Page  1
Environmental Management Plan 
 
for the 
 
MOLDOVAN AVIAN INFLUENZA CONTROL & HUMAN PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS 
&
RESPONSE PROJECT 
 
UNDER THE 
 
GLOBAL PROGRAM FOR AVIAN INFLUENZA AND HUMAN PANDEMIC 
PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE (GPAI) 
FOR ELIGIBLE COUNTRIES UNDER THE HORIZONTAL APL 
 
Chisinau, April, 2006 
 
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of 
their official duties.  Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. 
E1430 
Page  2
2
Table of Contents 
 
Introduction/Summary...........................................................................................................3 
I. 
Global, regional and national concerns...........................................................................5 
(a) The Global/International dimensions ............................................................................5 
(b) The regional dimension................................................................................................8 
(c) The national dimensions...............................................................................................8 
II. 
 Project Development Objective and Alternatives......................................................... 10 
III. Policy 
context .......................................................................................................... 12 
(a) IDA/IBRD Safeguards Policy..................................................................................... 12 
(b) Moldovan Legislation................................................................................................. 13 
(c) WHO and FAO/OIE Guidelines.................................................................................. 17 
IV. 
 Baseline of the Project Region/High Risk Zones ..................................................... 17 
V. Assessment 
of 
Environmental 
Impacts......................................................................... 19 
VI. Mitigation 
measures................................................................................................. 20 
VII. Monitoring............................................................................................................... 22 
VIII. Institutional 
Arrangements 
and 
Budget..................................................................... 23 
IX. Public 
Consultation 
Arrangements ........................................................................... 24 
 
Annex 1: 
FAO/OIE AI Strategy 
Annex 2: 
WHO AI Strategy 
Annex 3:   
Bio-Safety Level Requirements 
Annex 4: 
International Best Practice in Safety of Research Laboratories 
Annex 
5: 
Impact matrix for Moldovan Avian Influenza Control & Human Pandemic 
Preparedness & Response Project 
Annex 6: 
Mitigation Plan for Carcass and Waste Material Disposal by Burial 
Annex 7: 
Mitigation Plan for Laboratory Safety and Waste Management 
Annex 8: 
Monitoring Plan for Carcass and Waste Material Disposal by Burial and Disinfection 
Annex 9: 
Monitoring Plan for Laboratory Safety and Waste Management 
Annex 10: 
Map of migratory pathways of wild birds and potential High-Risk Areas for first 
appearance of AI 
Annex 11.  
List of consulted institutions and persons during preparation of EMP 
Annex 12. 
Summary of the consultation meeting 
 
Page  3
3
Introduction/Summary  
 
1. 
Emergence of Avian Flu
.
Outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) began in 
several Southeast Asian countries in 2003 and spread to Europe in 2005-2006. Significantly 
for Moldova, outbreaks in the neighboring Danube delta region of Romania and in the Crimea 
peninsula of the Ukraine in 2005 obliged governments to cull (kill) poultry.  New outbreaks of 
avian flu were registered in the Danube delta of Romania and in Turkey as recently as 
February 2006.  To date, over 140 million domestic poultry, on several continents, have either 
died or been culled.  Economic losses to the Asian poultry sector alone total around $10 
billion.   
 
2.  Potential infection of humans
.
Up to the end March 2006, the World Health Organization 
(WHO) reports that a world-wide total of 186 people had contracted the infection (of which 
105 have died).  The increase in infection raises concern that the virus could mutate in ways 
that favor human to human transmission.  The WHO warns that the subsequent pandemic 
could have devastating effects on human health and livelihoods. 
 
3. Government 
response
.
As a response for Avian Influenza appearing at the national territory 
the Government of Moldova has organized emergency teams, at both the local and national 
levels, to respond to any outbreak of Avian Influenza.  Importantly, the Government of 
Moldova designed and enacted a National Contingency Plan for Avian Influenza, a National 
Preparedness Plan for Human Influenza Pandemic and a National Action Plan for Avian 
Influenza Mitigation Measures.  The World Bank team reviewed the plans and these appear 
adequate and in line with recommendations of the World Organization for Animal Health, the 
Food and Agriculture Organization, and the WHO, but further strengthening of the plans will 
be required. In early 2006, the Government of Moldova formally approached the Bank asking 
for technical and financial assistance for augmenting its Avian Influenza prevention and 
mitigation efforts. The Project and current environmental assessment are being processed to 
respond to this request. 
 
4. 
International response and role of the Bank
.
In January 12, 2006, the World Bank’s Board of 
Directors approved up to $US 500 million in financing for the Global Program for Avian 
Influenza (GPAI) that will assist eligible countries.  The role of the Bank in Moldova, with 
respect to HPAI, is to mobilize funds and technical expertise and to build partnerships with 
technical agencies and donors.  A technical team from the WHO joined the Appraisal Team 
and took the lead in identifying human health activities. The FAO/OIE is expected to 
contribute with technical expertise to the implementation of the proposed Project.  The 
UNICEF is leading the technical work on communications.  Importantly, the US Agency for 
International Development (USAID) and the EU supported Food Security Project are also 
partners in funding the fight against HPAI in Moldova. Japan PHRD grant will support 
Human health capacity building sub-component. 
 
5. 
Rationale for Moldova
.
To date, Moldova has not suffered an outbreak of Avian Influenza, 
though it is at significant risk, since two nations on its borders, Ukraine and Romania, suffered 
outbreaks.  Moreover, the Government demonstrated its commitment to the fight against 
Avian Influenza through policy statements, through preparation of formal plans, and through 
expenditure and commitment of funds from the national budget.  The Government has made 
implementation and monitoring arrangements, after benefiting from advice from a WHO 
delegation, and will further define these arrangements in a Project Operations Manual. 
 
6. Project 
objectives
are to lower the economic and social burden of disease in Moldova – all 
while lowering health and economic risks to neighboring countries. The overall objective of 
the Project is to minimize the threat posed to humans by HPAI.  To achieve this, the Project 
Page  4
4
will support surveillance for outbreaks of such diseases, preparation for outbreaks, and control 
of outbreaks among humans and animals.   
 
7. Project 
components. 
The project consists from four components as: 
Component 1: Animal 
Health, 
(including three sub-components:
 
Animal disease surveillance & diagnosis;
Animal 
HPAI control and outbreak containment;
and Compensation Fund
);
 Component 2: Human 
Health 
(including sub-components: Human health capacity building
;
Human HPAI testing
;
and  Human health system response
.
Component 3: Public Information and Awareness; 
and Component 4: Implementation support, monitoring and evaluation
.
8.  Financing of overall Project
.
The proposed Project is a Standard Investment Loan (SIL), 
financed through the International Development Association (IDA).  It is 50% credit on IDA 
terms, and 50% grant.  The proposed IDA financing is the largest source of financing of an 
overall Project of US$ 10.6 million.   
 
9. The Bank Safeguard Policy
.
The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of 
projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and 
sustainable, and thus improve decision making (OP 4.01, January 1999).  The Bank favors 
preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible. 
 
10. Project category.
The Moldovan Avian Influenza (AI) Project, incorporating investments in 
incinerators and bio-safety, has received an environmental rating of B, since it involves 
moderate environmental impacts that can be managed during implementation of the project.   
 
11. Expected environmental impacts.
Although project activities supporting HPAI prevention, 
preparedness and planning, and response and containment are not expected to generate 
significant adverse environmental effects, they do present a moderate environmental risk from 
inadvertent spread of the AI virus, disinfection and infected materials (carcasses, litter, 
protective gear) management.  The potential impacts may be associated with pollution of areas 
during disinfection, poultry
’s carcasses burning in open pits, burring of infected bio-materials 
and marginal pollution from small scale veterinary laboratory incinerators. Overall the AI 
prevention and response-focused activities are expected to have a positive environmental 
impact, as the investments in equipment, and training for veterinary and public health service 
staff and laboratories will improve the effectiveness and safety over existing avian influenza 
handling and testing procedures by meeting international standards established by the World 
Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Health Organization.  This would be 
reinforced by the mainstreaming of environmental safeguards into guidelines and procedures 
for the culling and disposal of animals during AI outbreaks.  For the Human Health 
component, the proposed mitigation measures focuses on equipment, refurbishing and training 
for diagnostic laboratories to include key environmental issues in zoonotic disease 
containment and medical waste management.  The management of hospital wastes will be 
done in accordance to the existing national regulations in laboratory, medical wastes and 
sanitary zones management. 
 
12. Environmental management plan. 
The environmental management plan (EMP) addresses the 
moderate adverse environmental effects of the Animal Health component of the project, 
namely zoonotic disease containment, safe culling of infected and at-risk poultry and disposal 
of carcasses, and procedures for safe handling of AI materials.  The EMP provides mitigation 
plan and monitoring plans for major environmental concerns to ensure appropriate attention to 
environmental issues, and tracking progress or problems in their management. The EMP has 
been prepared in close coordination and consultation with major stakeholders (see Annex 11), 
the summary had been disseminated for specialists and co-interested public via web-sites and, 
finally had been passed through the public consultation and disclosing process (see Annex 12).  
 
Page  5
I. 
Global, regional and national concerns 
(a) The Global/International dimensions 
13. The continuing outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which begun in late 
2003 in several Southeast Asian countries and have occurred more recently in Europe, have 
been disastrous to the poultry industry in the two regions and have raised serious global public 
health concerns.  As of March 2006, more than 140 million domestic poultry had either died 
or been destroyed and over 186 people had contracted the infection (of which 105 have died).  
Recent increases in the number of known cases of avian influenza (AI) transmission have 
raised concerns over the potential emergence of a pandemic, which could have devastating 
effects on human health and livelihoods. 
14. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that there are many uncertainties about whether 
and when a pandemic might occur, as well as about its potential impact.  Humans are not very 
susceptible to the disease, but if infected with the Asian H5N1 strain, they could exhibit a high 
case fatality rate.  The geographical spread of HPAI, the human dimension, and the potential 
enormous social and economic impact are unprecedented.  Economic losses to the Asian 
poultry sector alone are estimated to date at around $10 billion.  Despite control measures the 
disease continues to spread, causing further economic losses and threatening the livelihood of 
hundreds of millions of livestock farmers, jeopardizing smallholder entrepreneurship and 
commercial poultry production, and seriously impeding regional and international trade, and 
market opportunities.  The rural poor, who rely for a larger share of their income on poultry, 
have been particularly hard hit with income losses. 
15. It is impossible to anticipate when the next influenza pandemic may occur or how severe its 
consequences may be.  On average, three pandemics per century have been documented since 
the 16
th
 century, occurring at intervals of 10-50 years.  In the 20
th
 century, pandemics occurred 
in 1918, 1957 and 1968.  The pandemic of 1918 is estimated to have killed almost 50 million 
people in eighteen months, with peak mortality rates occurring in people aged 20-45 years.  
The pandemics of 1957 and 1968 were milder, but many countries nevertheless experienced 
major strains on health care resources.  If a major pandemic were to appear again, similar to 
the one in 1918, even with modern advances in medicine, an unparalleled toll of illness and 
death could result.  Air travel might hasten the spread of a new virus, and decrease the time 
available for preparing interventions.  The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates 2 to 
7.4 million deaths world-
wide.  Simulation of a ‘mild-case’ pandemic at the Lowy Institute of 
Australia National University predicts loss of 1.4 million people and of US$ 330 billion of 
world GDP while simulation of an ‘ultra-case’ scenario finds loss of 142 million people and 
US$ 4.4 trillion.  The likelihood of such scenarios is highly uncertain.   
16. The recent epidemics or outbreaks of animal origin (e.g. SARS, avian influenza, Lassa virus, 
Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, West Nile virus) have demonstrated the potential and 
real global impact of zoonotic diseases on the health and well-being of the public, as well as 
the enormous humanitarian, socio-economic, and trade damage that this group of diseases can 
cause to both developed and developing countries.  They have also underscored the important 
role of official veterinary and public health services in disease prevention and control, as well 
as the importance of strengthening the capacity of these services in compliance with the World 
Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) 
international standards (e.g. the local, regional, and global quarantine powers under the 
International Health Regulations; and the international standards, guidelines and 
recommendations under the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code).  The epidemics have also 
demonstrated that there is an urgent need for a global response to improve the local and 
regional preparedness and rapid response capacity to the threat from zoonotic disease.  
Page  6
6
17. Influenza is a zoonotic disease (animal to human transmission) of international importance 
because of the ability of the virus that causes the disease to mutate for a potential wide-scale 
human-to-human transmission.  Outbreaks of influenza in humans occur annually, as a result 
of antigenic drift in the influence A virus with a severity which varies from year to year, but is 
typically moderate to mild.  Nonetheless, these outbreaks occur in all countries and exert an 
impact primarily through morbidity and reduced economic productivity because of illness.  In 
contrast, severe influenza pandemics occur infrequently, as a result of antigenic shift, but have 
been unprecedented in the number of infections and deaths caused over a short time-period.  
The worst such event in the 20
t
h
Century, the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918-19, had the 
highest mortality rate among healthy young people.  Less severe pandemics occurred in 1957-
58 and 1968-69, but still had high attack rates, high case fatality, and major impact on 
economic activity.  The severity of these influenza pandemics resulted from infection with a 
sub-type of influenza virus to which humans had not been previously exposed and so had no 
immunity.  Such a new sub-type of influenza (known as H5N1) is currently causing large 
outbreaks in birds and domestic poultry in East and Central Asia and Europe, creating 
widespread concern that the risk of a new and potentially severe human pandemic is high
1
.
18. Addressing economic and social impacts must be an integral part of a comprehensive 
response
.
A
pandemic would have devastating economic and social consequences, including 
large-scale loss of livelihoods as well as lives.  The potential economic costs of avian 
influenza are apparent in countries such as Vietnam, where impacts are already evident on the 
poultry sector, associated input and distribution channels, and the rural poor who rely on 
poultry for a larger share of their income.  Even if a pandemic does not occur, there could be 
important socio-economic effects resulting from the response to the perceived risks.  
Countries confront choices in balancing preparation versus action since both imply economic 
costs.  At least three types of economic costs or impacts should be considered under a human 
pandemic scenario: (i) effects of sickness and mortality on potential output; (ii) private 
preventive responses to an epidemic; and (iii) public sector responses. 
19. A coordinated global response should involve three types of strategic activities: (i) preventing 
the occurrence and spread of the disease in domesticated animals, thus lowering the virus load 
in the environment, (ii) preventing and/or mitigating the effects of an outbreak in humans, and 
(iii) in the event of a pandemic, helping affected populations cope with its effects.  There is a 
need to formulate a global response based on a common vision for undertaking these three sets 
of activities.  Such a vision should entail immediate measures while ensuring that these 
measures fit within a coherent longer-term strategy with respect to both animal and human 
health considerations.  Key issues that have been identified include: 
 
·
Prevention and control of avian influenza is multi-sectoral in nature.  
It involves many 
players, including those in the areas of health, agriculture, environment, economics, 
finance, and planning among others.  At the country level, in particular, an integrated, 
multi and inter-sectoral response is needed based on shared objectives.  Responses must 
address both the animal health and human health dimensions and also appropriate social 
measures (quarantines, transport restrictions, mass communication strategies). 
 
·
The risk of a human pandemic is real.  
The H5N1 strain currently affecting several Asian 
countries has proven highly fatal to humans.  The risk that a pandemic virus will emerge 
depends on opportunities for human exposure and infection, which will persist as long as 
the H5N1 virus continues to circulate in animals.  With the present situation, the potential 
1
Antigenic drift refers to a change in surface proteins of a given strain of influence virus in response to antibodies in human 
hosts who have been exposed to it. It occurs continually in both type A and B influenza strains, thus the reason to re-engineer 
the influenza vaccine on a regular basis to prevent seasonal outbreaks or epidemics. Antigenic shift refers to the reassortment 
of the animal influenza strain with the circulating human strain in the process of moving from an animal to humans. This 
antigenic shift is more of a concern since when it occurs, it results in pandemics due to generalized susceptibility to infection 
in humans. 
Page  7
7
of the HPAI virus to become transmissible among humans needs to be a serious concern.  
If the virus adapts itself to human-to-human transmission, lives may be threatened on a 
large scale.
 
·
Avian Influenza virus is constantly evolving with unpredictable results
.
The HPAI 
viruses are of particular concern because they undergo constant genetic change that can 
have unpredictable results.  The constant and rapid evolution of the virus necessitates a 
global approach to controlling the disease. 
 
·
Market conditions have caused HPAI to spread rapidly.  
The conditions for the 
emergence and local spread of HPAI have been exacerbated by the intensification and 
concentration of livestock production in areas of high-density human populations.  The 
danger of international spread of HPAI has increased by the dynamics of regional and 
international trade and the movement of people.  A global approach to avian influenza, 
therefore, will have relevance to strategic control of other livestock diseases, including 
zoonoses. Nevertheless, country strategies developed and owned by the governments 
facing the threat of avian influenza should be the foundation of a global response.    
 
·
The geographic coverage of a response should be determined by both immediate and 
anticipated needs.  
 Asia is today the most affected region, but the disease is currently 
spreading to other areas of the world at an alarming rate and recent scientific evidence 
indicates that wild birds play a role in the spread of the virus from one country or region 
to another.  The response should, therefore, combine control measures in countries where 
the virus has been already detected, with prevention measures in countries at risks 
(countries neighboring infected countries and/or in migratory bird fly way paths).  A 
minimum level of preparedness is essential in all countries.   
 
·
An appropriate balance between short and long-term actions needs to be taken.  
Immediate action is needed in a number of areas.  The immediate to short-term objective 
is to reduce the risk to humans by preventing further spread of HPAI in those countries 
that are currently infected.  The long-term vision of the strategy is to minimize the global 
threat and risk of HPAI in domestic poultry and humans, through progressive control and 
eradication of HPAI.  Achieving this goal will diminish the global threat of a human 
pandemic, stabilize poultry production, enhance a robust regional and international trade 
in poultry and poultry products, increase human and food safety, and improve the 
livelihoods of the rural poor.    
 
·
Global and regional aspects of the response need to be addressed and coordinated
.
Actions to secure borders and control international trade/travel in the event of a pandemic, 
as well as measures to limit the effects of disease transmission by migratory birds, are 
trans-boundary issues requiring regional and/or international coordination.
 
Global and 
regional efforts should build on existing mechanisms such as the joint OIE/World Bank 
initiative for the Prevention and Control of Global Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases of 
Animal Origin, and the joint Global Framework for Progressive Control of Transboundary 
Animal Diseases (GF-TADs), a joint FAO/OIE initiative and regional organizations such 
as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and South Asian Association for Regional 
Cooperation.
 
20. The long-term vision of the strategy prepared by FAO and OIE in collaboration with WHO 
(see summary in Annex 1) is to minimize the global threat and risk of HPAI in humans and 
domestic poultry, through progressive control and eradication of HPAI, particularly that 
caused by H5N1 virus, from terrestrial domestic poultry.  The global strategy will be 
implemented over three time frames: immediate to short (1-3 years), short to medium (4-6 
years) and medium to long-term (7-10 years).  During this period the spread of HPAI, mainly 
of the H5N1 strain, will have been progressively controlled in domestic poultry of all infected 
Page  8
8
countries, and prevented from affecting those countries not currently infected, but at high risk.  
The strategy originally prepared to control HPAI in Asia is being revised by FAO and OIE to 
take into account the current spread on the disease outside Asia.  The strategy will be 
complemented by more detailed country specific HPAI control plans.  FAO/OIE have also 
issued specific recommendations for avian influenza and OIE has recently issued 
recommendations for each region, in addition to its standards and guidelines provided for the 
prevention and control of HPAI in animals. 
 
21. The Recommended Strategic Action plan prepared by WHO for Responding to the Avian 
Influenza Pandemic Threat (see summary in Annex 2) lays out activities for individual 
countries, the international community, and WHO to prepare for a pandemic and mitigate its 
impact.  The objectives of the plan correspond to the opportunities and capacities to intervene 
and are structured in three phases: (i) pre-pandemic 
–
supporting the FAO/OIE’s control 
strategy;  increasing collaboration between animal and health services; strengthening EWS, 
(ii) emergence of a pandemic – containing or delaying spread at the source - and (iii) 
pandemic declared and spreading internationally – reducing morbidity, mortality and social 
disruption; conducting research to guide response measures.  WHO has also prepared a global 
plan and guidelines for pandemic preparedness and is in the process of developing a model 
country plan that will allow countries to assess their state of preparedness and identify priority 
needs.     
 
22. The Bank
 
has developed a global facility through a multi-country adjustable program loan 
(MAP).  In parallel, the Bank is discussing with the EU, WHO and FAO/OIE, and bilateral 
donors the establishment of a multi-donor trust fund (TF) that primarily supports country level 
activities in conjunction with a smaller and complementary role at the regional and global 
level.   
 
(b) The regional dimension  
 
23. Cases of the H5N1 strain of avian flu have already occurred in more than 30 countries in the 
Middle East, Asia, Europe and Africa. Since the year 2005 the HPAI has been detected in 
Europe and rapidly spreading, covering countries as Georgia, Azerbaijan, Austria, Croatia, 
France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine.  There are also 
possible cases in Macedonia and Slovenia.  The Russian outbreak of HPAI H5N1 has to date 
affected seven administrative regions, beginning in the Ural Mountains and moving west to 
within 200 km of Moscow.  The countries in the Balkan region, including Moldova, are at risk 
due to their proximity to two main flyways, the East Africa-West Asia Flyway and the Central 
Asia Flyway.  Both flyways cross areas in North-eastern Europe, where avian influenza in 
wild and domestic fowl has been diagnosed.  From a geographical point of view, the Balkan 
and Black Sea region represent a vast area in which introduction of AI is likely to occur, and 
where the sensitivity of the veterinary and human health system for early detection of HPAI is 
low.  All EU countries have plans to fight a possible avian flu pandemic.  All countries in 
ECA have or are developing similar plans.   
 
24. Significantly for Moldova, outbreaks in the neighboring Danube delta region of Romania and 
in the Crimea peninsula of the Ukraine in 2005 obliged governments to cull (kill) poultry.  
New outbreaks of avian flu were registered in the Danube delta of Romania as recently as 
February 2006. The Turkey has been affected in 2006, by both poultry and human infection.  
 
(c) The national dimensions 
 
Page  9
9
25. Moldova is a small, landlocked country in south-eastern Europe, bordering on Romania on the 
west and Ukraine on the east.  Its resident population is estimated by the 2004 census to be 
3.97 million.   The population density of the country is the highest in the Former Soviet 
Union, and among the highest in Europe, at 129 persons per km
2
.
The country presently has a 
nominal GDP per capita of US$765 and a Purchasing Power Parity per capita income 
estimated to be US$1,470 per annum.  By this measure Moldova ranks 148th of 177 countries. 
The country has a moderately continental climate which is favorable to agriculture. 
Agriculture is the largest real sector of the Moldovan economy: it accounts for 18.2% of GDP 
(33% if agro-
processing is included), generates the majority of Moldova’s exports (65%).  It is 
also important in terms of employment (39% of the total), incomes and poverty reduction, 
especially in rural areas, with rural poverty accounting for 68% of the total and rural 
households deriving 73% of their income from agriculture.  
 
26. The poultry sector in Moldova represents circa 80% of the livestock and poultry population, at 
roughly 16 million heads (as of January 2006).  Poultry meat is a nutrition staple generally, 
but more importantly, it is so in rural areas where poverty incidence is high.  Twelve million 
birds are owned by households (backyard poultry) and small commercial farmers.  The 
number of backyard poultry is highly variable, with peak season (summer and early fall) 
population reaching approximately 20 million birds.  Backyard farming patterns are 
characterized by unsafe bio management practices, such as maintenance of multiple species in 
confined space and free range roaming for grazing.  The presence of poultry in close contact 
with households creates a high risk of spreading from domestic birds to humans.  The 
country’s commercial poultry industry is characterized by the predominance of 5 large 
producers.  Since independence, commercial poultry has suffered a severe drop in output, but 
has been on a strong rebound since 2002, with an average output (meat and eggs) growth of 
10%.  Adequate bio-safety standards are enforced at all commercial producers.  
27. In 2005, the first confirmed outbreaks of Avian Influenza were reported in Romania and 
Ukraine.  This posed an epidemiological threat to Moldovan poultry production.  In response, 
the Government set up a Republican Emergency Anti-epidemic Commission to take charge of 
preparations for outbreak response and containment. The Commission took several practical 
organizational and institutional steps, with regard to both the agricultural and human health 
sides, to improve response capacity: (i) imports of poultry products from countries with 
officially registered outbreaks were banned; (ii) equipment for serological and viral testing 
was purchased; (iii) additional disinfection equipment was installed at all border crossing 
facilities; (iv) outbreak containment simulation exercises at  national and regional levels were 
carried out; (v) an immunization campaign for human influenza virus among 100,000 people 
who are considered to be high-risk for bird flu infection was implemented; (vi) a cooperation 
agreement with Romania for Avian Influenza diagnostic verification and virus isolation was 
concluded. 
 
28. The Government prepared and formally approved key documents, which set forth the 
institutional and functional responsibilities for Avian Influenza prevention and response 
preparedness, including the National Contingency Plan for Avian Flu, a National Preparedness 
Plan for Human Influenza Pandemic and a National Action Plan for Avian Flu Mitigation 
Measures. To operationalize the contingency and action plans, the Government issued 26 
operational guidelines and normative acts to concerned line agencies and institutions. A 
welcome development is that the Government decided to compensate households and poultry 
farmers for losses incurred in cases of culling. Furthermore, with the help of UNICEF, the 
Government drafted and implemented a comprehensive public awareness campaign which 
disseminated basic knowledge on various aspects of Avian Influenza prevention and 
preparedness among the population at large, farmers, veterinarians and children. In addition, 
many staff of relevant Government agencies has been participating in various media events to 
raise awareness about AI risks and mitigation measures. The Government is committed to 
Page  10
10
continue its public awareness efforts, while further streamlining the focus of its interventions 
to specific target groups.  
 
29. The Contingency Plan for Avian Influenza of the Republic of Moldova was approved on 
October 20, 2005. The plan provides the basis for the mobilization of resources and the 
provision of coordinated technical and financial support, training and capacity building with 
regard to animal health and veterinary services.  It establishes preparedness responsibilities 
and benchmarks of the relevant institutions, from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food 
Industry, and its State Veterinary Service to specific village based groups, to deal with the 
imminent threat of the disease being introduced into poultry in the country, with actual 
outbreaks and compensation for culling.  The Plan is based on the existing in-country 
institutional and service structure, and adequacy and readiness to perform the intended tasks. 
The plan specifically deals with three main themes: 
surveillance
,
c
ontainment and control 
of outbreaks, and communications.
 
30. National Preparedness Plan for Human Influenza Pandemic addresses aspects of human health 
preparedness for human influenza in lieu of national capacity in key public health areas, inter-
sectoral coordination, epidemiological surveillance, laboratory diagnosis, disease prevention, 
clinical case management, and communication. It will be updated and modified as needed in 
the light of evolving conditions and growing experience. The Plan addresses the pandemic 
alert periods (when animal and human cases may occur) and the pandemic period (effective 
person-to-person transmission). It establishes mechanisms for coordination with the veterinary 
services as well as with relevant local, regional and international organizations, 
epidemiological surveillance, laboratory diagnosis, and clinical management human cases 
(under both periods).  It addresses pandemic preparedness, including procurement of a 
pandemic vaccine when available, rapid implementation of a national immunization 
campaign, and communication to the public. 
II. 
 Project Development Objective and Alternatives 
 
31. The overall objective of the Project is to minimize the threat posed to humans by HPAI.  To 
achieve this, the Project will support surveillance for outbreaks of such diseases, preparation 
for outbreaks, and control of outbreaks among humans and animals.  
 
32. 
Component 1: Animal Health 
includes four sub-components. The sub-component 
1.A.  
Animal disease surveillance & diagnosis 
strengthens the NCVD and its two regional satellite 
laboratories.  The key investments are in essential equipment for testing for the presence of 
HPAI in animals, for consumables and reagents. Technical assistance focuses on building 
human resources in the use of database programs and in the analysis of data to support 
decisions on prevention and control of animal diseases.  To develop an efficient disease 
information system, the sub-component supports training on collection and analysis of 
epidemiological data and on risk assessments.  Project-supported technical assistance builds 
institutional capacity for serology and virology tests for the disease. The sub-component
 1.B: 
Animal HPAI control and outbreak containment
 supports actions to contain any outbreak 
of HPAI, starting with culling of infected and at-risk poultry and then moving to disposal of 
their carcasses in a bio-secure and environmentally acceptable manner. Moreover, the sub-
component promotes bio-security at commercial poultry farms and invests in control of 
movement of birds and products that may be infected.  The sub-component trains and equips 
staff and external workers, and delivers personal protective clothing. In addition, it supports 
technical assistance to review, assess, and if necessary recommend improvements in the 
Government’s contingency plans for HPAI preparedness and response. The sub-component
 
1.C: Compensation Fund 
has the
 
purpose to encourage farmers to report possible outbreaks 
of Avian Flu.  In the absence of mechanisms and cash available to reimburse the cost of birds 
culled, many small farmers will not report sick poultry because of the potential loss from 
culling.  The communications component explained will help address farmers’ concerns. 
Page  11
11
 
33. 
Component 2: Human Health
has three sub-components.
 
The stock of medical equipment 
deteriorated over past decades because of lack of spending on rehabilitation and investment. 
The focus of the human health component is therefore on procurement and training in use of 
key equipment. The sub-component
 2.A: Human health capacity building
 sub-component 
brings technical assistance and trains government staff in epidemiology at the national and 
rayon level.  It also procures epidemiological surveillance software and trains staff in its use.  
Importantly, it supports training in crisis preparedness and management.  Moreover, it 
supports assessment & planning, and training in the information and telecom system.  Finally, 
the sub-component supports review and update of the regulatory system and development of 
guides for use of personal preparedness equipment.  Sub-component
 2.B: Human HPAI 
testing 
sub-component procures key testing equipment for the Laboratory for Respiratory 
Diseases, which is the only viral laboratory in Moldova.  The lab’s personnel have a good 
quality professional background and can learn to use new equipment quickly.
 
At present, the 
Ministry of Health cannot test for the presence of HPAI in humans.  Sub-component
 2.C: 
Human health system response
 sub-component procures equipment for the intensive care 
unit of the National Infectious Disease Hospital in Chisinau.  Furthermore, the sub-component 
purchases WHO accredited influenza kits (including vaccines) and purchases Oseltamvir 
(Tamiflu), to increase the national stockpile.
 
34. 
Component 3: Public Information and Awareness
implements a three-stage strategic 
communication plan: (i) a
 
pre-epidemic campaign to promote health and safe behaviors to 
reduce risks to children, families, households and communities; and to promote responsible 
media reporting to avoid panic and misinformation; (ii) an intensive communication campaign 
during the pandemic
 
alert, to begin immediately if and when human transmission is 
confirmed; (iii) post epidemic communication support to promote recovery.
 
35. 
Component 4: Implementation support and monitoring & evaluation
.
There are two 
implementing agencies.  The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry implements the 
Animal Health Component, while the Ministry of Health and Social Protection implements the 
Human Health Component.  The Ministry of Health and Social Protection also coordinates 
implementation of the Public Information and Awareness Component, although 
implementation and administration of the component activities will be contracted, if possible, 
to a qualified outside agency. Because of the urgency of launching the Project, an existing 
unit, the Consolidated Agricultural Project Management Unit (CAPMU) assumes 
responsibility for procurement, financial management and disbursement.  It provides fiduciary 
support to the two agencies and facilitates the work of the Component Coordinators.  
Furthermore the CAPMU prepares bidding documents, drafts contracts, executes payments 
upon instruction of the implementation agencies, submits financial reports and consolidates 
project progress reports. Project evaluation includes both quantitative and qualitative aspects 
and be conducted on a yearly basis.   
 
36. 
Project alternatives and reasons for rejection.
Moldova is a poor country which receives a 
relatively small allocation of IDA funds from the World Bank Group.  The small size of the 
portfolio sharply limits the options available to the Appraisal Team.  The main alternative is to 
drop plans to assist Moldova in combating Avian Influenza.  But this defies common sense, 
since poultry in Moldova’s neighbors to the East and to the West have been stricken by the 
disease.  With agreement of the Government, the Team is restructuring $US 1 million from 
the Social Sectors Management Project.  The remaining alternative is to cancel processing of 
an agriculture project.  This option is rejected because poverty is so heavily concentrated 
among rural farmers.  
 
37. 
“Without project” alternative should be cancelled also taking into consideration 
environmental, economic and social environment in Moldova, particularly in rural area as it is 
the poorest regions in the country. If no prevention and quick response measures will be 
Page  12
12
supported by the project the infection disease and dead of domestic birds in rural households, 
small and industrial farms can raise significant economic losses and unwanted social site 
consequences. As results it may generate more human pressure to natural environment by 
population, which may lose expected income and revenue for living in rural areas.  
 
38. From environmental consideration the massive infection and outbreaks of domestic birds 
followed by non-proper management, handling, disposal or liquidation of bio- and other 
infected materials (carcasses, animal waste, litter, and used protective gear) can generate the 
opposite pathway for infection of wild non-infected populations of birds. Such route are not 
clearly confirmed yet in already affected countries and regions, but should be not forgotten if 
no quick and proper response will be managed by country veterinary authorities. The 
environmental safety management of infected materials is an important project output, so 
“without project” alternative is an undesired environmental option. 
 
39. Currently, the project document is not specifying exact locations (as it is hardly predictable) 
and precise technology to be used for culling, transportation and further disposal of animal 
carcasses and other infected HPAI wastes. The technical alternatives may include different 
modality of animal culling (examples - mechanical, in gas chamber, electrical shock, etc), 
infected materials transportation (convention vehicle, specialized mobile epidemic vehicle, by 
other transportation means, etc.), and final disposal methods (burial in simple or protective 
earth pit, biothermal composting holes (so called Bekkari holes), cremation or incineration at 
high capacity incinerators, burning in earth pits, and mobile incinerators). Also the range of 
alternatives is available in disinfection procedures normally applied for affected sites, 
equipment, protective gears, and vehicles by using different disinfectant agents.  The spectrum 
of “technical” alternatives has been extensively consulted during preparation of the EMP with 
national veterinary, environmental and health authorities at national and rayonal levels in 
order to identify more realistic, affordable and environmentally friendly technologies to be 
recommended from environmental perspective.     
III. Policy 
context 
 
(a) IDA/IBRD Safeguards Policy 
 
40. The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank 
financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus 
improve decision making (OP 4.01, January 1999).  EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and 
type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the 
proposed project. EA evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area 
of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, 
siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or 
compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and 
includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout 
project implementation. The Bank favors preventive measures over mitigatory or 
compensatory measures, whenever feasible. 
 
41. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; 
social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property); and 
transboundary and global environmental aspects. It also takes into account the variations in 
project and country conditions; the findings of country environmental studies; national 
environmental action plans; the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and 
institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects; and obligations of the 
country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and 
Page  13
13
agreements. The Bank does not finance project activities that would contravene such country 
obligations, as identified during the EA.  
 
42. The Moldova Avian Influenza (AI) Project has been assigned World Bank environmental 
category B, since it involves moderate environmental impacts that can be managed during 
implementation of the project.  The EA process for the AI project is addressed through this 
EMP.  Key considerations and methodology are taken into account during the EA process 
include:  
 
·
Generic initial screening to determine appropriate environmental assessment;  
·
Identification of high risk zones for appearing of HPAI infection; 
·
Compliance with existing environmental regulations in Moldova; 
·
Taking into consideration the economic and social evaluations (in the light of their linkage to 
the environmental concerns); 
·
Analysis of major expected impacts, balancing positive and negative effects and assessment of 
realistic alternatives;  
·
Public participation and consultation with affected people, organisations and stakeholders; and 
·
Disclosure of information. 
 
(b) Moldovan Legislation 
 
43. 
Environmental legislation
.
Moldovan Constitution stipulates that the citizens of Moldova 
have the right to a healthy environment.  The national environmental legislation reflects these 
requirements, considering provisions of international conventions and treaties. Generally the 
national legislation is covering the whole range of protective measures. Activities carried out 
under the project will conform to current laws in Moldova and sound environmental 
principles.  The environmental, health and veterinary laws relevant to the AI project are the 
following. 
 
44. 
The Law on Environmental Protection (1516-XII, 16 June, 1993, revised in 2001).  
This Law 
determines the general environmental framework related to air, soils, biodiversity and water 
resources protection, pollution control, waste management and other environmental issues. 
The law specifically (i) prohibit any non-treated discharges (also contaminated by pathogen 
bacterium) to surface water bodies; (ii) prohibit burial of wastes without permission from 
environmental, health and public authorities; (iii) required to take appropriate measures for air 
protection during transportation and disposal of any wastes; (iv) gives authority to 
environmental, health and public administrative bodies for issuing a permission in 
warehousing of any wastes (including agrozoowastes) and only in specially designated and 
arranged places, after landowner permission, and only if not negative impacts to the land, 
surface and groundwater, human localities, biodiversity and valued touristy places and 
landscape are expected. 
 
45. 
The Water Code (1533-XII, 22 June, 1993, revised in 2003).
 
This Law regulates management 
and environmental issues related to surface and underground waters. The state control on 
water resources protection is designated to the environmental authorities. The law in general 
terms: (i) regulates requirements for location, designing and construction of facilities that may 
have impact to water resources, (ii) setting the provisions on water protection zones, (iii) 
prohibit any untreated discharges or discharges that may negatively affect water resources 
(environmental and health authorities), (iv) stipulates general requirements on protection of 
surface and groundwater against pollution and degradation.    
 
Page  14
14
46. The environmental 
water protection standards
 (Maximum Admissible Concentrations) are 
included in the “Rules for Protection of Surface Water” (1991) and sanitary norms for water 
quality in the “Hygiene Regulation on Protection of Water Bodies against Pollution” (1997). 
 
47. 
The Law on Protection of Ambient Air (599-II, 4 May, 1998).
 
This Law regulates institutional 
responsibilities, air quality norms and measures for protection of ambient air quality. The 
environmental authorities are mainly responsible for planning of measures and monitoring of 
air quality. The health authorities are responsible for: (i) providing of thresholds limits 
(Maximal Admissible Concentrations), including admissible levels for contamination of air by 
microorganisms, (ii) control of emissions, (iii) set up the limits for sanitary-protection zones.   
 
48. The law 
“On Veterinary Activities (1538-XII, 23 June, 1993)
 is under revision now and it is 
expected that draft of new general veterinary law will be issued soon. Nevertheless the Article 
5
stipulates that emergency veterinary response should be taken by National and Rayonal 
Emergency Commissions.  The Article 10 provides for control by the State Veterinary Service 
over execution of plans, instructions and resolution adopted in regards with (i) prevention of 
carrying and expansion of veterinary infections to the national territory and, together with 
sanitary authorities (ii) with prophylaxis and liquidation of hazardous infectious diseases 
common to animals and humans. The Article 19 is foreseen that owners (physical and juridical 
persons) of animals (i) should carry out veterinary measures in order to prevent and, if 
happened, to liquidate nucleus of infection, as well as to avert expansion by all required 
measures; (ii) inform veterinary authorities in case (or suspicion) of infection; (iii) leave the 
animals for veterinary inspection; (iv) maintain the places for animals’ growing in a proper 
order.  Articles 21, 22 and 23 provides the set of general rules and responsibilities in case of 
quarantine and zooanthroposic diseases. 
 
49. 
The Law on sanitary-epidemiological safety of population (1514-XII, 16 June, 1993, revised 
1996) 
introduced in general terms the basic requirements, responsibilities, and institutional 
set-up in the various spheres of sanitary-epidemiological safety of population. The role of 
system for sanitary-epidemiological control and relevant sanitary service are described. The 
Article 23 specifically deals with prevention, localization and liquidation of infectional human 
diseases. It provides the legal platform for integral institutional, technical, medical, hygienical 
and epidemiological measures to be implemented under umbrella of Emergency Commissions 
in case of massive human infections. The affected and at-risk persons should be hospitalized, 
treated and controlled by medical staff in quarantine conditions.    
 
50. 
Emergency regulations. 
As a response for Avian Influenza appearing at the national territory 
the Government of Moldova has organized emergency teams, at both the local and national 
levels, to respond to any outbreak of Avian Influenza.  Importantly, the Government of 
Moldova designed and enacted a National Contingency Plan for Avian Influenza, a National 
Preparedness Plan for Human Influenza Pandemic and a National Action Plan for Avian 
Influenza Mitigation Measures.  
 
51. 
Legal and administrative framework for EA.
 
Since 1992, Moldovan authorities have 
developed a series of laws and regulations which stipulate in detail all aspects of the EA 
procedure, as follows:  
 
·
Law on Environmental Protection (1993) 
·
Law on State Environmental Expertise (SEE) and Environmental Impact Assessment 
(EIA) (1996) 
·
Land Code (1991) 
·
Water Code (1993) 
·
Subsoil Code (1993) 
·
Law on Industrial Safety (2000) 
Page  15
15
·
Law on Amendments of Penal Code, the Code of Penal Procedure, and the Code of 
Administrative Violations (1993) 
·
Guidelines on Performing State Environmental Expertise (1995) 
·
Regulation on Joint Expert Committee of the Ministry of Environment (1998) 
·
Regulation on Public Participation in Environmental Decision-Making (2000). 
 
A
chapter on State Ecological Expertise (SEE), which represent the basis of EA in the 
country, was included in the Law on Environmental Protection (1993). It defines SEE as an 
environmental protection activity that aims to: (a) prevent and minimize the potential of the 
direct, indirect, or cumulative impact of new economic activities on the environment, 
ecosystems, and human health; and, (b) to assess from this perspective all economic activities, 
separately or as a whole, that could affect the environment, human health, or living standards 
in the present or future
 
(Article 21).  This chapter describes the responsibilities of the state 
authorities (Division on SEE) to conduct a SEE and of the project proponents.  According to 
this law, SEE is mandatory for all planned activities that could influence the environment 
and/or use natural resources, irrespective of their purpose, location, type, and ownership, 
volume of capital expenditures, financing body, and mode of implementation. It stipulates also 
that SEE is one of the main responsibilities of the National Environmental Protection 
Authority(Article 15b) and the exclusive body to undertake ecological review of new laws, 
programs, and projects (Article 16a) that are listed in Article 23. The law establishes that state 
experts should be highly trained professionals with at least 10 years of experience in the field. 
It also provides some very general guidelines on SEE, such as the time schedule and 
documentation requirements. 
 
52. Some elements of SEE are incorporated in other legal acts. Hence, the Water Code (1993) 
requires SEE of all economic activities that potentially could affect water quality (Articles 11 
and 12a). The Subsoil Code (1993) requires SEE of projects that aim to dispose of hazardous 
wastes underground (Article 36), as well as those that use subsoil resources (Article 48). The 
Soil Resources Code (1991) stipulates the conditions of land allocation for economic activities 
(Article 16). In 1993, the Republic of Moldova ratified the Espoo Convention on EIA in a 
Transboundary Context. According to the Moldovan Constitution, international treaties take 
precedence over national laws; hence, the Espoo Convention constitutes the legal basis for 
EIA studies of projects with potential transboundary impacts. 
 
53. 
Law on SEE and EIA
.
This law covers all aspects of conducting SEE and EA. It stipulates the 
following issues: (a) roles and responsibilities of various state institutions and of NGOs in 
conducting EA and SEE; (b) rules and procedures of EA and SEE as well as procedures for 
public SEE; (c) responsibilities in the case of violation of the current law: (d) special 
requirements to the project documents; (e) screening categories of project documents; other 
important aspects of EA. 
 
54. 
Law on Urbanism and Territorial Arrangement Principles
 (1996). It stipulates procedures and 
decision-making processes for developing planning documents, primarily for urban and rural 
development plans, including preliminary coordination.  
 
55. 
Regulations concerning public participation
.
Public participation and consultation are 
recognized as valuable tools in environmental assessment for mediating differing interests, 
arriving at sound decisions, and ensuring the rights of citizens to have access to environmental 
information and a role in environmental decision-making. Two government regulations were 
also issued: Public Consultation in the Approval of Urbanism Documents (1997) and Public 
Participation in Environment Decision-making (2000).  And in April 1999, the Moldovan 
Parliament ratified the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in 
Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters.  
 
Page  16
16
56. 
Administrative framework
.
The competent SEE and EA authority
 
in Moldova is the Division 
on SEE within the State Ecological Inspectorate, a subdivision of the Ministry of Ecology and 
Natural Resources. It incorporates dual functions. As the main administrative body, it is 
responsible for organizing and coordinating the SEE procedure (Law on SEE and EIA, Article 
7(2)). As the expert body, it is responsible for reviewing project documentation for planned 
activities and deciding whether or not they may be implemented.  In the latter function, the 
ministry is represented by a group of permanently employed state experts of the Division on 
SEE. All aspects of the environment are represented, 
e.g.,
 atmosphere, soil, flora and fauna, 
etc
.
According to the Law on SEE and EIA, these experts should be highly trained 
professionals with at least 10 years of experience in the field and five years as planners 
(Article 7(3)).  The Division on SEE is also responsible for control and supervision of SEE 
procedures. 
 
57. 
Guidelines and procedures
.
An annex to the Law on SEE and EIA contains regulations for 
conducting EIA studies.  However, there are no regulation/guidelines for specific sectors 
(agriculture, waste water treatment, waste disposal and incineration, 
etc)
.
Procedures for 
conducting SEE are contained in Guidelines on Performing SEE (2001). The comprehensive 
guidelines define in detail the goal, objectives, and principles of SEE. They stipulate the 
structure and function of the process, procedures for submitting project documentation, and 
review procedures.  The guidelines are accompanied by a series of annexes, on such topics as 
requirements for project documentation submitted to SEE; the subdivisions responsible for 
SEE of various types of projects; requirements for every chapter, or volume, of project 
documentation projects that require a separate chapter on EIA at the project stage, 
etc
.
58. 
Screening: methods and categories
.
The Law on SEE and EIA clearly indicates the screening 
method that should be applied, while the Guidelines on Performing SEE lists categories of 
projects subject to screening.   According to the cited law and guidelines, the initial stage of 
the SEE procedures is the preparation of project and planning documentation to be submitted 
to SEE for approval. Depending on the complexity and the expected environmental impact of 
the planned activity, an EIA study may or may not be required as a preliminary SEE 
procedure.  The Law on SEE and EIA stipulates that all activities that could have a significant 
impact on the environment and affect it radically require such a preliminary EIA study. The 
mandatory list of developments that require EIA is provided in Chapter X of the Regulation 
on EIA annexed to the law.  It considers 32 types of activities in total. According to Chapter I 
(4) of the same regulation, the central environmental authority may also require an EIA for 
activities that are not on the list 
–
even though the procedure for case-by-case screening is not 
elaborated in Moldovan environmental assessment legislation. If the proposed development 
project does not require an EIA study, then the planner prepares the project and planning 
documentation according to the requirements stipulated in the Guidelines on Performing SEE 
(2001). If an EIA is required, then the procedures stipulated in the Regulation on EIA annexed 
to the Law on SEE and EIA are followed. Thus, the planner/EIA team conducts an EIA study 
according to the methodology designed by the National Institute of Ecology. 
 
59. 
Basic requirements for EAs
.
The basic requirements for EA study are stipulated in Chapter II 
of the EIA Regulation.  The first requirement is that alternatives to the project and mitigation 
measures should be covered.  As already mentioned, all alternatives to the project or to any of 
its components should be comparatively analyzed, and the best option should selected 
(Chapter II, 6.2). The regulation also requires that the “zero-option,” or “do-nothing option,” 
be considered. Measures that would exclude or mitigate the negative impact of the project 
should also be addressed, as well as those that would increase its positive impact (Chapter II, 
6.3).  In fact, national legislation is required to adopt measures to reduce environmental 
impacts or to rationalize natural resources use. For compatibility with the World Bank, legal 
documents should be revised to clearly indicate the necessity for comprehensive environment 
management plans that take into consideration all necessary aspects of environmental impact 
Page  17
17
mitigation.  EA studies are also required to cover impact prediction and consideration of 
transboundary impacts.    
 
(c) WHO and FAO/OIE Guidelines 
 
60. The strategies for AI containment and response by the FAO/OIE and WHO are reviewed 
briefly in the section on global and sector issues above. More information on these guidelines 
is presented in Annexes 1 and 2 below.   
IV. 
 Baseline of the Project Region/High Risk Zones 
 
61. The project will operate throughout entire Moldova, as it is fully possible that AI will appear 
in wild birds and domestic poultry in all areas of the country.  The project duration is assumed 
to be three years, but outbreaks combating actions may be urgently needed in case of invasion 
of HPAI virus to the national territory. 
 
62. The current status of Moldovan natural environment is under strong human-made pressure. 
The major concerns to be considered during project implementation are the high level of top-
soil quality degradation, deterioration of water quality of small river streams and water bodies 
as well as of ground waters, deteriorated drinking water sources in rural surroundings and 
affected biodiversity, habitats, and landscapes health
2
.
63. Water quality of major 
river’s (Dniester, Prut) streams are moderately, and in some sections - 
heavily polluted. The major sanitary-epidemiological concern in surface water quality is 
mounting of samples with microbiological exceeding values. The extensive network of small 
internal rivers and tributaries (3621 water courses totaling the length of about 16 000 km)
3
and 
large number of surface water reservoirs (more than 3500 reservoirs had been build for 
supporting of local irrigation, fish-farming, recreation)  are considered as seriously degraded 
water quality bodies – both by nutrients and microbiology
4
.
Shallow groundwater quality is 
seriously deteriorated chemically and microbiologically in the limits of rural locations
5
.
The 
trends shows the constant grow of samples exceeding drinking water quality parameters which 
have particular alarm as the bulk of rural population is only relay to the dig shallow wells as a 
sources of drinking water
6, 7
.
The major sources of surface water quality degradation are 
agricultural run-off and discharge of non-properly treated municipal wastewater. The impacts 
to water quality in rural drinking wells are associated with non-treated human excreta (earth 
toilets) and large number of domestic livestock and back-yard poultry processing at the 
households by peasants. 
 
64. Due to human pressure the natural habitats are limited in their capacity to maintain wild 
population of animals and birds. The condition of national fauna biodiversity is a concern as 
116 animal species, including 39 varieties of birds, are included in the Red Book
8
.
It is about 
25 % from the total number of wild birds’ species in Moldova. Nevertheless the remaining 
biodiversity is included 281 species of wild birds, including migratory ones
9
.
The migratory 
water flow birds, which are the major concern in global spreading of HPAI, are mostly 
2
State of Environment in the Republic of Moldova, 2004 
3
State of Environment in the Republic of Moldova, 2003 
4
Water Resource Management Strategy, draft papers, ACVAPROIECT 
5
Study of Rural Drinking Water Quality, WB/EPBRD, 1997 
6
National Report Children’s Health and Environment, 2004 
7
The Environment Millennium Development Goal (MDG) in Europe and Central Asia. Water and Sanitation 
Targets for Moldova, 2004
 
8
The Red Book of the Republic of Moldova, 2001 
9
Biological Diversity Conservation National Strategy and Action Plan, 2002 
Page  18
18
presented by orders 
Gaviiformes, Podicipendiformes, Pelecaniformes, Ciconiformes, 
Anseriformes, Gruiformes.
 The river corridors, forming by the streams and floodplains of 
rivers Prut and Dniester, oriented in South-North direction, are the major pathways for 
migratory birds in Moldova
1
0
.
65. The poultry sector in Moldova represents circa 80% of the livestock and poultry population, at 
roughly 16 million heads (as of January 2006), which may highly vary, with peak season 
(summer and early fall) population reaching approximately 20 million birds.  Poultry meat is a 
nutrition staple generally, but more importantly, it is so in rural areas where poverty incidence 
is high.  Twelve million birds are owned by households (backyard poultry) and small 
commercial farmers.  Backyard farming patterns are characterized by unsafe bio management 
practices, such as maintenance of multiple species in confined space and free range roaming 
for grazing. As a consequence it is increase the probability of contacts, both with humans (risk 
for human infection) and potentially infected wild organisms (risk for poultry infection).  
 
66. 
The country’s commercial poultry industry is characterized by the predominance of 5 large 
producers (located in Riscani, Falesti, Criuleni, Donduseni, Anenii-Noi raions). The poultry 
population maintained at the industrial base is more under control as adequate bio-safety 
standards are enforced at all commercial producers.   
 
67. The zones of the major risk for appearing of HPAI in Moldova are mostly associated with the 
lower Prut and Dniester rivers segments. Both regions are characterized by wetlands, open 
water mirror, lakes and small channels, reeds and other aquatic and marshes vegetations. Both 
concerned areas are closely situated to the large wetland areas as Danube Delta (HPAI has 
been recently registered in 2006) and Dniester Lyman. Two big water reservoirs, build in the 
middle sections of the rivers Prut (Costesti-Stanka) and at the Dniester (Dubasari), are the risk 
zones as well, represented by open water and riparian vegetation. The principal migratory 
ways of wild birds are shown in Annex 10, as well as initial areas of concern which are 
regions that host large populations of migratory waterfowl (see map attached as Annex 10).  
 
68. However the broad network of medium and small artificial inland reservoirs is also the 
important risk factor for invasion of AI by wild waterfowl and first virus attack to human 
beings. It is because the most of small reservoirs and lakes are silted, partly covered by reeds – 
thus providing habitats for many water based species. In addition, the major part of small 
lakes/reservoirs are rented by farmers for processing of commercial fish, which is also 
important nutrition and income factor for rural inhabitants, considered as the poorest quota of 
Moldovan population. Close location of villages to the small reservoirs, fishery/fishfarming 
activities at the water bodies, watering of livestock (cows) at the natural water streams are 
factors which may increase the possibility for spreading of AI among domestic poultry and 
humans.  
 
69. The target inhabitants for primary risk-contact are farmers, peasants which have permanent 
access to water bodies and contacts with free moving domestic poultry, hunters, amateur fish-
man, workers on hydrotechnical infrastructures (dams, pumping stations), employees of fish-
farming entities. 
 
70. The existing experience in Moldova for disposal of animal carcasses is by using of biothermal 
composting holes (Bekkari holes). The holes are constructed at a dry, high-ground place with 
a
low level of subsoil water, at least 300 m from the livestock sheds, processing facilities, 
rivers, ponds and wells, and the area is fenced to a height of not less than 2 m.  The hole itself 
is 10-12 m deep, with a diameter of 2-3 m.  The facility is constructed of moisture- and 
thermo-resistant material (bricks, ferroconcrete, wood and clay), with a hermetic cover and a 
ventilation system. 20 days after being loaded with animal carcasses the internal temperature 
10
 The Animal Kingdom of Moldova, Birds, 1981 
Page  19
19
rises to 65
0
C.  The decaying process is completed within 35-40 days, with the formation of 
uniform and odorless compost, suitable for fertilizing.  The biothermal hole has a significant 
advantage over burial grounds in that it causes fairly rapid destruction of many microbes.  But 
in the current conditions in Moldova most of about 100 Bekkeri holes are in very poor 
technical and management status and only virtually existing. Most of them had been 
constructed nearby the large animal farms, but were not properly maintained. Actually, due to 
the absence of previous holders (former sovhozes and colhozes) the facilities has been 
allocated to the local public authorities (primaria) which have no funds and human resources 
to proper management of facilities.  
 
71. Veterinary service in Moldova has been declined last decades, but capacities for first 
emergency responses are existing. There are several laboratories for identification of animal 
infection in the country, but they very poorly equipped. As a response for potential invasion of 
HPAI in Moldova in each rayons the minimal stock of individual protection gears, 
disinfectants and spreading equipment has been consolidated. The National Center for 
Veterinary Diagnostic and some regional veterinary centres have mobile disinfection team 
(equipped by special car, spreading units, protection clothes, etc), which are capable to 
manage mitigation measures if required. Nevertheless the stocks of available equipment and 
reagents are quite limited.    
V. 
Assessment of Environmental Impacts  
 
72. Activities under AI projects are not expected to generate significant adverse environmental 
effects as they are focusing largely on public sector capacity building and improved readiness 
for dealing with outbreaks of avian influenza in domestic poultry and a potential human 
pandemic.  These prevention-focused activities are expected to have a positive environmental 
impact as the Project's intervention in equipment, training for veterinary and public health 
services as well as laboratories will improve the effectiveness and safety of existing zoonotic 
epidemics handling and testing procedures.  This would be reinforced by the mainstreaming of 
environmental safeguards into protocols and procedures for the culling, selection of burial 
sites and disposal of animals during AI outbreaks and use of less harmful disinfectants.  In 
addition, waste generated in upgraded laboratory facilities will be managed using existing 
national guidelines and small capacity incinerators that are consistent with international good 
practice. 
 
73. The main areas of environmental impacts from project activities are linked with the 
Animal 
Health component.
 The possible impacts can be characterized as both moderately negative 
and positive. The environmental risk mainly associated with the inadvertent spread of the AI 
virus during culling and  transportation;  disposal of carcasses, litter, and used protective gear; 
contamination of surface and groundwater from use of disinfectants; contamination of 
groundwater via composting of bio-degradable wastes in the earth pits and laboratory bio-
safety. 
The moderate environmental impacts are expected if no mitigation measures will 
be applied. 
For the
 
Human Health
 
component
 there are
 no significant environmental 
impacts, except management and disposal of hospital wastes, which is normally 
implemented by careful and safety manner according national legal requirements and 
international best practices.
 From environmental consideration Human Health project’s 
component have long-term beneficial influence regarding better and efficient country 
preparedness to any zoonotic disease response and mitigation measures planning. The 
Strategic Communications component
 have 
no environmental issues
,
but an important for 
design and delivery of communications tools for good hygiene, safe culling and disposal of 
animal carcasses, animal waste management. The 
Project Implementation component
 has
 
no 
environmental issues, 
but implementation and evaluation of the EMP will be monitored 
through this component. 
 
Page  20
20
74. Summary impact matrix for Animal Health component, which includes (i) assessment of  
negative and positive effects,  (ii) identification of magnitude/scale of impacts, (iii) evaluation 
of direct, indirect and cumulative nature of impacts expected, (iv) identification of mostly 
affected economic, social and natural environments is presented in the Annex 5.  
 
75. Most of impacts are classified as positive, including impacts to economic and social spheres 
which particularly related to non-direct environmental benefits expected by project 
intervention as prevention of massive economic and social disturbances in poor rural areas 
will significantly benefit environment. It is due to supposition that farmers will remain mainly 
to their traditional incomes and not illegally affect surrounding natural resources (as example 
–
obtaining of free wood by illegal cutting of trees) as they will be intended to indemnify 
possible income losses.  
 
76. The negative environmental impacts are mostly local, short-term and ranged from 
insignificant to moderate. Most of them are already mitigated by project activities as training 
in bio-security, laboratory practices, infected wastes handling, personal security control, risk 
identification, compensation and communication. Nevertheless mitigation measures will be 
required for prevention of possible impacts associated with some activities planned under 
Animal Health component.   
VI. Mitigation 
measures 
 
77. Generally the planned project actions, combined with properly implemented mitigation 
measures in order to avoid and/or reduce environmental impacts, will enable Moldova to the 
meet international standards set by the OIE and the recommendations developed by FAO.  
This in turn will help to provide the capacity for safe and environmentally sound management 
of culling and disposal of AI infected materials. 
 
78. Animal Health Component
.
This component will support strengthening of disease monitoring 
and surveillance, planning for containment measures in event of an outbreak, including 
preparation of plans for compensation. Short environmental training, particularly for regional 
staff, in selection of disposal places, proper preparation of burial holes, and covering of holes 
by earth after burring of carcasses is the major mitigation response.  Testing equipment and 
training for regional veterinary laboratories should include key environmental issues in 
zoonotic disease containment and waste management as pertain to special waste, emissions 
and materials. Training for veterinary services and poultry sector workers should include 
procedures for safe handling of AI materials, safe culling of infected and at-risk poultry and 
environmentally safety disposal of carcasses. Training in implementation of bio-safety 
measures at the commercial farms should also include elements of environmental mitigation 
measures.  The required training and mitigation measures will be supported through the 
following sub-components: 
·
1.A: Animal disease surveillance & diagnosis
 
·
1.B: Animal HPAI control and outbreak containment
 
79. In addition to technical assistance and training, these sub-components will provide priority 
equipment, materials and supplies.  Funding would be provided for essential first response 
equipment. This would include personal protection equipment, disinfectant equipment, and 
materials for sampling and culling. Actually Moldova’s veterinary laboratory capacity is 
hardly non-adequate to response in identification of H5N1. The equipment of two laboratories 
by required testing equipment will substantially strengthening national capacities in diagnoses 
all notifiable diseases including HPAI.  Essential equipment, consumables and reagents, staff 
training and technical assistance would be provided to complete the chain of response for 
disease surveillance. 
 
Page  21
21
80. In case if HPAI will be detected in animals the cutting of infected and at-risk poultry will be 
urgent actions. In Moldova, the most appropriated animal carcass disposal method is digging 
of burial pits, probably - burning of carcasses and used protective clothes in open earth pits, 
and use of quicklime to prevent earthworms bringing contaminated material to the surface 
after pit closure. It should be stressed that burning of carcasses and other infected materials in 
open pits is not the best environmental option. It can generate air pollution, strong odor and 
anxiety of local population. Burring of carcasses in properly selected places under observance 
of all required safety measures (see Annex 6) is provide effective sterilization of infected bio-
materials and considered as the better environmental option (as alternative solutions by using 
of Bekkery holes or mobile incinerators are not realistic in current Moldovan conditions). 
Disposal of carcasses in the earth pits  is accepted in other countries (Australia, Canada) with 
due attention to factors such as the amount of material for disposal, location of the burial site, 
proximity to water bodies, soil characteristics, etc. Of particular concern however is the risk to 
groundwater from poorly selected sited pits. However the properly sited and constructed 
burial pits is valid disposal option in Moldova.  
 
81. It should be mentioned, that there are no national requirements for emergency build burial 
sites, in particular to the earth pits used for 
infected materials and wastes
.
However, the 
former soviet standard (Sanitary Norms for Designing of Industrial Facilities, SN 245-71) 
have provisions for sanitary protection zones: (i) small animals and poultry slaughterhouses -  
300 m,   (ii) animal cemeteries buried in earth pits 
–
500 m, (iii) factories for liquidation of 
animal corpses – 500 m. The recommended mitigation measures are: dimensions of sanitary 
protected zone for burial site – at least 300 m, distance to the surface water, wetlands, forests 
and natural protection zones – at least 500 m (but can be corrected according to the landscape 
slopes and other characteristics), depth to groundwater table – at least 2 m, clay soils, earth 
cover of carcasses - 400 mm soil first, then apply lime, then complete filling, cover with 
minimum 2 m soil to ground level, plus overfill. 
 
82. So, the important and required mitigation measures are mainly associated with proper 
selection of burial sites according to the landscape and soil characteristics, observance of 
sanitary distances to human localities, natural water streams and drinking water sources. This 
selection should be done by the local emergency commissions that would include among 
others representatives from rayon level ecological Inspections. Besides, the set of principal 
mitigation measures during transportation of dead and slaughtered birds and other infected 
materials to the disposal site can include - safe bags with proper head lock, avoiding of 
transportation bags overfilling, using of covered containers. During unloading/temporal 
storage of culled poultry at the disposal site mitigation should mainly include operator’s 
training and supervision, use of mechanical loader, shelter from weather, minimization of 
storage time and use of impermeable surfaces. Burial of dead poultry should be mitigated by 
ground cover, application of lime, fencing and disinfecting. Environmental mitigation 
measures for disinfection procedures should include - use of appropriate and less toxic 
disinfectants, avoiding of drainage to watershed, operator training and supervision, 
minimization of disinfectant diffusion out of designated area, considering the weather 
conditions (strong winds and rainfalls).The details of mitigation measures proposed are 
presented in the Annex 6.  
 
83. The biothermal composting holes (Bekkari holes) may provide effective and environmentally 
friendly carcass sterilization. But their renovation and putting into proper maintenance and 
operation regime is hardly predicted option, considering the urgent needs for disposal actions 
and absence of funds from local authorities. The after-disposal operation will require qualified 
and permanent staff which is not available at the moment. Other options for disposal include 
cremation, incineration by high capacity mobile or stationary incinerators, and rendering are 
not considered as appropriated and affordable ones.   
 
Page  22
22
84. The key discharges to surface water may arise from the water used during washing of affected 
territories, facilities (poultry housing), and disinfectants. Disinfection and washing can be are 
applied for infected households and other rural areas, the vehicles used in transport, disposal 
sites and slaughter of the poultry. Contamination to surface and groundwater from use of 
disinfectants necessary for sanitization of infected premises will be mitigated by (i) promoting 
use of least toxic appropriate disinfectants (internationally permitted chemicals, as well as 
soaps and detergents), and (ii) providing training to veterinary services personnel and poultry 
growers on measures to limit use of toxic disinfectants and prevent untreated drainage or 
runoff into surface or groundwater systems. 
 
85. The project will also finance essential equipment, consumables and reagents, staff training and 
technical assistance for regional laboratories. The project will address laboratory waste 
management by basic training and upgrades to laboratory infrastructure and equipment based 
on “International Best Practice in Safety of Research Laboratories” guidelines, developed by 
the US National Institutes of Health.  The guidelines are attached below as Annex 4.   
 
86. The small veterinary laboratory incineration facilities will be procured, installed and operated 
in compliance with the national safety, operational health and environmental standards which 
are harmonized with the EU ones, and the process will be operated within established 
guidelines drawn from existing regulations.  The key emissions to the air from operation of the 
incinerators are odour, particulate matter, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, 
carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds. In addition there is also risk from airborne 
release of virus as the infected by HPAI animal products and used small laboratory devises are 
loaded into the incinerator. Considering that capacities of incinerators are small, and they 
should provide better management of laboratory wastes, the emissions are not expected to 
generate significant environmental impacts. The key actions of mitigation are to ensure that 
the formation of harmful substances is avoided through operation of the incinerator at the 
design temperatures and combustion air supply. The main requirements for installation of 
small incinerators in laboratories should follow national legal provisions related to protection 
of air, treatment of wastewater, sanitary norms and occupational health provisions. Mitigation 
Plan for Laboratory Safety and Waste Management is included in Annex 7. 
 
87. The Human Health component
is not expected to generate significant environmental impacts. 
The only concern is handling of hospital wastes if human infection will be registered and 
affected peoples will be treated at National Infectious Disease Hospital in Chisinau. 
Nevertheless the subcomponent 
2.C: Human health system response
 will provide assistance 
to the health care system for preparedness planning and strategy development to provide 
optimal medical care and maintain essential community services. To this end,  sub-component 
will finance: a) technical assistance for the development of plans to establish specialized units 
for AI patients in hospital and increase bed availability in case of a pandemic, b) development 
and/or updating of treatment guidelines and hospital infection control guidelines and 
measures, including hospital waste management, antibiotic stocks, mobilization of additional 
health personnel, c) training of health personnel,  d) provision of equipment, drugs, vaccines, 
and other medical inputs, diagnostic reagents, including kits, and e) minor renovation of 
specialized units in hospital. The training program for human health care services should also 
include key elements of environmental issues in zoonotic disease containment and waste 
management under the Rules for Medical Wastes Management (MHSP decision, 06.8.3.45, 10 
December, 2001, published in Official Monitor 18 January, 2002). 
VII. Monitoring 
 
 
88. The project environmental monitoring plan was developed to monitor environmental 
performance and identify any problems during the project implementation so that these can be 
addressed promptly. The plan includes proposed activities with the description of roles and 
Page  23
23
responsibilities, as well as monitoring indicators in order to measure the success of the 
mitigation measures (see Annexes 8 and 9) 
 
89. The overall monitoring is lies under responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food 
Industry (MAFI) and the Ministry of Health and Social Protection (MHSP) as monitoring of 
the EMP implementation will form a part of the overall project monitoring and evaluation 
system.  Nevertheless the monitoring plan will be operationalized by the environmental 
specialists from Rayonal State Environmental Inspectorate. While the Environmental 
Inspectorate is not formally implicated in the Emergency Commissions, defined by the 
Government for combating against avian influenza, their representatives should be involved if 
practical outbreaks measures will be needed. To implement the proper monitoring 
requirements the Environmental Inspectorate staff should participate in the selection of burial 
site as well as in supervision of the upper land reclamation procedures. They will be also 
involved in monitoring/mitigation of discharges and spills during disinfection if happened. 
Monitoring of the interception of liquid run off from disinfecting and wash down of the hen 
houses, containers, disposal sites and vehicles is required to demonstrate that biocide 
contaminated water is intercepted and that none is able to enter ground water via soak away or 
surface drainage  
 
90. 
The environmental inspectors will provide monitoring reports to the AI Project 
Implementation Team (PIT) and to the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and will 
notify the national environmental authorities in the event of problems or issues connected with 
the mitigation measures.  . 
 
VIII. 
Institutional Arrangements and Budget  
 
91. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry (MAFI) implements the Animal Health 
Component, while the Ministry of Health and Social Protection (MHSP) implements the 
Human Health Component.  Under this component, the Ministries hire (a total of two) 
Component Coordinators (composing the key staff of AI Project Implementation Team) as 
local consultants to manage and implement project activities within their sectors. Their role is 
to coordinate project activities with other relevant government agencies.  Moreover, they 
prepare annual work programs in their sectors and submit inputs to the Project’s quarterly and 
annual financial monitoring reports.  The Coordinators are responsible for monitoring and 
collecting relevant data from their respective implementing ministries and agencies and 
compile them into progress reports, focusing on the status of physical implementation by 
component, the use of project funds, and monitoring indicators, including environmental ones. 
Both Components Coordinators should closely cooperate with Rayonal Environmental 
Inspectorate, as well as with the Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources (MENR) if 
necessary, for any environmental issues raised during project implementation and if specific 
permissions or assistance will be required.  
 
92. 
Budget for implementation of the EMP is provided under the project component 1
(1.A: 
Animal disease surveillance & diagnosis 1.B: Animal HPAI control and outbreak 
containment) 
and component 2
 (Human Health). 
 As it is mentioned above, under the 
subcomponent A.1 these costs will cover expenditures for testing equipment and training for 
regional veterinary laboratories; for consumables and reagents; building human resources in 
the use of database programs and in the analysis of data to support decisions on prevention 
and control of animal diseases; as well as training on collection and analysis of 
epidemiological data and on risk assessments.  The sub-component
 
1.B: will provide budget 
for
 
actions to contain any outbreak of HPAI, starting with culling of infected and at-risk 
poultry and then moving to disposal of their carcasses in a bio-secure and environmentally 
acceptable manner (the financing for these activities will be provided from the unallocated 
fund of US 1.450 million). The sub-component trains and equips staff and external workers, 
Page  24
24
and delivers personal protective clothing. The 
Human Health component
 also includes budget 
for proposed mitigation measures in this area and specifically for the development and/or 
updating of treatment guidelines and hospital infection control guidelines and measures, 
including hospital waste management, antibiotic stocks, mobilization of additional health 
personnel, c) training of health personnel. The training program within this subcomponent will 
also include key elements of environmental issues in zoonotic disease containment and waste 
management under the Rules for Medical Wastes Management. 
 
93. Budget for the EMP monitoring is provided under the 
Component 4, Implementation support 
and monitoring and evaluation
.
This component funds training in project monitoring and 
evaluation at all administrative levels, and development of an action plan for monitoring & 
evaluations. As was mentioned, the overall monitoring is lies under responsibility of the 
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry (MAFI) and the Ministry of Health and Social 
Protection (MHSP) as monitoring of the EMP implementation will form a part of the overall 
project monitoring and evaluation system.  
 
94. Additionally to what is specified above, the project will specifically support training activities 
related to EMP implementation and monitoring: (i) one training session for Rayonal 
Environmental Inspectorate, where the EMP and especially the Monitoring Plan should be 
explained in details. The number of participants is expected to be 35-40 environmental 
inspectors; (ii) at least one training session for veterinary service and emergency teams in each 
rayon; and (iii) at site monitoring, evaluation and reporting during outbreaks event. .The 
trained environmental inspectors should further serve as local trainers in order to conduct 
similar environmental training for veterinary and emergency teams in each rayons. It is 
expected 35 training sessions in all rayons for 10-20 participants.  
IX. 
Public Consultation Arrangements  
 
95. The Veterinary Inspection from MAFI and MHSP on April 26, 2006 has disseminated the 
draft summary EMP in their and other relevant ministries for review and comment. 
 
96. On April 29, 2006 the Veterinary Inspection has publicly disseminated the 5-page 
announcement summary (with Annexes showing the Impact Matrix, Mitigation and 
Monitoring Plans) for public access in paper copies and by the MAFI website.  The 
arrangements for an announcement regarding the availability of the EMP summary, data of 
public consultation, contact information and where copies can be obtained, etc. had been done 
by the Veterinary Inspection (see Annex 12). At the same time the EMP summary and 
relevant annotation has been open for wide NGO community via website of Regional 
Environmental Center (REC). In addition the REC has mailed information on public 
consultation meeting on May, 15, 2006 by the network of environmental NGOs.  
 
97. The Veterinary Inspection organized and conducted one public briefing and consultation on 
the draft EMP on May 16, 2006.  The place, time and purpose of the consultation were 
announced in the local press two weeks in advance of the meeting. In addition to the public 
announcement of the meeting, invitations were sent to environmental and socio-agricultural 
NGOs, commercial poultry growers, farmers associations, the MENR, the MHSP, and the 
MAFI, and local representatives of international organizations. 
 
98. The draft EMP was revised after the meeting taking into account inputs from the consultation.  
The final version of the EMP was be made publicly available in Moldova, provided to the 
World Bank, and will be used by the government agencies in the implementation of the 
project. 
 
Page  25
25
Annex 1 
 
Summary of the FAO and the OIE Global Strategy for the Progressive Control  
of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) 
 
1. 
Vision and goal.  
The long-term vision of the strategy is to minimize the global threat and risk of 
HPAI in humans and domestic poultry, through progressive control and eradication of HPAI, particularly 
that caused by H5B1 virus, from terrestrial domestic poultry in Asia.  Achieving this goal will diminish the 
global threat of a pandemic, stabilize poultry production, enhance a robust regional and international trade in 
poultry and poultry products, increase human and food safety, and improve the livelihoods of the rural poor. 
 
2. 
A
phased approach
.
The global strategy will be implemented over three time frames:  immediate 
to short (1-3 years), short to medium (4-6 years) and medium to long term (7-10 years).  During this period 
the spread of HPAI, mainly of the H5N1 strain, will have been progressively controlled in domestic poultry 
of all infected countries of Asia, and prevented from affecting those Asian countries not currently infected, 
but at high risk. 
 
3. 
The immediate to short-term objective is to reduce the risk to humans by preventing further spread 
of HPAI in those countries that are currently infected by H5N1. 
 
4. 
Over the medium to long-term (7-10 years), a more focused approach to HPAI will be mounted to 
progressively eradicate the disease from the remaining compartments of infected domestic terrestrial poultry 
in the region.  The medium-to-long term strategy will consider all control measures, including vaccination, 
zoning and compartmentalization as defined in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code.  For the long-term 
success of this strategy, restructuring of the poultry sectors in the region will need to be seriously considered.   
 
5. 
To prevent the threat of HPAI from spreading to avian influenza-free countries, the long-term 
strategy supports the development of active surveillance programs and emergency preparedness plans for 
non-infected, at risk countries.  The application of OIE standards relating to the international trade of poultry 
and poultry products will further assist in preventing the spread of HPAI virus across continents. 
 
6. 
Capacity building
.
Inadequate capacity in many countries is the principal limiting factor for 
effectively and quickly stamping out and controlling infectious diseases.  Thus, the strategy suggests 
building a strong and sustainable human and physical resource capacity in the countries, to respond in a 
more effective and timely manner in stamping out not only HPAI outbreaks, but also other newly-emerging 
infectious zoonotic and trans-boundary animal diseases.  Capacity building will be wide ranging and include 
all aspects of disease control as well as policy development and socio-economic impact analysis. 
 
7. 
Strategic research.  
The global strategy recognizes that the dynamics of the current rapid spread 
and persistence of HPAI remain unclear.  Therefore, the strategy will facilitate strategic research to 
investigate the epidemiology of avian influenza, evaluate the efficacy of vaccines in domestic ducks to 
reduce the virus shedding in domestic duck reservoirs, and work in close collaboration with regional and 
international advanced research institutions to promote the development of improved vaccines and rapid 
diagnostic tests.  Risk analysis of various poultry production systems and along marketing chains will be 
carried out to better target effective disease control. 
8. 
Implementation.  
Implementation will be at the national, regional and international levels.  At the 
national level, well-defined country specific projects will be formulated, which will be underpinned by the 
formation of sub-regional HPAI support units.  Through these units, sub-regional disease diagnosis and 
surveillance and socio-economic and policy analysis networks will be established.  These sub-regional 
networks will provide the lead in the development of harmonized technical standards and regional policies 
related to the management of live animal movement, compensation plans, capacity building, disease 
reporting requirements and long term planning to restructure poultry sectors. 
 
Page  26
26
9. 
At the international level, coordination of the national programs and sub-regional networks will be 
under the umbrella of GF-TADs (global framework for the control of trans-boundary animal diseases), a 
joint FAO/OIE initiative.  The international coordination will provide technical backstopping to the sub-
regional networks and national programs, promote international cooperation, and mobilize and coordinate 
resources for HPAI control. 
 
10. 
Partners.  
The main partners in implementation of the strategy will be infected and non-infected at-
risk countries, and regional organizations, all of which are committed to controlling trans-boundary animal 
and zoonotic diseases.  Given the zoonotic nature of the HPAI, and the complex interface between farming 
systems, livestock trade, food safety and public health, a strong international partnership among FAO, OIE 
and WHO will be continued.  A number of other partners will be involved, important among these would be 
the private sector, NGOs, and regional national agriculture extensions systems (NARES). 
 
11. 
Resources.  
The implementation of the strategy will require funding to support the national, regional 
and international HPAI control programs as outlined above. 
 
Framework for Implementation 
 
12. 
A Framework for Implementation has been developed by FAO/OIE, promoting national, regional, 
and international initiatives.  It includes the following: 
 
National initiatives:
 
·
Development of a National Strategy for each country specific to its own conditions.  It would address 
farming systems, presence/absence of ducks, presence of human cases or not, trade orientation, 
implementation capacity, and wildlife migration patterns;  
·
Preparation of contingency and emergency preparedness plans;  
·
Development of economic impact and policy frameworks;  
·
Prevention of avian influenza to non-infected at-risk countries through awareness, reporting, and early 
detection; and  
·
Improvement in epidemiological information on source of infection and transmission dynamics in 
farming system and marketplaces. 
 
Regional initiatives
:
·
Standardization of diagnosis and reporting techniques among countries;  
·
Sharing of disease information between countries;  
·
Development of a regulatory framework for management of animal movements; and 
·
Promotion of adherence to OIE guidelines to facilitate regional trade. 
 
Global initiatives
:
·
Strengthening of partnerships (FAO, OIE, WHO, UNDP, donors); 
·
Support for global networks (OIE Global Service Center supported by WB/DGF and donors); 
·
Support for sub-regional networks -- OIE/FAO epidemiology collaborating centers and Avian Influenza 
Network (OFFLU);  
·
Further development of control strategies for trans-boundary animal diseases (utilizing the GF-TADs 
mechanism); 
·
Development of a Global Early Warning System (FOA/OIE/WHO); 
·
Coordination of research on improved tools for avian influenza control; 
·
Provision of global vision for avian influenza control; and 
·
Mobilization of resources through donor liaison and advocacy.
 
Page  27
27
Annex 2  
Summary of the World Health Organization (WHO) Strategy 
 
1.
 
The strategic plan lays out activities for individual countries, the international community and WHO 
to prepare for a pandemic and mitigate its impact.  The objectives of the plan correspond to the opportunities 
to intervene and are structure in the following three phases: 
 
Phase - Pre-Pandemic: 
 
(i)
 Reduce opportunities for human infection.
 
An immediate priority is to halt spread in poultry to 
reduce human exposure to the virus.  More intensive collaboration is needed between the animal and health 
sectors.  Communication activities targeting stakeholders, particularly rural poultry holders, should be 
strengthened.  Workers carrying out the culling of poultry must be protected against infection by clothing 
and equipment.  
 
(ii) 
Strengthen the early warning system.
 
To assess risks to public health and guide protective 
measures, information is needed on the extent of influenza infection in animals and humans and on 
circulating viruses.  National surveillance systems must be improved urgently in potentially affected 
countries.  When outbreaks in animals occur, active human case detection should be pursued by a 
coordinated animal-human health team.  
 
Phase - Emergence of a Pandemic: 
 
(iii)
 
Contain or delay spread at the source.
 
Aggressive containment measures such as isolation and 
prophylactic use of antiviral drugs may slow pandemic spread and allow time for response measures.  An 
international stockpile of antiviral drugs for an emergency response should be established, starting with a 
stockpile for targeted early use.   
 
Phase 
–
Pandemic Declared and Spreading Internationally: 
 
(iv) 
Reduce morbidity, mortality, and social disruption
.
Although mass vaccination is the preferred 
intervention, serious issues related to the time lag between emergence of the virus and vaccine production as 
well as production capacity constraints must be addressed.  Anti-viral supply and production capacity are 
also limited.  Therefore, the main responses in the immediate term should be 
classic “social distancing 
measures” such as quarantine, bans on mass gatherings, and travel restrictions, backed up by a well-designed 
communication strategy.  For the longer term, options with industry to improve antiviral and vaccine 
capacity need to be explored.   
 
(v) 
Conduct research during pandemic
.
Research is needed for policy development and adjustments 
for current and future epidemics.  The main elements include: assessing the epidemiologic characteristics; 
monitoring the effectiveness of the interventions; and evaluating the medical and economic consequences.   
 
Recommended Strategic Actions  
 
2. 
In view of the immediacy of the avian influenza threat, WHO recommends that all countries 
undertake urgent action to prepare for a pandemic.  Advice on doing so is contained in the recently revised 
WHO global influenza preparedness plan
 (2005) and a new 
WHO checklist for influenza pandemic 
preparedness planning (2005).  
Table 1 describes the phases of increasing public health risk associated with 
the emergence of a new influenza virus subtype that may pose a pandemic threat, and the overarching public 
health goals under each phase. 
 
Table 1:  Phases of Increasing Public Health Risk Associated with the Emergency of a New Influenza 
Virus Subtype that May Pose a Pandemic Threat 
 
Page  28
28
PHASES                                                                                        OVERARCHING PUBLIC HEALTH 
GOALS   
 
Interpandemic period 
Phase 1. 
No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected       Strengthen influenza pandemic 
preparedness 
in humans.  An influenza virus subtype that has caused human      at the global, regional, national and  
infection may be present in animals.  If present in animals, the      sub-national levels. 
risk of human infection or disease is considered to be low. 
Phase 2.  
No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected       Minimize the risk of transmission to 
humans; 
in humans.  However, a circulating animal influenza virus              detect and report such transmission 
rapidly 
subtype poses a substantial risk of human disease.                          if it occurs. 
Pandemic alert period                                                                       
Phase 3. 
Human infection(s) with a new subtype, but no               Ensure rapid characterization of the new 
virus      
human-to-human spread, or at most rare instances of spread         subtype and early detection, notification         
to a close contact.                                                                            and response to additional cases. 
 
Phase 4. 
Small cluster(s) with limited human-to-human                Contain the new virus within limited foci 
or 
transmission but spread is highly localized, suggesting that           delay spread to gain time to implement 
the virus is not well adapted to humans.                                          preparedness measures, including vaccine 
 
development.   
 
Phase 5. 
Larger cluster(s) but human-to-human spread still          Maximize efforts to contain or delay 
spread, 
localized, suggesting that the virus is becoming increasingly        to possibly avert a pandemic, and to gain 
better adapted to humans, but may not yet be fully                        time to implement pandemic response 
transmissible (substantial pandemic risk).                                      measures. 
Pandemic period 
 
Phase 6. 
Pandemic: increased and sustained transmission in          Minimize the impact of the pandemic. 
general population. 
 
a
The distinction between 
phase 1
 and 
phase 2
 is based on the risk of human infection or disease 
resulting from circulating strains in animals. The distinction is based on various factors and their 
relative importance according to current scientific knowledge. Factors may include pathogenicity in 
animals and humans, occurrence in domesticated animals and livestock or only in wildlife, whether the 
virus is enzootic or epizootic, geographically localized or widespread, and/or other scientific 
parameters. 
 
b
The distinction between 
phase 3
,
phase 4
 and 
phase 5 
is based on an assessment of the risk of a 
pandemic.  Various factors and their relative importance according to current scientific knowledge 
may be considered.  Factors may include rate of transmission, geo-graphical location and spread, 
severity of illness, presence of genes from human strain (if derived from an animal strain), and/or  
other scientific parameters. 
 
Source:  WHO 2005 
 
Page  29
29
In order to accomplish the public health goals described for each phase, WHO recommends strategic 
actions that can be undertaken to capitalize on each opportunity to intervene.  Given the many uncertainties 
about the evolution of the pandemic threat, including the amount of time left to prepare, a wise approach 
involves a mix of measures that immediately address critical problems with longer-term measures that 
sustainably improve the world’s capacity to protect itself against the recurring pandemic threat. 
 
3. The 
strategic 
actions 
are: 
 
Reduce opportunities for human infection
,
including: 
 
·
Support to the FAO/OIE control strategy; 
·
Intensify collaboration between the animal and public health sectors; 
·
Strengthen risk communication to rural residents; and 
·
Improve approaches to environmental detection of the virus 
 
Strengthen the early warning systems
,
including: 
 
·
Improve the detection of human cases; 
·
Combine detection of new outbreaks in animals with active searches for human cases; 
·
Support epidemiological investigation; 
·
Coordinate clinical research; 
·
Strengthen risk assessment; 
·
Strengthen existing national influenza centers throughout the risk-prone regions; and 
·
Give risk-prone countries an incentive to collaborate internationally. 
 
Contain or delay spread at the source
,
including: 
 
·
Establish an international stockpile of anti-viral drugs; 
·
Develop mass delivery mechanisms for anti-viral drugs; and 
·
Conduct surveillance of antiviral susceptibility. 
 
Reduce morbidity, mortality and social disruption, 
including: 
 
·
Monitor the pandemic in real time; 
·
Introduce non-pharmaceutical interventions; 
·
Use of antiviral drugs to protect priority groups; 
·
Augment vaccine supplies; 
·
Ensure equitable access to vaccines; and 
·
Communicate risks to the public. 
 
Conduct research to guide response measures
,
including: 
 
·
Assess the epidemiological characteristics of an emerging pandemic; 
·
Monitor the effectiveness of human interventions; and 
·
Evaluate the medical and economic consequences. 
Page  30
30
Annex 3 
 
Guidance on the Bio-Safety Levels for Laboratories 
 
Bio-Safety Level 
REQUIREMENTS OF THE LABORATORY 
2
3
4
A) Laboratory siting and structure   
1. 
Not next to known fire hazard 
Yes  
Yes 
Yes  
2. 
Workplace separated from other activities
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
3. 
Personnel access limited 
Yes 
Yes  
Yes  
4. 
Protected against entry/exit of rodents 
and insects 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
5. 
Liquid effluent must be sterilized 
 
Yes and monitored  
Yes and
monitored  
6. 
Isolated by airlock. Continuous internal 
airflow 
 
Yes  
Yes 
7. 
Input and extract air to be filtered using 
HEPA or equivalent 
 
Single on extract  
Single for input,
double for 
extract  
8.  Mechanical air supply system with fail-
safe system 
 
Yes Yes 
 
9. 
Laboratory sealable to permit fumigation     
Yes  
Yes  
10. 
Incinerator for disposal of carcasses and 
waste 
Available
Yes 
 
Yes on site
B) Laboratory facilities 
11. Class  1/2/3  exhau
st protective cabinet 
available 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
12. Direct access to autoclave 
Yes  
Yes with
double doors  
Yes with
double doors  
13. Specified pathogens stored in laboratory 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
14. Double ended dunk tank required 
 
Preferable Yes 
 
15. Protective  cl
othing not worn outside 
laboratory 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
16. 
Showering required before exiting 
laboratory 
 
Yes 
 
17. 
Safety Officer responsible for 
containment 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
18. 
Staff receive special training in the 
requirements needed 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
C) Laboratory discipline  
19. Warning notices for containment area 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes  
Page  31
31
20. Laboratory must be lockable 
Yes 
Yes  
Yes  
21. Authorized entry of personnel 
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
22. 
On entering all clothing removed and 
clean clothes put on 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
23. 
On exiting all la
boratory clothes 
removed, individual must wash and 
transfer to clean side 
 
Yes 
 
24. 
Individual must shower prior to transfer 
to clean side 
 
Yes 
 
25. All accidents reported 
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
D) Handling of specimens 
26. Packaging requirements to be adv
ised 
prior to submission 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
27. 
Incoming packages opened by trained 
staff 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
28. 
Movement of pathogens from an 
approved laboratory to another requires a 
license 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
29. 
Standard Operating Procedures covering 
all areas must be available 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
Yes 
 
(Source: OIE) 
Page  32
32
Annex 4 
 
International Best Practice in Safety of Research Laboratories
11
 
Procurement / Transport 
y
Minimize acquisition / quantity of hazardous materials, minimize storage time needed 
y
Identify mechanism of waste disposal before acquisition 
y
For chemicals, have Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) accessible/confine deliveries to areas that 
are equipped to handle them (and train relevant personnel) 
y
Ensure container is intact and appropriately labeled (US regulations detail how hazardous materials 
have to be identified, packaged, marked, labeled, documented and placarded) 
y
Transport in appropriate (secondary) containers 
y
Use triple packaging system for infectious and potentially infectious substances 
y
Adhere to international air transport regulations 
Storage / Management 
y
Inventory should have name as printed on the container 
y
For chemicals: include molecular formula for further identification and to provide a simple means of 
searching chemicals; include CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) registry number for unambiguous 
identification of chemicals despite the use of different naming conventions 
y
Source 
y
Size of container 
y
Hazard classification, as a guide to safe storage, handling, and disposal 
y
Date of acquisition, to ensure that unstable chemicals are not stored beyond their useful life, and 
Storage location 
 
Procedures 
y
Dispose of materials anticipated to not be needed within a reasonable time frame 
y
Use approved containers; make sure storage containers remain intact and sealed 
y
Dispose of chemicals prior to expiration date, monitor reactive chemicals 
y
Replace deteriorating labels before information is obscured or lost 
y
Follow regulations for safe storage in stockroom or lab 
y
Avoid storing chemicals on bench tops or lab hoods 
y
Store volatile chemicals in ventilated cabinet (near hood) 
y
If ventilation is not required, store in closable cabinet or on shelf with lip to prevent sliding 
y
Do not expose stored chemicals to heat or direct sunlight 
y
Observe all precautions regarding the storage of incompatible chemicals 
y
Provide vented cabinets beneath hoods for storing hazardous materials 
y
Use chemical storage refrigerators for storing chemicals 
y
Have fire protection system (sprinklers) 
y
Follow storage limits for flammable and combustible liquids 
y
Restrict access to storage facility 
Protocols / Facilities for Use in Research 
y
Wear and use appropriate personal protection materials to minimize exposure 
y
Wash hands  
y
Reduce the possibility of creating splashes or aerosols 
y
Contain in biological safety cabinets operations that generate aerosols 
y
Use good housekeeping 
y
Use mechanical pipetting devices 
y
Promptly decontaminate work surfaces 
y
Never eat, ring, smoke, handle contact lenses, apply cosmetics, or take medicine in the lab 
y
Take special care when using sharps 
11
 US National Institutes of Health 
Page  33
33
y
K
eep lab doors closed when experiments are in progress 
y
Use secondary leak-proof containers to move or transfer cultures 
y
Decontaminate infectious waste before disposal  
y
Post appropriate warning signs 
y
Mark emergency equipment, maintain it, inspect it; list telephone numbers to call in case of accident 
y
Control access 
 
For Radioisotopes 
y
Use only in designated areas 
y
Allow the presence of essential staff only 
y
Use personal protective equipment 
y
Monitor personal radiation exposures 
y
Use spill trays lined with disposable absorbent materials 
y
Limit radionuclide quantities 
y
Shield radiation sources 
y
Mark radiation containers with the radiation symbol, including radionuclide identity, activity, and 
assay date 
y
Use radiation meters to monitor working areas, protective clothing, and hands after completion of work 
y
Use appropriately shielded transport containers 
y
Remove radioactive waste frequently from the working area 
y
Maintain accurate records of use and disposal of radioactive materials 
y
Screen dosimetry records for materials exceeding the dose limits 
y
Establish and regularly exercise emergency response plans 
y
In emergencies, assist injured persons first 
y
Clean contaminated areas thoroughly 
y
Write and keep incident reports 
 
For Animal laboratories 
y
Require good microbiological techniques 
y
Establish policies and protocols for all operations and for access to vivarium 
y
Establish appropriate medical surveillance program and supervision for staff 
y
Prepare and adopt safety or operations manual 
y
Post warning signs 
y
Decontaminate work surfaces after use 
y
Use appropriate biological safety cabinets or isolator cages; handle and decontaminate animal bedding 
and waste materials appropriately 
y
Transport material for autoclaving or incineration safely, in closed containers 
y
Treat, report, and record injuries 
Training of Personnel 
Employer develops Chemical Hygiene Plan containing (models available from U.S. government and 
from some professional societies) 
y
Employee information and training about the hazards of chemicals in the work area: 
o
How to detect their presence or release 
o
Work practices and how to use protective equipment 
o
Emergency response procedures 
y
Circumstances under which a lab operation requires prior approval from the institution 
y
Standard operating procedures for work with hazardous chemicals 
y
Criteria for use of control measures 
y
Measures to ensure proper operation of fume hoods and other protective equipment 
y
Provisions for additional employee protection for work with select carcinogens and toxins 
y
Provisions for medical consultations and examinations for employees 
y
Labs should establish their own safety groups at the department level (include students and support 
staff) 
Page  34
34
y
L
abs should provide training in safety and waste management for all lab workers, including students in 
laboratory classes 
y
Labs should incorporate institutionally supported lab and equipment inspection programs into their 
overall health and safety programs 
y
Review exit / evacuation routes 
y
Know how to report fire, injury, chemical spill, or summon emergency response 
y
Know first aid 
y
Know location and use of emergency equipment such as safety showers and eyewashes 
y
Know location and use of fire extinguishers and spill control equipment (have appropriate kits readily 
available) 
y
Lab personnel should establish ongoing relationships and clear lines of communication with 
emergency response teams  
y
Include information on safe methods for highly hazardous procedures commonly encountered by lab 
personnel that involve: 
o
Inhalation risks 
o
Ingestion risks 
o
Risks of percutaneous exposures  
o
Bites and scratches when handling animals 
o
Handling of blood and other potentially hazardous pathological materials 
o
Decontamination and disposal of infectious material 
Segregation / Triage of Waste 
Multihazardous waste 
–
goal is reduction of waste to a waste that presents a single hazard. 
y
Consider frequency and amount of waste generated; assess risk  
y
Identify / characterize waste: 
o
Physical description 
o
Water reactivity 
o
Water solubility 
o
pH and possibly neutralization information 
o
ignitability / flammability 
o
presence of oxidizer 
o
presence of sulfides / cyanides 
o
presence of halogens 
o
presence of radioactive materials 
o
presence of biohazardous materials 
o
presence of toxic constituents 
y
Minimize waste’s hazards 
y
Determine options for management of hazards 
y
If appropriate, take steps to neutralize waste or render it non-hazardous 
y
When possible, select a single management option 
y
Establish procedures for dealing with unstable waste, or waste that requires special storage or handling 
y
Store safely: 
o
Designated room or facility modified to contain the waste (with ventilation and 
effluent trapping) 
o
Protect workers 
o
Minimize risk of fire or spill 
o
Minimize radiation levels outside of area 
o
Consider compatibility of materials being accumulated (e.g., aqueous and non-
aqueous waste should be separated) 
Give particular attention to the handling or cleaning of radioactive laboratory ware, and to the proper 
posal of sharps.
o
Non-contaminated (non-infectious) waste can be reused or recycled or disposed 
of as general waste 
o
Contaminated (infectious) sharps – collect in puncture-proof containers fitted 
with covers and treated as infectious; autoclave if appropriate 
Page  35
35
o
Contaminated material for decontamination by autoclaving and thereafter 
washing and reuse or recycling 
o
Contaminated material for direct incineration 
Disposal 
No activity should begin unless a plan for the disposal of hazardous waste has been formulated 
·
Use appropriate disposal method for each category of waste 
·
Use appropriate containers 
·
Label and securely close waste containers 
·
Separate wastes as appropriate  
 
For low level radioactive waste, options include 
·
Storage time for decay and indefinite on site storage,  
·
Burial at a low-level radioactive waste site,  
·
Incineration, or 
·
Sanitary sewer disposal 
 
For biological waste, options include 
·
Disinfection 
·
Autoclaving 
·
For liquids, disposal in sanitary sewer; putrescible waste disposed of by incineration; needles and 
sharps require destruction, typically by incineration or grinding  
 
Collection and storage of waste
 
·
At satellite area near lab:  
o
should be clearly identified, ventilated if necessary 
o
determine whether to recycle, reuse, or dispose 
o
hold here for less than one year; when containment volume limits reached, move to 
central accumulation area 
–
package appropriately 
·
At central accumulation area: 
o
separate according to compatibility, commingle solvents when appropriate 
o
label clearly, store in appropriate containers 
o
limit storage time to 90 days 
o
(ensure that employees are trained to handle waste materials as well as contingency 
planning for emergencies) 
o
When transporting, make provisions for spill control in case of accident; have 
internal tracking system to follow movement of waste 
o
Ensure that all necessary records have been generated (Quantities and identification 
of waste generated and shipped; Documentation and analyses of unknown materials; 
Manifests for waste shipping as well as verification of waste disposal; Any other 
information required to ensure compliance and safety from long-term liability) 
·
Disposal options: 
o
Incineration – is method of choice for most wastes, but is most expensive 
o
Normal trash – only where appropriate, must be clearly identified and appropriately 
labeled 
o
Sanitary sewer – not commonly used; solutions must be aqueous and biodegradable, 
or low toxicity inorganics – make sure sewer doesn’t drain into water supply 
inappropriate for waste disposal, and make sure waste is highly diluted 
o
Release to the atmosphere – not acceptable; fume hoods must have trapping devices 
to prevent discharge to atmosphere 
·
If hazardous and non-hazardous wastes are mixed, entire waste volume must be treated as hazardous 
Page  36
36
·
Preparation for transport to a treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF) 
·
Waste generator must obtain assurance (in terms of documentation, permits, records) that provider is 
reliable 
 
For infectious material 
·
Decontaminate, autoclave, or incinerate in lab 
·
Package appropriately (for incineration or for transfer to another facility for incineration) 
·
Protect against hazards to others to those who might come in contact with discarded items 
Page  37
3
7
A
n
n
e
x
5
.
I
M
P
A
C
T
M
A
T
R
I
X
f
o
r
M
o
l
d
o
v
a
n
A
v
i
a
n
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
z
a
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
&
H
u
m
a
n
P
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
P
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
n
e
s
s
&
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
I
m
p
a
c
t
s
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
:
M
o
s
t
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
T
i
m
e
S
c
a
l
e
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
S
o
c
i
a
l
A
m
b
i
e
n
t
a
i
r
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
w
a
t
e
r
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
S
o
i
l
B
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
1
.
A
n
i
m
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
1
.
1
.
E
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
,
r
e
a
g
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
a
b
l
e
s
f
o
r
H
P
A
I
t
e
s
t
i
n
g
i
n
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
Y
E
S
(
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
n
e
s
s
,
v
e
t
e
r
i
n
a
r
y
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
r
a
p
i
d
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
o
c
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
m
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
)
N
O
L
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
s
e
c
t
o
r
(
b
a
c
k
y
a
r
d
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
)
a
t
p
o
o
r
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
.
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
o
c
a
l
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
s
u
d
d
e
n
l
o
s
s
e
s
i
n
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
,
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
i
v
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
s
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
P
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
i
l
d
f
a
u
n
a
b
y
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
i
r
u
s
e
s
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
i
n
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
1
.
2
.
A
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
a
n
y
o
u
t
b
r
e
a
k
o
f
H
P
A
I
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
:
-
c
u
l
l
i
n
g
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
a
n
d
a
t
-
r
i
s
k
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
Y
E
S
(
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
H
P
A
I
)
N
O
M
i
d
d
l
e
-
t
e
r
m
L
o
c
a
l
,
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
a
c
k
y
a
r
d
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
.
D
i
r
e
c
t
l
o
s
s
e
s
i
s
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
b
y
C
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
F
u
n
d
L
i
v
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
r
u
r
a
l
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
u
t
i
o
n
i
s
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
b
y
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
P
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
i
l
d
f
a
u
n
a
b
y
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
i
r
u
s
e
s
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
i
n
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
-
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
r
c
a
s
s
e
s
Y
E
S
(
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
i
s
k
s
a
t
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
Y
E
S
(
P
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
w
a
y
f
o
r
e
n
l
a
r
g
i
n
g
o
f
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
S
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
L
o
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
a
n
d
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
b
y
N
o
n
e
Page  38
3
8
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
I
m
p
a
c
t
s
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
:
M
o
s
t
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
T
i
m
e
S
c
a
l
e
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
S
o
c
i
a
l
A
m
b
i
e
n
t
a
i
r
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
w
a
t
e
r
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
S
o
i
l
B
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
b
y
H
P
A
I
)
b
y
v
i
r
u
s
.
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
l
l
b
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
)
l
e
a
k
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
-
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
o
f
c
a
r
c
a
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
i
o
-
w
a
s
t
e
s
Y
E
S
(
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
i
s
k
s
a
t
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
H
P
A
I
)
Y
E
S
(
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
a
r
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
s
o
f
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
.
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
a
s
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
l
l
b
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
)
M
i
d
d
l
e
-
t
e
r
m
L
o
c
a
l
/
R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
(
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
)
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
A
i
r
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
o
f
c
a
r
c
a
s
s
e
s
N
o
t
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
s
i
t
e
d
b
u
r
i
a
l
h
o
l
e
s
N
o
t
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
s
i
t
e
d
b
u
r
i
a
l
h
o
l
e
s
.
B
i
o
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
b
l
e
a
n
i
m
a
l
c
a
r
c
a
s
s
e
s
m
y
h
a
v
e
l
o
n
g
t
i
m
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
s
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
a
y
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
n
u
t
r
i
e
n
t
s
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
h
a
l
l
o
w
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
i
f
w
a
t
e
r
t
a
b
l
e
i
s
h
i
g
h
.
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
-
d
e
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
(
H
P
A
I
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
z
o
n
e
s
,
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
l
o
t
h
e
s
,
b
u
r
i
a
l
s
i
t
e
s
)
b
y
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
s
Y
E
S
(
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
i
s
k
s
a
t
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
H
P
A
I
)
Y
E
S
(
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
a
r
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
s
o
f
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
.
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
a
s
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
l
l
b
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
)
S
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
L
o
c
a
l
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
V
o
l
a
t
i
l
e
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
s
m
a
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
a
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
a
n
t
s
.
P
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
i
s
r
u
r
a
l
l
o
c
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
s
i
t
e
s
n
e
a
r
b
y
t
h
e
f
i
s
h
e
r
y
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
w
a
t
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
n
b
e
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
t
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
f
o
r
a
r
e
a
s
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
i
t
e
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
A
f
t
e
r
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
h
i
n
g
m
a
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
f
l
o
w
t
o
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
w
a
t
e
r
s
t
r
e
a
m
s
.
N
o
n
e
N
o
t
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
a
s
a
f
t
e
r
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
w
a
s
h
e
d
b
y
c
l
e
a
n
w
a
t
e
r
.
N
o
t
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
w
i
l
d
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
Page  39
3
9
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
I
m
p
a
c
t
s
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
:
M
o
s
t
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
T
i
m
e
S
c
a
l
e
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
S
o
c
i
a
l
A
m
b
i
e
n
t
a
i
r
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
w
a
t
e
r
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
S
o
i
l
B
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
h
e
l
p
f
u
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
c
a
n
b
e
r
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
e
d
.
-
b
a
c
k
y
a
r
d
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
r
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
(
n
o
t
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
b
y
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
y
e
t
)
Y
E
S
(
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
i
s
k
s
a
t
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
H
P
A
I
,
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
s
t
o
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
a
n
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
v
i
l
l
a
g
e
s
)
N
O
M
i
d
d
l
e
-
t
e
r
m
L
o
c
a
l
/
R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
s
u
d
d
e
n
i
n
c
o
m
e
l
o
s
s
e
s
f
o
r
p
o
o
r
e
s
t
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
y
h
a
v
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
o
n
r
u
r
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
n
d
s
a
n
i
t
a
r
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
r
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
N
o
n
e
M
a
y
h
a
v
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
b
y
n
u
t
r
i
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
m
i
c
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
M
a
y
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
h
a
l
l
o
w
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
n
e
a
r
b
y
d
r
i
n
k
i
n
g
w
e
l
l
s
R
e
d
u
c
e
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
r
u
r
a
l
o
u
t
s
t
r
i
k
s
a
n
d
f
l
o
o
d
p
l
a
i
n
s
R
e
d
u
c
e
n
o
n
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
s
w
i
t
h
w
i
l
d
f
a
u
n
a
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
o
f
H
P
A
I
i
n
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
B
i
o
-
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
t
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
f
a
r
m
,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
o
m
e
s
t
i
c
b
i
r
d
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
Y
E
S
(
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
b
i
o
-
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
)
N
O
L
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
.
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
l
o
s
s
e
s
.
S
t
a
b
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
r
u
r
a
l
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
/
e
q
u
i
p
p
i
n
g
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
Y
E
S
(
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
,
s
a
n
i
t
a
r
y
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
,
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
n
e
s
s
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
v
e
t
e
r
i
n
a
r
y
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
)
N
O
L
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
C
o
n
t
i
n
g
e
n
c
y
p
l
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
Y
E
S
(
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
n
e
s
s
N
O
L
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
Page  40
4
0
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
I
m
p
a
c
t
s
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
:
M
o
s
t
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
T
i
m
e
S
c
a
l
e
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
S
o
c
i
a
l
A
m
b
i
e
n
t
a
i
r
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
w
a
t
e
r
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
S
o
i
l
B
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
l
e
v
e
l
a
n
d
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
e
s
)
F
o
r
m
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
c
u
l
l
e
d
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
Y
E
S
(
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
e
a
r
l
y
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
H
P
A
I
c
a
s
e
s
)
N
O
S
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
o
s
s
e
s
.
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
n
o
n
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
o
f
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
.
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
l
i
v
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
r
u
r
a
l
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
.
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
N
o
n
e
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
w
i
l
d
f
a
u
n
a
,
b
y
r
a
p
i
d
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
d
o
m
e
s
t
i
c
b
i
r
d
s
a
n
d
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
o
f
d
o
m
e
s
t
i
c
/
w
i
l
d
b
i
r
d
s
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
s
Page  41
4
1
A
n
n
e
x
6
M
I
T
I
G
A
T
I
O
N
P
L
A
N
-
C
a
r
c
a
s
s
a
n
d
O
t
h
e
r
I
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
D
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
b
y
B
u
r
i
a
l
(
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
)
1
2
P
h
a
s
e
H
a
z
a
r
d
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
C
o
s
t
s
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
(
e
.
g
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
)
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
e
1
)
S
e
t
u
p
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
t
e
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
s
i
t
e
I
n
a
d
v
e
r
t
e
n
t
s
p
r
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
H
P
A
I
v
i
r
u
s
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
a
n
d
d
i
r
e
c
t
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
r
c
a
s
s
e
s
S
e
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
s
i
t
e
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
w
a
t
e
r
,
s
p
r
i
n
g
s
,
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
,
w
e
t
l
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
e
s
t
s
a
n
d
n
a
t
u
r
e
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
z
o
n
e
s
.
S
e
l
e
c
t
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
s
o
i
l
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
b
u
r
i
a
l
(
c
l
a
y
s
o
i
l
s
)
.
A
v
o
i
d
s
a
n
d
y
,
g
r
a
v
e
l
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
e
a
s
i
l
y
p
e
r
m
e
a
b
l
e
s
o
i
l
s
.
B
a
s
e
t
h
e
p
i
t
b
o
t
t
o
m
a
b
o
v
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
w
a
t
e
r
-
t
a
b
l
e
N
o
c
o
s
t
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
,
-
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
n
s
e
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
L
o
c
a
l
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
i
e
s
E
x
c
a
v
a
t
i
o
n
D
u
s
t
S
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
w
a
t
e
r
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
r
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
1
2
M
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
i
n
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
a
t
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
U
S
$
1
.
4
5
0
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
.
Page  42
4
2
P
h
a
s
e
H
a
z
a
r
d
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
C
o
s
t
s
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
(
e
.
g
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
)
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
e
T
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
o
f
s
o
i
l
L
o
s
s
o
f
s
o
i
l
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
U
s
e
a
s
o
v
e
r
f
i
l
l
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
r
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
S
e
c
u
r
e
s
i
t
e
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
o
f
v
i
r
u
s
t
o
h
u
m
a
n
s
o
r
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
F
e
n
c
i
n
g
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
r
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
2
)
O
n
s
i
t
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
o
f
d
e
a
d
a
n
d
s
l
a
u
g
h
t
e
r
e
d
b
i
r
d
s
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
o
t
h
e
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
s
i
t
e
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
v
i
r
u
s
t
o
a
i
r
&
b
o
d
y
f
l
u
i
d
s
f
r
o
m
d
e
a
d
s
t
o
c
k
R
u
p
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
/
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
u
n
i
t
s
U
s
e
s
a
f
e
b
a
g
s
w
i
t
h
p
r
o
p
e
r
h
e
a
d
l
o
c
k
A
v
i
d
o
v
e
r
f
i
l
l
i
n
g
o
f
b
a
g
s
E
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
b
a
g
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
d
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
S
e
a
l
e
d
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
r
S
h
o
r
t
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
S
e
l
e
c
t
s
a
f
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
y
(
o
u
t
o
f
l
o
c
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
f
a
r
m
s
,
p
r
o
p
e
r
r
o
a
d
c
o
v
e
r
)
O
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
v
i
r
u
s
o
n
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
P
r
o
c
u
r
e
D
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
a
n
t
D
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
a
n
t
u
s
e
d
a
t
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
r
a
t
e
s
D
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
a
t
t
h
e
s
a
f
e
a
n
d
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
d
s
i
t
e
1
8
0
.
0
0
0
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
Page  43
4
3
P
h
a
s
e
H
a
z
a
r
d
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
C
o
s
t
s
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
(
e
.
g
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
)
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
e
U
s
e
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
s
p
r
a
y
s
f
o
r
w
a
s
h
d
o
w
n
O
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
C
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
e
l
P
r
o
c
u
r
e
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
l
o
t
h
e
s
O
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
F
o
l
l
o
w
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
1
8
0
.
0
0
0
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
r
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
U
n
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
e
a
d
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
a
t
t
h
e
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
s
i
t
e
a
n
d
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
f
o
r
c
u
l
l
e
d
b
i
r
d
s
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
r
u
n
s
L
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
o
f
f
l
u
i
d
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
o
i
l
R
e
l
e
a
s
e
o
f
v
i
r
u
s
t
o
a
i
r
R
u
p
t
u
r
e
o
f
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
u
n
i
t
s
R
o
d
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
O
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
U
s
e
o
f
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
l
o
a
d
e
r
K
e
e
p
c
a
r
c
a
s
s
e
s
i
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
l
o
c
k
e
d
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
b
a
g
s
S
h
e
l
t
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
t
i
m
e
s
I
m
p
e
r
m
e
a
b
l
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
F
i
l
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
u
r
i
a
l
p
i
t
b
y
c
u
l
l
e
d
b
i
r
d
s
a
n
d
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
b
y
o
p
e
n
f
i
r
e
A
i
r
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
F
i
r
e
r
i
s
k
O
d
o
r
E
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
t
o
s
t
e
r
i
l
i
z
e
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
c
a
r
c
a
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
A
v
o
i
d
s
t
r
o
n
g
w
i
n
d
s
a
n
d
r
a
i
n
f
a
l
l
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
w
i
n
d
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
o
u
t
o
f
N
o
c
o
s
t
s
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
Page  44
4
4
P
h
a
s
e
H
a
z
a
r
d
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
C
o
s
t
s
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
(
e
.
g
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
)
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
e
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
)
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
M
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
B
u
r
i
a
l
o
f
d
e
a
d
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
R
e
l
e
a
s
e
o
f
v
i
r
u
s
t
o
a
i
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
o
r
a
f
t
e
r
b
u
r
i
a
l
C
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
e
l
O
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
C
o
v
e
r
c
a
r
c
a
s
s
e
s
w
i
t
h
4
0
0
m
m
s
o
i
l
f
i
r
s
t
,
t
h
e
n
a
p
p
l
y
l
i
m
e
,
t
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
f
i
l
l
i
n
g
C
o
v
e
r
w
i
t
h
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
2
m
s
o
i
l
t
o
g
r
o
u
n
d
l
e
v
e
l
,
p
l
u
s
o
v
e
r
f
i
l
l
D
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
B
i
r
d
s
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
k
i
l
l
e
d
S
e
r
i
o
u
s
a
n
i
m
a
l
w
e
l
f
a
r
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
.
V
i
r
u
s
s
p
r
e
a
d
f
o
r
m
e
s
c
a
p
e
d
p
o
u
l
t
r
y
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
S
l
a
u
g
h
t
e
r
O
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
r
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
3
)
C
l
e
a
n
u
p
o
f
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
p
r
e
m
i
s
e
s
D
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
o
f
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
f
r
o
m
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
p
r
e
m
i
s
e
s
D
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
a
n
t
s
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
z
a
v
i
r
u
s
r
e
l
e
a
s
e
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
.
C
o
v
e
r
e
d
l
o
a
d
s
U
s
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
a
n
t
s
A
v
o
i
d
d
r
a
i
n
a
g
e
t
o
w
a
t
e
r
s
h
e
d
O
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
N
o
c
o
s
t
s
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
r
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
H
o
l
d
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
a
n
i
t
a
r
y
p
e
r
i
o
d
o
f
4
2
d
a
y
s
.
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
z
a
v
i
r
u
s
b
y
a
i
r
,
w
a
t
e
r
,
v
e
r
m
i
n
M
a
r
k
e
d
a
n
d
f
e
n
c
e
d
d
e
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
a
r
e
a
C
o
v
e
r
e
d
h
e
a
p
s
I
m
p
e
r
m
e
a
b
l
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
H
o
l
d
f
o
r
s
a
n
i
t
a
r
y
p
e
r
i
o
d
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
S
i
t
e
o
w
n
e
r
Page  45
4
5
P
h
a
s
e
H
a
z
a
r
d
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
C
o
s
t
s
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
(
e
.
g
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
)
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
e
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
U
s
e
o
f
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
a
n
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
p
r
e
m
i
s
e
s
B
i
o
c
i
d
e
s
t
o
x
i
c
t
o
a
q
u
a
t
i
c
f
a
u
n
a
f
r
o
m
d
r
a
i
n
a
g
e
a
n
d
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
r
u
n
o
f
f
B
i
o
c
i
d
e
s
t
o
x
i
c
t
o
b
e
e
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
h
e
l
p
f
u
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
B
l
o
c
k
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
c
e
p
t
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
s
i
n
d
r
a
i
n
s
t
o
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
.
A
v
o
i
d
d
i
f
f
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
a
n
t
o
u
t
o
f
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
e
d
a
r
e
a
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
(
s
t
r
o
n
g
w
i
n
d
s
a
n
d
r
a
i
n
f
a
l
l
s
)
O
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
D
e
p
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
-
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
r
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
Page  46
4
6
A
n
n
e
x
7
.
M
I
T
I
G
A
T
I
O
N
P
L
A
N
–
L
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
S
a
f
e
t
y
a
n
d
H
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
W
a
s
t
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
h
a
s
e
H
a
z
a
r
d
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
C
o
s
t
s
p
e
r
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
(
e
.
g
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
)
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
e
1
)
A
s
s
e
s
s
l
a
b
s
n
e
e
d
s
f
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
,
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
N
o
n
e
T
h
e
c
o
s
t
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
b
y
M
A
F
I
/
M
H
S
P
M
A
F
I
/
M
H
S
P
C
o
n
s
u
l
t
a
n
t
s
R
e
f
e
r
t
o
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
B
e
s
t
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
S
a
f
e
t
y
o
f
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
L
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
i
e
s
2
)
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
r
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
N
o
n
e
F
o
l
l
o
w
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
E
n
s
u
r
e
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
e
v
i
s
e
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
i
n
d
o
o
r
a
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
v
a
c
u
a
t
e
d
a
i
r
E
n
s
u
r
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
p
r
o
p
e
r
w
a
s
t
e
w
a
t
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
E
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
s
a
f
e
w
a
s
t
e
s
i
t
e
s
N
o
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
M
A
F
I
/
M
H
S
P
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
3
)
P
r
o
c
u
r
e
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
N
o
n
e
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
o
n
n
e
w
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
3
7
.
0
0
0
M
A
F
I
/
M
H
S
P
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
c
o
n
s
u
l
t
a
n
t
s
4
)
O
n
g
o
i
n
g
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
a
n
d
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
I
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
w
a
s
t
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
u
p
g
r
a
d
e
s
t
o
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
4
9
.
0
0
0
M
A
F
I
/
M
H
S
P
L
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
a
n
d
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
Page  47
4
7
P
h
a
s
e
H
a
z
a
r
d
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
C
o
s
t
s
p
e
r
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
(
e
.
g
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
)
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
B
e
s
t
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
S
a
f
e
t
y
o
f
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
L
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
i
e
s
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
a
f
e
t
y
r
u
l
e
s
.
Page  48
4
8
A
n
n
e
x
8
.
M
O
N
I
T
O
R
I
N
G
P
L
A
N
-
C
a
r
c
a
s
s
a
n
d
W
a
s
t
e
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
D
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
b
y
B
u
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
D
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
1
3
P
h
a
s
e
W
h
a
t
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
i
s
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
?
W
h
e
r
e
i
s
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
?
H
o
w
i
s
i
t
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
/
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
?
W
h
e
n
i
s
i
t
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
r
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
?
W
h
y
i
s
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
(
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
)
?
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
B
a
s
e
l
i
n
e
S
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
p
l
a
c
e
(
s
)
f
o
r
b
u
r
i
a
l
i
n
p
i
t
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
p
l
a
c
e
(
s
)
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
b
u
r
i
a
l
s
i
t
e
s
O
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
B
e
f
o
r
e
b
u
r
i
a
l
,
b
e
f
o
r
e
A
I
o
u
t
b
r
e
a
k
I
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
s
a
f
e
t
y
o
f
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
R
a
i
o
n
a
l
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
I
n
s
p
e
c
t
o
r
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
l
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
F
i
n
a
l
s
i
t
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
i
t
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
r
u
n
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
d
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
B
u
r
i
a
l
s
i
t
e
s
O
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
;
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
D
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
A
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
(
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
t
o
l
o
c
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
r
e
a
s
,
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
,
d
r
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
s
p
r
i
n
g
s
,
e
t
c
)
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
,
l
o
c
a
l
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
R
a
i
o
n
a
l
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
I
n
s
p
e
c
t
o
r
a
t
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
e
S
a
f
e
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
o
f
c
a
r
c
a
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
f
o
r
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
;
D
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
a
n
d
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
B
u
r
i
a
l
s
i
t
e
s
D
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
s
i
t
e
s
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
i
t
e
s
O
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
r
d
s
.
D
u
r
i
n
g
b
u
r
i
a
l
H
o
u
r
l
y
w
h
e
n
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
D
u
r
i
n
g
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
f
o
r
e
b
r
e
a
k
s
a
n
d
a
t
e
n
d
o
f
d
a
y
T
o
a
v
o
i
d
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
i
r
u
s
;
T
o
a
v
o
i
d
w
a
t
e
r
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
a
n
t
s
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
,
l
o
c
a
l
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
R
a
i
o
n
a
l
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
I
n
s
p
e
c
t
o
r
a
t
e
1
3
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
P
l
a
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
o
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
b
r
e
a
k
s
a
n
d
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
b
y
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
u
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
F
u
n
d
Page  49
4
9
P
h
a
s
e
W
h
a
t
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
i
s
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
?
W
h
e
r
e
i
s
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
?
H
o
w
i
s
i
t
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
/
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
?
W
h
e
n
i
s
i
t
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
r
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
?
W
h
y
i
s
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
(
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
)
?
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
l
o
s
i
n
g
B
u
r
i
a
l
p
i
t
B
u
r
i
a
l
s
i
t
e
s
O
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
r
d
s
.
A
f
t
e
r
p
i
t
i
t
c
l
o
s
e
d
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
c
l
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
s
p
r
e
a
d
o
f
v
i
r
u
s
R
a
y
o
n
a
l
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
I
n
s
p
e
c
t
o
r
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
l
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
Page  50
5
0
A
n
n
e
x
9
.
M
O
N
I
T
O
R
I
N
G
P
L
A
N
–
L
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
S
a
f
e
t
y
a
n
d
W
a
s
t
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
1
4
P
h
a
s
e
W
h
a
t
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
i
s
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
?
W
h
e
r
e
i
s
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
?
H
o
w
i
s
i
t
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
/
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
?
W
h
e
n
i
s
i
t
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
r
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
?
W
h
y
i
s
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
t
o
b
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
(
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
)
?
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
B
a
s
e
l
i
n
e
L
a
b
s
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
O
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
O
n
c
e
p
r
i
o
r
t
o
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
b
a
s
e
l
i
n
e
M
A
F
I
,
M
H
S
P
,
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
l
t
a
n
t
s
o
f
A
I
P
I
U
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
S
t
a
f
f
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
;
l
a
b
r
e
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
O
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
;
R
e
c
o
r
d
s
o
f
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
;
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
A
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
o
r
y
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
a
b
r
e
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
M
A
F
I
,
M
H
S
P
,
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
l
t
a
n
t
s
o
f
A
I
P
I
U
P
r
o
c
u
r
e
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
I
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
O
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
r
d
s
o
f
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
.
A
f
t
e
r
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
b
e
f
o
r
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
Q
u
a
r
t
e
r
l
y
t
h
e
r
e
a
f
t
e
r
T
o
a
v
o
i
d
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
i
r
u
s
M
A
F
I
,
M
H
S
P
,
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
l
t
a
n
t
s
o
f
A
I
P
I
U
1
4
T
h
e
c
o
s
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
P
l
a
n
a
r
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
4
.
Page  51
51
Annex 10.   
MAP of migratory pathways of wild birds
15
 and potential High-Risk Areas for first 
appearance of AI 
 
15
 Biological Diversity Conservation National Strategy and Action Plan, 2002 
Page  52
52
Annex 11. 
 
LIST of consulted institutions and persons during preparation of EMP 
 
Name 
Institution, position 
Erhan D. 
MAFI, General Directorate for Veterinary and State Inspectorate, Head of 
Gobjila A 
The WB 
Caraus V. 
Republican Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Head of Section 
Zabar V. 
Agricultural University, Department for Animal Anatomy 
Spinu E. 
Ministry of Health, Deputy Director of Epidemiological Center  
Sireteanu D. 
Epidemiological Center, Deputy Chief of Division 
Tirshu I. 
Epidemiological Center, Chief Specialist 
Chilaru V. 
Republican Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Head of Section 
Gheorita L. 
Laboratory for Control of Veterinary Chemicals, Head of Lab 
Avram E. 
Direction of Veterinary, Satu Mare, Romania, Head of Lab    
Bulgaru V. 
Laboratory for Control of Veterinary Chemicals, Specialist 
Josan I. 
Laboratory for Control of Veterinary Chemicals, Specialist 
Sohotscii V. 
Center for Preventive Medicine, Deputy General Director 
Andriuta V. 
Center for Preventive Medicine, Head of Department for Hospital Hygiene 
Volneanscii A.
Deputy General State Sanitary Doctor 
Guvir T. 
MENR, Department for Impacts Assessment 
Iftodii M. 
MENR, State Ecological Expertise, Head of 
Holban V. 
State Ecological Inspectorate, Specialist 
Cotruta V. 
REC 
Isac A. 
REC, Director 
Page  53
53
Annex 12. 
 
SUMMARY of the consultation meeting 
 
1. 
Invitation to a Public Briefing 
 
Public briefing and consultation of the draft Environmental Management Plan of the 
Moldovan Avian 
Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response Project
will be held for the 
interested parties. 
 
The briefing materials are available at the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry (Direction of the 
State Veterinary Control). Electronic version are also available at the web sites of Ministry of 
Agriculture and Food Industry and Regional Ecological Center Moldova (
www.rec.md
).  
 
If you are interested to attend the meeting please contact Mr. Dumitru Erhan, Chief of Direction for 
Veterinary Medicine by phone 21 01 59 or by e-mail dmv@moldova.md. 
 
You can also send your comments electronically to 
dmv@moldova.md
with copy for 
rmelian@rambler.ru  
 
The briefing will be held at the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry. 
Address: Chiin
u, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry, bv. Stefan cel Mare, conference hall, 
second floor. 
Date: 16 May, 2006; Time: 12:30 
 
2. Summary information on Consultation with Local NGOs and Project-affected groups 
 
Location 
Objective
 
Invitees
 
Participants
 
Summary conclusions 
and Comments 
Responsibility
 
Chisinau To 
describe 
the EMP 
and 
solicit 
feedback 
 
environmental NGOs, 
commercial poultry 
growers, farmers 
associations, local 
officials, the MENR, 
the MHSP, the MAFI, 
veterinary services 
from raions, sanitary-
epidemiological 
services and local 
representatives of 
international 
organizations including 
the World Bank, 
European Union, 
 
United Nations 
Children’s Fund 
(UNICEF), United 
Nations Development 
Program (UNDP), 
Food and Agriculture 
Organization (FAO), 
 
and US Agency for 
International 
Development. 
43 
participants, 
representing 
veterinary 
services from 
25-30 raions, 
MAFI and 
Veterinary 
Diagnostic 
Center, 
MHSP, 
Agrarian 
University, 
Association 
of Veterinary 
Doctors, 
environmental 
NGO, mass-
media, the 
WB, FAO.   
·
The project, the 
WB safeguards 
policy and EMP 
has been presented 
(PowerPoint) to 
participants. 
·
Mitigation 
measures and 
Institutional 
responsibilities for 
EMP monitoring 
have been 
discussed. 
·
Environmental 
options and 
concerns have 
been elucidated by 
participants. 
·
The EMP has been 
accepted and 
proposed further 
steps for 
environmental 
training has been 
agreed. 
·
It was stressed that 
clear 
Veterinary 
Inspection 
Page  54
54
responsibilities for 
environmental 
authorities in case 
of AI outbreaks 
should be further 
developed. 
·
It was proposed 
that environmental 
regulation in case 
of AI outbreaks 
should be prepared 
by the Government 
Agencies. 
·
Close cooperation 
between 
veterinary, health, 
environmental 
authorities and 
project PIU will be 
necessary during 
implementation. 
Page  55
55