nlOBbIWEHIE 300EKTMBHOCTH CMCTEM TEnlnOCHAE)KEHHIt B CTPAHAX LIEHTPAJ1bHOI.4 14 BOCTOHOI4 EBPOnlbI PECnIYEsln4KAX BbIBWErO COBETCKOFO CO103A ESM234 A- - -1< Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme Report 234/00 A1 A1 "ABFYCT 2000 r. IIE$AAAD" JOINT UNDP / WORLD BANK ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) PURPOSE The Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) is a special global technical assistance program run as part of the World Bank's Energy, Mining and Telecommunications Department. ESMAP provides advice to governments on sustainable energy development. Established with the support of UNDP and bilateral official donors in 1983, it focuses on the role of energy in the development process with the objective of contributing to poverty alleviation, improving living conditions and preserving the environment in developing countries and transition economies. ESMAP centers its interventions on three priority areas: sector reform and restructuring; access to modern energy for the poorest; and promotion of sustainable energy practices. GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (ESMAP CG) composed of representatives of the UNDP and World Bank, other donors, and development experts from regions benefiting from ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by a World Bank Vice President, and advised by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of four independent energy experts that reviews the Programme's strategic agenda, its work plan, and its achievements. ESMAP relies on a cadre of engineers, energy planners, and economists from the World Bank to conduct its activities under the guidance of the Manager of ESMAP, responsible for administering the Programme. FUNDING ESMAP is a cooperative effort supported over the years by the World Bank, the UNDP and other United Nations agencies, the European Union, the Organization of American States (OAS), the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE), and public and private donors from countries including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. FURTHER INFORMATION An up-to-date listing of completed ESMAP projects is appended to this report. For further information, a copy of the ESMAP Annual Report, or copies of project reports, contact: ESMAP c/o Energy and Water The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 U.S.A. nlOBbIWEHlIE 3POEKTlOBHOCTL4 CIICTEM TEnJiOCHAS)KEHMIMI B CTPAHAX LIEHTPAJ1bHOlI' LI BOCTO4HO17 EBPOnlbI 14 PECnlYBnlimKAX EbIBWErO COBETCKOrO COFK3A ABIYCT 2000 r. COBMeCTHaq nporpamma nlPOOH / BceMwpHoro EaHKa no ynpaBneHL410 3HepreTj4eCKLM ceK7opoM (ESMAP) Copyright © 2001 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing August 2000 ESMAP Reports are published to communicate the results of the ESMAP's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of the paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal documents. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors, denominations, other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgement on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the ESMAP Manager at the address shown in the copyright notice above. ESMAP encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. "ESMAP Values your Feedback If you have found this report useful, or would like to provide comments on our reports and services, please log on to our website at www.esmap.org and leave your feedback. In this way we can better understand our audience's needs and improve the quality of our knowledge products. Thank you. ESMAP Management" Cogep)KaHme COAEP)KAHIIE .............................. III nPEAD.CnOBIE ...................................... IX BbIPA)KEHME nPI43HATEJ1bHOCT4 ...................................... XI COKPAL[EH4I .......................................................XII EQL4HMI46b M3MEPEHI15I ............................................... XIII nEPEBOA 3HEPrETW4'ECKiX EAJ14H.4..................................... XIII BAJ1IOTHbIE 3KBIBAJ1EHTbI ........................................... 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F-3 HAnP5>KEHHOCTb HArPY3KW M L HBECTWL4LOHHblE 3ATPATbl B L4EHTPAJIM3OBAHHOM TEnnOCHAB)KEH ......................................................... 221 vii Pmc. F-4 OpeH6ypr: 06L4erogoBbie 3aTpaTbl Ha TennOBYIO 3Heprn*o Ha )Krli4JLLe c y'-eTOM 1 6e3 3aTpaT Ha oxpaHy oKpy>Katou4ev cpeAbi ................................. 223 Puc. F-5 Bpo4,naB: 06LLeroAoBbie 3aTpaTbl Ha TennOBYIO 3Hepn4lO Ha >KmnwL4e c y'eTOM A 6e3 3aTpaT Ha oxpaHy OKpy)K2atI4e~i cpeAbi ................................ 223 viii npegmcnoBme BceMHpHM,I BaHK, TaK wKe KaK H lapyrHe meHBCyHapoaHbie Z tBYCTOPOHHHe HHCTHTYTbI pa3BHTHA IBJIEOTCS Ba)KHb6IMH HCTOtIHHKaMH ¢HHaHCHpOBaHHA HHBeCTHUHf! B MOAePHH3aUMEO ceKTopa TeriJIoCHa6)KeHHA B UBE/FCC. HaCTOAWHH OTvieT CTaBHT iUejBEO llpHBeCTH BCe 3TH HHBeCTIHIUIHH rIOg o6UH KOHTeKCT peCTpYKTYPH3aiUiH CeKTOpa. 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'ac MBT.'I MeraBaTT. 'ac M3 meraBaTT 3JieKTPHieCKHM MT MeraBaiT TepMaiBHbMi TCY TOHHBI cTaHnxapTHorO yrZi TAX TePauPKOYJIE flepeBoc4 3HepreTL*iecKIlx ecUHHl4 I ETE = 1,05506 Kg)K 1 FKaJI = 1,16 MBT.tq= 4,19 17)x= 1,75 napoBbie TOHHbI /Tiac 1 rL7x = 0,278 MBT.ti== 0,239 FKai = 0,42 napOBrie TOHHrI /Mac 1 MBT = 0,86 FKaA = 3,6 fAxc= 1,52 iapOBbIe TOHHBI /ac 1 m3 ippOHaHbir ra3 = 8,5 MKaA (HH3=ik ripegen TerIJIOTBOPHOCTH) = 35,86 MNK = 9,88 KBT.Tq 1 TCY = 7 FKaii = 29,3 FAAc= 8,15 MBT.1l BanloTHble 3KBHBanJeHTbI KypCE,I BaHjOT no oTHoueHHO K 1 zonuapy CLIA (CpegHHri 3a nepHo;z): EoArapHA TIHTBa flona,a PYMEJIHH POCCHA YKpaHHa (nieB) (ri4T) (anommTr) (neH) (py6nm,) (rpiiBHa) Zpe,nHHH 3a 1996 r. 178 4,0 2,70 3084 5067 1,83 2peXHHi 3a 1999 r. 1,84 4,0 3,97 15333 24,62 4,13 xiii mIcnonHMTenbHoe pe3iome BBeAeHme TennocHa6xceHHe ABjiAeTCS 2KH3HeHHOI4 3HepreTHtIecKoA yCJIyro B crpaHax LjeHTpajibHOA H BOCTot°HoI EBPOIILI H 6biBmero CoBeTcKoro CoIo3a. B 60JIHUIIIHHCTBe 3THX cTpaH 1JT ABJiSeTCS1 OCHOBHEIM HCTOqHHIKOM Teiiia ,UISi ropOACKorO, )KHJHIlHoro, o6mecTBeHHoro H KOMMepTIeCKOro ceKTOpOB, a TaK>xe BaXKHLIM HCTOtIHHKOM zm iIpOMMIIIuIeHHoro HCHORb3OBaHmH Teniia. B 6o0iee KpYnHE>rx ropo,ax UT MOweT flOCTaBJISlTh Tenio H ropArylo BO,ay,aJI5 KoMMyHaiEIHo-6bITOBOrO BogocHa6x(eHHA rioHTH B 90 % )KHJTIX H KoMMepqecKHx 32aaHHA. KpyrrHuie UeHTP1IH3OBaHHbie CHCTeMbI IJT CTaIH riofyJIASPHBI B 50-x rogaX KaK cpeacTBo An.A yiiyqiimeHHA Bceo6wero 3HepreTHiecKoro 6ariaHca 6inaroaaps HCnOJib3OBaHOHIo Tennia TOIO'qHiiX ra3OB, o6pa3yiouuIxcA ITPH BbIpa6oTKe 3jieKTpo3HeprHH. TenJIoBbIe Harpy3KH npeAocTaBjisAnH B03MO)KHOCTE 3KCIIJIYaTaXHH rpeHMyIecTB xoM6HHHpoBaHHoro IIpOH3BOACTBa 3JieKTpo3HeprHH H TennIa. KT 3JIHeKTpOCTaHUHH C KOM6HHHpOBaHHLIM n1POH3BOACTBOM MOKeT oCTHmra,T 90 % E 6onee. 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B pe3yjibTaTe BwIcoKHe H3,epxKH CHCTeM LIT CTaJIH IBHEIMH B Haqajie 90-x rozoB, KOrga ijeHbI Ha iTepBHqHbIe 3HeprOHOCHTeJIH B 3THX CTpaHaX BEIpOChIH O YpOBHei MHpOBEIX pEIHKOB. BcJIe,cTBHe 3TOrO, 3anpamI Ha TenfjioBy1o 3HeprHio CTa&IH COCTaBISITb 3Ha'qHTeJE6HLie IHpOrOpLIHH OT AOXOJOB CeMEH H MYHHUHI1aE,EHbiX 6ion)eToB. Bgo6aBoK, BO MHOrHX ropoAax IIPOH3Bo.IcTBeHHbe MOLHOCTH LT BMeCTe c apyrHMN ( opMaMH HH.IHBHAyaJIbHOrO OTOniieHHS IIpHBOAAT K 3arPS3HeHHiO BO3AyXa H CepEe3HO BJIHSEOT Ha 3nOpOBbe ropoacKHx )KHTeiieri. BCeMHpHEbIi BaHK, TaK 2Ke KaK H Apyrme MeICyHapOnHbIe H ABYCTOPOHHHe HHCTHTYTBI pa3BHTHS, ABjS1eTCA Ba)KHLIM HCTOxmHHKOM 4HHaHCHpoBaHHIA HHBeCTHUHIM B MoaRepHH3nauo ceKTopa TeriuOCHa6teHHA B LIBE/BCC. HaCTOAWHil OTHeT CTaBHT UeJIbIO IIpHBeCTH BCe 3TH HHBeCTHIIHH IIO,4 o6fHI KOHTeKCT peCTpyKTYPH3aIjH CeeKTOpa. 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Ho-BHnHMOMy, 6o0iHHcTBo CHCTeM UT B UBE/BCC HmeIOT IIYHKT KOCBeHHOH TernonepeAa,H r,Ze-TO B ceTx 1112. ToJsIIO He3HaTeJIbHO HX KOIqeCTBO IIOCTaBJSOT TeIIJIO IIP3IMO OT TeriIofleHTpaiei BO BHYTPHAOMOBbIe pacIlpe[eflHTejIbHmIe CHcTeMbI. B OCHOBHOM AnIA KOCBeHHOz Termuonepega' 6bmi Bbi6paH 6o0iee tIeHTpaJIH3OBaHHbIHl BapHaHT; 3T0 03Haqaer o6cnyxcHBaHHe 6o0mmero H HeIIOCTOSHHoro IHcna 3a3aHRA BMeCTO oTAenjbHMx 3L1aHH9. HCIIOJI63oBaHHe TeXHOJIOrHH paCpeIeJIeHH51 TerIa B meciTH ropozax NOKa3aHO B Ta6n. 3-3. B 3anangHori EBpone npeo6ra,gaeT KocBeHHaS TelIAonepe,a'Ia c HCHOfIb3OBaHHeM zHHHBHIAyaAbHbIx (AoMoBbIx) TeiijionyHKTo. oj[ee Toro, IIO-BHnHMOMy, paCTeT HHTepeC K He6ojBInHM Ten1IOnYHKTaM B OTIeJIBHBIX KBapTHpax. 3.1.3.5 3 daHuR u o6opydo6aHUR nompe6umeneuj 19 ropoga B UBE/BCC 6BulH c poeKTHpoBaHLi c pacieToM Ha iIeHTPaJIH3OBaHHoe TenjrocHa6IeHHe H ropAee BOAOcHa6)KeHHe. BOJTh6MHHCTBO ropoAcKHx xKHTeJieH- 1KByT B 6ojiniuHx MHOrOKBapTHPHbIX noMax, KOTOpBIe MOryT HMeTb OT Tpex A0 ABalaTH H 6oiee 3TaxKer4. B 50-60-e ro,g1I 60JImHHCTBO IIOCTpOeHHbIX MHOrOKBapTHpHBIX aOMOB 6buiH camoe 6omianee =I5TH3TaKH)me. 103AHee B 70-x H 80-x IIOA1BHJIOC6 MHioro 11eBATH- H meCTHa,Z=IaTH3Ta)KHBIX 3AaHHA, qaCTO B KHJIE1X pagoHax Ha oKpaHHax ropoAoB HJIH Ha 18 lpHnojeHHe D aaeT KpaTKoe onHcaHHe NCnOnIb3YeMblX pacnpeze neirwwx cHcTeM. 19 3TOT Pa3z1eu OCHOBaH Ha HCCjTeaOBaHHH 3pHxa MapTHHo " HHBeCTHUHM B lOBIUmeHHe Mepremqemro KrII,I )KAHJMHOrO 4loHga B cTpaHax ECC", "3KoHOMHqeCKHe mCCnegOBaHMA B nepeXOAHOM nepuoge, 24, (BawUHrTOH, OKpyr KonyM6wq, BCeMIUPHblI BaHK, 1997 r. C. 7-9) [Studies of Economies in Transition 24, Washington, DC, The World Bank, 1997, pp. 7-91 42 rIOBbImeuHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TeriocHa6feHHA B cTpaHax 1jeHTpanbHoii H BOCTOIHOfr EBpOnLI H pecny6nHxax 6blBrnero CoBeTcKoro Co0O3a OTKPBITOM IIPOCTpaHCTBe 3a iipegeiiamH rOPO.OB. 3Ta cxema Pa3BHTHAI B HeKOTOpi6lX cIy'aAx UpHBoaHfla K 6oRmmoA IIJIOTHOCTH HaCeieHHIA BaaJIH OT rOPOACKHX LUeHTPOB, qeM B CaMHX eMpaX. °20,21 HH3KHe TepMajibHbIe Tpe6oBaHHs CTrOHTeJIbBHBX CTaHRiapTOB, TpaHgIOHHHOe OTCYTCTBHe BHHMaHHA K KaqeCTBY CTpoHiMaTepHaJlOB H MeTOaaM pa6oTbI, Hnioxas 3KciIJ1YaT=IM H peMOHTHMie pa60TEJIpHBeJIH K 60JIE.MHM TeI1IOHOTWpiM B icHubix aoMax. CamIe IOCJIeaHHe COBeTCKHe HOPMbI (1984-87) TerInonepe,aam 6onee qIeM BaBoe iipeBMIuIanJi noioo6HbIe HOPMbI B repMaHHH H BenJKo6pHTaHH HH6Em IpHMePHO B HATB pa3 BbEne, ,eM B UIBeLIHH Ha TOT )Ke caMBIf nepHo,. (DaKTHqeCKHe TeJIolIIOTepH B )KHJIbX 3,aHHAI O1UeHHBalOTCS Ha 25- 40 % Bbime, qeM pacqeTHbie 3Ha'IeHH3S. HaH6onee qaCTi6iMH HegOCTaTKaMH SBJISIOTCS HenjIOTHbIe OKHa H gBepH, HepaBHOMepHo TerIJIOCHa6)KeHHe BHYTpH 3qaHH1 H OTCYTCTBHe HJIH HegoCTaTOTIHaq H30JU1IIH IIOgBaBjibHbX nOMeiiXeHHI4 H KpJi6mH. XOTS pacqeTEI 3XaHHi H MeTOQLI BeCi6Ma CXO2K B CTPaHaX UBE/FCC, C BHRay HeHTHIIHE7Ie 3XaHHS nOKa3BIBaloT cyigeCTBeHHO OTVIHMOTCS no 4)aKTHieCKHM CTpOHTenjEHbIM H TepMH-IeCKHM CBOr1CTBaM; HanpHMep, ao 40 % B PM3aHH (PoccHH). Bojiibmasi IaCTb TeHnia 0w o6orpeBa riOMe1IeHHf B MHOrOKBapTHpHEJX 3gaHHAX, IiOCTpoeHH]61X 3a iocjierAHHe 40 .leT, nocTyniaeT qepe3 CHCTeMEI IJT. 06MHHo Tpy6jI OTOIiieHHS, nogawoue TeHJO HaaPHaTOpEI BHYTpH 3gaHH , pacnojio)KeHbl BepTHK-JabHO B BHIIe OAHO- HJH AByXTpy6Ho1f CHICTeMbI (CM. PHC. DI H D2 B HpHjioXKeHHH D). B oaHoTpy6Ho0 cHcTeMe ropAqas BOga, 11POTeKaEoiUaS qepe3 OAZHH pa1HaTop, npOXOZHT qepe3 HeCKOJIhKO paWaTOpOB, IIpe e HeM BepHyThCA K HCTO'qHHKY. B IIPOTHBOIOJIO)KHOCTb 3TOMy, B 3ana,zHoA EBpone (nIo KpaRHeE Mepe, B 6o0iee HOBbIX 3gaHH3rx) rpy6EJ PaCIIOJIO)KeHLI rOPH30HTaJIEHO, TaK xITO Ka=wA paaHaTOp H HCTO'IHHK rBKEB B KBapTHpe CHa6ICaeTcs OQaHOEI 3aMKHYTOR nJIHHHeIi; CTaHAapTHbIMH ABJMOTCA aByxTpy6HEIe CHCTeMbI. B UBE/BCC 4arm'IeC= o zl; 1990 roxaa He cyweCTBOBano npH60pOB y"eTa TeIIna H ropAmefi BO,BI B rXa D, KOMMepteCKHX H o6uwecTBeHHWX 3AaHMAX, TaKHX KaK LIKOJIHI H 60JIMHHIL. B COOTBeTCTBHe C IIepBOHa"BIaEHEBIMH paCHeTaMH, y noTpe6HTex[ef4 He HMeiIHCE TeXHHTieCKHe B03MO0)HOCTH m peryJIHIPOBaHHI nIogaq TeiIna OTTgenjTHO Ha CBOHX pa,HaTopax o617MHo HX Tacxce He 6T,Lo Ha YpOBHe oTaeJIBHL1X XROMOB. PeryJIHpoBaHHe TerIIoCHa6wKeHHSA (H TaKHM o6pa3oM ypoBHI 1ioipe6JieHHn) B CHCTeMaX ILT C YCTaHOBHBLIeMCS[ TexIeHHeM IIpOH3BO,HJJIOCE6 ueHTpaJTH30BaHHO Ha TeIUIOLeCHTP1palX H TeIIJIOIIyHKTaX B COOTBeTCTBHe C YPOBHeM Hapy)KHOfi TeMnepaTypi6. Aa)Ke ecjiH KjIanaHI YCTaHaBJIHBaZIHC Ha paIHaTOpaX H pa6oTajIH, HX co6CTBeHHasi pa6oTa H HCflOJb3OBaHHe He BJIHAJIH Ha CyMMy cHeTa 3a OTOIIieHHe, KOTOPMH OCHOBMiBajCSA Ha CyMMapHUX Tapi#ax (CM. Pa3Aeji 5.2.5). 20 B pa6oTe AnaHa BepTo H EepTpaHa PeHo "COUIanHCTHqecKHe ropoga 6e3 pEbIHKOB Ha 3eMmo" (Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 41 (1997), pp.137-151) aHajiH3HPYIOTC. HeaocTaTKH, cB3aHHbIe C TaiKofl CTpyKrypOfl pa3BHTHB. 21 OAHaKo B CaMHX ueirpax ropoaoB nAoTHOCTB 3AaHHH (io3ToMy H noTpe6HOCTE, B Tenrue) Mo2KeT 6mTb HCKmIoHTejmHO BEICOKOfl (KaK B ByganemTe), HO nOCKOJmKY 3RaHHR BeCbMa cTaphle, OHH o6opyAoBaHm OTAenJbHbIMH OTOIIHTUIThHbIMH CHCTeMaMH. rIpoBezeHHasA Ha 6o0iee nO3AHeM 3Tane peKOHCTPYKUKA HHX(eHepHoro o6opyAoBaHHA noTpe6oBano 6i.i BJcoKHe 3aTpaTh Ha cTpoHTeJihcTBo. fIOBbElieHHe 34XeKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TerinocHa6feHHA B CTpaHaX UeHTpajBiHOH H BOCTOtHOH EBPOn-I H 43 pecny6nHilax 6usmero CoBeTcKoro C0o03a 3.1.3.6 BbI6odbl. 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Ha OCHOBe peaamHoro nporHO3a cnpoca Ha Terlo (CM. lIpHuioxeHHe B) BE,iiIeyKa3aHHbeI npo6jeMbI emb JoIHBI pemaTbcA qepe3 HHBeCTRHIHH B MOIIAHOCT1{ no BBIpa6oTKe. 3.1.4.1 n7o6biWeHue 3qc/xeKmueHocmu U xapaKmepuCmuK OK IlpH YCJIOBHH cyiiUeCTBOBaHHH noTpe6HOcTH B HMiHHeiHHX MOIHOCTAX KOTJIOB, HX 3d4eIKTHBHOCTb ,zoniHa 6Errb rIOBmmneHa BIIme HiIHeMHHX 60-80 %, HiTo xapaKTepHO xm CTapbIX KOTjiOB. lpHI HaJIIHHI aBToMaTH3aIHHE, llpH6OpOB yripaBYieHHA, IPEH 3aMeHe KaMepbl cropaHIAI H OHICTKH 1IOBepXHOCTH KOTJIOB 344eKTHBHOCTb Mo0KeT 6bIrrb IIoBbE1eHa Ro 85 %. HIHorga egHHCTBeHHo0 aBJTTepHaTHBOi MOwKeT 6bIm YCTaHOBKa HOBorO KoTjia, KfIT KOTOPOro MO)KeT zocTHraib 90 % (HInH ,ja)Ke 6oj[IIIe rIpIH 1PHMeHeHHHI KOH,aeHCaIxHOHHbiX KOTROB). 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TaM, r.Ae HY)KHO npOBeCTH HOBYIO ceTm6, TO B THnHIWHOM ropo Ae, KaK iOKa3bIBaEoT HCCie,IOBaHHS, r,ge 3AaHHA OCHaileHbI BHYTrPHXOMOBLIMH KOTJIaMH (BapHaHT A H3 Ta6n. 3- 5), owKEzaemas CTOHMOCTB BHemHeii ceTH cocTaBjSieT 160 - 180 ,oinT. CIIIA Ha o,AHy rIOBbImeHHe 34X1eKT1BHOCTH CHCTeM TermOCHa6)KeHS B cTpaHaax IeHTPaAbHOA H BOCTO4IHOHl EBporIII H 71 pecny6nHKax 6uvBiimero COBeTCKoro C0103a KBaPTHPY H IIPHMePHO 370 nouiv. CILIA Ha oco6HAK, ,II KOTOPOrO WIIHHa CeTH Ha OaHOrO ro17pe6HTesi 6oJIblne. CTOHMOCTE6 IIOZJBOAILHX flHHHI H3 pacHeTa Ha OAgHO AKHIHIJe KOYIe6IieTCSc B ripe,ejiax 130 - 160 ojOJI. CILIA (BapHaHT A); H OHa ,gocTHraeT 180 'Oij. CLIIA (BapHaHT B, KBaPTHpa) ao 280 oan. CIIIA (BapHaHT C, TOM), BKmOqiaA iHp6opbi ytieTa H peryJISTOP. B cpeaHeM, CTOHMOCTEV flom3eMHOA CeTH OiUeHHBaeTCS B 300 - 330 zo.vi. CIIIA Ha O2HY ceMEio. B ropogie cpe)XHHx pa3MepoB, TaKOM KaK THMHduoapa, 3KOHOMHiemCKaS CTOHMOCTh HOBOH CeTH, pacCI:HTaHHOII Ha CHa6)KeHHIe BHYTPHZIOMOBbIX KOTJIOB Ha OCHOBe 3aIIagHoeBpoIIeeCKHX CTaHtapTOB, OULeHHBaeTC3i B 46 MIH. aOgQri. CLIIA. TaM, r,ge TexiHHecKoe COCTOAHHe aytie, 6o0iee CKpOMHaM cxema MO)KeT riOMOqB XOCTHIHYTTh YAOBjieTBOPHTeZjIHbIX YCJIOBHiI 6e3oriaCHOCTH H nKCII3yaTauHH. Bo BpouiaBe, rge 7xByMA KPYIIHBIMH npo6neMaMw SBJILIOTCS COCTOAHHe tIyIyHHbIX Tpy6, H orpaHHweHHe MOIHOCTH B IO)KHOrf HIaCTH ropo.ga, cIHTaeTcS, xiTO CeTb MO2KHO MoaepHH3HpoBaTE IIyTeM IIOnjiHOR 3aMeHbI rxpOTeKaioiIeii IIOgCeTH, cTpoHTeJIbcTBa HOBOn rOpOaCKORi CTaHLjHH Ha BXO fe B iowKHor qacTH, CBI3aHHOA C paciuipeHHeM KOjiM.va cpeAHero gaBIeHH3, H 3aMeHbI OrpaHHqeHHoro y"acTKa CTaJIJHoro Tpy6oUpoBoaa. 06iiwe pacxo>zuI OiUeHHBaFOTCS B 14 MJIH. 0ofiJi. CIIA, T.e. IIHMHepHO B 1 00 gojU. CIIA Ha ceMbio. 3.2.3.2 npu6Opp lpH60opi ripeACTaBJ=SEOT HaMHOrO 6ojibiiylo aOJIUO B nipe,gnoJaraeMEIx HHBecTHIH.x IHCiiOjm63Ys Tpa,HIUHOHHO IIpoIHoe o6opyaoBamHe, JIerKoe ,ws MOHTa)Ka H 3KcrLjyaTaIUHH, a He goporoe H ciioiHoe o6opyAoBaHHe, TaKOe Kaic KOHqeHCa&]OHHbIe KOTJIEI, CTOHMOCTEb BHYTPHIZOMOBbIX KOTJIOB COCTaBHT nPIHMePHO 70% OT BCefi CTOHMOCTH HHBeCTHURHr B CHCTeMy. 3To COOTHOIiieHHe gaxKe Bbi6ie uIS geieHTpanH3rBaHH rIx rpH60poB. rIOCKOJIbKy paCCMaTpHBanOCE6 3a1IagHoeBpol1eHtcKoe o6opy[oBaHHe, 6bU HakgeHwI iunmi He6ojIbIuHe pa3iHTHA, o6ycnoBneHHEfIe paCXOaaMH Ha TpaHCIIOpTHPOBKY H Kojie6aHHAMH IXeH cpeaH IIOCTaBTHKOB. B BapHaHTe A CTOHMOCTh BHYTpHZ(OMOBOFO KOTjia, H3 pacxIeTa Ha O,gHO xunHre 6e3 cTpOHTenJTHLIX pa6oT o6mero xapaKTepa, OueHHBaeTC3 B 700 - 750 ,onn. CIlIA WIX 3,aHHS[ CpegHHx pa3MCPOB (25 - 50 KBapTHp). TaM, r,ae Tpe6yeTcs YCTaHOBHTh ClIelUHaJIBHYIO KOTeJIbHYIO H CBA3aHHY1O C Heri CHCTeMy IIO,a3eMHoro Tpy6orIpoBo.na rnJI ropA,ieiI BOAE,I Mo)KeT rioipe6oBaTi6cs euge oOIIojiHHTen6Ho 50 - 100 Ao JTi. CIIIA, B 3aBHCHMOCTE OT MeCTHLIX YCJIOBHHi. IlpH BapHaHTe B CTOHMOCTE HHaHBHayajiiHbwx ra3OBb1x HarpeBaTeJieli IIJUOC BoaoHarpeBaTeJIeA H ra3OBO]R IIJHTM COCTaBHT ipHMepHo 1000 won. CIUIA gni o6EtrHoHi KBapmpTH H 1200 ,zo.n. CIHIA Lsi oTreimlHoro goMa. B COOTBeTCTBHH c Ta6n. 3-6, XWL BapHaHTa A o6wuHe HHBeCTHIUHOHHEIe 3aTpaTbI (ceTH H IpH60opbI) COCTaBAT IIpHMepHo I 100 ,O.JI. CIIJA Ha KBapTHpy B THIIHtIHOM MHOrOKBaPTHPHOM zoMe cpeaHero pa3mepa (40 KBapTHp), Kyia Teriio IIooaeTCA OT 46 B PaMKaX rlpoeKTa ESMAP HcciiegoBaHHe pBIHKa 6BITOBblX npH6opoB AuIA AeileHTpanH3OBaHHoA nOAaqH Tenna H BOai 6bluio npoH3BeAeHO B JIHTBe H Honimie B 1995 r. Ha TOT MOMeHT 4a1cHqecKH Bce eBporierlcKHe MapKH O6opyAoBaHmia 6BurnHaoCTYnHbI B BapLuaBe, B TO BpeMS Kaic Bbl6op B BinbHoce 6Edn 6onee OrpaHH1eHHE,IM. CM. Biomass Technology Group (BTG): Small-Scale Heating Systems in Lithuania (Consultant Report, Washington, D.C., ESMAP, May 1995.) orpyrnia TexHoniorHH 6HOMacc>>; MenKoMacmTa6m,ie CHCTeMEd oToiUeHHS B JHnBe (OTqeT KOHcyJn.TaHTa, BauiHHTTOH, O.K, ESMAP, Mahl 1995 r.). CTOHMOCTh ra3oBbwx npH6opoB MecTHoro npOH3BojcTBa H 3aicyrneHHoro qepe3 KpynHoMacIIITa6Hmde KOHTpaBKTh 6yaeT HecxojiEKo HrnKe. 72 rIOBLIIIeHHe 34eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TerIiocHa6fteHHA B cTpaHax UeHTpaj1B6HO9 H BOCTOIHOH EBporibi H pecrIy6nimax 6uIBmero COBeTCKoro COKO3a BHyTpHlOMOBOrO KOTjia, iIOAXKOxieHHOrO K cyu.ecTByIoILer CHCTeMe ropsAero BoAOcHa6)KeHHs. aJIs BapHaHTa B CTOHMOCT16 oi.eHHBaeTcS B 1400 Aonu. CWUA Ha OAHy KBaPTHPY H 1850 Aojui. CLUA Ha AOM Ha ABe ceMBiH. OueHKa 3aTpaT xms THMHmoapbI H CO4HH HlOaTBepxcAaeT, TITO BHyTpHROMOBbIe KOTJIEI geaeBjie, 'ieM KBaPTHPHBIe ra3OBwIe HarpeBaTeJIH H HaMHOFO geieBjie, ieM KBaPTHpHMIe KOTibi. KpoMe TOrO, HTO OHH o6xoasTCs HaMHOrO IopoKe,TaKHe BecbMa zeieHTPaJH30BaHHbIe pemeHAs 6yaeT TpyAHee peafH3OBaMT B CyIIeCTBy1OIiHX MHOrOKBapTHpHbIX 3XWaHHSX, IIOTOMY MTO 3T0 ioTpe6yeT, nTo6uI BCe CeMBH corJIacHnHCB HHBeCTHpOBaTE 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIe geHeNHBIe CpeaCTBa. Ta6muiga 3-6. TunnwHbie mH8ecTwLjMoHHbie 3aTpaTbi npu Bo3pocuweM wcnonb30BaHuM ra3a B KnHJHU4MHOM ceKTope, Ha OAHY KBapTmpy (B AOnn. CWA) Bapuanm A (Keapmupa) Bapuaim B Bapuaum B KoMnoneHm (Keapmupa) (om6eAnbHbZi (OM) CeTb 160 - 180 180 370 rIO1BoAaas JIHHHS 130 - 160 110 210 flpH6opLI yereTa (BKnioias BKEO'meHO B nO,4BOAA1UYtO 60 70 ycTaHOBKy) JIHHHIO KoTenbHble 50- 100 H/, H/R ra3OBbie npH6opibi (BKcAotlas 700 - 750 1050 1200 ycTaHOBKy) O6uiaA CTOHMOCTE, 1100 - 1200 1400 1850 3.3 BapHaHTmI 3Heproc6epe)KeHMR B 3AaHH9X47 CHCTeMmI LT nOCTaBJISOT ropsAyio BOgy zI OTOrIIfeHSH H rBKB B 3,aaHHA. BOJi1,IHHCTBO H3 HIX ripe;rcTaBjIeT co6ok 6oimmiHe MHOrOKBapTHPHbIe AOMa, 3a HHMH CIeayIOT IMIKOJIMI, 60JIEHHIu>, O#HCHie H IpOMbmieHHBIe 3AaHm. 4aKTHqeCKH Bce 3ZaHHA B LIBE/ECC cTpagZaIOT OT O,IJHX H Tex we npo6neM: y HHX unoxaA H30jiH H cna6oe Texo6cjiyzKBaHKe, OTCYTCTBYIOT HHHBHAayaJbHEIe npH6opmI peyJIHpOBaHH H yTeTa TeUIIOBOA 3HeprHH. 3TH MOMeHTbI HpHBOIST K y,zenEbHOMy rioTpe6jieHH1O Teia, KOTOpOe HaMHOrO BBIIlle, HeM B 3ana,aHofl EBpone B CXO)KHX KJIMmaTHNeCKHX yCJIOBHXX. B caeapyoieM pa3,geine paCCMaTPHBaEOTCS gocTynHEie cpeAcTBa, npe,4Ha3HaIeHHbI6e AJIA rIOBbimeHHA 3HeprOC6eperamOMIHX CBON4CTB 3aaHNiN. B TO BpeMa KaK OHH 4aKTHeCKH OXHH H Te we AiiA pa3JIH9HBIX THITOB 3IjaHHA, peHTa6eJIE6HOCT1 mep 3aBHCHT OT TOFO, am 1qero HCrfIOJT3YeTCS 3XaaHHe. HaIIpHmep UKOJIbI He pa60Ta1OT HOYTiEO H B BbIXO0Hbie, Io3TOMy rlepeHaCTpORKa peryJISTOpOB Ha IIOHH)KeHHYIO TemnepaTypa riOMeIIIeHHSA B HOYHOii nepo,[ 6Tma 6EI BeCMa 34xj4eKTHBHOH A CHHEKeHHS iaoTpe6JIeHHA Terilna. 47 HacTo3iunH Pa3neA, Pa3,en 5.2.7 H rlpHnOxeHHe E OCHOBaHbi 6onbierl tacTbIo Ha pa6oTe Martinot, Eric (1997), "Investmnents to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Existing Residential Buildings in Countries of the Former Soviet Union," Studies of Economies in Transition 24 (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank). ABTOP aH1aji3HKYeT OnbiT, nO1yqeHHbIl BO BpeMS nOZtrOTOBKH HecKonbKUx xpeaHTHLiX npoeKTOB EaHKa B cTpaHax ECC B 1994 - 1996 rr. OH paccmaTpuaeT Kxa nepexouHuiVi nepmoA H(HnHulHoro ceicTopa B 3T14X cTpaHaX B uenIOM, TaK H cne1u4i4lHecKHe, 3KoHoMH'ecKHe, coLuHajibHbe H HHCTHTyUtOHaJ1bHbi6e acnexTbI noBbImUHHm 3HepreTH'ecKoro Kn. flOBblueHHe 3*reKTHBHoCTH CHCTeM TernJOCHa6fteHHA B CTpaHaX UIeHTpajibnHoi H BocToHHoHi EBpomlI H 73 pecny6iiHKax 6ElBiero COBeTCiKoro COO3a 3.3.1 Mepbw no noeibIWeHU1o 3HepaemuLecmoao Kr7L7 B nOCJeIHHe HeCKOABKO .eT npOBOAiOCB MHOrO TeXHH1eCKHX HCCfie4OBaHHll 3HepreTHmeCKOO B 3zaaHHAX B LIBEfECC H 6bu HaKOiiIieH oriBIT npOBe:eHiu ,aeM0HCTpaUHOHHb1X flpOeKTOB, CBI3aHHB1X C peKOHCTPYKIiH-e HH)eHepHOro o6opyaoBaHHA (MapTHHO, 1997 r., CTp. 25). 3TH HCCJieaOBaHHA H OrI6IT rIOKa3BIBaOT, tITO rIaKeTJI Mep rIO rIOBbE1meHHIO 3HepreT eCKoro KHJg B 3gaHHqX ripeguaraioT TexHHqecKHe B03MO)KHOCTH AJ CHH)KeHHIA 3HeprOIIOTpe6neHHA B )HJIOM gOMe Ha 25 - 30% H gaae ao 50% npH HpHBJIexaTeJIbHbIX 3KOHOMHtieCKHX H 1HHaHCOBBIX HOpMaX iipH6EuiH. TexHHwecKHe MepMi MoryT 6BiiT Ccr1py1HpOBabH iio TpeM KaTeropHiM: (1) Mepil naCCHBHOA TexHOjIOrHH, TaKHe KaK yjiyqEaeHHe H30JHH H BeHTHRI=H, yny-ineHHe BBIPaBHHBaHHA H IymeBE>ie rOJIOBKH C HH3KOAI CKOPOCTbPO IlOTOKa, KOTOpMIe CHH)KaEOT 3HeprmlO, Tpe6yeMyIO XAUS rIOA1eHHA HY)KHOrO YPOBHA KOM4OpTa H o6CJIYWHBaHHA; (2) Mepbi, CBA3aHHEIe c IOBsegeHHeM iioTpe6HTeIIA, TaKHe Kax KJIanaHI H KoHTpoiepBI, KOTOpIie nO3BOSOT )CJ1IlaM peryIHpOBaT] cBoe 3HepronoTpe6jieHe H yrpaBJIATb HM Ha OKHAaeMoM ypOBHe KoM4IopTa H o6CJIyXcHBaHHq; H (3) IpH6opwI y,leTa, KoTopbIe H3MeHx1OT cnoco6 pac'IeTa OrM1aTbI 3a Termo, C03,aaEOT CTHMYM mX HHBeCTHIJ B 10BbE1eHHe 3HepreTHHeCKoro KM H CHR)KaIOT uoTpe6aeHme 3HeprHH. B o61iieM, naCCHBHMie TeXHoJIorHH He3aBHCHMBI OT rIOBegeHHA CeMbH H COHaITBHbX HHCTHTYTOB, IIOTOMY tITO OHH He Tpe6yiOT aKTHBHOrO BMeII1aTeJIbCTBa gaJIg CHHXKeHHIX 3HepreTHeCKorO rioTpe6IIeHHA, B TO BpeMA KaK MepBI, CBS13aHHE,Ie C r1OBegeHHeM 1iOTpe6HTeJIs 3aBHCAT OT I1OBegeHHAe CeMEH H HHCTHTYUHOHaJIBHBIX yCJIOBHri. BnsiHHHe npH6opoB yqeTa 3aBHCHT OT HaHiHS HHCTHTYTOB H aaMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX CHCTeM B oTHOiUeHHH yqeTa Ha OCHOBe noTpe6JIeHHA H OiIIiaThI CtIeTOB, H OT TapH3H0M r1ojiHTHKH H ApyrHx HHCTHTyuIHOHaiBHbIX #aKTOpOB (CM. Pa3a. 5.2.5). B paMKax KaTerOPHH 1iacCHBHOil TexHOjiOrHH, 6a3oBbIe TeXHH7IeCKHe MepbI MoryT 6umTB pa36HThI Ha TpH ApyCa, KoTopIie npeaCTaBnsOT pa3JHtImbie ypOBHH 3KOHOMHiecKoi XK3HeC11OCo6HOCTH iipH ieHax Ha Tennjo (He cy6CHgHpoBaHHbix), rOKpbIBaiOIoJHX roJIHyio 3KOHoMHIeCKyiO CTOHMOCTb, B cTpaHax lBE/BCC. OHH 1pegCTaBMXEOT co6of: 5Apyc I: Ea3oBEie MepBLI co CpOKaMH oKynaemocTH OT KpaTKoro go cpeRHero (iacTo MeHee 5 nieT) H THnHqHbI nnx OCHOBHMX naKeTOB, KacajoniHxcA 3aMeRb HHXKeHepHOro o6OpyAOBaHHm. 5Apyc II: Mepm, KoToopme ripeaCTaBR0T1T Gonee anHTenibHie HnH 6oiee H3MeH[HBEbie H HeoupegeneHrMle (HO noTeHuHaBJIbHO RopoTKHe) CpOKH oKyiaeMocTH, H HcEojnb3OBaHHe KOTOpbIX 3aBHcHT 6omnme OT XapaKTepHCTHK 3maHKA H o6mero pacteTa naKeTa no 3ameHe mHKeHepHorO o6opyaoBaHiA. 5Apyc III Mepi6i, KOTopme o6I6lHO CaMH no ce6e He ABJXEOTCM 3KOHOMHqHbMMH, HO MOryT 6BITB BK3no-ieHLI B naKeTLI no 3aMeHe moxeHepHoro o6opyAoBaHHA 3raHHA, uenBIo KOTOPbEX RBJISeTCA o6ecnemeHHe BEICOKOfl cTeneHH CHHiDKeHNH 3HepronoTpe6jieHHs N/HnH B CBX3H c 6onee o6mHpHON MOaepHH3aUXfi HnlH o6HOBjieHHeM 3AaHHSl. B Ta6n. 3 - 7 i1pezCTaBBjeHfI THi1HtIHme Mepw1 no KfaxlZIOMy I3 Tpex IpyCoB. B flpHJIox OTHOCHTCS K 11pOCTOMy CpOKY OKyriaeMOCTH, paCC'HTaHHoMy KaK o6ume HHBeCTHIUHOHHMe 3aTpaThl, pa3AejeHHwe Ha rOaOByiO gbuNaHcoylO 3KOHOMIOO. nIOBbIIIueHHe 34xe1cTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TerDIOCHa6)iceHHA B cTpaHax L[eHTpanibHOii H BOCTORHHO EBpomrI H 77 pecny6Amax 6il6iBlero CoBeTcKoro CoIo3a Ha CTaHaapTH3OBaHHbIi xapaKTep fipoeKTHpOBaHHA 3aaHH3 H HaiiHtHe uleHTpajiH3OBaHHbIX CHCTeM IiT, YCJIOBHIA MoryT CyIIeCTBeHHO KOjie6aTbCA OT 3gaHHM K 3aaHHIO, Aa)Ke MeUxy 3gaHH3IMH HgeHTHqHbIX THHOB. BonIee CjiO)KHO IIpOrHo3HpOBaTb 3KOHOMHIO HCXOA H3 HaKeTa nIo nepeo6opyAoBaHHro HH)KeHepHOr0 O6opygoBaHHA B oTaejThHOM 3gaHHH, z(a,(e HMeS cjioxcHbIe MOgeHm HO OTOiJIeHHKO 3AaHH-4, ieM rporHo3HpOBaTE, 3KOHOMHOE0 6orib]oro tmcna 3graHHA. gJiiA 6oibmero ,mcJia 3aaHHA 4aHTecKHe pe3yJEITaTbI B cpeAHem MoryT 6oamme COOTBeTCTBOBaTh TOMy, tITO I1pegCKa3LIBaEOT MogeIH. 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B KpaKoBe, HaripHMep, 3TH HCTOqHH4KH, fIoBbImieHHe 34MeKTHBHoCTH cHcTeM TenLJocHa6feHHAI B cTpaHax LAeHTpaj1EH0ii H BOCTOqHOH4 EBporiI H 101 pecrly6nHKax 6S1IBLuero COBeTCKoro C0o03a o IH3-3a IIpeHMyiijeCTB MacInTa6a, aemeMne YCTaHOBHTL CJIO}KHYiO COBpeMeHHYIO TexHoIorEHIO giSA 6opb6EI C 3arpI3HeHHeM Ha KPYIIHEIX lpe,aIIpHTHAX. OTEHCTHTej1H oTpa6oTaHHoro ra3a MOryT 6brrb YCTaHOBjieHLI LIS yLajieHH TBep.,IX IaCTHII H 66 CHM eHHA BEI6pOCOB S02; a KOTjiEI MOryT 6,ITE, nepeo6opyioBaHEI C yCTaHOBKOii ropenoK C HH3KHM cozepxKaHHeM NOx, c penIIPKyiAiHUef4 OTPa6OTaBIIero ra3a, H MeTOgaMH CeiJeKTHBHOrO KaTaJIHTHMeCKOrO BOCCTaHOBJIeHHA ZSI CHH>KeHHS YPOBHei NOx (OKCmIaa a3oTa). EoJIee KPYIIHmeI T914 MOrYT 6EIm o6opyaoBaHbI CJIOXKHEIMH ycTporcTBaMH nSI gecyjTh4)ypH3auIHH, KOTOPeI YjiaBJIHBaEOT 80 - 95% cepbI, cogepwKaIUeAcs B OTxO,aIIHX ra3ax. ° Kl,TJ TeIInOBOHI 3HeprHH y 60IEIIHX KOTJIOB o6bilHo Bbie, wIeM y He6OJIIHuX BHYTPHAOMOBLIX KOTJIOB, oco6eHHo, Koraa HCIIOJIb3YIOTCS yrOJIbHbIe KOTJIEI. 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Hcciie2oBaHHA HCTOqHHKOB Bbl6pOCOB, H4ynH= OT HH3KO pacnoAo;KeHHbMx AIbMOBbLX Tpy6, npoBeaeHHoe KpaKOBcKHM 6iopo ropoACKoro rUIaHHpOBaHHI, BblXBHllO OKOJIO 130 Tbic. yroibHbix ne4eHI H npHMepHO 1300 He6ojib[nHx KoTeIibHbIx, pa6oTalomnx Ha yrne. Sonee 50 % H3 HHx pacnono)KeHiI B ieHfpe r. KpaKoBa. YxIynlleHHe KaqecTBa Bo03yxa MorJo 6blTb OCTTrHyTO 65naroaapA cneaymonUIM MepaM, npHHTbIlM B ieHTpe r. KpaKoBa: iiHKBHAaUiHH MeCTHbIX KoTeibHbIX H nOaKjUO'eHHA K CHCTeMe LeHTPaiH3OBaHHoro TennocHa6fKeHHS (npHmepHo 54 % OT MO=HOCTH KOTJOB), nepexoa Ha HCHOJTh30BaHHe ra3a (21 O/o) H Ma3yTa (9 %), H nepeo6opyaoBaHHe KOTJOB (15 %). 3TH Mepbi TaKoKe cnoco6cTBoBaAH 6ibi cHHJKeH1o Bbl6pOCOB C02.(CM. S. Adamson, R. Bates, R. Laslett, and A. Pototschnig (1996), Energy Use, Air Pollution and Environmental Policy in Krakow [World Bank Technical Paper Number 308, Energy Series, Washington, D.C.]) <KeHHS. 3To npOH3o0AeT Torga, Koraa BbI6pOCbI KOHKpeTHOEf TeXHjiorHH OTOrifieHHq, T.e. 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LHp#M rO ULBE/BCC ABRMEOTCA IIpH6JIH3HTeJIbHBIMH, KOTOpLIe HYKHO YTOtiHHTh zA npoBeaeHHAi nocneAyio=x HCCiienOBaHHi; TMIHtbe IH4pbi ns cTpaH EBponeflcKoro C01o3a ripHBeAeHbI x1 CpaBHeHHIA. rHoBblieHMe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TenrLocHa6)KeHHq B cTpaHax IjeHTpajibHori u BOCTO1qHOrl EBpom6l H 105 pecny6nxHKax 6ElBImero COBeTCKOrO Co0o3a Ta6nmL.a 4-11 Bbl6poCbl 3arPM3HIOLu4X BBeu4eCTB Ha oTnyLMeHHbIe rKan, no T1fnaM TeXHonorum TennocHa6)KeHMS HopmbI E3C Tpe6oBaHHA K JMA O'HHCTKe ripegnpHSTHM oTxoaLRuero ra3a > 100 MBT, 6 (Kr/oTnynleHHble Bllympubaomo OK- T3W- ,wl7/NM3 rKan) OUi KomeA CluT CIIT Ha Yrne: a - florpe6ineHHe TOnUIHBa H/ H/ 0,215 0,218 0,110 (TOHH) 2000 MaKc. 0,5 3,9 0,42 0,24 - S02 (Kr) 50 MaKc. 0,15 1,5 0,252 0,141 - TH (Kr) 650 MaKc. 0,4 H/J H/J H/IJ - NOx H/a L 0,527 0,512 0,289 - CO2 (TOHH) Ha ra3e: b - rIoTpe6neHHe TOuUHBa H/, H/, 139 146 82 (M3) 35 MaKc. 0,5 0 0 0 - S02 (Kr) 5 MaKc.0,15 0 0 0 - T4(Kr) 350 MaKc. 0,4 H/ H/n. 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CTaH,4apTHEie IeHbI oupegeMMH MaKCHMaZjTHyO ileHy, KOTOpyiO nOCTaBIIHKH Teniia MOrFIH yCTaHOBHTB APIA X)ICHEIOB KBapTHp. EcnH npOH3BO;[CTBeHHbie pacxoa., HI nO3TOMY noTpe6HTenEbcKHe ijeHmI, npeBluaJIH CTaHaapTHBIie ieHbI, pa3HHIY XCHJIHIIHEIM KOOrCepaTHBaM IIOKpEIBaii rOCygapCTBeHHlEIH 6iog)KeT, a a,gMHHHCTpaItHH xcuioro #OHga rocygapcTBeHHE,rX 3aHaHHH - MyHHuHIInan EHbdI 6ioxeT. B 1991 r. cpegHs cy6cH,zA aoxo,gHa ro 70% CTOHMOCTH nogBoXga, paccTiHTaHHOH npefl IpHATHS1MH LIT; K 1996 r. cpezi cy6cHIHsA 6bua CHHEKceHa go 20%. CTaH,2apTHaS r.eHa yBejurnHaCb C 0,17 ,onn. CIIIA/FKani B 1989 r. gro 41,31 zgonni. CMJA/rKani (35 .oin. CIJA 3a MBT.tI) B 1996 r. B 6oJIbIIIHHCTBe ropoxtOB TapH4ThI 1IT B HacToaxiee BpeMA noKpbma1IOT 100% 3aTpaT. HatHHas c 1 AHBapA 1998 r., HOBEIf HaUHoHan6H16Ir4 3aKOH o6 3HepreTHKe OTMeHHJI KOHLIerIIImO < HiOBBinueHHAX LieH, yCTaHOBjieHHI,IX MHHHCTePCTBOM 4PHHaHCOB. noBEmlueHHe 3cjeITHBHoCTH CHCTeM TerinoCHa6)KeHHA B CTpaHax UeHTpaREhHori H BOCTOxHOHi EBpon6i H 131 pecny6nHKax 6bIBimero CoBeTcKoro C0o03a Ta6niua 5-3 nlOKpblTme 3aTpaT Ha 3Heprilto B )KUJ1OM ceKTope (B %) HICTOMHHK 3HeprHH / Cmpaua LIT J1pUpOcHblu 2a3 3JIeKTpO3HeprHs rIonIblua 75 (1995) 60-70 (1994) 50-60 (1994) -100 (1998) JIHTBa 60 (1995) YKpaHHa 80 (1998) 4-10 (1994) POCCHA 40 (1998) 10-20 (1995) 10-15 (1994) BonrapHs 54(1998) 10-15 (1994) PYMbIHHA 60 (1996)a a. Ha OCHOBe farKTH?ecKoi fHHaHcOBOfl CTOHMOCTH B THMHaoape, KOTOPaA oeneHHBaeTCA IumE KaK 20% OT HCTHHHOH 3KoHoMHqecKoA cToHMocTH UT. HcmO'WHUK: CoTpyAHHKH BceMHpHoro EaHKa. C cepe.HHbI 90-x roaoB IIOIBHjiac]6 TeH,zeHUHSq Iepexozna Ha HHXAHBH]YaBJIEHyIO BbIrIIaTy cy6cH=A H {KBHzaiuO nIepeKpeCTHoro cy6cHHpoBaHHA OT IIPOMIIeHHE.IX TaPH1OB. IlOrTH Bce CTpaHi6I B LjBE/FBCC IIpHHJIMH COUIHajiHOe 3aKOHOaTejibCTBO ARA o6ecue'eHnA rio.epKK ,AOXOgOB rpaXAaH C HH3KHMH AOXOZgaMHc CUeiiEoi IIOMOb HM B OIIJIaTe MX CzfeTOB 3a 3nIeKTPO3HeprHmO. Bo MHOrHX pecrIy6iKax 6EIBimero COBeTCKOrO COIO3a BHe)gPeHa nporpamma nO BbIiiaTe iiOCO6Ho Ha Ha HJe, rze rocygapCTBo IIOKPEIBaeT qacTEb 3aTpaT Ha KOMMyHaJIHEHIe yCJyCR, KOTopbIe COCTaBIaOT npHMepHO 15-20% OT goxoga CeMEH. 84 Bo MHOrHX CTPaHaX He BCA CyMMa OniuaTEI 3a KOMMYHanEHHbIe ycjiyrH cy6cilAHpyeTcA TaKHM Cnoco6oM, a TOJIBKO Ta qaCTE,, KOTOpaA OTHOCHTCA K OTanMIBaeMOil flJIOHaH HH)Ke COIXHa.UHoAI HOpMEI, cocTamBnEomek IpHMHepHO 15 KB. M Ha 'LieHa ceMEbH. rIepexoa OT cy6cHaHpOBaHHbIX TapH4OB K COijHaJIHbIM BLmnjaTaM rHHBeII K CyUeCTBeHHO1t 3KOHOMHH ,IS rocyxapcTBeHHOro 6ioa)KeTa, IIOTOMY MTO cy6cHgUH 6onbe He oxBaTmIBaioT 100% HaCeJIeHHa He3aBHCHMO OT aoxo a., a JmHI TOJIE,KO IIOXpylly. B BHaIajie 90-x rOAOB cy6cHH o6mI6qHmo noKpTIBaim 70-90% 4aKTHMeCKHX 3aTpaT H iipeaCTaBJIAJIH 1/3 rogoBoro 6ioxtxeia MyHHHIaITeTa. Terlepb, riLaTexc HO cy6CHMIAM HH>Ke 30% CTOHMOCTH cHa6)xeHRIA B cTpaHax IBE. OAHaKo 344eKTHBHOCTE H pe3yjibTaTHBHOCTh 3THX ipOirpaMM Ho BBmjiaTe iioco6H] Ha xKHJIB.e gonlci 6brrE, rIOBHuIeHbI. IlpOrpaMMa o6EbIrHo cTpazaeT oTToro, WrO He rIHOCTE,iO oxBaTEIBaeT HY)KHMA KOHTHHreHT, H gawKe B 6o0m,uefi CTTHeHH OT TOrO, 'HTO HMH riOjiL3yiOTCA Te KaTeropHHc CeMeEI, KOTOpEIb eO 3aKOHy He HMeIOT Ha 3TO JipaBa. AgpeCHaS 3aIHTa 6e=bHbIx ceMeEi HyxQaeTC3 B COBepmIeHCTBOBaHHH riyTeM HCIIOJI]63OBaHHS KOppeJISIfH-H 6ebHocTH. MyHrnHHa.iZTeTE,I, KOTOpEIe 0o6,rIHo 3aHHMaiOTCS OCyueCTBJIeHHeM rpOrpaMMEa, AOJDKHbI 6E,rITE yCHIieHT6I C TO'HKH 3peHH CBOHX aM4HHHCTpaTHBHI>IX B03MO2EHOCTef HgOmHbI 6bm 8 pHMepoM 3@4eKTHBHoACHcTeTMbI aaMHHNcTpHpoBaHHA cy6cHgHr Mo)KeT cTaTb r. OpeH6ypr B POCCHH. B cooTBeTcTBHH c 4eAepanbH6xM 3aKoHoAaTe3ubcTBoM, ceMBH A0OJDII rHlTaTHTb He 6oAee 20 % cBoero aoxoAa 3a KOMMYHaIbHMle ycnyFH. CeMEH C HH3KHMH gOXOgaMH noaalOT 3aABfleHHe Ha noay"eMie cy6cuHAH MYHHUHnaEbHbLIM BjiacTAM HaOCHOBe HH4opMauHH, non3eHHoa 0 1oxoiax H KojiHqecTBe qileHoB ceMbH, <KeHHS B cTpaHax LUeHTpajTbHOii H BOCTOqHOri EBponbu H pecny6nmKax 6bmBmiiero CoBeTcxoro C0o03a o6sI3aHbI riepe,gaBaTb KOMMYHaJiHLIM rIpe,anpHIATHLAM cy6cHigHpoBaHHy1o ,ionio oriIaTM, HatIHcJIeHHO4 CeMESM C HH3KHMH OXOgaMH.85 PaMKa 5-2 ,OCfTYnHOCT6 oTonneHMR: pe3yniTaTbI o6cJ1eAoBaHNR9 AOMOXo3RuCTB B pamKax npoeKTa BceMHpHoro BSaHa no IUT r. KHeBa 6bLTo npoBegeHo o6ciiegoBaHHe ,gOMOX03SACTB B 1997 r. B Cpe,XHeM HaceneHHe, nooKnIOqeHHoe K UIT, rpaTKno 6% CBOHX pacxo,gOB Ha UT, 4% Ha ropAqyio Bo,Ay, Bcero 10% (c BblqeTOM CKH,AOK H cy6cHgHR). rIPH 3TOM 3Ta uH4pa Kone6aJiacb B AHana3oHe OT xlyTb B6luie 15% y cambix 6ebmLix ,gOMOX03AACTB go 5% y caMbEX 6ormamix. B KHeBe Cpe,gHH$i TapH4 3a TeroO Ha MoMeHT npOBe,LeHHA o6cnegoBaHHs cocTasBJ1U 22 zionU./FKan ('{TO HOKPbUIO 6bl 3aTpaTbL) H BO3MeIueHHe nPOH3Bo0cTBeHHb1X H3XAepxceK CO CTOPOHbl noTpe6irreneri B KHIHWHOM ceK-rope B HacToAiuee BpeMS cocTaBneST 80% . HeCKOJ1bKO o6cAe,ioBaHHR 6bmH npoH3BegeHb6 B POCCHH B 1995 r. B paMKaX npoexcra BceMHpHoro BaHKa no oTzeneiHmo HH.UlHoro 4oH,Aa npe,gnpHsITHr4. Bo3MeiueHHe H3xepHKex cocTaBJAJIO npHmepHo 30%. CoriacHO BHyTpeHHeH oueHKe npoeKTa BaHica cpegHHe pacXOblw Ha )KHnbe (peMoHT + KOMMYHanbbHbe yciiyrH) COCTaBJJIH npHMepHO 5% OT geHe)KHbIx AOXOgOB ceMbH. ECJIH npexAnoAOcHTm, qTO H3gepxaKH B03MelUalOTCA nOIHOCTbEO, 3Ta uH4)pa yBenH'Hnacb 6bl nPHMePHO go 15%. Pe3ynbTaTm o6cneAoBaHHAs B r. Bjia,HMHpe H BonIxoBe yKa3blBamO, trrO B cpeaHeM ,ronA paCXOOB Ha xKHjbe cocTaBmeIT 10% OT ,zOXO,AOB ceMbH H 20-25% y 6e,HeriwHx ceMer. lI1HpoKoMacurra6Hoe o6cne,zoBaHHe cemeH no 3HepreTmKe B J[HTOBCKHX ropo,Aax BHimEnoce H KayHace B Haqane 1995 r., npeAnpHHmTbie KaK 'acTm npoeK-ra ESMAP 88 zano cnexyIoIUHe Pe3yJILTaTl: B CpeZHeM AOMOxO3URCTBa TPaTHRH 11% Ha 3HeprEHo (UT npHMepHO cocTaBjAeT 50% OT 3TOH w mpbI), CeMwH C HH3KHMH goxoAaMH go 20%. Bo3MeiueHHe 3aTpaT Tor,a COCTraBnO HpHMepHO 30%. r1oTpe6HoCT.b B cy6cHAHix CHH3HTCA C yBjne1eHHeM AOXOAOB, KOTOPbIe OTCTaBaBiH OT pOCTa IteH Ha 3HeprHio. PeKoHcTpylauHs CHCTeM IUT H 3AaHHA, KOTOPEIe HpHBe)IY K CyitfeCTBeHHOH 3KOHOMHF 3HeprHH, TaK)Ke CHH3HT CYMMY OnJIaT]6I 3a MHeprHio y nIoTpe6fTenIer H BCJIegCTBHe 3Toro yMeHLM1HT BEImaITaI cy6cyHHi. B THMHIIoape KOHCYJIbTaHTbI yCTaHOBHJIH, qTO TapH4ThI nO BO3MeiiieHHO nomHOr CTOHMOCTF 3aTpaT MozepHH3HpoBaHHoir CHCTeMmI UT c 85 Cp. "Russian Federation: Affordability of Cost Recovery in Housing and Conimunal Services" (Draft Report, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, March 1999). (> (npoexT oTqeTa, BamHHrroH: BceMHpHbir1 EaaHx, MapT 1999 r.). 86 B naqane 1998 r. pacnpeAeneHHe 3aTpaT Ha T3J, notaioLuinx Tenno B CHCTeMY LUT KHeBa, m3MeHHJIocb, qTo zano cHmmeHue TapHf)OB c 22 Aonn. CWATKan Ao 17 aoni. CIUAIFKan. CM. Ukraine: Kiev District Heating Improvement Project, Staff Appraisal Report (April 1998).."YKpaMHa: flpoeICT COBepmeHcTBOBaHHSi rrPanBOBaHHOrO TernwocHa6)KeHHS B r. KHeBe. OiueHoqriwr oTTeT COTPYaHHKOB BaHxa" (anpenb 1998 r.). 87 Russian Federation: Enterprise Housing Divestiture Project, Staff Appraisal Report (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, April 1996.) "PoccHItcKan (DeaepaiH: flpoeKT no oTAneneHmo 2KuHnmHoro 4oHga ripegnpwrrHrIl, OueHOIqHOf oTqeT coTpyaHHKoB BaHKa (BamHHrToH: BceMnpHuri BaHi, anpens 1996). 88 Josephine Arpaillange, The Buildings and the People: Lithuania Household Energy Survey, Building Assessment Study, and Homeowner Association Study, Consultant Report for ESMAP (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, June 1995). XK03e4HH ApnaAHic "3aaHMi H niOAH: HccneAioBaHHe no 3HepreTuKe A[OMOX03fiCTB B JIHTBe, HccJTeAoBaHHe oueHKH 3AaHHA H HccjieaoBaHHe accoIxHaixHH AoMoBnaaeabueB". OTqeT KOHcynjTTaHTa anA ESMAP (BaiIUHrTOH: BCeMHpHblU BaHK, HOHb 1995 r.). HoBBrnEieHHe 34fIeKTHBHOCTH CHcTeM TerlmocHa6)KeHH3a B cTpaHax LjeHTpaJTbHo0i H BOCTOIIHOI EBpomrw H 133 pecny6nmiKax 6blrBiero COBeTCKOrO C0o03a KOM6HHHpOBaHHLIM IIPOH3BO2aCTBOM 6EIJIH 6F AOCTyrIHIIM CeMsAM, KOTOpEIe paCXOJOBa2IH 6Fv IIpMHepHO 7% OT CBOHX XaOXOAOB B 2005 r., ecnIH 6Fv iOXoZBI B03paCTaBiH Ha 5% B roj. .;OCTyHHOCTEF ABSLBeTCSI H OCTaHeTCS B o6o3pHMoM 6yayweM CepEe3HOff ripo6JleMOr4 B HeKOTOPBIX pecdiy6.nnKax 6biBinero COBeTCKorO CoIo3a, TaKHX KaK rpy33HA, ApMeHHA, MOJMOBa H KbipF6I3CTaH, ume BBr Ha Aymy HaceneHAs KOjie6JIeTCA B npe,e.nax 300-1000 zonn. CIlA. BFI3bIBaeT COMHeHI BO3MO)KHOCTB H uenecoo6pa3HOcTb peKOHCTPYKUHH HH4pacTpyKTypbI, KOTOpax 6fLta CO3ftaHa B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CTaHaapTaMMH CHCTeMBI ueHTpaJIH3OBaHHoro IInIaHHpOBaHHIA: 60JBIEJHCTBo HKHJI6IJOB He 6yAyT crIoco6HFI orIIIaTHTh TapH4hI6, BO3MeiumOIIHe 3aTpaTrI, oco6eHHo 3a LIeHTPaJIH3oBaHHoe TerIIio, eme MHOrHe roau. CeEqac iipezpIHmaIOTCA iiOibKH B HeKOTOPFIX cTpaHax pa3pa6OTaTb6 cTpaTerHlo TeIIJIOBOEI 3HeprHH, KOTOpaS oripe;IeJIHT TeXHHqeCKHe H HHCTHTyIIHOHa2JIJHbIe pemeHHA C TeM, 'iT06EI CgeIiaTb HH4#paCTpyKTypy TerIIOBOE 3HeprHH yCTOriHBOri B 4MHaHCOBOM, COLIHaNJIHOM H 3KOJIOrH'eCKOM nUiaHe. 5.2.5.4 3adonmeHHocmb nompe6umeneu, u CaHKL4UU 3a Henname.Ku rIepBOHaHaA6Hoe IIOBmiUeHHe UeH Ha 3jieKTpO3HeprIHIO B Haqaue 90-x rO,OB HfPHBeJIO K OrpOMHOEI 3aBZaojKeHHOCTH n0 oriiiaTe CO CTOpOHEI nIOTpe6fTenefl. BCnegCTBHe 3TOFO MHOrHe Mepropampe4einiTeLHme KOMLaHHH He CMOrJIH O11TIaTHTb XOJIrH CBOHM rIOCTaBBiLHKaM CBOH{M rIOCTaBIUHKaM, CO3,aaBaS CHCTeMy TpeXCTOpOHHHX IOjirOB. rIpoueHT HeiinaTeRJIbHKOB 6E,I H OCTaeTCS BbICOKJIM oco6eHHO cpex4 norpe6HTeneiA IT. 3a OTO1lJeHHe B roz IIpHXOAHTCS nJlaT{HTh HaMHOrO 6o0i6me, qeM 3a 3JieKTpZHeCTBO H EnpHpOgHbm ra3 H Tpy,ZHO OTKJIUO'IHT] HerIJIaTejTwE6 KOB. flpo6neMa 3aIoji)KeHHocTH ioTpe6HTeeiieE eme aajieKa OT cBoero pemeHHs.90 );axce B TaKHX cTpaHax KaK flonibia, r,ae 3KOHoMHTIecKaS CHTyalHAS 3HaT4HTeJIbHO y.JNytIHjiacb, KOMIIaHHH LIT Bce eme CTaIKHBBaEOTCA CO 3HatHTeZji1HbIMH 3agoJDKeHHOCTJqMH. B TO BpeMA KaK KOMIInaHHE JT B 3anaaHok EBporie o6E,rIHo HmeIT ypOBeHE, <«3aoiJDKeHHOCTH tHCTOH CyMMBI iIpo,a-aiK, KOTOpEiA HCtiCjiAeTCA aHSIMH)), MaKCHMyM 40 21Heri, 3Ta 1H4pa Bce eme 6.IH3Ka K 100 XDUM BO MHOrHX KOMIIaHHAX IOJIbIIIH. B cTpaHax, nie2KaJEHX aajiee Ha BOCTOK, o6brHLie YPOBHH 3a,gojieHHoCTH xAocTHraiOT 6o0iee 300 aHeft. Yxy=uaioweeCs KatieCTBO TeIjIoBoAI 3HeprHH H3-3a KOpOTKOrO OTOIIHTenjE,HOrO ce3OHa H HH3KHX TemnepaTyp nozABOgIa, oTieBHAHo, TaKwoe ycyry6HAo 3Ty CHTyaIHIO. Bo MHOrHX crpaHax BCC npo6feMa 3a,Io.KeHHOCTH ycyry6nAerCs TeM BaxTopoM, 'rrO JIHmB He6OfthmOE rIPOLeHT imaTeTeeri 11pOH3BO,HTCA HaAH'IHBIMH; OCTan]6HOe Hepe3 6apTep, BeKCeJIS H T.X. 3a,oionxeHHOcTE6 Bce ewe HMeeTCSA BO Bcex rpyrinax roirpe6HTenerf, HO oco6eHHO B X)KfOM H roCyaapCTBeHHOM ceKTope. BBexaeHHe a,apeCHJbIx cy6cHaHrx IIPHBeJIO K CHH>KXeHHO B KOJIHEICTBe 6,ITOBEIX HemiaTejiEIHKOB. OcTaBiaiHecA HenjiaTen,KH upenaCTaBJSUOT co6o0 89 0616rcHo cqeT 3a Tenno H ropnqyso Bo0y COCTaBAMCT npHMepHo 60% OT pacxoaOB CeMbH Ha xOMMyHaJTbHO- 6BIToBEje Hy)CAW. 90 B OTHOHIeHHH nlOJHTHKH H mep iA pemeHu npo6neMm uenriaTexet4 CM. Non-Payment in the Electricity Sector in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Washington, D.C.: World Bank Technical Paper No. 423, June 1999). 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CElA) AHIIE HCIIO3Th3OBaHHeM 6HoMaccBI BHIOMACCM6 B PAMKAX IIPOEKTA GEF "rJIOEAJI,H I61E 3KOJIOfiLHE CKIIE BO3MO2CHO CTH" YKPAJIHA ?/30 * PeKOHCTpyluHs 3aeM BCrYriHT B CHJIY B 2000 PEKOHCTPY HHBKeHepHoro FHHmHCOBOM roziy KUIIM1 o6opyzAoBaHHs B UKOaX OBIIgECTBEH H 60nbHHUax B r. KHeBe c HlBIX Lxenlb1O HOBmiueHHA 3,D;Am B r. 3KOHOMHH 3meKTPO3HePHHI KIIEBE C IJEJIBEO IIOB6IUEHH 3HEPrETHI ECKOrO KII, 1998 - 2002 rr. CYMMA 795 3AIIMOB IIO IIPOEKTAM HA CTA,7H IIOT OTOBK HI (C) 176 fIoBuLmeHHe 344eKTHBHocTH CHCTeM TenriocHa6fteHHS3 B CTpaHaX qeHrpanibHOH H BOCTO'Hori EBpOnIbl H pecny6nHKax 6biBmero COBeTCKoro C0o03a PaMKa A-1. npoeKT6i no LeHTpanN30BaHH0MY TennocHa6mKeHI1o B nOnbwe K HacTosLeMwy BpeMeHu pe3ynbTaTbi no npoeKTaM TennOCHa6)KeHuI4 B nlOnbCKHX ropoAax rAaHbCKe, rAbIHe, KaTOBILAe, KpaKOBe H BapwaBe nony.4eHbi BeCbMa yAoBneTBoPU1Te.nbHbie. Peant3ai4.q nporpamm onTIMm3aiLAm B 3TLX nqTi4 ropogax C 1992 r. gario: O cHHnKeHHe o6iuHx noTepb TenJiOBO2 3HeprHH Ha 15 - 24% OT IHX YPOBHA 1992 r.; O cHH)KeHHe rlOTepE BOIbI zo 28-62% OT YPOBHS Ao Haqajia npoerTa; H o 3HaqHTl3enHoe yny'meHHe Ka,ecTBa BO,bI, qTO nO3BOJIHJIo ocyIUecTBHTb MepbI no coxpaHeHMo 3HeprHH B 3AaHHHX (aBToMarn3aums Ten3ionyHKToB). Bao6aBOK: o rIOaTH 100% 3aKynaeMoIl TeMnOBOHi 3HeprHH, a TaKwKe KpynHa3 Aoa npoRaaK TenniOBO 3HeprHH B HacToAsUee BpeMA 3aMepAnOTCA. o 3arpsA3HeHHe BO3Ayxa cyIuecTBeHHo CHH3HJIOCb B pe3ynjETaTe AocTHrHyTofl 3KOHOMHH 3HeprHH K KorAa BMecTo He6ojn6mHxX, pa6oTaiolnx Ha yrne, He3 "eKTHBIx KOTeCJbHbIX, CTaJIH Hcnonb3OBaTb MarHCTpaEJILHLe TeCruoceTH, JIH6o nepemnI Ha HCnOJIi3oBaHHB ra3a. 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YcoBepmeHcTBoBaHHe ceTH aano npHMepHo oaHy TpeT6 3TOHl 3KOHOMHH, a Mepbi no coxpaHeHmo 3HeprHH Ha ypOBHe TermOnyHKTOB - OCTaiTHbie 2/3. CHHweHHe Bbl6pOCOB 6naroAapsI iHKBHnauHH owonwreanmbHx KoTeJnbHLix, pa6oTaioEux Ha yrnie (He cqHTaR cHHx(eHHA Bbl6pOCOB, B pe3ynbTaTe yMeHbmeHHB noTpe6HOCTH B HacocHbMx yCTaHOBKaX Ha 33%, H CHHACeHHA 3aKynOK Tenria y HCTO'qHHKOB TenAOBOfl 3HeprHH), BiflRnSAHT cneAyIowiHM o6pa3oM: SO2: 15 % NOx: 10% 3o0na: 22 % CO2 16 % HCTOqHHK: PauTHa Bemeecaya, 1997, H ApTo HyOPKHBH, 1998 fIpHao)KeHHe A 177 PaMKa A -2. nlpoeKT no L4eHTpa.nM30BaHHOMY TennocHa6fteHm*O B J1aTBI*u. rpoeicT no IUT B EnraBe, JIaTBHSI, HaajiCSA B 1995 r. OH nponBHraeTcA xOpoImo, C onepe)Kalou.HMH TeMnaMH H C MeHbUIHMH 3aTpaTaMH, EieM 3aJIo?KeHO B cMeTe. Ha moJIB 1997 r. npoeiT 6bmi peanIH3OBaH npHMepHO Ha 80%. rIIOSBHIHCb HeKOTopj6e BOOBYIyIeBmEsloLUHe pe3yJThTaTEI: 0 3KOHOMU5 6 pe3ynbmame a6moMamu3azfuu. fIpHmepHo floJIoBHHa 3AaHHrl B HacTosAnee BpeMA HMeeT aBToMaTHqecKHe TerLJIOflyHICT6I. 3To npHBeno ripHMepHO K 25%-My CHH)KeHHiO Io'rpe6JieHmA TerLia B aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHb6x 3gaHHAX, rge 3KOHOMHA noxoanma no 40%. FOpOACKO0 COBeT pemai pacnpe(eiinHT 3Ty 3KOHOMHiO Mexc1y )KHJnbTIaMH H UpeplpHRTHeM ]UT, KOTOpoe ycTaHaBnIHBaJia TerLTIOnIyHKT]I. O CHuiceHue nomepb e cemu u mpy6onpoBo6ax. Ilociie Toro KaK peajH3agHA 3aInaHHpoBaHHoH1 nporpaMMBi no Tpy6onlpoBoaaM COCTaBHna ripHMepHO 60% (npM4epHo 1/3 OT nepBOHaqajTbHorl anHHBI ceTeri npeanpHATHA), noTepH BOui 6binH cHHXleHbl lpHMepHO Ha 60%, a noTepH Tenna Ha 37%. KoppO3HA Tpy6onpoBogHog ceTH CHH3HniacB c 14% B roa no MeHee 5% R3-3a yAyIluIeHNA KatecTBa BHyTpeHHell BOgbI H, npeaBapHTeiBHo H3OJIHpOBaHHbnX Tpy6. O 06wHni K ;l TOnjinBa npH rpoH3BoaCTB renrmoBoi 3HeprHH B03pOC c 79% ao 85%. 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B cTpaHax BoCTOHHOr4 EBpOrIi H 6EIBuieM COBeTCKOM COIo3e (CBE / 13CC) oYeHB TpyXHo onpefeniHT,b nHA He gaKe 1IpHMepHO IIO,C'IHTaTb TaKHe noTepH, HOCKOJIbEKY He xBaTaeT H3MePHTeHJTHOrO o6OpyAOBaHHA. B KPYUHHIX CHCTeMaX IUT H3MePHTenbEHOe o6Opy,aOBaHHe o6bI'Ho YCTaHaBJIBaeTCX Ha ripeAnpIHTHAx, ripOH3BOA2XLMX TenJIOBYIO 3HeprHIO. B TeieHmH nlOCneIAHHX HeCKOJIEbKHX JIeT mHorIe npeXIpH3ffis U1T Hat'aiH yCTaHaBJIHBaTE npH6opEI yqeTa TerijOBOif 3HeprHH H ropYeii BOII nxa noTpe6HTener C TeM, YTo6E, IIpHMHeHHT TapH4TIM Ha OCHOBe nOTpe6uIeHHA. Ho ipoIuecc ycTaHOBKH, KaK npaBHJIO, H,geT Me=WeHHO H nOTePH Teiina H BOAE,I IO3TOMY AOlDKHEJI Bce eine B 6oIImicHcTBe cnytiaeB onpe,aezneTucx Ha OCHOBe OtxeHKH pa6omTEi ceTeik. Ha PHC. B-1 H B-2 IIOKa3ExIBaEOT 11oaXOIf K OlipeAejieHHIo cnpoca Ha Teruio IIyTeM ciiexceHHA 3a MTepreTOwemm nIOTOKaMH B CHCTeMe UIT B r. THMHmoapa (PyMuriHHA). CHTyauHm B 1995 r. oileHHBJaiacL qepe3 3HepreTHteCKHe 3aTpaTI, 1IOTepH H nofle3HYIo 3HeprHio, IIOCTaBjieHHYIO cyieCTByloiI[eH CHCTeMo1. K 2015 r. IIpearIonaraeTcA, -no MepmI no 3KOHOMHH 3HeprMH 6yAyT ;jerICTBOBaTE, KaK H B cHCTeMe UIT, TaK H B 3,aaHHsIX, xrTO rIPHBegeT K CyIImeCTBeHHOMY CHH)KeHHIO cripoca Ha TerIfIO. rlpmno)KeHre B 181 PUC. B-1. nOTEPU TEnnA B CU4CTEME LIEHTPAnW30BAHHOrO TEnfJOCHAE)KEHM151 r. TMmmWOAPA, 1995 r. KlOTPESWTEflb TEnfJO- Tenno, nony4eHHoe 3/CTAHL#4kW TemI1n. nmeU oK. 13' |nOqBOA 1516 rBT- 4 rlEPBMV1CMHbIE flOTEPW BTOPTmHbeE nLOTEPUI 197 rBT.4 333 rB144 645 rBT.r nB OTEPH nfTPU BOEPEJJ.AbEE Mn PACfTPEEnEJEHL'1M S 530 rBT.4 14cTo4fHHK: ESMAP fIpUMep r. TnMHmoapa 182 floBMlueHHe 344eKTHBHocTH CHCTeM TennocHa6)KeHH3 B cTpaHax IleHTpanbHOHi H BOCTO'{HOf4 EBpormI H pecny6nHKax 6mrnmero CoBeTCKoro CoI03a Pmc. B-2. PACL4ETH61E TEnflOnOTEPM B CMCTEME LIEHTPAnUM30BAHHorO TEnnIOCHAr)KEHM5I, r. TUMUWOAPA, 2015 r. |nOTPEbUTEflb Terno, nonymemmoe MHoroKMaprMp. 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Pa3HnEuIe 4aKTOpBI BMIHHOT Ha pa3BHTHe cupoca Ha Tenrio, HanpHMep: O pa3BHTHe ripOML=IIIIeHHocTh; o pa3BHTHe 3KOHOMHKH; o yBeixieHHe HiiH coKpaeHHe ICHcIeHHOCTH HaceiieHHAS; o noTpe6HocTE, B KoM4)opTa6eJThHocTH xn noTpe6ireJIer H IOBeaeHHe no1pe6HTeim; O goxogbi ceMbH; o 3Heproc6eperalomHe Mepii; O CTpOHTenILHLIe CTaHgapTEI; O HopMaTHBHo-ripaBOBas 6a3a; 0 HaHqHe H H3aepXKKH KOHKYPHpYIOIHX aMTepHaTHBHNX CHCTeM TerInocHa62KeHHA. rIpioweHHe B 183 P61HKM I Am HOB61X 3HepreTM%iecKIix ycnyr B 6oJIb1UrHHcTBe CBE/BCC pBmiKH TpaZHUHOHHJX ycnyr TerijiocHa6)KeHI4A cyLecTBeHHO Cy3HJIHCB. 9To 1IacTwImHo o6ycJI.oBjeHo HBIHeiIHer 3KoHOMWIecKori CHTyaEiHeH, a TaK)Ke 6bBmeII 3KOH0MHqeCKO0 CHCTeMOH, KOTopaS cuOCo6CTBOBajia 6ecriojie3Hbim riOTepAM TeliIia. Ecim 3KOHOM-rHeCKKa CHTHTya1HA yJyTUlHTCS, CnIpOC Ha TeriIlO, BecCMa BepOSTHO, He Z4OCTHrHeT CBOHX HepBOHaHaNBHBIX ypOBHeii H3-3a peaIH3aHH mep 1o 1OBbIi1eHHIO 3HepreTH-eCKoro KJI H TeXHO.jOrHMeCKHx H3MeHeHHH- B Hp0H3Bo0CTBeHHB1X ipoueccax. EcJn HccJiegosiaHKe Him npoeKTHoe npefoxei-ieHue ipe,uyCMaTpHBaeT IIOBMIlueHHe cnpoca Ha TerIIo, HpHxHHBI A TaKOro IpegriojioKceHHA AOJDKHbI 6br6 TIaTeJI1bHo H3yqeHMI. flpH OTCYTCTBHH KaKHX-JIH60 4aKTOpOB, BJIHSIOIIHX Ha cymeCTBeHHOe 1OBMImeHHe cnpoca Ha TeIUIO, CHCTeMa TenjioCHa6)xeHHA Mo)KeT 6uiTB CoKpaneHa. HeKOTOPLIX cuy'asx 6ygzeT CyiimecTBOBaTb pbIHOK ,g OIIOJIHHTeJIB6HM,X rioTpe6HTeieH. Ho mAs IJT 3TO Jxo1OIJIHHTenbH]6E, pE,IHOK, BepOSTHO, 6yaeT BeCE,Ma y3KIM, IOCKOJI6KY B cyWeCTBY1OIHX 30Hax o6CHyXHBaHHI IJT nioTeHUHa1i 6onee HIiH MeHee yxKe nOJIHOCTE,MO Hctqeprian H B TeX pagoHax, rge 6yDYT B03BOHTLCS HOBfIe 3gaHIUA, apyrHe CHCTeMMi TenlnoCHa6wIeHHIA 6y2yT 60poTmcs 3a 3TOT pEHOK. Bce we HeKiOTop0ie o10OoJHHTeJTHMIe npoayyKTi H ycjiyrI MOryT 6E,IE, ycietuHo Hp4meHeHbi HmIHHemHrm npeanpHiimem LUT, CMAr5aR TaKHe TpyaHOCTH, KoTOpMie COIIYTCTBYIOT npoieccy ee pecTpyKTypH3aiHH, KaK HaJIHe H36bIToxiHoro iiepcoHaaa. IIPOaYKTbI H YCJIYrH MoryT 61EITE, TaKHMH KaK: O YCTaHOBKa H 3KC1iJyaTaUIS o6opy.2oBaHHe iioTpe6HTeus, Bxo,ginee B LIT (HanpHmep, aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHE,ie TeIl1O1YHKThI 3,aaHHA, IpH6opmI y-ieTa H perynHpoBaHHA) TaKHM o6pa3oM peiasA npo6neMEI Co CTOpOHE,I cnpoca, CBS3aHH6e Cc opraHH3&=HeA H HaXO=eHHeM 4HHaHCHpOBaHHA. O 3aMeHa He6ojii6mHx OTonHTeJIBHbIX KOTeabHBIX, IyTeM nOzKJU0oHeHHA MaBIeHbKHX H30MPOBaHHBIX CeTeri K MarHCTpaBJLHBIM TeIijiOCeTS3M (CM. Pa3ejen 3.1.5.7). StoApKeT noTpe6HTens u AocTynHOCT6 ycJiyr go CHX nop anann3 KOHileHTPHpOBaJICS Ha rIoTpe6HOCTAX B TeIIJIOCHa6AceHHH. (DaKTHMeCKHe cnpoc H lloTpe6JIeHHe Mo)KeT oTHnaThCSA OT rIoTpe6HOCTer. rIoTpe6HoCTE, B TeIUI1OBOM 3HeprHH COOTBeTCTByeT TOMy, I1TO KOHeqHMie noTpe6HTem¶ XOTenj 6EI HMeT oripeueteHHuEbi YPOBeHb TeMIIepaTypEI H KOMc OpTa6eJIEHOCTH B CBOHX )KHnHuax. Cnpoc o6o3HaqaeT KojIHtqeCTBO TeIIa, KOTOpoe OHH rOTOBBI oIrJTaTHTB. cDaKTHqeCKHII ciipoc Mo)KeT 6mITm HH)Ke, MeM rioTpe6HoCT, ecim noTpe6HTeJI He MOryT HO3BOJIHT6 ce6e cooTBeTCTByEoWee KKoJIHqeCTBo TefljiOBOi 3HeprHH'l. floTpe6iieHHe iiOKa3bIBaeT qTO )Ke iioTpe6HTeJE, B JocTyrmocTm xBjieTcS oco6ofi npo6neMOA B HeKOTOpBIX CTpaHax 6wBiuero COBeTCKOrO C0o03a, TaKHx KaK rpy3H3, ApMeHHH, MonJoBa, Kblprbl3cTaH, r2e BBrl Ha ayy HaceneHHA cocTaBJieT .iHmh 400 - 1000 gonn. CLIA. CoMHNTere6Ha BO3MO)KHOCTB H ixeAecoo6pa3HocTE BOCCTaHOBjieHHR HHpacTpyKrypEl, KoTopaA 6wna CO3AaHa B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CTaHRapTaMH uepHTaJ1iH3OBHHOrO LITaHNpoBaHHA, HOCKOYIbKy 6o0JEHHcTBo )RHJIUThOB He cMoryT niiaTHTb no TapH4aM, KOTopbIe IOKpEIBBJOT 3aTpaTn1, oco6eHHO UeHTpaBIH3oBaHHOrO TenniocHa6feHHA, ewe MHorHe rogzi. 184 floBBrmeHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH cHcTeM TennocHa6x(eHHS B cTpaHax UleHTpaj1bHOH H BOCTOIIHOH EBpOnBI H pecny6nimax 6bLBmero CoBeTcKoro C0o03a KOHexHOM iHTore HCIIOJb13yeT HIiH rOj1yqaeT. HpH ripe)Hefi 3KOHOMHtieCKOff cHcTeMe H3-3a xopomLo H3BecTHorO ABj[eHHS rieperpeBa, noTpe6JieHHe TeIIlIOBOlI 3HeprHH 6bIo RIBnme, IeM CIIPOC, H gaxe BRi6ne, Ie enOTpe6HOCT6 B Heii. KOMIIieKCHIii aHaBJIH3 pbMHKa, lio3TOMy, XaOjKeH OTBeTHTb Ha cieg=y1OHe BOfpOCbI: O TITO MOKHO PeaJIH3OBaTB TeXHHMeCKH? O 'ITO OCymeCTBHMO, yqHThIBaS KOHKYPHPYOIIWHe CHCTeMbI TenIIoCHa6X(eHHIA? O 'ITO MO)HO IIpOHHaHCHpOBaTn? O 'qTO aOCTyIHO? B pe3yjmTaTe 3TOrO aHlaH3a MOxeT 6brrh onpe,geneHa axTwecKas emMKocTb pIHKa, a TaKeKe 6apEepbi, CyiueCTByiOWHe Ha nyTH pacmHpeHHA pbiHKa. CieAyeT ripHHATB BO BHHMaHHe, xTO AOCTYIIHOCTh He TOJIBKO CBA3aHa C 3KOHOMH%ieCKHM pa3BHTHeM, HO H nOxBepXceHa BO3XteikCTBHO CaMOk CHcTeMBI TeriJIOCHa62iCeHHS; HanIpHMep, qepe3 TapH4HyIo CHCTeMy. np4no)KeHHe C KoM6MHlpOBaHHoe npOU3BOACTBO TennOBOU U 3neKTpt4eCKOA 3HeprIU: 3HepreTUHeCKUUA Kn m CTOUIMOCT6 nPOM3BOACTBa TennlOBOu 3Heprtm 3HepreTN4ecKMu Kngq KOM6MHNpoBaHHoro npOM3BOACTBa rlo CpaBHeHHiO C oTenEBHHM 11POH3BOACTBOM Teiiia H 3nCeKTPT3HeprHH cooTBeTCTBeHHO B OTOIInHTehLHBIX KoTJaX (OK) H KOHAeHCauiOHHEIX 3jieKTpoCTaHUH3x, Te AKe caMbie Tenrio H 3neKTP03HePMA MOrYT InpOH3BOAHTECA Ha T3Lj, HCIIOJIb3yx Ha 1/3 MeHbifle TOIIIIHBa. Boniee KOHKPeTHBIe pa3MepbI 3KOHOMHH 3aBHCAT OT THnOB 3ieKTp03HepreTHHecxHx H TeIJIO3HepreTHlMecKHx yCTaHOBOK, OT TeXHOJIOrHH KOM64HHpOBaHHOrO npOH3BoaCTBa H OT THUOB HCrIOJI3yeMOrO TOIIHBa. HaH6o.jee IacTo HCIIOjT3yeMbIM IInepBHtHEIM ABHraTeIieM )AMS KoM6HHHpoBaHHoro IIPOH3Bo,AcTBa ABiAeTCA niapOBasi Typ6HHa, rge Typ6HEIHBI pa3leJMEoTcA Ha XBe KaTeropHH B COOTBeTCTBHH AaBjieHHeM Ha Brixog[e Typ6HHbI: Typ6HHBI C IIPOTHBOAaBReHHeM H KOH.eHCa1WOHHbIe Typ6IHHI C OT6opaMH. CBegeHHA no .pyrHM TexHojiorHxM UaHEI B Ta6n. 3-2 B OCHOBHOM oTHeTe. T34" c npomu6o6a6AeH'iecKou myp6uHoii. B 06bIImHbIX KOHJAeHcalHOHHEIX 3JieKTpOCTaHLUHxX Ilap KoHetHCHPYeTCS rIpHMepHo lIpH 400C .gnx CO3;xaHHM HaRHygmero BaKyyMa B KOHXzeHCaTOpe ,JS gaOCTH)KeHHM MaKcHMaJMHOf BbIpa6OTKH 3ieKTPHMeCTBa Typ6HHOr, IIHpmepHO AO 40% pacxozyemoro ToriJIHBa. 3Ta TemnepaTypa CJIHmKOM HH3Ka AIIT. 1103TOMY, B T3IJ C iipoTHBOgaBjieHHeCKOH Typ6HHOH nap <>). 3To orpaHHBaeT BEIpa6OTKy 3JIeKTpo3HeprHH npHmepHo Ao 35% OT 3HepreTHTecKoro coAep)KaHHA pacxoAa TOnJIHBa, HO nO3BOjineT HCIIOJIL3OBaTE, BEbipa6OTaHHoe TemlIo (npHmepHo 35% OT Bcero pacxo,;a TOIIJIHBa) i,Xn HarpeBaHHA BO3flbl B TeIUioceTvx. 3To AaeT 90 % o6wero KIL 3Hepronpeo6pa3oBaHH3i H COOTHOmeHHe BEIpa6oTKH 3JieKTpO3HepMIH K BbIpa6oTKe TeIIJIOBOH 3HeprHH (=Cm) paBHOe 0,64. T3I| C IIpoTHBo,AaBsneHtiecKo Typ6HHOA HmeeT 4sHKCHpOBaHHoe cooTHoMeHHe Cm IpH pa6oTe T31 'IHCTO B peXKMe KoM6HHHpOBaHHOro nIpOH3BO;ICTBa, HO IIpOIOpIHH MOrYT 6EImTE rH6KHMH 6iiaro,gapu YCTaHOBKe nepenycKHoro KiianaHa Typ6HHEI H/HJIH ,IOOJIHHTenMHOrO OXAaaHTeJIS, TaKHM 06pa3oM, nIo3BOJn OTaeJMHO BEIpa6aTEIBaTE, Teriio H 3ieKTpo3HeprHmO. K1I TOIIJIHBa 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH, BEIpa6OTaHHOf4 C IIOMOuIlImO rIOIIOJIHHTeJIbHOrO OXJIaAHTeJiA, SBjiSeTCA HH3KHM H o6briHo HCIIOJb3yeTCA TOJITKO B aBapHrIH]6X HJIH nHKOBBIX CHTyaiHSxX C xieKTpo3HepreW. T31( c KouHeucayuefl u om6opoM napa. Ha TaKHx CTaHiHAxx nap oT6HpaeTCA H3 Typ6HH lIpH YPOBHAX TeMrIepaTypE.I H gaBJIeHHS, KOTOpbie AOCTaTO'HO BE,ICOKH nXi UT. rlap, KOTOpE,IH He 6bu¶ OTo6paH, nlpo.AojiaeT nOCTyIIaaTb B KOH.eHCaIuHOHHyIO 'iaCc yCTaHOBKH. TaKoM THmn T3LJ o6nagaeT rIepeMeHHEiM cooTHomeHIHeM Cm: qem 6oni,me oT6op napa xzn HpOH3BOACTBa ropsimeA BOAEI, TeM MeHEine 3IieKrpO3HeprHH BEIpa6aTEIBaeTCA B KOHgeHCaUHOHHOr4 taCTH. 185 186 nOBBimeHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM Teru1OCHa6fteHHs B CTpaHaX LeHTPaJnbHOA H BOCTOIHOri EBpOnbi H pecny6nmcax 6blamero CoBeTcKoro CoIo3a T3LI C KOHaeHCauHeA H oT6opoM iiapa MO)KeT pa6oTaTL Be3Ae, HaxuHHas OT pe.HMa rioTHO nOJIHOrO IIPOTHBO,AaBjieHHA (3neKTpH'ecKHft KIIP; MaKCHMaJIbHO 35% H4 TeIIJOBoEI KH)g MaKCHImaibHO 50% OT Bcero pacxoiAa TOITlIHBa Ha 3HepreTHi4eCKor yCTaHOBKe, pa6oTaiouTefl Ha yriie) H KOHqaA pex)MOM IIOJIHOri KOHAeHCaUHH (noAHLT4 3j1eKTpHweCKHH- KHrj MaKCHMyM 40% H 6e3 BTIpa6oTKH TeIIjiOBOi& 3HeprHH Ha yCTaHOBKe, pa6oTaioweei Ha yrie)."1 CpegHHI4 3HepreTH'eCKHA KH,L T3LA HaXOaIHTCS B ripeaeniax 60 - 85%, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rO,KjuolqeHHOfk TenJIOBOrI Harpy3KH. 3KOHOMHAS 3HeprEHH rpH KOM6HHHpOBaHHOM IIPOH3BOACTBe MO)KHO IIpOCTO ipoAemOHCTPHPOBaTb Ha < (CM. PHC. 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TaM, rAe npoIleccEI BBIpa6oTKH ra3a H riapa HHTerpapOBaHEi HJIH HCIIOJIL3yeTcS1 ra3OBBIH TtBHraTeJIb, COOTHOmeHHe Cm MO)KeT HMeTh 3Ha'IeHHe OKOJIO 1.113 112 Kl 3iieK-ipocTaHwum OnpeAenlBeTCA 3AeCB KaK qHcTbi Krlg (HCnOnE3oBaHHe 3eKTpO3HeprHH zWA co6cTBeHHIIx Hy)KA, BEIlTeHHOg H3 rIpoH3BeAeHHoA 3JieKTpo3HeprHH). 33¶eKTpocTaHUHH, pa6oTaloU1He Ha yrne, 6onime Hcnonb3YpoTcB zui co6cTBeHHux HyicA (yromimibe MeJThHHIt6l, KoHBegepLi, BeHTHnSTopw), no cpaBHeHHIo C 3neKTpoCTaHhlIAMH, pa6oTalonHMH Ha Ma3yTe HnH Ha ra3e. THCTBHi Knl, KOHAeHCaWHOHHOjH 3nxeKiTpocTaSHHH Ha yrne COCTaBAZeT npHMepHo 40%. CooOTHOmeHHe Cm o6wnHo cocTaBiieT 0,5 - 0,6 Ha T3UI, pa6ONmHaX Ha TBepAOM ToruiHe; OKOjio 0,4 - 0,6 =Aj T3L1 c ra3oTyp6mmori yCTaHOBKOfl Ha ra3e C OaHHO'qHbM lIHKnOM (npoilecc); npHMepHO 1,0 - 1,1 xni 3ieKTpocTaHuHR c ra3oTyp6HHHuMH ycTaHOBKaMH C KOM6HHHpOBaHHBiM iiHKnoM; H rpHMepHO 0,8 -1,0 XUI He6ojThmHx ra3oBbIx uBHraTeneA. lpmIowem4eC 187 PuC. C-1. 3HEPrETM*ECKMI BAnAHC PA3J,EnbHOrO u KOMB4HHPOBAHHoro nPO1.3BO,CTBA 3nEKTPL4qEcKO 14 TEnnOBOu 3HEPru4m (An. TBEP9b1X BMJOBTOnnlBA) 3HepreTwiecKHil 6anaHc ripm pa3AenbHOM u KOM6uHHpoBaHHOM npO[13BOLCTBe 3I3HeprHi4 u Tenna (TBepAbie BMAb6 TonnsBa) Pa3AjenbHoe npO-BO Tonnumso 256 noTepu fPH 136 120 lnoTepm npu C)K. c)KHr. 15 3/3Heprmq Tenno 20 noTepu npm KOHA. 66 npOAyKTbi 55 100 KOM6UH. nPOU3BOACTBO TonnHBo 176 n\joTepm npm C)K. ll2 21 313H. Termo npOAyKTbi 55 100 4CTO9HHK: COTPY,4HHicH BceMHpHoro BaHKa 3HeprenmecxHil KYflJ lIPOH3BOaCTBa TeEiOBOH 3HeprHH Ha T3L MO)KHO paCCl-fTaTb cieflyioiLmm o6pa3oM: 344eKTHBHas OTOIIHTe JIHaS KOTe IHaS HMeeT Ko3434¢HHeHT npOH3BOaCTBa TeflJIOBOH 3HeprHH HuiH «KFJ HiPOH3BOACTBa TermOBOf 3HeprHHD> HpHMepHO 85%. 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Ha T3IJ c KOH,eHCalHeHC H OT6opOM riapa BbIpa6OTKa 3JTeKTpO3HeprHH 6ygeT riaAaTb, Korga TerILOBaS 3HepHSI BbIpa6aThIBaeTCs , iLeneRi lIT, TaK KaK norTpe6neHHe ToIIJIHBa ocTaeTcs IIOCTOSHHbIM. rIpOH3BOXACTBO 3TOII iiOTepSHHOR qoeKTpo3HeprHH aOnAAO 6bITb HPOH3BegeHo r,e-Jii6o B apyroM MecTe HaIHIOHaJIbHOH 3HeprOCHCTeMbi; T.e. apyroH KOH,aeHCaiWOHHOrk 3IieKTpOCTaHUHeH. 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B KBapTHpax, B ,aByXKOJIOHHEIX CHCTeMaX BHyTpeHHerO pacIpereJIeHHA Ha pa,HaTopax aoJmm.i 6E,ITE, yCTaHOBjieHfI HC1iapHTejibHEIe Teij1OMepE BMeCTe C peryj1Hpy1oIjlHMH KJIanaHaMH, BO3MOIKHO, TepMOcTaTH'ecKHMH. I4cnapHTeflbHbIe TeruIOMepbI o6XoATcsA AemeBO. HegOCTaTKOM ABjiAeTCS TO, 'ITO fIpH6opbI yqeTa HMeEOT npe,iien norpemHocTH + / - 30%. O.HaXo, iiOCKOji6Ky B KBapTHpe, rio KpadiHei mepe yCTaHOB11eHO TpH paaHaTOpa, IIpe,eji riorpeiuHoCTH B cieTe Ha OnnlJaTy HH)Ke. Ycmauo6Ka Ksapmupubzx npu6opos y4ema 2opAfei 606bl. 06immo Ha KawyIO KBapTHpy Tpe6yeTcs Ba npH6opa yqeTa - O,HH .ls KyXHH, apyrogI wIAI BaHHOi4. B oTJWe OT 122 PacupeaeneHme TernOBOr 3HeprHH B MHoroKBaPTHBH IaOMaX o6bEIHo 66uo cnpoeKTHpoBaHO TaKHM o6pa3oM, fTO pazmaTopEi6 coeAZHsoTcA nocjieaOBawTzEHo Tpy6aMH =An ropH4ek BO,zl, KoTopEhe upoXo=T BepTHKanB6HO tepe 3llaHHe. 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Mepbl Ha CTOPOHe Harpy3KI: npimep OpeH6ypra MepMi, Ha CTOpOH Hearpy3KH KOTopEIe HClOJI3OBBajiHcb ripH MoaenjpOBaHH B apHaHTOB Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3KH 6a3HpyEOTCs Ha liaKeTax, pa3pa6oTaHHMx BCeMHpHE,IM BaHKOM ,s rHJOTHOrO npoeEra IIo IIOBbfeHHHIO 3HepreTHHeCKoro KF.IE XCHJIHTI B JIHTBe (OTieT OiLeHKH COTPYAHHxaMH N215397-LT, HIOHE6 1996 r.). rIogroToBHTenLHas pa6oTa W 3Toro ripoeKTa qacTHrHo 6b[a upogenaHa B paMKaX HacTosAnero IIpoeKTa ESMAP ripH rioauepwKce iporpamMMLi Thetmie EBponeAcKoA KOMHCCHH, CM. BCEOM (1995 r.): Cost- effective Technologies for Therno-Rehabilitation of Buildings in Lithuania. Consultant Report (3KOHoMHtIHbIe TexHojiorFH no TepMOpeCKOHCTPYK1EHH 3gaHHA B TIHTBe. OTHeT KOHCyJILTaHTa). fpmAo>xeHRe E 209 Ta6nu4a E-1. Mepbl Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3KI (U4CTO4HHK: ESMAP klccneroBaHMe Ha nplMepe r. 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Ho aaxce Torga cTpyKTypa 4HHaHCOBMIX TapH4OB 6yaeT HaIOMHHaT]6 CTpyKTypy 3KOHOMHaeCKO CTOHMOCTH. Ha ripaKTHKe B3HHO, HTO #HHaHCOBMi Tapm4 3a rIpHpOAmHE, ra3 rx HaceeieHHA ripHMepHO B 2 pa3a Bbime, qeM TapH4 UM KPYIIHLIX 11pOMLI=IeHHLIX IIOTpe6HTeJieft. 3To COOTHOileHHIe oTpaxcaeT COOTHOIIeHHIe ileH MeX1Qy Ma3yTOM H ierKIHM .gHCTHjuIITHLiM TOnIiHBOM (ueHoo6pa3oBaHHe Ha OCHOBe 3aMeIneHHA TOIJIIHBa). nO-BHAHMOMy, 3TO TaKwKe xopoio oTpa)KaeT pa3HHIY B 3KOHOMH-eCKOf CTOHMOCTI rIOCTaBOK ,BYM KaTeropHif rioTpe6HTeYieri. HeKOTopue H3 iieHOB6IX pa3j1HHi o6ycnoBneHbl HCI1OJM3OBsaHHeM T3IJ yCTaHOBOK, pa6oTaioIIIHX Ha Ma3yTe Prio ipOKpbnITE nHKOBOfif ioTpe6HocTH Ha Tenn1OBY1O 3HeprmEo. 3To BEapaBHHBaeT KpHByIO c1poca Ha ra3 6oJIE,ie, qeM B ciyiae c oTZeILHLIMH noTpe6HTeiAsMH, TaKHM o6pa3oM, coKpaLaA HHBeCTHIIHH B Tpy6onpOBODAbI H eMKOCTH 1l5 xpaHeHHAI. B OpeH6ypre, HanpHMep, 3KOHOMHX1eCKaA CTOHMOCTE, ra3a WIS OTzeJILHE,IX KOTJIOB B KBaPTHPaX paCCTE,I0BaRaCb no 213 214 IIOBblueHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TennOCHa6fteHHA B cTpaHaax LeHpanbHOA H BOCTOxHO}R EBPOnbl H pecny6mHKax 6blmiero COBeTCKoro C0103a ileHe 9,6 aoim. CIIIA/ MBT.m; a CTOHMOCTb ra3a, HcIOJIb3yeMOFo Ha T3I, coCTaBJsiAia 61% OT 3TOii BeJIHqHHbI. B KOHKypeHTHOfi cpege 6yxeT Ha6nioAaTicsI HeTKoe rIpeMmyI1eCTBO B H3ZaepXcax gnA KpyIIHMIX rioTpe6HTenefi, rIOCKOJE6KY ipexgeJHOLe H3Zaep>KKH IIpH IIOCTaBKaX HM B TeMeHHe RnHTenbHOrO nepHoAa HH)Ke. TeM He MeHee, aeueHrpaJI3oBaHHbIe TexHojiorHH AOJDKHbI 6LImB ciioco6HuI CKOmneHCHpOBaTh HeAocTaTOK BMICOKHX 3aTpaT Ha pacnpeaejieHHe B 6ojunFix cHcTeMax LIT, TaK KaK TpaHCiOPT ropAmeg BOABI o6XoA2uTcsi 3HaqHTenJIhHO opoWe, .IeM rHpHpoAHoro ra3a. flpaKTHimecK, MO)KHO rpeaLnojio2HTb, ro nowaia ropsAqej BO)bI CTOHT B TpH pa3a 6obmie. orIIoJIHHTejibHme H3lIep)KKH Ha ra3 xM meHee MOm;HOrO TeriIoreHepaTopa, B Hgeajie npeAcTanJIoT co6or XIIrOJIHHTeJIEHbMI TpaHcllOPT ra3a OT MeCTa HaXOIeHHIA KpyIlHOfl YCTaHOBKH go MeCTa pacriojio)KeHHS yKa3aHHoro TenruoreHepaTopa. 3TO paCCTOSHHe paBHO paCCTOSHHIO noaaqH ropAmeMI BOabEI. Ta6nHUa F-1 iTpeRCTaBjiAeT oieHKy 3KOHOMH-eCKOk CTOHMOCTH ra3a H COOTBeTCTByloiIHe CTOHMOcTHMie KoMIoHeHThI ,nISi EaeCTH rOpO(OB, HCCJIieOBaHHLIX B paMKaX IIpOrpaMMbI ESMAP. Ta6nMtma F-1. OLIeHKa 3KOHOMHqeCKOU CTOMMOCTU npHpOAHoro ra3a Ha Bbe3Ae B ropoA, MiOnb 1996 r. 3KoHoMHqeciKaI CTpaHa Bbe3, B ropo T 33CTOHMOCTb Ha B6e3me B oo ropo, Aonjm./100 AoJ1./l xo.rui./1000 xaonnjruc 13 0 Ky6. M 000 Icy6. M an Ky6. M EonrapHs Co4HA 103,8 1,3,4 11,0 1 114,8 13,2 JlTBa KayHac 81,5 8,9 4,0 5 85,5 9,8 rIoEb.Iua BpouiaB 102,6 8 15,0 12 117,6 13,5 PyMBIHm THMHmIloapa 99,8 3 15,0 11 114,8 13,2 Poccisi OpeH6ypr 45,0 2 0,0 10 45,0 2 5,2 YKPaHHa 1IHeriPOneTPOBCK 80,0 6 3,3 7 83,3 9,6 HCTO'qHHI: COTPYpaHmKH BceMHpHoro EaHKCa rIpHMeiaHHAs: 1. ESMAP: oionrapIAs - "IlpHpogHoMy ra3: 1lo?IHTHKa HI BoIIpOCLI'=, oTqeT N° 188/96 2. CTOHMOCTE, .OCTaBKH Ha rpaHHrie ropo,ga (rlpoeKT SAR oTaejneHHA XUUIHIUHOrO 4oHIa OT npe=npHTHr Ha OCHOBe npoeica no pacnpeAIeneHHIO ra3a, anpejm 1996 r). rIpHnoweHHe F 215 3. Ho YKpanHe: 19,8 Ha OCHOBe (Lovei, HEojE, 1996 r.): 1,65 ,4ojrn. /1000 Ky6. M /100 KM. CpegHeB3BenIeHHaS IIHHa TpaH3HTHLIX .IIHHHi, paccqHTaHHaA YKpra3IipoeKToM, COCTaBJISeT 1190 KM. Bmiiiieyxa3aHHoe 3HaIeHHe HeMHOrO HH2Ke CTOHMOCTH 3a TpaH3HT, yCTaHOBneHHMIi4 YKpra3npOeKTOM, 1992 r. (22 %OJTI.); HeT CCbUIKH Ha ra3, iio.yHeHHbIii xKax pOJITH' OUeHKa BceMHpHOrO EaHKa ,aeT 3KOHoMieCKHe H3ZaepX(KH TpaH3HTa B 15 ,gojum./ 1000 Ky6. M ra3 B KaleICTBe po5UITI, COCTaBHJI 6EI IIpHMepHo 6,5% OT BeJIHIHHM>I ripOriyCKHOEI cioco6HocT, IIpHMepHo 6 Ao.ivi. /1000 Ky6. M. 06maq TpaH3HTHaS riiaTa rIJOC ra3 B KalleCTBe pOSAITH C HCIIOJIh3OBaHHeM TparHIHOHHoro MeTo4a COCTaBJia 6u 21 aojui./ 1000 Ky6. M. 4. HIo PYMrIHHH: 4,0. B 1992 r. Bo.nrapHs onIiaTHIia TpaH3HT HaTypoft: KOJIH-IecTBo ra3a, ocTaBiueecs B PYMEIHHI COCTaBHJIO 4% OT o6feMa ra3a, HMIIOpTHpOBaHHOrO BojirapHeli H3 POCCHH. 5. B pacqeT B3STO (2 aonu./ 1000 Ky6. M ./100 KM) * 200 KM 6. (Lovei, inojiE 1996 r.) 7. Ha OCHOBe pacqeTa IIJIaTbI 3a TpaH3HT ();HelipoiieTpOBCK HaxOAHTCs3 B 200 KM OT pOCCHEiCKOEi rpaHHUIb B HoBoncKoBe). 8. ra3 npogaeTcA Ha rpaHHfie iMmropTepa. Ha OCHoBe pacqeToB riiiaTI 3a TpaH3HT A YKpaHHEII H TpaH3HT qIepe3 Be.napycE, o6omejics 6bi npHMepHO B 9 gojn./ 1000 xy6. M (nHHa rpy6oupoBoga no BenapycH 500 KM). Io Bceii BHXHMOCTH, Hlojbma niiaTHT HaMHOrO 6onmue, HeM JIHTBa. 9. (Nocius, Hiojib 1996) 10. OpeH6ypr pacnonoxeH 6JIH3KO K KPYIIHoMy ra3OBOMy MeCTopo2keHHIo. CTOHMOCTh TpaHcIopTa He paccmaTpHBaeTcq. 11. Cpezi CTOHMOCTb TpaHcnopTa 1epe3 PyMEIHHiO nIe)HT B npezeniax 11 - 15 ,aonn./ 1000 Ky6. M (ESMAP: CrpaTerHLS B oTHomeHHH HPHPOAHoro ra3a ,IsA PYMMIHHH, ioJm 1996 r.). Bionbmee 3HaqeHHe HPIHH3TO H3-3a pacrojio)KeHHA r. THMHiuoapa Ha CaMOM 3anaIHOM KOHUe CTpaHmI. CTOHMOCTB ra3a Ha BXoae B ropo,l MO)eT H3MeHHTLCA, eCJIH THmHIMoapa 6yaeT CHa6wKaTECsl qepe3 BeHrpHIO. 12. To we camoe 3HaHeHHe, KaK H EI PymInHHH (BpowiaB pacnoiioiKeH B 3anaa,HoA wacTH Ilonbum). Tpe6yeT nepepa6OTKHl. 13. Ha OCHoBe 1 IKy6. M = 8700 Kxani (HH3UIuA npeIen TenjiOTBOpHOCTi). 3KOHOMUiecKue U3depNKU Ha dpyeue sudbi monnuea B OTHOIImeHHH 3KOHOMHIeCKHX H3laep)KeK Ha .pyrHe BHABI TOHJIHBa, nOMHMO npHpoaHoro ra3a, no 6 H3yqeHH6IM ropoaam ESMAP CM. Ta6n. F - 2. Ta6n. F-2. 3KoHoMH4ecKme I3gep)KKm npOM3BOACTBO yrJsq, 3j1eKTPo3Heprum u Ma3yTa B CBE I 6CC OCHOBHbie napameTpbi )nIJH KOHKpeTHblX npHMepoB: 3KOHOMHMeCKHe H3nepwICH HO BHA,aM TOnHJHBa Ba3HCHbliH rOI: 1995 MHPOBOHi IOlbilbla YKpaRHHa POCCH51 EoJirapHs PyMb61HHSI JHTBa pbIHOK PoTrepAaM BpolunaB BpoiwaB AnHenponeTp. OpeH6ypr OpeH6ypr OpeH6ypr Co4HA THmuHioapa KayHac T3U )KiHn. AoMa Et)uHuqa U3M. YroJnb, B IeJIoM nO CTPaHe Ky36acc Ypan B cpe1HeM JIrHFHHT JHrHHT HeT MapHua JIaHHb6X TenJIOTBOPHOCTb KKaI/Kr 5012 7160 5500 5500 4500 5000 1700 1600 CTOHMOCTB Ha uaxTe AoJu. 30 99 42 9 16 13 16 20 ClllA/T 4HaHCOBmLe HOTepH, ,OJ1i. 3 3 cy6cH,HH CWIA/T CTOUMOCTb TpaHCnOpTHPOBKH ARoJu. 10 10 12 25 8 17 20 10 no cTpaHe CWIIA/T 3KOHOMHqecCaH CTOHMOCTb AOJU. 43 112 54 34 24 29 36 30 CmA/T npH TernjIOTBopHocTH 7000 Ao.Ju. 60 109 69 43 37 40 148 131 CDUA/T jouLn. 8,6 15,6 9,8 6,2 5,3 5,8 21,2 18,8 CMA/TFKan CepocoJep)KaHHe, (%) 0,8-1,0% 0,7-0,9% 3onbHocTr, (%) 21% 5-7% YroJIb, HMnOpT TCnFOTBOPHOCTb KKaJi/Kr 6000 6000 HeT naHHbIX 5500 HeT HCT HeT 6000 6000 6000 AaHHbIX AaHHbIX JaHHbIX napiTeT HmnopTa 3HepreTHqeCKorO yrai = UeHa Ha rpaHHUe ZOJn. 48 35 50 50 48 CmIA/T CTOHMOCTH TpaHCnOpTHPOBKH jAoJLI. 10 15 22 32 5 no cTpaHe CLLIA/T 3KoHoMHxiecKag CTOHMOCTb jo-ru. 45 58 50 72 82 53 CIIUA/T npH TenJIOTBOpHOCTH 7000 Aojioi. 53 68 64 84 96 62 CLIAJT .onn. 7,5 9,7 9,1 12,0 13,7 8,8 ClUA/icani 3AeITpo3HeprHsi HpeCeJIbHbie H3JePKicH IeHTOB/ICBT.q 4,5 3,5 2,5 3,35 4,2 2,8 JAJIHTeCJbHoro nepHoAa 4CTOqHHK: COTPYrHHUcH BceMHpHoro SaHKa frlpHoxeHHe F 217 3KOHOMWmeCKaR CTOUMOCTb. npON3BOACTBa Tenria CpaBHeHHe 3aTpaT Ha IIpOH3BO.ACTBO TeIjioBoH 3HMeprFH Ha T3U H B OTOnIHTeJIbHLIX KOTeJIE,HbIX, IHOAaEOIIHX TeIInjO B TeIlnIOCeTh, CO CTORMOCTbIO npOH3BOZCTBa TerUlOBOfi 3HeprIHH KOTJIaMH B 3taHHAX, HYAaeTCA B nOrpaBKe Ha TefJIOIoOTepH IpH nepegaTIe H pacdipe,eJIeHHH. 143-3a TeIInIIoTepb B CHCTeMax LIT CyIUeCTBYeT rIoTpe6HOCTE B 6onEbmIIer Bbipa6oTKe TeIIJIOBOi 3HeprHH Ha yCTaHOBKax LT ARA fIoaaI TOrO ice KojiHiecTBa TerIIJOBOk 3HeprHH B 3,4aHHAI, KOTOpOe BbIpa6aTi,IBaeTCs KOTjiaMH B 3gaHHiX. TerjoriOTepH ABJIAIOTCS HacTmIEo CTOHMOCTH TerUTouIepeuanH, KOTOPaA aHaJIH3HpyeTCA B Pa3,aene 4.1.3. B aByX Ta6JIHIaX HH)Ke HOKa3aHbI pe3yJIBTaTEI aHaAH3a B03gefCTBHI YPOBHA TeHnjOnOTepb Ha pa3HHIXY B CTOHMOCTH rIIOH3BOACTBa TeIIJIOBOM 3HeprMH Ha BE,IxoOe C rIpe.JpHATH, ripH CpaBHeHHH CHCTeMwI Ha 6a3e T31J H CHcTeMbI, rpeaycMarPHBsaomeA KOTJIMI B 34aHmH, BKEolI10A norpe6HoCTB xis yBejiHqeHRA npOH3BOacTBa. Ta6n. F- 3. Pa3HwLa B CTOUMOCTU4 npOH3BOACTBa TenlnOBOU 3HeprHH: T31-LIT nlpOTHB KOTenbHbiX B 3AaHHRX, KaK CIyHKLAM4 OT TeniolnOTepb floTepH 0% 10% 15% 20% 25% ,llHeiipOnIeTpOBCK $11,3 $10,5 $10,2 $9,8 $9,4 KayHac $12,6 $11,7 $11,3 $10,9 $10,5 OpeH6ypr $10,7 $1O,1 $9,8 $9,4 $9,1 CO4Hs $14,8 $13,8 $13,3 $12,8 $12,3 THMHmoapa $14,2 $13,2 $12,7 $12,2 $11,7 BpounaB $20,4 $19,4 $18,9 $18,4 $17,9 B CPEaHEM $14 $13,1 $12,7 $12,2 $11,8 CPEA. K030. 39% 42% 44% 46% 48% CTOHMOCTH I4CTOqHHK: COTpy1HHKH BceMHpHoro BaHca, Ha OCHOBe xOH1cpeTHbIX ilpHMepoB ESMAP 344eKTHBHaA cHcTeMa JIT, pacrIojio2leHHaA B paHoHe BbICOKOii IIIOTHOCTH clipoca, HMeeT TerIJIOrIOTepH IIPHMePHO 10%. MeHee 344eITHBHbIe cHcTeMMI HJH 394XeKTHBHbIe CHcTeMbi, pacrioo)KeHHi6ie B pafoHax C HH3KHMH rIOTHOCTSMH cupoca, 6yzyT IMeTB nOTePH rlpHmepHo 25%. B Ta6niHie F-3 noKa3aHo cpasBHHTeCJIHO orpaJ{HH-eHHoe B03,erICTBHe TeiljioIOTep]6 Ha ipeHmyrlecTBa 3aTpaT ipH <, H riOKa CTOHMOCTB Teiinonepegawu (KaHHTajBHwe H34epCXKH muuoc 3aTpaTbI Ha 3KcljinyaTaHUlO H Texo6CJIy)KHBaHHe MHHYC CTOHMOCTh TenjioHoTepB) 6yAyT HH)Ke 11,8 - 13,1 gouin. CLIA/MBT.I, CHCTeMa ItT 6y.ieT KoHKypeHTocrioco6Hor. AJIs YCTaHOBOK OTOIHTeNJIhHMX KOTejiBHuX, KaK I1OKa3aHO B Ta6n. F-4, CHTYaUHA HaMHOrO MeHee 6iiaronpiATHasq. CTOHMOCTE TenrionepeRaam Toraa 4oJIDKHa 61mTE HHXCe 5,3 - 7,4 zoun. CIIIA. ,J,iA rpa4)H'IecKoro ripe.CTaBjieHHA CM. PHC. 4.1 B HaCTo3uieM OTqIeTe. 218 rloBbuweHHe 341eKTHBHocTH CHCT4M TerenocHa6)IeHHA B CTpaHaX UeHTpam6HOf H BOCTOx*HO1r EBPOrmb U pecny6JiHKax 6blsBlero CoBeTCKOro C0o03a Ta6n. F- 4. Pa3HMIa B CTOUMOCTm lpOI13BOACTBa TenlnlOBOUI 3HeprIU: OK-L4T npOTHB KOTenJHblX B 3AaHHMX, KaK CDyHKLAHq OT TenflOflOTepb IHOTepH 0% 10% 15% 20% 25% )IHenpOIIeTpOBCK $6,9 $5,7 $5,1 $4,5 $3,9 KayHac $7,5 $6,1 $5,4 $5,8 $4,1 OpeH6ypr $7,7 $6,8 $6,3 $5,8 $5,4 CoRsx $8,6 $7,0 $6,2 $5,4 $4,6 THMHnioapa $7,9 $6,3 $5,4 $4,6 $3,8 BpoUiaB $14,2 $12,6 $11,8 $10,5 $10,2 B CPE,HEM $8,8 $7,4 $6,7 $6,0 $5,3 CPE,. KO30. 61% 67% 70% 74% 77% CTO0IMOCTH HcTotnHHmK: COTPYuHHKIH BceMHpHoro SaHKa, Ha OCHOBe KOHKpeTHBIX npHmepOB ESMAP Hanpfl)ceHHOCT6 TennOBOIR Harpy3KN u M3AepM(KN Ha pacnpeAerieHie CTOEIMOCTE, pacipeaenieHHM TefnlOBOr4 3HeprHH o6i,rHo rIpezcTaBiser co6oi y6EIBaiomyio I yHKgHIO HanpAIKeHHOCTH TeiUiOBOri Harpy3KH. 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TeiLiOiOTepB Ha eCZHHuy TpaHCnopTHpyeMo0 Te11JIOBOiN 3HeprHH CHHNKaeTCs C yBeniHeHHeM amaMerpa Tpy6onpoBoaa zjo Tex nop, rIoKa iponycKHma cnoco6HoCTEb Tpy6ul He yBeJIH'HTCS qpe3MepHo no CpaBHeHHIO C Harpy3KoA. 3ToT nIpHHNH1I rIOJIHOCThIO 6a3HpyeTCs Ha iipeZriojioxKeHHH THIIHIqHOA <I CeTH, Kor.a noTpe6HTenH 6oAee HNH MeHee paBHoMepHO pacipeaeuieHELi no o6cnyialBaeMoMy yiacTKy, a ceTm HmeeT MHoxCecTBo oTBeTBjieHHii. Ha pHc. F-i noKa3aHo, 'TO onpegeueHHe TeIIJIOHanp5DKeHHOCTH He MO)xeT 3aMeHHTEJ aHaJIH3 OCMOTpHTeCJ6HOCTH CHCTeMEI LUT, IIOCKOJIEKy Te wKe caMbIe TenJIOHan1IpSKeHHOCTH (B MBT/KM2) MoryT cKpLIBaTL COBepmeHHO gpyrHe apXHTeKTypi6I CeTH H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, apyroe HHBeCTHPOBaHHe H H3E9ep)KKH Ha pacnpeAejieHHe. CooTHoiiieHHe MexKIy HHBeCTHiuiOHHbIMH 3aTpaTaMH H TennonoTepqMH, a TaKwoe HaripAiKeHHOCTLIO TerIJIOBOH Harpy3KH, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, noKa3aHO Ha PHC. F-2 H F-3 6onee nogpo6Ho. 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TaKas CHCTeMa B.LIpa6aTbIBaeT MeHbIue 3IeKTpHIiIeCKOr 3HeprHH Ha eZUIHHIUy TOriiiHBa, xieM ra30Bas Typ6HHa HIHI CHCTeMa KoM6HHHpOBaHHoro ripOH3BOacTBa, pa6oTaioiuas Ha ZBHraTeJie, XOTS ero o6wHA KHrl BbIue. 3aHHTepecoBaHHbie JIEHLa H yMpeNKleHHA, KOTOpbIe HMeEOT rpaBO Ha TO, qTo6bI HX CTOpOHbI HHTepeCmI 6burH ytiTeHi IIpH rpHHSTHH pemeHHZ nO TOMY HIH HHOMY BOIlpOCy. TexHHtiecKHe rIOTepH CHCTeMHMIe rioTepH, o6yCnOBuieHHuie nOTeper 3HeprHH BO BpeMS riepeAatiH H paclipeneJIeHHA. Ko344HuHeHT rIHKOBaS Harpy3Ka (B MBT) pa3)iejieHHaS Ha MO]IIHOCTh HCIIOJIb3OBaHHA YCTaHOBKH (B MBT). MHCJIo IIOIIOHjeHHA BOXM 06ne flOTePH BOA16I B TexieHHe roga, pa3geuieRHme Ha o6LeM BOA16I B CHCTeMaX riepenaaH H paciipegeIieHAs (BMeCTHMOCTI, Tpy6ollpOBOAHOR CeTH). MepEbi Iio CHH)KeHHMO MepLI, HaiejieHHEie Ha cHHrceHHIe Ternionepegati Hepe3 KOPIIyC BO3geftCTBHrl BHemHeZ 3ZaHHs. cpeAbi I Ei 6nmorpacmsm HcCJiezoBaHNs, nPOBeenHHb6e B pamKax nPOrPaMMbl ESMAP "HoBLJiJeHHe KIC CHCTeM TenJoCHa6XCeHHSI B IReHTpaA6HOr IIH BOCTO-HOMi EBpone, PeCnY6nIKax 6bIBmero CCCP" DNIEPROPETROVSKIUKRAINE. DUTCH TASK FORCE: TEBODIN/ECN/ENECO. JUNE 10, 1997. FINAL CONSULTANT REPORT. THE HAGUE. Kaunas/Lithuania. Dutch Task Force: Tebodin/ECN/Eneco. May 23, 1997. Final Consultant Report. The Hague. OrenburgiRussia. Stork Comprimo Consultants. March 1997. Final Consultant Report. Amsterdam. Sofia/Bulgaria. Mannheimer Versorgungs- und Verkehrsgesellschaft (MVV). April 1997. Final Consultant Report (Fieldwork carried out jointly with Sofregaz). With support from Kreditanstalt flir Wiederaufbau/French Consultant Trust Fund. Mannheim. Timisoara/Romania. MVV. April 1997. Final Consultant Report (fieldwork carried out jointly with Sofregaz). 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Institutional Requirements for Increasing the Efficiency of Heating in Poland. Final Consultant Report. Warsaw. 235 236 flOBumeHHe 34xeKiHIBHOCTH CHCTeM TeTrDOCHa6fteHHAs B CTPaHaX LIeHTPanJbHOr M BOCTOqHOfl EBPOtmI H CrpaHax ECC Friedemann & Johnson Consultants/MVV. September 1995. "Increasing the Efficiency of the Heating Sector in Central and Eastern Europe: Definition of Methodology." Draft Consultant Report. With support from the European Commission DG XVII THERMIE Program and MVV (Mannheimer Versorgungs- und Verkehrsgesellschaft). Mostert, Wolfgang. December 1997. The Heating Sector in Central and Eastern Europe: Issues and Options. Final Consultant Report. Copenhagen. Oeko-Institut. March 1998. Increasing the Efficiency of Heating Systems in Central and Eastern Europe: Application of the Environmental Manualfor Power Development. Final Consultant Report. Darmstadt. Pogorzelski, Jerzy, and Krzysztof Kasperkiewicz. October 1996. The Role of Energy Conservation in Increasing the Efficiency of Heating in Poland. Final Consultant Report. Warsaw. Vine, Edward, Eduardas Kazakevicius, Lee Schipper, and Stephen Meyers. April 1997. Residential Energy Use in Lithuania: The Prospects for Energy Efficiency. Final Consultant Report. Berkeley. AOnOnHIHTenbHbie MaTeplanbl Martinot, Eric. 1997. "Investments to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Existing Residential Buildings in Countries of the Former Soviet Union." Studies of Economies in Transition 24 (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank). World Bank. April 1998. Profile of Energy Sector Activities of the World Bank in ECA. Washington, D.C. Joint UNDP/World Bank ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) LIST OF REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR) Africa Regional Anglophone Africa Household Energy Workshop (English) 07/88 085/88 Regional Power Seminar on Reducing Electric Power System Losses in Africa (English) 08/88 087/88 Institutional Evaluation of EGL (English) 02/89 098/89 Biomass Mapping Regional Workshops (English) 05/89 -- Francophone Household Energy Workshop (French) 08/89 -- Interafrican Electrical Engineering College: Proposals for Short- and Long-Term Development (English) 03/90 112/90 Biomass Assessment and Mapping (English) 03/90 -- Symposium on Power Sector Reform and Efficiency Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa (English) 06/96 182/96 Commercialization of Marginal Gas Fields (English) 12/97 201/97 Commercilizing Natural Gas: Lessons from the Seminar in Nairobi for Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond 01/00 225/00 Angola Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 05/89 4708-ANG Power Rehabilitation and Technical Assistance (English) 10/91 142/91 Benin Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/85 5222-BEN Botswana Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 4998-BT Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study (English) 01/86 047/86 Review of Electricity Service Connection Policy (English) 07/87 071/87 Tuli Block Farms Electrification Study (English) 07/87 072/87 Household Energy Issues Study (English) 02/88 -- Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 05/91 132/91 Burkina Faso Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/86 5730-BUR Technical Assistance Program (English) 03/86 052/86 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 06/91 134/91 Burundi Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3778-BU Petroleum Supply Management (English) 01/84 012/84 Status Report (English and French) 02/84 011/84 Presentation of Energy Projects for the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1983-1987) (English and French) 05/85 036/85 Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 09/85 042/85 Peat Utilization Project (English) 11/85 046/85 Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/92 9215-BU Cape Verde Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5073-CV Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 110/90 Central African Republic Energy Assessement (French) 08/92 9898-CAR Chad Elements of Strategy for Urban Household Energy The Case of Ndjamena (French) 12/93 160/94 Comoros Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/88 7104-COM In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros 05/00 230/00 Congo Energy Assessment (English) 01/88 6420-COB Power Development Plan (English and French) 03/90 106/90 C6te d'Ivoire Energy Assessment (English and French) - 04/85 5250-IVC hnproved Biomass Utilization (English and French) 04/87 069/87 -2- Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Cote d'Ivoire Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 -- Power Sector Efficiency Study (French) 02/92 140/91 Project of Energy Efficiency in Buildings (English) 09/95 175/95 Ethiopia Energy Assessment (English) 07/84 4741-ET Power System Efficiency Study (English) 10/85 045/85 Agricultural Residue Briquetting Pilot Project (English) 12/86 062/86 Bagasse Study (English) 12/86 063/86 Cooking Efficiency Project (English) 12/87 -- Energy Assessment (English) 02/96 179/96 Gabon Energy Assessment (English) 07/88 6915-GA The Gambia Energy Assessment (English) 11/83 4743-GM Solar Water Heating Retrofit Project (English) 02/85 030/85 Solar Photovoltaic Applications (English) 03/85 032/85 Petroleum Supply Management Assistance (English) 04/85 035/85 Ghana Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6234-GH Energy Rationalization in the Industrial Sector (English) 06/88 084/88 Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 11/88 074/87 Industrial Energy Efficiency (English) 11/92 148/92 Guinea Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6137-GUI Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 01/94 163/94 Guinea-Bissau Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5083-GUB Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English & Portuguese) 04/85 033/85 Management Options for the Electric Power and Water Supply Subsectors (English) 02/90 100/90 Power and Water Institutional Restructuring (French) 04/91 118/91 Kenya Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3800-KE Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/84 014/84 Status Report (English) 05/84 016/84 Coal Conversion Action Plan (English) 02/87 -- Solar Water Heating Study (English) 02/87 066/87 Peri-Urban Woodfuel Development (English) 10/87 076/87 Power Master Plan (English) 11/87 -- Power Loss Reduction Study (English) 09/96 186/96 Implementation Manual: Financing Mechanisms for Solar Electric Equipment 07/00 231/00 Lesotho Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4676-LSO Liberia Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 5279-LBR Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 06/85 038/85 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 081/87 Madagascar Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 5700-MAG Power System Efficiency Study (English and French) 12/87 075/87 Environmental Impact of Woodfuels (French) 10/95 176/95 Malawi Energy Assessment (English) 08/82 3903-MAL Technical Assistance to Improve the Efficiency of Fuelwood Use in the Tobacco Industry (English) 11/83 009/83 Status Report (English) 01/84 013/84 Mali Energy Assessment (English and French) 11/91 8423-MLI Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 03/92 147/92 Islarnic Republic of Mauritania Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 5224-MAU Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 07/90 123/90 -3 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Mauritius Energy Assessment (English) 12/81 3510-MAS Status Report (English) 10/83 008/83 Power System Efficiency Audit (English) 05/87 070/87 Bagasse Power Potential (English) 10/87 077/87 Energy Sector Review (English) 12/94 3643-MAS Mozambique Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 6128-MOZ Household Electricity Utilization Study (English) 03/90 113/90 Electricity Tariffs Study (English) 06/96 181/96 Sample Survey of Low Voltage Electricity Customers 06/97 195/97 Namibia Energy Assessment (English) 03/93 11320-NAM Niger Energy Assessment (French) 05/84 4642-NIR Status Report (English and French) 02/86 051/86 Improved Stoves Project (English and French) 12/87 080/87 Household Energy Conservation and Substitution (English and French) 01/88 082/88 Nigeria Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4440-UNI Energy Assessment (English) 07/93 11672-UNI Rwanda Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3779-RW Status Report (English and French) 05/84 017/84 Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 08/86 059/86 Improved Charcoal Production Techniques (English and French) 02/87 065/87 Energy Assessment (English and French) 07/91 8017-RW Commercialization of Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Mid-Term Progress Report (English and French) 12/91 141/91 SADC SADC Regional Power Interconnection Study, Vols. I-IV (English) 12/93 -- SADCC SADCC Regional Sector: Regional Capacity-Building Program for Energy Surveys and Policy Analysis (English) 11/91 -- Sao Tome and Principe Energy Assessment (English) 10/85 5803-STP Senegal Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4182-SE Status Report (English and French) 10/84 025/84 Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 05/85 037/85 Preparatory Assistance for Donor Meeting (English and French) 04/86 056/86 Urban Household Energy Strategy (English) 02/89 096/89 Industrial Energy Conservation Program (English) 05/94 165/94 Seychelles Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4693-SEY Electric Power System Efficiency Study (English) 08/84 021/84 Sierra Leone Energy Assessment (English) 10/87 6597-SL Somalia Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5796-SO South Africa Options for the Structure and Regulation of Natural Republic of Gas Industry (English) 05/95 172/95 Sudan Management Assistance to the Ministry of Energy and Mining 05/83 003/83 Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4511-SU Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/84 018/84 Status Report (English) 11/84 026/84 Wood Energy/Forestry Feasibility (English) 07/87 073/87 Swaziland Energy Assessment (English) 02/87 6262-SW Household Energy Strategy Study 10/97 198/97 Tanzania Energy Assessment (English) 11/84 4969-TA Peri-Urban Woodfuels Feasibility Study (English) 08/88 086/88 Tobacco Curing Efficiency Study (English) 05/89 102/89 Remote Sensing and Mapping of Woodlands (English) 06/90 -- -4 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Tanzania Industrial Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance (English) 08/90 122/90 Power Loss Reduction Volume 1: Transsmission and Distribution SystemTechnical Loss Reduction and Network Development (English) 06/98 204A/98 Power Loss Reduction Volume 2: Reduction of Non-Technical Losses (English) 06/98 204B/98 Togo Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5221-TO Wood Recovery in the Nangbeto Lake (English and French) 04/86 055/86 Power Efficiency Improvement (English and French) 12/87 078/87 Uganda Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4453-UG Status Report (English) 08/84 020/84 Institutional Review of the Energy Sector (English) 01/85 029/85 Energy Efficiency in Tobacco Curing Industry (English) 02/86 049/86 Fuelwood/Forestry Feasibility Study (English) 03/86 053/86 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 092/88 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick and Tile Industry (English) 02/89 097/89 Tobacco Curing Pilot Project (English) 03/89 UNDP Terminal Report Energy Assessment (English) 12/96 193/96 Rural Electrification Strategy Study 09/99 221/99 Zaire Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5837-ZR Zambia Energy Assessment (English) 01/83 4110-ZA Status Report (English) 08/85 039/85 Energy Sector Institutional Review (English) 11/86 060/86 Power Subsector Efficiency Study (English) 02/89 093/88 Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/89 094/88 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 08/90 121/90 Zimbabwe Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3765-ZIM Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 005/83 Status Report (English) 08/84 019/84 Power Sector Management Assistance Project (English) 04/85 034/85 Power Sector Management Institution Building (English) 09/89 -- Petroleum Management Assistance (English) 12/89 109/89 Charcoal Utilization Prefeasibility Study (English) 06/90 119/90 Integrated Energy Strategy Evaluation (English) 01/92 8768-ZIM Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance Project: Strategic Framework for a National Energy Efficiency Inprovement Program (English) 04/94 -- Capacity Building for the National Energy Efficiency Improvement Progranmme (NEEIP) (English) 12/94 Rural Electrification Study 03/00 228/00 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP) Asia Regional Pacific Household and Rural Energy Seminar (English) 11/90 -- China County-Level Rural Energy Assessments (English) 05/89 101/89 Fuelwood Forestry Preinvestment Study (English) 12/89 105/89 Strategic Options for Power Sector Reform in China (English) 07/93 156/93 Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control in Township and Village Enterprises (TVE) Industry (English) 11/94 168/94 Region/Couniry Activity/lReport Title Date Number China Energy for Rural Development in China: An Assessment Based on a Joint Chinese/ESMAP Study in Six Counties (English) 06/96 183/96 Improving the Technical Efficiency of Decentralized Power Companies 09/99 222/999 Fiji Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4462-FIJ Indonesia Energy Assessment (English) 11/81 3543-IND Status Report (English) 09/84 022/84 Power Generation Efficiency Study (English) 02/86 050/86 Energy Efficiency in the Brick, Tile and Lime Industries (English) 04/87 067/87 Diesel Generating Plant Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 095/88 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 107/90 Biomass Gasifier Preinvestment Study Vols. I & II (English) 12/90 124/90 Prospects for Biomass Power Generation with Emphasis on Palm Oil, Sugar, Rubberwood and Plywood Residues (English) 11/94 167/94 Lao PDR Urban Electricity Demand Assessment Study (English) 03/93 154/93 Institutional Development for Off-Grid Electrification 06/99 215/99 Malaysia Sabah Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/87 068/87 Gas Utilization Study (English) 09/91 9645-MA Myannar Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5416-BA Papua New Guinea Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3882-PNG Status Report (English) 07/83 006/83 Energy Strategy Paper (English) -- -- Institutional Review in the Energy Sector (English) 10/84 023/84 Power Tariff Study (English) 10/84 024/84 Philippines Commercial Potential for Power Production from Agricultural Residues (English) 12/93 157/93 Energy Conservation Study (English) 08/94 -- Solomon Islands Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4404-SOL Energy Assessment (English) 01/92 979-SOL South Pacific Petroleum Transport in the South Pacific (English) 05/86 -- Thailand Energy Assessment (English) 09/85 5793-TH Rural Energy Issues and Options (English) 09/85 044/85 Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves and Charcoal Kilns (English) 09/87 079/87 Northeast Region Village Forestry and Woodfuels Preinvestment Study (English) 02/88 083/88 Impact of Lower Oil Prices (English) 08/88 -- Coal Development and Utilization Study (English) 10/89 -- Tonga Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5498-TON Vanuatu Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5577-VA Vietnam Rural and Household Energy-Issues and Options (English) 01/94 161/94 Power Sector Reform and Restructuring in Vietnam: Final Report to the Steering Committee (English and Vietnamese) 09/95 174/95 Household Energy Technical Assistance: Improved Coal Briquetting and Commercialized Dissemination of Higher Efficiency Biomass and Coal Stoves (English) 01/96 178/96 Western Samoa Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5497-WSO -6 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number SOUTH ASIA (SAS) Bangladesh Energy Assessment (English) 10/82 3873-BD Priority Investment Program (English) 05/83 002/83 Status Report (English) 04/84 015/84 Bangladesh Power System Efficiency Study (English) 02/85 031/85 Small Scale Uses of Gas Prefeasibility Study (English) 12/88 -- India Opportunities for Conmmercialization of Nonconventional Energy Systems (English) 11/88 091/88 Maharashtra Bagasse Energy Efficiency Project (English) 07/90 120/90 Mini-Hydro Development on Irrigation Dams and Canal Drops Vols. I, II and III (English) 07/91 139/91 WindFarm Pre-Investment Study (English) 12/92 150/92 Power Sector Reform Seminar (English) 04/94 166/94 Environmental Issues in the Power Sector (English) 06/98 205/98 Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Manual for Environmental Decision Making (English) 06/99 213/99 Household Energy Strategies for Urban India: The Case of Hyderabad 06/99 214/99 Nepal Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4474-NEP Status Report (English) 01/85 028/84 Energy Efficiency & Fuel Substitution in Industries (English) 06/93 158/93 Pakistan Household Energy Assessment (English) 05/88 -- Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs, Applications, and Markets (English) 10/89 103/89 National Household Energy Survey and Strategy Formulation Study: Project Terminal Report (English) 03/94 -- Managing the Energy Transition (English) 10/94 Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program Phase 1: Commercial Buildings Five Year Plan (English) 10/94 Sri Lanka Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3792-CE Power System Loss Reduction Study (English) 07/83 007/83 Status Report (English) 01/84 010/84 Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 03/86 054/86 EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA) Bulgaria Natural Gas Policies and Issues (English) 10/96 188/96 Central and Eastern Europe Power Sector Reform in Selected Countries 07/97 196/97 Increasing the Efficiency of Heating Systems in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (English and Russian) 08/00 234/00 Eastern Europe The Future of Natural Gas in Eastern Europe (English) 08/92 149/92 Kazakhstan Natural Gas Investmnent Study, Volumes 1, 2 & 3 12/97 199/97 Kazakhstan & Kyrgyzstan Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development 11/97 16855-KAZ Poland Energy Sector Restructuring Program Vols. I-V (English) 01/93 153/93 Natural Gas Upstream Policy (English and Polish) 08/98 206/98 Energy Sector Restructuring Program Establishing the Energy Regulation Authority 10/98 208/98 -7 - Region/Country Activily/Report Title Date Number Portugal Energy Assessment (English) 04/84 4824-PO Romania Natural Gas Development Strategy (English) 12/96 192/96 Slovenia Workshop on Private Participation in the Power Sector (English) 02/99 211/99 Turkey Energy Assessment (English) 03/83 3877-TU Energy and the Environment: Issues and Options Paper 04/00 229/00 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA) Arab Republic of Egypt Energy Assessment (English) 10/96 189/96 Energy Assessment (English and French) 03/84 4157-MOR Status Report (English and French) 01/86 048/86 Morocco Energy Sector Institutional Development Study (English and French) 07/95 173/95 Natural Gas Pricing Study (French) 10/98 209/98 Gas Development Plan Phase II (French) 02/99 210/99 Syria Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5822-SYR Electric Power Efficiency Study (English) 09/88 089/88 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Sector (English) 04/89 099/89 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Fertilizer Sector (English) 06/90 115/90 Tunisia Fuel Substitution (English and French) 03/90 -- Power Efficiency Study (English and French) 02/92 136/91 Energy Management Strategy in the Residential and Tertiary Sectors (English) 04/92 146/92 Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume I (French) 11/96 190A/96 Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume II (French) 11/96 190B/96 Yemen Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 4892-YAR Energy Investment Priorities (English) 02/87 6376-YAR Household Energy Strategy Study Phase I (English) 03/91 126/91 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LAC) LAC Regional Regional Seminar on Electric Power System Loss Reduction in the Caribbean (English) 07/89 -- Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) 04/97 194/97 Elimnination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean - Status Report (English and Spanish) 12/97 200/97 Harmonization of Fuels Specifications in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) 06/98 203/98 Bolivia Energy Assessment (English) 04/83 4213-BO National Energy Plan (English) 12/87 -- La Paz Private Power Technical Assistance (English) 11/90 111/90 Prefeasibility Evaluation Rural Electrification and Demand Assessment (English and Spanish) 04/91 129/91 National Energy Plan (Spanish) 08/91 131/91 Private Power Generation and Transmission (English) 01/92 137/91 Natural Gas Distribution: Economics and Regulation (English) 03/92 125/92 Natural Gas Sector Policies and Issues (English and Spanish) 12/93 164/93 Household Rural Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 01/94 162/94 - 8 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Bolivia Preparation of Capitalization of the Hydrocarbon Sector 12/96 191/96 Introducing Competition into the Electricity Supply Industry in Developing Countries: Lessons from Bolivia 08/00 233/00 Brazil Energy Efficiency & Conservation: Strategic Partnership for Energy Efficiency in Brazil (English) 01/95 170/95 Hydro and Thermal Power Sector Study 09/97 197/97 Rural Electrification with Renewable Energy Systems in the Northeast: A Preinvestment Study 07/00 232/00 Chile Energy Sector Review (English) 08/88 7129-CH Colomnbia Energy Strategy Paper (English) 12/86 -- Power Sector Restructuring (English) 11/94 169/94 Energy Efficiency Report for the Commercial and Public Sector (English) 06/96 184/96 Costa Rica Energy Assessment (English and Spanish) 01/84 4655-CR Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 11/84 027/84 Forest Residues Utilization Study (English and Spanish) 02/90 108/90 Dominican Republic Energy Assessment (English) 05/91 8234-DO Ecuador Energy Assessment (Spanish) 12/85 5865-EC Energy Strategy Phase I (Spanish) 07/88 -- Energy Strategy (English) 04/91 -- Private Minihydropower Development Study (English) 11/92 -- Energy Pricing Subsidies and Interfuel Substitution (English) 08/94 11798-EC Energy Pricing, Poverty and Social Mitigation (English) 08/94 12831-EC Guatemala Issues and Options in the Energy Sector (English) 09/93 12160-GU Haiti Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/82 3672-HA Status Report (English and French) 08/85 041/85 Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 12/91 143/91 Honduras Energy Assessment (English) 08/87 6476-HO Petroleum Supply Management (English) 03/91 128/91 Jamaica Energy Assessment (English) 04/85 5466-JM Petroleum Procurement, Refining, and Distribution Study (English) 11/86 061/86 Energy Efficiency Building Code Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Management Information System Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Charcoal Production Project (English) 09/88 090/88 FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 09/88 088/88 Energy Sector Strategy and Investment Planning Study (English) 07/92 135/92 Mexico Improved Charcoal Production Within Forest Management for the State of Veracruz (English and Spanish) 08/91 138/91 Energy Efficiency Management Technical Assistance to the Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia (CONAE) (English) 04/96 180/96 Panama Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 004/83 Paraguay Energy Assessment (English) 10/84 5145-PA Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 09/85 -- Status Report (English and Spanish) 09/85 043/85 Peru Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4677-PE Status Report (English) 08/85 040/85 Proposal for a Stove Dissemination Program in the Sierra (English and Spanish) 02/87 064/87 Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 12/90 -- -9 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Peru Study of Energy Taxation and Liberalization of the Hydrocarbons Sector (English and Spanish) 120/93 159/93 Reform and Privatization in the Hydrocarbon Sector (English and Spanish) 07/99 216/99 Saint Lucia Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5111-SLU St. Vincent and the Grenadines Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5103-STV Sub Andean Environmental and Social Regulation of Oil and Gas Operations in Sensitive Areas of the Sub-Andean Basin (English and Spanish) 07/99 217/99 Trinidad and Tobago Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5930-TR GLOBAL Energy End Use Efficiency: Research and Strategy (English) 11/89 Women and Energy--A Resource Guide The Intemational Network: Policies and Experience (English) 04/90 -- Guidelines for Utility Customer Management and Metering (English and Spanish) 07/91 -- Assessment of Personal Computer Models for Energy Planning in Developing Countries (English) 10/91 -- Long-Term Gas Contracts Principles and Applications (English) 02/93 152/93 Comparative Behavior of Firms Under Public and Private Ownership (English) 05/93 155/93 Development of Regional Electric Power Networks (English) 10/94 -- Roundtable on Energy Efficiency (English) 02/95 171/95 Assessing Pollution Abatement Policies with a Case Study of Ankara (English) 11/95 177/95 A Synopsis of the Third Annual Roundtable on Independent Power Projects: Rhetoric and Reality (English) 08/96 187/96 Rural Energy and Development Roundtable (English) 05/98 202/98 A Synopsis of the Second Roundtable on Energy Efficiency: Institutional and Financial Delivery Mechanisms (English) 09/98 207/98 The Effect of a Shadow Price on Carbon Emission in the Energy Portfolio of the World Bank: A Carbon Backcasting Exercise (English) 02/99 212/99 Increasing the Efficiency of Gas Distribution Phase 1: Case Studies and Thematic Data Sheets 07/99 218/99 Global Energy Sector Reform in Developing Countries: A Scorecard 07/99 219/99 Global Lighting Services for the Poor Phase II: Text Marketing of Small "Solar" Batteries for Rural Electrification Purposes 08/99 220/99 A Review of the Renewable Energy Activities of the UNDP/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme 1993 to 1998 11/99 223/99 Energy, Transportation and Environment: Policy Options for Environmental Improvement 12/99 224/99 - 10- Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Global Privatization, Cornpetition and Regulation in the British Electricity Industry, With Imnplications for Developing Countries 02/00 226/00 Reducing the Cost of Grid Extension for Rural Electrification 02/00 227/00 8/31/00 CES MAD YII 11 The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel.: 1.202.458.2321 Fax.: 1.202.522.3018 Internet: www.esmap.org Email: esmap@worldbank.org A joint UNDP/ World Bank Programme