTCboga cJieayeT, YTO OCHOBHbIM KoMnoHeHToM jIIo6oi HHUHaTTHBMI 1o BHeApCHHI0 HOBOiH TeXHOJlor4H AIBJi5eTCI o6y'eHHe 4epMepoB, pa6oTHHKoB CJ1yxc6i Ha6.iiogeHHI H y'eTa Bpe,LTeJIeii, ciCIeHaJIHCTOB 11o paciipOCTpaHeHHIO 3HaHHA (CM. BCTaBKY 4.5). TaKOe o6yleHIle AO1KHO OCYUWeCTBJIThC5I Ha MeCTax, 1IOCKOJIbKy OCHOBHaI HH4bopMauHA HOCHT MeCTHMIl xapaKrep H rIyo'lyeHa COBMeCTHO C c4epMepaMH B xoae IIOJIeBIX np4HKJ1a,HbIX HCCjieqoBaHHfi. TaKoro poga 4eueHTpajiH30BaHHLIM 1o,aXoZ K o6y'leHHIo, Korga ojieBblIe yqaCTKH CTaHOBITC5 "IKoJI0ii", C ycnexom oripaBaaI ce6R B p3e A3HaTCKHX CTpaH (ADB, 1993 r.). BCTaBKa 4.5 06yseHHe H pacnpocTpaHeHHe 3HaHHf cpeAm 4)epMepoB * IpeaMem. XO3.qriCTBO 14 3KOJWormS BP211HTeISi (HaripMmep, r11y6oKoe nOH14MaHIH1e B3aHMOZeiiCTBI4fl Mex)zy KyJIbTypo9, BpeC1TenieM H oKpyKaioMefi cpeaog). * Memoo. B OCHOBHOM, nyTeM pacnpOCTpaHeHH ceJlbXO33HaH141 MO)KHo nepeAaBaTb TeXHoJIorHH, opraHH43oBbIBaTb CeepMepoB 11 ripocBeBiiaTb 4X (Heo6xogiiMo OTJIWaTb OT o6yIeH14R). * Heo6xoauMas noa&dCpKa pacnpocmpaHeHUq 3HaHUU. CnegyeT npeo6pa3oBaTb npocTyIo nepeAa'y TeXHoJIorFHi s npocBeieHH epMepoM H nOMO'ib 4pepmepam opraHH3OBaTbC5I. 32 CTpaTerI BHeapeHHSI H3P YCIleulrHyiO p0Ib B HmHHi4aTHBHbIX MCporipHTH5X cbirpaJIH IIH3OTHbiC rpOeKTbi, CJIYKHBLUIe nJiaTc4OpMOi4 jis ,gaMoHCTpa1iHH H npoB1pIB MpeTo0oB 143P go iiX ulHpOKO- MacduTa6Horo pacnpocTpaHeHRAs H o6y'eHI4 cjepMepoB. TaKoe o6yqeHHe AOJI)KHo nroKperUsTbCs peryJlLlpHOIR RHHOpMauHek, nioCTyrIaiolUeR OT pa6oTHHKOB cyx6ui y'eTa BpegHTeJIeii H 4cepMepoB K a0JIKH0CTHbIM JiiHIaM, TIPHHHMaOi1iHM pelueHHA, H rIOTOMY CIHTaeTCS HH()opMaLtHOHHO-, o6pa3OBaTeJlbHO-, H HayKoeMKJiM. fHHiopMauHA Mo)KeT nepeAa3aTbca exegHeBHo (HanpHMep, B CBoaKe norogiu) HIiH exeHeaenbHo (no pagHo, TeJIeBs,eHHIO, qepe3 ra3eTbl). BHeqpeHHe 143P He rIoJiyqaeT urHpOKOR noAAepxKcH, ecIiH npH nepe,aqe TeXHOJIOrmH HciOJIb3yeTCI riOgxOg Cr1yCKaHH5 HHHInHaTHBbI CBepXy. AIiTepHaTHBHaq MOaCeJb, KOTOpa5, HailpHMep, HCIInOjb3yCTCS B HHgOHe3HH, HOCHT Ha3BaHH4e "LaganTHBHOfi HJH npHmazHoA" (CM. BCTaBKy 4.6). BMeCTO nepegaalH iaKeTOB oTpa6oTaHHb>x TexHojiorMHf H o6iuxx peKOMeH,AagIIH B 3TOR MOaejiH rOCTaBjIeHa 3aAa'a yBCeH4fqHTb B03MOJHOCTH o6yqeHHI 4jepMepoB, inrpe HCIonJTb3OBaTL HX OnbIT H nO Heo6XOAHMoCTH a,ganTHpoBaTm TexHoJIorHH (Roling iH van de Fliert, 1994 r.). Bce 3Tlt caKTopbI yqHTMIBaiOTCS rIpH pa3pa6oTKe HIHBeCTHjRJOHHbIX CXCM H HHCTHTY9I1OHaJlHbIX CTpyKTyp, B IIoarOTOBKe KaapOB, HaJIa)KI{BaHHH CBl3ek MexKgy HayqHbIMMH HCCJIeOBaHHAMH H pacepocTpaHeHIem ceZbCKO- X03IHCTBeHHbIX 3HaHHr, BKJHIOqaI CBq3H C ueHTpaMH KoHCyjbTaTHBHofi rpynribi no Me)KyHap OQHbIM CeJILCKOX03SII'iCTBeHHbIM HCCJIieCOBaHJœM (CGIAR) H ApyrHMH MeKgyHapOZlHbIMH HayqHbIMH rpynriaMH. HpaBHTeJIbCTBO MO)KCT OKa3aTb COzgeiCTBme B C03aaHHH 6iaronpH]ITHbIx yCJIOBHIri aJS ,geeHTPaJH3aujM HHHIJHaTHB H aKTHBH3HpOBaTb yqaCTHe BCeX 3aMHTepecoBaHHBrX CTOpOH, KaK OTMeqaeTC5I B 4HHcbopMauHoHHOM crIpaBoqHHKC O po0iiH BceMHpHoro 6aHKa>> (1996b), HanpHMep, nyTeM geCIerHPOBaHH51 agMH4HHcTpaTHBHbIx H 4)HHaHCOBIXIX nOjIHOMoqHj no BHeapeHHIO 13P perHOHaJlbHbIM CTpyKTypaM Ha OCHOBe MeXaHH3Ma ripe,oCTaBJICHHA CrielIaJIbHbIX ipaHTOB gJH CTHMyJIHpOBaHHIA yEaCTHSI H 14HHaHCOBoR norggepxcK CO CTOpOHbI 4epMepcKHX o6be;gHHeHHr4 H HCripaBHTeJIbCTBeHHMIX opraHH3aLtRiA. BCTaBKa 4.6 OnLIT HIHA0He3aH * BHegpeHHe 113P HeJIb3S cpaBHHTb C nepeaaqeCi TeXHojiorHi4 OT 3KcriepTa K He 3KCriepTy: 3IeCb Heo6xoXU4Mo aKTHBH3HPOBaTb npoUecc o6y"eHM51. * OCHOBHbIM BOnPOCOM o6yqeHiS npH4 BHeZpeHHH H3P zRu 3aw1HTbI pica OT BpeLHTeJiei4 I 6onie3HeA BnJIeTcsJ rIOH1IMaHme 3KOJIOrHI4 pHCOBOrO nofI. * O6yqeHHe MHCTPYKTOPOB no 1H3P Tpe6yeT npoitecca nO3HaHH51 I Harip5Myio CBI3aHO C rOBCeeHeBHOfi npaKT14KOfi c epMepcTBa. * Pa6OTHHKH cjiy)K6 pacnpocTpaHeHHq ceCJIbCKOXO3sCTBeHHbUx 3HaHHIr HeH36eCKHO IPlHHHMmaOT yIaCTme B o6yteHHIH H13P. * $DepMepbI - i-iaH4lyqwHe KaHUH4aTbl AanIg UarOTOBKH HHCTPYKTOPOB no M3P. | H c m o ' ii U K::van de Fliert, Roling, 1995 r. fpHMeqaHUH: FrocyaapCTBCHHOMy KYPCY MO)KeT npeziuecTBoBaTb pa3pa6oTKa perHOHaJIbHO9 nOJIHTHKI4. HanpHMep, pa3pa6oTKa 3aKOHoZaTeCJbCTBa B KajrnbopHHHH npeauIecTBoBaia pa3pa6oTKe OezepaJibHoA nOI1THKH. 2. 14HHHiHaTI4BaM B HHaIOHe3HH H Zpyr4x CTpaHax qaCTHqHO OKa3aHa no4ZepXKa CO CTOpOHbI"MexroCyAapCTBeHHOf nporpaMMbi pa3pa6oTKM H npHMeHeHi-i 143P Ha KYfIbType pHca B IOACHOii H lOro- BOCTOsHOfi A3H", Koop,aHH1pyeMoi9 cDAO, CM. Kenmore(1991 r.) 3. KaK npaBHJIO, BHeapefHHe 143P J4qeKT1BHO B rapaHTHPOBaHHbIX oponaeMbIx cHCTeMax 3eMjieAejiHs, HarpMmep, npH BbIpaMHBaHBHl pHca riazLAH, KorAa HPPHr1AHOHHOf BOXOM yHOCHTCR MHO)KeCTBO BpCAOHOCHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB (wni H3o6JiHme OCaZKOB CJIY)KHT HCTOWHHKOM opomeHHIu), qero HeJIb3Jq CKa3aTb 0 6orapHOM 3eMflezeiuiH. 4. B 6oJbmHHcTBe cJIyqaeB ieHTpa.jbHbIe CTpyKTypbl HMeloT aenIo c perHcTpauHeH, a MeCTHbIe BAaCTH C BOipocaMH, KOTOpbIe MO)KHO peaTb HJIH KoHTpOJIHpoBaTb Ha MeCTHOM ypoBHe, HanpiMep, Tpe6OBaHHe K xpaHeHH1O H TpaHCnOpTHpOBKe, MeTORbl npHMeHeH4a neCTIUH4IoB H Mepbl 6e3onacHocTH gniq pa6OTHHKoB. 33 14HTerplIpOBaHHaa 3auxHTa paCTeHHi 5. IOpTejmb iipoeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, HHCTpyMeHTbl H BapHaHTbl HOJIHTHKH nI03HRIX3 BceMHpHoro 6aHKa B OTHOIIeHHH 3a}U.HTbI paCTeHHAiL C4OpMHp0BaiaCb Ha OCHOBe OrIITa BMIIOJIHCHH$L rlporpaMM, rIonaraBUIxcsC CMCIOqHTeJILBHo Ha XHMXIecKY]O 6opB6y c Bpe9HTeJiSMH, H Br[Oc11eCCTBHH I1PH3HaHHA 3KOHoMHiqeCKoR H 3KoJIorHweCKoAi 3HaxiMoCTH HeXHMH'qCCKHX MCTOaOB H TeXHOJOorH HHTerpHpOBaHHOl 3aHTI paCTeHHi (H3P). B 1982 r. ripe3HgeHT BceMHpHoro 6aHKa A.B. K1Io3eH 3aaBHJ, qTO pyKOBOACTByqCb inpOBORHMbIM HM KypCOM, 6aHK He 6yaeT d HHaHCHpOBaTb npOeKTb, cepbe3HO BO3,aeACTByIO1I.He Ha 3,opOBBe HJIH 6e3onacHoCTB HaCeJIeHHI4, 4JIH HaHoCSmJH yiuep6 H BBM3LIBa1OIUHe HeO6paTHMbIe IiOCjeL4CTBHS AJI51 oKpyxaioweii cpeabI. B 1984 r. ABCCTH HeripaBHTeIJCTBeHH,IX opraHH3agHi4 (HIlpO) o6paTAIH4cb K BaHKy c neTTH14eH 0 IoPHHATHI4 mep no YCTpaHeHH1O 3JI0ynoTpe6JieHHI'4 neCTUHgHaMH, KOTOpb>Ie HMeiiH MeCTO IPH oCYUeCTBJIeHHH ipoeKTOB, CFHHaHCHpyeMbX BaHKOM. B TOM )Ke rogy ocjH1iiHajIbHaaf nOYIHTHKa BaHKa B 3TOH o6JiacTH RIoJIy-HJIa oTpa)KeHHe B p31ge gOKyMeHTOB no BOnTpocaM oxpaHMi oKpyxaloweii cpezIbi, COCTaBJIeHHbIx no o6pa3uy 3aKOHoaTebCTBa CLUA. B 1985 r. BaHK BMIITYCTHJI PYKOBORCTBO no BmI6opy H I1PHMeHeHHio ITCTH1HAOB B 4)HHaHCHpyeMbx BaHKOM IpOeKTaX H HX 3aKyflKe" C H3MeHeHH5MH OT 1993 r. (World Bank, 1993b). B pyKOBOaCTBC OTMeqaeTCSI, qTO HCKJlHOqHTeJIbHOe iTpHMeHeHHe MCTOaOB xHMH'qeCKOit 3aLUHTbi paCTCHHi HaHOCHT IlOTeHuHajBHbIfI Bpea 30pOBb O JIiogeii H oKpyxaiolUei cpege H He HpHBOAHT K YCTOAIHBOCTH H pCHTa6eJTI,HoCT4 CCJII,CKOX035IiCTBeHHoro npo13BQflCTBa. TaloKe nogepKBaeTCI, YTO 1C.e1i BaHKOBCKOfi cTpaTerHH no pa3BHTHIO cenBCKoro Xo3ai4CTBa npegycMaTpHBaeT BHegpeHHe HHTerpHpOBaHHOi' 3aLJHTbI paCTeHH4. B gonojiHeHRe K BBIluCyKa3aHHOMY pyKOBOgCTBy 6buuH BbIIrUyeHbI aBe TCXHWIecKHe rOICHHTce,Hbie 3arIHCKM B rOMOlUb pyKOBOAHTeCi5iM npOeKToB: "CIHCOK lieCTIUH.fOB, He pCKOMeHayeMCIX K HcnoEii>3oBaHHIo B CeJIECKOM XO3aClCTBe, HJH PeKOMeHAYeMLIX K orpaHHqeHHOMy HCnoJIb3oBaHHIO" (1985 r.) H "PYKOBOACTBO 110 3KcIIepTHofI ogeHKe r1pOeKTOB H Ha,3o0 3a TipoCKTaMH, CB53aHHbIX C IWCTHignaMH H 6opb6oR C BpeAHTehIMH" (1987 r.). HOJIHTHKa BceMHpHoro 6aHKa B Bo1poce 6opE6EI C BpeHTeJS[MH H3jaraeTCq B orIepaUHOHHOi4 aHpeKTHBe 1993 r. no 6opE6e C CejuEKoXO3SlACTBeHHbIMH BpeAHTeji5MH (World Bank,1993c), BMeCTO KOTOpOA B mione 1993 r. BbInylueHa < (World Bank, 1996a), H BnOCjieqCTBI4H PYKOBO,CTBO no 6opib6e C ceJIBCKOXO3SURCTBeHHbIM4 BpeC.HTeJSMM (World Bank, 1993a). B :3THX AoKyMeHTaX H3P onpeaensIeTcsi KaK npeARnoTHTeJIbHbI>I no0gxO, K 6opb6e C BpeaHTenJIMH B paMKaX onepaUHii BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, o6cyxflaeTcs OT6op npoeKrOB C yqeTOM HX BO3erRCTBHS1 Ha oKpyIKaOLgyio cpeAy, KOTOpoe YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCA B xoge 3KOYIorH'eCKOf4 OUeHKH; H3JIaralOTCS OCHOBHbIe HpHHUHMbi roarOTOBKH rIiaHOB no 6opb6e c BpeaiHTejSIMH; oT6op H ripmnHeHHe ieCTHHalOB B paMKaX onepaURHf' BaHKa. flOMHMO 3Toro, B <> (World Bank, 1991) coaepXG4TcA rnaBa o6 HHTerpHpOBaHHOf4 3aiURTe paCTeHHii OT BpeIHTeJieii m HcnoEJI3oBaHHm arpOX4MHKaTOB. [JI npaKTrHeCKorl peajiH3aU1IH TaKOH nIOJIHT4KH HCIIOJIb3Y1OTCI TPH OCHOBHbIX 4HCTPYMeHTa: 34 rIOpT4ejiib HpOeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa * OTpacJIeBie HCcjeICOBaHH51 B opme aHajiora c IIpaBHTJIbCTBOM H cTpaTerHH rfoMouI cTpaHe. * BbiejeHHe 3aMmoB HaTipaBJIeHHIx, B OCHOBHOM, Ha noggepXKy 17poeKTOB B o6nacTH ceJIbCKoro xo3AiACTBa H npHpO,aHbIX pecypCoB. * BjHiHHHe BcCM1pHoro 6aHKa Ha TeMaTHKY MCCJIeRoBaTeJIbCKO0j pa6oTbI HaLHoHajibHBIX H MexzyHapO0aHbIX HHCTHTYTOB. 0630pbI COCTOSHHS 3KOHOMHKI4 KOHKpeTHOf' CTpaHbI H oTpaChICBme J4CCJIeaOBaHH1 iBJIAIOTC5I Ba)KHbiM 3ieMeHTOM r0MooUH BceMHlpHoro 6aHKa 3aeMWHKaM, H nipecCJe1yloT JLeJib "o6ecneqHTb r.ny6oKoe iioHHMaHHC ipo6IieM, IIPHCYUHX 3TaIIy pa3BHTHA (3aeMUxKa), rioTpe6HocTCRi H HCTOqHHKOB BHeCUHero (4HHaHCHpoBaHHA, aHaAITHTjeCKoro MeXaHH3Ma ,USB OiUeHKH CTpaTerlii pa3BHTHH H XeATeCJbHOCTH JOHOPOB B OKa3aHHH liOMolR" (World Bank 1989). KoHKPeTHbie ixeiiH oTpaciieBoro aHajTH3a oiipeeJIAIoTcsC cTpaTerHeil IIOMOIJi CTpaHe, no,aroToBjieHHofa BCeMHpHNiM 6aHKOM, H Hao6opOT, oTpacneBoR aHajiH3 niomoraeT CbOPMYJInPOBaTb CTpaHOBYIO cTpaTerHlo. OaHaKO Hi2eaBHH4i o630p ripH6JIH3HTeJbHo CTa 1ueCTHAeCC5TH HCCJIeaoBaHi4I ceJIbCKOX035lrCTBCHHoro ceKropa IlOKa3am, qTO B HHX peqKO paccmaTpHBaIOTC3 BOrIPOCbI HCHonJT3oBaHHS rCCTH1UHOB./1 XOTA 3TO H HeYZI4BHTejBHO, YIHThIBaq IlHpoKHIR cneKTp npo6riem CeJIbCKOX03%uACTBeHHoro CeKTOpa, CaM 4aKT rOBOpHT 0 MajO1io TLPHOPHTeTHOCTH BOrIpOCOB HCHOJIb3OBaHH5 fieCTH1R4goB. KaK npaBHJIO, noaXoa K npo6.ieMe CBO,HTCS1 K COCTaBjieHHio CflHCKa Bcex HCrIOJb3yeMbMX reCTHUWZOB HMH ygo6peHHii 6e3 TuiaTeJIbHoro aHaJIH3a UX Bo3,aeiiCTBHs H4uH pHCKa ZnJIA 3LaOpOBbq floTpe6HTenIeii H oKpyXaIoLueA Cpe,abI. 0630p IOpT4(eJIsi lpOeKTOB BceMmpHoro 6aHKa O63op 6a3 aaHHbIx BceMHpHoro 6aHKa noKa3aJI, YTO nOAIL3yICB TaKHM KPHTepHeM fll01CKa, KaK 143P, HeBO3MOXKHO HzeHTI44H1bHpOBaTb HH IIpOeKTbI, HH KOMIIOHeHTbI, CBI3aHHbIe c HHTerpHpOBaHHoii 3aUiHTOiA paCTeHHi4/2. Torga MH,eHTH4HLJHpoBaJIH Bce ripoeKTHbie aOKyMeHTi, B KOTOPbIX co0epXKajiHcb OaHO MRH HCCKOJIBKO KJIioqeBbIX CJIOB HJIH TepMHHOB. 3aTeM 6.uIH IpoaHaJIH3RpoBaHbI oTqeThI 3KCnepTHOJ' oUeHKH 6o0nee 150 ripoeKToB. H3 HHX 95 npoeKroB, no KOTOPbIM npOBoaHJIacB 3KCrIepTHa3I oUeHKa, ro,RroToBJICHHble B nepHog 1988-1995 rr., cogepxKaJlR KOMflOHCHTbI, ripCeyCMaTPHBaIOWHe 3aLLHTy paCTeHHA OT BpeaHTejieR (Ta6A. 5.1). I43 3THX 95 rIpOeKTOB 4I14 KOMIIOHeHTOB B 42 cuy'aAx npegycMaTpHBaiacb 3aKYrIKa rieCTH1U11HoB B ceJIbCKoxo3SIiCTBeHHLIX ue]IAX, a B 48 - cozaepxKaJIcA KOMrIOHeHT 143P. JIHI,I B 22 rnpoeKrax fIIJaHHpOBaJIOCb BHeap4HTb MeTOa 13P, npH 3TOM B paMKax 11 iTpoeKTOB nIpCaycMaTPHBajiOCb KaK cjHHaHCHpOBaHHe 3aKynIKH fIeCTHUtHOB, TaK H BHeapeHHe 143P. B OCHOBHOM, 3aKMbi HiH KpegKTm BblgejiAJIHCcj> glI CeJLbCKOX035liCTBeHHbIX OTpaCJICBbIX HI nogoTpaCJIeBbIX IlpOeKTOB, BK3Io'aSI 4Ba 3aKiMa Ha oTpacieBbie cipyKrypHbie Iipeo6pa3oBaHHS. 5IBHoe HCKJIIoCeHHe COCTaBJIHKH ripoeKTMI, CBSI3aHHbIC C pCKOHcTpyK1J;Heg (1), O3,aOPOBjieHHeM H pea6M14TaLuHef (6), CPOqHbIMH CHTyaLUHIMH (4) H HMnOPTOM KPHTH'ICCKH Heo6XoaHMLIX TOBapOB (1). floqTH nOJIOBHHa npoeKTOB (41) Tpe6oBaJiH ripOBeaCeHHS qaCTH'IHOj4 O1eHKH COCTOsqHHA oKpyXaIoU9e cpeuI (KaTeropHx "B"), a 30 He Hy)KxcgaHCb B 1IPOBeEeHHH o1ieHKH ("KaTeropHsl "C"). 20 npoeKTaM He fplPciBaHBajiac KaTeroplsl BO3eCiACTBHrI Ha oKpy)KaiOuxyio cpegy (CM. pHc. 5.1)/3. CpeqH IlpoeKTOB, B paMKax KOTOPbIX )j4HHaHCHpOBajiacb 3aKynIKa necTHLUHRoB, 20 KJIaccHcuj4LHpOBaiHCb KaK KaTeropSa "B", a 10 KaK KaTeropws "C". HpH6jiH3HTeJibHo 10 ripoeKTaM, noIaroToBjieHHLIM B nepRo, 1988-1989 rr., HC flPHCBsaxaBiaCb KaTeroplH3 BO3,aeACTBH3I Ha oKpy)KaJouyio cpeay. 35 HHTerpHpOBaHHasl 3aigwTa pacTeHuri Ta6jnn.a 5.1 KpaTKas cBoaKa npoeKToB/KoMHoHeHTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa no 3anuNTe pacTeHail, 1988 -1995 rr. ro,a HIicno 3aKlynKa Mepbl PlccJIeaoBa- PerHc- 06pa3oBa- rFjiaH no BHeape- nPOeKTOB rieCTH- rocyaap- HZIf H TpaumI HPIC H 6opb6e C Hle 143P B UHXOB CTBeHHOi pacnpOCTpa- o6yqeHHe BpeAHTe- X035ik- nIOJIHTHKH HeHme JIRMH CTBaX 3HaHHrl rIo I3P 1995 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1994 4 4 1 3 1 3 1 3 1993 13 6 0 6 2 8 2 6 1992 20 9 3 8 3 5 0 4 1991 15 3 3 8 1 5 0 2 1990 18 5 1 10 2 5 0 2 1989 11 7 2 5 2 3 3 1 1988 13 8 1 7 1 8 1 3 HCmo0iiUK: aaHHbIe BCeMHpHOrO 6aHKa 143 42 ripoeKTOB, ipeycmaTpl4Baio4x cHHaHcHpoBaHHe lIecTHLtK,OB, B paMKaX 36 npoeKroB 3aKyTIKa reCTHUHOB rIpoBeaeHa Ha CyMMy 361 MjiH. aojiUi. CIIIA (Ta6ii. 5.2); H3 HHX B 1 npoeKrax Ha 3T1 LIejiH Bb,LeJL5elocb 10 MJIH. ,RoiJI. CIIA, qTO B o6iuef4 cyMMe COCTaBHmO 293 MrIH. gojui. CIlIA. B paMKax Tpex KpynHei4urnx ripoeKTOB, yTBCpx,eHHbIX B 1998 r., TaKaa cyMMa COCTasBHa 172,5 mIH. ,oviJI. CEIIA. KanHiTajiOBJIoKeHHr B paMKaX 3THX Tpex ripoeKrOB - pecjieaOBaJIH cieaylqOUHe Uiei: cnrioLuHoe OIIpbICKHBaHHe paCTeHlH1 KaKaO B KaMepyHe ripOTHB TaKHx 6ojie3Heki KaK "rIecTpal rHHJIb" H "ToqeqHaq rHHJIb" (62,7 MJIH. aOlJi. CIlIA ); 6opb6a c IIyCTbIHHOR capaHIOlr4 B Amacpe (59,8 MJIH. ,Oj3I. CIIA); rioaaepzcpca opouluaeMoro paCTeHKeB0,aCTBa B CyqaHe (50 MJIH. ZoIJI. CIIA). EI3 nmITH npoeKTOB, ogo6peHHbrx nocie 1990 r., ,TpR 6bM1H CBq3aHbI C qpe3BbIakHbiMMH CHTyaUiMiH. IZLns cpaBHeHHIS, BCeMi4pHIib 6aHK 4rHHaHCHpOBaJI 22 rpoeKra z14 KOMnIOHeHTa, Cs13aHHbIX c 143P, Ha o6luyio CyMMy 81 MJIH. zoau. CHIA; npH 3TOM CyMMa BbiaejieHHaS Ha lBa npoeKra COCTaBHJa 52 MAH. aoiui. CmA./ 4. Bcero 5 Mn1H. aonn. CilA (6 1IpoUeHTOB) HCroIJb3OBaJIHCb Ha 4)HHaHCMp0BaHHe KOMnOHeHTOB H43P, aOKa3bIBaS HH3KHR ypOBeHb HHBecT14UHRi, HanpaB.ISeMbIX Ha 143P. B reorpa4HwecKoM nIiaHe npoeKibi pacnpeae3uIoTca cjie,ayiou.tM o6pa3oM: LIeC5ITb B BoCTOMHOR A3xH, riHYeM IIOJIOBHHa 143 HIIX B KJTae; ueCTB B pai4oHe Cy6caxapui B AcjpHKe; H rio jBa B EBporne, CpegHeli A31HH, JlaTHHCKOii AMepHKe, KapH6cKoM perHoHe, Ha BnliKcHeM BocToKe H B CeBepHoif AcpHKe. B lOiHoio A3nH 1HBeCTUMHH oipaHHRHBJIH4Cb HayYHbIMM Hccjie4OBaHH5MH. 06.3aTenIbHoe npoBeaeHme oueHK4 B0o3,aef4cTTMA npoeKra Ha oKpyKCaoujYO cpe,ry BBseeHO corniacHo oriepaUHoHHoR al4peKTHBe 1989 r. (c H3MeHeHH3IMH OT 1991 r.). OaHaKO 3TOT HHCTpyMeHT He Bcerra 3MeKHKT10BHO HCrIOJTb3YCTCI B rioaxoAe K peuieHRio BOnPOCOB 3auI1TbI paCTeHHII. HaripHMep, IBa npoeKTa, coaep)IaUlHx KOMIIOHCHTbI rio cbHHaHCHPOBaHHIO 3aKyHKH necTi4i11,oB Ha 3HaqHTeJlbHYIO CyMMy 84,5 miH. iojm. CIA, coriacHo oijXeHKe Bo3AeRCTBHA Ha oKpyKaiowyio cpeAy roJIyIHJIH KaTeropno "C". CiieAyeT OTMeTHTb, qTO 6ObLIUnHCTBO npoeKTOB, OTHeCeHHbIX K KaTerOpHH "C", OTHOC$TC5 K nepIo4iy ao 1991 roga, nIocZie 3Toro npoeKrmi pacnpeIIeJISUOTC5I Ha KaTeropHH "B" H "C" 6onee paBHoMepHo. 36 rlopT4ejrnb npoeKrOB BceMHpHoro 6aHnKa PHCYHOK 5.1 PacnpeaeieHHe npoeKTOB no 3KOJIorH'eCKHM KaTerOpUHsM (1988-95 rr.) C=32% |B=43% I ID=3 % 121 % 6e3 KaTeropiA A% flpuMesanue: BKJIioqaCT 95 ripoeKTOB BceMHipHoro 6aHKa 3a 1988-1995 rr., co)tepKaIiu4x KOMrIoHeHT rio 6opb6e c Bpe4HTejI51Mfl. HlcmoiHuKc: AaHHbIc BceMl4pHoro 6aHKa. Ta6niHua 5.2 (UHaHCHpOBaHHe nleCTHUH.OB B paMKaX KOMiiOHeHTOB/npoeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa (1988 -1995 rr.). 06Wai cyMMa FlpoeKT HJuI Bcero CpC,2CTB )EDHHaHCHPoBaHi4e MHBeCTH UMIr KOMrOIHeHT (MiuH. aojiui. CUIA) BceMIIpHbIM 6aHKOM (M.IH.,aOJIJI. CIIA) > 0-1 MJIH. 10 5.40 He aH. > 1-2 MJIH. 2 3.70 He aH. > 2-5 MJIH. 7 21.37 He aH. > 5-IOMJIH. 6 37.55 31.95 > 10-20 MAiH. 8 120.50 86.0 20 MJIH 3 172.50 132.8 Bcero: 36 361.02 250.75 He aH.- He aHaOU3Upo6a,7UCb Hcmo[iHuK: zaHHbIe BceMlpHOro 6aHKa I4HCTpyMeHTbl m BapHaHTbl nOJIHTKH ep)KKH erppOBaHH 3aIUTbi paCTeHHU reHepaJIbHa3i cTpaTerHq B o6JiaCTH CCJIbCKOrO X03HIiCTBa JgOJE(Ha IlpCejycMaTPHBaTb c6aJIaHcHpOBaHHOCTb pOCTa npO,yKTrHBHOCTH H npaKKTHKc{ 6opb6bI C BpeAgHTeJISMmH, HalIpaBJIeHHo$i Ha MHHHMaJIbHOe HCIOJIb3oBaHHe XHMHKaTOB H co6JmoeIeHHe npaBHlI 6e3onaCHOCTH IIpH o6pau.leHHH c reCTHuIHaMH. BaiKHyio pOZb HrpaeT npoomrDKeHHe riOiHTHKM no Co3gaHHIo OTKpbITOIi pbIHOQHOii 3KOHOMHKH, HanpHMep, ycTpaHeHHe LeHOBbDx HCKaxKeHHiH Ha pIHKaX cpeACTB CCeJIcCKOXo35iCTBeHHoro rPOH3BOaCTBa YBeJIUUHT rIePCfleKTHBbLI alJ BHCAPeHHSI 143P. 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BCTaBKa 5.2 BHeApeHHe HHTerpMpOBaHHOi CHCTeMbI 3auWTbi pacTeHfui B paMKaX 41oH,aa 143P OCHOBHMie JIieMeHTbI BHeapeHHI 143P B paMKax 4ioHrwa 143P BKcno4aIoT: * YMacTHe 43epMepoB B pa3pa6oTKe 1H3P H rIpHKnaZHbIX HCCnIgOBaHHlx, H 06yqeHHe (cepMepOB M13P HeriOCpeACTBeHHo Ha rioieCBbIX y4acTKax. * rocynapcTBeHHaa noIHTHKa nogaepKKIc H3P, Co03aionaa 6iiaronpHwTHbje ycIoBH ajus ee BHefpeHHl. * $)HHaHCHpoBaHHe I1HJIOTHbMX (onbITHbIX) npoCKTOB B pHOpHTeTHbLIX xo3aiicTBax. * HnaHHpoBaHHe H pa3pa6oTKa HaI4HoHaJbHbLIX nporpaMM BHeapeHHa H3P, HiaipaBBeHHbIX Ha KOOPAHHaUHio 4C11TeJIbHOCTH no P3P H iio0IepXKy MeCTHbIX 1HHUHTaTHB. noxa3aTeni pe3yflbTaTHBHOCTH BKilloqalOT: * YKpelneHHe HaimOHa0BbHbIX opraHH3aLUHoHHo-KaZpoBbIx Bo3MoXCHocTeC no pa3pa6oTKe H nIpOBeaeHHIO YCOBepIeHCTBOBaHHbx nporpamm H3P. * CBWIeTeiJICTBa peqjopMHpoBaHHa HaUIHoHaJIbHoHI nOJIIHTHKH B noaZep)KKy BHeapeHHH 143P. * 3HaMHTenbbo B033pocILee yiaCTHe H 3aMeTHal PO0ib §CpMepOB B 4OpMyJIHpOBaHHH H peaIH3auHm cTpaTelm P3P. * Bo3poclnee MHCJO HHBeCTHUHOHHbLIX Bo3MMoxKHoCTeH. * CBHJeTeJIbCTBa 3(lJceKToB pacripOCTpaHeHMq P3P H CHHeprH3Ma (KOrIa o6nHi pe3yflbTaT npeBocXoZHT CyMMy OTZeJIbHbIX 3QFeKToB), Bblpa3HBmHxCH B yBeCH4eHHH rocygapCTBeHHbIx H MeCTHbIX HHBeCTHUHi B P3P. HcmoziHUK: MeXBezoMcTBeHHaa pa6o4aa rpynna no Bonpocy P3P, 1995 r. BCTaBKa 5.3 3Tanb6 aaeapeHuA HHTerpHpoBaHHoi CHCTeMm 3asmwrTu OT BpezHTeLIeri $ODH-aOM npetnaraIoTC ceJIeaylonlHe 3TaflI BHezpeHHSI P3P: * YCHJIHTb noTOK HHCbopMaUHH o6 yCTOgPIHBoi CHCTeMe 3aMnHTbI paCTeHHHl OT BpeDHTeJIeI% H P3P. * Pa3pa6oTaTb H HcflriTaTb Ha npaKTHKe HHHuaTHBHbLie Mepbi H nHJIoTHble npoeKTbI. * YKpenHTb opraHH3aij4oHHo-KaapoBbie B03MO)KHOCTH, paciiiHpHTb aaAbHeflmee BHeapeHHHe H UpHMeHeHHe 13P. * CTHMYIHpOBaTb HHBecTHT4xHHU, O6&beHHHTb pecypcbuH co3zaTb oqHHlaTbHbie HHCTHTyTbI. rIpHMeqaHHl 1. lpHmepoB TaKHx npHio)KeHHiA Maoi, 0o1HO 113 HNIX MO)KHO HaHTH B riocJIeCHHX oTpacIieBbIX oTMeTax BCeMHpHorO 6aHKa: (World Bank 1995a); JIHTBa: 0630p ceJIbCKOXo39HiCTBeHHoro H4 npOfOBOJIbCTBeHHOro CeKTOpa)> (World Bank 1995b). 2. HTo6b HaATH npoeKTbl Him KoMUOHeHTbI npoeCKToB, CBS3aHHLIe c 6opb6oii H 33aIHTO OT BpernITenefl, P3P, 3aKynKoH, TpaHcnopTT4poBKoVf, xpaHeHMeM, HCnoJIb3oBaHHeM reCTHUHRoB, 6bu npOBeAeH rlOHCK B 6a3ax AaHHbix no ripoeKTaM pa3BHTH4 HpHpOAHBIX pecypcoB, Kpe CJTHMM onepagHmM, H B 6a3eaaHHbIx 6x-x6nHorpa4nHH ro1OBbMX OT'-CTOB BCeMHpHOro 6aHKa. 3. TIPHCBOeHHCenpoeKTaM KaTeropuii no cTeneHH UX Bo3xzerCTBHg Ha OKpyxaIOtLJylo cpejy BBe,eHO B 1989 r.( c H3MeHeHHSMH OT 1991 r.). rlpoeiTbI KaTeropHH "A" npeanonaraloT nofIHylo OUeHKY Bo3fleitcTBHsl Ha oKpyxaEonyio cpexzy; npoeKTbI KaTeropHi "B" npeftnoniaraloT aHaIH COCTOIHHSI OKpyxcaIoiet Cpezbi, HO He 43 HiHTerpHpoBaHHaaq 3auwa paCTeHHIrl noJIHylo oaeHKy; H ripoCKTbl KaTeropuH "C" He HyxAaaIOTCS B aHaAH3e, fOCKOJTbKy He OKa3blBalOT BpeAHoro Bo3AegiCTBHH Ha oKpyxKaioIyIo cpeaiy. ao 1989-1991 IT cyUXeCTBOBaia KaTeropHa "D", nipHCBaHBaeMaA 3KOAOrH-IecKHM npoeKTaM. 4. 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