76817 2012/13 THE LITTLE DATA BOOK ON AFRICA © 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 16 15 14 13 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. Note that The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content included in the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v Users guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Country tables (in alphabetical order) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Burkina Faso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Cameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Cape Verde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Congo, Democratic Republic of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Congo, Republic of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Djibouti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Egypt, Arab Republic of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Mozambique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 São Tomé and Príncipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Sierra Leone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Tunisia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Zimbabwe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 iii Acknowledgments The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 is a product of the Africa Region of the World Bank. Rose Mungai was the director of this book and its com- panions— Africa Development Indicators 2012/13, ADI Online, Africa Devel- opment Indicators 2012/13 CD-ROM, and The Little Data Book on Gender in Africa —and also led the work on data management, consistency checks, and compilation and provided overall data quality assurance. Francoise Genouille coordinated all stages of pro duction. The core team included Francoise Genouille and Ayago Esmubancha Wambile. Federico Escaler and William Prince collaborated in the production of The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13. The overall work was carried out under the guidance of Shantayanan Devarajan, Chief Economist of the Africa Region. EEI Communications provided design, editing, and layout. iv The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Introduction The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 is a pocket edition of Africa Develop- ment Indicators 2012/13. It contains some 115 key indicators on econom- ics, human development, governance, and partnership and is intended as a quick reference for users of the Africa Development Indicators 2012/13 book and ADI Online. The country tables present the latest available data for World Bank member countries in Africa. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 v Users guide Aggregates Aggregate data are based on the World Bank’s regional classification for Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa, which may differ from common geo- graphic usage. Former Spanish Sahara is not included in any aggregates. Statistics Country data are for 1990, 2000, and the most recent year available, usually 2010–11, as economies were constituted in 2010. Regional data are for the most recent year available, usually 2009. Data in italics are for 2001–09. Consistent time-series data for 1960–2011 are available on ADI Online. Symbols .. means that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be calcu- lated because of missing data in the years shown. < is less than. - is not applicable. $ means current U.S. dollars, unless otherwise noted. 0 or 0.0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero at the displayed number of decimal places. Data presentation conventions A billion is 1,000 million. Growth rates are in real terms, unless otherwise specified. Data consistency, reliability, and comparability Considerable effort has been made to harmonize the data, but full com- parability cannot be assured, and care must be taken in interpreting indi- cators. Many factors affect data availability, reliability, and comparability. Data coverage may be incomplete because of circumstances affecting the collection and reporting of data, such as conflicts. Although drawn from sources thought to be the most authoritative, data should be construed as indicating trends and characterizing differences across economies. Read- ers are advised not to compare data series between editions or across World Bank publications. vi The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Classification of economies For operational and analytical purposes the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita. Every economy in The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 is classified as low income, middle income, or high income. Low- and middle-income econo- mies are sometimes referred to as developing economies. The use of the term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. Classification by income does not necessarily reflect development status. Low-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $1,005 or less in 2010. Middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than $1,005 but less than $12,275. Lower middle-income and upper middle income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $3,976. High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,276 or more. The cutoff date for data for this publication is August 2012. However, it must be noted that the database may have more recent data by the time of this publication. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 vii Country tables The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 1 Algeria North Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 25.3 30.5 35.5 166.3 Population growth (%) 2.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 2,420 1,600 4,390 3,533 GDP ($ billions) 62.0 54.8 162.0 586.8 GDP growth (%) 0.8 2.2 3.3 4.2 GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,833 1,794 2,232 2,313 GDP per capita growth (%) -1.7 0.7 1.8 2.7 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 133.8 100.0 204.6 152.5 Consumer Price Index (% change) 16.7 0.3 3.9 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 11.4 8.9 6.9 11.9 Industry value added (% of GDP) 48.2 58.6 62.1 41.6 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 40.5 32.5 31.0 46.5 Current account balance (% of GDP) 2.3 .. 7.5 0.3 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 19.5 14.6 25.6 24.1 External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -1.5 19.8 9.3 -2.3 Total external debt (% of GDP) 45.4 46.3 3.3 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 27.1 44.8 50.7 25.6 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 27.0 20.7 .. .. Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.8 12.9 .. .. Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 94.3 107.8 110.2 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 62.0 .. .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 10.5 .. 30.8 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 14 9 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 25 18 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 12.1 41.5 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 48 55 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 630 788 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 6 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 451 270 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 72.0 53.4 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. .. Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. .. Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 281.0 171.2 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 128.4 46.5 .. 77.0 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 0.0 Real interest rate (%) .. -11.7 -7.1 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 56.1 6.0 15.6 36.9 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 4,229.3 17,119.6 18,726.8 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 3,954.1 8,758.9 64.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 687.7 883.3 1,568.0 2,772.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.4 41.2 30.8 28.4 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.9 21.4 21.5 30.7 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 79.2 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 223.3 120.9 102.4 98.0 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 .. Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 .. Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) -4.4 .. 2,044.0 8,347.7 Workers remittances received ($ millions) 352.4 .. 66.0 20,673.0 Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 352.0 790.0 2,044.4 23,016.0 2 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Upper middle income North Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 47.9 40.2 33.5   46.3 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 87.7 62.2 46.3 52.8 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 67.1 70.0 72.9 72.8 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 54.9 41.4 30.5 23.0 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 67.6 48.9 36.0 27.0 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 92.6 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 23.6 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 83.0 80.0 95.0 96.2 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 0.2 1.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.9 .. .. 2.1 Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. 3.0 Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 80.8 82.4 96.0 .. Student-teacher ratio, primary school 27.8 28.4 23.3 25.6 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 81.6 .. .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 44.1 46.4 45.9 50.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 77.5 79.4 75.4 77.3 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 10.5 12.8 15.7 23.9 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 33.3 36.9 28.1 33.2 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 55.0 60.3 46.5 48.2 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 10.9 12.7 8.9 17.7 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 100.0 93.0 85.0 95.3 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 88.0 84.0 79.0 88.4 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 99.0 99.0 98.0 94.0 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 77.0 82.0 88.0 84.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 3.2 6.1 100.7 106.1 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 24.8 39.4 Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.3 92.4 94.8 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.5 12.5 28.0 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.9 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -0.5 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -1.0 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.6 -1.3 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -0.6 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -1.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -0.8 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -2.0 -3.0 2.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 331.7 199.6 198.3 2,729.9 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 13.1 6.5 5.6 16.4 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 102.2 65.7 143.0 1,579.3 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 208.0 71.3 -2.0 100.2 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 21.5 62.7 57.4 794.9 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 3 Angola Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 10.3 13.9 19.1 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 740 420 3,960 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 10.3 9.1 82.5 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -0.3 3.0 3.4 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 819 656 1,369 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -3.0 -0.1 0.6 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 121.2 100.0 315.7 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. 325.0 14.5 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 17.9 5.7 9.8 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 40.8 72.1 59.9 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 41.2 22.2 30.2 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -2.3 8.7 9.0 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 25.6 50.2 43.5 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 18.0 26.8 19.4 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 83.7 103.1 22.5 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 29.7 41.8 32.0 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.1 15.1 12.6 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 1.7 8.9 3.0 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 82.2 .. 124.5 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 10.9 14.9 31.3 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 0.6 .. 3.7 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. 8.5 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 8 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 68 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 118.9 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 184 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 1,011 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 5 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 282 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 53.2 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 6.7 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 11.4 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 321.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 7.7 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 5.4 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 9 .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 149.4 49.0 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 58.8 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. -60.8 0.1 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) .. 2.0 20.9 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 75.6 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 23.6 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 28.1 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 26.4 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 38.5 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 35.7 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 26.1 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 25.9 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 97,838.8231,372.8 3,600.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 13,807.4 48,029.3 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 320.9 572.2 643.8 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 38.9 89.6 62.3 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 20.9 62.8 42.9 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) -335.7 878.6 -4,567.6 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. 18.0 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. .. 18.0 20,501.5 4 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Upper middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 62.9 51.0 41.5   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 100.5 100.5 96.3 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 41.1 45.2 50.7 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. 58.6 58.6 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 143.6 118.9 97.9 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 243.0 199.6 160.5 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 38.0 41.0 93.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.5 1.9 2.0 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 1.0 9.2 11.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.0 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 46.6 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 33.1 .. 45.8 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 70.0 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 73.1 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. .. 78.9 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 72.1 72.5 70.8 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 77.2 76.3 77.9 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 67.2 68.8 64.0 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 53.7 54.0 52.8 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 55.5 54.9 56.1 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 52.0 53.2 49.6 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 46.0 52.0 60.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 40.0 40.0 38.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 67.0 75.0 85.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 6.0 11.0 19.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.7 0.7 48.3 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 1.5 .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 46.7 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 10.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.8 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 1.7 1.9 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -1.3 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -1.1 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.1 -0.2 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -1.1 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.8 -1.0 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.6 -1.2 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -3.0 -2.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 265.8 302.2 238.2 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 2.6 3.3 0.3 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 25.7 21.7 12.5 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 163.2 197.7 149.6 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 1.8 -2.5 3.3 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 100.8 107.1 85.3 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 5 Benin Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 4.8 6.5 8.8 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 360 370 780 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 1.8 2.3 6.6 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 3.2 5.8 3.0 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 296 346 377 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 0.1 2.7 0.1 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 130.7 100.0 196.5 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. 4.2 2.3 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 36.1 36.5 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 13.2 13.9 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 50.7 49.6 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -1.0 -3.6 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. -1.0 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 5.7 16.6 .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -12.0 -12.9 -13.8 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 60.7 61.5 18.6 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 2.2 6.0 12.3 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 13.4 18.9 26.1 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 6.0 11.3 16.1 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 53.4 86.4 125.9 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 23.1 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 2.2 3.9 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 15.5 .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 6 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 29 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 149.9 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 120 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 795 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 270 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 66.0 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 9.6 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 33.0 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 372.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 86.8 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 13.9 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 89 .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 248.2 354.7 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 30.3 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 14.2 .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 20.3 12.1 23.3 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 67.8 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 36.1 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 52.7 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 67.6 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 70.3 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 51.9 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 16.1 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 28.2 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 13,356.0 8,787.4 18,338.1 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,501.8 3,928.9 431.8 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 847.9 1,102.1 1,402.1 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 14.3 15.2 14.3 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 26.3 28.1 28.0 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 106.2 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.6 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 62.4 56.2 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 88.8 80.5 .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 101.0 87.1 149.9 20,501.5 6 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 65.5 61.7 58.0   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 98.5 94.5 87.7 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 48.6 52.6 55.6 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 107.0 88.6 73.2 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 177.7 143.4 115.4 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 79.0 70.0 69.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.2 1.4 1.2 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.2 3.0 2.7 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. 0.1 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 19.5 39.8 .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 30.5 52.6 46.4 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 41.7 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 54.3 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 60.9 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 73.0 73.0 73.4 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 89.7 81.5 78.6 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 58.4 65.2 68.5 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 67.1 60.2 57.0 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 79.7 62.9 56.4 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 55.0 57.6 57.6 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 72.0 78.0 84.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 49.0 59.0 68.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 14.0 19.0 25.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 0.0 3.0 5.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 1.6 81.5 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.9 79.9 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 3.1 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.5 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.8 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.8 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.4 0.3 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.6 0.3 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.5 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.3 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.7 —  Revised Combined Polity Score 0.0 6.0 7.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 266.9 243.5 689.1 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 14.5 10.8 10.5 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 55.9 37.4 77.9 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 125.7 190.5 339.0 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) -0.4 -1.1 1.2 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 141.5 54.0 348.9 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. 69.5 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 7 Botswana Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 1.4 1.8 2.0 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.0 1.7 1.3 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 2,540 3,120 6,750 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 3.8 5.6 14.9 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 6.8 5.9 7.0 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 2,336 3,204 4,190 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 3.6 4.1 5.7 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 117.4 100.0 177.3 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 11.4 8.6 6.9 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.9 2.7 2.5 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 61.0 52.6 45.0 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 34.1 44.7 52.5 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -0.5 9.7 0.3 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) 19.1 .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 35.8 48.9 29.4 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 5.3 12.1 -7.0 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 14.6 8.0 11.5 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 42.6 43.8 22.5 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 32.4 25.8 27.1 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.8 14.7 14.0 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 105.4 104.0 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 40.1 74.6 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 5.6 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 10 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 61 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 1.8 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 16 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 625 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 7 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 152 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 19.4 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 6.2 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 3.7 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 145.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 39.2 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 4.5 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 17 .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 44.1 55.6 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 40.5 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 1.5 15.4 -2.8 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 9.4 15.1 23.3 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 27.4 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 6.4 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 22.6 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 16.9 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 25.5 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 34.8 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 14.0 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 32.2 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 11,000.0 0.0 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 4,433.7 0.0 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 265.5 130.7 543.6 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 55.1 53.3 33.0 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 49.8 41.2 40.0 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 96.6 100.0 87.3 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.9 0.9 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 88.5 54.9 264.7 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 0.4 12.1 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 85.6 26.2 62.6 20,501.5 8 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Upper middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 58.1 46.8 38.9   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 90.2 69.5 57.6 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 64.0 50.8 53.1 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 45.6 63.9 36.1 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 58.7 95.9 47.7 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 94.2 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. 200.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 29.1 31.4 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 87.0 91.0 94.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 3.5 26.0 24.8 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 1.0 13.0 5.8 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 89.8 89.1 .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 31.7 26.7 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 84.1 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 95.2 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 108.0 101.7 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 75.1 76.7 78.9 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 81.4 81.3 82.8 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 68.9 72.1 74.8 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 60.6 59.4 59.6 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 64.5 62.3 61.8 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 56.6 56.4 57.4 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 100.0 99.0 99.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 88.0 90.0 92.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 61.0 69.0 75.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 22.0 32.0 41.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 1.9 20.4 124.6 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 12.6 117.8 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 2.9 6.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 6.0 5.8 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.7 1.0 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.7 0.4 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 1.0 0.9 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.5 0.5 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.6 0.5 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.5 0.7 —  Revised Combined Polity Score 7.0 8.0 8.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 145.2 30.6 156.1 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 3.8 0.5 1.0 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 105.1 17.4 77.8 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 121.2 23.5 106.1 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) -1.8 -0.9 -0.5 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 25.8 8.0 50.5 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) 14.4 .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 9 Burkina Faso Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 9.3 12.3 16.5 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 310 230 550 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 3.1 2.6 8.8 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -0.6 1.8 7.9 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 167 212 283 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -3.2 -1.0 4.7 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 199.4 100.0 189.6 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) -0.5 -0.3 -0.8 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 28.8 29.0 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 21.0 24.4 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 50.2 46.6 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -2.5 -12.2 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. -5.7 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 11.0 11.8 15.1 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -13.5 -16.1 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 26.8 54.5 23.3 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 5.4 0.6 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.7 18.7 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 8.0 11.0 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 32.6 42.3 75.6 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 6.7 9.7 20.7 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 0.7 1.0 3.3 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. 20.8 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 3 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 13 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 47.7 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 59 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 446 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 270 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 43.6 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 7.4 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 16.4 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 98.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 23.1 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 10.8 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 20 .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 41.2 59.6 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 13.9 .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 16.9 11.7 17.6 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 70.5 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 25.7 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 42.2 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 75.7 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 75.0 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 53.9 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 26.0 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 37.5 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 24,315.1 28,583.2 39,916.4 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 7,586.7 5,250.8 309.2 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 600.2 859.1 1,054.2 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 11.0 9.1 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.5 25.2 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 161.7 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. 22.9 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 139.7 62.5 .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 139.7 67.3 110.6 20,501.5 10 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 86.2 83.4 79.6   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 101.3 95.3 90.7 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 48.5 50.2 54.9 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. 46.7 .. Gini index .. .. 39.8 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 103.4 98.1 92.6 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 204.5 190.8 176.2 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. 35.1 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 79.0 59.0 94.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 3.9 2.3 1.2 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 6.7 15.0 7.1 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.1 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 19.3 23.8 45.1 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 55.2 48.9 47.8 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 70.2 87.7 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 85.4 85.1 85.3 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 92.1 91.2 91.1 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 79.3 79.5 79.8 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 79.8 78.2 77.1 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 84.9 82.8 81.4 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 74.7 73.5 72.7 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 75.0 85.0 95.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 38.0 55.0 73.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 43.0 46.0 50.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 2.0 4.0 6.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.2 0.6 35.5 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 34.7 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 1.4 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.8 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 3.0 3.1 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.4 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.2 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 -0.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -0.6 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -0.2 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -3.0 0.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 326.5 179.8 1,062.3 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 10.5 6.9 12.0 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 35.0 14.6 64.5 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 238.7 227.8 455.8 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 11.3 3.8 5.4 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 76.5 -51.8 598.2 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. 99.3 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. C .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 11 Burundi Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 5.6 6.4 8.4 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.4 1.4 2.6 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 210 130 230 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 1.1 0.8 2.0 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 3.5 -0.9 3.8 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 182 131 138 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 1.0 -2.3 1.2 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 111.1 100.0 174.9 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 7.0 24.3 6.4 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 55.9 46.0 35.1 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 19.0 17.6 18.3 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 25.2 36.4 46.6 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -6.1 -6.0 -14.8 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 15.1 16.3 .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -19.9 -10.3 -30.4 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 80.1 132.6 26.5 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) -5.4 -7.4 -12.4 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 15.2 4.2 18.0 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 2.7 1.0 10.0 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 69.8 62.8 156.3 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 4.8 .. 24.8 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 0.6 1.2 3.2 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 13.1 25.1 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 9 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 14 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 116.8 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 94 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 832 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 8 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 274 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 46.2 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 135.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 26.5 83.3 22.8 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 6.0 -13.2 4.4 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 8.6 21.2 18.7 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 861.6 8,468.2 31,133.3 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,697.9 2,495.4 1,159.9 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,348.5 1,243.4 1,345.9 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 7.9 6.6 6.1 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.8 16.9 36.5 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 142.6 140.9 113.3 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 1.2 11.7 0.8 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. 34.5 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. .. 34.5 20,501.5 12 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 93.7 91.7 89.0   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 91.3 96.5 68.7 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 46.2 46.0 49.9 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 110.0 99.7 87.8 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 183.2 163.8 141.9 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 25.2 60.3 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 63.1 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 74.0 76.0 92.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 1.3 45.2 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 3.9 5.2 3.3 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 3.9 14.0 15.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 0.1 .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 40.9 26.3 56.1 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 65.9 55.4 50.6 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) 37.4 59.3 66.6 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) 53.6 73.3 76.6 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 79.0 .. 93.9 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 91.3 86.0 83.8 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 90.8 85.0 82.6 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 91.8 86.8 84.9 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 81.7 70.6 65.1 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 79.0 68.3 61.7 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 84.3 72.9 68.4 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 97.0 89.0 83.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 68.0 70.0 71.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 41.0 46.0 49.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 44.0 45.0 46.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.1 0.6 14.1 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 16.4 .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.3 13.7 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 2.1 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.1 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 1.8 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -1.1 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.7 -0.9 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.2 -1.5 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -1.1 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -1.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -1.2 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -1.0 6.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 262.6 93.1 629.9 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 23.2 11.1 31.1 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 46.9 14.6 75.1 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 157.6 40.9 282.6 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.2 0.0 0.4 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 104.7 52.2 347.0 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 13 Cameroon Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 12.2 15.7 19.6 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.9 2.3 2.2 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 910 630 1,200 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 11.2 10.1 22.5 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -6.1 4.2 3.2 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 722 643 714 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -8.8 1.8 1.0 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 126.8 100.0 160.7 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 1.1 1.2 1.3 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 24.6 22.1 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.5 36.0 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 46.0 41.8 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -4.9 -2.2 -3.8 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) -5.6 .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 14.3 16.5 16.8 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 2.9 3.6 -3.1 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 58.8 102.5 13.2 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 20.7 20.3 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.3 16.0 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.9 13.9 12.6 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 96.1 87.5 119.8 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 24.8 27.7 42.2 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 2.8 4.5 11.5 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 9.8 17.9 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 5 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 15 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 45.5 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 93 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 800 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 654 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 49.1 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 15.1 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 23.9 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 147.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 17.6 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 10.6 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 19 .. Business connection charge (US$) 110.2 42.1 120.4 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 101.0 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 16.6 18.6 .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 26.4 8.2 13.2 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 61.3 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 31.0 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 41.5 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 45.9 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 55.1 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 58.6 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 21.5 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 37.8 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 2,500.0 3,723.0 13,822.4 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 748.3 318.7 302.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,259.3 1,763.7 1,710.8 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 20.2 23.3 28.9 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 17.3 19.7 32.0 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 78.6 100.0 121.5 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 150.4 93.1 101.1 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) -127.9 149.1 35.3 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 19.0 11.8 93.6 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 23.0 30.2 114.9 20,501.5 14 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 59.3 50.1 41.6   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 95.1 86.3 78.9 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 53.3 50.1 51.1 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 85.2 90.8 84.4 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 136.6 147.5 136.2 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 60.0 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 56.0 49.0 79.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 1.3 .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.6 5.5 5.3 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 1.0 27.0 37.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 54.2 51.0 78.7 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 51.5 51.9 45.5 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 68.4 .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 83.1 .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 82.3 .. 85.4 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 68.1 70.0 71.5 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 79.7 76.8 77.4 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 56.7 63.2 65.6 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 47.8 47.7 47.8 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 54.5 51.5 51.2 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 41.2 43.9 44.4 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 76.0 86.0 95.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 31.0 42.0 52.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 63.0 61.0 58.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 37.0 37.0 36.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 1.3 46.8 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.7 44.1 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.3 4.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.2 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 2.0 2.2 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.0 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.1 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -0.6 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -0.9 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -0.7 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -1.0 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -8.0 -4.0 -4.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 444.4 376.7 540.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 4.0 3.7 2.4 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 36.5 24.0 27.6 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 339.1 213.7 266.5 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) -2.6 -2.9 0.4 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 107.9 165.9 273.7 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) 24.8 .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. C .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 15 Cape Verde Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 0.3 0.4 0.5 844.0 Population growth (%) 1.6 1.8 0.9 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 870 1,390 3,280 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.3 0.5 1.7 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 0.7 16.8 5.2 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 804 1,233 1,959 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -0.9 14.7 4.3 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 109.6 100.0 170.8 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 10.7 -2.5 2.1 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 14.4 12.9 9.9 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 21.4 15.3 18.0 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 64.1 71.8 72.1 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -1.2 -10.8 -11.1 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 27.7 0.0 0.0 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 0.0 -33.5 -28.5 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 43.6 59.1 51.7 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 25.3 -2.8 18.3 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.3 30.5 46.8 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 14.0 17.9 28.0 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 112.5 124.3 109.6 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 20.3 .. 87.5 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 0.0 1.9 17.8 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. 14.4 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 8 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 11 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 17.0 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 31 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 425 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 1 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 186 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 37.8 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 0.0 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 20.5 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 122.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 30.5 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 4.9 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 8 .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 25.1 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 27.6 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 7.5 24.3 7.5 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 20.7 40.1 62.1 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 29.8 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 17.6 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 62.3 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 51.8 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 36.7 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 53.1 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 5.7 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 49.2 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 54,204.6 52,800.8 15,990.6 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 3,966.8 205.4 0.4 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 334.6 794.8 221.6 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 0.0 27.0 38.6 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 0.0 60.5 67.1 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 159.1 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) -0.1 32.1 111.9 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 56.0 85.7 130.4 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 59.1 86.9 132.5 20,501.5 16 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 55.9 46.6 38.9   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 101.0 88.9 60.5 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 65.1 69.4 73.8 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 45.8 36.7 29.2 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 59.2 46.0 35.6 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. 76.1 54.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 79.0 86.0 96.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) .. .. .. 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) .. .. .. .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.6 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 53.6 107.2 98.9 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 33.4 28.7 23.6 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) 62.8 .. 84.8 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) 88.2 .. 98.2 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 94.0 .. 104.2 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 64.5 67.2 70.5 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 87.7 86.4 86.1 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 44.8 49.8 54.8 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 63.3 60.6 59.8 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 78.9 74.8 72.6 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 47.6 46.4 46.4 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 84.0 90.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 81.0 85.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 61.0 73.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 25.0 43.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 2.4 17.0 89.5 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 4.5 75.0 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 1.8 30.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 4.1 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 5.1 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.1 0.8 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.6 0.9 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 1.1 0.8 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.3 -0.1 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 -0.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.8 0.4 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -2.0 8.0 10.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 105.3 93.7 327.9 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 34.3 17.4 19.8 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 302.4 214.3 661.1 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 75.9 69.7 247.9 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.3 -0.4 -0.7 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 29.0 24.4 80.7 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 17 Central African Republic Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 2.9 3.7 4.4 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.3 1.9 1.9 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 470 280 470 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 1.5 1.0 2.0 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -2.1 2.3 3.3 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 278 259 240 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -4.4 0.4 1.4 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 182.6 100.0 188.3 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 0.0 3.2 1.5 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 47.6 53.1 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 19.7 15.8 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 32.7 31.0 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -6.0 .. .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 10.7 8.9 10.7 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -12.9 -4.3 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 47.0 89.6 19.4 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) -0.6 5.2 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.4 9.5 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 6.7 4.8 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 70.7 .. 93.4 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 11.4 .. 12.6 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 1.4 1.9 2.6 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 16.4 12.0 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 7 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 21 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 175.5 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 75 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 660 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 504 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 54.6 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 9.5 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 11.9 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 203.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 11.8 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 32.7 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 119.9 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 199.9 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 15.9 18.3 .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 7.1 4.5 8.9 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 41.4 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 8.9 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 25.6 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 31.9 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 46.0 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 76.1 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,938.9 2,214.1 8,423.3 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,123.4 672.0 185.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 809.9 968.9 1,465.5 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 14.8 19.8 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.6 24.1 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 166.5 93.1 110.2 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.4 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.2 0.2 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) -3.1 .. .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 0.1 .. .. 20,501.5 18 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 63.2 62.4 61.1   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 89.4 85.1 79.7 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 48.8 43.7 47.6 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. 62.0 .. Gini index .. .. 56.3 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 110.1 114.7 106.0 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 165.2 175.9 158.8 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 44.1 43.7 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 44.6 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 82.0 36.0 62.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 1.5 .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 3.1 9.4 4.7 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 1.0 14.0 11.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.0 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 30.4 .. 41.1 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 90.4 .. 84.3 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 48.6 55.2 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 58.5 64.7 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 59.1 .. 69.4 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 78.4 78.6 79.1 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 87.6 86.4 85.5 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 69.7 71.1 72.8 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 64.4 63.5 62.7 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 71.1 69.8 68.3 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 57.8 57.4 57.2 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 78.0 85.0 92.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 47.0 49.0 51.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 21.0 32.0 43.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 5.0 16.0 28.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.2 0.4 22.4 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 22.2 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 2.3 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.8 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.1 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -0.8 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -1.1 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -2.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -1.4 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -1.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -1.3 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 5.0 -1.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 248.9 75.3 261.0 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 16.7 7.8 13.2 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 84.8 20.3 59.3 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 99.9 53.1 112.8 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 2.3 -0.1 0.5 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 146.7 22.4 147.7 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 19 Chad Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 6.0 8.2 11.2 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.1 3.4 2.6 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 260 180 710 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 1.7 1.4 8.5 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -4.2 -0.9 13.0 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 184 168 300 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -7.1 -4.2 10.1 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 157.2 100.0 253.5 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) -0.7 3.8 -2.1 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 29.3 42.3 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 17.7 11.3 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 53.0 46.3 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -2.6 .. .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 14.7 13.0 20.9 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -14.4 -17.8 -22.0 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 29.6 78.6 20.3 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) -7.7 5.5 10.7 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 4.8 20.9 31.8 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. 10.5 22.7 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 49.3 67.7 92.5 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 6.5 10.8 24.6 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 0.8 2.2 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 12.8 10.1 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 11 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 66 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 208.5 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 44 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 743 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 732 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 65.4 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 11.8 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 27.5 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 154.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 10.6 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 22.6 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 13 .. Business connection charge (US$) 307.4 99.4 107.2 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 506.8 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 9.7 15.9 .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 6.5 3.5 5.0 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 67.2 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 36.2 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 45.8 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 59.7 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 46.5 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 74.6 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 28.4 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 53.1 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 19,055.9 17,403.4108,344.1 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 2,562.7 1,611.9 62.1 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 559.2 528.5 774.9 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 13.5 16.9 39.0 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.9 34.7 61.0 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 120.9 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. .. .. 20,501.5 20 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 79.2 76.6 72.4   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 97.1 96.2 93.5 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 50.7 48.5 49.2 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 112.8 105.4 98.9 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 207.3 189.5 173.4 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 16.3 22.7 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 39.3 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 32.0 28.0 46.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 0.6 9.8 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 1.1 3.0 3.4 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 1.4 7.9 11.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 16.3 22.9 34.5 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 67.2 68.6 62.2 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 25.7 33.6 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 37.6 46.3 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 40.9 55.9 65.8 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 72.8 72.6 72.6 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 80.9 80.1 80.2 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 64.9 65.2 65.2 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 56.8 56.8 56.6 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 56.7 56.9 57.0 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 57.0 56.7 56.3 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 49.0 60.0 70.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 37.0 41.0 44.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 21.0 26.0 30.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 4.0 5.0 6.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.1 0.2 24.3 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 23.8 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 1.7 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.4 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 1.7 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -1.3 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -1.4 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.3 -1.5 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -1.5 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -1.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -1.5 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -2.0 -2.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 310.6 131.3 486.0 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 17.9 9.5 5.7 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 51.7 16.0 43.3 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 183.3 53.5 285.0 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 2.3 1.7 -0.6 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 125.0 76.1 201.6 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 21 Comoros Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 0.4 0.6 0.7 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 530 380 750 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.3 0.2 0.5 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 5.1 1.4 2.1 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 413 359 336 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 2.6 -1.2 -0.5 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 138.2 100.0 218.9 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. .. 3.4 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 41.4 48.6 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 8.3 11.5 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 50.3 39.9 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -4.2 .. .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 15.8 10.2 .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -22.9 -15.8 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 75.1 112.0 89.7 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) -3.2 -5.7 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.9 10.1 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 6.7 6.2 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 85.0 112.3 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 28.9 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 0.6 1.3 7.9 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 11 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 24 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 176.2 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 30 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 506 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 100 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 217.9 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 155.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 84.3 109.0 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 161.5 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. 8.3 6.4 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 16.2 11.9 19.1 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 3,166.5 0.0 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 676.6 0.0 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,267.0 1,197.2 1,157.0 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 14.3 16.7 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 37.1 32.5 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) -0.7 .. .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 9.9 .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 9.9 .. .. 20,501.5 22 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 72.1 71.9 71.8   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 97.0 79.2 82.9 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 55.6 57.9 60.6 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 87.9 74.7 62.8 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 125.2 104.3 85.6 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 61.8 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 46.9 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 87.0 70.0 72.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 9.3 .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 35.7 36.8 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 68.5 74.2 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 80.2 85.3 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 84.2 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 54.0 54.8 58.2 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 80.3 78.7 80.8 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 27.6 30.8 35.4 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 40.6 39.6 39.6 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 57.1 54.9 54.1 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 23.8 24.0 24.7 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 98.0 93.0 91.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 83.0 92.0 97.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 34.0 42.0 50.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 11.0 23.0 30.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.7 1.2 25.3 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 22.5 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.3 5.1 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.5 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.1 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -0.7 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -0.4 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.4 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -1.7 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.3 -1.5 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.3 -1.1 —  Revised Combined Polity Score 4.0 -1.0 9.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 44.9 18.7 67.2 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 17.9 9.3 12.4 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 102.5 33.3 91.5 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 30.6 10.8 22.4 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.3 0.2 16.5 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 14.0 7.7 28.4 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 23 Congo, Democratic Republic of Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 36.4 49.6 66.0 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.6 2.4 2.7 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 230 90 180 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 9.3 4.3 13.1 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -6.6 -6.9 7.2 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 210 87 106 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -9.9 -9.1 4.3 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 122.1 100.0 188.3 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 81.3 513.9 .. .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 31.0 50.0 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 29.0 20.3 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 40.0 29.7 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) .. .. .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) -6.5 -4.2 3.8 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) .. 5.1 19.0 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 0.3 1.0 -12.9 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 109.7 271.6 44.0 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 9.3 4.5 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.8 3.5 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 8.9 3.0 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 56.8 .. 93.7 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 37.7 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 2.1 .. .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. 8.9 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 10 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 65 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 551.4 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 54 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 610 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 3 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 336 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 339.7 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 18.0 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 45.4 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 117.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 48.0 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 21.8 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 20 .. Business connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. .. 28.2 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 1.8 3.4 6.6 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 72.7 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 33.0 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 63.3 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 39.5 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 73.3 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 51.6 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 20.0 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 65.0 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 95,165.7 55,441.6165,277.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 2,263.7 11,328.8 1,176.9 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 799.9 786.6 771.5 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.5 22.4 26.0 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 29.2 21.4 38.9 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 87.8 100.0 129.3 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 189.9 366.3 1,025.3 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. .. .. 20,501.5 24 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 72.2 70.2 64.8   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 99.3 102.6 95.9 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 46.8 45.7 48.1 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 117.3 117.3 111.7 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 181.4 181.4 169.9 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. 79.3 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 38.0 46.0 68.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 35.7 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) .. .. .. 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) .. .. .. .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 58.7 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. .. 37.0 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 67.0 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 67.7 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. .. 78.5 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 71.7 72.1 71.7 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 74.9 73.0 72.6 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 68.6 71.3 70.9 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 45.6 46.2 45.4 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 40.6 41.6 41.8 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 50.7 50.8 49.1 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 90.0 85.0 79.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 27.0 27.0 27.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 23.0 23.0 24.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 4.0 13.0 24.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.1 0.0 18.0 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 17.9 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 0.7 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.7 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.0 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.6 -1.4 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.8 -1.4 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.6 -2.2 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.0 -1.7 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.1 -1.6 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.9 -1.6 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -8.0 0.0 5.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 895.8 177.1 3,543.0 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 9.6 4.1 27.0 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 24.6 3.6 53.7 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 632.7 102.7 2,386.7 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 77.2 0.1 7.9 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 185.9 74.3 1,146.8 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) 57.4 14.4 196.3 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 25 Congo, Republic of Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 2.4 3.1 4.0 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 910 560 2,240 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 2.8 3.2 12.0 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 1.0 7.6 8.8 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,170 1,027 1,253 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -1.7 4.8 6.0 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 100.1 100.0 237.0 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 2.9 -0.9 5.0 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 12.9 5.3 3.8 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 40.6 72.2 75.4 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 46.5 22.5 20.8 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -9.0 20.1 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. 1.9 .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 27.0 26.3 37.4 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 7.9 36.7 30.4 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 175.2 148.5 31.5 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 23.8 59.3 50.9 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.2 20.9 20.3 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.6 14.0 10.2 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 122.3 87.2 115.0 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 47.6 35.6 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 4.8 5.2 5.5 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 10 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 160 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 85.2 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 55 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 560 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 606 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 65.9 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 0.0 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 31.4 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 186.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 8.4 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 25.3 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 26 .. Business connection charge (US$) 128.6 .. 168.0 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 108.1 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 19.7 -17.0 .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 15.7 4.8 5.5 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 65.0 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 37.0 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 44.1 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 40.9 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 44.8 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 71.1 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 24.5 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 51.5 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 7,405.0 12,025.3 7,294.4 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 601.6 4,706.5 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 624.3 767.0 785.2 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 53.7 80.3 85.1 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.8 43.6 54.7 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. 162.1 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 1.4 .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. 10.4 .. 20,501.5 26 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 45.7 41.7 37.9   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 90.4 82.7 79.4 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 56.2 54.1 57.0 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 73.7 66.9 60.8 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 116.3 104.2 93.4 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 75.0 34.0 76.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 5.2 3.9 3.4 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 3.0 5.7 5.1 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.3 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 58.8 .. 70.8 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 64.4 60.5 49.1 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 88.5 85.8 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 67.2 69.3 71.8 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 74.1 72.5 73.8 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 60.5 66.1 69.7 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 46.0 44.9 44.9 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 47.1 44.9 45.1 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 44.8 44.8 44.8 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 95.0 95.0 95.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 36.0 32.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 21.0 20.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 18.0 15.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.7 2.9 94.2 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 1.0 .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 2.2 94.0 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 5.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.9 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.1 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -1.1 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.7 -1.0 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -0.2 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.3 -1.2 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -1.3 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -1.1 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 217.2 32.0 1,312.3 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 7.8 1.0 10.9 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 90.9 10.2 324.6 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 202.0 23.0 1,215.3 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) .. 0.1 0.9 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 15.2 9.0 96.1 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 5.0 .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 27 Côte d’Ivoire Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 12.5 16.6 19.7 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.4 2.1 2.0 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 740 650 1,170 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 10.8 10.4 22.9 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -1.1 -3.7 2.4 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 663 628 588 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -4.4 -5.7 0.4 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 130.1 100.0 197.5 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) -0.8 2.5 1.7 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 32.5 24.2 22.8 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 23.2 24.9 27.2 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 44.3 50.9 50.0 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -11.2 -2.3 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 21.5 16.7 20.0 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 4.6 7.1 4.6 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 159.8 116.5 49.9 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 11.3 17.9 18.9 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 8.5 11.2 13.8 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 4.9 8.4 9.2 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 67.7 74.3 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 23.6 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 6.6 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 20.8 .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 10 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 32 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 132.6 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 62 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 770 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 270 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 44.3 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 16.6 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 31.2 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 583.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 20.9 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 3.8 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 6 .. Business connection charge (US$) 324.7 49.2 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 50.5 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 21.5 .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 36.5 15.5 18.0 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 75.0 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 28.4 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 53.8 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 30.5 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 66.6 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 39.8 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 6.1 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 26.7 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 63,991.3 16,617.8 21,123.2 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 2,288.2 270.8 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 886.5 1,682.3 1,716.8 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.7 40.4 40.6 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 27.1 33.3 36.1 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 56.3 100.0 94.8 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 125.8 86.4 99.6 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 48.1 234.7 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 44.4 119.3 185.5 20,501.5 28 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 60.3 56.5 49.9   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 91.5 81.6 80.9 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 52.6 50.2 54.7 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. 42.7 .. Gini index .. .. 41.5 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 104.6 100.2 85.9 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 151.4 147.7 123.0 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 62.8 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 56.0 68.0 70.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 1.1 .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 2.4 6.9 3.4 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 3.9 48.0 36.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. 0.1 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 40.1 42.7 .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 36.6 45.0 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 48.7 55.3 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 60.7 66.6 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 69.3 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 67.9 66.6 67.5 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 88.3 82.2 81.9 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 44.3 49.5 52.4 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 55.1 51.3 51.1 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 71.9 62.0 61.7 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 37.7 40.5 40.6 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 90.0 91.0 91.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 67.0 67.0 68.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 38.0 37.0 36.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 8.0 10.0 11.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.6 4.4 77.6 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 2.9 76.1 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 2.6 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.7 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 2.7 2.2 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -1.1 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.1 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.3 -1.6 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -1.3 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.9 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.2 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 4.0 0.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 686.4 350.6 845.0 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 6.4 3.4 3.7 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 54.8 21.1 42.8 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 530.6 250.1 437.5 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) .. 0.7 1.7 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 155.8 99.9 405.8 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 29 Djibouti Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 0.6 0.7 0.9 844.0 Population growth (%) 5.0 2.8 1.9 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) .. 750 .. 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.5 0.6 .. 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) .. 0.4 .. 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,174 753 .. 653 GDP per capita growth (%) .. -2.4 .. 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 68.5 100.0 .. 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. .. 4.0 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 3.1 3.5 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 22.0 15.4 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 74.9 81.1 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) .. -3.4 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 25.8 24.5 .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -24.6 -15.3 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 34.3 46.8 .. .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) -10.4 -6.5 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 14.1 8.8 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 5.1 6.1 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 35.8 32.2 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 10.7 13.6 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 0.3 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 11 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 37 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 169.8 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 40 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 1,225 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 5 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 82 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 38.7 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 172.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 140.7 112.5 56.3 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 60.2 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 45.4 32.1 .. 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 7,160.0 10,692.5 8,363.7 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 912.2 1,217.5 13.2 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,666.7 1,833.3 1,111.1 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 53.8 35.1 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 78.4 50.4 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 100.0 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.6 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. 3.3 36.5 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 0.7 6.6 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. 12.3 32.6 20,501.5 30 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 24.3 16.7 11.9   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 87.2 78.8 64.2 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 51.4 53.9 57.5 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 95.0 83.1 73.0 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 122.7 105.6 91.1 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 85.0 50.0 85.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 19.9 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.9 2.9 2.5 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 1.0 1.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.2 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 32.0 27.8 .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 44.1 32.0 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 72.2 71.0 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 48.4 50.6 53.4 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 68.4 68.4 69.3 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 28.6 32.9 37.4 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 46.8 45.3 44.1 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 51.7 49.6 47.8 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 41.8 41.0 40.3 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 80.0 88.0 99.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 70.0 63.0 54.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 73.0 69.0 63.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 45.0 30.0 10.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 1.0 1.4 20.7 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 18.6 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 6.5 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.2 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 3.2 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -0.3 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -1.1 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 0.3 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.0 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -0.7 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -0.7 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -8.0 2.0 2.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 207.0 72.1 132.2 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 45.8 13.1 .. 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 368.2 98.6 148.8 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 88.3 42.2 98.9 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 101.4 10.3 8.0 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 17.3 19.7 25.3 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 31 Egypt, Arab Republic of North Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 56.8 67.6 81.1 166.3 Population growth (%) 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 750 1,440 2,420 3,533 GDP ($ billions) 43.1 99.8 218.9 586.8 GDP growth (%) 5.7 5.4 5.2 4.2 GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,154 1,476 1,976 2,313 GDP per capita growth (%) 3.5 3.5 3.3 2.7 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 65.8 100.0 136.6 152.5 Consumer Price Index (% change) 16.8 2.7 11.3 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 19.4 16.7 14.0 11.9 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.7 33.1 37.5 41.6 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 52.0 50.1 48.5 46.5 Current account balance (% of GDP) 5.4 -1.0 -2.1 0.3 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) -2.0 .. -7.7 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 22.8 21.9 23.1 24.1 External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -12.7 -6.6 -4.8 -2.3 Total external debt (% of GDP) 76.5 29.1 15.9 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 16.1 12.9 14.1 25.6 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 26.9 18.9 18.6 .. Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.3 9.1 12.2 .. Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 86.1 97.9 100.6 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 68.6 82.6 72.5 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 14.0 .. 32.4 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 6 9 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 7 18 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 5.6 41.5 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 72 55 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 1,010 788 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 8 6 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 433 270 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 43.6 53.4 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. .. Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. .. Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 218.0 171.2 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 288.2 97.8 77.0 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 0.0 0.0 Real interest rate (%) 0.5 7.9 0.8 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 25.4 52.0 33.1 36.9 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,507,782.6 27,807.5 2,766.1 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 4,567.4 2,732.4 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 5,702.9 7,280.1 6,541.0 2,772.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 20.0 16.2 21.3 28.4 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.7 22.8 26.1 30.7 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 98.8 100.0 93.0 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 98.0 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.6 .. Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.4 .. Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 722.0 1,184.0 5,210.1 8,347.7 Workers remittances received ($ millions) 4,283.5 2,852.0 12,453.1 20,673.0 Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 4,283.5 2,852.0 12,453.1 23,016.0 32 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income North Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 56.5 57.4 57.2   46.3 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 80.9 67.9 57.6 52.8 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 62.0 69.1 73.0 72.8 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. 16.7 22.0 .. Gini index .. 32.8 30.8 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 67.8 37.0 18.6 23.0 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 93.5 46.5 21.8 27.0 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 60.9 78.9 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. 84.0 55.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 24.6 30.7 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 86.0 98.0 96.0 96.2 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 0.2 0.5 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.8 2.1 2.8 2.1 Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 3.0 Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 94.3 101.0 .. Student-teacher ratio, primary school 24.0 23.0 26.3 25.6 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 80.5 92.1 95.9 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 52.1 48.9 51.8 50.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 76.2 76.2 78.1 77.3 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 27.9 21.3 25.3 23.9 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 33.5 31.5 34.0 33.2 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 41.2 43.6 47.6 48.2 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 25.6 19.0 19.9 17.7 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 96.0 98.0 100.0 95.3 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 90.0 95.0 99.0 88.4 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 91.0 95.0 97.0 94.0 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 57.0 79.0 93.0 84.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 2.8 10.1 99.0 106.1 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 43.9 39.4 Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 2.0 87.1 94.8 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.6 26.7 28.0 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 3.1 3.1 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.6 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -1.2 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.9 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.4 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.2 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 -0.1 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -6.0 -6.0 -3.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 6,064.5 1,370.6 592.4 2,729.9 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 14.1 1.4 0.3 0.5 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 106.7 20.3 7.3 16.4 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 3,163.1 1,139.6 366.0 1,579.3 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 2,825.1 96.8 78.9 100.2 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 76.2 134.2 147.5 794.9 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) 40.7 .. 1.0 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 33 Equatorial Guinea Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 0.4 0.5 0.7 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 330 1,270 13,720 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.1 1.3 14.5 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 3.3 13.5 -0.8 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 555 2,410 8,537 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 0.1 9.9 -3.5 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 63.7 100.0 242.5 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 0.9 4.8 7.8 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 61.5 9.8 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 10.6 85.9 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 27.8 4.2 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -14.4 .. .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) .. 18.4 28.2 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -37.4 13.2 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) -20.1 74.5 58.5 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.4 61.3 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 6.9 56.2 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 107.6 86.6 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 31.4 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 3.3 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 21 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 137 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 101.4 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 23 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 553 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 492 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 46.0 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 166.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 252.4 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 21.5 -16.8 .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 21.9 3.0 7.5 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 3,105.6 836.1 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 865.9 750.0 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) .. .. .. 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.2 98.6 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 69.6 85.4 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 98.2 67.8 120.5 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.6 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 11.1 .. .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. .. .. 20,501.5 34 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 High income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 65.3 61.2 60.3   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 72.9 85.9 72.9 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 46.8 48.7 50.8 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 118.2 97.9 80.5 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 189.5 152.3 120.8 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 64.6 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 42.6 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 88.0 51.0 51.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 0.7 .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 1.5 5.0 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 0.2 1.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.3 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 52.4 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. 43.4 27.2 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 87.0 93.3 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 94.9 97.9 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 81.3 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 88.6 89.2 88.3 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 94.1 95.3 94.0 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 82.6 82.6 82.0 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 76.6 76.9 76.0 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 88.4 89.3 88.0 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 64.6 64.4 63.8 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 66.0 .. 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 42.0 .. 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 92.0 .. 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 87.0 .. 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 2.1 59.0 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 1.0 57.0 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 6.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 1.9 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -1.5 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.6 -1.9 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 0.2 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -1.7 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.7 -1.4 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -1.3 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -5.0 -5.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 60.2 21.3 84.7 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 45.6 1.7 0.6 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 161.1 40.9 120.9 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 43.6 18.2 78.7 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.1 -0.2 -0.2 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 16.5 3.3 6.3 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 35 Eritrea Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 3.2 3.7 5.3 844.0 Population growth (%) 1.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) .. 170 340 1,202 GDP ($ billions) .. 0.6 2.1 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) .. -13.1 2.2 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) .. 173 147 653 GDP per capita growth (%) .. -16.1 -0.8 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) .. 100.0 274.5 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. .. .. .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. 15.1 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. 23.0 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) .. 61.9 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) .. -16.5 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) .. 33.5 .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) .. -66.6 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) .. 47.3 47.7 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) .. -42.9 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. 23.8 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. 5.0 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 20.8 57.2 44.6 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 25.0 31.9 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 1.0 2.0 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 13 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 84 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 62.6 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 78 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 405 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 4 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 216 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 84.5 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 9.6 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 20.1 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. .. 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 0.0 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 3.0 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 103.9 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) .. 32.5 16.0 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 0.0 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 0.0 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 0.0 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 1.1 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 0.9 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 0.2 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 0.2 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 1.2 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 0.0 213,732.1 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 0.0 37,946.1 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) .. 377.2 535.8 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. 15.1 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. 81.8 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. 27.9 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. 3.3 .. 20,501.5 36 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 84.2 82.2 78.4   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 95.8 89.7 78.8 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 48.2 56.0 61.0 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 87.1 60.4 42.3 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 140.6 92.7 60.8 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) .. 76.0 99.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 48.9 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.3 1.2 0.8 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.2 1.6 1.7 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 36.2 39.8 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 38.2 47.5 38.0 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 66.6 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 88.7 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 77.3 80.1 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 84.0 83.8 86.3 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 91.6 91.0 90.8 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 76.8 77.0 82.0 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 79.2 79.4 77.3 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 83.4 83.5 80.4 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 74.9 75.3 74.2 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 62.0 70.0 .. 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 39.0 50.0 .. 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 58.0 54.0 .. 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 0.0 2.0 4.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) .. 0.8 4.6 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 3.5 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 5.4 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.2 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.6 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.6 -0.5 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -2.2 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -0.9 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -1.4 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -2.2 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -1.3 —  Revised Combined Polity Score .. -6.0 -7.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 4.5 177.0 160.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) .. 27.9 7.6 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 1.4 48.3 30.6 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) .. 112.0 33.8 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 4.5 10.4 19.9 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) .. 54.7 104.5 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 37 Ethiopia Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 48.3 65.6 82.9 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 250 130 390 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 12.1 8.2 29.7 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 2.7 6.1 9.9 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 129 125 221 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -0.6 3.3 7.6 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 193.8 100.0 162.3 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 5.2 0.7 8.1 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 54.3 49.9 47.7 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 11.1 12.4 14.3 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 34.5 37.8 38.0 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -2.4 0.2 -1.4 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) -6.6 .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 12.6 15.0 12.8 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -3.3 -11.9 -21.1 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 71.6 67.2 24.1 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 9.6 8.3 0.4 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.9 20.3 21.5 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 8.9 8.1 5.0 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 36.5 54.9 101.6 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 14.5 35.7 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 0.8 1.2 5.5 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 11.3 25.4 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 5 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 9 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 12.8 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 41 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 620 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 4 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 198 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 31.1 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 128.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 55.6 37.1 16.8 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 2.6 3.8 .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 13.9 23.1 .. 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 737,431.6 1,439,181.3 1,364,006.2 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 80,134.3 72,436.9 41,071.1 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) .. 1,116.3 1,674.2 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 5.6 12.0 11.4 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 8.8 24.0 32.5 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 121.1 100.0 112.2 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. .. 288.3 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 53.2 345.2 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 5.2 53.2 345.2 20,501.5 38 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 87.4 85.1 82.4   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 92.1 95.7 81.2 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 47.0 51.7 58.7 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. 44.2 44.2 .. Gini index .. 30.0 30.0 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 110.5 87.2 67.8 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 184.1 140.7 105.9 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 5.6 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. 870.0 870.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 57.4 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 38.0 52.0 81.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) .. .. .. 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) .. .. .. .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. 0.0 .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 23.0 72.2 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 40.7 67.3 54.1 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 65.0 88.8 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 83.2 83.7 85.8 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 91.8 92.2 90.7 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 74.8 75.5 80.9 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 78.4 78.9 77.1 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 83.2 83.7 79.8 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 73.5 74.2 74.5 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 79.0 87.0 97.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 5.0 19.0 34.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 20.0 24.0 29.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 1.0 6.0 19.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 0.4 9.4 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 8.3 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 0.8 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.4 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 3.2 2.7 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.7 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -1.3 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -1.7 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -0.3 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -0.9 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -0.8 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -8.0 1.0 1.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 1,009.2 687.2 3,525.2 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 8.4 8.4 11.9 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 20.9 10.5 42.5 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 509.8 380.0 1,926.7 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 67.7 15.8 35.3 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 431.7 291.5 1,562.2 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) 51.5 .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 39 Gabon Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 0.9 1.2 1.5 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.2 2.3 1.9 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 4,930 3,080 7,680 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 6.0 5.1 13.2 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 5.2 -1.9 6.6 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 4,627 4,103 4,214 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 1.9 -4.1 4.6 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 138.5 100.0 208.1 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 7.7 0.5 1.5 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 7.3 6.2 4.1 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 43.0 56.3 59.4 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 49.7 37.5 36.5 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) 2.8 19.8 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 10.6 33.5 28.1 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 15.2 36.4 25.3 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 66.9 77.0 17.7 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 36.9 58.3 51.9 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.4 21.9 26.6 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 17.6 19.0 17.4 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 135.5 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 48.0 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 9 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 58 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 17.3 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 39 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 1,070 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 488 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 43.5 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 3.8 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 10.3 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 201.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 34.5 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 7.2 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 9 .. Business connection charge (US$) 200.5 76.5 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 12.9 8.7 8.1 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 41.4 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 14.6 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 34.1 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 30.9 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 30.4 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 58.0 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 16.4 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 42.7 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 0.0 969.0 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 0.0 130.5 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,749.9 1,630.3 1,781.7 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 46.0 69.0 61.3 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 30.9 32.7 36.0 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 92.3 100.0 156.1 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 200.5 94.4 101.3 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.9 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 44.7 -68.0 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 2.3 .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. 6.1 .. 20,501.5 40 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Upper middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 30.9 19.9 14.0   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 88.8 84.2 66.1 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 61.3 59.7 62.3 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 67.5 63.4 54.4 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 92.6 87.5 73.5 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 85.5 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. 520.0 520.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 76.0 55.0 55.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 55.1 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.9 5.2 5.2 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.2 1.8 2.4 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. 46.6 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 87.7 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 97.6 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 95.9 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 64.4 61.9 61.7 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 72.8 68.7 66.4 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 56.1 55.2 57.1 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 34.2 29.0 25.1 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 37.0 31.5 26.9 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 31.5 26.5 23.3 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 95.0 95.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 47.0 41.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 37.0 33.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 30.0 30.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 2.2 12.9 109.0 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. 12.8 .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 9.7 106.9 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 1.2 7.2 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.8 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.8 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.9 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.5 0.2 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -0.9 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.6 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.5 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -6.0 -4.0 3.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 131.2 11.7 104.0 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 2.2 0.2 0.8 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 141.3 9.4 69.1 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 126.9 -11.6 83.8 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) .. 0.0 0.0 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 4.4 23.3 20.2 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 41 Gambia, The Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 1.0 1.3 1.7 844.0 Population growth (%) 4.0 2.9 2.7 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 300 630 610 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.3 0.8 1.1 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 3.6 5.5 6.1 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 589 606 704 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -0.5 2.5 3.3 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 55.7 100.0 86.3 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 12.2 0.8 5.0 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 29.0 23.8 28.5 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 13.1 6.0 12.3 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 57.9 70.1 59.3 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) 7.6 .. 5.0 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) 2.1 .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 20.9 9.9 15.9 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -11.7 -4.8 -17.0 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 116.5 61.5 44.8 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 10.7 -0.2 2.4 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.3 4.6 19.4 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 14.9 .. 11.2 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 61.5 84.5 82.6 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 18.6 .. 54.1 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 1.0 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 14.2 22.8 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 8 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 27 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 206.1 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 66 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 434 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 2 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 376 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 283.5 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 143.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 44.7 62.5 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 35.7 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 13.0 21.3 20.0 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 11.0 6.7 13.9 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 2,414.2 5,239.9 18,404.3 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,083.3 2,446.4 5,000.6 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,003.9 1,295.8 1,126.7 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 59.9 25.8 21.9 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 71.6 30.6 38.9 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 105.9 100.0 86.9 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 205.5 183.9 101.0 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.6 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. .. 37.4 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. 107.3 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. .. 115.7 20,501.5 42 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 61.7 50.9 41.9   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 95.9 92.1 85.7 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 53.1 55.2 58.2 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. 48.4 .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 78.3 66.1 56.9 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 165.2 127.5 98.1 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) 44.1 54.7 56.7 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 24.1 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 86.0 89.0 97.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 14.7 .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 0.5 2.0 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 0.2 1.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 66.6 70.5 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 31.1 37.4 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 36.8 46.5 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 52.6 65.5 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. .. 99.3 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 77.5 77.2 77.8 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 85.0 83.2 83.0 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 70.1 71.5 72.8 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 66.9 65.5 64.4 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 68.7 66.4 64.6 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 65.2 64.7 64.3 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 86.0 90.0 92.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 67.0 77.0 85.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 67.0 70.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 60.0 65.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.6 3.0 88.3 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.4 85.5 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.9 9.2 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.4 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 3.2 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.6 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.1 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.3 0.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.7 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.4 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.5 —  Revised Combined Polity Score 8.0 -5.0 -5.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 97.3 49.6 120.2 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 30.7 6.3 11.4 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 100.7 38.3 69.5 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 56.9 14.6 33.3 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.5 2.5 1.4 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 39.9 32.6 85.4 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) 178.7 .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. C .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 43 Ghana Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 14.8 19.2 24.4 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 400 340 1,250 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 5.9 5.0 32.2 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 3.3 3.7 8.0 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 221 260 360 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 0.5 1.3 5.5 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 180.2 100.0 366.5 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 37.3 25.2 10.7 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 45.1 39.4 29.9 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 16.9 28.4 18.6 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 38.1 32.2 51.4 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -3.8 -7.8 -8.4 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 82.5 85.0 43.8 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -9.0 -18.4 -11.8 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 63.4 122.9 26.0 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 5.5 5.6 15.0 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 14.4 23.1 21.8 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 6.9 12.7 17.9 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 69.7 85.2 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 35.2 40.5 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) 24.3 .. 24.4 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 7 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 12 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 17.3 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 34 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 487 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 7 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 224 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 33.6 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 218.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 44.4 73.3 31.4 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 38.4 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 4.9 14.0 15.3 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 59,227.6 97,644.9 6,526.2 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 5,108.8 4,368.4 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 989.2 1,309.2 1,814.3 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 16.9 48.8 29.4 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 25.9 67.2 41.2 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 157.5 91.9 97.6 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.4 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 14.8 165.9 2,527.4 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 6.0 32.4 135.9 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 6.0 32.4 135.9 20,501.5 44 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 63.6 56.0 48.5   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 88.7 79.9 73.6 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 56.8 58.4 63.8 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 76.7 64.0 50.0 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 121.7 99.1 74.4 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. 57.1 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. 28.6 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 61.0 98.0 93.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 28.2 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.3 2.3 1.8 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 1.0 15.0 18.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.1 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 71.1 .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 27.5 33.8 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 57.9 66.6 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 70.7 80.1 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 78.0 90.2 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 72.1 75.5 70.4 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 73.1 77.2 72.3 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 71.0 73.9 68.4 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 48.4 53.9 38.6 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 42.9 53.5 38.7 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 54.0 54.4 38.6 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 84.0 87.0 91.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 36.0 58.0 80.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 12.0 16.0 19.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 4.0 6.0 8.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 1.8 72.6 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.7 71.5 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 9.6 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.9 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 3.5 4.1 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 0.1 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 0.5 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 0.0 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 0.0 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 0.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.1 -0.1 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 2.0 8.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 559.7 598.2 1,692.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 9.5 12.0 5.3 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 37.8 31.2 69.4 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 264.9 375.6 899.7 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 1.1 3.3 3.7 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 293.7 219.2 789.2 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 45 Guinea Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 5.8 8.3 10.0 844.0 Population growth (%) 4.5 1.4 2.2 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 450 400 390 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 2.7 3.1 4.7 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 4.3 1.9 1.9 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 363 373 550 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -0.3 0.4 -0.3 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 127.7 100.0 86.2 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. .. 15.5 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 23.8 20.3 13.0 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 33.3 32.5 47.2 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 42.9 47.2 39.4 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -7.6 -4.5 -6.9 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 16.7 10.9 17.7 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -2.4 -4.3 -4.4 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 92.9 98.5 61.7 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 22.2 15.4 16.0 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.9 18.9 20.0 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 8.8 14.0 15.7 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 33.2 59.7 94.4 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 10.4 .. .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 1.1 .. .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 12 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 40 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 118.0 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 59 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 276 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 416 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 54.3 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 287.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 53.0 124.8 19.0 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 2,371.7 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 3.3 7.4 .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) .. 3.8 .. 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 8,946.0 1,306.0 3,881.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 2,221.1 3,861.3 11.4 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,455.1 1,492.1 1,409.2 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.1 23.6 34.8 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.4 27.9 39.2 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 145.0 100.0 96.5 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 17.9 9.9 101.4 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 1.2 44.8 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. 1.2 60.4 20,501.5 46 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 72.0 69.0 64.6   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 91.3 90.7 86.0 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 43.7 48.1 53.6 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 135.4 105.6 81.2 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 229.2 175.0 129.9 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 46.9 40.0 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 35.0 42.0 51.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 4.5 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 1.1 1.7 1.3 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 1.1 6.1 4.7 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 0.1 .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 18.8 32.3 64.1 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 38.2 45.6 42.2 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 39.5 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 61.1 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 44.0 .. .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 72.8 72.3 73.2 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 79.7 79.5 79.5 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 65.8 64.9 66.8 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 53.8 53.5 54.4 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 56.8 56.8 56.9 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 50.6 50.1 51.7 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 87.0 88.0 90.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 37.0 52.0 65.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 19.0 26.0 32.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 6.0 9.0 11.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.2 0.8 40.3 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.5 40.1 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 1.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.8 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.0 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -1.2 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -0.9 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.9 -1.8 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -1.1 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -1.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -1.5 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -1.0 5.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 291.6 152.9 217.7 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 10.9 4.9 4.6 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 50.6 18.3 21.8 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 139.0 92.8 91.7 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 4.2 2.6 -1.6 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 148.4 57.5 127.6 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 47 Guinea-Bissau Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 1.0 1.2 1.5 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 220 180 580 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.2 0.2 0.8 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 6.1 7.5 3.5 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 183 174 161 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 4.0 5.4 1.3 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 131.1 100.0 341.8 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 33.0 8.6 2.5 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 60.8 56.4 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 18.6 13.0 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 20.6 30.6 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -18.6 .. .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 18.7 18.5 15.3 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -27.1 -19.8 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 284.7 439.7 131.0 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 2.8 -8.5 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 29.9 11.3 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 8.4 1.3 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 78.7 123.1 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 18.5 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 0.4 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 9 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 9 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 49.8 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 210 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 1,715 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 208 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 45.9 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 170.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 36.6 67.4 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 11.9 .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 22.0 7.9 6.2 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 3,949.4 13,169.5 3,789.5 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,237.4 13,221.5 2,867.9 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,530.7 1,097.0 1,554.8 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 9.9 31.8 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 37.0 51.6 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.6 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 1.0 .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 1.0 .. 48.9 20,501.5 48 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 71.9 70.3 70.0   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 89.5 86.7 80.6 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 42.8 44.9 47.7 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 124.5 106.6 92.0 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 209.9 176.8 149.5 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 34.7 44.0 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) 910.0 .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 36.1 28.1 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 53.0 71.0 61.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 7.4 35.5 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.3 1.8 2.5 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 1.0 1.2 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 29.7 67.6 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. 44.1 51.9 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 41.4 52.2 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 59.5 70.9 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 65.4 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 70.7 72.0 74.4 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 79.7 79.7 79.4 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 61.9 64.6 69.4 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 49.9 53.1 55.2 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 54.0 56.6 56.7 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 45.7 49.6 53.6 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 45.0 68.0 91.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 32.0 43.0 53.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 36.0 44.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 4.0 5.0 9.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.6 0.9 39.5 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 39.2 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 2.5 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.7 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.1 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -1.1 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -0.9 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.8 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.0 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -1.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -1.4 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -8.0 5.0 6.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 126.4 81.1 139.3 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 51.8 37.6 16.7 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 124.3 65.3 92.0 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 75.4 41.6 53.8 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.0 0.0 0.9 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 51.0 39.5 84.7 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 49 Kenya Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 23.4 31.3 40.5 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.4 2.6 2.6 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 380 420 810 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 8.6 12.7 32.2 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 4.2 0.6 5.6 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 450 406 469 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 0.7 -1.9 2.8 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 81.5 100.0 169.6 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 17.8 10.0 4.0 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 29.5 32.4 25.2 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 19.0 16.9 19.8 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 51.4 50.7 55.0 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -6.1 -1.6 -7.8 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. 2.0 -5.9 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 23.6 18.4 22.8 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -5.6 -10.1 -10.3 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 82.1 48.4 26.1 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 18.5 7.3 9.0 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.6 16.7 19.9 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 10.9 7.5 19.9 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 100.6 95.2 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 39.2 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 2.7 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 25.8 17.2 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 11 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 33 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 37.8 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 64 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 465 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 3 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 393 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 49.6 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 125.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 30.2 42.8 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 50.5 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 7.3 15.3 11.9 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 32.7 28.4 33.8 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 88,953.9 229,067.5 240,158.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 851.0 54,084.8 1,477.7 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,561.8 1,375.0 1,612.6 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 25.7 21.6 27.5 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.3 31.7 37.9 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 68.7 100.0 116.1 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.6 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.4 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 57.1 110.9 184.2 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. 683.7 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 139.3 537.9 1,777.0 20,501.5 50 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 81.8 80.3 77.8   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 107.0 89.0 82.2 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 59.3 52.3 56.5 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 64.3 68.6 55.1 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 99.4 111.1 84.7 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. 43.8 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. 488.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 41.0 35.2 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 78.0 75.0 86.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 2.9 46.7 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 3.9 9.0 6.3 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 10.0 120.0 80.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.0 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. 34.4 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 73.6 87.0 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 80.3 92.7 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 97.6 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 75.1 68.3 66.8 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 80.1 73.3 71.9 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 70.1 63.3 61.8 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 56.8 44.5 39.9 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 58.5 47.7 43.9 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 55.2 41.4 35.9 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 92.0 87.0 82.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 33.0 43.0 52.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 27.0 30.0 32.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 25.0 28.0 32.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.7 1.3 62.6 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 1.2 .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.4 61.6 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.3 25.9 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.8 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 2.1 2.1 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -0.9 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -0.2 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.2 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.5 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -1.0 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -2.0 8.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 1,181.3 512.7 1,628.6 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 13.8 4.0 5.1 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 50.4 16.4 40.2 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 735.2 292.4 1,158.8 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 4.5 8.9 5.4 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 441.6 211.4 464.4 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 24.1 22.6 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 51 Lesotho Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 1.6 2.0 2.2 844.0 Population growth (%) 1.8 1.5 1.0 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 540 530 1,100 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.5 0.7 2.2 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 6.5 5.7 5.6 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 308 380 496 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 4.5 4.1 4.5 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 107.2 100.0 202.5 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 11.6 6.1 3.6 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 24.9 12.3 8.6 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 34.4 31.6 31.9 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 40.7 56.1 59.5 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) 12.0 -9.6 -19.3 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) -0.6 .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 43.1 49.2 40.4 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -105.1 -69.2 -70.1 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 73.2 90.1 33.3 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) -49.1 -25.0 -42.1 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 57.0 42.5 28.5 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 30.8 33.3 15.8 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 108.5 111.5 103.2 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 24.7 30.1 46.4 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 1.3 2.1 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 18.5 .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 7 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 40 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 24.9 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 101 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 785 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 2 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 324 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 16.0 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 5.4 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 4.4 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 510.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 13.9 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 6.8 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 54 .. Business connection charge (US$) 128.3 62.7 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 61.5 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 7.9 14.4 6.8 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 17.2 16.4 13.7 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 46.7 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 25.2 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 33.5 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 47.1 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 28.6 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 44.3 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 11.3 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 16.5 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 35,619.6 4,278.7 6,105.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 3,684.5 1,760.5 75.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,036.9 718.3 908.9 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 18.1 34.2 43.8 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 123.2 103.4 113.9 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 87.3 100.0 96.5 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 130.7 103.3 106.1 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.9 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.8 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 17.1 32.4 119.3 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 4.7 7.4 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 427.9 478.1 745.9 20,501.5 52 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 86.0 80.0 73.1   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 93.5 84.1 71.5 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 59.3 47.6 47.4 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 72.0 87.5 64.6 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 89.3 126.8 85.0 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 59.8 61.5 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. 1,200.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 53.0 39.0 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 80.0 74.0 85.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.8 24.5 23.6 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 12.0 14.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.0 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 58.4 59.8 69.6 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 54.5 47.9 33.8 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 86.3 89.7 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 90.9 92.0 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 123.8 107.5 106.1 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 75.5 74.7 67.1 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 84.0 81.0 74.5 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 68.4 69.0 60.0 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 67.1 62.8 45.2 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 74.4 68.9 52.6 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 60.1 56.6 37.7 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 95.0 94.0 91.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 78.0 76.0 73.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 37.0 32.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 22.0 24.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.8 2.2 47.3 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 1.1 45.5 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 3.9 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.5 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 3.5 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 0.2 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.2 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.1 0.5 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.4 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.6 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.3 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 4.0 8.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 139.1 36.7 256.2 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 25.7 4.9 11.8 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 84.9 18.7 118.0 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 85.2 21.8 94.1 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) -0.4 -1.2 3.0 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 54.3 16.1 159.1 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) 76.6 .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. C .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 53 Liberia Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 2.1 2.8 4.0 844.0 Population growth (%) -1.5 4.9 4.0 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) .. 190 210 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.4 0.5 1.0 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -51.0 25.7 10.3 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 192 186 261 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -50.3 19.7 5.9 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 94.1 100.0 94.9 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. .. .. .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) .. .. -42.0 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) .. -0.7 -84.4 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 534.8 527.7 23.1 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) .. 6.8 -49.9 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. 7.5 34.5 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. 1.2 28.8 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 111.7 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 34.8 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 19.1 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 4 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 6 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 68.4 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 50 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 1,280 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 4 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 158 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 43.7 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 0.0 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 6.7 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 75.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 0.0 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 5.4 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. 29.4 7.4 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) .. 3.3 19.4 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 31.2 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 18.3 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 26.8 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 19.0 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 35.0 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 59.1 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 2.6 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 5.1 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 32,804.4 86,014.1 25,340.4 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 2,103.2 16,541.3 2,500.8 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,028.6 1,278.0 1,178.6 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. 26.1 25.0 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. 26.9 109.5 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 30.3 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.9 0.8 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. .. 452.3 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. 0.2 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. .. 31.4 20,501.5 54 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 54.7 45.7 38.5   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 93.0 85.9 86.2 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 42.3 46.0 56.1 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 151.2 115.1 73.6 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 226.6 168.9 102.6 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 50.9 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 45.3 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) .. 63.0 64.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 26.4 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.3 3.3 1.5 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 3.5 3.6 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. 38.3 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 59.1 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 75.6 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 73.3 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 60.4 60.5 61.5 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 64.2 61.8 64.2 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 56.7 59.1 58.9 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 36.2 35.0 35.3 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 37.8 35.5 35.7 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 34.7 34.5 34.9 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 74.0 88.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 50.0 60.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 23.0 29.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 3.0 7.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.4 0.3 39.5 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 39.3 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 7.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.9 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 3.3 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -0.5 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -0.2 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.0 -0.5 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.8 -1.2 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.8 -1.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.0 -1.0 —  Revised Combined Polity Score 0.0 0.0 6.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 113.7 67.4 1,419.3 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 29.6 12.7 143.7 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 53.5 23.7 355.3 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 42.3 23.8 702.5 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 2.3 .. 2.2 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 69.2 43.6 714.6 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 55 Libya North Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 4.3 5.2 6.4 166.3 Population growth (%) 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) .. .. .. 3,533 GDP ($ billions) 28.9 33.9 .. 586.8 GDP growth (%) .. 3.7 .. 4.2 GDP per capita (2000 $) .. 6,480 .. 2,313 GDP per capita growth (%) .. 1.8 .. 2.7 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) .. 100.0 .. 152.5 Consumer Price Index (% change) 8.5 -2.9 2.5 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 11.9 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 41.6 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 46.5 Current account balance (% of GDP) 7.6 18.5 .. 0.3 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) .. .. .. 24.1 External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 8.6 20.1 .. -2.3 Total external debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 27.2 33.5 .. 25.6 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 13.9 13.1 .. .. Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 120.0 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 11.8 46.9 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. .. 9 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. .. 18 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. .. 41.5 Time required to register property (days) .. .. .. 55 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. .. 788 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. .. 6 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. .. 270 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. .. 53.4 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. .. Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. .. Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. .. 171.2 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 77.0 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 55.3 0.0 Real interest rate (%) .. -9.6 .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 30.4 23.1 .. 36.9 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) .. .. .. .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) .. .. .. .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 674.5 643.8 662.3 2,772.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 39.7 35.6 .. 28.4 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.1 15.5 .. 30.7 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 98.0 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 .. Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.4 .. Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 53.7 43.0 -938.0 8,347.7 Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 6.0 .. 20,673.0 Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. 9.0 .. 23,016.0 56 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Upper middle income North Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 24.3 23.6 22.1   46.3 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 85.4 55.6 53.2 52.8 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 68.1 72.5 74.8 72.8 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 32.9 21.6 13.4 23.0 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 44.5 27.2 16.9 27.0 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. 99.8 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 89.0 93.0 98.0 96.2 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) .. .. .. 0.1 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) .. .. .. .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 1.1 .. 1.9 2.1 Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 3.0 Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. .. .. 25.6 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 88.9 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 99.9 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. .. .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 49.1 52.6 56.2 50.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 75.0 75.2 79.9 77.3 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 18.9 28.6 32.0 23.9 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 31.2 35.2 37.4 33.2 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 47.3 48.2 50.0 48.2 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 14.7 21.8 24.2 17.7 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 54.0 54.0 .. 95.3 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 55.0 55.0 .. 88.4 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 97.0 97.0 97.0 94.0 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 96.0 96.0 96.0 84.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 5.1 12.3 190.8 106.1 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. 39.4 Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.8 171.5 94.8 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 14.0 28.0 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.2 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -1.3 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.6 -1.9 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.2 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.8 -1.2 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -1.0 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -7.0 -7.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 8.3 13.8 8.5 2,729.9 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 0.0 0.0 .. 0.5 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 1.9 2.6 1.3 16.4 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 7.7 .. 17.4 1,579.3 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) .. .. 1.1 100.2 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 0.7 .. -9.9 794.9 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 57 Madagascar Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 11.3 15.4 20.7 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 250 250 430 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 3.1 3.9 8.7 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 3.1 4.8 1.6 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 289 252 243 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 0.1 1.5 -1.3 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 94.4 100.0 173.5 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 11.8 11.9 9.2 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 28.6 29.2 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 12.8 14.2 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 58.6 56.6 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -8.6 -6.7 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. -2.0 .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 12.0 11.7 11.9 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -11.4 -7.3 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 119.7 121.0 26.3 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 5.5 7.7 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 14.8 15.0 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 6.9 8.3 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 101.5 102.7 148.6 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 18.6 .. .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 3.5 2.3 3.7 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 17.8 .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 3 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 8 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 12.1 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 74 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 871 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 5 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 201 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 36.6 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 14.2 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 19.3 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 172.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 92.1 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 13.6 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 30 .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 30.6 28.2 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 0.0 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 12.9 18.0 37.9 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 16.4 8.8 11.7 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 42.7 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 20.0 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 48.1 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 40.8 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 39.4 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 54.6 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 2.2 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 17.0 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 45,057.0 14,950.6 20,716.2 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 7,165.2 27,663.4 5,409.3 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,945.3 1,889.8 2,986.5 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 16.6 30.7 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 28.0 38.0 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 82.8 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 22.4 83.0 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 4.5 .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 7.9 11.3 .. 20,501.5 58 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 76.4 72.9 69.8   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 91.8 93.8 86.0 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 50.7 59.7 66.5 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. 44.1 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 97.0 65.3 43.1 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 158.8 101.5 62.1 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 46.2 43.9 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. 500.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. 49.2 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 47.0 55.0 67.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 0.2 45.8 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.2 0.2 0.2 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 1.0 1.3 1.7 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 37.0 37.1 72.5 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 39.9 48.0 40.1 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 70.7 .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 70.2 .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 95.6 .. .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 87.4 88.1 87.5 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 89.6 90.5 89.5 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 85.3 85.9 85.4 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 74.0 75.1 72.8 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 74.5 75.8 73.6 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 73.5 74.3 72.1 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 75.0 75.0 74.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 15.0 24.0 34.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 15.0 18.0 21.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 7.0 10.0 12.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 0.8 37.9 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 1.0 .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.4 37.2 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 1.7 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.4 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.6 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.3 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.1 -0.8 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 -1.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -0.8 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.6 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.8 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -6.0 7.0 0.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 397.0 320.2 470.1 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 12.9 8.3 5.4 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 35.2 20.8 22.7 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 268.2 138.7 214.4 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) -1.2 -1.1 9.2 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 129.9 182.6 246.5 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 77.8 .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 59 Malawi Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 9.4 11.2 14.9 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.6 2.8 3.1 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 180 160 330 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 1.9 1.7 5.1 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 5.7 1.6 6.5 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 133 155 185 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 2.0 -1.2 3.2 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 151.3 100.0 183.2 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 11.8 29.6 7.4 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 45.0 39.5 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.9 17.9 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 26.1 42.5 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -4.6 -4.2 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 20.1 17.1 26.6 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -9.6 -9.7 -16.6 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 82.8 155.1 18.2 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 13.4 3.8 8.2 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.1 12.3 21.7 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.4 2.4 16.9 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 70.1 138.9 135.5 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 16.5 32.2 32.1 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 0.5 0.3 0.7 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 15.1 12.1 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 10 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 39 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 90.9 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 69 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 312 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 4 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 157 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 28.2 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 9.9 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 11.2 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 200.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 59.2 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 1.0 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 46 .. Business connection charge (US$) 51.3 20.2 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 702.7 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 9.3 17.3 16.5 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 10.9 9.1 16.0 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 12.8 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 4.1 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 22.8 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 15.6 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 51.0 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 37.6 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 2.7 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 21.8 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 178,406.2 35,811.2 34,858.8 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 36,476.1 306.6 2,653.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 991.6 1,675.5 2,205.7 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.8 25.6 30.6 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.4 35.3 47.2 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 190.4 137.8 101.1 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.9 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. 26.0 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 0.7 .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. 0.7 16.7 20,501.5 60 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 88.4 84.8 80.2   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 94.4 95.6 95.7 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 47.1 46.0 53.5 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 130.9 98.7 58.1 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 222.1 166.5 92.1 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 55.6 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. 1,100.0 1,100.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 54.6 47.8 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 81.0 73.0 93.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 2.9 56.5 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 7.2 14.2 11.0 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 11.0 64.0 51.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.0 .. 0.0 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 28.1 65.5 66.8 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 64.4 .. 79.3 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 73.7 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 86.5 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 80.9 92.8 101.3 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 77.4 78.8 82.6 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 79.1 80.6 80.3 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 75.9 77.0 84.9 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 55.3 58.9 59.7 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 50.6 56.1 53.9 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 59.8 61.7 65.5 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 91.0 93.0 95.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 35.0 57.0 80.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 48.0 49.0 49.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 38.0 45.0 51.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 0.8 21.5 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 2.0 .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.4 20.4 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 2.3 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.3 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 4.1 3.4 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.4 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.2 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 0.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.4 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.6 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.1 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -9.0 6.0 6.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 500.4 446.1 1,022.9 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 26.6 25.6 20.2 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 53.3 39.7 68.6 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 216.2 269.3 517.2 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.6 6.2 2.0 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 283.6 170.7 503.7 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 61 Mali Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 8.7 11.3 15.4 844.0 Population growth (%) 1.9 2.9 3.0 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 260 230 600 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 2.4 2.4 9.4 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -1.9 3.2 5.8 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 188 214 273 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -3.7 0.2 2.6 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 148.5 100.0 224.3 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 0.6 -0.7 1.1 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 45.5 41.6 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 15.9 20.6 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 38.6 37.9 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -9.1 -10.5 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. -3.4 .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 17.6 13.8 15.2 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -16.6 -12.6 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 101.9 122.2 24.7 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 6.4 12.0 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.0 24.6 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.4 15.9 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 28.1 55.2 80.4 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 6.7 16.5 37.7 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 0.6 1.9 5.8 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 15.3 22.0 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 4 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 8 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 90.5 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 29 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 620 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 270 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 51.8 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 12.9 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 16.5 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 179.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 32.9 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 5.3 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 14 .. Business connection charge (US$) 168.6 79.4 78.0 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 98.9 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 10.6 .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 12.8 16.5 18.0 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 24.8 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 15.9 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 17.3 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 26.3 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 48.1 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 33.5 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 6.4 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 12.2 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 33,651.0 10,616.9 18,779.9 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 4,598.8 359.9 6,415.8 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 726.4 1,006.5 1,614.6 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 17.1 26.8 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.7 39.4 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 130.8 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.9 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 5.7 78.4 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 106.9 69.2 .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 106.9 73.2 453.7 20,501.5 62 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 76.7 72.1 66.7   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 102.0 98.8 97.5 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 44.2 47.2 51.0 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. 33.0 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 131.0 113.4 99.2 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 255.4 213.2 178.1 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 43.0 55.0 63.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 70.2 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.4 1.7 1.0 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.5 6.9 4.4 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 29.4 54.8 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 39.8 65.3 50.4 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 57.6 71.1 81.9 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 52.8 52.7 54.2 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 67.1 67.7 70.9 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 39.6 38.5 37.9 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 40.5 40.5 40.9 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 49.9 49.7 50.3 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 31.0 31.1 31.2 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 53.0 70.0 87.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 20.0 36.0 51.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 33.0 34.0 35.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 10.0 12.0 14.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.1 0.4 49.2 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 48.4 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 2.7 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.6 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.7 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -0.7 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 0.2 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.2 -0.3 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -0.9 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.5 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.5 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 6.0 7.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 479.2 288.0 1,088.6 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 19.8 11.9 11.6 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 55.2 25.5 70.8 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 312.5 299.8 683.8 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 15.6 -1.1 0.3 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 151.1 -10.6 403.9 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 102.4 .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. C .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 63 Mauritania Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 2.0 2.6 3.5 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 490 530 1,000 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 1.0 1.3 3.6 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -1.8 -0.4 5.2 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 487 490 609 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -4.4 -3.3 2.7 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 104.8 100.0 171.5 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 6.6 3.3 6.3 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 29.6 36.7 17.1 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 28.8 28.0 43.9 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 41.6 35.3 38.9 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -0.9 .. .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 25.9 17.9 25.4 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -15.1 -15.3 -11.6 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 207.3 183.8 68.1 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 4.9 5.3 15.7 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 20.0 16.2 24.5 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 13.7 12.3 16.6 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 47.4 84.4 102.0 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 13.6 18.2 24.4 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 3.1 .. 4.4 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. 15.2 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 9 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 19 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 48.3 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 49 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 370 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 5 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 696 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 68.3 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 119.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 868.4 310.7 18.1 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 25.3 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 7.2 19.1 -2.0 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 36.2 .. 27.9 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 42,436.1 14,657.4 36,582.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,784.5 1,395.1 2,070.1 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 869.8 864.3 945.7 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.6 30.0 62.0 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 60.7 45.3 73.6 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 129.8 100.0 262.5 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.6 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 6.7 .. .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 13.7 .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 13.7 .. .. 20,501.5 64 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 60.3 60.0 58.6   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 90.5 83.0 74.1 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 55.9 57.0 58.2 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) 56.5 46.3 42.0 .. Gini index .. 39.0 40.5 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 80.3 77.0 75.3 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 124.1 115.6 111.2 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) 54.8 .. 23.0 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 38.0 62.0 67.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.2 0.6 0.7 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 0.5 1.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. 0.1 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 29.1 .. 74.8 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 44.4 45.0 37.2 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 51.2 57.5 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 61.3 67.7 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 68.9 93.1 101.2 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 48.2 51.1 54.6 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 78.6 79.0 79.9 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 18.9 23.6 29.0 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 36.0 38.0 39.9 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 56.8 56.9 56.8 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 14.7 18.4 22.4 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 36.0 45.0 52.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 26.0 37.0 48.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 29.0 38.0 51.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 8.0 9.0 9.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 1.3 81.4 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.6 79.3 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 3.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.2 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.3 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.7 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -0.9 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.1 -1.3 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.9 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.8 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.9 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -6.0 -2.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 236.2 223.5 374.4 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 23.2 17.3 10.4 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 118.4 84.6 108.2 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 106.4 82.5 105.6 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 24.7 2.7 18.3 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 105.1 138.2 250.5 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. C .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 65 Mauritius Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 1.1 1.2 1.3 844.0 Population growth (%) 0.9 1.0 0.5 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 2,440 3,870 7,780 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 2.7 4.6 9.7 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 7.2 9.0 4.1 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 2,575 3,861 5,181 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 6.2 8.0 3.7 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 97.3 100.0 146.4 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 13.5 4.2 2.9 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 12.9 7.0 3.6 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 32.8 31.0 27.0 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 54.4 62.1 69.4 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -4.5 -0.8 -8.2 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. -2.4 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 22.7 19.1 20.9 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -7.2 -0.6 -11.4 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 35.1 20.6 11.1 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 23.0 25.6 12.5 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 30.6 22.9 24.9 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.2 16.5 18.8 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 111.8 101.4 99.4 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 52.4 75.3 89.4 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 3.1 10.8 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 13.6 .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 5 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 6 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 3.6 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 22 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 645 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 161 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 25.0 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 10.3 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 9.8 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 136.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 18.6 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 3.2 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 39 .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 76.2 74.7 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 37.4 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 7.2 18.3 6.9 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 33.1 57.5 87.9 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 50.7 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 12.7 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 41.5 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 25.1 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 46.3 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 42.9 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 8.8 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 45.7 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 9,899.0 0.0 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 660.4 0.0 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 4,190.8 8,900.0 10,000.0 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 65.0 61.4 52.5 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 72.2 61.9 63.8 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 100.1 100.0 74.6 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.4 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 40.4 252.7 301.7 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. 177.0 226.4 20,501.5 66 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Upper middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 56.1 57.3 57.4   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 52.0 48.0 40.4 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 69.4 71.7 73.0 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 20.7 16.4 13.0 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 23.9 18.6 15.1 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) 91.1 .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 76.0 84.0 99.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 0.3 1.0 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 0.1 0.5 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.8 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 113.7 95.5 96.0 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 21.1 26.1 21.5 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) 79.9 84.3 87.9 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) 91.2 94.5 96.5 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 100.4 98.1 100.1 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 63.0 64.9 64.3 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 85.4 85.2 80.5 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 40.3 44.8 48.3 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 54.5 50.6 40.7 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 70.9 64.4 47.3 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 37.7 36.7 33.8 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 99.0 99.0 99.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 91.0 91.0 91.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 88.0 88.0 88.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 5.5 38.8 123.2 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.2 15.0 91.7 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 7.3 28.7 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 4.7 5.4 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.6 0.7 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 1.0 0.7 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.6 0.5 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.5 0.8 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.6 0.8 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.9 0.8 —  Revised Combined Polity Score 10.0 10.0 10.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 88.3 20.2 125.3 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 3.3 0.4 1.3 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 83.4 17.0 97.8 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 75.7 12.4 58.2 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.7 0.6 -2.0 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 11.9 7.2 69.1 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. 5.7 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 67 Morocco North Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 24.8 28.8 32.0 166.3 Population growth (%) 1.9 1.2 1.0 1.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 990 1,310 2,850 3,533 GDP ($ billions) 25.8 37.0 90.8 586.8 GDP growth (%) 4.0 1.6 3.7 4.2 GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,172 1,272 1,844 2,313 GDP per capita growth (%) 2.0 0.3 2.6 2.7 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 88.1 100.0 151.6 152.5 Consumer Price Index (% change) 6.8 1.9 1.0 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 18.3 14.9 15.4 11.9 Industry value added (% of GDP) 33.4 29.1 29.7 41.6 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 48.3 56.0 55.0 46.5 Current account balance (% of GDP) -0.8 -1.3 -4.3 0.3 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. -2.6 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 24.0 23.6 25.4 24.1 External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -5.4 -5.4 -9.9 -2.3 Total external debt (% of GDP) 96.8 55.8 28.0 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 19.9 20.2 25.2 25.6 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 24.0 26.0 30.7 .. Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.2 21.3 24.9 .. Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 67.7 92.5 111.4 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 37.5 38.1 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 10.9 9.5 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 23.5 .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 6 9 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 12 18 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 15.7 41.5 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 75 55 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 510 788 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 7 6 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 238 270 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 49.6 53.4 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. .. Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. .. Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 97.0 171.2 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 112.9 142.6 77.0 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 0.0 0.0 Real interest rate (%) 3.3 14.0 .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 19.6 51.0 68.7 36.9 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 199,204.9239,934.7 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 58,056.4 1,005.1 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,120.0 366.6 1,548.4 2,772.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 26.5 28.0 33.0 28.4 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 31.9 33.4 42.9 30.7 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 102.9 100.0 95.6 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 94.3 109.9 98.0 98.0 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.7 .. Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.3 .. Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 165.1 368.0 660.6 8,347.7 Workers remittances received ($ millions) 2,006.3 2,161.0 6,422.5 20,673.0 Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 2,006.3 2,161.0 6,422.5 23,016.0 68 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income North Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 51.6 46.7 43.3   46.3 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 77.1 62.0 50.4 52.8 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 64.1 68.7 71.9 72.8 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 66.8 46.2 30.4 23.0 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 85.9 55.3 35.5 27.0 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. 130.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 79.0 93.0 98.0 96.2 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.2 1.0 1.2 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.6 2.1 Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 3.0 Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 51.4 57.4 84.7 .. Student-teacher ratio, primary school 25.0 28.8 26.2 25.6 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 56.1 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 79.5 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 68.8 82.6 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 54.6 55.6 51.6 50.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 83.1 82.0 78.3 77.3 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 27.1 30.5 26.4 23.9 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 48.2 46.4 36.0 33.2 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 67.7 64.7 53.0 48.2 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 28.4 28.2 19.0 17.7 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 93.0 96.0 98.0 95.3 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 54.0 58.0 61.0 88.4 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 81.0 82.0 83.0 94.0 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 27.0 43.0 52.0 84.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 1.6 13.1 111.8 106.1 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. 24.9 39.4 39.4 Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 8.1 100.1 94.8 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.7 49.0 28.0 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 4.7 3.4 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 -0.2 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.8 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.5 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 -0.2 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.2 -0.2 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -8.0 -6.0 -6.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 1,241.1 434.4 992.5 2,729.9 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 4.8 1.2 1.1 0.5 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 50.1 15.1 31.1 16.4 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 595.4 293.1 598.9 1,579.3 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 554.2 11.5 11.3 100.2 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 91.5 129.8 382.4 794.9 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. 3.6 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 69 Mozambique Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 13.5 18.2 23.4 844.0 Population growth (%) 1.3 2.6 2.3 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 170 230 440 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 2.5 4.2 9.2 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 1.0 1.1 6.8 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 184 233 384 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -0.3 -1.5 4.4 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 98.6 100.0 102.6 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 47.0 12.7 12.7 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 37.1 24.0 31.9 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 18.4 24.5 23.4 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 44.5 51.5 44.8 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -16.9 -18.0 -12.1 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 12,768.9 11,480.3 18,057.1 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -27.9 -20.5 -18.7 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 186.8 169.6 44.8 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) -5.8 10.5 6.0 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 22.1 31.0 24.7 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 10.1 21.7 11.0 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 62.9 74.8 115.1 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 6.9 6.1 25.5 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 0.7 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 9 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 13 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 11.7 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 42 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 730 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 5 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 230 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 34.3 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 370.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 95.7 31.4 14.3 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. 6.3 5.7 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 17.6 16.7 26.8 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 385,918.9168,558.2 77,756.1 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 36,644.4 15,682.6 213.9 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 476.7 868.0 1,006.0 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 8.2 16.5 26.3 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 36.1 37.0 45.0 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 92.7 100.0 50.0 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 9.2 139.2 789.8 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. 33.4 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 70.4 36.8 131.9 20,501.5 70 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 78.9 69.3 61.6   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 99.4 88.8 90.1 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 43.2 47.2 49.7 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. 54.7 .. Gini index .. .. 45.7 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 146.2 118.9 92.2 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 218.7 176.7 135.0 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. 55.3 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. 500.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. 43.7 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 59.0 71.0 70.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 22.8 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 1.2 8.6 11.5 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 2.2 36.0 74.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 26.4 16.2 60.6 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 54.5 64.0 58.5 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 55.1 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 70.9 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 72.7 74.9 89.0 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 83.4 85.6 84.9 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 80.4 82.5 82.7 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 85.9 88.3 86.8 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 74.0 71.6 66.1 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 68.4 64.4 60.6 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 79.4 78.5 71.6 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 73.0 75.0 77.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 26.0 27.0 29.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 36.0 37.0 38.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 4.0 4.0 5.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.4 0.8 31.3 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.3 30.9 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 4.2 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.7 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 2.2 2.7 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.4 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.1 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 0.3 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.5 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.4 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -0.5 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 5.0 5.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 997.3 906.2 1,951.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 40.5 21.3 21.2 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 73.6 49.8 83.4 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 750.3 623.6 1,357.3 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.1 0.0 4.0 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 246.9 282.7 590.2 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 71 Namibia Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 1.4 1.9 2.3 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.9 2.4 1.8 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 1,720 1,950 4,250 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 2.4 3.9 11.1 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 2.5 3.5 6.6 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,831 2,062 2,696 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -1.4 1.0 4.7 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 90.7 100.0 180.9 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. .. 4.5 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 11.7 11.8 7.5 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 38.0 28.0 19.6 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 50.2 60.2 72.9 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) 1.2 4.9 0.3 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. -1.6 .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 31.7 33.4 27.3 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -15.5 -3.7 1.2 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 18.2 13.4 26.9 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 21.2 16.6 25.7 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 13.0 11.1 16.3 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 117.9 114.8 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 37.9 60.1 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 21.0 .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 10 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 66 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 17.2 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 39 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 270 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 5 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 375 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 9.8 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 139.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 38.3 40.1 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 40.1 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. -9.0 8.6 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 22.6 39.8 49.9 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 8,080.0 1,491.8 842.4 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,367.7 275.8 1.4 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 457.1 373.7 372.7 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 51.9 40.9 42.6 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 67.4 44.5 41.3 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 90.3 100.0 126.7 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.6 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 28.2 184.3 802.7 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 6.6 4.5 6.0 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 13.5 9.5 15.9 20,501.5 72 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Upper middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 72.3 67.6 62.0   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 88.8 77.6 66.9 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 60.8 57.7 62.1 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 49.3 48.7 29.3 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 73.1 73.9 40.1 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 75.5 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. 271.0 271.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 29.5 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) .. 69.0 75.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 3.4 34.0 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 1.6 15.3 13.1 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.5 6.7 6.7 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 91.4 .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. 31.6 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 88.5 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 93.0 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 110.8 103.7 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 57.5 57.8 66.0 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 66.2 65.8 71.6 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 49.3 50.2 60.5 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 37.2 30.9 39.8 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 40.1 33.5 41.7 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 34.4 28.2 37.8 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 99.0 99.0 99.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 51.0 72.0 90.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 62.0 60.0 57.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 9.0 13.0 17.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 3.7 10.1 73.9 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. 19.3 .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 4.3 67.2 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 1.6 6.5 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 5.4 4.4 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.5 0.3 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.4 0.3 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 0.8 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.2 0.1 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.3 0.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.2 0.2 —  Revised Combined Polity Score 6.0 6.0 6.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 119.6 152.3 256.4 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 5.1 3.9 2.3 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 84.5 80.3 112.3 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 39.4 96.8 211.3 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) .. 1.1 0.9 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 80.3 54.5 44.2 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 13.7 .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. C .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 73 Niger Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 7.8 10.9 15.5 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 300 180 360 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 2.5 1.8 5.4 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -1.3 -1.4 8.0 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 193 165 179 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -4.2 -4.8 4.2 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 164.6 100.0 194.5 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) -0.8 2.9 0.8 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 35.3 37.8 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 16.2 17.8 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 48.6 44.4 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -9.5 -5.8 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 10.2 9.3 .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -6.9 -7.9 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 70.9 95.0 20.8 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 1.2 3.5 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 11.4 11.2 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 4.0 4.6 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 26.0 32.6 66.3 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 6.0 7.0 13.4 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 0.8 .. 1.5 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 19.4 16.9 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 9 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 17 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 114.4 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 35 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 545 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 270 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 43.8 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 2.6 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 9.3 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 326.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 37.1 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 20.1 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 14 .. Business connection charge (US$) 304.9 42.1 30.3 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 48.1 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 17.9 .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 12.3 4.8 13.0 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 83.7 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 14.2 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 44.2 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 60.4 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 62.0 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 63.2 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 5.3 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 37.1 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 38,024.0 18,731.0153,672.2 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 2,033.9 1,589.7 1,494.4 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 310.3 289.6 489.5 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 15.0 17.8 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.0 25.7 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.6 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 40.8 9.1 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 13.1 4.6 .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 13.9 14.4 101.7 20,501.5 74 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 84.6 83.8 83.3   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 101.3 102.3 104.8 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 41.4 48.3 54.3 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. 34.6 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 131.6 97.8 72.5 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 311.0 217.8 143.3 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 15.7 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 54.2 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 25.0 37.0 71.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 5.8 63.7 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 1.0 0.8 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.2 2.9 4.3 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.0 .. 0.0 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 15.8 18.7 41.2 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 40.7 40.7 38.6 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 53.0 65.1 78.3 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 57.3 63.2 65.4 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 93.1 89.0 91.1 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 24.8 38.4 40.2 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 50.1 53.6 57.0 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 85.5 76.8 80.4 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 22.2 33.6 35.1 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 57.0 78.0 100.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 31.0 35.0 39.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 19.0 27.0 34.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 2.0 3.0 4.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.1 0.2 25.1 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 24.5 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 0.8 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.4 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.6 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -0.7 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 -0.6 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 -1.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -0.7 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -0.5 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -0.6 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 5.0 3.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 387.6 209.1 744.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 15.6 11.6 13.8 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 49.8 19.1 48.0 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 254.6 105.8 380.8 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 3.5 0.7 3.2 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 129.4 102.6 360.6 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. C .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 75 Nigeria Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 97.6 123.7 158.4 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 260 270 1,170 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 28.5 46.0 196.8 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 8.2 5.4 7.8 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 359 372 540 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 5.5 2.9 5.2 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 81.4 100.0 230.0 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 7.4 6.9 13.7 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) 17.5 16.2 1.3 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) .. 41.6 25.2 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 14.6 21.9 6.7 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 117.4 68.2 4.0 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) .. .. .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 84.2 97.9 83.3 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 24.3 24.3 44.0 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 8 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 34 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 70.6 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 82 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 457 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 5 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 938 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 32.7 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 85.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 105.7 .. .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 0.0 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 16.9 -12.2 7.6 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 9.4 12.5 29.0 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 0.0 1,100.0 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,147.9 1,171.5 1,413.0 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 43.4 54.0 37.9 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 28.8 32.0 31.2 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 82.7 81.4 117.9 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.9 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.4 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 587.9 1,140.1 5,133.3 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 10.0 1,391.8 19,650.7 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 10.0 1,391.8 10,045.0 20,501.5 76 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 64.7 57.5 50.2   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 92.2 86.4 85.9 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 45.6 46.3 51.4 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. 48.8 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 126.0 111.5 88.4 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 212.6 186.0 142.9 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) 30.8 .. 38.9 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. 550.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) 50.5 .. 41.0 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 54.0 33.0 71.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 29.1 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 1.3 3.9 3.6 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 10.0 200.0 220.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. 0.3 0.4 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 74.4 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 41.0 42.9 36.0 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 60.8 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 71.8 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 76.5 82.0 90.1 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 57.6 56.0 55.5 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 75.8 67.0 62.9 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 39.3 44.9 48.0 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 33.2 35.6 37.4 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 43.8 40.4 40.0 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 22.4 30.5 34.6 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 79.0 77.0 74.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 30.0 36.0 43.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 39.0 37.0 35.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 36.0 32.0 27.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 0.5 55.8 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 0.9 .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 55.1 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 28.4 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.4 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 1.2 2.4 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.0 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -0.8 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -2.0 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -1.2 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -0.8 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.2 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -5.0 4.0 4.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 255.1 173.7 2,062.0 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 0.9 0.4 1.0 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 2.6 1.4 13.0 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 181.7 84.4 849.2 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) .. 0.3 2.5 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 73.4 89.1 1,210.2 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 77 Rwanda Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 7.1 8.1 10.6 844.0 Population growth (%) -0.2 6.6 3.0 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 360 250 520 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 2.6 1.7 5.6 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -2.4 8.1 7.2 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 235 214 337 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -2.2 1.2 4.0 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 154.5 100.0 156.9 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 4.2 3.9 2.3 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 32.5 37.2 32.2 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 24.6 13.6 15.0 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 42.8 49.2 52.8 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -3.3 -5.4 -7.5 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) -5.4 .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 10.1 10.1 13.1 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -8.5 -17.0 -19.8 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 27.4 73.2 14.1 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 6.2 1.3 1.2 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 14.6 18.3 21.0 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 8.7 12.1 9.5 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 76.7 104.1 142.6 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 17.4 11.1 32.2 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 0.6 1.3 5.5 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 21.0 18.2 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 2 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 3 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 4.7 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 25 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 230 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 7 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 148 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 31.3 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 164.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 53.9 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 171.5 61.2 Real interest rate (%) -0.3 20.6 13.8 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 6.9 10.4 .. 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 5,429.8168,492.9 7,226.5 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 3,242.6 53,565.6 116.1 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,042.6 848.3 1,930.1 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 5.6 8.7 10.9 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 14.1 25.7 30.6 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 7.6 8.3 42.3 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 0.6 3.6 98.2 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 2.6 6.6 103.1 20,501.5 78 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 94.6 86.2 81.1   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 105.2 92.4 82.8 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 32.8 46.5 55.1 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. 60.4 44.9 .. Gini index .. 51.5 51.5 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 98.5 105.7 59.1 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 162.8 176.7 91.1 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 31.3 69.0 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. 1,100.0 1,100.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 48.3 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 83.0 74.0 82.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 5.0 69.8 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 5.2 3.8 2.9 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 8.4 15.0 4.1 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 49.2 22.9 69.6 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 57.1 54.0 64.6 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 64.9 70.7 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 77.6 77.2 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 94.8 96.6 101.9 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 89.7 87.4 87.2 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 89.5 86.4 86.2 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 89.8 88.3 88.2 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 80.7 75.9 73.6 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 79.6 74.8 72.1 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 81.8 77.1 75.0 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 95.0 86.0 76.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 64.0 63.0 63.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 69.0 60.0 52.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 34.0 45.0 56.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.1 0.7 33.8 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. 1.1 0.3 .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.5 33.4 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 13.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.8 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 4.0 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 0.5 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.6 -1.3 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.8 -0.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -0.1 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -0.2 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.3 -0.3 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -4.0 -4.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 287.9 321.5 1,032.2 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 11.1 18.5 18.4 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 40.5 39.7 97.2 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 183.2 175.4 547.8 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 10.3 0.1 2.0 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 94.5 145.9 482.4 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) 89.1 .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. A .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 79 São Tomé and Príncipe Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 0.1 0.1 0.2 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.2 1.8 1.8 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) .. .. 1,250 1,202 GDP ($ billions) .. .. 0.2 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) .. .. 4.5 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) .. .. .. 653 GDP per capita growth (%) .. .. 2.7 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) .. .. .. 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. 9.6 12.9 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) .. .. -53.4 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) .. .. 84.6 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) .. .. .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 136.3 .. 130.7 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 50.9 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 4.5 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 4 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 10 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 24.5 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 62 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 1,185 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 3 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 424 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 32.5 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 211.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 53.9 22.7 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 113.1 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. .. 15.3 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) .. .. 38.8 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 6,190.6 4,214.2 3,345.5 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 816.2 498.8 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,928.6 2,230.0 3,000.0 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) .. .. .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. .. .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.6 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. 3.8 24.5 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 0.1 0.5 2.0 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 0.3 0.5 2.0 20,501.5 80 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 56.4 46.6 37.8   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 104.1 88.3 79.2 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 60.9 62.4 64.3 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. 66.2 .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 61.0 57.1 53.1 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 93.8 87.0 79.9 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 78.6 81.7 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. 160.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 35.2 31.6 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 71.0 69.0 92.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 22.8 56.2 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) .. .. .. 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) .. .. .. .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.5 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 77.9 .. 85.3 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 35.5 .. 26.2 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 88.8 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 95.3 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. .. 100.4 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 60.1 58.4 62.1 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 81.1 76.6 78.9 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 39.9 40.8 45.8 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 44.2 41.2 40.8 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 60.7 55.9 54.4 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 27.3 26.3 26.8 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 86.0 89.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 70.0 88.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 27.0 30.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 15.0 19.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 1.9 3.3 66.8 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 62.0 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 4.6 18.8 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.0 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 3.0 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.4 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.3 0.1 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 1.1 0.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.7 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -0.8 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.7 —  Revised Combined Polity Score .. .. .. —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 54.1 34.9 49.3 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) .. .. 24.5 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 466.1 247.4 298.1 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 31.0 17.7 33.0 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) .. .. .. 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 23.1 17.2 16.3 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 81 Senegal Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 7.2 9.5 12.4 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 740 530 1,080 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 5.7 4.7 12.9 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -0.7 3.2 4.1 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 478 494 562 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -3.6 0.6 1.4 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 165.1 100.0 184.1 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 0.3 0.7 1.3 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 19.9 19.1 17.4 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 22.2 23.2 22.4 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 57.9 57.6 60.2 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -6.4 -7.1 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. -0.9 .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 16.7 16.9 19.4 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -6.8 -9.3 -18.2 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 65.7 77.2 28.6 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 2.4 11.2 10.8 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.0 22.4 29.0 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 13.9 17.9 18.2 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 54.8 70.6 86.8 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 15.0 16.5 37.4 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 7.9 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 3 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 5 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 68.0 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 122 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 780 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 666 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 46.0 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 210.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 32.9 46.5 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 50.5 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 16.0 .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 26.4 18.7 25.9 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 59,951.8 39,441.2 22,771.4 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 3,517.2 11,479.4 18,052.6 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 795.0 879.4 1,196.5 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 25.4 27.9 24.8 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 32.2 37.2 43.0 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 109.8 100.0 91.6 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 66.4 62.3 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 90.8 179.2 .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 142.1 233.5 1,350.4 20,501.5 82 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 61.0 59.4 57.1   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 98.3 92.1 85.5 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 53.2 55.7 59.0 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. 46.7 .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 69.7 63.3 49.8 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 138.6 118.8 75.2 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 57.8 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 29.5 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 51.0 48.0 60.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 1.7 29.2 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.2 0.6 0.9 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.5 1.6 2.6 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. 0.1 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 41.9 40.3 59.2 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 57.6 50.9 33.7 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 49.7 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 65.0 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 67.4 82.3 99.9 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 76.8 77.2 78.0 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 90.7 89.8 89.7 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 63.1 65.0 66.9 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 68.5 67.5 66.6 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 82.6 81.2 79.6 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 54.2 53.8 53.3 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 88.0 90.0 93.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 43.0 49.0 56.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 62.0 66.0 70.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 22.0 31.0 39.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.6 4.8 69.9 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 14.5 .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 2.6 67.1 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.4 16.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.7 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 3.5 2.9 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.7 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.2 -0.3 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -0.4 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.5 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 -0.3 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 -0.4 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -1.0 8.0 7.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 811.7 431.2 927.7 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 14.2 9.2 7.2 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 112.1 45.4 74.6 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 589.2 288.5 534.4 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 2.4 -2.9 13.9 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 220.1 145.6 379.5 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 72.2 .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. C .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 83 Seychelles Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 0.1 0.1 0.1 844.0 Population growth (%) 0.9 0.9 -0.9 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 5,020 7,420 10,460 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.4 0.6 1.0 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 7.0 4.3 6.7 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 5,645 7,579 8,788 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 6.1 3.3 7.7 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 93.3 100.0 126.7 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 3.9 6.3 -2.4 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.8 3.0 .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 16.3 29.0 .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 78.9 68.0 .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -3.5 -7.0 -23.4 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. -13.9 1.5 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 47.7 40.3 28.9 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -4.3 -3.3 .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 50.1 49.4 156.8 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 20.3 21.9 .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 23.0 25.2 .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 14.8 13.8 .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 112.5 117.2 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 104.5 119.2 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 10 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 39 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 16.0 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 33 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 915 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 4 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 76 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 32.2 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 126.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 78.9 52.4 46.1 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 60.9 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 9.5 9.4 18.5 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 10.0 22.3 27.9 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 499.7 0.0 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 235.1 0.0 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) .. .. .. 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 62.5 78.2 .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 66.7 81.4 .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 77.7 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.6 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 19.1 13.8 161.2 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 7.1 3.0 16.5 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 7.5 3.2 17.4 20,501.5 84 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Upper middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 50.7 49.0 44.7   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) .. .. .. 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) .. .. 73.0 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. 42.7 42.7 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 14.0 11.6 11.7 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 16.6 13.8 13.5 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 86.0 97.0 99.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) .. .. .. 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) .. .. .. .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 106.6 133.1 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. 14.7 12.5 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 103.0 104.0 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) .. .. .. 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) .. .. .. 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) .. .. .. 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) .. .. .. 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) .. .. .. 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) .. .. .. 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 84.0 100.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. .. .. 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 94.0 98.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. .. .. 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 12.4 57.4 160.5 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 33.0 135.9 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 7.2 41.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 4.8 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.5 0.3 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 0.1 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 1.2 0.8 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 0.2 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -0.6 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.6 0.0 —  Revised Combined Polity Score .. .. .. —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 35.6 23.1 56.0 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 9.6 3.8 5.8 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 508.0 284.7 647.7 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 32.7 3.3 29.3 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) -0.2 11.6 17.1 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 3.0 8.2 9.7 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 8.7 18.9 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 85 Sierra Leone Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 4.0 4.1 5.9 844.0 Population growth (%) 1.3 2.8 2.2 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 200 150 340 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.6 0.6 1.9 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 3.4 3.8 5.0 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 255 153 268 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 2.1 0.9 2.7 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 64.0 100.0 121.3 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. .. 16.6 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 46.9 58.4 49.0 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 19.2 28.4 20.7 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 33.9 13.3 30.4 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -10.7 -17.7 -16.8 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. -9.3 .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 12.8 11.4 17.8 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -1.3 -21.2 -12.4 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 181.1 187.1 40.7 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 8.7 -14.3 3.3 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 9.6 6.9 15.8 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 5.7 1.7 8.0 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 51.5 70.4 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 16.5 .. .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 1.4 1.7 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 6 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 12 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 93.3 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 86 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 515 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 357 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 32.1 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 0.0 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 12.2 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 238.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 14.8 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 15.9 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 21 .. Business connection charge (US$) 66.0 46.8 0.0 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) -10.6 19.0 6.0 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 3.2 2.1 10.4 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 36.9 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 15.5 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 14.2 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 42.5 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 34.6 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 53.4 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 11.4 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 16.0 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 7,783.1 20,242.1 21,530.9 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 2,130.5 5,551.4 593.6 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,201.7 1,078.2 1,553.5 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.4 18.1 17.1 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 23.8 39.3 29.5 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 129.3 144.7 110.2 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.6 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 32.4 39.0 86.6 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 7.1 41.6 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 0.0 7.1 57.5 20,501.5 86 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 67.1 64.5 61.6   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 81.6 80.2 81.4 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 38.7 39.7 47.4 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) 81.6 .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 162.1 141.9 113.7 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 276.0 232.8 174.0 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 41.7 42.4 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. 1,800.0 860.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) 40.9 38.4 37.4 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) .. 37.0 82.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 1.5 25.8 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 0.9 1.6 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 1.0 2.8 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 36.0 .. .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 40.9 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 57.6 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 61.8 .. .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 67.4 66.4 68.7 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 68.3 63.9 69.6 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 66.5 68.7 67.8 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 40.8 40.6 44.2 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 35.1 35.2 39.8 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 45.9 45.9 48.5 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 63.0 75.0 87.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 26.0 30.0 35.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 22.0 22.0 23.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 5.0 5.0 6.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 0.7 34.3 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.3 34.1 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 .. 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.3 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.4 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -0.8 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.6 -0.2 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.0 -0.2 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -1.2 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -0.7 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -0.9 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 0.0 7.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 59.3 180.6 466.9 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 9.1 28.4 24.4 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 14.9 43.6 79.6 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 39.9 115.6 199.5 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.1 .. 0.9 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 19.3 65.0 266.4 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 98.8 .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. C .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 87 Somalia Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 6.6 7.4 9.3 844.0 Population growth (%) 0.4 2.8 2.3 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 150 .. .. 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 0.9 .. .. 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -1.5 .. .. 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) .. .. .. 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -1.9 .. .. 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) .. .. .. 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) .. .. .. .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 65.5 .. .. 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) .. .. .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -28.0 .. .. -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 258.5 .. .. .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) -12.5 .. .. 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 14.9 .. .. 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. .. .. 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. .. 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. .. 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. .. 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. .. 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. .. 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. .. 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. .. 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. .. 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. .. 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) .. .. .. 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 73,328.3 50,948.0 71,057.4 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 15,323.8 7,210.1 1,270.2 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 793.1 733.0 432.0 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 9.8 .. .. 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 37.7 .. .. 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) .. .. .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.7 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. .. .. 20,501.5 88 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 70.3 66.8 62.6   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 90.0 88.3 91.0 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 44.5 48.3 50.9 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 108.3 108.3 108.3 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 180.0 180.0 180.0 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 29.2 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 30.0 24.0 46.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 0.2 0.7 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.2 0.5 1.6 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. .. .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. .. .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 57.9 58.5 58.7 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 80.0 79.7 78.9 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 36.5 37.9 39.0 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 48.8 47.3 45.0 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 64.0 61.6 58.2 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 33.7 33.1 31.8 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 35.0 66.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 15.0 7.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) .. 45.0 52.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) .. 10.0 6.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.2 1.4 8.0 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 1.1 6.9 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 .. 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 1.1 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.8 -1.7 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.9 -2.0 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.1 -3.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.3 -2.2 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.5 -2.4 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.3 -2.4 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 0.0 0.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 514.8 102.2 497.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 56.1 .. .. 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 78.0 13.8 53.3 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 269.6 56.4 308.3 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 105.4 1.4 8.4 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 139.8 44.4 180.7 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 89 South Africa Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 35.2 44.0 50.0 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.0 2.5 1.4 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 3,390 3,050 6,090 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 112.0 132.9 363.5 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -0.3 4.2 2.9 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 3,152 3,020 3,753 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -2.3 1.6 1.5 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 101.0 100.0 193.7 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 14.3 5.3 4.3 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 4.6 3.3 2.5 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 40.1 31.8 30.8 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 55.3 64.9 66.7 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) 1.4 -0.1 -2.8 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. -2.0 .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 52.6 44.7 .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 5.5 3.0 -0.2 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) .. 18.7 12.4 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 23.2 18.9 19.1 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 19.1 15.1 19.6 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 15.3 12.4 11.9 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 106.9 105.9 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 66.0 85.3 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 12.0 .. .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 18.1 19.2 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 5 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 19 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 0.3 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 23 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 600 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 8 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 200 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 33.1 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 127.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 29.9 67.1 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 81.7 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 4.7 5.2 1.8 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 81.0 133.7 145.6 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 5,000.0 0.0 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,056.0 3,044.6 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,877.3 2,755.3 4,161.8 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 24.2 27.9 27.3 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 18.8 24.9 27.5 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 109.2 100.0 135.6 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 116.3 93.3 101.2 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.6 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.3 0.3 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) -103.7 691.7 1,385.6 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 135.6 343.7 1,119.3 20,501.5 90 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Upper middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 48.0 43.1 38.3   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 72.8 59.6 53.3 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 61.5 54.8 52.1 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. 38.0 38.0 .. Gini index .. 57.8 63.1 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 46.6 54.3 40.7 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 59.8 77.9 56.6 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. 23.9 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 79.0 72.0 65.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.7 16.1 17.8 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 2.9 170.0 310.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 86.4 .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. 33.5 .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 103.5 100.4 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 50.7 54.7 55.2 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 66.4 63.2 63.2 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 35.3 46.5 47.2 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 30.0 28.7 26.5 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 35.2 31.4 29.2 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 24.8 26.0 23.8 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 98.0 98.0 99.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 66.0 71.0 79.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 82.0 84.0 86.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 60.0 63.0 67.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 9.4 30.2 109.2 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. 16.7 .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 18.6 100.5 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 5.4 12.3 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 5.0 4.5 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.6 0.1 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.7 0.5 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.2 0.0 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.7 0.3 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.5 0.4 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.1 0.1 —  Revised Combined Polity Score 5.0 9.0 9.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) .. 486.4 1,030.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) .. 0.4 0.3 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) .. 11.1 20.6 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) .. 355.5 821.6 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) .. 0.1 1.8 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) .. 130.8 207.2 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 1.3 .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 91 Sudan Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 20.5 27.6 33.6 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.4 2.4 1.9 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 510 320 1,300 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 12.4 12.4 67.0 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -5.5 8.4 4.5 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 267 362 524 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -7.7 5.8 1.9 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 175.7 100.0 293.6 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 65.2 8.0 13.0 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 40.6 41.7 23.6 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 15.3 21.5 33.0 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 44.2 36.8 43.3 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -3.0 -4.2 0.2 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 10.2 10.3 .. .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -3.0 -2.4 0.9 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 119.0 129.2 32.6 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 8.2 15.9 24.2 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 10.4 12.1 20.4 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) .. 9.7 13.1 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 47.9 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 25.3 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 2.5 6.1 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) 4.5 .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 10 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 36 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 31.4 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 9 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 810 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 0 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 180 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 36.1 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 270.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 123.0 38.9 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 47.7 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 5.1 2.2 11.6 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 196,333.5152,463.5 472,704.1 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 27,578.3 28,333.7 2,576.3 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 455.7 505.2 451.7 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 4.0 15.3 19.8 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 7.1 17.7 18.9 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 124.3 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. 392.2 2,063.7 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 61.9 638.2 1,290.9 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 61.9 640.8 1,419.6 20,501.5 92 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 73.4 63.9 54.8   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 88.6 83.7 77.5 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 52.5 57.0 61.1 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. 46.5 .. Gini index .. .. 35.3 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 78.4 72.1 66.4 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 124.9 113.5 103.3 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) 69.4 .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 47.6 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 57.0 58.0 90.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 0.4 25.3 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 0.3 1.1 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 1.0 3.0 12.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. 0.2 0.3 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 36.7 .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school .. .. .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. .. .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 53.4 53.1 54.6 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 79.0 75.9 76.8 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 27.7 30.2 32.2 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 42.1 35.7 35.3 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 59.0 44.6 43.3 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 24.7 26.7 26.9 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 84.0 76.0 67.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 58.0 55.0 52.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 51.0 48.0 44.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 18.0 16.0 14.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.2 1.2 41.4 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 40.5 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.0 .. 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.4 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 1.6 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -1.3 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.7 -1.7 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -2.3 -2.7 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -1.4 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -1.4 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -1.3 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -7.0 -2.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 848.2 224.7 2,075.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 6.8 1.8 3.1 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 41.5 8.2 61.8 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 420.0 90.3 1,509.3 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 43.0 103.7 50.1 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 385.2 30.7 487.1 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 93 Swaziland Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 0.9 1.0 1.1 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.4 0.1 1.1 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 1,240 1,600 2,930 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 1.1 1.5 3.7 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 21.0 1.8 2.0 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,320 1,508 1,811 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 17.0 1.6 0.8 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 97.9 100.0 193.4 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 13.1 12.2 4.5 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 10.4 12.2 8.0 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 43.2 43.9 46.5 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 46.5 43.9 45.5 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) 4.6 -3.0 -10.5 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. -0.8 .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 22.5 25.2 25.4 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -9.9 -13.7 -13.4 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 23.0 17.4 16.7 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 5.3 4.4 -2.3 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 14.5 18.1 11.1 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 10.1 12.4 5.3 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 94.0 94.8 115.8 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. 41.9 58.1 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 4.0 4.5 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. 16.0 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 12 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 56 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 29.2 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 21 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 972 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 2 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 104 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 36.8 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 95.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 25.5 41.1 48.6 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 316.3 61.2 Real interest rate (%) -12.2 3.7 3.4 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 16.4 12.5 23.0 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 6,481.6 0.0 16,815.6 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 3,236.3 0.0 399.7 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,284.0 1,628.0 1,225.7 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 59.0 74.3 54.8 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 68.9 88.0 68.2 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 104.5 100.0 99.4 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 22.5 73.6 131.8 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. 1.9 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 112.8 56.9 54.7 20,501.5 94 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 77.1 76.7 74.5   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 103.4 90.8 71.7 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 59.3 48.7 48.3 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. 51.5 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 69.6 76.7 55.1 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 96.1 114.0 77.7 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 70.0 82.0 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 36.6 40.4 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 85.0 92.0 94.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 0.1 .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 2.3 22.3 25.9 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.5 5.7 7.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 0.2 .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 62.7 60.7 76.9 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 32.7 31.3 32.3 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 79.6 86.9 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 88.4 93.4 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. 96.1 94.0 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 57.1 57.5 58.0 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 74.8 72.8 71.8 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 43.0 43.9 44.9 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 46.9 45.1 44.5 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 55.4 52.6 51.6 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 39.5 37.9 37.3 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 87.0 88.0 91.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 25.0 41.0 65.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 62.0 63.0 64.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 44.0 49.0 55.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 1.6 6.4 73.6 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 3.1 61.8 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 1.0 9.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 3.2 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.2 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.5 -1.3 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 -0.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -0.5 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.6 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -0.5 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -10.0 -9.0 -9.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 53.6 13.1 91.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 4.8 0.9 2.5 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 62.1 13.0 86.6 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 36.1 2.8 31.1 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 0.1 0.2 0.7 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 17.4 10.2 59.7 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 3.9 .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. D .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 95 Tanzania Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 25.5 34.0 44.8 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.2 2.5 3.0 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 200 310 530 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 4.3 10.2 22.9 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 7.0 4.9 7.0 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 305 308 459 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 3.7 2.3 3.9 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 56.4 100.0 114.8 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 35.8 5.9 6.2 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 46.0 33.5 28.1 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 17.7 19.2 25.5 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 36.4 47.3 46.5 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -13.1 -4.2 -8.6 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 14.7 9.5 14.9 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -24.8 -6.8 -11.7 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 151.4 70.1 37.8 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 1.3 10.1 17.2 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.8 16.4 28.4 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 15.3 12.4 20.1 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 69.7 68.3 102.3 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 5.0 .. .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 2.1 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. 18.3 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 12 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 29 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 28.8 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 73 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 462 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 3 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 172 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 45.5 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 303.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 33.8 45.0 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) .. 13.0 7.1 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 13.9 4.1 16.2 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 29,404.1 60,824.0 37,197.3 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 4,194.8 1,627.8 83.4 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,506.5 1,441.3 1,332.5 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 12.6 13.4 26.1 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 37.5 20.1 37.8 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 90.8 100.0 126.2 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. 463.4 433.4 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. 10.9 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. 8.0 24.8 20,501.5 96 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 81.1 77.7 73.6   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 95.2 91.0 91.8 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 50.6 50.4 57.4 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. 35.6 35.6 .. Gini index .. 34.6 34.6 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 95.2 80.5 60.2 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 154.8 130.2 92.4 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. 48.9 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. 450.0 .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. 42.5 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 80.0 78.0 92.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 63.6 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 4.8 7.3 5.6 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 21.0 110.0 86.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 89.9 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 34.9 41.4 50.8 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 72.9 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 77.4 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 97.1 .. .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 90.4 90.2 90.6 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 92.0 91.4 91.2 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 88.9 89.1 90.0 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 82.7 82.1 81.0 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 83.0 82.0 80.7 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 82.4 82.1 81.2 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 94.0 86.0 79.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 46.0 45.0 44.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 10.0 15.0 20.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 6.0 7.0 7.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 0.8 47.2 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.3 46.8 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 11.0 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.8 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 2.5 2.7 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -0.5 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.1 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 0.0 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.5 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.4 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.5 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -6.0 -1.0 -1.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 1,163.2 1,063.9 2,958.2 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 27.3 10.4 12.9 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 45.7 31.3 66.0 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 844.1 779.0 1,655.5 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 3.2 -1.7 4.9 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 315.8 286.6 1,297.8 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. A .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 97 Togo Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 3.7 4.8 6.0 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.5 3.0 2.1 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 410 300 550 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 1.6 1.3 3.2 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -0.2 -0.8 3.7 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 284 270 265 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -2.7 -3.7 1.5 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 156.2 100.0 199.0 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 1.0 1.9 1.8 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 33.8 35.1 42.8 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 22.5 18.3 15.7 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 43.7 46.5 41.5 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -5.2 -10.8 .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. 0.6 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 22.6 12.6 17.0 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -11.9 -13.2 -16.5 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 78.6 110.5 54.4 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 14.7 2.0 2.4 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 25.3 14.5 18.9 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.0 11.4 11.0 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 89.6 117.8 139.6 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 20.8 33.7 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 2.3 .. .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 23.2 .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 7 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 84 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 177.2 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 295 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 588 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 6 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 270 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 49.5 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. 6.7 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. 9.0 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 309.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. 53.9 .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. 11.1 .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. 51 .. Business connection charge (US$) 524.9 153.1 71.5 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 119.1 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 12.6 .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 22.6 16.0 22.8 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 70.2 .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. 33.5 .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 22.6 .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 43.5 .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 58.6 .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 50.9 .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 3.1 .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. 17.2 .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 10,688.3 4,000.0 2,164.9 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,839.8 12.4 5.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 746.8 1,058.3 1,187.4 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 33.5 34.4 37.3 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 45.3 47.6 53.8 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 120.3 100.0 68.2 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 123.1 89.2 98.1 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.6 0.6 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 18.2 41.5 .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) 26.9 15.7 .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 26.9 34.2 334.5 20,501.5 98 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 69.9 63.5 56.6   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 96.5 86.4 75.6 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 53.0 54.8 56.6 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 87.4 76.0 66.0 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 147.1 123.7 103.4 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 48.6 60.1 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. 26.9 .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 73.0 58.0 84.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. 2.0 56.9 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.6 3.6 3.2 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.5 5.6 7.7 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.1 .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 35.0 69.0 73.7 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 55.6 37.5 40.6 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. 53.2 .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. 74.4 .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 58.1 69.0 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 76.6 80.3 82.2 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 85.2 82.9 82.3 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 68.3 77.8 82.2 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 64.7 65.9 66.2 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 70.1 66.3 64.2 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 59.3 65.5 68.2 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 79.0 84.0 89.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 36.0 38.0 40.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 26.0 26.0 26.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 8.0 5.0 3.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.3 1.9 44.2 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 1.0 40.7 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 1.9 5.4 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.9 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. .. 2.4 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -1.0 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -1.0 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.2 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.2 -1.4 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -0.9 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.6 -0.9 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -2.0 -2.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 258.2 69.6 418.9 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 15.9 5.4 13.2 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 70.5 14.5 69.5 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 155.0 52.0 252.8 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) -0.6 1.4 0.8 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 103.9 16.2 165.3 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. 91.6 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 99 Tunisia North Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 8.2 9.6 10.5 166.3 Population growth (%) 2.4 1.1 1.0 1.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 1,430 2,300 4,140 3,533 GDP ($ billions) 12.3 21.5 44.2 586.8 GDP growth (%) 7.9 4.3 3.0 4.2 GDP per capita (2000 $) 1,661 2,245 3,144 2,313 GDP per capita growth (%) 5.4 3.1 1.9 2.7 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 90.7 100.0 133.4 152.5 Consumer Price Index (% change) 6.5 3.0 4.4 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 17.7 11.3 8.0 11.9 Industry value added (% of GDP) 33.6 30.4 32.3 41.6 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 48.7 58.3 59.7 46.5 Current account balance (% of GDP) -3.8 -3.8 -4.8 0.3 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) -3.2 -2.4 -1.3 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 27.1 21.7 22.9 24.1 External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -7.0 -3.4 -5.3 -2.3 Total external debt (% of GDP) 62.6 52.7 48.8 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 20.0 22.7 21.1 25.6 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 24.4 25.2 24.3 .. Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 15.6 21.1 .. .. Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 112.6 115.0 .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 44.0 76.1 .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 7.9 19.3 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 17.4 .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 10 9 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 11 18 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 4.2 41.5 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 39 55 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 565 788 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 5 6 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 144 270 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 62.9 53.4 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. .. Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. .. Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 88.0 171.2 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 136.6 58.4 14.0 77.0 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 0.0 0.0 Real interest rate (%) .. .. .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 55.1 60.0 68.8 36.9 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 371,830.3 3,785.1 0.0 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 10,260.0 0.0 0.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,144.6 977.1 1,702.1 2,772.2 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 43.6 39.5 48.8 28.4 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 50.6 42.9 54.1 30.7 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 107.6 100.0 96.1 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 115.1 117.9 93.6 98.0 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.5 .. Import diversification index (%) .. 0.4 0.4 .. Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 77.4 750.7 1,334.5 8,347.7 Workers remittances received ($ millions) 551.0 796.0 1,724.8 20,673.0 Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 551.0 796.0 2,063.3 23,016.0 100 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Upper middle income North Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 42.1 36.6 32.7   46.3 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 74.5 57.2 43.7 52.8 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 70.3 72.6 74.6 72.8 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) 6.7 4.2 4.2 .. Gini index 40.2 40.8 40.8 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 39.0 23.8 13.8 23.0 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 49.3 28.4 16.1 27.0 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 89.9 .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. 16.8 .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 93.0 95.0 97.0 96.2 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. .. .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.5 .. 1.2 2.1 Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. 0.0 3.0 Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 80.3 88.2 .. .. Student-teacher ratio, primary school 29.7 23.2 .. 25.6 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 84.6 97.6 .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 50.5 50.6 50.7 50.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 79.1 75.7 74.0 77.3 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 22.1 25.6 27.5 23.9 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 41.4 36.4 33.0 33.2 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 56.1 47.7 43.8 48.2 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 26.3 24.9 21.8 17.7 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 95.0 98.0 99.0 95.3 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 62.0 77.0 .. 88.4 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 95.0 95.0 96.0 94.0 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 44.0 57.0 .. 84.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 3.7 11.2 117.6 106.1 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. 29.3 24.1 39.4 Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 1.3 106.0 94.8 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 2.7 36.6 28.0 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. .. —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 5.2 4.3 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.0 -0.1 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.7 -1.3 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.2 0.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.5 0.2 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 0.0 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 0.1 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -5.0 -3.0 -4.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 392.5 221.7 550.4 2,729.9 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 3.2 1.0 1.2 0.5 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 48.1 23.2 52.2 16.4 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 212.9 162.3 355.3 1,579.3 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 101.5 -11.2 2.9 100.2 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 78.1 70.6 192.2 794.9 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) 10.5 4.1 4.6 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 101 Uganda Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 17.7 24.2 33.4 844.0 Population growth (%) 3.5 3.1 3.2 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 320 260 500 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 4.3 6.2 17.2 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 6.5 3.1 5.9 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 186 256 380 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 2.8 0.0 2.6 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 130.7 100.0 135.4 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 33.1 3.4 4.0 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 56.6 29.4 24.2 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 11.1 22.9 25.5 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 32.4 47.7 50.3 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -6.1 -5.8 -10.8 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. -1.9 .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 6.8 10.8 12.6 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -12.1 -11.4 -10.2 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 60.5 56.5 17.4 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 0.6 8.0 13.3 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 12.7 19.2 23.3 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 6.5 13.2 17.7 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 69.3 131.3 121.1 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 11.2 16.3 28.1 .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 1.1 2.6 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 16 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 34 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 84.5 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 48 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 490 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 2 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 213 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 35.7 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 125.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) .. 103.4 67.8 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 135.5 61.2 Real interest rate (%) -4.0 10.6 9.7 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) .. 6.2 15.6 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 32,090.9 70,765.7 77,181.8 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 14,303.5 14,183.7 911.4 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,497.6 1,539.4 1,607.9 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 7.2 10.7 23.8 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 19.4 22.1 33.9 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 91.7 100.0 71.2 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 158.2 112.7 111.4 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.9 0.7 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) .. 160.7 547.3 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. 238.1 768.0 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. 238.1 914.5 20,501.5 102 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 88.9 87.9 86.7   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 102.8 106.0 103.8 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 47.4 46.1 53.6 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. 24.5 .. Gini index .. .. 44.3 .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 105.8 87.7 63.0 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 174.9 144.3 98.9 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 52.0 57.0 55.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 32.8 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 10.2 7.3 6.5 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 37.0 89.0 64.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 57.2 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 28.5 59.4 48.6 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. .. .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 77.9 91.1 98.5 .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 83.0 82.7 78.5 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 82.4 83.1 79.9 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 83.7 82.3 77.0 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 64.8 65.4 59.9 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 62.6 63.5 60.2 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 67.0 67.3 59.6 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 78.0 86.0 95.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 39.0 54.0 68.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 32.0 33.0 34.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 26.0 30.0 34.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.2 0.8 39.4 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 0.5 38.4 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 12.5 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.8 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 2.3 2.5 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -0.9 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.0 -0.5 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.3 -1.1 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.4 -0.6 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. 0.1 -0.1 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -0.4 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -7.0 -4.0 -1.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 663.1 853.3 1,723.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 15.4 13.8 10.0 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 37.5 35.2 51.6 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 244.4 578.2 1,033.0 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 42.6 5.9 4.5 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 376.1 269.2 685.9 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. 96.5 .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. A .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 103 Zambia Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 7.9 10.2 12.9 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.7 2.5 1.6 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 440 310 1,070 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 3.3 3.2 16.2 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) -0.5 3.6 7.6 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 385 317 432 653 GDP per capita growth (%) -3.2 1.0 5.9 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 108.6 100.0 289.8 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 107.0 26.0 8.5 .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 20.6 22.3 9.2 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 51.3 25.3 37.2 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 28.1 52.4 53.6 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -18.1 -20.5 7.1 -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) .. .. -1.5 .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 20.3 19.4 17.4 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) -0.7 -14.4 9.1 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 210.0 176.7 22.8 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 16.6 3.0 31.5 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 13.5 16.0 22.4 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 7.2 6.0 18.3 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 96.6 83.8 115.3 .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 21.3 .. .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 2.1 2.4 .. .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. 6.4 .. .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 6 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 18 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 27.4 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 40 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 471 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 3 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 132 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 14.5 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 196.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 4.3 48.2 31.3 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. 962.8 61.2 Real interest rate (%) -34.5 6.7 8.2 .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 8.9 8.6 11.5 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 890.9 38,418.0 5,923.2 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 9,914.7 8,747.6 440.0 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,351.9 1,682.3 2,547.0 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 35.9 27.1 44.1 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 36.6 41.5 35.0 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 99.4 100.0 .. .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) 68.4 76.6 126.0 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.8 0.9 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) 202.7 121.7 633.9 .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. 43.7 .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) .. .. 43.7 20,501.5 104 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Lower middle income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 60.6 65.2 64.3   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 94.6 93.2 97.7 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 47.5 41.9 48.5 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 109.2 93.5 68.9 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 182.8 157.3 111.0 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 90.0 85.0 91.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 49.9 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 12.7 14.4 13.5 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 23.0 66.0 45.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 62.6 103.3 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 44.0 57.8 58.0 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) 65.0 .. 70.9 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) 66.4 .. 74.6 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school .. .. .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 80.1 80.4 79.8 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 86.4 85.7 86.1 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 73.9 75.2 73.5 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 68.4 68.4 67.7 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 71.0 70.9 70.5 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 65.8 65.9 64.8 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 89.0 88.0 87.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 23.0 36.0 46.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 61.0 59.0 57.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 37.0 40.0 43.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 0.8 1.8 42.8 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 1.0 41.6 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.2 10.1 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 3.4 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 3.4 3.0 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -0.6 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.3 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.1 0.5 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -0.8 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.3 -0.5 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.5 -0.5 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -9.0 1.0 7.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 474.8 794.7 914.4 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 14.4 24.5 5.6 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 60.4 77.9 70.7 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 408.9 486.3 592.9 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) .. 0.3 0.0 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 65.9 308.1 321.2 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) .. .. 32.9 .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. B .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. B .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 105 Zimbabwe Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Population (millions) 10.5 12.5 12.6 844.0 Population growth (%) 2.9 0.8 0.8 2.5 GNI per capita, Atlas method ($) 860 490 480 1,202 GDP ($ billions) 8.8 6.7 7.5 1,117.5 GDP growth (%) 7.0 -3.1 9.0 5.0 GDP per capita (2000 $) 537 535 321 653 GDP per capita growth (%) 3.9 -3.9 8.2 2.4 GDP deflator, index (2000=100; $ series) 156.2 100.0 185.4 202.9 Consumer Price Index (% change) 17.4 55.9 .. .. Agriculture value added (% of GDP) 16.5 18.3 16.0 11.2 Industry value added (% of GDP) 33.1 24.7 26.8 30.4 Services plus discrepancy value added (% of GDP) 50.4 57.1 57.2 58.4 Current account balance (% of GDP) -1.6 .. .. -1.5 Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit, % of GDP) -2.6 .. .. .. Central government revenue (% of GDP) 21.7 14.1 45.4 .. External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) 0.1 2.3 -29.7 -2.7 Total external debt (% of GDP) 37.3 56.9 67.1 .. Drivers of growth Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) 17.5 15.8 -26.8 16.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 18.2 11.8 5.6 20.4 Private sector fixed capital formation (% of GDP) 14.8 11.1 0.1 12.8 Gross primary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 100.9 .. .. .. Gross secondary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 47.0 .. .. .. Gross tertiary school enrollment, total (% of relevant age group) 5.2 .. 6.2 .. Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) .. .. 8.3 .. Number of start-up procedures to register a business .. .. 9 8 Time to start a business (days per procedure) .. .. 90 37 Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) .. .. 148.9 81.2 Time required to register property (days) .. .. 31 65 Time required to enforce a contract (days) .. .. 410 655 Protecting investors, disclosure Index (0 = less disclosure to 10 =more) .. .. 8 5 Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours) .. .. 242 318 Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) .. .. 35.6 57.1 Average time to clear customs, direct exports (days) .. .. .. 9.5 Average time to clear customs, imports (days) .. .. .. 11.9 Time required in dealing with construction permits .. .. 614.0 210.6 Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connection (days) .. .. .. .. Electric power outages for firms (number per month) .. .. .. .. Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days) .. .. .. .. Business connection charge (US$) 21.5 29.3 .. 46.5 Fixed broadband internet connection charge (US$) .. .. .. 61.2 Real interest rate (%) 12.7 67.2 .. .. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) 23.0 27.1 .. 64.1 Corruption as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupt (%) .. .. .. .. Crime, theft and disorder as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Tax rates as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Finance as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Electricity as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor regulations as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Labor skill level as major constraint (% of firms) .. .. .. .. Cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 10,644.0 15,130.0 79,435.7 .. Non-cereal food aid shipments (tonnes) 1,689.4 669.3 4,058.8 .. Cereal crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,625.4 1,404.5 751.5 1,335.7 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.9 38.2 48.3 31.2 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 22.8 35.9 78.0 33.9 Terms of trade index (2000 =100) 93.8 100.0 109.3 .. Real effective exchange rate (2000 =100) .. .. .. 106.1 Export diversification index (%) .. 0.7 0.8 0.6 Import diversification index (%) .. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows ($ millions) -12.2 .. .. .. Workers remittances received ($ millions) .. .. .. .. Migrant remittance inflows ($ millions) 0.8 .. .. 20,501.5 106 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Low income Sub- Saharan Country data Africa 1990 2000 2009–10 2009–10 Participating in growth Rural population (% of total population) 71.0 66.2 61.7   62.7 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) 96.5 82.3 75.7 84.7 Population 0-24 (% of total population) .. .. .. .. Life expectancy at birth (years) 60.5 44.6 49.9 54.2 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) .. .. .. .. Gini index .. .. .. .. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 52.1 68.8 50.9 77.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 77.6 115.0 79.8 122.4 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. .. 60.2 .. Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate (per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. .. Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) .. .. .. .. Child immunization, measles (% of ages 12-23 months) 87.0 75.0 84.0 75.5 Children sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets (% under age 5) .. .. 17.3 .. HIV prevalence rate (% of ages 15-49) 10.1 24.8 14.3 5.5 Deaths of adults and children due to AIDS (thousands) 14.0 130.0 83.0 .. Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 .. .. .. Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) .. .. .. .. Primary school completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93.6 .. .. 70.2 Student-teacher ratio, primary school 35.8 .. .. 45.7 Adult literacy, total (% of ages 15 and over) .. .. 91.9 .. Youth literacy, total (% of ages 15-24) .. .. 98.9 .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school 96.4 .. .. .. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) 73.8 75.5 87.3 70.5 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) 79.8 81.8 90.4 76.7 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) 67.9 69.2 84.3 64.3 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-24) 54.7 59.6 79.6 52.9 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-24) 56.4 64.5 82.2 55.4 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-24) 53.0 54.6 77.1 50.4 Improved water source (% of urban population with sustainable access) 99.0 99.0 98.0 82.7 Improved water source (% of rural population with sustainable access) 71.0 70.0 69.0 48.6 Improved sanitation (% of urban population with sustainable access) 54.0 53.0 52.0 42.4 Improved sanitation (% of rural population with sustainable access) 35.0 34.0 32.0 23.4 Telephone subscribers, total (per 100 people) 1.2 4.1 64.3 46.4 Households with a fixed line telephone (% of households) .. .. .. .. Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) 0.0 2.1 61.2 44.9 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.4 11.5 11.3 Capable states   IDA resource allocation index (1 low to 6 high) .. .. 2.0 —  Corruption Perceptions Index score (0 low to 10 high) .. 3.0 2.4 —  Control of corruption (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.9 -1.4 —  Voice and accountability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.1 -1.5 —  Political stability (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -1.2 —  Government effectiveness (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -0.8 -1.6 —  Regulatory quality (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.4 -2.0 —  Rule of law (-2.5 worse to 2.5 better) .. -1.3 -1.8 —  Revised Combined Polity Score -6.0 -3.0 1.0 —  Partnership Net ODA aid ($ millions) 334.3 175.6 732.5 44,588.7 Net ODA aid (% of GDP) 3.8 2.6 9.8 4.0 Net ODA aid per capita from all donors ($) 31.9 14.0 58.3 52.8 Net ODA aid from DAC donors ($ millions) 295.9 192.7 521.3 23,911.6 Net ODA aid from non-DAC bilateral donors ($ millions) 9.1 -0.7 -2.1 247.7 Net ODA aid from multilateral donors ($ millions) 29.3 -16.3 209.5 16,376.2 Net ODA aid (% of central government expenditure) 0.0 .. .. .. PDI-1 Country with operational national development strategies (A-F) .. .. .. .. PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability review (A-F) .. .. .. .. Note: Latest year data are for 2010 or 2011; data in italics are for 2008 or 2009. The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 107 Glossary Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday life. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cul- tural Organization Institute for Statistics) Age dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents—people younger than age 15 or older than age 64—to the working-age population—people ages 15–64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population. (World Bank staff estimates from various sources including census reports, the United Nations Population Division’s World Population Prospects, national statistical offices, and household surveys conducted by national agencies and Macro International) Agriculture value added is the gross output of forestry, hunting, and fish- ing as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production (International Standard Industrial Classification revision 3 divisions 1–5) less the value of their intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. For countries that report national accounts data at producer prices (Angola, Benin, Cape Verde, Comoros, the Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Liberia, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, and Togo), gross value added at market prices is used as the denominator. For countries that report national accounts data at basic prices (all other countries), gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator. Value added at basic prices exclude net taxes on products while producer prices include net taxes on products paid by producers but exclude sales or value added taxes. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-oper- ation and Development national accounts data files) Average time to clear direct exports through customs is the number of days to clear direct exports through customs. [World Bank, Enterprise Sur- veys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] Average time to clear imports through customs is the average number of days to clear imports through customs. [World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns. (UNICEF, State of the World’s Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys by Macro International) Business telephone connection charge is the one-time charge involved in applying for business basic telephone service. Where charges differ by exchange area, the charge reported is for the largest urban area. (Inter- national Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Develop- ment Report and database) The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 109 Glossary Central government revenue is cash receipts from taxes, social contri- butions, and other revenue such as fines, fees, rent, and other income from property sales as a proportion of total gross domestic product (GDP). Grants, although also considered revenue, are excluded. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year. (Food and Agriculture Organization’s Production Yearbook and data files) Child immunization, measles, is the percentage of children ages 12–23 months who received vaccinations for measles before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine. [WHO and UNICEF (http:// www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/routine/en/)] Children sleeping under treated nets are the percentage of the children under age 5 with access to insecticide-treated bednets to prevent malaria. (United Nations Children’s Fund’s State of the World’s Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys by Macro International). Consumer price index reflects changes in the cost to the average con- sumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used. (International Monetary Fund’s International Financial Sta- tistics database and data files) Control of corruption measures the extent to which public power is exer- cised for private gain, including petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as “capture” of the state by elites and private interests. (World Bank Institute’s Worldwide Governance Indicators database) Corruption as major constraint is the percentage of firms identifying cor- ruption as a major constraint to current operations. [World Bank, Enter- prise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] Corruption Perceptions Index score is the country’s score in Transpar- ency International’s annual Corruption Perceptions Index, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys. (Transparency International) 110 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Cost to start a business is normalized by presenting it as a percentage of gross national income (GNI) per capita. [World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/)] Crime, theft, and disorder as major constraint are the percentage of firms that ranked crime, theft, and disorder as a major constraint to current oper- ations. [World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods and services, net income, and net current transfers. All transfers not considered to be capital are current. (International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Sta- tistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates) Deaths of adults and children due to HIV/AIDS are the estimated number of adults and children that have died based on the modeling of HIV sur- veillance data using standard and appropriate tools. (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization’s Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic) Delay for firms in obtaining electrical connection is the average delay in days that firms experience when obtaining an electrical connection, measured from the day the establishment applied to the day it received the service or approval. [World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprise surveys.org/)] Delay for firm in obtaining mainline phone connection is the average actual delay in days that firms experience when obtaining a telephone con- nection, measured from the day the establishment applied to the day it received the service or approval. [World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http:// www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] Domestic credit to private sector is financial resources provided to the private sector, such as loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repay- ment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises. (International Monetary Fund’s International Financial Statistics and data files, and World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development gross domestic product estimates) Electric power outages for firms are the average number of days per year that establishments experienced power outages or surges from the public grid. [World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] Electricity as major constraint is the percentage of firms that ranked elec- tricity as a major constraint to current operations. [World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 111 Glossary Export diversification index measures the extent to which exports are diversified. It is constructed as the inverse of a Herfindahl index, using disaggregated exports at four digits (following the SITC revision 3). The total number of products exported includes only those whose value exceeds $100,000 or 0.3 percent of the country’s total exports, which- ever is smaller. The maximum number of three-digit products that could be exported is 261. Ranging from 0 to 1, the index reveals the extent of the differences between the structure of trade of the country or country group and the world average. An index value closer to 1 indicates a bigger difference from the world average. A higher value indicates more export diversification. The index is computed by measuring absolute deviation of the country share from world structure. (Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development) Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, infor- mation, business, personal, and government services. They exclude labor and property income (formerly called factor services) as well as transfer payments. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) External balance on goods and services (formerly resource balance) is the difference between exports of goods and services (the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world) and imports of goods and services—formerly nonfactor services (the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world). (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutri- ents—animal and plant manures—are not included. For the purpose of data dissemination, FAO has adopted the concept of a calendar year (Janu- ary to December). Some countries compile fertilizer data on a calendar year basis, while others are on a split-year basis. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land aban- doned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Finance as major constraint is the percentage of firms that ranked access to finance or cost of finance as a major constraint to current operations. [World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] 112 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Firms that believe court system is fair, impartial, and uncorrupt are the per- centage of firms that believe the court system is fair, impartial, and uncor- rupt. (World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/)) Fiscal balance (cash surplus or deficit) is revenue (including grants) minus expense, minus net acquisition of nonfinancial assets. In the 1986 Govern- ment Finance Statistics Manual nonfinancial assets were included under revenue and expenditure in gross terms. This cash surplus or deficit is closest to the earlier overall budget balance (still missing is lending minus repayments, which are now a financing item under net acquisition of finan- cial assets). (International Monetary Fund’s Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development gross domestic product estimates) Fixed broadband Internet connection charge is the initial, one-time charge for a new fixed (wired) broadband Internet connection. The tariffs should represent the cheapest fixed (wired) broadband entry plan. Refundable deposits should not be counted. Taxes should be included. If not included, it should be specified in a note including the applicable tax rate. (Inter- national Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Develop- ment Report and database) Food (cereal/non-cereal) aid shipments are transfers of food commodi- ties (food aid received) from donor to recipient countries on a total-grant basis or on highly concessional terms. Processed and blended cereals are converted into their grain equivalent by applying the conversion factors included in the Rule of Procedures under the 1999 Food Aid Convention to facilitate comparisons between deliveries of different commodities. Deliv- eries of food aid refer to quantities of commodities that actually reached the recipient country during a given period. For cereals the period refers to July–June, beginning in the year shown. (Data on food aid shipments are based on data compiled by from the Food and Agriculture Organization based on information from the World Food Programme) Foreign direct investment, net inflows, are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of pay- ments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disin- vestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors. (International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments database, supplemented by data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and official national sources) The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 113 Glossary Gini index is the most commonly used measure of inequality. The coef ficient ranges from 0, which reflects complete equality, to 1, which indicates com- plete inequality (one person has all the income or consumption, all others have none). Graphically, the Gini coefficient can be represented easily by the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of equality. (World Bank’s World Development Indicators database) Government effectiveness measures the quality of public services, the quality and degree of independence from political pressures of the civil service, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the cred- ibility of the government’s commitment to such policies. (World Bank Insti- tute’s Worldwide Governance Indicators database) Gross domestic product (GDP) is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated with- out making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for deple- tion and degradation of natural resources. GDP data are shown at market prices (also known as purchaser prices) and converted from domestic cur- rencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used. The sum of the components of GDP by industrial origin (presented here as value added) will not normally equal total GDP for several rea- sons. First, components of GDP by expenditure are individually rescaled and summed to provide a partially rebased series for total GDP. Second, total GDP is shown at purchaser value, while value added components are conventionally reported at producer prices. As explained above, purchaser values exclude net indirect taxes, while producer prices include indirect taxes. Third, certain items, such as imputed bank charges, are added in total GDP. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Gross domestic product (GDP) deflator, index, is nominal GDP in current U.S. dollars divided by real GDP in constant 2000 U.S. dollars, expressed as an index with base year 2000. The series shows the effects of domestic price changes and exchange rate variations. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is calculated by dividing real GDP at constant 2000 prices by the corresponding midyear population. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth is the average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita, calculated using the least squares method with 2000 exchange rates. (World Bank and Organisation for Eco- nomic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) 114 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Gross domestic savings is calculated by deducting total consumption from nominal gross domestic product (World Bank and Organisation for Eco- nomic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Gross fixed capital formation is gross domestic fixed capital formation plus net changes in the level of inventories. Gross capital formation comprises outlays by the public sector and the private sector. Examples include improvements in land, dwellings, machinery, and other equipment. For some countries the sum of gross private investment and gross public investment does not total gross domestic investment due to statistical discrepancies. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Gross national income (GNI), World Bank Atlas method, (formerly Gross National Product—GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident produc- ers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employ- ees and property income) from abroad. Data are calculated in national currency and usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special World Bank Atlas method of conversion is used: it applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for the difference between the rate of inflation in the country and that in France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (through 2000) or the Euro Zone, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (since 2001). (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Gross primary school enrollment is the ratio of total enrollment, regard- less of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the primary level of education. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics) Gross secondary school enrollment is the ratio of total enrollment, regard- less of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the secondary level of education. Secondary education completes the pro- vision of basic education that began at the primary level and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics) The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 115 Glossary Gross tertiary school enrollment is the ratio of total enrollment, regard- less of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary level of education. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condi- tion of admission, the successful completion of education at the second- ary level. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics) HIV prevalence rate is the percentage of people ages 15–49 infected with HIV. (UNAIDS and the WHO’s Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic) Households with a fixed line telephone is the percentage of households possessing a fixed line telephone. (International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report and database) Import diversification index measures the extent to which imports are diversified. It is constructed as the inverse of a Herfindahl index, using disaggregated imports at four digits (following the SITC revision 3). The total number of products imported includes only those whose value exceeds $100,000 or 0.3 percent of the country’s total imports, which- ever is smaller. The maximum number of three-digit products that could be exported is 261. Ranging from 0 to 1, the index reveals the extent of the differences between the structure of trade of the country or country group and the world average. An index value closer to 1 indicates a bigger difference from the world average. A higher value indicates more import diversification. The index is computed by measuring absolute deviation of the country share from world structure. (Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development) Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. (World Bank and Organisation for Eco- nomic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Improved sanitation refers to the percentage of the population with at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities that are private or shared (but not public) and that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. [World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund, Joint Mea- surement Programme (JMP) (http://www.wssinfo.org/)] 116 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Improved water source refers to the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, pro- tected well or spring, or rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters a person a day from a source within one kilometer of the dwelling. [World Health Organiza- tion and United Nations Children’s Fund, Joint Measurement Programme (JMP) (http://www.wssinfo.org/)] Industry value added is the gross output of mining, manufacturing, con- struction, electricity, water, and gas (International Standard Industrial Clas- sification revision 3 divisions 10–45) less the value of their intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabri- cated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. For coun- tries that report national accounts data at producer prices (Angola, Benin, Cape Verde, Comoros, the Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Liberia, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, and Togo), gross value added at market prices is used as the denominator. For countries that report national accounts data at basic prices (all other countries), gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator. Value added at basic prices exclude net taxes on products while producer prices include net taxes on products paid by producers but exclude sales or value added taxes. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Devel- opment national accounts data files) Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births. [Level & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 2011. Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortal- ity Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA, UNPD)] International Development Association (IDA) resource allocation index assesses the quality of a country’s current policy and institutional frame- work. “Quality” means how conducive that framework is to fostering sus- tainable, poverty-reducing growth and the effective use of development assistance. Ratings are based on 16 criteria, grouped in four clusters: eco- nomic management, structural policies, policies for social inclusion and equity, and public sector management and institutions. The criteria reflect a balance between ensuring that all key factors that foster pro-poor growth and poverty alleviation are captured without overly burdening the evalua- tion process. Country scores reflect a variety of indicators and judgments that are based on country knowl edge, analytic work, policy dialogue, or work done by partners as well as relevant publicly available indicators. The rating scale for each criterion varies from 1 (low) to 6 (high). Countries may also receive intermediate scores of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5. The rat- ings are the main determinant of prospects for current aid effectiveness. Improvements in policies and institutions during the course of the year are reflected in the subsequent year’s performance ratings. (World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessment database) The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 117 Glossary Internet users are the number of people with access to the worldwide net work, per 100 people. (International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report and database, and World Bank estimates) Labor force participation rate is the percentage of the population of the specified age group that is economically active—that is, all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. (International Labour Organization’s Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population database) Labor regulations as major constraint are the percentage of firms that ranked labor regulations as a major constraint to current operations. [World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] Labor skills as major constraint are the percentage of firms that ranked skills of available workers as a major constraint to current operations. [World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to remain the same throughout its life. [Derived from male and female life expectancy at birth from sources such as: (1) United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects; (2) United Nations Statistical Division, Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years); (3) Census reports and other statisti- cal publications from national statistical offices; (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics; (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demog- raphy Programme; and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database] Malnutrition prevalence, height for age, is the percentage of children under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0–59 months. For children up to age 2 height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO’s new child growth standards released in 2006. (World Health Organization’s Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition) Maternal mortality ratio, national estimate, is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes during pregnancy and childbirth, per 100,000 live births. (UNICEF, State of the World’s Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys by Macro International) 118 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Migrant remittance inflows are the sum of workers’ remittances, compen- sation of employees, and migrants’ transfers, as recorded in the Interna- tional Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments. (World Bank and International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook 2008) Mobile phone subscribers are the number of people with a subscription to a public mobile telephone service using cellular technology, which provides access to the public switched telephone network. Post-paid and prepaid subscriptions are included. (International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report and database, and World Bank estimates) Net official development assistance (ODA) is consists of disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. It includes loans with a grant element of at least 25 percent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent). (Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, Development Co-operation Report, and Inter- national Development Statistics database. Data are available online at: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline.) Net official development assistance (ODA) as a share of central govern- ment expenditure is calculated by dividing nominal total net ODA by cen- tral government expenditure. (Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, Development Co- operation Report, and International Development Statistics database. Data are available online at: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline. IMF central government expense estimates are used for the denominator.) Net official development assistance (ODA) aid as a share of gross domes- tic product (GDP) is calculated by dividing nominal total net ODA by nomi- nal GDP. For a given level of aid flows, devaluation of a recipient’s currency may inflate the ratios shown. Thus, trends for a given country and com- parisons across countries that have implemented different exchange rate policies should be interpreted carefully. (Development Assistance Com- mittee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, Devel- opment Co-operation Report, and International Development Statistics database. Data are available online at: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline. World Bank GDP estimates are used for the denominator.) The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 119 Glossary Net official development assistance (ODA) from Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors is net ODA from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development DAC donors, which include Australia, Aus- tria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ire- land, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. (Development Assistance Committee of the Organisa- tion for Economic Co-operation and Development, Geographical Distribu- tion of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, Development Co-operation Report, and International Development Statistics database. Data are avail- able online at: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline.) Net official development assistance (ODA) from multilateral donors is net ODA from multilateral sources, African Development Bank (AfDB), Afri- can Development Fund (AFDF), Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA), Arab Fund, Asian Development Bank (AsDB), Caribbean Development Bank (CarDB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Devel- opment (EBRD), European Union (EU) Institutions, GAVI Alliance (formerly the “Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation”), Global Environ- ment Facility GEF), Global Fund, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Special Fund, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), International Monetary Fund (IMF) Concessional Trust Funds, Islamic Development Bank, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Montreal Protocol, Nordic Development Fund, The OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Peace Building Fund (UNPBF), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), United Nations Transitional Authority (UNTA), World Food Programme (WFP), and World Health Organization (WHO). (Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, Development Co-operation Report, and Inter- national Development Statistics database. Data are available online at: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline.) 120 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Net official development assistance (ODA) from non–Development Assistance Committee (DAC) bilateral donors is net ODA from OECD’s non-DAC donors, which include the Chinese Taipei, Cyprus, Czech Repub- lic, Estonia, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Kuwait, Latvia, Lichtenstein, Lithu- ania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Thailand, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and other donors (includes data reported from Algeria, Iraq, Libya, and Qatar, 1970–94). (Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, Development Co-operation Report, and Inter- national Development Statistics database. Data are available online at: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline.) Net official development assistance (ODA) per capita is calculated by dividing nominal total net ODA by midyear population. It offers some indication of the importance of aid flows in sustaining per capita income and consumption levels, although exchange rate fluctuations, the actual rise of aid flows, and other factors vary across countries and over time. (Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, Development Co-operation Report, and Inter- national Development Statistics database. Data are available online at: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline. World Bank population estimates are used for the denominator.) Number of startup procedures to register a business is the number of pro cedures required to start a business, including interactions to obtain necessary permits and licenses and to complete all inscriptions, verifica- tions, and notifications to start operations. [World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/)] Nurses and midwives are professional nurses, auxiliary nurses, enrolled nurses, and other nurses, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses, and professional midwives, auxiliary midwives, and enrolled midwives. (World Health Organization, Global Atlas of the Health Workforce. For updates and metadata, see http://apps.who.int/globalatlas/) PDI-1 Operational national development strategies are the degree to the extent to which a country has an operational development strategy to guide the aid coordination effort and the country’s overall development. The score is based on the World Bank’s 2005 Comprehensive Develop- ment Framework Progress Report. An operational strategy calls for a coher- ent long-term strategy derived from it; specific targets serving a holistic, balanced, and well-sequenced development strategy; and capacity and resources for its implementation. (Overview of the Results 2007 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration and World Bank data) The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 121 Glossary PDI-12 Existence of a mutual accountability indicates whether there is a mechanism for mutual review of progress on aid effectiveness commit- ments. This is an important innovation of the Paris Declaration because it develops the idea that aid is more effective when both donors and partner governments are accountable to their constituents for the use of resources to achieve development results and when they are accountable to each other. The specific focus is mutual accountability for the implementation of the partnership commitments included in the Paris Declaration and any local agreements on enhancing aid effectiveness. (Overview of the Results 2007 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration and World Bank data) Physicians are the number of physicians, including generalists and specialists, per 1,000 people. (World Health Organization, Global Atlas of the Health Work- force. For updates and metadata, see http://apps.who.int/globalatlas/) Political stability measures the perceptions of the likelihood that the gov- ernment will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including domestic violence or terrorism. (World Bank Institute’s Worldwide Governance Indicators database) Population is total population based on the de facto definition of popula- tion, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. The values shown are midyear estimates. [(1) United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects; (2) United Nations Statistical Divi- sion, Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years); (3) census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices; (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics; (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Commu- nity: Statistics and Demography Programme; and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database] Population ages 0–24 is the percentage of the total population that is in the age group 0–24. (World Bank) Population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of mid- year population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all resi- dents regardless of legal status or citizenship—except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin. [(1) United Nations Popu- lation Division, World Population Prospects; (2) United Nations Statistical Division, Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years); (3) census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices; (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics; (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Commu- nity: Statistics and Demography Programme; and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database)] 122 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household sur- veys. (Global Poverty Working Group. Data are based on World Bank’s country poverty assessments and country Poverty Reduction Strategies.) Primary school completion rate is the percentage of students complet- ing the last year of primary school. It is calculated as the total number of students in the last grade of primary school minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided by the total number of children of official gradua- tion age. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics) Private sector fixed capital formation covers gross outlays by the pri- vate sector (including private nonprofit agencies) on additions to its fixed domestic assets. Gross fixed capital formation consists of gross domestic fixed capital formation plus net changes in the level of inventories, divided by gross domestic product (GDP), which is obtained by converting national currency GDP series in current prices to U.S. dollars at official annual exchange rates. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Protecting investors, disclosure index measures the degree to which investors are protected through disclosure of ownership and financial infor- mation. Higher values indicate more disclosure. [World Bank, Doing Busi- ness project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/)] Public spending on education consists of current and capital public expen- diture on education and includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration, as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities). (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics) Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school is the ratio of the female gross enrollment rate to the male gross enrollment rate in primary and secondary schools. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cul- tural Organization Institute for Statistics) Real effective exchange rate is the nominal effective exchange rate (a measure of the value of a currency against a weighted average of several foreign currencies) divided by a price deflator or index of costs. (Interna- tional Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics) Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as mea- sured by the gross domestic product (GDP) deflator. (International Mon- etary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files using World Bank data on the GDP deflator) The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 123 Glossary Regulatory quality measures the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development. (World Bank Institute’s Worldwide Governance Indicators database) Revised Combined polity score is computed by subtracting the institu- tionalized autocracy score from the institutionalized democracy score. The institutionalized democracy score is based on the presence of institutions and procedures through which citizens can express effective preferences about alternative policies and leaders, the existence of institutionalized constraints on the exercise of power by the executive, and the guarantee of civil liberties to all citizens in their daily lives and in acts of political participation. The institutionalized autocracy score is based on a lack of regularized political competition and concern for political freedoms, the sharp restriction or suppression of competitive political participation, and limited institutional constraints for the executive. The combined polity scale ranges from –10 (strongly autocratic) to +10 (strongly democratic). (Center for Systemic Peace’s Polity IV Project, Political Regime Characteris- tics and Transitions) Rule of law measures the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence. (World Bank Institute’s Worldwide Governance Indicators database) Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total popula- tion and urban population. (The data on urban population shares used to estimate rural population come from the United Nations, World Urbaniza- tion Prospects. Total population figures are World Bank estimates.) Services plus discrepancy value added is the gross output of all other branches of economic activity, including wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services (International Standard Industrial Classification revi- sion 3 divisions 50–99) less the value of their intermediate inputs. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any sta- tistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepan- cies arising from rescaling. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. For countries that report national accounts data at producer prices (Angola, Benin, Cape Verde, Comoros, the Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Liberia, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, and Togo), gross value added at market prices is used as the denominator. For countries that report national accounts data at basic prices (all other countries), gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator. 124 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Value added at basic prices exclude net taxes on products while producer prices include net taxes on products paid by producers but exclude sales or value added taxes. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development national accounts data files) Student-teacher ratio, primary school, is the number of pupils enrolled in primary school divided by the number of primary school teachers (regard- less of their teaching assignment). (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics) Tax rates as major constraint are the percentage of firms that ranked tax rates as a major constraint to current operations. [World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)] Telephone subscribers are subscribers to a fixed-line telephone service, which connects a customer’s equipment to the public switched telephone network, or to a public mobile telephone service, which uses cellular tech- nology. (International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ ICT Development Report and database, and World Bank estimates) Terms of trade index measures the relative movement of export and import prices. This series is calculated as the ratio of a country’s export unit val- ues or prices to its import unit values or prices shows changes over a base year (2000) in the level of export unit values as a percentage of import unit values. (World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development national accounts data files) Time required to deal with construction permits is the average wait, in days, experienced to obtain construction-related permit from the day the establishment applied for it to the day it was granted. [Data are from the World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doing business.org/).] Time to enforce a contract is the number of calendar days from the fil- ing of the lawsuit in court until the final determination and, in appropriate cases, payment. [World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doing business.org/)] Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes is the number of hours it takes to pre- pare, file, and pay (or withhold) three major types of taxes: the corporate income tax, the value added or sales tax, and labor taxes, including pay- roll taxes and social security contributions. [World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/)] Time to register property is the number of calendar days needed for busi- nesses to secure rights to property. [World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/)] The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 125 Glossary Time to start a business is the number of calendar days needed to com- plete each procedure to legally operate a business. If a procedure can be speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, independent of cost, is chosen. [World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doing business.org/)] Total external debt is debt owed to nonresidents repayable in foreign cur- rency, goods, or services. Total external debt is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of International Monetary Fund credit, and short-term debt. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. (World Bank’s Global Development Finance database) Total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contribu- tions payable by businesses after accounting for allowable deductions and exemptions as a share of commercial profits. Taxes withheld (such as personal income tax) or collected and remitted to tax authorities (such as value added taxes, sales taxes or goods and service taxes) are excluded. [World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/)] Tractors per 100 sq. km of arable land are the number of wheel and crawler tractors (excluding garden tractors) in use in agriculture at the end of the calendar year or during the first quarter of the following year. Arable land includes land defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary mead- ows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. (Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site) Under-five mortality rate is the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates, expressed as a rate per 1,000. (Demographic and Health Surveys by Macro International, Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys by UNICEF, Reproductive Health Surveys by U.S. Centers for Disease Control, and Family Health Sur- veys by Pan Arab Project for Family Health) Voice and accountability measure the extent to which a country’s citizens are able to participate in selecting their government and to enjoy freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media. (World Bank Insti- tute’s Worldwide Governance Indicators database) 126 The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 Workers’ remittances received are current transfers by migrants who are employed or intend to remain employed for more than a year in another economy in which they are considered residents. Some developing coun- tries classify workers’ remittances as a factor income receipt (and thus as a component of GNI). The World Bank adheres to international guidelines in defining GNI, and its classification of workers’ remittances may therefore differ from national practices. This item shows receipts by the reporting country. Data are in current U.S. dollars. (International Monetary Fund, Bal- ance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files) Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15–24 who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday life. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organi- zation Institute for Statistics) The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/13 127